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STRATIGRAPHICAL SYSTEM ' ..

OF

ORGANIZED FOSSILs,

WITH
REFERENCE TO THE SPECIMENS
on

THE ORIGINAL GEOLOGICAL COLLECTION

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM:

EXPLAINING
THEIR STATE OF PRESERVATION
AND
THEIR USE IN IDENTIFYING

THE

BRITISH STRATA.

 

BY

WILLIAM §MITH,

CIVIL ENGINEER AND MINERAL SURVEYOR;

Author of a “ Treatise on Irrigation,” a “ Map and Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales,” with a
g Memoir, “ Strata identified by organized Fossils," “ Geological Section ” and “ Table.”

 

 

LONDON:

Printed for E. WILLIAMS, Bookseller to the PRINCE REGENT, and to the DUKE and DUGHEss or YORK,
No. 11, Strand, near Charing Cross; and sold by all other Booksellers in the Kingdom.

1817.

 

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PART I.

 

CONTENTS.

Introduction.

Geological Table of British Organized Fossils.
l Page

London Clay mmmmmmmmmuommmmmmmmwommmm .wmurmmmm 1

 

Crag . m mnrmmmmmmlflvarrumtummmmmmmmmm 5
Gila-[k murmmmmmmmmmmlvwmmmoummmm mm A. 14‘

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Brick-Earth mmmm m, mm“.

twm m mmm mmmmmm 3 6

Portland Rock mmNomNI-Nlmmwwrmmwtmmmmmmmmmawmmmmmm 38

Oaktree Clay mmmmm"mm.mmmwMWWWMMWWWWMWMWWMMM ’lcl
Coral Bag and Pisolite m”mm.mmmmmwmmmmMWMMMMMMMMN. 4'7
Clunch Clay and Shale mmmmmm~,mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 55
Kelloways StonewmmmmmmmmmmMNMMMWMWMMWMmmwmm 58
CornbrashmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmWMMWMMMMMMMW 62

Forest Marblemmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 71

 

 

 

 

Clay over the Upper Oolitem - m mmmmmmmmmmm ’77-
Upper Oolite mmmmmw . 84<
Fuller’s Earth Rock m,§mmmmmmmmmmm 87
Under Oolite mmmmmmmmmmmm - . .. 95
Sand and Sandstone mmmmmmmmmmm ' 111'

 

MarlstonemmmmN,mmmmm,WWWWNMm.w

Stratigraphical Table of Echini.
Observations on Echini.

 

-v- _ 1 13

 

 

Indexes to Genera and Species and to their Localities will be given in the succeeding
part of the work 5 and the Characters of the Genera will be explained.

Part 11., which completes the W'ork, will be speedily published,

E33
5x 3
:1
iv

X

 

INTRODUCTION.

 

THIS novel and interesting description of near seven hundred species of Fossil Shells,
Z00phites, and other organized Fossils, found in England and Wales, and collected in
identification of the Strata, refers particularly to the specimens of a geological col-
lection deposited in the British Museum. On the specimens, Roman capitals
mark the genus,—the figures, 1, 2, 3, &c. refer to the species,-——and the small
letters, a, b, c, &c. to the localities or sites in- the Strata.

This copious reference to the. stratum which contains the Fossils, ‘to the particular
site therein whence obtained, and to the individual specimens of the collection, which
is intended to be publicly exhibited in the British Museum, seemed to render figures
of them unnecessary; especially as. reference is constantly made to another work
of the Author’s now publishing by Mr. Sowerby, which consists chiefly of engra-
vings; and as further reference is likewise made to the numerous figures of Sowerby’s
Mineral Conchology.

It is hoped, and confidently expected, that this method of combining the stratified
and systematic arrangement of Fossil Shells, 850. will comprise all the information
respecting them which can be required, either by the curious Conchologist or by the
most attentive investigator of the Strata. Lamarck’s system, which is an extension
and improvement of that of Linnaeus, has been preferred, as most applicable to the
arrangement of organized Fossils ; of which the species and even genera are some-
times not without difficulty determined. His more particular attention to the form,
muscular attachment, and other striking characters apparent in Fossils where the hinge
cannot often be observed, better enables the Mineral Conchologz'st to distinguish the
generic and specific characters of those numerous organized Fossils which are merely
casts of the inside of the shell, or of the animal which inhabited it. As this country
abounds with numerous species which cannot be arranged under any of the genera
given by M. Lamarck, new genera have been formed by Sowerby, Parkinson, and
others, which are herein adopted and referred to: reference is likewise made to most
of our old authors on the subject.

In the arrangement of Echini, I have followed Les/cc in his comment on Klein. >

' a 2

iv INTRODUCTION.

Four of the most copious divisions, Echini, Ammonites, Terebratula, and Z00phites,
to the extent of more than a hundred species, have been arranged in a tabular
form, which shows by inspection their relative situation in the Strata, and gives the
efl'ect of collating the specimens. _

By the tables it will be seen which Fossils are peculiar to any Stratum, and which
are repeated in others.

The order naturally suggested by the situations of the organized Fossils themselves,
Zoophites, Testacea, Echini, Crustacea, Bones of large Animals, is uniformly obse1 v-
ed 1n each Stratum throughout the work: so that this book naturally divided by the
Strata, admits of easy reference to the innumerable specimens of this extensive
branch of Natural History. In addition to these several references, to the Stratum
in which any particular kind of Fossil is found, to the particular site in its course
where it was collected, to the identical specimen in the British Museum, and to
the Authors who have written on them, I have, for the convenience of those who
have not the opportunity of visiting remote parts, given other reference to my map
of the Strata of England and Wales, by colours corresponding to the coloured lines
on that map, by which the courses of the Strata are represented.

My method of arranging Fossils generally, according to the Strata which contain
them, having long since been ad0pted by all to whom my early discoveries were
communicated, such connoisseurs will make by the help of this work the material
improvement in their collections which is now offered to them ; by which the
stratified-and systematic arrangements are most usefully combined. All the locali-
ties of each Species in each Stratum are enumerated in succession, showing, as the
specimens Would if placed together, their use in identifying the Strata.

The following works have been consulted, for the purpose of giving to the
specimens the most appropriate and descriptive names:

LATIN.
Linnaeus. . . . ......... Systema Naturae.
Llwyd ...... . . . . . . . . Lithophylacii Brittanici Ichnographia. 8v0.
Klein with Leske ...... Echinodermata. 4to.

Brander and Solander . . Fossilia Hantoniensia. 4to.

FRENCH.

Cuvier . . . . .......... Géographie Minéralogique des Environs de Paris. 4to.
Les Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, containing Lamarck’s Description
of the Fossils of Grignon, Courtagon, &c. 4-to.

IN'l‘l‘t.OI)UC'1‘ION.~~ Y

ENGLISH.
Plot . . . , . . . . . . . . . .‘Natural History of Oxfordshire. fol. pl.
Morton ...... . ..... . . Natural History of Northamptonshire. fol. pl.
Woodward .......... . . Catalogue. 8vo. 2 vol. ‘ .
Walcot . . . . . . . ...... Petrifactions in the neighbourhood of Bath. pl.

Ellis and Solander . . . . Zoophites. 4to. with Plates.
Martin .‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derbyshire Petrifactions. 4m. with Plates.

Parkinson . . . . . . ...... Organic Remains of a former World. Alto. 3 vols.with Plates."

Townsend ............ Credibility of the Mosaic History established, &c. 4m. with
Plates.

Sowerby ..... . . . . . . Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. 8vo. with Plates.

My original method‘of tracing the Strata by the organized Fossils imbedded
therein, is thus reduced‘to a science not difficult to learn. Ever ’since the first

written account of this discovery was circulated in 1799 it has been closely investi-
gated by my scientific acquaintance in the vicinity of Bath; some of whom search
the 'quarries‘of different Strata in that district with as much certainty of finding the
characteristic Fossils of the respective rocks, as if they'were ‘on the'shelves of their
cabinets. By this new' method of searching for organized Fossils with the regu-
larity with which they are imbedded in such a variety of Strata, many new. species
have been discovered. The Geologist is thus enabled to fix the locality of those
previously found; to direct the attentive investigator in his pursuits ; and to find in
all former cabinets and catalogues numerous proofs of accuracy in this mode of
identifying the Strata.

The virtuoso will therefore now enter upon the study and selection of organized
Fossils with the twofold advantage of amusement and utility. The various com-
ponent parts of the soil, and all the subterraneous productions of his estate, become
interesting objects of research; the contents of quarries, pits, wells, and other
excavations, hitherto thought unworthy of notice, will be scrupulously examined.-

The organized Fossils which may be found, will enable him to identify the Strata
of his own estate with those of others : thus his lands may be drained with more
certainty of success, his buildings substantially improved, and his private and public
roads better made, and repaired at less expense.

To possess such general knowledge of the Soil, Subsoil, and Strata, on every
road he travels, and in ' every field he traverses, with their respective Fossils strati-
graphically arranged in his cabinet, must furnish an endless source of gratification
to every inquisitive mind. His own house will be the best school of Natural History

vi INTRODUCTION.

for all the younger branches of the family, and a source of amusement to all his
scientific acquaintance ;--—science will become more general ;——all will lend assis-
tance ;—’-no time will be idly lost: nor with such resources can a country gentleman
be (as Pope says)“ a prisoner in his own house every rainy day.” Rural amuse-3
ments, to those who can enjoy them, are the most healthful, and the search for 3
Fossil may be considered at least as rational as the pursuit of a hare,—0ne the sport
of infants, the other of adults ; one squanders time and property, the other improves
the mind and may afterwards extend such infant knowledge to the improvement of
the estates he may enjoy. No study, like that of the organized Fossils, can be so
well calculated for the healthful and rational amusement of youth; and nothing can
more efi'ectually lead to general improvement than the early diffusion of science.
That of Natural History should be the first object of every country gentleman;
and if it be not an insult to nature to pass unnoticed her various productions, which
are superior far to the nicest workmanship, it will sometime be an insult to the
understanding to be considered totally ignorant of these things.

The Author is aware that for want of proper and settled terms there may be some
mistakes in his arrangement of the Fossils; but if a Venus should be mistaken for a
Cyclas, or a Mactra for a Mya, it cannot be of more importance (in the present
state of the science) than the misspelling of a word which alters not the sense;
-—-errors. of misnomer in the work or in the tables may be easily corrected with a
pen, as more perfect specimens are obtained, or as the science improves, but
errors in their stratified arrangement can be corrected by those only who are
locally acquainted with the Strata, and the numerous organized Fossils they contain.
On this principle I have ventured, without much knowledge of Conchology, and with
weak aids in that science, to give the outlines of a systematic arrangement combined
with the stratified, it being much easier to learn the useful than to unlearn the
useless; and finding myself pressed to the task by others, who are proceeding with
such works With but imperfect knoWledge of the Strata, I may therefore hope
that my imperfections in the systematic arrangement placed against their’s in the
Strata, the balance will be in favour of this work;

A combination of the stratified with the systematic arrangement will always
have the advantage of showing the locality of specimens, and from the simplicity
of form, errors in genera and species may be readily corrected, and the species
hereafter discovered as readily added.

My observations on this and on other branches of the subject are entirely
original, and unincumbered with theories, for I have none to support: nor do
I refer my reader to foreign countries to prove what I advance: but I have drawn

INTRODUCTION. vii

and described the face of a country whose internal contents are more deeply explored
than any other part of the earth’s surface; and in which every one, to the extent of
his local knowledge, is a critic on my work. With such a host of critics as might
rise up against me in the extensive districts I describe, it may reasonably be supposed
that accuracy claimed my utmost attention, and that in the collection and arrange-
ment of the numerous Fossils, and in the determination of the facts which they
support, the mind would frequently hesitate, and doubts have remained some time
for want of specimens or an opportunity of visiting the site of any dubious part.
Rules, however, have arisen out of the research, which wonderfully assist the investi-
gation of Strata; these will he described in the course of my works, if the encourage-
ment which I expect from the public should enable me to publish all my manuscript.
The extent and accuracy of the observations which I have made and recorded will
excuse me for any apparent procrastination, and encouragement only is wanting in
this important branch of natural History to unravel the mystery and simplify our
knowledge of all the terrene part of the creation ; for enough is already discovered
to render the subject familiar and extensively useful. Geologists are also aiding
greatly an improvement in the science by their minute examination of the materials
of Strata, and by the modern adoption of a settled plan of observing and recording
natural facts.

This particular branch of Geology has already proved that a large portion of the
earth once teemed with animation, and that the animals and plants thus finely
preserved in the solid parts of the earth’s interior, are so materially different
from those now in existence, that they may be considered as a new creation, or-
rather as an undiscovered part of an older creation. They are chiefly submarine,
and as they vary generally from the present inhabitants of’ the sea, so at separate
periods of the earth’s formation they vary as much from each other; insomuch
that each layer of these fossilorganized bodies must be consideredasa separate
creation; or how could the earth be formed stratum super stratum, and each
abundantly stored with a different race of animals and plants. Surely these innu-
merable and finely organized fossils are not the sports of nature placed there to
excite the attention of the idly curious, but they must, like the other works of the
Great Creator, have their use. The miner has long thus identified his. local sinkings
of shafts, and why should not the virtuoso, the owner and occupier of the soil,
quarry-men and workers of stone, do the same more extensively? The result of
my labours is a settled plan for doing this, and therefore the identification of Strata
by the help of organized Fossils, becomes one of the most important modern dis-
coveries in Geology. It enables the Geologist clearly to distinguish one Stratum

viii INTRODUCTION.

from another in Britain, and also to trace their connexion with the same Strata on’
the continent. Thus it is capable of the most extensive or of the most local use.

Strata, when identified by organized Fossils, with the localities of each Stratum
accurately delineated, will also define on maps of the country the limits of districts
in which they are most prevalent. Thus it appears by this work, and by the map
of the Strata, that three principal families of organized Fossils occupy nearly three,
equal portions of the English and Welsh parts of Britain ;

Echini are most common to the superior Strata ;

Ammonites to those beneath ;

Producti with numerous Encrini to the inferior; or at least to the lowest of
' those which are most abundantly stored with the animal class.

This order in the section gives the following order on the map ;

Echini most abundant in the eastern and south-eastern districts;

Ammonites in the interior, or in the course of those Strata which occupy the
midland counties in a north-easterly direction, from Charmouth to Whitby;

The species of Anomia. Linn. now called Productus, occur no higher in the
series than in the limestones which are the boundaries of coal.

Taking another extensive view of a singular division of the animal class, it
appears by the peculiar localities of certain species, and even several genera of
these organized fossils peculiar to certain Strata, that many of them occur not
throughout large districts of the country. Thus, the Corals, which accompany the
Pisolite and the two Oolites in the greatest abundance, are not found within the
denudation, a district which is composed of large portions of Kent, Surry, Sussex,
and Hampshire; and more locally known as the Forest Ridge and the Wealds of
Kent and Sussex. Two similar expansions of the same Strata occasion a similar
deficiency of the numerous species of these extensive genera, on North York
Moors, and on Blackdown, which embraces a considerable portion of the counties
of Somerset, Dorset, and Devon.

So far the deficiency arises from a want of exposure in those Strata which contain
them ; but another cause of the deficiency arises from defects in the courses of those
Strata: two of the three rocks before mentioned are not discovered north of the
Humber, or south west of the borders of Somerset, and the other is but partially
seen to the south west of these limits; consequently a still larger portion of
Yorkshire in the north east and of the parts beforementioned in the south west
(wherein these fossils might have been expected) is deficient in them.

These deficiencies arise from the unconformableness of some of the other Strata.

Other deficiencies of organized Fossils, to a considerable extent, on many parts of

- INTRODUCTION. ix

the surface where they should, according to the course of their out-cropping strata,
be found, are occasioned by a thick covering of alluVial matter; this, in the
rounded fragments or nodules of the different Strata, contains entire many of the
specimens herein described, or loose ones which have been detached from their
original beds in the Strata, much rounded by attrition in water : these will be de-
scribed under the head of Alluvial Fossils. *

Fortunately for the science which these investigations must establish, many Strata
are entirely deficient in organized Fossils, some of these so thick as to occupy of
themselves large portions of the island, and some much thinner, which alternate
with others that contain them. '

How far these facts tend to establish a certain theory, which pretends to give
the relative ages of Strata according to the presence or absence of organized Fossils,
others may determine.

Many Strata being entirely without organized Fossils, the investigation is much
facilitated, by rendering the courses of those Strata which contain them more
distinct; and the courses of all the Strata being known, the name of the place
where any specimen is found is sufficient to mark its locality in the Strata, and the
specimens being filled with the matter in which they are imbedded materially assist
in identifying the Stratum to which they belong. In this respect Mineral Conchology
has much the advantage of recent; the matter of the Stratum fully compensating
in a geological point of view, for any defect in the specimen. Shells are generally
without the animals, which are mostly incapable of preservation ; fossils frequently
represent the animals without the shells (i. e. the interior conformation of the
shell). In general, fossil shells are so effectually closed and filled with stony matter,
that the hinge, opening, and other characters, cannot be observed.

Numerous Zoophites naturally too tender for preservation, have in their fossil
state thei1 shape and most minute organization beautifully retained 1n limestone,
flint, and other solid matter. Thus not only in clays, sands, and rocks, but in the
hardest stones, are displayed all the treasures of an ancient deep, which prove the
high antiquity and watery origin of the earth; for nothing can more plainly than
the Zoophites evince the once fine fluidity of the stony matter in which they are
enveloped, no fluid grosser than water being capable of pervading their pores. The
process which converted them and their element into stone seems to-have been
similar to that of freezing water, which would suddenly fix all the inhabitants of
the ocean, each “in its place, with all the original form and character. Organized
Fossils are to the naturalist as coins to the antiquary; they are the antiquities of

b .

X ' INTRODUCTION.

the earth; and very distinctly show its gradual regular formation, with the various
changes of inhabitants in the watery element. '

Thus endless gratification may be derived from mountains of ancient animated
nature, wherein extinct animals and plants innumerable, with characters and habits
distinctly preserved, have transmitted to eternity their own history, and the clearest
and best evidence of the earth’s formation.

As the section of a tree shows. its increase by annual rings of growth, so the
Strata seem to show the earth’s lamellar increase.

The interior of the earth therefore, like other better investigated works of
nature, is formed upon the wisest and best principles, incomprehensible in their
extent, but to the limits of our capacity exceedingly useful. ’

The angle of declination in the Strata towards the horizon, and their consequent
successive terminations in the surface of the earth, is one of the most wonderful
dispositions of Providence that could be devised for the benefit of man. .Without
such an angle of the Strata with the surface of the earth, coals and other useful
minerals could not be worked; nor could the edges of the Strata have been thus
identified by the organized Fossils imbedded. They are therefore of great use in
tracing the outcrops of open-jointed Strata, which alternate with clays, and produce
springs ; as also in identifying the Strata of deep wells sunk to those subterraneous
reservoirs in the cavities of rocks : and the vegetable impressions particularly define
in the collier’s shaft the approach to coal. They are found in their respective Strata
at the greatest depths, as well as at the greatest heights. Hence the consideration
of such an immensity of animal and vegetable matter, the time required for its
perfection and subsequent consolidation in the Strata, evidently in deep and quiet
water, may at first seem incomprehensible to many, but further investigation leads
to further admiration of the great unerring cause. In this, as in every other part
of the creation, there seems to have been one grand line of succession, a wonderful
series of organization successively proceeding in the same train towards per-
fection. ‘

Z00phites and shell fish appear to have been the first of the animal creation, and
to have been in existence prior to the completion of dry land, as they have entered
into the composition of a large proportion of the solid parts of the earth. Many
Strata of considerable extent are little else but an accumulation of their remains,
which have been quietly entombed in the Strata, with all the form, characters, and
habits of life, in the places where they are; there being no appearance of their
having been disturbed or drifted about. The change of the watery element in

INTRODUCTION. xi

which they lived, from a fluid toa solid state, has been the cause of their destruction
and the means of their fine preservation; and that change seems in most instances
to have been produced without violence: the form of the tenderest substance is
as finely preserved in the hardest stone as in the original state.

These numberless appearances of an animated origin in Strata of such immense
thickness and extent, must strike the admirers of nature with a degree of rever—
ential awe and grateful adoration of the Almighty Creator. And though the
mysterious cause which placed them there comes not within our comprehension,
these remains of animal and vegetable life are the clearest evidence of the boundless
extent of creation; that one destroying and reanimating power has ever existed,
and that nothing is done in vain. If these animals and vegetables had only to live
and die, and mark respectively the sites of their existence in the mass of matter
which now forms the earth, they have had their use, and will for ever remain
indefaceable monuments of that wonderful creative power which formed them and
all things. '

The position in which these organized Fossils are arranged seems to be the most
useful part of the knowledge to be derived from them; is it not therefore better to
profit by that which is in our power, than to waste our time about that which is
incomprehensible? not that there is reason to fear any result from man's deepest
investigation of the works of nature, which must end in the acknowledgement of
an omnipotent, incomprehensible, allwise, directing agent.

