NhAdY, ey, nb i AOA Pa SL Po a Oa SHAY OA % Ln hE SL BE ek SONY ASA CGO i Sn en nn i 4 ll r i AP TTS SEEMS SUEY - Av Bu Hah STERTRT - Ae y - » ¢ CRRA Shei) SAA Lark ast SR (ry Rd 3 wl ER PRO RN HE wa ve Ld AT Ai (0 dof RB) Fides SVE RE OR LET Cha: hy AM 4 ean ieiihy SAARLAND A PEI Tod Is 4 [ERIE AR AS Oreterls \ er OD, ili 2 Indra le | l, 1820, ete Fram fo did eZ ie QL ott, Ir Pet 6 Doe - o ood awd Salads. Gatolaiel, (rel. [30 p. Ss QO Appar, $6.16. Debeloforne i? of ete an ie J %v _r | lie out a ft Sg rte UE year ES edd 170745. | Wee, 2. Flosa ‘eles. rego pe iy 0, Spares os pg : Where che fig. Zieed Sienes LL 1595 4 4 Cori 7 7 Uigl POI SL 7 opal? 7a Sl or g Poecfed conil- bo [ef %s80. A rie Wictge by sti flat | dls cutis oid a bsed Sedeuttos Ail ud Viarer BEAT rier edd all oli ecropre Fed] ip. Fl. Gro : oh. Sle din led aidied le dete i Calif DG Sie pe A. wate Le Loa dance 7553. | rer JG po. Ileeo 3 : Oc rd Sd. fa 7 EL 7, 174 1898 4& p Ills. Lect Oo. AL, nll ects Coeeds Lr £0, flores Longs /5837 13/0 07 of ries, 8 12 Pt of thon uy | : Clrmermirs J oe Cady vedevorels Bary Bugle Arte, §. Gabe. wesctacd 1557 16 oS to tnd Co. OG. Crromenetn umbioe df corto | Seeglhaleace +o Cieed, Lees cee Gad. [lof % 372] ver | is x a lice Lecltieis. vou vw dr Boivesrs % of the oecoadle. J5TL-F2. Thp T2822) lhe lool i pacts [Phi 1877.7 195. Siro | pHH.°fF Gril of denise nl Ltd ol thinly [for ltiy, 12h egy 7 fall, LS dail oy e 7 foredle gf ite ler i — fib Er DESCRIPTION +++ - OWNED BY BERRY BROTHERS, LIMITED. Pai . VARNISH MANUFACTURERS, 3% WORLD'S COLUMBIAN DETROIT. Mich EXPOSITION, 1893. Sy : ro SL Sr UR mammoth Redwood Plank here illustrated} was VY cut in June, 1890, in Humboldt county, California, for exhibition at the World's Fair, after being finished with our celebrated Hard Oil Finish. The great tree from which the plank was hewn was 35 feet in diam- eter, when standing, and was supposed to have reached the patriarchal age of 1500 years. A part of one side of the tree had rotted, and, after it had been felled, in burning up the surrounding brush, still more of the tree was destroyed by fire, so that the width of the plank represents less than half of the original diameter of the tree. The entire height of the tree was 300 feet ; the plank being cut from a section of the trunk 28 feet from the ground. The plank is the largest in the world, its dimensions being as follows: 16 ft. 5 in. wide, 12 ft. 9 in. long, and 5 in. thick. It is highly improbable if a tree will ever be found that will yield a larger plank ; so that the mammoth piece of timber here described may certainly be termed the ‘‘sight of a lifetime.” The finished side of the Plank shows what BERRY BROTHERS’ HARD OIL FINISH will do in the way of developing and beautifying the grain of the wood, (2) FE te AT Ras ey CL EY aa TES CLI IFORNIAL TREES AND PLANTS, AND = And What has been Said about Them. moog 3 In this Collection we have sought to combine a few of the more common of the novel Trees and SESS Ge SEED Se Se en I I SINT ee TT “k Plants of California. Being reproductions of pho- tographs, all the symmetrical beauty of the foliage has been preserved. We have selected what differ- ent writers have said about California foliage as seen by them in different parts of the State. PUBLISHER, NN A AN rE A AX i 8 : f >, 5, P AQ E ALIFORNIA.—The grand California flower-show is at its height. Anything more gorgeously beautiful than the dis- play in meadows and wild pasture lands, on hillside and river- side, it were impossible for any one but a mad florist to imagine. Along the railroads on either hand runs continuously the rich, radiant bloom. Your sight becomes pained, your very brain be- wildered, by watching the galloping rainbow. There are great fields in which flowers of many sorts are mingled 1n a perfect car. nival of color; then come exclusive family gatherings, where the blues, the crimsons, or the purples have it all their own way ; and every now and then you come upon great tracts resplendent with the most royally gorgeous of wild flowers. There is such a pro- fusion of flowers that we cannot count them. The lupine, the orthocarpus, grindelia, wyethia, erithichium, beeria, and malvas- trum, and others too numerous, but not unworthy, to mention, mingle their colors and fragrance, and we stand enchanted in a field of beauty.— Grace Greenwood. IE a mn OS ANGELES.—Los Angeles is noted for its luxurious and abundant growth of palm trees. There are no less than six- teen varieties in various stages of growth, some of the trees reaching thirty feet in height. The different varieties attain differ- ent heights in their natural growth. Those varieties which per- haps attain the highest degree of perfection are three of the Phee- nix, two of the Ergthea, one of the Washingtonia, three of the Chamerops and cne of the Livistonia. Careful and intelligent culture will bring to success three of the Sabal, one of Latania, one of Seaforthia, and one of Jubza. Other species or varieties of the palm are not hardy enough to be propagated in the open air, among which, the most charming of all, is the Oredoxa Regia. —S. 7. Welch. —e—— AN MATEO.—Think of hedges—dense and verdant—of the choicest geraniums, from three to six feet in height, covered with immense clusters of buds and blossoms! Think of all the exquisite varieties of roses ever known, and picture them adorn- ing bushes of generous size, and blooming as well in the winter as in the summer! Think of great carnations of every hue, of fra- a a CAN ® ] TOC DE TX ql IL grant tuberoses, of innumerable kinds of flowers, of luxuriant vines shading the piazzas and clinging to the sides of the houses ; of pines and cedars trimmed by master hands, of hedge after hedge of Monterey cypress closely cut! Think of all these forms of vegetation, and add to the picture specimens of the fan palm, the Spanish bayonet (yucca gloriosa), and other giant cacti! These give a foreign air to the gardens, and at once attract the attention of one unaccustomed to such scenes. I noticed a long avenue of fan palms leading to a handsome residence in the suburbs; which had a quaint look. A wide flower bed extended the entire length on each side, in which the palms were set and surrounded by plants of every sort.— Wm. P. Adams. oe rt AN JOSE.—One sees stretches of velvet lawn enclosed by hedges of scarlet-geranium, and dotted either with beds of verbena, petunia, pansy, or brilliant foliage plants, or with clumps of bronze-leaved canna, or silver-plumed pampas grass; trelises covered with jassamine and honeysuckle, or rustic alcoves shaded deeply by giant fuschias and fragrant heliotrope. Walk up and down the various streets. The sidewalk is shaded by the graceful pepper, the loveliest of California shade trees, in symmetry of form resembling the willow, and in delicate beauty of foliage the locust; or the eucalyptus or blue gum tree, which grows tall and slender, and is planted closely. The leaves of the eucalyptus are a bluish-green, quite unlike the color of any other foliage; it grows with great rapidity, and attains a size that makes it valuable for fire-wood in a country where fuel is scarce.— C. ZL. Brown. —< Se AKLAND.—The beautiful family of acacias, most graceful of tropic shade trees, in almost countless varieties, are yellow with the profusion of their flowers, everywhere presenting a most pleasing contrast to the dark green of those rugged and venerable native live-oaks which good taste has left standing at random along all streets, in every public park and private lawn, their mas. sive trunks now often mantled with English ivy. Back of the compactly-rounded heads of the ancient live-oaks, the tall and slender eucalyptus hangs its lithe and leafy branches, while inter- mediately are ranged the dark, stalwart ranks of vigorous pine and cypress. Set off by such a back-ground—various palms, in groups perhaps overshadowing a moist rockery, planted with deli- cate and graceful ferns, present a scene altogether tropical in its richness.— Grace Greenwood. ee — a OJAVE DESERT.—There are great tracts of desolate © desert lands, where the very hills seem destitute of life and beauty, and where the earth is shriveled from centuries of terrible heat. And in these desert tracts grow a curious, mis- shanen, grotesque and twisted plant that seems more like a goblin tree than a real one. Of all the trees in the world, you would imagine this to be the most outcast and worthless, so meager a living does it obtain from the waste of sand and gravel in which it grows. And yet this goblin tree is now being sought after and utilized in one of the world’s greatest industries—an industry that affects the daily needs of civilization. Those wise folks, the botan- ists, call our goblin tree by its odd Indian name of the ‘‘Yucca” palm. This plant of the desert for a long time was considered valueless. But not long ago it was discovered that the fibre of the yucca could be made into an excellent paper. And now one of the great English dailies, the London Zelegraph, is printed upon paper made from the goblin tree.—S% Nicholas. a < pleLy ant =the drive was through a delightful region where the California live-oak is the principal tree, and many of the trunks are massed with ivy climbing riotously up the stem, and waving green tendrils from the upper branches. The wonderful eucalyptus also abounds, and cypress, and palm, and olive ; while the roses blossom upon trees fiftecn or twenty feet in height, each one a huge bouquet of bloom and fragrance. The carriages passed slowly on between rows of every beautiful, graceful, and rare tree that can be named ; locusts laden with white blossoms, tulip trees, catalpas, magnolias; and as we neared the house a lower growth of feathery pepper trees, laden with dull red berries, hedges of geranium and roses, trellises of passion-flowers and stephanosies, until at last these artistically graduated into belts and plots of low- growing brilliant flowers, blooming up to the doors of the great house.— Mrs. Frank Leslie. APPA] Vets a A A A A A A A A A A A SSE HD SB Sm LOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.—One Decembermorning, early, x while sitting under the gently waving leaves of our banana a tree, sharing with the birds a breakfast of strawberries freshly picked 3 from their ever-blossoming vines, it occurred to me, as I dreamily gazed over this semi-tropical valley in its vast extent of golden A fruit and flowering gardens that were the universal poet put at my A side, I should reply. The finely cultivated orchards of orange- oN trees, with their dark green foliage glistening in the light, and the j groves of pale, silvery olives grow alongside and among the natural : | groves of the softer-tinted live-oak, and the parks of the spire like 1 blue eucalytpus. The newly-plowed fields, so warm and brown, the vineyards in their autumn glow, the emerald fields of alfalfa, all harmonize with the well laid out streets lined with waving pepper trees and cypress ledges. All these, with the cottages and Q villas that ? ¢¢ Shine out with an opal glimmer Like gemsin a casket of light,” A combine to form a picture never to be forgotten.— Mrs. C. F. A Thompson. A Ay Sl RLINGTON.—Magnolia Avenue is the most celebrated and beautiful avenue in California, and extends throughout the settlement, bounded on either hand by hedges of palm, cypress, magnolia, pepper and eucalyptus, the hedges half concealing yt revealing continuous orchards of orange, olive, lemon, lime, apri- cot and vineyards unending, all reposing in the sunshine of a matchless sky.—S. Z Argonaut. — CE— oe ome AKLAND.——The live-oaks in groves resemble the English parks. At the ends are branches which hang down like weeping-willows. The acorn once formed the chief article of food of the Indians, and is from two to two and a half inches long. The mistletoe grows abundantly on the oak trees. The Spanish moss (Lvernia Jubata), which hangs in long lace-like gray beards from the branches, also serves to give beauty to the groves in the valleys. The live-oak is a low, spreading tree, much like an apple tree in shape. The foliage is dark and dense. The acorns small, thin, and sharp pointed. The tree is, however, oh, a XTURY PLA NT we AGAVE, very beautiful and majestic, and is an important element in those “scenes of quiet beauty which so often attract the attention of the traveler.”— Grace Greenwood. er —e AN RAFAEL.—This is a very paradise for flowers. . We fre- quently pass a cottage completely embowered among roses, and over the porch of which fuschias are trained like vines. I saw in one yard a flourishing young orange tree with ripe fruit upon it, and the almond tree is very common here. Such masses of gor- geous coloring in geranium hedges, and flower beds! The road sides are spangled with an endless variety of bright wild flowers, inter- mingled with those of more modest hue, but not therefore less beautiful ; the surface dotted here and there with copses of native shrubbery. the flowering madrona, the evergreen oak, the lofty and wide-spreading laurel—all these constitute an extended and lovely parterre, which gratifies the eye, and constantly appeals with an irresistible charm to the innate sense of the beautiful. — Mrs. W. Williams. er ASADENA.—The mistress of the house has nearly one hun- ® dred varieties of roses, the majority being of the hybrid per- petual and ever-blooming classes. Her Lamarque rose, which clambers on the roof at will, has a trunk fifteen inches in circum- ference ; and in March orearly April (according to the season), when “the valley holds its feast of roses,” the cottage gable is hidden under the creamy Lamarque clusters, the scattered wealth of the Gold of Ophir, and the heavy crimson buds of the James Sprunt,—all growing on the same stock. An abutilon is a tree twenty feet high, and the English ivy—a tiny plant when set out—drapes one end of the house, and grows forty feet under the veranda roof, The narcissus gives a constant succession of blossoms for over four months.— Geo. W. Peck. ~e—— "OS ANGELES. —The city is wrapped in verdure and bloom. The bright pepper, acacia, and eucalyptus trees stand full against the darkness of the orange and lemon, the latter shedding lustre rather than shadow from all sides of their gracefully penciled towers of everlasting leafage. It is not uncommon to see an Hil “hy A A ) | N Sa NEENEN & FDS HSIEH IDEN SDDS D-DD aspiring geranium climbing to the roof of a cottage, a heliotrope spreading its fragrant blossoms over a bay-window, or a rose or honeysuckle making a perfect screen of the trellis of a veranda. Many of the yards are surrounded by a thrifty hedge, sometimes of geraniums, generally of closely-cut Monterey cypress, and va- rious sorts of evergreen and ornamental trees and shrubs are a gen- eral feature of these pretty gardens. The lawns are perennially green and carefully tended ; the streets are, along much of their course, lined with eucalyptus, acacia, and the rapidly growing pepper tree, whose red berries against the vivid green of its grace- ful foliage are a pretty feature.— Eastern Visitor. hh ASADENA.—Every door-yard contains more flowers than the greatest conservatory at the East ; every fruit that can be grown anywhere flourishes here. There are miles of hedges of cypress, trimmed in all beautiful shapes, and streets shaded with the rapidly-grown pepper tree, the eucalyptus, and the live- oak. There are orange, lemon, lime, apricot, pear, fig, Japan- ese plum trees, plum and prune trees of all kinds, olive, wal- nut, and banana trees twenty fest high. Calla lilies are more plentiful than the commonest flower at home. There are rose bushes here twenty feet high and fifty feet across, with millions of roses, and climbing roses that climb all over a house, out on the roof, and they would go up the lightning rod, if there were any lightning rods on the houses.— Geo. W. Peck. —————— TIERRA MADRE VILLA.— The air comes to your delighted senses laden with perfume of orange and a thousand other sweets, so delicious, so charming, that you are ready to doubt your own senses. Walk out upon that beautiful vine-clad veranda, take a seat where the gentle plash of falling water makes music for you while it sparkles and dances at yon fountain; drink in the har- monious blending of color in plant and flower, the green lawn, the golden burden of orange tree; birds warbling their roundelays in its boughs, gentle winds swaying yon willow’s drooping branches o'er the velvety carpeted earth; banks of geranium, lilies, roses, palms, fragrant pepper trees and countless other attractions.— L.-T. Peyee. crc NAR RAT esa PAR i r—CAcrus—RosE, ORANGE jw A A A A GA GAY OUTHERN COLONIES.—1t takes the breath away from the Easern visitor to tell him that the lovely villas, em- bowered in roses and surrounded by orange groves and orchards, have been the work of only a few years, while his astonishment reaches a climax when he is shown one of the pretty places—a fine orange grove and a picturesque suburban home, with flower garden, fountains, and avenue of fan palms, which have been de veloped in eighteen months, and eucalyptus trees which have shot up to a height of twenty feet in two summers. Yet these are cold facts. Here may be seen long avenues shaded by fan palms, eucalyptus, or pepper trees, with hundreds of acres planted in choice varieties of orange, lemon, peach, apricot, and other fruits, with pretty Eastlake cottages, over the gables of which clamber roses and climbing plants—all the work of from three to five years.---S. #. Chronicle. re etiam me AN RAFAEL.—In San Rafael the pretty white cottages were buried in flowers and shaded by palm trees, and in one gar- den a century plant, its blossom spike twenty feet high and just ready to bloom, after which the plant dies. In the gardens _ were roses running wild in all directions, the blosscms as large as great peonies—deep yellow, pale buff, the dark- est crimson, pure white and lovely pink; honeysuckles, ge- raniums, verbenas, pansies, California everlastings, every blos- som fit for a flower-show, and crowding each other in a mad luxuri- ance of bloom which made it a charity to pluck as many as possi- ble; besides these, were wildernesses of trees all in flower or fruit, acacias, varieties of eucalyptus, guavas, blue and red gum trees, rhododendrons, and tulip trees, locusts and magnolias.— Mrs. Frank Leslie. ———— ONTEREY.—The weird cypress grove is soon reached, iL with its gaunt, ghost-like trees, moaning in harmony with the ceaseless roar of the waves of the Pacific as the breezes play through their branches. The sun flecks through the moss-hung and bearded trees, creating a pleasant, subdued light. It is a mystical collection of trees, and is worth a trip across the conti- nent to see. There are no such trees elsewhere in the world— the Monterey cypress—this grove stands alone.—25. C. Freeman. TCC ANANANIEANN TNRAN IVERSIDE.—The broad avenues are bordered with eucalyp- tus and pepper trees, and hedges of cypress and lime. Or- ange orchards, whose trees are covered with fragrant white flowers and loaded with golden fruit, half hide modest cottages that are a harmony of gables, angles, cupolas, and porches, all wreathed in climbing vines. Lovely walks are guarded by palm and century plants and edged with calla lilies in full bloom, that bloom all the winter through. Arbors and summer houses of evergreen are trained into fantastic shapes. Rose bushes as tall as one’s self, form inverted pyramids of blushing blossoms. From every nook flowers of infinite variety smile up at the passer-by. The air is loaded with fragrance and fans the cheek of beauty with a soft touch. At every turn nature, under the guiding hand of man, affords new surprises.—ZFrank Kasson. RE LEAR LAKE.—There are already many chateaux along the borders of Clear Lake, where semi-tropic fruits and flowers grow the year round. The acacia, pepper, pomegranate and eu- calyptus intermingle their branches with the indigenous oak and fir; the orange and peach nod gracefully to each other, as if proud of their luscious fruits. The magnolia and the violet alike im- pregnate the evening zephyrs with their aromatic sweets.—25. C. Truman. AKLAND.—Our lemon verbena! That is something to boast of. It may seem strange to Eastern folks to hear a lemon- verbena spoken of as a shrub; this particular one, however, is a tree. It was a slender shoot of two feet in height when we set it out; it is fifteen feet now, and the stem as large around as a stout man’s arm. It is monstrous, but has lost none of its fragrance by its vast proportions. It is the home of a dozen humming-birds, who build their nests in it, and are tame enough to visit the cages of the canaries on the back porch.—2of. J. C. Oliver. ny rv AIS OS ANGELES.—We found ourselves in a grove of orange trees extending in every direction. The trees were tall, thick and sturdy, laden with heavy golden fruit hiding beneath the glossy leaves, and enough blossoms to load the air with the A TA A A 3 KR A re A A ; ? TOO CCC OCT TK a Ta ERVES XS A iT rey 2 * Some os SIAN Rois WA? aw perfume of a thousand weddings. Farther on was a grove of lemons, the trees not so pretty in shape or foliage as the orange, but Jaden with perfectly enormous fruit ; then there were rows of fig trees and clumps of olive, with their masses of dusky foliage, and here and there banana trees.— Mrs. Frank Leslie. Sp EQ II r— ANTA ANA.—Beautiful, indeed, are these same orange orchards, with their luscious fruit hidden among the dark green leaves, or displaying itself, as if in pride, to your sight. At this time of the year (January) you may ride for miles between orange orchards with their golden fruit hanging in clusters, or being gathered for market, and at the same time turn your eyes to the Sierra Madre Mountains, whose tips glisten in the sunlight like molten silver, and their snow-clad sides reflect a dazzling - whiteness. Here is the land of the citron, of golden oranges, of the cypress and myrtle.——MN. Y. Graphic. indy EON AN GABRIEL.—Strangers are always attracted by the long lines of tuna cactus hedges near San Gabriel, which are about fifteen feet high, and formerly enclosed the Mission vine- yards and orchards ; and still present a formidable spinose bar- rier often fifteen feet high. Bright colored blossoms crowd the grotesque branches in the flowering season, and the fruit, thickly set with tiny needle-like spines, is highly prized by the natives. —R. P. White. TE rn EOF hr ree — ANTA BARBARA.—The olive tree, with its curious grayish- green foliage, does not at first seem beautiful to you; but it grows on the sight. and I think there is no finer object than a grove of these healthful, finely-grown trees. The olives are of moderate size, but very plump, juicy and full flavored. The English walnut shows itself as a stately, magnificent tree, with clean, grayish bark, and wide-spreading branches. The citron is a straggling, tall shrub, and is a profitable plant.— Cras. Nordhoff. A A A A AA >D--DDE OS ANGELES. — To lie among my orange trees That bloom by far Los Angeles :— To watch the lemon blossoms blow py From out some fragrant shaded spot Where, dreaming with Boccaccio, The drowsy world is half forgot ;— To note some busy garrulous bird Pluming within the dense lime hedge, Knowing her nest will be unstirred By care’s intruding sacrilege ;— To hear the far-off summer sea, To scent the odorous southern breeze, To catch the murmuring minstrelsy Of idly droning, gaudy bees ;— To feel though heaven is very near That earth is fairer and more dear— Ah, this is life’s supremest gift ! And gazing through the purple haze One reads this legend in some rift: God’s poems are such perfect days. — Charles H. Phelps. SSS OSSD SSDS LT TT ¢¢ Know’st thou the land where the lemon trees bloom, Where the gold orange glows in the green thicket’s gloom, Where the wind ever soft from the blue heaven blows, And groves are of myrtle and olive and rose ?” — Mignon. rT CTS DEVELOPMENT OF BOTANY IN CALIFORNIA. BY M. M. CHIPMAN, M. D. Read before the Medical Society of the State of California, at its Annual Meeting at Sacramento, in April, 1891, and reprinted from its volume of Transactions. W. A. WOODWARD & CO., PRINTERS. 12 SUTTER ST., S. F. — XBER-ALN 4» or THA NN URIVERS ITY) Cdr rents p’ # me % - ig 5 on rl - 2 Mr. President and Members of the State Sociely: Those who are living in this last decade of the nineteenth century can hardly realize, without some reflection, how very recent has been the development of the natural sciences; that the knowledge of the basis of human physiology was only ar- rived at about two and a half centuries ago, and that the devel- opment of the natural history of animal and plant life was de- layed till even a later period; that Carolous Linnseus, who did so much for the advancement of botanical science, was giving his famous lectures only a century and a half ago; that Buffon was his cotemporary, and that Baron Cuvier's important contri- butions to natural science were made as late as within the first half of the present century. In taking an account of the literature of botany, it is found that England, Germany and France have produced the most numerous authors and the most extensive works upon that sub- ject. In the United States, the comparatively limited accumu- lation of capital, and the small proportion of the people who were able to devote time to any pursuit, except that which was immediately adapted to the bread winning, were unfavorable to the development of science; and the possession of a large pro- portion of the territory by savage tribes, until within a recent period, has been detrimental to the development of a science, which requires unlimited rambling and research, through forest and field and over mountain and valley; but the conditions hav- ing latterly changed, the country is now producing many writers on botany as well as other branches of science. That immense territory, frequently referred to as the Pacific Slope, extending from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, participating in the direct influence of that vast body of water on its climatic conditions, now including seven States and Territories, each of large area, and portions of four other contiguous States, having an extent of over eight hundred and twenty-five thousand square miles, an area more than equal to seventeen States of the dimensions of the great State of New York, was, up to about fifty years ago, nearly an unknown couutry, roamed over and inhabited only by the ab- original tribes, subsisting upon the native productions; the only changes from the normal aboriginal condition having been the establishment of the Hudson Bay Company’s posts for the fur trade in the north and the mission and pasturage settlements in California. But this extensive territory having come into the 3 possession of the United States, hastened by the discovery of the gold mines, the white population has spread over the greater part of it, and the natives have been subdued, restrained and limited in their possessions. During that period much has been learned of the botanic productions of this great region with its varieties of altitude, of temperature and of degrees of moisture; the enterprising botanist has roamed over and penetrated to nearly all parts of it, gathering from this fresh field many new specimens of plant life, to examine, de- scribe and publish; and especially has the botany of California been pretty well worked up, numerous specimens of the many _species having been collected from nearly all parts of the State and scientifically described and classified. || The circumstance which, more than any other, contributed to this early develop- ment of the botany of California, was the creation by the Legis- lature of the State Geological Survey. By the Act referred to J. D. Whitney was appointed State Geologist with the privilege of, himself, selecting his assistants. The duties of the State Geologist, as expressed in the Act, were to make an accurate and complete geological survey of the State, and to furnish in his reports of the same, proper maps and diagrams thereof, with a full and scientific description of its rocks, fossils, soils and minerals, and its zo6logical and botanical productions. Profes- sor Whitney, at the time, was engaged, under an Act of the Legislature of Wisconsin, in surveying the lead regions of the northwest, but he finished that work in time to arrive in this State the following November, and immediately thereafter en- tered upon the duties of his position. As an experienced and competent assistant, Surveyor Whitney brought with him Pro- fessor W. H. Brewer, to take charge of the botanic depart- ment. During the years from 1860 to 1864, the botanic collec- tion was under the charge of and mostly performed by Profes- sor Brewer, and it was under his supervision that the bulk of the material was accumulated, the elaboration of which forms nearly the whole of the first volume of the botanical report of the survey and a considerable part of the second volume. Profes- sor Brewer having left California in 1864, no farther continuous and systematic collecting was attempted by the survey. Henry N. Bolander, however, was employed in collecting for some months in 1867; and Dr. J. G. Cooper, the zoological assistant of the survey, devoted some of his time to botanical collect- ing and made important additions to the collection. One 4 set of the plants was sent to the Harvard Herborium at Cam- bridge and there arranged by Professor Brewer; and arrange- ments were made for working up the collection with the view of the publication of a ‘ Flora of California,” or a description of the plants growing spontaneously over the wide area of between one hundred and fifty thousand and one hundred and sixty thousand square miles. Another full set of the plants was left for the use of the University of California, and numerous speci- mens were sent to some of the universities of Europe. This latter act I understand to have been in the fulfillment of the amenities of the profession, as it is through interchange in such matters and mutual accommodation that the knowledge ac- quired becomes universal; and then, theretofore there had been botanists connected with government expeditions, both American and foreign, and also private botanists who had made collections in California, the descriptions of which were recorded in the literature of those institutions, some of which were lacking in the collection made by the Geological Survey, and it was desired to obtain such description to make the work more complete. A large part of the descriptive work of the first volume, and in part for the second volume, was done by Professor Asa Gray, of Harvard; and both he and Dr. Engelmann, in trips to Europe, devoted time there to the examination of botanical literature, hundreds of volumes of which had to be run through, and ob- tained whatever was there found which was lacking in the col- lection at Cambridge. The first volume was not published until 1876, and in the meantime there had been considerable mate- / rial collected by private collectors, which in the natural order belonged in the first volume, all of which was submitted to the examination and comparison of the Harvard professorship, that every thing contained in the work should be as perfect as possible. When it came to the publication there was a lack of money, even for the first volume, and Judge S. C. Hastings, be- coming interested in that behalf, contributed himself and solic- ited contributions from other gentlemen, and which met with response from Hon. Leland Stanford, D. O. Mills, Lloyd Tevis, J. C. Flood, Charles McLaughlin, R. B. Woodward, William Norris, John O. Earl, Henry Pierce and Oliver Eldridge, who contributed in sufficient amount to make up the sum necessary for the purpose. Sereno Watson was employed to superin- tend the working up of the material not included in the first volume, and of material which had been collected since the dis- 5 continuance of the survey, by private collectors, and therewith to compile a second volume. But as with the first voluwe, there was alackof funds, and Judge Hastings, heading a second subscription list, was followed by D. O. Mills, Henry Pierce, Leland Stanford, J. C. Flood and Charles Crocker with sub- scriptions to make up the required amount, and Mr. Watson with the assistance of competent specialists, in the respective depart- ments, completed the work in 1880. The work of publication was neatly done, the volumes presenting a creditable appear ance, and the reputation of those principally engaged in it justifies the assurance that the botanical report of the ¢‘ State Geological Survey” is a work of high character. The volumes contain, the first 628 pages, and the second 559 pages. But there were some of the orders of plants which had been collected, the work upon which was in so incomplete a state, that they were unavoidably left out of the publication, which sug- gests, with the collections which have since been made, another volume to complete the representation of the Flora of Califor- nia, were the means provided for that purpose. For the eight years, commencing with 1860, and ending in 1868, the appropriations made by the Legislature of California, at various times, for the expenses of the State Geological Sur- vey, amounted to one hundred and twenty-five thousand and six hundred dollars, besides the sum of nine thousand dollars, which had been appropriated for the publication of the reports. In 1868, the Legislature declining to make further appropria- tion for the survey, the work came to a stop, and Professor Whitney went East. In 1870, finding that much of the results of the survey were left in such shape as to be unavailable for use or reference, the Legislature made an appropriation of two thousand dollars per month, for the period of two years, for the State Geologist to proceed to complete the geological sur- vey of the State, and the publication of the results thereof; and Professor Whitney returned to the State, to carry out the pur- poses of the appropriation. In 1874, an Act was passed to provide for the preservation of the material of the Geological Survey, and the sum of five thousand dollars was appropriated to pay the expenses of arranging, packing, transporting and delivering the property and material to the President of the State University at Berkeley. This property is of great value, as forming, in part, the basis of instruction in the respective specialties of the University. 74 6 Of these reports, there are six volumes in all. The total cost to the State, of this acquisition, was one hundred and fifty-four thousand and six hundred dollars. The Act in relation to pub- lication provided that the reports should be sold, and the pro- ceeds of sale paid over for the benefit of the common school fund. I had not the time to ascertain the extent to which the school fund has been benefited by this provision; neither do I think it a matter of importance, as the knowledge acquired with it of the geology and resources of the State, and the source of education and information, which the material, including the reports, affords, and being available at the time needed, appears to be of much more value to the State than the money which it has cost. Besides the volumes published under the auspices of the State Geological Survey, there are, as yet, but few books which con- tain descriptions exclusively of the West Coast Botany. The late Dr. Kellogg was the author of a small work on the Trees of California, which was published by the State Mining Bureau. There are two volumes of reports of the ¢¢ State Board of Forestry,” for the years from 1887 to 1890, which are mostly occupied with descriptions of California forest trees, with many illustrations, the work of J. G. Lemon, Botanist of the Board. H. H. Behr, M. D , is the author of a work of 364 pages, on the Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco. There is a beautifully illustrated work on the West American Oaks, the descriptions by Professor Edward L. Greene, and the drawings by Dr. A. Kellogg. Professor V. Rattan, now of the State Normal School, has compiled a small work for the use of schools, the descrip- tions contained being exclusively of our indigenous plants. Professor Greene, of the State University, has been engaged in studying the California Indigenous Botany since 1885, his de- seriptions formerly having been published in the Bulletins of the California Academy of Sciences, but he has recently written and compiled from his former writings, a work entitled “ Pittonia ” which is devoted mostly, but not exclusively, to the California Botany,—the first volume of which is a book of 311 pages, a second volume being still in the hands of the ° printer. The Regents of the State University have appropriated one thousand dollars, for the preservation and mounting of the long neglected botanical collection, made by the State Geological Survey, which consists of about two thousand species and speoi- q.- mens of about seven thousand plants, and the work, under the supervision of Professor Greene, is now being done in good style. Other plants and species will be added to that collection as opportunity occurs. The regents have also authorized the establishment of a botanical garden on the University grounds, and have appropriated two thousand dollars therefor, the work having already been commenced. The design is: first, to ob- tain for the garden the plants of this Coast, to be followed by the introduction of exotic specimens. . It appears that there soon will be excellent opportunity at the California University of acquiring a thorough training in this useful, as well as sesthe- tic, branch of science. The Chairman of this Committee has long been engaged in the development of the medicinal properties of some of our indig- ineous plants. This extensive country, with its many new spe- cies, it is reasonable to suppose, produces many plants which would make useful additions to our materia medica, were their properties established; but we all know how natural it is in prescribing, to resort to the things we have knowledge of, and physicians generally have not the time to devote to the proving of new remedies. Dr. Gibbons has demonstrated the medicinal properties and usefulness of several plants, but the necessity of devoting his time to medical practice has limited his bo- tanical studies. If the doctor could relinquish his arduous practice to younger men, and devote his time exclusively to his botanical investigations, more extended discoveries would likely result. In regard to the gentlemen who performed most of the work of the Botanical Report of the State Geological Survey, I will add: Asa Gray, who occupied the Fisher Chair of Natural His- tory, in Harvard University, from 1841 until his death in 1888, was among the most distinguished botanists of his generation. J. D. Whitney is now, and has been for many years, Professor of Geology at Harvard. Professor W. H. Brewer has poenniod the Chair of Agricul- ture in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, ever since he left California in 1864. Sereno Watson, who was Botanist of the Fortieth Parallel Geological Survey under Clarence King, from 1867 to 1871, has been Curator of the Harvard Herborium since 1876. Henry N. Bolander is Teacher of Botany in St. Helen’s Hall, a Young Ladies’ Seminary in Portland, Oregon. FORAGE PLANTS; FROM » o ‘ eansactons of the Califia State Aerieuomal Soeely, i 3 “ THE YEAR 1877 | < C: H.Dwmell : 1—s w : 3 - . 8 » Ww .* . : vs - / { i FORAGE PLANTS. “° BY C. H. DWINELLE, PH. B.,, BERKELEY, ALAMEDA COUNTY. There is no subject of greater importance to the farmers of Cali- fornia than that of forage crops. The feeding of domestic animals must, with rare exceptions, form a very important feature in the rural economy of all countries where agriculture is carried on for any great length of time. Not only do these animals furnish us with food, clothing, and motive power, but they do it without impoverish- ing the soil to any great degree. Under proper management, with the aid of forage crops and animals to utilize them, poor soils may be made good, and good soils made better. Tracts of nearly pure sand have in this way been transformed into rich black soils. To be sure, there are cases where sediment brought on by natural or artificial irrigation, can be relied upon to renew the soil. In other cases still mineral fertilizers will supply what is needed to maintain a succession of crops. As a rule, however, the successful cultivation of land, for a long term of years, must be accompanied by the raising of animals, of some kind, in considerable numbers. THE VALUABLE ELEMENTS TAKEN FROM THE SOIL MUST BE RE- PLACED, should be one of the farmer’s first rules. The disregard of this law has reduced to sterility some of the fairest portions of the earth. As notable examples of this bad result, we have some of the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, and in numerous cases the cotton and tobacco fields of the Southern States. In many parts of our own favored State, the unwise persistence in raising crops for shipment has so reduced the fertility of the soil, that it scarcely returns a profit to the cultivator. It seems hard for our practical (?) farmers to admit, that if you draw repeatedly on your bank, and make no deposits, you will finally exhaust your account, and have your checks returned dishonored. Inventive genius may give us machines that will so reduce the expenses of farming that a very light crop will still pay. Summer fallowing, by storing a part of one year’s moisture until the next, turning in a quantity of vegetable matter, and weathering the soil, may give fair crops for a time. The great fact remains, however, that if land is used for crops that are to be consumed elsewhere, and no return is made to it for the crops sent away, it must ultimately be exhausted. The tobacco raiser sends to the markets of the world the choicest elements of his soil, to be scattered broadcast in ashes from the smoker’s pipe or cigar. Land exhausted by this crop is very difficult to reclaim, but it can be brought back by intelligent mixed farming. The robbing of the cotton lands is quite inexcusable, as it is the seed which makes the main draught upon it. If this is returned to the soil from which it came, instead of being allowed to rot where it ‘1s thrown as it comes from the gin, or being sold to those who have 4 intelligence enough to know its value, the actual wear on the soil of a cotton crop is very small. In our own too exclusive grain growing, the land has been drawn upon for the elements of the grain itself, and, by the burning of the straw, cheated out of the vegetable mold which is so essential to con- tinued fertility. This should be changed by having all of the pres- ent waste consumed by animals rather than by fire. Some would say that, from their experience, it would be more profitable to feed out a large part of the grain itself than to ship it. But if grazing is brought in as a method of saving the refuse of a grain farm, it will not be wise to rely upon that refuse alone to carry the stock through all parts of the year, good seasons and bad. Other crops, raised specially for forage, must be had, so that if one resource fail, another may be at hand. It will be found best also to change about the loca- tion of the various crops, whether for grain or forage. And in this way we shall have established a mixed husbandry, with rotation of crops. This is what has been found profitable elsewhere, and it is what has already been adopted by our most intelligent and successful farmers in this State. If a farmer has money ahead, in the bank, or out at interest, the chances are that he raises a variety of crops and believes in live stock. England went through this process of deple- tion until her average yield of grain was very low. By the introduc- tion of the rotation of crops and the cultivation of a variety of the best grasses, clovers, and roots, to be fed to choice animals on the farm, the tide has been turned, and the average return raised il free immensely. The object has been to reduce the actual waste to the smallest possible quantity of those elements which the farmer can afford to buy, in mineral fertilizers. We, too, must study our resources - in the way of mineral fertilizers, but not with the idea that they can take the place of vegetable mold. Assuming, then, that forage crops are of importance to us, the question arises, which ones are the best? The answer will depend on a variety of circumstances. Soil, climate, and water supply will decide what can be grown with success. The product in view, and the taste of the animals to be fed, must influence the question of profit in a very important degree. Some plants are valuable in the pasture, but not profitable for curing. Others are at their best when cut and fed green. Some must be dried to be liked by cattle. Cer- tain ones are valueless when others are to be had, but invaluable in times of scarcity. CONSULT NATURE. I am convinced that Nature has not been consulted as much as she should be in this matter. While I strongly favor the importation and trial of plants that have proved valuable in other countries, I believe that we may find plants, either indigenous or accidentally introduced, already growing about us with such vigor as to show their adaptability to the locality, and needing but little encourage- ment to become profitable forage crops. This summer I have been examining the grasses of Oakland Township, and find that there are several that deserve more than a passing notice. 5 RYE OR RAY GRASS, DARNEL. There are here at least three species of the genus Lolium. The Ital- _ ian rye or ray grass (Lolium Italicum), or at least a grass which answers its description, is widely distributed. It occurs on the foothills about the University buildings, and at many other places, down as far as the bay shore. It does particularly well on low adobe, or clay lands, that are very wet in winter. On the dry lands it makes but a moderate growth, though even there it is a valuable addition to the pasturage. On the low lands it tillers out wonderfully, particularly if grazed or cut off before going to seed. It often grows to a hight of two or three feet, with beautiful heads from six inches to a foot long. The seeds are very numerous, and, when ripe, they seem to be very rich food. Horses, cattle, and fowls are very fond of the grass and its seeds. There is a large tract on each side of San Pablo Avenue, where it is the prevailing grass. In some spots, that have not been cultivated for several years, it has so completely taken possession that it would do to cut for seed. Without other irrigation than that of the rains of last winter, it has grown in places so as to be cut twice for hay, and there is now fair feed. Though the winter rains were very heavy, those of the spring have been so light as hardly to affect vegetation. This would indicate that the grass would do well on suitable soil, where irrigation in winter only is practicable. On dry ground, where undisturbed, the seed is now ripe, and the stalks brown. Where it was cut back, it is now, the latter part of July, as green as in April. I have, as yet, no definite information as to the introduction of this fine grass in this locality. One of our pioneer farmers tells me that he first noticed it on the San Pablo road in eighteen hundred and fifty-four, in front of land cultivated by a Belgian. Perhaps this European brought the seed with him inten- tionally, or by accident, in his packing boxes. The United States Patent Office distributed the seeds of the Italian rye grass all over the Union, more than twenty years ago, and we need not be surprised to find it in any place that has been long settled. I have myself observed it at Santa Cruz and Alviso, and Professor Hilgard reports it as abundant about San Rafael. It so closely resembles what, on this coast, is called “cheat,” that many of our farmers have not noticed its advent in their midst. It is, however, a much finer and better grass, and no one who has once had the differences between the two pointed out should ever be cheated again. The grass is no novelty in Europe. It has been cultivated there for a great while, probably for several centuries, and is a great favor- ite. On the irrigated plains of Italy it gives immense returns. Itis largely used in soiling cattle. Perhaps it may yet prove a rival to our favorite alfalfa on some soils. The reclaimed salt marshes seem to be peculiarly suited to it. It is possible that the Italian rye grass is to hold the place in our agriculture that timothy does in New England. Mixed with alfalfa, it may prove a much better feed than either alone. Will not some of our irrigators try a small piece of alfalfa and Italian rye grass mixed? It might keep off the hoove, which so often attacks cattle feeding on alfalfa alone. In England this is the favorite grass for irrigated lands, particularly where sew- age is used. The New Zealand rye grass, of which Mr. Sneath spoke so favor- ably at the last annual meeting of the California Dairyman’s Society, 6 is doubtless closely allied to, if not identical with, the Italian. His directions for sowing it are so good, for this and other fine seeds, that I take the liberty of copying them as they appeared in the Pacific Rural Press. The items as to its yield will also be read with interest by dairymen. . HOW IT OUGHT TO BE PLANTED. The seed weighs-about twenty pounds to the bushel and will give about one hundred seeds to the superficial foot when sown twenty pounds per acre. This is, perhaps, sufficient, although I have used thirty pounds. Itshould not be covered more than one-quarter of an inch deep, and therein I have found my greatest difficulty, but I believe I have discovered a plan by which I can seed it to a regular depth hereafter. I am building a light wooden roller four and a half feet by nine feet, with a round steel wire rake in front of it. This rake can be regulated by a spring attachment, and the teeth being only two inches apart, it will, I think, completely scarify the surface and cover the seed to any depth I may desire, while the roller, following, will press the covering firmly. I do not think frost will affect this grass as seriously as it does alfalfa in its first growth ; but as we have but little frost in our section I cannot speak of it with certainty. I prefer putting in the seed early, as the roots must be firmly set before the grass toughens and dries in summer, or else stock may pull it up roots and all, in loose soil especially. Rye grass has been the leading grass in England for many years, and generally grown there upon low and marshy lands. The “ Encyclopedia Brittanica,” under the head of agriculture, reports a cutting from a favored locality of eighty tons per acre per annum of grass (green weight) when fortified with liquid manure and a plentiful supply of water. It was cut just as the seed stems were pushing forward. I now have grass from ten to fourteen inches high, that was cut thirty days ago, and this has been repeated all this summer. The Italian rye grass is said to be a biennial, that is, lasting but two years, but unless cut very close it would probably resow itself, so as to last for a long time. ENGLISH, OR PERENNIAL RYE GRASS. The second kind of rye grass, which I have found spreading in this township, is the English or perennial (Lolium perenne). It is, in turn, more delicate in its structure than the Italian, and is consider- ably used for lawns. The stalks and leaves are finer, the spikelets smaller and less numerous, and the heads more drooping than in the Italian. From a limited acquaintance with it, I should say that it would give less forage, though of a finer quality, than the Italian rye grass. In seed it is decidedly inferior to the Italian. The latter is very heavy when ripe, and horses are eager for it. he only piece of English rye grass that I have observed near here, as left to shift for itself, was very roughly put in several years ago. The rains were deficient that year, and the land is very foul with weeds. In spite of these drawbacks and close pasturing it has sur- vived, and adds very much to the carrying capacity of the land. A specimen of this grass was lately sent to the editor of the Pacific Rural Press from Mare Island, with the statement that it had spread over considerable land there. POISON DARNEL, OR CHEAT (?). The third species of this genus, which I shall consider, is the darnel proper of the English farmer (Lolium temulentum). It has a variety of names, as bearded darnel, poison darnel, and wire grass, and has borne, to say the least, a doubtful character. The farmers of this coast have attached a new opprobrium to it by dubbing it 7 —— ' “cheat.” It seems like robbing the devil of his due to take this name from the brome grass, chess (Bromus secalinus), which has borne it so long in England and the United States. This darnel has been known and written about for centuries, and has had the repu- tation of being poisonous. Lolium, in its old Latin name, and temu- lentum means drunken. It is very widely, we may say universally, spread over the grain lands of this coast. Unless a farmer takes great pains to clean his seed grain, he sows it with nearly every crop, and it is carried from place to place by the waters of every stream, and by birds and animals innumerable. Like the other grasses of this genus, mentioned above, it flourishes on a stiff’ soil with abund- ance of water. If the season is favorable to the growth of grain, that gets the start, and the darnel makes but little showing, though it may ripen and drop its seed for the next year. The use of the header is particularly favorable to the increase of this, and many another, weed which does not ordinarily attain the hight of thrifty grain. Grazing off headed stubble with sheep, particularly Southdowns, helps very much in keeping the land clear of darnel, Napa thistles, etc. When the winter is cold, and there are excessive rains, so that some of the grain rots in the ground, and the rest makes a stunted growth, the darnel stools out and takes its place. The field is then said to be “cheated,” 1. e., the grain is supposed to be turned into darnel. Many people do not notice the difference between grain and darnel before they begin to throw up their stalks, consequently they are “cheated” with the hope of full crops when the ground is covered with darnel. A little study of the plants, side by side, will enable any one to dis- tinguish between them, even in their early stages. The leaf of the darnel is narrower than that of wheat. It is very rich in silica, and the mature stems are stiff and harsh. The upper side of the leaf is finely corrugated, has rather a dull surface, and feels rough to the finger, drawn over it from the stem towards the opposite end. The under side is much smoother, and glistens in the sunlight. On a wet piece of ground its dark green is in strong contrast with the sickly wheat. The darnel is more erect in its growth, and the stools are not as spreading as in wheat. It is very desirable that the question as to the evil results from eat- ing this grass, and its seed, should be definitely settled. There is cer- tainly a great deal of it in the hay raised about here, and I have never heard of any bad effects from it. Thinking that the poisonous qualities might be developed in the ripening of the grain, I wrote to Mr. E. T. Wall, of Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, who, I knew, raised it -as a crop. In the course of his reply, he says: “As for cheat being poisonous, that is new to me; for I, in common with the majority of my neighbors, consider it the best hay we have. I have fed the threshed cheat grain to horses and hogs, and prefer it to any other grain. I have never noticed any of the symptoms you speak of among stock here, and I am satisfied it will produce no such effects.” This is, certainly, very strong testimony, not only as to the harm- lessness of darnel, but as to its actual value as a field crop. I shall take every opportunity to obtain information on this point, by exper- iment and from the experience of others. It would be strange 1f i should prove, after all, that the only “cheat” about this grass is th “poison” in its name. If darnel is innocent, let it be relieved from the imputation of being “the only poisonous grass,” and place it among the honored cereals. It is possible that darnel may be sub- i SU 8 ject to the attacks of some fungus, like ergot in rye, and smut in Indian corn, which renders it unfit for food. It may be well to give the indictment against darnel, as already published in the transac- tions of your Society for eighteen hundred and sixty-four and sixty- five, in Professor H. N. Bolander’s papers on grasses. It is as follows: Haller affirms that this species of lolium not only produces intoxication, as its trivial name implies, but that if baked into bread, or fermented in ale, its administration is attended with very disagreeable and even fatal effeets. It produces headache, vertigo, vomiting, lethargy, drunkenness, and difficulty of speech, and the tongue exhibits a very strong trembling. Seager further remarks, that a trembling of the body is one of the most certain signs of poisoning by this plant. It also affects with blindness for several hours. By the Chinese laws—for this plant is found both in China and Japan—it is forbidden to be used in fermented liquors. Some of the intoxicating qualities of factitious beer are said to be owing to the admixture of darnel with the malted barley. According to Withering, horses, geese, etc., are killed by darnel, and dogs are particularly subject to its influences, mixed in small quantities in their food. It is, however, said to fatten chickens and hogs. In the Medical and Physical Journal there are placed on record several cases of poisoning, by darnel, in the human subject. In these, “ giddiness in the head, pain, and swelling of the limbs, succeeded by abcess and gangrene, were the most promi- nent symptoms. One of the sufferers lost both his legs.” (Burnett’s Outline of Botany, p. 365, published 1865.) Geiger gives in his Pharmac. Botany, eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, an analysis of the grains made by Bley. According to this analysis its “effects are only slightly ~ narcotic.” T have known of-but one instance that a farmer had observed some deleterious effects on cattle having been fed on this very grass. If, after reading this, anyone feels a hankering for a loaf of darnel bread he can easily find the material for it. He should, however, make careful preparations for recording his sensations after eating it, and leave the notes in good shape for the benefit of his survivors. I should hardly recommend the introduction of poison darnel where it does not already grow. If, however, it gets the upper hand in a grain field after a wet winter, like the last, it is best to cut it in the milk, before it becomes too tough and wiry. By thus preventing it from ripening the land can be nearly cleared of it for some time. The seeds of several kinds of rye grass can be had of most any reg- ular seed dealer. The English farmers have names for a great many varieties of the perennial rye grass. All of the species of this genus (Lolium) seem to vary and sport in minor points. Sometimes this can be ascribed to change of location, but there are some things that seem to be independent of that. For instance, the head may be bearded or bald, the two forms growing on the same hand’s breath of ground, and apparently from the same lot of seed. I have observed this in both Italian rye grass and darnel (L. Italicum and L. Temu- lentum.) MEADOW SOFT GRASS—‘ MESQUITE.” (?) French—Houque laineuse—Foin de mouton. German—Wolliges Honig-gras. This beautiful grass (Holcus lanatus) has been widely spread among the farmers of this coast, more particularly in our northern coast counties, and through Oregon and Washington Territory. I became familiar with it while living on the peaty lands of the San Joaquin delta. Mr. A. G. Kimbell gives me the following history of itsintro- duction there: In eighteen hundred and sixty-two I was in the seed store of Mr. Moore (pioneer seedsman of San Francisco), and he showed me some seed that he called ‘mesquite grass’ seed, and gave me a few seeds of the same to try on the tule lands. I sowed the seed on Middle River, and the grass grew and flourished well. As I had no reclaimed land then to cultivate, it was of no value to me, and I paid but little attention to it. Some twelve or fifteen years ago I met in San rancisco the Honorable J. M. Hudspeth, of Sonoma County, and spoke to him about my trial Tt 9 of the mesquite grass on the tules. I suggested to him that, as he lived near the sea coast, I thought he could make it profitable in his section of country, and gave him about a table- spoonful of the seed. That he planted on his place, and succeeded so well that the grass became very popular, and he could not at first supply the demand for seed at one dollar per pound. This grass grows two and one-half to three feet high here, and seeds in May; and before the seed stems are dry, the young shoots are springing up from the roots. When not cut for hay or grazed, it will seed the second time before frost. On the low lands in question it attracts attention on account of its peculiar light green tint, and also from the fact that frost does not injure it. During the winter months, when the rank swamp growth and most of the introduced grasses and clovers are blackened and worthless as forage, a patch of meadow soft grass stands out in relief, . like an oasis in a desert. As with the rye grasses, the more you trample on it, the deeper it sends its roots, and the more it tillers. This, of course, is a very valuable trait in pasture grasses. This species grows in bunches, if not very thickly sown. Its name of soft grass, or velvet grass, is given on account of the texture of the foliage, which is covered with very fine, soft hairs. In this State it sometimes grows to a hight of six feet, but from two to three feet is more common for the seed stalks. The color of the heads or panicles varies from light green to a decided purple. On account of the down upon it, cattle do not seem to like it at first, and will avoid it if more palatable grasses are at hand. When other feed is cut off by frost or drought, they take very kindly to the soft grass, and thrive upon it. I make the following extracts from a letter kindly written to me by Mr. J. M. Hudspeth, of Sebastopol, Sonoma County, who received his seed from Mr. Kimbell : I have been growing the grass mentioned since eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and have found it well adapted to the coast counties. It grows well on all moist land, regardless of soil. I say this because we have here in this vicinity some ‘ honeysuckle land’ that produces no grass of any kind, but the mesquite will grow on such places six feet high, producing a large crop. It grows from the root. I have had some in pasture for eight or nine years without reseeding. It makes a light hay, and stock do not seem to like it until they have used it a while. I think it is very nutritious. It is esteemed very much by the milk ranchers here, to give green feed in the latter part of the season. Stock prefer it green to dry. I do not think it will do on dry upland. I think it best to sow alone. It does not matter much whether the land is plowed or not for it, so that the seed is covered. It should always be sown early. The merits of this grass have been very thoroughly discussed in the Oregon papers within the last few months, and there seems to be a considerable diversity of opinion about it. The estimate set upon it seems to vary with the soil and climate, and the mode of utilizing it on each farm. Its main virtues seem to be: that it will battle suc- cessfully with fern on its own ground; very wet and frosty weather does not injure it; the close cropping of sheep does not kill it out, as it does timothy and some other grasses. (The French call it “sheep grass,” foin de mouton.) On the other hand, some say that it is only second rate as a butter grass, and is superseding better kinds. It is also said to be very hard to eradicate when it is once established. There are one or two points, brought out in the newspaper articles, which suggest that the Oregonians may have two grasses, closely allied forms, under the name of “ mesquite.” These are, the wide range of opinion as to its value, and the statement that the grass has running roots. Now,in Europe, besides the meadow soft grass (Holcus lanatus), classed as about a second rate grass; there is the creeping soft 2—s 10 grass, houque molle of the French (Holcus mollis), set down as very poor, and not to be encouraged where better grasses will grow. The latter has a creeping root. Chamber's Encyclopedia says of it: “The roots sometimes extend five or six feet in a season. They con- tain much nutritive matter, and are a very acceptable food to horses and cattle, but especially to hogs, which grub them up.” I hope to get specimens from Oregon that will enable me to settle this matter. While the meadow soft grass may not make hay of the very first quality, it certainly deserves a trial, where a sod is wanted, and other grasses will not flourish, on the peaty lands along our rivers, in our mountain valleys, and in the fog belt of the northern coast. WHAT IS MESQUITE ? ~ A great deal of good ink and paper has been spoiled in arguing this question. According to-Webster’s Dictionary, this is “supposed to be a word of Indian origin.” “The natives make it a word of three syl- lables, as mes-ké’-ta.” It is the name of a shrub, or small tree, which grows in Texas, and from there south and westward. I believe it is found in the southeastern part of this State. The pods and beans of the tree are excellent forage. In Texas, there are certain fine grasses which grow habitually under and about the mesquite tree, and to dis- tinguish them from the coarser “sage grass,” and on account of their situation, they are called “ mesquite grasses.” The name may have at one time designated a single species, now it is applied to about a dozen grasses in Texas, belonging to several genera, and is about as definite as the term “corn,” as used in Scripture, or by an old English farmer. There is no reason why meadow soft grass, which probably is not indigenous to Texas, should give up its time-honored name in favor of an indefinite barbarism. I have been told by Texans that they had never seen meadow soft grass in that State, though they were familiar with various forms of mesquite grass. On the other hand, one of the Oregon mesquite raisers says that his seed came direct from San Antonio, Texas, and was said to be native there. If his is Holcus lanatus, we have but to call attention again to the fact that the United States Government has for more than twenty years been dis- tributing seeds all over the continent, to say nothing of private importations, and it is not surprising to find European grasses grow- ing everywhere. The whole controversy shows plainly the value of definite scientific names and descriptions. It is to be hoped that in the near future a greater proportion of our young farmers will avail themselves of the opportunities offered them, free, by our University of California. The intimate acquaintance with nature and her laws, which is culti- vated in the College of Agriculture, must be an advantage in any future struggle with her, besides being a life-long source of pleasure. It certainly cannot make a man less practical to know a choice grass from a weed, a friend from a foe, in the insect world. Those grasses on which I have written are such as I am personally acquainted with. There are many that deserve favorable notice if time would permit. Before closing I will mention, if only briefly, some of the other forage plants which have been tried in our State and approved, and some which deserve trial on account of their record elsewhere. That*giant of grasses, Indian corn, is almost as generally sown for fodder as in New England, but sorghum and i 11 . imphee are crowding it in popular favor, on account of smaller ~ stalks and sweeter juice, and an after-growth when cut green. Egypt- ian corn, doura, comes in and claims all the advantges of the last and the heaviest yield of grain of any cereal. These are all approved by farmers of standing. LEGUMES. The great pulse family (Leguminosae) deserves our special thanks for its many choice gifts. They are of great value in maintaining and renewing fertility. Some of its members, as bur-clover (Med:- cago denticulate) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), have enriched many in ~ this State. The “cow-pea” of the Southern States should be tried. It is noted as forage, and to plow in green as a fertilizer. PREVENTIVE OF HOOVE. It is said that if, before turning cattle out to pasture on peas, clover, ete. they are fed moderately, with something else, with a large dose of salt on the feed, and then watered, there is no danger of hoove. The carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua L.)is another of the leguminosa that | deserved especial attention. Its natural home, in the countries about the Mediterranean, has just such a climate as that of California. As far back as history goes, its pods have been used as fodder for horses, cattle, and swine. The pods are from six to ten inches long, and about one wide, and contain, besides the seed, a sweet pulp that is relished even by man. It is said that ship-loads of them are sent from Palestine to Constantinople, and that they are sometimes found | in the fruit shops of London, under the name of “St. John’s Bread.” ~ They are sometimes ground, and a sort of molasses expressed, which ~ isused in making sweetmeats. The tree is of good size, with ever- | green foliage, and will grow in almost any soil. The yield of a mature tree is given at from halfa ton to more than a ton of the pods. In the southern part of Spain the blossoms appear twice each year, in Feb- ruary and September, and are both times followed by the fruit. For! planting by the roadside, and on rough ground, there are few trees that would be likely to prove more profitable, giving shade, forage, food for man, and ultimately wood. It is closely allied to the mes-| quite tree, but is larger in every way and bears better fruit. About seven years ago I called public attention to this tree as a very valu-/ able one for introduction here. Since that time there have been several importations of so-called! “carob beans,” but most of them have been from the mesquite and its | allies in Mexico. In Spain the name for the genuine tree 1s Algarrobo | (from the Moorish for the “carob ”), and the Spanish invaders applied | it to its nearest relative which they found in the new world. With | this new application its spelling has been changed to Algoroba. Mr. Charles H. Shinn, of Niles, in this county, claims to have the true carob growing in his nursery. He bought his seed from a | respectable seed dealer in the east, and kindly gives me the follow- ing directions for starting them. They will probably be found equally good for locust and other similar seeds that germinate with | difficulty: “Pour scalding water over the seeds, and when cold add a spoonful of spirits of camphor. Let the water stand on the seeds ~ for five hours.” 12 ROOTS, ETC. Mangolds, sugar beets, carrots, pumpkins, and squashes are all approved forage, though it is said that the seeds of the two latter sometimes produce bad effects on cattle and poultry. They are among the few crops that can safely be counted upon to pay the rental now asked for land in this neighborhood. And now, the short time given me in which to write on forage crops is exhausted ; such is far from being the case with the subject in hand. That cannot be worn out while grass grows and water runs, or while there is need of “milk for babes and strong meat for men.” Perhaps I may pursue the subject further in the future. I hope that others may give it the study which it deserves. Berk ELEY, CALIFORNIA, July 30th, 1878. (5) {FLORA | OF THE lily 1{( SEQUOIA_GIGANTEA REGION. |’ | | ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF SPECIMENS COLLECTED IN 1 0. AMADOR, CALAVERAS & ALPINE GCUNTIES, i) CALIFORNIA. At altitudes from 200 up to gooo feet. GEO. JANSEN, Foreman of the Sierra Foothill Agre. Exteriment Sta- tron, (Dept. of Agre., University of California.) JACKSON, AMADOR CO., CALIFORNIA. Issued August rst, 1896. WHERE THE BIG TREES GROW. Descripton of the Flora in the Sequoia gigantea » Region, from the travels of a collector in the Sierra / Nevada. Price 50 cents. What some readers said. Walter Dean, Cambridge, Mass.: “I read it with much interest and profit. I en- i joy your style; so different from most sketches of the sort.” Arthur McEwen’s Letter, San Francisco: *Ttisone of the most delightful mix- | tures of sentiment and scholarship that could be written.” Exsiccata of the “Flora of the Sequoia gigantea Reg- ion.” Sets of about 1000 numbers, $7 per century. | What some subscribers had to say about them. Prof. A. Batalin, Dir. Bot. Gard., St. Petersburg: ‘I express my satisfaction with the excellent manner of preparation and state of preservation of your herbar collection.” Prof. Dr. K. Fritsch, Dir. Herbarium, K. K. Universitet, Wien: “Ihre Pflanzensen- dung ist sehr reichhaltig und hochinteressant...... Ich kann Ihre Pflanzen ruehmend erwachnen.” Prof. F. Pax, Dir. Bot. Garden, Breslau: “Ich finde, dass Ihre Pflanzen recht gut pre pariert sind.” Dr. George T. Stevens, of New York (in 2 letter to Dr. Owen Buckland, San Fran- cisco): “I have never seen anything like those specimens. The original green of the leaves and the fresh tints of the flowers make them look as though they were just taken from the field.” Prof. J. Urban, Dir. Bot. Museum, Berlin: ¢ Wir haben Ihre Pflanzensendung aus- gelegt, und sind von ihr, was Preparation und Vollstendigkeit anbetrift, ganz zufrie- den.” THE ORCHID HYBRIDS Enumeration and classification of all Orchid hy- brids described up to date. Supplements published an- nually. 257 pp., Royal-octavo. Price, by registered mail, $2.50. What some readers said. Mrs. F. L. Ames, North Easton: “I am pleased to have your valuable book.” W. M. Appleton, Esq., Weston-super-Mare; * Your book will be very useful to me I will be pleased to have supplements when published.” 4 Major-General Emeric S. Berkeley, Southampton: “I much admire the energy. shown in your compilation.” J. Bradshaw, Esq., Southgate, London, N.: ‘It is certainly a capital book for reference.” Mr. W. Bull, Chelsea: “The amount of labor involved must have been enormous Please accept my congratulations.” Right Ion. j. Chamberlain, Birmingham: “It is likely to be both usefal and in- 4 teresting to all orchid growers.” Walter C. Clark, Isq., Liverpool: “It has given me great pleasure, and will be most useful, especially if you continue to issue supplements.” Malcolm Stuart Cooke, Esq , Kingston Hill: “Iti: a very useful work.” Erastus Corning, Esq., Albany: “I am much pleased with the book” J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., S. Woodford: * Your book fills a great want in Orchid lit- erature.” Capt. T. C. Hincks, Richmond: “I am pleased with your book.” II. H. Hunneiwell, Esq., Wellesley: ¢ It will afford me much pleasure and profit.” A. van Imschoor, Fsq., Gand: *“Je vous offi tous mes compliments pour 'ouvrage, qui est fait serieusement et tres complet.” Curator W. B. Latham, Edgbaston: “I must congratulate you on being the first to attempt such a work.” WW. L. Lewis & Co., Southgate: ¢ We are sure it will prove most useful as a hook of reference, and a book that should be in the hands of all those interested in hybrid orchids. * * * We congratulate you upon your work, which is very cheap indeed af the price.” Sir Willinm Marriott, Blandford: “I have read your book with a great deal of in- terest. What a lot of trouble and pains you have taken with it.” T. L. Mead, Esq., Oviedo: “The catalogne part of your book is certainly a monu- mental work, and with the promised supplement will be simply invaluable and indis- pensable to every hybridizer who wishes to work intelligently.” R. II. Measures, Esq., Streatham: ¢ Your “Orchid Hybrids” isa verv handy and concise book of reference, and should be welcome to all lovers of Orchid eulture. * * * 1 am sure such a publication deserves to succeed.” Mr. James R. Pitcher (Pitcher & Manda), Shorthills: “I found it of such absorb- ing interest, that I did not lay it down until I had finished reading the entire book.” Mons. Ed. Pyneert, Gand: “Je vous remercie infinement pour votre ouvrage.” C. G. Reebling, Esq, Trenton: **1have read it with considerable interest and it undoubtedly fills a long felt want” Mrs. Janet Ross, Poggio Gherardo: * Mr. Ross, I am sure, will be interested in your book.” J. E. Rothwell, Esq.. Brookline: ¢ I trust that you will keep up your work as it is a valuable aid to us, and encourages painstaking and interest in the subject.” Sir Henry Schreeder, Egham: “I am perusing your book with much interest.” Edward G. Uihlein, Esq , Chicago: “I wish you good success with your publica- tion.” Messrs. James Veitch & Son, Chelsea: *We shall warmly recommend your book.” Mons. Ch. Vuylsteke, Loochristi: “Je trouve votre ouvrage sur les Orehidees tres in- teressant.” Mr. Alex. Wright, London (South Norwood Hill.) “I have enjoyed the reading of it. Your classification may be a little too far in advance for some; but I think you are on the right road, and it must be adopted sooner or later. No one ean, on reading your book, but admire the perseverance and interest you have taken in you work.” Reginald Young, Esq., Liverpool. “I may at once congratulate you on having ae- " complished a very arduous task.” 5 While offering in the appended list additions to my exsiccatae of the “Flora of the Sequoia gigantea Region,” I avail myself of the opportunity to publicly thank those institutions and private parties who were kind en- ough to support me through their subscriptions. I guarantee them the most liberal treatment, rendered more valuable through experience gained in the past, AN . “and entreat old subscribers to recommend me to an ex- ~ tent which they may deem me worthy of. Regarding i the reception accorded my specimens, I repeat but the words of Prof. A. Batalin, director of the Imp. Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg, who writes under date of March sth, 1896: “I express my satisfaction with the excellent . manner of preparation and state of preservation of your © herbar collection.” If here and there some specimens should not give entire satisfaction, I beg to favor me, in informing me of any objections entertained. Lack of . experience may have led me to distribution of some- what incomplete specimens. But renewed collect- ing, and profit from work in the field enable me to ~ correct amply such omissions The satisfaction which this, my chosen occupation, brings to me, is the profit I seek, and I feel grateful to those who help me through their orders to continue my work and to extend to others the pleasure I derive. I have not continued to list elevation where speci mens were collected. nor doI further number in my list the species brought together. Such is done though thoroughout the sets of specimens and I promise that upon further support from other institutions, I will issue a complete catalogue giving all species botanized, where collected, under what conditions found, adding all those numbers under which I distributed same and stating why they are thus separated. My knowledge about our flora is extending, and as long as I know of so many unexplored localities in my field of Amador, Calaveras and Alpine Counties, I defer such, my final report. I note that all numbers collected are gathered at the 6 time in such quantity as to insure uniformity through- = out my sets Respecting oaks, etc., I state that one @ number gives branches of the identical tree only, plenty of material having been prepared to supply ail likely subscribers. While any purchaser is perfectly welcome to select | any number of desiderata, at the price of $7.00 per cen- tury, 1 beg of those intending to purchase full sets, to} . . . oc : permit me the selecting of all those forms which I found growing in my neighborhood. While thus increasing the numbers of specimens, I, in return, warrant a most | liberal treatment. 1 can but renew my thanks due Prof. Edw. 1eel Greene, of Washington, D. C., for the determination of | the higher plants collected, and add the names of Mr. J. Burtt Davy, and Mr. F. T. Bioletti, ‘both of Berkeley, as those who kindly undertook the determination of most of the grasses. Of more difficult numbers speci- mens were forwarded to Prof. Scribner, Vasey, Britton | and Coville. Prof. J. B. Ellis, of Newfield, determined all of my frugi. My novitates and species but recently described as collected by others are printed in bold type. Alle Pflanzen, welche zur Verteilung kommen, sind - nummeriert. Fallseine und dieselbz Species in verschie- denen Heehenlagen gesammelt ist, so unterscheidet sie eine neue Nummer. Zugehcerige, gedruckte Zettel ge- ben alle erforderlichen Notizen. Tout les plantes sont numerees. Quand une espece est collectee aux hauteurs differants, un numero dif- ferant est donne. Des etiquettes imprimees avec tous les numeros. . Psoralea Douglasii Greene . Lotus Nevadensis Greene “ crassifolius (Benth.) Greene . Trifolium Watsonii Loja | 4 multicaule Jones 64 aciculare Natt. Medica denticulata { Willd.) Melilotus alba Lam. 25 Indica Al'ioni Lupinus Grayi Wats. > bicolor Lindl. 4 Menziesii Agardh. * silvaticus Drew Cercocarpus betulefolins Nutt. Potentilla Nuttallii Lehm. Rosa Californica Ch. & Schl. Epilobium adenocaulon Hansskn. Boisduvaliag densiflora Wats. var. imbricata Greete Godetia rubicunda Lindl. ‘“ viminea Spach. Clarkia rhomboidea Dougl. 3 virgata Greene. Flcerkea versicolor Greene Enphorbia nutans Lag. Ceanothus diversifolius Kell. Malva parviflora L. Cerastinm viscosum L Btellaria crispa Cham. es Jamesii Torr. Alsine media Camar, Arenaria pusilla Wats, Spergnla arvensis L. Tissa Clevelandi Greene Portulaca oleracea L. Micrampelis fabacea Greene Viola purpurea Kell. *¢ Douglasii Steud. *¢ glabella Nutt, ‘ lobata Benth. Thysanocarpus elegans F. & M. te pulchelius F. & M. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Eschscholtzia compacta (Lindl.) Walp. bs Douglasii (H. & A.) Walp. «6 pulchella Greene Dendromecon rigidum Benth. Berberis Fremontii 7 |Delphinium gracilentum Greene ay Brownii Dougl. Ranunculus alceus Greene Hartwegii Greene “4 occidentalis Nutt near Eiseni Sedum spec. Tilleea minima Meier Boykinia major Cornus sessilis Torr. Apiastrum angustifolinum Nutt. Peucedanum utriculatum Nutt. |Curum Kelloggii Gray {Sunicula Nevadeusis Wats. bipinnata H. & A. Pyrola aphylla Sm. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Parry 6 patula Greene Dodecatheon Hendersonii var. Hanseni Greene leetiflorum Greene Pedicularis densiflora Benth, |Orthocarpus pusillus Benth. |Mimulus inconspicuus Gray ** laciniatus Gray ” nasutus Greene “ marmoratus Greene “ subreniformis Greene Pentstemon Reezlii Regel Collinsia tinctoria Benth. albino Solanum cupuliferum Greene *¢ elmagnifolium Cavanilles ‘Eriodictyon Californicum (H. & A.) Greene fl. alb. Phacelia imbricata Greene £8 distans Benth. + humilis es namatoides Gray ‘** spec. nova Gilia gilioides Greene “ staminea Greene Nemophila heterophylla F. & M. 66 | $e peduncuiata Benth. Linanthus pusilius Greene 2 bicolor (Nutt.) Greene * montanus Greene Plagiohothrys tenellus Gray * campestris Greene Cryptanthe ambigua Greene Awsinckia spectabilis F & M. Lamium amplexicaule L. Marvabinm vulgare L. Stachys Californica Benth. Ramona humilis (Benth.) Greene Frasera speciosa Dougl. Apocynum cannabinum L. Cephalanthns occidentalis Li. Heterocodon ravifloram Nutt Agoseris glauca Taraxacum officinale Weber Souchus oleracens Li. “ asper Fischer Hieracinm Parishii Gray Malacothrix Clevelandi Gray Ptiloria_ canescens Greene Scorzooella silvatica Benth. Senecio triangularis Hook. var. Hanseni Greene Senecio Whippleanus Auntennaria Carpathiea var. puleherrima Gnaphalium Chilense Spreng. Jotula coronopifolia Li. Soliva sessilis R. & P. Matricaria. discoidea DC. Artemisia heterophylla Nutt. Beeria chrysostoma F. & M. Helenium Bigelovii Gray Blenunosperma Californicum (DC.) T. & G. Eriophyllum croceum Greene ae ambigunm Gray Bulsamorrhiza Hookeri Nutt, Baccharis consangninea DC. Solidago Californica Nutt, var. Nevadensis Gray Pentachaeta exilis (Gray) Greene Erigeron Hartwegii Greene Aster Durandi Nutt. Coleosanthus Californicus (T. &G.) O. Ktz Dipsacus fullonum Mill. Asarum Lemmonii. Rumex acetosella L, Briogonum marifolium T. & G. Amuantus retroflexus L. Salix glauca L. var, villosa Aadrs. *¢ leevigata Bebb. Quercus Rinehartiana Hosn dubia Hus. Rinebartina). 8 Quercus viridis Hosn, (Rincharti : una X Wislizenii). 4 Quercus Creencana Huson. £4 patula Huson. Alnus rhowbitolia Nutt. I'suga Donglasii Carr, Peranium Menziesii Coraliorrhiza Bigelovii be ru!trflora Habenaria lencostachys Wats. Cephalanthera Oregana Gray Unifolium spec. nova. Alllum hyalimom Carran Disporum Menziesii Zygndenus speciosus Dongl, Calliprora scabra Greene Brodigea multiflora |Calochortus ccerulens Wats. pe venustus x luteus albus x Benthamii [Juncus seyphoides Meyer | « ‘bufonivs 1. chlorocephalus Engelm, dubius Engl. effusus L. tenuis Willd. Juncoides divaricatum ( Wats.) Coville 0 Cyperus aristatus Willd. melanostachys HBEK. vegetus Willd. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & 3 Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Carex auriculata Bailey “ pudata var. anomala Bailey subfusca W. Bott. Agrostis elata Trin. alba L. asperifolia Trin. ht var. nana scabra Willd. exarata var. angustata Vasey Sconieri Trin. tenuis Vasey varians Trin. Elymus Sibiricus L. Sitanion Schult. is 6 ik elata | i | | | c“ (Kelloggii X/ Hordeum nodcsum L. 0 ot var. ¢ {Luzala) comosum (E. Mey) Sheldon os Bromus Hookerianus Tharb. ** maximus Desf. »¢ mollis 1. BE * ciliatus L. var. ~ Festnca microstachys var. ciliata. “f Mug I. 2¢ ovina L. Melica Californica Scribner : * imperfecta Trin, Briza minor L. Eatonia obtusa Gray, var. Keelerioides Scribner Eragrostis Abyssinica Schimp. ot Neo-Mexicana Vasey Atropis tenuifolia (Nutt.) Thurb. Poa avnua L. *¢ stenantha Trin. Polypogon littoralis Smith 2 Polypogen Monspeliensis Dest. Gastridium Australe Beauv. Epicampes rigens Bth, Sporobolus gracillimus Scribner Stipa eminens var. Andersoni Vasey Panicum capillare L. or Crus-galli Iu. ee dichotomum L. ' sanguinale L. oe near pubescens Lam. Grymnogramme Pteris aquilina L. var, lanuginosa (Bory.) Hook. Cryptowitrium tenerum (took.) Aust. Targionia harpophylla L. Cetraria ciliaris (Ach.,) by juniperina (L.) Ach. I0 1397. Piggotia Fraxini B. & C. (Fraxinus Oregana) i 862, 1348. Septogleeum Fraxini Hark. (Fraxinus Ore- © gam). 