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[ 155 ]

IV. On the Extinct Land-Tortoises of Mauritius and Rodriguez. By Aurrep C.
Happon, B.A., Scholar of Christ’s College, and Curator in the Museum of
Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of the University of Cambridge. (Communicated
by Prof. Newton, ILA., B.S.)

(Plate XIII.)

Read November 20th, 1879.

HAVING been recently engaged in determining and cataloguing the large series of
bones of the extinct Land-Tortoises of the Mascarene Islands contained in the Museum
of the University, it has appeared to me that some notes made during that undertaking
might, if published, be of interest to zoologists in general and herpetologists in
particular ; for though a portion of the series was submitted to Dr. Giinther when
preparing his admirable monograph*, yet a very considerable portion, in some instances
containing more perfect specimens, has been received since the publication of that
work, and has therefore never been described, while the whole forms the largest assem-
blage of these rare remains that has yet been collected.

All the specimens in this series were presented to the University by Mr. Edward
Newton, M.A., C.M.G., formerly Colonial Secretary of Mauritius, and now Lieutenant-
Governor of Jamaica. Those from Mauritius were obtained, with one or two exceptions,
from the mud and peat of the Mare aux Songes, where they were found, together with
numerous remains of the Dodo and other extinct members of the fauna of that island,
under circumstances which have been described by the late Mr. George Clark. The
portion of the series received in 1867 was examined by Dr. Giinther, and several of its
specimens have been described and figured by him in his work above mentioned; but
the larger portion did not reach the Museum till the summer of the present year, 1879.
The bones from Rodriguez were received in like manner at two different times; but they
were all obtained from the caves of that island, the first portion having been collected by
Sergeant Morris, who was working under the direction of Mr. George Jenner, during the
excavations and explorations made at the expense of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science between 1866 and 1871, inclusive t, and the second portion
having been obtained similarly by Mr. James Caldwell on his visit to the island in
1875 §. This last collection was received at our Museum during the past summer and,
like the Mauritian series, which arrived at the same time, has not had the advantage of
Dr. Giinther’s inspection.

* «The Gigantic Land-Tortoises (Living and Extinct) in the Collection of the British Museum.’ By Albert
C. L. G. Giinther, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.8. London, 1877.

7 “Account of the late Discovery of Dodos’ Remains in the Island of Mauritius.” By George Clark. The Ibis,
1866, pp. 141-146.

+ Report of the British Association, 1865, p. xli; 1866, pp. 401, 402; 1867, pp. 287, 288 ; 1872, pp. 28, 24.
~ § “ Notes on the Zoology of Rodriguez.” By J. Caldwell, C.M.Z.8. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1875, pp. 644-647,
SECOND SERIES.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. II. 21

 
''"G6 Liisi: MR. A. C. HADDON ON THE EXTINCT

. ve
o «ee

bt *oi Tn writing the. following remarks, it is needless for me to mention the inestimable

assistance that I have derived from Dr. Giinther’s elaborate monograph, as well as from
a comparison of the specimens in our Museum which have been named by him. Indeed
without these latter I could hardly have determined and catalogued our more recent
acquisitions; but since they are so extensive, it seems to me desirable that some
detailed account of them should be given, not with the view of superseding, but of
supplementing, the excellent descriptions which he has already given. I think it cannot
but be gratifying to him to find that the larger amount of materials at my disposal
enables me to confirm in almost every respect the conclusions at which he had arrived.

Tn all cases I have closely followed his treatment of the subject, in order to facilitate
comparison.

I. Tortoises oF Mauritius. Testudo triserrata and T. imepta.

The remains of these, the two common Mauritian species, when sufficiently perfect,
can, with the exception of the femur and the smaller leg-bones, be easily distinguished,
the other forms indicated by Dr. Ginther, Zestudo imdica and T. leptocnemis, being of
doubtful value. 7. indica is known from the shell only, “ the upper profile of which is
straight, and not declivous in front;’’ while 7. leptocnemis rests alone on the scapula,
pelvis, and femur; but its scapula does not differ from that of 7. triserrata, though its
pelvis and femur are “ more slender than in either 7. triserrata or T. mepta.”

