minnmmtmmmum Monthly Mean Aerologicol a”/ Car. for Eeri h Sci. Lib. Along Meridian 75° For The IGY Period / I ." lllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I||||ll|l|l||I|llll|II||Illlllllllllllllllllllll Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliii \\\\\ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE LUTHER H. HODGES, Secretary >9 _V_IEATHER BUREAU x l' W. REICHELDERFEB, Chi. Washington, D. C. 1961 / DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT EC 22 1981 LIBRARY A UNIVE"SITY OF CALITCRFEM This publication has been made possible through the cooperation of the United States Naval Weather Service and thei’Notionol Science Foundation. .r E For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. MONTHLY MEAN AEROLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS ‘ INTRODUCTION This series of analyzed profiles through the atmosphere along the 80°/70°W. longitudes was prepared to serve as a tool for further research of the upper air for the 18 - month period of the IGY. These charts reflect the com- puted averages by month of data and analyses which appear on the DailyAerological Cross-Sections for the same long- itude and period [1] . In general, the data availability and the analysis aids and techniques used in the preparation of the Daily Cross-Sections are reflected in these monthly mean charts, but the main features are repeated here for ease of reference. The Northern Hemisphere portion depicts an analysis through the atmosphere along the 80°W. meridian as shown in figure 1 . The topography on the base map outlines the physical features intersected along this longitude and is drawn in relationship to the ''Mean Altitude Scale Above Sea-Level" shown on the left hand margin. Because of the scarcity of data, the lack of constant pres- sure chart analyses from which winds could be scaled and temperatures interpolated, the complications of the ter- rain, and the desire to utilize the maximum of data avail— able from the Antarctic, the Southern Hemisphere analysis was constructed on a station—to—station basis as shown in figure 2 . The topography indicated on the base is that intersected by this station-to-station line and then pro— jected ontO'the 70°W. meridian. This topography, then, is linear with respect to latitude rather than linear in terms of actual distances between stations. DATA Primary data sources were the punched cards used in the preparation of the Summary of Constant Pressure Data, WBAN Form 33, at the National Weather Records Center, Asheville, N. C. These are essentially the same checked datawhich appear on the IGY microcards prepared by the IGY/WMO Meteorological Data Center, Geneva, Switzer— land. These microcards, as well as the Northern Hemi— sphere Data Tabulations [2] , were also used as data sources. In the Northern Hemisphere temperatures and winds were interpolated at various heights and latitudes directly from the Daily Cross-Sections [1]. In addition, temperatures were interpolated, and winds scaled geostrophically at 5° latitude intervals along the 80°W. longitude at 100 mb., 50 mb. , 30 mb. [3], and 10 mb. [4]. For the Southern Hemisphere, IGY data on special forms, microcards, or punched cards were summarized to ac- quire monthly means. Wind components were scaled from the constant pressure charts appearing in [5] and [6] and were used as supplemental data. 522 ANALYSIS In the Northern Hemisphere the analysis is presented with arather high degree of confidence. Not only were the ob- servation points well distributed along the meridian, but the interpolated and scaled values from the Daily Cross- Sections [1] and the charts at stratospheric levels [3] afforded exceptional analytical opportunities up to 50 mb. Above the 50-mb. level, as the data become less abundant