997. Leptothyrium Quercinum (Lasch.) Sacc. (Q. Kel- loggii). 1027. Lntomosporium maculatum Lev. (Heterome- les arbutifolia). 1497. Septoria fumosa Pk A Californica). 1204 Helianthi BE. & E. (H. Californicus). ¥400. = ° Rubi at, (Rubus vitifolius). 1494. x Scutellarize Thum. (Sc. Bolanderii). 1345 i Uimi E. & E. (Alnus rhombifolia) 1017. i Parheonl BE. & Le Z{Rhpmnus tomen- tella). 2 1032. Actinonema Roses (Tov) ({R. ST 1192. Phyllosticta ferax E & E. (Lupinus latifolius) 990. fe Hederezecola Dur. & Mont. (H. Helix.) 1502. i Wislizeni E. & E. (Quercus Wis- $e lizeni). 1218. 1 livida E. & E. (Quercus Douglasit). 1505. RamularigHelianthi E. & E. (H. exilis). 1367. I Sambucina Sace. (S. ccerulea). 1014. Speerella arbuticola Pk. (Umbellularia Califor- ; nica). 1471. Phyllactinia suffulta Reb. (Quercus Kelloggii). 1353. Oidinm obductum Ell. & Lang. (Quercus Kel- loggii). +1235. Cladosporium pygmeeum E. & E. (Vitis Cal- ifornica). 1487. ot Rubi E. & E. (Rubus parviflorus). 1362. “ foliorum E.& E. (Angelica Breweri) 1395. o kt he (Trichostema ob- longum). 1018. Macrosporium Iridis Cke. & Ell. (I. Hartwegii). 1028. Polythrincium Trifolii Kze. Lin roscidum) 1010. Phragmidium. Fragariastri SW (Potentilla Til- WSL ingii). 861. Xt mucronatum (Per 3) Lk (Poss gymmnocarpa). hn. 1211. 31 Cronartium asclepiadeum (Willd.) var. Thesii Berk. (Comandra umbellata). 1209. Cylindrosporium Californicum E. & E. (Ceano- thus Californicus). 1357: i Kelloggii E. & E. (Quercus Kelloggii). 1004. g Rhamni E. & E. (Rhamnus rubra). 1001. Acidium porosum Pk. (Vicia Californica). 1012. Ceeoma luminatum Schw. (Rosa gymmnocarpa). ¥200, 1207. Puccinia Boisduvalize Pk. (B. densiflora). 1493. Comandrze Pk. (C. umbellatum 1208. ff Convolvuli (Pers) Cast. o(C, luteolus). 675. % Godetize E. & E. (Godetia biloba) wrongly distributed as Puccinia Clarkize Pk. in previous sets. 1217, # Geophyti Pk. (G. racemosum). 1007. gt heterantha E. & E. ((Enothera heterantha.) 989. 4 Hieracii (Schum.) Mart (Hypo- cheeris glabra). 1005. 3 intermedia D. & H. (Epilobium paniculatum). | wegil) 996. 2 Iridis (DC.) Wally (1. Hart 1025. ft Malvacearum Mont. (M. parvi- flora). 1342, 147% * Mentha Pers. (M. Canadensis). 1360. i Tanaceti DC. (Artemisia hetero: phylla). ; 1482. Uromyces Hyperici (Schw.) Curt. (H. Scouleri) 1309. Janci Tul. (1. dubjus). 1237. Lr Solidaginis (Sommf.) Niessl. (Eriogo- num vimineum). 1172, £ Terebinthi (DC.) Wint. (Rhus diversi- loba). 867. “ wvostriatus Schrir. (Calyptridiam nm- 988. bellatum) wrongly distributed as U. Sprague Hark., in previous sets. f Trifolii (Hedw.) Lev. (T. roscidam). 12 “1191. Entyloma Sanicule Pk. (8. Nevadensis). 937. Dimerosporium echinatum E. & E. (Quercus chrysolepis). 936. Cercospora Hanseni E. & E., (Asclepias ecor- : nuta, 1238 on A. fascicularis, 1239, | on A. speciosus). 1306 ot Coleosanthi E. & E. (C. Californi- cus). 133% 3 macrocheeta E. & E. (Quercus chrysolepis). 1495, * squalidula Pk. (Clematis ligustici- folia ) 1214. oN Ovularia bullata E. & E. (Stachys bullata). QUERCUS. This is the only genus of the flora of my neigh- borhood in which I claim knowledge based on original investigation. While my observations in the past eight years have not reached the entireness which I judge they should have ere I publish the results I yet feel. warranted in issuing the species as indicated below in my sets of exsiccatae. Quercus lobata and Wislizeni did not fruit last season, and by the time I have collect- ed the forms in which they occur in my field. I will sum up and publish what knowledge I have gained. To secure uniformity of sets, I have made up 25 sets of all numbers enumerated, selecting the material for all at the time of first gathering. I enumerate all forms and stages published under their respective numbers: chrysolepis Liebm. 966, bushy form, sidebranch and leading shoot. 919, peculiar round leaved form. 207, flowers of an old tree 1465, old tree having re- tained the serrate margin of leaf as in youth. 1332, very large cup, acorn high and monstrous. 1336, cup as previous, but acorn almost hidden 1456, very small cup and largeracorn 1329, var. mira Husn. cup sur- prisingly small and acorn long, almost terete. vaccinifolia Kell. 204, flowers, shoots and acorns Douglasii H. & A. 1556, young shoots of chopped off tree, showing wooly foliage. 1226, brush form leaves toothed, leading growth and side branches. 1321, 920, flowers of old trees. 1219,acorns of a normal tree, 1339, acorns of a young tree. lobata Nee. 1187, shoots of young tree, side branches and leading growth. 202, flowers of old tree. Greeneana Husn. 1330 type. 1333, unusually fertile form. patula Hnsn. 922 type; perhaps only a var. of Greeneana. 14 Carryana Dougl. 921, doubtful as toits trueness. Wislizeni A. DC. 967, leading shoot of bushy form as growing when a tree is chopped off. 1227, unusually narrow and open form for bushy growth. 1170, monstrous round leaf, not uncommon though rarely so pronounced. 926, flowers of tree from near its limit of occurrence. 1228, flowers of tree of very large proportions, selected from center of occurrence. 1457, acorns of normal tree. Kelloggii Newb. 60, flowers of normal tree. 1167, foliage of monstrous dimensions, usually a form with acorn hidden in cup. 1337, leaves deeply lobed. 1461, 1166, acorns of typical trees. ~ Rinehartiana Husn. Species near Kelloggii; but distinct in its lanate foliagz, shoots and acorns. When young of a deep purple. 924, purplish shoot. 1220, flowers. 1193, acorns of old tree. 1328, 13371, forms of bushy growth. 923, 1458, 1229, 1880, mountain forms from high altitudes. Morehus Kell. (Kelloggii X Wislizeni). 1197, flowers. 916, flowersandacorns of unusual long-leaved form. ozs, typical tree. 1231, acorns of a short, nar now-leaved form. 1327, form in which I suspect some Rinehartiana blood. 1386, var. nobilis Hnsn., excep- tionally wide foliage. viridis Husn (Rinehartiana X Wislizeni). 915, foliage and acorns of type. The purple of the young shoots proves the descent from Rinehartiana, the point- ed, spined margin of leaf the blood of Wislizeni. 914, spring growth of an old tree, showing the foliage of last season as late as middle of April. dubia Hnsn. (Kelloggii X Rinehartiana). Diffi- cult to prove in dry state, yet plainer in growing state. 1221, the form (wrongly labeled as Kelloggii in some sets) shows plain the blending of chararcters, part of the purplish lanate foliage when young, and yet the deeply lobed leaves of Kelloggii. 1223, 1230, other forms illustrating how “dubious” its kind is, though its existence is natural and abundant. CORRECTIONS: Eliminate in Previous List: Geum macrophyllum Willd. Rosa gratissima Greene. Viola pedunculata T. & G. Eschscholtzia hypecoides Benth. Ranunculus, alismafolius Geyer. | Sanicula nemoralis Greene. Dodecatheon Clevelandi Greene. Mimulus guttatus DC. Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. Phacelia circinata Jacq. Gilia capitata Dougl. Specularia biflora Gray. Erigeron filifolius Nutt. +s foliosus Nutt. Equitétam ramosissimum Desf. Correct in Previous List: Lythrum Hyssopifolia L. Ranuncnlus occidentalis Natt. var. Eiseni Gray. Lopbanthus urticifolius Benth. Kelloggia. Beeria. Blepharipappus pentach®tus Greene. Chrysopsis. Amarantus. Sparganium. Substitute in Previous List: | Spiraea arbuscula Greene for Sp. lucida var. rosea Grecue (Pity. 1. pag. 221. Yryth, iil pag. 63). Ceanothus Californicus Kell. for C. integerrimus H.& A, Delphinium gracilentum Greene for D. patens Benth. (Pitt iii. pag. 13. Opulaster capitatus for Neillia capitata Greene. Lithophragma scabrella Greene for Tellima sca- brella Greene Pitt. ii. pag. 162. Eryth. iii. pag 102, Eriodictyon Californicum (H. & A.) Greenefor E. glutinosum. Solanum cupuliferum Greene (Eryth. iii. pag. 72.) for S. Hanseni MSS. Linanthus pusillus Greene for Gilia pusilla Benth. se bicolor Greene for Gilia bicolor Nutt. Pitt. 1. pag. 255. Sambucus ccerulea Rafq. for S. glauca Nutt. 16 Distegia Ledebourii (Esch.) Greene for Capri- folium ILedebourii. Ptilocalais nutans for Scorzonella nutans Hook. Calycadenia truncata for Hemizonia truncata. zonia Fremontii. Centromadia Fitchii (Torr.) Greene for Hemizonia Fitchii Torr. Heleniastrum puberulum (DC.) O. Ktze for Helen- ium puberulum DC. Chrysothamnus Bloomeri (Gray) Greene for Aplo- : pappus Bloomeri Gray Eryth. iii. pag. 1135. Fremontii (Gray) Greene for Hemi-, ] a RL CL 8 sl Where the Big Trees Grow FLORA OF THE SEQUOIA REGION COLLECTED IN THE COUNTIES OF Amador, Calaveras and Alpine STATE OF CALIFORNIA y GEO. HANSEN Superintendent of the Sierra Foothill Experiment Station [ Dept. of ‘Agric., University of California ] JAN. 1st, 1893. JAacksoN, AMADOR COUNTY All Rights Reserved BACON PRINTING COMPANY, SAN FRANCISCO. ORCHID HYBRIDS. ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ALL ORCHID HYBRIDS PUBLISHED UP TO JANUARY 18ST, 1895 . * READY FOR "PRINTER CORRESPONDENCE IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH, : ITALIAN. Lana 5 is OSEPH BORNMUELLER = Golf ] : 2 Cavirornb~ Leipzig, Weimar. JACKSON, September 3d, 1894. MY DEAR ISEF : Rostock, March 28th, is the date of the postal from you and Greif, united once more after years of separation. I took it out of the office the minute before I climbed to the top of the stage for below, the first leave of absence after almost three years of solitude upon my Alp. Ihave returned with my good wife, and let me take you, old companion of days long past, along with me, and introduce you into those regions which have been my hunting grounds for the last seven years. You remember the last train, which took us sometime from Berlin to Wildpark when every earlier one was missed — the train gathering in all strayed-off lambs ? Such a one, as regards velocity, takes us to Ione, the last railroad station at the upper end of lone Valley. Climb with me on the stage, and take in the country. We are here about 300 feet above the sea. The hills are gently sloping, the land rolling, and if you do not see many fertile flats along the stage-road to Jackson, there are lovely spots all through this region. A mat of green velvet covers the ground all winter till about April, when the scorching sun moves the mercury to 100° and higher. Old Clint, the most honest and open-faced stage driver who ever swung his string of horses around a bend, takes us quickly away from the pretty valley, and on the upgrades we get a good opportunity to examine the vegetation. The need of wood has brought to fall all those oaks (Q. Douglasii), which are indicated by their stumps only. Here and there you see a mighty Bullpine. Yes, you might well ask what isthat? Younever recognize init the long needled, bluish pine, from which we both stole little limbs, labeling them carefully ‘Pinus Sabiniana.” All the low, intensely thick brush you see covering every hill like a green wool as far as your eye reaches, is what we call Grease- wood, Adenostoma. The finer shrub around the edges, lovely to be- hold, with its azurean hue, is, as you say, a Ceanothus. All flowers marked ‘“.5’’ are gathered here in the shade of those evergreen shrub- oaks (Q. Wislizeni). ‘“ Poison Oak,’’ (Rhus diversiloba,) another old friend from our stud- ying ground, is stretching its limbs in the shelter of pine and oak, though I do not remember ever having seen it climb along the stem of the pretty buckeye,—Hippocastanum Californicum. : Here is where Black Bart stood up Old Clint, and lower down the ‘“ Rocky Ridge,” (rocky indeed, like driving over petrified Didus eggs, ‘‘Nigger-heads”’ they name them here) where the bullets whistled that took faithful Mike Tovey’s life on the seat with Clint, the ride which terminated Clint’s career as driver. We gain elevation till we reach the forks of the road leading to Sutter and Plymouth. Let us go on now, and return later. The rumbling noise you hear when stopping is the noise from the stamp mills along the ‘‘ Motherlode,” the mainstay of California’s quartz mining. We are a thousand feet high, and over the ridges in front of us you see the long row of snow-capped Sierras seventy-five miles distant. Look over the list, and what is marked as 1, A . “a pd (1,000 feet,) constitutes the flora of the surrounding country. No new trees are added. The woodman’s axe took all, and over at the ranges, near and below, all have the same growth. Dark settles around us after this twelve-mile ride from Ione, but we can still see the pretty location of Jackson, down in a hollow like all these original mining camps, where the auriferous gravel offered work and gain. Butte Mountain, the land- mark of our county, the sentinel of Jackson, rechristened Mt. Hilgard in honor of the head of our agricultural department, stands free and mighty behind it, enveloped at its foot with the smoke of the sulphurets reduc- tion works, lowly hanging over the scattered houses of our county’s seat. You see the champion gold producer of our county, the Kennedy Mine, at the very road; and now look over there,—the small white spot over yonder, to the right of that lonely, pine-covered hill, in front of the massive back of Mount Zion,—that is the building of the Sierra Foothill Station, our abode, my home.— Well, I think you are not very much impressed with the beauties of Jackson. Then jump into the wagon, and I will take the lines myself this time. ‘‘Get up, Ned.”” Now we are on the road to the spot where I found happiness. Past the county hospital, along the Middle Fork of Jackson Creek. Thundering wild in times of rain in winter and thaw in spring, but dry and miserable now, when the sun drank all the water and then did not get enough. Itis lovely in spring, a mat of sweet clover over the most shallow rock, and smoother than now the ups and downs of this miserable road. Look to the right. See that pretty, bright green? Libocedrus decurrens, the laughable Heyderia of Koch and Lauche, that is it. When you decorate your doors with birch and firs, we take our cedar and hang with it the bright redberry (Heteromeles) at the time when Xmas is gay. Jackson, below the Kennedy grade, was 1300 feet high. Here, in the hollow of these side-ridges, we climb higher and higher, till we reach 1500 at the foot of the side road leading to our station. You have to go on in the bright moonshine, (how differ- ent from the latitude of our old homes on a line with Vancouver, where Cupressus Nutkatensis and Lawsoniana are at home,) and now you have difficulty to recognize Pinus ponderosa, our yellow pine, in these thick trees surrounding us and growing over the hills, beginning with Jackson. See there in the moonlight, that thicker-needled pine, short and full and darker in hue? Come here, there is one near the road at the very spot where I had that runaway I wrote to you about years ago, when I nearly lost my life. Feel the needles? You are a good guesser, it is Lamber- tiana, a third friend from our college time. But here, this you will never guess. Quercus Kelloggii, our black, deciduous oak. It is the only oak anyways like the old German oak (English they misname it here) which decorated our soldiers’ helmets when they returned from France, and when you and I yelled hurrah, and did not understand why those women cried on the necks of those fellows. This oak is ‘“my’’ oak around here. Many a day I have looked at it, many a time gathered its twigs, many a time wondered why there is a ‘‘species ”’ so little like a species. You and I could not be more different than any two trees of this kind. OQ. Wislizeni, the evergreen black oak, reaches as high as our station only, and here, at its utmost limit, is the only place where I find the hybrid- izing of the two so frequent and interesting. The other oak which you saw in one of its grandest specimens when coming out of Jackson, (the bumps in the roads prevented you from paying attention to 1t,) is Q. lobata, the deciduous white oak. It is a good thing Ned is a ‘‘ Shimmel ” ; his white color helps us to discern the road, as these tall pines will not let in the moonlight, in spite of its brightness. Never mind the manzanita brush tonight, (Arctostaphylos, ) and the nasty, barb-wire like-limbs of this chaparral. (Ceanothus cuneatus). You will never get enough of this botany ; ‘you 5 “inveterate bachelor forget altogetherthat I am a married man, and that a sweet soul of a woman is awaiting us up there, and that she has heard the noise of our wagon, ever since you looked at that sugar pine. Hello, Prince, my dear doggy ; and there is Jip! One more bend, one more hill, here we are! ‘‘Welcome home.” — A new day dawned, and we were ready to watch its sun rise over Mount Zion. Look here, dear friend, this is our ‘‘ Foothill Region,” —the great basin of Jackson,—before you. We are on Fair View Hill, isolated on its northeastern corner. You can see down to Sacramento, our State’s capital ; you recognize white, shining villages low down on the plain ; you see now the sun marking in silvery ribbon the turns of the Sacramento River. Look closer where we traveled yesterday, from Ione to the Kennedy Ridge down to Jackson, and entered the field where I collected most of my flowery friends. We are favored in our loca- tion, occupying a thermal belt. The flora will mark it plainest for you. Warm-growing species ascend our grounds. You see here the last of the buckeye. Q. Wislizeni reaches up to here, and if we hunt carefully we may come across some odd Ceanothus tomentosus from the Ione Valley. Likewise, we can discover plants traveling toward us from the upper country : Fraxinus Oregana, the hazel nuts, Ribes amictum, the beautiful dogwood, the large-leaved maple, Cerasus demissa, and even a solitary Cornus pubescens. The latter keeps company with the O. Kelloggii all the way up the mountains, as high as about 6,000 feet, where Kelloggii gives out, reduced to ‘‘ Knieholz,’’ like the Pinus Mughus, over which we stumbled that foggy (? ) morning while climb- ing down the bare sides of the Schneekoppe. (How we sobered up from all that fog when Knickebein intoned Uhland’s ‘‘ Das 'ist der Tag des Herrn,” on the down trip over the frontier into Austria’s domain!) Cornus pubescens keeps on higher up, as high as I have been in all my travels. But let me introduce you to the giant of all our oaks, to the iron-grained Q. chrysolepis, the white live oak. That makes my cen- ter of herbarizing so interesting, that I am located on this very spot where the mountain growth of trees begins. Sugar pine and cedar begin here, an odd spruce (A. Douglasii) may be found already here and there, and the last specimens of Buckeye and Blue Pine (Sabiniana) may be examined in all their beauty and vigor. See over there, back of all that range of Clinton Hills, from northeast to southwest, a few miles back, where the last vestige of fog from the valley is creeping up the deepest hollow it can find protection in. There is the bed of the Moke- lumne River, the divide between this county and Calaveras. Over at Fisher's Cabin has been a favorite hunting ground of mine. But all that is collected around that point could be found near here, provided the grazing of stock could be stopped for a few years, Look over my list, and where no figure in front of the name is given, all those plants are from within three miles of my station. At this time of the year,— during the Indian Summer,—when the sun appears whitish, and the atmosphere hazy, you will see but few plants in flower. ‘Tarweed,’’'as every one is termed by the inhabitants, who try hard to crowd every plant with a covering of secrating hair into this class. It is peculiar how they can live, when every vestige of moisture seems to have left ~ the ground. Golden Rod, (how much like our Goldruthe in appearance, as well as in name ! ) the very pretty Lessingias, and the bright golden faces of the tarweed of tarweeds, the Madia elegans, even if its glory develops only after sunset, to last till the morning sun scalds its face. 6 But I promised to take you down to the Ione road, where it branches to Sutter Creek. I have been there only twice, but taken in what oppor- tunity and season offered. We descend quickly. Past Amador, we ar- rive at Drytown, and are in the region of the greasewood once more. Turn again to ‘’.5’’ plants, and you will perceive how I was surrounded when botanizing there. Here, in the bed of Dry Creek, was it where I found what Mr. Howe takes to be Equisetum ramosissimum Desf., and adds, “If so, new to the United States.”” I have never been back. It was at the time of my visit, (last of June,) the hottest place of all the ‘“hot places ”’ I have ever been through, and never since offered oppor- tunity for fresh research. All that country is almost entirely denuded of timber,—nay, even brush,—and do not stumps of 4, 5 and 6 feet diameter, show us what giants of pines grew on these barren, burning hillsides ? I know a ranch close to our Station where, but thirty years ago, as much as ten tons of clover hay, of natural growth, were cut un- der the shelter of those pines. And today? The old, haggard teamster, who himself logged off the growth of his place, after blasting with in- fernal powder, and grubbing with his cursed axe the last trace of those giants out of his ground, he has to go into debt to buy the seed for his grain to seed the place, which then,—if luck is good,—gives but little in excess of what the clover yielded. Such is the way in which America takes care of her forests. Let us travel forth from such scenes and reflections. I take you one thousand feet higher—to Aqueduct. Here is the spruce in its proper home. Splendid specimens can still be gazed at, if you turn to those ravines where the woodman’s axe found it profitless to destroy vegeta- tion. Osmaronia is at home here; and around it the thick growth of the ‘‘ Mountain Misery,” (Chamaebatia). Arbutus Menziesii, the noble Madarone colors its bark a deep purple, and looks to us like a giant Rhododendron, 80 feet tall, 3 feet in diameter. Berberis covers rocky spots, in company of Rhamnus ilicifolia. Lilium Humboldtii is at home here, in the open sunlit spaces of the pine woods. And Quer- cus lobata dominates for the last time, in grand colonies of from 5 to 50 specimens. Further up you will look for it in vain. Q. Garryana takes its place until only Kelloggii and chrysolepis keep each other’s com- pany. Take a twig of our California Laurel (Umbellularia), Pepper tree, as it is called around here, and let us travel on. We have to take it as I have before. No time for long stays. You know my mission requires duties manifold, and but three opportunities offered themselves as changes from the daily routine. We are on the ‘road to the mountains.” A thousand feet of further climb takes us into the beginning of the fir forest. I have not had a chance to study their ways of growing and varying, and so let us pass along the last ranches and ‘‘stations” (places of stopping for cattle bands, and the men accompanying them, ) only picking what we can reach by jumping off the wagon and gathering while we travel along. We have but time to spend half a day in a fenced-in meadow, and a verily paradise is such spot for the botanist. I have spent fully four hours to round just one side of its fence, and picked almost all those flowers marked 4 and 5 (the meadow being above Antelope, near the heads of Panther and Tiger Creeks, tributaries to the Mokelumne River, at about 4,500 feet eleva- tion). Such is the difference of the flora, if developed unimpaired by men and cattle, to the one outside, where but Lupines, Golden Rods, Castilleia, Monardella, Adenostegia, Gilia, Asclepias and the odd Pteros- pora andromedea develop. Here it was where I spied the yet unde- scribed, and believed to be new Sidalcea. This country abounds with 7 Philadelphus Californicus and Ceanothus integerrimus. The latter is called deer brush, and furnishes splendid browse for stock. Both grow as low as only 2,500 feet, and may have been perfectly at home at that elevation. But the denuding of the country has driven them into cool gulches, but up here it is where you will find their fullest development and the best specimens, just as you saw the grandest Bullpines near their limit. Pyrola picta, which we found in dark gulches already at 2,500 feet, but without any sign of foliage, though it was flowering, is picked now with its pretty leaves. We find it all along as high up as we travel. Phoradendron Californicum grows in Cedar trees. Ceanothus prostratus covers the ground for wide spaces, till higher up it gives way to its thorny brother, cordulatus, spreading still over the ground, but raising to three or four feet. It offers shelter for many a plant which we never could pick, if it was not protected by those thorny branches from the disgusting sheep. This road is simply a trail of deep and disagreeable dust, into which the soil is ground through the hoofs of the thousands of stock driven this way every summer, The region below us furnishes but very poor ground for the butter-making stockman, as but few meadows are over all this range; and the browsing of the cattle gives the butter a grayish color, though the cattle weigh heavier in a shorter time, and are earlier fit for beef. We have passed Ham’s Station, the last of the settlements along the road. Twenty-six miles more are ahead of us, a long drive ere we reach Silver Lake. We camp further up, at Mud Springs, and look around for new friends. Castanea appears here for the first time, 6,000 feet high, another maple, and the choke-cherry, C. emarginata; also Rhamnus rubra, the seed of which has been carried down as low as 2,500 feet by the stock, and given rise to those odd specimens we encountered every now and then. The region of the Sugar pine is almost crossed. {We hardly saw any decent trees of this species near the road. The shake- maker did away with every tree along the road, except those of twisted grain, which would not admit of any splitting. But notice how the rascal’s axe has chopped into every one of them, to find out whether they were fit for shakes or not. The first forest fire which starts up will burn the coagulated pitch ; and that accounts for nearly every tree stand- ing being burned hollow on one side. They will fall as soon as sufficient of the body has been burned to weaken its hold to the ground. All good yellow pines have been taken into the sawmills ; the spruce have been made into spiling or timbers for the deep mines ; the cedars were split into fence posts, and what you see along the road gives you but a very faint idea of forest growth in these mountains. Let us feed the horses, cook our supper, and enjoy the moonshine under those giants down near the Cosumnes River, where I know the cabin of a befriended shakemaker. Again dawns a day. We are up, and drying and changing our spec- imens. We pour water from “ Gold Spring’ upon our campfire, to pre- vent it from spreading, and once more we travel on the high ridge upon this old emigrant road leading into the State of Nevada, where thous- ands of emigrants and travelers made their way on a much better con- ditioned highway than we now have to contend with, where travel is light, and but ruins to be found were stations were for weary travelers in those days. Let us climb off, Isef : see here,—this wagon tailboard, into which the name, age and day of death are carved with a pocket knife ? I get off every time I pass, and like many others, carry back the rocks marking this grave, when cattle and weather have disturbed their order. We find many a grave like this all along the road, if we but know the places where emigrants used to stop. Let us pass over those many miles of dry and dusty road, where the odorous sheep have 8 ruined every trace of vegetation. We pass Corral Flat, Corral Springs, where but rotten timbers indicate where people had abodes. We are in mountains of granitic giants, (dotted over by silly people with their despicable names,) the glare of which, in this bright sun, (it is just as hot up here in the sun as down in the valley, but the nights are cold, and the shade cooling all the time,)is disturbing for the eye. Meadows are passed, and but eaten-off pasture indicates where they have been : we look down on many more still green and delightful, kept under fence by their owners, and rendered productive under sensible management. At Tragedy Springs, (named after its blood-soaked ground,) we see Sambucus callicarpa for the first time. We enter the zone of Juniperus occidentalis, giants of as much as three and four feet diameter, so for- eign in their habitus to us, that it takes study to recognize in them the old acquaintances they are to us. Evernia vulpina has wreathed the old, old limbs with its sulphur-colored growth, which makes their ap- pearance more odd than ever. Pinus contorta, the Tamarack, forms the main stand of the forest through which we travel. The wind gathers in force : we must be near an offing. The emigrant road turns to the right over the summit; we turn to the left, and—in the frame of giant junipers—we look down upon Silver Lake. Rocks in front, rocks to the sides, rocks over yonder, rocks, and nothing but rocks. Far away over the basin you see the barren Summit, still snow covered ; and to the left, in gigantic majesty, there towers the Carson Spur. Itis a relief to rest the eye upon its dark lava base, and its dull, reddish top, after the ocean of blinding white and glaring granite to which we have been ac- customed. Spur! How my heart beats in excitement when I first perceive your giant form! How my eyes wander over your thousands of ridges and backs! How I long to mount you, and to lose myself, a tiny ant, on the folds of your creasy body! How I have spent a day of lonely travel, from dawn to dusk, in trying to reach your summit, and then only sank exhausted upon the torso of a monster fir, thanking fate that I returned ere nightfall to human habitation, if I had mastered but half of your rise! — We forget about the lake itself. No wonder: we hear too much about it to appreciate it when we land on its shore. There it lies a thousand feet below us, calm and clear. A peninsular, the home of my Trifolium Hanseni, divides it into halves, and with its trees and shrubs, lends charm to the picture. What a pity those thousands of tamaracks have been drowned through the work of a corporation damming the outflow of the lake for storage purposes, in order to gain a larger volume of water to supply their system of ditches in Ei Dorado County. But they fall, those murdered children of a beautiful forest; and years from now a time may come when again the border of the lake shall present that most beautiful of pictures, the smaragden meadow encircling the mirror of silver. On the upper end there stretches yet a wide meadow, shaded in places by the clusters of willows. A log house of large dimen- sions, surrounded by many smaller cabins, tells us where all those bell- ringing herds belong which enliven the quietness of this mountain world. Like the surroundings of the Agricultural Station have been the main source of my botanizing below, so here in this region the rich- ness of the collection brought together. It seems a wilderness of rocks wherever you turn your eye. And so itis. But, poor minute creature, you must realize what vast domain it is which you overlook from your altitude, before you get the proper measure to fit the surroundings! There are meadows in unlimited numbers, little lakes of sweet beauty 5 morasses charming in flowers, bushes and thickets of such bewildering quantity that once in amongst them you fear the extent of their num- ber before you travel any time among them. Let us leave the side we reached from our road: come with me to the opposite border, where the 9 shadow from the Spur keeps cool the thickets below, where snowfields above retain their body for months after every vestige of it has disap- peared from the south slope on which we entered. You hear the river across roar to usin inviting music. He carries the thaw of Spur’s ermine coat. We can cross it now by jumping from boulder to boulder. But only weeks ago, and the depths of those roaring, seething falls would have presented a dangerous barrier. Along its line of interrupted water I was traveling, burdened with the weighty bundle of flowery treasures. I had started for a tour around the lake, and the sun was right above me, when I had but managed to near this sheltering cove below the Spur. Nothing to eat but dried peaches from our own ranch,— a few taken as morsels to stay the hunger ere I should reach the Lake House on the other end. I had picked the sweet Bryanthus, had gathered the seed of the Kalmia, which you, dear Isef, and I cultivated and loved when starting on the path of our profession. I had gathered the dear Pyrola secunda, about the discovery of which (on the cool shadows of our beach forests, on beloved old Klingenberg, back in my childhood’s rambles,) I was so proud when but a little shaver going to school to Mr. Wilken. (‘‘Bug’’ we called him, because he did nothing but hunt bugs as often as ever he went outdoors.) I had disturbed a grouse family, and had been disturbed myself more than once by noises which I feared might come from the terrible rattlesnake ; when there, under the shade of giant trees, where I intended to rest for a while, I found open to the rays of sun a charming cluster of large azurean Gentianas. There was but one thought in my mind: I wished they were new to botany. I knew whose name they would bear. Dear Isef, I never told you a word about my wife. Youunderstand the poetry and prose of flower language : these gentianas unfold to me the image of my companion. After a journey of seven thousand miles I landed here, and amidst the surround- ings of free people and free air, in the shelter of a strong home and the shade of a loving family, sweet and charming to behold, there it was I beheld my brave wife. So this lower. You know the charms of the sun-hardened acaulis? Change in it the strong texture to the tenderest cup of delicate but rich blue, the spotting to painting, the foliage to the softest green, and stretch its stem to free bearing, to erect habit, to bright appearance ; you then have my companion of that happy hour. It was named Gentiana calycosa, and Griesebach the happy man who called it first.— Hora ruit, as our old Latin lesson spoke. Tet us travel along past the Lake House, dilapidated, and but a fading picture of the extent these roomy log buildings used to present, ere railroad travel changed the channels of communication, and caused grass to grow over the race- track near us, where multitudes cheered the riders, and friends buried the ‘‘ sport’ who broke his skull on the tamarack too close to the cir- cuit. We see acres of Veratrum (how much like ours !) on the meadows, examine the creeping oaks pressed closely to protecting rocks, and pass under poplars but slowly rising from the ground after the burden of snow has been lifted by a pitying sun. Hurrah! there in the mould of monstrous firs and pines is the first Snowplant, the brightest red on blackish ground, the world-renowned Sarcodes. We pick more further off the road, and now enter upon the dry ridges despoiled and defaced by those thieving and usurping bands of sheep. Nothing but Artemisia, too smelling to serve them as food, and Junipers, too tough to devour, formsthe flora. We pass in disgust, and long for the days when a ruined Government thinks about taking care and protecting its property in these regions, instead of getting them despoiled by its most wretched citizen, the sheepman,—the only equal of the shakemaker. : After miles of turning road we reach the road winding around the side of the Spur. A grand view opens before us. The Devil's Basin, 10 underneath a bewildering ocean of rocks, and scattered growth of trees and snow-bent brush. The roar of the American River, originating in the Twin Lakes above, sounds up to us from the hundreds of feet of decline and miles of distance. Steep is the precipice below, towering the mountain above, and narrow the path winding around its bends. It needs a steady hand to guide the team, and I hand over the lines gladly to more experienced hands. Ilove to ramble around these turns. Here we spy Tsuga Pattoniana, a handsome tree, covered with pretty cones. Snow is yet in every turn of the hill, partly extending over the road and exciting the horses. Here is the home of Cassiope, Parnassia, Mimulus, of the sweet Epilobium obcordatum, pretty gooseberry bushes, and willows and little lakes abounding with life and brightness. The irreg- ular, weathered-out blocks of lava, towering higher the more we descend, they look like castles in ruin and decay, as we visited them along the Saale, and through those regions famous for their ‘“ Burgen.” We arrive in Alpine County, at ‘‘ Kirkwoods,” the station for trav- elers and cattlemen. More meadows, more cattle, more hills, more vales. Hasty turn the wheels, and climbing and descending brings us to the Twin Lakes.* They are smaller than Silver Lake. But no corpora- tion greed has defaced them. The charm of Nature’s designing spreads there in undisturbed sweetness, and heavenly is the rest we can enjoy at their borders, in full view of this grand panorama, the snow-spotted Round Top in the far-away background. Friendly sparks the campfire, friendly sounds the ringing of hundreds of cow-bells all over the mead- ows across the lakes, and friendly, too, is the glittering light of these millions of stars resting in the clearest and purest of skies. Friendly, too, feels the blanket spread over the cold limbs, and the friendly dreams are disturbed only by the neighing calls of our horses, unused to such fresh, and to them, unfriendly surroundings. ‘Put in that ham, dear friend. I myself fed and killed the hog which furnished it. Pack tight that jar of butter, and wedge it with lovely loaves of bread, and victuals deftly prepared by tender care. We need all that, and may run short then. In the mountains the appetite grows with the altitude, and we have to travel and climb to reach the Big Trees. Down to Jackson, ere the earliest riser has opened his door. Past the town ; past the debris of mined-out gulches ; past the rich diggings of Butte City; past ridges, and along precipices shaded by the large- leaved maple ; past the last hill of Amador County, and there is the Mo- kelumne River once more. Over the bridge, into Calaveras County. A long and weary climb brings us to the mining town of Mokelumne Hill. Nothing new for us—the very flora of Jackson, and thereabouts. We drive over the hilly country to San Andreas, the county’s seat. The country is dry and unfriendly this time of the year. It much resembles the formation above Ione, and we get tired and disgusted with the ex- cessive heat ere we reach the higher plateau leading along the ridges, which were our landmark from Fairview Hill, our home. The road seems endless. We are glad to notice a hidden spring, and while enjoy- ing a cool drink, spy the pretty Lessingia nana, buried by the dust from the roadside. Every now and then a Quercus Douglasii gives us the longed-for protection from the burning sun. Their limbs are but scant- ily dressed with leaves. But the heavy coat of Ramalina makes up for it. Do you remember the pipes we used to take along, as mementos * Twin Takes, or Cable Lakes (named after the late owner of the surrounding meadows.) 11 he from our trip in the Riesengebirge? The poor mountaineers carve all kinds of odd faces on those pipe-heads, and this Ramalina furnishes the most excellent material for the Ruebezahl beards. O, what a blessing! We have passed the zone of the thin-shading Bullpine, and now enter upon the yellow pine forest. We must be about as high as our station is, to judge by the growth around us. But the road is dry, and dusty its surroundings. We hardly see anything worth our while to climb off the seat; it is then only to stretch” the weary 1imbs. We go to sleep under shady alders on the edge of a drying creek, and bless our stars for living through such a wretched day of trying travel.— Lovely is the country we traverse today. Fresh the forest, well watered the roads, and fresh the mind, brightening up with the hope of reaching the Big Trees. The hours pass, and find us busily inspecting the splendors of the Cave at Murphy’s Camp. This is the only part of Nature’s wonders in America,—as far as my knowledge reaches,—which is not defaced by vandalism. It is owned by a person who takes care of it, and thus preserves the wonders of Nature’s working. But its growth of crystals, of stalactites, and odd formations, is not of our flora’s kind, and off we are again, to follow the pilgrims to the Giants of the Forest. ‘The country is getting wilder and more mountainous. Itis moister, too, than our Amador side, and offers a fresher and brighter appearance. As soon as we leave the roads, where logging teams ruin their beds, and ar- rive where dust is but little known, there is time and disposition to enjoy this beautiful world. The timber is thicker, and less destroyed the original appearance of the assemblage of pines and firs and spruce. But we tarried too long at the Cave, and have to bed ourselves in the ruins of an old cabin of some milk ranch, deserted, like so many settlements, by this unsteady population.— Restless was the night preceding the day of the final arrival at the Mammoth Grove. No specimens to dry, no trouble to break camp. The discovery that we had pitched our ‘“ Wagenburg,’” (tent is an unenjoyed luxury,) on a hill completely covered with growth of Polygonum avicu- lare amusingly recalled the story of our old teacher in botany, who gravely remarked that cosmopolitan weeds like this Polyganum followed man everywhere, that is, the white man ; it did not associate with the scent of the red-skins. I never fancied visiting the camps of those filthy remnants of Indians, degraded beyond description through touch with ‘‘civilization’’ ; but for the information of those of my old college friends which view these lines, I dare say that to those assertions of our old Baumgart cannot attach the same supposition of actual experience as a red nose did to his avowal that he would positively emigrate to Australia (China we call it here) if he ever found himself in a state of intoxication. It seems to me that he must have had more ability in - avoiding that place, than the innocent Polygonum in keeping distant from dirty Indian camps. There they are : the Sentinels. The horses have no respect for their unusual appearance; they drive us past these sentries, and on to the grounds of the well kept hotel. We provide for the team, and wander into the Grove. The pavilion, built over the stump of one of those slaughtered giants, is the first object of inspection. A tree nearly a hun- dred feet in circumference, without the monster coat of bark, is a wonder indeed. The hall is used for a showpiece, now and then to accommodate dancers who enjoy the name of having danced on a Big Tree stump. I rather visit these witnesses of past eras in their living state. The park adjoining the hotel is well kept in its natural growth. The walks are pleasant, and it is shown with such wonderfully persuasive plainness that these forests, if not interfered with by man and his beasts, will produce the most luxuriant growth of pasture of grasses, wild flowers and sweet 12 clover, that men should learn at once that fencing in and taking care of the natural resources of these glorious forests would repay a hundred fold, where the present method will ruin this country within the age of the living generation. A blessing indeed that the owner of these groves seems to possess the knowledge that the maintenance of these forests is the wisest thing for him to do.—We are in the midst of the assemblage of Sequoias. I feel like taking my hat off, like a person does instinct- ively when entering a place of worship. I stand and look at these trees. Look at them, indeed! How can you, poor little man, take in the im- pression these dimensions of vegetable growth force upon you? You walk around the butt of the tree,—it seems endless. How far have you got to stand away from them to be able to look at the top? Have you ever thought what it means, a tree more than three hundred feet high? More than four hundred, as one of those fallen giants convinces you ? ‘Graceful and pretty, a wonder of symmetry and beauty is to us a conif- erous tree, when seen in its young state. Its limbs sweep the ground, and evenly rise the stories of built-up limbs to point in the growth of the last season. These sugar pines remind me so vividly of the gothic architecture, that again I see rising before me the Queen of Cathedrals, as I saw it from that peaceful spot, the Bishop’s garden, in Salisbury. But look at those old, aged, weather-beaten giants of spruce, fir or pine, free of limbs for half their height : they recall to my mind the Normanic towers seen in the abbeys and churches of England. But these Sequoias, what are they like? Dear friend, I cannot describe it; come with me and look at them. Took here at this decaying monster. He lay down, heaven only knows how long ago. The upper two-thirds of his torso are gone, and in its mold springs up the wonderful grace of pines towering themselves two hundred feet. When did he, this dead giant, depart life, if the progeny of his mold already reach heaven ? We climb on the back of this leviathan. How small we look up there! Besides us eight others could comfortably walk with us in’the same line, aud then for almost the whole length of what is left of that tree. If you were aback a horse, you could ride through the hollow for more than a hundred feet of its length. We walk this time, and like children enjoy hugely the . climbing through a hole left by the first branch decaying and falling out of its place. We do not need to make ourselves small, either, to do so. The trunk of these trees is free of any limbs for more than a hun- dred feet up, and thus shows the mightiness of these accumulations of growth in their full mass. The bark is red, and of a very dry, length- grained composition of tissue. Every old tree is injured at its base by fire. But when was this sequoia forest ablaze, if a pine forest grown up since does not show a sign of scorching? How old do you judge these sugar pines of ten feet and eleven feet diameter? Was the cornerstone of your Koelner Dom thought of when their germs sprang into life? When that sweet little seedling spread its fascicle of tiny little needles, was the Thousand-Year-Rose of Hildesheim already old enough to per- suade Bishop Benno to determine the spot where Christianity should spread from? Dear friend, you heard calculations made upon the age of the crust of our globe. A pity those dry professors cannot take a stroll into this grove. They surely would add some more zeroes on to their string of calculation. These trees must have suffered from a con- flagration while the coal beds of the Saar or Newcastle were forming, and the crest of these mountains remained undisturbed from the turmoil going on in the old world. Handsome young trees, baby Big Trees, are growing in many places. They are all ages, but they donot outnumber those old fellows the num- ber of which does not reach one hundred. I remember from my youth the ‘‘ Missionstag *’ that the Protestant Church celebrated every year at the Lademuehle, a pretty grove situated near my old home. I always ’ thought how appropriate it was to arrange such gatherings under the shelter of trees, the chancel being built on the trunk of a great red fir. Though those assembled country parsons always evoked a certain mer- riment, I never then realized this most abominable of all farces of civil- ization, and impressed with the surroundings added my farthing of thought and coin to the cause. No wonder to me now, that that old red fir shook its dark limbs over the whole assemblage. A like insult, like in proportion to size and degree, is offered to those holy fathers in the Mammoth Grove. People have nailed all kinds of names to the trunks, never considering their propriety or fitness. All well, if you attach such meanings as '‘ Mother and Son,” ‘Two Lovers,” “Three Graces’ to them. But, conceited fraction of man, how do you dare call those trees names? Names hollow and forgotten, names the meaning of which has to be beaded off by the ever present guide ? Years have passed since I saw you, Big Trees, since I walked a pigmy under the shelter of your crowns. I have thought many times how I could describe you to the next questioner, how I could form into words impressions too aw e-in- spiring to admit of uttering words. I do not know. You silenced me. You instilled my heart with reverence when I was permitted to lay eyes upon you. You have given my mind the depth of that religion the practice of which has been mine ever since I turned into the folds of Nature, your church. Like the Mussulman longs to visit his Mecca, so long I to see you. Let the day be near when I can return to my Kaaba, and spend in worship those hours which again would purify my mind, and render more fit for the struggle of life this, your mogt unworthy child. — How beauteously they flower and green, those children of Flora, if you protect them from destruction! The Mammoth Grove is a real treasure and pleasure ground for the botanist. Trifolium Breweri forms one continuous lawn of richest green, and where near a tree, a cluster of bushes, it gives room to Camparula prenanthoides, Lupinus latifolius, Castilleias, Heuchera, Heracleum, Epilobium, Mimulus, Delphinium. You landscape gardeners could not arrange anything more pretty and attractive. The scarcity of flowers on our up-trip was made up for in this Reservation. ; But we hear about the South Grove of trees across the Stanislaus River. On horse, and off to its'region. The road is rough, the trail poorly marked, showing that most of the visitors do not care to go to the trouble of a twelve-mile ride for the sake of visiting the grove. We pass Squaw Hollow, surrounded by flowery fields of fenced-in pasture, growing luxuriantly the sweet Tim- othy grass in cultivation on all the ranches of the Big Tree country. No shakemaker wasted the timber with his murderous ways, and grand is the forest in all its virgin state. Xollowing a little brook, shady and hidden, we hear from far off the noise of the turbulent waters of the Stanislaus River. We reach him soon, and have to stay our ride to admire the wilderness of this riverbed. Enormous granite boulders have been rounded and shaped by the waters, and form a fall here, a passage there, and below a massive basin large enough to cause the quieting of the waters, clear as crystal, not hiding from view the thousands of agile trout. Rhododendron Californicum borders the water, and bright Zauschneria found a place of safety amongst the rocks. The bridge is old, but it has to be crossed, and a climb higher and steeper than on the other side awaits ours. We stop many a time, giving the poor horses and ourselves a chance to breathe deep this unwonted thin air. Picking the prettily painted Pyrola, which seems to be more at home here than anywhere else, I got separated from the party. Loud and pitiful sounds the neighing of my horse. He lost his mate, the only friend to him in this grand loneliness. No wonder. I felt lonely myself, gazing over 14 this ocean of tree-tops, and looking at the black jagged lines of the basalt rocks opposite. I swing into the saddle, and there, ere I knew it enough to realize the fact, I halted in front of one of those monstrous shafts of terra cotta barked Sequoias. Ah! how different here, where there was no fence, no sign of habitation! Thisis what I heard termed ‘“Urwald ”’ so many a time. This is a forest like I remembered it from Leatherstocking and Pathfinder. I lost that humble, reverent feeling that narrowed my chest over there in the grove which we visited first. I dreamed of my old German Gods, of Donar and Baldr, and believed to have found the last vestige of Midgard, where those blond-haired, blue- eyed giants roved. The day was glorious and the forest never could ap- pear more grand and jolly at the same time. The heaven-high cover of pine and spruce limbs gives deep shade to the matting of brush and ° grass below. The spread of the Sequoias is thinner and admits freer the bright rays to us underneath. No trailing vines to hinder our ride. Only giant snags and dead limbs cross our path, easily avoided on the pleasant ride through this virgin forest. The South Grove is larger in extent, and its trees, too, appear larger tome. I rode around several of them, and felt about as much a pigmy asI did looking up at the straight mass of piled-up rock forming the towers of the Magdeburg Cathedral. I think we failed not to call on every one of those giants. One must have laid down to rest only a few years ago. He was hollow at his base, and travelers now use his cave as astable. Another veteran has a large opening in his butt, admitting a rider easily. We went inside, and sur- veying our surroundings estimated that about sixteen more riders with large horses like ours could comfortably enter our shelter without inter- fering the slightest with one another. Sixteen riders! stop and think ! This Sequoia towers more than three hundred feet towards the sky. His base measures, after rough calculation, about one hundred and ten feet. He is hollowed perhaps ninety feet high, and after having had his mar- row hollowed to such extent, he still presents a perfectly healthy and sound appearance. We tarried too much amongst those coevals of Amenhoteb and Chufu, and the tranquil light of the moon has to brighten the trail which our horses pick for us. Exhausted, but enriched with the grand impressions of our visit, we return to camp, and do not break it next morning until the day is well along. The Carson Valley Road leads through forests and mountains sim- ilar to the old emigrant road over in Amador. The country is moister, and more pleasant the surroundings, as less stock travel to the moun- tains this way. We pass many settlements of shakemakers and ranches, noticing with contempt the oft repeated observation of white men having undertaken an alliance with red-skinned squaws. The more benefited a person is by civilization, the more degrading acts he can and does commit.—Rocks become more frequent, and ere long we believe ourselves transferred to the region of the Devil’s Basin, along the American River’s headwaters. The first meadow is met with at Jim Blood’s Station. An old fashioned ‘‘ worm’ fence guards the luxuriant growth against cattle and horses, the bells of which sound pleasant and welcome from far and near. What delight for the botanist to behold the first Lilium parvum ! the odd Frasera! and near a whole sea of Veratrum. Pedicularis atollens, like a friendly greeting from the old world. But we cannot delay too long. Bear Valley is our destination for the night. After a gradual climb we reach the ridge road overlooking the grandest meadow we have encountered yet. We are in Bear Valley. It is still green and lovely to behold, but at the outlet of this beautiful vale men are at work with drill and powder, derrick and cement, to dam the valley, and but few years from now all the healthy growth of this region will be drowned out, to form a storage reservoir for the ditch company controlling the irrigation and mining ditch system of Cal- averas County. There will be dying, dead, and horrid skeletons of thousands of tamarack surrounding this valley. The workingmen have already barked the straightest stems of all those trees surrounding their camps, to secure bark with which to build huts. What care does one of these laborers have whether he kills a tree or not? What brains has the superintendent, to allow them indiscriminately to murder all these trees on Government ground ? They might just as easily take one shield of bark from each tree, and go on to the next, and thus preserve ~ the growth of these slow-forming trees. May a thundering cloud break ~ the slain stem ; may a roaring volume of icy water carry the skeleton towards their weak dam, and break the work of their corporation! May an avalanche of tumbling snow push ahead the unprotected soil, and car- ry with it boulders to fill the bottom of their infernal trough ! The Gov- ernment’s domain is used for every purpose in these mountains, regard- less of any consequence to the country, and I fear we will not see the days when man’s vandalism is checked in its devilish course.— We traveled along the valley for perhaps two miles, and, after ascending the rocky country above, had trouble in finding as much as a rivulet to water our horses and ourselves. High stood the moon, and cold blew the wind from the summit, ere we hid under the sheltering blankets.— Wood is scarce on these rocky fields, and it was with difficulty that we kept the fire going to warm us during the early morning hours. I had spread all my papers and dryers, and went hunting for Agoseris alpestris and Malacothrix obtusa, when sheep-herders had spied us, and came down with their flocks. My wife was taking care of my specimens, and she relates with high amusement how one of those herders ventured the suggestion that I was peddling papers.—The road was one continuous trail, through fields of rocks and scattered pines and junipers, the crevices of the enormous boulders filled with pretty Pentstemon Newberryi, the brightest of all our Alpine flowers. Phlox found but scanty living, and adopted the color of rocks and dust for his foliage. Monardella odoratissima is at home here,—about the only plant the sheep fail to destroy. Holodiscus discolor and Spireea lucida rosea are safe only when hidden among rocks, and, if protruding, their season’s growth has to furnish browse for the wooly pest. Wilder and wilder becomes the country. The chipmunk and prairie dog hide in terror, as soon as they are aware of our presence. Hermit Valley is the name of the next large sink in the ocean of granite. The meadow fur- nishing subsistence for the lonely stockmen is dried up and yellowish ere the season has half passed. Selinum capitellatum is the prettiest memento we could take away from any place ; how much more so from this granite desert. We leave the main road leading to Markleville, and with the turn up the excessive steep pitch, back of Hermit Valley’s block-house, we enter upon a more friendly country, inhabited by man and beast, by trees and flowers. Pretty little lakes, the last thaw from the snow that has passed away, rich with flowers, affording good pasture, are met all along. Sparganium and Sagittaria are old friends, and we feel more delighted after the weary travel of past days. We are on the way to Blue Lakes, and appreciate the smooth roads in Alpine County. The Lakes are natural waters, but enlarged through dams thrown across the outlets of the sinks. They furnish the water for our Amador ditches in years of unusual drought. But our time is too limited: we have to travel ; and after picking a bouquet of the sweet Calochortus Leichtlinii, (I wished the old gentleman and countryman of ours could see the pretty 16 thing in its native habitat!) of Lilium parvum and Veratrum, we spin along the road to Charity Valley,—a road more like the circuit of a race- track than any one piece of county road I ever went over in these moun- tains. We have entered the zone of the Twin Lakes we visited on our previous excursions ; the flora tells us that at first sight. Wyethias in million bushes, Gilia aggregata sheltered under their heavy foliage, Pedicularis semibarbata in deep mold, Orthocarpus, Castilleias, and thick shrubbery of willows along the waters of cold, clear snowwaters. We have but limited time, and ere the night sinks we have to travel further towards Lake Tahoe.—Faith Valley is the next. I readily under- stand the relief the emigrants of the pioneer days found when reaching these green matted refuges for themselves and for their stock, after hav- ing traversed the snowfields of the Summit. Sweet grass covers the rolling ground, and brush for browse grows high up the mountains. It is a pleasure to be able to pitch tent in the next, Hope Valley, without being obliged to breathe the air where sheep pasture. A cold, icy stream flows crystal clear through the willowy vale, and bitterly cold sinks upon us the night air from those massy mountains above us. An old cabin has to furnish protection for the stamping and pawing horses ; and we,—even after closing the shell of a deserted cabin, and after the enjoyment of a hearty meal,—freeze in our blankets. Endless seemed that night, though we were up and at the fire long ere the sun rose back of that monster mountain in front of us. We had to travel to keep comfortably warm. Hope Valley is a district of many vales, opening from all directions upon this hollow; and thousands of stock find their summer-feed here. Hope Valley must recall times of great enjoyment in the hearts of those old-timers which knew this coun- try before the railroad diverted the travel. All cross-mountain travel had to pass this way to reach Carson Valley and the Comstock mines in Nevada. Here was a center of attraction. A great, massive-built hotel, deserted now, and inhabited only by chipmunk and lizards, furnished accommodation to hundreds of people in those days; and grand were the times the race-track and concourse of money-wasting miners offered to those finding enjoyment in such questionable pastime. To me this place offers pleasant recollection, aside from the painful impression such retrogression gives: I took a cool drink from the spout of the trough, still running after a desertion of more than twenty years; and on the fenced-in meadow in front I picked the odd Carduus Andersonii and the handsome Lophanthus nepetifolius. On a long circuit we travel around the base of Round Top. Willow thickets are rich in flowers, as the cattle have not yet grazed the mead- ows, and do not think about browsing and hunting in sheltered spots. Aconitum Columbianum and Delphinium glaucum bth overlook the thickets : a pretty picture long to be remembered. Rumex digymus grows along our way; but it is dried up now and reddish, like most of his family members in ripe state. We complete our herbarium with speci- mens found in a young and incomplete state when first nearing this zone from the Amador side. Do the horses know before us that we are on the way home? See them pace over the smooth road! Good, faithful animals, you have endured like ourselves, and but scant living has been your lot for a. week. The sweetness of the alpine herbs does not make up for the suf- fering of cold nights and fast travel. The wagon, too, needs repair, and horses’ shoes will be required ere long. Homeward bound. Get up, Ned! We all are tired, and have seen much to be remembered for a long life to come.—T'win Lakes, oh well, we saw you months ago. We slept on your grassy floor, and on we pass.—Kirkwoods.—The ‘‘ Schwager’ cracks his whip and on we fly, this time traveling the grand Spur road from the upper mountain side.—Silver Lake, another rest.—Amnother a7 day, and like the houses, fields, hills and dales pass when you traverse a continent, so these regions, and all is passed, enriching those who were fortunate enough to witness it. It is the third of Saptember today. My wife had diligently avoided reminding me of her approaching birthday, and I, conscious of her de- sire, left her in the belief that I had forgotten about it.” The day came. The day passed. It now isin the middle of the night, and tortured with rheumatism I carefully turn from one side to the other, lest I might dis- turb the rest of the sweetest of souls I know of. I see the lights of the Kennedy Mill and Hoist from the place where I rest my head, and while I thus measure the length of such a weary night, a soft arm raises gently, and ere I am aware of it it has crossed my neck. Dear soul, thus you act when sleep rests upon thy temples !—Dear Isef, I thought of you. It has been in my mind for ever so long a time to put into words what I have lived through in the years since our separation. You yourself encouraged me years ago to doso. WhileI lay there, careful not to push that arm, that blessed arm, I took you through all those tours I have) made with her who nurses me. A man with memory and brains to keep it fresh lives a hundred years, though the world may count but scores of them. It took me but minutes to have you live through all those excur- sions, though the slowness of pencil made a longer task of it. I thought of you. Figuring on the difference in time, it is just about the hour in which youlight that lamp upon your desk, and settle down to your even- ing work. Or do you feel gloomy? Do you have to shy away memories and recollections, past and sad? Ah, I see you reach up there for that long box. With the sleeve of your *‘ Schlafrock’’ you brush the dust off the coffin-shaped encasure, and out comes the fiddle. I hear the sounds like you told me they scared yourself when all alone in that chilly Xmas-eve, '82. Dear Isef, do you remember the last of your birthdays we celebrated when yet in friendly rooms of our apprentice time? You were gone on some errand, and, returning to your room, there was a table set for you. Branches of the red fir hedge along which we walked a thousand times if once ; they surrounded your cup and plate. - A book in grave black binding awaited you, and friendly verses drawn up by my innocent pen. What book was it? Alas, sad fact, of all my books accu- mulated in sadness and jolliness of my ‘‘ Lehrjahre,” its duplicate is the only, only one left to me ; no wonder I remember it: ‘‘ Strauss, Der alte und der neue Glaunbe.’ 1 wink the eye that rested on its pages through many, many a night of serious meditation. And the verses? Dear friend, what came to pass with me for now five happy years, I thought of it in my rhymes ; I said how sweet it would be to be awaited home by loving care, by a clean and neat house and table, and concluding, I sug- gested its blessing for you and for me. It has come true for me, true in its deepest sense; and for you, dear companion of years long past ? Fast to Asia you turned, while westward to California my travel went. You could return to civilization and your country, while I had to build a hearth to have a home. You enjoyed the change of interesting travel and the blessing of a strong government. I have cultivated the soil, and experienced what scoundrel man will prove, if he but has a show of im- punity. You have rested your eyes on works of art, on creations of industry. I have but seen the offensive farce of a swindling Midwinter Fair, and do not have the time to hear about the rest of the world. You have been where an industrious nation embellishes its country while they slave. I have not seen the concord of a home-loving people, though I enjoyed the freedom of speech and independence of making a 18 livelihood. TI have not heard the sweet tune of a nightingale, a finch, or even a thrush ; have not enjoyed a seat under the arbor of autumn-col- ored wild vine, and have not read one song of our poets, not one page of their writings, since I boarded the steamer to take me away—forever ? Callous grew my hand, rough my behavior, bold my ways, and embit- tered my thoughts. I have been robbed of the blessing of advance in knowledge, and had to turn to labor, of a kind to rob me of all learning I possessed. But then, I am a happy man. Let me learn that you are the same. If my lot was hard, and smooth sailing yours, heaven spreads over both of us; and may that plant-life surrounding you furnish you with charms so true, so dear, that you, not realizing my circumstances, may never feel dissatisfied with your lot. I never knew a greater proof of egotism than to look for a life after this. Be happy if you are miserable, be content if you but live. And while I endure the stinging pain of rheumatism, to have that arm rest around my neck, I believe those saints gone ahead of me have for a pillow in heaven the dream of heaven number two. When I reminded my wife of her fondness next morning, she inti- mated that she must have been sick. Such is heaven on earth ! Auf Wiedersehen, Your friend, GEO. HANSEN. HYBRIDS OF OAKS. H Word to Patrons of Science and Jit. Ed It is not often that a person gifted with the talent of illustrating nature, and with the ability of recognizing the scientific character of the objects of flora, has the opportunity of studying his material at the place of origination. The loneliness of my location and the recluse of my occu- pation have rendered me a close observer, and invested me with affection to all those objects surrounding me in my Alp, devoid of established civilization, abounding with beauty to the child of nature. My home is located in the zone where the black deciduous oak (Quercus Kelloggir) and the black live oak (Quercus Wislizeni) associate, and where their close affinity caused the origination of numerous hybrids. My short- sightedness has fitted me with the ability to recognize blends of the two species named when merely viewing the outline of their branches ; and also—upon approach—to perceive with positiveness the striking details of their kind. While I have not had training in a school of art, I am a scholar in the great college of nature, where those are taught best and most successfully who are born with the gift of an artist. I disdain copying, never having recognized a teacher but nature; and when I have drawn from lifeless objects, it was because I was dependent from unalterable circumstances. The object of these lines is to appeal to a man furnished with suffi- cient of this world’s riches to make him independent from daily toil, and also endowed with the generosity to employ some of his affluence in the forwarding of science and art, to assistin issuing a work illustrat- ing the Oaks of my neighborhood. I do not claim any more the merit of such patronization than any other fellow-worker in our competing world ; but I like to present my case, knowing how exceptionally for- tunate the circumstances meet to make my plea a deserving one. I live six miles above our county’s seat, and already now does this market for fuel send its furnishers as many as twelve miles higher into the moun- tains, to supply its fireplaces and furnaces with the needed wood. The deciduous black-oak is the preferred material, and range after range is denuded from its growth of first, nay, even second growth of timber. The time is approaching rapidly when no more oaks of any age will re- main to demonstrate the newcomer what this kind was like. There are no more oaks of respectable din ensions to be found in any place half- ways accessible to the woodman and. his sleighing team, it be then the specimens of the white live-oak (a. chrysolepis), too tough to pay work- ing into stovewood, or the water-oak ((). lobata) whose sticks refuse to flame under the furnace. I resided long enough in this neighborhood to be acquainted with its flora, and have been in the saddle and on foot through the canyons and 20 gulches where the plant life was sufficiently secluded to escape destruc- tion, and over the ridges and rocks where the inaccessibility of the location saved the trees from extinction. I would embrace with delight the opportunity of devoting every spare moment to the figuring of the oaks, which enjoy all the affection I can impart to their noble nature. My position allows me to devote myself to such study ; and while, on account of my obligation to my bread-and-butter vocation, a long time would be required to exhaust the abundance of material, it is the love of activity which masters the greatest obstacles, and the hand devoted to its occupation works quick. It should be considered that no study like the proposed can be under- taken in a botanic garden. We may duplicate there the processes of nature, and try to prove suppositions forced upon us through the study of our environments. But do we not rate the age of oaks so high that we know we would have to transfer notes and experiments in unfinished state to our successors in such studiousness ? — And again, no Kew, no Eden of Botany, could spread before us the material found by the initi- ated in the inexhaustible wealth of nature. I can refer to the illustrations of the supplement of ‘‘ West American Oaks” as my work, but beg not to take them for samples. My material was pressed and dried, and did you ever hear of an artist who could restore the color of life to the best of mummies? His work can be a piece of imagination, a copy from similar and live objects at best. I have done different with specimens of coniferous plants, illustrated and in possession of Prof. Geo. Davidson of San Francisco. My best work was ‘‘ lost’ beyond tracing through the management of a country fair. But I have drawn some plates showing what I am able to figure, and I would submit them with pleasure to anybody interested in such work, and contemplating the employment of my pen. Let me add the assurance that it is but interest in science which prompts me to such offer, and egotism only in so far as I am importuned by the necessity of self-preservation to ask for the pay due for such work. I own up, though, to a desire fervent and beseeching, to be allowed to thus add a small stone to the edifice of knowledge under way of erection by those placed more advantageously than a man struggling to earn the necessaries of life in this world of impassionate competition. OF TH N\ UNIVERSITY } Of ox List of Plants Collected. pA AR Numbers preceding indicate elevation in thousand feet ; numbers following register place in collection. _——————— Field notes given on printed ticket with each specimen. NX AN PAPILIONACEZ. microcephalum Pursh. 20 Vicia et var. fl. alb. 358 : : 8 monanthum Gray 351 Californica Greene 10 oliganthum Stend, 357 4 oh (mountain form) 341 roscidum Greene truncata Nutt. II ““ var, fl. alb. 335 sativa L. 345 : spinulosum 354 Lathyrus tridentatum Lindl, 2 Californi var. 356 alifornicus Wats. 346 a Nevadensis Wats 6 : 2 oh. 972 sulphureus Brewer 12 varlogatnm , Nett. ! Pp 5 melananthum Greene 5 spec. 340 $¢ fl. alb. 953 : Astragalus ge var. 353 Gibbsii Kell. 344 . nigrescens Nutt, 342 Medica Peoralen lupulina ‘Lam. 947 orbicularis Lindl. 4 Lupinus Lotus 8 albicaulis Dougl. 744 Americanus Bisch. 7 2 i 746 E 4 te (mountain form) 353 I ’ fl. alb. 362 glaber (Vogel) Greene 347 albifrons Benth. 747 humistratus Greene 8 #: _ H. roseus. 748 £e (erect form) 338 7 Breweri 365 micranthus Benth. 13 8 calcaratus 364 strigosus Greene 751 8 cytisoides 366 6 Torreyi (Gray) Greene 348 densiflorus Benth. 363 spec. 336 formosus Greene 361 SE 3 latifolius Agardh. 749 Trifolium c var. 750 ciliolatum Benth. 360 leptophyllus Benth. 17 6 Breweri Wats, 350 8 longipes ? 366 8 Hanseni Greene 745 8 meionanthus Gray 743 8 longipes Nutt, 349 micranthus Doug]. Ig Macraei H. & A. 9 “ var. TL. albopurpureum Greene 22 ve fl, alb. 954 3 POG B® Hw ~ [oe] sparsiflorus Benth. 367 te fl. alb. 16 Stiversii Kell. 18 * fl. alb. 973 AMYGDALACEZ. Cerasus emarginata Dougl. demissa Nutt. 797 231 Osmaronia cerasiformis (T. & G.) Greene 211 ROSACEZ. Spireea lucida rosea Greene 235 Holodiscus discolor Maxim 234 Geum macrophyllum Willd. 295 Chameebatia foliolosa Benth. 57 Sanguisorba annua Nutt. 320 ” Adenostoma fasciculatum H. & A. Alchemilla occidentalis Nutt. 233 500 Potentilla Douglasii Greene elata Greene glandulosa Lindl. 202 264 206 203 gracilis Dougl. 297 Parryi Greene 741 santalinoides Greene Tilingi Greene 204 Fragaria Californica Ch. & Schl. 291 Rubus 239 Nutt 238 2 Ch. & Schl. Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. gratissima Greene ? 747 leucodermis parviflorus vitifolius 237 8o7 806 POMACEAZ. Sorbus Americana 789 1-3 wn (@)} xn ww NA — — ao xu O © Gp Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt, 230 Heteromeles arbutifolia Roemer 904 ONAGRACEZA. Lythrum hyssopifolia L. 101 Gaura heterandra Torr. 530 Circeea Pacifica A. & M. Zauschneria latifolia Greene 905% Epilobium angustifolium Linn glaberrimum Barbey ‘“ 272 300 116 305 3 300 holosericeum Trel. 301 minutum Lindl. 299 obcordatum Gray 298 paniculatum = Nutt. 164 Clarkia Doug]. 531 528 elegans spec. Boisduvalia densiflora Wats. 280 #4 fl. alb. 279 stricta Greene 281 Godetia biloba Wats. 23 tenella Wats. 532 Williamsonii Wats. 36 Oenothera graciliffiora H. & A. heterantha Nutt. hirtella Greene 289 283 543 Gaeophytum diffusum F. & G. 702 3 ‘c 503 racemosum F. & G. 303 Isnardia palustris 1. 701 PHILADELPHACE A. Philadelphus Benth. 226 Californicus 224 fc LIMNANTHACEZA. Floerkea Douglasii Baillon 533 rosea (Greene 739 LINACEZ. 1 Linum . 4digynum Gray 591 GERANIACEA. Geranium incisum Nutt. 91 Erodium Botrys Bertol. 502 cicutarium IL’ Her, 501 ANACARDIACEZ. Rhus diversiloba T. & G. 53 EUPHORBIACEAE. ; Croton setigerus Hook 173 w Euphorbia dictyosperma F. & M. 26 leptocera Englm. 274 serpyllifolia Pers. 112 oe (mountain form) 273 aN FRANGULACEZ. Ceanothus 5 cordulatus Kell. 192 3 cuneatus Nutt. 58 2-5 integerrimus H. & A. 54 _ .5 tomentosus Parry. 804 £8 (mountain form) 193 5 “ fl. alb. 8053 4 prostratus Benth. 59 Rhamnus 1 4 rubra Greene 195 ; tomentella Benth. 194 ~ 3 ilicifolia Kell. 906 POLYGALACEA. Polygala cornuta Kell. 470 0.5-2 wu + 6-8 co HIPPOCASTANACEAZ. a Hippocastanum : Californicum Spach. 189 ACERACEAZ. Acer. macrophyllum ~~ Pursh. 182 glabrum Torr. 811 HYPERICACEZ. Hypericum concinnum Benth. 32 anagalloides Ch. & Sch. 31 Scouleri Hook. 699 MALVACEZ, Sidalcea. asprella Greene 78 Hartwegi Gray 508 spicata Greene 505 spec. nova 506 SILENEZ. Vaccaria vulgaris Host. 526 Silene antirrhina L. 539 Gallica L. 121 incompta Gray 794 pectinata Wats. 525 ALSINE A. Stellaria longipes Gold. 282 nitens Nutt. 732 Alsinella ciliata Greene 537 Arenaria Douglasii T. & G. 536 PORTULACACEZ. Calandrinia Menziesii T. & G. 907 ‘flora alba 76 Claytonia perfoliata Don, 35 Montia ~ 8 Chamissonii Greene 546 fontana L. 488 Calyptridium 4-8 umbellatum Greene 318 CUCURBITACEAZ. Micrampelis Watsonii Greene 97 spec. 489 LOASACEAZ. Mentzelia 6 albicaulis Dougl. 445 DROSERACEA. Parnassia Californica Greene 723 ow VIOLACEA:. Viola aN blanda L. 545 pedunculata T. & G. 123 DATISCACEA. : Datisca glomerata B. & W. 77 CRUCIFERAE. Coronopus didymus Smith. 573 wu Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook 95 3. 736 } 735 radians Benth. 576 Bursa pastoris Wigg 942 Lepidium Menziesii DC. 577 nitidum Nutt 96 Erysimum 6 asperum DC. 566 Tropidocarpum 3 gracile Hook. 738 NN 0 [es] ~ aA Cardamine Californica (Nutt.) Greene hirsuta L. 572 oligosperma Nutt. 94 Athysanus pusillus (H) Greene 575 Arabis Holbollii Hornm. 568 platysperma Gray 567 Streptanthus tortuosus Kell 491 orbicularis Greene 728 Sisymbrium incisum Englm. 569 Nasturtium lyratum Nutt. 570 PAPAVERIN A. Eschscholtzia caspitosa Benth. 81 crocea Benth. 82 hypecoides Benth. 550 Platystemon Californicus Benth. 8o Torreyi Greene 548 BERBERIDACEA Berberis pumila Greene 219 RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum Columbianum Nutt. 557 Delphinium decorum F. & M. 899 depauperatum Nutt. 898 glaucum Wats. 558 hesperium Gray 102 £0 Hanseni Greene patens Benth. 103 [1 897 Aquilegia truncata F. & M. 561 Ranunculus alismeefolius Geyer 555 alismellus Greene 554 flammula L. var. intermedius 552 578 104 Look 8 es] © Ww co oo C0 00 00 » "caesium Greene Li. 2 724 H..& A. 24. L. 125 Nutt. Eiseni glacialis hebecarpus muricatus occidentalis 124 occidentalis Eiseni Greene 553 Isopyrum occidentale var. 737 Thalictrum 503 Fendleri Englm. 562 Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. 218 RIBESIACEZ. Ribes amictum Greene cereum Dougl. lacustre Poir. 229 793 792 SAXIFRAGACEAZ. Neillia capitata Greene 236 Heuchera rubescens Torr. 713 Tellima affinis Boland. 93 scabrella - Greene 535 Saxifraga Californica Greene 92 Boykinia elata Greene 293 CRASSULACEAZ. Sedum roseum Scop. 889 spathulifolium Hook. 888 stenopetalum Pursch. 89o Cotyledon farinosa (Lindl) Baker 939 LORANTHACEA. Phoradendron villosum Nutt. 720 Californicum Nutt, 721 Razoumofskya 718 719 spec. spec. Or i cos oo ~N oo] CORNACEAZ. Cornus Audub. 191 Nutt. var. Californica 190 Nuttallii pubescens C. &R. AMPELIDE A. Vitis Californica Benth. 209 ARALIACEAE. Aralia Californica Wats. 325 UMBELLIFER A. Myrrhis B..& H. Velea C:.&R. Caucalis nodosa Huds. 330 Daucus Michx. 329 Heracleum lanatum Michx. 757 Peucedanum 332 333 occidentalis 331 Hartwegii 900 pusillus leiocarpum Nutt. macrocarpum Nutt, Angelica Wats. 326 Selinum capitellatum Wats. Breweri 324 Oenanthe Californica Wats. Pimpinella apiodora Gray 901 323 Carum spec. 327 Gairdneri (T. & G.) Gray Eryngium armatum C. & R. Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl. 67 Menziesii H. & A. 75 nemoralis Greene 328 tuberosa Torr, 68 ge (mountain form) 7.59 391 321 ~ ONIN BH 0 0 Bowlesia lobata R. & P. 688 PYROLACEA. Pterospora andromedea Nutt. 244 Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. 245 Pyrola picta Smith 252 £ 10 7 $e fol. viridis Yi3 Secunda Lo 7vl ERICACEZ. Kalmia glauca Ait. 794 Rhododendron Californicum 212 Bryanthus Breweri Gray 796 Arctostaphylos Manzanita Parry 56 viscida Parry 55 spec. 908 Arbutus Menziesii Pursh 909 Cassiope Mertensiana Don. 795 STYRACACEAZ. Styrax -California Torr. 227 PRIMULACEZ. Anagallis arvensis L. 945 ccerulea Schrb. 946 Trientalis latifolia Hook 290 Dodecatheon Clevelandi Greene 34 stenophyllum Greene yaz. oo oc wn ~1 wn Un ut 0.5-2 °)} OROBANCHACE.ZE. Orobanche pinetorum 247 uniflorum Linn. 246 SCROPHULARIACE AZ. Pedicularis atollens Gray 319 semibarbata Gray 436 Adenostegia Bolanderi Greene 697 pilosa Greene 138 Orthocarpus attenuatus Gray 145 Biduellie Gray 107 densiflorus Benth. 144 “ fl. alb. 146 hispidus Benth. 454 purpurascens Benth. 456 tenuifolius Benth. 455 Castilleia affinis H. & A. 896 893 foliolosa H. & A. 142 linarizefolia Benth. 458 0 892 parviflora Brgrd. 459 6 460 Mimetanthe pilosa Greene 706 Veronica serpyllifolia I. 547 Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth, 469 Eunanus Breweri Greene 441 Douglasii Benth. 108 Kelloggii Curran 109 mephiticus Greene 463 Torreyi 442 ¢ fl. alb. 974 Diplacus glutinosus Nutt. 52 Mimulus bicolor Hartw. 466 Cardinalis Dougl. 134 glareosus Greene 473 guttatus DC. 136 7 Lewisii Pursch 462 i fl. alb. 471 0 00 — wu © wu N 0 Od wu w Greene 465 Benth. 464 Regel 467 spec. 135 moniliformis primuloides Tilingii Pentstemon Dougl. 452 fl. rosea 453 *e var. 695 breviflorus Lindl 443 heterophyllus Lindl. 111 Newberryi Gray 451 confertus ‘¢ Scrophularia Californica Cham. 446 Collinsia Benth. 476 spec. 742 sparsiflora F. & M. 89 tinctoria Hartw. 119 Torreyi Gray 474 Verbascum virgatum Withering 286 Thapsus L. 287 bicolor SOLANACEAZA. Nicotiana Wats. 480 Solanum Greene 117 HYDROLEACE A. Eriodictyon glutinosum Benth. 187 Bigelovii Hansenii HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Phacelia circinata Jacq. 265 hispida Gray 151 spec. 266 hydrophylloides Menziesii 270 ramosissima Dougl. 268 tanacetifolia Benth. 689 Torr. 269 Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. 267 Nemophila insignis Dougl. 87 maculata Benth. 88 parviflora Dougl. 541 Hydrophyllum occidentale 690 oo 0 2-5 [op} + Own — NW wu 2-5 POLEMONIACEZ. Polemonium pulchellum Bong. 693 Linanthus ciliatus Greene 512 HY 0 #500 dichotomus Benth. 534 Gilia aggregata Sprng. 434 capillaris Kell. 704 ge 520 capitata Dougl. 162 ciliata 90 glutinosa Benth. linella Benth. 84 micrantha Benth. 86 pusilla Benth. 83 subalpina Greene 5II tricolor Benth. 85 Navarretia Breweri (Gray) Greene divaricata (Torr.) Greene ae 959 intertexta Hook. 129 purpurea Greene 130 pubescens Benth. 450 Collomia grandiflora Dougl. 518 heterophylla Hook. 529 linearis Nutt. 5I0 Phlox caespitosa Nutt. 499 Californica Benth, 498 gracilis Greene 113 . (mountain form) speciosa Pursch. 120 os flora alba 910 CUSCUTACEAZ. Cuscuta spec. 253 CONVOLVULACEZ. Convolvulus arvensis IL. 483 luteolus Gray 79 BORAGINEZ. Cynoglossum occidentale Gray 149 514 513 302 Allocarya Californica Greene 429 8 ‘ 425 Lappula 8 nervosa (Kell) Greene 427 Plagiobothrys nothofulvus Gray 150 Cryptanthe flaccida Greene 152, 430, 431 geminata Greene 516 5 micromeres Greene 428 Torreyana (Gray) Greene 527 Amsinckia intermedia F. & M. 426 Mertensia 7-8 Sibirica Don. 424 VERBENACEA. Verbena prostrata R. Br. 477 vi LABIATA. Trichostema lanceolatum Gray 133 oblongum Benth. 131 Stachys bullata Benth. 444 < Scutellaria antirrhinoides Benth. 110 1 Bolanderii Gray 448 tuberosa Benth. 118 Brunella vulgaris L. 435 & wn Nepeta Cataria L. 947 Lophanthus 5-8 nepetifolius Benth. 437 Popogyne serpylloides Gray 447 : Monardella lanceolata Gray 128 7-8 odoratissima = Benth. 438 3 villosa Benth. 439 Koellia Californica O. Ktz. 696 oo co wn ¥ w [osha § 6-8 Mentha Canadensis L., 140 GENTIANACEZE. Frasera 595 Gentiana calycosa Grisb. 709 Newberryi Gray 707 simplex Gray 708 Erythreaea floribunda Benth. 522 * fl. alb. 521 trichantha Grisb. 99 ASCLEPIADACEA. Asclepias ecornuta Kell. 28 fascicularis Decsn. ¥3 speciosa Torr. 29 APOCYNACEAZ. Apocynum androsemifolium L. 27 pumilum Greene var. 938 OLEACEZ. Fraxinus Oregana Nutt. 208 CAPRIFOLIACEA. : Sambucus callicarpa Greene 796 glauca Nutt 186 Caprifolium hispidulum var. Californicum Greene 214 interruptum Greene 137 Ledebourii (Esch) Greene 196 Symphoricarpos mollis 221 oreophilus Gray 223 racemosus Michx. 787 RUBIACEZ. Kellogia galioides Torr. 517 Ut un Sub aN Galium asperrimum Gray 262 Bolanderi Gray 259 Aparine L. 733 Californicum H. & A. 256 Nuttallii Gray 260 trifiorum Michx. 257 CAMPANULACEAZ. Specularia biflora Gray 496 perfoliata DC. 490 Githopsis diffusa Gray 494 Hi 497 Campanula prenanthoides Durand 493 specularioides Greene 33 LOBELIACEZ. Nemacladus montanus Greene 98 COMPOSIT A. Xanthium Canadense Mill 700 spinosum L. 479 Agoseris alpestris Greene 397 heterophylla Greene 406 major Jepson 407 plebeia Greene 403 retrorsa Greene 405 Hieracium albiflorum Hook. 381 Malacothrix obtusa Benth. 400 401 Ptiloria lactucina Greene 398 pleurocarpa Greene 911 Hypochzeris glabra L. 402 Scorzonella nutans Hook. 399 Cichorium Intybus L. 942 oo 0 00 wn © 0 3 Calais linearifolia DC. 404 Carduus Andersonii Greene 393 Californicus Greene 392 Drummondi 389 Centaurea solstitialis L. 041 Senecio aronicoides DC. 418 Douglasii DC. 414 lugens var. exaltatus Gray 417 triangularis Hook. 415 os var. 976 Crocidium multicaule Hook. 766 Silybum Marianum Geertn, 390 Arnica Nevadensis Gray 410 longifolia Eaton 786 Antennaria alpina Gaert. 