The chief object of this work being to show the utility of organized Fossils in
identifying the Strata, nothing further will be attempted in the systematic arrange-
ment than is necessary to make the subject intelligible; and the numerous useful and
interesting deductions thence resulting will more appropriately follow than precede
the regular description of them in the order of the strata.

The term “ Organized Fossils ” is generally applied to all fossil matter that has
a relation to the form of any organized body, either animal or vegetable.

These substances are also called “ Fossils,” “ Pelrifactions,” and “ Organic
Remains.”

 

 

   

   
  
 
   
    
 
    
      
  

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LONDON CLAY.

 

T E S T A C E A.
UNIVALVIA.

VOLUTA.

Voluta Spinosa. Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology.

Fig. 5 and 6, London Clay Plate, Strata identified, (3‘0.

A cast of the inside of the shell; oblong, with a short spire and not many volutions,
a few longitudinal undulations on the upper part of each.

Bognor.

FUSUS.

Fususlongaevus. Min. Conch.

Ventricose, smooth, spire turreted with a few large knobs upon the upper part of the latter
whorls; beak as long as the spire, slightly curved near the end.

Muddiford.

CERITHIUM.

SPECIES 1.
Cerithium melanioides. Min. Conch.
Fig. 7, London Clay Plate.
Turreted, volutions convex, with one spiral largely tuberculated carina above the middle,
and several tuberculated carinm beneath it; obscurely undulated longitudinally: beak very

short. '
a Woolwich.
b Bracklesham bay.

SPECIES 2.

Cerithium intermedium. Min. Conch.

Pyramidal, sides straight: volutions many, the upper edge distinctly crenated, and several
small crenulated threads beneath; a concavity at the meeting of the volutions: mouth
squarish.‘

a Woolwich.

[2 near May Place.

2

_ . . SPECIES 3.
Cerithium funatum. Min. Conch.
Conical, elongated, with two obtuse crenulated transverse ridges upon each whorl;

upper part of each whorl thickened and tuberculated; inouth squarish; base smooth, with
two transverse ridges.

Newhaven Castle Hill. ’

This species has fewer volutions than species 2, the row of tubercles on the upper edge
is larger, nor has it so many spiral threads beneath.

VIVIPARA.
Vivipara fluviorum. Min. Conch.

Fig. 1, London Clay Plate. .
Volutions four to six, convex, shell about twice the length of the ape1";tu1e lines of growth

rather sharply conspicuous, giving the shell a finely striated appearance.
Brixton Causeway, out of a deep well.

MULTILOCULAR or CHAMBERED UNIVALVES.

NAUTILUS.
Nautilus imperialis. Min. Conch. 4
Involute, umbilicate; aperture lunate; septa entire, concave, broadest in the middle,
truncated and slightly recurved at their ends ; siphunculus nearest to the inside.
Isle of Sheppey, a small specimen.

AMMONITES.
Ammonites communis. Min. Conch.
Fig. 11, London Clay Plate.
Involuteavolutions six or more, exposed; radii numerous, prominent, bifurcating over

the fr-ont ; aperture nearly cirCular, equal to about one-fifth of the diameter of the shell.
Happisbmgh clifi“.

There are two varieties of this species, one of them has a flattish spire, with an oval
aperture, the other a rounder spire, with a nearly circular apertule.
This specimen is of the first variety.

BI VALVIA.

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.‘
MODIOLA.
Modiola depressa. Min. Conch.

Much depressed, ovate, narrowing toward the posterior side ; surface smooth.
Bognor.

3

PECTUNCU LUS.

SPECIES 1.
Pectunculus decussatus. Min. Conch.
Fig. 10, London Clay Plate. ’
Transveisely obovate , sides rather straight , surface covered with numerous longitudinal
striae: hinge teeth twenty-five to thirty: margin thick, plain.
Highgate archway.
SPECIES Q. -
Pectunculus.
Fig. 3, London Clay Plate.
Orbicular, rather depressed, thickest near the beaks; longitudinally undulated; undulations
indistinct, alternately wider and narrower: many concentric rugae.
Bognor.

CYCLAS.

SPECIES 1.
Cy clas deperdita, Lam.

Ovato-t1iangula1, depressed, beaks acute, anterior side subtruncated; surface with sharp
transverse lines of growth.

Woolwich.

The middle tooth is frequently bifid, and the lateral ones crenulated.

SPECIES 2.
Suborbicular or transverse, beaks acute, the anterior side straightest; surface with acute
transverse elevations.
a Woolwich.
b Newhaven Castle Hill.

Differs from the last Species in the more central position of the beaks.

VENERICARDIA.

SPECIES 1.

Venericardia planicosta. Min. Conch.

Subcordate, ve1y thick, smooth; ribs broad and flat, about twenty, expanding into each
other toward the ma1gin;a few large teeth within the poste1ior edge.

Bracklesham Bay.

SPECIES 2.

Subcordate, oblique, beaks lying toward the less produced side; many longitudinal flattened
undulations indenting the margin, and crossed by transverse rugae; inner edge of the Shell
furnished with undulations equal in number to those on the outside :—shell thick.

Bognor.

This species resembles venericardia senilis, but the undulations are much flatter and
more numerous.
B 2

4

TELLINA.
Fig. 2, London Clay Plate.
Ovate, wider than long; transversely striated.
a Sheppey.
b Happisburgh cliff.
MYA.

Mya intermedia. Min. Conch.

Depressed, smooth, twice as wide as long, sides rounded ; anterior side expanded, gaping
a little; posterior side small; front nearly straight.

Bognor. ‘

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

CHAMA.

Chama squamosa Branden
Fig. 4«, London Clay Plate.
Subrotund, valves convex, with transverse squamous furrows; beak of the lower valve
most projecting. '
Hordel clifi'.
_.OSTREA
Oblong, a little oblique, rather smooth; lower valve gibbous 1n the middle, depressed at

the margin, pit oblong, narrow.
Woolwich.

CRUSTACEA.

CRAB.

"“I'Several species of Crabs have been found at Sheppey, but I have not the opportunity of
distinguishing them.

BONES.

TEETH.
Fig. 8, London Clay Plate.
Large, conical, one side flat, smooth; with two fangs or small teeth, one on each side.
Isle of Sheppey. '
Fig. 9, London Clay Plate.

Thin or much depressed, the point oblique, with two fangs or small teeth, one on each side.
Happisburgh clifl'.

5.
CRAG
ZOOPHITA

Spheroidal or depressed, with concentric cavities or cells; surface with numerous angular
depressions, covered by the points of very small aggregated tubes; no stem appears.
Aldborough.

Orbicular; with numerous fasciculi of small tubes radiating from the stem; the upper
surface covered by the aggregated points of tubes.
Aldborough.

FLUSTRA.

Surface undulated; with minute openings placed on small elevations, radiating from the
root or place of attachment in a quincuncial order.
Aldborough.

TESTACEA.

UNIVA LVIA.

EMARGINULA.
Emarginula reticulata. Min. Conch.

Fig. 5, Crag Plate, Strata idenlgfied, (Syc.

Shell oval, reticulato-striated, vertex rather acute, principal radii twenty-four or more;
Bramerton.

VOLUTA.
Voluta Lamberti. Min. Conch.
Fusiform, short, smooth; base elongated, obscurely truncated; columella with three or

four plaits; aperture acute above ; outer lip sharp, not expanded toward the base.
Aldborough—cast of the inside.

MUREX.
SPECIES 1.

Murex striatus. Min. Conch.

Shell ventricose, with many spiral rounded projections, and from three to five parallel
striae between each, crossed by longitudinal sutures: volutions from three to six; beak
nearly straight; month oval.

a Alderton.

c Bramerton.

6

SPECIES 2.

Fig 2, Crag Plate. 1 ii

Oblong or ovate , volutions five or Six, ventricose, with many spiral threads, (alternately
larger and smaller), longitudinal sutures distinct; aperture oblong, w1de1n its upper part,
ending below in a short deep canal; the right lip’ grooved at the edge.

These grooves correspond in number and in size to the threads on the outside, the lip
generally acute. In most of the specimens, two of the larger threads in the upper part of
the volution are more conspicuous than the others, and continue to the apex; the upper one
of the two forms a slight angle in the contour; the alternation of larger and smaller threads
is not always regular. '

a Between Norwich and Yarmouth.

b In the parish of Leiston.

c Thorpe Common.

d Tattingstone Park.

6 Bramerton. A specimen from this place is nearly covered with small Balani.

Foxhole. One from this place is covered with larger Balani.

Playford.

Sutton. These specimens have the upper larger thread very distinct.

A VARIETY approaching Murex latus. Min. Conch.

a Trimingsby.

b Bramerton.

c Thorpe Common.

SPECIES 3.

Oblong, obtuse, volutions about five, with eight or more spiral ridges, two of which in
the upper part are larger‘than the others, and are continued to the apeic: longitudinal
sutures distinct; aperture oblong, straightened on the inner side, wide in the upper part;
canal short, broad.

Of the two projecting ridges the upper is the largest, and there is a considerable hollow
between them, with two or more parallel strim. A small ridge on the upper edge of the
volution.

a Bramerton.

b Thorpe Common.

Sutton.

This species may be distinguished from the others by its large and few ridges.

SPECIES 44.

Murex contrarius. Linn. Min. Conch.

Fig. 1, Crag Plate.

Spiie reve1sed, volutions five or six, slightly expanded at the upper part, and contracted
towaid the beak: suif'ace either smooth or with many rounded projections: mouth irregularly
ovate, beak rather short.

a Alderton.

b Suffolk.

c Tattingstone Park.

Foxhole.

Playford. .

Sutton.

Newborn.

Brightwell.

SPECIES 5.

Murex 111gosus.? Mm. Conch.

Subturreted or oblong; volutions rather flattened, and suddenly contracted into a short
beak, with several large longitudinal undulations crossing many deepish spiral stria.

Foxhole.

The inside of the shell is undulated in the same manner as the outside.

SPECIES 6.

Murex antiquus. Lzmz.

Ovate, wide at the base , volutions about seven, expanded, with many spiral projections,
which a1e crossed by longitudinal undulations in the upper part: aperture oblong , rightJip
sharp, with internal undulations corresponding with the external projections:

Surface reticulated; aperture expanded at the base; left lip spread.

Playford. ,

TROCHUS.

SPECIES 1.

Conical, volutions five or six, the lower part projecting, with many finely crenulated
lines ; aperture 1homboidal, transverse , n‘o umbilicus , base convex.

Trimingsby.

‘ SPECIES ‘2.

Volutions four or five, the middle expanded into a keel or ridge, which continues to the
apex, many Spiral striae; ape1ture half the length of the shell, rounded on its left side,
angular on the right; no umbilicus.

Bramerton.

TURBO.

SPECIES 1.
Turbo littoreus. Min. Conch.
Fig. 3, Crag Plate.
Shell suboval, acute, striated; columnar margin flat: volutions about five.
a Between Norwich and Yarmouth.

b Leiston, Old Abbey.
0 Thorpe Common.
(1 Bramerton.

VARIETY.
Subglobose; volutions four or five, flat or concave at their upper edge, striated; aperture
equal to more than half the length of the shell.
(1 Bramerton.
b Thorpe Common.
SPECIES Q.
Obtuse; volutions four or five, with one spiral projection not continued to the apex;
striated ; aperture half the length of the shell.
Bramerton.
SPECIES 3.
Obtuse; volutions four or five, with two spiral projections, the upper one continued to the
apex; striated.
Bramerton.

TURRITELLA.

SPECIES 1.

Fig. 4«, Crag Plate.

Pyramidal, sides straight, with three continued crenated llnes ; the middle one smallest.

Thorpe Common.

SPECIES 2.

Turritella trilineata.

, Volutions flattish, lower part angular, sometimes projecting, with three smooth Spiral
threads and obscure spiral striae : base with several spiral striae.

Length 1 to 2 inches, volutions about ten.

The lower part of the volution angular, with a projecting edge and a small thread above
it; upper part thinned, a slight thread beneath it: a projecting thread on the middle. Base
rather convex.

a Bramerton.

b Trimingsby.

Foxhole.

Sutton.

Playford.
SCALARIA.

Scalaria similis. Min. Conch.

Whorls contiguous, spire With five or Six rounded transverse elevations, close to each other,
and somewhat decussated, the lowest most prominent: ribs distant, circular.

Bramerton.

9

AMPULLARIA.

Subglobose, spire short, depressed; volutions four, smooth, with a canal at the upper
edge; aperture oblong, a little lunate on the inner side; umbilicus often covered by the
inner lip.

Trimingsby.

NATICA.
Natica glaucinoides. Min. Conch.
Nearly globose, spire rather elongated; umbilicus simple, partly covered; upper part of

each whorl slightly depressed.

T rimingsby.

BELEMNITES.
A part of a long slender one ;~ alluvial.
Alderton.

The core of a belemnite with many septa: flint, transparent; alluvial.
, Aldborough.
SERPULA.

Serpula crassa. Min. Conch.

Shell acutely conical, round within, three-sided externally, four 01 five times as long as the
diameter of the end at the aperture.

Aldborough.

BI VALVIA.

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

MYTILUS.

Oval or oblong; one side straight; smooth, with transverse lines of growth; hinge with
three or four small teeth at the beak ; shell thin.

Brightwell.
PECTUNC ULUS.

Pectunculus glycimeris.
Arca glycimeris. Linn.
Fig. '7, Crag Plate.
Orbicular, depressed; surface nearly smooth, with many obscure longitudinal striae, and
. concentric lines of growth , inner edge sharply dentated, fifteen or more teeth on each side
of the arched hinge, about ten of which are large and each bent at an angle , shell strong.

a Thorpe Common.

1) Tattingstone Palk.

Foxhole. ‘

Aldborough.

a. A 10
Sutton.
Newborn.
Brightwell. ,
Bentley.

CARDIUM.

Fig. 8, Crag Plate.

Obovate, wider than long, rather oblique, one side straightish; about twenty-five longitu-
dinal ridges and furrows, crossed by transverse risings: sulcated on the inside.

a Tattingstone Park.

I) Happisburgh Cliff.

c Bramerton.

Foxhole.

Sutton.

Newborn.

Brightwell.

The longitudinal ridges are rather wider than the furrows; thes hell is often thinner than

. that of C. edule.

It has some resemblance to C. Parkinsoni, M. 0. Tab. 49, but is Wider and has seldom

more than twenty-five ribs; the inside appears to be more sulcated.

’ MA CTRA. Linn.

Ovate, transverse, depressed, nearly equilateral; sides straightened, front margin straightish;
smooth, with distinct lines of growth.

a Between Norwich and Yarmouth.

I) Trimingsby.

c Tattingstone Park. .

d Bramerton.

Sutton.

Brightwell.

VENUS.
SPECIES 1.

Venus equalis. Min. Conch.

Uniformly convex, obcordate 0r nearly circular, covered with numerous transverse con-
centric striae; thick, particularly in the middle; margin acute, extended, entire: cicatrix
obscure. ‘

Newborn.

Foxhole.

Minsmere Iron Sluice.

11
w
srncms 2.
Ovate, anterior side straightened; with transverse rugae, and obscure longitudinal striae;
an ovate obscure lunula on the posterior side 5 shell thickened at the edge.
Newborn.

ASTARTE. Min. Conch.

Ovate, wider than long, depressed; beak small, pointed, with a narrow flattish space on -
each side of it, lineated transversely , margin denticulated on the inside.

The anterior space long, narrow, the posterior ovate.

VAR. 1. Rather circular 5 the anterior flat space na1row, beak almost central.

Bentley.

VAR. 2. Beak almost central, and much flattened, anterior and posterior spaces large.

Newborn. .

VAR. 3. Ovate, beak not flattened.

Newborn.

Sutton.

VENERICARDIA.
Venericardia senilis.

Cordate, oblique, rather depressed, beak acute; surface with about twenty longitudinal

large undulations crossed by many transverse rugaa: inner edge largely dentated; shell thick.
Sutton. _ '

Newborn.
Bentley.

TELLINA.

Tellina bimaculata. Foss. Ham‘on. Fig. 102.
Subrotund, or ovate, wider than long, depressed, smooth, withtransverse lines of growth;

anterior side straightish, posterior rounded ; fold of the shell slight; beak acute:
a Bramerton.

[2 Between Norwich and Yarmouth.
c Trimingsby.
Brightwell.

MYA.
Mya lata. Min. Conch.
Fig. 9, Crag Plate.
Ovate, depressed ; anterior side acuminated and truncated, slightly gaping.
Aldborough, acast of the inside.
Trimingsby, hinges.
Bramerton, hinges.

12

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
OSTREA.

SPECIES 1.

Nearly orbicular, depressed, with obscure longitudinal ridges and many transverse
squamae; pit not large, oblong, shallow; shell smooth on the inside.

It is thinner than the shell of ostrea edulis: and is most concave near one side, the edge
of which is reflected. '

Sutton.

Bentley.

Newborn.

SPECIES Q.

Oval, oblong, depressed, one side hollowed; rough with imbricated lines of growth;
pit large, oblique: shell strong.

A large irregular rough shell ; one side is often hollowed.

Damerham.

PLACUNA.

.. Orbicular, flat; inside smooth, with a wide outer space; teeth short, diverging from
the beak, arid connected with the outer space; a small tubercle above the angle formed
by the meeting of the teeth.
The outer surface appears to be striated and perhaps echinated; the shell is very thin.
The teeth diverge at an obtuse angle, and their flat surfaces are toward each other.
Aldborough.

PECTEN.

Orbicular; depressed, two-eared; lower valve convex, with twenty or more longitudinal
undulations, composed of longitudinal striee crossed by numerous acute sutures, which
give it an echinated appearance: upper valve concave, with flat risings, striated and
crossed by acute sutures.

Aldborough.

Newborn.

Sutton.

T EREBRATULA.

Terebratula spondylodes.

Oval, rather depressed, with 'sharp transverse lines of growth ; a large circular foramen in
the beak; two projecting thick teeth in the lower valve: shell thin, depressed on each side
of the beak. '

13

Foxhole.
Newborn.

Aldborough, an upper valve. P /
The large perforation in the beak is grooved circularly, and also the recess beneath

the beak, shell thin, except at the teeth of the hinge.

M UL TIVAL VIA.

BALANUS.

Balanus tessellatus. Min. Conch.

Fig. 6, Crag Plate.

Obliquely conical, thin; valves six, obscurely ribbed, smooth; interstices finely tes-
sellated ; aperture oval. ‘

a Aldborough.

b Bramerton, on a murex.

c Burgh Castle.

d Tattingstone Park.

e Keswick.

Foxhole, on a murex.

The REMAINS of LARGE UNKNOWN ANIMALS, as teeth and vertebrae, with teeth and vertebra:
of many smaller species apparently marine, occur more frequently on the eastern shore and
along the course of this than in any other stratum ; but alluvial matter being common
to large portions of the districts which produce them, and their sites in the strata being not
well defined, particulars of these reliquia will be given at the end of the series with the
general remarks on the alluvial Fossils.

14

/

C H A L K.
ZOOPHITA.

ALCYONIUM.

SPECIES 1.

Fig. 2, Upper Chalk Plate, Strata identified, (go.
Conical or pearshaped, with large openings on the sides.
The openings are often irregularly heartshaped, or with one rather acute angle and two

projecting rounded ones ; they, however, vary into other forms even in the same specimen 5
the sides of the openings appear striated.
Chittern.

\ SPECIES 2.
Fig. 1, Upper Chalk Plate.

Long, conical, with concentric undulations, and many unequal lateral openings 5 top very
concave.

Wighton. .
Near Warminster.
Guildford.

SPECIES 3.
Spreading, with small lateral openings placed in quincuncial order.
Upton. -

SPECIES 4:.
Long, conical, with longitudinal furrows.
a Knook. , , '
b Chittern.

SPECIES 5.
Oblong, clubshaped, top striated, spreading.

Warminster.

Several species of Alcyonia, minutely organized, in hydrophanous flints.
Wilts.

ENCRINUS.
A scal‘e of the tortoise encrinite.

Near Warminster.

.15

TESTACEA.

U N 1 VA L VI A.
TROCHUS.

SPECIES l.

Volutions f our or five, depressed, angular; base rounded or Swelling: length more than an
inch, breadth twice the length : umbilicus large.
Heytesbury.

SPECIES 2.

Volutions five or six, angular, the upper part flat, the side flattish or slightly depressed in
the middle; base depressed, spirally furrowed; aperture wide, umbilicus small.

a Heytesbury.
b Mazen Hill.