and the representiveness of even the data available be- comes more questionable, the confidence in the analysis diminishes porportionately. But even above 20 km. some data were available for every month, and these, supple— mented by 30 mb. [3] and 10 mb. [4] scaled and interpo— lated values distributed evenly through the month, made possible an analysis to about 30 km. for each month in the period. In the Southern Hemisphere with the scarcity of data and lack of constant pressure charts, a station—to—station cross section was drawn which might be considered as a "projection" of the available data onto the 70°W. longitude which is the central meridian of the network. Total lack of data for some periods of record and above some alti— tudes made it impossible to present a representative a- nalysis on all charts. For these reasons the analysis above the lOO—mb. level in particular may not be entirely representative of the monthly features of the parameters shown. Since the analysis is most nearly that along the 70°W. longitude, the wind directions at Amundsen-Scott were transferred to a coordinate system which would per— mit awind blovVing from 70°W. or 110°E. to reflect azero west wind component. Accordingly, a 5m. /sec. wind at the South Pole, observed as blowing from 160°W. longitude was analyzed as a west wind component of 5m. /sec. in order that it would be most compatible with west wind components computed at other latitudes and projected to the 70°W. meridian. West wind components are drawn for intervals of 10 me- ters per second with easterly components shown as neg- ative values. Observed temperatures are drawn for in- tervals of 10° Celsius and potential temperatures for in- tervals of 10° Kelvin up to 400° Kelvin and then for inter- vals of 50° Kelvin. The measure of moisture is repre- sented as mixing ratio in whole grams per kilogram. In- termediate values are included where the data reveal a configuration in the analysis other than that which would result from a simple interpolation between contours drawn at the intervals specified. The tropopause, shown as a heavy, solid, black line, represents the mean position of the boundary of the transition zone between the troposphere and the stratosphere [7]. With few exceptions, this solid line indicates the mean position derived from 25 or more daily positions at 1200 GMT. Higher, secondary tropo- pauses and/or primary tropopauses with few observations or, for other reasons, of doubtful location, are shown as heavy, dashed, black lines. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ISOPLETH LEGEND This publication was prepared in the National Weather Records Center, Office of Climatology, U. S. Weather Bureau, Asheville, North Carolina. Analysis and tech- nical supervision were the responsibility of William M. W West wind component in m/sec McMurray, Carl 0. Erickson, and Harold L. Crutcher. , Easterly values negative 0 0 0 ‘0 ° 0 ' ¢ ' West wind component in m/sec (black) Intermediate contours REFERENCES U. S. Weather Bureau, DailyAerolo ical Cross-Sec- . _ __ . o tions Pole to Pole Along 80°/70°W. fogthe IGY Period. (black) Temperature 1“ C July 1957 to December 1958, inclusive (to be pub— lished). . -_(bT-la:kT-— Temperature in °C U. S. Weather Bureau, Daily Series, Synoptic Weather Intermediate contours Maps, Part II, Northern Hemisphere Data Tabulations, selected dates July 1957 - December 1958. Tropopause U. S. Weather Bureau, Daily lOO-Millibar and 50- (black) Millibar and Three Times Monthly 30-Millibar Syn - gfézmvg::fl11§;8¥aps 0f the IGY PeI‘IOd, July 1957 _(b—lack) _ Secondary and/ or doubtful tropopause U. S. Weather Bureau, lO-Millibar Synoptic Weather Maps, Three Times Monthly, July 1957 through June T Potential temperature in °K 1958 of the IGY