783 luzuloides 378 Filago Californica Nutt. 373 Gnaphalium Americanum Clus. 782 microcephalum Nutt. 178 palustre Nutt. 371 re 774 purpureum L. 377 ramosissimum Nutt. 179 Sprengelii H. & A. 374 Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. 775 discolor Dougl. 776 Anthemis Cotula L. 940 Achillea Millefolium L. 041 Hemizonia 3 Fitchii Torr. 154 Fremontii Gray 127 truncata Gray 126 Madia dissitiflora T. & G. 395 Durandi Greene 175 Noor a | x0 co — | N wu WW on elegans Don. 155 glomerata Hook. 727 hispida Greene 412 exigua (Sm) Greene 387 ee 394 Iolozonia filipes (H. & A.) Greene 369 Lagophylla ramosissima Nutt. 334 Hemizonella Durandi Gray 413 Blepharipappus Fremontii Greene 419 pentachoetus Greene 411 Beehria gracilis Gray 176 uliginosa Gray 379 Helenium puberulum D. C. 161 Chenactis Douglasii 271 Eriophyllum caespitosum Dougl. 166 speciosum Greene 912 Achyrachena mollis Schauer 153 Helianthella Californica Gray 167 Helianthus Californicus D. C. 785 exilis Gray 408 Rudbeckia hirta' L.* . 400 Balsamorrhiza . Bolanderii Gray 168 0 sagittata Nutt. 420 Wyethia angustifolia Nutt. 169 glabra Gray 170 helenioides Nutt. 171 mollis Gray 421 Micropus Californicus F. & M. 181 Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. 375 Evax caulescens Gray 376 —t 0 (2) ~J OQ) oJ 2 + cul [98] wu Conyza subdecurrens D. C. 38 Lessingia leptoclada Gray 781 nana Gray 388 ramulosa Gray 165 Aplopappus Bloomeri Gray 780 Stenotus linearifolius T. & G. 716 Solidago Californica Nutt. 156 elongata Nutt. 370 Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. 778 Chysopsis Preweri Gray 772 Grindelia robusta Nutt. 172 Erigeron Breweri Gray 383 Canadensis I. 159 Coulteri Porter 773 filifolius Nutt. 385 foliosus Nutt. 771 inornatus Gray 416 Philadelphicus L. 386 salsuginosus 384 Sericocarpus rigidus Lindl. 779 Aster Andersonii Gray 767 integrifolius Nutt. 382 levis L. 768 Menziesii Lindl. 766 cc 160 radulinus Gray 774 Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. 380 VALERIANACE A. Valeriana sylvatica Banks 725 Valerianella congesta Lindl. 105 macrocera Gray 106 :. w 0. 5-6 coy ON 0 0 0 — 11 PLANTAGINACEA. Plantago Patagonica Jacq. var.Californica major L. 943 lanceolata I. 275 944 ARISTOLOCHIACEZ. Asarum Wats. Hartwegii 551 SANTALACEA. Comandra umbellata Nutt. 540. LAURACEAZ. Umbellularia Californica. Nutt. 210 POLYGONEAZ. Polygonum acre HBK 754 aviculare L. 31 bistortoides Pursh. Douglasii Greene Davisiee Brnr. 714 Persicaria L. 755 polymorphum Ledb. Kelloggii Greene 315 753 314 3I1 Rumex +309 Weismn, digymus L. salicifolius 752 ERIOGONEZ. Pterostegia drymarioides F. & M. Chorizanthe Benth. Oxytheca spergulina Greene “6 703 Eriogonum nudum Dougl. 174, 763 umbellatum Torr. 188 trachygonum Torr. 760 vimineum Dougl. 762 virgatum Benth. 764 316 membranacea 492 304 AMARANTHACE A. Amaranthus blitoides Wats. 317 [ee] 8 trichocarpa T. & G. var. oo COW = Ww vig 1-3 7-8 CHENOPODIACEA. Monolepis Nuttalliana Greene 310 Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 308 murale L. 307 URTICACEZ. Urtica holosericea Nutt. 913 Hesperocnide tenella Torr. 423 SALICACEA.. Populus tremuloides Michx. 197 803 Salix Geyeriana Andrs. lasiolepis Nutt. sessilifolia Nutt. nigra Marsch. ? spec. 799 oe 800 $4 8o1 199 201 200 198 QUERCACEA.. Castanea Dougl. 791 Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Ly var. Douglasii H. & A. spec. near Douglasii Garryana Dougl. spec. nedr Garryana G22 Kelloggii Newb. 60 be mountain form wooly form lobata Nee 202 Morehus Kell 925 vaccinifolia Kell. 204 Wisliceni A. DC. 926 Kelloggii x Wisliceni (1) Kellogeii evergreen 914 (2) near Kelloggii, round leaved 915 ( by £ narrow leaved 916 (4) ¢¢ Wisliceni round leaved 917 (5) ““ narrow leaved 918 chrysophylla 790 207 919 920 61 921 923 924 ct Corylus 3 rostrata Ait. $4 var. Californica A. DC. BETULACEZ. Alnus spec. 810 co incana Willd. var. virescens Wats. CALLITRICHACEAZ. Callitriche 7 Bolanderi Hglmr. palustris L. 486 729 ABIETACEA. Pinus contorta Dougl. Lambertiana Dougl. ponderosa Dougl. Sabineana Dougl. 243 928 929 927 Tsuga 8 Pattoniana Englm. 242 Sequoia 6 gigantea Lindl 930 CUPRESSACEZ. Libocedrus 2-6 decurrens Torr. 931 Juniperus 6-8 occidentalis Hook. 241 TYPHACEZ. Sperganium 7 simplex Besch. 730 LEMNACEZ. Lemna spec. 482 ORCHIDACEZ. Spiranthes 2-5 Romanzoffiana Cham, 248 Habenaria 2-4 elegans Bolndr. 42 4 Unalaschensis 250 12 808 809 oo + 6-8 FS » . IRIDACE A. Iris Baker 50 Bermudiana bella O. Ktz. 37 Hartwegii SMILACACE.E. Unifolium (Nutt.) Greene Trillium var. Californicum 932 amplexicaule 58F sessile I. Torr. ASPHODELEA. Allium Wats. Chlorogalum angustifolium Kell. atrorubens 583 41 VERATRINA. Veratrum Californicum Durand 586 Zygadenus venenosus wats. 6 584 48 AGAPANTHEA. Calliprora 585 Hesperoscordum lacteum Lindl. 592 hyacinthinum Lindl. ixioides Greene 580 Brodizea capitata Benth. congesta Smith. volubilis Baker Hookera Californica Greene 38 579 49 40 Triteleia Greene Bridgesii 39 TULIPACEAZ. Lilium 8 parvum Kell. 593 3 Humboldtii 504 Fritillaria viridis Kell. 51 Calochortus albus Dougl. 46 Benthamii Baker 47 8 Leichtlinii Baker 587 2 luteus Dougl. 589 venustus Benth. 588 * purpureus 590 ALISMACEA. Sagittaria variabilis Englm. 484 GRAMINEA. See addenda LYCOPODIACEA. Selaginella rupestris (L) Spring. 878 i var. 879 FILICES. Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. 646 Aspidium 4 munitum Kaulf, 647 rigidum Swz. argutum D. C. Eaton 653 i gemmiferous form 677 Polypodium Californicum Kaulf. intermedium D: C. Eaton 886 Woodwardia radicans Sm. 645 Gymnogramme triangularis Hook. 148 Cheilanthes 0.5 Californica Mett. 655 Cooper D. C. Eaton 887 6 gracillima D. C. Eaton 651 Cryptogramma 7 acrostichoides R. Br. 650 Ng oo + Pellzea andromedaefolia Fec. 656 8 Bridgesii Hook. 64 densa Hook. 649 ornithopus Hook. 658 Adiantum pedatum L. var. 652 emarginatum Hook. 654 EQUISETACEA. Equisetum arvense L. 689 leevigatum A. Br. 933 Telmateia Ehrh. : 660 MUSCI. Camptothecium Amesizz Ren. & Card. 850 Hypnum illecebrum Schwaegr. 666 Nuttallii Wils. var. 671 Braunia Californica Lesq 841 Antitrichia Californica Lesq. 849 curtipendula Brid.. var. gigantea S. &'L. 665 Grimmia pulvinata Smith 831 trichophylla Grek. 834 Orthotrichium Lyellii Hook & Taylor 829 Ceratodon purpureus Brid. var. xanthopus Sully. 664 Barbula artocarpa Lasq. ? 832 flexifolia Hamp. 669 Muelleri Bruch & Schimp. 670 spec. 845 . Polytrichum gracile Menz.? 827 Juniperinum Willd. 842 re var. alpinum Schimp. 840 Aulacomnium androgynum Schwaeg. 843 hygrometrica Sibth. 1-8 ~J © © [e)) ww Funaria 833 Dicranoweisia cirrhata Lindb. 844 Alsia abietina (Hook.) Sulliv. 851 HEPATICAE. Marchantia polymorpha L. 823 > Fimbriaria Bolanderi Aust. 662 Californica Hampe 848 nudata Howe 673 violacea Aust. 847 Riccia glauca L. 824 FUNGI. Rhytisma arbuti Phil. (Arbutus Menziesii) punctatum (Pers.) Fr. (Acer macrophyllum) 875 Gleosporium decipiens E. & E. Oregana) (Fraxinus 862 . Septoria cornicola Desm. (Cornus pubescens) 934 Diplodia : ; maculata Cke & Hark (Arbutus Menziesii) 977 Melampsora lini (Pers.) (Linum digynum) Ramularia urtice Ces. (Urtica holosericea) SL Cladosporium (on Vitis Californica) ~~ 863 Torula (on Quercus chrysolepis) 876 Phragmidium rubi ideei Peck (R. parviflorus) mucronatum (Pers.) Lk. (Rosa) 14 863 882 870 871 861 3 QI © ~~ w 0 2) Pt Zcidium hydrophylli Peck (Hydrophyllum - occidentale) 883 z Gnomonia alni Plow. (alnus rubra?) 935 Puccinia : Clarkize Peck. (Godetia biloba) 675 mirabilissima Peck. (Berberis pumila) 884 ; Urocystis sorosporioides Koern. Fendleri) 868 (Thalictrum Synchitrium papillatum Farlow tarium) 902 Uromyces Elb. & K. Hark. (E. nudum) (Erodium cicu- eriogoni 858 uredo form 859 euphorbize C. & P. (E. serpyllifolia) 866 “c sprague Hark. (Calyptridium umbella- tum) 867 Cercospora Hanseni E. & E. (Asclepias ecornuta) 936 Dimerosporium echinatum E. & E. (Quercus chrysolep: is) 937 Marsonia B.& E. 956 (Salix lasiolepis) nigricans LICHENES. Cladonia pyxidata (L) Fr 852 Evernia (L) Ach. Alectoria Tuckerm. vulpina 855 Fremontii 8357 Ramalina reticulata (Noedn) Krempl. Peltidea canina (L) Hoffm. Umbilicaria phea Tuckerm. 856 674 661 ORCHID HYBRIDS. ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ALL ORCHID HYBRIDS PUBLISHED UP TO JANUARY 1ST, 1895 READY FOR PRINTER CORRESPONDENCE IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH, ITALIAN. CATALOGUE OF ‘THE PACIFIC COAST FUNGI BY H. W. HARKNESS, M. D., AND JUSTIN P. MOORE, A. M. Read before the California Academy of Sciences, Feb. 2d, 1880. uv \BRARY OF THX UNIVERS 3 ITY oF gaLiron RA The expense of this publication was borne by the authors, who kindly presented their work to the Academy. Publication Committee. i i Catalogue of the Pacific Coast Fungi. INTRODUCTION. Previous to the year 1876 nothing had been accomplished in the study of the fungi of this Coast, with the exception of a few species collected by the Wilkes expedition, which were at that time referred to Professor Torrey for sdentification. But four or five of these were determined and of these but one or two can now be traced. Since that period, although the flowering plants have been most thoroughly studied, the fungi of this Coast have been entirely neglected. Fully realizing the importance of the undertaking, not only for its scientific value, but also from an economic stand-point, we, four years since, determined to devote our leisure to making a collection of the Pacific Coast Fungi. To 7 those who have given their time to scientific pursuits we need not say that this has been a work of ever-increasing interest. While we have not been able to visit every portion of our Coast, it will be observed that our explora- - tions have extended over quite a wide range of territory—from Mt. Shasta on the north to Fort Yuma on the south—from the seashore to the eastern limits of the Sierras. : In reference to the geographical distribution of the fungi, it will be seen that most of our species found upon the low lands are common to both Europe and America, whilst of those growing along the Sierras, many are the same as the Alpine species of Europe; others are peculiar to our own Coast. Again, it will be seen, that the hot and arid desert at the south yields species common to Africa. The distribution we have aimed to make clear by giving in every instance the locality where found. We have, in the case of the Hymenomycetes and other edible fungi, indicated the fact by ap- pending an E. We have also added the habitat of our parasitic fungi, to aid the student, and have, as will be observed, indicated the new species. We do not claim for this catalogue that it contains anything like a full Hist of the fungi of this Coast, or even of our own collection. It is merely a catalogue of such as we know to be found here, and such as we have fully determined. A large mass of material still remains in our hands for study and determination, as our leisure may allow. We give this list, the first of the kind ever published on this Coast, in the hope that it may be of service to others and incite them to a study of this most interesting department of J botanical research. In the cave fungi, or fungi of our mines, comparatively" little has been done. Want of a literature on this subject has been a great hindrance to us in this work. The single cave fungus placed in the addenda is so striking that we have deemed it worthy of an insertion. There are oth- ers which we are at work upon, and in due time hope to report. We have followed in the first part of this catalogue the arrangement of the genera as given by Fries in his Hymenomycetes Europzi. For the rest, we have adopted the order, as far as practicable, as given in Cooke’s / 2 Hand-book. Special mention should be made here of the valuable assistance rendered us in the determination of species, by Messrs. Cooke, Plowright, Phillips and Vize of England. To these gentlemen our hearty thanks are tendered. To the San Francisco Microscopical Society, for the use of its valuable library and plates, we owe much. H. W. HARKNESS, M. D. JUSTIN P. MOORE, A. M. yo Family I. HYMENOMYCETES. Order I. AGARACINIL 1. AGARICUS. Series I. LEUCOSPORI. I. AMANITA. ‘I. (AMANITA. adnatus. Smith. San Raf. excelsus. Fr, San Raf. nitidus. Fr. San Raf. pantherinus. D. C. San Fran. phalloides. Fr. San Raf. strangulatus. Fr. San Raf. strobiliformis. Fr. rare. San Raf. vagitanus. Bull. San Raf. vernus. Bull. San Raf. virosus. Fr. San Raf. II. LEPIOTA. A. (REPIOTA. cristatus. Fr. San Raf. excoriatus. Schaeff. E. San Raf. illinatus. Fr. E. San Raf. procerus. Scop. E. San Fran. rachodes. Vitt. E. San Raf. III. ARMILLARIA. A. (ARMILLARIA.) constrictus. Fr. San Raf. melleus, Vahl. E. San Raf. IV. TRICHOLOMA. A. (TRICHOLOMA.) albus. Schaeff. SanRaf. carneus. Bull. San Raf. colossus. Fr. Nevada. columbetta. Fr. San Raf. compactus. Fr. San Raf. equestris. Linn. San Raf. gambosus. Fr. San Raf. imbricatus. Fr. San Raf. leucocephalus. Kromb. San Raf. panaolus. Fr. San Raf. personatus. Fr. San Raf. pessundatus. Fr. San Raf. portentosus. Fr. San Raf. resplendens. Fr. San Raf. sejunctus. Sowerb. Howards. sudus. Fr. San Raf. sulfureus. Bull. San Raf. terreus. Schaeff. San Raf. tigrinus. Fr. San Raf. V. CLITOCYBE. (CLITOCYBE.) cyathiformis. Fr. Howards. dealbatus. Sowerb. E. San Raf. fragrans. Sowerb. common. San Raf. fumosus. Pers. San Raf. geotropus. Bull. E. San Raf. infundibuliformis. Schaeff. San Raf. laccatus. Scop. San Fran. maximus. Fr. San Raf. nebularis. Batsch. E San Fran. odorus. Bull. E. San Raf. phyllophilus. Fr. San Raf. trulloeformis. Fr. San Raf. tumulosus. Kalechbr. San Raf. VI. COLLYBIA. (COLLYBIA.) butryaceus. Bull. San Raf. cirrhatus. Fr. San Raf. esculentus. Wulf. Z. San Raf. exculptus. Fr. San Raf. fusipes. Bull. EF. San Raf. longipes. Bull EZ. San Raf. muscigenus., Schum. San Raf. ocellatus. Fr. San Raf. racemosus. Pers. San Raf. radicatus. Rabh. Z. San Raf. tuberosus. Bull. San Raf. velutipes. Curt. San Raf. a A. A. A. 4 VII. MYCENA (MYCENA..) acicula, Schaeff. San Raf. amictus. Fr. San Raf. capillaris. Schum. San Fran. citrinellus. Pers. San Raf. corticola. Fr. San Raf. debilis. Fr. San Raf. dilatatus. Fr. San Raf. echinipes. Lasch. Blue Cafion. filopes. Bull. San Raf. hiemalis. Fr. San Raf. Iris. Berk. Sausalito. juncicola. Fr. San Raf. lacteus. Fr. San Raf. purus. Pers. Howards. pterigenus. Fr. San Raf. rugosus. Fr. San Raf. sanguineolentus. A. & S. San Fran. stipularis. Fr. San Fran. strobilinus. Fr. Howard. VIII. OMPHALIA. (OMPHALIA.) fibula. Bull. San Raf. gracillimus. Weinm. Howards. integrellus. Pers. San Raf. oniscus. Fr. E. San Raf. pyxidatus. Bull. San Raf. scyphoides. Fr. San Raf. IX. PLEUROTUS. (PLEUROTTUS.) applicatus. Batsch. Sausalito. circinatus. Fr. San Raf. hypnophilus. Berk. San Raf. limpidus. Fr. San Raf. mutilus. Fr. San Raf. ostreatus. Jacq. E. San Raf. pometi. Fr. E. San Raf. salignus. Abbild. San Raf. serotinus. Schrad. Sausalito. gsestonoides. Cke. Blue Canon. striatulus. Sausalito. ulmarius. Bull. E. San Raf. 5 Series II. HIPORHODII. X. VOLVARIA. (VOLVARIA.) bombycinus. Schaeff. Z. San Raf. gloiocephalus. D. C. San Raf. speciosus. Fr. San Raf. > XI. ANNULARIA. XII. PLUTETUS. (PLUTETUS.) cervinus. Schaeff. San Raf. XIII. ENTOLOMA. (ENTOLOMA..) clypeatus. Huds. San Raf. madidus. Fr. San Raf. repandus. Bull. San Raf. sericellus. Fr. San Raf. XIV. CLITOPILTUS. (CLITOPILUS.) orcella. Bull. E. San Raf. prunulus. Scop. E. San Raf. XV. LEPTONIA. (LEPTONIA.) chalybzeus. Pers. San Raf. serrulatus. Pers. San Raf. XVI. NOLANEA. XVII. ECCILIA. XVIII. CLAUDOPTUS. (CLAUDOPTUS.) depluens. Batsch. San Fran. variabilis. Pers. San Raf. Series III. DERMINI. XIX. PHOLIOTA. (PHOLIOTA.) marginatus. Batsch. Sausalito. mutabilis. Schaeff. E. rare. San Raf. radicosus. Bull. San Raf. squarrosus. Mull. E. San Fran. 3 6 XX. INOCYBE. (INOCYBE.) : cesariatus. Fr. San Raf. fastigiatus. Scheff. San Fran. rimosus. Bull. Sausalito. sambucinus. Fr. San Raf. . XXIi. HEBELOMA. (HEBELOMA.) crustuliniformis. Bull. San Raf. glutinosus. Lindgr. San Raf. mesophaeus. Fr. San Raf. sinapizans. Fr. San Raf. versipelles. Fr. San Raf. XXII. FLAMMULA. (FLAMMULA.) lupinus. Fr. San Fran. sapinus. Fr. San Raf. XXIII. NAUCORIA. (NAUCORIA.) erinaceus. Fr. San Raf. semiorbicularis. Bull. San Raf. triscopus. Fr. San Raf. XXIV. PLUTEOLTUS. XXV. GALERA. (GALERA.) confertus. Bolt. San Raf. hypnorum. Batsch. San Raf. lateritius. Fr. San Raf. XXXVI. TUBARIA. (TUBARIA.) muscorum. Hoff. San Raf. XXVII. CREPIDOTUS. (CREPIDOTTUS.) mollis. Scheff. San Raf. rubi. Berk. San Raf. A. A. A. A. A. Series IV. PRATELLI. XXVIII. CHITONIA. XXIX. PSALLIOTA. (PSALLIOTA.) arvensis. Scheff. FE. common. San Raf. campestris. Lin. Z. San Raf. cretaceus. Fr. FE. San Raf. elvensis. Berk. San Raf. ‘ pratensis. Scheff. E. common. San Raf. silvaticus. Schaff. Z. San Raf. XXX. STROPHARIA. (STROPHARIA.) sruginosus. Curt. San Raf. caput medusse. Fr. rare. San Raf. XXXII. HYPHOLOMA. (HYPHOLOMA.) appendiculatus. Bull. San Raf. capnoides. Fr. San Raf. coronatus. Fr. San Raf, dispersus. Fr. San Raf. epixanthus. Fr. San Raf. fascicularis. Fr. common. San Raf. lacrymabundus. Bull. San Raf. subalteritius. Scheff. San Raf. velutinus. Pers. San Raf. XXXII. PSILOCYBE. (PSILOCYBE.) corneipes. Fr. rare. San Raf. ericus. Pers. rare. San Raf. foenisecii. Pers. rare. San Raf. spadiceus. Fr. San Raf. squalens. Fr. San Raf. XXXIII. PSATHYRA. (PSATHYRA.) corrugis. P. San Raf. noli-tangere. Fr. San Raf. A. A. C. C. C. 8 Series V. COPRINARII. XXXIV. PANZOLTUS. (PANZEOLUS.) campanulatus. Linn. San Raf. fimiputris. Bull. San Raf. fimicola. Fr. San Raf. XXXV. PSATHYRELLA. (PSATHYRELLA.) subatratus. F. San Raf. 11. MONTACGNITES, III. COPRINTUS. atramentarius. Fr. E. common. San Fran. comatus. Fr. E. common. San Fran. deliquescens. Fr. San Raf. fimitarius. Fr. San Fran. micaceus. Fr. San Fran. ovatus. Fr. San Raf. IV. BOLBITUS. conocephalus. Fr. San Raf. fragilis. Fr. San Raf. tener. Berk. San Raf. V. CORTINARIUS. Tribe I. PHLEGMACIUM. (PHLEGMACIUM.) callochrous. Fr. San Raf. purpurascens. Fr. San Raf. scaurus. Fr. San Raf. Tribe II. MYX ACIUM. (MYXACIUM.) collinatus. Fr. San Raf. Tribe III. INOLOMA.. (INOLOMA..) violaceus. Fr. San Raf. C. C. Tribe IV. DER MOCYBE. (DERMOCYBE.) cinnamomeus. Fr. E. San Raf. Tribe V. TELAMONIA. Tribe VI. HY DROCYBE. (HYDROCYBE.) sp. (?) VI. GOMPHIDIUS. gracilis. Berk. San Raf. viscidus. Fr. San Raf. VII. PAXILLUS. giganteus. Fr. LE. rare. San Raf. involutus. Fr. San Raf. nuda. Bull. San Raf. VIII. HYGROPHORUTUS. calyptreeformis. B. & Br. rare. San Raf. distans. Berk. rare. San Raf. eburneus. Fr. E. San Raf. pratensis. Fr. San Raf. puniceus. Fr. common. San Raf. IX. LACTARITUS. chrysorrhaus. Fr. San Raf. controversus. Pers. San Raf. deliciosus. Linn. E. common, San Raf, insulus. Fr. FE. San Raf. mitissimus. Fr. San Raf. piperatus. Fr. E. San Raf. volemus. Fr. E. San Raf. zonarius. Fr. San Raf. X. RUSSULA. adusta. Fr. E. San Raf. alutacea, Fr. E. San Raf. decolorans. Fr. San Raf. delica. Fr. San Raf. emetica. Fr. San Raf. UN ~~ 10 heterophylla. Fr. E. San Raf. lactea. Fr. San Raf. lepida. Fr. E. San Raf. lutea. Fr. San Raf. ochracea. Fr. San Raf. rubra. Fr. San Raf. sanguinea. Fr. San Raf. vesca. Fr. San Raf. XI. CANTHARELLTUS., aurantiacus. Fr. San Raf. cibarius. Fr. E. San Raf. crispus. Fr. San Raf. XII. ARRHENIA. XIII. NYCTALIS. XIV. MARASMITUS. epiphyllus. Fr. San Raf. oreades. Fr. FE, San Raf. XV. LENTINTUS. XVI. PANTS. stipticus. Fr. San Raf. XVII. XEROTUS XVIII. TROGIA. crispa. Fr. San Raf XIX. SCHIZOPHYLLUM. commune, Fr. San Raf. "XX. LENZITES. abietina. Fr. Howards. confragosa. Fr. Howards. flaccida. Fr. Howards. sepiaria. Fr, Howards. 11 XXIII. POLYPORTUS. abietinus. Fr. On cedar. Big Trees. adustus. Fr. San Raf. annosus. Fr. On logs. Big Trees. argillaceus. =n. sp. Cke. On rotting oak. Colfax. brumalis. Fr. San Raf. carneus. Nees. On fir trees. Streetens. cervinus. Pers. San Raf. cinnabarinus. Fr. San Raf. confluens. Fr. San Raf. . ferrnginosus. Fr. On charred redwood. Streetens. fomentarius. Fr. On laurel. San Raf. hirsutus. Fr. On laurel. San Raf. hispidus. Fr. San Raf. hybridus. B. & Br. San Raf. igniarius. Fr. On laurel. San Raf. Kalakaua. n. sp. Moore, On a boat, sea side Sandwich Islands. labrynthicus. Schw. On pinus contorta. Summit. obvolutus. n. sp. Cke. - On fir logs. Blue Cafion. perennis. Fr. On oak. San Raf. quercinus, Fr. On oak. San Raf. sulphureus. Fr. E. On redwood. San Raf. varius. Fr. : On oak. San Raf. velutinus. Fr. Oak branches. San Raf. versicolor. Fr. og On oak. Colfax. violaceus. Fr. On oak. San Raf. vulgaris. Fr. On oak. San Raf. T. 8. 12 XXIV. TRAMETIS. cinabarinum. On o:k. San Raf. Bulliardi. Fr. San Raf. serpens. Fr. Ban Raf. XXV. DAEDALEA. quercina. Pors. On oak. San Raf. unicolor. Fr. On wood. common. San Raf. vorax. Harkness. On libocedrus. Blue Canon. XXVI. HEXAGONA. XXVIII. FAVOLUS. XXVIII. MERULIUS. confluens. Schw. On decaying spruce. Summit. corium. Fr, On oak bark. San Raf. lacrymans. Fr. Common. San Raf. molluscus. Fr. On redwood. San Raf. rufus. Pers. tremellosus. Schw. On logs. Summit. XXIX. POROTHELIUM. XXX. SOLENIA. candida. Pers. On liber of fir, Streetens. fasciculata. Pers. : On redwood. San Raf. ochracea. Hoff. On oak bark. San Fran. TT. I. G. 13 ~ Order III. HYDNEI. XXXI. HYDNUM. alutaceum. Fr. San Raf. caput ursi. Fr. San Raf. chlorinum. n.sp. Cke. On maple. Colfax. coralloides. Scop. E. common. San Raf. cyathiforme. Schaeff. San Raf. niveum. DP. On deadwood. Big Trees. ochraceum. P. San Raf. ramaria. Fr. On oak. San Raf. repandum. L. ZE. San Raf. XXXII. HERICIUM. XXXIII. TREMELLODON. gelatinosum. Pers. On redwood logs. San Raf. XXXIV. SISTOTREMA.. XXXV. IRPEX. Johnstonii. Berk. On various woods. San Raf, paradoxus. On alder. San Raf. "XXXVI. RADULUM. molare. Fr. On dead laurel. San Raf. quercinum. Fr. On oak. San Raf. XXXVII. PHLEBIA. XXXVIII. GRANDINIA, ocellata. Fr. . On madrofio. Streetens. von. 80 (2) On redwood. Streetens. 14 XXXIEX. ODONTIA. ‘XL. KNEIFFIA. XLI. MUCRONELLA. Order IV. THELEPHOREI]. XLII. CRATERELLTUS. cornucopioides. Pers. On wood. Berkeley. XLIII. THELEPHORA. arida. Fr. On pine wood. common. Blue Canon. Harknessii. n.sp. Pb. On ground among redwood. San Raf. pallida. Pers. On ground. Sierras. Sowerbii. Berk. On ground, Sierras. terrestris. Ehrh. On ground. Sierras. XLIV. STEREUM. evolvens. Fr. On prunus demissa. - Blue Cafion. hirsutum. Fr. On dead logs. San Raf. purpurellum. Fr. On willow bark. Sac. purpureum. Fr. On elder. Streetens. tabacinum. Mont. On Baccharis. San Raf. XLV. HYMENOCHAXATE. rubiginosa. Lev. On stumps. Streetens. tabacina. Lev. On redwood. Streetens. sp. (?) On charred redwood. San Raf. 15 XLVI. CORTICIUM. caeruleum. Fr. i On redwood. San Raf. calceum. Fr, . On madrofio. San Raf. carneum. mn, sp. B. & Cke. On pinus contorta. Summit. comedens. Fr. On laurel. Blue Canon. evolvens. Fr. On cherry. Sae. inearnatum. Fr. On cornus. Blue Cation. laeve. Pers. On laurel. San Raf. lactescens. B. On willow. Sao. lacteum, Fr. On redwood. Streetens. quercinum. P. On oak. San Raf. salicinum. Fr. On willow. Summit. sambuci. Fr. On elder. Streetens. sanguineum. Fr. On redwood. San Raf. scutellare. B. & C. On adenostoma. Colfax. sulfureum. Fr. Var. ochroideum. on elder. Sac. umbrinum, A. & S. On charred redwood. Howards. XLVII. CYPHELLA. capula., Fr. On dead weeds. Berkeley. galatea. Fr, On mosses. Fr. ochroleuca. B. & Br. On bramble twigs. San Raf. villosa. Pers. On dead weeds. Berkeley. 16 Order V. CLAVARIEI. XLVIII. SPARASSIS, XLIX. CLAVARIA. abietina. Schum. On fir. San Raf. coralloides. Linn. San Raf. cristata. P. E. on foliage Big Trees. Big Trees. fastigiata, Linn. : E. On ground. San Raf. flava. Schaeff. E. on ground under oak. * San Raf. inquanda. P.(?) San Raf. pistillaris. L. On ground. San Raf. n. sp. (?) L. CALOCERA. LI. PTERULA. LII. TYPHULA. filiformis. Fr. On leaves. San Raf. LIII. PISTILLARIA. Order VI. TREMELLINI. LIV. TREMELLA. albida. Hud. On dead bark. Blue Canon. lutescens. Fr. common. San Raf. mesenterica. Retz. LE. on redwood. San Raf. LV. EXIDIA. auricula Jud=za. Fr. On wood. Sierras, glandulosa. Fr. On cherry. Sac. recisa. Fr. ' On pine twigs. Blue Caiion. saccharina. Fr. Summit. 17 LVI. HIRNEOLA. auricula Judea, Berk. Blue Cafion. polytricha. Mont. Sandwich Is. LVII. FEMBJONIA. LVIII. NAEMATELIA. encephala. Fr. On redwoods. Streetens. LIX. GUEPINIA. helvelloides. Fr. On ground. common. San Raf. ' (?) cyphella. Fr. On ground. rare. San Raf. spathularia. Fr. On ground. Sac. LX. DACRYMYCES. chrysocomus. Tul. On dead spruce. Blue Canon. deliquescens. Fr. On pinus contorta. Summit. stillatus. Nees. On dead sequoia gigantea. Yosemite. sp. (7) On redwood. Streetens. LXI. DITIOLA. radicata. On dead pine branches. Blue Caiion. Family II. GASTEROMYCETES. Order VI1. HYPO G AI. MELANOGASTER. variegatus. Ful. FE. On or under the ground under oaks. San Raf. Order V1Il. PHALLOIDE]. PHALLTUS. impudicus. Fr. On ground. Oakland. 18 Order 1X. TRICHOGASTRES. BATARREA. phalloides. P. On sand hills south of San Fran. and at Phoenix, Arizona. Y PODAXON. carcinomale. Fr. Colorado desert. loandensis. W. & C. Colorado desert. GEASTER. fimbriatus. Fr. On ground. San Raf. hygrometricus. P. : On ground. San Raf. mammosus. Chw. On ground. San Raf. striatus. D. C. On ground. San Raf. BOVISTA. ammophila. Lev. On ground. San Raf. mnigresceus. P. On ground. San Raf. plumbea. P. On ground. San Raf. LYCOPERDON. asperrimum. W. & C. On ground. San Raf. , bicolor. W. & C. On ground. San Raf. . caspitosum. W. & C. On ground. San Raf. giganteum. Balsch. E. on ground. San Raf. gemmatum. Fr. On ground. San Raf. pyriforme. Schw. On ground. San Raf. radicata. W. & C. On ground. San Raf. SCLERODERMA. verrucosum. Pers. vulgare. Fr. 19 Order X. MYXOMYCETES. LYCOGALA. epidendrum. Fr. On decaying wood. Sierras. RETICULARIA. maxima. Fr. On pine stumps. Sierras. umbrina. Fr. On oak stumps. Stockton. ZTHALIUM. septicum. Fr. On boards of tan vats. San Fran. DIDERMA. albescens. n. sp. Ph. On pine and oak bark. Blue Caion. brunneola. n. sp. Ph. On oak bark. San Fran. geasteroides. n. sp. Ph. On dead bark. Colfax. granulatum. Fr. On decaying leaves. Sausalito. lacineatum. n. sp. Ph. On decaying wood. Cushings. testaceum. Schw. On decaying wood. Cushings. vernicosum. P. On decaying twigs. San Fran. CHONDRIODERMA. geasteroides. Ph. On rotten wood. Colfax. DIDYMIUM. cinerium. Fr. On dead ferns. San Fran. clavas. A. & S. On decaying bark. San Raf. glancum. n. sp. Ph. On decaying wood. San Fran. granuliferum. n. sp. Ph, On decaying wood. Blue Canon. squamulosum. A & S. On decaying foliage of redwoods. San Raf, PHYSARUM. nutaus. P. On decaying wood. Cushings. BADHAMIA. inaurata. Curr. On dead pine bark. Blue Caion. DIACHZEA. elegans. Fr. On living strawberry leaves. Sac. COMATRICHA. Friesiana. DeBary. On rotten wood. Big Trees. typhina. Roth. On dead oak. Colfax. STEMONITIS. arcyriodes. Som. On oak bark. Blue Caflon. ferruginea. Ehr. On dead laurel. San Raf. fusca. Roth. On cedar bark. Yosemite. globosa. Schum. On dead oak. Blue Cafion. nigra. Fl. Dan. On spruce chips. Blue Cafion. obtusata. Fr. On pinus contorta. Summit, typhoides. D. C. On decaying wood. Blue Cafion. DICTYDIUM. cernuum. Pers. On dead pine. Yosemite. ARCYRIA. -nutaus. Fr. On dead oak. Sac. punicea. Pers. On dead laurel. Angel Is. ; On pine. Yosemite. umbrina. Schum. On dead twigs. San Fran. versicolor, n. s. p. Ph. On bark sequoia gigantea. Big Trees. vitellina, n. s. p. Ph. On pinus contorta. Summit. TRICHIA. chrysosperma. D.C. On balm of gilead, Sac. fallax. Pers. On decaying wood. Cushings. nigripes. Pers. ‘ On decaying wood. Cushings. turbinata. With. On decaying wood. Cushings. varia. P. On Pinus Lambertiana. Colfax. Order XI. NIDULARTACET, CYATHUS. striatus. Wild. On ground. Sac. CRUCIBULUM. vulgare. Tul. On dead pine. Yosemite. NIDULARIA. campanula. With, On wood. Sierras. . SPHZEROBOLTUS. stellatus. Tode. On decaying oak. Sauec. ‘Family III. CONIOMYCETES. Order XII. SPHERONMETI. LEPTOSTROMA. filicinum. Fr. On pteris aquilina. San Raf. MACROPLODIA. arctostaphyli. n. sp. Vize. On manzanita. sambucina. n. sp. Cke. On sambucus niger. Sac. PHOMA. 8p. (7) On bramble stems. Sac. concentricum. Desm. On yucca. Sac. DO Do sequois. n. sp. PL On dead wood. Big Trees. verbascola. Schw. On dead mullein stalks. Sac. ACTINOTHYRIUM. graminis. Kaze. On clover leaves. Sausalito. 'CRYPTOSPORIUM. lupini. Cke. ~ On lupins. San Fran. SHHZAZROPSIS. mutica. B. & Br. On elder. Sac. DIPLODIA. aceris. Fekl. On sycamore twigs. Sac. salicis. Mst. On willows. Sac. HENDERSONIA. sp. (?) On salicornia herbacea. common. San Raf. VERMICULARIA. dematium. Fr. polygoni. Schw. On polygonum and pie plant. Sac. MELASMJA. arbuticola. n. sp. Vize. On leaves of madroflo. San Raf. SEPTORIA. xanthii. Des. On xanthium strumarium. Sac. sp. (?) : On leaves Darlingtonia Californica. Sac. - EXCIPULA. hispidula. Sch. On dead grass. Sac. strigosa. Fr. On dead elder branches. Streetens. - DINEMASPORIUM. graminum. Lev. On wild oats. Berkeley. ASTEROMA. Rose. D. C. On living rose leaves. San Fran. CYTISPORA. sp. (7) On buckeye husks. San Raf. fugax. Bull. On willow bark. Santa Cruz. leucosperma. Fr. On twigs wild cherry. Streetens. populina. Pers. On poplar bark. San Raf. salicis. TRabh. On willow. Summit. sp. (?) On liber redwood. Streetens. Order XIII. MEL ANCONZEI. PESTALOZZIA. planimi. n.s. p. Vize. On leaves of Enonymus. San Raf. NEMASPORA. crocea. Fr. On dead oak bark. Streetens. ( ” GLZASPORIUM. carpigenum. On buckeye. San Raf. Order XIV. TORUIL ACE]. SPORIDESMIUM. induratum. n.s.p. Cke. ! On dead manzanita leaves. Yosemite. On dead roots sequoia. Big Trees. lepraria. B. & Br. On dead oak bark. San Fran. velutinum. Cke. On dead twigs. San Fran. sh 94 ee! Order XV. PUCINI AI. PHRAGMIDIUM. bulbosum. Sch. On bramble leaves. San Raf. gracile. Grev. On Rubus Nutkanus. San. Raf. mucronatum. Link. On rose leaves. San Fran. PUCCINIA. .amorpha. B. & Curt. On amorpha Cala. Common. San Raf. anemones. Schw. On anemone. San Raf. angustata. Peck. On juncus. Sac. artemisiee. Fckl. On artemisia. Sac. asparagi. D. C. . On asparagus stems. Sae. Berberidis. Mont. On Berberis aquifolium. Fresno River. coronata. Cord. On oats. San Fran. gayophiti. n.s. p. Vize. On gayophitum. Blue Canon. graminis. Pers. ! 3 " On wheat and sugarcane. San Fran. and S. Is. Harknessii. n.s.p. Vize. On zigodesmus spinosa. Mt. Rosa, Nev., 7,000 ft. helianthii, Schu. On helianthus. Sac. hieracii. Mart. On crepis glaucus. Alta. malvacearum. Mont. On malva. San Fran. menths®. Pers. On menthae. Sac. ' obtusa. Sch. On white sage. Tehachepi. oenothera. mn.s.p. Vize. On cenothera densiflora. Colfax. polygonorum. Link. : On polygonacez. Sac. prunorum. Link. On plum leaves. Sac. 25 sanicule. Grev. On sanicula Menziesii. San Raf. splendens. n.s.p. Vize. On tessaria. Colorado Desert. striata. n.s.p. Cke. vaginalinm. Lk. On polygonum. Xanthii. Schw. On Xanthium strumarium. Sac. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. biseptatum. Ellis. On living branches of zibrocedrus. Yosemite. Order XVI. CZAOMACEI. SYNCHITRIUM. fulgens. Schoeter. On enothera biennis. San Raf. papillatus. Far. 4 On alfilaria. San Raf. USTILAGO. carbo. Tul. On oats. San Fran. bromivora. F. de W. On grass. St. Helena. Maydis. Tul. On corn. Los Angeles. utriculosa. Ful. On polygonum aviculare. Sac. UROCYSTIS. occulta. Preuss. On grass. Sac. UROMYCES. apiculatus. Lev. On clover. San Raf. appendiculata. Lev. On vicia. Lake Co. Bete. Kuhn. On beet leaves, San Fran. Ficariee. Lev. ~ On ranunculus Cal. San Raf. Howeii. Pk. On asclepias. Lake Co. intricata. n. sp. Cke. On gayophy tum. Blue Cain. A \ x Le oo junei. Tul. On juncus, Sac. var. Scirpi. On scirpus. San Raf. limonii. Lev. On statice limonium. San Raf. lupini. Sac. . On lupins. San Fran. oblonga. n.sp. Vize. On burr clover. Sac. prunorum. Lk. On peach leaves. Sac. ‘¢ var. Amygdali. On peach leaves. Sac. COLEOSPORIUM. Madi. n.sp. Ck. On madia. San Raf. _miniatum. Lev. On wild rose. Yosemite. ‘«s MELAMPSORA. populini. Lev. On poplar leaves. San Raf. salicina. Lev. On willow leaves. Sac. CYSTOPUS. candidus. Lev. On cabbage leaves. Sac. UREDO. convolvuli. Str. On convolvulus. Sac. lupini. B. & C. : On lupins. Sac. quercus. Brond. On oak leaves. Sierras. scirpina. West. On scirpus. Sac, TRICHOBASIS. epilobii. D.C. On epilobium. San Fran. helianthi. Schw. On helianthus. Sac. polygonorum. Lev. On polygonum. Sac. rubigo vera. Lev. On wheat. San Fran. BO -~3 Order XVII. Z&ZCIDIACEI. LYCETHEA. populina. Lev. On populus moniloides. Sac. RASTELIA. cancellata. Ret. On pear leaves. San Raf. PERIDERMIUM Harknessi. n. sp. Moore. On pinus ponderosa. Colfax. pini. Fr. On pinus insignis. San Fran. ZCIDIUM. Berberidis. Pers. On grass. Sac. gayophyti. mn. sp. Vize. : On gayophitum ramosissimum. Blue Caiion. Family IV. HYPHOMYCETES. Order XVI1il. ISARIACEI, CERATIUM. hidneoides. A. & S. On rotten oak. Streetens. Order X1X. STILBACET, OZONIUM. aureconium. Lk. On rotten pine. Colfax. On dead fir branches. Blue Cation. STILBUM. fimetarium. B. & Br. On ground. Sac. pellucidum. Schr. ; On decaying polyporus. Sac. VOLUTELLA. setosa. B. On twigs. San Fran. TUBERCULARIA., nigricans. Lk. : ; On dead fir bark. Big Trees. vulgaris. Tode. On locust. Sac. FUSARIUM. personatum. n. sp. Cke. On dead laurel leaves. San Raf. Order XX.. DEMATIE!, HELMINTHOSPORIUM. delicatulum. B. & Br. On umbelliferae. Sac. macrocarpum. Grev. On dead twigs. Sac. nanum. Nees. z On dead herbs. Sac. rhabdiferum. B. & Br. On ripe peaches. Sac. turbinatum. B. & Br. On dead wood. Blue Cafion. velutinum. Lk. On dead twigs. San Raf. CERCOSPORA. inquinans. * n. sp. Cke. On gymnocarpus. San Raf. RAMULARIA. obovata. Fekl. . On leaves rumex. Sac. MACROSPORIUM. brassicae. B. On decaying cabbage leaves. Sac. POLYTHRINCIUM. trifolii. Kaze. On dead clover leaves. Sac. CLADOSPORIUM. delicatulum. Cke. On dead leaves. San Fran. dendriticum. Wall. q On pear leaves. Sac. 92 epiphyllum. Cord. On poplar leaves. San Raf. fumago. Lk. On laurel leaves. San Raf, herbarum. Lk. On typha latifolia. Sac. Order XXII. MUCEDINES. ASPERGILLUS. candidus. Lk. On decaying substances. Common. dubius. Cord. On rabbit dung. Sac. glaucus. Lk. On decaying leaves pinus contorta. Summit. mollis. B. On dead leaves. Blue Cafion. virens. Lk. On decaying agarics. San Raf. PERONOSPORA. effusa. Grev. On spinach. San Fran. ficariee. Tul. On ranunculus repens. San Raf. gangliformis. B. : On lettuce leaves. Sac. grisea. Ung. On veronica, San Raf. infestans. Mont. On potato leaves. Coast. nivea. Ung. On umbelliferae. San Raf. obliqua. Ck. On dock leaves. Sac. parasitica. Pers. On crucifers. Sac. potentillze. Sch. On potentilla. Sac. pygme. Ung. On anemone leaves. San Raf. sordide. B. On scrophularia Californica. San Raf. sparsa. B. On rosa Californica. - San Raf. trifoliorum. De B. On clover. San Fran. er Ah 30 urticee. Casp. ; On nettle. San Raf. vice. B. On pear leaves. San Raf. js PENICILLIUM. bicolor. Fr. On decaying substances. Sac. chartarum. Cke. On damp wall paper. Sac. crustaceum. Fr. On decaying substances. Sac. oN -OIDIUM. aureum. Lk. On rotten wood. Sierras. fasciculatum. Berk. } On decaying oranges. Sac. favorum. B. & Br. On honeycomb. Sae. fructigenum. Schrad. 2 On apples and pears. San Fran. BE Tuckeri. Berk. On wild and cultivated grape leaves. Common. REISSIA. semiophora. Fresen. On pine. Yosemite. el MYXOTRICHUM. ochraceum. B. & Br. On liber of redwood. Streetens. BOTRYOSPORIUM. diffuasum. Cord. On dead twigs. San Raf. Order XX11. SEPEDONIE]D. SEPEDONIUM. chrysopermum. Lk. On decaying fungi. San Raf. roseum. Fr. On decaying fungi. San Raf. FUSISPORIUM. atrovirens. B. 3 On onions. Sac. AL] C— feeni. B. & Br. On decaying grass. Sac. roseolum. Stph. On rotting potatoes. Sac. Division 11. SPORIDIFERA. Family V. PHYSOMYCETES. Order XXI1I11. ANTENNARIEIL ANTENNARIA. Guava. n.sp. Cke. On leaves of guava. Sandwich Islands. Order XXIV. MUCORINI. MUCOR. amethysteus. Bon. On rotting pears. Sac. caninus. Pers. On dog’s dung. Sac. clavatus. Lk. On fruit. Sac. fusiger. Lk. On decaying fungi. Sc. mucedo. Linn. On preserves. Sac. phycomyces. B. On oil, ete. Sac. ramosus. Bull. On fungi. Sac. stolonifer. Ehrb. On melons. Sac. subtillissimus. B. ’ On onions. Sac. tenerrimus. B. On twigs. Sae. TRICHODERMA. viride." Pers. On dead bark. Sausalito. PILOBOLUS. cristallinus. Tode. On cow dung. Sac. roridus. Schum. Oncow dung. Sac. 32 RHYPARORIBUS. dubius. Boud. Cookei. On dog’s dung. Woolhopenses. Renny. On bird’s dung. San Raf. ACROSTALAGMTUS. cinnabarinus. Cord. On dead weeds. Sausalito. ENDOGONE. pisiformis. Lk. On oak bark, San Fran. Order XXV. SAPROLEGNIEI. SAPROLEGNIA. ferax. Gr. On living salmon and dead flies. common. Family VI. ASCOMYCETES. Order XXVI. ONYGENEI. ONYGENA. equina. Pers. On dead horse’s hoof. Sac. Order XXVII. PERISPORIACEI. SPHAEROTHECA. castagnei. Lev. On hop leaves. Sac. pannosa. Lev. On rose leaves. Sac. PHYLLACTINIA. guttata. Lev. On oak leaves. Alta. UNCINULA. adunca. Lev. On willow. Sac. bicornis. Lev. On maple leaves. San Raf. PODOSPHZERIA. Kunzei. Lev. On plum leaves. Sac. 33 MICROSPHZERIA. comata. Lev. On euonymus. San Raf. fulvo-fulera. n. sp. Cke. On spirea dumosa. San Raf. Grossularize. Lev. On wild gooseberry. Sierras. pencillata. Lev. On alder leaves. San Raf. ‘ERYSIPHE. communis. Schl. On leguminosae. Sac. graminis. D. C. On grass. Sac. lamprocarpa. Lev. On plantain. Sac. Martii. Lke. On peas, beans, etc. common. montagnei. Lev. On sesbania. Fort Yuma CHZETOMIUM. elatum. Kaze. On dead ash wood. Sac. glabrum. B. On damp straw. Sac. EUROTIUM. herbarorium. Lke. On dead bark. San Fran CAPNODIUM. citri. B. & Desm. On orange leaves. Los Angeles. elongatum. B. & Desm. On pear twigs. Sac. salicini. H. On willow leaves. Sac. Order XXVIII. ELVELLACEIL. MORCHELLA. esculenta. Pers. E. under oaks. Streetens. conica. E. On charred redwood. Streetens. 34 GYROMITRA. esculenta, Fr. E. under oaks. San Raf. HELVELLA. Californica. n.sp. Ph. : E. on ground. Blue Cafion. crispa. Fr. E. under oaks. San Raf. lacunosa. Afz. On hillsides. VERPA. digitaliformis. Pers. Among redwood leaves. rare. Streetens. SPATHULARIA. flavida. Var. Californica. n. var. Moore. On redwood. San Raf. VIBRISSEA. truncorum. Fr. On sticks in water. Sierras. PEZIZA. acntipila. Kast. On Rubus Nutkanus. San Raf. acunm. Fr. On fir leaves. Streetens. Agassizii. var. rufipes. n. var. Ph. On pinus contorta. Blue Cafion. alutipes. mn. sp. Ph. On dead cedar leaves. Blue Caiion. arida. n.sp. Ph. On pine bark. Blue Canon. aurantia. Fr. On ground. Sausalito. badia. P. On spruce boards. Truckee. bicolor. Bull. On Rubus Nutkanus. Blue Canon. bufonia. Pers. : On cow dung in dense woods. Streetens. bulgarioides. Rab. : On dead cones sequoia. Big Trees. carbonaria. A. & S. : On dead leaves sequoia. Big trees. caucus. Reben. On decaying cedar leaves. Alta. ‘* var. fusco-purpurea. n. var. Ph. 36 cinerea. Batsch. On decaying twigs. Colfax and Streetcns. citrina. Hedw. On rotten wood. Streetens. clandestina. Bull. On oak. Summit. coprinaria. Cke. On cow dung. Truckee. corticalis. P. On twigs. San Fran. crenunlata. B. & Br. On ground. Streetens. cupressina. Batsch. On dead leaves redwood. Streetens. cyathoidea. Bull. On aralia racemosa. Blue Caifion. elaphines. 'B. & Br. On decaying wood. Angel Island. epixantha. n.sp. Cke. On oak. Summit. escharoides. B. & Br. On sticks. Blue Cafon. fulgens. P. On ground. Yosemite. fusca. P. On dead redwood. San Raf. gemmea. n,sp. Ph. On dead redwood leaves. Streetens. granulata. Bull. On rotting straw. Streetens. hinnulea. B. & Br. On decaying wood. Colfax. hyalina. P. On boards. Sac. leiocarpa. Carr. On charred wood and earth. Streetens. leporina. Batsch. On ground. Sausalito. leucostigma. Fr, On oak. Colfax. macrocystis. Cke. On charred wood. Streetens. maculosa. n. sp. Ph. ; On cow dung. Colfax. molesta. n.sp. Ph. On redwood chips. Streetens. nigrescens, Ck. On willow bark. Summit. 36 nivea. Fr. On oak chips. Blue Caiion. obscura. n.sp. Ck. On oak. Summit. omphalodes. Bull. On ground. Oakland. phymatodes. n.sp. Ph. On dead weeds. Blue Cadon. pithya. P. On redwood bark. Streetens. relicina. Fr. On aralia stems. Colfax. rose. P. On dead twigs. San Fran. rutilans. Fr. On damp wall. San Fran. sanguinea. P. On dead oak. Yosemite. scabro-villosa. n. sp. Ph. On Rubus Nutkanus. Blue Caiion. scubalonta. Oke. On cow dung. San Raf. scutellata. L. On damp ground. Streetens. secreta. n.sp. Ph. On ground—woods. Blue Caiion. sequoiz. n. sp. Ph. (Hymenoscyphz.) On dead leaves sequoia. Big Trees. sequoie. n.sp. Ph. (Sarco-scyphs.) On dead leaves sequoia. Big Trees. setigera. n.sp. Ph. On dead stem Saxifraga peltata. Blue Cafion. stercorea. P. On cow dung. Colfax. strobiiina. Fr. On pine cones. Blue Canon. subhirsuta. Schw. On cinder heaps. San Fran. subtillissima. C. On decaying spruce. Summit. sub-urceolata. n.sp. Ph. On ground under sequoia. Big Trees. succina. n.sp. Ph. On dsad oak. Blue Caion. sulphurea. P. O21 ded weeds. Berkeley. ~ thelebeloides. A, & S. On cow dung. Sac.} uncinata. n.sp. Ph. On oak twigs. Blue Caiion. ustorum. On redwood. Streetens. venosa. Pers. On ground. Blue Caiion. vesiculosa. Bull. On dunghill San Fran. villosa. Pers. On dead weeds. Berkeley. vinosa. A. & S. On ground. Sierras. virginea. Batsch. On dead leaves. San Fran. HELOTIUM. seruginosum. Fr. On dead birch. Sierras. agaricinum. Berk, On decaying wood. Yosemite. aureum. Pers. On dead laurel. Colfax. citrinum. Fr. On dead oak. Yosemite. claro-flavam. B. On oak bark. San Fran. epiphyllum. Fr. On dead leaves. Yosemite. fagineum. Fr. On decaying twigs. Blue Caifion. fibuliforme. Fr. On elm branches. Sac. herbarum. Fr. On dead stems. Blue Caiion. lutescens. Fr. On dead twigs. Blue Cafion. pallescens. Fr. On dead laurel. San Raf. galicellum. Fr. On willow. Summit. serotinum. Fr. On sticks. Summit. subtile. Fr. On fir foliage, dead. Summit. virgultorum. Fr. On dead wood. San Fran. PATELLARIA. abietina. n.sp. Cke. On fir. San Raf. olivacea. Batsch. On rotten willow. Summit. rhabarbarina. B. On dead bramble. Blue Canon. TYMPANIS. alnea. P. On alder twigs. Summit. conspera. Fr. On raspberry twigs. Sao. DERMATEA. flavo-cinerea. n.sp. Ph. On Cornus. Blue Caiion. CENANGIUM. leptospermum. B. & C. On fir. San Raf. prunastri. Fr. On wild cherry. Yosemite. Ribis. Fr. On currant twigs. Sc. Rubi. Fr. On raspberry twigs. Alta. sequois. n.sp. PL On bark sequoia. Big Trees. ASCOBOLTUS. mrugineus. Fr. On horse dung. Sac. atro-fuscus. n.sp. Ph. & PL On dung. Sac. carneus. Pers, On decaying pine wrod. Colfax. ciliatus, Boud. On horse dung. Yosemite. furfuraceus. Pers. On cow dung. Warm Springs. Kerverni. Crouan. On cow dung. Sac. immersus. Pers. On cow dung. Sac. incanus. n.sp. Ph. On cow dung. Colfax. 39 — papillatus. Boud. On cow dung. Colfax. patellatus. Wall. On cow dung. Sac. : pilosus. Boud. On dog dung. Sac. rari-pilus. n. sp. Ph. On cow dung. San Raf. BULGARIA. inquinans. Fr. On oak. San Raf. sarcoides. Fr. On bark. Sauc. STICTUS. Berkleyana. De B. & Lev. On rotten wood. Cushings. calcera. n.sp. Ph, On dead willow. Tehachepi. radiata. Fr. : On oak twigs. 'Streetens. versicolor. Ph. On liber redwood. San Raf. ASCOMYCES. deformans. Berk. On peach leaves. Sac. Order XXIX. PHACIDIACE], PHACIDIUM. internum. n.sp. Ph. On libocedrus. Yosemite. pini. Schm. On pine bark. Blue Cafion. ranunculi. Desm. On ranunculus, San Raf. Rubi Fr. On Rubus Nutkanus. San Raf. trifolii. Boud. Clover leaves. Sac. RHYTISMA. acerinum. Fr. On maple leaves. San Raf. arbati. n.sp. Ph, On madrofio. San Raf, 40 punctatum, Fr. On sycamore. Sac. salicinum. Fr. On willow leaves. Sac. On balm of gilead. Yosemite. HYSTERIUM. acerinum. Frost. On maple. San Raf. angustatum. A. & S. \! On redwood. Streetens. arundinaceum. Schrad. On grass. Blue Caton. commune. Fr. On dead stems. Summit. foliicolum. Fr. On oak leaves. Summit. formosum. =n. sp. Ck. On juniper bark. Summit. pinastri. Schrad. On pine leaves. Summit. virgnltoram. D. C. On bramble stems. San Raf. LABRELLA. pomi. M. On apples in damp grass. Sac. Order XXX. SPH ARIACEI. TORRUBIA. militaris. Fr. On pupa of caterpillar. Sausalito. CLAVICIPS, purpurea. Tal. On grass seeds. Sac. HYPOCREA. lenta. Fr. On fir boards. Sac. rufa.. Fr. : On redwoods. San Raf. HYPOMYCES. aurantius. Tul. On dead fungi. Sausalito. lateo-virens. Fr. On dead fungi. Sausalito. 41 rosellus. Tul. On dead fungi. San Raf. ochraceus. Tul. On dead fungi. San Raf. NECTRIA. coccinea. Fr. On bark lupins. San Fran. cinnabarina. Fr. On bark. San Fran. cucurbitula. Fr. On bark. Cushings. epispheria. Fr. On bark. San Fran. ochraceo-pallida. R. & Br. On elder twigs. Streetens. peziza. Fr. On lupins. San Fran. umbrina. Fr. On decaying bean stalks. Sac. XYLARIA. hypoxylon. Grev. On roots. Sausalito. USTULINA. vulgaris. Tul. On dead trees. Sausalito. HYPOXYLON. coccineum. Ball. On bark. San Fran. cohzrens. Fr. On twigs. Sausalito. concentricum. Grev. On dead ash. Clear Lake. fuscum. Fr. On oak. San Raf. malleolus. B. & Rav. On oak. Sausalito. rubiginosum. Fr. On laurel logs. San Raf. rufa. Fr. On wild cherry. Yosemite. stigmateum. n.sp. Cke. On dead bark. Tehachapi. serpens. Fr. On dead laurel. San Raf. 2S ne 42 NUMMULARIA. Bulliardi. = Tul. On live oak. Yosemite. DIATRYPELLA. toccimana. De Not. On bark dead alder. Streetens. DOTHIDEA. graminis. Fr. On grass. Sac. junci. Fr. On juncus. Sac. potentille. Fr. On potentilla glandulosa. San Raf. ribesia. Pers. On currant twigs. Sac. Ros=. Fr. On rose. Sac. DIATRYPE. aspera. Fr. On oak. Strectens. bullata. Fr. On willow. Streetens. disciformis. Fr. On buckeye. San Raf. hystrix. Fr. On sycamore. Sac. incarcerata. B. & Br. On rose. Sac. strumella. Fr. On currant. Sac. MELANCONIS. longipes. Tul. On oak branches. San Fran. VALSA. coronata. Fr. On oak. Sausalito. salicina. Fr. : On willow. Santa Cruz. sordida. Fr. On poplar bark. Sac. vitis. Schw. On grape cuttings. San Raf. 43 DIAPORTHE. arctii. Nke. On heracleum. Streetens. CUCURBITARIA. confluens. n. sp. Plow. On oak bark. Colfax. macilenta. Cke. On cedar. Biue Calon. SORDARIA. bombardiodes. Awd. On colt’s dung Mt. Shasta. Californica. n.sp. Plow. . On cow dung. San Raf. coprophila. De Not. On cow dung. Sac. flmicola. Rab. On horse dung. Sac. BYSSOPHZERIA. aquila. Fr. On rotten wood. San Francisco. PSILOSPHZERIA. moriformis. Tode. On hazel. Howards. . myriocarpa. F. On elder. Tehachapi. pulveracea. Ehr. On oak. Yosemite. LASIOSPHZERIA. canescens. Pers. On redwood. Streetens. SPHAERIA. Arctostaphylos, n. 8. PIL On dead manzanita. Yosemite. bombardioides. Awd. On cow dung. Colfax. commanipula. B. & Br. On Aralia Cala. Colfax. confertissima. mn. sp. Plow. On redwood cones. Streetens. conflicta. n. sp. Cke. On oak leaves. Streetens. Herbarum. Pers. On 8 ap plant. St. Helena. RQ \ FN 44 megalocarpa. n.sp. Plow. On maple. Colfax. morbosa. Schw. On living wild cherry. Yosemite. palmacea. n.sp. Cke. On palms. Los Angeles. permunda. n. sp. Cke. On Soap plant, Blue Cafion. picea. Pers, On Chenopodium alba. Sacramento. pulvis-pyrius. pers. On pinus contorta. Blue Caifion. rostellata. Fr. On Ribes ursinus. rubella. Pers. On heracleum. San Fran. salicella. Fr. On willows. Summit. sambuci. n. sp. PL On elder. Streetens. sequoie. n.sp. PL On sequoia. Big Trees. spiculosa. Pers. On ash bark. Streetens. sub-moriformis. n. sp. PL On bark. San Raf. sustenta. n.sp. PL On manzanita. Blue Cafion. tumulata. n. sp. Cke. On pinus contorta. Summit. Vizeana. Cke. On lathyrus venosa. Sac. Yucea. Sch. On yucca communis. Sac. Yuccaegena. n.sp. Cke. On yucca angustifolia. Mohave. GNOMONIA. alni. n. sp. On alder. San Raf. SPHZAERELLA. brassicola. De Not. On cabbage leaves. Sac, conglomerata. Wall. On alder leaves. Howards. 45 erysiphena. B. On hop leaves. Sac. latebrosa. Cke. ’ On fallen sycamore leaves. Sac. salicicola. W. On willow leaves. Summit. simulans. Cke. On oak leaves. San Raf. sparsa. Awd. On chestnut leaves. Sac. VENTURIA. sequoie. n.sp. PL : On decaying leaves, sequoia. Big Trees. STIGMATEA. ch®tonium. Fr. On raspberry leaves. Geranii. Fr. On leaves of geranium. polygonorum. Fr. On living leaves of Polygonum. San Raf. potentille. Fr. On living leaves of Potentilla. Sac. ranunculi. Fr. On Rannuculus Cala. San Raf. OZHOMA. (Sp?) On pine wood. Blue Caiion. 46 ADDENDA. STEPTOTHRIX. atra. B. & C. On grape cuitings. San Raf. AGARICUS. (Sub. Gen?) tridens. n. sp. Moore. CAVE FUNGUS. Pileus fleshy, conchiform: skin very thick, coriaceous; color light buff. Edge entire, in- volute. The stem is three feet and four inches long, and is attached to the timber on which it grows, and from which it hangs suspended by a disk several inches in diameter. This disk is clothed with a thick, soft brown felt, which extends down and covers the stem for several inches. Atnine inches from the point of attachment the stem divides into three branches, which again unite, singularly enough, at just nine inches from the pcint of division, and im- mediately send off two lateral branches. The main stem continues downward, enlarging to the diameter of nearly three inches. It is no longer covered with the felty mass, but is smooth and hard to the point at which the shell-shaped pileus is thrown off. Here a most singular growth has taken place. From all sides short branches, resembling the young antlers of a stag, are pushed out. Two of these becoming more vigorous than the rest have extended downward, the larger of the two dividing into three branches, thus terminating the whole in a perfect trident. The gills, which are distinct, notched, sinuate, and of a pale straw color, run for some distance up the stem. The spores are ovate, exceedingly minute and borne on true basidia. The plant was found attached to a timber in one of the abandoned drifts of the Yellow Jacket Mine, Virginia City, Nevada, at the depth of 400 feet below the surface. J.P. M. XX. BOLETUS. luteus. Lin. E. rare. San Raf. flavidus. Bull. San Raf. piperatus. Bull. San Raf. variegatus. Swartz. Howards. subtomentosus. Linn. E. San Raf. edulis. Bull. E. San Raf. impolitus. Fr. San Raf. aestivalis. Fr. San Raf. Satanas. Lenz. San Raf. luridus. Scheff. San Raf. erythiopus. Pers. San Raf. versipelles. Fr. E. San Raf. scaber Fr. E. San Raf. granulatus. L. E. San Raf. bovinus. L. E. San Raf. castaneus. Bull. San Raf. XXII. FISTULINA. FUNGI INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES. Ll BRA By, \ OF THR g [By Dr. H. W. HARKNESS.] (9NIvERsITY ) SE CALIFORNIA i Laprrs AND GENTLEMEN: The subject upon which I have been . invited to speak to you this evening is one of very great importance to those who cultivate the soil; indeed, it may be said that the loss to the agriculturist through the baneful influences of fungi far exceeds that caused by the insect pests, while to the horticulturist they must rank as second in the list of destructive agents. A few of ~ the most striking examples of their injurious effects upon vegetation "may not be out of place here. ” . Unlike ordinary plants fungi are destitute of chlorophyl, leaves, ~ flowers, or of seeds, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, the - reproductive bodies being known as spores, a name given to the . fruit of all flowerless plants. These spores are exceedingly minute, ~ often not more than the five thousandth of an inch in diameter, are * generally nearly transparent, extremely buoyant, and forming at all times a considerable proportion of the atmospheric dust, are trans- ported by the winds to remote distances. These spores are produced in numbers which to one unfamiliar with the subject appear almost incredible. Nature seems to have provided with bounteous prodigal- ity for the safety of species of the lower orders, both of plants and animals, and the number of germs produced is in almost constant ratio with the danger to which the organism is exposed. Countless * millions of germs may perish but the species lives on. © Asan illustration familiar to all, I will mention the puff-ball, the . “smoke” from which consists entirely of spores, which, separately, are quite invisible to the naked eye, and cach one of which is capa- ble under favorable conditions of reproducing its kind. I have in my cabinet a single puff-ball (Lycoperdon giganteum) which is so abundantly supplied with spores that the entire State of California might be planted from this individual, each square inch of the vast ~ area being supplied with a spore. : ~The consideration of these facts will explain why, when the con- ditions are favorable for the germination of an unusual number of spores, these microscopic organisms are able to devastate large areas in a single night, as often happens with fields of wheat, in which case it is only necessary in certain localities that there should be a warm - foggy night, continuing for a few hours in the morning, and followed by warm sunshine, to produce the “red rust” of the grain, known to the mycologist as Puccinia graminis. Probably every one in hearing of my voice is familiar with the appearance of this parasite, which first shows itself as a minute rusty spot upon the leaf or stem. If it (5) lao ba AVR eae 2 appears before the formation of the head it causes little damage, but if, as occasionally happens, it should attack the plant while the berry is in process of formation, it proves disastrous to the crop. In such localities the farmer soon learns to submit without repining to an evil for which no economical remedy can be applied, and to plant to other crops those tracts lying adjacent to the streams, which expe- rience soon teaches him are most liable to be attacked. Another fungus which endangers the wheat crop is the “ white rust,” or Erysiphe graminis. This fungus is of a grayish white color, and attacks the leaves or stems, often encircling the latter at a point near the earth with a felt-’ like investment. It does not penetrate the cuticle to any great extent, but injures the plant by closing the stomata or breathing pores of the plant. Some years ago many thousands of acres of wheat in the Sacramento Valley were placed in jeopardy by this pest, the catas- trophe being averted, as I believe, by a northerly wind of several days duration; nevertheless, the berry was shrunken to an apprecia- ble degree. Another of the well known blights which has been the cause of famine in Ireland, and has wrought incalculable mischief in other lands, is the fungus known as Peronospora infestans. Little complaint of it has reached us from the interior, but near the coast it has caused much by attacking the leaves and stems, and destroying them in a few hours. As yet it has not affected the plants early enough to prevent a partial crop. Some twenty or more years ago the coffee plant was introduced into the Island of Ceylon by the English. The first few years of its cul- tivation were years of success and prosperity; the tree was of lux- uriant growth, the berry perfect, and the crop immense. It is not to be wondered at, that under such circumstances, and with the advantage of cheap native labor, the planter should have felt assured of fortune in the near future. But after gathering a few crops at great profit, yellow spots upon the leaves began to be noticed. These spots were examined with curiosity, but without apprehension, and received the name of Hemileia vastatriz. In a short time it spread from plantation to plantation, literally with the velocity of the wind. The leaves, exhausted by the fungus, shriveled and shrunk, and finally fell from the trees, leaving in many cases the exposed berry to shrink and droop, also its supply of nutriment being cut off, and itself left shelterless under the rays of a tropical sun. In this man- ner, and by means of this tiny pest, the crop was ruined upon many plantations, and rendered light and of poor quality upon others. In the first season of its prevalence the damage caused by it was estimated at $5,000,000, and this is stated to be about the average loss for the past fifteen years. Short of pestilence or famine, there is nothing more sad than the decay and death of a great industry. It is so difficult to uproot the old and plant anew. To the English planters of that delightful island the disaster has proved overwhelming, and a friend just from that place informs me that all or nearly all of the planters, who began with such high hopes a few years ago, are now bankrupt. This fungus has extended beyond the limits of the island and attacked plantations upon the main land of the Indian peninsula. Where this scourge will end we cannot say, but it has not yet reached Pal ) % ch CALIFORN, the fine plantations of Costa Rica and Guatemala, a5 T-find no trace of it in a large consignment of sickly leaves from those localities. Very many of our forest trees are attacked by fungoid diseases of various kinds. Several of the pines, notably Pinus insignis, the = Monterey pine; P. Sabiniana, the Digger pine; P. contorta, tamarack; and P. ponderosa, the yellow pine, are all affected by a fungus which in the course of time usually kills the affected tree. It is found in knots and swellings, which are often three or four times the size of ~ the affected stem or branch immediately above and below, and are sometimes three feet in circumference. This fungus has been named for the author, Peridermium Hark- ~ messi. In the early Spring it is very conspicuous, the large swellings ~ being covered by a powdery layer of brilliant orange-colored spores. ~ The tree, incited to local growth by the irritating effects of the fun- us, throws out layer after layer of woody material, which forms the ulbous expansions previously described. Those who have driven ~ from the Hotel del Monte to the cypress grove at Monterey, will ~ remember very many trees so affected. ~The Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga Douglasii), one of our most val- ~ uable forest trees, is subject to attack from a fungus named by my- = self Deadalea voraz, which is of a brown color and from three to six inches in diameter. It is found growing upon the tree just beneath a branch which has been for some time dead. By following this ~ dead branch, the mycelium, which answers to the fungus root, makes its way to the heart-wood of the tree, where it quickly penetrates upward and downward for ten feet or more. Through this entire distance the wood-cells are impoverished by the fungus, and although ~ the tree may live for years thereafter, it 1s unfit for timber, and of little value for fuel. Fir trees die by thousands from the effects of a fungus. My es- teemed friend, Dr. Kellogg, our pioneer botanist, asserts that very few if any of this species ever die a natural death. In this instance, the fungus attacks the tree near the ground, or it may be fifty feet above it, and in its method closely resembles the Peridermium pre- viously described. : By the irritation of the fungus, which encircles the trunk like a girdle, new wood is being continually formed over the space occupied . by it, until by this means a great bulbous expansion is formed upon . the tree. Meanwhile the mycelium is forcing its way towards the - center, weakening the fiber of the wood through which it passes. - This process takes years for its completion, but the trunk becomes so ~ weakened at the point of attack, that it finally yields to the force of . the winds, leaving that portion of the trunk which was below the fungus standing erect. But by far the most extraordinary as well as the most obscure of the diseases of the forest trees, is that which attacks the cedar (Libo- - cedrus decurrens). This fungus works within the living tree, perhaps for centuries, without the slightest external sign to indicate its - presence. On making section of such a tree, we find numberless cavities, which, at the first glance, resemble those made by the larvee of the boring beetles. On examining the contents of these cavities with a lens, they are found to consist of wood which has been killed by a fungus; the dead wood being somewhat shrunken, but the cellu- lar structure remaining undisturbed. These cavities vary in size, but may be said to be from a half to an inch in diameter, and from 4 one to three inches in length; the longest diameter conforming to that of the tree. They rarely connect; in almost all cases being separated by a portion of sound wood, and are invariably found in the heart-wood alone. : On placing a portion of the dead wood of a recently felled tree under the microscope, it is found to abound with mycelium, which - has permeated without displacing the woody structure. The life history of this fungus is as yet unknown, as its fruit is still undis- covered. Turning our attention now to those which more particularly inter- © est the fruit grower, we find among the most conspicuous and destruc- tive of fungoid growths, that known as Brack Kxor—(Spheeria morbosa). This fungus is one of the few of those affecting fruit trees which destroy the tree as well as the fruit, and America may justly, though not exactly with pride, claim to be its home. It was carefully observed, studied, and named as early as 1822, by Dr. Schweinitz, a Moravian minister, then resident at Salem, N. C., where it was at that time doing great damage to the cherry and plum trees. It first appears as a slight swelling in the bark of the branches; the bark soon ruptures, producing irregular fissures, from one to three inches in length, which are quickly filled by the fungus. It usually encircles the branch with a corrugated unsightly mass, which in the early stages is of a | greenish brown color, soft and velvety, and very much greater in diameter than the branch on which it grows. At maturity it is of a shining black, marked all over with minute crowded papillee. These little projections indicate the separate spore-bearing cavities, and are filled with a mass of oblong sacs called asci, each of which holds eight spores, and the whole mass thus contains a vast number of reproductive bodies. The branch upon which the unsightly mass has fastened is henceforth worthless, as the fungus appropriates all its nutriment, and soon kills it. § This fungus is now found in all parts of the country east of the Rocky Mountains, and Prof. Farlow asserts that one seldom sees a plum or cherry tree free from the knot.* Remembering the great extent of country in which it is found, we can well believe that the loss occasioned by it is almost incalculable, for in all the infected district it is next to impossible to raise the bet- ter sorts of cherry and plum, and this has happened in a region well adapted for their culture. : The history of this fungus is very similar to that of the coffee. In both cases the disease belonged to a native plant, and on the intro- duction of less resistant kindred plants, was transferred to them, with what disastrous results we have seen. i So far it has not made its appearance in the orchards of this State, but there is every prospect of its invasion, as it was found by the author in the greatest abundance in Yosemite Valley. Any one who would like to see the probable future appearance of our cherry and | plum orchards, has only to visit that beautiful valley and look upon the gnarled, twisted, unsightly, half dead and dying shrubs covered with black and warty excrescences, which mark its ravages upon th Choke cherry (Prunus demissa). $ # Bulletin of the Bussey Institute, 1874. 5 Recently it has reached us again from the Coast Range to the west- ward of Menlo Park. It will thus be seen that it is already dangerously near our fruit orchards, and there is too much reason to fear that we shall soon have to contend with it, especially as our trees become weakened by age. The opinion seems to be prevalent among our horticulturists, that it will only grow among the mountains of the State, and that we of the lower levels have nothing to fear from a fungus of such limited range. Unfortunately for us this comforting theory is contradicted by experience, for in the east it is found wherever the plum and cherry grows, from the mountains to the seaboard. It might be supposed that in the dry valleys of the interior there would be less danger than in the humid atmosphere of the coast—but there is an allied ~ species which ravages the sage brush (Artemisia Californica) on the arid slopes of the foothills of Mt. Diablo, but as we are not greatly ~ concerned about the fate of this odorous shrub it may be left unre- ~ gretted to its fate. : = The only remedy for this disease is the knife; the affected branch should be sacrificed, and if it appears upon solitary trees, it would be better at once to destroy the tree. Pruning should be carefully done when the fungus is immature, and the spores not formed. It is always safe to do this before the fall of the leaf. The folly of pruning a tree of the mature knots, jar- ring and scattering myriads of spores, and afterward carrying them through the orchard before burning, may be readily appreciated. CaprNxopiuM CITRI. For more than twenty years complaints have been made by growers of the citrus fruits of the annoyance to which they are exposed by the prevalence of this fungus, which is known and has - been described under several names— Fumago, Antennaria, ete. It is found upon the upper surface of the leaves, the twigs, and fruit, and ordinarily appears like a stratum of soot, somewhat felted by extraneous matter. When in fruit, however, its appearance is somewhat different. Standing up all over its surface may be seen a great number of irregularly awl-shaped bodies, which open by ragged fissures at the apex and throw out great quantities of spores. The spore-cases are from one fourth to one half a line in height, and so may readily be seen by the naked eye. This fungus is an epiphyte; that is, it lives upon the leaf without drawing any portion of its sustenance from it, and does but little: harm beyond depriving it of some portion of light and air, and rendering the fruit unsightly. The real culprit in this case is a coccus, the “scale,” as it is usually called, and this sooty fungus advertises at great distance the pres- ence of its more hateful ally. It is often difficult to convince gardeners that it is not the excre- tion of the scale, but the real relation between them is that the insect exudes a sweet secretion which, dropping on the leaves below, fur- nishes a suitable nidus for the growth of the fungus, which is never found unaccompanied by coccus or aphis, and will, of course, dis- appear on the destruction of its insect friend. Many species of Capnodiwmm exist within the borders of the State, promirent among them being C. pini, which infests the pines of our park; C. salicinum, of the willow; C. pomarum, which abounds on 6 heteromeles; . C. lanosum, of the fig, etc. All of them having the same history as C. citri, etc, depending on the presence of similar insects. RasrELIA CANCELLATA—(Apple Leaf Fungus). This fungus is the cause of considerable loss to the apple growers in the Kastern States, but has not, to my knowledge, yet appeared in this, although from some reports which have reached me it may have done so. It makes its first appearance as a yellow spot on the leaf, which in a short time develops a number of little yellow tubes filled with orange colored spores. As a rule nearly all the leaves of a tree being simultaneously attacked, and their vitality being destroyed, they turn yellow and fall, leaving the immature fruit (usually about half-grown) upon the tree, to linger for a time and share their fate. The eastern mycologists, Farlow, Peck, Ellis, and others, consider this to be merely a state of another fungus which abounds upon the so called “cedar apples” which are found on the red cedar (Juniperus occidentalis). Should this theory prove correct we may escape the vis- itation, unless some other plant of our locality may serve as a host, which is quite probable, as I have found it upon our white cedar in the Sierras. Popospuzria KuNzer—( Plum leaf blight). This fungus injures very considerably the fruit of our wild cherries, and is occasionally found upon the domestic plum. In the early stages it is quite conspicuous, being one of the “mildews” or white blights, the fruit, which is contained in minute globular receptacles, is seldom seen excepting by the mycologist. Little complaint has been made of it thus far, although it is capable of serious mischief. SPHEROTHECA PANNosA—( Rose blight). The white mildew of the rose is an Oidium, and is now known to be only the early stage of the fungus mentioned above. Itisfamiliar to every one, and if it were confined to the rose, would be entirely out of our scope, but it is very readily propagated to others of the Rosacee, especially affecting the apple and peach, to both of which it does considerable damage. In its mature stage it forms a felted grayish mass encircling the twigs, and having imbedded within it the minute globular receptacles, each receptacle holding one ascus containing eight spores. Sulphur is used with some success in the early stages of this and allied species, and a wise precaution would be to destroy all roses which are subject to mildew growing near orchards. Roses vary very greatly in their liability to attack, and a little care will prevent much harm. FusicLapium DENDRITICUM. This fungus appears as an irregularly radiating brown spot on the leaves of the pear, medlar, apple, and toyon, or Christmas berry (which is a near relation to the apple). It occasionally deprives the trees of more leaves than can be very well spared, but causes no very great injury. & % Ascomyces DErorMANS—( Curled leaf). ~ More has been said and written about this fungus than of almost any other, and yet it is very imperfectly understood. Itappeared in ~ this State almost as soon as peaches were planted. I observed it first in 1855. Every one is familiar with its appearance, and it is almost unnecessary to describe it. The fungus consists of a stratum of ~ closed tubes, closely packed side by side, and standing erect on one or both surfaces of the leaf. These tubes are asci, and each of them contains eight spores. As a square inch of the leaf surface contains some hundreds of thousands of these asci, its great fecundity may readily be appreciated. Before the curl has reached maturity it is of a pinkish-gray color, and somewhat velvety; the excessive growth of mycelium swells the leaf into a misshapen mass, the veins being firmer do not yield so readily, and the leaf is drawn into folds and pouches. As the fungus matures the spores are discharged by the bursting of the asci. These often accumulate as a white powder in pouches and convolutions of the leaf. : The only remedy ever yet suggested for this disease is the removal of the affected leaves. It could probably be exterminated in this way as mustard is by the wheat farmer. Unfortunately the labor involved in such an undertaking renders it out of the question in ordinary cases. Let it be remembered that it is almost useless to remove any fungus which has matured its spores. Certain varieties of the peach show much more resistance than others, though this resistance probably varies under climatic conditions, and more or less with the age of the tree. It may not be out of place to mention that most of the oaks of California are affected more or less by a similar fungus (Ascomyces Quercits) which no doubt often greatly diminishes the crop of acorns. The white post oak (Q. Douglasii) suffers particularly from 1t, although on account of its firm texture it does not curl like the more delicate leaf of the peach. The ascomycetes are gross feeders, if such a term can properly be applied to a parasitic fungus—that is, they abstract from the tree a very large amount of nutriment, and rapidly exhaust their host. Puyrrosricta CrreumMscissaA—( Apricot fungus). During the past season complaint has been made of a new disease, which has appeared among the apricots, and caused much injury. The first specimens were sent to me by Prof. Dwinelle, and were des- titute of fruit; but on visiting the orchard of Mr. Daniel Bidwell, in June, I succeeded in obtaining the fungus in fruit, and so was ena- bled to determine its character. It appears upon the leaves as irreg- ularly rounded spots of a dark brown color, varying greatly in size. The spores are developed beneath the cuticle in black specks scat- tered over both surfaces of the spot, and on arriving at maturity rupture their covering and are borne away by the air. The myce- lium penetrates through the cells of the leaf with great rapidity, sap- ping and exhausting them. The contracted cells separate from the healthy parenchyma, and fall to the ground, leaving the leaf per- forated by holes, from which it has received in Australia the name of “Shot-hole fungus.” Reports reach us from that place of the ». ig injury done to their apricots by it, but so far no remedy has been suggested. I have observed the same fungus upon the cherry, but no reports of injury to this tree have been received. Among the apricots, however, it appears to be working great mischief; appear- ing as it does when the fruit is immature, 1t so far injures the leaves as to arrest its development and leave it quite worthless. UromycEs PruxoruM—( Prune Rust). This fungus is found upon the leaves of the plum, and was first brought to my notice (in this State) by Dr. Chapin, who informs me that he has collected it this Autumn in Santa Barbara and again at Haywards. : It makes its appearance as a rusty brownish spot on the under surface of the leaves. The spores are oblong, smallest at the base, grow in clusters, with a stem longer than the spore, and when examined with a microscope, bear a strong resemblance to sheaves of wheat. A variety of this fungus (var. Amygdala) was found by me in September, six years ago, growing in the orchard of Mr. Reed, in Yolo County, on peach leaves, but neither variety seems as yet to have done much harm; but should it make its appearance earlier I the season, would doubtless injure, more or less, the value of the ruit. I have attempted to give you a brief description of a few of the more familiar fungoid pests. In doing so [ have avoided all men- tion of those of the grape, which has a literature of its own. The subject is an inexhaustible one, as may readily be seen from the fact | that all plants of the higher orders serve as hosts for from one to fifty parasitic fungi. 4 Shot He STs § = {es wer inapues Ie Santa’ Lucia | A000 yieds jobs {on ue fo Bini Cov iran 5 teone § asin de H20 peas, ies Wane Zin Dud comme. wme Sleche. ' & Aw Solr iniie anpriewce) Yup cone ig Bl Zan J gue ig. 9. Z2xille 3 Rig. 3. 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Cones Lone Toni id ahacailles on tints ie Bima tants : CONES oN wy Le, a eccaMes mmees Fesines ec EAGROYems wue nowelle/, Joye wove 5 Jeuilles Joe 5. vet poke Lo plus rend des Divs (er pent Sie des awihees ) conmuy , — Bivtice, Mowltnomal 2 coll, wool, Susi Le vivant Sn wma” beanche Litocl. des montanes cocherres our o owoumcent dams Lo dinection Soi loar ves 2. mee ei de becninent pocte Cap. © od) de Novia: Jutiept oardsy Rous io ; ea Seed Le EE Les moptecyues de Somber Loci 2 AE Doctioy Dvn Comes, = ‘4 9 Lill. 2 ering: de, (Batrait du Journal de la Société nationale et centrale d’ Horticulture, I 3¢ série, t. V, 1883, p. 485-193.) Depuis quelques années, tout ce qui touche aux Etats-Unis attire vivement l'attention du public européen; on comprend enfin, chez nous (on y a mis le temps), que la nature a comblé ce bienheureux pays de tous ses dons : pas de voisins génants, pas de question romaine, pas de question d’Orient, I'unifor- mité de langue, de monnaies et d'usages commerciaux, une incroyable variété de sols et de climats, des mines d’or, d'argent, x i de cuivre, etc., de la plus grande richesse, des charbons de terre, de I'anthracite, du pétrole en quantités immenses, des fleuves, des lacs et des ports merveilleux : au milieu de cela, une race _intelligente et laborieuse a laquelle viennent chaque année s’a- jouter environ cinq cent mille émigrants allant 4 la conquéte du « Great west », et n’étant pas, comme certaine race Euro- péenne, occupée a tout démolir, depuis quatre-vingts ans, sans “mettre a la place rien de durable; on comprendra alors que toutes les nations occidentales suivent; avec le plus vif intérét, | le probléme social qui se déroule de autre coté de I'Atlan- tique. : F 1a population augmente la dans des proportions énormes : quand j'abordai pour la premiere fois a New-York, il y a quel- que cinquante ans, il n’y avait pas 300 000 habitants : aujour- lo d’hui il y en a plus de deux millions; que sera-ce dans quelques icles, lorsqu’on étudie la disposition des lieux qui se prétent Canton a une grande agglo- ieds. dans le Mariposa Grove, en Californie. ty, ly Gian 122 Hauteur 300 p 2 £ f=] 3 4 = | 5 WN 5 i 2 an 5 Bat Yue du « Gr mérationd’ hommes Pour résumor ma pensée, je dirai, qu ‘en Eu- 4 rope, la table est mise pour quinze per S0nnes etl’ on est vingt pour 8'y asseoir : cing sont en révolte constante contre I'état social et, a tort ou a raigon, visent a son renversement. Aux Etats- Unis, on est vingt a table, mais il Y a de quoi nourrir vingt-cing convives et ce sera longtemps encore ainsi. De toutes les parties des Ktats-Unis, la plus intéressante, la mieux partagée par la nature, c'est encore la Californie, depuis le 32=¢ jusqu’au 42»¢ degré de latitude. Quand apres avoir par- eouru, dans les fameux « Pullman Cars », les immenses plaines qui s’étendent depuis Omaha jusqu'a la Sierra Nevada, sur une longueur de 1 800 milles, on arrive par le « Great Pacific Rail- Road» jusqu’a Sommit, qui est la station la plus élevée, on est a7 000 pieds au-dessus du niveau de la mer et, dans le trés court trajet qui vous rapproche de San Francisco, on jouit de vues délicieuses qui vous annoncent qu'on entre dans un pays excep- tionnel. Cela rappelle un peu I’émotion qu’on éprouve quand on quitte les sommets neigeux des Alpes, pour descendre vers les lacs enchanteurs du nord de I'Italie. En effet, la Sierra Nevada a lest et le « Goast range » ou les montagnes qui bordent le Pacific, donnent naissance a des cours d’eau infinis qui se re- joignent, du nord au sud, dans la riviere Sacramento, et du sud au nord, dans la riviere San Joachim, pour aller ensemble se jeter a la mer par la baie de San Francisco et la fameuse « Gol- den Gate » ou porte dorée. ; Ilya la, en fait de lacs, de cours d'eau, de rochers pittors- ques, de sources d’eaux minérales et de curiosités naturelles, deux ou trois Suisses tout entieres. Je ne dois m’occuper ici que d’horticulture et je me hate de dire que les mines d'or et d’ar- gent, qui, dés I'abord, avaient attiré tant d’émigrants sont aujourd'hui sur le second plan. L’agriculture, on le com- prend, la-bas comme ici, est la source de la richesse vraie, durable el sans cesse renouvelée. Déja on se préoccupe ici, non pas seulement des récoltes du centre de PAmérique, mais aussi de celles des états du Pacifique qui, grace aux perfectionnements des voies maritimes, envoient en Europe une portion de leurs produits. Dans quinze ou vingt ans, il en sera de méme pour leurs vins, qu'on nestime pas aujourd'hui, mais dont la pro< duction s’améliore et augmente dans d’immenses proportions, i HTT HRT ; Nh RO TT : ANY MRR NE NR AREA 2 ; Th LARA \ A Wall ii / l i ; Sl i Vue de la base du « Grizzly Giant », Mariposa Grove, en Californie. parce que le sol et le climat leur conviennent admirablement. ie lus grindes curiositds tre des Sequoia gigantea des districts il et de Mari posa. La carte ci-jointe (p. 8) indique les routes qui y conduisent. Jusqu’a présent, on compte huit groupes remarquables de Sequoia, maisil y en a deux principaux qui attirent attention des touristes : ce sont les seuls que nous décrirons ici. Le premier et le plus anciennement découvert, celui qui estle plus aisément accessible est le groupe de Calaveras situé a Jest de San Francisco, pres du Stanislaus River et non loin du « Silver mountain Pass, » sur le versant occidental de la Sierra-Nevada. Pour le visiter, on prend le chemin de fer jusqu’a Stockton et Milton; de la une diligence vous conduit, par une bonne route de 45 milles, par Murphy’s, jusqu’a Calaveras. Le groupe des Sequoia occupe 1a une surface de 3200 pieds sur une largeur de 700 pieds; il renferme une centaine d’arbres principaux. L’un d’eux est dépouillé de son écorce jusqu’a une hauteur de 116 pieds : on l’a montré comme curiosité aux Etats-Unis, et, finalement, on I’a installé sur une armature en fer, a ’Exposition de Londres, & Hyde-Park, en 1855; ce curieux spécimen, replacé au palais de Sydenham, a été brulé lors de I'incendie d’une des ailes du palais. Actuellement, I’arbre le plus élevé a Calaveras est le « Keystone state » qui a 325 pieds de haut et 45 pieds de diametre. On en compte 30 autres dont le diamétre varie de 27 a 52 pieds et la hauteur de 230 a 320 pieds : leur dge est évalué diversement de 12 a 1500 ans. Le « Father of the forest, » main- tenant abattu, mesurait 450 pieds de long et 120 pieds de tour. Tout ce groupe se trouve a une altitude de 4735 pieds au-dessus du Pacifique. Une route passable communique maintenant de Calaveras a la fameuse vallée de Yosemite, par « Big Oak Flat. » Disons maintenant quelques mots de cette merveille qui attire a juste titre tous les touristes de la Californie. C’est en 1830 qu'elle fut découverte pour la premiére fois par une compagnie de soldats, sous la conduite du capitaine Boling, chargé de poursuivre les Indiens qui en avaient fait un refuge apres leurs déprédations. On fut alors tres incrédule sur ces i / I Pak RTC Ay 1 Vue du « Dead Giant », Mariposa Grove, en Californie. merveilles de la nature, et ce ne fut guere qu’en 1855 que by ay batir des hotels et, aaj hui, les “voyageurs trouven 1a toutes les ressources ‘nécessaires pour parcourir le pays avec confort et sécurité. Une mesure des plus sages fut prise par le congrés des tats- Unis et par état de Californie des 1864. Pour conserver a la science et a Padmiration des voyageurs les merveilles végétales du pays, une loi, en date du 30 juin, faisait abandon al’Btat d’un lot de 13 milles de iong environ sur un mille de large a partir de la créte des montagnes, a la condition que « cette portion du sol national serait réservée pour V'usage et le plaisir du public | et qu’elle serait inaliénable & perpétuité. L’Etat pourrait autori- ser la location de certaines portions du sol pendant dix ans au plus, a la condition que le prix de cette location serait appliqué a la conservation et aux embellissements des lieux, ainsi qu’a la création et a ’entretien des routes qui y conduisent. » Il y a, en ce moment, trois routes qui soffrent au choix des touristes : On prend le « Central pacific Rail Road » jusqu'a Merced, 151 milles, puis une diligence par Snelling et Coulter- ville. : La deuxiéme route de diligence part aussi de Merced et tra- verse Mariposa : elle a 95 milles de long. Enfin, la troisieme route, la plus suivie aujourd’hui, part de la station de Madera, & 185 milles de San-I'rancisco ; puis par une nouvelle route carrossable, en traversant Clark's point, on est a peu de distance du groupe dit « Fresno grove » et du « Mariposa grove » avant d’arriver & la vallée de Yosemite. Cette vallée merveilleuse est située au sud-est de San-Fran- cisco, 4 une distance de 255 milles en ligne directe. Elle est presque horizontale sur une longueur de six milles et une largeur de 1/2 a 1 mille. Le « Merced river », qui la traverse dans toute sa longueur, recoit plusieurs cours d'eau tombant des montagnes qui I’en- tourent. Ce qui distingue surtout cette vallée des autres, c'est -d’abord la hauteur des rochers qui I’enserrent presque verticale- ment, a des hauteurs variant de346 000 pieds, presque sans talus a la base : en outre, elle offre a I'admiration des voyageurs des : CARTE: : : Montrant les Routes qui condnisent ax ARBRES GEANTS DE LA CALIFORNIE dLodi 3 Y Peters AN Salidh A Modesto SNELLING $ 45; > Zn, “NM Turlock _J A Jurloel Ve====" Dry 0 Ut Atwater R-R. i, 7 ny Grave par Erhard, @ rie Niele, Paris Der fan la vallée. par une chute e 400 pieds. La largeur du ‘cours d'eau, en 6t6, est en moyenne de 20 pieds sur une pais- seur de deux pieds. . : Une excellente description m Coniféres qui couvrent los flancs de la Sierra Nevada a été donnée par ce Journal dans les numéros des mois de décembre 1881 et mai 1882; je dois done me borner ici aux Sequoia gigantea. C'est en 1853 que le London Athenzum et le Gardeners’ Chronicle en ont parlé pour la premicre fois en Europe, sous le nom de Wellingtonia gigan- tea. En 1834, M. Decaisne en présenta deux spécimens a la So- ciélé botanique et rétablit leur nom de Sequoia. A partir de cette époque, on fit des envois considérables de semences dans toute I’'Europe. Apres le groupe de Calaveras, le plus important est sans contredit celui de Mariposa qui offre, en outre, 'attrait du voisinage de la vallée du Yosemite, pres de Clark’s Ranch, a une altitude de 6 500 pieds. Il se trouve dans une petite vallée ou coule la riviere Merced : la, le Congres des Etats-Unis a réservé un espace de deux milles carrés environ qui renferment deux groupes distincts. On y voit 365 arbres dont les dimen- sions et la position exacte ont été soigneusement étudiées, puis marquées sur des plans officiels. Le feu y a fait déja de grands ravages, mais il reste encore plus de 125 arbres de plus de 40 pieds de tour. Dans le groupe du bas, se trouve le « Grizzly Giant » qui a 300 pieds de haut, 90 pieds de circonférence a la base et 64 pieds, a douze pieds du sol. Quelques-unes de ses branches ont plus de six pieds de diametre. Jen donne ici deux figures qui représentent, la premiere, I'arbre tout entier, tel que le feu I’a laissé; la deuxiéme figure donne une excellente idée de arbre, tel qu'il existe pres du sol. Une troisieme figure représente le « Dead Giant » qui a été percé a la base et dont I'étrange ouverture sert de passage a la diligence. ; Tass — oh mprimeric de IEtoile, Bouner, director; rue Cassette, PY oh AND VICINITY . ... . By ALFRED JAMES McCLATCHIE, A. M,, Professor of Botany, Throop Polytechnic Institute. [REPRINTED FROM DR. H. A. REID'S HISTORY OF PASADENA.] CorvricoT, 1895. PRICE, 25 CENTS. 