SPECIES 3.
Fig. 3, Lower Chalk Plate.
Depressed, volutions four or five, the upper part flat; a projecting rim on each margin of

the side, the lower one rounded beneath.
Mazen Hill.

CIRRUS.
Fig. 5, Lower Chalk Plate.

Short conical, volutions about five, round, smooth; umbilicus not large.
Length more than an inch.
Near Warminster,

TURBO.

SPECIES l.

Conoidal or subturreted, volutions five or six, the upper part with two sharp carinae,
beneath which are three or four lesser ones; mouth round, grooved at the edge.

The Spiral carinae were probably edged with prominences on the shell, although they do not
appear so on the cast of the inside.

Heytesbury.

v

SPECIES Q.

Conoidal, volutions five or six, round, even.
Near Warminster.

16

TUBULAR IRREGULAR 1 UNIVALVES.

. SERPULA.
, Fig. 3, Upper Chalk Plate.
Cylindrical, nearly straight, smooth, with distant annular risings ; opening round.
Norwich.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
BELEMNITES.

Fusiform, apex papillary, an obscure furrow descending from it; flattened on one of the
sides. '
Norwich.

Slender, elongated.

Hunstanton cliff.
“ AM MONITES.

Ammonites tuberculatus.

Fig. 44, Lower Chalk Plate.

Involute, keeled; inner volutions half exposed, surface rough with large tubercular
projections; tubercles oblong on the inner margin, furcating into two subnodose ridges;
back wide, edged by large pointed knobs : keel entire.

The ridges proceeding from the knobs on the inner margin are each elevated into a
smaller tubercle on the middle of the volution, and then are either obscurely united into one
knob on the back, or otherwise form separate knobs: aperture oblong, about twovfif'ths of
the largest diameter, which is sometimes three inches.

Norton.

B1 VALVIA.
INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

PLAGIOSTOM A.

Plagiostoma spinosa. Min. Conch.

Obovate, longitudinally furrowed, sides nearly equal, straightish; one valve spinous, spines
on some half the length of the shell.

The flatter valve is spinous, the number and length of the spines not constant. The
angular indentation between the projecting beaks is formed in the spinous valve. Inside
of the shell furrowed.

a Heytesbury.

6 Near Warminster.

Guildford.

17

OSTREA.

Fig. 5 land 6, Upper Chalk Plate. ,
Nearly circular, smooth; lower valve deep, sublobate, attached, uppe1 valve convex
externally at the beak, reflexed 1n the front, margins wide, crenated Within near the hinge- , Q

shell thin, muscular impression roundish.
Pit of the hinge small, shallow; the upper valve sometimes irregularly striated from the

beak. The lower valve often projects at the back in the manner of the Gryphites, with
a narrow hinge and less oblique pit; attached sometimes by nearly the whole surface,
the unattached part being in the front.

Norwich.

PECTEN.
SPECIESiI.
Fig. 8, Upper Chal/c Plate.
Nearly flat, smooth; front semicircular; a few concentric flat risings, and obscure

longitudinal striae; ears two, rectangular, striated.
Norwich;

, SPECIES Q.
Oblong, very depressed ; valves nearly equal, with broad longitudinal ribs, and alternating

furrows on which are placed one or two elevated ridges.
Mazen Hill.

)

TEREBRATULA.
SMOOTH OR NOT PLICATED.
SPECIES 1.

Terebratula carnea. M in. Conch.
Depressed, smooth, obtusely five sided, front edge short, entire ; valves equally convex,

slightly flattening along the middle.

Front margin not undulated ; sometimes a small part of the lateral margin near the beak
is reflexed.

Norwich.

SPECIES 2.
Terebratula subundata. Min. Conch. -
Nearly. circular, depressed, smooth, valves equally gibbous; front margin straight or
slightly depressed in the middle, with one undulation on each side.
a Heytesbury.
5 Near Warminster.

18

c Mazen Hill.

Guildford.

VAR. —The under valve 1egularly a1ched, the uppe1 consideiably depressed, oval, middle of
the shell flattish.

Fig. 9, Upper Chalk Plate.
Norwich.

SPECIES 3.
Terebratula semiglobosa. M in. Conch.
Nearly circular, gibbous, smooth; largest valve deepest and uniformly gibbous, front
margin undulated, with two risings in the smaller valve.
a Mazen Hill.
b Heytesbury.
c Near Warminster.

L

PLICA TED.

SPECIES 4«.
Fig. 7, Lower Chalk Plate.
Rather gibbous, valves almost equally convex, front margin elevated in one large wax-e

rounding into the sides , plicae numerous, entire , beak acute, projecting
The lateral plicee are blended with those on the middle; width less than % of' an inch.
a Near Warminster.
b Heytesbury.
c Mazen Hill.
d Norwich. .
SPECIES 5.

Obscurely five sided, striated; upper valve most convex, the front sharply elevated in
an angular wave with about seven distinct short plaits , sides with twelve or more distinct
plaits on their edges , beak projecting, slightly incurved

From each side of the beak of the lower valve mm a sharp angle, connecting with
the lateral ma1gin: elevation of the front sudden, with a straight upper edge, and straight

subpa‘rallel sides: the plaits on the edges of the valves short, and dividing into fine striae.
which continue to the beak. The plaits vai y much 1n numbei

a‘Norwichi"
I) Heytesbury.
INOCERAMUS.

SPECIES) l.

Inoce1amus Cuvieri. Sowerby.
Fig 1, Loner Chall. Plate.
Heytesbury. ~

19

Knook Castle and Barrow.
Bury St. Edmonds.
Hunstanton Cliff:

SPECIES 2.
Fig.2, Lower Chalk Plate.
Shell thin.
Near Warminster.
Guildford.
AIULTYVALVYA.

BALANUS.

Fig. 4, Upper Chalk Plate. .
Valves long, conical, with transverse furrows, one side turned inwards.

Norwich. 3 . .

ECHINI.
-ANO0YSTZ

CIDARIS.

SPECIES 1.

Circular, depressed, rays biporous; twenty rows of articulated eminences, which are
nearly equal on the base but unequal above, the tWo rows in each areola diminishing faster
than those in the areae; edges of the mouth turned inwards. Diameter about an inch.

Northfleet.

SPECIES 2.

Circular, depressed 5 ten rows of articulated eminences, two rows in each area. Diameter

about an inch.
Wilts.

L)

' SPECIES 0.

Circular, depressed; shell thin, rather smooth. ?

Cidaris coronalis. Klein. .9
Wilts.

20

PLEUROCYSTI.

SPATANGUS.

RAYS PLACED IN FURROWS.
SPECIES l.

Oblong, corda’te, rather high, margin rounded; dorsal furrow narrow, the ray contained

in it not distinct; dorsal ridge rising higher than the apex: covered with granulaa, par-
ticularly on the middle of the base.
Wilts.

SPECIES 2.
Cordate, depressed, dorsal furrow narrow; covered with granulm, particularly on the
middle of the base.

a Norwich.
b Wilts.

SPECIES 3':

Cordate, margin rounded, dorsal furrow large, ridge high ; height of the shell two-thirds
of the length. '

a Lexham.
I) Chittern.
c Wilts.
a‘ Smitham Bottom.
6 Near May Place
f Great Ridge.
g Surry. ,
h Chesterford.
i Bubdown.
1c Pewsey. _
l Norwich. _
Guildford.
RA YS NOT PLACED IN FURROWS.

SPECIES 44.

Long-cordate, the top rounded, with a short deep groove to the mouth; rays obsolete.
Wilts.
SPECIES 5.

Cordate, base flat, top convex, dorsal furrow slight, rounded; rays ten biporous lines
diverging in pairs, pores large.

a Upton. A mass.

1) Chittern.

21

C A T0 0' Y S TI.

CONULUS’

SPECIES 1. \ .
E. Albogalerus. Leske.
a Wilts.
I) Burnham Overy.

SPECIES 2.
E. Vulgaris. Leske.
Wilts.

SPECIES 3.

Pentagonal, depressed; rays of pores ten, biporous, flexuous, depressed; the area
swelling into rounded angles: mouth and vent rather large.
Lexham. '

GALEA

SPECIES 1.

Fig. 10, Upper Chalk Plate.
. 'E. Ovatus. Leslce.

a Norwich.

b Taverham.

c Croydon.

Guildf'ord.

Bury.

SPECIES Q.

E. Pustulosus. Leslce.

a Moushold.

b Taverham.

c Lexham.

d Carshalton.

6 Near Norwich.

SPECIES ,3. .

Subelliptical, round topped, not very pointed at the end; rays biporous on the top,
pustulose on the base 3 pustulae smaller than in the last species.

a Moushold.

b Taverham.

c Lexham.

22 ill

SPECIES" 4. '
rOval, very pointed at one end, rounded at the other; rays biporous one third of the
height downwards from the apex, very distinct on the base; ridge sharp; apex excentric
towards the broad end.
Lexham. v 1:: ;
The excentric situation of the apex, with the very pointed end, gives this spébiesa
peculiar appearance.

SPECIES 35.

Oval, pointed at one end, high; rays biporous two-thirds of the height downwards from
the apex; areae flattened.
a Wilts.
b Hickling-
Guildford.
SPECIES 6.

High, with flattish sides, top rounded or flattened; rays biporous downwards to the margin ;
height almost equal to the length.

a Holkham Park.

6 Lexham.

SPECIES 7.

Three-fourths elliptical, the base, forming the section, rounded, contracted.
a Clayton Hill.
I; Wilts.

SPECIES 8.

Broad-ovate, one end pointed; margin of the base undulated beneath with fourteen .
projections, the areolae form five, the ridge one, and there are eight others in the areas; a large
depression on the upper part of the shell behind the apex.

Taverham.

SPINES OF ECHINI.

. SPECIES 1.
Fig. 13, Upper Chalk Plate.
Long, slender, muricated.
Norwichen ‘

‘ SPECIEsk‘f‘Zl.“

Clubshaped or gibbous, granulated in lines.
Kent.
Guildford.

SPECIES 3.

Clavicula cucumerina.
Long, of nearly equal thickness, glanulated in Irquincuncial ordeI.

Su1ry.

BONES

TEETH
SPECIES 1.
Fig. 14, Upper Chalk Plate.
Long, 1oundish, with two sharp ridges.
a Near Warminster.
l) Norwich.
SPECIES ‘2.
One side flat, the other 10und1sh two-edged.
a Wilts H I
b Warminster.
SPECIES 3.
Fig. 15, Upper Chalk Plate. " '
Flattish, with serrated edges.
a Norwich.

[1 Near Warminster.
SPECIES 44.

Triangular, flat, keen-edged.
a Cherry Hinton.
6 Near Warminster.
FISH PALATES.

SPECIES 1.

Fig. 11, Upper Chalk Plate.
Large, depressed, the middle elevated, deeply furrowed, the suirounding parts {rough

with small protuberances.
Near Warminster.
SPECIES 2.
The middle very high, deeply furrowed, the surrounding parts rough With small pro-

tuberances.
Near Warminster.

VERTEBAR'ZE OF FISH.

Fig. 16, Upper Chalk Plate.
Very small, concave at both ends.
North of Riegate.

24

GREEN SAND.

ZOOPHITA.

MADREPORA .

Fig. 15, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Circular, depressed, radiated, Iadii very numerous on the upper surface, fewer on the
under.

Chute Farm.
MILLEPORA.
Fig. 16, Green Sand, Qd Plate.
Branching, surface reteporous.
Chute Farm.
ALCYONIUM.
SPECIES 1.
Fig. 1, Green Sand Plate.
Funnel shaped, top concave.
Pewsey.
Warminster.
Devizes.
SPECIES 2.
Fig 2, Green Sand Plate.
Doliform, small at each end.
'Pewsey. ‘

SPECIES 8.
Fig. 17, Green Sand, 2d Plate: '
I Round, with a central opening, and many minute pores on the surface
Chute Farm.

25

ENCRINUS.

SPECIES 1.

Vertebrae pentagonal, with blunt projecting angles , alternately one large and three
smaller, the middle one of the three larger than the other two.

Chute T 41m

SPECIES 2.

Vertebrm circular, alternately large and small, the large one twice as thick as the smaller.
In this specimen, consisting of eight vertebrae, each terminating vertebra has five roundish
oblique articulating surfaces protruded from it, probably the attachments of lateral branches.

Chute Farm.

T E S T A C E A.
UNIVAL VIA.

TROCHUS.

SPECIES 1.

Volutions five or six, angular, the upper part flat, the Side flattish or slightly depressed
in the middle; base depressed, spirally furrowed; aperture wide, umbilicus small.

a Chute Farm.

5 Near Warminster.

SPECIES Q.

Conical, sides straightish ; volutions about six, slender, flattish beneath; striated; um-
bilicate; height equal to the width.

a Chute Farm.

6 Rundaway ,Hill.

SOLARIUM. ,

Fig. 2, Green Sand, 2d Plate.
Much depressed; volutions angular, depressed, mouth wide.

Rundaway Hill.

TURRITELLA.
Fig. 5, Green Sand Plate.
Volutions about fifteen, covered by small crenulated lines; upper edge sharply crenated.
About three larger crenulated lines with several lesser ones interposed.

Blackdown.
E

2-6

AMPULLARIA.

SPECIES 1.

Oblong, smooth ; spire acute, with four or five volutions, sharp at their upper edge; aper-

ture half the length of the shell. Length three-fourths of an inch.
Rundaway Hill. .

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.
VERMICULARIA.

SPECIES 1.
Vermicularia concava. Min. Conch.

Discoid, involute, concave on one side; the last volution but slightly attached: volutions
about four.

Near Warminster.

SPECIES 2.
Vermicularia umbonata. Min. Conch.

Discoid, involute, umbonated above, concave beneath, the smallest whorl concealed in.
the umbo: whorls two or three.

Near Warminster.

SPECIES 3.
Discoid, involute, volutions few, surface rough with small hollows.

SERPULA.

SPECIES 1.

Cylindrical, straightish, with distant annular risings; opening round.
a Chute Farm.

12 Near Warminster.

SPECIES Q.
Cylindrical, small, contorted.
Chute Farm.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.

BELEMNITES.

Elongated, with a slight furrow from the apex.
Chute Farm.

27
_ AMMONITES.
N0 KEEL 0R FURROW ON THE BACK.
SPECIES 1.
Ammonites Nutfieldiensis. Min. Conch. ?
It seems more depressed.

Stourhead.
A KEEL ON THE BACK.

SPECIES Q.

Ammonites tuberculatus.

Involute, keeled; inner volutions half exposed, surface rough with large tubercular pro-
jections; tubercles oblong on the inner margin, furcating into two subnodose ridges; back
wide, edged by large pointed knobs; keel entire.

a Rundaway Hill.

Ir Chute Farm.

A FURROW ON THE BACK.
SPECIES 3.

Extremely depressed; back narrow, concave, with crenulated edges; inner volutions
concealed.

Longest diameter half an inch.

Chute Farm.

TURRILITES.
SPECIES l.
Turrilites costata. Min. Conch.

Volutions of the spire beset with short ribs on the upper part, beneath which are two rows
of small tubercles.
Chute Farm.

SPECIES 2.

Volutions of the spire convex, ornamented with two rows of close and small tubercles.
Evershot.

B I VAL VIA.
INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

PECTUNCULUS.
Fig. 6; Green Sand Plate.

Orbicular, one side straightish, convex; beak rather prominent, acute; covered by many
obscure furrows and minute transverse striae; margin serrated within.

1:2

28

Teeth of the hinge about sixteen, rather large; the straightest side has a slight depression
near the beaks, which makes it sublobate.
Blackdown. ’

CUCULLfEA.

SPECIES 1.
Fig. 10, Green Sand Plate.
Ovate, transverse, one side straightish; covered with numerous longitudinal decussated
- strize; breadth less than three fourths of an inch.
Blackdown.

TRIGONIA.
SPECIES 1.

'Aninside cast of the trigonia of the Portland rock P
Chute Farm. '

SPECIES 2.

An inside cast of a small species, or perhaps of an astarte ,- two muscular impressions.
Rundaway H111.

‘ SPECIES 3.
Trigonia clavellata. _ Min. Conch.
An impression of the outside.
Near Danby Beacon.
CARDI UM.

Cardium Hillanum. Illin. Conch.

Nearly circula1, a little oblique, cove1ed with numerous concentlic st1 lae anterior part
straightish at the edge , longitudinally furr owed

Rather wider than long, a little gibbous.

The longitudinal furrows on the anterior side occupy about one fourth of the surface.

Blackdown.

A large transverse bivalve with unequal sides , one side produced and flattish, the other
truncated and gibbous; transve1sely striated; beaks turned toward the produced side;
length two inches, breadth three. '

Blackdown.

VENUS.
SPECIES 1.

Venus plana. Min. Conch.

Rathei depressed, subcordate, slightly angular towards the anterior side , surface smooth ,
edge entiie . rather wider than long.

Blackdown.

29

SPECIES 9.

Venus angulata. Min. Conch.

Fig. 3, Green Sand Plat-e.

Obtusely cordate, wider than long, smooth; margin entire; an angular rising on the
anterior side, which is slightly truncated; larger hinge teeth placed at a curved angle
of about sixty degrees.

In the posterior side of the hinge is a roundish hollow, receiving a tooth on the opposite
valve.

Blackdown.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

DIANCHORA.

Dianchora striata. Min. Conch.

Oblique, ovate, triangular, beak prominent, free valve obscurely ribbed; margin sharp.
The length and breadth almost equal.

Chute Farm.

CHAMA.

Chama haliotidea. Min. Conch.

Fig. 7, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Oval, uneven, a deep curving hollow Within the deepest valve, extending from the beaks
around one side; margin thin, broad, slightly fringed, crenate within; muscular impression
large; upper valve flat. '

a Dilton.

b Black-dog Hill, near~Standerwick.

c Tefl'ont.

d Evershot.

e Stourhead.

f‘ Alfred’s Tower.

g Blackdown.

OSTREA.

SPECIES 1.

Ostrea _crista galli, Cockscomb oyster.
a Chute Farm.
1) Stourhead.

c Blackdown.

30

SPECIES 2.

117g. 10, Green Sand, 9d Plate

Oblong, gibbous, smooth; front wide, a lobe on the left side forming a short wing, right
side arched, lower valve gibbous, narrowed towards the back, with a cu1ved projecting
beak ' margin thin, sharp.

Pit of the hinge arched, and continued up the undeI side of the beak ; muscular Impiession
nearest to the left side; Iight edge thickened within into a projecting ledge, left edge
' almostieflected.

a Stourhead.
b Dinton Park:
0 Tinhead.
SPECIES 3.
Oval; lower valxe equally convex, or scarcely at all lobate, the beak slightly curved,

small, upper valve very concave.
Stourhead.

a

PECTEN.

SPECIES 1.
Pecten quadricostata. Alin. Conch.
Fig. 8, Green Sand, 2d Plate.
Triangular, nearly even, front semicircular, margin notched; convex valve ribbed,
larger ribs six, three smaller between each : posterior auricle large.
Near Warminster.
SPECIES 2.

Pecten quinquecostata. Min. Conch.

Subtriangular, rather oblique, front semicircular, toothed ; convex valve ribbed, principal
ribs six, four smaller ones betheen each; upper valve sulcated,‘ flat-toothed 3 surface finely
striated transversely. I

Chute Farm.
SPECIES 3.

Pecten sexcostata.

Subtriangular, oblong, f'ront semicircular, margin toothed; convex valve ribbed, princi—
pal ribs six, five lesser ones between each; surface (deeply hollowed 'between the principal
ribs.

Chute Farm.

SPECIES 4.

Fig. 3, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Orbicular, depressed, longitudinally undulated; nearly twenty principal ridges covered
with short spinous tubercles, and four or five lesser tuberculated ridges alternating with
each of the principal ones.

31

Length and breadth nearly equal, two or three inches,
Chute Farm.

SPECIES 5.
Fig. 9, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Oblong, very dep1essed, front semicircular, covered with many acute crenated thIeads,
and intermediate decussated striae.

Valves almost equally convex 5 the threads about one-third more numerous on the longer
valve than on the shorter.
Chute Farm.

SPECIES 6.
Suborbicular, much depressed, about fifteen acute smooth ribs; ears reticulated, tri«
angular.
Longleat Park.

SPECIES '7.
Orbicular, very depressed, transversely striated, smooth; ears large, smooth, triangular.
a Longleat Park.
I) Warminster.

. TEREBRATULA.
NOT PLICATED.
SPECIES 1.

Terebratula biplicata. Min. Conch.

Oblong, gibbous; beak prominent, sides rounded, front straightish, when full grown
elevated with two distinct risings at the angles.
Lines of growth strong, sometimes irregular.
a Chute Farm.
1) Near Warminster.
c Rundaway Hill.
PLICATED.

SPECIES 2.

Wider than long, depressed, beak very acute, front elevated with one wave rounding into
the Sides ; plaits numerous, entiie.