Skull.—The additions are :—(1) a portion of the occipital and tympanic regions of a
moderately sized skull; but not having the maxilla it is impossible to refer it to either
species.

(2) A slightly imperfect lower jaw of a very large vip of 7. imepta, from the
deposits of Flacq.

Mandible, extreme length and breadth.................. 78 millim.

Carapace.—Only a small fragment of a plastron.

Vertebral column.—A single example of the seventh cervical, centrum only. It is
biconcave, the hemal spine as in 7. Vosmeri. There is a groove between it and the
tubercles of the anterior zygapophyses, and a deep fossa on the upper surface behind the
anterior zygapophysis on each side, as in the sixth cervical of 7. Vosmeri, and as is also
occasionally found (see examples in the Museum) in the seventh vertebra of the same
animal,

millim. millim
Extreme length of centrum .......... 38 Length in median dine: 82.5. ..4 os: 34
ae width ee a 27 3 ae ee 18
- depth ote ee ee 10 Se ee 6

Shoulder-girdle.—Two right and five left can without difficulty be referred to
T. triserrata. Of these there is nothing worthy of notice.

Of the three right and three left which are supposed to belong to 7. inepta, two are of
unusually large size. One right shoulder-girdle, marked “y;~ (Pl. XIII. fig. 7), has the
coracoid ankylosed: though this character is supposed to 6 peculiar to 7. triserrata,
yet it is found, probably as an individual variation, in this specimen, the compressed
''LAND-TORTOISES OF MAURITIUS AND RODRIGUEZ.

157

curved precoracoid (“ acromion”) &c. proving it to be 7. inepta. This peculiarity can
be parallelled with the case of the corresponding bone of the Rodriguez tortoise.
There is no fresh example of 7. inepta, var. Boutoni.

T. inepta. ‘A B.

millim. millim, millim. millim.
Length of scapula (measured from the suture with coracoid)........ 7 170
Oiroutaference ih its middleys) 4 we Capes, alt Tite eas b: 72 72

Longitudinal diameter of glenoid cavity

CC i  , )

Length of precoraceid (acremion). i). ee cl A, Pees

40(worn) 40

95

92

Hength of oormeoids (Fase ate 38 an eet amy Or 102 91
Greatest width of coracoidi 0) fo a 69 broken
Least circumference of shaft of coracoid .........0.. 0s ee cevececs 49 50

The great amount of variation in the shape of the coracoid in 7. triserrata is worthy of
special attention. Though all the well-marked specimens in our collection have passed
through the hands of Dr. Giinther, he only remarks (J. c. p. 46) that “ the coracoid lamina
[is] sometimes deeply grooved.” The amount of the variations can be well understood
by reference to Plate XIII. figs. 1-5.

The anterior side is sometimes produced into a long spur. The posterior may become
straight rather than bowed for the greater portion of its length, as may also the internal
edge (‘epicoracoid’ region). The shaft may be narrow, or broad and flattened; but it
is in the blade that we see the greatest variations. This may be almost smooth, concave
above, and gently convex on its inferior surface, as in the typical example (Giinther,
pl. xxiv. fig. B), or flat superiorly, with the concave inferior surface traversed by prominent
longitudinal ridges, or convex on the upper surface, with the concave lower surface
strongly marked by prominent palmated ridges. The interspaces may become so thin
as to be more or less perforated.

The relative measurements of these bones also vary very considerably, as the following
table shows :—

A (type). B: ¢; D. E.

millim millim. millim. millim. millim.
Leneth of coragoidig.., 2.5... 6% 74 75 66 76 76
Greatest width of coracoid...... 61 71 63 58 67
Least circumference of coracoid .. 54 66 47 62 63

It will thus be seen that while the length averages about the same, the width and
circumference of the shaft vary greatly, the normal proportions being, length of coracoid
n, breadth n—9, circumference n—15.