1895 KINGSLEY-BARNES & NEUNER Co. PRINT 10S ANGELES, CAL. j He Flora of Pasadena and Vicinity. By ALFRED JAMES McCrarcHIE, A. M., Professor of Botany, Throop Polytechnic Institute. The list of plants that follows was compiled, not because it was sup- posed that all of the plants growing about Pasadena were known, but be- cause of the kind and urgent request made by Dr. Reid that I should undertake the task. Our flora is too varied for one person to become familiar with it during a three years’ residence. The list simply includes all that have been collected and identified up to the time of going to press ; but each month adds several to the list, and will, undoubtedly, continue to do so for some time yet. The region of which the plants are listed extends from the Iincoln Park hills on the south to the summit of the range north of Pasadena, designated by various names, but referred to in this list as the San Gabriel mountains. On the west the region is bounded by the kills across the Arroyo Seco and extends from there eastward to Sierra Madre and Santa Anita, Thus it is about ten miles in extent north and south, and about six miles east and west. The altitude at the southern limit is about 500 feet, while the summit of the mountains varies from 5,000 to 6,000 feet. ‘The altitudes at the eastern and western boundaries are about the same. Hence the region might be thought of in a general way as a surface having a parabolic curve, one end resting against a range of low hills and the other resting upon a support ten miles away and a mile higher. The western edge of the region is traversed by the Arroyo Seco, whose precipitous banks average about fifty feet in height. At the bottom flows a swift stream, not- withstanding the fact that the name is the Spanish for ““ dry gorge.”” About a mile south of Pasadena is the lip of the geological basin that has been filled with soil for a site for our city. From this lip flow six nearly parallel streams, each about one-fourth to one-half mile from the next. Along these streams grow luxuriant forests of oak, sycamore, cottonwood, and alder, among which great numbers of higher fungi flourish during the wet season, and their waters abound in alge and other water plants. To this region Dr. Reid and Mr. French have given the name Glacial Terrace. [See page 574.] Between this lip and the foot of the mountains extends a sloping plain which bore, when in its natural state, principally herbaceous plants and small shrubs, some of which still remain scattered over the region. The mountain region is traversed by two large canyons that begin near the 606 HISTORY OF PASADENA. summit of Mount Lowe, besides several smaller ones that do not begin so far back in the mountains. It will readily be seen that a region so diversi- . fied —a region made up of mountain, canyon, plain, and moist woodland — must have a varied flora. In the woods and canyons alge, fungi, liver- worts, mosses, ferns, and shade-loving seed-plants abound; on the plain, dwarfed shrubs, cacti, and other plants characteristic of an arid region; on the mountains, large shrubs, live-oaks, pines, spruces, cedars, and a great variety of smaller plants. As an examination of the list will show, every month of the year brings forth some new plants, and during every month some of the higher plants are in bloom. The season of greatest growth is from January to June. It is during this period that the most of the lichens, the higher fungi, the liverworts, the mosses, the ferns, and the herbaceous seed-plants grow and reproduce. During the remainder of the year parasitic fungi flourish, a few mosses mature their spores, several Polygonaceze, Euphorbiacez, Cheno- podiacese, Composite, and some members of other families of seed-plants bloom and muture seeds. Algee are to be found at all seasons of the year where there is sufficient water. Two beautiful species of Florideze grow in abundance throughout the year in the Arroyo Seco, and a great variety of brook-silk, green-felt, water-flannel, and other green alge is always to be found there. The lover and student of plants can find an abundance of specimens to enjoy and study at all seasons of the year. The plants of California, especially of the southern part, have not yet been so carefully listed and described as in many of the eastern and southern states. The literature accessible for their identification is still meager. The Botany of the Geological Survey, the works of Professor E. L. Greene of the State University, and some works descriptive of all the plants of certain groups found in North America, are the more useful books. The following are the principal works that list or describe plants of our region : Sternberg’'s Manual of Bacteriology, Wolle’s Fresh-water Alge, Wolle’s Desmidiaceze, Wolle’s Diatomaceze, Pound’s Mucoreze of N. A., Ellis and Everhart’s Pyrenomycetes, Tuckermann’s Lichens, Saccardo’s Sylloge Fungorum, Kellerman & Ellis's Journal of Mycology, Morgan's CGastromycetes, Farlow and Seymour’s Host-Index, Harvey's Nereis Borealis, Hervey’s Sea-mosses, Halsted’s Characeze of America, Allen’s Characez of North America, Underwood’s Hepaticae of North America, Lesquereux and James’s Mosses of N. A., Eaton’s Ferns of N. A., Under- wood’s Our Native Ferns and Their Allies, Jones’s Ferns of the Pacific Coast, Vasey’s Grasses of the Southwest, Bailey's Carices of N. A, Morong’s Naiadacez of N. A., Watson’s Liliaceze of N. A., Greene’s Oaks of the Pacific Coast, Wheelock’s Polygala, Trealease’s Rumex, Trealease’s Epilobium, Greene’s Pittonia, Brewer, Watson and Gray's Botany of Cali- fornia, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A., Rattan’s Popuiar Flora, Parish’s Plants of Southern California, Davidson’s Plants of Los Angeles county. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 1607 Besides the above, several works describing plants of other regions are useful. Among them are Burrill & Earle’s Parasitic Fungi of Illinois, Rabenhorst’s Cryptogamic Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, Massee’s British Fungus-Flora, Cooke’s British Fungi, Berkeley’s Outlines of Mycology, Phillip’s Discomycetes, Farlow’s Marine Algae of New England, Greene's Flora Franciscana, Greene’s Manual of the Bay Region, Gray’s Manual of Botany, Coulter's Rocky Mountain Botany, Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States, Coulter’s Flora of Texas, Wood’s Class-book of Botany, and the Flora of Nebraska by the Botanical Seminar of the State University. Several plant catalogues of other regions aid much in classification and nomenclature. Among these are Britton’s Flora of New Jersey, Wheeler & Smith’s Flora of Michigan, Webber's Flora of Nebraska, McMillan’s Metasperme of Minnesota. Millspaugh’s Flora of West Virginia, and the Pteridophyta and Spermophyta of the Northeastern United States by the Botanical Club of the Am. Assoc. for Advct. of Sci. All plants of doubtful identity. As have been sent to specialists for determination, as fo Tons ooh Sporiacen 1 and Pyrenomycetes to J. H- Ellis, Newfield, N. J. ; Discomycetes to A. P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio, J. B. Ellis and C. H. Peck, Albany, N. V.; Lichenes to T. A. Williams, Brook- ing, S. D.; Uredinee to E. W. D. Holway, Decorah, Iowa; Imperfect Fungi to J. B. Ellis; Gastromycetes to A. P. Morgan and I. M. Under- wood, Greencastle, Ind. ; Agaricinez to C. H. Peck and F. E. Clements, Lincoln, Neb.; the remaining Hymenomycetes to A. P. Morgan, LI. M. Underwood, and J. B. Ellis ; Hepatice to LI. M. Underwood ; Musci to C. R. Barnes, Madison, Wis., Mrs. E. G. Britton, Columbia College, N. Y., and M. A. Howe, Berkeley, Cal. ; Pteridophyta to I,. M. Underwood, and D. C. Eaton, New Haven, Conn.; Graminese to F. Lamson-Scribner, Washington, D C.; Carices to I. H. Bailey, Ithaca, N. Y.; the remaining Spermaphyta to E. L. Greene, Berkeley, Cal., S. B. Parish, San Bernardino, Cal, and W. L. Jepson, Berkeley, Cal. To all I am greatly indebted for their aid, and wish to express to them my sincere thanks. Ihave also re- ceived much aid from several of my students, especially Miss Dian Haynes and Miss Margaret Morrison. To my wife, Anna Morrison McClatchie, I am especially indebted for continuousaid in collecting, identifying, drawing, and caring for herbarium specimens. : Unless impracticable, herbarium or microscopic specimens of each species listed have been preserved. Duplicates of a large number of them will also be found in the herbaria of those who have aided in their indenti- fication. The aim has been to give the local place where all species not widely distributed have been collected. ! The month or months given as the season of a plant cover the period of reproduction, or when reproductive organs may be found on the plant. 608 HISTORY OF PASADENA. When no period is given, it is to be understood that one or both the above conditions are present all of the year. The elevation of many of the plants is given, and for most of the others the elevation can be inferred from the place where found, by any one familiar with the region. I have also aimed to give the common name of each plant having a good one. When the specific name of a parasitic fungus is formed from the generic name of the host-plant, the initial letter has been used for the genus of the latter. All Agarics stated to be edible have been tested by myself, and several of them by some of my students. Of most of the Bacteria listed, and many others not yet identified, pure cultures have been made in my laboratory. The pathogenic Bacteria are not listed. Little effort has been made to identify the Diatoms of the region, hence few of them are listed. Of the Agarics, about fifty collected species remain undetermined; of Lichens, about ten; and of Mosses, about the same number. The number of species and varieties listed is 1056, of which a large number were never before collected in the State. Sixty-two of them proved to be new to science. Most of these have been described by group specialists and by myself, in the botanical journals and in the proceedings of scientific societies of America. The place of publication of each new species is cited in the list. Being opposed to the naming of new species after col- lectors, I have attempted to prevent any being given my name, and have succeeded in all cases except one that was published in spite of my protest. I have attempted to follow the Rochester rules for nomenclature, but no doubt have failed to do so in many cases. The system of classification used is, in the main, that of Dr. Bessey. In the groups below the Spermaphyta, no smaller subdivision than Bessey’s orders have been used above genera. In the Spermaphyta, family names are used, Bessey’s ordinal names being omitted. THROOP BIOLOGICAL I,ABORATORY, PASADENA, CAL., September 26, 1895. PROTOPHYTA. CLASSI MYCETOZOA. Slime Moulds. RETICULARIA Bull. R. UMBRINA Fries. On decaying wood. Frequent. March — May. HEMIARCYRIA Rost. H. RUBIFORMIS (Pers.) Rost. On decaying wood. M. C.* January — Mav. TRICHIA Hall. T. VARIA Pers. On decaying wood. M. C. January — April. STEMONITIS Gled. S. Fusca Roth. On decaying wood. Frequent. March — September. * ABBREVIATIONS.—The following abbreviations have been used to designate particular places by local name, where specimens have been found: Lincoln Park I,. P.; Arroyo Seco, A.S.; Los Robles Canyon, L. R, C,; Oak Knoll, O.K.; Oak Knoll Canyon, O. K. C.; Wilson Canyon, W. C.; Wild Grape Canyon [see page 377], W. G. C.; San Gabriel Mountains, S. G. Mts.; Millard Canyon, M. C.; Rubio Canyon, R.C.; Little Santa Anita Canyon, L. St. A. C.; Wilson’s Peak, W. Pk.; Mount Lowe, Mt. L,. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 609 SPUMARIA Pers. S. ALBA (Bull) DC. On living willow stems. A. S. February — October. DIACHEA Fries. D. LEUCOPODA (Bull.) Rost. On dead and living leaves. Com. January — April BADHAMIA Berk. B. HVYALINA Berk. On decaying wood in L. R. C. February — April. FULIGO Hall. F. sEpTICA (Link.) Gmel. On decaying wood. Frequent. February — April. PHYSARUM Pers. P. CINEREUM (Batsch.) Pers. On small living plants. January — March. CLASS II. SCHIZOPHYCEZA. Fission-Plants. Order Cystiphoree. One celled blue-green Algae. CHROOCOCCUS Naeg. C. COH®ERENS (Breb.) Naeg. Common in stagnant water. MERISMOPEDIA Mey. M. cLAUCA (Ehrb.) Naeg. In watering-trough. Order Nematogence. Filamentous blue-green Algae, Bacteria, ele. NOSTOC Vauch. N. MUsCORUM Ag. Frequent among moss. January — April. N. PRUFIFORME (Roth.) Ag. Common in running water. N. RUPESTRE Kuetz. Among moss on moist banks. N. SPHAERICUM Vauch. On wet soil. January — April. ANABAENA Bory. A. sSTAGNALIS Kuetz. In moist banks. June — October. OSCILI, ARIA Bosc. O. ANTLIARIA Juerg. In reservoir. O. BREVIS Kuetz. On wet soil. O. MAJOR Vauch. In pond at Oak Knoll, A. S. O. TENERRIMA Kuetz. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. O. TENUIS Ag. Common. In water and on wet soil. LEPTOTHRIX Kuetz. L. caAEspPITOsA Kuetz. In watering-trough. CYLINDROSPERMUM Kuetz C. comaTuM Wood. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. O. FLEXUOSUM (Ag.) Rab. Among moss on moist banks. O. MACROSPERMUM Kuetz. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. LYNGBYA Ag. & Thur. . L. ocHRACEA (Dill) Thur. On a moist bank. TOLYPOTHRIX Kuetz. T. DIATORTA (Muell.) Kuetz. Rubio Canyon — on rocks under running water. MASTIGCNEMA (Fisher) Kirch. M. AEPUGINEUM (Kuetz.) Kirch. Among damp moss. M. FER.UILE Wood. In reservoir. HAPALOSIPHON Naeg. H. BRAUNII Kuetz. In aquarium in laboratory. BEGGIATOA Trevisan. B. ArBAf(Vauch.) Trev. Frequent in stagnant water. MICROCOCEUS Cohn. M. crREPUSCULUM (Ehrb.) Cohn. In decaying fish. ASCOCOCCHUS Zopf. : A. BILROTHII Stérn. In putrid vegetable infusion. BACILLUS Cohn. B. ACETI (Kuetz ) Cohn. In vinegar. B. acini T.Aacrict Hueppe. In sour milk. 39 | J 610 HISTORY OF PASADENA. . B. FLUORESCENS LIQUEFACIENS Fluegge. Common in water. B. TERMO (Muell.) Cohn. Common in various decaying substances. B. VULGARIS Haus, In decaying meat. SPIRILLUM Ehrb. . S. RUGULA (Muell.) Ehr. Common in decaying substances. FRESH-WATER ALGA. 1. Cylindrospermum flexwosum. 2. Nostoc muscorum. 3. Cosmarium cordanum in process of divis- ion. 4. Spirogyra adnata. 5, Zygnema stellium. 6. Cladophora fracta. 7. Coconeis pediculus on Clado- phora. 8. Spores of Stigeoclonium fastigiatum in various stages of gérmination Cymbedu gastroides. 10. Closterium moniliferum. 11. Cladophora oligoclona. 12. Pediastrum borvyanum. 13. Cictllaria anti- liaria. 14. Tolypothrix distorta. All magnified 250 diameters. PHYCOPHYTA., CLASS I. CHIOROPHYCEZ. Order Prolococcoidece. PROTOCOCCUS Ag. P. VIRIDIS Ag. Very common in water and on wet surfaces. SCENEDESMUS Meyen. S. DIMORPHUS Kuetz. Common in stagnant water. S. oBTUSUS Mey. In aquarium in laboratory. S. Acurus Mey. Frequent in stagnant water. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 611 in PEDIASTRUM MEYEN. P. BORVANUM (Thurp.) Menegh. Frequent in stagnant water. HYDRODICTYON Roth. H. uTRICULATUM Roth. Common in streams. PANDORINA Ehrb. P. MORUM Bory. Common in stagnant water. GONIUM Muell. G. PECTORALE Muell. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. EUDORINA Ehrb. E. STAGNALE Wolle. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. EUGLENA Ehrb. E. virIDIS (Schrank.) Ehrb. Frequent in stagnant water. Order. Conjugate. Desmids, Diatoms, etc. CL.OSTERIUM Nitsch. C. MONILIFERUM (Bory.) Ehrb. Frequent in stagnant water. C. Ensis Delp. In stagnant water at Oak Knoll. CALOCYLINDRUS D. By. C. CONNATUS (Breb.) Kirch. var. MINOR Nord. Frequent in stagnant water. COSMARIUM Corda. C. CORDANUM Breb. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. CYMBELLA Agardh. . C. GASTROIDES Kuetz. Common in stagnant water. COCCONEMA Ehrb. C. MEXICANUM Ehrb. Common in stagnant water. 'NAVICULA Bory. N. SUBINFLATA Grun. In water in Arroyo Seco. GOMPHONEMA Agardh. . G. aAcumIiNATUM Ehrb. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. COCONEIS Ehrb. C. PEDICULUS Ehrb. On Cladophora in M. C. C. CALIFORNICA Grun. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. SYNEDRA Ehrb. S. VALENS Ehrb. Common in stagnant water. MERIDION Agardh. M. CIRCULARE (Grev.) Ag. Common in stagnant water. MELOSIRA Agardh. M. VARIANS Ag. Common in stagnant water. MESOCARPUS Hass. M. RADICANS Kuetz. Stream in Arroyo Seco. M. scAaLARIS (Hass.) D. By. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. ZYGNEMA Kuetz. Z.STELLIUM Ag. On wet rocks in Rubio canyon. SPYROGYRA Link. Pond-scum. ‘‘Frog-spittle.”’ Brook-silk. S. ALNATA Kuetz. Frequent in stagnant water. = | S. FUSCO-ATRA Rab. In stagnant water in Arroyo Seco. S. ORTHOSPIRA (Naeg.) Kuetz. Frequent in stagnant and running water. S, CRASSA Kuetz. Frequent in stagnant water. S. QUININA (Ag.) Kuetz. Com. in stagnant water. Conjugates during April and May, ASCOPHORA Tode. . : A. MUCEDO Tode. (Common black mould.) Common on decaying substances. * MUCOR Linn. Black mould. M. MUCEDO Linn. Occasional on decaying substances. M. RACEMOSUS.Fres. On decaying cooked onion. EMPUSA Cohn. E. MUSCAE (Fr.) Cohn. (Fly fungus) On flies. 612 HISTORY OF PASADENA. Order. Siphonice. VAUCHERIA DC. Green-Felt. V. HEMATA (Vauch.) Lyng. Common in running and stagnant water. V. SESSILIS (Vauch.) DC. In pond in W. C. V. TERRESTRIS Lyng. Frequent on moist soil. SAPROLEGNIA Nees. Water-mould. S. FERAX (Gruith.) Nees. On flies in aquarium in laboratory. BOTRYDIUM Wallr. B. GRANULATUM (L.) Grev. Common on moist soil. January — May. ALBUGO S. F. Gray. White rust. A. cANDIDA (Pers.) OK. On Shepherd’s Purse. February — May. Order — Confervoidee. Water-flannel, ete. CLADOPHORA Kuetz. Water-flannel. C. FracTA (Dill) Kuetz. var. RIGIDULA Kuetz. Frequent in stagnant and running water. C. OLIGOCLONA Kuetz. Common in stagnant and running water, ULOTHRIX Kuetz. U. zoNATA (W. & M.) Ag. In watering-trough. CONFERVA Link. / C. Froccosa Ag. Common in stagnant and running water. C. FUGACISSIMA Roth. Frequent in stagnant and running water. STIGEOCLONIUM Kuetz. . S. FASTIGIATUM Kuetz. Common in stagnant and running water. CYLINDROCAPSA Rein. C. GEMINELLA Wolle. On shaded soil in Pasadena. February — April. DRAPERNALDIA Agardh. D. GLOMERATA (Vauch.) Ag. Frequentiu stream in Arroyo Seco. March — May. (EDOGONIUM Link. (F. AUTUMNALE Witt. Stagnant water at Oak Knoll. CARPOPHVTA. CLASSII. ASCOMYCETES. Sac-Fungi. Order Perisporiacee. Simple Sac-Fungi. SPHZAEROTHECA Lev. S. PANNOSA (Wallr.) Lev. On leaves of cultivated roses. December — June. ERYSIPHE Hedw. E. coMMUNIS (Wallr.) Fr. On cultivated peas. CAPNODIUM Mont. C. casprrosuM E. & E. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894 p. 325. On loguat leaves. C. crtrI B. & D. On orange and lemon leaves. - EUROTIUM Link. E. HERBARIORUM (Wigg.) Lk. On various decaying substances. Order Pyrenomycetee. Black Fungi. ROSELLINIA Ces. & De Not. R. AQUILA (Fr.) De Not. On oak bark and grape stems. CUCURBITARIA Gray. C. STENOCARPA E. & E. (n. sp. in lit.) On dead stems of Rhus diversiloba. June — September. SPHZAERELLA Ces. & De Not. S. ARBUTICOLA Pk. On leaves of Umbellularia californica. S. sipzcorA E. & E. Erythea 1:198. On leaves of Sidalcea delphinifolia. March — May. DIVISION EIGHT —SCIENCE. 613 STIGMATEA Fries. * S. GERANNII Fr. On leaves of G. carolinianum. February — April. GNOMONTIA Ces. & De Not. G. ALNI Plowr. On leaves of A. »kombifolia. June — October. OPHIOBOLUS Riess. O. FULGIDUS (C. & P.) Sacc. On dead stems in Arroyo Seco. July. CLYPEOSPHA RIA Fckl. C. HENDERSONIA (Ell) Sacc. On dead stems. PHYLLACHORA Nitch P. GRAMINIS (Pers.) Fckl. On Muhlenbergia mexicana. August — October. NUMMULARIA Tul. N. RUMPENS Cke. On oak bark and on sycamore wood. January — April. HYPOXYLON Bull. H. CALIFORNICUM E. & E. (un. sp. in lit.) On dead stems of Adenostoma fasciculatum. June — September. H. ocCIDENTALE Ell. & Ev. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894, p. 345. On dead limbs and trunks. L.R.C. and S. G. Mts. GLONIUM Muhl. G. LINEARE (Fr.) Sacc. On old decorticated trunks of Acer macrophyllum. HYSTEROGRAPHIUM Corda. H. PROMINENS (P. & H.) B. & G. On dead limbs. ENDOCARPON (Hedw.) Fr. E. MINIATUM Ach. On rocks. Order Discomycetee. Lichens. Cup-fungi. BUELLIA De Not., Tuck, B. oIDALEA Tuck. On dead limbs. CLADONTIA Hoffm. C. FIMBRIATA (L.) Fr. var. TUBZFORMIS Fr. In soil in San Gabriel mountains. C. FURCATA (Huds.) Fr. var. RACEMOSA Fl. Canyon sides. C. pYXIDATA (L.) Fr. Canyon sides. URCEOLARIA Tuck. U. scrUPOsSA (L.) Nyl. On soil. PERTUSARIA DC. P. MULTIPUNCTA (Turn.) Nyl. On trees. RINODINA Mass. R. SOPHODES (Ach,) Nyl. On trees. LECANORA Ach. Tuck. L. PALLESCENS (L.) Schaer. On trees. L. PALLIDA (Schaer. var. CANCRIFORMIS Tuck. On trees. L. PRIVIGNA (Ach.) Nyl. On rocks. L. SUBFUSCA (L.) Ach. On trees. PLACODIUM (DC.) Naeg. & Hepp. P. AURANTIACUM (Lightf.) Naeg. & Hepp. On rocks and trees. P. BoracINUM Truck. On rocks. : P. cERINUM (Hedw.) Naeg. & Hepp. var. PYRACEA Nyl. On trees. P. FERRUGINEUM (Huds.) Hepp. On trees. P. MUrRORUM (Hoffm.) DC. On rocks. LEPTOGIUM Fr. Nyl. L. ALBOCILIATUM Des. On trees and ground in A. S. and S. G. Mts. L. PALMATUM (Huds.) Mont. Among moss in San Gabriel mountains. COLLEMA Hoffm. Fr. C. NIGRESCENS (Huds.). Ach. On trees. PANNARIA Delis. P. LANUGINOSA (Ach.) Koerb. On rocks and soil in San Gabriel Mts. PELTIGERA (Willd. Hoffm.) Fee. P. caNiNa (L.) Hoffm. On rocks and soil among moss. STICTA (Schreb.) Fr. BE S. PULMONARIA (L.) Ach. On rocks and trees. Fl 40 sa 614 HISTORY OF PASADENA. UMBILICARIA Hoffm. U. PHAEA Tuck. On rocks. PHYCIA (DC., Pr.) Th. Fr. P. HISPIDA (Schreb., Fr.) Tuck. On trees. P. 0BSCURA (Ehrh.) Nyl. On trees. » P. STELLARIS (Linn.) Tuck. On trees and rocks. PARNELL! Ach.) De Not. P. CAPERATA (Linn.) Ach On trees and rocks. . CONSPERSA (ehh, ) Ach. On rocks, . OLIVACEA (Linn.) Ach. On trees on Mount Lowe. . PERLATA (Linn.) Ach. . PHYSODES (Linn.) Ach. var. ENTEROMORPHA Tuck. On trees above 4000 feet. . TILIACEA Hoffm. Floerk. On trees. THELOSCHISTES Norm. Emend. T. CHRYSOPHTHALMUS (Lynn.) Norm. var. A. Com. On shrubs and trees. T. LYCHNEUS (Nyl.) Tuck. On trees. USNEA (Dill.) Ach. U. BARBATA (Lynn.) Fr. var. ARTICULATA Ach. On trees in S. G. Mts. EVERNIA Ach., Mann. E. vULPINA (Linn.) Ach. On coniferous trees above 3,500 feet. CETRARIA (Ach.) Fr. Muell. C. CALIFORNICA Tuck. On trees. RAMALINA Ach., De Not. R. caALCARIS (Linn.) Fr. var. FRAXINEA Fr. On trees. R. LAEVIGATA Fr. On trees. R. MENZIESII Tuck. On trees. R. RETICULATA (Noehd) Krem. On telephone poles. RHYTISMA Fries. R. PUNCTATUM Pers. On leaves of Acer macrophyllum. July — October. TAPHRINA Tul. T. DEFORMANS (Berk.) Tul. (Peach Curl.) On peach leaves. April — June. CRYPTODISCUS Corda. C. ATROVIRENS (Fr.) Corda. On dried shrub in S. G. Mts. August. LACHNELLA Fries. Cup-fungus. L. conrFusa (Linn.) Fr. On decaying wood. January — April. LLACHNEA Fries. Cup-fungus. JT.. SCUTELLATA (Linn.) Fr. Com. On moist soil and decaying wood. PSEUDOPEZIZA Fckel. P. MEDICAGINIS Sacc. On leaves of alfalfa. P. TRIFOLII (Bernh.) Fckl. On leaves of white clover. PEZIZA Dill. Cup-fungus. P. cHRYSOCOMA (Bull.) C. & E. On decaying wood. - February — April. P. SUBREPANDA C. & P. Moist soil at Oak Knoll. January — April. P. viorLacEA (Gill) Pers. Moist soil in Arroyo Seco. February — April P. vEscicurosa Bull. Frequent in moist soil. December — April. HELVELLA Fries. : H. CALIFORNICA Phil. Common under trees at Oak Knoll. January — April. H. crisPA Fr. Under trees at Oak Knoll. April. : H. LacuNosa Afz. Frequent in shaded soil at Oak Knoll and A. S. Feb. — April. MORCHELLA Dill. Morel. M. conica Pers. Occasional in shaded soil. February — May. rgd bg Wd HO Order Uredinew. Rusts. UROMYCES Link. . BETA Kuehn. II. On cultivated beets. . CARVOPHYLLINUS (Schrk.) Schrt. On garden pink (Dianthus.) . CHORIZANTHIS Ell. & Hark. III. On C. sfaticoides. June — August. . ERIOGONI (?) Ell. & Hark. II. On £. elongatum and E.saxatile. May — Oct. . EUPHORBIZE C. & P. II, III. On £. serpyllifolia. June — September. cdacad DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. rr}. U. Junct (Desm.) Tul. II, III. On /. balticus, J. robustus, an ruary — October. U. ropiNi B. & C. I, II & III. On LL. albifvons, L. formosus bridgesii, and L. ¢ytisoides. March — July. U. POLVGONI (Pers.) Fckl. II. On P.aviculare. June — August. U. TEREBINTHI (DC.) Wint. II & III. On Rhus diversiloba. August. U. TRIFOLII (A. & S.) Wint. I& III. On 7. gracilentum, T. macrei, T. micro- cephalum, T. ciliolatum and 7. roscidum. April — June. ; U. zVGADENUS (?) Pk. II. On Z. fremonti. March — April. § PUCCINIA Pers. : P. aAcHYRODIS Diet. & Hol. (n. sp. in lit.) III. On A. aureum. June—August. P. AMorPHZ Curt. III. On A. Californica J.uly — September. P. BACCHARIDIS Diet. & Hol. Erythea 1: 250. II & III. On B. viminea. June— November. P. cARICIS (Schum.) Rab. II & III. C. barbarce and C. filiformis latifolia. P. crARKIZE Pk. I & III. On Zauschneria californica ; 111. On (Enothera bis- torta and Godetia bottle. May — July. P. convoLVvULI (Pers.) Cast. II & III. On C. occidentalis. June — August. P. coroNATA Corda. II & III. On Holcus lanatus. May — September. P. piciTraTA Ell. & Hark. III. On Rhamnus crocea. P. 8EUuLOBI Diet. & Hol. Erythea 1:249. I & III. On £. californicus. April-—Aug. P. FLOSCULOSORUM (A. & S.) Roehl. III. On Carduus californicus and C. occiden- talis. February — July. P, GALII [Pers.] Schw. II & III. On G. californicum, G. cinereum, and G. nuttalliz, May — September. P. ciL1® Hark. III. On G. aftractyloides. June — August. P. GRAMINELLA (Speg.) Diet. & Hol. IIL On Stipa eminens. March — June. P. GRAMINIS Pers. II & III. On A. fatua, A. sativa. Elymus condensatus, E. triticoides, and cultivated barley. . HARKNESSII Vize. III. On Pliloria cichoriacee, June — August. . HELIANTHII Schw. II & III. On A. annuus. . HIERACII (Schum.) Mart. III. On Malacothrix tenuifolia. July. INVESTITA Schw. I & III. On Gnraphalium californicum. July. . JONESII Pk. III. On Velea arguwta. April —July. MALVACEARUM Mont. III. On JM. parviflora and hollyhock. . NoposA Ell. & Hark. III. On Brodiea capitate. April. . MCCLATCHIANA Diet. & Hol. Erythea 11: 127. III. On Scirpus sylvaticus microcarpus. P. MELLIFERA Diet. & Hol. Erythea 1:251. I & III. On Salvia mellifera. May - — July. P. MENTHZE Pers. II & III. On M. canadensis. June — September. P. PALEFACIENS Diet. & Hol. Erythea II: 128, III. On Arabis holbxllii. Feb- ruary — April. P. PIMPINELLA (Straus.)L, k. III. On Osmorrhaza brachyopoda. April— May. P. POLYGONI-AMPHIBII Pers. II. On P. acre. P. PROCERA Diet. & Hol. Erythea 1:249. II & III. On Elymus condensatus, E. triticocoides, and FE. americanus. P. PRUNI-SPINOSZE Pers. II & III. On leaves of cultivated plums, peaches and apricots. July — October. P. PULVERULENTA Grev. III. On Ephilobium paniculatum. September. P. RECONDITA Diet. &. Hol. Erythea 11: 128. III. On Arfemisia vulgaris cali- Jornica. September — April. P. RUBIGO-VERA (DC.) Wint. II & III. On wheat Bromus hookerianus and Hor- deum murinum. March — November. P. TaNACETI DC. II & III. On Arfemisia vulgaris californica. July —November. P. xanrHII Schw. III. On X. sétrumarium. August — October. PHRAGMIDIUM Link. P. SUBCORTICIUM (Schr.) Wint. On leaves and stems of Rosa californica and culti- vated roses. P RUBI-IDAEI (?) (Pers.) Wint. II. On leaves, stems, and fruit of cultivated blackberries. July — October. ACIDIUM Pers. Cluster Cups. &,. cLEMATIDIS DC. On C. ligusticifolia. March — July. A. EuPHORBIZ Gmel. On E. albomarginata and £. serpyllifolia. July — September. Pa es. Feb- Ht 616 HISTORY OF PASADENA. A, PHACELLE Pk. On P. ramossissima. February — April. Z,. ROESTELIOIDES E. & E. On Sidalcea delphinifolia. March — May. A. URTICE Schum. On U. kolosericea. February — April. UREDO Pers. U. FiLicoM (Lk.) Chev. On Gymnogramme triangularis. January — April. U. PTERIDIS Diet. & Hol. Erythea 11: 127. On 2. aguilina. February. MELAMPSORA Cast. M. SALICIS-CAPPEA (Pers.) Wint. II. On .S. lasiolepis. June — August. PUCCINIASTRUM Otth. P. EPILOBII (Chaill.) Otth. II. On ££. adenocaulon occidentale. Order Ustilaginee. Smuts. USTILAGO Pers. Smit. U. AUSTRO-AMERICANA Speg. On FPolygunum nodosum. September — November. U. AVENE (Pers.) Jens. On cultivated oats. April — June. U. BROMINORA Fisch. de Wald. On B. kookerianus. April — June. U. HORDEI (Pers.) K. & S. On cultivated barley. April — June. IMPERFECT FUNGI. Order Sphaeropsidece. PHYLILOSTICTA Pers. P. FERAX Ell. & Ev. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894, p. 355. On leaves of Lupinus Jormosus bridgesii. Sierra Madre. April. DIPLODIA Fries. D. UMBELLULARIZE E. & E. (n. sp. in lit.) On U. californica. July —October. HENDERSONTA Mont. HH. UMBELLULARIZE E. & E. (n. sp. in lit.) On 0. californica. July — October. ASCOCHYTA Lib. A. GRAMINICOLA Lib. On Poa Annua. December—March. A. MENzIESII Ell. & Ev. (n. sp. in lit.) On leaves of Arbutus menziesii. S. G. Mts. February. ACTINONEMA Fries. A. ROSE (Lib.) Fr. On leaves of R. californica. SEPTORIA Fries. ; . ALNIFOLIA E. & E. On leaves of 4. rkombifolia. April—November. DULCAMARZA Desm. On leaves of Solanum douglasii. January—May. FUMOSA Pk. On leaves of So/idago californica. May—October. IRREGULARIS Pers. On leaves of R%us diversiloba. July—October. . MIMULI Ell & Kell. On leaves of J. glutinosus. June—August. @ENOTHERA Westd. On leaves of (XZ. biennis. June—October. POLYGONORUM Desm. On leaves of 2. nodosum. June—November. RHAMNI-CATHARTICAE Ces. On leaves of R. californica. RUBI Westd. On leaves of XR. ursipus. . SCROPHULARIZ Pk. On leaves of S. californica. January—May. SPHAEROPSIS Lev. S. ALNI C. & E. On bark of 4. rkombifolia. ENTOMOSPORIUM Lev. E. MACULATUM Lev. On leaves of Heteromeles arbutifolia. AMEROSPORIUM Speg. A. cincTuM Ell. & Ev. (n. sp. in lit.) On stems of Gladiolus. July. Order Melonconiec. GLOEOSPORIUM Desm. & Mont. G. CERCOCARPI Ell. & Ev. Erythea 11:25. On leaves of C. parvifolius. June— August. G. PHYLLACHOROIDES Ell. & Ev. Erythea 1:201. On leaves of Arfemisea vulgaris californica. POPOLPPBBD ad DIVISION EIGHT —SCIENCE. 617 CYLINDROSPORIUM Unger. C. ceaNoTHI Ell & Ev. On leaves of C. divaricatus. June — August. C. ToxI1coDENDRI (Curt.) Ell & Ev. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. VII: 460. On leaves of Rhus diversiloba. July — October. MELANCONIUM Link. M. ACERINUM Ell. & Ev. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894, p. 373. On dead limbs of A. macrophyllum. February and April. M. BICOLOR Nees. On bark of Alnus rhombifolia. July — October. MARSONIA Fisch. M. POTENTILLAE (Desm.) Fisch. On leaves of 2. californica. March — July. Order Hyphomyceleae. OIDIUM Link. O. ERVSIPHOIDES Fr. On Phacelia ramossissima, P. whitlavia, Stachys californica, Heterotheca grandiflora, Anthemis colula, Galium aparine, Artemisia vulgaris californica, and Helianthus annuus. O. MONILIOIDES Lk. On Bromis americanus. TRICHODERMA Pers. T. LIGNORUM (Tode.) Hartz. On decaying wood. January — April. BOTRYTIS Michx. B. VULGARIS Fr. On withered rose petals. PENICILLIUM Lk. P. Gr,AucuM Lk. On all kinds of decaying matter. RAMULARIA Ung R. DECIPIENS Ell & Ev. On leaves of Rumex crispus. R. MELILOTI Ell. & Ev. Erythea II:26. On M. indica. Oct. R. URTICAE Ces. On U. holosericea. ; CERSPORELLA Sacc. C. PROLIFICANS E. & E. On Sambucus glauca. April — November. TORULA Pers. T. SPORIDESMOIDES Ell. & Ev. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894, p. 377. On bark of dead limbs. HORMISCIUM Kunze. H. sTILBOSPORA (Corda) Sacc. On decaying wood. BACTRIDIUM Kunze. B. ELLISIT Beck. On decaying wood. February — April. DEMATIUM Pers. D. viNosSUM Mass. On culture media in laboratory. SCOLECOTRICHUM Kunze G Schm. : S. ASCLEPIADIS Ell. & Ev. FErythea I: 203. On leaves of A. eriocarpa. June — November. S. craMINIS Fckl. On cultivated barley and oats. FUSICLADIUM Bon. F. DEPRESSUM B. & Br. On Velaca arguta. June — August. CLADOSPORIUM Link. : . AROMATICUM E. & E. (n. sp. in lit.) On leaves of Rhus aromatica. July — Aug. . CARPOPHILUM Thm. On ripe apricots. July — August. . EPIPBYLLUM Pers. On leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. . HERBARUM (Pers.( Link. On various parts of decaying plants. . PAEONZ Sacc. On leaves of P. californica. May—August. TYPHARUM Desm. On~7. latifolia. CERCOSPORA Fries. . BETICOLA Sacc On beet leaves. CIRCUMCISSA Sacc. On leaves of Prunus illicifolia. . CLAVICARPA E. & E. Erythea 11:26. On Pliloria virgata. July—September. . CROTONIS E. & E. On leaves of C. californicus. June—September. . EPILOBII Schn. On leaves of £. adenocanlon occidentale. July—September. HETEROMELES Hk. On leaves of A. arbutifolia. June—November. . NASTURTII Pass. On leaves of NV. officinale. July—September. 41 elelelelele) NOONEON 618 HISTORY OF PASADENA. C. ROSICOLA Pass. On leaves of cultivated roses and R. californica. July — September. C. SAURURI E. & E. On leaves of Anemopsis californica. June—October. * C. SQUALIDA Pk. On leaves of Clematis ligusticifolia. July—November. C. VIOLA Sacc. On leaves of cultivated violets. C. vrricora (Ces.) Sacc. On leaves of VV. californica and cultivated grapes. June —October. HETEROSPORIUM Klotzsch. H. EucaLyPrI E. & E. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894, p. 381. On ZE. globulus leaves. November. H. EUCALYPTI E. &. E. var. MACULICOLUM (n. var. in lit.) On leaves of Eriodic- tyon californicum. June—August. H. PHRAGMITES (Opiz) Klot. On corn leaves. September—November. CONOTHECIUM Corda. C. UMBELLULARIE E. & E. (n. sp. in lit.) On stems of U. californica. June — October. MACROSPORIUM Fries. M. caupaTuM C. & E. On dead leaves of Vitis californica. August. M. MAYDIS C. & E. On corn leaves. M. PELARGONII Ell & Ev. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894, p. 383. On leaves of cultivated Geranium. February. M. SoLANI Ell. & Mart. On potato leaves. STEMPHYLIUM Wallr. S. MACROSPOROIDEUM B. & Br. On culture media in laboratory. S. ALTERNARIZE Cke. On culture media in laboratory. EPICOCCUM Lk. E. NEGLECTUM Desm. On corn leaves. September—November. PODOSPORIELLA Ell. & Ev. Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1894, p. 335. P. HuMILIS E. & E. Ibid. On leaves of Gar»ya vealchii. June—October. CLASS III. BASIDIOMYCETES. Puff-Balls, Toadstools, Pore-Fungi. Order Gasteromycetee. Puff-balls. PHALLUS Mich. Stink-horn. P. RAVENELII B. & C. Frequent in rich soil and in lawns. October—March. SECOTIUM Mont. S. DECIPIENS Pk. (n. sp. in lit.) Common along gutters, GEASTER Mich. FEarth-star. G. LIMBATUS Fr. O. K.; A. S. under trees. February G. MINIMIS Schw. Oak Knoll. February—April. G. saccATUs Fr. Arroyo Seco. March. ASTRATUS Morg. Hygrometric Earth—star. a A. HYGROMETRICUS (Pers.) Morg. Com. under trees. January—March. TYLOSTOMA Pers. Stalked puff-ball. T. CAMPESTRE Morg. Along Wilson Trail and in dry soil at Devil’s Gate. Janu- ary—July. CALVATIA Fr. Puff-ball. C. cAHLATA Bull. In rich soil. February—April. C. FRAGILIS Vitt. In lawn and along Wilson Trail, 4,000 feet. January—October. C. HESPERIA Morg. (n sp. in lit.) Along streets and in yards. November—De- cember. - : LYCOPERDON Tourn. Puff-ball. I,. CEPZSFORME Bull. Oak knoll. January—March. IL. MOLLE Pers. Along street. December—March. CATASTOMA Morg. C. circumcIssuM (B. & C.) Morg. Along street. February—March. BOVISTA Dill. Puff-ball. : B. AMMOPHILA Lev. Com. below 2,000 feet. December—March. SCLERODERMA Pers S. VULGARE Fr, Frequent in rich soil. September—January. April. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 619 CYATHUS Hall. C. VERNICOSUS (Bull.) DC. On decaying wood and in soil. March—May. CRUCIBULUM Tul. Bird-nest fungus. Cc. Voragen Tul. On decaying wood and in soil in and near the A. S. February —April. Order—Hymenomycetes, Toadstools, Pore-Fungi, ele. AMANITA Fries. A. PHALLOIDES Fr. Com. under oak trees. February—April, Poisonous. AMANITOPSIS Roze. A. VELOSA Pk. (mn. sp. in lit.) Com. under oaks. February—May. Edible. LEPIOTA Fries. I. ANGUSTANA Britz. Frequent under trees. December—February. I. FuLvopiscA Peck. Tor. Bull. 22.198. Among moist leaves in Arroyo Seco. January. : IL. NAUCINOIDES Pk. Abundant in lawns. August—November. FKdible. ARMILLARIA Fries. A Suns Vahl. Com. at base of trees and stumps. September—January. Edi- le. A. MELLEA Vahl. Var: NIGRIPES Pk. (n. var. in lit.) On willow trunk in W. C. December. TRICHOLOMA Fries. Pers. T. EQUESTRE Linn. Among leaves under oaks. February. T. MELALEUCUM Peri. Under oaks in W. C. January. T. NuDUM Bull. Frequent under trees. January—March. * T. RUSSULA Schaef. Under oaks in O. K. C. February. COLLYBIA Fries. C. ALBOGRISEA Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:199. Frequent in W. C. January and February. C. DRYOPHILA Bull. Frequent among leaves under trees. January and February. | "A.J. McClatehie, del. MYCENA ACICULA. Two-thirds natural size, 620 HISTORY OF PASADENA. MYCENA Fries. M. ACICULA Schaef. On decaying wood. February. M. ATROALBOIDES Pk. Abundant among wet leaves. December—February. M. ELEGANTULA Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:199. Abundant among wet leaves. Decem- ber—February. RUSSULA Fries. R. EMETICA Fr. Com. under oaks. November—March. Poisonous. LACTARIUS Fries. IL. cAMPHORATUS Fr. Com. under oaks. January—March. L. iNSULSUS Fr. Com. under oaks. January—March. CLITOCYBE Fries. C. PUSILLA Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:199. On manure. February. C. TORTILIS Bolt. In moist soil in A. S. February. OMPHALIA Fries. O. PYXIDATA Bull. On moist banks. December—February. O. PYXIDATA Bull. var. FURCATA Pk. (n.var.in lit.) Com. in waste soil. Janu- ary—March. PLEUROTUS Fries. P. OSTREATUS Jacq. (Oyster mushroom.) On decaying wood. January—March, Edible. P. sapipus Kalch. On decaying wood. January HYGROPHORUS Fries. H. ERUBESCENS Fr. Com. under oaks. December—January. LENZITES Fries. L. BETULINA Fr. On oak stumps in M. C. and in W, C. January—March. SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fries. S. coMMUNE Fr. Com. on decaying logs. VOLVARIA Fries. V. SPECIOSA Fr. Com. in grain fields and waste grouud. Jan.—March. Edible. ENTOLOMA Fries. E. FERUGINANS Pk. Tor. Bull 22:200. Abundant under oaks. January—April. Edibles. LEPTONIA Fries. I. EDULIS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:201. Frequent in grass and among weeds. December —February. Edible. ECCILIA Fries. E. NIGRICANS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:202. Abundant in waste soil. December—March. Edible. PHOLIOTA Fries. P. ANOMALA Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:202. Among leaves iu A. S. January—March. P. PRAECOX Pers. In grass. March—June. PLUTEOLUS Fries. P. LUTEUS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:203. Among leaves and grass under trees. February —March. BOLBITIUS Fries. B. FRAGILIS Fr. var. ALBIPES Pk. in. var. in lit.) In grass. January. B. TENER Berk. In lawns. April—June. HEBELOMA Fries. H. FOEDATUM Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:202. In grass along streets. January—March. H. 1scHNOSTYLUM Cke. Among leaves in the A. S. January—March. H. MESOPHOEUM Fr. Among moss in A. S. December—March. NAUCORIA Fries. N. MELINOIDES Fr. Ingrass. March—May. N. SEMIORBICULARIS Bull. Com. among grass and weeds. February—June. GALERA Fries. G. LATERITIA Fr. In lawns. April—June. G. ovALIS Fr. In rich soil. February—June. G. TENERA Schaeff. Inlawns. Very common. TUBARIA Smith. T. PALLESCENS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:202. On leaves and sticks under trees. Janu- ary—March. : March. Edible. ‘DIVISION EIGHT -—SCIENCE. ’ 621 A. J. McClatchie, del. PLUTEOLUS LUTEUS. One-half natural size. CREPIDOTUS Fries. C. HEPATIZON Berk. On decaying stumps in A. S. December—March. C. HERBARUM Pk. On leaves and sticks in A. S. January—March. C. SUBVERANTUS Pk. (n. sp. in lit.) Com. on leaves and sticks. December— April. CORTINARIUS Fries. C. VIRGATUS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:203. Among leaves under trees at O. K. February. AGARICUS Linn. A. CALIFORNICUS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:203. Com. under oaks. December—February. Edible. A. CAMPESTER L. (Common mushroom.) In forging shop and in gardens. Edible. STROPHARIA Fries. S. BILAMELLATA Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:204. Along street. January. Edible. S. SEMIGLOBATA Batsch. In lawns. April—June. S. STERCORARIA Fr. On manure in woods. December—March. HYPHOLOMA Fries. H. APPENDICULATUM Bull. Ameng leaves in W. C. January—February. H. FASCICULARE Hud. At base of stumps, A. S., R. C. January—March. H. INCERTUM Pk. In soil under trees. December—February. H. LoNGIPES Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:204. Among wet leaves in cafions. January— March. H. maDEODISCUM Pk. Among leaves in in I. R. C. January—February. H. PERPLEXUM Pk. On rotten wood in R. C. March. PSATHYRELLA Fries. P. DISSEMINATA Pers. At the base of stumps, December—March. PANAEOLUS Fries. . P. DIGRESSUS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:205. On manure. July. 622 HISTORY OF PASADENA. P. INTERMEDIUS Pk. Tor. Bull. 22:205. In sandy soil along streets and in washes. January—March. P. RETIRUGIS Fr. In rich soil. April—June. P. SUB-BALTEATUS B. & Br. Common in lawns. April—June. COPRINUS Pers. (Dissolving Toadstools.) C. CALYPTRATUS Pk. In rich cultivated soil. March—May. coMATUS Fr. (Shaggy-maned mushroom.) In rich soil. Edible. CONGREGATUS Bull. In rich soil. March. . LAGoprUS Fr. In manure. January—March. . MICACEUS Fr. At base of trees and stumps. December—April. . PLICATILIS Fr. In rich soil. March. PLUMBEUS Pk. In lawn. June—August. . RADIATUS Fr. On manure. March. BOLETUS Dill. Stalked Pore-fungus. B. SUBTOMENTOSUS L. Com. under trees. December—April. POI YPORIS Mich. Pore-fungus. P. aApustus (Willd.) Fr. On decaying logs and stumps. December—March. . BULBIPES Fr. San Gabriel Mts. March—May. ! . DENDRITICUS Fr. On decaying boards. January—March. . GILVUS Schw. On decaying oak. LEUCOMELAS Fr. San Gabriel Mts. March—May. LEUSCULUM B. & C. On decaying oak. . ROSEUS A. & S. On decaying Psendotsuga in San Gabriel Mts. SCRUPIRUS Fr. On decaying wood. . SULPHUREUS (Bull.) Fr. On decayed wood. February—April. FOMES Fries. F. APPLANATUS (Pers.) Wallr. On decaying oaks. December—May. F. 16N1ARIUS (L.) Fr. On decaying oak. F. Lucipus (Leys.) Fr. On decaying oak. January—April. POLYSTICTUS Fries. P. HIRSUTUS Fr. On decaying wood. January—June. P. PERGAMENUS Fr. On decaying Pseudotsuga in San Gabriel Mts. P. VERSICOLOR (L.) Fr. On decaying wood. December—April. NeOOOON Hd rg HD FO PO TD FO HYPHOLOMA FASCICULARE. Two-fifths natural size. . DIVISION EIGHT -— SCIENCE. 623 TRAMETES Fries. T. pECKII Kalch. On decaying wood. FAVOLUS Fries. E. PURPURASCENS B. & C. On decaying wood in San Gabriel Mts. MERULIUS Hall. M. coriuM Fr. On decaying oak. December—May. M. LACHRYMANS Fr. On moist soil and decaying wood. January—April. PHLEBIA Fries. P. MERISMOIDES Fr. On decaying bark. January—April. RADULUM Fries. R. ORBICULARE Fr. On decaying bark. January—April. HYDNUM Linn. H. oCcHRACEUM Pers. On decaying oak bark. March—May. STEREUM Pers . ALBOBADIUM Schw. On burnt and decaying wood and bark. . GALEATII Berk. On oak bark. . HIRSUTUM (Willd.) Fr. On oak bark. Common. . MOLLE Lev. On oak bark. . PURPUREUM Pers. On decaying wood and bark. . SPADICEUM Fr. On oak bark. . TRISTE B. & C. On burnt wood. . VERSICOLOR (Schw.) Fr. Com. on oak bark. CORTICIUM Fries. C. cARNEUM B. & C. On decaying wood. C. CINEREUM (Pers.) Fr. On stems of Adenostoma. C. coMEDEUS (Nees.) Fr. On decaying oak branches. C. LACTEUM Fr. On decaying sycamore. January—April. C. SEBACEUM (Cke.) Mass. On moss. January. HYMENOCHAETE Lev. H. RUBIGINOSA (Schr.) Lev. On decaying roots and stumps. PENIOPHORA Cooke. P. MoricorA Berk. On dry wood. P. OCHRACEA (Fr.) Mass. On decaying sycamore. P. QUERCINA (Fr.) Cke. On oak bark. CONIOPHORA D. C. C. FUMOSA Pers. On sycamore bark. CLAVARIA Vaill. C. CORALLOIDES Linn. Among leaves at O. K. January—March. C. GRISEA Pers. Among leaves at O. K. January—March. C. INAEQUALIS Berk. Among leaves at O. K. January—March. C. LIGULA Fr. Under oaks at O. K. January—March. TREMELLA Dill T. AURANTIA Schw. On decaying wood. December—March. T. INFLATA Fr. On rotton wood. March. EXIDIA Fries. E. 6LANDULOSA Fr. On dead oak branches. December—March. LORORORORORORORI)) CLASS IV. RHODOPHYCEA. Order Floridec. BATRACHOPERMUM Roth. B. GELATINOSUM (L.) Woods. Stream in Arroyo Seco. B. VAGUM Ag. Streams in A. S. and M. C. 624 HISTORY OF PASADENA. BRYOPHYTA. CLASS I. HEPATICA. Liverworts. Order Ricciaceee. RICCIA Linn. R. AGGREGATA Und. Bot. Gaz. 19:275. Com. on bank and trodden soil. Decem- ber—April. R. ARVENSIS Aust. var. HIRTA Aust. Com. on banks and in gravelly soil below 3000 feet. December—April. R. grauca Linn. Shaded soil. January—April. SPHZAROCARPUS Mich. S. TERRESTRIS Mich. var. CALIFORNICUS Aust. Com. on moist compact soil. Jan- uary—April. Order Marchantiacee. MARCHANTIA Linn. M. POLYMORPHA Linn. Wetsoil. O. K.; A. S.; Wilson Trail. GRIMALDIA Raddi. : G. CALIFORNICA Gottsche. Shaded soil, Wilson Trail, 4000 feet. March—]June. CRYPTOMITRIUM Aust. C. TENERUM Aust. Moist, shaded soil in canyons, below 3000 feet. March—June. ASTERELLA Pal. de Beauv. A. CALIFORNICA (Hampe.) Und. Com. on shaded soil below 5000 feet. Novem- ber—April. . A. NUDATA (Howe) Und. Frequent in gravelly soil below 2,000 feet. February— April. AYTONIA Forst. A. ERYTHROSPERMA (Sulliv.); Und. Wet soil. R. C. Wilson Trail, 5,000 feet. March—May. LUNULARIA Mich. L. cruciaTIA (Linn.) Dum. Com. in green-houses. TARGIONTA Mich. T. HYPOPHVYLLA Linn. Com. on shaded banks below 4,000 feet. December — April. Order Anthocerotacee. ANTHOCEROS Linn. Horned-liverwort. A. FUSIFORMIS Aust. Moist soil. Not common. March—May. A. LAEVIS I. Frequent on wet rocks along streams. January—September. Order Jungermaniacee. Scale-mosses. FOSSOMBRONIA Raddi. F. LONGISETA Aust. Com. on shaded banks. December—A pril. FRULLANIA Raddi. Scale-moss. M. BOLANDERI Aust. Bark on trees in S. G. Mts. December—June. MADOTHECA Dumort. Scale-moss. : M. BOLANDERI Aust. Com. on rock in S. G. Mts. December—April. CLASS II. MUSCI. Order Bryaceew. True Mosses. EUCLADIUM Br. & Sch. E. VERTICILLATUM (Linn.) B. & S. Shaded soil in S. G. Mts. None bearing sporo- gonia collected. DICRANOWEISIA Lindb. D. CIRRHATA (Hedw.) Lindb. Shaded soil in S. G. Mts. March—May. FISSIDENS Hedw. F. GRANDIFRONS Brid. Under swiftly running water in canyons S. G. Mts. F. L1MBATUS Sulliv. Com. in shaded soil. February—May. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 625 BARBULA Hedw. B. MUELLERI B. & S. Frequent on rocks. February—May. B RURALIS (Linn.) Hedw. Com. on rocks and soil. February—May. B. VINEALIS Brid. Frequentin S. G. Mts. and A. S. March—June. GRIMMIA Ehrh. G. CALIFORNICA Sulliv. On dry rocks in S. G. Mts. March—June. G. LEUCOPHEA Grev. Com. on rocks and bark of trees. February—May. G. TRICHOPHYLLA Grev. Com. on rocks and bark of trees. February—May HEDWIGIA Ehrh. H. ciriata (Dicks.) Ehrh. Frequently on rocks in S. G. Mts. April—July. ORTHOTRICHUM Hedw. O. LYELLII H. & T. Com. on bark of trees, especially in S. G. Mts. March— May. FUNARIA Schreb. F. HYGROMETRICA (Linn). Sibth. Com. below 3,000 feet. December—March. BARTRAMIA Hedw. B. MENZIESII Turn. Com. in S. G. Mts. February—April. LEPTOBRYUM Schimp. L. PYRIFORME (Linn.) Schimp. Com. in shaded soil below 3,000 feet. February— April. ; WEBERA Hedw. W. NUTANS (Schreb.) Hedw. Shady canyon sides and decaying logs. Feb.—April. BRYUM Dill. B. ARGENTEUM Dinn. Com. below 2,000 feet. February—May. B TORQUESCENS B. & S. Frequent below 4,000 feet. March—June. B. TURBINATUM Schw. Foothills S. G. Mts. March—May. AULACOMNIUM Schwaegr. A. ANDROGYNUM (Linn.) Schw. Near Strain’s Camp, Wilson’s Peak. April— May. POLYTRICHUM Linn. P. PILIFERUM Schreb. Echo Mt. No specimens bearing sporogonia found. ALSIA Sulliv. Feather moss. A. ABIETINA Sull. Com. on rocks and trees in S. G. Mts. April—May. A. LONGIPES S. & I.. Frequent on rocks in S. G. Mts. None bearing sporogonia collected. : PTEROGONIUM Swartz. P. GRACILE (Linn.) Swartz. Rocks in canyons S, G. Mts. None bearing sporo- gonia collected. ANTITRICHIA Brid. A. CALIFORNICA Sull. Wet rocks in Rubio Canyon. None bearing sporogonia col- lected. CLAOPODIUM Dill. . : C. LEUCONEURUM S. & I,. Rubio Canyon. None bearing sporogonia collected. CAMPTOTHECIUM Dill. G. ARENARIUM (Lesq.) Ren. & Card. On dry rocks and soil. February—May. C. PINNATIFIDUM S. &. L.. Com. on rocks in A. S. and canyons of S. G. Mts. BRACHYTHECIUM Schrimp. B. RUTABULUM S. & I. Canyons of S. G. Mts. March—May. SCLEROPODIUM Schrimp. : S. CAESPITOSUM (Wils.) Br. & Sch. On dry rocks in A. S. and R. C. March—June. S. ILLECEBRUM (L.) Br. & Sch. Canyons of S. G. Mts. March—May. Common. S. OBTUSIFOLIUM (Hook) Kindb. On rocks under running water in R. C. None bearing sporogonia collected. EURYNCHIUM Schrimp. ; ; E. STOKESII (Turn.) B. & S. Rubio Canyon. None bearing sporogonia collected, RHYNCHOSTEGIUM Schrimp. ] ; R. SERRULATUM Hedw. Rubio Canyon. None bearing sporogonia collected. 42 626 HISTORY OF PASADENA. AMBLYSTEGIUM Schrimp. A. 1IRRIGUM Hook. & Wils. Moist soil in R. C. None bearing sporogonia collected. A. SERPENS (Linn.) B. & S. Com. along streams. February—May. PIERIDOPHVTA. CLASS I. FILICINAE. Order Filices. Ferns. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Bladder-fern. C. FRAGILIS Bernh. L. St. A. C., Rare. January—July. ASPIDIUM Swz. Shield-fern. A. MUNPTUM Kaulf. M.C., R.C., Eaton C,, Mt. L.., W. Pk. A. RIGIDUM Swz. var. ARGUTUM Eat. A. S., S. G. Mts., Com. ASPLENIUM Linn. Spleenwort. A. TRICHOMANES Linn. var. INCISUM Moore. M. C., L.. St. C. Not. common. WOODWARDIA Smith. Chain-fern. W. RADICANS Sm. O.K.,A.S.,. M.C.,R. C,EatonC., L. St. A.C. PELL AA Link. Cliff-brake. P. ANDROMEDZFOLIA Fee. (Coffee-fern.) O. K., A. S.; S. G. Mts. Com. P. oRNITHOPUS Hook. (Bird-foot-fern.) A. S.; S. G. Mts. Com. PTERIS Linn, Brake. P. AQUILINA Linn. (Common brake.) 0.K., A. 5, M.C.;R.C. Com. Janu- ary—October. ADIANTUM Linn. Maidenhair. 2 A. CAPILLUS-VENERIS. Linn. (Venus Hair.) M.C.,, R.C,, E. C. Abundant. A. EMARGINATUM Hook. O. K., A. S. Abundant, January—June. A. PEDATUM Linn. IL. St. A. C. Rare. CHEILANTHES Swz. C. CALIFORNICA Mett. (Lace-fern.) A. S., S.G. Mts. Com. C. MYRIOPHYLILA Desv. Mt. L., W. Pk. Com. above 4,000 feet. December—]July. NOTHOLZENA R. Br. 2 N. NEWBERRVI Eat. (Cotton-fern.) Echo Mt. Rare. GYMNOGRAMME Desf. G. TRIANGULARIS Kaulf. (Golden-back fern.) O. K., A. S, S. G. Mts. Decem- ber—April. POLYPODIUM Linn. Polypody. P. CALIFORNICUM Kaulf. A.S., S. G. Mts. Com. December—]June. Order Salviniacee. AZOLLA Lam. A. FILICULOIDES Lam. O.K., A.S. Abundant. June—August. CLASS II. EQUISITINA. Order Equisetaceew. Horse-tails. EQUISETUM Linn. Horse-tail. Scouring-rush. E. MEXICANUM Milde. A.S., M. C: January—March. E. ROBUSTUM A: Br. A.S.,, M.C.,R.C.,E. C. E. TELMATEIA Ehrh. O. K., A. S. Abundant. January—October. CLASS III. LYCOPODINZAZ. CLUB-MOSSES. Order Selaginellacee. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Little Club-moss. : S. RUPESTRIS (I..) Spring. A. S., S. G. Mts. Common. January—March. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 627 SPERMAPHYTA., CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAZAZE. Contfere. Conifers. PINUS Tourn. Pine. P. ALBICAULIS Eng. W. Pk. April—June. P. MoNOPHYLLA T. & F. (Nut Pine.) Mt. Lowe. A single specimen. * P. MONTICOLA Dougl. W. Pk. April—June. P. PONDEROSA Dugl. W. Pk. April June. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. False Hemlock. P. MACROCARPA (Torr.) Lem. S. G. Mts. Com. April—June. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. White Cedar. I. DECURRENS Torr. W. Pk. April—June. JUNIPER Limn. Juniper. J. cALIFORNICA Carr. Near Sierra Madre. March—May. , CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMZ. Sub-Class I. Monocotyledones. Typhacee. TYPHA Tourn. Cat Tail. T. ANGUSTIFOLIA Linn. O. K. March—June. T. LATIFOLIA Linn. O. K., A. S. March—June. Nazadacee. POTAMOGETON Tourn. Pond-weed. P. PECTINATUS Linn. O. K. April—]June. P. pusiLLUS Linn. O. K. April—June. ZANNICHELLIA Presl. Z. PALUSTRIS Linn. O. K. April—June. Graminee. Grasses. ANDROPOGON Linn. A. MACROURUS Michx. R. C., E.C. August—October. A. SORGHUM Brot. (Sorghum.) Occasionally escaped, and often persisting in old sorghum fields. PASPULUM Linn. P. pisTicHUM Linn. (Knot-grass.) Com. shaded soil. August—October. PANICUM Linn. P. cAPILLARE Linn. (Old witch grass.) Along streets and in waste soil. July— October. P. CRUS-GALLI Linn. (Barn grass.) Along streets and in waste soil. July—Sept.t P. SANGUINALE Linn. (Crab grass.) Along streets and in waste soil. July—Sep. SETARIA Beauv. S. cravuca (Linn.) Beauv. (Fox-tail grass.) In cultivated soil. June—September. PHALARIS Linn. P. INTERMEDIA Bosc. (Canary grass.) Waste places in Pasadena. March—]June. # This is the only tree of the Indian nut pine known to exist on the front or middle ranges of our Pasadena mountains, and it has a history. On October 10, 1887, Jason and Owen Brown built a cairn on this mountain top. (See page 369, ‘* Mt. Lowe.”’) They noticed this rare tree, with its roots so much denuded by rain-wash and wind thatit was ready to die; and they gathered and brought soil in their little tin dinner pail to pack around its exposed roots, thus saving its life at that time, and hence it has been called the ‘‘Osawatamie pine tree.”” Then on August 15, 1893, Dr. Reid and wife found it perishing again from the same causes; and Mrs. Reid gathered loose dirt and mulch from between rocks and dragged it on an old barley sack which she had found, to the roots of the tree, while the Doctor laid up a wall of rocks on the lower side to hold the dirt in place; and so its life was saved again. They also broke off some of its dead branches, to give the live part a better chance. The tree was then ten or twelve feet high. There are said to be some trees of the same species on San Gabriel peak, but this is not yet verified by competent testimony.—ED. 628 HISTORY OF PASADENA. ARISTIDA Linn. A. DIVARICATA HBK. Altadena. June—September. STIPA Linn. Feather grass. S. CORONATA Thurb. S. G. Mts. June—September. S. EMINENS Cav. O. K., S. G. Mts. April—July. S. SETIGERA Presl. O. K., S. G. Mts. April—]June. MUHLENBERGIA Trin. M. DEBILIS Trin. Arroyo Seco. May—July. M. MEXICANA (Linn.) Trin. A. S.,, M. C,, R. C., E. C. June—September. PHLEUM Linn. P. PRATENSE Linn. (Timothy.) Along streets and in lawns. June—September. SPOROBOI.US R. Br. S. AIROIDES (Steud.) Torr. Along streets. July—September. EPICAMPES Presl. E. RIGENS Benth. Arroyo Seco. June—August. POLYPOGON Desf. P. LITTORALIS Smith. Moist soil in Lincoln Park. May—July. P. MONSPELIENSIS Desf. Moist soil about Pasadena. April—July. AGROSTIS Linn. Bent grass. A. ATTENUATA Vasey. R.C. June—August. A. EXARATA Trin. O. K., A.S. May—June. A. MICROPHYLLA Steud. Altadena, Sierra Madre. June—August. A. VERTICILLATA Vill. O. K., R. C. June—August. GASTRIDIUM Beauv. G. AUSTRALE Beauv. Altadena, Sierra Madre. June—August. HOLCUS Linn. H. LaNaTUS Linn. O. K., Santa Anita. June—August. TRISETUM Beauv. T. BARBATUM Steud. Arroyo Seco. May—June. AVENA Linn. Oats. A. BARBATA Steud. (Wild oats.) Along streets. March—]July. A. FATUA Linn. (Wild oats.) Com. below 2,000 feet. February—June. CYNODON Rich. C. DACTYLON Pers. (Bermuda grass.) Along streets and in lawns. March—]July. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. E. MEXICANA Trin. Along streets. August—October. MELICA Linn. M. IMPERFECTA Trin. Com. in unbroken soil below 3,000 feet. April —August. DISTICHLIS Raf. D. MARITIMA Raf. Moist soil south of Pasadena. April—July. DACTYLIS Linn. D. GLOMERATA Linn. Orchard Grass.) O. K., Santa Anita. June—August. ACHYRODES Boehm. A. AUREUM (Linn.) O. Ktze. Com. below 2,000 feet. March—June. POA Linn. Meadow grass. P. ANNUA Linn. (Goose grass.) Along streets and in lawns. P. PRATENSIS Linn. (Kentucky blue grass.) Along streets and in lawns. April— September. P. TENUIFOLIA Thurb. Oak Knoll. April—June. ATROPIS Rupr. A. SCABRELLA Thurb. O. K., San G. Mts. April—June. FESTUCA Linn. F. ELATIOR Linn. var. PRATENSIS Linn. O. K. April—June. F. MICROSTACHYS Nutt. O. K., A. S. April—July. F. MyYURUS Linn. Com. below 3,000 feet. March—]July. F. TENELLA Willd. Oak Knoll. April—June. BROMUS Linn. Brome grass. B. ciriatus Linn. O. K., S. G. Mts. April —August. B. HOOKERIANUS Thrub. Com. below 2,000 feet. April—July. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 629 B.Max1mUs Desf. Com. below 2,000 feet. April-—July. B. MmoLLIS Linn. Along streets April—July. B. RIGIDUS Roth. Devil's Gate. April—July. LOLIUM Linn. Darnel. I. PERENNE Linn. (Perennial rye grass) Com. in cultivated soil. April—July. L. TEMULENTUM Linn. (Bearded Darnel.) Com. in cultivated soil and along streets. April—July. HORDEUM Lian Barley. H. MURINUM Linn. (Wild Barley) Com. below 1,800 feet. March—July. ELYMUS Linn. Wild Rye. . AMERICANUS V. & S. Oak Knoll. April—June. . CONDENSATUS Presl. O. K.; A. S.; foothills of S. G. Mts. April—July. E. siBIRICUS Linn. S. G. Mts. June—August. E. SITANION Schult. O. K. Along streets. April—June. E. TRITICOIDES Nutt. A. S.; foothills of S. G. Mts. June—September. oH Cyperacee. CYPERUS Linn. C. DIANDRUS Torr. Var. cAPITATUS Brit. Oak Knoll. C. ERYTHRORRHIZOS Muhl. O. K.; Baldwin’s Ranch. July—October. C. LAEVIGATUS Linn. Arroyo Seco. August—November. SCIRPUS Linn. Bullrush. Club-rush. . LACUSTRIS Linn. var. ocCIDENTALIS Wats. Oak Knoll. April—June. .OLNEYI Gr. 0. K.; A. S. . RIPARIUS Spreng. Oak Knoll. February—June. . SYLVATICUS Linn. var. MICROCARPUS (Presl.) McM. O. K.; A. S. May— August. HELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-rush. H. AcicULARIS (Linn.) R. Br. Oak Knoll. H. ARENICOLA Torr. Oak Knoll; A. S. April—June. H. PALUSTRIS (Linn.) R. Br. CAREX Linn. Sedge. C. BARBARAE Dewey. O K.; R. C. February—June. ; C. FILIFORMIS Linn. var. LANUGINOSA (Michx.) B.P.S. O. K.; A. S. Feb- ruary—May. C. MULTICAULIS Bailey. Mt. Lowe. April—June. C. SPISSA Bailey. O. K.; R. C. February—May. C. TERETIUSCULA Good. var. RAMOSA Boott. R. Co; LL. St. A.C. (Toner August. C. TRIQUETRA Bott. Hills near Arroyo Seco. March—May. nny - Lemnacee. LEMNA Linn. Duckweed. I. ¢1BBA Linn. Johmnson’s Lake. I. VAIL,DIVIANA Phil. O. K.; A. S. Juncacee. Rush Family. : JUNCUS Linn. Bog-Rush. BALTICUS Deth. O. K ; A. S. 'May—]July. BUFONIUS Linn. Com. in moist soil Vel 1000 feat’ March—]June. COMPRESSUS HBK. Oak Knoll. July—September. DUBIUs Eng. Oak Knoll. July—September. LONGISTYLIS Torr. O. K.; A. S. June—August. NoDOSUS Linn. O. K.;A.S.; M. C. June—August. PHAEOCEPHALUS Eng. O. K.; A. S. June—August. : ROBUSTUS Wats. O. K., A. S., M. C. April—August. Used by the Indians for basket making. J. XI1PHIOIDES Mey. O. K., A. S. May—]July. 43 Sn tt 630 HISTORY OF PASADENA. Liliacee. Lily Family. ZYGADENUS Michx. Z. FREMONTI Torr. Hills near Arroyo Seco. March—April. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Mariposa Lily. C. ALBUS Dougl. A. S., San Gabriel Mts. - May—June. . CATALINAE Wats. Hills southwest of Pasadena. February—May. . SPLENDENS Dougl. Hills near A. S., San Gabriel Mts. May—June. C. WEEDII Wood var. PURPURASCENS Wats. L. P., Hills near Pasadena. June— July. MUILLA Wats. M. SEROTINA Greene. O. K., A. S, Echo Mt. April—June. LILIUM Linn. Lily. I, suMBoLTDII R. & L. (Wild Tiger Lily.) A. S., canyons of San Gabriel Mts. June—July. BRODIZFA Smith. B. cAPITATA Benth. (Cluster Lily.) Common below 3000 feet. February— May. B. MINOR Wats. South Los Robles Ave. April—May. BLOOMERIA Keil. B. AUREA (Hook.) Kell. (Golden Cluster Lily.) O. K., A. S. April—May. on FEES YUCCA WHIPPLEI.—SpPaNISH BAYONET. Showing one plant in bloom, and an old stem still retaining some of its seed pods. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 631 CHLOROGALUM Kunth. Soap Plant. C. POMERIDIANUM Kunth. O. K., A. S. and adjacent hills, S. G. Mts. May and June. FRITILLARTA Linn. F BIFLORA Lindl. Arroy Seco. February—April. 7 YUCCA Linn. Spanish Bayonet. Y. wHIPPLEI Torr. Common on hills and in S. G. Mts. May—July. Iridacee. Iris Family. SISYRINCHIUM Linn. Blue-eyed Grass. S. BELLUM Wats. Common below 1,500 feet. February—-April. Orchidacee. Orchids. EPIPACTIS Haller. , E. GIGANTEA Dougl. A. S., Eaton C. April and May, HABENARIA Willd. H. LEUCOSTACHYS Wats. Eaton Canyon. April—June. H. UNALASCHENSIS Wats. Hills near Pasadena, Echo Mt., W. C. April--June. s SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. Division 1. Choripetalze. Separate-petaled Plants. Juglandacee. JUGLANS Linn. Walnut. J. CALIFORNICA Wats. (California Walnut). Hills near Arroyo Seco. April. Salicacee. POPULUS Tourn. Poplar. Cottonwood. P. TRICHOCARPA Torr. & Gr. (Cottonwood.) A. S., M.C. March and April. SALIX Tourn. Willow. S. LAEVIGATA Bebb. (Black willow.) O. K., A. S. April. S. LASIANDRA Benth. O. K., A. S. May S. LASIOLEPIS Benth. (White Willow.) 0. K.,A. 8S, M.C.,R.C. December— February. S. LONGIFOLIA Muhl. Arroyo Seco. March and April. Betulacee. ALNUS Tourn. Alder. A. RHOMBIFOLIA Nutt. A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. January and February. Fagacee. QUERCUS Linn. Oak. Q. AGRIFOLIA Nee. (Red Oak.) Com. from O. K. to Sierra Madre. April. Q. CHRYSOLEPIS Liebm. (Live Oak.) S.G. Mts. April. Q. puMosA Nutt. (Scrub Oak.) Hills near A. S., foothills of S. G. Mts. March and April. QO. ENGELMANNI Greene. (White Oak, Blue Oak.) Com. from O. K. to Sierra Madre. Loranthacee. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Mistletoe. P. FLAVESCENS (Pursh.) Nutt. On oaks, sycamore and alder at O. K. and in S. G. Mts. August. Piperaceee. ANEMOPSIS Hook. A. CALIFORNICA Hook. (Yerba Mansa.) Oak Knoll. April—July. 632 HISTORY OF PASADENA. Urticacee. PARIETARIA Tourn. P. pEBILIS Forst. Canyons of S. G. Mts. April and May. URTICA Linn. Nettle. U. HOLOSERICEA Nutt. Com. in shaded soil. March—May. U. URENS Linn. Com. in waste soil. April—June. Platanacee. PLATANUS Tourn. Sycamore. P. RACEMOSA Nutt. O. K,, A. S,, canyons of S. G. Mts. April. Polygonacee. RUMEX Linn. Dock. Sorrel R. ACETOSELLA Linn. (Sheep sorrel.) Along streets. R. CONGLOMERATUS Murr. (Green dock.) O.K., A.S. April—June. R. cr1ispus Linn. (Curled dock.) Common in moist soil. February—June. R. HYMENOSEPALUS Torr. (Canaigre.) A. S., N. Pasadena. March and April. R. SALICIFOLIUS Wein. (White dock.) O. K., A. S. May and June. POLYGONUM Linn. Knotweed. P. AcRE HBK. (Water smartweed.) O.K., A.S. April—July. P. AVICULARE Linn. (Knot-grass.) Com. in yards and along streets. May— July. P. coNvOLVULUS Linn. Fields. May—]July. P. NoposuM Pers. O.K.. A. S.,, M. C.,, R. C. April—July. ERIOGONUM Michx. E. ELONGATUM Benth. A. S,, foothills of S. G. Mts. June—October. E. FASCICULATUM Benth. (Wild buckwheat.) Com. in dry unbroken soil. May— September. E. GRACILE Benth. Arroyo Seco. April—June. E. saXATILE Wats. Com. above 4,000 feet in S. G. Mts. June—August. E. VIRGATUM Benth. Common below 3,000 feet. June—September. CHORIZANTHE R. Brown. C. PROCUMBENS Nutt. Lincoln Park. May—July. C. sTATICOIDES Benth. Common below 3,000 feet. May—August. PTEROSTEGIA Fisch. & Mey. P. DRYMARIOIDES F. & M. Com. in unbroken soil below 4,000 feet. March— Juue Chenopodiacece. CHENOPODIUM Tour. Lamb’s quarter. Goosefoot. C. ALBUM Linn. (Pigweed.) Common in cultivated soil. March—September. C. AMBROSIOIDES Linn. (Mexican Tea.) Com. in waste soil. March—October. C. MURALE Linn. Com. below 1,800 feet, especially in cultivated soil. February— June. ATRIPLEX Tourn. A, MICROCARPA Dietr. Along streets. July—October. A. PATULA Linn. Along streets. August—October. Amarantacee. AMARANTUS Tourn. A. ALBUS Linn. (Tumbleweed.) Waste ground. May—September.’ A. RETROFLEXUS Linn. Cultivated soil. May—September. Nyctaginacee. MIRABILIS Linn. Four o'clock. M. CALIFORNICA Gr. Common on dry hills below 4,000 feet. February—July. Portulacaceee. CALYPTRIDIUM Nutt, C. MONANDRUM Mutt. Hills near Arroyo Seco. March—June. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 633 CLAYTONIA Linn. : C. PERFOLIATA Donn. (Indian lettuce.) Com. in shaded soil below 4,000 feet. February—May. CALANDRINIA HBK. C. MENZIESII Hook. Com. below 2,000 feet. January—April. PORTULACA Tourn. P. OLERACEA Linn. (Purslane.) Com. in cultivated and waste ground. June— September. Caryoplyllacee. SILENE Linn. Catchfly. : S. ANTIRRHINA Linn. Frequent below 2,000 feet. April—June. S. GALICA Linn. Common below 2,000 feet. S. LACINIATA Cav. (Indian pink.) Abundant on dry hills below 3,000 feet. May —July. S. PALMERI Wats. S, G. Mts. above 4,500 feet. June—July. S. PLATYOTA Wats, S. G. Mts. above 3,500 feet. June—July. STELLARIA Linn. S. MEDIA Linn. (Chickweed.) Com. in shaded soil below 1,500 feet. S. NITENS Nutt. O. K., A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. April—June. CERASTIUM Linn. Mouse-ear. C. vuLGATUM Linn. Com. in lawns and waste soil. ARENARIA Linn. A. pouGLAsII (Fen.) T. & G. Frequent in dry soil below 2,000 feet. April—May. SAGINA Linn. S. OCCIDENTALIS Wats. Moist and shaded soil about Pasadena. April. SPERGULA Linn. Corn-spurrey. S. ARVENSIS Linn. Frequent along streets and in yards. March—May. POLYCARPON Linn. P. DEPRESSUM Nutt. Altadena. April—June. Ceratophyllacee. CERATOPHYLLUM Linn. Hornwort. C. DEMERSUM Linn. In ponds at Oak Knoll. June—August. Ranunculacee. AQUILEGIA Linn. Columbine. A. TRUNCATA F. & M. Oak Knoll. May—August. DELPHINIUM Tourn. Larkspur. : D. CARDINALE Hook. (Scarlet larkspur.) Dry hillsides below 3,000 feet. June-— August. D. pEcoruM F. & M. Hillsides. May—July. D. PARRYI Gr. Foothills S. G Mts. April—June. D. vArRIEGATUM T. & G. Hillsides. May—July. PZAONIA Linn. P=ony. P. carLTFORNICA Nutt. (California Peony.) Com. in unbroken soil below 2,000 feet. March—May. CLEMATIS Linn. Virgin’s Bower. C. LIGUSTICIFOLIA Nutt, O. K., A. S., S. G. Mts. below 4,000 feet. RANUNCULUS Linn. Buttercup. R. cALIFORNICUS Benth. O. K., A. S. February—May. R. HEBECARPUS H. & A. Oak Knoll. March—May. THALICTRUM Tourn. Meadow Rue. T. POLYCARPUM Wats. O. K., A. S.. Canyons of S. G. Mts. May—]July. Laurinee. UMBELLULARIA Nutt. Mountain Laurel. Spice-tree. Bay-tree. U. cCALIFORNICA (H. & A.) Nutt. Canyons of S. G. Mts. February—April. 44 634 : HISTORY OF PASADENA. Papaveracee. PAPAVER Tourn. Poppy. P. CALIFORNICUM Gr. Hills near Pasadena. April—June. ARGEMONE Linn. A. HISPIDA Gr. Arroyo Seco. April—June. PLATYSTEMON Benth. P. cALIFORNICUS Benth. (Cream-cups.) Com. below 2,000 feet. March—May. P. DENTICULATUS Greene. A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. April—May. DENDROMECON Benth. : D. RIGIDUM Benth. (Tree poppy.) Hills near Arroy Seco. March—June. From “ Land of Sunshine,” June, 1894. ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA.—CALIFORNIA POPPY. One-third natural size. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. _ E. CALIFORNICA Cham. (California poppy.) Com. below 2,000 feet. Most abun- dant from January to May, but to be found at all times of the year. Fumariacee. DICENTRA Bork. Ear-drop. D. cHRYSANTHA H. & A. Frequent in dry soil, especially in S. G. Mts. May— July. Cruciferee. TROPIDOCARPUM Hook. T. GRACILE Hook. Oak Knoll. March—May. RAPHANUS Linn. R. sativus Linn. (Radish.) Com. in fields. April—June. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. Lace-pod. T. CURVIPES Hook. O. K., A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. February—April. T. LACINIATUS Nutt. O. K., A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. February—April. T. PUSILLUS Hook. O. K., A. S. February—April. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 635 LEPIDIUM Linn. Pepper-grass. L. INTERMEDIUM Gr. Com. below 1800 feet. April—June. L. nrripuM Nutt. Com. below 1800 feet. February—April. BURSA Sieg. B. pasTORIS (Linn.) Wigg. Com. below 1800 feet. March—June. SISYMBRIUM Linn. S. CANESCENS Nutt. O. K., A. S., plains adjacent to S. G. Mts. February—April. BRASSICA Linn. Mustard. B. cAMPESTRIS Linn. Com. below 1500 feet. February—April. B. NIGRA ( Linn.) Kochz. Com. below 2000 feet. April—June. ERYSIMUM Linn. E. ASPERUM (Nutt.) DC. A. S., canyons of San Gabriel Mts. February—April. NASTURTIUM R. Br. N. OFFICINALE R. Br. (Water-cress) Abundant in A. S. and at O. K. CARDAMINE Linn. C. GAMBELII Wats. Oak Knoll. May—TJuly. C. INTEGRIFOLIA (Nutt.) Greene. O. K., A. S., M. C. February—April. STREPHANTHUS Nutt. S. HETEROPHYLLUS Nutt. Hills near Arroyo Seco. March—April. ARABIS Linn. A. GLABRA (Linn.) Wein. Hills near Arroyo Seco. March—April. A. HOLBOELLII Hornem. Com. in San Gabriel Mts. April—June. ALYSSUM Linn. A. MARITIMUM (Linn.) L. Am. Com. along streets. Violaceee. VIOLA Linn. Violet. V. PEDUNCULATA T. & G. O. K., A. S., Las Casitas. February—April. Cistacece. HELIANTHEMUM Tourn. Rock-Rose. H. scorARIUM Nutt. Common on dry hills below 4000 feet.—April—June. Lythraceee. LYTHRUM Linn. L. CALIFORNICUM Torr & Gr. O.K., A. S. April—June. Malvacee. MALVA Linn. Mallow. M. PARVIFLORA Linn. Common below 2000 feet. February—April. SIDALCEA Gray. S. DELPHINIFOLIA (Nutt.) Green. Oak Knoll. February—May. Geraniacee. GERANIUM Linn. Cranesbill. G. CAROLINIANUM Linn (Wild Geranium.) O. K., A. S. March—May. ERODIUM L’Her. Storksbill. : E. cicuTArRIuM (Linn.) IL’Her. (Alfilaria) Common below 2000 feet. January— June. E. MosCHATUM (Linn.) I/Her. (Alfilaria) Com. below 2000 feet. January—June. OXALIS Linn. Wood-Sorrel. O. CORNICULATA Linn. Frequent along streets. Anacardiacec. RHUS Linn. Sumach. R. DIVERSILOBA T. & G. (Poison sumach. ‘Poison Oak”) O. K., A. S., S. G. Mts. April—May. R. INTEGRIFOLIA B. & H. Com. in unbroken soil below 4ooo feet. March—May. 638. HISTORY OF PASADENA. R. LAURINA Nutt. Com. in unbroken soil below 4ooo0 feet. September—October. Berries used by the Indians for making an acid drink. R. TRILOBATA Nutt. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. February—April. Long, slender branches used by Indians for making baskets. Sapindacec. ACER Tourn. Maple. A. MACROPHYLLUM Pursh. Canyons of S. G. Mts. March—April. Polygalaceee. POLYGALA Tourn P. CALIFORNICA Nutt. Near old Wilson trail. June—August. Ampilidacee. VITIS Tourn. Grape. V. CALIFORNICA Benth. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. May—]July. Rhamnacee. RHAMNUS Linn. Buckthorn. R. CALIFORNICA Esch. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. February—April. R. CROCEA Nutt. Arroyo Seco, S. G. Mts. below 3000 feet. February—March. Berries said to be used by the Indians for food. CEANOTHUS Linn. California Lilac. Buckthorn. C. CRASSIFOLIUS Torr. A. S, canyons of S. G. Mts. February—April. C. CUNEATUS Nutt. Near Sierra Madre. March—May. C. DIVARICATUS Nutt. Abundantin S. G. Mts. 2000 feet, 5000 feet. March — April. C. INTEGERRIMUS H. & A. S.G. Mts. April—May. C. OGLIGANTHUS Nutt. S. G. Mts. March—April. Euphorbiaceee. CROTON Linn. C. CALIFORNICUS Muell. From center of Pasadena to foot of S. G. Mts. April— June. C. SETIGERUS Hook. Com. below 2000 feet. August—November. EUPHORBIA Linn. E. ALBOMARGINATA T. & G. Com. below 2000 feet. April—July. E. POLYCARPA Benth. var. VESTITA Wats. Foothills S. G. Mts. E. SERPYLLIFOLIA Pers. Frequent below 2000 feet. May—August. Umbellifere. HYDROCOTYLE Tourn. H. RANUNCULOIDES Linn. Oak Knoll. May—July. SANICULA Tourn. ; S. BIPINNATA H. & A. 0. K.,, A. S. March—May. S. BIPINNATIFIDA Dongl. Com. in open ground below 2,000 feet. March—May. S. MENZIESII H. & A. Com. in shaded soil below 3,000 feet. March—May. S. NUDICAULIS H. & A. Com. in open ground below 2,000 feet. March—May. S. TUBEROSA Torr. O. K., A. S. April and May. VELAEA DC. V.ARGUTA T. & G. C. & R. Hills near A. S, S. G. Mts. March—May. V. parisHII C. & R. Mount Lowe. June and July. CONIUM Linn. C. MACULATUM Linn. Oak Knoll. March—June. SIUM Linn. S. crcuTAFOLIUM Gmel. Oak Knoll. June——August. OSMORRHIZA Raf. O. BRACHYPODA Torr. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. March—May. (ENANTHE Linn. (E. CALIFORNICA Wats. Oak Knoll. June—August. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 637 APIUM Linn. Celery. A. GRAVEOLENS Linn. (Wild Celery.) O.K., A. S. March-August. APIASTRUM Autt. A. ANGUSTIFOLIUM Nutt. ‘Common below 2,000 feet. April—June. FOENICULUM Adans. Fennel. F. VULGARE Ger. O. K. Along streets. May—]July. PEUCEDANUM Linn. P. carurrorLiuM T. & G. Hills near Arroyo Seco, April--June. P. HASSEI C. & R. Hills near Arroyo Seco, March—May. P. UTRICULATUM Nutt. Com. in unbroken soil below 1,500 feet. March—May. DAUCUS Tourn. Carrot. D, PUSILLUS Michx, (Wild carrot) Com, below 1,800 feet. March—May, CAUCALIS Linn, C. MICROCARPA H. & A. Oak Knoll. April and May. C. NoposA Hudson. Oak Knoll. April and May. Araliacee. ARALIA Linn. A. CALTFORNICA Wats. (Spikenard.) Canyons of S. G. Mts. June—August. Cornacee. CORNUS Linn. Cornel. Dogwood. C. occipENTALIS (T. & G.) Cov. Oak Knoll. April—September. GARRYA Dougl. 3. VEATCHII Kell. Echo Mt. May—July. Saxifragacee. SAXIFRAGA Linn. Saxifrage. S. CALIFORNICA Greene. Arroyo Seco. April—June. BOYKINIA Nutt. B. ROTUNDIFOLIA Parry, Canyons of S. G. Mts. June—August. TELLIMA R. Br. T. AFFINIS (Gray) Bol. O. K,, A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. March and April. HEUCHERA Linn. H. RUBESCENS Torr. Frequent in S. G. Mts., above 5,000. June—August. RIBES Linn. Currant. Gooseberry. R AMARUM McC. Erythea II, 79. Canyons of S. G. Mts. February—March. R. DIvARICATUM Dougl. Oak Knoll. February—May. R. GLUTINOSUM Benth. S. G. Mts. 2,000—5,000 feet. January—March. R. HESPERIUM McC. Erythea. II, 79. Canyons of S. G. Mts. January and February. R. spEcrosuM Pursh. Hills near Arroyo Seco. January—March. R, TENUIFLORUM Lindl. Hills near Arroyo Seco. February and March. Crassulacece. TILLAEA Linn. T. MINIMA Miers. Common below 3,000 feet February—May. COTYLEDON Linn. : C. LANCEOLATA Benth. Oak Knoll, foothills of S. G. Mts. June and July. Cactaceee. CEREUS Haw. Cactus. C. EMORYI Engelm. Arroy Seco. May and June. OPUNTIA Tourn. : O. ENGELMANNI Salm. (Prickly Pear.) Com. in dry unbroken soil. May and June. 45 638 HISTORY OF PASADENA. Loasaceee. MENTZELIA Linn. M. ALBICAULIS Dougl. Near Sierra Madre. July—September. M. MICRANTHA T. & G. Foothills S. G. Mts. May—]July. Daltisacece. DATISCA Linn. : D. GLOMERATA (Presl.) Brew. & Wat. O.K,, A. S., canyons S. G. Mts. May— July. Onagracee. EPILOBIUM Linn. E. ADENOCAULON Haussk. var. ocCIDENTALE Trel. Com. in wet soil. April— August. E. HOLOSERICEUM Trel. Oak Knoll. May—August. E. PANICULATUM Nutt. Arroyo Seco. August and September. ZAUSCHNERIA Presl. ‘‘Wild Fuchsia.” Z. CALIFORNICA Presl. S. G. Mts. 3.000—j5,000 feet. Z. CALIFORNICA Presl. var. MICROPHYLLA Gray. Com. on dry hills. EULOBUS Nutt. . E. CALIFORNICUS Nutt. Frequent below 3,000 feet. May—July. (ENOTHERA Linn. Evening Primrose. (FE. ALYSSOIDES H. & A. Hills near Pasadena, Echo Mt. May—]July. (FE. BIENNIS L. Common in canyons. May—September. CE. BISTORTA Nutt. Com. below 2,000 feet. February—June. (EF. MICRANTHA Horn. Frequent below 2,000 feet. March—June. (EF. STRIGULOSA T. & G. Frequent below 2,000 feet March—June. GODETIA Spach. G. BOTTA Spach. Hills near Arroyo Seco, S. G. Mts. April—July. G. EPILOBIOIDES (T. & G.) Wats. Hills near Arroyo Seco. April—May. G. QUADRIVULNERA (Dougl.} Wats. Hills near A. S., foothills S. G, Mts. April— July. JUSSIZA Linn. J. DIFFUSA Forsk. Shorb’s ranch. May—August. Rosacece. PRUNUS Tourn P. ILICIFOLIA (Nutt.) Walp. (Wild cherry.) Foothills S. G. Mts. May. HETEROMELES Roemer. H. ARBUTIFOLIA (Ait.) Rcemer. (California Holly.) Hills along Arroyo Seco, foothills S. G. Mts. June—August. HOLODISCUS Maxim. Meadow-Sweet. H. DISCOLOR (Pursh.) Max. S. G. Mts. May—August. ADENOSTOMA Hook. & Arm. A. FAscicULATUM H. & A. Com. in dry soil below 4,000 feet. May — June. Sold by Mexicans for fuel, as ‘‘ Grease-wood.”’ CERCOCARPUS HBK. Mountain Mahogany. C. PARVIFOLIUS Nutt. Foothills S. G. Mts. March —April. POTENTILLA Linn. Five-finger. P. carrrornica (C. & S.) Greene. Frequent below 2,500 feet. March—May. P. GLANDULOSA Lindl. Frequent below 2,500 feet. April—June. ALCHEMILLA Tourn. A. ARVENSIS Scop. Oak Knoll. March—May. RUBUS Linn. Blackberry. Raspberry. R. Ursinus C. & S. (Wild blackberry.) Com. in shaded soil. March—May. ROSA Tourn. Rose. R. cALIFORNICA C. & S. O. K,, A. S, Canyons S. G. Mts. DIVISION EIGHT —SCIENCE. 639 Leguminosae. ‘oF T= UNIV # § VICIA Tourn. Vetch. V. AMERICANA Muhl. O. XK. A.S. March—May. ; # V. EXIGUA Nutt. Arroyo Seco. March—April. P LIFORNE V. sativa Linn. O. K., Sierra Madre. March—April. Re LATHYRUS Linn. L. vEsTIrus Nutt. (Wild Pea.) A. S., O. K., Canyons S. G. Mts. February — May. ASTRAGALUS Tourn. Rattle-Weed. A. LEUCOPSIS Torr. Com. in open unbroken soil. March—May. AMORPHA Linn. A. CALIFORNICA Nutt. S. G. Mts. 3,000 feet. May—June. PSORALEA Linn. P. MACROSTACHYS DC. A. S., Canyons south of Pasadena. May—June. P. ORBICULARIS Lindl. Arroyo Seco. April—May. P. PEHYSODES Dougl. Arroyo Seco. June—July. LOTUS Tourn. L. AMERICANUS (Nutt.) Bisch. Frequent below 1,500 feet. May—July. L. ARGOPHYLLUS (Gray) Greene. S. G. Mts. 3,000-5,000 feet. April—June. L. GLABER (Torr.) Greene. Com. in unbroken soil below 3,000 feet. L. NEVADENSIS (Wats.) Greene. A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. below 2,500 feet. April—July. L. OBLONGIFOLIUS (Benth ) Greene. Arroye Seco. April—June. L. SALSUGINOSUS Greene. Frequent in shaded soil below 1,500 feet. March— April. L. STRIGOSUS (Nutt.) Greene. Com. below 2,000 feet. January—May. TRIFOLIUM Linn. Clover. T. ciLioLATUM Benth. Com. below 1,800 feet. April—May. T. GRACILENTUM T. & G. Com. below 1,800 feet. April—May. T. INVOLUCRATUM Willd. Frequent below 1,800 feet April—May. T. MACRZEI H. & A. var. ALBOPURPUREUM (T. & G.) Greene. Com. below 1,800 feet. April—May. 3 T. MICROCEPHALUM Pursh. Com. below 1,800 feet. April—May. T. rosciDUM Greene. O. K., A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. below 2,500 feet. May August. T. STENOPHVLLUM Nutt. Oak Knoll. March—April. MELILOTUS Tourn. Sweet-clover. M. ALBA Lam. Arroy Seco. May—August. M. INDICA All. Com. in shaded soil below 1,500 feet. April—July. MEDICAGO Linn. M. DENTICULATA Willd. (Burr-clover.) Com. below 2,000 feet. January—June. M. saTIvA Linn. (Alfalfa.) Frequent along streets and roads whither it has es- caped from fields. LUPINUS Linn. Lupine. . AFFINIS Ag. Oak Knoll. March—May. ALBIFRONS Benth. Arroyo Seco. April—June. . CYTISOIDES Ag. A. S., Canyons of S. G. Mts. below 3,000 feet. May—]July. . FORMOSUS Greene. var. BRIDGESII (Wats.) Greene. Com. below 2,500. . HIRSUTISSIMUS Benth. O. K., A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. March—May. . MICRANTHUS Dougl. Com. below 2,000 feet. January—May. . SPARSIFLORUS Benth. Frequent below 3,000 feet. March—May. . TRUNCATUS Nutt. Com. below 3,000 feet. March—May. lw mw wl wa DIVISION II. SYMPATALZA — United-petaled Plants. Ericacee. ARBUTUS Tourn. A. MENZIESII Pursh, (Madrofia.) S. G. Mts. Confined to a narrow belt at about 3,000 feet. March—April. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Manzanita. A. PUNGENS HBK. S. G. Mts. 4,000 feet to near summit. February—March. A. ToMENTOSA Dougl. S. G. Mts. 2,000-4,500 feet. March—April. 640 HISTORY OF PASADENA. Primulacece. DODECATHEON Linn. D. CLEVELANDI Greene. (Shooting Star.) Frequent below 2,000 feet. February— April. ANAGALLIS Tourn. Pimpernel. A. ARVENSIS Linn. Common below 1,800 feet. SAMOLUS Linn. S. VALERANDI Linn. var. AMERICANA Gr. O. K., A. S,, canyons of San Gabriel Mts. June—November. Convolvulacee. CUSCUTA Tourn. Dodder. C. sUBINCLUSA Dur. & Hilg. Common on shrabs and other plants. May—July. CONVOLVULUS Linn. Bindweed. C. OCCIDENTALIS Gray. (Wild morning-glory) Common below 2,500 feet. Febru- ary—July. Polemoniacece. NAVERRETIA Ruiz & Pav. : N. ATRACTVLOIDES (Benth.) H. & A. Common in dry soil below 2,500 feet. May— July. N. PROSTRATA (Gr.) Greene. Oak Knoll. April—May. N. viscIiDULA Benth. Common in dry soil below 2,500 feet. June—August. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A. L. CALIFORNICUM H. & A. Common on dry soil below 4,000 feet. April—June. GILIA Ruiz & Pav. . ACHILLEZFOLIA Benth. Frequent below 2,000 feet. April—June. - GILIOIDES (Benth.) Greene. A. S. and adjacent hills. April—July. . INCONSPICUA Dougl. Frequent below 2,000 feet. April—June. . MULTICAULIS Benth. Common below 2,000 feet. April—June. . TENUIFLORA Benth. Frequent in S. G. Mts. June—August. . VIRGATA Steud. Arroyo Seco. May—August. LINANTHUS Benth. IL. ANDROSACEUS (Benth.) Greene. Frequent below 2,000 feet. April—June. L. DIANTHIFLORUS (Benth.) Greene. Common below 2,000 feet. February—May. L. PHARNACEOIDES (Benth.) Greene. Common in dry soil below 2,000 feet. May— July. PHLOX Linn. P. GraciLIS (Dougl.) Greene. Arroyo Seco. February—April. PROD Hydrophyllacee. NEMOPHILA Nutt. N. AURITA Lindl. Arroyo Seco. April—June. N. INSIGNIS Dougl. Com. in shaded soil below 3,000 feet. February—May. N. MENZzIESII H. & A. Com. in shaded soil below 3,000 feet. February——May. EUCRYPTA Nutt. E. CHRVSANTHEMIFOLIA (Benth.) Greene. Com. in shaded soil below 3,000 feet. March—]June. PHACELIA Juss. BRACHYLOBA Gray. S. G. Mts. 3,000-5,000 feet. June—August. CIRCINATA (Willd.) Jaq. Common below 2,500 feet. May—July. HISPIDA Gr. Common below 2,500 feet. March—]July. LONGIPES Torr. A. S., S. G. Mts. May—]July. RAMOSISSIMA Hook. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. April—]July. TANACETIFOLIA Benth. Common below 2,500 feet. March—June. WHITLAVIA Gray. Common on dry hillsides below 3,000 feet. March—May. EMMENANTHE Benth. E. PENDULIFLORA Benth. Frequent below 2,500 feet. April—June. rh rT DIVISION EIGHT -— SCIENCE. 641 ERIODICTYON Benth. E. CALIFORNICUM (H. & A.) Greene. (Yerba Santa.) S. G. Mts. 2,000—4,000 feet. May—July. Leaves used by the Mexicans as a tonic. E. TOMENTOSUM Benth. S. G. Mts. 2,000-4,000 feet. May—July. Borraginacee. PECTOCARYA DC. P. LINEARIS (R. & P.) DC. O.K, A.S. March—May. PLAGIOBOTHRYS Fisch. & Mey. P. NorHOFULVUS Gr. Common below 2,000 feet. February—May. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. C. AMBIGUA (Gr.) Greene. Common below 2,000 feet. April—June. C. MICROSTACHYS Greene: Common below 2,000 feet. April—June. AMSINCKIA Iehm. A. spECTABILS F. & M. Com. below 2,000 feet. March—May. Solanacee. SOLANUM Tourn. S. pouGLASII Dunal. Com. below 2,500 feet. S. UMBELLIFERUM Esch. S. G. Mts. April—June. S. xANTI Gray S. G. Mts. April—June. PHYSALIS Linn. P. AEQUATA Jacq. Com. in cultivated and waste ground. May—September. DATURA Linn. D. METELOIDES DC. In moist and shaded soil below 1,000 feet. May—October. Labiate. TRICHOSTEMA Linn. Blue Curls. T. LANATUM Benth. Echo Mt. May—July. T. LANCEOLATUM Benth. Com. below 2,000 feet. August—October. MENTHA Linn. Mint. M. CANADENSIS Linn. Canyons south of Pasadena. May—September. PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Mountain Mint. J P. cALTFORNICUM Torr. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. June—September. MONARDELLA Benth. M. LANCEOLATA Gray. A. S., N. Pas., Las Casitas. June—September. SALVIA Linn. Sage. S. CARDUACEA Benth. Occasional in dry soil. April—June. S. COLUMBARIAE Benth. (Chia.) Com. below 3,000 feet. March—May. Seeds used by Indians for food. S. MELLIFERA Greene. (Black Sage.) Com. on dry hillsides. April—June. S.SPATHACEA Greene. On banks of A. S. April—July. RAMONA Greene. : R. POLVSTACHYA (Benth.) Greene. (White Sage.) Com. on dry hillsides. April —June. SCUTELLARIA Linn. Skull-cap. S. TUBEROSA Benth. Com. in unbroken soil below 1,500 feet. March—June. MARRUBIUM Linn. Hoarhound. M. VULGARE Linn. Com. below r,800 feet. March—July. STACHYS Linn. S. ALBENS Gr. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. April—June. S. CALIFORNICA Benth. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. May—]July. Scrophulariacee. CORDYLANTHUS Nutt. C. FILIFOLIUS Nutt. A. S., S. G. Mts. below 3,000 feet. June—September. 46 i at 642 HISTORY OF PASADENA. CASTILLEIA Linn. Painted-cup. C. FoLrorosa H. & A. Com. on dry hillsides below 3,000 feet. April—June. C. MINTATA Dougl. Com. on hillsides below 2,500 feet. April—June. C. PARVIFLORA Bong. Hills near Arroyo Seco, R. C. March—May. C. STENANTHA Gray. O.K. M. C. May— August. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. O. PURPURASCENS Benth. (‘‘Paint-brush.”) Com. below 2,000 feet. March—May. VERONICA Linn. Speedwell. V. PEREGRINA Linn. Oak Knoll. May—June. MIMULUS Linn. Monkey-flower. . BREVIPES Benth. Frequent below 3,000 feet. April—June. . CARDINALIS Dougl. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. June—October. . FLORIBUNDUS Gray. Arroyo Seco, canyons of S."G. Mts. June—October. . FREMONTI Gray. Hol Mt. April—June. . LUTEUS Linn. 0. K,, . LUTEUS Linn. var. RAAT Gr. S. G. Mts. 4,000-5,000. May—July. DIPLACUS Nutt. D. crurIiNosUS (Wendl.) Nutt. Hillsalong Arroyo Seco. April—July. PENTSTEMON Mitch. Beard-tongue. P. AZUREUS Benth. Frequent on hillsides below 3,000 feet. May—]July. P. CENTRANTHIFOLIUS Benth. S. G. Mts. 2,000-5,000 feet. March—]June. P. corDIFOLIUS Benth, Hills along A. S., S. G. Mts. below 3,000 feet. May— July. P. PALMERI Gr. Mt. Lowe. June—August.’ P. SPECTABILIS Thurb. Near Sierra Madre. April—June. P. TERNATUS Torr. S. G. Mts. 4,000-5,000 feet. June—August. COLLINSIA Nutt. C. BICOLOR Benth. Com. below 3,000 feet. April—June. C. PARRYI Gray. Arroyo Seco. April—May. SCROPHULARIA Tourn. Figwort. S. caALTFORNICA Cham. O. K.; A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. May—August. ANTIRRHINUM Tourn. Snapdragon. A. COULTERIANUM Benth. Hills along A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. May—]July. A. GLANDULOSUM Lindl. A. S., Altadena. April—June. A. NUTTALLIANUM Benth. Hills along A. S. May—June. A. sTriCcTUM (H. & A.) Gr. Hills along A. S., R. C, May—]July. LINARIA Tourn. Toad-flax. L. CANADENSIS (Linn.) Dum. Common below 2,000 feet. April—September. VERBASCUM Linn. Mullein. V. VIRGaTUM With. Frequent below 2,000 feet, abundant at Altadena. June— August. RRRRRR Orobanchaceee. APHYLLON Mitch. A. TUBEROSUM Gr. Echo Mt. among shrubs. June—August. Verbenacee. VERBENA Linn. V. POLYSTACHVA HBK. O. K., A.S. May—September. V. PROSTRATA R. Br. Com. below 1,500 feet. April—September. Plantaginacece. PLANTAGO Linn. . HIRTELLA HBK. Oak Knoll. May—July. . LANCEOLATA Linn. Com. below 1,500 feet. April—July. . MAJOR Linn. Frequent below 1,500 feet. May—August. . PATAGONICA Jacq. Com. in dry soil below 2,500 feet. March—May. td Hg id Gentanacee. ERYTHRZEA Rn. Canchalagua. E. VENUSTA Gr. Common in unbroken soil below 3,000 feet. April—July. In general use among the Mexicans as a medicinal herb. DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. ©. 643% Apocynacece. APOCYNUM Tourn. : A. CANNABINUM Linn, (Indian Hemp,) In A. S. April—June. Asclepiadcacce. ASCLEPIAS Linn. Milkweed. A. ERIOCARPA Benth. Frequent below 2,000 feet. Com. at Las Casitas. June— August. A. FASCICULARIS Decsne. Frequent below 2.000 feet. June—August. Campanulacee. SPECULARIA Heist. S. BIFLORA Gray. Occasional below 1,500 feet. April—June. Lobeliacee. NEMACLADUS Nutt. ; N. RAMOSISSIMUS Nutt. var, PINNATIFIDUS. (Greene) Gray, Echo Mt. May—July. ILOBELIA Linn. : L, spLENDENS Willd. Oak Knoll. Wild-grape canyon, July—October. PALMERELLA Gray. P. DEBILIS Gr. var. SERRATA Gr. A. S., canyons S. G. Mts. July—October. Cucurbitacee. CUCURBITA Linn, Cucumber. Squash. Pumpkin. C. FOETIDISSIMA HBK. (Mock Orange.) Common in dry soil below 2,000 feet. April—June. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Big-root. M. FABACEA (Naud) Greene. O. K., A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. February— April. Rubiacece. GALIUM, Linn. Bedstraw. ANGUSTIFOLIUM Nut. Com. below 3,000 feet. March—]June. . APARINE Linn. O. K, A. S,, canyons S. G. Mts. March—May. . CALIFORNICUM Hook & Arn. O. K., A. S,, foothills S. G. Mts. April—]June. . GRANDE McC. Erythea II: 124. S. G. Mts. 2,500—4,000 feet. April—June. . NUTALLII Gr. Foothills S. G. Mts. May and June. . OCCIDENTALIS McC. Erythea II: 124. S. G. Mts. 3,000——4,000 feet. May and une. G.rRIFIDUM Linn. Baldwin’s Ranch. June and July. ROCROR : Caprifoliacec. SAMBUCUS Tourn. Elder. S. GraucA Nutt. Frequent below 2,500. April and May. SYMPHORICARPUS Dill. S. morLrL1s Nutt. O. XK. A. S,, canyons S. G. Mts. April and May. CAPRIFOLIUM DC. C. sUBSPICATA (H. & A.) Greene. Dipsacece. DIPSACUS Tourn. Teasel. D. FuLLoNuM Linn. (Fuller's Teasel.) O.K. June—August. SCABIOSA Linn. : 'S. STELLATA Linn, Along streets in Altadena. May—July. 644 HISTORY OF PASADENA. Composite. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. C. cArLtFORNICUS (T. & G.) O. Ktze. Hills along Arroyo Seco, foothills S. G. Mts. July—September. C. NEVINII (Gr.) O. Ktze. Foothills S. G. Mts. *July—September. GRINDELIA Willd. G. ROBUSTA Nutt. Frequent below 2,000 feet. May—7July. HETEROTHECA Cass. H. GRANDIFLORA Nutt. Common below 2,000 feet. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. C. SESSILIFLORA Nutt. O. K., A. S. June—August. ERICAMERIA Nutt. E. CUNEATUS (Gr.) McC. Rubio Canyon. June—September. E. MONACTIS (Gr.) McC. Hills along A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. June—Sept. HAZARDIA Greene. H. sQUARROSUS (H. & A.) Greene. Hills along A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. June— September. BIGELOVIA DC. B. VENETA Gr. A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. and adjacent plains. July—Sept. SOLIDAGO Linn. S. CALIFORNICA Nutt. O. K., A. S., canyons of S. G. Mts. to 5,000 feet (side of Mt. Lowe). August—October. S. CONFINIS Gr. Oak Knoll. August—October. S. OCCIDENTALIS Nutt. Arroyo Seco. August—October. CORETHROGYNE DC. C. FILAGINIFOLIA Nutt. Common below 5,000 feet. June—September, ASTER Linn. A. ADSCENDENS Lindl. S. G. Mts. July—September. A. ExILIS Ell, Along streets. A. FREMONTI Gr. var. PARISHII Gr. Canons S. G. Mts. August—October. ERIGERON Linn. E. CANADENSE Linn Common below 2,500 feet. June—September. E. FoLiosuM Nutt. Frequent below 3,600 feet. May—August. E. PHILADELPHICUM Linn. O. K., A. S. April—July. CONYZA Linn, C. COULTERI Gray. Oak Knoll. July-September. BACCHARIS Linn. B. vimiNEA DC. O. K,, A. S,, canyons S. G. Mts. GNAPHALODES Tourn. G. CALIFORNICA (F. & M.) Greene. Frequent in dry soil below 3,000 feet. April —June. FILAGO Linn. F. CALIFORNICA Nutt. Common in dry soil below 3,000 feet. April—June. GNAPHALIUM Linn. Everlasting. : . CALIFORNICUM DC. Common below 3,000 feet, March-—July. . CHILENSE Spreng. Common below 2,000 feet. April—June. . LEUCOCEPHALUM Gr. Frequent between 1,000—3,000 feet. July-September. . MICROCEPHALUM Nutt. Frequent below 2,500 feet. July—September. . PALUSTRE Nutt. Oak Knoll. April—May. . RAMOSISSIMUM Nutt. Oak Knoll. August—October. AMBROSIA Tourn. Ragweed. A. pSILOSTACHYA DC. Com. below 2,000 feet. August—October. XANTHIUM Tourn. X. spINOSUM Linn. Along streets. June—September. X. STRUMARIUM Linn. In waste soil. June—August. HELIANTHUS Linn. Sunflower. ; H. anNUUS Linn. Com. below 2,000 feet. LEPTOSYNE DC. I. poucrasit DC. A. S. and adjacent hills; foothills S. G. Mts. and adjacent plains. June—September. POCOOO DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 645 BIDENS Linn. B. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES Michx. O. K.; A. S. B. prrosA Linn. . Along streets. July—October. MADIA Molina. Tar-weed. M. DISSITIFLORA (Nutt) T. & G. Along street. July—September. M. saTivA Mol. Frequent below 1,800 feet. June—August. HEMIZONIA DC. Tar-weed. H. rascicuraTa (DC) T. & G. var. RAMOSSIMA Gr. Com. Below 1,800 feet. May—]July. H. pUNGENS Torr. & Gray. Frequent below 1,800 feet. May—August. H. TENELLA Gray. O. K.; A. S. April—June. LAYIA Hook. & Arn. ; L. GLANDULOSA (Hook.) H. & A. O.K.; A. S. April—June. . IL, PLATVGLOSSA (F. & M.) Gray. (Tidy-tips) Com. below 2,000 feet. April—June. ACHYRACHAENA Schauer . ‘ A. MoLLIS Schauer. Near Oak Knoll. March—May. BAERIA Fisch. & Mey. B. Gracinis (DC.) Gr. Com. below 2,000 feet. March—May. ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. E. CONFERTIFLORUM (DC.) Gr. Com. in unbroken soil below 3,000 feet. April— June. CHZENACTIS DC. ‘“Pin-cushion.” C. ARTEMISIAEFOLIA Gray. Frequent in dry unbroken soil below 3,000 feet. June—July. C. cLABRIUSCULA DC. Frequent on dry hills. May—June. C. LaNosa DC. Com. below 3,000 feet. April—June. HELENIUM Linn. Sneeze-weed. H. puBERULUM DC. O. K.; A. S,, canyons of S. G. Mts. June—October. ACHILILEA Linn. Yarrow. A. MILLEFOLIUM Linn. Com. in foothills of S. G. Mts. and adjacent plains. May August. ANTHEMIS Linn. Chamomile. A. corurA Linn. Com. below 1,500 feet. April—July. MATRICARIA Linn. . M. piscoipea DC. Com. below 1,500 feet. February—April. ARTEMISIA Linn. Worm-wood. ‘ Sage-brush.” A. CALIFORNICA Less. (California ‘‘Sage-brush.”’”) Com. in dry unbroken soil below 4,000 feet. May—August. A. DRACUNCULOIDES Pursh. Frequent below 2,000 feet. May—August. A. LUDOVICIANA Nutt. Occasional below 2,000 feet. June—August. A. VULGARIS Linn. var. CALIFORNICA Bess. Common below 2,500 feet. June — August. TETRADYMIA DC. T. comosA Gray. Near Devil’s Gate. July—August. LEPIDOSPARTUM Gr. L. sguamarum Gr. A. S,, foothills S. G. Mts. July—September. SENECIO Linn. Groundsel. . S. cALIFORNICUS DC. Com. below 3,000 feet. March—May. S. poucrasit DC. Hills along A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. July—September. CARDUUS Tourn. Thistle. C. CALIFORNICUS (Gr.) Greene. O. K., R. C. May—]July. C. OCCIDENTALIS Nutt. Frequent below 2,000 feet. April—June. SILYBUM Gaerth. Milk-Thistle. S. MARIANUM (Linn.) Gaerth. Near Oak Knoll. May—]July. CENTAUREA Linn. Star-Thistle. C. MELITENSIS Linn. Com. below 2,000 feet. May—August. PEREZIA Lag. P. MICROCEPHALA Gr. O. K., A. S., foothills S. G. Mts. June—August. MICROSERIS Don. M. LINEARIFOLIA Gr. Com. below 3,500 feet. February—May. 646 HISTORY OF PASADENA. PTILORIA Raf. P. CICHORIACEA (Gr.) Greene. Canyons S. G. Mts. July—September. P. VIRGATA (Benth.) Greene. Com. below 3,500 feet. June—October. RAFINESQUIA Nutt. R. cALIFORNICA Nutt. Hills along A. S. June—July. MALACOTHRIX DC. M. TENUIFOLIA T. & G. Com. below 2,500 feet. June—August. HYPOCHARIS Linn. H. RaADICATA Linn. Along streets. May—]July. CREPIS Linn. C. BIENNIS Linn. Along streets. April—June. TARAXACUM Linn. Dandelion. T. TARAXACUM (Linn.) Mac M. Occasional along streets. April—October. LACTUCA Tourn. L. SCARIOLA IL. South of Pasadena. June—August. SONCHUS Linn. Sow-Thistle. S. ASPER Linn. Frequent below 1,500 feet. S. OLERACEUS Linn. Common below 1,500 feet. HIERACIUM Tourn. Hawkweed. H. parisHII Gr. Canyons S. G. Mts. June—August. SUMMARY OF PLANTS LISTED. PROBOPHINITA cc. es nr ira sawn ss ss dere sriia say deinen stb mania wen 40 PHYCOPHYTA ..c.c.ie eter tbetne ore h is svi snsnsettsinssinrunsishsnransasesnps sana asavsnte 50 CARPOPHYVIA........ onli. Sr 350 BRVOPHEIFIA «-...ochrier crete hi sinha iiesashs ds ei avanis dns swsnvas sas ibe suentnarinny 53 PORRIDOPEINV TA i i La en 21 SPERIMAREITA ois avs a itesinss sons io nevi snsialana saa smsve danse subvsntusins ssn sme sos 542 . DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 647 INDEX TO FLORA. PAGE PAGE | ™ PAGE BCBY 0 rin inis i iieaiien nisin 636 Bigelovin........ .iiiveiassss.s 644 Collinsla. 0. 0 nl ed 642 Achillea... 645 Big Root.. . 643 Collybia ... .. 619 Achyrodes... .. 628 Bindweed ... . 640 Columbine . 633 Achyrachaena.. 645 Blackberry .. 638 Conifers... . 627 Actinonema . 616 Bloomeria .. . 630 Conferva ... 612 Acidium.. 615 Blue Curls... . 641 Coniophora . 623 Adiantum... 626 Bolbitius . 620 Conium.... . 636 Adenostoma Boletus .... 622 Conotheci 618 Agaricus..... 621 Botrydium . . 612 Convolvulus.. . 640 Agrostis. 0s (028 Boia 5617 Conyza ... . 644 Albugo .... Res B12 Bovista . 618 Coprinus.. 622 Alchemilla.. «+ 038 Boykinia .. : 637 Cordylanthus 0 . 641 Alder. 0 rv O31 Brachythecium . 625 © Corethrogyne. .. 644 Alfalfa. 639 Brassica........ . 635 Cornel..." 0... 4037, Alfilaria....... 635 Brodlea .. 630 Corn-spurrey .. 633 Algee, blue-green. 3 609 Bromus ... 628 Cornus ......... +. 037 Algee, fresh-water.. 610 Bryum .. 625 Corticium . 1623 Alnus................... es 031 Buckthorn . 036 Cortinarius 2.628 611 Alsia ... -..025 Buellia. ..... . 613 Cosmarium... i Alyssum ves O35 Bullrush.. , 629 Cotyledon..... 2.637 Amanita ..... . 619 Burr Clover. eee 630 Cottonwood . +1031 Amanitopsis .. 619 Bursa ......., s-:i 635 Crepidotus. .. 621 Amarantus..... 631 Buttercup 633 . 646 Amblystegium . se 026 Cactus......... 637 +: 636 Ambrosia.......... «e644 , Calandrinia., Sees 033 vy 849 Amerosporium . 616 Calocylindrus.. . 611 Cryptanthe... 641 Amorpha........ 7 639 Calochortus .. oe 630 Cryptomitrium Amsinckia .. 641 Calyptridium , 632 Cryptodiscus. . 614 Ascococcus.. 609 Camptotheciu ee 625 Cup-fungi... 613 Anabaena.... ... 60g Calvatia’.......... > 618 Cucurbita... . 643 Anagallis..... ... 640 Canaigre.... aes 032 Cucurbitaria 622 Andropogon ee 027 Canchalagua . . 642 Cuscuta.. .... . 640 Anemopsis...... 2. O37 Capnodium.... 612 Cyathus...... 619 veer 643 Cylindrocapsa ... veer 635 Cylindrosporium ey e045 Cymbella......... 611 . 629 Cynodon . Antirrhinum.. oBi2 Caprifolium .. Antitrichia..... rs 625 Cardamine .... Anthoceros . . 624 Carduus.... Anthemis.. Aphyllon ... 642 Carrot, Wild.. 10637 Cyperus... 629 Apiastrum vee 037 Castilleia..... es 642 Cystopteris. 626 Apium ..... ve 037 Catchfly... . 633 Dactylis..... . 628 Apocynum ies O43 Catastoma . . 618 Dandelion.. . 646 Squilegia. on 033 Cat-Tail ... . 627 Datisca.... . 638 Arabis.. ++ 035 Caucalis.... 037 Datura. . 641 Aralia.. i 637 Ceanothus. 636 Daucus . 637 Arbutus... ....... 1-030 Celery, Wild . 637 Delphinium . 633 Arctostaphylos . 639 Centaurea.. . 645 Dematium.. 617 Arenaria... 623 Cerastium .. . 633 Dendromecon., 634 Argemone. 634 Ceratophylluz : . 633 Desmids......... . O11 Aristida..... ves 028 Cercospora....... . 617 Diachea... 609 Armillaria +1610 Cersporella. AL Diatoms.,. + JOTY Artemisia.. . 645 Cercocarpus es 638 Dicentra .... . 634 Asclepias . os 643 Cereus sess. 037 Dy erenowsist . 624 Ascochyta. ... 616 Cetraria.... . 614 Diplacus .. . 642 Ascophora. ree OTT Chamomile. . 645 Diplodia.. ‘616 Aspidium .. aes 020 Cheenactis... 645 Dipsacus.. . 643 Asplenium ve. 626 Cheilanthes .. 626 i . 628 Asterella 624 Chenopodium 632 . 632 Aster. 644 Cherry, Wild. 638 . 640 Astreeus ye O18 Chial 2.2... 641 640 Astragalus .-+ 639 Chickweed.. 633 . 637 Atriplex . 632 Chorizanthe.. 632 612 Atropis...... .. 628 Chlorogalum. 631 . 629 a 025 Chroococcus .. 609 . 634 .. 628 Chrysopsis... 644 620 . 624 Cladonia ..... . 613 643 626 Cladophora 612 629 644 Cladosporium 617 . 640 Bacillus ,. .. 609 Claopodium... 625 BY . Bacteria .. 600 Clavaria ... 623 Endocarpon . . 1613 Bactridium «619 Claytonia. . 633 Entoloma......... 620 Badhamia.. .. 609 Clematis .. . 633 Entomosporium . 616 Baeria..... .. 645 Clitocybe.. . 620 Epicampes....... . 628 Barbula + 625 Closterium .. 2011 Epicoccum. . 618 Barley..... .. 629 Clover............ . 639 Epilobium . 638 Bartramia..... «025 Clover, Sweet . 639 Epipactis... 631 Batrachopermum. 623 Club-Moss. . 626 Equisetum , 626 Bay Tree... 633 Coconeis... . 611 Eragrostis.. 628 Beard Tongue. .. 642 Cocconema.. . O11 Ericameria 644 Beggiatoa..... .. 609 Coleosanthu . 644 Erigeron..... 644 Bidens... ol han na 645 Collen. ...... cil ierianssasvsnas 613 Briodictyon eens 641 648 PAGE Eriogonum ... . 632 Eriophyllum .. 645 Erodium .. .. 635 Erysiphe ... . 612 Erysimum . : .. 635 Erythreea ..... . 642 Eschscholtzia. .. 634 Fucladium ... . 624 KHucrypta. .. 640 Endorina. +. BT Kuglena. O11 Eulobus .. .. 638 Euphorbia. 636 Eurotium .. .. 612 Eurynchium . 625 fveslasting - . 644 Evernia .. Fission Plants Five-Finger .... Foeniculum.. Fossombronia. Four-o’clock Fritillaria.- . 631 Frullania... 624 Fuchsia, wild. 638 Fuligo.......... 609 Funaria....... 625 + Fungi, Black 612 Fusicladium. 617 Geranium . 635 Gilles. Lh . 640 Gloeosporium. .. 616 Glonium ........ ws (O13 Gnaphalodes.. . 644 Gnaphalium .. 644 Gnomonia. 613 Godetia ....... 638 Gomphonema. vse 01 Gonium........ 3011 Gooseberry 637 Goosefoot... 632 Grape... ...c.iounee 636 Grass, Blue-eyed.. 631 Grasses.............. vee 027 Grease-wood 638 Grimaldia.. 624 Grimmia +./025 Griadelia........ w 644 Gymmnogramme. . 626 Habenaria . 631 Hapalosiphon. 609 Hazardia...... 644 Hebeloma.. 620 Hedwigia.. 625 Helenium. 645 Heleocharis... 629 Helianthemum . 635 Helianthus..... 644 Helvella....... 614 Hemizonia........ 645 Hemlock, False 627 Hendersonia .... 616 Heteromeles .. Heterosporium. 618 Heterotheca.... 644 Heuchera.. Hieracium .. Horehound.. 641 Bolous.. i628 HISTORY OF PASADENA. Holly, California Holodiscus ... Hordeum...... . 629 Hormiscium 615 Bornwort .... «1633 Horse-tails .. .. 626 Hydnum ..... ib22 Hydrocotyle .. «0636 Hydrdictyon .. +e OT Hygrophorus . . 620 Hymenochaete.. 622 Hypholoma . 621 Hypocheris. 646 Hypoxylon..... 613 Hysterographium 613 Indian-pink Indian-lettuce. 633 Juglans..... 631 Juncus 629 Juniper. 627 Jussizea 638 Knot-grass 632 Knotweed. Lace-pod.. . 634 Lachnea.... 614 Lachnella . 614 Lactarius.. 620 Factuea.. ....... 646 Lamb’s quarter 632 Larkspur....... 633 Lathyrus.. ... 639 Laurel Mountain. 633 Layia..........ccccee 645 Lecanora.. 613 ILemna..... 629 Lenzites... 620 Lepidium ...... 635 Lepidospartum . 645 Lepiota.......... . 619 Leptobryum .. 625 Leptodactylon 640 Leptogium.. 613 Leptonia..... 620 Leptothrix.. Leptosyne... Libocedrus.. Lichens.. Lilac, California. . 636 Eilium..... .....eo- . 630 Linanthus,.. 640 Linaria... 642 Little Club-moss. 626 Liverworts....... 624 Lobelia..... 643 Lolium 629 Lotus .... . 639 Lunularia. 624 Lupinus... 639 Lyngbya..... 609 Lycoperdon 618 Lythrum. 635 Macrosporiu 618 Madia............ 645 Madotheca. 624 Madrona... 639 Mahogany, “Mountain.......... 638 Malacothrix ............ .... 646 . 635 ..2035 . 639 . 636 . . 624 Marrubium.. .. 641 Marsonia..... : + 1617 Mastigonema . 609 Matricaria..... . 645 Meadow Rue... Meadow-sweet . 638 Medicago...... .. 639 Melampsora.. . 616 Melanconium.. 017 Melica........ .. 628 Melilotus. .. 639 IMEIOSITA .. ce rrreuseiseassvuasasnase 611 PAGE Mentha. o.oo ln nia, 641 Mentzelia . 638 Meridion.. 611 Merismoped . 60g Merulius..... 623 Mesocarpus . 611 Mexican Tea.. 632 Micrampelis 5 643 Micrococcus.. 609 Microseris.. 645 Milkweed. 643 642 641 632 631 Mock-orange. 643 Monardella....... . 641 Monkey-flower. 642 Morchella............ 614 Morning-glory, wild. 640 Mosses .......... . 624 Mouse-ear . 633 Mucor . 611 Muhlenb 628 Muilla........0.. 630 Mullein... .......0.. 0 eee 642 Mushroom, common 621 Mustard... .......5... . 635 Mycena...... . 620 Nasturtium . 635 Naucoria .. . 620 Naverretia .. . 640 Navicula .. . 611 Nemacladus.. . 643 Nemophila.. . 640 Nettle....... 632 Nostoc ..... 609 Notholena 626 Nummularia.. 613 Pxonia........ 623 Paint-brush. 642 Painted-cup .. 642 Palmerella .. . 643 Panaeolus... . 621 Pandorina... . BIT Panicum .. 627 Pannaria.. . 1013 Papaver.. . 634 Parietaria .. 632 Parmelia.... . 614 Paspulum .. . 627 Pea, wild.. . 639 Prickly Pear. . 637 Pectocarya.... . 641 Pediastrum. - OI Pellxa..... «626 Peltigera.. 613 Penicillium .. oh Peniophora .. . 623 Pentstemon... . 642 Pepper-grass. . 635 Perezia.... . 645 Pertusaria.. «613 Peucedanum. .. 637 Peziza......... . 614 Phacelia . 640 Phalaris 027 . 618 . 623 028 .. 640 .. 620 a O31 Phragmidium. - BIS Phycla..... ....... . 614 Phyllachora 613 Phyllosticta. . 616 Physalis..... O41 Physarum.. . 609 Pigweed..... ... 022 Pimpernel .. 640 Fiucushion .. 645 Pine.......-. .. 027 in iii ssasesmvenreueransninser 621 re DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 649 PAGE PAGE Plagiobothrys...........c.......... 641 Salix... niet. ei 631 Plantago ..... . 642 Salvia...... . 641 Platanus .. . 632 Sambucus. . 643 Platystemon .. . 634 Samolus.. . 640 Pleurotus.... 2020 Sanicula..... .. 636 Pluteolus.. 620, 621 Saprolegnia.. ss 012 Poa.........i: . 628 Saxifraga .. 637 Podosporiella. 618 Scabiosa..... . 643 Poison Oak ... 635 Scale-Mosses 624 Polycarpon. 633 Scenedesmus... . 610 Polygala .... 636 Schizophyllum 620 Polygonum. 632 Scirpus............ 629 Polypodium 626 Scleroderma 518 Polypogon.. 628 Scleropodium.. + 625 : Polyporus... 622 Scolecotrichum.. 617 Toadstools, Dissol Polystictus.... 622 Scrophularia... 642 i Polytrichum . 625 Scutellaria ... 641 Pond-Weed. 627 Secotium.. . 618 Poplar... . 631 Sedge......... 629 Poppy... . 634 Selaginella 626 Populus ve. O3F Senecio . 645 Pore-fungi +621 Septoria.. . 616 Portulaca.. . . 633 Setaria....... 627 Potamogeton. 627 Shooting Star.. .. 640 Potentilla.. ......... 638 Sidalcea..... vs 635 Primrose, Even ng.. 638 Silene...... .. 633 Protococcus........... . 610 Silybum . 635 Prunus....... . 638 Sisymbrium.. . 6514 Psathyrella »02Y Sisyrinchium 4-035 Pseudopeziza. 614 Sium............. 1630 Pseudotsuga . 627 Skull-Cap .. .. 641 Psoralea... 639 Smartweed 632 Pteris....... 625 Smuts........... 616 Pterogoni 625 Snapdragon.. 642 Pterostegia.... 632 Soap Plant y 031 Ptiloria.... 646 Solanum ... 641 Puccinia......... 615 Solidago.. 644 Pucciniastrum . ess O16 Sonchus.. . 646 Puff-Balls ..... veee O13 Sorghum. 627 Purslane....... 2-033 Sorrel ..... .:032, Pycnanthemum 641 Sow-Thistle..... . 646 Quercus .. 6371 Spanish Bayonet.. * 631 Radulum. 623 Specularia... . 643 Rafinesqu 646 Speedwell. . 642 Ragweed 644 Spergula.... .. 633 Ramalina 614 Spherella..... .. 612 Ramilaria 617 SDhssocarpus. . 624 Ramona.. ... 641 Sphaeropsis.. . 616 Ranunculus 633 Sphaerotheca 612 Raphanus... 634 Spice-Tree. .. . 630 Rattle-Weed 630 Spikenard. 037 Rhamnus. 636 Spirillum .. 610 635 Sporobolus . 628 g .. 625 Spumaria.. .. 610 Rhytisma......... . 614 Spyrogyra + O11 Ribes.. +. 637 Stachys ..... . 641 Riccia.... . 624 Stellaria.... .633 Rinodina.... . 612 Stemphylium . 618 Rock-Rose.. . 635 Stereum....... ..6723 Rosa........ . 638 Sticta ............. 613 Rosellinia . 012 Stigeoclonium i O12 Rubus . 638 Stigmatea....... vs O13 Rumex . 632 Stipa......... i. 628 Russula . 620 Sirephenibm . 635 Rusts..... . 614 Stropharia .. 621 Sac-Fungi . 612 Sumach..... .. 635 Sage......... : . 641 Sunflower . 644 Sage, Black . 641 Sycamore ... ... . 6320 Zygadenls,........ «rciseavecssses Sage-Brush 645 Symphoricarpus.. .. 643 SAGINg ........0 cee ceric rrintesneres 633 SYNEATA ........¢eereeersngunssrsesyss 611 The floral names beginning will O were accidentally omitted from the Index and are given below: ALE iii ie tara sada v ssa sas vA Sa 631 Opuntia Onats............ 628 Orchids .. Jidogonium . 612 Orthocarpis .. Fnanthe.... 36 Orthotrichum (Fnothera 38 Oscillaria ...... Oidium 617 Osmorrhiza. Omphalia.. OPNIGhOING ....ccciverruenirse vansins .:.020 Oxalis.. Oyster-mushr oom " ra oR FRE CRT V0 TL (72) FLORA Southern and Lower California. A OH BOR-T,781T —OF THE— FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT. TBR ASN Ll ver . & 7 AS OF Ti a NY LLY EL IY Nj Grronssy/ on SVE peor SAN DIEGO, California, U. 8. A. 1885. SCHNEIDER'S BOOK STORE, Stationery & News Depot. (Established in 1869.) Rogers Bros.’ Plated Ware, BEST POCKET KNIVES, WALL PAPER, (lass 2nd Dainta. HAMILTON & CO., SAN DIEGO, dealers in all kinds of SUPPLIES ROR FARMERS & PAMILIE, Orders solicited for SAN DIEGO HONEY. Visitors to San Diego, Cal., can find Qaliflornia A uriosiics, SEA SHELLS, MOSS, and INDIAN RELICS, at the Book and Stationery Store of INO. CC. DALY, New Masonic Building, H Street bet. 5th & 6th. GEO. W. MARSTON, JAY [0008 CARPETS, | WES FURNISHINGS, AGENT FOR The “Hite” Aackine —AND— Butterick’'s Patterns. N. E. corner Fifth and F Streets, SAN Dieco, CAL. MORSE, NOELL & WHALEY, Real ESTATE DEALERS. LETTERS OF INQUIRY ANSWERED. SAN DIEGO, CAL. REFERENCES: Wells, Fargo & Co., and Consolidated Nat’l Bank of San Diego. Forest & Ornamental Trees. The undersigned will furnish at lowest market prices: Eucalyptus globulus, (Blue Gum.) Acacia decurrens, (Black Wattle—a new forest tree of rapid growth; bark thick and very rich in tannin.) Cupressus macrocarpa, (Monterey Cypress.) Washingtonia filifera, (Cal. Fan Palm.) Lower California Date Palm. Date Palm of commerce. Cuttings of the California Grape, (Vitis | Californica,) for budding. J. H. ORCUTT, San Diego, California. | FLORA (es Southern and Lower California PREPACT. This list includes all the Pheenogamous plants and higher Cryptogams known in San Diego county and the adjacent borders of Lower Cali- fornia, and mainly collected by H. C. Orcutt and myself during the last few years. Plants limited in distribution to the northern part of the county are indicated by N; to the southern portion, by S; to Lower Cali- fornia, by L; to N and S, by D; those common to D and L, by G; and to S and L, by F. Saline plants, s; mesas and coast region, ¢; mountains (above 4,000 feet), m; intermediate hills and valleys, h; desert, d. Intro- duced or naturalized species are avo in italics. Plants blooming during early rains are shown by 1; later rains, 2; summer, 3; fall, 4; throughout the year 5. Species not collected by us are indicated by the *. Color of some is indicated by w for white; r, red; y, yellow; g, green; b, blue or purple. This list has been prepared by reason of many requests of those who appreciate the value of a check-list, and the necessarily incomplete notes will in many cases prove of value, I trust, to the student of our rich and beautiful flora. CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT. | i it J i | i FLORA OF SOUTHERN AND LOWER CALIFORNIA. ———————————— Ranunculacez. Clematis pauciflora, Nutt. Ge ligusticifolia, Nutt. Gm Thalictrum polycarpum, Watson. G5 Myosurus minimus, L. G2 aristatus, Benth. bs? 2 Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh. aquatilis, L., v. trichophyllus, Ch. a3 caspitosus, DC. Lm3j Californicus, Benth. Buttercup. G m hebecarpus, "Hook. & Arn., var. pusillus, Brewer. Fh Aquilegia truncata, F. & M. G m Delphinium simplex, Dougl. G m decorum, F. & M. Blue larkspur. G ¢ cardinale, Hook. G m Paonia Brownii, Dougl. Gh *Crossosoma Bigelovii, Watson. Dd Berberidaceee. Barberry. Berberis Fremonti, Torr. Lm3 *pinnata, Lag. Sh Papaverace. Poppy. Platystemon Californicus, Benth. G Romneya Coulteri, Harv. Fh - Argemone hispida,Gray. Thistle poppy G - Meconopsis heterophylla, Benth. G Dendromecon rigidum, Bth. Tree p. G m Eschscholtzia Californica, Cham. G peninsularis, Greene, new. L minutifiora, Watson. Gd Fumariaceee. Dicentra chrysantha, H. & A. Gh Cruciferee. Alyssum maritimum, L. Sweet A. Gc Draba cuneifolia, Nutt. De Jardamine paucisecta, Bth. Water cress. . Arabis perfoliata, Lam. G m : *longirostris, Watson. Dd Streptanthus heterophyllus, Nutt. Pe Caulanthus glandulosus, Hook., var.(?) levis, Watson. Lm Thelypodium Wrightii, Gray. Lm . Stanleya * pinnatinda, Nutt. Dd Erysimum asperum, DC. G ' Brassica nigra, Koch. Black mustard. G alba, Gray. White mustard. G campestr ts, L. Turnip (wild.) x Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. G incisum, Engelm. Lm var. filipes, Gray. Lm reflexum, Nutt. Yo officinale, Scop. D Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. Nh curvisiliqua, Nutt., v. lyratum,W. G i Vesicaria Fendleri, Gray, var. Lm Subularia aquatica, 1. Gm i Tropidocarpum gracile, Hook. Gc - Lyrocarpa Palmeri, Watson. Ld Capsella divaricata, Walp. Sc Bursa-pastoris, Maench. G | Lepidium latipes, Hook. Pepper-grasses: dictyotum, Gray. Ge nitidum, Nutt. Ge Menziesii, DC. Ge lasiocarpum, Nutt., var. tenuipes, Watson. Lm intermedium, Gray. Ge Thysanocarpus curvipes, Hook. Gh laciniatus, Nutt. Dh pusillus, Hook. Gh Biscutella *Californica, B. & H. Dd Raphanus sativus, L. G Capparidacese. Cleome integrifolia, Nutt. Sh Isomeris arborea, Nutt. G Resedacez. Oligomeris subulata, Boiss. Ge Cistacese. Helianthemum scoparium, Nutt. G Violacese. Viola aurea, Kellogg? G m chrysantha, Hook. Gm pedunculata, T. & G. Gch Polygalacee. Polygala Californica, Nutt. Lie Krameria *parvifolia, Benth. Gd canescens, Gray. Gd Frankeniacee. Frankenia Palmeri, Watson. Ss? grandifolia, C. & S. G5 Caryophyllace=. Silene Gallica, L. Catch-fly. G antirrhina, L. Ge Californica, Dur. h laciniata, Cav. G h *Palmeri, Watson. Dm platyota, Watson. G m Cerastium nutans, Raf. Gm viscosum, Li G Stellaria media, L. Ge Arenaria alsinoides, Willd. Lm Douglasii, T. & G. Gr *macradenia, Watson. Dm macrophylla, Hook. 5m Saponaria Vacearia, L. Sc Lepigonum macrothecum, F. & M. Gs medium, Fries. x8 gracile, Watson. Sec Polycarpon depressum, Nutt. x C Leeilingia squarrosa, Nutt. Gh Illecebracese. Pentacegena ramosissima, H. & A G Achyronychia *Cooperi, T. & G. Dd Portulacaceee. Portulaca oleracea, I.. Purslane. Calandrinia Menziesii, Hook. G maritima, Nutt. Fe Claytonia perfoliata, Don. Gh Calyptridium monandrum, Nutt. G Tamariscinese. Candlewood. Fouquiera splendens, Engelm. Fd Elatinaceee. Elatine brachysperma, Gray. Sec Hypericacese. Hypericum Scouleri, Hook. anagalloides, C. & S. Malvaces. Malva borealis, Wallm. Sidalcea humilis, Gray. malveeflora, Gray. Malvastrum exile, Gray. Thurberi, Gray. *densiflorum, Watson. *rotundifolium, Gray. foliosum, Watson, new. Spheeralcea Emoryi, Torr. Sida hederacea, Torr. Abutilon crispum, Don. Newberryi, Watson. Streetsii, Watson. aurantiacum, Watson. Hibiscus denudatus, Benth. Sterculiacece. Ayenia *pusilla, L. Fremontia Californica, Torr. Linaceee. Flax. Linum perenne, L. Zygophyllaceee. Fagonia Californica, Benth. Larrea Mexicana, Moric. Geraniaceee. Geranium Carolinianum, L. cespitosum, James. Erodium Texanum, Gray. cicutarium, I'Her. Alfilaria. moschatum, 1. Her. $¢ macrophyllum, H. & A. Limnanthes *Douglasii, R. Br. Oxalis corniculata, Li. Wrightii, Gray. Rutaceee. Ptelea aptera, Parry. Thamnosma montanum, Torr. Cneoridium dumosum, Hook. f. Celastraces. Euonymus occidentalis, Nutt. Spice shrubs. Rhamnacese. Zizyphus Parryi, Torr. Iycioides, var. canescens, Gray. Rhamnus crocea, Nutt. Californica, Esch. Wild coffee * var. tomentella, B. & W. - Condalia *spathulata, Gray. Adolphia Californica, Watson. Ceanothus cuneatus, Nutt. sorediatus, H. & A. Wild lilac. integerrimus, H. & A. divaricatus, Nutt. *rigidus, Nutt. Vitacese. Vitis Californica, Benth. Sapindaceee. ~Esculus Parryi, Gray. Buckeye. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. Grape. Soap-bush boxy fred fre [=e ed ore QO == x = = D G G1 D D » Fea nEEQan Gm G G G Dh Gh Le Nm Anacardiaceee. Sumacs. Rhus ovata, Watson, new. Gm integrifolia, Nutt. Gece laurina, Nutt. Ge diversiloba, T. & G. Poison oak. G aromatica, Ait., v. trilobata, Gr. Dm var. indivisa, Watson. Lm Leguminose. Lupine Family. Thermopsis Californica, Watson. D Hoffmanseggia *stricta, Benth. D *microphylla, Torr. Dd Lupinus densiflorus, Benth. Chamissonis, Esch. S affinis, Agardh. G micranthus, Dougl. sparsiflorus, Benth. truncatus, Nutt. hirsutissimus, Benth. gracilis, Agardh. Orcuttii, Watson. *Arizonicus, Watson. brevicaulis, Watson. albicaulis, Dougl. littoralis, Dougl. Douglasii, Agardh. Trifolium Macreei, H. & A. Clovers: ciliatum, Nutt. monanthum, Gray. microcephalum, Pursh. fucatum, Lindl. gracilentum, T. & G. involucratum, Willd. tridentatum, Lindl. var. obtusiflorum, Watson. Melilotus alba, Lam. Sweet clover. parviflora, Desf. Medicago sativa, L. Alfalfa. denticulata, Willd. Burr clover. lupulina, L. Psoralea Californica, Watson. orbicularis, Lindl. macrostachya, DC. Amorpha Californica, Nutt. Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Pursh. Hosackia rigida, Benth. rigida, var. argyrea, Watson. oblongifolia, Benth. maritima, Nutt. strigosa, Nutt. Purshiana, Benth. glabra, Tore. prostrata, Nutt. micrantha, Nutt. argophylla, Gray. Heermanni, D. & *crassifolia, Benth. *grandiflora, Benth. *brachycarpa, Benth. *decumbens, Benth. Dalea *mollis, Benth. *Emoryi, Gray. Californica, Watson. *Schottii, Torr. *spinosa, Gray. Orcuttii, Watson, new. *Parryl, T. & G. Astragalus oocarpus, Gray. didymocarpus, H. & A. dispermus, Gray. poteaq ROT Ere DODE QR Qe Gm att@ = fi pt orrQrrQEEZQrEEQ = = graZzZoo 02000 e® ww RePabBanspaZeBrr An pai i *Vaseyi, Watson. leucopsis, T. & G. Rattle-weed. *Coulteri, ‘Benth. Sonor, Gray. stenophyllus, T. &G. Orcuttianus, Watson ined. #tricarinatus, Gray. Crotalariee, Gray. *Parishii, Gray. *Preusii, Gray. Olneya Tesota, Gray. Iron-wood. Vicia exigua, Nutt. Vetch. Cassia Covesii, Gray. Lathyrus venosus, Muhl. splendens, Kellogg. Wild pea. Parkinsonia *Torreyana, Watson. Prosopis juliflora, DC. 'Mesquit. pubescens, Benth. Screw bean. Acacia Greggii, Gray. Rosacee. Prunus *Fremonti, Watson. Gd demissa, Walp. Choke cherry. D m ilicifolia, Walp. Oak-leaf cherry. G *fasciculata, Gray. Dd SR @ QRRaroc roc cnEreacEE ata Rubus Nutkanus, Moc. Dm ursinus, C. & S Dewberry. G Chamebatia foliolosa, Benth. G h Purshia tridentata, DC. Dd Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt. Gh Fragaria Californica,C.& 8. Strawb’y. Dm Potentilla rivalis, Nutt. var. mille- grana, Watson. G m Horkelia Colinton. C.&8S. Dm Cal., var. paucifoliata, Watson. Lh *Bolanderi, Gray, v. Parryi, Wats. Dm Ivesia Baileyi, Watson. Lm Adenostoma sparsifolium, Torr. G m fasciculatum, H.& A. Grease-wood. G Rosa Californica, C. & S. Wild rose. G 5 minutifolia, Eng. Parry’s rose. Lc Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem. G Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. Sh Saxifragaces. Saxifraga Parryi, Torr. Wild cocoanut. reflexa, Hook. Dh Tellima Cy mbalaria, Walp. Dh Heuchera rubescens, Torr. G m Ribes speciosum, Pursh. Sc Menziesii, Pursh. Sh viscosissimum, Pursh. Nm sanguineum, Pursh. G viburnifolium, Gray. Le Crassulaceee. Sedum variegatum, Watson. Fn Tilleea minima, Miers. G angustifolia, Nutt. Sc Cotyledon edulis, Brewer. G pulverulenta, B. & H. G lanceolata, B. & H. Gh Lythracez. Ammannia latifolia, L. Sec Lythrum Hyssopifolia, L. Sc alatum, Ph., var. linearifolium, Gr. G Oraaracim. | Epilobium angustifolium, L. Nm ] coloratum, Muhl G ~ Zauschneria Californica, Presl. G St Ludwigia palustris, Ell. Clarkia elegans, Lindl. rhomboidea, Doug]. Gayophytum ramosissimum, T. & G. Eulobus Californicus, Nutt. (Enothera Californica, Watson. *trichocalyx, Nutt, strigulosa, T. & G. cheiranthifolia, Horn. gaureeflora, T. & G. *brevipes, Gray. *cardiophylla, Torr. refracta, Watson. bistorta, Nutt., var. (?) Veitchi- ana, Hook. biennis, L. Godetia epilobioides, Watson. w tenella, Watson. r Boisduvalia densiflora, Watson. Dee TUoZato * zm QE cpa EaRle REEL Loasaces. Petulonyx *Thurberi, Gray. Dd Mentzelia albicaulis, 'Doug]. Gm gracilenta, T. & G. Gh *evicaulis, T. &G. Dd *tricuspis, Gray. Dd micrantha, T. & G. Lh Cucurbitacese. Megarrhiza Californ’a, Torr. Chilocothe G Cucurbita perennis, Gray. G palmata, Watson. Mock orange. G *Californica, Torr. Dd Datiscaceee. Datisca glomerata, B. & H. Gh Cactacee. Cacti. Mamillaria Goodridgii, Scheer. Ge *phellosperma, Engelm. Dd Echinocactus viridescens, Nutt. Gc Orcuttii, Engelm. ined. Lh cylindraceus, Engelm. d Wislizeni, Engelm. Na Cereus pheeniceus, var. Pacificus, Engelm. ined. Le maritimus, Jones. L ¢ guminosus, Engelm. ined. Pitalla. L ¢ Engelmanni, Parry. G m Emoryi, Engelm. Ge Opuntia occidentalis, E. Prickly pear. G prolifera, Engelm. Chollas. Gh serpentina, Engelm. Gh Bigelovii, Engelm. Gd Ficoideee. Sesuvium Portulacastrum, IL. G Mesembrianthemum nodiflorum, L. ®quilaterale, Haw. Beach berry. Ss crystallinum, L. Tce plant. S Umbelliferse. Hydrocotyle prolifera, Kellogg. ranunculoides, L. f. Bowlesia lobata, R. & P. Eryngium petiolatum, Hook. Deweya arguta, T. & G. Carum Gairdneri, B. & H. (Enanthe Californica, Watson. Daucus pusillus, Michx. Sanicula Menziesii, H. & A. bipinnatifida, Doug]. CnPe2L 3070 Pe bv See Be laciniata, H. & A. Gh Apium graveolens, L. S Apiastrum angustifolium, Nutt. Gh Selinum *capitellatum, B. & H. Dm Angelica tomentosa, Watson. G m Caucalis microcarpa, H. & A. Peucedanum dasycarpum, T. & G. G Euryptera, Gray. De Cornacese. Cornus Californica, C. A. Meyer. Nm Garrya flavescens, var. Palmeri, Wat. Fm Caprifoliacese. Sambucus glauca, Nutt. Elder. Symphoricarpus mollis, Nutt. Sm racemosus, Michx. Snowdrop. Sm Lonicera hispidula, Dougl., var. sub- spicata, Gray. G Rubiacese. Kelloggia *galioides, Torr. Dm Galium Andrewsii, Gray. Gm Rothrockii, Gray. Lm angustifolium, Nutt. G m stellatum, Kellogg. iam pubens, Gray. Gh Aparine, L., var. Vaillantii, Koch. Ge Valerianaceee. Valerianella macrocera, Gray. G h Composite. Hofmeisteria *pluriseta, Gray. Brickellia Californica, Gray. frutescens, Gray. atractyloides, Gray. Carphephorus junceus, Benth. Gutierrezia Californica, T. & G. Euthamie, T. & G. Grindelia robusta, Nutt. Pentachata aurea, Nutt. Eremiastrum *bellioides, Gray. Lessingia glandulosa, Gray. Monoptilon *bellidiforme, T. & G. Heterotheca grandiflora, Nutt. Chrysopsis villosa, Nutt., var. sessili- ; flora, Gray. Aplopappus squarrosus, H. & A. linearifolius, DC Palmeri, Gray. Berberidis, Gray. Orcuttii, Gray, new. Bigelovia Menziesii, Gray. spathulata, Gray. brachylepis, Gray. graveolens, Gray. teretifolia, Gray. *paniculata, Gray. Solidago Californica, Nutt. *confinis, Gray. Corethrogyne filaginifolia, Nutt. Aster Andersoni, Gray. exilis, L spinosus, Benth. *parviflorus, Gray. Erigeron incomptus, Gray, new. foliosus, Nutt. var. tenuissimus, Gray. var. stenophyllus, Gray. Canadensis, L. Cut @0L ra © QaradrrE Raa fa HRP Fe Ho 99 pooglta RErurafEE@rranEEE Qe rEr® *Philadelphicus, L. Baccharis Douglasii, DC. glutinosa, Pers. Emoryi, Gray. sarothroides, Gray. Pluchea camphorata, DC. borealis, Gray. Micropus Californicus, F. & M Psilocarphus Oreganus, Nutt. tenellus, Nutt. Stylocline gnaphalioides, Nutt. Evax caulescens, Gray. Filago Arizonica, Gray. Gnaphalium Sprengelii, H. & A. palustre, Nutt. purpureum, L. Iva Hayesiana, Gray. Hymenoclea *Salsola, T. & G. monogyra, T. & G. Ambrosia pumila, Gray. psilostachya, DC. Ragweed. Franseria *dumosa, Gray. Hookeriana, Nutt. bipinnatifida, Nutt. deltoidea, Torr. flexuosa, Gray, new. Mock willow. zoo 2 BoocoorRrorrloy Sonnn® Row RAR FRARDNDD HR wm om Xanthium strumarium, L. Cocklebur. Wyethia coriacea, Gray. Encelia Californica, Nutt. farinosa, Gray. viscida, Gray. *eriocephala, Gray. Helianthus dealbatus, Gray. racilentus, Gray. Jalifornicus, DC. petiolaris, Nutt. Viguiera laciniata, Gray. Parishii, Greene. Leptosyne Douglasii, DC. maritima, Gray. *Bigelovii, Gray. Bidens chrysanthemoides, Michx. pilosa, L. Madia elegans, Don. filipes, Gray. *glomerata, Hook. Hemizonia ¥*paniculata, Gray. fasciculata, T. & G. tenella, Gray. Wrightii, Gray. floribunda, Gray. Layia glandulosa, H. & A. elegans, T. & G. *platyglossa, Gray. Jaumea carnosa, Gray. Baeria *Clevelandi, Gray. gracilis, Gray. var. tenerrimus, Gray. mutica, Gray. Eriophyllum Wallacei, Gray. confertifiorum, Gray. *ambiguum, Gray. Lasthenia glabrata, Lindl. Baileya pauciradiata, H. & G. multiradiata, H. & G. Burrielia *microglossa, DC. Amblyopappus pusilius, H. & A. Hulsea Californica, T. & G. *vestita, Gray. Palafoxia *linearis, Lag. HOR aR Hore aBraeab cwo EQ x ee ooPooe Q BE QB rere EB w QZ i Pe oe © © ou Lap aBERetrafRadBerd! Chznactis *carphoclinia, Gray. D artemisisefolia, Gray. G tenuifolia, Nutt. Parishii, Gray, new. Gm *Fremonti, Gray. Dd *suffrutescens, Gray. Dd Helenium puberulum, DC. Gm *Bigelovii, Gray. Sm Hymenopappus filifolius, Hook. Gm Hymenothrix Wrightii, Gray. Lm Syntrichopappus Fremonti, Gray. Dd Dysodia *Cooperi, Gray. Dd porophylloides, Gray. Gd Trichoptilium *incisum, Gray. Dd Perityle microglossa, Benth. G Californica, Bth., var. nuda, Gr. L d Porophyllum gracile, Benth. G Achillea Millefolium, L. G Anthemis Cotula, L. May weed. G Artemisia tridentata, Nutt. G Californica, Less. Southernwood. Ludoviciana, Nutt. dracunculoides, Pursh. Cotula coronopifolia, L. Soliva sessilis, R. & P. Tetradymia comosa, Gray. Peucephyllum *Schottii, Gray. Psathyrotes ramosissima, Gray. Senecio sylvaticus, L. Douglasii, DC. Californicus, DC. Cnicus occidentalis, Gray. Californicus, Gray. Drummondii, v. acaulescens, Gr. Silybum Marianum, Gertn. Centaurea solstitialis, L. Perezia microcephala, Gray. Gh Trixis angustifolia, DC. var. latiuscula, Gray. D QQ Thistle. EH oeoatoPy RPE Rear roank a rr Microseris elegans, Greene. Sc a Gray. Gh indleyi, Gray. G h linearifolia, Gray. G ~ Stephanomeria virgata, Benth. G ~ Rafinesquia Californica, Nutt. Gc : *Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Dd ~ Anisocoma acaule, T. & G. G m = Calycoseris *Parryi, Gray. Dad ~~ Malacothrix Coulteri, Gray. Gh Californica, DC. G h glabrata, Gray. L m Clevelandi, Gray. Fm Atrichoseris *platyphylla, Gray. Dd | Troximon retrorsum, Gray. G m heterophyllum, Greene. L m *grandiflorum, Gray. D m Lygodesmia exigua, Gray. Gm Sonchus eleraceus, L. G : asper, Vill, G tenerrimus, Li. Se Lobeliaceee. Nemacladus longiflorus, Gray. «Gm ramosissimus, Nutt. G Lobelia splendens, Willd. G m ~ Palmerella debilis, Gray. Lad . Downingia pulchella, Torr. Be | Campanulaces. ~ Githopsis *diffusa, Gray. Nh ihe -~¥ specularioides, Nutt. Sh Specularia biflora, Gray. Gh *perfoliata, A. DC. Dh Ericaces. Arctostaphylos glauca, Lindl. Gm tomentosa, Dougl. G m bicolor, Gray. Gh pungens, HBK. Manzanita. Gm oppositifolia, Parry. Lh arguta, Zuce., var. diversifolia, Parry. Gh Rhododendron occidentale, Gray. Dm Pyrola aphylla, Smith. Dm Pterospera *andromedea, Nutt. Nm Plumbaginaceee. Statice Limonium, L. Marsh rosem’ry. G 8 Lennoacese. Pholisma arenarium, Nutt. G Primulaceee. Dodecatheon Meadia, L. G Anagallis arvensis, [.. Barometer. G Samolus Valerandi, L., var. Amer’a,Gr. G Centunculus minimus, L. Sc Styracaceze. Styrax Californica, Torr. Nh Oleacee. Menodora scabra, Gray. Gd scoparia, Engelm. Gm Fraxinus dipetala, H. & A. Flow’g ash. Lh Apocynacese. Indian Hemp. Apocynum cannabinum, L. G Asclepiadaces. Milkweeds. Asclepias subulata, Decsne. Jumete. Lh eriocarpa, Benth. G m erosa, Torr. Lm Mexicana, Cav. Ghb Gomphocarpus *tomentosus, Gray. Sh Philibertia Torreyi, Gray. Ghb Gentianacese. Erythraea venusta, Gray. Gh?2 *Douglasii, Gray. Dh floribunda, Benth. G m Frasera Parryi, Torr. Nm3 Eustoma exaltatum, Griseb. Ld Polemoniaceee. Phlox longifolia, Nutt., var. Stansburyi, Gray. Lm nana, Nutt. Lm Gilia Sessei, Don. Gm divaricata, Nutt, Gh Lemmoni, Gray. G m liniflora, Benth. G m var. pharnaceoides, Gray. G h dianthoides, Endl. Cc Orcuttii, Parry. Lh bella, Gray, new. Lm micrantha, Steud. G floribunda, Gray. G m atractyloides, Steud. G *Bigelovii, Gray. Dad *ciliata, Benth. Dd *Californica, Benth. Dm densifolia, Benth. var. elongata, Gray. floccosa, Gray. achillezefolia, Benth. multicaulis, Benth. *setosissima, Gray. tenuiflora, Benth. inconspicua, Dougl. *latifolia, Watson. prostrata, Gray. Leselia effusa, Gray. tenuifolia, Gray. guttata, Gray, new. Hydrophyllaces. Nemophila aurita, Lindl. b racemosa, Nutt. w Menziesii, H. & A. Blue eyes. insignis, Dougl. Fllisia membranacea, Benth. chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Phacelia Parryi, Torr. circinata, Jacq. f. tanacetifolia, Benth. ramosissima, Dougl. hispida, Gray. *curvipes, Torr. *micrantha, Torr. Fremontii, Torr. Orcuttiana, Gray. Phacelia grandiflora, Gray. Whitlavia, Gray. *campanularia, Gray. plumosa, Kellogg, new. suffrutescens, Parry. Emmenanthe penduliflora, Benth. Tricardia ¥*Watsoni, Torr. Nama demissum, Gray. Parryi, Gray. Eriodictyon tomentosum, Benth. glutinosum, Bth. Yerba santa. angustifolium, Nutt. Borraginaceee. Coldenia *Palmeri, Gray. *canescens, DC. Heliotropium Curassavicum, L. Amsinckia spectabilis, F. & M. *intermedia, F. & M. tessellata, Gray. Echidiocarya Californica, Gray. Eritrichium micranthum, Torr. racemosum, Watson. barbigerum, Gray. intermedium, Gray. circumscissum, Gray. muriculatum, A. DC. angustifolium, Torr. setosum, Greene, new. Californicum, DC., var. subgloch- ® rowan. | BE FEEBarrar SRE E Zz QQ Zia ZZ Zp Rog FE rao aro FE caro RAF RR0 Q hn a NE eo) Rao nw nlm QE 2 y oo BEE ec feore Raa idiatum, Gray. Gc *pterocaryum, Torr. Dd Hchinospermum Greenei, Gray. Sc Pectocarya setosa, Gray. Gd linearis, DC. G *penicillata, A. DC. Dd iHarpagonella Palmeri, Gray. G¢ Convolvulaces. Convolvulus Soldanella, L. Gs Californica, Choisy. occidentalis, Gray. pentapetaloides, L. longipes, Watson, var. Cressa Cretica, L. Cuscuta Californica, Choisy. Dodders: salina, Engelm, subinclusa, D. & H. Dichondra repens, Forst. Solanacese. Solanum nigrum, L. w Xanti, Gray. b Physalis crassifolia, Benth. pubescens, L. Lycium Californicum, Nutt. Andersonii, var. Wrightii, Gray. Datura meteloides, DC. Petunia parviflora, Juss. Nicotiana Bigelovii, Wats. Clevelandi, Gray. glauca, Graham. Tobacco tree. attenuata, Torr. Wild tobacco. Scrophulariaceee. Linaria Canadensis, Dum. Toad-flax. G Antirrhinum filipes, Gray. S SHH, w Re TEE Pop eB Qo 0 RRDVEw ERR ez] Orcuttianum, Gray. bw F subsessile, Gray. Fe Nuttallianum, Benth. Fc Mohavea *viscida, Gray. Dd FE w Scrophularia Cg Cham. Figwort. Collinsia bicolor, Benth. F bartsieefolia, Benth. Pentstemon cordifolius, Benth. r ternatus, Torr. r antirrhinoides, Benth. y *Rothrockii, Gray. Palmeri, Gray. w spectabilis, Thurb. Clevelandi, Gray. r *Parryi, Gray. heterophyllus, Lindl. pumilus, Nutt., var. incanus, Gr. *ambiguus, Torr. Pedicularis *densiflora, Benth. *semibarbata, Gray. Mimulus nanus, H. & Fremonti, Gray. r brevipes, Benth. y glutinosus, Wendl. r var. puniceus, Gray. cardinalis, Dougl. r luteus, L. y Palmeri, Gray. r pilosus, Watson. y exiguus, Gray, new. moschatus, Dougl. y Musk. floribundus, Dougl. inconspicuus, Gray. Stemodia durantifolia, Swartz. Limosella aquatica, L. Veronica *alpina, L. peregrina, L. Castilleia affinis, H. & A. *linearifolia, Benth. foliolosa, H. & A. Painted feathe *miniata, Dougl. Orthocarpus Parishii, Gray. purpurascens, Benth. OZ Zoo Yama Ps Ep rEEraBBaBEre wn® RR TR en Coa wy rr E pn@EB To ow ; Dea EQnanB Erpd attenuatus, Gray. *hispidus, Benth. Cordylanthus filifolius, Nutt. So Gray. Orcuttianus, Gray. maritimus, Nutt. Orobanchaceze. Aphyllon fasciculatum, Gray. Californicum, Gray. Ludovicianum, Gray. comosum, Gray. Bignoniaces. Chilopsis saligna, Don. Acanthaces. Beloperone Californica, Benth. 3 Labiatee. Mint Family. ~ Hyptis Emoryi, Torr. Mentha Canadensis, L. Pycnanthemum Californicum, Torr. Monardella macrantha, Gray. nana, Gray. *odoratissima, Benth. lanceolata, Gray. villosa, Benth., var. linoides, Gray. Acanthomintha ilicifolia, Gray. ' Pogogyne nudiuscula, Gray. Columbarige, Benth. Audibertia incana, Benth. stachyoides, Benth. w Clevelandi, Gray. b polystachya, Benth. White sage Marrubium vulgare, L. Hoarhound. Stachys bullata, Benth. Trichostema lanatum, Benth. lanceolatum, Benth. Parishii, Vasey. Romero. Scutellaria Bolanderi, Gray. angustifolia, Pursh. *tuberosa, Benth. Brunella vulgaris, L. Verbenacez. Verbena officinalis, L. prostrata, R. Br. ciliata, Benth. littoralis, HBK. Plantaginacese. Pluntago major, L. Patagonica, Jacq. hirtella, HBK. 3 Nyctaginaces. ~ Mirabilis Californica, Gray. ; multiflora, Gray. ~ Abronia umbellata, Lam. maritima, Nutt. villosa, Watson. *turbinata, Torr. Boerhaavia viscosa, Gray. Polygonaces. Rumex salicifolius, Wein. hymenosepalus, Torr. Polygonum nodosum, Pers. Sage. Plantain. Janaigre. Salvia carduacea, Benth. Thistle-sage. ~~ Le Ce-EQ EER Py W = = Q aviculare, L. ’ S *Bistorta, L. Dm Hartwrightii, Gray. Lm *amphibium, L. ~ Dm *tenue, Michx. Dm Nemacaulis Nuttallii, Benth. Fe Eriogonum Thurberi, Torr. F2 angulosum, Benth. F foliosum, Watson. Lm3 fasciculatum, Benth. GH Wrightii, Torr. G5 Baileyi, Watson. Lm gracile, Benth. Sm Orcuttianum, Watson. Ld3 trichopodum, Torr. Ld Parishii, Watson. G m4 *Palmeri, Watson. Sm vimineum, Dougl. G *apiculatum, Watson. Tae Im elongatum, Benth. Sh *saxatile, Watson. Sm parvifolium, Smith. Ne nudum, Dougl. Dm *Parryi, Gray. D *Plumatella, D. & H. D *crenulatum, Parry. D *Thomasii, Torr. D *reniforme, Torr. D Oxytheca trilobata, Gray. S perfoliata, T. & G. D Chorizanthe polygonoides, T. & G. 8 *corrugata, T. & G. D *Watsoni, T. & G. D Orcuttiana, Parryi, new. Se Californica, Gray. Sc fimbriata, Nutt. Gh laciniata, Torr. F staticoides, Benth. N procumbens, Nutt. F Parryi, Watson. G *brevicornu, Torr. D Lastarrizea, Parry. Pterostegia drymarioides, F. & M. Amarantacese. (Weeds, dec.) Amarantus albus, L. RO ErrEvcwartsraranzan Californicus, Watson. G *fimbriatus, Benth. Dm *Palmeri, Watson. Dd Nitrophila occidentalis, Watson. Gs Cladothrix *lanuginosa, Nutt. Dd Chenopodiacese. (Weeds, ec.) Aphanisma blitoides, Nutt. Ge Chenopodium album, Li. G ambrosioides, Li. D Californicum, Watson. G murale, Li. G Fremontii, Watson. Lad Monolepis chenopodioides, Mog. G spathulata, Gray. Lm Atriplex microcarpa, Dietr. G bracteosa, Watson. S Coulteri, Dietr. G? expansa, Watson. G? hymenelytra, Watson. G canescens, James. G Eurotia lanata, Moq. Dd Grayia polygaloides, H. & A. Dd Salicornia ambigua, Mx. Gs Suzeda Torreyana, Watson. Gs Batides. Batis maritima, L. Gs Lauraceee. Laurel. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt. Nm Urticaces®. Nettles. Urtica holosericea, Nutt. False nettle. Gh wrens, L. G Hesperocnide tenella, Torr. Fh Parietaria debilis, Forst. Fh Platanaces. Sycamore. Platanus racemosus, Nutt. G ¥ Euphorbiaceee. Simmondsia Californica, Nutt. G Euphorbia polycarpa, Benth. G hirtula, Engelm. Gh misera, Benth. Gc dictyosperma, F. & M. Fm Palmeri, Engelm. Fm *eriantha, Benth. Dd Eremocarpus setigerus, Benth. G Acalypha Californica, Benth. Gh Croton tenuis, Watson. Dm Californicus, Mull. G Bernardia *myricefolia, Watson. Dd Stillingia linearifolia, Watson. G *annua, Mull. Dd Argythamnia *serrata, Mull. Dd sericophylla, Gray. Gd Callitrichaceee. Jallitriche *verna, L. Nm marginata, Torr. Be Piperacese. Yerba manse. Houttuynia Californica, B. & H. G Ceratophyllaceee. Ceratophyllum demersum, L. G m Betulaceee. Birch Family. Alnus oblongifolia, Nutt. Alder. S Salicacese. Willow. Salix lasiolepis, Benth. G longifolia, Muhl. Gd leevigata, Bebb. Sh Populus trichocarpa, T. & G. Nm Fremonti, var. Wislizeni, Wats. Cot- tonwood. Juglandaceee. Walnut. Juglans Californica, Watson. Nm Cupuliferee. Oak. ' Quercus pungens, Engelm. Lm dumosa, Nutt. Shrub oak. x oblongifolia, Torr. White oak. Gh crysolepis, Liebm. Fm Palmeri, Engelm. Fm agrifolia, Nee. Cal. live oak. G Kelloggii, Newberry. Dm ~ Emoryi, Torr. Lm Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC. Nm Loranthacese. Mistletoe. Arceuthobium occidentale, Engelm. 10 Douglasii, Engelm. Pine mistletoe: Phoradendron flavescens, Nutt., var. mac" rophyllum, Engelm. var. villosum, Engelm. Bolleanum, Eichl. Californicum, Nutt. juniperinum, Engelm. var. Libocedri, Engelm. Gnetaceee. Ephedra Californica, Watson. G *oxycarpa, Engelm. Dd Coniferee. Pine Family. Juniperus Californicus, Carr. Juniper. G m Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson. Cypress. Gh Libocedrus decurrens, Torr. Cedar. G m Abies concolor, Lindl. Balsam. Dm Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl. Sugar pine. D monophylla, T. & F. Pinone. Gd Parryana, Engelm. Pinone. Fm Torreyana, Parry. Soledad pine. Sc ponderosa, Dougl. Dm Jeffreyi, Murr. Yellow pine. Gm Coulteri, Don. G m Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carr., var. mac- rocarpa, Engelm. Nm Orchidacese. Orchid Family. Epipactis gigantea, Dougl. Gh Habenaria Cooperi, Watson. Sc *leucostachys, Watson. Dm Iridaceee. Iris Family. Sisyrinchium bellum, Watson. Blue grass. Gece Amaryllidacee. Century plants. Agave deserti, Engelm. Mescal. Gd Pringlei, Engelm. ined. Lm Shawii, Engelm. Gc Liliaceze. Lily Family. Allium unifolium, Kellogg. Gh *attenuifolium, Kellogg. D serratum, Watson. S *lacunosum, Watson. Onions. D *parvum, Kellogg. D1 hematochiton, Watson. G fimbriatum; Watson. Lm Muilla maritima, Watson. G Bloomeria aurea, Kellogg. Gh Clevelandi, Watson, new. Sc Brodisa minor, Watson. G capitata, Benth. G Orcuttii, Greene, new. Sc Chlorogalum parviflorum, Watson. Gh Smilacina sessilifolia, Nutt. Sm Nolina Palmeri, Watson. Sotole. Lm *Parryi, Watson. Dd Bigelovii, Watson. Ld Yucca baccata, Torr. Ciote. G Whipplei, Torr. Gh Lilium Parryi, Watson. Parry's lily. Dm Humboldtii, R. & L. Tiger lily. D m *Washingtonianum, Kellogg. Dm Calochortus *albus, Dougl. Dh Weedii, Wood. Butterfly tulip. Fh luteus, Dougl. Fm Gh venustus, Benth. WHE oo WE FEE BRAS Carex triquetra, Boott. ~ Hilaria rigida, Thurb. ~ Andropogon saccharoides, Swartz. Palmeri, Watson. Lm Veratrum Californicum, Dur. Dm Zygadenus *venenosus, Watson. D Fremonti, Torr. D Typhaces. Typha latifolia, L. Cat-tail. G Lemnaces. Lemna trisulca, L. Valdiviana, Phil. minor, L Naiadaceee. Triglochin maritimum, L. Ss Potamogeton natans, L. Lm pusillus, L. lucens, L. Naias major, Allione. Lm Lileea subulata, HBK. Sh Zannichellia *palustris, L. Ruppia *maritima, L. Alismacese. Echinodorus rostratus, Engelm. Sc Juncacee. Juncus robustus, Watson. G Balticus, Deth. G bufonius, L. G *longistylis, Torr. Dh dubius, Engelm. G Juncus xiphioides, Mey. G h oxymeris, Engelm. G Palmee. Palms. ~ Washingtonia filifera, Wendl. California fan palm. x ~ Erythea edulis, Watson. Guadalupe Isl- and palm. armata, Watson. Blue palm. Ld Cyperacess. Sedges. Cyperus levigatus, L. G aristatus, Rottb. Michauxianns, Schult. occidentalis, Torr. Scirpus setaceus, L. G lacustris, L. Olneyi, Gray. sylvaticus, L., var. digynus, Borck. *pungens, Vahl. Dh ~ Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Nees. Eleocharis acicularis, R. Br. palustris, R. Br. capitata, R. Br. G arenicola, Torr. siccata, Dewey, var. minor. Gramines. Grasses. Polypogen Monspeliensis, Desf. F dissiuiflorus, Michx. | Phalaris Canariensis, L. intermedia, Bosc. var. angusta, Chapm. . Aristida bromoides, HBK. purpurea, Nutt., var. Orcuttiana, Vasey, new. Lm ~ Stipa setigera, Pres). 11 Ophioglossum nudicaule, L. f. speciosa, T. & R. eminens, Cav. Parishii, Vasey. coronata, Thurb. Muhlenbergia debilis, Trin. *pungens, Thurb. D Sporobolus asperifolius, Thurb. airoides, Torr. ramulosus, Kunth. Epicampes rigens, Benth. Avena fatua, Li. (et var.) Oat. G Deschampsia gracilis, Vasey, new. S Paspalum distichum, L. Gh Panicum *Urvilleanum, Kunth. Dd capillare, L. dichotomum, L. D Alopecurus geniculatus, L. D Agrostis Scouleri, Trin. ? exarata, Trin. (et var.) verticillata, Vill. virescens, HBK. microphylla, Steud. (et var.) scabra, Willd., var. ? grandis, Trin. ? asperifolia, Trin. ? Cinna *macroura, Kunth. Dd Eriocoma cuspidata, Nutt. Spartina stricta, Roth. Ss Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. Bouteloua racemosa, Lag. Lm Trisetum barbatum, Steud. Lamarkia aurea, Mcench. % Phragmites communis, Trin. b Tricuspis *pulchella, Torr. Dd Dactylis glomerata, L. x Keeleria cristata, Pers. Fe Melica imperfecta, Trin. x poxoides, Torr. Distichlis maritima, Raf. G Poa tenuifolia, Nutt., (varieties.) Festuca Myurus, L. G tenella, Willd. D microstachys, Nutt. D var. divergens. var. ciliata. Bromus maximus, Desf. erectus, Huds. carinatus, H. & A. unioloides, Willd. D Lolium temulentum, L. G Agropyrum repens, L. tenerum, Vasey. glaucum, R. & S. Hordeum jubatum, L. G |< Fmurinum, Li. D nodosum, L. Elymus condensatus, Presl. D : var. triticoides, Thurb. D Orcuttianus, Vasey, new. 5 Sitanion, Schult. D Eragrostis pozoides, Beauv., var. mega stachya, Gray. oxylepis, Torr. Imperata brevifolia, Vasey. Equisetacese. Lad Equisetum robustum, Al. Br. Horse-tail i rush. G Ophioglossaces. Gc Filices. Ferns. Polypodium Californicum, Kaulf. Gc Gymnogramme triangularis, Kaulf. Gold fern. Gh var. viscosa, Eaton. Silver fern. G Notholena Californica, Eaton. G Newberryi, Eaton. Cotton fern. G h Parryi, Eaton. Parry’s fern. Gd Cheilanthes Californica, Mett. Lace f. Gh *viscida, Davenport. Nd Cooper, Eaton. San Bernardino. *Parishii, Davenport. C *fibrillosa, Davenport ined. Nm myriophylla, Desv. Fendler's f. G m Clevelandi, Eaton. Cleveland's f. Gh Pellaea andromedzefolia, Fee. Wiref. G Ornithopus, Hook. Tea fern. * *Wrightiana, Hook. Pteris aquilina, L. Brake. G m Adiantum emarginatum, Hook. Capillus-Veneris, LL. Venus-hair. *pedatum, L. Nm Woodwardia radicans, Smith. Gm Asplenium *Filix-feemina, Bernh. Nm Trichomanes, L., var.incisum, Moore. Feather fern. Fh Aspidium argutum, Eaton. Dm munitum, Kaulf. Gh CoSiopions fragilis, Bern. Bladder f. Dm Voodsia sp. indet. Lm Selaginellese. Selaginella rupestris, Spring. G *lepidophylla, Spring. Lh Isoetes sp. indet. Sec Marsiliaceee. Marsilia vestita, H. & G. Pilularia Americana, Al. Br. Salviniaceee. Azolla Caroliniana, Willd. Musci. Mosses. These have been sparingly collected. Sphagnaceee. Several species, Characee. Chara feetida, Al. Br. G Hepaticee. Several species. Lichenes. Roccella tinctoria, DC. leucopheea, Tuck. Ramalina ceruchis, Ach. reticulata, Noehd. Lace lichen. Menziesii, Tuck. crinita, Tuck. Evernia vulpina, L. Golden lichen. prunastri, L. Usnea barbata, L., jubata, Fi ochroleuca, Fr. Theloschistes chrysophthalmus, L. parietinus, Physcia erinacea, Ach: olivacea, Ach. Dem Dec Lichens. varieties. 12 Parmelia conspersa, Ehrh. Heppia Despreauxii, Mont. Placodium bolacinum, Tuck. cinnabarrinum, Ach aurantiacum, Lightf. > cerinum, Hedw. ferrugineum, Huds. luteo-minimum, Tuck. Lecanora muralis, Sch. cenisia, Ach. subfusca, L. atra, Huds. Pacifica, Tuck. cinerea, 1. Rinodina radiata, Tuck. bolodes, Tuck. Pertusaria flavicunda, Tuck. Urceolaria seruposa, Smf. Stereocaulon albicans, Nyl. Cladonia fimbriata, Fr. pyxidata, Fr. Lecidea cruciaria, Tuck. Buellia sidalea, Tuck. myriocarpa, DC. Stylographa parallela, Nyl. Chiodecton epharotum, Tuck. Arthonia epigina, Tuck. Acolium Bolanderi, Tuck. Endocarpon pusillus, Hedw. Fungi. No complete collection ever made. Algee. . Sea-mosses. SPECIES COLLECTED AT SAN DIEGO BY DANIEL CLEVELAND. Ahnfeltia gigartinoides, Ag. plicata, Amphiroa cretacea. orbigniana, Harv. Arthrocladia ? Asperococcus sinuosus, Bory. Bryopsis plumosa, Limx. Callithamnion Americanum, Harv. dasyoides, Ag. heteromorphum, J. Ag. LeJolisea, Farlow. scopulorum. Callophyllis centrocarpa. gracillarioides, Farlow. laciniata, Kutz. obtusifolia, Ag. variegata, Kutz. Cheetomorpha grea, Dillw. clavata. Chondria atropurpurea, Harv. Chondrus affinis, Harv. ‘canaliculatus, Ag. Chrysemenia obovata. Cladophora Ecklonii. membranacea, Ag. Corallina officinalis, F squamata, Ellis & Sol. Codium tomentosum, Stack. Cordylecladia conferta, Mont. Cruoria purpurea, Crn. Cryptonemia crenulata, Ag. dichotoma, J. Ag. obovata, Ag. Ceramium rubrum, Ag. Dasya Helene, Farlow. subsecunda, Suhr. Delessiria quercifolia, Bory. Desmarestia ligulata, Lmx. ** var. herbacea. Dictyota Kunthii, Ag. Ectocarpus crinitus, Harv. fasciculatus, Ag. granulosus, Ag. siliculosus, Lyng. virescens, Thurst. Eisenia arborea, Aresch. Egregia Menziesii, Aresch. Endocladia muricata, J. Ag. Entromorpha compressa, Grev. intestinalis, Lmx. Farlowia compressa, J. Ag. Fucus fastigiatus, Ag. vesiculosus, Li Gelidium carneum, Lmx. cartilagineum, Grev. Coulteri, Harv. crinale, Ag. Gigartina canaliculata, Harv. mammillosa, Ag. microphylla, Harv. var. horrida, Farlow. radula, Ag. spinosa, Harv. pistillata, Ag. Gracillaria confervoides, Grev. multipartita, Ag. Gymnogongrus leptophyllus, Ag. linearis, Ag. Grateloupia Cutlerie, Kutz. Halidrys osmundacea, Harv. Hypnea divaricata, Grev. musciformis, Lmx. Irideea minor, Bory. Jania rubens, Lmx. Leathesia tuberiformis, S. F. Gray. ~ Lithothamnion polymorphum, Aresch. Lithothrix aspergillum, J. E. Gray. Laurencia cervicornis, Harv. pinnatifida, Lmx. virgata, J. Ag. Macrocystis pyrifera, Ag. Melobesia amplexifrons, Harv. Le Normandi, Aresch. membranacea, Lmx. Microcladia Coulteri, Harv. Californica, Farlow. Nereocystis Lutkeana, Post & Rupr. ~ Nitophyllum Andersonii, Ag. n Ruprechtianum, Ag. violaceum, Ag. - Palmella crassa, %. Lomentaria ovalis, Ag., v. Coulteri, Harv. Petrospongium Berkeleyi, Nally. Peyssonnellia atropurpurea, Crn. Dubyi, Crn. squamaria, Dec. Phyllophora Clevelandii, Farlow. Pikea Californica, Harv. Clevelandii, Farlow. Plocamium violaceum, Farlow. coccineum, Lyng. var. Californicum. var. flexuosum. var. sinuosum. Porphyra vulgaris, Ag. Prionitis Andersonii, Eaton. Clevelandii, Farlow. lanceolata, Harv. Pterygophora Californica, Rupr. Ptilota densa, Ag. hypnoides, Harv. Polysiphonia Baileyi, Ag. bipinnata, Post & Rupr. Californica, Harv. Clevelandii, Farlow. dictyurus, J. Ag. pennata, Ag. parasitica, Grev. var. dendroidea, Ag. senticulosa, Harv. urceolata, Grev. verticillata, Harv. villum, Ag. Ralfsia verrucosa, Aresch. Rhodymenia corallina, Grev. flabellifolia, (Bory) Ag. palmata, Grev. Rhabdonia Coulteri, Harv. Rhadomela Larix, Ag. subfusca, Ag. Riccardia Montagnei, Derb. & Sol., var. gigantea, Farlow. Sargassum Agardhianum, Farlow. heterocystum, Ag. Schizymenia coccinea, Harv. Scinaria furcellata, Bivona, var. un- dulata, Farlow. Scytosiphon lomentarius, Ag. Spermothamnium roseum, Aresch. Sphacelaria cirrhosa, Ag. fusca, Ag. Spyridia filamentosa, Harv. Stennogramme interrupta, Mont. Tenioma Clevelandii, Farlow. Ulva lactuca, L. latissima, Ag. linza, Auct. Zonaria flava, Ag. Tournefortii, Lmx. NOTICE TO SCIENTISTS. CuArLEs R. Orcutt, of San Diego, California, a student of the sciences in general, especially of Botany and Zool- ogy, in forming collections illustrative of the fauna and flora of Southern and Lower California for study, secures such a quantity of duplicates as may be desired by pa- trons and correspondents, as occasion, permits. The con- stant accumulation of material enables him to offer for cash (or in exchange for books or other objects desired), Minerals, Fossils, fine Herbarium and other Botanical Specimens, Shells, (from all parts of the world), other (es- pecially marine) Invertebrates, Vertebrates, and many other objects of scientific interest. Thus dealing to a greater or less extent in OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, especially SHELLS AND CURIOSITIES, (Special attention paid to desiderata of California shells), He also collects to order SEEDS of PALS, PINES, CTPA and other NATIVE TREES, SHRUBS & ANNUALS, Prices on application. (Sample packets of any in stock, 25c., $2.50 per dozen vars.) —AND— Living Ferns, and Bulbs of our Beautiful Liliacez. (Prices to the trade on application. Small collections, $2.50 per doz. vars.) REFERS BY PERMISSION TO: JACOB GRUENDIKE, Pres. 1st Nat'l Bank of San Diego and Pres. S. D. Water Co. JOSEPH WINCHESTER, British Vice Consul and Vice Pres. Soc. Nat. Hist. J. W. THOMPSON, Agent Wells,» Fargo & Co. Correspondence Solicited. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COLLECTED IN THE COUNTIES Cat SAN BERNARDINO, SAN DIEGO SB Sos ds | By 5. B. & W. F. PARISH, fan cthardine/ ; = ——Godr—— ” we ri New species are noted by the *; those not enumerated in the Botany of bali 0 “byt NOTE.---The prefixed numbers are those under which the p »+.—An attempt has been made to indicate the range of species by characters suffixed to each. Those which we have collected in San Bernardino are marked B; in San Diego, D ; in Los Angeles, L ; those in a!l three counties, 8; in Band D, 2; in B and L, 4: in D and L, 5. Plants of the sea coast, or nearit, ¢; of the desert region, d ; of the mountains, (above 4,000 ft.,) m; of the lower mountains and foot hills, h, and those of more general range cver valleys, plains and lower hills, by g. When these small letters are omitted the range cannot be shown correctly in this brief way. RANUNCULACEAE. 51 Thysanocarpus curvipes, Hook. Bh 126 Clematis ligusticifolia, Nutt. 3g w pusillus, Hook. Bh 840 lasiantha, Nutt. B o CAPPARIDACEA. o or Danailon, uh, Ww 5 : 28 Isomeris arborea, Nutt. - Dd 26 halictrum polycarpum, Wats. h : 994 Ranunculus Agni, L., var. tricho- 78 Ol RESEDMES. Dd phyllus, Gray. in ! igomeris subulata, Boiss. D ¢ 996 Flam L., var. reptans, Mey. CISTACEZ. i Cymbalaria, Pursh.. Be g 290 Helianthemum scoparium, Nutt. 5 42 alifornicus, Ben g x 127 Aquilegia truncata, F.&M. 3 5 VIOLACEZ. 609 Delphinium cardinale, Hook. 3 484 Viola cucullata, Ait. B 87 Pwonia Brownii, Dougl. 3g 40 pedunculata, T. &G. Bh 10 Crossosoma Bigelovii, Wats. Dd 841 aurea, Kellogg. Bm BERBERIDA CEA. r POLYGALACEAE. 948 Berberis pinnata, Lag. ’ Bh _757 Krameria parvifolia, Benth. Dd PAPAVERACEAE 81 canescens, Gray. Dd 39 Platy stemon Californicus, Benth. 3g : FRANKENIACEZ. : 923 Platystigma Californicum), B.&H. Bh 448 Frankenia grandifolia, Ch. &8chl. 3 393 Romneya Coulteri, Harv. 5h CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 128 Argemone hispida, Gray. 3 636 Silene Gallica, L. 2h 70 Meconopsis heterophylla, Benth. 2h 485 antirrhina, L. Bh 129 Dendromecon rigidum, Benth. 2h 280 laciniata, Cav. 3h 130 Eschscholtzia Californica, Cham. 5 93] * platyota, Wats. 2m 37 (perennial) Bh 930 Palmeri, Wats. Bm 759 bh var. Douglasii,Gr. Dd 617 * Parishii, Wats. Bm 82 minutiflora, Wats. Dd 65 Stellaria media, Sm. 3 FUMARIACEA. 812 Arenaria Douglasii, T. & G. B 131 Dicentra chiysantha, H. & A. 2h 941 palustris, Wats. B CRUCIFERAE 811 Lepigonum macrothecum, I. & M 3 A 3 66 edium, Fries. Yk Dri gunedells, Da t 2 639 Polen depressum, Nutt. Bh ardamine Gambelii, Wats. . 5 810 paucisecta, Benth. Bh . PARONYCHIEA. 20 Arabis longirostris, Wats. Dd 933 Pentacsena ramosissima, H. & A. 2 498 platysperma, Gray. Bm 219 Achyronychia Cooperi, Gray. d 499 repanda, Wats. Bm PORTULACACEZR, 2:0 Holbellii, Hornem. Bh 135 Portulaca oleracea, L. 3 50 Streptanthus heterophyllus, Nutt. Bh 136 Calandrinia Menziesii, Hook. 3g 449 glandylosus, Hook., var.(?)] ovis, 137 Claytonia perfoliata, Donn. 3g ats. 885 g &G. Bh *Caulanthus amplexicaulis, Wats. B n oo rs iL ‘Porr, Ym Sianioys Plan, ae. 3 3 1158 Calyptridium monandrum, Nutt. 2 rysimum asperur Brassica nigra, Koch. 3 TAMARISCINE Z. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. o 3 217 Fouquiera splendens, Eng. Dd reflexum, Nutt. h HYPERICACEA. Nusturtium officinale, R. Br. 3 472 Hypericum Scouleri, Hook. 2m Tropidocarpum gracile, Hook. 2h 623 anagalloides, Cli. & Schl. Sm Capsella divaricata, Walp. B Bursa-pastoris, Mench. 3 MALVACEA. il Lepidium dictyotum, Gray. B 138 Malva borealis, Wallm. 5 nitidum, Nutt. B 478 Sidalcea malveflora, Gray. in lasiocarpum, Nutt. Dh 38 Males densiflorum, Wats. D q flavum, Torr. Bd 493 hurberi, Gray. : intermedium, Gray. B 748 rotundifolium, Gray. Dd Biscutella Californica, B. & H. Dd 99 exile, Gray. Dd Gran Sd Sphaeralcea Emoryi, Torr. Dd Lindheimeri, Gray. Bm Abutilon Newberryi, Wats. Dd Hibiscus denudatus, Benth. Dd STERCULIACEA. Fremontia Californica, Torr. Bh LINACEZ. Linum perenne, L. 2 m ZYGOPHYLLACEA. Fagonia Californica, Benth. Dd Larrea Mexicana, Moric. 2d GERANIACEAE. Geranium Carolinianum, L. B Richardsonii, F. & M. Bm Erodium cicutarium, L’Her. 3g moselhatum, Willd. 3g Limnanthes Douglasii, R. Br. Dm Oxalis corniculata, L. Bh RUTACEZ. : Thamnosma montanum, Torr. Dd RHAMNACEZ. Zizyphus Parryi, Torr. Dd Rhamnus crocea, Nutt. 3 Californica, Esch. 3h m {Condalia spathulata, Gray. Dd Ceanothus integerrimus, H.& A. 2m sorediatus, H. & A. 2h divaricatus, Nutt. Bh spinosus, Nutt. Lh crassifolius, Torr. Bh cuneatus, Nutt. B rigidus, Nutt. Dh VITACEAE. Vitis Californica, Benth. 3 SAPINDACEA. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. 2m Negundo Californicum, T. &G. Bm ANACARDIACEAE. Rhus diversiloba, T. & G. 3 aromatica, Ait., v. trilobata, Gr. 3 integrifolia, B. & H. Bh laurina, Nutt. 5 LEGUMINOS A&E. Thermopsis Californica, Wats. Dm hc Lupinus Chamissonis, Esch. : var. longifolius, Wats. B rivularis, Dougl. Bh var. latifolius, Wats. Dm albicaulis, Dougl. B confertus, Kellogg. Bm affinis, Agardh. micranthus, Doug]. sparsiflorus, Benth. truncatus, Nutt. hirsutissimus, Benth. concinnus, Agardh. Arizonicus, Wats. densiflorus, Benth. brevicaulis, Wats. Trifolium Macrei, H. & A. ciliatum, Nutt. involucratum, Willd., var. het- erodon, Wats. B U CReox= wea EEE Ow jo) = tridentatum, Lindl. Bh var. obtusiflorum, Wats. Bh pauciflorum, Nutt. Bh monanthum, Gray. Bh microcephalum, Pursh. Bh Melilotus Zndica, All. B Medicago sativa, L. 3 denticulata, Willd. 3 wo 275 694 494 908 703 157 = > od Hosackia crassifolia, Benth. oblongifolia, Benth. grandiflora, Benth. rigida, Benth. strigosa, Nutt. Purshiana, Benth. glabra, Torr. Wepeo OOOCT usos weE a argophylla, Gray. m Psoralea orbicularis, Lindl. 4 macrostachya, DC. 2 h Amorpha Californica, Nutt. 3 Dalea mollis, Benth. Dd Emoryi, Gray. Dd Californica, Wats. D Schottii, Torr. Dd spinosa, Gray. Dd Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Pursh. 3 Astragalus didymocarpus, H. & A. B Coulteri, Benth. Dd oocarpus, Gray. 2 5 * Vaseyi, Wats. Dd Hornii, Gray. B tricarinatus, Gray. - Dd pycnostachyus, Gray Lec Olneya Tesota, Gray. Dd Vicia Americana, Muhl. 2h var. truncata, Brewer. 2h Lathyrus venosus, Muhl., var. Cali- fornicus, Wats. 2m vestitus, Nutt. 2h tHoffmanseggia microphylla, Torr. D d Parkinsonia Torreyana, Wats. Dd Prosopis juliflora, DC. 2 pubescens, Benth. Dd Acacia Greggii, Gray. 2 ROSACEA. Prunus Fremonti, Wats. Dd demissa, Walp. 2m ilicifolia, Walp. : Spireea discolor, Pursh, var. dumosa, fats. 2m Rubus Nutkanus, Moc. 2m leucodermis, Dougl. Bm ursinus, Ch. & Schl. 2 Purshia tridentata, DC. Dd Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt. Bm parvifolius, Nutt. 2 Fragaria Californica, Ch. & Schl. 2 m Potentilla glandulosa, L. 3h Horkelia Bolanderi, Gray, var. Parryi, ats. 2m Californica, Ch. & Schl. 4 Ivesia unguiculata, Gray. Bm Adenostoma fasciculatum, H. & A. 3 g sparsifolium, Torr. Dm Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Bm Rosa Californica, Ch. & Schl. 3 Heteromeles arbutifolia, Reem. 3 h Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt. Bm SAXIFRAGACEZ. Saxifraga Parryi, Gray. Dd Virginiensis, Mx. B Boykinia occidentalis, T. & G. L rotundifolia, Parry. B Tellima aftinis, Boland. B Heuchera rubescens, Torr. B Parnassia fimbriata, Koenig. Bm Ribes speciosum, Pursh. Sc Menziesii, Pursh. 2h divaricatum, Dougl. B viscosissimum, Pursh. Dm sanguineum, Pursh. Bm var. malvaceum, Gray. 4h CRASSULACEAE. Sedum obtusatum, Gray. Bm eh 444 Cotyledon edulis, Brewer. Dh 374 Opuntia Bigelovii, Eng. Dd 103 pulverulenta, B. & H. 5 FICOIDE A. 1140 lanceolata, B. & H. Bh 376 Mesembrianthemum erystallinum, Li. i rn 2 H. D 2 172 aquilaterale, Haw. Sc IR axe ool. mn 2 UMBELLIFER A. LYTHRACEZA. : : 920 Hydrocotyle prolifera, Kellogg. B 488 Lythrum alatum, Pursh, var. lineari- 695 ranunculoides, L. f. B folium, Gray. 3 161 Bowlesia lobata, Ruiz & Pav. B ONAGRACEZ. 983 Sanicula Menziesii, H. & A. Bh 1112 Jussiza repens, L. Le 18 bipinnatifida, Dougl. Bh 682 {Ludwigia natans, Ell. B 982 tuberosa, Torr. B h 158 Zauschneria Californica, Presl. Bm 979 _Deweya arguta, T. & G. Bm 556 var. microphylla, Gray. 3h 598 * vestita, Wats. Bm 832 Epilobium spicatum, Lam. Dm 971 Apium graveolens, 1. J B 1148 coloratum, Muhl. Bm 120 Apiastrum angustifolium, Nutt. B 1021 paniculatum, Nutt. Bm 975 Cicuta maculata, L. B 1023 Gayophytum ramosissimum,T. & G. D 985 Osmorrhiza brachypoda, Torr. Bh 72 Eulobus Californicus, Nutt. B 987 Podosciadium Californicum, Gr. Dm 106 (Enothera biennis, I.., var. hirsutis- 976 (Enanthe Californica, Wats. B sima, Gray. 3 986 Selinum capitellatum, B. &H. Dm 897 albicaulis. Nutt. B *988 Angelica tomentosa, Wats. 2m 105 Calitornicd. Wals, B 286 Cymopterus terebinthinus, T. & G. B 999 trichocalyx, Nutt. Dd 984 Peucedanum utriculatum, Nutt. Bh 1111 cheiranthifolia, Hornem., var. sut- 567 dasycarpum, T. & G. Dm fruticosa. Wats. 5c 1159 Ferula multifida, Gray. Bh 18 Bistorts. Nutt. 3 981 Daucus pusillus, Mx. Bh 81 strigulosa, T. &G. 9 717 Caucalis microcarpa, H. & A. Dh 628 gaureflora, T. & G. D4 ARALIACE®. 17 soapuioy, Nautt., var. SL 437 Aralia Californica, Wats. Bm ‘Wats. ) 84 brevipes, Gray. Dd : CORNACEZ. 254 cardiophyila, Torr. Dd 178 Cornus Nuttallii, Aud. Bm 780 * refracta, Wats. Dd 174 Californica, C. A. Mey. Bm 951 Godetia Botte, Spach. Bh CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 1095 epilobioides, Wats. Bh 175 Sambucus glauca, Nutt. 3 952 Clarkia Xantiana, Gray. Bm 481 Symphoricarpus mollis, Nutt. 2m 953 elegans, Lindl. Bh 430 Lonicera hispidula, Dougl., var. sub- 464 rhomboidea, Dougl. Bh spicata Gray 2 3 9 789 Boisduvalia densiflora, Wats. Dm aa ” 892 Heterogaura Californica, Rothr. Bh . : RUBIACEAZ. 1158 Circaea Pacifica, Asch. & Mag. Bh 9 Tallorais galiciany Torr. Dm LOASACEZ, a B 629 Mentzelia albicaulis, Dougl. 2 612 pubens Gray. Th oe ee G D 3 80 angustifolium, Nutt. B i ‘a dy = Lx. dAreweaii rs ¢ 159 leevicaulis, T. &G. 2 406 ADATawsl, Gay, : 2m 210 tricuspis, Gray. Dd ; VALERIANACEZ. 160 Petalonyx Thurberi, Gray. Dd 1154 Plectritis macrocera, T. & G. 2h CUCURBITACEZ. COMPOSITAE. 161 Cucurbita perennis, Gray. 3g 728 Hofmeisteria pluriseta, Gray. Dd 47 palmata, Wats. Dd 566 Brickellia Californica, Gray. 3 26 Megarrhiza Californica, Torr. 3g 582 Carphephorus junceus, Benth. 2 DATISCACELZ. 576 Gutierrezia Euthamize, T. & G. 4 ma Ht g g 842 Grindelia robusta, Nutt. 3 960 Datisca glomerata, B. & H. 2h 189 Acamptopappus spheerocephalus, Gr. CACTACEA. 240 Pentachaeta aurea, Nutt. 2 460 Mamillaria Goodridgii, Scheer. Dc 230 Eremiastrum bellioides, Gray. Dd 162 phellosperma, Eng. Dd 176 Lessingia Germanorum, Chain. 4g 455 deserti, Eng. Bd 177 Heterotheca grandiflora, Nutt. 3g 875 Echinocactus viridescens, Nutt. D ¢ 570 Chrysopsis villosa, Nutt., var. sessili- 163 Wislizeni, Eng. 2d flora, Gray. 3g 164 polycephalus, Eng. & Big. Bd 575 Aplopappus squarrosus, H. & A. 4 h 165 Cereus Engelmanni, Parry. 2d 234 linearifolius, DC. 2 186 Emoryi, Eng. Dec 905 laricifolius, Gray. Bd 1167 tMohavensis, Eng. & Big. Bd 938 pinifolius, Gray. 4h 167 Opuntia Engelmanni, Salm, var. oc- 654 Palmeri, Gray. 3 cidentalis, Eng. : 178 Bigelovia Menziesii, Gray. 4 1168 var.(?) littoralis, Eng. 5 1027 spathulata, Gray. Bh 168 rutila, Nutt. Bd 655 teretifolia, Gray. Dd 169 basilaris, Eng. & Big. 2d 651 paniculata, Gray. Dd 170 tessellata, Eng. 2d 1072 graveolens, var. glabrata, Gray. 4 648 echinocarpa, Fan & Big. 29d 1133 var. albicaulis, Gray. Bm 814 * Bernardina, Eng. 4 571 * Parishii, Gray. -627 prolifera, Eng. b 569 Solidago occidentalis, Nutt. ‘B 79 Solidago Californica, Nutt. Bh 4 Palafoxia linearis, Lag. Dd 1101 sempervirens, L. (of Bot. Cal.) Bh 190 Cheenactis lanosa, DC. B- 1015 Corethrogyne filaginifolia, Nutt. 3 343 © stevioides, H. & A. Dd 573 Aster Menziesii, Lindl. 4 769 carphoclinia, Gray. Dd 564 Chamissonis, Gray. 4 843 Xantiana, Gray. Bd 180 adscendens, Lindl. Bh 1045 * santolinoides, Greene. Bm 958 Andersonii, Gray. Dm 245 artemisigefolia, Gray. Dh 1020 divaricatus, Nutt. 4g 238 Hymenopappus luteus, Nutt. Dm 294 spinosus, Benth. Dd 191 Helenium Bigelovii, Gray. 2m 181 Erigeron foliosus, Nutt. 2 562 puberulum, DC. B 817 Philadelphicus, L. 2 354 Trichoptilium incisum, Gray. Dd 1069 divergens, T. & G. Bm 1 Perityle microglossa, Benth. Dd § 1096 Canadense, 1. B 192 Dysodia porophylloides, Gray. Dd 1098 Conyza Coulteri, Gray. 4 193 Nicolletia occidentalis, Gray. Bd 563 DBaccharis Douglasii, DC. B 245 Porophyllum gracile, Benth. Dd 613 salicina, T. &G. B 400 Achillea Millefolium, L. 2m | 702 viminea, DC. B 847 Anthemis Cotula, L. B = 726 cerulescens, DC. Dh 854 Matricaria discoidea, DC. B = 1110 Plummer, Gray. Le 574 Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt. B = 567 Pluchea camphorata, DC. 4 195 dracunculoides, Pursh. B § 533 Tessaria borealis, T. & G. 3g 1065 tridentata, Nutt. 2d § 247 Micropus Californicus, F. & M. Dm 559 Cotula coronopifolia, L. 4 8 942 TFilago Californica, Nutt. B 196 Tetradymia spinosa, H. & A. 4d 584 Antennaria dioica, Geertn. Dm 197 comosa, Gray. B 580 Gnaphalium decurrens, Ives. 3g 561 canescens, DC. Bm § 3 Sprengelii, H. & A. 3g 5 squamata, Gray. B 3 579 microcephalum, Nutt. 4h "295 Psathyrotes ramosissima, Gray. Dd 7 Dicoria canescens, T. & G. Dd 347 Schottii, Gray. Dd 727 Hymenoclea Salsola, T. & G. Dad 198 Senecio Californicus, DC. 23 1171 tMelampodium perfoliatum. L 300 Douglasii, DC. 3g | 1018 Iva axillaris, Pursh. De 248 Cnicus Drummondii, var. acaulescens, 622 Ambrosia psilostachya, DC. B Gray. Dm 621 Franseria Hookeriana, Nutt. B 818 occidentalis, Gray. B 3 624 dumosa, Gray. Dd 535 Californicus, Gray. 2h 808 bipinnatifida, Nutt. Sc 838 Silybum Marianum, Gertn. B 3 744 tenuifolia, Gray. 4 921 Centaurea Melitensis, L. B 619 Xanthium strumarcum, L. 4 1085 Perezia microcephala, Gray. Bg | 1103 spinosum, L. 4 353 Trixis suffruticosa, Gray. Dd: 241 Wyethia coriacea, Gray. Dh 955 Microseris Bigelovii, Gray. Db = 964 Encelia Californica, Nutt. Le 461 linearifolia, Gray. 2h 2 farinosa, Gray. 2 244 Stephanomeria pentachzeta, Eaton. D 228 eriocephala, Gray. Dd 199 exigua, Nutt. B 242 viscida, Gray. Dh 1048 paniculata, Nutt. Bh 443 Helianthus annuus, L. 3g 1047 minor, Nutt. Bh 949 Californicus, DC. Bh 614 cichoriacea, Gray. 4 1025 * Parishii, Gray. B 231 Raphinesquia Californica, Nutt. Bh 299 Viguiera laciniata, Gray. Dh 741 Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Dd 963 * Parishii, Greene. Dh 896 Anisocoma acaule, T. & G. Bd 226 Pugiopappus Breweri, Gray. Dd 301 Malacothrix Californica, DC., var. 620 Leptosyne Douglasii, DC. 2 glabrata, Eaton. B 183 Bidens chrysanthemoides, Mx. 4 246 Coulteri, Gray. 2 184 pilosa, Li. B 239 Clevelandi, Gray. 2m 584 Madia elegans, Don. 2 h 1132 tenuifolia, T. & G. 4 581 glomerata, Hook. Dh 54 platyphylla, firey. Dd 560 Hemizonia ramosissima, Benth. B 615 Troximon glaucum, Nutt. Bm 287 fasciculata, T. & G. B 815 retrorsum, Gray. B 528 pungens, T. & G. 4 440 Hieracium Breweri, Gray. Dm 247 tenella, Gray. Dh 1139 albiflorum, Hook. Bm 1087 Lagophylla ramosissima, Nutt. Bh 790 Sonchus oleraceus, L. B 1% Layia glandulosa, H. & A. B 791 tenerrimus, L. B 1 elegans, T. & G. B 4 1108 Tr Thorn Gray. Le ; LOBELIACEE. 1017 Venegasia carpesioides, DC. Lh 336 Lobelia splendens, Willd. Bh 298 Baileya pauciradiata, Gray. Dd 337 Palmerella debilis,var. serrata,Gr. Bm 747 Burrielia microglossa, DC. Dd 398 Downingia pulchella, Torr. Dm 806 Bria chrysostoma, F. & M. 5 831 Nemacladus ramosissimus, Nutt. B 285 tenerrima, Gray. Bg T \ 187 Actinolepis ron. Gray. i 830 Gi A AN B 349 multicaulis, DC. Bh ithopsis specularioides, Nutt. m 348 Wallacei, Gray. 2 ERICACEAZ. : 188 Bahia confertiflora, DC. 3 936 Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Dougl. 2 m 1086 integrifolia, DC. Bm 549 pungens, HBK 2h 834 Amblyopappus pusilius, H. & A. Dc 302 glauca, Lindl. 2h 297 Hulsea Californica, T. & G. Dh 480 Bryanthus Breweri, Gray. Bm | 950 heterochroma, Gray. Bm 303 Rhododendron occidentale, Gray. Dm 531 * callicarpha, Wats. Dm 497 Pyrola picta, Smith. 2 m RN A Se oooC oases chk eS saad) (Qecocscoscosos@® (t ( TO BOTANISTS. a We have now ready for distribution a dood supply of specimens of most of the plants named in the accompanying list. There are, however, some of which we have few or no duplicates, but it has not been thousht necessary to omit these, as most of the deficiencies will be supplied duwr- ind the coming season. A few cosmopolitan weeds have been admitted, but they are not in the sets. It is hoped by the issue of supplements to this list to make, in time, a somewhat complete local flora of this region, and with this end in view we have briefly indicated the rande of species. A few doubtful and unnamed species are sub- Joined, with some collected beyond our limits. Respectfully, PARISH BROS. San Bernardino, Cal., Jan., 1882. 256 Delphinium n. sp.? 1173 Eriogonum sp. 957 Euonymus occidentalis, 1174 Atriplex sp. Nutt. ? 1164 Cladothrix sp. 762 Calliandra sp. | 1157 Habenaria n. sp.? 100 Cotyledon n. sp:? 1022 Epilobium sp. 296 Baccharis sergiloides, ~~ Wislizenia refracta, Eng. Gray? Ingenhouzia triloba, DC. 578 Gnaphalium sp. Holacantha Emoryi,Gray. (Fr.) 939 *Nemacladus n. sp. Bursera sp. 1155 Abronia sp. Franseria deltoidea, Torr. 954 Abronia sp. Actinella odorata, Gray. 1046 Eriogonum sp. Argythamnia sp. CorrECTION.—No. 176, Lessingia, is L. glandulifera, Gray n. sp. PRICE LIST: Sets of 100 or more, either of our choice, or beginning at any point and taking the species consecutively, $7.50 per 100. Desiderata, $10 per 100. Less than 100, 15e¢. each. New species, except in sets as above, 25c. each. Sets of 27 speeies and varieties of Ferns, all with roots, $2.50. Cheilanthes viscida, 25¢. each. Cheil- anthes Parishii, 50c. each. © 0 So 968 304 391 305 306 961 278 540 74 836 736 308 918 459 439 616 309 310 311 431 812 Pterospora andromedea, Nutt. Dm Sarcodes sanguinea, Torr. 3m LENNOACEZE. Pholisma arenarium, Nutt. Dh PRIMULACEZ. ‘ Dodecatheon Meadia, L., var. 3 Anagallis arvensis, L. 3 Samolus Valerandi, L., var. Ameri- canus, Gray. STYRACACEAZ. Styrax Californica, Torr. Bh OLEACEAX. Menodora scoparia, Eng. Dh Fraxinus dipetala, H. & A. 2h Oregana, Nutt. Bh APOCYNACEAE. Apocynum androsemifolium, L. 2 cannabinum, L. D m ASCLEPIADACEZA. Asclepias subulata, Decsne. Dd Mexicana, Cav. 2 vestita, H. & A. Bm eriocarpa, Benth. 2h erosa, Torr. D Gomphocar pus tomentosus, Gray. 2 h Philibertia linearis, var. heterophylla \ Gray. 3 GENTIANACEA. Erythrea venusta, Gray. 2 Gentiana Amarella, L., var. acuta, Hook. f Bm Eustoma exaltatum, Griseb. B Frasera Parryi, Torr. 2h POLEMONIACE A. Phlox Douglasii, Hook., var. longi- folia, Gray. Dm Collomia gr andiflora, Dougl. 2h gracilis, Dougl. Bh heterophylla, Hook. 2h Gilia Parry, Gray. Bd Lemmoni, Gray. B liniflora, Benth. 2h aurea, Nutt. B dianthoides, Endl. 5g dichotoma, Benth. Bh + Bigelovii, Gray. Dd micrantha, Steud. Dm tenella, Benth. : B ciliata, Benth. Dm floribunda, Gray. Dm Californica, Benth. 2h pungens, Benth. 2 m viscidula, Gray. B atractyloides, Steud. B setosissima, Gray. Bd densifolia, Benth. B virgata, Steud., var. floribunda, Gray. 2m floccosa, Gray. 2 achillesefolia, Benth. : multicaulis, Benth. D tenuiflora, Benth. B inconspicua, Dougl. 2 latifolia, Wats. Dd Leeselia tenuifolia, Gray. Dd Schottii, Gray. B Matthewsii, Gray. Bd HYDROPH YLLACE A. Nemophila aurita, Lindl. 5 racemosa, Nutt. Dd insignis, Dougl. 3g 57 699 633 316 261 265 1070 94 842 466 776 268 445 451 446 317 216 62 721 904 251 339 215 411 1172 755 218 318 319 469 928 468 1 929 731 775 41 428 807 55 916 853 470 538 589 322 321 16 bleh} 795 781 799 11 324 204 813 1093 281 782 1116 49 436 257 258 209 263 71 912 % cordifolia, Wats. Nemophila Menziesii, H. & A. Ellisia chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Phacelia circinata, Jacq. f tanacetifolia, Benth. ramosissima, Dougl. hispida, Gray. Menziesii, Torr. brachyloba, Gray. Davidsonii, Gray. curvipes, Torr. micrantha, Torr. Fremontii, Torr. grandiflora, Gray. Parryi, Torr. Whitlavia, Gray. campanularia, Gray. Emmenanthe penduliflora, Benth. Tricardia Watsoni, Torr. Lemmonia Californica, Gray. Nama demissum, Gray. Rothrockii, Gray. Parryi, Gray. rorEEpanrrrrrWeE Eras BE we UU WewFPorDePmmoo SO% Hig oes coco co Eriodictyon tomentosum, Benth. glutinosum, Benth. var. BORRAGINACEZ. tColdenia canescens, DC. d Palmeri, Gray. d Heliotropium Curassavicum, IL. 3 Amsinckia spectabilis, F. & M g intermedia, F. &M h Eritrichium Torreyi, Gray. B circumscissum, Gray. Dh micranthum, Torr. Dd muriculatum, A. DC. Bh pterocaryum, Torr. Dd * racemosum, Wats. Dd Pectocarya linearis, DC. B penicillata, A. DC. Dd CONVOLVULACEAZ. Convolvulus Soldanella, L. Sc occidentalis, Gray. 2 t sepium, L. B luteolus, var. fulcratus,Gray. Bm Cressa Cretica, L. 2 Cuscuta Californica, Choisy. Dd decora, Choisy. B SOLANACEZ. Solanum Xanti, Gray. 3h nigrum, 1 ,var. Douglasii,Gray. 3 Physalis crassifolia, Benth. Dd aquata, Jacq. f. 4 tLycium puberulum, Gray. B Torreyi, Gray. Yuma Andersonii, Gray. Dh var. Wrightii, Gray. Dd Datura Z'atula, L. B meteloides, DC. vo 3g trigonophylla, Dunal hieelSomn pg glauca, Graham. 4 attenuita, Torr. Bm Bigelovii, Wats. 3g Petunia par viflora, Juss. Yuma SCROPHULARIACE A. Verbascum virgatum, With. I Linaria Canadensis, Dumont. h Antirrhinum glandulosum, Lindl. B h 3h 2 B Coulterianum, Benth. Nauttallianum, Benth. 3 h Mohavea viscida, Gray. Dd Scrophularia Californica, Cham. 3g Collinsia bicolor, Benth. 3 Parryi, Gray. Bm 911 108 109 107 473 355 110 111 788 115 631 420 121 1024 934 122 128 38 276 325 408 409 482 471 992 555 707 125 488 392 903 326 Collinsia Childii, Parry. Bm Pentstemon cordifolius, Benth. 3h ternatus, Torr. 3h antirrhinoides, Benth. 2 Rothrockii, Gray. Dm glaber, Pursh. D h Palmeri, Gray. 3n spectabilis, Thurb. Clevelandi, Gray. 2m barbatus, Nutt., var. labrosus, Gray. 2m centranthifolius, Benth. 3g + Parryi, Gray. Dd Bridgesii, Gray. Bm azureus, Benth. Bm Mimulus nanus, H. & A. Dm Fremonti, Gray. 2 h brevipes, Benth. Bh glutinosus, Wendl. 4h var. puniceus, Gray. 2h cardinalis, Dougl. 3 luteus, 3 Palmeri, Gray. 2m pilosus, Wats. 3 Veronica Americana, Schw. Bm alpina, L. Dm peregrina, L. B Castilleia affinis, H. & A. 3 linarizefolia, Benth. Dd foliolata, H. & A. 2 h miniata, "Doug. 3m Orthocarpus purpurascens, Benth. 3 g faucibarbatus, Gray. Dm hispidus, Benth. Dh lasiorhynchus, Gray. Dm Cordylanthus filifolius, "Nutt. 2 ® Nevinii, Gray. Bm maritimus, Nutt. 4 Pedicularis densiflora, Benth. Bh semibarbata, Gray. 3m OROBANCHACEA. Aphyllon fasciculatum, Gray. 2 Californicum, Gray. Dh Ludovicianum, Gray. Bh BIGNONIACEZ. Chilopsis saligna, Don. 2d ACANTHACEAZ. Beloperone Californica, Benth. Dd LABIATAE. Hyptis Emoryi, Torr. Dd Mentha Canadensis, L. B Lycopus sinuatus, Ell. B Pycnanthemum Californicum, Torr. B Monardella macrantha, Gray. Bm L tenuiflora, Wats. Dm odoratissima, Benth. 2m lanceolata, Gray. 3 candicans, Benth. Bd Salvia carduacea, Benth. 3g Columbarie, Benth. 3g Audibertia erandiflora, Benth. Lec incana, Benth. 2 stachyoides, Benth. 3 Clevelandi, Gray. Dh polystachya, Benth. 3h Lophanthus urticifolius, Benth. Bm Scutellaria Bolanderi, Gray. Dm angustifolia, Pursh. 2m tuberosa, Benth. 2 Salizaria Mexicana, Torr. B Brunella vulgaris, L. 2) Marrubium vulgare, L. Stachys bullata, Benth. Trichostema lanceolatum, Benth. wR RETwE A 769 *Trichostema Parishii, Vasey. 756 Teucrium Cubense, L. VERBENACEZ. Ws Verbena Dalysinli vs HBK. S > prostrata, R. B 1090 {Lippia lanceolata, Ms. PLANTAGINACEAZ. 410 Plantago major, L. 820 lanceolata, Li. 335 Patagonica, Jacq. 894 lirtella, HBK. NYCTAGINACEAE. 658 Mirabilis multiflora, Gray. 659 Californica, Gray. 709 Allionia incarnata, 802 Abronia umbellata, Lam. 1156 maritima, Nutt. 1150 villosa, Wats. 590 {Boerhaavia viscosa, Lag. POLYGONACEA. 678 Rumex hymenosepalus, Torr. 1071 erispus, 1105 Polygonum avieulare, L. 1104 nodosum, Pers. 456 Bistorta, 1. 594 Sriogonum umbellatum, Torr. 971 apiculatum, Wats. 599 Thurberi, Torr. 902 pusillum, T. &G. 1041 trichopodum, Torr. 974 angulosum, Benth. 973 nudum, Dougl. 1113 parvifolium, Smith. 630 fasciculatum, Benth. 595 Wrightii, Torr. 1037 var. 593 saxatile, Wats. 1036 elongatum, Benth. 972 vimineum, Dougl., var. 1033 gracile, Benth. 1039 of form. 1066 * Parishii, Wats. 600 Oxytheca trilobata, Gray. 1097 * caryophylloides, Parry. 998 # Parishii, Parry. 895 Chorizanthe Thurberi, Wats. 829 leptoceros, Wats. 816 Californica, Gray. 833 fimbriata, Nutt. 667 staticoides, Benth. 826 procumbens, Nutt. 87 Parryi, Wats. 638 Xanti, Wats. 828 brevicornu, Torr. 229 rigida, T. & G. 774 corrugata, T. &G. 819 Lastarrizea Chilensis, gor, 683 Pterostegia drymarioides, &M. AMARANTACEZ. 1106 Amarantus retroflexus, L. 1107 albus, L. 1148 Californicus, Wats. 935 Nitrophila occidentalis, Wats. CHENOPODIACE A. 714 Aphanisma blitoides, Nutt. 673 Chenopodium album, L. 999 ambrosioides, 1. 674 Californicum, Wats. 1122 Atriplex patula, L 932 micrecarpa, Dietr. 1012 bracteosa, Wats. 1125 leucophylla, Dietr. 1011 expansa, Wats. w He eatd GIR Sora © Sano fol co FEB oBarrn BEE BRR os = EB BET Fn mPa oP, ~CPoow ORT wwTO0 mSw!D ow ®) ow wo bhaHEEWe WEEE wmeecreorarses@aEER et | | | | 1019 641 668 Hs] 767 1013 548 891 L686 388 542 545 546 729 640 675 544 543 389 547 387 541 837 477 680 1073 899 634 970 - 966 653 753 385 536 834 278 1126 *Atriplex orbicularis, Wats. 1119 * ot HowDa © wo ar ac He Parishii, Wats. Californica, Mey. hymenelytra, Wats. canescens, James. Grayia polygaloides, H. & A. Spirostachys occidentalis, Wats. Suzeda Torreyana, Wats. LAURACEA. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt. Bh URTICACEAZ. Urtica holosericea, Nutt. 3g urens, L. Bg PLATANACEZ. Platanus racemosa, Nutt. 3 EUPHORBIACEAE. Simmondsia Californica, Nutt. D Eremocarpus setigerus, Benth. 3g Croton Californicus, Mull. Arg. 3g Argythamnia sericophylla, Gray. Dd Bernardia myricefolia, Wats. Dd Stillingia linearifolia, Wats. 2 —aurea, Mull. Arg. ¢ Dd Euphorbia polycarpa, Benth., var. ves- tita, Eng. B albomarginata, T. & G. Yuma serpyilifolia, Pers., var. rugosa, Eng. B dictyosperma, F. & M. Dm Palmeri, Eng. 2 m PIPERACE.ZX. Anemopsis Californica, Hook. 3 BETULACEZ. Alnus oblongifolia, Nutt. 3h SALICACEZ. Salix laevigata, Bebb. B lasiandra, Benth., var. lanci- folia, Bebb. 3 longifolia, Muhl. Dd sessilifolia, Nutt., var. Hindsiana, B Anders. lasiolepis, Benth. B Populus trichocarpa, T. & G. 3 h Fremonti, var.(?)Wislizeni, W ats. 3 JUGLANDACEZ. Juglans Californica, Wats. 3h CUPULIFERZE. Quercus dumosa, Nutt. 2h oblongifolia, Torr. 4h chrysolepis, Lieb. 3 agrifolia, Nee. 3h Kelloggii, Newb. 2 m Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC. 8m LORANTHACEAZ. Phoradendron flavescens, Nutt., var. macrophyllum, Eng. 4 var. villosum, Eng. 2m Bolleanum, Eichl. 4d Californicum, Nutt. Dd juniperinum, var. Libocedri, Eng. Arceuthobium occidentale, Eng. 2m GNETACEZA. Ephedra Californica, Wats. Dd trifurca, Torr. Yuma CONIFER ZA. ; Juniperus Californica, Carr. 3 occidentalis, Hook. Bm Libocedrus decurrens, Torr. 3m Abies concolor, Lindl. 2m ~ 380 Pseudotsuga. Douglasii, Carr., var. macrocarpa, Eng. 2h 382 Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl. 2 m 383 Parryana, Eng. Dh 1170 Torreyana, Parry. De 381 . ponderosa, Doug]. 3m 882 Jeflreyi, Murr. 3 m 336 contorta, Dougl., var. Murray- ana, Eng. 3m 379 Coulteri, Don. 2 m 537 tuberculata, Gordon. Bh ORCHIDACEAE. 947 Habenaria sparsiflora, Wats. Bm 223 Epipactis gigantea, Dougl. 3 IRIDACEZA. 484 Iris longipetala, Herb. ‘Bm 663 Sisyrinchium bellum, Wats. 2 AMARYLLIDACEA. 413 Agave deserti, Eng. Did 412 Shawii, Eng. De 414 Utahensis, Eng. Bd LILIACEAZ. 72 Allium unifolium, Kell. B 369 attenuifolium, Kell. Dm 90 serratum, Wats. 2 368 lacunosum, Wats. Dh 587 parvum, Kell. Dm 271 Mauilla maritima, Wats. 2h 373 Bloomeria aurea, Kell. Bh 362 Brodiza minor, Wats. 2 786 * filifolia, Wats. Bh 43 capitata, Benth. 3g 687 Hesperocallis undulata, Gray. Yuma ° 685 Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Kth. 3 h 679 Smilacina sessilifolia, Nutt. Dm 910 Nolina Parryi, Wats. D 30 Yucca baccata, Torr. 2 419 brevifolia, Eng. 4d 417 Whipplei, Torr. 3 416 Lilium Parryi, Wats. 2m 415 Humboldtii, R. & L. 3 357 Calochortus albus, Dougl. Dh 359 Weedii, Wood. Dh 361 luteus, Dougl. Dib 358 splendens, Dougl. 3 457 Veratrum Californicum, Durand. 2m 370 Zygadenus Fremonti, Torr. Bh 787 venenosus, Wats. Dm TYPHACEZ. 1129 Sparganium eurycarpum, Eng. Lec 917 Typha latifolia, L. 3 LEMNACEZ. 745 Lemna trisulca, L. B 1100 Valdiviana, Phil. B 914 minor, L. B 1163 Speirodela polyrrhiza, Schleid. B NAIADACEZ. 940 {Potamogeton obtusifolius, M. &K. B ALISMACEZ. 1186 {Sagittaria calycina, Eng. Le JUNCACEAZ. 657 Juncus robustus, Wats. D 990 compressus, HBK. Bm 851 var. aphylla. B 850 bufonius, L. 3 1089 obtusatus, Eng. Bm 557 xiphioides, Mey. 2 710 +t var. littoralis, Eng. Dd 849 phaeocephalus, var. paniculatus, Eng. 2 1026 * rugulosus, Eng. B PALMA. © 390 Washingtonia filifera, Wendl. Dd CYPERACEAE. 1068 Cyperus diandrus, Torr. B 1050 leevigatus, L. B 1064 ferax, Rich. B 956 Scirpus lacustris, L., var. occident- alis, Wats, 3 1114 Tatora, Kunth. L 1059 ° Olneyi, Gray. 3 1115 maritimus, L. L 1051 sylvaticus, L.,v. digvoas, Boeck. 2 1061 Eleocharis acic ularis, R.B B . 