The lateral plaits are blended with those on the middle of the shell, width less than an
inch ; upper valve m’ost convex.
' a Chute Farm. '

b Warminster.

SPECIES 3.

Upper valve gibbous ; front straightish, much elevated with one large wave rounding into
the sides; plaits numerous, entire 5 beak acute, very projecting.

'32

The lateral plaits are blended with those on the middle of the shell: width less than half
an inch ; lower valve very depressed. This species differs from SPECIES 4« of the chalk
in the greater convexity of the upper valve, and in the very slight incurvation of the beak.

a Chute Farm.

bWarminster.

SPECIES 4.

Terebratula obsoleta. Min. Conch.

The plaits are sharper than in Mr. Sowerby’s figure, and the elevation in the front'is more
angular.

Near Warminster.

SPECIES 5.

Fig. 6, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Subtriangular, wider than long, plicato-striated; front elevated with one wave rounding
into the sides; plicae numerous, rounded; beak acute, perforation large, triangular ? lower
valve advanced much beyond the upper.

a Chute Farm.

0 Warminster.

SPECIES 6.

Terebratula pectinata. Min. Conch.

Fig. 4«, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Orbicular, gibbose, plicato-striated ; a flattish space extending from the front to the beaks;
beak of the lower valve prominent, slightly incurved; back of the upper valve straight,
with an incurved beak.

The plicae are small, rounded, and often furcate, on which account they are not much
larger at the front than at the beaks. Length not more than one inch.

a Chute Farm.

[2 Warminster.

SPECIES 7.

Terebratula lyra. Min. Conch.

Fig. 5, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Oblong, convex, with diverging furcated plaits, beak of the lower valve greatly elongated,
that of the upper valve short, incurved. .

The length of the upper valve is equal to twice its width. The beak of the lower valve
is equal in length to the upper valve.

Chute Farm.

33

E C H I N'I.
ANOCYSTI‘." ; "

CIDARIS.

SPECIES 1.

Circular, depressed, rays biporous; twenty rows of articulated eminences, which are
nearly equal on the base, but unequal above, the two rows in each areola diminishing faster
than those in the areae; edges of the mouth turned inwards.

. 'Chute Farm.

SPECIES 2.

Rather pentagonal, depressed, top convex; rays biporous, two rows of small'eminences
in each areola, forming the angles, two rows of miliae in each area; mouth large, its
edges turned inwards. ' I i l 1

Near Warminster.

SPECIES 3.

Circular, depressed, with, thirty rows of miliae, twovrows in each areola, and four rows
in each area; rays biporous.
Chute Farm.

SPECIES 4.

Cidaris diadema.

Fig. 11, Green Sand, Qd Plate.

Depressed, upper Side convex, base rounded; ten rows of alternate mammellae, two
rows in each area ; areolae narrow, subflexuous, widest on the margin, each side bordered by
a row of small eminences; mouth large, with ten rather unequal Sides, and a deep notch
at every angle.

a Chute Farm. ~

1) Near Warminster. '

A curious anal appendage may be observed on most of the specimens 'obtained from this
Stratum; a kind of frill surrounds the vent, and a tubular body projecting from'it. '

SPECIES 5.

Rather high; ten rows 01 mammellae, two rows in each. area, five mammellae in a row;
areolae narrow, flexuous; apertures large.
Chute Farm.

34

SPECIES 6.
Subglobose, circula1 or pentagonal; rays biporous, depressed, areae swelling , surface
rough with small points.

VAR. with both the upper surface and base flattish.
Chute Farm.

PLE UR OEYS TI.

SPATANGUS.
nA‘Ys PLACED IN FURROWS.
SPECIES 1.. ,
Cordate, margin rounded; dorsal furrow large, dorsal ridge high; height of the shell
two thirds of the length.
a Charmouth, high variety.
I? Melhuri:
. SPECIES 9.
High, base flattish; rays short, indented, dorsal furrow wide, not deep, ridge rising

very high, vent placed as high as the apex, length one thild of an inch, height and breadth
one fourth.

Chute Farm.
' RA YS NOT PLACED IN'FURRO-WS.
SPECIES 3.

Fig. 14:, Green Sand, 9d Plate.

Base flat, top convex, or rather flattened ; dorsal groove short; rays ten biporous lines
diverging in pairs.

a Chute Farm.

5 Near Warminster.

resumes, lapis capcri. Lé‘S/fe.
Fig. 13, Green Sand, 2d Plate.

Obtusely ovate, gibbous, broader at one end than at the other 3 vent above the margin at
the broad end, placed ove1 a small depression or furrow 5 rays biporous ; mouthfive angled,
small, nearest, the, narrgw end; base swelling.

Chute Farm,

CA TOCYSTI.

CONULUS.

Fig.12, Green Sand, 2d Plate.
Convexo-conical, circula1, base concave in the middle , rays ten, diverging in five pairs,
the two rays near togetherseparated by a flat rising , mouth ten- angular, vent oblong.

35

a Chute Farm.
[2 Near Warminstef.

‘BIONES.

TEETH.

SPECIES ] .

One side flat, the other round, two-edged.
Chute Farm.

SPECIES Q.

Conoidal, flat, keen edged.
Chute Farm.

F2

36

BRICK EARTH.

TESTACE‘A.

UNI VAL VIA.

MULTILOCULAR 'UNIVALVES.

BELEMNITES.
Fig. 4.1 and 5, Brick Earth Plate.

Small, fusiform, swelling below the apex. Diameter less than half an inch, generally

about a fourth. In some specimens there appear two very small grooves from the apex on
opposite sides of the shell.

a North of Riegate.
6 Near Godstone.

0 Near Grimston.

d Steppingley Park.
e Prisley Farm.
Leighton Beaudesert.

Westoning. AMMONITES

A KEEL ROUND THE BACK.

»

SPECIES 1.

Much depressed, inner volutions not much concealed; radii unequal, dividing from small
knobs on the inner part of the volution, prominent on the outer edge, obscure on the middle.
Mesterham, out of a deep well.

A FURROW ROUND THE BACK.

TSPECIES 2.
Fig. 1, Brick Earth Plate: \
Depressed, volutions increasing quickly, back wide, concave, with deeply furrowed edges;
radii numerous, sharp, bifurcating from an oblong tubercle on the inner margin ; edges of

the back alternately indented; aperture oblong, sides almost parallel: inner volutions half
exposed.

(1 Near Godstone.
b Steppingley Park.
c Prisley Farm. '

37‘
HAMITES.

fig. 9, Brick Earth Plate. _ .
Limbs straightish, a little depr;essed outer part of the limb tubercled on both sides;

each tubercle dividing into two small ribs crossing the 1nner part, two annular ribs between
the tubercles. Gleatest thickness about half an inch.
Near Grimston.

BI VAL VIA.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

‘ PERNA.
Perna aviculoides P Min. Conch.
Godstone.
. OSTREA.
A lower valve; gibbous, small.
Steppingley Field.
INOCERAMUS.

Fibrous shell.
a Prisley Farm.
[2 Near Grimston.

E C H I N I.
PLEUROCYSTI.

SPATANGUS. .

Fig. 3, Brick Earth Plate.
Cordate, depressed, dorsal furrow not deep , rays long, deeply hollowed; mouth depressed.

Near Devizes.

VERTEBRJE OF SOME FISH.

Very srnall, concave at both ends, slender in the middle ; ends rather oval.
North of Riegate.

33:

PORTLAND ROCK.-

WOOD.

Woburn.
Fonthill.
Swindon.

ZOOPHITA.

MADREPORA.

Stars angular, concave, numerous; radiating lamellae twenty or more, diverging in pairs
or in small bundles.
Tisbury.

TES‘TACEA.

UNIVALVIA.
TROCHUs ~

Conical, sides undulated; volutions abom: six, the upper part flattish.
Swindon.

TUR-RITELLA.

Fig. 2, Portland Rock Plate.

Turreted ; volutions about twelve, the upper edge projecting into a crenulated rim, lower
part rounded, with a row of small protuberances almost concealed by the next vblu‘tion;
middle of the spire with three or fBur obscurely crenated striae; Base with crenated'striae:
aperture rhomboidal, acute at the upper and lower edges.

a Portland.

I; Swindon.
; N’ATICA.
Fig. 1, Portland Rock Plate.

Subglobose, smooth, volutions ‘few.
4 Swindon.

3‘9

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES:

AMMONITES.
N0 KEEL 0R FURROW ON THE BACK.

Ammonites Nutfieldiensis. Min. Conch.
Involute, volutions four or more, nearly concealed; radii numerous, prominent, With

shorter intermediate ones over the rounding back : aperture obcordate.
Fonthill.
Swindon.

BI VAL VIA.

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
TRIGONIA.
SPECIES I. _
Ovate, with many small roundish tubercles in quincuncial order, which terminate before
a longitudinal ridge bounding the smooth anterior side; posterior side rounded, anterior
side narrow, straightish at the edge.
The small tubercles are often united on the posterio1 side into connected oblique ridges.
a Fonthill.
lo Swindon.
c Chicksgrove.
d Teffont.

Garsington Hill.
SPECIES 2.

Much elongated transveisely.
In the cast the anterior slope is straight or concave, showing a large protuberance 1n the

situation of the muscular impression. The hinge seems to have projected less into the shell
in this than 111 the other species.
Swindon.

CARDITA.
Quadrangulai, gibbous, beaks placed at one of the angles, and hooked; transversely
furrowed, anterior side flattened and acuminated.

Crockerton. .
ASTARTE.

. Astarte cuneata. Min. Conch.

Fig 3, Portland Rock Plate.

Subcordate, acuminated, gibbous, with small transverse costae, lunette cordate, margin
entire within.

The cast of the inside is triangular and acuminated at the anterior side.

SWindon.

4O

VENUS.
, SPECIES 1. ,
Ovate, wider than long, sides almost equal, beaks rather hooked.
Pottern. .
. SPECIES 2.

Fig. 5, Portland Rock Plate.

Subcordate, wider than long, gibbous; smooth.
Chlcxsgrove. '

Swindon.

UNIO.
A species resembling Unio uniformis Min. Conch. but seems wider in proportion, with
smaller beaks.
- Swindon.
‘ SMALL BIVALVES.

Tefi‘ont, in thin cherty stone.
Lady DOWn.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

OSTREA.
Irregular, flattish, shell thin.
Swindon.

PECTEN.

" Fig. 6, Portland Roclc Plate.

Circular, depressed, with transverse squamous lines of growth; valves almost equal 3 ears
large, rectangular.

Length more than three inches.

Chicksgrove.
' ‘ ~SWindon. ‘

41

OAKTREECLAY,

TESTACEA.

UNIVALVIA.

TROCHUS.
Fig. Oalctree Clay Plate. '
Conical, sides undulated; volutions convex, the upper part flattish, bounded by a spiral
crenulated rim ; reticulato-striated 5 base rather convex, without an umbilicus.
VARIETY. Volutions subtuberculated on the upper part.
North Wilts Canal. ‘

A TURBO.

Fig. Oaktree Clay Plate.

Oblong, subturreted; volutions of the spire six, covered with rows of small tubercles, of
which two rows in the middle of the spire are larger than the others : aperture about half the
length of the shell.

Length about an inch.

North Wilts Canal.

MELANIA.

Melania Heddingtonensis. Min. Conch.

Volutions of the spire eight or more; surface of each volution concave near the middle,
with an obtuse-angled rising near the upper part 5 above three times as long as the diameter 3
lines of growth deep.

North Wilts Canal.
TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.
SERPULA.
SPECIES 1.

Cylindrical, straightish, with distant annular risings, smooth ; diameter not more than half
an inch; thickness of the shell one sixth of the diameter.
V North Wilts Canal.

Bagley Wood Pit.

SPECIES 2.

Elongated, rough, with five longitudinal undulations crossed by transverse wrinkles; diameter

one third of an inch; thickness of the shell one fourth of the diameter; opening round.
G

42.

a Brinkworth Common.
12 Hinton Waldrish.

c Portland.
North Wilts Canal.
Bagley Wood Pit.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
NAUTILUS.

Umbilicus open P; septa broad, with one wave toward the aperture ; back flattened ; shell
thick ; siphuncle about a third of the length of the septum from the inner side.

Longest diameter f1 om four to twelve inches, depth almost equal to the diameter.
North Wilts Canal

‘ AMMONITES.
N0 KEEL 0R FURROW ON THE BACK.
SPECIES l.‘

Depressed, acuminated at the outer edge, inner volutions half exposed; radii numerous,
unequal, prominent on the inner part, then furcate, or with one to three intermediate ones
over the odu'ter-h‘alf of the volution, curving toward the aperture.

Longest diameter less than an inch.

a Brinkworth Common.
12 Portland.
spawns 2.
‘ Gibbons, inner volutions half concealed, radii unequal, very small and numerous, sharp
across thebiack-g aperture wider than long, back broad.
:Longest diameter less: than an inch.
a Brinkworth Common.
b Portland.
Dun’s Well, Silton Farm. ‘ _ p .
‘ ' " SPECJIES 3.
Fig. Oaktree Clay Plate. . ’
Depressed, volutions numerous, the inner ones two thirds exposed, radii numerous,

large, furcating, smoothed over the back- , outer volutions plain, aperture oval, indented.
North Wilts Canal.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

SPECIES 4.,

Volutions concealing each other ?, thickest near the center; nearly smooth.
Well near Swindon, Wiltsand Ber-ks Canal.

43

srncras 5.

Volutions armed with two rows of large tubercles, those on each side of the back most ,

projecting; inner volutions little concealed ; mouth squarish. Greatest diameter four
inches. '

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

A KEEL ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 6.

Volutions much depressed, with a high thin keel serrated on the edge 5 radii many, unequal,
prominent about the middle, and on the edge of the back. i

The tubercles on the edge of the back are more in number than those on the middle
of the volution.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

BELEMNITES.

Rather four sided, elongated, tapering quickly to the apex.
Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
North Wilts Canal.

BIVALVIA.

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
MODIOLA.

Transversely oblong, gibbous diagonally from the beaks ; posterior side blunt, rounded in
front; beaks small, hooked; back straightish, rounded into the anterior end; lines of growth

' sharp: shell very thin. Depressed in front of the gibbous part.
North Wilts Canal.

TRIGONIA.

spncrns 1.
Trigonia costata. Min. Conch. Park.
North Wilts Canal.
' SPECIES 2.
Trigonia clavellata. Min. Conch. Par/r, '
Triangular, rather wider than long, with ten or more oblique rows of tubercles, anterior

side straight, with three longitudinal knotted ridges.
North Wilts Canal.

62

44

SPECIES 3.

Trigonia curvirost1a. " .

Oblong, triangular, narrow towards the beak, anterior side depressed, bounded bya very sud-
den termination of the other more convex part of the shell, posterior side rounded from the
beaks into an oblique straightish front; covered by small transverse furrows which are
diminished in size on the anterior side ; beaks much hooked from the anterior side.

Length about an inch.

North Wilts Canal.

CARDITA.

Subtriangular, gibbose; beaks prominent; anterior side narrow, straightish, bounded by
a smooth rising extending from the beaks to one angle; closely and finely striated trans-
versely, on the anterior side a few obscure longitudinal striae, length not more than half an
inCh. \

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

North Wilts Canal.

CARDIUM.

SPECIES 1.

Circular, gibbose; beaks prominent, contiguous; faintly striated transversely. Length

about an inch.
North Wilts Canal.
SPECIES Q.

Wider than long, gibbose; beaks prominent, incurved, placed near one side; the oppo-
site side produced; many longitudinal ridges crossed by transverse furrows.

North Wilts Canal.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

ASTARTE.

Astarte ovata.

Fig. Oaktree Clay Plate.

Transversely oblong, depressed, anterior side lengthened; transversely striated, lunette
elliptical, ma1g1n crenulated within , Shell thick; beak acute, solid: a small pit beneath the
posterior slope of the hinge.

N01th Wilts Canal

MA CTRA.

Transversely oblong, posterior side straightish up to the beaks, anterior side produced,
gaping; transversely fulrowed. ’

Length more than an inch, breadth almost twice the length.

The poste1io1 side very narrow, almost at a right angle to the front, with an obtuse
angle in the middle.

a.

45

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
North Wilts Canal. \ ‘
TELLINA.

Transverse, ovate, beaks small; closely striated transversely; 'a slight inflexion on the
more lengthened side; shell thin. ’

Length an inch and a half.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
CH AMA .

SPECIES 1.

Oblong, lower valve deep, the left side somewhat lobate, beaks subinvolute; upper valve
flat; margin entire within.

North Wilts Canal.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

Bagley Wood Pit.
, SPECIES 2.

Chama striata.
Oblong, elongated, curved, longitudinally striated; strize irregular.

Bagley Wood Pit.
North Wilts Canal.
OSTREA.

SPECIES 1.

Ostrea deltoidea. Min. Conch.
Fig. Oalctree Clay Plate.
Equivalved, flat, thin, deltoidal, with a deep sinus on one side, and a produced straight
beak.
Kennet and Avon Canal at Seend.
North Wilts Canal.
Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
Bagley Wood Pit. ,_ ‘
Wilts and Berks Canal near Shrivenham.
Even Swindon. ,
' Near Wotton Basset. '
- SPECIES 2.

Ovate, hooked, depressed; shell thin, with large transverse undulations; beak pointed.
Length an inch and a quarter, breadth three quarters.
Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

46

SPECIES 8.

Obliquelymvate, surface even, smooth; lower valve deep, beak not projecting; upper
valve flat : shell thin. '
North Wilts Canal.

SPECIES 44.

Ostrea crista galli. Cockscomb oyster.

North Wilts Canal. '

Bagley Wood Pit. .
SPECIES 5.

Depressed, uneven, with many roundish longitudinal ribs, crossed by imbricated lines of
growth, forming distant rugous projections; inside of the shell plain.
North Wilts Canal.

AVICULA.
Avicula costata.
Brinkworth Common.
PECTEN.
SPECIES 1.

Nearly circular, depressed, Closely striated longitudinally ; beak rectangular, ears produ-
ced, straight, rough.
North Wilts Canal.

SPECIES 2.

Circular, gibbose, many rough longitudinal ridges with smaller ridges interposed.
North Wilts Canal.

SPECIES 3.

Depressed, with roundish imbricated ribs.
Brinkworth Common.

TEREBRATULA.

PLICA TED.

Fig. Oaktree Clay Plate.

Large, globose, the plaits on the middle of the shell blending with those on the sides;
beak acute, much incnrved. '

North Wilts Canal.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

Bagley Wood Pit.

47

CORAL RAG AND PISOLITE.
Z O O P H I T A.

MADREPORA.

SPECIES 1.

Fig. Coral Rag and Pisolz'z‘e Plate. .

Dichotomous; branches rough, closely striated longitudinally; the upper ends rather
concave, radiated, lamellw rough.

a Steeple Ashton.

6 Longleat Park.

0 Stratton.

d Ensham Bridge.

VVotton Basset.

Banne1’s Ash.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Be1ks Canal.

Shippon.

Bagley Wood Pit.

Stanton near Highworth.

AGGREGATED.

SPECIES 9.

Upper side round 01 ovate, convex in the middle, cove1ed with many hollow stars not
divided by septa; radii nume1ous, unequal, lower side closely striated from the place of
attachment.

Steeple Ashton.

SPECIES 3.

fig. Coral Bag and Pisolite Plate.

Upper side covered with large pentagonal or hexagonal radiated cells with a central knob;
radii numerous, unequal, lower side closely striated from the place of attachment. .

The upper side frequently cordate or heart-shaped.

Stanton near Highworth.

South of Bayford.

Shippon.

Bagley Wood Pit.

Banner’s Ash.

48

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
Steeple Ashton.

FASCIC ULATED.

SPECIES 4.
Madrepora flexuosa?

Spreading, branches cylindrical, striated longitudinally, rough with transverse wrinkles,
concave at the end 5 radii unequal in length.

Heddington Common. ,
Wotton Basset.

TESTACEA

UNI V A L VIA.
TROCHUS.
SPECIES 1.

Depressed; volutions few, angular, upper part flattish, with a. row of sharp projecting
tubercles.

Derry Hill.

SPECIES 2.
Trochus. Oaktree Clay.

Sandford Church Yard. Cast of the inside.
South of Bayford. Cast of the inside, more depressed.

MELANIA.
SPECIES 1.
Melania striata. Min. Conch.
Fig. Coral Rag and Pisolite Plate.

Volutions of the spire six or more, with about sixteen rounding furrows, more distant in

the concealed parts: about 2-;— times as long asthe greatest width.
a Calne.

b Steeple Ashton.
Silton Farm.
Banner’s Ash.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
South of Bayford.

SPECIES 2.
Melania Heddingtonensis. Min.Conch.
a Heddington Common.