Period. Washington, D. C. , Decem— . ber 1959. ~ Alvarez, J. A. and Rastorguev, V. I. , "Description (red) M1x1ng ratlo 1n gm/kg of the Antarctic Circulation Observed from April to November 1957 at the IGY Antarctic Weather Central Little America Station, " IGY General Report Series Number 1, National Academy of Sciences, IGY World Data Center A, Washington 25, D. C. , May 16, 1958. Alt, J. , Astapenko, P. , and Ropar, N. J. , Jr. , "Some Aspects of the Antarctic Atmospheric Circu— lation in 1958, "IGY General Report Series Number 4, NationalAcademy of Sciences, IGY World Data Center SEES" A, Washington 25, D. C., May 11, 1959. Sci-Ub- Headquarters, Air Weather Service, Data Control Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Climatological Services Division, Reference Manual 505 Raob Sig- nificant Levels, Revised 2 May 1960 (pages 4, 8-12). Coral EnrbOur t::\ 72915) 9 Hoosonee 9 72836 Pittsbur 5h 72520 Greensboro 1 72317 0 Charles“)n 85" 12206 50'“ Cape cannveral 74795 50°w 75°u rigure l If Figure 2 I ! 70'" ---.-..- -« Antoras-Bt‘ esuz Quintero 15's 10'5 55‘5 l : ‘0 'Uauhoil 31938 Puerfio “°nt?s LO 85543 50‘s 25-5 MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 -29 —27 —26 ‘25 —24 —23 '—22 ”-2! —20 80° JUL I957g 1200 GMT 7408i 729|5 2907 2836 rs h VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 72528 72 520 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 20 25 30 4o 50 60 7O 80 90 100 I25 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 IOOO on :060 723” 72208 7 795 72202 78384 8000I 78806 HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 I00 200 300 ‘00 50° H=H=H KILOMETERS MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE I0 750° .5 \ 0 \ / _80° \ / 50° l 45° — \ \ / TC \ 20 25 /> \ 1 550 40 \ :r/ 1 \ /A/“\; 50 / ’— xmo \ "”1000 70 \;E ~\:>- :— ‘ xii/80 60 3 \ -— i \ / , / \ ' ’ 380‘" 9° 3 D \ < H‘xs / %//» x, \ / \ 0 360° 2 370° \ z \ —60 fl \ '25 / (K \ ‘ _/\ / . / / / / J4!) 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IZOOGMT KILOMETERS ———————————————— MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE \ WEATHER / 20 25 30 4o 50 60 7O 80 90 I00 I25 I50 200 250 300 ————— 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 I000 50° “ In r~ ID 03 ,E In In N - 0‘”on I: 8 a 8 8 g § .7, 8 2 8 § § g g ,3 2 fl R‘ fi g I? 2 It 2 a) a) h AUG '95? VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE v~ _______________ I390_G!L (APPROXIMATELY) NORTHERN HEMISPHERE - O IOO 200 300 400500 KILOMETERS MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE IO —30 20 —29 10 y WEATHER BUREAU H A. . _28 \\ \ '\ \ /—50° I5 0 _27 %/ —160°/ -8 a —8'5° R \ !_————-—“‘ I 1.3 20 F—zs \' % "70° / a / —25 \ \ ‘ l \ 25 _24 \ “N / / - / l\ \ \ 30 —23 10 / / / 5500 I I / /V ‘1 ~22 \ / l I . / ‘ ‘ 40 K \ —2' \0/ I / \ /"’/——_ ..——— —_... ¥ /: 50 A \ / —-2o \ \ / //( \ \ >< \ y l />/\ Ah /7 \ 330° L _ \ \\ \ \ ’: A> \\ ‘ / \7\ / 450 -s *’———‘Av\\\\--— \\ \\ ~‘ \ . 4m 600 - a _ 3 700 _ 2 900 _ . \ /j 900 L T—__ _ — _ \ IOOO o 0 0° 20° N 300 n 400 _ 8 500 S 60° N 70° '0 80° 90° '060 ° 3 ' Q § § E g 2 g 3% 3 § 3 m m VERTICAL SCALE zoo TIMES HZRIZONTAL m “2"‘3’:§:;ifi:$ 3 3 (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE h}:|_|=i_dK|LOMETERS DATE_____A_u6__|_9_QZ___L29QGyI MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) I30 ~29 —26 —27 —26 —25 —24 —23 —22 —2I 720 “‘l9 —l7 —l6 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE l I 850° 80 — n N w m o h m m N c 2 a 8 B s 2 a X fi Q E h g h b h N J‘ VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE A . o IOO 200 300 400 500 _ 35p '95 Izooeur ”WW“ TEL“ NORTHERN HEMISPHERE H:H=,_. KILOMETERS a 800° BUREAU 20 25 30 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 Idb I25 I50 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 IOOO 0° noso 78384 BOOOI 