The study ofall these variations irresistibly calls to mind the remarks of Messrs. A. and
E. Newton*, the truth of which has been subsequently confirmed by the latter gentle-
man and Mr. J. W. Clark f, in their respective memoirs on the osteology of the extinct
Didine bird of Rodriguez, as to the wonderful variability of that species. ‘To quote the
former :—“ There does not seem to be a single bone in the skeleton of Pezophaps solitaria
which is not liable to greater or less individual variation of some kind or other... i but

* “ On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of the Island of Rodriguez, Pezophaps solitaria (Gmel.).” By
Alfred Newton, M.A., and Edward Newton, M.A. Phil. Trans. 1869, p. 330.

t “On the Osteology of the Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria, Gmel.).? By Edward Newton, 0.M.G., and John
Willis Clark, M.A., Superintendent of the Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of
Cambridge. Phil. Trans. vol. 168, p. 451.

Z1*
''158 MR. A. C. HADDON ON THE EXTINCT

the individual variation is not at all confined to absolute size; it extends to the relative
proportion of divers parts of the bones, to processes or depressions upon them, such
as are commonly held to be specifically characteristic, so that it is often utterly impos-
sible to predicate any definite limits of individual modification. .... Nor is the
variability of which we speak wholly dependent on age or sex.”

To find that the same results attend the examination of these Tortoise-remains cannot
fail to suggest the possibility that when a sufficient series of specimens of any animal is
compared a similar amount of variability may be observed; and if this consideration
should lead to nothing else, it should at least make us, in many cases, hesitate about
describing a new species of vertebrate from a single bone, or even from several
fragments.

A second variety of coracoid has been added, which, since it is free, may be safely
referred to 7. inmepta; of this we have three examples, one, however, being frag-
mentary. They differ from the former type in both form and size (Pl. XIII. fig. 6).
The absolute length is much greater than in 7. triserrata; the neck is more slender,
and the posterior edge straighter, as is also the internal margin. Even in these few
examples we see ample evidence of tendency to variation. The great difference of the
length of this bone in the two species is well seen by averaging the relative pro-
portions; for taking the length of the coracoid to be n, the average breadth would be
about 2—30, and the least circumference 1 —47.

Humerus.—Six right and eight left belong to Dr. Giinther’s group a (7. triserrata).

Two right and four left of 7. inepta (group ¢); one of the latter is of enormous size.
In one or two examples the hollow behind the head is extremely shallow, as in
Dr. Giinther’s group 0, thus showing that the latter is merely a variation; indeed it is
often rather difficult to distinguish between humeri supposed to belong to the two kinds
of tortoises.

7. triserrata. T. inepta.
millim. millim,
Length of humerus from summit of head to middle of trochlea .... 175 250
Nancowesh Gincumerenco, 05. 0. a 2. 7 112
Honcest dinmeten oi heads <6 43 50
hortest diameter OktenG.. aor be crt lel ve as 34 35
Extreme breadth. between condyles .............55.:4....-54. i 83

Ulma.—Three right examples apparently belonging to the same species.

millim.
Pee ee ie he es a Se 114
Neerowest emcnumiorence 9s. i 44

Radius.—Three specimens, only one of which is perfect. Dr. Gimther’s types a
and ¢ may be easily recognized. The one right, a, has a rather slender shaft.

One well-marked right example of ¢; the other, left, is only a distal fragment; it
would, however, be somewhat larger.

millim
Length of radius 2) 4. 3 ee eee Re, Ue 175
Cireumference in‘ narrowest part... -\4... 0 sd. pai dieline dee 38
Longitudinal diameter of semilunar facet ............. pee 30

Transverse diameter of semilunar facet ...........-.eee ce eees 20

 

1
''LAND-TORTOISES OF MAURITIUS AND RODRIGUEZ. 159

Pelvis.—T. triserrata. We have two pelves nearly perfect, three fragments, and
one right pubis. Two are of great size; although one of these is of such large size, yet
the os ilium is very narrow and thin. This is probably due to bone-absorption owing to
age. Theterminal portion of the pubic process is flattened horizontally, and is sur-
rounded laterally by a deep groove.

The distinctive characters of 7. leptocnemis appear of too slight a character to be of
sreat certainty, especially as no perfect pelvis is known.

T. inepta. Our previous collection of portions of a male and female pelvis has been
greatly enriched by the addition of four perfect pelves and of three halves. There is one
immense os ilium, which is very broad but much compressed, and evidently belonged to
avery old male. Thereis a femur probably belonging to this pelvis.