49

I) Steeple Ashton.

Silton Farm.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
South of Bayford. '

TURBO.

Turbo. Oaktree Clay.

Fig. Coral Bag and Pisolite Plate.

Oblong, subturreted; volutions of the spire six, covered with rows of small tubercles, of
which two rows in the middle of the spire are larger than the others: aperture about half the
length of the shell.

Length not more than an inch.

0 Longleat Park.

1) Derry Hill.

c Steeple Ashton.

Banner’s Ash.

Wotton Basset.

‘Bagley Wood Pit.

TURRITELLA.

Very long, sides straight, volutions smooth, even.
Derry Hill.

AMPULLARIA .

Fig. Coral Rag and Pisolz'te Plate. » "

Oblong, spire acute, convex, smooth; volutions four or five, aperture oblong, narrow in
the upper part.

a Longleat Park.

I) Marcham.

Kennington.

Silton Farm.

South of Bayford.

Hinton Waldrish.

HELIX.

Conoiclal, short; volutions four, convex, smooth, aperture half the length of the shell,
umbilicus small. .

Longleat Park.

50

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.

SERPULA.

Elongated, with five obscure longitudinal undulations, crossed by transverse wrinkles:
thickness of the shell a fourth of the diameter ; opening round.
a Longleat Park.

1; Derry Hill, almost spiral.

c Steeple Ashton, almost spiral.
Shippon, almost spiral
Kennington.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
' BELEMNITES.

Elongated, rather four-sided; diameter less than an inch.
Wotton Basset. '

Shippon.

BIT/A L VIA.

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
MODIOLA.

SPECIES 1.
Coated muscle. M

Long oval, convex, oblique, transversely striated.
a Wilts.

6 Dry Sandford.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
Shippon.

Sunningwell.
Bagley Wood Pit. ‘
‘ ’ SPECIES 2.
A cast 'of the inside ; long oval, depressed, sides straightish, anterior end widest.
Hilmarton.
Banner’s Ash.

.51

TRIGON IA.
SPECIES 1.
T rigonia costata.
Silton Farm.
South of Bayf‘ord.
SPECIES 2.

Trigonia curvirostra. Oaktree Clay. ‘
Longleat Park.

ASTARTE.

Astarte ovata. Oaktree Clay.
South of Bayford. .
Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal. Cast of the inside.

Shippon. W
Kennington. Cast of the inside. ‘

Inside casts of a small bivalve; roundish, depressed.
South of Bayford.

MYA. Linn.

Cast of a depressed wide shell.
South of Bayford.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
PLAGIOSTOMA.

SPECIES 1 .

Oblique, deltoidal, anterior side straight, posterior side circular, rounded into the front,
ears short- , anterior one placed In a wide furrow, many longitudinal sharp threads decussated
near the edge by a few lines of growth.

Length two inches and a quarter.

Heddington Common. ~

SPECIES 2.

Plagiostoma gigantea? Min. Conch.

A small variety. Length not two inches.
Westbrook.

Calne.

Banner’s Ash.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.
H 2

\

52

. CHAMA.
Chama, Species 1. Oaktree Clay.
Westbrook. -
Banner’s Ash.
Sunningwell.
Kennington.
Sandford Churchyard.
South of Bayford.
Silton Farm.

Specimens apparently of the same species.
a Longleat Park.
(2 Derry Hill.

, OSTREA.

SPEC IES 1. "

Ostrea crista galli.
Fig. Coral Rag and Pisolz'te Plate. _.

Convex, oblong, curved ; with many very sharp unequal plaits proceeding from the beaks,
and dividing along the middle of the shell; lines of growth distinct; beak of the lower valve
subinvolute, attached.

a Wilts.

Derry Hill.

I) Shotover Hill.
c Westbrook.

d Longleat Park.
South of Bayford.
Wotton Basset.

SPECIES 2.

Circular; lower valve convex, depressed, slightly lobate on the left side; beak much
curved; upper valve flat or concave ; transversely laminated.

Length about five inches.
Steeple Ashton.

PECTEN.

SPECIES 1.

Pecten fibrosus. Min. Conch.
a Longleat Park.

I; Heddington Common.
Kennington.

53

SPECIES Q.
Oblong, depressed; with twenty or more smooth ribs, and minute transverse striae.
Highworth.
Sunningwell.
Westbrook.
SPECIES 8.

Circular, flattish, transversely striated; with twenty or more longitudinal ribs crossed by

high transverse ridges.
Kennington.
Calne.

VECHINI.

”A N 0 c YS g1
CIDARIS.

SPECIES 1.
Depressed, upper side convex; apparently without any rows of eminences; areolae

prominent.
Near Abbotsbury.
SPECIES 2.

Pentangular, depressed, with thirty rows of small mammellae which are almost equal on
the Sides; the row on each side of the areae smaller than the others; rays obliquely tri-
porous : mouth ten—sided, with a large notch at each angle.

Hilmarton.

Wotton Basset. .

SPECIES 3.

Fig. Coral Rag and Pisolz'le Plate.

Subglobose, with ten rows of articulated mammellm, each a little sunk and surrounded
by a ring of small points, two rows in each area, separated by numerous small points; rays
double, biporous, subflexuous, enclosing two rows of small points: many distinct points
on each side of the area : apertures large.

Hilmarton.

Well near Swindon, Wilts and Berks Canal.

SPECIES 4«.
Cidaris diadema. Linn.

Hilmarton.
Calne.

54

SPECIES 5.

Globose or conical, the top rounded, base flattish ; ten rows of very prominent articulated
mammellae, two rows in each area, separated by two rows of small distinct eminences ; each'
side of the area bordered by a row of small distinct eminences ; rays subflexuous, biporous ;
pareolee narrow, edged by two prominent rows of' points enlarged on the margin, widening
from the vent downwards to the margin ; vent small. '

The mammellae are not separated from each other by any eminences, but the smooth base
of one mammella touches the base of another.

‘ CLYPEUS.

Fig. Coral Rag and Pisolite Plate.

Oblong, subquadrangular; base flattish, concave in the middle ; mouth small, five angled ;
upper side convex, with a large deepgiggurrow on one side from the apex to the margin ; rays
ten biporous lines in five pairs, depressed on the base: apertures opposite, excentric from the
furrowed end. Shell unequally covered with small granulaa, most numerous on the base.

The furrow on the upper side is slight'near the apex, then very deep, expanding toward the
widest end, indenting the margin.

a Meggot’s Mill, Coleshill.

b Longleat Park.

0 Hinton Waldrish.

SPIN-ES OF ECHINI.

Subcylindrical, elongated, smooth.
Hilmarton.

Cl/avicula cucumerina.
Longleat Park.
Derry Hill.

Very much lengthened, 'muricated.
Westbrook.

55

CLUNCH CLAY AND SHALE.

TESTACEA.

U N I VA L VI A.
ROSTELLARIA.

Volutions of the spire five or six, a row of small studs on each margin; beak short.
Dudgrove Farm.

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.

SERPULA.,

Serpula, Species 2. Oaklree Clay.
This specimen is adherent and twisting.
Steeple Ashton.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
BELEMNITES.

‘ SPECIES 1.
Fig. Clunch Clay Plate.
Large, squarish, quickly tapering to the apex; diameter one inch at the large end, length

» four or five inches.

a Dudgrove Farm.
I) North Wilts.
SPECIES 2.
Very long, slender, tapering gradually to a sharp point, furrow large in the upper part;
length five inches, diameter half an inch.
Dudgrove Farm.

AMMONlTES.

N0 KEEL 0R FURROW ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 1.

Ammonites communis. Min. Conch.
This shell varies extremely, in some specimens the aperture is oval, in others wide.

In this stratum generally wide.
Whitby.

56

SPECIES Q.

Ammonites, Species 3. Kelloways Stone.

Holt.
A KEEL ROUND THE BACK.

SPECIES 3.
Fig. Clunch Clay Plate.
Inner volutions two-thirds concealed; radii many, sharp, twice curved, tubercular twice
on the inner margin, and again on the outer. Shell very much compressed.
a Thames and Severn Canal.
1) Tytherton Lucas.
SPECIES 4.

Ammonites Walcotii. Min. Conch.
Depressed, volutions four, three fourths exposed, with a concentrate furrow; lunate

undulations over half the sides; back with a keel between two furrows: aperture oblong,

one third of the diameter.
Each volution divided into two parts by an obtuse furrow; inner half nearly smooth.

Whitby.
B 1 V A L VI A.
EQUIVALVED BlVALVES.
TELLINA.

Wider than long, gibbous, smooth, one side produced into a short thick beak, the other
rounded and blunt ; beaks incurved. '
Whitby.
INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
OSTREA.

Gryphaea dilatata. Min. Conch.
Circular, obscurely lobed; upper valve flat, lower valve hemispherical.

Fig. Clzmch Clay Plate.

VARIETY 1. Not very convex, large and broad, beak not much curved over the hinge ;
obscurely lobed : length from three to five inches. ,0

a Meggot’s Mill, Coleshill.

b Derry Hill.

c Between Weymouth and Osmington.

d Tytherton Lucas.

57

Dudgrove Farm ; smaller, attached at the beak.
VARIETY 2. Lobate oyster; left side very much lobed, lower valve deep.
a Steeple Ashton. , ‘ '-

b Bubdown.
AVICULA. '
Avicula costata.
Dudgrove Farm.
' TEREBRATULA.

T erebratula obsoleta ? Min. Conch.
Dudgrove Farm.

58

K ELL-OW A Y s s T o N E.

TES-TACEA.

UNIVALVIA.

, i-ROSTELLARIA.

Fig. Kello'ways Stone Plate.

Volutions seven, or more, with two smooth angular carinae, the upper one very pro-
minent, the other smaller and concealed; many fine striae.
Kelloways.

Wilts and Berks Canal.
TURRITELLA.

Turreted, volutions five or six, angular, with many crenulated lines 5 aperture roundish.
a Thames and Severn Canal.

12 Dauntsey House, in stone.
c Kelloways.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES:
NAUTILUS;

Subglobose, volutions rounded, diminishing fast, smooth; umbilicate; many fine striae
across the back; shell thin.

Kelloways.
BELEMNITES.

Very long, slender, tapering gradually to a sharp point, furrow large.
Wilts and Berks Canal.

AMMONITES.
N0 KEEL OR FURROW ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 1.
Ammonites sublaevis. Min. Conch.
Fig. Kelloways Stone Plate.
Globular, (rather depressed when young), inner volutions exposed within the umbilicus,

which is deep, undulated, and has an angular edge: septa numerous, with five principal
undulations.

5‘9

Aperture very wide, semicircular, truncated'atithe sides.

a Kelloways. V

I) Ladydown Farm.

Christian Malford.

SPECIES 2.

Fig. Kelloways Stone Plate.

Volutions six or more, half concealed, back round; radii numerous, unequal, united
on the inner part of the volution by pairs or more into compressed oblong tubercles,
sometimes with shorter intermediate radii over the back; aperture oblong, widest _in_ the
inner part, inner angles rounded.

Diameter about two inches.

a Kelloways.

I) Dauntsey House.
c Wilts and Berks Canal. _ i
d Kennet and Avon Canal.
SPECIES 3.
Volutions two thirds concealed, gibbous, with oblong sharp ridges on the inner part, from
which proceed very numerous small radii; back Wide, rounded; aperture obcordate, more
than one third of the diameter in length, and as wide as long. 1

Diameter four inches.
Christian Malford.

SPECIES 4.

Ammonites Calloviensis. Min. Conch.

Fig. Kellowags Stone Plate.
Involute, subumbilicate, rather depressed; volutions about five, three fourths concealed,

back flat; radii small, very numerous, alternately one long one prominent near the inner
edge and from two to five short, obscure in the latter whorls of ‘old shells ;. aperture roundish
when young, deltoid with the angles truncated when old.

a Kelloways. . .
b Wilts and Berks Canal.
VARIETY. Depressed, volutions more than half concealed, radii twice prominent on

the inner part, with from two to five shorter ones over the back.
Tytherton Lucas.
SPECIES 5.,
Thickish, subumbilicate; radii twice very prominent or tuberculated on the inner part
of the volution, with from two to five shorter ones on the outer part; back flat, edged

by many small tubercles.
Tytherton Lucas.

60

SPECIES 6.

Gibbose, subumbilicate; volutions nearly concealed; radii close, alternately divided,
tuberculated on the inner and outer margins; back flat.

Diameter one third of an inch.

Kelloways.

SPECIES 7.

Volutions four or five, exposed, with pointed tubercles ion the inner part dividing into

two or three sharp radii; a slight depression along the back. Tubercles more obscure in
the outer vol utions.‘

Tytherton Lucas.

BIVALVIA.

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
ARCA.

Much wider than long, ovate, depressed, with small transverse furrows ; sides unequal,
beaks small, shell thin.

Thames and Severn Canal.
CARDITA ?

SPECIES 1.
Transverse, ovate, convex, subequilateral, with small transverse furrows, margin thick;
breadth above an inch.
Kelloways.

SPECIES Q.

Subtriangular, gibbous,beaks prominent, anterior side narrow, straightish, bounded by a
smooth rising extending from the beaks to one angle; closely and finely striated, bOth
longitudinally and transversely, margin crenulated within.

Length about half an inch.

a Thames and Severn Canal.

b Dauntsey House.

c Kelloways.

MYA. Linn. UNIO? Lam.

Twice as wide as long, with obscure transverse undulations; anterior side pr,oduced
acuminated,posteri01 side blunt, front margin not much arched Beaks rather prominent.

Wilts and Berks Canal.

Thames and Severn Canal.

61

I NEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

CST-REA.

Gryphaea dilatata. Min. Conch).

Fig. K elloways Stone Plate.

VARIETY. Lobate oyster. Left side very much lobed, lower valve deep.
a Kelloways. '

b Wilts and Berks Canal.

0 Ladydown on the Biss River.

d Bruham Pit. Experiment for Coal.

AVICULA.

Avicula costata. ,
Kelloways.

TEREBRATULA.

Terebratula ornithocephala. Min. Conch.

Fig. Kelloways Stone Plate. _

Ovato- rhomboidal; depressed when young, elongated and gibbous when old; front straight,
bounded by two obtuse lateral depressions, similar 1n each valve.

a Thames and Severn Canal.

b Dauntsey House.

c Kelloways.

d Wilts and Berks Canal.

62

CORNBRASH.
ZOOPHITA

PENTACRINUS.

Vertebrae thin, with very projecting angles.
a Wick Farm.

6 Pipehouse.
0 Well at Seagry.

T E S T AC E A.
UNIVAL VIA.

VOLUTA.

Subcylindrical, smooth, spire short; aperture widest at the base.
Near Norton.

North side of Wincanton.

TURBO.
Volutions few, angular in the lower part.
Sheldon.
TURRITELLA.

Sides straight, volutions smooth, even, with a small ridge below the upper edge.
a Melbury.

b Lullington.

ROSTELLARIA.

Rostellaria. Kelloways Stone.
Melbury. .

AMPULLARIA.

Depressed, small, volutions few.
Lullington.

63

NATICA?

Fig. 1, Combmsh Plate. _ .

Volutions three or four, the outer one very large, ‘spir‘e short, with an obtuse furrow be-
neath the projecting upper edge of the volutions.

Aperture semicircular, almost four fifths as long as the whole shell.

a Road.

I) Sleaford.

Wick Farm. ‘

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.
SERPULA.

SPECIES 1.

Cylindrical, straightish, enringed with small projections, diameter from one fourth to one
third of' an inch.»

(1 Melbury.
b Closworth.
c Farley.

d Sheldon.

SPECIES Q.

Cylindrical, small, contorted, lines of growth distinct.
a Trowle.

b Holt.
c Sheldon.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
AMMONITES.

N0 KEEL 0R FURROW ON THE BACK.

Ammonites discus. Min. Conch.
Fig. 2, Cornbraslz Plate.

Discoid, smooth, outer edge acuminated; aperture sagittate, half the diameter of the shell

in length, and one sixth in breadth: volutions concealing each other, septa numerous, largely
undulated. '

a Closworth.
12 Road.
Southwest of Wincanton.

64.

B I VA L VIA.
EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

MODIOLA.

Fig. __ 3, Cornbmsh Plate.

Transversely oblong, most convex diagonally from the beaks; posterior side rather blunt,
rounded in front; back straightish, rounded into the anterior end; beaks small; lines of
growth sharp; shell very thin.

Depressed in front of the‘gibbous part.

a Closworth.

b Wick Farm.

0 Holt.

UNIO.

SPECIES 1.

Depressed, triangular, broader than long, anterior and posterior sides acuminated, front
margin straightish, length from half to three fourths of an inch.

a Norton.

1) Near Tellisford.

SPECIES Q.

Twice as wide as long, much depressed, beak a little nearest one side, the other produced,
front margin straight.

Length three fourths of an inch.

This much resembles Unio acutus. Min. Conch.

Melbury. 3 ’

SPECIES 3.

Fig. 7, Cornbrash Plate.

Twice as wide as long, depressed, beaks nearest to one end, the other produced, front
not much arched ; transversely furrowed.

a North Cheriton.

12 Road.

0 Draycot.

d Maisey Hampton.

e Sleaford.

f Southwest of Tellisf'ord.

g Sattyford.

65
SPECIES 4.

Twice as wide as long, ovate, anterior side subacurninate, posterior side rather blunt;
beaks notp1ominent5 anterior slope a1ched,f1ont straightish; transvre1sely furrowed.
Down Ampney.
TRIGONIA.

SPECIES 1.

Trigonia clavellata. Min. Conch. Park.
a Melbury. '
b Woodford.
SPECIES 2.

Trigonia costata. Min. Conch. Park.

Fig. 4, Cornbrasll Plate.

VARIETY with very sharp ribs.

North side of Wincanton.

Wick Farm.

CARDIUM.

Fig. 6, Cornbraslz Plate.

Subglobose, ovate, fiont and posterior sides rounded, anterior slope straight; surface
undulated with about ten largeridges crossed by transVerse furrows 5 beaks at one end, veiy
protuberant, incurved.

Length from two to four inches.

a Road.

I) Elmcross.

c Wick Farm. A smaller VARIETY; the posterior side bounded by a vei y preminent ridge
forming an angle in the contour: fiont straightish.

d Sleafbrd.

e Woodford.

f Near Peterborough. ,
MYA ?

Twice as wide as long, beaks at one end which is truncated and gibbous, the other pro.
duced, acuminated; front not much arched, anterior slope straight; transversely furrowed.
a Redly nch.
,b Near Tellisf‘ord. . . . .
VENUS 9’
SPECIES 1.
Fig. 5, Cornbraslz Plate.
Subcordate, gibbose, wider than long, anterior side subacuminated, posterior side blunt;

beaks prominent, hooked, subincurved5 transversely striated.
K

66

a Trowle.

12 Sheldon.

Southwest of Wincanton.

VAR. Subcircular or deltoidal, gibbose, posterior side straightish, extended to a point,
beaks very much hooked above the posterior side.

a Trowle.

c Norton.

SPECIES 2.

Circular, depressed, with transverse furrows.
North of Latton.

SPECIES 3.

Small, depressed, beaks not curved, one side produced.
Sheldon.

SPECIES 4.4.

Small, circular, convex, subequilateral, with transverse sharp costar.
Wick Farm.

lNEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

LIMA.

SPECIES 1.

Trigonal or semicircular, oblique, with short ears; one side straightish and lengthened,
the other rounded; covered with many longitudinal sharp plaits.

a Melbury.
b Closworth.
c Norton.
d Wick Farm.
SPECIES Q.
Lima gibbosa. Min. Conch.
North side of Wincanton.
OSTREA.
SPECIES l.

Ostrea Marshii. Min. Conch.
Oblique, both valves deeply plaited in seven or, eight angular diverging undulations;
edge thick, flatted.

67

a Sleaf'ord.
b Woodford.

SPECIES 2. -

Oblong, lower valve convex, upper valve concave; surface irregularly undulated or
imbricated. '

a Melbury.

b Closworth.

c Sheldon.

d Draycot.

e Woodford.
' f Norton.

SPECIES 3.

Oblong, upper valve concave, lower valve convex; with longitudinal elevated unequal

threads.
Woodford.

AVICULA.

7 SPECIES 1.

Avicula echinata.

Fig. 8, Cornbrash Plate.

Subcircular, convex, beak rather prominent, with a short wing or eat from one side;
surface covered with near thirty small threads roughened by projecting lines of growth.

The length seldom exceeds two thirds of an inch.

a Closworth.

6 North Cheriton.

c Lullington.

d Trowle.

e Sheldon.

f Draycot.

g Norton.

h Stony Stratford.

2' Southwest of Tellisford.

North side of Wincanton.

Southwest of Wincanton.
. The under valve only is here described, for the upper valve has not been observed among
any of these specimens.