78806 MILLISARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —28 ~27 '--25 ._24 ——23 "—22 —2I ~20 —I2 ._.l0 h"8 84I29 CROSS SEGHON 30° VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE HOR|ZONTAL SCALE o 100 200300400500 H=H=H KILOMETERS WEATHER BUREAU 20 25 30 m 50 7O 80 90 IOO I25 150 200 250 300 450 500 600 700 800 MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —29 —28 —27 —26 —25 —24 —22 —2| —20 -—l6 ~14 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 20 25 3O 4O 50 60 70 80 90 IOO I25 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 MILLIBARS IOOO 0° I060 7408l 72915 2907 2836 72528 72520 723” 72208 74795 72202 78384 8000l 78806 N é rs h ‘ h VERTICAL SCALE 300 T|MES HOR|ZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE OCT I967 IZOOGMT ”PPW'MATEW NORTHERN HEMISPHERE ‘.’_.=?3_°.°=,_”.°° KILOMETERS A“... ‘_-_— mum" MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) -30 —29 —28 —27 -—24 —23 —22 —2I —20 --l7 I—IS '—I2 ——I0 84|29 8463! CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 I00 200 300 £00 500 Hzfli KILOMETERS WEATHER BUREAU 750° 89|25 DATE____99_'[__I_9_Q7 .2006“: ‘20 25 30 4O 5O 70 80 90 I00 MILLIBARS I25 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 I060 9009 § MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —29 —28 —27 —26 ~25 —23 —22 '-'2| -20 '—l9 —l7 -—l6 —— ’- Nov um” 7408! CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE / 729|5 2907 72528 72520 a: m on N |~ r» VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL ”PPW'M‘W“ NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 723l 7 72208 74795 7 202 78384 8000! HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 |00 20° 30° 40° 50° H=H=H KILOMETERS 800° ’Arzs WEATHER BUREAU 78806 20 25 30 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 IOO I25 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 TOO 800 900 IOOO 0° IOGO MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —27 —26 I—25 r—24 —23 "22 -—2l -20 —I7 ~I6 “—8 y—T r—B CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE / fl,— \~. ~‘ -_ 84I29 8463l 85442 85543 8580l 87860 VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL “PPW'M‘TEL” SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 87938 HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 IOO 200300400500 H=Hi K I LOMETERS 88952 WEATHER__ 89043 9|25 muunéynlsm 90° 0: E 1200 GMT 20 25 30 40 50 7O 80 90 I00 I25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 600 700 800 900 I000 I060 MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE "\ — 5 w w t 8 3 8 3 % § 3 53 g 2' a s E ;3 2 F VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL one-__9.E_°__'_9_5_z___|_22°_6w_ ””W'MAW’ NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 72208 74795 72202 HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 I00 200 300 400 500 h-H::d-H=:§-J KILOMETERS 78384 800 WEATHER BUREAU 20 25 3O 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 I00 125 I50 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 | 000 001060 BOOOI 78806 MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE IO 850° \ \ _ a “K \ 300° EATHER BUREAU \ \ I /’ \ 7\ 30W\ '5 750° \_ \ 1/ ‘ \Y / \ \ \ _/ \ \ \ 20 \k/ 700° \ "10 K \ 650° \ / 700° ,\ x \ \ \ 25 \ O ,— v \ \ w \ \ \ fl!” \ \ \ \ I ‘ \ \ \ \ 30 / \ __ \ \\ \_ 7L ‘ \ \ ‘ \ \ \ 550° \ \ -—35 ,\_. \ ¥ / —so° .0 \ 4° 1.0 \ \ § / \ \ \/ \ 60 / \ ‘4? / —— \ \/ \ \ \ 7o --7°° l \ ‘7/\ ' \ \ \ 8° 3% _ 1 ~ .\ \ 90 “\p \ \ \ o L _ a I \ 1 \ —\ /;Z ‘ \Axg \ \ ‘ ~ "W" m Q \ '” —\ 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 IOOO I060 IO° a 20° g: 30° m 40° 5 3 50° 3 60° fi 70° ,0 son 900 E é E a g g g - VERTICAL. SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL Hg“‘|§g:;ig‘:; 3 § (APPRWMATEW SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE I—d=I—!