1062 arenicola, Torr. B 1049 Fimbristylis thermalis, Wats. Bh 1057 Carex Geyeri, Boott. B 1058 siccata, Dew. B 1068 + teretiuscula, Good., var. major, Koch. Bm 1161 scoparia, Schk., var. Bm 1055 aurea, Nutt. B 1054 triquetra, Boott. Bh 1052 filitormis, L., v. latifolia, Boeck. B 1056 acuta, L.: : GRAMINEAE. 859 Paspalum distichum, L. gn 1080 Panicum sanguinale, 1 B 887 Urvilleanum; Kunth. Dd 1078 Crus-gallz, I B 861 Phalaris intermedia, Bosc. B 1082 Vilfa depauperata, Torr. Bm 1077 Sporobolus airoides, Torr. B © 1030 asperifolius, Thurb. 4 868 Polypogon Monspeliensis, Desf. Bg 889 Cinna macroura, Kunth. Dd 866 Muhlenbergia debilis, Trin. Dh 1084 Vaseya comata, Thurb. Bm 873 Eriocoma cuspidata, Nutt. 3d 870 Stipa eminens, Cav. B 872 coronata, Thurb. Bh 883 Aristida bromoides, HBK. Dd 1029 + divaricata, HBK. B 867 Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. B 880 Pleuraphis rigida, Thurb. 3d 660 Avena fatua, L. 3g 1083 Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv. Bm ~ 681 Lamarckia aurea, Mench. 4 1137 Phragmites communis, Trin. 882 Tricuspis pulchella, Torr. Dd 875 855 856 862 860 884 877 876 890 602 1031 798 677 500 . 501 656 503 504 502 505 506 507 509 508 796 513 511 512 514 O17 516 515 518 519 520 522 521 523 915 Dactylis glomerata, L. Keeleria cristata, Pers. Melica imperfecta, Trin. Distichlis maritima, Raf. Lolium perenne, L. temulentum, Li. Hordeum nodosum, IL. marinwm, L. Elymus condensatus, Presl. tAndropogon macrourus, Mx. tImperata arundinacea, Cyrill. EQUISETACE AZ. Equisetum Telmateia, Ehrh. robustum, Al. Br. FILICES. Polypodium Californicum, Kaulf. 3h Gymnogramme triangularis, Kaulf. 3h var. viscosa, Eaton. Notholena New berryi, Eaton. Parryi, Eaton. candida, Hook. Cheilanthes "Californica, Mett. viscida, Davenp. Cooper, Eaton. myriophylla, Desv. Clevelandii, Eaton. * Parishii, Davenp. Pelliea andromed:folia, Fee. Wrightiana, Hook. @ Ornithopus, Hook. Pteris aquilina, L. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, L. emarginatum, Hook. pedatum, Woodwardia radicans, Smith. 0 : ww BE wR ws mW oo td Wow wer www De Erp wrErparraraacs Asplenium Trichomanes, L., var. in- cisum, Moore. Dh Filix-feemina, Bernh. 2m Aspidium rigidum, Swartz, var. ar- gutum, Eaton. 3 munitum, Kaulf. 3h mohrioides, Bory, var. scopu- linum, Eaton. Bm Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. 2m SELAGINELLE ZA. Selaginella rupestris, Spring. 3 SALVINIACEZ. Azolla Caroliniana, Willd. 4 H. N. Patterson, Printer, Oquawka, llis. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF PLANTS OF SOUTHE! ~ NOTE.---The rated numbérs are those under which the-plants—a Fe distributed ; when enclosed in parentheses it indicates that the plant was given in the last list with a wrong name. The * denotes new species, i. e., unpublished, or published since the completion of the Botany of Cali- fornia; those riot reported in that wok as having been collected in the State are marked by the +t. The suffixed characters indicate the range of the species. Those which we have collected in San Bernardino are marked B; in San Diego, D; in Los Angeles, L; in all three counties, 8; in B and D,2;inBandL, 4; in D and L, 5. Plants of the sea coast are marked c ; of the desert region, d; of the mountains, (above 4,000 ft.,) m; of the lower mountains and foothills, h ; and those having a more general range, g. RANUNCULACE. x. 1424 Rhamnus Californica, Esch., var. to- 1484 Thalictrum occidentale, Gray. Bm mentella, Brew. & Wats. 2 m 1582 Ranunculus Californicus, Benth., var. canus, Wats. ‘Bm : SAPINDACEAE. 256 Delphinium variegatum, T&G. Dd 1201" $Glossopetalon spinescens, Gray. Bm Rr {ops tent RR ps 1579 yn Bm LEGUMINOS.E. Cha Robo. 1615 Lupinus Breweri, Gra Bm 1245 Canbya candida, Parry. Bd 1491 Tritolium longipes, et Em CRUCIFERZ. 1493 involucratum, Willd. 3g ‘1800 Arabis arcuata, Gray. Bm 1584 tridentatum, Lindl., var. melan- 1492 Caulanthus procerus, Wats. Bm anthum, Wats. d 1299 * inflatus, Wats. Bd 1495 *Hosackia rigida, Benth., var. (2) ar- 1435 Thelypodium integrifolinm, Endl. Bd gyrea, Wats. Bm 918 Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br., var. arcu- 1272 brachycarpa, Benth. Dd ata, Koch. Bm 1406 decumbens, Benth. 2 1486 Sisymbrium incisum, Eng., var. fil- 1283 {Psoralea castorea, Wats. Bd ipes, Gray. Bm 1284 + Californica, Wats. Bh 1487 Nasturtium curvisiliqua, Nutt. Bm 1180 Dalea Parryi, T &G. Dd ‘1187 Lepidium Menziesii, DC. Bg 1496 Astragalus lentiginosus, Dougl. Bm 1298 Fremontii, Wats. Bd 1278 . var. Fremonti, Wats. Bd CAPPARIDACE.E. i Lome bh 1287 Cleomella obtusifolia, Torr. Bd 999 xs 1232 ¢ Preusii, Gray. Dd 1286 + oocarpa, Gray. Bd 1586 Purshii, Dogl., var. Bm 1288 parviflora, Gray. Bd 1275 malacus, Gray. Bd 1239: # brevipes, Wats. 3d 1281 + filipes, Port. 2h CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 1377 * bicristatus, Gray. Bm 1487 Rilene Menziesii, Hook Bm 1280 * grandiflorus, Wats. Bm 1583 Stellaria borealis, Bigel. Bm 1886 Vicia exigua, Nutt. Bh 1530 *Arenaria macradenia, Wats. 2 1285 Cassia armata, Wats. Bd 1491 Sagina occidentalis, Wats. Bm 1409 + Covesii, Gray. Dd 1516 Leeflingia squarrosa, Nutt. Bg 1410 {Hoffmanseggia stricta, Benth. Dd ELATINEA. ROSACEA. 1431 {Elatine Americana, Arn. Bm 1167 Prunus fasciculata, Gray. 2d ™ ; 1268 . Coleogyne ramosissima, Torr. Bd MALVACEAZA. Toe : (189) Malvastrum Fremontii, Torr. Bm 1497 Potentilla Sh var, mille 1403 Sida hederacea, Torr. 3g 1498 Wi grana, Wats mn ( heeleri, Wats. Bm STERCULIACE A. 1499 Anserina, L. Bm 1225 tAyenia pusilla, L. Dh 1191 Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. Bh GERANIACEA. AXIF ACEA. 1614 Erodium Texanum, Gray. Bd 1873 Ribes primis Gray. Bm RUTACEZ. 1374 sanguineum, Pursh, var, variega- 725 Cneoridium dumosum, Hook.f. Dh : tum, Wats. Bm CELASTRACEAE. CRASSULACEAE. 957 Eunonymus occidentalis, Nutt. Dm 1190 Tilleea minima, Miers. “Bh RHAMNACEAZ. HALORAGEZE. 1181 {Zizyphus lycioides, var. canescens, 1432 Hippuris vulgaris, L. Bm ; Gray. . Dd 1433 Myriophyllum spicatum, L. =~ Bm 13% ONAGRACEAE. 1307 (Enothera cespitosa, Nutt. Bh 1308 * dentata, Cav., var. grandiflora, Wats. B 1304 “var. cruciata, Wats. Bd 1305 Palmeri, Wats. Bd 1500 Boothii, Dougl. Bd 1618 biennis, L. : Bm 273 (Godetia quadrivulnera, Spach. Sh LOASACEAZ. 1504 {Petalonyx nitidus, Wats. Bm CUCURBITACEZ. 1588 Cucurbita Californica, Torr. Bh 205 *Echinocystis (?) parviflora, Wats. D d CACTACEA. 1423 Opuntia chlorotica, E. & B. Dd ‘FICOIDEA. 5a 1368 Sesuvium Portulacastrum, L. 3 UMBELLIFERAE. (987) Carum Gairdneri, B. & H. 1293 Cymopterus montanus, Nutt., var. purpurascens, Gray. Bm 1589 {Pastinaca sative, L. Bm : RUBIACEZ. 1505 Galium Californicum, H. & A. 4 COMPOSIT A. 1248 DBrickellia incana, Gray. Bd 1247 + :! linifolia, D. C. Eaton. Bd 1390 * frutescens, Gray. Dd 1249 Monoptilon bellidiforme, T. &G. D d (177) Heterotheca floribunda, Benth. 38g 1454 Bigelovia Douglasii, var. steno- LE phylla, Gray. Bm 14538 * intricata, Gray. Bd 1101 *Solidago confinis, Gray. B 1581 Corethrogyne filaginifolia, Nutt., var. tomentella, Gray. Bm 1552 tAster parviflorus, Gray. Dad 1211 tortifolius, Gray. 2d 1447 Erigeron concinnus, T. & G., var. aphanactis, Gray. Bm 1251 + Utahensis, Gray, var. Bm 1253 Iva Haysiana, Gray. 2B 1595 Verbesina encelioides, B. & H. L 1212 *Gymnolomia encelioides, Gray. Dd (949) Helianthus gracilentus, Gray. 2h 1392 Madia sativa, Mol., var. dissitiflora, Gray. Dh 1398 Layia platyglossa, Gray. Dh 1419 *Hemizonia paniculata, Gray. D 1426 Fitchii, Gray. Bh 1231 Beeria gracilis, Gray. Bh (187) Actinolepis affinis, Gray. B 1206: * :- Pringlei, Gray. Dd 1250 * Lemmoni, Gray. Bm 1208 Bahia ambigua, Gray. Dd (531) Hulsea vestita, Gray. Dm 1449 * var. pygmaea, Gray. Bm 1395 Cheenactis tenuifolia, Nutt. Dh (343) Fremonti, Gray. Dd 1213 stevioides, H. & A. Bd 12565 . | macrantha, D. C. Eaton. Bd 1396 suffrutescens, Gray. Dh 1267 Syntrichopappus Fremontii,Gray. Dd 1267 Dysodia Cooperi, Gray. Dd 1594 {Artemisia biennis, Willd. Le (1065)* Parishii, Gray. Lad 1616 tridentata, Nutt. 4 1177 trifida, Nutt. A Ld 12569 Tetradymia glabrata, T. & G. Bd 1260 Psathyrotes annua, Gray. Bd 1448 Arnica foliosa, Nutt. Bm 1261 Cnicus undulatus, Gray. 1412 Glyptopleura marginata, Eaton. 1263 + setulosa, Gray. 1214 Calycoseris Parryi, Gray. 1264 Malacothrix sonchoides, T-°& G. 1459 Crepis occidentalis, Nutt. 1460 acuminata, Nutt. 1897 Troximon grandiflorum, Gray. 1461 {Taraxacum palustris, DC. 1262 tLygodesmia exigua, Gray. LOBELIACEZ. BEE nmr ~mnEEEErperapnn 1339 Nemacladus longiflorus, Gray. Bd 1328 *Parishella Californica, Gray. Bd CAMPANULACEZA. (830) Githopsis diffusa, Gray. Bh 1381 specularioides, Nutt. Bh 1425 Specularia biflora, Gray. 2h 1398 perfoliata, A. DC. Dh ERICACEAE. 1399 Arctostaphylos bicolor, Gray. Dh 1506 Pyrola aphylla, Smith. Dm OLEACEAE. 1833 {Forestiera Neo-Mexicana, Gray. 2h . APOCYNACEAZ. 1332 Amsonia brevifolia, Gray. Bd ASCLEPIADACEAE. 1402 tAstephanus Utahensis, Eng. Dd GENTIANACEZ. 1401 Erythreea Douglasii, Gray. Dh 1474 Frasera nitida, Benth. Bm POLEMONIACEZ. 1617 Phlox canescens, T. . Bm 1475 Gilia linearis, Nutt. Bm 1476 divaricata, Nutt. Dh 907 brevicula, Gray. Bm 1476 aurea, Nutt., var. decora, Gr. Bd 1325 * setosissima, var. punctata, Gr. Bd 1326 * depressa, M. E. Jones. Bd 315 densifolia, Benth. Dm (814) * var. elongata, Gray. Ba HYDROPHYLLACEZ. 1206 Phacelia crenulata, Torr. 2d 1310 Ivesiana, Torr. Bm 1312 bicolor, Torr. Bda 1313 * pachyphylla, Gray. Bd 1314 * Parishii, Gray. Bd 1336 Hesperochiron Californicus, Wats. Bd 1329 Nama hispidum, Gray. Bd 3: var. Bd (1172)*Eriodictyon angustifolium, Nutt.,var. | pubens, Gray. Bm BORRAGINACEA. 1315 Coldenia Nuttallii, Hook. Bd 1827 Heliotropium convolvulaceum,Gr. Bd 1470 Eritrichium Californicum, DC. Bm : 1328 tenellum, Gray. Bh 1585 micranthum, Torr., var. lepidum, Gray. Bd 1322 canescens, Gray. 1220 barbigerum, Gray. 2d 924 * intermedium, Gray. 3g 1480 + Jamesii, Torr. Bm 1316 leucophaeum, A. DC, var. Bm 1317 * Cooperi, Gray. Bd 1469 Echinospermum deflexum, Lehm. B m 927 *Echidiocarya ursina, Gray. Bm 1324 Pectocarya setosa, Gray. Bd SOLANACEAE. 1196 Lycium Cooperi, Gray. 4° TO BOTANISTS. The accompanying list includes all the plants collected by ws during the past year. Of most of these we have a dood supply ready for distri- bution, but of some we were able to obtain few or no duplicates. Sets will be made wp in rotation as ordered, and will be as complete as possible, and wnless otherwise desired will include such of last year’s plants as we can still supply. A few doubtful species and varietal forms are swbhjoined. Respectfully, PARISH BROS. San Bernardino, Cal., Jan. 1st, 1885. 1483 Thalictrum sp. (=T. occidentale, Gray, Bot. Cal.) 1490 Arenaria sp. 1278 Astragalus sp. (Near A. amphioxys, Wats.) 1274 sp. (Near A. Cobrensis, Gray.) 1276 sp. (Near A. Nuttallianus, DC) 1337 Sp. 1246 Aplopappus laricifolius, Gray, var. 1455 Gutierrezia Euthamize, T. & G., var.? 1450 Senecio sp. 1452 Antennaria dioica, Gaertn., var. 1456 Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt., var. 1465 Mimulus sp. 1520 . Salicornia sp. PRICHE 1,091. Sets of 100 or more, beginning with any nat- wral Order and taking the species consecutively, $8.00 per 100. Desiderata, $10.00 per 100 ; less than 100, 15c. each. New species, except as : above, 25c. each. Plants will be sent post free by mail to any part of the U. S. On foreidn orders we pay [reidht or expressade to New York. SCROPHULARIACE ZA. 1224 Antirrhinum filipes, Gray. (113) Pentstemon Eatoni, Gray. (355) * Parishii, Gray. F (114) heterophyllus, Lindl. 1388 t pumilus, Nutt., v. incanus,Gr. E1389 + ambiguus, Torr. £1462 * cwmsius, Gray. 1217 Mimulus Bigelovii, Gray. 1378 rubellus, Gray. 1184 moschatus, Dougl. 1463 var. longiflorus, Gray. 1464 primuloides, Benth. 1335 Limosella aquatica, L. 1466 Veronica serpyllifolia, L. * (122) Castilleia stenantha, Gray. 1468 * cinerea, Gray. (482) *Orthocarpus Parishii, Gray. OROBANCHACEZE. Aphyllon comosum, Gray. | BIGNONIACEZ. 1409 tMartynia althewefolia, Benth. | LABIATA. | Audibertia capitata, Gray. E1309 * incana, Bth., v. pilosa, Gray. 743 tNepeta Cataria, Li Stachys albens, Gray. 1473 Trichostema micranthum, Gray. 1235 lanatum, Benth. VERBENACE AZ. 1596 Verbena bracteosa, Mx. NYCTAGINACEA. 1345 Abronia turbinata, Torr. POLYGONACEA. 1507 Rumex salicifolius, Weinm. 1508 maritimus, L. 1510 Polygonum erectum, L. 1509 imbricatum, Nutt. 1405 amphibium, L. 1511 Eriogonum stellatum, Benth. 1357 deflexum, Torr. 1202 reniforme, Torr. 1203 Thomasii, Torr. 1173 * crenulatum, Parry. 1361 ovalifolium, Nutt. 1604 cinereum, Benth. 1512 microthecum, Nutt. 1513 Palmeri, Wats. 1359 Baileyi, Wats. 1356 + Parryi, Gray. 1360 Plumatella, Dur. & Hilg. 1580 Oxytheca inermis, Wats. 1241 + Watsoni, T. & G. 1352 perfoliata, T. & G. 1515 Chorizanthe perfoliata, Gray. 1612 laciniata, Torr. 1366 Watsoni, T. & G. - AMARANTACEAZA. Cladothrix lanuginosa, Nutt. * oblongifolia, Wats. CHENOPODIACE AS. *Kochia Californica, Wats. Chenopodium murale, L. rubrum, I.., v. humile, Wats. Monolepis chenopodicides, Mo. spathulata, Gray. Atriplex phyllostegia, Wats. confertitolia, Wats. ® fasciculata, Wats. Eurotia lanata, Moq. 019 Salicornia ambigua, Mx. 1598 Sumda depressa, v. erecta, Wats. Dd Bd Bm Bm B m Bm Bd L Dd Bm Bm Bm 2m Bm B Dd 2d Dh Bm 1. C Bm Dd Dd Dd Dd B m Le 1192 1179 1872 1381 1239 * albomarginata, T. & G., var. major, Eng. Bh 1990 * cuspidata, Eng. Bd 1441 hirtula, Eng. Bm 1220 + eriantha, Benth. Dd 1599 + Ricinus communis, Li. 3 CALLITRICHACEAZ. 1404 Callitriche verna, L. 2 m CERATOPHYLLACEZ. 1147 Ceratophyllum demersum, L. 4 CUPULIFERAE. 1228 Quercus grisea, Liebm., var. pungens, Eng. d LORANTHACEAE. 1444 Phoradendron juniperinum, Eng. Bm 1442 Arceuthobium divaricatum, Eng. Bm GNETACEA. 1369 ' Ephedra Nevadensis, Wats. Bd 1238 * oxycarpa, Eng. Dd 1385 spinosa, Eng. Bd CONIFER A. 1376 Pinus menophylla, Torr. & Frem. Bm ORCHIDACEZ. 1522 + Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt. Bm 1521 Habenaria leucostachys, Wats. 2m 1525 Spiranthes Romanzofliana, Cham. B LILTACE AZ. 1348 Allium fimbriatum, Wats. Bd 1344 Parishii, Wats. Bm 1340 Calochortus Kennedyi, Porter. Bd 1341 Palmeri, Wats. Bd 1342 + flexuosus, Wats. Bd NAIADACEA. 1608 Zostera marina, L. Le 1195 Lileea subulata, HBK. B 1375 Zannichellia palustris, L. 3 1606 Ruppia maritima, IL. 3 1435 Potamogeton natans, L. Bm (940) pauciflorus, Pursh, var. B 1429 pectinatus, L. 4 1486 Triglochin maritimum, L. Bm JUNCACE A. 1437 Luzula comosa, Meyer. Bm 1418 Juncus Balticus, Deth. 3 1417 effusus, L. B 1415 longistylis, Torr. 3h 1593 nodosus, L., var. megacephalus, Torr. Le 1416 dubius, Eng. Dh 1091 * canaliculatus, Eng. Bm 1439 * aseptus, Eng. Bm CYPERACEA. 1563 Cyperus aristatus, Rottb. B 1567 phymatodes, Muhl. B 1564 {Cheetospora nigricans. Bh 1587 Scirpus riparius, Spreng. Bm 1565 pungens, Vahl. Dh 1185 Eleocharis palustris, R. Br. B 1570 rostellata, Torr. B 1160 + capitata, R. Br. D 1611 Carex marcida, Boott. Bm 1578 athrostachya, Olney. Bm URTICACEAE. Parietaria debilis, Forst. ~~ EUPHORBIACEA. tArgythamnia serrata, Mull. Arg. Dd Stillingia paucidentata, Wats. Dd . Euphorbia ocellata, Dur. & Hilg.,var. stenosperma, Eng. Bd Bh 3 1575 1559 1576 -angustata, Boott., var. Bm 1577 Jamesii, Torr. 2h utriculata, Boott. Bm 1571 Pseudocyperus, L., var. comosa, He Boott. GRAMINEAE. 1527 Alopecurus aristulatus, Mx. Bm 1541 Agrostis verticillata, Vill. Bm 1558 exarata, Trin. Bm 1560 scabra,” Willd. Bm 1600 + pilosa, Beauv. Lh 1529 1Muhlenbergia Texana. Dd 1028 * glomerata, Trin., var. brevifolia, Vasey. Bh 1076 * sylvatica, T. & G., var. Californ- ica, Vasey. Bh 879 Stipa speciosa, Trin. & Rupr. Bd 1079 * Parishii, Vasey. Bm 1554 setigera, Pres]. Dh 1552 viridula, Trin. Bm 1549 {Aristida purpurea, Muhl. Dh 1602 Spartina stricta, Roth. 4¢ 1528 Bouteloua oligostachya, Torr. Bm 1544 Deschampsia ceespitosa, Beauv. Bm 1555 calycina, Presi. D m © 1553 Melica stricta, Bolander. Bm Glyceria distans, Reich. Bm 15483 Poa Californica, Vasey. 1562 annua, L. 1546 pratensis, L., var. 1530 Festuca tenella, Willd. wEFom® © 1531 microstachys, Nutt. 1585 Bromus ciliatus, L. 1533 virens, Nutt. 1540 Hordeum jubatum, L. 1162 Elymus condensatus, Presl, var. trit- icoides, Thurb. 2 1538 Elymus Sitanion, Schult. Bm 1603 {Monanthochloe littoralis, Eng. Le FILICES. 1242 {Notholena tenera, Gillies. Bm 1613 tAspidium Filix-mas, Swz. Bm SELAGINELLEZE. 1440 Isoetes Bolanderi, Eng. Bm HEPATICAE. 1446 Marchantia polymorpha, L. Bm CHARACEAZ. 1427 Nitella opaca, Ag., forma mascune hyalina. Bm 1144 Chara feetida, Al. Br. 3 1428 Schaftneri, Al. Br., forma aculeis longis. Bm H. N. Patterson, Printer, Oquawka, lis. arEopEwWE i wr 5 ¥ VY, But few persons, even among those whose daily occupation lies in working or handling it, have an adequate conception of the magnificent part redwood timber is destined to take in the near future in the markets and lumber industries of the world. The California redwood, for sym- metry of growth, productiveness of mer- chantable lumber to the acre, beauty of finish, durability, and general adaptability for variety of use, is without a peer among the conifers, and renderit chief among the arboreous treasures of the vegetable king- dom. No one who has intelligently in- vestigated the subject will deny to redwood this place of pre-eminence among the woods. There may be other woods more valuable, for special purposes, such as boxwood and lignum vitae for density, or oak and hickory for tenacity, but for the general uses of civilized life the California redwood leads the list. 7 The enormous productiveness of the redwood timberland of California is amaz- ing to the lumbermen of Michigan and Wisconsin, and in fact to any one whose experience has been limited to pine lands. The average size of the trees is six to eight feet in diameter, occasionally running up to twenty feet, with one to two hundred feet of trunks free from knots or limbs. - With such standing timber as this, the large proportion of clear lumber is ap- parent to any Ch Jumberman, § Tho yield is from fifteen to twenty times i greater than that of average pine lA plank, such: a8 ‘was recently shiy from ( lifornia, ten feet in width and twenty feet long, would be an impossi- ibility elsewh than in the redwood forests. Items of the wonderful yield of Peingle redwood trees are of frequent oceur- pl £12) CALI FORNIA. “REDWOODS Plus mee rence in the California press. As an illus- tration, a Sonoma County paper, in a recent issue, instances the fact that one of the largest churches in Santa Rosa, a city in that county of over 7,000 population, was entirely built, including inside finish in wood instead of plaster, from a single redwood tree. In addition to building the church), 60,000 shingles were taken from the same tree. Another redwood tree in the same section has kept two men busy for two years in cutting it up into shingles. THE PRODUCT OF ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY ACRES OF REDWOOD. A personal friend of the writer a few years ago located 160 acres of redwood timber land in Humboldt County, in the United States Land Office for that district. He has since then had the timber sur- veyed by an expert and made a contract with neighboring mill-owners for the sale of the standing timber on the land. The estimates he has of the amount of timber on his land show that at two dollars per thousand feet stumpage his 160 acres will yield him the snug sum of $60,000. This isnot an isolated case, but his claim is only one of many similar tracts in that vicinity. MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN PINE LANDS Have all been secured from the Govern- ment. The enormous claims upon them for the lumber market of the United States is rapidly exhausting them. Competent judges estimate the reserve stock of stand- ing timber in Michigan as only sufficient to supply the demand for seven or eight years more. The price of timber lands in those States has greatly raised and is sharply advancing. The Northwestern Lumberman, published at Chicago, in its issue of June 19, 1886, cites the sale of 15,000 acres of pine lands on the headwaters of the Peshtigo, in ‘Wisconsin, for $712,500, for milling pur- poses. These lands cost $480,000 about two years ago, showing an advance of nearly $250,000. Pine lands in those States have become centered in the hands of a few heavy cap- italists, and are strongly held at prices that discourage speculative investment. The result is, many land-buyers of that section are looking elsewhere for land. Louisiana and Mississippi have attracted a few of these buyers, but California is beginning to attract attention as the best field for in- vestment. CALIFORNIA TIMBER LANDS, While advancing in price, have not yet, by reason of their remoteness from the great lumber markets, and the ignorance of their actual value by outsiders, become unavail- able for investment. While one-half of the redwood area of the State hasbeen ex- hausted, there yet remain large virgin tracts that offer wonderful inducements to buyers. First.—Because redwood is only just beginning to be introduced into the mar- kets of the world, and its adaptabilities are just beginning to be known. It has not heretofore been appreciated, even here in its own home. Second.—Because redwood timber lands, with a few exceptions, are yet in the first stage of advance from their bedrock price as government land. They are nearly all in private ownership already, but have not yet felt the impulse in value which the approaching exhaustion of the pine lands of Michigan and Wisconsin has given to lands remaining in those States. T hird.—They are not as strongly held as are the pine lands of the States named. Fourth.—Redwood is an improved sub- stitute for pine in nearly everything for which pine is used, and is adapted for many purposes besides. Fifth.—The redwood lands of California have no competitors, as the wood is only found in a narrow belt along the coast in 1 two or three countiesin California. Those who secure tracts of the redwood lands at anywhere near their present prices, will get more for their money than any other tim- ber lands in the world offer. Sizth.—There is no insurance or other expense, beyond nominal taxes necessary in holding them. Redwood trees, owing to their peculiar bark and absolute ab- sence of resinous properties, never burn. Seventh.—Their close proximity to the ocean, the great highway to all the leading marts of the world. This insures cheap transportation of their products. Eighth.—Their immense productive ca- pacity. Ninth.—The prospective value of the stumps after the timber is cut. These stumps never decay, and will furnish ve- neerings and panelings for cabinet and interior architectural finish. * REDWOOD SHINGLES Are unapproachably the best and most durable wooden roof covering extant. Redwood shingles do not warp nor shrink. Fifty years of service will find them as sound as when the roof is first covered. In the matter of shingles, the redwood .is without a competitor, and unlimited mil- lions of them will without doubt be shipped abroad in the near future. They find a ready and constant market, wherever in- troduced. REDWOOD RAILROAD TIES Are the most durable, and therefore the cheapest in the market, when equally ac- cessible with ties of other woods. Few persons have an adequate idea of the enormous consumption of timber for rail- road ties in the United States. Each tie contains over thirtv-two feet of lumber. It has been estimated that there are 201 - 000,000 ties in the railroads of the United States, and that about 56,000,000 ties are used annually for renewals and new roads. This would consume about 560,000 acres of average Eastern pine lands annually. Estimating the average yield of California redwood as twenty times greater than that of the pine lands of Michigan and ‘Wisconsin, it would be equivalent to the — Ca aie aR i Raa ascii annual consumption of 28,000 acres of redwood land. FOR ARCHITECTURAL ART, Especially for interior finish, where rich, warm colors, beauty of grain and easy sus- ceptibility to polish are desired, redwood is fast winning its way into favor. In California, redwood is almost exclusively used for outside rustic work and general covering to buildings; and one of its merits is, that it does not hold fire when exposed to that element, a single dash of water extinguishing fire in it completely. An- other merit which commends redwood to builders is the fact that it does not warp or shrink from exposure to the weather. Tight joints and a permanently neat ap- pearance are thus assured by its use. FOR FINE CABINET WORK Redwood is becoming popular in an in- creasing circle of manufacturers. A wealthy company has recently been or- ganized here and in the East for the man- ufacture of redwood furniture on a large scale. Nothing can be handsomer than the rich brown, warm effect and satin finish of selected redwood. Walnut, ma- hogany or rosewood are far inferior in pleasing effect to a good redwood buhl ve- neer with its charming intricacies of grain, or a selected piece of ‘‘ curled” redwood, or the root of the tree. If redwood should become as fashionable for fine furniture as Ialiopany was fifty years or more ago, the redwood forests of California will melt away to meet the de- mand in that direction alone, as rapidly as did the mahogany woods of Central America. Mostof the millmen and lumber- men operating in the redwood belt of the Pacific Coast have heretofore adopted the short-sighted policy of holding barely sui- ficient land for immediate use, trusting to their ability to discourage outside invest- ors from buying up the lands in their neighborhood. This policy worked well for a few years, but for several years past capital has been gradually learning the importonce of securing the land, despite the representations of mill owners that it would prove unprofitable for many years to come, owing to the immense reserve already under the control of those in the field. “The State being new, with unlim- ited chances for investment in other ave- nues with the prospect of more immedi- ate returns, capital passed by the redwood treasures on the other side. But during the last seven or eight years a quiet and 1 growing movement in the way of acquir- ing redwood lands has been going on. By direct location from the Government . and by purchase from holders of small claims of one hundred and sixty acres in many instances, the tracts on which mill owners depended for their supply have been taken and centered in the hands of moneyed men. When too late mill own- ers have awakened to the knowledge that the land they needed, and which, had they taken time by the forelock, they could have got at a small advance on the Gov- ernment price, is unavailable to them except on the terms of men who can afford to keep them until they get their own price. In such cases the owners of the land take the cream of the profit in the timber as a reward for their sagacity. Several cases of this kind have come within the writer’s personal knowledge. In one instance, some two years ago, a a mill owner in Mendocino County, who had thought himself safe for several years to come in the possession of a few hun- dred acres of patented land, but with thousands of outlying acres of virgin land surrounding him, which he had counted on securing as he needed it, at about the Government price, discovered that all the land for several miles had been located under the ‘‘ Timber Act” peculiar to the Pacific Coast. The result was that he was obliged to heavily mortgage his pos- sessions to secure a part of what he wanted before it should go entirely be- yond his reach. In another case a large mill owner in Humboldt County is paying from $150 tof200 per acre stumpage for land which a few years ago he could have had for three or four dollars per acre. It is plain to be seen, that in such cases the man who owns the land makes the money. There are many opportunities still left in the redwood country for the initiated ones to secure tracts that will bring fat re- turns. THE AREA OF REDWOOD FORESTS In California has been placed by Profes- sor Kellogg, of the University of Califor- nia, who has devoted much attention to the matter, at about three thousand square miles. Half of this limited area, as before stated, has been cut over. At an outside estimate, not more than half of the remaining fifteen hundred square miles can be secured for investment. So it will be seen that an active man with money to handle cannot fail to satisfy his most sanguine hopes of profit by judi- ciously buying California redwood timber land. H. W. PLUMMER, 11 Montgomery St., San francisco. REDWOOD TIMBER LANDS Their Present and Future Value. The Mill Owner and the Land Owner—Rail= road Tles—Shingles—Thoughts for Timber Investors. [Written expressly for the S. F. W0OD AND IRON.] Experience is usually a high - priced teacher. Observation wisely directed and applied may convey the same lesson as experience, but without the cost. This thought is at the present time specially applicable to the redwood lumbermen and timber land owners of California. If they are wise enough to heed and profit by the history of timber lands in the Eastern and Northwestern States, they will at once bend their ‘energies to securing for themselves the matchless prize of our redwood forests before it slips from their grasp. There are men yet living who can remember - when the walnut timber of Illinois, Indi- ana and neighboring States was ruthlessly destroyed to make room for cow pastures and grain-fields, when walnut and hickory back-logs could be found in the fireplace of the settler’s cabin, and walnut fence rails protected his grain-fields. Since then single trees and stumps of walnut worked up into choice veneering have yielded the price of a farm, and the timber that was cut to fence a single field would now be worth more money than the settler could then have reasonably expected to realize from the field in a life-time of labor. It is but a short time since the timber lands of the great pine districts of Mich- igan and Wisconsin were considered com- paratively valueless. They seemed inex- haustible, at least by the present genera- tion. But already lumbermen are with painful certainty computing the exact time when. the supply of growing timber in those States will give out. The most lib- eral estimates put the day of exhaustion uncomfortably close at hand for the mill- men and others dependent on the lumber industries and interests of the Northwest. Estimates are being made of the number of standing feetleftin the different districts, which so conclusively show the nearness of the end that the standing timber which is left has advanced to figures that five years ago would have been deemed im- possible of attainment in this century by the most sanguine owner of these timber lands. The same thing must inevitably happen in California. Obeying the same law of constantly increasing demand and constantly decreasing source of supply, the redwoods of California are sure to in- crease in value far beyond the topmost rise of the pine lands of Michigan and Wisconsin. In this connection itis but proper to say that California redwood lands, other things being equal, are worth at least twenty times as much as the pine lands of the Kastern States, owing to the vastly greater productiveness of the red- wood lands. When the redwoods of Cali- fornia are gone, there are none to take their place. Search the globe over and no redwood forests outside of the small fog-bathed strip of California coast, be- tween Santa Cruz and Del Norte coun- ties, already half denuded, can be found. Not so pine. The pine in its different varieties is found in all quarters of the temperate zone, vieing with all the other woods of the forest for pre-eminence and permanence of place. If, then, the enor- mous bulk of the world’s pine forests is rapidly melting away under the insatiate tooth of modern civilization, it surely needs no prophet to announce the approaching day when the California redwood shall be numbered with the things that have passed away. It is safe to say that not one in a hundred of those who are en- gaged in stripping our redwoods from the land realizes the full value of the property that is passing through their hands. Apart from the sentiment that mourns the loss of one of these forest monarchs as it crashes to the ground to help meet the demands of the manufacturer and the builder, there is a financial and commer- cial side to the matter that should rouse the money-making instinct of those who are able to secure and control these wood- land treasures. Timber is largely wasted or sacrificed recklessly that should be held firmly and conserved to meet the necessities of the near future. The out- side markets of the world are only just beginning to open to California redwood, and yet we have already used and wasted one-half of our supply. To the man who can afford to secure a tract of California redwood land and hold it a few years, when its real value shall be better appre- ciated, a reward of profit is sure to accrue that will astonish even those who are familiar with the history of our Eastern and Northwestern pine lands. It may be asked why it is that so little attention has been given heretofore to our magnificent timber lands, and why they have been so little sought for as an in- vestment. One principal cause is the supineness and lack of business foresight of the millmen. They have been averse to such investments. Some millmen own a large reserve of timber land, but they are exceptions to the rule of paying stump- age or holding simply enough land for immediate wants, adopted by most of the redwood millmen. A few hold a fair amount of timber land while many have none, and depend on buying their timber from neighboring: owners. [-It is clearly not to the interest of these millmen as a class to have redwood land advance in price. They will naturally dissuade to the extent of their ability any intending purchaser from investing in these lands. It is true that the mill-owners have, as a general thing, made money, nothwith- standing their assertions to the contrary. They have, however, at intervals had seasons of exceptional prosperity, followed ‘by times of depression. This will proba- bly to much more limited extent be the result in the future, unless the mill-owner ig at the same time a timber land owner. This is because it is the owner of the tim- . ber land that reaps the certain profit. It is perfectly clear that the millmen who pays the owner of land that will yield a - hundred thousand feet of lumber to the acre, as much for the privilege of cutting a single thousand feet as he could have bought the whole acre of land for a few years ago, is working chiefly for the land owner. His profits have the cream skim- med off together with the bulk of the milk in such transactions, while the land- owner waxes fat at the mill-owner’s ex- pense. As the price of the manufactured article goes up or the demand increases, the land owner asks and gets more for his raw material. As long asthe demand exists, manufacturing, subject to this rule, is certain to go on until the supply gives out. The mill-owner can blame no one but himself for this result of his sui- cidal policy. The owners and holders of timber land have always made money. There isnot a man who has sold his land or who can sell it after holding it for a few years, who has not been repaid for his investment 2 several times, in many cases twenty or thirty times. Those who still hold im- mediately available timber land are likely to get more, as those mill men who have not already got enough for their wants, are now unable to find vacant or cheap lands. To-day, one of the oldest and largest of the mill owners in Humboldt County is paying $1.50 stumpage, amount- ing to $150 per acre, for land he could have bought a few years ago for $2.50 to $5.00 per acre. payingstumpage, not because they had not the foresight to provide against the neces- sity, but from a lack of means to buy at the proper time a sufficiency of timber lands. Lands which fifteen years ago a man would have been laughed at for buy- ing with the expectation that they would come into the market in a life-time, have been cut and logged over and the lamber has been worked up into some of the finest buildings on this coast. All this has hap- pened from simply the increase in the home demand for redwood lumber for our own State and Coast. This is but a small indication of what the demand will be when the wood is introduced into foreign markets, and the doors of I2u- rope and Australia, to say nothing of the Eastern States already demanding it, are opened for our redwood. In the face of all this, the mill man who handles red- wood, when asked his advice by an intending purchaser, will advise not to buy. The reason for such advice by the mill man is obvious, but he will ingen- iously say something to this effect: ‘‘ Look at me; I have for years been in this busi- ness,” and he will name others, ‘‘and what have I done? I have made a good living, perhaps, and that is all. All my timber is gone, and I have but little to show for it.”” He forgets, however, to state that there is much more timber land around, but that some one else owns it who wants $100 an acre for it, and will get his price,’and as much more in the near future as the business will stand. The land owner will get his price, because the mill will not stop as long as the mill man can make expenses in running it. Even an owner of timber land who is not anxious to sell his own land at the ruling market price, may try to dissuade an intending purchaser from buying neigh- boring land, as he may be himself desir- ous to add to his holding in the hope of securing control of the supply of the dis- trict, and thus hastening the day when he can dictate terms to the hapless mill man. 5 But whatever may be said upon the subject, it is a certainty that owing to ex- Other mill men are also * tending markets, increased uses, and im- proved facilities for transportation, to say nothing of the diminishing sources of sup- ly, the profits on our redwood timber ands will be vastly accelerated from henceforth. THE RAILROAD IS THE GREAT DEVASTATOR of our timber lands in the United States. There are now, in round numbers, 150,- 000 miles of railroad in this country. This vast network of railroads, it is esti- mated, contains about four hundred mil- lions of railroad ties, and consumes an- nually about sixty million ties for renewals and new work. This is equivalent to an- nually stripping six hundred thousand acres of average Eastern pine lands, at one hundred ties per acre. A recent writer, with a brave disregard of the enormous figures involved, has estimated that in the matter of ties alone, our rail- roads in the United States have eaten up 126,000,000 acres of timber, equivalent in area to four times the size of Massachu- setts. When it is remembered that wherever the railroad goes, wooden vil- lages, towns and cities spring up along its line, requiring vast quantities of timber in their erection, and to repair the ravages of fire and decay, it is not surprising that our timber fields become rapidly ex- hausted. On the Pacific Coast, the redwood tie has become a great favorite with the rail- road men. This has been owing to its durability and the facility with which it has been produced. At present there seems to be a combination between the railroad companies and the middlemen, who control the market, to keep prices down below the cost of production. The railroad man by agreeing with the middle- man that they will buy of no one but him, force the tie-makers, who are mostly men of small property, to deal with the middleman, who is practically the agent forthe railroads. The tie-makers are thus limited to this agent and are obliged to take what they can get, which only amounts tothe coarsest kind of subsist- ence, for their work, without any compen- sation for the valuable timber land they are destroying to procure the ties. There is no branch of the lumber indus- tries where there is more waste of raw material than in making ties. Each tie is split from clear wood, and it takes about thirty-five feet of clear lumber to make a merchantable tie. Redwood will average about fifty per centum of clear and suitable wood for ties. When to this is added the percentage of “culls” that are arbitrarily rejected by the inspect- 2 ors on behalf of the railroads, at the own- er’s expense, it will be found that each tie represents about seventy-five feet of good merchantable lumber in the standing timber destroyed for it. Placing the mar- ket price of the redwood lumber at $25 per thousand feet, each tie thus represents $1.87% worth of lumber. In the light of these figures, it conclusively appears that the present ruling rates of redwood rail- road ties, 35 cents, is grossly inadequate. The remedy lies with the owners of the lands from which the ties are cut. If they will combine, and agree that they will no longer sacrifice their timber and their work as they have been doing, but will insist on being paid at least as much ap- proximately as the lumber represented by the ties is worth, they can control the situation. It would be far better for them to sell their lands at a small profit, and get into some more profitable occupation, than to go on for years and at the end find themselves without either timber or money to compensate them for their wasted endeavors. The railroads must have the ties, and land owners are foolish if they do not compel the payment of a fair price for them. THE VALUE OF REDWOOD SHINGLES is not yet appreciated in the East. In this item alone, our redwoods are unap- proachable. They are destined to sup- plant every other variety of shingle they are brought into competition with. Their durable, impervious and unshrinkable qualities, and their insusceptibility to fire, make redwood shingles the best in the world. A writer in the Northwestern Lum- berman of July 10th, 1886, thinks that Michigan cedar shingles are the shingles of the future ; but if he will only travel as far as California, we can undeceive him on that score. We can show him roofs here in a most trying climate—scorched by a hot sun without a drop of water all sum- mer, and soaked by constant rains all winter—that for a generation have done their office well, and show no warp or de- cay yet. ‘‘ A new feature of trade in Min- neapolis,” says the Mississippi Valley Lumberman and Manufacturer of July 2, 1886, ¢“ is the introduction of Pacific Coast ceaar (redwood) shingles clear at $4; this beats white pine, even at present low prices.” It is a matter of controversy among Eastern lumbermen as to whether Michigan cedar or clear pine makes the better shingle ; but no one who knows the good qualities of the California redwood shingle will hesitate to say it is without a rival. H. W. PLUMMER, 11 Mont omery St., San Francisco, Cal. No. 3 THAT REMARKABLE ARTICLE ON REDWOOD My attention has been called to an ar- ticle in the Northwestern Lumberman of the 21st ultimo, upon redwood, that de- serves more than passing notice as a re- markable jumble of fact and fiction, superficial knowledge and dense ignor- ance. One of the statements is, that in Hum- boldt and Del Norte Counties the red- wood timber would amount to about 50,- 000 feet per acre; in Mendocino, 30,000; and in Santa Cruz, 15,000. I have ascer- tained the source whence the Lumberman derived its information, and the manner in which the above most absurd figures were arrived at.) The process was as sim- ple asits results were ridiculous. A few townships were averaged to obtain a basis for calculation. The question, “How can estimates for a whole county, con- taining thousands of square miles, be founded upon the very few townships known to the informant?’ elicited no reply. It is more absurd to average a whole county by estimates of a few town- ships than it would be to gauge a section by a single acre, or a township by a sin- le section. There are many townships in Humboldt and Mendocino with a large proportion of open grazing land, but yet containing redwood timber that will run over 150,000 to the acre in the parts of the townships that can be legitimately called timber lands; but no timber land expert would include the open land in the timber average for the purpose of es- timating the average yield of the timber land in the township. Ihave been seven years familiarizing myself with the red- wood lands of California, and claim to be a qualified Judge of their yield. I place the yield of redwood in Humboldt—not including the open country—at 100,000 feet to the acre; in Mendocino County, at 80,000 feet to the acre. There is so little redwood land left in Sonoma and Santa Cruz counties that is available for buyers, it is not worth while to take these counties into consideration in this con- nection. Most of our old redwood mill- men are away behind the times in their knowledge and estimates of the present and future of our redwood. : We have many specimens of these old fossilized Silurians among us. One of them told me, some years back, that he thought it impossible to have improve- ments in getting out lumber, such as now exist in the shape of railways, band saws, donkey engines, chutes, etc. He is in that period of life, past middle age, when the mind runs backward rather than for- ward; with whom obstacles are magni- fied, and while inactively contemplating them, younger men with more energy and ambition have overcome these obsta- cles and accomplished achievements he has declared impossible. A single inci- dent will show how little such men see what is going on about them. Some two or three years ago he sold to the Pacific Lumber Company about 7,000 acres of redwood land on Eel river, in Humboldt county, at $13 to $14 per acre. The same land cannot now be bought for $100 per acre. It is such enhancements as this that are attracting the attention of Michi-~ gan and Wisconsin lumbermen. * The Northwestern Lumberman, after naming a number of these buyers, re- marks that they have begun largely to invest in redwood lands. To quote from that paper: ‘These men, knowing that redwood can be made to successfully compete with white pine this (the East- ern) side of the mountains, are already laying plans to that end.” They cannot afford to wait, however. The old story of timber land develop- ment will no doubt be repeated here. A few of the more shrewd and energetic buyers will get in at bottom prices. The great majority, however, will wait until the redwood lands get centered in strong hands, and then rush in like a flock of sheep after a bell-wether, and make pur- chases at what now seem like heavy prices. But they will all make money, although the consumer will doubtless have to furnish the profit by increased prices. If our eastern friends come now, they can secure redwood lands at very reasonable prices. The most enterpris- ing, as usual, get the best show. There is a new class of men now com- ing to the front in our redwood lumber- ing industries. Men of progressive ideas, in contrast with whom the poor Silurians referred to present a most grotesquely lu- dicrous appearance. These new men came from Wisconsin some two or three years ago. They managed, by energy, pluck and good judgment, backed by necessary capital, to secure several of the finest tracts of redwood in Mendocino county. The obstacles that presented themselves to the development of their plans would have been deemed almost in- surmountable by our lumber Rip Van Winkles. To men like these, however, they were merely temporary and trifling impediments. They found the redwood sawmills a quarter of a century behind in modern appliances. | It was thought necessary by the old style of redwood millmen to stick to primitive methods in the handling and manufacturing of these giants of the forest. The result was that milling was conducted with a waste and loss of timber and time that would be ap- palling to a well-balanced Eastern mill- man. For a long time it was thought that the band saw would not be feasible with large redwood timber. These men-did not hesitate a moment, however, to try it. They were the first on this coast to start a band saw, and now they are erecting a second one. They have also built nine miles of a most ex- pensive railroad, and have seven miles more in construction. This road will not only tap their own magnificent timber, but also that of Capt. Blair, who has lately erected a fine mill hard by Fort Bragg. These gentlemen are also chief : promoters of a railroad projected to run from Fort Bragg to connect with the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, so as to afford direct communication by rail between the red- wood district and the Eastern States. * I predict that they will be the foremost lumbermen on this coast, and all inter- 3 x ested in the material welfare of our lum- bering interests will rejoice that Wiscon- sin has given to California such enterpris- ing citizens. Redwood will soon be a necessity in the Eastern States as a finishing wood. That section of the country has no finishing wood worth mentioning in comparison with our redwood. The writer of the ar- ticle in the Northwestern Lumberman, while evidently a friend of our redwood, shows that his acquaintance with the -wood is not yet sufficiently close to ena- ble him to speak as an authority upon either its quantity, its quality, its merits or its uses. Had he been possessed of as much knowledge of the wood as he seems to think he has, he never would have penned the following: ‘‘The friends of redwood have spread broadcast any amount of insufferable gush about red- wood lumber. It has been called a furni- ture wood, a fancy wood; but it is nei- ther.” He is accidently correct when he says, ‘‘It has enough merits to commend it without attributing to it any imaginary qualities.” But I propose to prove, if he will listen to the testimony of practical experts in working the wood, that red- wood has all the good qualities I claim for it as a cabinet and fancy wood, which he denies, besides being all he concedes to it. Upon a careful investigation in the shops of the different artisans in wood on this coast, and from conversations with a large number of men practically ac- quainted with redwood, I will here men- tion some of the uses to which the wood is now applied: Mantles for houses, fancy table tops, counters, book cases, brackets, fine paneled bedsteads, desks, fine furni- ture generally when of massive pattern, interior finish of cars and coaches, wain- scoting, paneling, ornaments, inside fin- ish for buildings, Newell posts, bannis- ters, weather-boards, rustic, shingles, mouldings, cigar boxes, fruit boxes, cof- fins, tanks of all kinds, veneering, rail- road ties, telegraph poles, foundations, sills, fences and posts, flumes, aqueducts, sewers, houses, bridges, wine vats, tan vats, puncheons and barrels, sashes and doors, graps sticks, dams, canals, saw mills, mill pulleys, etc. I have samples of fancy grain redwood in my office which I will challenge the world to beat for beauty by any other wood. Eastern men who have seen these samples—many of them experts in fancy woods—say they are convinced by them of the superiority of redwood as an orna- mental wood. Of course, as I have stated in previous articles, all redwood is not suitable for fancy work, any more than all pine is suitable for the finer uses to which pine is put. But I am confident that I am within reasonable bounds when I say that from an acre of average red- wood timber three times as much red- wood can be had suitable for decorative and cabinet work as the entire product of merchantable lumber from an acre of Eastern pine. This estimate of the pro- duct of fancy redwood does not take into account the redwood stump, which in the near future will be prized equally with that of the black walnut. A redwood stump will produce more veneers than two score of black walnut stumps. As a friend of redwood I am ready to publish what I know in its favor. There are uses, I am prepared to admit, though, for which some other woods are prefer- able. But for every-day service for a wood which will give satisfaction to the user for nearly every purpose to which wood is put, from the foundation of a house to the ornamentation of its inte- rior, from a railroad tie to the paneling of a railroad coach, there is, I am satisfied, no wood under the sun so widely valu- able as redwood. For tensile strength and solidity of grain when exposed to hard service and rough wear and tear, cer- tain pines and hard woods are preferable. For example, it will not answer very well for flooring or for the general purposes of ship building; but where can a wood be found that is more serviceable than redwood for the general uses of civilized life ? 3 It is the wood that all will want at the East when they shall have once become fully acquainted with its merits. There is no question in my mind as to the im- portant future place of redwood in the lumber market. As the demand for the wood increases, the tendency will be to establish more grades. The wide range of its possibilities and adaptabilities will make a multiplicity of grades a necessity. From the same tree often can be selected wood suitable for use from mud-sills to fancy furniture veneers, with a whole range of intermediate qualities. Gnarled and twisted grains, such as used to go to the slab heap or lie to waste where felled under the Silurian régime, will hereafter be carefully selected by experts and largely drawn upon for fancy work. The enormous consumption of wood for railroad ties has been recently clearly shown by Mr. P. H. Dudley, in the Popu- lar Science Monthly, albeit his statistics are evidently based upon pine timber. Redwood is the favorite on this coast, the wood being easily worked, and the aver- age life of a redwood tie being about four times as long as one of pine. Mr. Dud- ley estimates that railway ties only last from one-fourth to one-tenth of the time required to grow them, and recommends that to put off the evil day when the for- ests of America shall be exhausted, all wood intended for ties and such uses be treated with preservatives to prevent de- cay. The suggestion is a good one when it is remembered that by an additional cost of not more than one-fourth in treat- ing the wood, its life of service will be more than doubled, the economy of such a course is obvious. California has a magnificent heritage in her redwood lands, and the man who secures a red- wood tract and holds and uses it judi- ciously, has a better thing than national bonds or stock securities of any kind.’ H. W. PLUMMER, 11 Montgomery St., San Francisco. October 15th, 1886, P— ‘ California ) Redwoods Ee LN ee NX oN Ne Ne XE CM ae See el eee D. J. WHEELER & CO. AND H W. PLUMMER No. - 11 . Montgomery . Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. We Ek n Ste kl OE te ee a eae Te ae ee Cle le Me Sk eT OY California Redwood Timber Lands in Tracts to Suit. Parties contemplating Investment are invited to apply by Mail or Personally NO. 4 TIE REDWOOD LANDS OF CALIFORNIA By H. W. PLUMMER, San Francisco - The value of redwood timber lands as a safe investment for capital is now con- ~ ceded by all who have made more than a cursory investigation of the subject. As £1 predicted two years ago, substantially, all the available redwood timber has passed out from the national domain of —public lands into private ownership. The millmen of California who are interested in redwood, with some few notable ex- ceptions, have been too supine in secur- ing the virgin tracts of this wonderful timber land, and have had the dubious satisfaction of seeing the land around them advance from one hundred to one thousand per centum beyond what it might have been secured for by a little busi- ness energy and forethought. Much red- wood timber land is now being bought up by the big lumbermen of Michigan and Wisconsin, and as there is plenty of capi- tal available in that direction, much more will doubtless be secured in the near future by that class of buyers. Nowhere else in the world is there such a field for’ investment in timber as the California redwoods offer at this time. Sharp asthe advance has been in these landsin choice locations during the past year, they have hardly begun their upward climb in val- ues yet. The possibilities in this direc- tion may be best suggested to the Fast- ern reader who has never seen a Califor- nia redwood forest, by the following note by the Engineer of the California State Board of Forestry in the recently pub- lished official report of the Board. He says : “I am indebted to J. W. Bagley, C. E. of Guerneville, for interesting figures, both as to the size of trees,and yields of redwood lumber near that formerly famous vicin- ity. Mr. Bagley measured one tree 349 feet nine inches in height, and another 19 feet in diameter underneath the bark, and states that the yield of one measured acre scaled in milled lumber 1,431,530 feet board measure.” There are thousands of acres that will yield this amount. timber land, in fact, all available, as fast as surveyed, have been taken by individ- nals in 160 acre locations under the Act 4 During the past few | years many thousand acres of redwood | peculiar to the Pacific States and Territor- ies, for the sale of public timber lands, and under the homestead and pre-emption laws. Tracts from 160 to 640 acresin extent of land as good as any that has yet heen cut over, can be found in the hands of the original locators, for sale at prices varying with the individual financial needs or business shrewdness of the own- ers. To secure larger tracts, however, re- quires a constantly increasing amount of perseverance, energy and capital, in con- solidating these small holdings. That the consumption of redwood is rapidly increasing, no one whois acquainted with the lumber trade wiil dispute. The diffi- culty of gauging this increase by the re- cords of past consumption is conceded. The rapid development of Southern Cali- fornia within the past year and the conse- quent unprecedented demand for lumber from the redwood mills of the northern part of the State to supply that treeless section, shows the folly of predicating the supply of the future upon past con- sumption. Towns and villages in South- ern California—all wooden—are spring- ing up in every direction like mushrooms, under the pressure of increasing immi- gration. Town lots are being surveyed for miles in extent around Los Angeles, San Diego, Pasadena, Fresno, Santa Bar- bara and other cities and towns in that part of California; and the famous orange groves of that section are being quoted by the front foot for building lots. The remark of a lumber king and ex-Gover- nor of our principal lumber States, dur- ing a recent visit to Los Angeles, showed an humorous appreciation of the prevail- ing furor. After being interviewed by the numerous persistent real estate agents, and seeing the whole face of the country staked out in town lots and placarded with bills for sale, he observed to one of his companions that it was a mystery to him how the people could get enough lumber there to furnish surveyor’s stakes. The exports of redwood from California have heretofore, until within two or three years, been merely nominal, and yet with only the local demand, at least one-third of the redwood timber area has been cut. This estimate does not agree with that given in the report of the California State Board of Forestry, which is con- fessedly a matter of conjecture, as no record of the cut was kept in the earlier years of redwood lumber operations, dur- | ing which time vast amounts were used | in building the many cities and towns of | the State, in fencing and in mining opera- | tions. The Board of Forestry report esti- mates the total of the original redwood forests at 83,155,020,000 feet, board meas- ure. The same authority places the total amount cut up to 1886, at 5,000,000,000 feet. The estimate of redwood consump- tion I consider too low by more than one- half. While the report places the total amount of good and fair lands at 825,800 acres, it gives no data as to the acreage of exhausted lands. As a matter of fact, however, the great bulk of the redwoods of Santa Cruz, San Mateo, Sonoma and the southern part of Mendocino Counties is cut, and it is all gone in Marin County. The northern part of Mendocino County, Humboldt County and a small part of Del Norte County are all that can be counted on to supply the bulk of the de- mand for the future. In my opinion, twenty to twenty-five years will practi- cally exhaust our redwood forests. “As an evidence of the growing scarcity of the wood, I will mention that around Guerne- ville, in Sonoma County, the price of stumpage has appreciated to $4.50 per 1000 feet. Eight hnndred acres at Wil- low Gulch, in Sonoma County, were re- cently sold by the North Pacific Coast Railroad Company, to Mr. A. Markham, of Duncan’s Mills, at the rate of $3.00 per 1,000 feet stumpage,” This tract, it is estimated, will cut 100,000,000 feet. Con- trast these prices with Humboldt County, where the stumpage averages $1.00 per 1,000 feet. Such figures are the most con- vincing proof of the growing scarcity of the timber in Sonoma County, although shipping facilities and local demand are to a limited extent, factors in the price. Humboldt County timber will average about 65 per cent. clear, while Sonoma Sid gives a yield of some 40 per cent. clear. To Eastern lumbermen, who are famil- | iar with the enormous figures which are reached by the consumption of pine lumber east of the Rocky Moun- tains, the output of California red- wood up to date, may seem small, but it must be remembered that while the demand for the Eastern pine has reached a maximum point, and an im- pending famine is staring the lumber- men of the great pine States in the face, 4 - accomplished fact. the trade in redwood is yet merely in the : bud. With a specially limited tract of unique wood, the increasing facilities for handling it, new markets opening for it, and new uses and industries for redwood being developed, all point unmistakably to a larger proportionate drain upon our redwood forests during the next ten years, than the demand which is now depleting the pine districts of Michigan and Wis- It is shown by the report of the State Board of Forestry, for instance, consin. that the shipments of redwood to Aus- tralia, the Pacific Islands and Mexico in 1885, were 9,550,000 feet. In 1886 there was shipped to these points, according to the statistics of the redwood trade, 15,- 900,000 feet, nearly double the amount of the previous year. I have no statistics available of these Pacific Ocean ship- ments for the five years preceding 1885, ° but if last year’s increase may be taken § 3 as a basis, the markets for redwood in this direction alone double at least every three years. may be expected to This would demand 127,200,000 feet per year, in nine years from 1886. Before that time the Panama Canal will no doubt be an ‘When that canal is finished, it will throw the whole of Europe open as an available market for redwood, at freights which will make shipments feasible not only to Europe but to the cities of the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, even with home prices double what they now are. I make this statement in the full conviction that pine must advance at least as fast as redwood, owing to the approaching exhaustion of the pine lands. Speaking of the certainty of an ad- | vance in pine lands, reminds me of an editorial consent in the 7Z7mberman of Chicago, dated November 13, 1886. In it the writer calls attention to the paradox- ical condition of the pine lumber trade, showing that while lumber there was worth no more than it was three years be- fore, yet stumpage was higher than ever known before, and constantly increasing with long jumps. This condition of the trade in that section may exist tempor- arily but it cannot last long. Either millmen and dealers will be ground ex- ceedingly fine between the high stump- age and a low market, or the price of the manufactured article will advance in rel- ative proportion to thie enhanced cost of the raw material. limitations on the market price of pine. In building, for instance, brick, stone and iron will largely compete with it, and tend to keep down its price to a practi- Of course there are cable figure, by reducing the demand for it wherever such other building material can be used with profit. Just what the maximum possible price for pine lum- ber will be is extremely problematical. It is a question in which freights, climate, and local building resources will be im- portant factors. As I have before said, when the point of highest practicable . price for lumber is reached, the cream of the profit will be taken by the land owner whose rates will be fixed upon the prin- - ciple adopted by railroad managers, of imposing ‘‘all the traffic will bear,” and | the millmen and dealers will find their | share constantly decreasing. A recent writer in the San Francisco | cumstances. Journal of Commerce, upon the lumber | resources of Humboldt County, speaking of the redwood, says : ‘“This valuable tree here reaches the greatest perfection, and attains gigantic - proportions. Some specimens are found rising two hundred feet without a limb, and having a diameter of over twenty feet. The area covered—in Humboldt County—is estimated at 510,000 acres. The milling and lumbering industry, already a great one, though past its in- fancy, may be said to be in its strong and vigorous youth, with the certainty of great and rapid development with the advance of the State, and as new markets are opened. An almost unlimited field is here offered for the investment of capi- tal energetically handled, with the cer- tainty of liberal returns, and the thou- sands who already find employment at the numerous mills and lumbering camps, will be numbered in time by the tens of thousands.” It is my opinion that in t' e greater part of it, one acre of Humbolut County red- wood land will yield as much lumber as forty acres of average pine land of the States east of the Mississippi. This would make in round figures the 510,000 acres of Humboldt County redwoods the equiv- alent in productive capacity of nearly 20,000,000 acres of Eastern pine lands. As virgin redwood forests are unaffect- ed by forest fires, which only serve the good purpose of burning out the underbrush, thus facilitating the work of the logger, the expense of insurance against fire is saved. In this item of insurance alone there is a large element of profit to the investor in red- wood lands over pine land investments. All Eastern lumbermen are familiar with the enormous losses by fire each year in pine lands. This immunity of the red- 4 wood from forest fires, is also peculiar to its congener, the Sequoia Gigantea, the famous big tree of the California Sierras. This reminds me that the botanical name of the redwood, Sequoia Sempervivens is appropriately suggestive of the resistant powers of the wood against fire and de- cay, as well as of the tenacity with which the redwood stump clings to its maternal lap of earth, and sends up a multitude of shoots and suckers when the tree has been felled. In this connection I do not wish to be understood to say that the red- wood tree is a regular salamander, or that the wood will not burn under any cir- When properly split and seasoned, redwood burns well and is a favorite with the housekeeper for kind- ling purposes in building fires. I have also seen fallen trees partially consumed by fires, and it sometimes happens that when redwood timber has been cut on the top of ridges to be hauled out for railroad ties or fence posts, the debris of branches and refuse splits has been allowed to slide down into the gulches and ravines and accumulate amongst the standing timber below. In such cases, if fire gets started, it may destroy valuable timber. But for hundreds of years the Indians of the Coast were in the habit of annually burn- ing out the underbrush of the redwood forests in the dry season, to facilitate their pursuit of game, and a fire blasted redwood was a thing unknown. It is a peculiarity of redwood, that it will not re- tain fire after the blaze is extinguished. The immunity of San Francisco from ex- tensive fires has been largely attributive to the extensive use of redwood for build- ing purposes. There is absolutely no res- inous gum in redwood, and a single dash of water from a hose will, in an instant, change the blazing side of a building into a fireless, blackened wall without a spark remaining. The writer in the Journal of Commerce, previously referred to in this article, gives some most enticing figures in estimating the wealth of Humboldt county, alone, in redwood. As an expression of individual opinion, his estimate is interesting, al- though he makes the mistake of figuring for the whole county upon the basis of selected tracts. He says: “Mr. Allan McKay, of Eureka, gives the average yield per acre in some land near by at not less than 500,000 feet. This would give, in round numbers, two hundred and fifty-five billion of feet for the redwood belt to-day in Humboldt County. Average the value of this at $15 per thousand feet, and we have $7,500 wr er acre, or $3,825,000,000—nearly four illion dollars—for the whole. This is nearly six fold of the whole assessed value of property in the State of California, and almost twice the value of all the gold and silver mines of the Pacific Coast since 1848. There would be, there- fore, more value in the redwood of the single county of Humboldt, than in all the gold found in all the mines of all the counties of California, from pioneer times to the present day.” There are exceptional pieces of red- wood land in Humboldt County that will yield at the rate of two million feet per acre. There are some two score mills cutting redwood in Humboldt County, with a total daily capacity of about 750,- 000 feet. Their actual output, however, throughout the year, is less than three- fourths of this amount. This county leads the whole State in its production of red- wood lumber, and contains the major part of the redwood timber lands. Con- siderable of these redwood lands are now being; bought by ‘Eastern investors. As these buyers have no mills of their own, it is to be presumed they intend to pursue the tactics which have built up the co- lossal fortunes of the timber land owners of Michigan and Wisconsin. These tac- tics are very simple. They consist of buying out and consolidating small tracts in advance of the market, while the lands are cheap, and then sitting down and waiting their time to enforce their own prices from the millmen. The time when such lands shall be indispensable to the millmen is bound to swing around with the inexorable certainty of fate. At present, the milling capacity of the Coast is more than sufficient to meet the de- mand, but it will not long continue so. It must be somewhat discouraging to a - mill-owner to see his resources of tim- ber land gradually melting away without adequate return to him for the capital and energy expended. Itis a situation that gives point to Henry George’s favor- ite apothegm, that the “land isthe only substantial basis and source of wealth.” The statistics of the redwood trade for 1886, show as follows : Total amount sold in California : Humboldt, Del Norte, Mendocino, So- noma, Santa Cruz. ial. Shipped to Mexico, Pacific Islandsand Australia. i... i a Ra .. 15,900,000 Shipped to other foreign countries... 9,900,000 Total amount of shipments.................246,061,751 The stock of redwood lumber on hand on Jan- Feet “uary 1, 1887, was 43,727,500 feet, making a total 4 iressasenr enn 216,275 311 1 ! production of the mills throughout the State in a one year of 289,789,251 feet. In placing the total amount of stand- ing redwood at a little over twenty-eight billion feet, the California State Board of Forestry, has, in my judgment, under- stated the amount. I think thirty-five billion feet yet standing would be nearer the mark. : Mr. A. G. Van Schaick, a heavy lum- berman of Chicago, in a recently pub- lished letter, estimates the entire amount of standing pine in Michigan, Wisconsin, = and Minnesota at one hundred and sev- enty billion feet. These figures look enormous, and other experts have claimed that they are too large by one-half. Mr. Van Schaick in his address as President of the Lumber Manufacturers’ Associa- tion of the Northwest, at their last an- nual convention, says that the quantity of pine lumber that will be placed in market this year is estimated at about seven bil- lion feet. He states that the value of standing timber has been permanently advanced during the last year, and that the sawed lumber during the year has advanced fully ten per cent. in all west- ern markets. Contemplating these fig- ures, Californians should be thankful that their comparatively small strip of redwood lands is measurably protected from the fierce consumption of the East- ern markets, by the uplifted ridge of the Continent and the consequent expenses of transportation. * Our entire redwood forests would disappear within five years, before a yearly demand of seven billion feet. In his address, Mr. Van Shaick says: “While we depend upon government reports for the quantity of uncut pine, which are not en- tirely accurate, from the factthat they are simply estimates, we are left to form private opinions, and our business isbased on them always. Should we double the estimate of the census report of 1880, and deduct no timber cut since, the timber supply of the Northwest is far too small for the prospective demand. Minnesota has not sufil- cient pine timber for the future wants of her peo- ple alone. Wisconsin could not possibly supply the entire future demand from Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri, and what her own people will consume. And how long could Michigan and Canada supply the demands from the remaining States, and the export trade, with white pine?” : In the face of such testimony as this, it does not require much of a prophet to predict for California redwoods a strong and continuing appreciation in value. The advance in redwood lands,during the wn past year, under the increasing demands be Eastern buyers, is but the beginning of a movement which will continue until the owners of these lands, like the pine land owners of the Eastern States, shall ‘be the arbitrators of the price of redwood lumber, and millmen and dealers will practically become merely the agents of ‘the land owners in converting the product of the soil into money. The following extract from an interview with Mr. F. P. Thompson, editor and proprietor of the Humboldt Standard, published in a San Francisco daily, recently, shows the flow of capital now setting toward redwood lands. Mr. Thompson says : “ All these big Eastern lumbermen that have been centering in and around San Francisco for the last two or three months, have been up in Humboldt county lately and have created quite a furor in timber circles. Some of these Michigan men have had their agents there for a year and a half locating and buying up land. There is now little Government land to take up in the county, and they are paying all the way from $10 to $25 per acre for redwood and other timber lands. But this is nothing, because the stumpage is worth $75 an acre at least. “The truth is, I think, that within the next eighteen months the Eastern lumbermen will have about all that is not yet secured by Pacific Coast millmen. J “The demand for lumber is good, and all the mills have orders far in excess of what they can fill this season. ’ “Real estate in both town and county is going up rapidly. In Eureka it has raised 50 per cent. in the last six months, and there is such activity that some wealthy holders who have before had their property on the market, have withdrawn it in anticipation of much higher prices.” The same paper mentions that Michi- gan lumbermen have offered the Pacific T umber Company, of Eureka, Humboldt County, $1,500,000 for 10,000 acres of timber, mill, railroad, etc. There has been much controversy among writers upon redwood, as to the percentage of waste in redwood timber. I have found nowhere, however, so dense an ignorance upon the subject as is dis- played in the ponderous report of the California State Board of Forestry. This document places the present “efficiency” ‘of redwood, i. e., what it defines as “ the percentage of raw material in the stand- ing tree, converted into some com- mercially valuable product,” at 28 per cent. The report further states that the extreme limit of efficiency, which the redwood lumberman may ever hope to ‘attain, is about 40 per cent. That the ‘waste in redwood lumbering in earlier 4 years has been simply enormous, is un- deniable. But at the present time the percentage saved in redwood is probably larger than in any other wood 2 like de- mand in commerce. In the item of waste, much formerly went to the slab pile that is now classed among the most valuable products of the tree. Every piece of the curiously twisted and gnarled grain of the tree that is now care- fully selected and laid aside for fancy finish and cabinet work, formerly was thrown aside or classed as refuse. Im- proved saws are now taking the place of the huge, coarse monsters that used to rip a track of nearly half an inch at a cut. Even breaks and [splits are closely worked up into pickets, shingles and boxes. When my attention was challenged by the statement in the report of the State Board of Forestry, that only 28 per cent. of redwood was saved, I at once sought the opinion of leading lumber- men on that point. The first obtained was that of Mr. John Dolbeer, of Dolbeer & Carson, the leading redwood millmen and lumber dealers on the Pacific Coast. My interview with Mr. Dolbeer was by written questions and answers, and is as follows : Q. What is the percentage of breakage in falling ? A. Very little now; formerly it was much more, owing to the fact that millmen did not em- ploy expert choppers. Now, trees are mostly sawn down, choppers are experts, and one can generally fall a tree where wanted ; besides, log-. ging is now done during the winter and spring months when the ground is soft, hence very little breakage, practically, no waste atall, owing to the fact that what little portion of the tree is broken in falling is used up in shingles, shakes and posts. Q. What isthe percentage in clear? A. Sixty per cent. Q. What is the percentage of wood available from the tree for lumber, including clear, rough, merchantable, refuse and fancy wood ? A. Clear 60 per cent. rough, merchantable, zo per cent., refuse, 8 per cent., and fancy, 2 per cent. My estimate of the fancy does not include the buhl and stump. Q. What is the market price for fancy red- wood? A. Fifty dollars per M wholesale, and $100 M retail. Q. What is the actual output of the mill? A. 75 percent. Q. What constitutes the loss of 25 per cent. ? ' A. Rot, windshakes, sawing, etc. The testimony of Mr. C. A. Hooper, another of our heavy redwood lumbermen, of the firm of C. A. Hooper & Co., cor- roborates Mr. Dolbeer. Mr. Hooper esti- mates the percentage of clear lumber in Humboldt redwood logs at from 65 to 75 per cent. He ‘puts the percentage of wood available for lumber from the tree at 70 per cent. Mr. Alexander Duncan, of Duncan’s Mills, one of the oldest lumbermen on the Pacific Coast, who has been actively engaged in the lumber business since 1854, says : ¢ If care is used, there is no loss from breakage in felling redwood trees. The output at my mill is fully up to 75 per cent. of the tree. We can save a great deal more if the band saw is a success. I am watching closely the result of its use at Fort Bragg and Eureka, and if my in- vestigations are satisfactory, will surely put one in my mill.” I frequently see stupid statements about redwood, of which the following, quoted by a writer in Zhe Zimberman, of March 19, 1887, is a sample : “Who is handling California redwood up in your country?" I asked the Detroit man. “No one. I wish some one was handling it; I've got some for sale, and its been for sale for some time.”’ ‘It don't go in Detroit, then?’ “ No; our folks can get along with an évery- day kind of wood, that shrinks in only two direc- tions, but the redwood shrinks edgewise, sidewise and endwise, and besides that you can’t puta fin- ish on it thatthe grain won't ‘ raise’ on and knock galley west in thirty days. No, thank you; no more redwood in mine.” The Detroit man, who uttered the fore- going libel on redwood, is evidently like the typical Irishman who couldn’t open his mouth without putting his foot in it. The merest tyro in redwood knows that ‘of all the conifers it shrinks the least. Its side shrinkage is hardly appreciable after it has been fairly seasoned, and its endwise shrinkage is but little more. It is almost impossible to find a redwood hoard in a building with the slightest warp in it, and this quality of resisting warpage and shrinkage, together with its durability, is what makes redwood incom- parable for shingles. In the mild climate of California, where wet weather rather than cold is the principal object of exclu- sion from buildings, it is customary to place nothing but one “rustic >’ board between the studding and the weather. This cov- ering is exposed to alternate seasons of six months of rainy weather, and six months of drying sun and wind, without a drop of rain. After twenty years of such - exposure, the most trying that 4 lumber can receive, the ‘joints will be found as tight as when t puten. I doubt if any pine grows that will stand this test. Pine wood, when exposed to the weather, I have noticed, will gradually develop a cottony-like ‘‘fuzz’’ on the sur- face, as the integrity of its fibre gives way under the assaults of the elements. Redwood, on the contrary, under like cir- cumstances, even when undressed, will assume a sober russet tint and present a flint-like surface. The finish on redwood, that the Detroit man complained of the grain ‘‘raising ” on within thirty days, must have been a botch job. Ihave seen redwood doors, with no pretensions to fine finish, that, after thirty years of active use, were smoother and richer looking than when new. Any of our Pacific Coast cabinet workers in redwood could give our Detroit friend a point on the durabil- ity of the finish on redwood. In closing this article, I cannot refrain from giving place to the following interesting inform- ation published in the S. F. Examiner of April 12, 1887, and embodied in an interview with F. Weyerhaeuser, Pres- ident of the Mississippi River Log- ging Company, and the log and lumber king of the world. Mr. Weyerhaeuser is heavily interested in many mills in three or four different States. He manufactures largely on the Mississippi river at Rock Island, at Chippewa Falls, Shell Lake, Barronat, Mason and Haywood, Wiscon- sin, and also has extensive mills on the St. Louis river at Nye Falls. Mr. Weyerhaeuser has been lumbering since 1856, and has furnished material largely for the bridges, fences, houses and stores thathave arisen in town and country in Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois and surrounding States during the last score and a half years. He has been visiting various sec- tions in California during the last six weeks, nota- bly the lumber regions, is much interested in what he saw and thinks California a magnificent State. He is accompanied by his wife, daughter, Miss Louise Demkmann, and two great lumber- men, E. Rutledge, of Chippewa Falls, and Peter Musser, of Muscatine, Towa. ‘ We have just been up in Humboldt county,’ said Mr. Weyerhaeuser, who has $3,000,000 invested in mills alone. ‘Iwas amazed with what I saw. I suppose you Californians would not think those trees up there very big, but they were a revela- tion to me. To a Wisconsin man they are mighty giants. Isaw redwoods there that were ten or eleven feet through and would make magnificent lumber to a height of 300 feet. Single trees there would turn out 100,000 feet casily. “I think your timber resources are great, and you are bound to get an immense revenue out of the lumber business. Ihave been all over your 3 State, and I must say that I'like the northern part better than the south. You’ve got more resources ‘up there. The soil is good after the timber is off. There is untold wealth in Californiain this timber. 