SPECIES 2.

Avicula costata.

Stony Stratford.
K 2

68,

PECTEN.

Pecten fibrosus? Min. Conch.

Depressed, circular, with a rectangular beak; valves unlike, one valve with about ten
brOadish . diverging grooves and numerous sharp concentric striae, the other valve with about
ten diverging ribs and many larger concentric scales or tiles ; ears equal, margin undulated
internally.

The ribs in one valve are alternately larger and smaller answering to the grooves
in the other.

Length about an inch.

a Melbury.

12 Sheldon.

c Woodford.
> North side of Wincanton.

Southwest of Wincanton. ‘

TEREBRATULA.

N0 T PLICA TED.

SPECIES I.

Terebratula intermedia. Min. Conch.

Obscurely five-sided, rather depressed, smooth, larger valve most convex, front margin
undulated ; three depressions in the smaller valve and two in the larger.

(1 Melbury.

b Bruham.

c Lullington.

d Road.

(3 Trowle.

f Maisey Hampton.

g Holt. A large specimen, two inches in length.

SPECIES Q.

Terebratula digona. Min. Conch.

Fig. 9, Cornbrash Plate.

Triangular, oblong, gibbous; beak prominent; sides rounded; front either convex or
concave, when old bounded by two prominent angles alike in each valve.

This species is very variable in form, but specimens from this stratum are generally
of the gibbous and shorter variety with the front margin slightly convex between the
angles. -

a Closworth.

b Redlynch.

c Trowle.

69

d Wick Farm.
e Sheldon.
f Latton.
g Woodford.
PLICATED.

Terebratula obsolete? Min. Conch. ' ,
Nearly round, gibbous, plaited; middle of the front a little elevated by, seven p1aits;.

sides having from seven to eleven plaits ; beak projecting.
a Closworth.
b Draycot.
c Wick Farm.
Southwest of Wincanton.
North side of Wincanton.

E C H I N I.
ANOC'YSTI.

CIDARIS.

Cidaris, Species-2. Clay over the upper oolz'te.
a Melbury, with smaller mammellae.
b Sheldon.

0 Norton.
d Southwest of Tellisford. VARIETY with smaller mammellae.

e Wick Farm.
CLYPEUS.

Clypeus. Coral Rag and Pisolz'te.
a Bruham.

I) Wick Farm.

c Wraxhall.

d Sleaford.

e Trowle.

f Southwest of Tellisford.
Southwest 01 Wincanton.

70

CATOCYSTI.

CONULUS.

Conulus. Fuller’s Earth Rock.
Nearly circular, convexo-conical, base coneave; covered by small prominences particularly
*on the base of the shell; rays ten biporous lines diverging in five pairs, pores very close
on the upper part, more distant on the base.
Woolverton.
Southwest of Wincanton.

71

FOREST MARBLE.
ZOOPHITA

MADREPORA.
AGGREGA TED.

SPECIES 1.

Circular, upper part convex, with large unequal radiated cells; lower part flat, closely
striated from the center.

A transverse semicircular ostrea adhering to the lower part.

Laverton.

SPECIES 2.

Upper side flat, with large close cells; lower side convex, closely striated.
Stunsfield.

TESTACEA.

UNIVALVIA.

PATELLA.

Patella rugosa. Min. Conch.

Fig. 1, Forest Marble Plate.

Depressed, obovate, radiated; apex eccentric, depressed, slightly recurved; back con-
cave above, with reflected undulations.

a Minching‘ Hampton Common.

12 Hinton.

ANCILLA.

SPECIES 1.

Fig. 2, Forest Marble Plate.

Subcylindrical, smooth, volutionssquare and subcrenulated at the upper edge; spire short,
turreted ;aperture two thirds of the length, widest at the base.

Farley.

72

SPECIES Q.

Fusiform, spire short, acute, base pointed, volutionS smooth, slightly angular at the upper
edge; aperture acute at the ends, widest in the middle, rather more than two thirds of the

length.
Wincanton.

TURRITELLA.
SPECIES 1 .

Slender, volutions many, angular, concave beneath the upper edge.
Marston, near Frome.

ROSTELLARIA.

Fig. 3, Forest Marble Plate.

Elongated, spire with longitudinal ridges acute on the upper edge, and transverse
atria. Length not more than three fourths of an inch.

Poulton.

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.
SERPUL A.

Cylindrical, small, contorted.
Farley.
B 1 VA L VIA;
EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
TRIGONIA.
SPECIES 1.

\

T rigonia costata. Park. Min. Conch.
The ribs very sharp, length one inch.
Wincanton.

SPECIES 2.

Triangular, wider than long, depressed, anterior side straight, posterior Side rounded;

with ten or more rather oblique rows of small tubercles, twenty or more tubercles in aer;
two-or three tuberculated ridges on the posterior side. -

Length one inch. _ ‘

Stunsfield.

73

VENUS. Lz'mz.

Cast of the inside:
Transversely ovate, subequilateral; length one inch.

Road Lane.

MYA.
Transverse, gibbous, breadth three times the length; anterior end elongated, pointed,
gaping for half the breadth; beaks small, one sixth of' the breadth from the posterior end;

transversely striated; thickness equal to the length, shell thin.
Stunsfield.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

OSTREA.
SPECIES 1.
Ostrea crista galli.
Stunsfield.
/ SPECIES 2.

Lower valve convex, oblique, widest and deepest near the front, flattened and attached
toward the back.
Orchardleigh.

SPECIES 3.

Fig. 41, Forest Marble Plate.

Oval, flattish, depressed; upper valve flat, surface longitudinally wrinkled.

Pit oblong; shell hollow beneath the pit.

The pit of the upper valve is formed by the projection of the beak. Length one inch.
a Wincanton.

12 Road, Coal Experiment.

PECTEN.

SPECIES 1.

Fig. 5, Forest Marble Plate.

Large, convex, cared, ribbed longitudinally, with forty or fifty wide smooth ribs , Striated
transversely, striae obscure on the ribs.

Length, two inches and a quarter.

The ribs are obscure toward the beaks.

a Siddington.

b Foss Cross.

74

SPECIES 2.
' Large, oblong, depressed, sides rather unequal, ribbed longitudinally with forty'or fifty
large ribs, often with an intermediate smaller one.

Length, three inches and three quarters.
Laverton.

SPECIES 3.
Pecten fibrosus. P Min. Conch.

The diverging furrows are only near the front, and are striated, the intermediate spaces
plain.

Stunsfield.
SPECIES 4.

Fig. 6, Forest Marble Plate. .

Circular, depressed, striated longitudinally; striae numerous, fine, dividing, intersecting
near the beaks ? ea1s large, rough.
Farley.

SPECIES 5.

Circular, depressed; transversely imbricated, faintly striated longitudinally; ears equal,
rough; length two inches.

Farley.
SPECIMENS OF THE STONE
Contain
ROSTELLARIA.
HELIX.
Smooth, conoidal, obtuse.
Farley.
VENUS.
An oval transverse striated shell.
Farley.
OSTREA.
Rough, irregular.
Farley. ‘
Wincanton.

SPINES OF ECHINI.

Slender, subcylindrieal’, smooth.
Farley.

75

BONES.

A long slender bone. Length, four inches and a half.

Stunsfield.
TEETH.
13UIYINIID£L
SPECIES 1.
Fig. 7, Forest Marble Plate.
Oval.
(1 Stunsfield.
b Pickwick.
SPECIES 2.

Fig. 8, Forest Marble Plate.
Circular : diameter a quarter of an inch.
a Stunsfield.

b Pickwick.

c Didmarton.

CULLODR%.POLNTIHI

SPECIES 3.
Fig. 11, Forest Marble Plate.
Curved, tapering, round, with two sharp edges. Diameter from three sixteenths to one
third of an inch, length five times the diameter.
a Stunsfield.
b Pickwick.

SPECIES 4.,

Curved or oblique, flattened. Length one inch, diameter three sixteenths of an inch.
Stunsfield.
SPECIES 5.

Curved, a little flattened near the point, cylindrical at the base. Length three fourths
of an inch, diameter one twelfth.
Stunsfield.

v

SPECIES 6.

Flattish, triangular, with two sharp edges and two small lateral teeth, one on each side.

Length, half an inch.
L Q

I

76

a Stunsfield.
b Pickwick.

PALATES OF FISH.

, SPECIES 1.
Fig. 9, Forest Marble Plate.
Foursided, angles acute and obtuse, depressed; sides parallel, one of them defined by an
edge; surface uneven, covered with very small hollows.
Pickwick.
SPECIES 2.
Elongated, with parallel flattened sides, one of them defined by an edge; surface uneven,

covered with small hollows.
Pickwick.

SPECIES 3.

Fig. 10, Forest Marble Plate.
Deltoidal or cap formed, much elevated in the middle 3 smooth.
Pickwick.

77

CLAY over the UPPER oo‘LITE.

ZOOPHITA.

TUBIPORA.

Roundish, lengthened, composed of very small angular closely aggregated tubes.
Broadfield Farm.

Farley.
MADREPORA.

SPECIES 1.
Madrepora porpites. Linn.
Broadfield Farm.

SPECIES 2.

Circular, convex and uneven above, with many equal concave stars.
Hinton.

MILLEPORA.

Fig. 5, Clay over the Upper Oollte Plate.
Ramose, branches round, composed internally of layers or coats of tubes opening into

reticulating angular cells on the surface; branches undulated, sometimes spirally.
Broadfield Farm.

Farley.
Hinton.
Pickwick.
Westwood.

ENCRINUS.

Pear Encrinus.

Fig. 1, Q, and 3, Clay over the Upper Oollte Plate.
Bradford. Heads, and vertebrae.

Farley. vertebrae.
Hinton. vertebrae;
Winsley. vertebrae.

Pickwick. vertebrw.

73
PENTACRINUS.

Verteb1ae, with blunt projecting angles.
Towcester.

T E S TA C E A.
UNIVAL VIA.

TROCHUS.

SPECIES 1.

Conical, sides undulated; volutions four or five, angular, the upper part flat; the lower
edge keeled; striated spirally, on" the sides a few oblique threads across the spire.
Bradford Lock.

SPECIES 2.

Short, conical, striated; volutions four or five, lower edge thin, strongly crenated; lines
of growth distinct; umbilicate.

Bradford Lock.

Broadfield Farm.

TURRITELLA.

Long, slender, a spiral groove in the lower part of the gvolutions.
Farley.

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.
SERPULA.

SPECIES 1.

Elongated, conical, twisting at the small end, quadrate with four projecting crenated
angles or ridges , opening round.
a Westwood.
b Farley.
c Broadfield Farm.
SPECIES 2.

Large, cylindrical, straightish,s mooth.
Farley.

79

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVEs.
' BELEMNITES.

Small, slender.
Stof'ord.

.B I V14 L VI A.
EQUIVALVED BIVALVES. .

MODIOLA.

SPECIES 1.

Mytilus tunicatus, or coated muscle. Fistulana. Lam.
Combhay.

SPECIES 2.

Small, elongated, widest in front; one side straightish and gibbous, the other rounded;
longitudinally striated, striaa unequal in length.
Farley.

SPECIES 3.

Much elongated, curved, ends acuminated; most convex near the beaks; on the outer

side of the arch near the beak a fold or constriction ; lines of growth sharp.
Farley.

Modiola, Combrash.
Westwood.
TRIGONIA.

Trigonia costata. Min. Conch.

VAR. The anterior side wider than the posterior; length two inches and a quarter, breadth
one inch and a half.
Hinton.

VENUS P

SPECIES 1.

Inside casts of a small species, flattish, sides almost equal.
Combhay. -

80

SPECIES Q.

Ovate, wider than long, gibbous; depth equal to the length; beaks large, hooked;
transversely striated.

Poulton Quarry, Bradford.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
PLAGIOSTOMA.

SPECIES 1.
Fig. 7, Clay over the Upper Oolite Plate.
Ovate, depressed, front semicircular, back straight ; closely striated longitudinally and
finely decussated; ears small, one of them placed in a wide deep furrow; beaks flattened.

The longitudinal striae are rather unequally distant on the margin and are finely decussated.
Bradford. V

SPECIES Q.
Oblong, one Side straight, the other semicircular; deeply striated longitudinally, striae
forty or more, decussated; ears small.
There appears to be a projecting flat surface beneath the beaks.

Farley.
VARIETY.
With more numerous striae.
Combhay.
CHAMA.
SPECIES 1.

Chama crassa.

Fig. 6, Clay over the Upper Oolz'te Plaie.

Very long, narrow, deep around one side, smooth; beak subinvolute; upper valve flat,
tooth of theo hinge small, blunt , margin entire within.

Length almost three times as great as the breadth.

Stoford.

SPECIES 2.

Oblong, gibbous, lobate in front; beak subinvolute; upper valve flat; margin entire
within.

Length one inch and three eighths, breadth four fifths of an inch.

a Stoford.

b Combhay.

81

SPECIES 3.

Gibbous, beaks greatly Curved, pit of the hinge large and deep ; margin entire within.
Breadth'f‘our fifths of the length.
Pickwick.

OSTREA.

SPECIES 1.

Ostrea crista galli. Cook’s comb oyster.

.a Farley.
b Combhay.
c Hinton. ,
SPECIES 2.

Circular, depressed, longitudinally plaited; plaits unequal, often dividing; lines of growth
distinct; beak central.
Farley.
SPECIES 3.

Ostrea acuminata. Min. Conch.
Depressed, very long ”curved with large subimbricated t1“ansve1se waves beneath, beaks

and front acuminated ,0 upper valve nea1ly even.
Two or three times as long as wide.

Bradford.
PECTEN.

SPECIES 1.

Pecten fibrosus? Min. Conch. Cornbrash.

Farley.
SPECIES 2.

Circular, almgst flat, smooth, ears small.
Farley.

AVICULA.

Avicula costata.

Fig. 8, Clay over the upper ooh'te Plate.

Oblique; subdepressed, left side extended, acuminated; wings unequal, the right wing
short, valves unequal, lower valve convex, with about eight smooth ribs, and undulated
internally, upper valve flat, with diverging Suite.

M

82

a Bradford,
. b Hinton.
c Winsley.

TEREBRATULA.

NOT PLICA TED.

SPECIES 1.

Terebratula digona. Min. Conch.
Fig. 9, Clay over the upper oolit‘e Plate.

Triangular, oblong, gibbous ; beak prominent; sides rounded; front either convex or
concave, when old bounded by two prominent angles alike in each valve. ‘
This species is very variable in form, but specimens from this stratum are generally of the
lengthened variety with straightish' flattened sides.

a Farley.
b Stof'ord.
0 Bradford.
d Winsley.
e Pickwick.

SPECIES 2.

Obscurely five sided, rather depressed, smooth; larger valve most convex; front margin
undulated, with three depressions in the smaller valve and four in the larger.
Length more than an inch.

a Farley.

b Stoford.

c Combhay.

Winsley.
PLICATED.
SPECIES 8.

Terebratula obsoleta ? Min. Conch.

Nearly round, gibbous, plaited; middle of the front a little elevated with from six to.
eight plaits ; sides having from nine to twelve plaits ; beak projecting.

Depth about two thirds of the length. ,

Length from half an inch to an inch and a quarter.

a Farley.

6 Westwood.

c Winsley.

d Pickwick.

83

SPECIES 4.

Oval, convex; with many diverging sharp plaits furcating from near the beaks; front
margin not elevated, beak prominent.
Farley.

SPECIES 5.

Terebratula reticulata.

Fig. 10, Clay over the upper oolite Plate.

Obtusely five sided, gibbous; with minutely echinated or reticulated striae; surface
uneven; larger valve with two very prominent folds continued from the front to the beak,
and three large depressions, forming large angular notches on the front; upper valve with
corresponding undulations.

a Farley.

Bradford.

Stoford.

b Hinton.

c Winsley.

d Pickwick.

E C H I N I.
ANOCYSTI.
CIDARIS.

SPECIES 1.

Circular, depressed, top convex; rays biporous; two rows of small eminences in. each
areola, two rows of miliae in each area; mouth large, its edges turned inwards.
Broadfield Farm.

SPECIES 2.

Circular, rather depressed, with ten rows of contiguous mammellaa, (near the vent the
fir st mammellae in the rows are encircled), two rows in each area, separated by carvilinear
rows of small eminences partly surrounding the mammellae; areolae with minute points en.
circling two rows of eminences; mouth large, decagonal, with a deep notch at every angle.

a Pickwick.

b Farley.
. _ CLYPEUS.
Clypeus. Coral Bag and Pisolz'te.

Broadfield Farm.
M 2

84

UPPER OOLITE.
ZOOPHITA

M ADREPORA.

SIMPLE 0R COMPOSED OF ONE SINGLE STAR.

SPECIES 1.

Madrepora turbinata. Linn.

Conical, longitudinally striated; upper part concave, radiated; radii numerous, unequal
in length.

Farley.

AGGREGA TED:

SPECIES Q.

Conical, covered by slightly concave, closely radiated stars.
Stoke.

SPECIES 3.

Large, depressed, concave and patulous above, stars concave, small, numerous; base
closely stIiated from the pedicle.
Castle Combe.

SPECIES 4.

Large, convex above, with many equal concave stars.
a Castle Combe.
b Combe Down.

SPECIES 5.

Large, convex above, covered with many small concave stars 3 surface undulated.
Vinyard Down.

FA SCIC ULA TED.
SPECIES 6.

Madrepora flexuosa. Linn.

Spreading ; branches round, longitudinally striated, rough with transverse wrinkles,
concave at the upper end,with radii unequal in length.

Castle Combe.

t

85

SPECIES 7 ?

Spreading at the sides, composed of small round striated branches.
This may perhaps be a Tubipora.
a Broadfield Farm.
5 Combe Down.
SPECIES 8.

Part of a large cylindrical ramose Coral.
Castle Combe.

TESTACEA.

BIVALVIA.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
PECTEN. i

SPECIES 1. K
Subequilateral, convex, beak central; many close longitudinal ribs. Length more than
two inches.

Castle Combe.
SPECIES Q.

Pecten, Species 1. Forest Marble.
Large, convex, cared, ribbed longitudinally with forty or fifty wide smooth ribs; striated

transversely, striae obscure on the ribs.
Length two inches or more.
Cotswold Hills.

PLAGIOSTOMA.

Plagiostoma, Species 2. Clay over the upper oolz'te.
VARIETY. More depressed.
Length one inch and a half'.
Bradford P
OSTREA.

v

Ostrea crista galli, Cock’s comb oyster.
Petty France.

86

TEREBRATULA.

NOT PLICATED.

SPECIES 1.

Terebratula, Species 1. Clay over the upper oolite.

Obscurely five sided, rather depressed, smooth; larger valve most convex; front margin
undulated, with three depressions in the smaller valve and four in the larger.

Petty France.

‘PLICA TED.

SPECIES Q.

Terebratula obsoleta? Min. Conch.
Nearly round, gibbous, plaited, middle of the front alittle elevated, with from six to eight

plaits , sides having from nine to twelve plaits , beak projecting.
Petty France.

ECHINI.

ANOCYSTI.

CLYPEUS.

Clypeus. Coral Rag and Pisolitc.
Hinton.
Hogwood Corner.

87

FULLER’S EARTH ROCK.

TESTACEA.
UNIVALVIA.

TROCHUS.

Cast of the inside of a Trochus with roundish volutions.
Charlton Horethorn.

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.
SERPULA.

SPECIES 1.

Elongated, conical, twisting at the small end; quadrate with four projecting crenated

angles or ridges ; aperture round.
a Orchardleigh.
[2 Charlton Horethorn.

SPECIES 2.
Serpula crassa. Min. Conch.
Acutely conical, round within, three-sided externally, about four times as long as the

diameter of the end at the aperture.
Charlton Horethorn.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
NAUTILUS;

Fig. 1, Fuller’s Earlh Rock Plate.
Flatted globose, umbilicate; shell with transverse ridges curving from the aperture;

aperture wider than long, siphunculus central.
It seems as if the transverse ridges are formed by the endings of thick plates, and at first

sight they resemble septa, but curve from the aperture.
Lansdown.

88

BELEMNITES.

Slender, with a deep groove from the apex.
Charlton Horethorn.

AMMONITES.

SPECIES 1.
Ammonites modiolaris. '

Fig. 2, Fuller’s Earth Rock Plate.

Subglobose, inner volutions convex, exposed within a large conical hollow or umbilicus;
back wide ; aperture semilunate, rounded at the extremities, three times as wide as long.

The inner volutions are convex and sharply undulated within the umbilicus, with many
large furrows across the back curving toward the aperture 3 the outer volutions are irregularly
swelled on the inner edge, and the undulations acrOss the back are obscure. The umbilicus
is one third of the greatest diameter. ‘

This species may be distinguished from Ammonites sublaavis by the large size of the
umbilicus, and the obtuseness of the angle which bounds it.