=i—I one____0_59__|§§?___-'_29°_GMI K | LOMETERS _ M|LLIBAR$ MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 IOO |25 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 IOOO 0° |060 7408| 729|5 2907 2836 72528 72520 723|7 72208 7 795 72202 78384 BOOOI 78806 N r~ VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE JAN '9“ IZOOGMT (APPROXIMATELY) NORTHERN HEMISPHERE o IOO 200 300 400500 I—bhbhd KILOMETERS MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 -—27 -—26 —-25 _24 —-23 —2| —l8 —|O 84l29 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 I00 200 300 400 500 H=Hfi K | LOMETERS WEATHER BUREAU 20 25 30 4O 5O 7O 80 90 I00 MILLIBARS I25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 600 700 800 I000 I060 MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE \ \ ‘~ __ 20 25 30 4O 5O 60 7O 80 90 IOO I25 I50 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 2836 4795 0 8° 5 9 F O m — N 8 3 h 2 72528 72520 723| 7 72208 72202 78384 8000| 78806 r- vx r~ VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE on: FEB l9“ IzooGMT_ ”PPW'MATEW’ NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 12“”. ‘°°. °°°’°,° , ,..‘ KILOMETERS MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —28 _27 -—26 —-25 -24 —23 —22 —2l —20 —18 —I7 km ”-5 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE BUREAU _..__——_—_‘ \~ —— ' /5° Moo 8"- L 30 '20 25 30 4O 5O 7O 80 90 I00 l25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 600 700 800 MILLIBARS 84|29 B463l HORIZONTAL SCALE VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL 0 ‘00 200 300m 500 iii WWW“ SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE K I LOMETERS CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE IO [-30 / —29 28 WEATHER BUREAU _ I5 —27 —26 20 —25 25 —24 3O —‘23 '—22 40 —2| 50 —20 _|9 60 .J m > 3 _IB 70 d m (n u 80 g 3 —I7 ‘n E q .— 90 m In 3‘ 5 —Is 8 3 IOO ; u v a 2 —I5 .— 2] I25 2 3 —I4 5 I50 — I3 _I2 200 —II —I0 250 _ 9 300 — 8 350 '1 -‘ 7 4 400 I ,1 _ 6 450 1 500 1 __ 5 ——————— 1 I I , — 4 600 I: I; _ 3 1 700 '- 2 800 1— I 900 — o _____________ I000 5 9 5 w m o F m .,, __ I060 N N “AR * VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL h " N h HOR120N;AL SCALE g °° F3 DATE .958 1200 GMT (APPROXIMATELY) o .00 20° 30° 40° 5° ____________________ NORTHERN HEMISPHERE _,=,_.=,_,° KILOMETERS F“ MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —28 ._27 —26 --25 —24 r—ZI —-20 —I? -l2 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 I00 200me w K I LOMETERS 20 25 3O 40 50 60 7O 80 90 IOO IE5 I50 200 300 550 450 500 600 700 800 900 IOOO IOGO 9009 3, MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE SO — Is I0 «I: ,L In In N H 8 3 8 B S § .7, 8 IT 8 5’» ‘ v N N N fi‘ N 2 R‘ I! R‘ 3 m Ix r~ N " I~ I~ 2 VERTICAL SCALE zoo TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 IOO 200 300 400 500 on APR I958 Iaooem (WWW/"EL“ NORTHERN HEMISPHERE H=_I=._. E __________________ KILOMETERS WEATHER BUREAU 8000! 78806 20 25 30 4o 50 60 7O 80 90 I00 I25 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 IOOO 001060 MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —27 —26 —25 ._24 —23 ~22 -—2l —20 -—l8 —|2 —l0 -4 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE WEATHER BUREAU _ N m - 8 R g to 90° m HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL 400 500 O “PPRW'WW’ SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE °|_|=i—|=i—dm m 3” one APR WAC IZOOGMT K I LOMETERS ——————————————————— 20 25 30 40 5O 70 80 90 I00 |25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 700 800 900 I000 IOGO MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 800 THER BUREAU 20 25 30 4O 5O 60 7O 80 90 IOO I25 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 I000 0° I060 2907 2836 72528 723l 7 72208 4795 202 r~ n r~ E VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE 80 MAY .958 IZOOGMT (APPROXIMATELY) NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 0 “10200300400500 KILOMETE RS 7408 I 729l5 72520 78384 8000! 