1 am getting some of it now down East. Igeta good many shingles, too.” In addition to being President of the Mississippi iver Logging Company aforesaid, Mr. Weyer- aeuser owns heavily in and controls the Chip- ewa Logging Company, the Chippewa Lumber nd Boom Company, formerly owned by ex-Gov- nor Pc und, the Railroad Commissioner now in ‘this city, and Senator Wallace of Pennsylvania, the Beef Slough Manufacturing Company and half a dozen other lumber organizations, all of which turn out large products. | “Werafta great many of our logs down from ‘Beef Slough to various points on the Mississippi. ‘We employ 700 men to do our rafting, and will get out this season a total of at least 700,000,000 ft. jof logs. The season lasts four months. Iogging is done a great deal by contract in Wisconsin. Fach logger averages from 75,000 to 100,000 feet. We employ from 3,000 to 4,000 men steadily dur- ing the seven months season todoour sawing and manufacture about 300,000,000 feet of lumber, “If our timber cuts 10,000 feet, to the acre, it does well. Here you figure on from 65,000 to 100,- ooo feet per acre on the average, but I have seen vast acres here that will cuta great deal more than this even. “I do not agree with Mr. McPhee, the Colorado lumberman, who gave the opinion in the Ex- aminer the other day that California lumber was not good for finishing. I had this idea before I saw it, but now, that I have seen it, I should say that it was the very thing for it. The grain is fine, and altogether is a magnificent finishing lumber. ‘Iam aware that lumber shipments will proba- bly soon be very heavy from this coast to the East. Itcould not well be otherwise. Moreover, there is going to be a big demand here for red- wood and all kinds of timber. The man who owns a quarter section of redwoods and will hold on to it, even though it may be fifty miles away in the wilderness, will soon make a good thing out of it.” April 20, 1887 . REDWOOD FOR CABINET WORK Among all the woods of commerce there is none adapted for a wider diversity of use than the California redwood. In former articles I have mainly dwelt on the value of redwood for iroilroad ties, foundation work, outside and inside work in building, roofs and general uses ‘where durability or beauty of grain and color are desired in the finished work. My present purpose, however, is to call attention to the value of redwood for cabinet work. In San Francisco the adaptability of our redwood and hard pine for interior finish and effective panel ‘work in houses has become recognized by all ‘the practical builders and architects. In {architectural art on the Pacific coast redwood is far ahead of all others. Where its honest, handsome grain is finished properly, so as to bring out its warm rich effects, and charming intricacies of figure, redwood will produce a natural effect that is unapproachable by the art of painter or grainer. The finished surface of the wood is more durable than any painted surface. Like mahogany, the wood grows darker and richer with age, and, unlike most other woods, it never warps, and, when once seasoned, never breaks joints by shrinkage. These qualities have commended redwood to the cabinet-makers. Abundant in quantity, excellent in quality, easily worked, and yet ‘firm enough for thorough durability, redwood tis not excelled for beauty and diversity of : 4 are ei TR TL 5 3 grain by any wood that grows. I have seen specimen pieces of polished redwood that were incomparably superior in beauty to either rose- wood or mahogany. The abundance of red- wood for general building purposes and for general utility has led Californians to overlook its artistic possibilities until quite recently. The greater part of merchantable redwood is soft, perfectly straight in grain, and of a light reddish brown in color. With age, however, its color deepens in tone like mahogany, and the extreme butt of the tree, from which most of the cabinet wood is taken, is dense enough to be classified with the hard woods. The im- mense weight of these forest giants compresses the grain of the wood for a distance of from six to twelve feet from the ground up, causing the trunk to bulge out near the ground, as if the tree had been compressed vertically by its own weight. This produces the much prized “wavy ’’ or ‘‘braided’’ grain, that causes most handsome effects in cabinet work. When finished with shellac, well worked down, the grain is brought out with a sheen of lights and shades resembling the finest satin in effect. Occasionally a tree is met with of such peculiarly twisted grain that the whole trunk is available for the cabinet-maker. One such twisted tree I remember seeing in Sonoma county over twelve years ago, that was cut up for firewood, which would have proved a prize worth at least $1,000 for cabinet work, if it had been spared until now. The trunk of this tree was about six feet through and over a hundred feet shot up without a limb—a perfect column. Instead of having a perpendicular grain, however, after the usual fashion of the redwood, the grain of the tree ran around it horizontally in closely compressed spirals, like the coils of a compressed spiral spring. This tree was the last of a grove that had long before been manufactured into lumber, and had evidently been rejected by the millmen on account of the wonderful perversity of its grain. The early redwood loggers were accus- tomed to build scaffolds from six to twelve feet high, in order to escape the extra work of cut- ting through the ‘“swell” of the trunk, and avoid the expense of handling any but the clear, straight grain of the wood. All lumber that was in the least crossed grained or “wavy” was classed with the refuse. The stump of the redwood, unlike most other woods, possesses a vigor of life that resists decay, and, now, hundreds of thousands of acres of these tall stumps may be found, which with the increasing value of the wood for cabinet uses, will no doubt command prices far in advance of the original return yielded when the trees were first converted into lumber. Every load of redwood that now comes to San Francisco market, is carefully assorted for the fancy grains, which already brings about three or four times the quoted prices for first- class clear lumber. I have already referred to the property red- wood has of improving, like mahogany, with age. I have often noticed the similarity to old mahogany in general effect produced in red- wood. This adaptability of redwood as a substitute for mahogany has been recognized by others, as the following extract from a late issue of the Santa Rosa Democrat, published in Sonoma county, California, shows : ‘We right here in the Sonoma belt are the only producers in the wide world of what is known in the eastern wood markets as French mahogany.” That the product of our vine- yards has been sold under foreign labels at exorbitant prices, every intelligent wine mer- chant knows, but few are aware of the fact, that even the woods of this section are turned to account in eastern markets to enrich manu- facturers of furniture and dealers in building materials, under spurious titles or labels, Frank Cherry, a brother of Edgar Cherry, a practical mechanic in woodwork of all kinds, arrived in Santa Rosa a few days ago from the great lumber districts of Michigan, and in con- versation with him, we gather the fact, that California redwood is much sought after in the East for various kinds of cabinet work, such as veneering, trimmings, etc., and that it is com- monly known there as ‘French maho any.’ It has, to a considerable extent, taken the Place of black walnut in the manufacture of 4 | work. C. C. Bloomfield, a millionare king, of picture frames, mouldings, and many article of funiture. Undertakers prefer it to any of the native woods of that country for caskets, and it is not unfrequently the case thatit is sough after for the finest character of work, because! of its susceptibility to a high state of polish and the beauty of its natural grain. It sells] readily in Chicago at $120 per thousand, and is eagerly sought after in all parts of the | country where its quality is known for fine. Jackson, Michigan, is using redwood exten- sively in fitting up his palatial residence, which is to cost over a million dollars. FEvery room| in the mansion has a distinct style of finish, maple (hard and soft), beech, walnut and other varieties of wood are being used, the apart- ments being furnished in ‘French mahogany ’| (California redwood), trimmings costing for the lumber alone over $1,000. f fancy redwood is growing rapidly. base of suitable hardwood, except wher: toughness and strength combined with slender ness and lightness to an extreme degree, as in the Viennese bent furniture are required, red- wood veneers will enable the cabinet-makers to | furnish handsome sets of redwood furniture, equal to any of the tropical woods, in appear- ance and durability. One decided advantage] in using redwood for fine furniture, is the fact; that the owner, at a moderate expense, can | i have his house or room finished in the sam e. material. The effects that can be produced in this way with redwood are manificently rich. | The polished wood lights up at night with aj warm pleasing effect, that must be seen to be appreciated. do i The reign of the painters and grainers a | finishers of interiors is not so absolute as it has been in America. The woodworkers’ and cabinet-makers’ art is growing in importance, | as the beautiful possibilities in the grains o indigenous building and cabinet woods are becoming understood. Architectural art is daily becoming louder in its demand that the! delicate pencilings of nature, as contained in| the woods, be developed by proper finish} instead of depending upon the clumsy shams of the house painter. Even the plainest red-: wood, if cut diagonally to the grain, will pro- duce a surface far superior, and vastly more durable, than any painter can make. : wood ranges in shade, from a warm creamy | white to chocolate, so that the color tone of the ‘wood can be selected with a wide range. An almost universal preference is given, how- ever, to the darker shades of the wood; and the redwood ‘‘burhl,” from which the finest } veneers are made, is almost as dark as rose-|| wood, with many of the characteristics of bird’s-} eye maple in its grain. Judging from the} rapidly increasing favor with which redwood is § egarded by cabinet-makers, and other workers in 1ancy woods, the heretofore despised ineradi- cable redwood stump will soon have a high commercial value. At the present time the at-over redwood lands can be bought for a isong, for the farmer finds these lands too irugged to cultivate, and the expense is too \great to clear them for any agricultural uses. {When fashion so dictates, however, these istumps will be dragged from their coy retreats, to furnish the homes of the wealthy in the | | pe whole civilized world. Small stumps have already been shipped to Europe, experi- mentally for cabinet work, and as in many cases, a single one of these mammoth stumps will produce thousands of dollars worth of fine veneers, if properly handled; the opening for capital, brains and energy in the development of this industry is most tempting. H. W. PLuMMmER, 11 Montgomery Street. . The Hureka Watchman says: In entering apon a review of the timber value of the red- wood belt, one treads upon ground that, both to himself and his readers, must in great measure appear like the visions of the dreamer or the imaginings of the romancer, however exact in figures he may demonstrate that value, for the reason that there exists absolutely no comparison, and comparison is the only means through which we may arrive at tangible, comprehensive conclusions. We shall, however, make such computations and references to expert opinions as we think may give some intelligent idea of the actual facts, fund impress the reader with the fairness and fsincerity of our statements. { There is estimated to be 750,000 to 800,000 ficres of timber land in Humboldt county, of which amount two-thirds may be safely set down as redwood land, comprising at least swo-fifths of the redwood of the coast, and his the very cream of the belt. We are hware that this is a low estimate, but we much prefer to make our calculations within a Jmargin. . We will first glance at the estimates Kastern and American experts, and then ompare the figures to special and average working results obtained by our millmen. . H. C. Putnam, Esq., who is well known all ver the United States and the Canadas as a mber expert of unusual experience, who has one much service on the United States orestry Commission, and who is fortified ith the highest recommendations as an expert, fter having made an exhaustive examination hf the redwood land in this county north of ‘Humboldt bay, says, in a report upon his vork : “There are portions of this area that, aken in groups of 100 to 500 acres, are so eavy that it is extremely difficult to estimate lown to what would seem a reasonable and arger than any the writer has seen in any forest. * * Special examination and meas- firements were made in tracts where the tim- er is now being cut and now lies on the g st estimate as it is so much heavier and, HUMBOLDT COUNTY ground; in the Lindsay Creek tract, on some acres by actual measurement and estimate, there was cut down and lying on the ground, with the bark peeled ready for the sawyer to cut into logs, from 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 feet of redwood on several acres, and an average on the twelve acres which we measured of over 1,000,000 feet per acre. The timber was very large and tall, though we passed through some tracts afterwards that showed larger timber. This tract of timber seemed to be unbroken, and extending up through T. 7 1 E into 2 E, when it meets the divide referred to in the Redwood Creek tract proper. Of course it is not all timbered so heavy, but all a heavy red- wood front, with heavier and lighter places: but the thickly timbered lands are so very heavy that it brings the average up very high. Areas were examined also that only the stumps were now standing from which known amounts have been cut, and comparisons were made with similar areas of standing timber; {igures were taken from loggers as to amounts cut; average acres were measured over this tract, and the writer is of the opinion that 200,000 feet per acre would not be too high an average to pub upon 111,000 acres of this timber body. My impression when on the ground and in the timber was that the whole tract from Mad river north (full 300,000 acres) would average 200,000 per acre.” ; After stating that he had been engaged in appraising standing timber for the past twenty-five years in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, West Virginia, Wis- consin, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington Ter- ritory, California, Florida and Georgia, Mr. Putnam says: ‘I am satisfied that there is no forest in the United States or the Canadas that approaches the value of the Humboldt redwood forests. * * Ihave intended to be entirely conservative, rather below than up in the actual facts. The amount standing upon this body of land is so much larger than any known body of timber land that it 1s difficult to make a comparison or judge of amounts IO by others. I have therefore been obliged to render actual measurements of amounts and areas, and [ have also had in view the fact that any one reading said report, if the real and full amounts were stated, would have good reason to doubt the truth of the statements, having no knowledge, nor anything like it to compare with. I have seen and measured 12,000,000 feet of logs, cut and upon the ground, upon one 12-acre lot. I have seen areas on various parts of this tract that I really think would measure or estimate 4,000,- 000 per acre, if estimated as we estimate standing pine in the East.” Two Canadian experts, after examining the redwood lands of Humboldt county, say in . ) their report to an English syndicate ii estimate the amount of redwood tims the entire tract to be 350,000 per ach divide it into separate tracts as followwd northerly tract, per acre, 400,000; River, Maple and Leeffleholtz Creeks, 3 i Lindsay Creek tract,- 300,000; Mad fe 300,000; Freshwater, 250,000; Elk 300,000; Van Duzen, Salmon and Creeks, 225,000. The redwood timbii fine class of wood, and is superior in qui the pine in Conada or Eastern States, ai only to be found in this State, and mos ticularly in Humboldt county. That south is of a poorer class, smaller and shi Railroad Development in Humboldt In another article in this issue we have pointed out accruing conditions, whieh are destined to exert a stimulating influence upon redwood lumber manufacture beyond the possibility of present calculation. Of the whole redwood belt Humboldt is not only the most available and capacious shipping point and harbor, but also this section furnishes the best quality of redwood lumber. Moved by varied interests parties are already taking steps to secure advantages in desirable water fronts and available railroad approaches to the bay and city. And in this matter the com- peting interests are not moving with halting gait. The Trinidad Railroad company has already called a meeting of its stockholders; and from what has leaked out during the last few days it appears that the Trinidad lumber- ing property, the Trinidad Railroad, and the immense interests of the Pacific Lumber com- pany are to be combined, systems of connect- ing roads to be completed, and the manufacture and shipment of lumber commenced on a scale that may do something toward meeting the coming demand. While there is nothing definite or authoritative in the reports, yet steps have been taken in that direction which point to prompt business action at an early day. We look for work to commence on the Trinidad Railroad before July, and as we are passing we may add that while there have been some most stupid and unaccountable blunders in the management of that road enterprise, yet it will have made the crowning blunder of all if it fail to push its way through and 4 . tion; and it 1s now intimated that the/Ki TRAE invest the line all the way to the Klamal by so doing it will have possessed itself most important link, topographically, future coast trunk line. This project v brace the scheme of connecting Eurek Arcata by rail, taking in the trade an ness along the line of the bay betwee two places, finding water front for termi Eureka. 5 But the immense shipment of lumber {3 lumbermen see in the immediate futuf bringing the matter of desirable water into prominence. The deep water in thi channel along the peninsula is attracting Brothers will abandon the old wharl extend their road across the marsh ti peninsula to a point opposite cr a little § the city, near the old Worth place and establish a depot with 25 to 40 feet of for a front, then run a ferry across. - The many points of advantage in this latter sch in depth of water, easily constructed amount of business which it would com in lumber shipments from east and no Arcata, the local travel and traffic, an opportunity it would afford for one o finest beech drives in the State. i The above are projects that are being daily discussed, and each week with g certainty of definité action. Ibis a fact we have before alluded to that local in were maneuvering to obtain advantag local railroad approaches to the bay and t city of Eureka. II sxperiment was tried at Balcom & Gib- Excelsior mill a short time ago, the f which is certain to bring about a new * the manufacture of redwood lumber. ibject of kiln-dried redwood for long nts by rail has been a matter of discus- il calculation for a long time, and vari- pjects, more or less expensive and exten- ave been formulated, but none put to sal working test. The most practical eretofore was the maintenance of great r-yards in the southern end of the State, the lumber was to be season dried, but Sincurred the keeping up of immense i, the cost of handling several times and vely entered into. The experiment we will displace all former projects. For quirements of their factory, Messrs. n & Gibbard have set up a dryer of the patent manufactured by the Boston ¢ company, and a short time ago they in the dryer a thousand feet of redwood, from the saw, some of it sawed from #n logs, and turned on a blast of 220 3 heat. The object was to test the fence of redwood against checking by a fdegree of heat. The blast was kept up firs, and the lumber was taken out in 72 time, the brightest and cleanest red- juent waste; but the project was never | wood that was ever seen, without the slightest suspicion of a check. The lumber on being placed in the dryer weighed 3,580 pounds and upon coming out weighed 1,922 pounds, 1,658 pounds of moisture, or nearly one-half of the weight of the lumber had been dried out in a little over two days, leaving the lumber in a perfect state as to brightness and grain. It is true that the practice of drying shingles for transportation has obtained for some time past, but now the movement toward kiln-dried lum- ber is likely to become general, and the opera- tion will just about double the chances for railroad shipments, and the cost for drying is reckoned at from fifty cents to $1 per 1,000 feet. The Excelsior Redwood company has already received dryers, double and single to the extent of nine rooms, which are to be set up at once, and which will be equal to nearly one- half the output of the mill. Other mills are following in the same line. Thus is being worked another revolution in the manufacture and shipment of redwood lumber which ! can never be applied to other timber in so suc- cessful a manner, for the same degree of heat applied to any other kind of lumber than red- wood would check or warp it entirely out of rccognition. This preparation of redwood will open to it many new avenues to profitable markets. jumptous as it may seem, the Watchman ino stock in the idea that there is or will sign of a cessation in the manufacture diipment from this port of redwood lum- “On the contrary we predict that during ext three to five years, if every mill in unty should run to its full capacity, nd day, they could not fill the demand i 1 come during that time. And we can ut tangible grounds, facts which lumber not contradict, to fortify our proposi- der to get at the idea by comparative s we will refer to the fact that prior to 1879 the bulk of the redwood market braced by the boundaries of the south- of the State, for at that time no great t of shipments were made outside of our tate. When the completion of the rn systems of railroads through South- 4 E REDWOOD LUMBER MARKET ern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and down through Mexico was consummated, mak- ing connection with Pacific waters at San Diego in California and at Guaymas in Mexico, a territory was opened up as a market for red- wood lumber three times as large as that which had theretofore been accessible to the lumber manufacturers of the redwood belt. The con- sequence was, as Humboldters will remember, that our mills could not fill the orders that: poured in upon them. We ask our readers to take the map of the United States and Mexico and take in the situation and see the force of the proposition that connecting so much terri- tory by railroad with Pacific waters more than trebled the territory that we might reach and make a market for our lumber product. A season of unparalleled activity followed. Then came a reaction 1m 1885, since which time there has grown up a steady and healthy demand, \ \ 12 fluctuated more or less by booms in different domestic markets. In the mean time it has been the calculation of our most far-seeing lumbermen that if some one of a number of possible events should transpire they would have an endless lumber market. Prominent among these we will refer to three propositions: The first was that if the Panama canal, or Eads’ ship railway scheme, became a fact we should be then able to put redwood into the Eastern market at a handsome profit, and the common expression was that when we can reach the Eastern market it will be like pouring water into a sieve—that our sales would virtually only be gauged by our capacity to manufacture. The second was if we could reach the Kastern market by rail without breaking cargo, we would have accomplished the same result. The third’ was the enlarging of our market by shipment to foreign countries—the main object sought by the California Redwood Company. In the event of the realization of any one of the above provositions it was held by lumber men unanimously that the opportunity for pro- duction was well-nigh limitless. But now, by scarcely perceptible steps, the combination of events and circumstances has brought all three of these propositions to the verge of accomplishment and certain com- pletion within the near future. Captain Eads 1s dead, but his project of connecting the two great oceans is still alive, and though the ship railway is not to be carried out, yet his project and work has given birth to the Nicaragua Maritime company, whose bill has now passed Congress and become a fact, and the work is to be undertaken without delay. That we shall soon have rail connection with outside systems, thence to the East, is now fully conceded; and third, a gigantic scheme of railroad develop- ment in South America, embracing several Pacific Coast ports, has already been placed in the hands of American engineers, the work to commence this year, and as soon as the differ- ent corps can be thoroughly organized. This latter proposition is of the more imme- diate importance to Humboldt lumbermen, as there is no native wood at the scene of opera- tions that will take the place of redwood for ee — either ties, structural railroad work or building purposes. There are 2,500 miles of railroad contracted to be built within the boundary Chili alone, which material must be supplied from this section of the coast. E Following upon this development is the pro- ject to build a road from Santiago through the Andes to Buenos Ayres on the Atlantic side, a line of some 1,600 miles. After passing the Andes this line would cross a continuous plain to Buenos Ayres, the ties and other timber for which would undoubtedly be supplied by Cali- fornia. The influence upon the manufacture of lumber which the accomplishment of any. one of the above three propositions would exert can only be partially calculated, but when we are brought face to face with the fact that all three are about to be attained, and that we shall feel the effect of at least one of them within the year, there are possibilities embraced in their consummation which the comprehension cannot grasp at a glance. § Take a look at your map and see the scope of country that such southern railroad connec- tion would at once make available to our lum- ber manufacturers. And when the lines that we have mentioned have been completed, they will but form the initial move in the direction of railroad development throughout South America. The constantly enlarging field and consequent increased demand in this direction alone will form an additional market of greater importance and magnitude than any that has yet been acquired since the manufacture of redwood lumber commenced. Then when the means and opportunity of reaching the Atlantic | States by both rail and water are completed, thus bringing about a competition in transpor- tation rates, and there will consequently be left a working margin for the manufacturers on this coast, 1t would seem that we have the very world as an available market. Who can compute the possible demand that wonld come to our doors through these various channels? Who can comprehend the development that will come throughout every department of industrial production when we come to feel the influence of these three great bearings upon this, the only redwood belt in the world ? A / ji / California il Redwoods Sie Ol Bet Teg oe fe Cee er hae el et ge ae a gp apt et Fon Re D. J. WHEELER & CO. h AND H W. PLUMMER No. 11 . Montgomery . Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Be 53k Re IR ee ES Ce ae ee ge Le gee RR eee California Redwood Timber Lands in Tracts to Suit. Parties contemplating Investment are invited to apply by Mail or Personally (5) CALIFORNIA WOODS THE FIBRE OF ROOTS AND TRUNKS -— TREASURES OF THE CAYUMA VALLEYS — INDIAN TRAITS AND MON- UMENTAL PILES —NOJOMU AND NOJOQUI— THE PECULIAR 'BEAUTY OF THE LOVELY SANTA YNEZ GRANDEUR OF THE YOSEMITE GENERAL SKETCH OF THE VALLEY AND THE MARIPOSA BIG TREE GROVE BY JULIUS STARKE THE ART WOODWORKER OF SANTA BARBARA 4 LIBRARY OF THE | UNIVERSITY “If CALiFoRWA SAN FRANCISCO C. A. Murpock & Co., PRINTERS 1889 - 17. 18. 19. © ON Ot Bp WD Art Woops. The following list of woods are those principally used in our wood work: . Arrow—Frangula Californica. . Buckthorn—ZR%amnaus. . Lilac— Ceanothus. . Buckeye—Z'sculos Californica. . Manzanita—dArctostaphylos Glauca. . Nutmeg—Zvrreya Californica. Maple—Acer Marcophyllum. . Juniper—/uniperus Occidentalis. . Spicewood—Calycanthus Occiden- talis. . Big Tree—Sequoia Gigantea. . Agath Wood— Gerrya Fremontia. . Mountain Mahogany— Cercocarpos Ledofolius. . Mahonia—Barbaris Pinata. . Rose Family — Phatinia Arbuti- Jolia. . Weeping White Oak — Quercus Lobata — Roble. . California Black Oak—Sonomensis —FEncina. Douglass Spruce—dAbées Douglassi. Sugar Pine—LZLambertina. Redwood—Seguoia Sempervirens. 20. 21. 22, 23. . Orange— Citrus Aurantium. 20, 26. 27. 28. 29. . Ironwood— Olneya Zesota. Ir. 32. 33: 34. 38. 36. 37. 38. 39- 40. Secamora — Platanus Racemosa — Aliso. Tamania. Pepper Tree—Schinus Molle. Osage Orange— Maclura. Lemon—Citrus Lemons. Apricot. Almond. Wild Coffee — Riamnus Califor- nica— Yerba Osa. Cottonwood — Populus Arichocarpa. Madrona— Arbutus Menziesii. Yew—Zaxus Creoifolia. Tulip—LZireodendron Tulipifera. English Walnut—/zglans. Mangla— Rhus Integrefolia. Acacia. Palm (Date)—Phanix Dactylifera. Wild Cherry— Prunus Zllicifolia. Wild Horse-chestnut—Zsculos Cal- Jornica. Toex. : ART TREASURES. come back full-handed. Whether we look at her treasures superficially or with the scientist’s microscope, there is a grace- fulness in structure and richness in coloring that art may envy but never excel. In no place is an artist or artisan more freely rewarded than in our California forests. The grace of the foliage and the characteristic contour of the trees glow on many a painter’s canvas, but few recog- nize the fact that the woody fibre of the roots and trunks, when manipulated by a skillful workman, presents as charming lines and lovely colors as the most delicate flower which grows by their side. It is well known that the same species of wood are richer in color in California than in our Eastern States, especially that which grows in wild, rugged regions ; their growth in such positions being necessarily T ome artists who go to Nature to seek for the beautiful always slower. There is a romantic spirit of adventure in the pursuit of these growing trophies, and to perfect a form of beauty from the rough natural wood requires keen sympathy and knowledge of nature and her moods. He who would gather these choice mosaics from the mountains’ children, must know the secret of the falling sap, disre- ~ gard her frown, and push forward, notwithstanding the spitting of the threatening snow, and the clutching of the thorny branches which seem to long to tear him to atoms for his rude invasions, and snatch his treasures, with the aid of axe, shovel and saw, his gun lying cocked beside him to defend him from the grizzly bear or the California lion, enraged at the presence of humanity so near his lair. After his panier is filled, it must be taken home, and by long continued drying and skillful polishing he brings out the rippling curves of the grain and the intermingling hues, as delicate and brilliant as a scheme upon an artist’s easel. Let us go with our skillful wood-worker from Santa Barbara to the 4 ART TREASURES. interior to help him gather his year’s supply. We must start at once, for it is the season for the trees to begin their winter's rest. Our four mules are ready, two for riding and two for pack animals, on which we concentrate our hard-tack, beans, bacon, flour and tools, to which are added tobacco and whisky, in case of emergency,— and this is a trip of emergencies,— and when we have strapped our saddles over our blankets, we turn our faces northward, and amble forward up the coast. Passing through the suburbs of the town we overtake King Justo. His portly form swings along the road with a hunter’s stride, his wife walking along behind him, lugging a heavy basket. Although we question him, the last of his race has little knowledge of the other wild monarchs we are searching for. I fear, like the last of many things, he is but dregs. We stretch ourselves for a noonday siesta under the spreading arms of the live oak (Quercus Agrifolia),—the encina, as the Spaniards call it. This oak is esteemed above all others by campers, as it is the only tree not infested with vermin. The limbs of the white oak are liable to snap off during the warm summer months, but the live oak spreads its long branches overhead like cathedral arches, and gives a cleanly, grateful shade to the wayfarer who seeks its shelter. We spur along toward the Gaviota, to be ready to collect our woods early in the morning. We catch a glint of the setting sun through the rugged walls of the Pass. The verdure here is of a shrubby char- acter. The wild coffee is very abundant,— Yerba Osa (bear-berry), probably called so because the berry is so bitter that even an insane bear would not be tempted to eat one. The Californians use a de- coction of the leaves as an antidote to poison-oak. The following morning we fight our way through the dense chemi- sal of lilac. The so-called lilac (Ceanothus) is a striking feature of our woods. In the spring it is covered with tufts of delicate blos- soms, ranging in color from white to a dark purple, according to the species. In many places the growth is so heavy the hunter cannot force his way through without a tribute of portions of his clothing. There are large growths of it in Montecito, where the trunks are used for posts in fencing, while the roots make fine firewood. The grain of the wood is beautiful, very durable and capable of a fine polish. We also find what the Californian calls the Zoyon, or, as we com- monly say, the Christmas-berry, a California holly, in the Pass. It ART TREASURES. 5 is already quite red with berries. We approach with apprehension a toyon when in a region of the grizzly, for they gormandize in the season of that fruit, and this partiality 1s well known to the cautious hunter, who goes carefully toward a toyon, not certain but that there is a bear on the other side. To gain the summit we have the choice of two trails, the Nojomu, which, translated, means to the right, and the Nojoqui, to the left. As we wish to see the famous falls, we take the Nojoqui. We see everywhere traces of the Indians. This was a favorite resort for the Indians of the coast during the acorn season. They would come to Nojoqui and live on acorns till their digestive organs were so impaired they were obliged to return to their native shore, blubber and shell-fish, to counteract the effects of the astringent nut. We see evidences of many holes in which the acorns were prepared for food. The holes were made in the shape of a large bowl, filled with shelled acorns and water poured over them, which trickled through into the adobe soil, carrying with it the greater part of the tannin, leaving the nuts very palatable. Now we reach the summit, and look into the Santa Ynez. We see here, as we have seen before, where an Indian trail crosses the sum- mit of a mountain, a pile of rocks. It is a monument to travel. Each Indian as he crossed a mountain registered the fact by adding a stone to the cairn thrown together by those who passed before. Near Nojoqui is one of the finest sycamore groves in the county. The Spanish call the sycamore by the musical name a/iso, while a grove is called a/isal. ‘The thirsty traveler will urge his beast forward with renewed courage at the sight of sycamores, for they are a certain indication of water. The grain of the sycamore is remarkably straight, and one can split from it great white flakes, often useful when the camper seeks an addition to his regular tin mess-plate. This tree has one disagreeable friend, however, a brown tick, extremely poisonous, making a very painful sore. It is wiser to seek the shelter of the live oak rather than run the risk of making the acquaintance of this undesirable insect. We here add to our collection the white oak, or, in Spanish, 704/¢, and the Mahonia, or Barbaris Pinata, which has wood as yellow as gold. We will not linger in the Santa Ynez although its picturesque Mission and fertile fields are charming enough to make one forgetful of duties unfulfilled. 6 ART TREASURES. Our destination is the Cuyamas. So, following the valley of the Zaca nearly to its head waters, we strike across the country to the Tina- quaic, down the Tinaquaic to the Sisquoc, and down the Sisquoc to the mouth of the Cuyama. Here we turn and go up the Cuyama. It is almost literally going up the stream, for the road crosses and recrosses more times than one would care to count. We now reach the prettiest and most romantic valley scenery in the county. This valley was formerly the stronghold of Indian horse thieves. They would make a raid on Santa Maria, steal what horses they could, run them up the Tepusquet canon and—eat them. The valley now supports millions of honey bees. Had this been so in the days of the horse-eating Indians, what feasts of horseflesh and honey might have been held. Even now we will have a feast of game—quails, of which there are flock after flock, and hundreds in each flock. Not a very exciting bird to hunt; but this is a very good market at which to get a delicious dinner. We can vary our menu by an occasional antelope, deer, sage rabbit or cotton-tail. In former times there must have been elk also, from the evidences in the debris of the Indian kitchens. There are in the Cuyamas the remains of several Indian houses-of ‘unusually large size. At Waliji, not far from the mouth of the Cuyama, is a large one, about twenty-three feet in diameter. These houses are circular in form, and made by setting boards on end, piling up dirt on the outside, and thatching them with branches filled in with dirt. At Jili Kilimu, near the center of the Cuyamas, are the remains of another very large house, built near two fine springs that never fail in their supply of water. In the Cuyamas we gather the Indian Arrow (Frangula Californica), in the river bottoms. The trunks and roots are both valuable, and are of a reddish yellow color. It is the arrow of the Indian hunter, who scraped off its bark and straightened it in a groove made in a stone for that purpose. After he had poisoned the obsidium head by dipping it in a putrefied deer’s liver which had been poisoned by the bite of a rattlesnake, he was ready to hunt the deer and kill his enemy with the poisoned arrow. We here find the juniper very abundant on the poorer grounds. It is a hermit-like plant, growing by itself in steep, difficult places, usually stunted in its growth, although in the Sierras it has been known to grow about one hundred feet high and twelve feet in diameter, at "ail o (oxy Rn f ART TREASURES. NUF ¢; wed an altitude of from 8,000 to 12,000 feet, the only tree that dares to reach that height. The Indians in this county had a peculiar attrac- tion to it, perhaps from its durability after being charred. They used it for head-stones, and had it buried with them, and carried it all over the country for that purpose. Some pieces have been found that must be at least two hundred years old. Stuffing in our paniers a few choice pieces of spicewood, wild laurel, whose wood is so fragrant, and fine pieces of the manzanita (little apple), the most precious wood of our Western mountain ranges, and whose little apples are, next to the toyon, the favorite fruit of the grizzly, This wood is found all along the Coast Ranges, but the largest and most beautiful specimens of this variety our wood-hunters find at a height of from 2000 to 3000 feet along the Sierra Nevada range. There are two different kinds of this wood. One grows to the height of twenty-five feet, the largest limbs of which are alone available for use. These grow to a thickness of eighteen inches in diameter. The other variety is a little shrub, attaining a height of not more than three or four feet above the ground. The growth all grows into the roots, and these roots furnish the most beautiful material for veneering. Manzanita requires a great deal of care and experience in the process of seasoning, etc., before it can be utilized for work. We will say farewell to the Cuyamas, and home to our workshop to fashion with artistic skill the dainty articles that find their way all over the world, even into palaces, and carry with them the breath of their wild home near the southern channel. Each fragment of wood bears its story on its surface, written by Nature’s unerring finger, a story of the country and climate in which it has lived. Could we but possess the skill to read the tale written in the grain of the wood, we would read of the wet season and the dry season, the sudden wrench of the wind, the fertile soil which produced the regular rapid growth, and the barren hillside which warped and stunted a feeble life; of years of continued prosperity and times of de- privation, All these things, illuminated as the old monks’ parchments with lovely and varied hues, are told to one who understands the language, by these little wood mosaics. The most beautiful of all the California woods, in our opinion, is the Gerrya Fremontia, which we artists claim is an entirely new variety. On the highest summits of the awful Sierras—whose peaks 8 ART TREASURES. reaching nearest to the workshop of the Creator, are fashioned of His richest and choicest materials of platinum and gold, of silver and of iron, where, in an atmosphere of transparent ether, fountains purer than Castilian are springing, the Gerrya Fremontia, queen of Cali- fornia woods, is found. The Gerrya Fremontia has in its panel the hint of falling waters and whirlpools of foam. In these beautifully finished panels there are no lines but those which Nature herself has traced ; no touch of color, no delicate shade, no harmonious blending, no rare respondence answering in outline and conception to cloud, or peak or rocky precipice, to cool running stream or shadowed rock, but was wrought in the growing woods by the unseen'yet ever active forces of Nature. The skillful artificer who works in these woods has simply brought out, but added nothing to, their wondrous beauty. No painter could excel them. No designer could work with such exqui- siteness of touch and such perfectness of detail. In all the rich grain of woods, in their delicate coloring and rare and varied texture, can be seen the finger of the Infinite. They are a wonderful study, and they stir the soul to mute astonishment with their perfection. One that has never seen the work that has already been accom- plished in the woods of California, and who is unacquainted with the high degree of polish of which they are susceptible, would look in silent wonder at some of the productions of the artists who have revived the skill and beauty of workmanship that reached such per- fection in the old medieval ages. A lifetime was not considered then too long to spend upon a single article in order to bring it into such perfection that its beauty should become a thing of wonder through the centuries. Fabulous sums have been expended in the purchase of the productions of these old masters, who carved and designed and polished, bringing all the stores of fancy, of skill and patient endeavors to bear upon their work—their poems from the woods, whose story was told in inlaid lines and in their rythmical brightness of harmonious natural colors. Perhaps but few, comparatively, are aware that work as marvelously beautiful as that accomplished by the most skilled artists in wood in the Middle Ages, is even now being executed with the exquisitely beautiful material which is found among the different woods of this State. THe YOSEMITE. UR curiosity not being satisfied with our experiences in Santa Ynez and the Cuyamas, we are determined to see the great valley, and examine into its wonderful beauties and see further speci- mens of these wonderful wood displays upon their own native, and, in some cases, solitary grounds. A two days’ trip brings us to the verge of the mighty brink whose awful majesty and sublimely mute beauty, whose awe-inspiring silence holds him spell-bound who first looks into its enchanted depths, and leaves an impression upon the mind that nothing else on earth can ever efface. Much of this first impression, unfortunately, disappears and fades upon entering the valley, owing to a certain misdirection in the manner of bestowing “improvements,” which are, unfortunately, glaringly conspicuous, and suggest to us that ¢ change” would be a better word than “improvement.” We recog nize some of our vegetable acquaintances of Santa Ynez, however, in the valley. The ceanothus is here in beautiful profusion, the north face of the valley is covered at intervals with the bay (Caly- canthus), and beautiful specimens of manzanita are scattered at in- tervals around the valley, hugging, however, closely to the debris at the foot of the great walls; magnificent specimens of the black oak (Quercus Lobapa) are scattered over the valley bed, their forms pluming over so that, at times, they suggest to us the more rugged forms of the Eastern elm; stunted specimens of the live oak are also occasionally found on the slopes and in the valley. The Barbaris Pinata is also here well represented, while far aloft is seen the solitary and gnarled trunk of an occasional juniper. The various woods here noted are at their best in this locality, gorgeously rich in color and markings, the winter storms and severities which they encounter so near the high summits of the Sierra giving by some natural process great beauty to the wood in color and design. We will suppose that we have been in the valley long enough to get 10 THE YOSEMITE. well rested, and so be in good condition to enjoy our contemplated trips to the various view points now of world-wide celebrity. We will first visit the Vernal and Nevada Falls. Suppose that we, after a somewhat tiresome but yet enjoyable ride in the cool morning, have arrived at the brink of the Vernal Fall, and are gazing over its breast-high natural parapet at the mighty plunge of this wilderness of white foam—and such a hopeless dead-drop!— plunge is the wrong word. The water falls as so much molten lead or quicksilver might, with great, inconceivable rapidity, as it clears the brink, but imme- diately after, as though it was a ponderous and lifeless weight of molten metal. It takes a practiced eye to note the «arrow-points” of the water here ; they are not so pronounced as at the Great Yo- semite Fall or the Bridal Veil, but when separated from the down- rushing mass are singularly beautiful and delicate, resembling at the brink a vast mass of fine floating white feathers slowly emptying themselves over the broad edge into the great abyss below. The mist wreathing and encircling the foot of the fall is of a delicate, pale lilac color in contrast to the vivid and burning white of the falling water. Sometimes in the early spring, when the river is very high, a faint suggestion of green is seen in spots near the brink of the fall, adding greatly to its grace and beauty. The green at the foot of the fall is astonishingly vivid; the wet grass shining in the sunlight looks like spots or beds of burnished emerald. Over all this radiance of color and form is seen the gorgeously tender colors of the famous “circular rainbow ” seen at this fall. It is impossible to adequately describe the beauty of color and forms at this spot; they must be seen to be realized. Swinging and swaying in the wind-gusts that come up continually from the foot of the fall, is seen most of the shrubbery we have been describing heretofore as growing in the bed of the valley; their various barks and leafage sparkling and glistening from the wet mists which are constantly wafted over them. We must not forget to add that, among all these lesser trees and shrubs, tower in solemn and stately majesty the immovable trunks of the mighty yellow pines, cedars, firs and spruce, their sombre yet delicate foliage giving great contrast to their brighter and more sparkling neighbors nestling at their roots. A short distance above us leaps out of the great rock wall, “sky high” of a verity, the Nevada Fall, another mass of pure white foam and a trifle over roo feet high, (the Vernal Fall is 350 feet high); and towering yet above is the great Cap of Liberty,” THE YOSEMITE. 11 whose summit, nearly Sooo feet above sea level, shows a goodly array of shrubs, among which we suspect some good specimens of that gorgeously colored wood, the Gerrya Fremontia, could be culled. A few junipers are also seen along its crest, that have braved the howling gales of winter on its summit for very many generations. The day following this trip we visit the top of the Yosemite Fall, and, if our nerves are steady enough, cautiously approach its edge, 2634 feet above the valley, to take a shuddering glance at over 1600 feet of falling water, making this drop at one plunge. We are here so high that we are among the woods of the higher summits ; here we see around us the occasional juniper, also the Williamson spruce, small and stunted manzanita, and various other shrubs that go to make up the beautiful wood specimens on view at “Sinning’s,” in the valley. Returning, we pause, when on a level with the foot of the upper Yosemite Fall, to watch the “arrow points,” which show to the best advantage in this fall. John Muir's description of the Yosemite Fall is the finest ever written, and to that we refer our readers. The mighty and inverted water “rockets” are following each other in ceaseless numbers and profusion, and the whole mass is constantly trembling and swaying in the wind, now so far to the left that its continuity is broken about half-way up, and it drifts in masses of steam-like smoke and mist along the wall face for several seconds. There is a great scarcity of vegetation immediately around the base of this fall—nothing but bare rock, wet and glistening. Our visit to the Bridal Veil is made during a drive around the valley bed; and this fall is similar in action to the great Yosemite Fall, but on a lesser scale. It falls over the most brilliantly colored and variegated of all the wall faces in the valley, however, This fall is g4o feet high from the river, and the rainbows seen along its face in the afternoon are surpassingly lovely. In this particular it is the most beautiful object in the valley. We visit Mirror Lake, with its charming reflections, and then climb to Glacier Point, to get a view of the whole extended panorama of the Uppermost Sierra in its beautiful snowy mantle. High towering above us and the valley below, a work of its own creation, we view the jagged line that divides the sky. Within our range of vision we have Mt. Dana, 13,327 feet high; Gray Mountain, 12,000 feet; Tenaya Peak, nearly 11,000 feet; Cathedral Peak, nearly 12,000 ; Unicorn Peaks, 12,500; the Lyell group, 13,340 feet; the source of 12 : : THE YOSEMITE. the Merced flowing through the valley at our feet; and also Mt. Clark at the Obelisk, 11,000 feet, and various other giants. Nearer us is Mt. Hoffman, 10,872 feet; the great thimble-shaped “South Dome,” 9400 feet; Clouds Rest, 10,100, and Mt. Starr King, a complete cone of over 10,000 feet above sea level. Far below us is seen the Nevada and Vernal Falls, but no sound reaches us from their falling waters, so far and so high are we above them ; it is a panorama to be excelled, or even equaled, but by few on the earth. Around us grow in moderate quantities our favorite woods, at least such as are natives of this altitude (7300 feet). On our way down we pause to catch the view from Moran’s Point, named after the famous American artist, Thomas Moran, who painted a fine picture from this point, and it is here we stop, to consider the galaxy of artists ‘whose labors have contributed in the greatest degree to give to Yosemite its world-wide fame. First came Bierstadt, who electrified the American art-loving people with his first Yosemite pictures ; then came Moran, followed by Hill. Hertzog, the great Dusseldorf artist, also worked long in the valley. Robinson, of San Francisco, has made the valley a labor of love also for over eight years, being the most constant of the artists in his residence there. His paintings fill private galleries all over the civilized world, many fine works by this artist being found in the private collections of the English nobility ; also of Hill may be said the same.” Though residing most of the time at Wawona, he still makes a specialty of Yosemite; in fact, Robinson and Hill are the now recognized authorities and leaders in Yosemite and Sierra painting. From this point, and also others, have such great men as Starr King, the eminent divine, Horace Greeley, Prof. Whitney, Sam Bowles, John S. Hittell, Prof. Asa Gray, Prof. White, Prof. Fowler, Prof. Wm. H. Brewer, Rev. Joseph Cook of Boston, James A. Garfield, U. S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, the Duke of Sutherland, Albert D. Richardson, Clarence King, John Muir, and a host of other distinguished people whose names I cannot now recall, taken in the inspiration of the view. We arrived late at our hotel and retired early, to start in the morning for the Mariposa Grove of big trees. After a ride of 28 miles we find ourselves at Wawona, formerly Clark’s Big Tree Station, and after lunch drive eight miles to the grove. After straining our eyes for a glimpse of a big tree, without a warning we come suddenly upon the famous Grizzly Giant. As the description of one tree will THE YOSEMITE. {ys well answer for all the species, we will take notes from this monster. It is 98 feet in circumference and about 200 feet high, the top having evidently suffered in some remote period from wind or snow, or both. It is of a bright cinnamon color, somewhat blackened by fire around the base ; its scanty foliage is of a vivid green ; its branches are very much contorted and disproportionately large for a single shaft or evergreen species, one limb, about roo feet from the ground, being over six feet in diameter. It presents a short and “squat” appear- ance to the eye, but suggests enormous strength ; in fact, is well named, and is a grizzled giant. This gnarled and contorted appear- ance is a feature of the old trees. The younger ones are more sym- metrical, and generally taller and more slender in proportion. We journey along and always up, passing several fine trees and groups, and finally approach the upper grove. It is here that one is im- pressed with the term ‘big tree,” and here in their midst their sub- lime vastness is felt. We have passed a magnificent tree, towering some 300 feet, called the ¢ Pillar of the Temple,” and see to our left, “Lincoln” (26 ft. diameter), * Washington” (29 ft. 8 in. diameter), be- sides hosts of others of lesser size and note, and stand at the cabin between the two giants, “ Gen. Grant” (28 ft. diameter), and Ohio” (30 ft. diameter), both about 300 feet high. In the rear is seen the tall, slender shaft of “Felicie,” the tallest measured tree in the grove, being 334 feet high and some twenty or more in diameter. Following around we pass Masssachusetts,” Columbus,” drive through “Wawona” (28 ft. diameter), and pass the “Queen of the Forest,” a fine tree, and slowly wend our way homeward. The Sequoia Gi- gantea or “ Mammoth Tree” of California, is found in greatest pro- fusion about the headwaters of the Kern and Kings rivers, and Kaweah plateau. It occupies in groups and scattered clusters in this region, a space of some 25 miles wide by 50 or more long. This is called by John Muir, our best authority on the subject, the great Kaweah forest. After leaving this region it occupies in scattered groups, spots between the altitudes of 4500 and 6000 feet, along a further stretch or ridge of the Sierra, of some 150 miles. There is in due order, working our way to the north, first, the Fresno Grove, then the Mariposa, then Merced Group on the Coulterville road, then the Tuolumne Group on the Big Oak Flat road, and lastly, the famous and pioneer Grove of Calaveras, where the species was first dis- covered, and where the trees average taller than those of any other 14 JHE YOSEMITE. grove. Along the altitudes where the big tree grows, we noticed in plenty all of the different shrubs and trees which are used in our col- lections of woods, displayed in the various specimens of workman- ship which we have here in Santa Barbara, also at Yosemite, where this line of work was first introduced, and again at Wawona. During the midsummer months the weather is very dry and warm in the gorges of the Sierras, relieved occasionally by a dash of rain. Gen- erally, the weather is very pleasant, the nights are found cool and the water delicious. We cordially commend our townsmen and our readers at large, to try a trip to the mountains, and see the Big Trees and Yosemite. LIB RAR Vy OF THE UNIVERSITY OF carirorik [From the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, July 1st; 1872.] ON THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF CERTAIN AUSTRALIAN FOREST TREES; AND THEIR CULTI- VATION IN CALIFORNIA. BY ROBERT EB. C. STEARNS. _— - . : = Bacon & Company, Printers. COLCATE & COMPANY, NEW YORK, Toilet Soap Makers. —— torte We take pleasure in calling the attention of the trade on the Pacific Coast, to the fact that we have made arrangements with Messrs. J. G. HODGE & C0, 327, 329 and 331 Sansome St., San Francisco, for the sale of our Toilet Soaps, and they are now prepared to supply any of the styles manufactured by us at favorable rates. It is hardly necessary for us to recommend the quality, perfume and style of our Soaps, as they are generally recognized as being the best of American manufacture. A trial cannot fail to satisfy all of their merit. We offer the above Soaps to Druggists and dealers generally, at manu- facturers’ prices. JOEN C. HODCE & CO. Importers and Wholesale Stationers, SAN FRANCISCO. Diplomas Awarded at the Mechanics’ Institute Fairs of 1857 and 1871, Naturalist and Zoological Artist, 626 CALIFORNIA STREET, Above Kearny, SAN FRANCISCO. Birds and Animals Preserved and Mounted in the most Life-like attitudes. Numerous Samples can be seen at Woodward's Gardens. Glass Eyes of every description For Sale. Also, the best Selected Stock of Birds’ Skins from all Countries. Prof, Crane’s New Preparation Powder for Sale, [From the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, July 1st, 1872.] ON THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF CERTAIN AUSTRALIAN FOREST TREES, AND THEIR CULTI- VATION IN CALIFORNIA. BY ROBERT E. C0. STEARNS. Australian forest trees propagated from the seed, with perhaps a few exceptions, thrive remarkably in California; the climate and soil appear to be nearly or quite as favorable to the growth of these exotic as of the native forest forms. In many of the principal towns in this State, especially in and around San Francisco, in the neighboring city of Oakland and ad- Joining towns on the easterly side of San Francisco bay, fine speci- mens of many of the Australian forest species are exceedingly numerous. The most popular of these belonging to the genera Acacia and Eucalyptus, have been planted for ornamental and shade purposes ; the light feathery fern-like foliage of some of the Acacias, their gracefulness, beauty and color combined with rapid growth, present so many advantages as to fairly entitle them to popular esteem. Of the Acacias recommended by Dr. Mueller on account of their economic value,* I am not aware of any being cul- tivated in this State for that object. A. decurrens (= A. mollissima) also A. lophantha and some other species, are frequent, and highly * A. decurrens, Willd, also A. homalophylla, Cunn, and A. melanoxylon, R. BR. 1 . 8 prized for ornamental purposes: from twenty to thirty species are enumerated in the catalogues of the principal nurseries. The many valuable properties of the species mentioned in the footnote, combined with rapidity of growth, would warrant cultiva- tion on an extensive scale, which if judiciously conducted would be highly advantageous to the State and yield a handsome return upon the capital invested. Mueller says that the wood of A. DECURRENS, popularly known as the ¢ Black Wattle or Silver Wattle,” can be used for staves, but its chief use would be to afford the first shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests. Its bark rich in tannin, and its gum not dissimilar to Gum Arabic, render this tree also important. ; A. HOMALOPHYLLA, has a “ dark brown wood, is much sought for turner’s work on account of its solidity and fragrance ; perhaps its most extensive use is in the manufacture of tobacco pipes.” A. MFLANOXYLON ‘‘is most valuable for furniture, railway car- riages, boat building, casks, billiard tables, pianofortes (for sound- boards and actions) and numerous other purposes. The fine-grained wood is cut into veneers. It takes a fine polish and is considered equal to the best walnut.” Under favorable circumstances it attains “a hight of 80 feet with a stem several feet in diameter.” This species requires a deeper and moister soil than A. decurrens and A. lophantha, which are especially recommended for their ability to resist drought, and therefore particularly applicable to treeless and sterile areas in the southern part of California, and the adjoin- ing country, where the temperature does not decline below 10 degrees. The peculiar yellow displayed in the China silks and other arti cles, is obtained from the yellow flowers of a species of Acacia, and is of an exceeding permanent character. The Acacias are easily propagated from seed, as I have (with some species) practically tested; and it is not unlikely that the flowers of most of the species, which are yellow, might be equally as valuable for the dyer, as the variety cultivated or used by the Chinese. Of the Eucalypti, E. GLoBULUS is very common in California, and easily cultivated ; it is the Blue Gum of Victoria and Tasmania. “ This tree is of extremely rapid growth and attains a height of 400 # 3. # feet, furnishing a first-class wood ; shipbuilders get keels of this timber 120 feet long ; besides this they use it extensively for plank- ing and many other pire of the ship, and it is considered to be generally superior to American Rock Elm. A test of strength has been made between some Blue Gum, English Oak and Indian Teak. The Blue Gum carried 14 lbs. weight more than the Oak, and 17 Ibs. 4 ozs. more than Teak, upon the square inch. Blue Gum wood, besides for ship building, is very extensively used by carpenters for all kinds of out-door work, also for fence rails, railway sleepers— lasting about 9 years—for shay and spokes of drays, and a variety of other purposes.” * Of the rapid growth of this species of Eucalyptus and the facility with which it is propagated, most people in California who have had any experience with it are familiar; but as perhaps few persons who have specimens of it growing upon their grounds or in their yards are aware of its value otherwise than for ornamental purposes, I have deemed it a matter of interest as well as of importance to quote from Dr. Mueller’s valuable paper. Having propagated the Blue Gum from the seed and raised many specimens under not par- ticularly favorable circumstances, I can indorse the remarks of the author from whom I have quoted. An instance of rapid growth im- mediately under my observation, is that of a specimen purchased by me of a nurseryman, which at the time of planting (Jan. 5, 1871) measured from the ground level to the extreme tip six and one half feet, and in about eleven months ( Dec. 8,1871) had reached a height of a trifle over fifteen feet ; the diameter of the stalk when set out was half an inch, and at the final measurement one and three quarters inches. I am prepared to hear of instances far exceeding my figures, but it should be borne in mind that we had very little rain after this tree was planted, and furthermore that the locality was upon nearly the highest ground in Petaluma. This tree was occasionally, but only moderately watered during a part of the time. Other trees of this species planted at the same time, also made a remarkable growth ; specimens raised by me from the seed, whose growth I have noted, show a gain of ten and a half inches in twenty- one days, or half an inch per diem. *Vide ¢“ The Principal Timber Trees readily eligible for Victorian Industrial Culture, etc., etc., by Ferd Von Mueller.’ %* 4 The development of the lateral branches is as surprising as its perpendicular growth. George C. Potter, Esq., of Oakland, informs me that specimens upon his grounds nine years old, show a diameter of twelve inches. Of the large plantation of Eucalyptus of the Blue and Red species made a few years ago by Mr. J. T. Stratton,* of Alameda, I hear indirectly that the trees have done well. I hope at a future meet- ing to be able to learn from Mr. Stratton, and inform the Academy more definitely of the success thus far, and prospects of this highly commendable and important enterprise. The many valuable properties of the Eucalyptus attracted the attention of the French Government several years ago. A speci- men in the Jardin d’Acclimation at Algiers, excited the admiration of the Emperor while on a visit to that place, and upon measuring the tree it was found, according to the Paris Moniteur, to have made “a height of 30 feet and a diameter of six inches in two years.” Since that time it has been extensively cultivated in Algiers, and of late it has been stated that it «is making rapid pro- gress in the south of France, Spain and Corsica, especially on account of its alleged virtues as a remedy for fever. It furnishes a peculiar extractive matter, or alkaloid, called Eucalyptine, said by some to be as excellent a remedy against fever as quinine. In Spain its efficacy in cases of intermittent and marsh fevers has gained for it the name of * fever tree.” It is a powerful tonic and diffusible stimulant, performs remarkable cures in cases of chronic catarrh and dyspepsia, is an excellent antiseptic application for wounds, and tans the skins of dead animals, giving the fragrance of Russia leather. The tree prefers a marshy soil in which it grows to a great height very rapidly. It dries the earth under it by evaporation from its leaves, and shelters it from the sun, thus pre- venting the generation of marsh miasm.” Of the medicinal properties of &. globulus we have HA tes- timony in a recent number of the Practitioner, § where Dr. M. C. * Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870, p. 232. 1 I do not refer to other forest plantations made in California, by Mr. Aiken or Mr. Edwards, and which I sincerely wish may be successful, for the reason that in this paper the chief object has been to call public attention to certain Australian forms. 1 Harpers Magazine, March, 1872 ; Scientific Record, p. 630. § No. XLI, p. 268, Nov., 1871. 4 NIN ST { 5 We OF oka » ty F( PD Maclean relates-the results of his experiments on patients in the Hospital Wards at Netley, England. He says in connection with certain cases of chest aneurisms and cardiac asthma, ¢ With the exception, perhaps of the subcutaneous injection of morphia, I know no remedy so efficacious in allaying pain, restoring dyspncea, calming irritation, and procuring sleep in such cases, as to be compared to KE. globulus.” He also refers to the use in Germany of a tincture made of the leaf, which ¢ has been used successfully in 21j doses in the treatment of intermittent fevers.” It appears that it is not only used medicinally in form of a tincture, but also that cigars are made from the leaves, and its palliative influence obtained byssmoking. ¢ German physicians, as appears from medical journals, have found a tincture of the leaves of the Hucalyptus globulus, or Australian gum-tree, to be a remedy for intermittent fever. Dr. Lorimer gave it to fifty-three patients, of whom forty-three were completely cured. In five others there was a relapse, owing to a failure in the supply of the tincture. . In eleven of the cases quinine had been used without effect, and Te of these were cured by the Eucalyptus.” * Other species of the Eucalypti, of great value and well worthy of consideration, are recommended by Dr. Mueller. E. AMYGDALINA, Labill, which is sometimes met with 400 feet in height; one specimen in the Dandenong ranges measured 480 feet + surpassing in altitude the gigantic Sequoias of our own State; the wood of this species is said to be well adapted for ¢ shingles, rails, “housebuilding, for the kelson and planking of ships, and other pur- poses ;”’ in rapidity of growth it equals &. globulus, but is not so easily satisfied with any soil. E. DIVERSICOLOR, F. v. Mueller, a native of S. W. Australia, sometimes reaching 400 feet in height, with a proportionate growth of stem. The timber is excellent, and young trees are reported as doing well even “in dry exposed localities in Melbourne.” It is regarded by Dr. Mueller as a valuable shade tree for avenues, as it makes a dense growth. 5a The EucaLyprus CITRIODORA, Hooker, a native of Queensland, “ combines with the ordinary qualities of .many Eucalypts the ad- * Annual Record of Science and Industry, 1871, p. 586, t Trans. and Pro. of the Royal Society of Victoria, Part I, Vol. VIII, p. ix. $ 6 vantage of yielding from its leaves a rather large supply of volatile oil of excellent lemon-like fragrance.” ‘EB. compnocErHALA, Candolle, grows to a height of «fifty feet, wood close grained, hard and not rending.” EUCALYPTUS MARGINATA, Smith. «The Jarrah or mahogany tree of S. W. Australia, famed for its indestructible wood, which is attacked neither by Chelura nor Teredo nor Termites, and therefore so much sought for jetties and other structures exposed to seawater, also for underground work, and largely exported for railway sleepers. Vessels built of this timber have been enabled to do away with cop- per-plating. It is very strong, of a close grain and a slightly oily and resinous nature ; it works well, makes a fine finish, and is by shipbuilders here considered superior to either Oak, Teak, or indeed any other wood.” The tree does not grow as rapidly as the Blue Gum in the neighborhood of Melbourne, but Dr. Mueller expresses the opinion that it would make a rapid growth in a more favorable locality. The E. rosTrRATA, Schlecht, the Red Gum of Victoria, is a very valuable species for the ¢ extraordinary endurance of the wood . underground, and for this reason highly valued for fence-posts, piles and railway sleepers ; for the latter it will last a dozen years, and if well selected much longer. Itis also extensively used by shipbuild- ers, for mainstem, sternpost, innerpost, deadwood, floor timbers, futtocks, transoms, knightheads, hawsepieces, cant, stern, quarter and fashion timber, bottom planks, breasthooks and riders, windlass, bowrails, etc. It should be steamed before it is worked for plank- ing. Next to the Jarrah from W. Australia,” this is the best wood for resisting the attacks of seaworms and white ants. This species reaches a hundred feet in height, which is also the height of the next and last of the Eucalypti referred to herein, viz: E. SIDEROXYLON, Cunn., which produces a wood of great strength and hardness, and desirable for carpenters, shipbuilders, and wagon- makers, being suitable for wheels, treenails, belaying pins, and is con- sidered the strongest wood in the colony ; also valuable for railway sleepers, underground work in mines, ete. The wood of the Gums is * so soft at first as to render the felling, splitting, and sawing up of the tree, when green, a very easy pro- cess, but when thoroughly dry becoming as hard as oak.”’* * Baird's Dict. Nat. Hist., p. 235. 7 * When we consider the fact of the great number of farms in Cali- fornia that are nearly or wholly destitute of wood, and the great and continuous expense entailed by our system of fencing, the im- portance to the farmer of dedicating a portion of his land to the cultivation of forest trees, from which he can obtain fuel, and fenc- ing materials, is too palpable to admit of debate. The compara- tively small expense and labor with which the cultivation of a few acres for the purposes I have named is attended, its absolute feasi- bility and practicability, with the beneficial results that would flow therefrom, should commend itself at once to every farmer, as a few acres of timber land for economic purposes would add much more than the cost to the cash value of a farm. The boundaries of a farm should vied by a row or rows of trees, thus defining its limits by living monuments, and greatly adding to its beauty—from these rows as the trees advance in growth and age, some wood could be cut, and where the farm is of considerable size, enough in the way of trimmings or prunings to supply the fuel of the house. In the treeless areas of the southern part of the State, the varieties of Acacia above named would prove an important aid in assisting by their protection the planting of other species of timber ; as they are easily taken care of and will stand excessive drouth. They would also be useful as is our Monterey Cypress, ( Cupressus macrocarpa) for belts to break the force of the winds in exposed places, and it is to be hoped that before many years, timber belts for this pur- pose will be common wherever the coast winds prevail, as a protec- tion to orchards and vineyards. We have many native trees well adapted for timber or wind- breaks, and while calling the attention of land owners and others to - the exotic forms above mentioned and their special qualities as enumerated in Dr. Mueller’s excellent paper, I do not wish to be understood as making an unfavorable comparison as against indi- genous species, as for some of the purposes mentioned they will answer equally well. It must be remembered, however, that our forests are unfortu- nately deficient in many of the hardwoods much used in the arts, and which we are now compelled to import from localities more favored in this respect. The aggregate amount annually sent out of the State for the purchase of this material could by proper foresight ~ 8 and enterprise, in a few years, be retained within our own borders, and here expended in the establishing of new industries pertaining to the very material, the manufacture of which in other portions of the Union employs large communities, to whose support we are now contributing. As in Germany to anticipate a future need our own Sequoia sem- pervirens or Redwood tree is extensively cultivated, so here by the cultivation of the Australian Eucalypti we can ina few years supply a positive want, and reap the advantages above indicated. Since the reading of the above paper I have had many questions asked me by persons not present at the meeting of the Academy, and as an answer to said inquiries and to various | propositions I have added the following : n Some objection has been made to the Acacias and Eucalypts by persons who have planted them for shade or ornamental purposes in the neighborhood of San Francisco, for the reason as alleged that they do not withstand the winds. So far as the observations of myself and others who have investigated the matter extend, it is really surprising that so few are prostrated. The fault is not with the trees but the purchaser; as trees of from four to six feet in height are sold at a low price, they are bought by parties who require only a few, in preference to smaller trees, as they make a greater immediate show. As most of the growth of the trees as usually purchased, after having attained a height of six inches, has been made in the pot or box in which they are sold by the dealers, it will readily be perceived that the tap-root which in a natural state descends, is diverted from a perpendicular into a rotary direction, analogous to a spiral spring, and is also crossed and recrossed on * itself—with the liability as it increases in size to strangle the tree by one portion of this root making a short-turn or twist upon another part of the same, or by being wound about and restricted by the lateral roots. It is therefore apparent that the better policy would be, even where only a few trees are wanted, (and this remark applies with equal pertinence to all trees) that other things being equal, such as comely shape and healthy condition, the younger and smaller trees are really cheaper at the same price than the larger, and can generally be obtained for much less. For forest culture the smaller trees are indispensable to success. oy 4 9 wo Again it is frequently the case that the lower branches are trimmed off to a mischievous extent, which also is a mistake ; for where a tree has sufficient space to grow in, but little trimming is necessary, and it is a false taste which seeks to improve (?) upon nature by depriving a tree of its normal physiognomy and distinctive character by carving it into grotesque or inappropriate shapes ; it is simply mutilation, and is certain to result in the premature decay and death of the victim. The flattening of the head by certain aboriginal tribes, and the distorted feet of the fashionable Chinese ladies, are further and pertinent illustrations of analogous hideous violations of natural form. In compliance with my request to Dr. Arthur B. Stout, of this city, for a relation of his experience with the Eucalyptus in connec- tion with his medical practice, I have received the following : MR. STEARNS: Dear Sir: In response to your invitation, I am happy to contribute to your important article on the culture and uses of the Eucalyptus in California, my experience of the medical properties of that valuable plant. The Eucalyptus is not less precious for its medicinal virtues than it is ornamental in arboriculture and useful in the arts. Several months ago, incited by information derived from the Prac- titioner and other sources of knowledge, I collected and dried the leaves. The agreeable empyreumatic oil of the leaves, in evaporat ing, diffused a balmy odor through the house. I therefore considered that as this oil, as well as the catechu gum and kino, and the cajeput oil, are all similar hydrocarbons, their qualities must resem. ble the creosote, pyroligneous and carbolic acids in their disinfectant and hygienic properties. I have no doubt that Eucalyptus has these properties in a milder or weaker degree, only differing in being ac- companied with an agreeable perfume, wanting to creosote and carbolic acid. As a purifier therefore of the musty atmosphere and unpleasant emanations in basements and cellars, I have recom- mended the scattering of the dried leaves in such places. The powder of the dried leaves scattered in trunks and among clothes will no doubt be as useful and more agreeable than tobacco or camphor to prevent the growth of moths or other insects. Its chief value is, however, as a sedative and antiseptic in asthma, and T 2 rs en es ® 10 throat diseases, nasal catarrhs, and affections of the mucous mem- branes. To utilize these properties I had a concentrated tincture with alcohol at 95° prepared by Messrs. Steele & Co., and also contrived an inhaler with which to introduce the vapor of the essential oil to the throat and lungs. I can testify to the excellent efect of this mode of medication. The paroxysms of chronic asthma are relieved and shortened, and acute attacks are quickly allayed. The inhaler is a simple instrument made of tin. Itis a cup of a capacity of 4 fluid ounces ; the lid, attached by a hinge, has a tube from the centre about three inches high, bent near the end at a right angle, and terminated with a mouth piece like that of a speaking trumpet. The cup is on legs so that a spirit ig may be placed underneath, and has a wooden handle to it about when heated. Put two ounces of boiling water, (4 tablespoonfuls) in the cup; add one tablespoonful of the tincture ; and inhale the vapor, while the fluid is kept gently boiling with the spirit lamp. Again, I had prepared cigarettes with the coarsely powdered leaves. These produce a decidedly anodyne and antispasmodic effect. An agreeable syrup may also be prepared, useful in infantile maladies. There can be little doubt but that the oil of Eucalyptus, and Eucalyptine when it can be procured, will be available remedies against malarious diseases of all types, and that the presence of the trees, cultivated in gardens, contribute to sanify the atmosphere from those emanations which give origin to epidemic diseases. That the parasitic insects which infest other plants do not relish the Eucalyptus is evident from the general cleanness of the leaves and the fact that the hydrocarbon oils are fatal to animal life. The balmy perfume, therefore, that exhales from them must have an in- fluence ‘in destroying the parasites which frequent shrubs growing in their vicinity, tending to diminish if not suppress them. In corroboration of the advantages to be obtained by the cultiva- tion of this Myrtacea, may be shown the efforts made during the last fifteen years to acclimate it in Europe and elsewhere. Ramel has succeeded admirably in introducing this tree in Provence (France), in Spain, Italy, the islands of the Mediterranean sea, and in Algeria. It appears in the botanical gardens of Germany (Munich) ; and in Vienna, Austria, an apothecary, Lamalsh, has @ 13 raised 3,000 specimens from seeds. From these he has prepared tinctures and oils for medical purposes. See annual report of Wiggen and Husemann of progress in Pharmacy, etc., Gottingen, 1871. : By the assiduity of Dr. Pigne-Dupuytren, this tree has been carefully cultivated in the garden of the French Hospital of the Mutual Benevolent Association. So, that institution enjoys already the benefit of the tree hygienically, and has its supply of leaves for tinctures and syrups. The leaves steeped in boiling water are also used as a ptisane or beverage. However. obnoxious to parasites in general this tree may be, it appears it nevertheless has its own species in the Psylla Eucalypti. This insect is an Hemipteron, and appears on the Eu. dumosa. It deposits a species of manna, called in Australia Lerp or Laap. It is a white substance, 53.1 per ct. of sugar syrup and 46.9 p.c. of a special modification of starch. This is prized by the inhabitants as a Manna ; and is greatly sought for by the bees, who convert it into honey. Dobson (entomology) describes it as the cup-like coverings of the Psyllidee, but Wittstein mentions six varieties of Psylla, and that one species produces a colored Lerp handsomer than the white, but as a deposit beneath the cup like shields of the insect. See same annual, Gottingen, 1870. If this insect derives his Lerp from the aromatic and ils oil of the Eucalyptus, and furnishes an agreeable aliment for the inhabi- tants, and a Mt. Hymettus-like honey stuff for the bees, eertainly the busy little: insect manufacturer, parasite as he is, may be freely pardoned. Very respectfully yours, A. B. Svour, M. D. ~ From experiments recently made upon myself, I find that small doses, 3 ij to 3 iij, of the infusion of the leaves (of young trees) drank when cold, quiet the nerves and induce sleep ; quite likely, in ordinary cases of wakefulness, a pillow stuffed with the leaves would produce the same result. My friend, Dr. Kellogg, has pre- scribed the infusion in dyspepsia, and reports favorably. In addi- tion to the many valuable properties of the Blue Gum herein recited, I have no doubt but camphor in considerable quantity can be ob- tained from it. « of snslodsievaniion 4 Rs frog ad wa BOWEN BROTHERS, SAN FRANCISCO, THE LARGEST AND MOST PALATIAL IN THE UNITED STATES. —_——— —— eo} The Most Complete and Varied Stock ON THE PACIFIC COAST, Offered on Terms Acceptable to Purchasers. WITHOUT BOASTING, We Challenge Competition. Fresh Goods Constantly Arriving from all por- tions of the Globe, and of Sterling Quality. ALSO, A LARGE AND WELL SELECTED STOCK OF THE Finest Wines aad Liquors, CELEBRATED FOR PURITY AND FLAVOR. Satisfaction Guaranteed, and the Excellence of our Ware Warranted. Persons Sy to Insure Their Lives ; LEADING nen on TE WORLI MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY NEW YORK. 4S rp A . B FO FOR BE i’ Y = ’ CENERAL ACENT, PACIFIC COAST, San Francisco, Cal. 2B A a er TR es [5] larger proportion of the blue-gum has been planted than I ; have estimated, as its more rapid growth gave it the lead of the others in attracting attention, so that in speaking of the Eucalyptus, in California nearly every person would identify the generic name with EF. globulus, though, as before stated, there are over a hundred and fifty species; only about half a dozen are cultivated in California. Aside from its rapid growth, the blue-gum is undoubt- edly of less value for most purposes than its harder-wooded congeners. ‘The number of Eucalyptus trees planted in California during the decade under review is probably over siz millions. One nurseryman, who makes a specialty of forest trees, (almost exclusively three or four of the Euca- lypts, the native Monterey Cypress Cupressus macrocarpa, and the Monterey pine, P. insignis,) and who contracts to plant any number of trees or acres, claims to have raised and sold nearly the number above stated,* and between two and three millions of the native Monterey Cypress; this latter is, I presume, used only for ornament and hedges, for which purpose it is justly popular. His sales of the Eucalyptus last year were small, only fifty thousand; but this year (1882) he expects to do better, and anticipates orders for seventy-five thousand of the two species, blue and red. Asthere are many other nurseries in the State which raise and sell the foregoing species, the whole number must be exceedingly great, and quite likely for the ten years exceeds the total I have given. A large portion of said total has been planted in the streets, house-lots and yards of the cities, towns and vil- lages, and otherwise used in profusion for the adornment of the larger estates of suburban neighborhoods. So ex- tensively have the blue-gums and cypress been planted in many places, to the almost absolute exelusion of deciduous trees, that the vistas afforded by the streets are exceedingly * Ihave no reason to doubt his word, but for the sake of an ample margin on the side of fact, I have assumed six millions as a safe total. rer somber and monotonous through general sameness of form and tone of color. As might have been expected under the circumstances, a great deal of inconsiderate planting * was done, and the rapacious and irrepressible Eucalypts were, as often as otherwisé, placed in a lot where there was only room enough for a flower-hed; often several trees were put in a space represented by the part that is left of a lot fifty by one hundred feet, after the house and outbuildings are provided for. Within such narrow limits the Eucalypts soon become monopolists, and kill out the small shrubs and flowers upon which their shadow falls, or that are within reach of their far-spreading roots. For the reasons just stated, namely, the monotonous effect in streets, etec., through too exclusive use, and the killing out of other and smaller forms through injudicious planting within too nar- row limits, these trees are not as universally popular for ornamental purposes in some localities as formerly. The perfume of the blue-gum, so agreeable to many persons, and undoubtedly of great value as an anti-malarial, (which is produced by the terp and camphor contained in the foliage,) is offensive to many, suggesting as they assert the urine of cats. As will be seen in the foregoing, there is no argument against the tree per se, for the fault is that of inconsiderate and unwise planting, analagous to the planting of potatoes or pumpkins in a flower-bed, or the planting of geraniums and roses in a potato-patch or corn-field. Whatever may be the special beauty or virtues of a plant, it is neverthe- lessa weed when out of a place. So also with our Monterey cypress—which has, it may with truth be said, a cosmopol- itan and world-wide appreciation, wherever it will grow, as one of the most beautiful of evergreen forms—when out place, or over or unduly planted. In my immediate neigh- borhood, while many of both the native and foreign species are being planted, many are being cut down. As there was indiscriminate and inconsiderate planting, so there is fo Page Missing Page Missing [9] Seni - of forest tree, planted as extensively and over so wide and diversified a climatic area as KE. globwlus has been, from Oregon throughout California, into Arizona, did not fail somewhere within so vast a territory. Bearing upon this point as well as showing how many have been planted, etec., the following, kindly furnished me by J. R. Scupham, Esq., of the Central Pacific Railroad Company, is of partic- ular interest: : “The Company have planted Fucalyptus globulus, I. rostrata, HK. sideroxylon, E. cornuta, BE. marginata, and other varieties. Some were bought in the nurseries, but most of them were raised from seed sent by Von Mueller. Hun- dreds of thousands of trees have been planted along the right of way and in plantations. About San Francisco bay all species flourish if cultivated when young; but most growth is made by the E. globulus, E. cornute and B. gigan- tea. In the interior valleys these species will not flourish, are not sure even to live save in exceptional places; while the HK. rostrata and E. viminalis seem to do well and bear the frost. At Delano is one interior locality where the B globulus flourishes in spite of frost. A rich soil compen- sates for some frost, as is evinced also by this species also flourishing at Chico. The first group mentioned will not grow in Arizona, nor along the Southern Pacific Railroad east of Colton. In a plantation of one hundred and twenty thousand trees at Tipton, well cared for, nearly all the trees of the first group died after struggling along for two years, while the EF. rostrata and the like thrive though growing slowly.” “It is never too late to mend,” and though the too exclusive planting of F. globulus has resulted in occasional disappointment, such instances, though often chargeable to lack of judgment in the party disappointed, (never- theless to be regretted,) are not numerous; and it is grati- fying to perceive that no material check has been given to tree-planting by these occasional mishaps. The KEucalypts [10] now being set out are selected with proper regard to local climate, soil and station, as well as to the quality of their “wood. For regions where the summer heats, drouth and winter frosts are factors, the species named by Mr. Scup- ham are now being used. Touching the value of the Eucalypts for lumber, based upon the product of California grown trees, but little can be said. The time has not arrived to determine that ques- tion. The lumber sawed in Australian mills is not made from trees of only ten to fifteen years of age, and it is proh- able that very few of the Eucalypts planted in California are as old as fifteen years from the seed. Our native trees of so recent a growth are not used for or madeinto lumber, and nothing but soft and sappy wood can be expected from trees so young. The ler unsatisfactory results of experiments with telegraph poles and railroad ties, so far as regards the latter use especially, might have been anti- cipated, though the experiment with the red-gum, if the wood was properly seasoned, was worth the trial. Whether the telegraph poles were barked and well-seasoned before setting I have not learned. For the purposes of fuel the wood of these trees requires to be split immediately after felling, the same as the white birch of the East, otherwise it becomes soggy and worthless. Of the profit of Eucalyptus-growing for fuel purposes, the most reliable testimony is that which relates to the planta- tion of General Stratton, before referred to, which consisted of forty-five acres, (forty-three of E. globulus and two E. viminalis,) planted in 1869—ten being from seed sown April Tth, 1869. Recently, twenty acres of this artificial forest have been cleared, to make room for an orchard, and after charging every item of cost and a yearly rental of five dol- lars per acre, the net profits, as shown by the owner, are << $3,866.04 on twenty acres in eleven years.” Professor Hilgard, of the University of California, recently distributed circulars for the purpose of collecting REI CT [11] facts regarding the Eucalyptus from the various forest- growers throughout the State. Though but few responded the information obtained is of great interest, and the bulk of testimony decidedly favorable. Time and space will not permit me to extend this communication by giving the details as presented by Professor Hilgard, at a meeting of the State Horticultural Society. Of his remarks thereon I quote as follows from the Rural Press of February 4th, 1882, and also enclose a copy for further reference if required: ¢ Of the Eucalyptus, Professor Hilgard said that it was no doubt a great pest when it was planted in the wrong place; but there is abundant use and space somewhere for a rapidly-growing, drouth-resisting tree, which grows well in half the State. Part of our.State, because of its lack of trees, is called an arid region. If all the lands capable of bearing the Eucalyptus were forest, who would call it so? Not only the name, but the climate would change. “We need fuel, lumber, railroad ties, etc. If the blue- gum does not make good ties, other kinds of Encalyptus will. The wood is no softer or more porous than redwood; probably as durable and resistant of insects or decay. Tt is better fuel than cottonwood, and it is good for inner cab- ~ inet-work if not for outside. ¢“ Beggars should not be choosers. If we are in a Cali- fornian hurry to get rich in tree-growing, we cannot grow first-class woods. Weare trying all sorts of trees. At the University they are now being set out. Itis desirable that hard-wood trees should be planted for future use. But let us not despise the Fucalyptus globulus for immediate use. Let us clothe the Coast Range and foot-hills with forests, if only to increase the rain-fall and the beauty of the country. “Suppose even that the estimated returns from planting given us are too high for the average; still, if we can get full farm rent off of millions of acres now lying out, it will add greatly to the wealth and promote the industries of the [12] State. We cannot grow hard-wood forests in time for the giving out of the redwood-supply. let us have something to fall back upon.” In relation to the sanitary and medicinal value of certain species of Eucalypts, though perhaps too much has been claimed by enthusiastic friends, there is enough, minus exaggeration, to justify their being regarded as of unques- tionable merit. My own opinion of the medicinal virtues of the Z. globulus in certain cases, based upon personal experience as heretofore expressed, has since been con- firmed by repeated experiments. On the sanitary advant- ages of living trees not alone of this genus but of trees in general, 1 would particularly invite attention to the com- " prehensive and interesting paper on the ¢ Sanitary Influ- ences of Trees,” by Hon. B. B. Redding, of California, a copy of which I herewith transmit. From the foregoing it will be seen, and I believe readily conceded, that tree-planting in California for the past dec- ade has not been a failure ; that if one-half the trees planted as represented by the preceding figures, are still living and «growing, the past has been really a very great success; that if new plantations are being made at the rate of say, only fifty thousand to seventy-five thousand per annum, that the present is full of promise and the future full of hope; that - the very disappointments which have occurred, though a loss to individuals, are a public gain, as being likely to eventuate in a more diversified and intelligent selection, and to induce a more extended and critical inquiry as to the economic and sesthetic value of other sylvan forms. [ From the American Naturalist, July, 1879 # i FORM OF SEEDS AS A FACTOR TI _ » © SELECTION IN PLANT wl: RB / B FPN, OF THE UNIVERSITY 3) AMERICAN NATURALIST. VoL. x11. — JULY, 1879. — No. 7. THE FORM OF SEEDS AS A FACTOR IN NATURAL SELECTION IN PLANTS. BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. HE present aspect of the fields in the immediate neighbor- hood(of the grounds of the University of California, at Berkeley, when compared with their general appearance five years ago, when the flora of the locality was first noticed by me, exhib- its a marked contrast; and though during this time the vary-- ing character of the vegetation from year to year attracted my attention, the altered physiognomy of the fields particularly impressed me this past season, and curiosity has led me to seek for the causes which have produced what may be regarded as a most striking change. The complexity of questions of this kind is increased, not only through the simpler factors involved, some of which are given below, but by the sequence of relationship of such factors to each other, which it is difficult to detect. ; The climatology of the seasons during which such changes have been progressing ;—the tillage of proximate lands, and the introduction of new plants. or of plants new to a locality, through this agency or by other artificial means more or less direct, which follow the settlement of a region;—other changes which follow through neglect of tillage, as where the cultivation of farm- ing lands is abandoned, as is generally the case where such lands are divided and cut into small parcels for village or town plats or lots ;—these are a few of the more conspicuous agencies which produce changes of the kind mentioned herein, in the local flora of such neighborhoods. Again, the time required for the growth VOL. XIII,—NO, VII, 29 412 Form of Seeds as a Factor (July, of a plant, from the sprouting of the seed to maturity, differs greatly in different plants, and the seeds of some plants germinate in much less time than the seeds of others. From this cause the aspect of the fields changes during the same season; those plants whose seeds start quickly and attain maturity in the shortest time, dominate for awhile and give one aspect to the fields in the first part of the season, and those plants whose seeds sprout slowly only reach maturity after the earlier have passed their prime or died, then dominate! and later in the season give to the fields a a different complexion or appearance. The occurrence of these changes and the domination of this or that plant inside of or within the number of plants which form the flora of a certain region, may be conspicuously modified, in one year or season as compared with another, by the character of the season as previously referred to. As some plants thrive best with only a moderate supply of moisture, and are dwarfed, decreased in number of individuals or suppressed by the “ drown- ing” of the seeds as the farmers call it, through excess of “ wet” —so the latter might be highly favorable to the germination of the seeds and earlier development of the plants of some other species, which in normal or ordinary seasons would appear much later? : The effect of only one such season might extend through several seasons, and materially modify the landscape features in its annual plants for a period of many years. Without further enlarging in this direction on certain points which have been referred to, as they cannot properly be passed unnoticed, attention is called to another class of factors, not generally recognized, but of sufficient importance not to admit of exclusion, wherein natural selection is illustrated as performing its part in a different way. \ The domination of “the fittest,” the character of a season con- Thus Madia sativa, popularly or unpopularly known as ¢tar-weed,” and obnox- ious to pedestrians on account of its gummy exudation which injures clothing, though inconspicuous in early summer, later in the season becomes a prominent plant. 