TL. triserrata. T. inepta.
millim, millim. millim. millim.
Longest inner vertical diameter of pelvis from summit of ilium
iG SVURPNV SIS i ec ge eee ane 156 ie 138
Longest inner horizontal diameter of pelvis ............--.- ie a 120
Shortest inner horizontal diameter of pelvis between ilio-pubic
PLOMINGNCeS. | ee et ee ran. a a 80
Longest diameter of foramen obturatorlum ................ a Hs 36
MWideh of symphysial Wmideo.. | 55. iiss cae ee . eS 25
Breadth of posterior portion of ossa ischil.........-..4...-- . sG 55 i
Hongeh of own Oe ee ee ee ie 140 os 108, 147
Leash width Of os Tan UC. CU Pt ae. 29 25 40
Proximal width of os Win: 223609 ee ee ae a: 54 85+

Femur.—The sixteen new examples have so much the same facies that it is impos-
sible to distinguish between the two species. There does not seem to be a specimen of
T. leptocnemis.

millim.

Weneth of femurs 22 ii ee a eee 194
‘Least cutcumierence "0. 0. ee es ea te) ee 90
Width ofeondyle 0. Oey ciate age ee c tacos ae, ee 73

This femur probably belongs to 7. mepta.

Tibia.—Two right and two left. These show no peculiarity, except that one is
stouter than the others.

millim,

Leneth of tibiacs; o.oo a a oo. ge er ee a ee ee 144
Circumference, least <2) f o2 ee ee ee ee ee oe 55
‘Breadth at upper end-tec: ae). Pe Re. aes ed ens ied ee eee | ee 46

II. Testupo Vosmari. Rodriguez.

All the remains from this island are referable to one species only, notwithstanding
the large series of bones examined. The experience of Dr. Giinther points to the same
conclusion.

Skull.—The additions to our previous fragment consist of one imperfect specimen of
large size, two occipital crests, and one very perfect example of a young individual, the
lower jaw being also present.

The largest probably measured 113 millim. long.

Carapace.—There are two small carapaces, with their plastra, one being very
perfect, and the posterior marginal plates of a third and large example; also two
''160 MR. A. C. HADDON ON THE EXTINCT

plastra of small size, and a portion of a much larger one. In all the thinness of the
bones is very remarkable.

Length of Carapace. Width of Carapace. Sternum. Caudal plate.
In straight line. Overcurve. Instraightline. Overcurve. Length. Width. Length. Width.
millim. millim. millim. millim, millim. millim. millim.  millim.
133 16} ga 172 93 73 12 33
mA see 95+ Be ee 9 13. 3

Vertebral column.—We have 74 specimens of cervical vertebrz, all being well repre-
sented except the 1st, of which no example is known. ‘The 6th does not present the
foramen noticed by Giinther (Joc. cit. p. 57; also Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1878, xi. p. 397) ;
for out of our 18 specimens of this bone only one has a perforation, which is very small,
and might even be accidental. The foramen apparently only occasionally is present, and
that only in old animals.

There are several examples of dorsal and caudal vertebree.

In the majority of cases it has been impossible to distinguish between the slender
and the stout varieties. There is a certain amount of variation in the size of the hemal
spine, in the thickness of the centrum, &c.

2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. ‘ 7th. 8th.
millim. wmillim, millim. millim. millim. millim. millim.  millim.
sengeh of contram........-.,..... ao i 8 5 66 51 60 64 50 41
Depth of centrum in the middle .... 10 9 9 10 14 13 18 10
Horizontal width of middle of centrum 7 8 10 9 16 18 17 18
Width of anterior condyle.......... 12 broken 14 os 3 ee Ly 40
Width of anterior glenoid cavity .... .. ee .s 20 15 id 26 a
Width of posterior condyle ........ if a 18 18 13 se so 20
Width of posterior glenoid ........ 12 15 iS ws ie ie 31 Ee
Distance of outer margins of anterior
ee ek 16 broken 25 20 29 ~ 25 30
Distance of outer margins of posterior
nye. ori 8, 20 23 23 19 broken .. 28 37