78806 MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) -30 —27 _é6 —25 ,_24 —22 —-2I —-20 —IB I-I6 I—l3 '—I2 84l29 846M N Q v In D CROSS SECHON VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) 40 SOUTHERN THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE HEMISPHERE HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 IN 200300400500 H=H=H KILOMETERS WEATHER BUREAU 20 25 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00 I25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 600 700 800 900 I000 I060 MILLIBARS ix gi MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) ~30 -29 —28 —27 —-26 -25 —24 ~23 —22 —21 —20 -—I7 “-5 7408| 729l5 CROSS SECTION 2907 h VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONT (APPROXIMATELY) 0 to a) N n AL THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE ’ ‘/ 72528 72520 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 723l7 72208 74795 72202 HORIZONTAL SCALE o :00 200 300 400 500 I—I:h-J=H KILOMETERS WEATHER BUREAU 80001 78384 78606 20 25 30 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 I00 |25 I50 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 I 000 001060 MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —28 __27 I—24 —23 —‘22 >—-2| —20 —I7 ”l2 84|29 8463l 85442 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 20 ’30 85543 VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 Ioozoosootoosoo K I LOMETERS THER BUREAU 89I25 one____¢UN__1958_ 20 25 30 4O 50 7O 80 9O IOO I25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 600 700 800 MILLIBARS w " CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE WEATHERfB 20 25 30 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 IOO (KILOMETERS) I25 MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL I50 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 IOOO 001060 729:7 g 7408 7295 2907 2838 72528 72520 72317 72208 795 72202 78384 8000! 78806 rs N Is VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE JUL '958 IZOOGMT (APPROXIMATELY) NORTHERN HEMISPHERE o Iooaooaoowosoo KILOMETERS MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) —30 —29 ---28 —26 —25 __24 —22 -—2l —20 -I8 —-l7 —-|5 —|2 84129 8463i 85442 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 85543 VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 I00 200 300 too 500 w KILOMETERS WEATHER BUREAU '20 25 30 40 5O 7O 80 90 IOO I25 I50 200 250 300 450 500 600 700 800 MILLIBARS 350 ’ —29 —28 —27 --26 '—25 —'23 —22 —2| —20 '—|9 —|7 —-l6 '-l5 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE WEATHER BUREAU 20 25 3O 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 IOO l25 ISO 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 (KILOMETERS) MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL IOOO 0° I060 2907 2836 7408I 729I5 72528 72520 723W 72208 7 795 72202 78384 8000! 76806 N g N h V‘ VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE AUG I958 Izoocu‘r (APPROX'MATEW NORTHERN HEMISPHERE . W° KILOMETERS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) -30 -——28 .—27 ._.24 ~22 ._.2| —-20 I--IB '—l2 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 850° K C m 40 50 -50° -20 8 0° — r —60° 750° //mm _700 WEATHER BUREAU 7‘0 ‘r‘\ Ak/l/ / ~80° _50° / _ JI/ // \\ 50 /// /4L¢°°° \ -85° 650° \ \~ ‘ ’M”' {7' /l/ / /— / _/ \ / / ‘ / I f/ '— I\ \r / W I / / / l0 / ’ I ' 500° / l I —_ /://— J ‘o x j / 'i I —__ /— \ W: 0— .74 /’ \ \x I l \ l x \ 2o ”4/ 3 g I / I O O 0 40° __ 50° 60° N 70 m 30 90° Do a, IO° .7. . 