Dundry.

Rowley Bottom.

SPECIES Q.

Subglobose, convex, deeply umbilicate; umbilicus narrow, undulated, with a sharpish
margin ; transverse radiating undulations across the back uniting on the inner part: aperture
semilunate or deltoidal, truncated at the sides, the width two and a half times as great as the
length.

Hardington P

Broadfield Farm.

B 1 VA L V I A.
- EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
MODIOLA.
SPECIES 1.
Coated muscle. '
Near Bath.
SPECIES 2.

Elongated, slender, sides subparallel, one side thinned and projecting; flattish, lines of

growth distinct.
Anclifi'.

89

6'5
0

SPEC] ES 0

Long, with subparallel sides ; gibbous diagonally from the beaks.
Near Bath. A large cast of the inside.

SPECIES 4«.

Modiola anatina.

Fig. 3, Fuller’s Earth Rock Plate.

Oblong, very gibbous, smooth ; beaks prominent, hooked, subinvolute; one side arched
into the front; the other oval, flat or concave with a very thick blunt projection near the
beaks; shell with fine striae or lines of growth.

Length twice the width, thickness two thirds of the length.

In a side View the shell is regularly oval with agnotch between the beaks.

Anclifl'.

UNIO.

SPECIES 1.

Transverse, elongated, depressed, transversely furrowed, beaks pointed, nearest to one
end ; front margin almost straight: length not half the breadth ; thickness half the length.

a Grip Wood. Cast of the inside.

I) Hardington. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 2.

. More than twice and ahalf as wide as long, transversely striated, front straight, sides
acute, posterior side swelled near the edge; beaks nearest to one end.

a Turnpike near Bratton.
1) Grip Wood.

SPECIES 8.

Triangular, wider than long, smooth, sides acute; anterior side projecting; beaks hooked

above the posterior flat side ; front margin concave near the anterior angle.
Grip Wood ?

ASTARTE.
Cast of the inside of Astarte ovata.
Grip Woo-d.
TRIGONIA.
- SPECIES 1.

Trigonia clavellata. Small.
Orchardleigh.

90‘

SPECIES 2.

Cast of a large species ;' cuneiform, very thick, with two muscular'impreSSions.
Breadth three inches and a quarter.

Devonshire Buildings, Bath.

SPECIES 3.

Cast of the inside; transversely elongated, cuneiform, very gibbous: one end pointed, two
muscular impressions.

Grip Wood.
SPECIES 44.

Cast of the inside; transversely elongated, pointed; beaks close to the short rounded
side; breadth twice the length.

CARDITA.

SPECIES 1.
Fig. 4«, Fuller’s Earth Rock Plate.

Large, rhomboidal, very gibbous, beaks at one of the angles, hooked; surface covered

with obscure curvilinear transverse furrows and a few longitudinal ones.
a Grip Wood.

6 Hardington.
SPECIES 2.

Deltoidal, very,D ibbous, beaks subinvolute, curved over the posterior flat side, transversely
striated; thickness equal to the length.
Anclifl'.

SPECIES 3.

Cast of the inside of a small species; circular, gibbous, margin crenulated within.
Near Bath.

CARDIUM.

Cardium. Cornbrash.

Fig. 5, Fuller’ 8 Earth Rock Plate.

Subglobose, ovate, anterior slope straight, sui face undulated with about ten large ridges,
Ciossed by transverse fulrows , beaks at one end, ve1 y p10,tuberant incurved.

Length two or three inches.

Specimens from this stratum are generally wider and less globose than in the Cornbrash;

generally a large prominent ridge bounding the posterior side. The longitudinal ridges are
widened and flattened in the anterior part.

/

91

0! Charlton Horethorn.
6 Near Gagenwell.
0 Near Redlynch.

MACTRA. Linn.

SPECIES 1.

Transversely subovate, or four sided, gibbous, subequilateral; beaks prominent, front
straight, sides truncated, gaping, transversely f'urrowed.
Grip Wood.

SPECIES 2.

Transversely elongated, arched, depressed; covered with longitudinal furrows; posterior
side rounded; anterior side flattened, a little gaping, not expanded. Breadth twice the
length and three times the depth. ‘

The longitudinal furrows are decussated by distant broad transverse undulations. -

Cotswold Hills.

SPECIES 3.
Mactra gibbosa. Min. Conch.
Gibbose, anterior Side much wider than the posterior, recurved, truncated, gaping:
length and depth about equal, breadth equal to twice the length : posterior side rounding.
Mitford, a very large specimen, Six inches wide.

VENUS?
SPECIES 1.
Venus, Species 1. Cornbraslz.
VARIETY. Wider.
Near Gagenwell.
SPECIES Q.

Circular, flattish; beak prominent.
Charlton Horethorn. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 3.

Oval, wider than long, thickish, transversely sulcated.
Bath. Cast of the inside.

TELLINA.

Fig. 6, Fuller’s Earth Roe/c Plate.
Transverse, elongated, one Side extended into a long beak, the other flattish and Circular
at the extremity; transversely furrowed.
N 2

92

The back is arched from the posterior or circular end, the elongated side straight and
hollowed under the beaks : a wide depression from the beaks near the posterior end ; width
three or four times the length.

a Anclifl‘l

I) Hardington.
MYA ?

SPECIES 1.

Transverse, ovate, beaks close to the posterior side; anterior side acute; transversely
furrowed.

a Dundry.
Sherborn.

SPECIES Q.
Mya intersectans.
Depressed, wide, anterior side expanded; covered by intersecting furrows, longitudinal

on the anterior part, oblique on the posterior part, meeting in an oblique line: beaks,
prominent, nearest to the posterior end.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
OSTREA.

SPECIES 1.

Ostrea Marshii. JVIin. Conch.
Fig. 8, Fuller’s Earth Rock Plate.

Oblique, both valves deeply plaited in seven or eight angular diverging undulations; edge
thick, flatted.

a Monkton Combe.

I) Cotswold Hills. This has fine longitudinal strim.

SPECIES Q.
Ostrea rugosa. A
Valves equal, oblOng, depressed, one side eared; very rough, with eight or more broad
longitudinal ridges elevated into projecting Spinous tubercles: hinge square, flat, pit hollowed,
with straight parallel edges, the posterior end curving to the beak.

The Shell is uncommonly thick; the hinge very massive, and projecting far into the Shell;
one of the flat lateral parts forms a rectangular ear.
a Monkton Combe.

[2 Between Nunny and Frome.

93

SPECIES 3.

Circular, smooth.
Orchardleigh, upper valve, small.

TEREBRATULA.
NOT PLICA TED.

SPECIES 1.

Terebratula ornithocephala. Min. Conch.
Ovato-rhomboidal ; depressed when young, elongated and gibbous when old ; front straight,

bounded by two obtuse lateral depressions, similar in each valve.

a Turnpike near Bratton.
I) Near Bath.

VARIETY.

Very long, gibbous, nearly as thick as wide ; valves subcarinated along the middle ; front
narrow, beaks much elongated and curved.
a Near Bath.
6 Writhlington.
c Turnpike near Bratton.
SPECIES 2.

Terebratula intermedia. Min. Conch.
Some of the specimens resemble Terebratula biplicata.
Near Bath.

PLI CA TED.

SPECIES 3.

Terebratula media. Min. Conch.

Fig. 9, Fuller’s Earth Roch Plate.

Very obtusely deltoid, gibbous, ‘plaited ; front rounded, with a rising in the middle, com-
posed of six sharp plaits approaching those in the sides ; beak a little incurved,

a Near Bath.

I; Charlton Horethorn.

c Orchardleigh.

94

ECHINI.

C A T 0 C Y S TI.
CONULUS.

Nearly circular, convexo-conical, covered by small prominences, particularly on the base
of the shell ; rays ten biporous lines diverging in five pairs ; pores very close on the upper

part, more dietant on the base, which is concave.
Canal at Bradfogd.

UNDER,OOLITE
ZOOPHITA

MADREPORA.

SIMPLE, COMPOSED OF ONE STAR.

SPECIES 1.
Madrepora porpites. Linn.
a Bath.
6 Churchill.

SPECIES 2.

Circular, discoidal; upper side flat, with many radii unequal in length, lower side with
two or three circular furrows, closely striated from the center.
Bath.

AGGREGA TED.

SPECIES 3.
Stars oblong, very unequal, irregular, radii unequal in length, diverging in pencils or
small bundles.
a Dundry.
b Bath Hampton.
SPECIES 4.

Stars pentagonal or hexagonal, deeply hollowed, radiate, septa distinct, stars small, regular.
Dundry. '

Tucking Mill.

Crickley Hill.

SPECIES 5.

Columnar, reticulated.
Bath Hampton.

A CORAL.

Composed of cylindrical ramose striated branches. -
Bath.

96

PENTACRINUS.

Small, angles acute, very projecting.
Mitford. Mass.

TESTACEA
UNIVALVIA.

CONUS.

,Conical, spire short, pointed, one sixth of the length ; aperture narrow. Length an inch
and a half. ' '

Near Bath. A cast of the inside.

M ELANIA.

SPECIES 1.

Small, elongated, aperture roundish, oblong; spire set with oblong tubercles.
Tucking Mill. A cast of the inside.

SPECIES 2.

Casts of a Melania, four or five times as long as the diameter.
aCoal Canal.

6 Tucking Mill.

0 Near Bath.
SPECIES 3.
Melanie. striata. .Mz'n. Conch.
‘Caisson.
T ROCHUS.
SPECIES l.

Conical, high ; volutions seven or eight, the lower part swelling into a prominent crenated
rim, the upper edge of one volution touching the rim of the next; shell reticulato-striated;

a few longitudinal wrinkles on the upper part of the volution ; base flat, no umbilicus.
Near Bath. '

SPECIES 2.

Conical, high ; volutions five or six, even, with a crenulated rim on the lower edge.
a Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

I; Mitford Inn. Cast of the inside.

97

SPECIES 3.

Conical, volutions angular, increasing quickly, flat in the upper part; base flattish;
columella perforate.
Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.
SPECIES 4.4.

Conical, sides even, volutions five or six, base convex; columella perforate.
Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 5.

Short conical, volutions four, the upper ones roundish, the lower ones angular, with a
projecting upper edge. _

a Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

I; Tucking Mill. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 6.

Conical, volutions few, reundish.

(1 Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

I) Tucking Mill. Cast of the inside.

0 Between Cross Hands and Petty France. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 7.

Depressed, very short, volutions three or four, opening roundish or ovate, wider than
long. . -
:2 Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.
I; Tucking Mill. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 8.
Short conical, depressed, volutions three, angular toward the lower part, base discoidal,

convex.
(1 Coal Canal.
1) Near Bath.

SPECIES 9.

Depressed, volutions four or five, with two small rims on the lower part, the upper one
nearly smooth, the lower one crenated; shell reticulato-striated 5 base convex, without an
umbilicus ; opening roundish.

Sherborn.

Bath.

98.

PLANORBIS.

Flat above ; volutions few, angular, roundish on the inside, widest above.
a Tucking Mill. Cast of the inside.
1) Near Bath. Cast of the inside.

TURRITELLA.

SPECIES 1.
Elongated, volutions numerous, with a deep spiral groove.
(1 Smallcombe Bottom. Cast of the inside.
b Coal Canal. VCast of the inside.
0 Tucking Mill. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 2.

Very much elongated, slender; one distinct spiral projection in the upper part and many

spiral strize: aperture oblong, narrow. In one cast there appear three projections.
Near Bath.

SPECIES 3.

Turreted with many small costze, acute on the upper edge.

(1 Churchill. VARIETY. With Spiral striae.
I) Near Bath.

AMPULLARIA.

SPECIES 1.

Very small, subglobose, spire very short, aperture semicircular.
Crickley Hill. Cast of the inside.
7 SPECIES Q.

Volutions three or four, the outer one large, spire short, with an obtuse furrow beneath
the'uppe’r edge of the volutions: aperture semicircular.

Length about an inch and a half.

a Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

b Bath. Cast of the inside.

SPECIES 3.

Ovate, spire acute, volutions three or more, convex, smooth. Aperture half the length
of the Shell.

Length not more than one inch.

a Tucking Mill. Cast of the inside.

1) Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

c Near Bath. Cast of the inside.

99'
TURBO.

Volutions about six, with several muricated lines; one at the upper edge, another pro.
jecting about the middle of the volution, and five or more beneath it; many longitudinal
striae crossing from one row to another: mouth rather oblong, base of the columella acute.

Length from half to one inch.

The tubercles are sharp and very regular, the cross striae are about three to each tubercle.

a Tucking Mill. '

b Near Bath.

Sherborn.

TUBULAR IRREGULAR UNIVALVES.
SERPULA.

V SPECIES 1.
Cylindrical, twisting; diameter one fourth of an inch.
Near Bath. -
SPECIES Q.
Elongated, conical, twisting at the small end, quadrate with four projecting crenated angles

or ridges; aperture round.
Churchill.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
N AUTILUS.

SPECIES 1'.

Volutions partly visible in the cast, back round; aperture ovato-lunate, its breadth twice
its length; septa many, siphuncle nearest to the outside.

Depth three fourths of' the longest diameter, which in one specimen is six inches and
a half.

Sherborn.

SPECIES Q.

Convex, back flatted, inner volutions concealed in the cast ; siphuncle central; mouth
lunate, narrow at the extremities; length two thirds of the breadth.
’— Longest diameter four inches and a half.

Sherborn.

SPECIES 3.

Subglobose, umbilicate, back very wide, volutions few; siphuncle central; aperture
twice as broad as long.

0‘2

100
Shell longitudinally striated ; lines of growth distinct.
a Shérborn.

6 Between Sh'erborn and Yeovil.
c Charlton Horethorn.

BELEMNITES.

SPECIES 1.

Slender, with a deep groove from the apex.
Tucking Mill.

Sherborn.
SPECIES 2.
Long, slender, without any groove.
a Yeovil. .
I) Wotton Underedge.
AMMONITES.

NO KEEL 0R FURROW ON THE BACK.

SPECIES l.
Ammonites modiolaris.
Subglobose, inner volutions convex, exposed within a large conical hollow or umbilicus;
back wide; aperture semilunate, rounded at the extremities, three times as wide as long.
Lansdown.

SPECIES 2.

Ammonites cali'x.

Discoidal, concave or cup formed, radiated ; back wide, slightly convex ; radii prominent,
rather distant, terminating in tubercles, and forming a deeply indented margin to the cup;
tubercles dividing over the back into three transverse ribs : aperture much wider than
long.

The longest diameter in one specimen is five inches. ,

The transverse ribs are in number about three to each tubercle, on the outer volutions four,
or more. The aperture is a portion of a circular ring bounded by two radiating lines.

Sherborn.

SPECIES 3.

Subglobose when young, more depressed when old, umbilicate; margin of the umbilicus
rounded; very numerous small radii across the back, united on the inner part of the volution,
undulating the umbilicus; aperture three times as wide as long, semicircular, the sides
rounded into the umbilicus.

Sherborn.

101

SPECIEs' 4.

Depressed, Convex, volutions seven, roundish on the back, the inner ones half concealed;
radii numerous, large on the inner part, smoothed along the middle, very obscurely dividing
into four or five, which are obsolete on the middle of theback; aperture oval, one third of
the diameter long, inner edges obtuse.

Longest diameter seven inches.

Sherborn..

SPECIES 5.

Volutions five or six, inner ones exposed; concave in the middle; radii numerous, sharp,
bifurcating over the wide back; aperture about two-fifths of the diameter inlength and
as wide as long. ‘

Sherborn.

Dundry.

SPECIES 6.

Ammonites communis. Min. Conch.
Sherborn.
A KEEL ON THE BACK.

SPECIES '7.

Ammonites radiatus.

Discoidal, very flat, concave in the middle, outer edge acuminated, with a swelling
undulated keel; volutions very quickly increasing, leaving a central hollow; surface
undulated with broad radiating undulations and many concentrate spreading furrows.

The shell is very thin, with radiating and concentrate striae. Aperture sagittate, inner
angles circular. Septa near together, very much undulated.

Longest diameter almost eight inches.

Between Sherborn and Yeovil.

SPECIES 8. ‘
Small, discoidal, concave in the middle; volutions four, half concealed; radii obsolete;
aperture oval ; keel small, sharp.
Near Bath.
SPECIES 9.

Ammonites concavus. Min. Conch.

Involute, depressed, keeled, umbilicate; umbilicus a large hemispherical depression;
volutions four, depressed near the center; radii numerous, curved, unequal in length,
obsolete near the center; keel sharp, entire; aperture acutely triangular, external angle

rounded, internal angles obliquely truncate.

10‘2

VARIETY. With obtuse radii, and each side of the back bevelled.
Between Sherborn and Yeovil. I

Sherborn.

Dunkerton.

A KEEL BETWEEN TWO FURROWS ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 10.
Volutions four or five, almost half concealed; back wide, with a high keel and a slight
furrow on each side; radii obtuse, unequal in length, some of them furcate, curved a

little on the edges of' the back ; aperture oblong, its length two fifths of the diameter.
Near Bath.

A FURROW ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 11.

Volutions five or six, gibbous, inner ones a third concealed, back rounded; radii many,
sharp, bifurcate with a few distant alternating entire ones, acute on the edges of a flat or
concave space along the back : aperture obcordate.

Near Bath.

18 1 VA L VIA.

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
MODIOLA.

SPECIES l.
Coated Muscle. Fistulana. Lam.
a Bath.
1) Mitford. Incrusted with coral.-
T ucking Mill.

SPECIES 02.

Very much elongated, with parallel sides, narrowing at the extremities, gibbous diagonally
from the beaks; back margin with oblique short furrows; lines of' growth distinct: width
four or five times the length.

Churchill.

SPECIES 3.

Very large, twice as broad as long.
Oldford near Frome. Cast of the inside.

103

SPECIES 4.
Modiola. Cornbraslz.
Churchill
Northwest of Northampton.

SPECIES 5.

Triangular, depressed, gibbous diagonally from the beaks; posterior side small, anterior /
side expanded, straight, digonal; back and front straight; beaks small, close to the
posterior end ; greatest width almost three inches; greatest length, at the anterior end, above
half the width.

Dundry.

UNIO.

SPECIES 1.
Subtriangular, broader than long, depressed, transversely striated; front margin
straightish; an inflection on one side.
Between Sherborn and Yeovil.
SPECIES Q.
Wider than long, depressed, posterior side elliptical, arched round to the beaks, anterior
side shorter, hollowed under the beaks.
Churchill.
SPECIES 3.
Unio, Species 3. Fuller’s Earth Rock.
Northwest of Northampton.

ARCA.

Wider than long, very gibbous, straightish at the edges, with sharp transverse lines of
growth, and a few longitudinal strire on the sides ; beaks distant; shell thick.

Sherborn.
Dundry. A very large cast of the inside.

TRIGONIA.

SPECIES 1.
Trigonia costata. Park. Min. Conch.
Triangular, with transverse smooth ribs; anterior side marked with many small and three

large prominent longitudinal crenulated ridges.
Posterior angle very obtuse ; anterior side large ; the transverse ribs terminate before the

first longitudinal ridge bounding the anterior side.

104

a Cotswold Hills. Cast of the inside.

b Between Cross Hands and Petty France. Cast of the inside.
0 Cross Hands. Cast of the inside. i

d Mitford. Cast of the inside.

6 Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

f Tucking Mill.

Little Sodbury.

I SPECIES C2.
Cas: of the inside 5 depressed, wider than long.
a Crickley Hill.
I) Nailsworth.

INSIDE CASTS OF BIVALVES,
WITH TWO MUSCULAR IMPRESSIONS IN EACH VALVE.

SPECIES 1.

Rhomboidal, gibbous in the middle, flattish at the sides; muscular impressions large,

convex in the cast, furrowed; beaks of the cast distant. Length two inches or more.
a Bath.

6 Mells.
SPECIES 2.

Circular, depressed, with projecting beaks; margin thin; muscular impressions convex
in the cast, furrowed; beaks of the cast distant.
Bath.

. CARDIUM.
Cardium. Cornbmsh.

a Writhlihgton.

b Between Sherborn and Yeovil.

c Chipping Norton.

d Churchill.

e Dundry.

Northwest of Northampton.

MACTRA.

SPECIES 1.

Mactra, Species 2. Fuller’s Earth Rock. .
Transversely elongated, arched, depressed, covered with longitudinal furrows; posterior

side rounded, anterior side flattened, alittle gaping, not expanded ; breadth twice the length,
and three times the depth.

105

The longitudinal furrows are decussated by distant broad transverse undulations.

a Crewkerne:
[2 Churchill.
SPECIES 2.

M actra gibbosa. Illin. Conch.
Gibbose, anterior side much wider than the posterior, ,recurved, truncated, gaping:

Length and depth about equal, breadth equal to twice the length ; posterior side rounding.
a Tucking Mill. A very large specimen, six inches Wide.
I) Mitford.