2In considering this point the frequently recurring discussion of what may be entitled ¢ Cheat zs. Wheat,” is brought to mind; some farmers contending that in seasons of unusual “wet’’ the wheat turns to cheat; others that the cheat, which in ordinary seasons is kept back, suppressed by the wheat (which makes the earliest start and quickest after growth, therefore maturing first), in unusually wet seasons gets the start of the wheat and dominates the field for that season. (Cheat is the local or vulgar name for Lolium temulentum.) 1879.] in. Natural Selection in Plants. 413 sidered, has been inferentially if not directly shown, where the effect of an unusually wet season is referred to; so certain plants which now dominate in my immediate neighborhood illustrate how natural selection has assisted, to say the least, in producing the change in the open fields near my residence in Berkeley, through the advantage which one form of seed has over seeds of a different form. And this aside from its interest to the scientific observer, is of special interest to the farmer, for it enters into the economics of his business, as may be seen further on. Only a few years ago the entire region hereabout, from the hills to the shore of the bay, was either farmed or used for pasturage. Where not tilled, over large portions of this area, the wild mus- tard (Brassica nigra) abounded, and was regarded by the farmers as a pest; it grew and thrived nearly everywhere, and often attained a height sufficient “to hide all of a standing horse but his head.” During later years the mustard has surrendered a part of the field to an (introduced?) turnip and radish, plants of the same order, with smooth seeds, and all three of these have been giving way, gradually yielding to other plants, native and introduced. : The mustard may, in some localities, regain in part its lost supremacy, through the assistance of man, as the seed within a few years has become of economic importance, and is now prepared for culinary purposes, and is also on the list of products in the export trade of the State! The principal plants within the more limited area first men- tioned in this paper, to which these smooth-seeded Crucifere have been gradually yielding, have seeds of a different form. One of these is the Alfillarilla, or *filaree,” by which name it is more generally known, a plant which is closely related to the gerani- ums, if we may judge from analogies of form in leaf and flower, structure of seed receptacle and shape of seeds. This alfillarilla, as it is called by the Spanish Californians, is an Erodium, and two species grow here, namely, £. cicutarium and E. moschatum.? 11n 1875, 1013 centals, valued at $4849; 1876, 5458 centals, valued at $18,314 ; 1877, 5065 centals, valued at $15,412, and in 1878, 7552 centals, valued at $21,689, were exported to foreign countries, making a total for the four years of 19,088 cen- tals of the value of $60,264. 2 Cattle eat these readily and appear to be fond of them, but the latter species espe- cially is not a desirable plant for milch cows, as it gives a disagreeable odor and taste to the milk. 414 Form of Seeds as a Factor [July, This genus is a form of “cranesbill,” and as will be seen by Fig. 1, and its gynacium, Fig. 2, is somewhat like that of Ger- anium maculatum, as figured in Gray. F { — eS NT pos 4 4 Crane’s bill (Erodium) or Alfillarilla. From nature. 2 The latter figure, with the sepals removed, shows the ovaries with their slender bearded! styles or awns (Figs. 3 and 4 enlarged) an situ, cohering to the elongated axis of the receptacle. It will be observed upon examination that the ovaries are in fact a barb-shaped sheath enclosing the seed, the surface of which is covered with short stiff hairs or small bristle-like spines visible to the unaided eye, but of course more conspicuous through a com- mon lens. The tip of the barb is also peculiarly pointed and curved ; produced from the upper end of the ovary (that opposite to the tip) is a thread-like process or style an inch or more in length, varying in different specimens, so that the ovary as a whole may be compared to a tiny arrow, which it much resembles. : Now if we examine an unripe specimen before the sepals have separated from it (Fig. 1), we shall find four to five of these minia- ture arrows (carpels) side by side, closely fitting together, being snugly packed around the prolonged central axis of the gynae- cium, the base of which is sufficiently expanded or swollen to receive the tips. After the blossom has withered and the ripening process 11t is presumable that the Spanish name A/fi/arilla was suggested by these deli- cate filaments. 1879.] in Natural Selection in Plants. 415 advances, it will be found that the arrows (ovaries) in these little bundles, or quivers, if it be allowable to so name them, exhibit a tendency to separate from the central stalk or axis of the recepta- cle, first curling upwards and finally falling off, or are blown out and distributed by the wind. As soon as the ovaries are detached as above, their styles com- mence twisting (see Figs. 5, 6 and 7), and the delicate threads, as seen upon and along the slender shaft or style, are consequently thrown out at increased angle (sometimes at a nearly right angle), so that the entire ovary now presents somewhat the appearance of the skeleton or frame, as it were, of a parachute, which after a breeze has passed and the air is calm, causes it to descend verti- cally, barb downward, so that the tip first touches the ground ; the end of the tip is also barbed, so that if the soil at the spot where it alights is at ali loose, it holds on. If the weather is dry the style or awn becomes still dryer, which causes it to twist still more, and the torsion caused by increased desiccation, turns it deeper and deeper; while if the atmosphere becomes damp or a rain occurs sufficient to moisten the slender style, though but little moisture is required to relax the torsion, the bite or grip previously made is not lost, because with the softening of the style the barb or ovary is not twisted out; whatever hold has been gained is retained, and the torsion renewed with recurring desiccation, and so the process of planting goes on. The small bristles on the surface of the ovary or sheath are set obliquely upwards to the axial length and assist in the process of he planting. It will be seen that every alternation of atmospheric conditions, characterized by positive moisture or dryness, assists in the operation! The luxuriant growth of the cultivated geraniums in California is well known. In and around Berkeley nearly every yard has many plants of one or more varieties. On my premises are numerous vigorous plants of large size and of many varieties, including Pelargoniums. 1 This is easily illustrated by the following simple experiment: Take a tumbler and fill it with sand; select specimens of the gynzcia or receptacles which are beginning to turn brown or approaching ripeness, that is while the seeds complete with barb and shaft are straight ; place the barb sufficiently deep into the sand so that its tip is fairly set; it will soon be noticed as the ripening progresses, or as the awn or shaft begins to dry that it also begins to curl or twist, and that in curling it buries the barbed ovary deeper and deeper, as turning a corkscrew carries the same deeper and deeper into a cork. 416 Form of Seeds as a Factor [July, The question naturally occurred, why have not these orna- mental forms which have the great advantage over their wild relatives of the protection and fostering care of man, spread like the unprotected £rodium and divided the field with it or driven it out? The seeds are not infertile, for under the shade of the sturdy plants which produce them, protected during the hot dry summers by the leaves which fall from the parent plant and make the thin mulch which covers them, with infrequent and slight sprinkling during the long rainless season, hundreds of young plants may be seen in the fall which have sprung from the loose and slightly moistened soil and acquired their second pair of leaves. The carpels are of the same form as those in Erodium ; few persons could detect any difference, and the awn or style twistsin the same way. Upon critical examination, however, it was found that the tip (insertion point) of the carpel was covered with soft silken hairs instead of rigid bristles, too soft to act as barbs, and the insertion point is neither as sharp or stiff nor curved the same as in Erodium. The seeds of all of these foreign forms which have been exam- ined by me in this connection, are apparently dependent for dis- tribution chiefly on the winds, for the delicate filaments along the style if not longer are more numerous than in Erodium, so that when the twist or torsion has occurred, they present a form well adapted for distribution by flight. Darwin has noticed the advantage which winged seeds have in this respect, as well as those plants whose seed cups or receptacles - have a rough exterior, which get caught in the hair or fleece of animals and are thereby transported from place to place. In this way also the seeds of the geraniums have some advantage, but as compared with those of Erodium, so far as planting by natural methods is considered, the advantage is conspicuously in favor of the latter. I do not know how it is with the cultivated varieties referred to in their native country, neither can I assert how it might be with our Erodium forms if transplanted to another region; a dif- ferent environment might induce a gradual modification in those peculiarities which in the environment of Berkeley are important factors in their propagation and the extension of their geographi- cal domain. It is not difficult for a person who is familiar with the cultivation of plants, and who has had an experience covering 1879.] in Natural Selection in Plants. 417 widely separated regions with different soils and climates to con- ceive of conditions which might give to Erodium a rank succu- lent and tender growth, which, continued for a few years might differentiate the rigid bristles and barb of its ovaries in the direc- tion of greater flexibility; or on the other hand to modify the soft nap or pile on the surface of the ovaries as well as the flexi- ble tip of the foreign geraniums in the direction of rigidity or spine-like stiffness. Those influences which induce succulent or ligneous terdencies in plants are to a great extent the factors in such variation. The seeds of geraniums found in the highlands of Uruguay, as well as the seeds of certain other plants, exhibit the same inter- esting peculiarities. Notwithstanding the browsing of cattle the Erodium gained upon the previously conspicuous forms. Within the past two years, however, it has been losing ground, in some places more 1 An exceedingly brief outline of this paper was read by me before the California Academy of Sciences, June 17th, 1878; subsequently my friend, Mr. X. VY. Clark, sent me the following clipping from ANaZure of March 1, 1877, which I had not pre- viously seen : “ Hygroscopic Seeds.—I have lately received an interesting letter from Fritz Miil- ler, in St. Caterina, Brazil, on the subject of hygroscopic seeds. He tells me that in the highlands of the Uruguay he has succeeded in discovering more than a dozen grasses, as well as a species of geranium, whose awns are capable of hygroscopic torsion. He has been so kind as to send me specimens of the grass-seeds, and many of them appear to be as beautifully adapted as those of Stipa, Avena, &c., for pene- trating the ground in the manner which I have elsewhere described (Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 1, part 3, p. 149, 1876). The most curious among the specimens received are the seeds belonging to the genus Aristida. In one of these the awn is longitu- dinally divided into three fine tails, six or eight inches in length, each of which twists on its own axis when the seed is dried. These tails project in three directions and more or less at right angles to the axis of the seed, and Fritz Miiller states that they serve to hold it in an upright position with its lower end resting on the ground, The seed is pointed and barbed in the usual manner, and when it is made to rotate by the twisting of the awns, it evidently forms a most effectual boring-instrument, for Fritz Miiller found ‘many seeds which had penetrated the hard soil in which the parent plant was growing. Another species of Aristida is interesting to me, because it illustrates the explanation which I gave of the torsion of the awn of Stipa, namely, that each individual cell of which the awn is composed is capable of torsion, and their combined action results in the twisting of the whole awn. Now in this species of Aristida each of the three tails into which the awn is divided is capable of tor- sion on its own axis, and as the seed dries they twist up into a perfect three-stranded rope, just as the component cells combine to produce the rope-like twist of the Stipa awn. And as the tails wind together and form the strands, the seed is inade to rotate and thus bury itself in the ground. ‘Down, Beckenham, February 19. FrANCIS DARWIN.” The Transactions referred to in Mr. Darwin’s foot-note are not within my reach, and the article referred to by him, is unknown to me. I am curious to learn how far my observations and comments, made quite independently and without knowledge of anything elsewhere written, may agree with or sustain previous writers, or be corroborated and sustained by their observations. 418 Form of Seeds as a Factor [July, rapidly than in others, through the conquering advance of another plant, a form which, being not only worthless as food but repug- nant to cattle, is not molested by them in its onward march for supremacy, which over large areas it has already achieved, to the nearly total exclusion of Erodium. This latter is what is known as barley-grass, or false barley, Hordeum maritimum, of which a spikelet is shown in the follow- ing figure (8). : b Fic. 8. De Grass. Upon a careful examination it will be seen that the entire spikelet throughout is closely set either with short rigid bristles (as on the glumes and palea) or with minute sharply-pointed barbs as exhibited in the awns throughout their entire length, and on the edges of the arrow-shaped base or stem (insertion point) of the spikelet. Upon the long bristle-like awns these barbs are closely set, but are so very small as not to be at first detected ; on pulling one of them through the fingers in a direction from the tip 2 towards the extremity of the awn 4, no difficulty is encountered, it may be done with ease ; but on pulling it in the opposite direction, namely, from & towards a, resistance ensues from the multitude of minute barbs, and the effort, if persisted in, results in the breaking of the awn. 1879.] in Natural Selection in Plants. 419 The spikelet as a whole may be regarded as a wonderfully ingenious, compound and effective barb, having through the angle of its various parts and the length of the awns, all of the advantages of the parachute form which Erodium and the culti- vated geraniums referred to derive from their twisted styles with fine lateral hairs, for floating in the air and for poise in ultimate descent. The principal advantage which Erodium has over this Hordeum is in the hygroscopic torsion of the styles! or awns; this is more than balanced by the preponderance of barbs and bristles in Hor- deum, all of which are set at some angle outward and upward, while the spoon-shaped basal nib, arrow-head or insertion point, whichever it may be termed, is perhaps equally well adapted as the same part in the carpels of Erodium, for biting and holding on; once inserted, every motion it receives, whether from the wind or other source only inserts it deeper and deeper, and in this the nib or insertion point is assisted by the other parts of the spikelet. Another and probably the chief advantage which the barley-grass has over Erodium is in the greater number of seeds (three in a spikelet) in a single plant; recurring again to the fact that cattle dislike it on account of its wiry, prickly character, which gives it almost perfect immunity or protection from their browsing, it is easy to perceive why it has become nearly if not quite “ master of the situation.” : To the farmer it is a pest and to the pedestrian a nuisance, as the spikelets stick into the trowsers around the foot, working in deeper and deeper with every motion, often crawling upwards as far as the top of the boot-leg, where if the stocking is long and extends above, it catches and follows down into the foot, irri- "tating the flesh and compelling a halt in order to remove the annoyance. Under a microscope lens the main barb (insertion point or nib) is an interesting and curious object; the unshaded edges (see figure) and the tiny barbs upon the same are translucent, being 1¢¢ A wild oat * * * % * the A. sterilis of botanists, is remarkable for the hygrometric properties of the seed. Two grains usually grow together, and they have a stout, bent and twisted awn. When the oat is ripe it falls out of its glume, and in warm dry weather may be seen rolling and turning about on its long ungainly legs as they twist up in consequence of their hygrometric quality. They turn and tumble about till their awns are so twisted that they can twist no further. They then reniiin quiet till the dew falls, or they are moistened by a shower, when they rapidly untwist and run about as if anxious to escape from the wet.”’—ZBaird’s Dict. Nat, list. p. 27. 420 Form of Seeds as a Factor, &c. [July, nearly pure silica; so also are the minute barbs upon the awns ; and the short bristles on the surface of the ovaries in Erodium resemble, in miniature, the spiny bones in the dorsal fin of a perch. Other bearded or barbed-seeded or rough-burred plants have increased in several places within the region referred to in this paper, among these are the burr-clover (Medicago denticulata) and the thistles (Centaurea melitensis L., and C. solstialis 1.), both introduced species; the barley-grass, however, has the advantage over all others and is likely to maintain it. RT TO wrt 7 1 rrr a} No ON THE : 7 RE TREES AND THE METEOROLOGICAL IN- FERENCES SUGGESTED THEREBY. ty { ra BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS, Pe. D, 7 § 2 i Wane in N apa county, during the month of October, 1881, I noticed in a clearing lately made on the top of ~ Howell Mountain that, in felling, most of the large trees had been sawed across at the butt, instead of being chopped down with an axe, thus making an even cross-section or plane surface, and admitting of the counting of the rings of growth. : : It was my intention at the time to fave taken these ‘notes myself, and, further, to have made a diagram, show- ing the exact width or thickness of each of the annual rings, ’ in order to make a comparison of one tree with another GROWTH OF CERTAIN CALIFORNIA FOREST 1 [2] and to learn whether the annual rings or growths of each year, commencing with the last year and comparing back- ward, year with year and tree with tree, exhibited a coin- cidence in thickness or a coincidence in variation. Before proceeding further in the elaboration of this point I will state that lack of time prevented my making the diagrams, and that the following measurements of four trees of the species known as Pinus ponderosa—or yellow pine—were made for me by Mr. A. L. Roache, who was then visiting the region: inside of bark. Outside of bark. Average Annual Growth Inches. | Inches. AnnualRings.|" jn¢ide of bark—inches. No. Loo... 20%; | 24%, 54 .3796 No, 2.0... 273 | - 30%; 75 .3666 No. 3.0... 33%4 38 80 4187 No. 4. 24 | 2914 72 .3333 Mean annual growth, .3745 of an inch. ~The thickness of the bark, it will be seen, varies consid- erably. The differences in the diameters, as shown in the columns, ‘inside’ and ‘outside of bark’ being that of the bark on the two sides of the tree, require therefore to be divided by two, to give the true thickness, and gives No. 1, two inches; No. 2, one and a half inches; No. 3, two and a quarter inches; and No. 4, two and three-quar- ter inches. These trees stood in such a station or position, as to uni- formity of conditions, i. e., character of soil and surface, exposure, ete., as to furnish a fair basis for a calculation of the kind herein made. It will be observed, upon adding up the column of annual rings, and also the column of largest diameters, and then dividing these totals by four to get the average, that in the region where they grew, about seventy years were required to make a yellow pine thirty inches, or two and a half feet, in diameter. The mean thickness of the annual rings in [3] the above trees, .8745 of an inch, is nearly three-cighths of an inch, or .3750. If we had similar and sufficient data from various places, we might make a pretty accurate approximation and gen- eralization of the kind above illustrated; in this, the data being limited, the region to which they apply must also be limited, and to the species—the single species only—as above given. The pines are quick-growing trees, and, in common witl other related forest forms, make a proportionately ‘larger growth in their early years, or, in other words, make thicker annual rings when young than when old, though in an equally vigorous condition, so that a measurement of young trees, though useful as showing how long we may have to wait to get a profitable return in fuel or lumber from an artificial plantation; such young trees would not answer the purpose of a standard of age or measurement for the large trees of natural forests. ; In the neighborhood of Berkeley, trees of the Monterey pine, nine to ten years of age, show a maximum diameter of one foot three inches, being a growth of over an inch a year, and a mean diameter, so far as I have measured, of nine inches, the result of several trees. These were planted for ornamental purposes. : Sections of the following species of forest trees, indigen- ous to the Pacific Coast, are contained in the Museum of the University of California, and yield the data given below: : Abies grandis, or white fir—Larger diameter, 23 5-16 inches; smaller diameter, 22 11-16 inches; mean diameter, 23 inches ; thickness of bark, three-fourths of an inch ; annual rings, 146; mean annual growth, .1575 of an inch, or a little under one-sixth of an inch per annum. Abies Douglassii, or Tsuga Douglassii, the hemlock spruce, so called—Larger diameter, 17% inches; smaller diameter, [4] 16§ inches; mean diameter, 17} inches; thickness of bark, “half an inch; annual rings, 96; mean annual growth, a trifle under .18, or something over one-sixth of an inch. Abies Mertensiana—Larger diameter, 181 inches; smaller diameter, 162 inches; mean diameter, 171 inches; thick- ness of bark, a trifle over half an inch; annual rings, 110; ~ mean annual growth, nearly .160, being something less than one-sixth of an inch per annum. These three species of Abies are represented in the above measurement by trees which grew in or near Gualala, Men- docino county, an exceptionably favorable station so far as moisture is concerned, the country being well watered, and the county, in common with the entire region from the Oregon line to and inclusive of Marin county as the south- ern terminus, being part of a meteorological province, which receives not only a greater average rainfall than other parts of the State, but also the fullest advantage of the summer fogs which, borne shoreward by the trade-winds, are con- densed by the lofty evergreens which here abound and fall to the ground, dripping through the foliage of the trees, like a gentle shower. A comparison of so moist a region with the drier areas, shows at a glance the necessity of a careful consideration of environmental conditions in con- nection with deductions from data, of the kind herein referred to. A section of Sequoia sempervirens, our common redwood, shows, counting from the circumference toward the center, a growth of three inches in 95 years, or, more particularly, 95 growth rings averaging .0316 of an inch per annum. - Notwithstanding the majestic proportions which the Se- quoias attain, the above measurement, as well as an exam- ination of the ends of a large number of redwood boards, show that these trees are of slow growth. The measurements of a specimen of Sequoia gigantea, as given with great particularity by Professor Whitney in the [5] AA Yosemite Guide Book (edition of 1870). pages 147-8, give a mean diameter of 23 feet 33 inches, without bark, and 1,255 annual rings, a mean annual growth of only .2229 of an inch, very nearly, being less than one-quarter of an inch a year. It is not unlikely that the comment may be made, that the data here presented are so meager as to be of little value, though perhaps interesting and suggestive. This I am quite ready to admit, and while doing so will revert to the point temporarily dropped near the beginning of this paper, and speculate a few moments in the direction which said point indicated. * : i METEOROLOGICAL INFERENCES. Any one who has taken the trouble to examine the annual growths, or width of the annual rings in trees, has at once perceived a great difference in their thickness in the same tree. If we may assume (leaving out young trees) that this variation is principally due to the amount or quantity of the rainfall, and that rings which exhibit maximum thickness have followed in their growth seasons of maximum rainfall, and the thinner rings are consequent- ly the result of the influence of seasons of a less or minim- um rainfall, we may assume that if, upon a given date, numerous trees were felled so that we could have trans- verse sections of all of the principal species, such trees being located at various points in the State, great care being taken that the trees so selected should have been subject, as nearly as possible, to the same environmental conditions, we might obtain an aggregation of data of sufficient volume to render a deduction therefrom of great value, as to the meteorology of the Pacific Coast. We might find so close a parallelism between rings of maximum thickness and seasons of maximum rainfall, that we should be justified in regarding this parallelism as something more than a 167 series of coincidences merely, by finding these coincidences so persistent as to prove a correlation; and we could, per- haps, base our weather prognostications upon something more than a guess, and learn whether or not there is a periodicity or cyclical terms of wet and dry years. having the data before us according to the trees selected and exam- ined—reaching back with the Pines from seventy-five to one hundred and fifty years, with the Redwoods from five to seven hundred or more years, and with the Sequoias of the Sierra from twelve to fourteen centuries, to say nothing of the testimony of other trees, the Madronas and Oaks especially. : The forest monarchs of the Sierra Nevada and the Coast ranges offer a calendar whose records have been written by the elements; and so. far as the giant Sequoius are con- sidered, their evidence would certainly be that of the old- est inhabitants, substantially supported by their first of kin, the magnificent redwoods of the Coast ranges. Another matter of minor, though not of insignificant im- portance, would be the relation between greatest diameter and the points of the compass, as to whether the greatest diameter is persistently incidental to a certain aspect or quarter of the compass. In the specimen of Sequoia gigan- tea above mentioned, Professor Whitney gives the greatest diameter, north and south, as twenty-four feet and one and one-half inches: while the ‘‘shorter diameter, or that east and west, was 23 [twenty-three] feet, divided exactly even on each side of the center.” ¢¢ Across its longest diameter, south of center, 13 feet 93 inches.” ¢¢ Across its longest diameter, north of center, 10 feet 4 inches,” or twenty-four feet and one and one-half inches, as before stated, a differ- ence between the north and the south side of the center, of three feet and five and one-half inches in favor of the latter. Difference in the diameters may be traced perhaps to a difference in the amount of heat and light, which one side of a tree receives as compared with the other; to the influ- ence of prevailing winds according to the station, position or exposure; or to local or general magnetic influences— local as peculiar to small areas, or general as pertaining to larger or extensive regions. Au accumulation of data might show a marked and constant character in the relation of diameters to such factors of the environment; and also a marked character in the diameters of one region, as a whole, when compared with another region, where modi- fied or different climatic conditions exist. In a comparatively arid region, with a high mean tem- perature and infrequent rainfall and a dry atmosphere, we may suppose that the southerly half of a tree, following the curve of its circumference from east by way of south to west, might, through excess of light and heat, suffer from dessi- cating influences, and make a less growth than the north- erly half, following the ¢urve of the trunk from east by way of north to west, as the northerly half would have the ad- vantage, if advantage it be, in such a climate, of less light and heat and more shade; while in a region less arid with a much lower mean temperature, etc., the greater propor- tion of light and heat which the southerly half receives, would give that side of the tree an advantage over the northerly half. As to the effect of prevailing winds in differentiating the diameter, we may supposc that the side of a tree most exposed might be affected, and the growth on the wind- - ward side much modified or repressed; while the leeward or sheltered side, being protected, would exhibit a greater diameter or semi-diameter, measuring from the true center of the tree, i. e., from its initial ring. In the ¢ big tree’ measured by Professor Whitney, the southerly half of the diameter shows the excess, indicating that heat and light were specially advantageous; but here altitude comes in as a factor, as the height of the Calaveras grove, or rather its site, is 4,759 feet above the level of the sea, an elevation where, though the heat of the six mid-day hours in June and July is 80° and upwards, the nights are cool; and as Professor Whitney remarks, ¢¢ during ordinary years, . . . the flanks of the Sierra are well covered [with snow] down to 4,000 feet above the sea during mid- winter months, and a heavy body of snow lies on the passes until May, or even June.” So after the snow has melted up to and above the altitude orsite of the grove, the atmos- phere is cooled for a long period afterwards by the snow- clad slopes and the unmelted masses of snow: upon the higher flanks of the Sierra beyond. In the consideration of all the factors which suggest themselves, and which no doubt are more or less operative or interoperative, the least perceptible, though perhaps the most important, is that of compensation, which modifies - or neutralizes what at first appear to be conspicuous and dominating influences. What is above presented, it should be understood, is simply hypothetical, and for the purpose of awakening discussion and calling attention to a most interesting sub- ject; one which, if generally understood, would be of great practical importance. At present the data are so exceed- ingly meager as to preclude anything more than specula- tion, or to incite to and stimulate investigation. From a knowledge of the various points of inquiry herein suggested, might be deduced a generalization, indicating a universal and preponderating law. BerkeLEY, California, Feb. 10, 1882. [Nore. Portions of the foregoing were read before the California Academy of Sciences, December 5, 1881. It has since been revised and materially modified and expanded. ] | FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. ] No. CCC. NEw SEriEs.—DECEMBER 1, 1891. nai. ; - . ’ Rt a mA Brg {onIvERSIT | LN cauronih, SE 3 : : ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. II—FLOWERS AND FORESTS OF THE FAR WEST. TEMPERATE North America, as regards its types of vegetation, consists of four well-marked subdivisions. The most important and the richest in species is the great forest region of the astern States, whose main peculiarities were indicated in the first part of this article. West of this area, and extending from a short distance beyond the Mississippi to the base of the Rocky Mountains is the region of the great plains, almost destitute of trees, except in the river bottoms, but with a fairly rich herbaceous flora; and a very similar vegetation is found in the half-desert valleys and plains between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. A third botanical district con- ‘sists of the higher wooded portions of the Rocky Mountains, together with the peaks and high valleys above the timber-line, in which the vegetation is, in many respects, very distinct from that of any other part of temperate America. Lastly comes the Californian region, extending from the Pacific coast to the upper limit of trees in the Sierra Nevada, a country of surpassing interest to the botanist, and well-known to every lover of flowers for the great number of beauti- ful and peculiar forms it has furnished to our gardens. It is pro- posed to give a brief sketch of the more prominent features of the flora of the three western regions, derived partly from personal observation during a summer spent in the country, largely supple- mented by the writings of the late Professor Asa Gray and other American and English botanists. The first region to be considered, that of the prairies, the great plains, and the deserts of the inland basin, may be very briefly noticed, since, although of considerable interest to the botanist, it is only occasionally that plants, remarkable for beauty of flower or other conspicuous characteristics, are met with. The eastern portion of the district, where the rich prairie lands of Kansas and Nebraska are being rapidly cultivated, produces many fine flowering plants wherever some steep or rocky slope has escaped cultivation. Here we find abundance of yuccas intermingled with blue pink and white-flowered spider-worts, handsome large-flowered penstemons, baptisias with large pea-like flowers of blue, yellow or white, many species of astragalus, yellow and white evening-primroses and other allied forms, several cactuses of the genera opuntia and mammil- laria, blue larkspurs, pink oxalises, the purple Phlox divaricata, mallows of the genera Malvastrum and Callirhoe, some of which are well-known garden plants, and a host of sunflowers, asters, cone- ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. 797 flowers, golden-rods, coreopsis, and many other showy composites. This is the region of the buffalo or bunch grasses which formed the chief subsistence of the American bison. They are fine-tufted bluish grasses, much resembling in appearance our fine-leaved bent grass (Agrostis setacea), which is common on the heaths about Bourne- mouth and in Dorsetshire. I was informed that since the bisons had been destroyed the buffalo grass was also disappearing, being replaced by various coarser growing plants and grasses. It is probable that the uniform hardening of the surface by the tread of the herds of bison, together with the equally regular manuring, favoured the growth of this particular form of grasses. As we travel westwards, towards the Rocky Mountains, the plains become more arid, and in places the vegetation resembles that of the deserts of the great basin. Here there are fewer conspicuous flowers, and a preponderance of dwarf creeping plants, with a few thorny bushes and some species of wormwood, forming the well-known ““ sage-brush ”” of the deserts. In the interior plains these thorny and grey-leaved shrubs prevail, with wide tracts of bare earth often covered with saline incrustations. Here and there are found some pretty flowers, such as phloxes, alliums, phacelias, gilids, cleomes, cenotheras, and other characteristic plants; but the general aspect is that of bare soil scantily covered with a dwarf vegetation, or of low, shrubby thickets of a grey or leafless aspect, consisting mostly of plants allied to the salt-wort, orache, and sea-blite of our salt marshes, or the goose-foot and wormwood of our waste places. We will now leave these comparatively uninteresting plains and deserts and enter on the Rocky Mountains proper, their deep cafions, their wooded slopes and valleys, and their upland pastures, rocky streams and alpine heights. The forest trees consist mainly of a few species of pines, firs, and junipers, none of them very remarkable for size or beauty, with several poplars, and a few oaks, beeches, and ma- ples; but these rarely form continuous forests, except where the soil and other conditions are especially favourable. Almost everywhere the conifers are most prominent, and give their peculiar character of dark ever-green spiriness to the forest vegetation. The present scantiness of timber trees is no doubt partly due to the agency of man, first by starting forest fires, which rapidly clear extensive areas, and more recently by the felling of timber for building and mining, a cause which has denuded most of the valleys of their original forest trees. There are a considerable number of shrubs of the usual American types, such as sumachs, snowberries, hazels, spirzas, brambles, and roses, mostly of species common to other parts of America and of no special interest from our present point of view. It is when we enter among the mountains and explore the valleys, cafions, and lower slopes, that we meet with a variety of mew and 793 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. interesting plants. Among these are some which are specially characteristic of this part of North America. The phloxes, pole- moniums, and gilias, some species of which are common in our gardens, are abundant, as are the penstemons and mimuluses, with the brilliant castilleias belonging to the same family (Serophu- lariaces), whose crimson or scarlet bracts form one of the greatest ornaments of the higher woods and pastures. The elegant genus Phacelia is not uncommon, though its chief development is in (California, and the moist valley-bottoms are often blue with the well-known flowers of the bulbous camassia. A curious genus of the Polygonum family (Eriogonum) is abundant, and the yellowish- white or rosy flowers of some of the species are very pleasing. Handsome composites abound, especially the genus Erigeron, with a number of peculiar forms, while the beautiful butterfly-tulips of California here make their first appearance. ILupines also are plentiful, though less so than further west, and the beautiful American cowslips (Dodecatheon) sometimes called ““shooting-stars ” are not unfrequent in boggy meadows. But in addition to these more or less characteristic American types, the botanist is at once struck by the appearance of a number of European or even of British plants, and these not introduced weeds but forming an essential part of the flora. This is proved by the fact that the further we penetrate among the mountains and the higher we ascend, the more numerous become these familiar species or genera. Among the more abundant of these plants are the common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), our blue hare-bell (Cam- panula rotundifolia), the bistort (Polyonum bistorta), the common silver-weed of our roadsides (Potentilla anserina), and the rarer shrubby cinquefoil (P. fruticosa). In the sub-alpine and alpine districts these plants of the old world become more frequent and occupy a larger space in the entire vegetation, and in order to show the importance of this interesting feature of the Rocky Mountain flora it may be well to give a brief account of a week’s exploration of the vicinity of Gray’s Peak, one of the highest mountains of Colorado. Accompanied by a botanical friend from Denver I went first by rail up Clear Creek Caiion, passing by Georgetown, to Graymount, the terminus of the railway, where there is a hotel and where horses are obtained for the ascent of Gray’s Peak, about nine miles distant by the road. Graymount is situated at the junction of two valleys and is about 9,500 feet above the sea level. During a short stroll on the afternoon of our arrival on some rocky slopes we found two of our rarer British plants, the winter green (Pyrola rotundifolia) and the elegant twin-flower (Linnea borealis), but instead of having nearly white flowers the former was reddish and the latter was of a deeper colour than in our native plant. The next day we walked to ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. 799 Kelso’s cabin, where are some miners’ houses about 11,000 feet above sea-level, situated at the lower end of a fine upland valley, which is above the timber line. During the earlier part of our walk up a wooded valley we first noticed fine clumps of the Siberian lungwort with its lovely pale blue flowers, growing more compactly than in our gardens, and splendid masses of the shrubby cinquefoil covered with its handsome yellow flowers, as well as our common harebell, all in the greatest luxuriance and beauty. In damp shady places we found the little moschatel, and in bogs the curious Swertia perennis, a kind of gentian with slaty-blue flowers. These are all European or North Asian plants, but there were many others peculiar to the region though sometimes of European rather than American affinity. Such are the lovely columbine (Aquilegia caerulea), allied to the species of the European Alps, abundant and conspicuous with its large blue and white flowers, while mingled with it grew the gaudy Castilleia integra, whose leafy bracts of intense crimson are visible from a long distance. This is a true American type, as is the pretty liliaceous plant, Zygadenus glaucus; and there were also abundance of dark purple or bright blue penste- mons, several showy groundsels and erigerons and the handsome yellow composite, Arnica cordifolia. It was when we had passed the timber line at about 11,500 feet elevation, and had entered the bare rocky valley at the head of which rises the snow-flecked summit of Gray’s Peak, that we dis- covered some of the chief gems of the alpine flora of the Rocky Mountains. Along the borders of the stream, fed by the still melting snows and with its roots in the water, were fine clumps of the handsomest American primrose (Primula Parryi), its whorled flowers of a crimson-purple colour with a yellow eye resembling in general appearance the well-known Japanese primrose of our gardens. Among the stony débris and loose boulders which bordered the stream the beautiful Phacelia sericea was abundant, its violet-blue flowers growing in dense clusters and producing a charming effect among its desert surroundings. This is a typical American plant, since not only is the genus a peculiar one but the natural order to which it belongs-—the Hydrophyllaceee—is almost confined to that continent. The beautiful nemophilas of our gardens belong to the same family. In boggy places the handsome Greenland lousewort, an Arctic species, was plentiful, and in rocky crevices we found the moss campion (Silene acaulis), which is abundant on the Scotch and ‘Welsh mountains. The next morning we fortunately determined to explore a lateral valley called Grizzly Gulch, which diverged to the north a mile above the hotel and led into a fine upland valley on the north side of Gray's Peak, Here, just below the timber-line, we found a 800 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. miner’s house, and the two miners who had come home to dinner invited us to join them, and then offered to show us a fine place for flowers. They took us through the wood for half a mile, when we came upon a rocky and grassy slope with great snow-patches in the shady hollows, and the ground which the snow had left was literally starred with flowers. Leaving us to go to their work in a mine on the steep side of the mountain, we luxuriated in the finest Alpine flower-garden we had yet seen, although my friend had visited the mountains several times. What first attracted our notice were three ~ plants of the crowsfoot family, which grew intermingled on a grassy slope almost surrounded by snow. These were, a nearly white globe-flower (Trollius albiflorus), very dwarf and with spreading, not globular flowers; a buttercup, whose flowers were of the most perfect circular outline, and of a pure and rich yellow, both peculiar to the Rocky Mountains; and the narcissus-flowered anemone of the European Alps. Going a little further we found some of the more ‘characteristic American forms, such as the beautiful blue-flowered Mertensia alpina, a dwarf Alpine form of Mertensia siberica and perhaps the most lovely plant of the genus; the pretty fringed grass of parnassus (Parnassia fimbriata) ; with peculiar species of the European genera, Aster, Cardamine, Astragalus, Delphinium, Trifolium, Saxifraga, Sedum, Valeriana, Veronica, and Pedicularis; with others of the American genera, Phacelia, Chionophila, Mimulus, and Zygadenus; and hidden among the rocks the minute purple- flowered Primula augustifolia. What more especially interested me, however, was the number of identical British or European species. Such were the moss-campion, the Dryas octopetala, Sib- baldia procumbens, the rosewort (Sedum rhodiola), the Alpine Vero- nica, and the Alpine chickweed, Lloydia serotina, a small liliaceous plant found on Snowdon, and two saxifrages, Saxifraga nivalis and S. cernua, all found also in our Welsh or Scotch mountains ; and of European Alpines the pretty slaty-blue Swertia perennis which dotted the grassy slopes with ‘its delicate flowers, the Alpine Astragalus, the Arctic willow, several saxifrages and gentians, and some other species characteristic of the flora of the Alps. The next day, after sleeping at a miner’s cabin situated at the head of the main valley at about 12,500 feet elevation, we ascended to the top of Gray’s Peak, which is 14,250 feet high, and met with many other interesting plants. The little Eritrichium nanum, a minute but intensely blue forget-me-not, was found growing in the midst of clumps of the moss-campion; the Gentiana tenella and Campanula uniflora of the Arctic regions were also found at about 13,000 feet elevation; with the British Alpine penny-cress, the yellow Iceland poppy, the two-flowered sandwort, the Alpine arnica, the snowy buttercup, and other truly Arctic plants. Along with ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. 801 these were a few American alpine types, such as Eriogonums, Castilleias, and several composites. Near the summit of the moun- tain there were alternate upward-sloping bands of loose rock-débris and short turf, the latter gay with pretty yellow flowers. On examination these were found to consist of a potentilla and a saxi- frage, whose flowers, resting close on the ground, were so much alike in form and colour that at a short distance they appeared identical. The intermixture of two very distinct species of flowers, coloured and shaped alike and flowering at the same time, is very uncommon, because it would interfere with regular cross-fertiliza- tion by insects. In this high and exposed situation, however, where the flowering season is very short and insects very scarce, the com- bination of two species of flowers may lead to a more conspicuous display, and be more attractive to whatever insects may visit such great altitudes; while with plants of such distinct families, the intermixture of the pollen would lead to no evil result, since each would be totally inert on the stigma of a flower of! the other kind. The two species appear to be Saxifraga chrysantha and Potentilla dissecta. On a general summary of the plants noticed during this excursion to one of the richest districts in the Rocky Mountains, I find that they comprised no less than 20 British species, about 45 European, mostly high Alpine or Arctic, and about 30 species which, though distinct, were allied to European types. There were thus a total of 95 species, either identical with or allied to European plants,” while those which belonged to American genera, or were most nearly allied to American species, were about 30 in number. It thus appears that the alpine flora of the Rocky Mountains is mainly identical with that of the’Arctic regions, and it is this identity which leads to the occurrence of so many British species in this remote district. In the review of the entire alpine flora of the Rocky Mountains by Professor Asa Gray and Sir Joseph Hooker, the number of species identical with those of the Arctic regions is 102, and the distinct, though often allied, species 81, while those that belong to peculiar American genera are only 14 in number. In considering how this curious similarity of the alpine species of the two continents has been brought about, we must go back to a time anterior to the glacial epoch, when a rather mild climate pre- vailed in much of what is now the Arctic regions. The present Arctic flora, or its immediate ancestors, was then probably confined to the highest latitudes around the North Pole, together with the higher mountains whieh were immediately contiguous—such as Greenland, then only partially or not at all ice-clad, Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, and some of the mountain peaks of Alaska and North-Eastern Asia. At this time the Rocky Mountains, the 802 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. European Alps, and even. Scandinavia supported in all probability only alpine forms of the plants of the surrounding lowlands, such as are now everywhere intermingled with the widespread Arctic species. As the cold came on, and the ice sheet crept farther and farther over the two continents, the true Arctic plants were driven southward, displacing the indigenous flora, which could not with- stand the increasing severity of the climate, and occupying all the great mountain ranges on the lower side of the ice-fields and glaciers, and also such of the peaks as rose permanently above the ice-sheet of the glacial epoch. As the cold period gradually passed away, these hardy plants kept close to the gradually retreating ice, and in this way mounted to the higher peaks of many mountains from which the ice and even perpetual snow wholly passed away. Thus it is that so many species are now common to the Rocky Mountains and the European Alps; and, what seems more extra- ordinary, that identical plants occur on the summits of the isolated Scotch and Welsh mountains, and also on the White Mountains of New Hampshire and some of the mountains to the south of them. Before passing on to sketch the flora of the west coast of America, we may briefly notice the more prominent differences between the Rocky Mountain flora and that of our European Alps, such differ- ences as must strike every traveller who takes an interest in the floral beauties of the two regions. In the Alps the more striking and showy flowers of the Alpine pastures and higher rocks are the white, purple, and yellow anemones; the beautiful violas; the glori- ous blue gentians starring the shert turf with azure and indigo, the numerous saxifrages, often with large and showy sprays of flowers ; the many beautiful rosy and purple primulas and yellow auriculas; the handsome pinks; the delicate campanulas; the showy white and yellow buttercups, and the graceful meadow-rues. Now in almost all these groups the Rocky Mountain alpine and sub-alpine flora is deficient. Anemones are comparatively few in species and not abundant ; violas are almost absent in the higher regions ; gentians, though fairly abundant in species, make no brilliant display as they do in the Alps; saxifrages are few, and those of the crusted section with rigid leaves and large racemes of flowers are entirely wanting ; primulas are represented by one handsome and two small and rather scarce species ; campanulas are scarce, and pinks are entirely absent ; while buttercups and meadow-rues are by no means abundant. Instead of these flowers so familiar to the Alpine tourist, the most showy and widespread plants are the fine long-spurred blue and white columbine, and the scarlet or crimson-bracted castilleias, which form sheets of beautifully contrasted colours, often covering wide mountain slopes either above or just below the timber-line; nume- rous purple or blue penstemons; fine blue polemoniums and lung- ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. 803 worts of the genus Mertensia; some handsome purple or whitish louseworts, and a host of showy purple or yellow composites, which are far more numerous and varied than in the European Alps, and occupy a more prominent place in the alpine and especially in the sub-alpine Rocky Mountain flora. It is evident, therefore, that, notwithstanding the identity of so many of the species and genera of the two regions the proportions in which they occur are very diffe- rent, and the aspect of the two floras is thus altogether distinct, and in some respects strikingly contrasted. When we go westward to the Sierra Nevada of California, we meet with another alpine flora, generally similar to that of the Rocky Mountains, but with a smaller proportion of Arctic species and more which are characteristic of America. Here we find dwarf shrubby penstemons, curious prickly gilias, Mimulus and Eriogonum in more abundance, and a greater variety of ferns. But it is when we descend to the lower slopes and to the valleys and coast ranges of California itself that we find the greatest abundance of new plants altogether distinct from anything in the Eastern States, and it is to these that we must devote the remainder of our space. Few countries have contributed to our gardens a larger number of showy and interesting plants than California. The rich orange yellow Eschscholtzias, the brilliant Calandrinias, the showy Godetias and Clarkias, the beautiful little Nemophilas and Phacelias, the gaudy Mimuluses and the handsome Collinsias, are known to every lover of garden flowers. Others familiar to every horticulturist are the curious pitcher-plant—Darlingtonia Californica, the handsome gigantic white poppy—Romneya coulteri, the elegant Dicentra formosa, the fine yellow-flowered shrub Fremontia Californica, the ornamental blue or white flowered evergreens of the genus Ceano- thus, the fine shrubby lupines, the lovely flowering currants, in- cluding the fine Ribes speciosum with drooping fuchsia-like flowers, the scarlet-flowered Zauschneria Californica, the fine shrubby Diplacus glutinosus, and lastly, the many ornamental bulbous plants, such as the triteleias, brodiwas, lilies, and especially the lovely butterfly-tulips of the genus Calochortus, whose flowers are most exquisitely marked inside with delicately-coloured hairy fringes. But this by no means gives an idea of the great peculiarity of the Californian flora, which is best shown by the large number of its genera, probably more than a hundred, which are altogether un- known, in the Eastern States. The flora is in fact related to that of Mexico, just as the flora of the Rocky Mountains is related to that of the Arctic regions, and the Eastern States flora to that of Japan and Eastern Asia. But although the valleys and lowlands of California are specially characterised by hosts of brilliant annuals, monkey-flowers, lupines, ’ 804 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. and flowering shrubs, which make the country a veritable flower- garden in early spring, it is from its mountain forests of conifers that it derives its grandest and best-known characteristics. To a brief sketch of these, and of the accompanying shrubby and herbaceous vegetation, the remainder of this article will be devoted. e The Sierra Nevada of California, though rising to nearly the same altitudes as the Rocky Mountains, is by no means an imposing range, owing to the exceedingly gradual slope of the foothills which are continuous with it. From these low and arid hills, rising with a very moderate slope from the great central valley of California, there is a constant rise over an undulating or rugged country for nearly a hundred miles to the summits of the great range. The intervening tract is often cut into deep winding valleys, whose higher slopes are terminated by rugged volcanic precipices, where they have cut through the old lava-streams that once covered a large portion of the mountains; while nearer to the ‘crest are enormously deep valleys, bounded with vertical walls and gigantic domes or splintered peaks of granitic rocks, of which the celebrated Yosemite Valley is the best known example. Owing to this formation the summits of the range can only be seen from great distances and from a few favourable points, as a somewhat jagged line on the far horizon, just rising above the dark forest- clad slopes, and here and there flecked with perpetual snows. A coach drive of three days from the railway terminus at Milton to the Yosemite Valley, and another to the Calaveras groves of “big trees,” gave me an excellent opportunity of observing the main features of this remarkable forest region. The lower portion of the foothills up to two or three thousand feet has been greatly defaced by gold-miners, who have dug over miles of ground and cleared away most of the fine timber. This lower portion is, however, naturally more arid, and the trees have never been so fine as at greater elevations. It is curious to notice how the pines and firs increase in beauty as well as in size as we ascend further towards the central ranges. For the first thousand feet there is a scanty vegetation of stunted shrubs, and the only conifer is the scrub-pine (Pinus sabiniana) which has a most singular appearance, being irregularly branched, with scanty foliage, and when well grown, looking at a distance more like a poplar than a pine. Higher up occurs the large white pine (Pinus ponderosa), which, except in very fine specimens, is a coarse, unornamental tree. Above two thousand feet we meet with the sugar pine (Pinus lambert- iana), so called because its turpentine is sweet and sometimes almost like a mixture of sugar and turpentine. This is a handsomer species, and when full grown is of immense size and may be known at a distance by its clusters of large cones hanging down from the véby ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. 805° extremities of its loftiest branches. Thus far the forests are poor, owing to the absence of the more elegant firs and cedars which only appear above 2,500 feet, when we first meet with the noble Douglas fir and the beautiful Red cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). This last is usually known in our gardens as Thuja gigantea, characterised by its columnar mode of growth and here sometimes reaching a hundred and fifty feet in height. Higher still, at about 4,000 feet, we come upon the most beautiful of the Californian firs, Abies concolor and A. nobilis. Both are exquisitely symmetrical in growth, while the _ dense horizontal branches of the latter species are adorned with the most delicate blue-green tints. These beautiful trees are to be seen here in every stage of growth, from such small plants as we see on the lawn of a suburban villa up to noble specimens 150 or 200 feet in height. These two elegant firs, along with the stately cedar and Douglas fir, and the noble yellow pine and sugar-pine, constitute the main bulk of the forest from 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, the belt in which alone are found the true “big trees” (Sequoia gigantea), in this country commonly known as the Wellingtonia. Throughout these magnificent forests there is hardly any admix- ture of exogenous trees, and those that do occur only form an under- growth to the far loftier conifers. A few small oaks and maples are sometimes seen, but more generally there is only an undergrowth of beautiful shrubs, the most conspicuous being the fine Californian dogwood, whose flowers, formed of the white involucres, are six inches across ; and the lovely white azalea, whose delicate blossoms are beautifully marked with yellow. Besides these are the hand- some Californian laurel and the white or blue flowered Ceanothus, while the “madrono” and “manzanita” (species of Arbutus and Arctostaphylos), are found in the drier portions of the forest and at a lower elevation. The ground under the pines and firs is usually rather bare, but in favourable places there are some curious or beautiful creeping or herbaceous plants. Some of the drier slopes are completely carpeted with a curious little rosaceous plant (Chamebatia foliolosa), having white flowers like those of a bramble and the most minutely divided tripinnate foliage, each leaflet looking about the size of a pin’s head. . Perhaps the most remarkable hor brieons plant of these forests is the “Sarcodes sanguinea, a leafless parasite allied to our native monotropa, but of an intense crimson colour and very large, being often more than a foot high and two or three inches diameter. It is called the “ snow-plant”’ in California, because it appears before the snow has wholly melted and is most striking and beautiful when growing out of it. This plant is accurately represented in one of the pictures in the “North ”” gallery at Kew. On the sides of the rocky streams grgwing in fissures which are often under water, the large peltate VOL. L. N.S. 3G 806 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. saxifrage seems quite at home, although in our gardens it will grow and flower even in the driest situations. The fine shrubby Penste- mon Newberryi also adorns the rocky margins of the streams, the beautiful Diplacus glutinosus of our greenhouses is a common way- side shrub, while the lovely blue Brodisas and painted Calochorti or butterfly-tulips, are as common as our bluebells and poppies. The fine yellow Cypripedium montanum is occasionally found in the forest bogs, while in open ground near the “Big Tree’ Hotel, exquisite little blue Nemophilas, yellow Mimulus, and a tall Echi- nospermum with flowers like a large forget-me-not, were very abundant. Among these and many other strange flowers one British species was found, often starring the ground under the giant trees with its delicate flowers. This was the little chickweed winter- green (Trientalis Europea), only differing from our native plant in the flowers being pale pink instead of white. ‘! Even if we leave out of consideration the giant Sequoias, the forests of the Sierra Nevada would stand pre-eminent for the beauty and grandeur of their pines, firs, and cedars. Three of these, the white pine, the red cedar, and the sugar-pine are, not unfrequently, more than six feet in diameter at five or six feet above the ground, whence the giant trunks taper very gradually upwards. One sugar- pine near the big-tree Hotel was found to be seven feet two inches diameter at five feet above the ground. A red cedar measured at the same height was seven feet diameter, and one of the white pines five feet nine inches. The height of the above-named sugar- pine was measured approximately by means of its shadow, and found to be 225 feet, and I was assured that one which had been cut down near the hotel was 252 feet high. The Douglas fir in the forests of British Columbia is said to surpass these dimensions considerably, ‘being often ten feet or even twelve feet diameter, and near 300 feet high. Probably in no other part of the world than the west coast of North America is there such a magnificent group of trees as these; yet they are all far exceeded by two others in- habiting the same country, the two Sequoias—S. gigantea and S. sempervirens. In the popular accounts of these trees it is usual to dwell only on the dimensions of the very largest known specimens, and sometimes even to exaggerate these. ven the smaller full-grown trees, how- ever, are of grand dimensions, varying from 14 to 18 feet in diame- ter at six feet above the ground, and keeping nearly the same thick- ness for perhaps a hundred feet. In the south Calaveras grove, where there are more than a thousand trees, the exquisite beauty of the trunks is well displayed by the numerous specimens in perfect health and vigour. The bark of these trees, seen at a little distance, is of a bright orange brown tint, delicately mottled with darker shades, and ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. 807 with a curious silky or plush-like gloss, which gives them a richness of colour far beyond that of any other conifer. The tree which was cut down soon after the first discovery of the species, the stump of which is now covered with a pavilion, is 25 feet in diameter at six feet above the ground, but this is without the thick bark, which would bring it to 27 feet when alive. A considerable portion of this tree still lies where it fell, and at 130 feet from the base I found it to be still 12% feet in diameter (or 14 feet with the bark), while at the extre- mity of the last piece remaining, 215 feet from its base, it is six feet in diameter, or at least seven feet with the bark. The height of this tree when it was cut down is not recorded, but as one of the living trees is more than 360 feet high, it is probable that this giant was not much short of 400 feet. The huge decayed trunk called “Father of the Forest,” which has fallen perhaps a century or more, exhibits the grandest dimen- sions of any known tree. By measuring its remains, and allowing. for the probable thickness of the bark, it seems to have been about 35 feet diameter near the ground, at 90 feet up 15 feet, and even at a height of 270 feet it was 9 feet diameter. It is within the hollow trunk of this tree that a man on horseback can ride—both man and horse being rather small ; but the dimensions undoubtedly show that it was considerably larger than the « Pavilion tree,” and that it carried its huge dimensions to a greater altitude ; and although this does not prove it to have been much taller, yet it was in all probability more than 400 feet in height. Very absurd statements are made to visitors as to the antiquity of these trees, three or four thousand years being usually given as their age. This is founded on the fact that while many of the large Sequoias are greatly damaged by fire the large pines and firs around them are quile uninjured. As many of these pines are assumed to be near a thousand years old, the epoch of the ““ great fire” is sup- posed to be earlier still, and as the Sequoias have not outgrown the fire-scars in all that time they are supposed to have then arrived at their full growth. But the simple explanation of these trees alone having suffered so much from fires, that their bark is unusually thick, dry, soft, and fibrous, and it thus catches fire more easily and burns more readily and for a longer time than that of the other conifers. . Forest fires occur continually, and the visible damage done to these trees has probably all occurred in the present century. Professor C. B. Bradley, of the University of California, has carefully counted the rings of annual growth on the stump of the “ Pavilion tree,” and found them to be 1,240; and after considering all that has been alleged as to the uncertainty of this mode of estimating the age of a tree, he believes that in the climate of California, in the zone of altitude where these trees grow, the seasons of growth and repose $ 362 808 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. are 50 strongly marked that the number of annual rings gives an accurate result. : Other points that have been studied by Professor Bradley are, the reason why there are so few young trees in the groves, and what is the cause of the destruction of the old trees. To take the last point first, these noble trees seem to be singularly free from disease or from decay due to old age. All the trees that have been cut down are solid to the heart, and none of the standing trees show any indications of natural decay. The only apparent cause for their overthrow is the wind, and by noting the direction of a large number of fallen trees it is found that the great majority of them lie more or less towards the south. This is not the direction of the prevalent winds, but many of the tallest trees lean towards the south, owing to the increased growth of their topmost branches towards the sun. They are then acted upon by violent gales, which loosen their roots, ~ and whatever the direction of the wind that finally overthrows them, they fall in the direction of the overbalancing top weight. The young trees grow spiry and perfectly upright, but so soon as they overtop the surrounding trees and get the full influence of the sun and wind, the highest branches grow out laterally, killing those beneath by their shade, and thus a dome-shaped top is produced. Taking into consideration the health and vigour of the largest trees, it seems probable that, under favourable conditions of shelter from violent winds and from a number of trees around them of nearly equal height, big trees might be produced far surpassing in height and bulk any that have yet been discovered. It is to be hoped that if any such are found to exist in the extensive groves of these trees to the south of those which are alone accessible: to tourists, the Californian Government will take steps to reserve a considerable tract containing them, for the instruction and delight of future generations. _ «The scarcity of young sequoias strikes every visitor, the fact being that they are only to be found in certain favoured spots. These are, either where the loose débris of leaves and branches which covers the ground has been cleared away by fire, or on the spots where trees have been uprooted. Here the young trees grow in abundance and serve to replace those that fall. The explanation of this is, that during the long summer drought the loose surface débris is so dried up that the roots of the seedling sequoias perish before they can penetrate the earth beneath. They require to germinate on the soil itself, and this they are enabled to do when the earth is turned up by the fall of a tree, or where a fire has cleared off the débris. They also flourish under the shade of the huge fallen {runks in hollow places where moisture is preserved throughout the summer. Most of the other conifers of these forests ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. 809 especially the pines, have much larger seeds than the sequoias, and the store of nourishment in these more bulky seeds enables the young plants to tide over the first summer’s drought. It is clear, therefore, that there are no indications of natural decay in these forest giants. In every stage of their growth they are vigorous and healthy, and they have nothing to fear except from the destroying hand of man. Destruction from this cause is, however, rapidly diminishing both the giant Sequoia and its near ally the noble redwood (Sequoia sem- pervirens) a tree which is more beautiful in foliage and in some other respects more remarkable than its brother species, while there is reason to believe that under favourable conditions it reaches an equally phenomenal size. It once covered almost all the coast ranges of central and northern California, but has been long since cleared away in the vicinity of San Francisco, and greatly diminished else- where. A grove is preserved for the benefit of tourists near Santa Cruz, the largest tree being 296 feet high, 29 feet diameterat the ground and 15 feet at six feet above it. Much larger trees, however, exist in the great forests of this tree in the northern part of the State, but these are rapidly being destroyed for the timber, which is so good and durable as to be in great demand. Hence Californians have a saying that the redwood is too good a tree to live. On the mountains a few miles east of the Bay of San Francisco, there are numbers of patches of young redwoods indicating where large trees have been: felled, it being a peculiarity of this tree that it sends up vigorous young plants from the roots of old ones immediately around the base. Hence in the forests these trees often stand in groups arranged nearly in a circle, thus marking out the size of the huge trunks of their parents. Itisfrom this quality that the tree has been named “sempervirens,” or ever flourishing. Dr. Gibbons, of Alameda, who has explored all the remains of the redwood forests in the neighbourhood of Oakland, kindly took me to see the old burnt-out stump of the largest tree he had discovered. It is situated about 1,500 feet above the sea and is 34 feet in diameter at the ground. This is as large as the very largest specimens of the Sequoia gigantea, but it may have spread out more at the base and have been some- what smaller above, though this is not a special characteristic of the species. Many other stumps were seen which were 20 and 30 feet in diameter, and all were surrounded with young trees of various sizes. The large tree is said to have been cut down forty years ago. It is, therefore, probable that, in the forests to the northward, redwood trees may exist equalling, if not surpassing, the “big trees” themselves. I have now concluded a very brief and imperfect sketch of the more prominent aspects of North American vegetation, as seen 810 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLOWERS. during a single summer’s travel across the continent. Many grand and beautiful scenes remain vividly painted on my memory; but if I were asked what most powerfully impressed me, as at once the ~ grandest and most interesting of the many wonders of the western world; I should answer, without hesitation, that it was the two majestic trees some account of which I have just given, together with the magnificent and beautiful forests in the heart of which they are found. Neither the thundering waters of Niagara, nor the sublime precipices and cascades of Yosemite, nor the vast ~ expanse of the prairies, nor the exquisite delight of the alpine flora. of the Rocky Mountains—none of these seem to me so unique in their grandeur, so impressive in their display of the organic forces of nature, as the two magnificent “ big trees” of California. Unfor- tunately these alone are within the power of man totally to destroy, as they have been already partially destroyed. Let us hope that the progress of true education will so develope the love and admira- tion of nature, that the possession of these altogether unequalled trees will be looked upon as a trust for all future generations, and that care will be taken, before it is too late, to preserve not only one or two small patches, but some more extensive tracts of forest, in which they may continue to flourish, in their fullest perfection and beauty, for thousands of years to come, as they have flourished in the past, in all probability for millions of years and over a far wider area. ’ AvrreEp R. WALLACE. “NIE canirormh % 52 £2 nS bdr NE a 0 1 Naw 02113036 In 7) Li} = | =C = eo = R > a eo vy > | cc od i} co nb — ~ ar is hp N a A ® ’ EN, AT FRAISRY SISTA LIRR FR RA LHR Le DER } bY EIA A SIREN LNG IOR: MRL od AeA! ASTRA Se es ol gals 4 : ST TRAE ER A) EA) pe Ret) (B34) RNA Lary) Ta) sash i Ei Hate Ea » Ra Lo Ay 33 WR 3 RR iy Le 3 5 SPORE IN 1 NATE TE A LIRA IE + FN 7 P x a OR