20° 9: 30 g 3 § § 3 § n m N ‘0 Q ,0 In N y» <9 g 5 g '3 ° m o a TA SCA E m m 0' § N L L “’ VERTICAL SCALE :00 TIMES HORIZONTAL Hing: 200 30° 40° 50° AUQG '958 ° (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE I—I=h-I=I—-I IZOOGMT K | LOMETERS 20 25 30 4O 5O 70 80 90 I00 I25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 600 700 800 900 I000 l060 MILLIBARS ~30 —29 —28 —27 —26 —25 —24 —23 —22 '—2I —20 v—I9 —-I7 -I6 "‘5 ~14 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 20 25 30 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 I00 I25 I50 200 250 300 350 " 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 I 000 (KILOMETERS) MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL 0° IOGO 7408| 729|5 2907 2836 72528 72208 4795 202 N r~ r~ r~ h VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HOR|ZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE IZOOGMT (APPROXIMATELY) NORTHERN HEMISPHERE ' 0 IO!) zoo 300 400500 KILOMETERS 72520 723l7 78384 8000! 78806 60° ’2 a» 6N SEP I95 MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL (KILOMETERS) -30 —-28 —27 _24 —-23 —22 F2: -—20 —-l7 —l5 "IZ _l0 84l29 8463| 85442 I 85543 VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL (APPROXIMATELY) / g SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 858m 800° CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 87938 HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 IOO 200 300 ‘00 M iii K I LOMETERS 68952 WEATHER BUREAU 89043 89|25 ma____$EP_.__|9§_8 E |200 GMT ‘20 25 30 4o 50 7O 80 90 I00 I25 I50 200 250 300 350 450 500 700 900 900 I000 I060 MILLIBARS F30 —29 —-28 ~27 -26 *‘25 —24 —-2I -l7 —l6 CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 20 25 30 4o 50 60 70 80 90 I00 I25 I50 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600‘ 700 600 900 1000 (KILOMETERS) MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL 00 I060 2907 2836 72528 723W 72208 7 795 72202 5 E V‘ m - g N n N 72520 78384 SOOOI 78806 r~ r» VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 one- _ _ .991- _'_9_§8_ _ 390.6% WWW”) NORTHERN HEMISPHERE M" KILOMETERS CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 800° ’ WEA BUREAU —28 ._27 _24 ~22 .—2| ~20 (KILOMETERS) 7O 80 90 I00 MILLIBARS I25 MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL '-l2 I000 1060 '0 90° ' N "’ 6 8 a; g v m % g a a g g § q. m a, SCA E m a a VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL “comigt‘gg—OO ‘00 :00 T I O ‘APPWWM SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE I—I=i—I=i—I om____QC_____9.5.Q IZOOGMT KILOMETERS CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE 800° THER BUREAU 20 25 30 4o 50 60 TO 80 90 IOO I25 I50 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 900 uooo 00 I060 2907 0 m (D N 7408| 729|5 72528 72520 723” 72208 795 72202 78384 8000! 78806 t ‘7’ r» r~ Is 2 VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 [00 200 300 400 500 on: NOV I958 I200 cw ”PPW'MWL“ NORTHERN HEMISPHERE fig... ———————————————————— KILOMETERS (KILOMETERS) MILLIBARS MEAN ALTITUDE SCALE ABOVE SEA LEVEL CROSS SECTION THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE IO 'i r30 20 ‘- —29 3 800° 13 2‘3 WEATHER BUREAU . __ ‘1 I5 —-27 M -' —26 20 '9 0:! '—25 i 25 P ‘l —24 30 —23 h —22 40 —2: 50 —2o —-19 60 .J g 3 H8 70 < 3 80 U A .— 3 an IT m c: < .‘f 90 m In -‘ 5 —IG 3 3 :00 U) _ X m ... O ' 3 —I5 .— 21 l25 z a —I4 5 150 ~13 { '-l2 { 200 --II I 250 —no -- 9 300 _ 8 350 : ’- 7 400 i! _. 6 450 500 ' — 5 ‘1 r f‘ 4 _ 4 600 ‘1 g - 3 700 - 2 J 500 g _ I q 900 -— o 1 IOOO h _ h w °° uoeo 1‘ 5 § 8 A s g g a co N " V‘ N g Q N Q N V N n o 8 n v~ " F F 0 a: h DEC '958 VERTICAL SCALE 300 TIMES HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL SCALE " APPR DATE _______________ 1330921 ( OX'MATELY) NORTHERN HEMISPHERE o :00 zoo 300 400500 KILOMETERS MILLIBARS