SPECIES 3.

t Large, squarish, subequilateral, gibbous, with contiguous prominent beaks; nearly straight
at the edges, transversely undulated. Length three fourths of the breadth, depth two thirds
of the breadth, which is about three inches. -

Gloucestershire.

ASTARTE.

Astarte ovata. Oahtree Clay.

,Transversely oblong, depressed, anterior side lengthened, transversely striated; 'lunette
elliptical; margin crenulated within; shell thick; beak acute, solid: a small pitibeneath
the posterior slope of the hinge. \

(1 Between Sherborn and Yeovil.

1) Coal Canal. Cast of the inside.

0 Tucking Mill. Cast of the inside.

(1 Bath. Cast of the inside.

8 Fulbrook. Cast of \the inside.

f Between Cross Hands and Petty France. Cast of the inside.
Mitford Inn. Cast of the inside.

Northwest of Northampton. A very small Cast of the inside.

MYA.

Mya, Species 1. Fuller’s Earth Roch.

Transverse, ovate, beaks close to the posterior side; anterior side acute; transversely
furrowed.

Dundry.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.
PLAGIO STOMA.

A small variety of Plagiostoma gigantea. .Min. Conch. with very distinct longitudinal
striae. ' '
Tucking Mill.

106

LIMA.

SPECIES 1 .

Lima gibbosa. Min. Conch. ,

Elongated, gibbose, smooth, longitudinally plicated in the lmiddle ; ears undefined;
nearly twice as long as wide. About eighteen small sharp plaits in the middle.

‘Churchill. '

SPECIES Q.

Trigonal, oblique, with short ears; one side straightish and lengthened, the other
rounded, «covered with many longitudinal sharp plaits. " "
Churchill.

CRENATULA.

Flat, or much depressed, oblong, sides subparallel, widest near the beaks, which are at
one end of the hinge line. 7
.Dundry.

OSTREA.

SPECIES 1.

Ostrea rugosa. Species 52. Fuller’s Earth Rock.
a Tucking Mill.
6 Between Sherborn and Yeovil. This is smaller, more regular and thinner.

SPECIES Q.

Oblong, straight, sides subparallel; depressed; lower valve with transverse imbricated
waves ; upper valve flat, transversely furrowed.

Chipping Norton.

Northwest of Northampton.

(‘

SPECIES 0'.

Ostrea acuminata. Min. Conch.
Churchill.

SPECIES 4.,

Small, oblong, lobate.
Betwen Cross Hands and Petty France. Much distorted.

 

107

AVICULA.

SPECIES 1.

Avicuia costata. VARIETY, with many ribs.
(1 Between Cross Hands and Petty France.
b Tucking Mill.

SPECIES 2.

Similar to avicuia costata, but the ribs are tuberculated.
‘ Between Sherborn and Yeovil.

PECTEN.

SPECIES 1.

Pecten equ-ivalvis. Min. Conch. .

Lenticular, with rounded diverging ribs and many acute concentric striae ; valves equally
convex, the lower one smoothest; ears equal.

a Ilmington.

b Dursley.

Dowdswell Hill.

Sherborn.

SPECIES 2.

Small, flattish, smooth.
Churchill.
SPECIES 3.

Pecten fibrosus. Min. Conch.
Churchill. '

INOCERAMUS.
Fibrous Shell.

Between Cross Hands and Petty France.
Monkton Combe.

Tucking Mill.

Bath.

108

TEREBRATULA.

NOT PLICA TED.

SPECIES 1.
Terebratula intermedia? Min. Conch.
a Batheaston.
b Near Lansdown.
c Tucking Mill. .
d Between Sherborn and Yeovil. \‘
6 Churchill.
f Chipping Norton.
g Fulbrook.

SPECIES 2.
Terebratula ornithocephala. Min. Conch.
VARIETY. The edges flattened.

Tucking Mill.
Sherborn.

PLI CA TED.

SPECIES 3.
‘Terebratula obsoleta ? Species 3. Clay over the upper Oolite.
a Between Cross Hands and Petty France.
I) Tucking Mill.
c Churchill.
d Chipping Norton.
6 Fulbrook.

SPECIES 4«.
Terebratula spinosa.

Circular, convex, 'with many roundish plaits set with long slender spines in quincuncial
order; middle of the front elevated in a large wave rounding into the sides; beak small,
incurved ; upper valve most convex.

a Bath.

1) Tucking Mill.

Chipping Norton.

 

109

EC’HINI.

A N 0 C Y S TI.
CIDARIS.

SPECIES 1.

Cidaris, Species 1. Clay over the upper oolz'te.

Tucking Mill;

SPECIES Q.

Pentangular, depressed, with projecting rather distant small mammellae ; two contiguous
rows in each areola, and. four converging rows in each area; the two middle rows short and
only on the side or widest part of' the area; rough with small points encircling. the ‘
mammellae; rays obliquely triporous. ‘

The areolae form the angles of the pentagon. The two longer rows of mammella in each
area are parallel to the rays and converge to the aperture, and the space between them on
the side is occupied by two shorter converging rows.

'Tucking Mill.

SPECIES 3.

Cidaris, Species 3. Coral Bag and Pisolz'te.

Tucking Mill.

CLYPEUS.

SPECIES 1‘.

Clypeus sinuatus. Leske.

Circular, depressed, convex above, base rather concave, with five diverging furrows; rays
ten, in five pairs, approaching each other on the circumference, transversely striated with
a line of pores on their margin ; one of the area divided by a deep Sharp furrow from the
vertex; mouth small, pentagonal; shell covered by small eminences in circular depressions-

a Monkton Combe.

I) Stunsfield.

c Chipping Norton.

(1 Churchill.

e Fulbrook.

f Near Naunton.

g Stow on the Wold.

Northwest of Northampton.

SPECIES 2.

Clypeus. Coral Rag and Pisolz'te.
Churchill.

CATOCYSTI.

C‘ONULUS.

Conulus. Fuller’s Earth Rock.
Tucking Mill.

 

Reference to the figures in the Plates of this Stratum, which will be given in “ Strata identified
by Organized Fossils,” not having been regularly inserted, it is necessary to observe that

the following species will be figured.
First Plate.

Melania, Species 2 .............. Fig. l
Trochus, Species l .......... . ....... 2

Species 6 ..... . . . . . ........ 3
. Species 9 . . ................ 4
Turritella, Species 1 . . . . . . . . . ......... 5

Species3 ...... ...... 6
Ampullaria, Species 2 ....... . .......... 7
Nautilus, Species 3 . . ................ 8

Ammonites calix .... 9

Second Plate.

Madrepora, Species 4 .............. Fig. l
Trigonia costata ..... . .................. 2—3
Astarte ovata ......................... 4
I’ecten equivalvis . . . . ................. _. 5
Inoceramus ............................ 6
Terebratula spinosa ............ . . . . . . . . 7
Clypeus sinuatus ..... . ................ 8

1121

SAND AND SANDSTONE.

TESTACEA.
UNIVALVIA.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.

BELEMNITES.

Fig. 1, Sand and Sandstone Plate.
Tapering, apex of the alveolus central. Diameter two thirds of an inch.

Tucking Mill.
AMMONITES.
N0 KEEL 0R FURROW ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 1.

Ammonites, Species 44. Marlstone.

Volutions about four, thick, the inner ones not much concealed, round on the back,
radii very numerous, bifurcating at the middle ; aperture round, lunate on the inner side.
Enstone.

A KEEL ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 2.

Ammonites ellipticus ? Min. Conch.
Yeovil.

SPECIES 3.
Ammonites, Species 8. Marlstone.
In this specimen, the radii are not so much bent in the middle as those in the marlstone.
a Liliput.
I) Tucking Mill.
SPECIES 4«.
Fig. Q,‘ Sand and Sandstone Plate.

Much depressed, volutions few, half exposed, quickly increasing, thin at the outer edge;
radii small, numerous, twice rather obtusely curved, unequal in length, uniting by pairs or

112

more into short prominences on the inner part: keel sharp; aperture two fifths of the
longest diameter.

Yeovil.

.BIVAL VIA

EQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

MODIOLA.

Fig. 3, Sand and Sandstone Plate. «

Very much elongated with nearly parallel sides, acuminated at the extremities, gibbous
diagonally from the beaks; posterior side, or hinge side, furrowed; lines of growth distinct,
parallel to the margin. Length four or five times the breadth. The furrows on the back

margin are oblique, short, and do not reach to the gibbous part.
Top of Frocester Hill.

MYA.

Mya, Species 1. Fuller’s Earth Rock.
Enstone.

INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

AVICULA .
Avicula costata.
Enstone.
TEREBRATULA.

Terebratula ornithocephala. Jilin. Conch.

Enstone. A curious variety with flattened edges, similar to those from Tucking Mill
and Sherborn in the under oolite.

113

MARLSTONE.
ZOOPHlTA

MADREPORA.
SPECIES 1.
Madrepora porpites. Linn.
Tucking Mill.
PENTACRINUS.
SPECIES 1.

Fig. l, Marlstone Plate. .
Vertebrate thin, acute in the middle with five very prominent angles; vertebral column
excavated at the meeting of the vertebrae between the prominent angles.
Churchill. '
Stone Farm, Yeovil.
Kennet and Avon Canal.
SPECIES 2.

Vertebrae pentagonal, sides flat.
Wotton under Edge.

TESTACEA.

UNIVALVIA.

HELIX.

Helix. Coral Rag and Pisolite.
Wotton under Edge.

MULTILOCULAR UNIVALVES.
BELEMNITES.

' SPECIES 1.

Large, squarish, with two obtuse furrows very near the apex.
Penard Hill.

It

.114

An Alveolus of a large belemnite ; very acutely conical, septa distant from each other one
sixth of their diameter.

Foot of Frocester Hill.

Alveolus of a large belemnite; long, conical, septa numerous, distant from each other
one seventh of their diameter.

. Tucking Mill.

Long, slender.

Fig. 2, Marlstone Plate.
(1 Yeovil.

6 Churchill.

c Tucking Mill.

d Enstone.

NAUTILUS.

A depressed umbilicated Nautilus, resembling Nautilus lineatus, Mn.C’onck. is found in
this Stratum, with crystallized Carbonate of Lime in the chambers; the‘sh'ell is striated

longitudinally and appears to be very thin; the situation of the siphuncle has not been
observed in the specimen.

Tuckin g Mill.

AMMONITES.
N0 KEEL on FURROW ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 1.

Depressed, volutions four or five,.the back smooth, nearly flat, thicker than the other

parts of the volution; radii distant, acute on the outer margin; aperture quadrangular,
widest in the outer part.

Coal Canal.

SPECIES Q.
Depressed, volutions five or more, the inner ones more than air-fourth concealed, with many

obtuse distant radii smoothed over the back; aperture elliptical, indented; itslength afornrth
of the diameter.

The radii are most prominérit‘ on the {middle of' the: volutio’n.
Coal Canal. ‘

sPEcms 3;
Ammonites undulatus.
Fig. 8, Marlstone Plate.

115

Depressed, radii obtuse, mostly equal in length, twice curved, undulating the back;
volutions four or more, dep1essed along the middle, the inner ones three fourths concealed:
aperture very oblong, inner edges truncated.

The radii are obscure towards the center, twice c-",u11ed and on the back incline toward
the aperture, and are so prominent as to give it the appearance of being folded or plaited.
In some specimens the radii seem closer and more numerous on the outer volutions than on

the 1nner.
Coal Canal.

SPECIES 4.

Fig. 4«, Marlstone Plate.
Volutions about four, thick, the inner ones not much concealed, round on the back;

radii very numerous, bifurcating at the middle; aperture round, lunate on the inner side.
Diameter three fourths of an inch to two inches and a half.

a Coal Canal.

b Tucking Mill.

0 Yeovil. I

d Churchill.

SPECIES 5.

Ammonites communis. .Min. Conch.

This shell varies much. These specimens are of the variety with an oblong aperture.

(1 Near Bath.

6 Tucking Mill.

0 Coal Canal.

d'Dundry.

SPECIES 6.

Large, volutions three, very quickly diminishing in depth and diameter, not at all
concealed; radii, numerous irregular undulations, most distinct on the back, which is
round; opening oval, the inner angles blunt, two fifths of the longest diameter. Diameter
seven inches and a half.

Yeovil.

A KEEL ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 7.

Volutions few, quickly increasing, the inner ones more than half exposed, blunt at the
back, inner edges truncate and smooth; radii very numerous, most prominent on the outer
part of the volution, twice curved, the first bend in a slight spiral depression near the
middle; keel small, acute; aperture narrow, more than two fifths as long as the diameter.

Longest diameter six inches.
R ‘2

116

This is probably a different species from Ammonites elegans, Min. Conch. to which, in
many respects, it is very similar; the most essential distinctions are the bluntness or width

of the back, and th egreater exposure of the inner volutions.
a Yeovil.

b Tucking Mill.

SPECIES 8.

Volutions few, the inner ones two fifths concealed, obtuse at the back, truncate at the
inner angles; radii large, obscure on the inner half of the volution, conspicuous on the
outer half, twice curved, the first bend in a spiral depression near the middle; aperture
narrow, with subparallel sides, inner angles truncate. Diameter five inches.

This species differs from the preceding in the lesser number and greater size of its radii; in
other respects perfectly similar.

a Stone Farm, Yeovil.
. b Penard Hill.

SPECIES 9. m
Ammonites concavus. Min. Conch.
Coal Canal.

SPECIES 10.
Fig. 5, Marlstone Plate.

Depressed, volutions three or four, the inner ones almost half concealed; radii furcating
from the inner part, bent in the middle, curved toward the keel in the outer part; back
flattish, keel small, acute: aperture narrow, innerlangles truncate.
one and two inches.

a Coal Canal.

1) Tucking Mill.

0 Penard Hill.

Dundry.

Frocester Hill.

Bathhampton, foot of inclined plane.

Diameter between.

SPECIES 11.

Depressed, volutions four or five, convex, the inner ones a third Concealed; radii many,
obtuse, curving, unequal in length ; septa rather distant, equal in number to the entire radii;

aperture oval, a third as long as the diameter, without any truncation on the inner angles...
Diameter about two inches.

Glastonbury.

117

A KEEL BETWEEN TWO 'FURROWS ‘ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 12.

Volutions four, gibbous, almost wholly exposed; radii many, a little curved, undulating
the inner margin 5 aperture squarish, with rounded angles.
Coal Canal.

SPECIES 13.
Ammonites Walcotii. Min. Conclz.
Fig. 6, Marlstone Plate.

Involute, depressed; volutions four, three fourths exposed, with a concentrate furrow;
lunate undulations over half the sides; back with a keel between two furrows; aperture
oblong, one third of the diameter long.

Each volution divided into two parts by an obtuse furrow; inner half nearly smooth.
Coal Canal.

Glastonbury.

A FURROW ON THE BACK.

SPECIES 1414.

Much depressed, radii entire, sharp, prominent and opposite on the outer margins ;.

opening oblong, narrow, sides almost parallel, back concave along the middle.
Near Bath.

B 1 VA L VI A.
INEQUIVALVED BIVALVES.

OST REA.

Gryphea, Species 1. Lids...
Northeast of Newark.

PECTEN.

Fig. 7, Marlstone Plate.

Circular, depressed with many longitudinal obtuse ribs.
Kennet and Avon Canal. A mass.

Northeast of Newark.

118

.TEREBRATULAg ..

Terebratula obsoleta. Min. Conch.
(1 Churchill. " ‘ ‘
b Wotton under Edge. . . : - ,- .. - - ' i: .

The organized Fossils in the under part of the rook differ very materially from those in
the upper, but these distinctions, with others relating to several of the preceding Strata,
will be given in the subsequent part of the. works

OBSERVATIONS ON ECHINI.

 

CLASSICAL CHARACTERS.

Roundish, covered with a bony crust, more like a crustaceous than a testaceous animal,

with moveable spines, and two apertures, a mouth always on the base of the shell, and
a vent variable in its position.

From the different situations of the vent the class is susceptible of three principal
divisions :——An0cysti, Pleurocystz', Catocystz'.

1. ANOCYSTI.

' Mouth on the base of the shell 5‘. vent vertical.
Under this division are comprised two genera, Cidaris, and Clypeus.

CIDARIS.

GEN. Guitar—Circular, or ovate, with porous rays, diverging equally on all sides, from the
vent to the mouth: vent vertical ; central ; mouth beneath, central.

CLYPEUS.

GEN. CHAR.-—Circular, or suboval, irregular, with porous or striated rays.

2. PLE UROC YS TI.

Month on the base of the shell; vent on the side.

SPATANGUS.

GEN. CHAR.-Cordate or heart-shaped, with porous rays, and a groove or channel from the
vertex to one end; mouth beneath, near the broad end, vent at the narrow end above the
margin of the base. '

GEN. Cunt—Oblong, with ten biporous rays in five pairs; vent at one end, above
the margin of the base; mouth beneath, almost central.
Echinites lapis cancri is of this Genus.-

3. CATOCYSTI.

Both apertures on the base cf the shell.

CONULUS

, GEN. CHAR.—Nearly circular, with porous lines from the vertex to the mouth: mouth
beneath, central; vent on the circumference of the base.

GALEA.

GEN. CHAR.—Ovate,fwith porous rays from the vertex to the mouth, near the broadest
end of the base ; vent at the narrow end of the base.

The mouth of the Echinus is always in the base of the shell.

Central in Cidaris.

Nearly central in Clypeus.

Nearest to one end in Spatangus.

Excentric in Echinites lapis cancri.

Central in Conulus. .

About one sixth of the length from the rounded end in Galea. ,

Nearly all the species of Echini agree in having ten rays of pores proceeding in five pairs
from the vertex of the shell toward the mouth in the base, although they do not in
all continue to the mouth (as in Scutum and other Genera).

The rays differ much in the number and arrangement of the pores; in the greater
proportion of species, however, the rays are actually double, or'each composed of two lines
of pores.

The rays in Clypeus sinuatus are of a peculiar construction; they are transversely striated,
with a line of pores on the side. V

In Scutum, and some other recent genera, the rays make a florif‘orm figure on the
surface. .

Many species of fossil mammellated Echini have articulating edges surrounding the
small spherical tops of the mammellm, which are generally punctated. ,

The Stratigraphical Table exhibits many instances of repetition of the same 'species
in more than one stratum, and a little attention evinces the accuracy of an observation
previously made, that “ similar strata contain similar fissile,” C1ypeus,vNo. Q, (cluni-
cularis Llwyd), is a common'instance. This species is repeated in five different strata,
all of them calcareous, for the fossils in the Clay over the upper Oolite lie within a small
depth of the rock, and are generally filled with stony matter.

Yet although the same species is repeated in these different strata, a considerable difference
in appearance may be traced between specimens from the Pisolite and others from the
Cornbrash and Oolites. These last are thinner at the edge, with a more undulated base
and flatter sides, particularly that side containing the groove. ‘

The variation in the form of fossils, according to the nature of the stratum,>is so remarkable,
that in almost all the species which occur in different strata suflicient distinction may
be perceived in the general appearance, to ascertain from what stratum they were collected.

Thus, where artificial specific differences fail, the natural features of relationship are
sufficient for their identification. -

Powerful glasses are required to discover the beautiful organization of petrified Echini,
the delicate minutia of which is the more remarkable as the shells are now entirely
converted into opaque crystals of Carbonate of Lime. The rhomboidal fracture of this
carbonate of lime has long been considered characteristic of these shells and of their spines,
and is common to no other organized fossils, except the Encrini.

Spines of Echini are generally more rare than the shells, but are so abundant in the
Coral Rag as to be considered one of ~“its best identifications.

The little fossil Clypeus being not only the common inhabitant of three rocks which have .
a general resemblance, but peculiar to the oolitic part of two of them, shows most distinctly
the necessity and great utility of attending to their localities and to their peculiar Sites in
each stratum.

The stratigraphical table of fossil Echini comprises all the species enumerated in this
work, and contains enough for the general purpose of identifying the British Strata.

p By the table it appears that Echini are not common to more than eight Strata, Chalk,
Green Sand, Coral Rag and Pisolite, Cornbrash, Clay over the Upper Oolite, Upper
Oolite, Fuller’s Earth Rock (rare), and Under Oolite.

Thence also it appears they are most abundant in the Chalk and in the Green Sand
beneath it; the Genus Galea, containing eight species, is entirely peculiar to the Chalk.

The order Pleurocysti is found only in the Chalk and Green Sand, most of the species
are found in the Chalk: three out of the five species of Conulus are found in the Chalk.

Clypeus sinuatus is characteristic of the Under Oolite, and occurs at many, places in
its course; a similar species is found rarely in the Coral Rag and Pisolite, but it is
more convex, and larger.

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