Shoulder-girdle.—There is great uniformity about these bones, the chief degrees of
variation being in the form of the transverse section of the scapula near the glenoid fossa.
The general form of the precoracoid (“‘acromion’’) reminds one of the same bone in
T. triserrata, in being laterally compressed proximally, and vertically compressed distally.
In his monograph, Dr. Giinther remarks (p. 59), “ It must be mentioned that there
are in the collection a right and a left scapula, evidently belonging to the same individual,
which differ remarkably from all the others in not having the coracoid ankylosed, although
the individual appears to have been fully adult, and in having the body of the scapula
proper uniformly compressed. It is difficult to account for this apparently individual
aberration.”’ Now, out of the 85 scapule in our collection, there are 32 in which the
coracoid is ankylosed to the remainder of the shoulder-girdle, leaving 53 in which that
bone is distinct ; of these, 23 are of larger size than the smallest of the ankylosed bones,
several being considerably so. Thus it seems to be a characteristic of this species for
the coracoid to be very irregular in its ankylosis with the coraco-scapula.

It is interesting to note that in one example there is a tendency towards the formation
''LAND-TORTOISES OF MAURITIUS AND RODRIGUEZ. 161

of a coracoid foramen by ossification from the coracoid and precoracoid extending into
the epicoracoid region.

Coracoid Coracoid free.
ankylosed. Total. (Large examples.) Total.
millim, millim, millim. millim.
UG a0 eal eee tee 9 29 (ih) 38
ANGEL ess tin co cre sl acsie ene eater ver 23 24. (12) AT
otal Gages es. 32 53 / + (28) 85
Coracoid fused. Coracoid free.
i B. OC (smallest).
millim. millim. millim, millim. millim.
Length of scapula measured from the suture with
GE COLACOLU So ee cc eco. 105 ak 75 132+
Circumference:.in its middle; . 3 6... 35 40 8 50
Longitudinal diameter of glenoid cavity ........ oe 30 19 30+ ve
Pent Ge cetnCOld, i ees cae wee sess 49 ue 35 is 60
Graatesbwidul Of COrSCOId = ee once cee 38 ws 27 ay 48
Length of precoracoid (acromion).............. 48 a 39 50+

Humerus.—There is nothing peculiar in our 54 specimens, the largest bone mea-
suring :—

millims,
Length (measured in a straight line from the summit of the head to the middle of the trochlea) .. 171
Circumference of the narrowest part of the shatt'. 3.06.00. 0. see a ee 62
Longest diameter of head. lie in eg cde ae eles oe ae, a ol ee 33
Shottest diamoter of head 2... 6 es se he pe A plese & area ane Mel ee ere 29
Extreme breadth between the:condyles. 2.0. 0c). RR 50+

Pelvis—Most of our examples are young, the symphysial bridge still being very
narrow.

Femur.——One of the 88 femurs is of gigantic size :—-

millim.
The extreme length beime - 0.026. ee 166
The least circumference: 2.9 57 68

In conclusion, I would draw the attention of herpetologists to these collections of
Mascarene Tortoise-remains, now in the Zoological Museum at Cambridge, since. they
form by far the most complete series of specimens of these very interesting extinct
reptiles. I also add my best thanks to Prof. Newton for his kind help whilst preparing
these notes.

For the convenience of those who may wish to prosecute further the study of these
animals, as well as to show the amount of materials on which the present remarks are

based, I append a list of the specimens in the Museum of the University which I have
consulted.

Testudo triserrata. Mauritius.

6 skulls and 2 lower jaws. (C.) One figured, Giinther, pl. xxiii. fig, a.
I skull. New Coll.

4 humeri, right. (C.)

6 4 - New Coll.

2 os eft. (C,)
''162 MR. A. C. HADDON ON THE EXTINCT

8 humeri, left. New Coll.
11 shoulder-girdles, right. (C.)

2 S oo New Coll.
10 . left. (C.) One figured, Giinther, pl. xxiv. fig. B.
5 . i New Coll.
7 pelves (or portions). (C.). One figured, Giinther, pl. xxvii. fig. c; 2 others mentioned.
Goss. ok New Coll.

2 portions of carapaces. (C.)
5 plastrons, adult male. See Giinther, p. 45. One figured, pl. xx. fig. x.
l carapace. Figured, Giinther, pl. xx. fig. p.

Sp.incert. Mauritius.

1 femur, left. (C.)

S.3 » New Coll.
o. . meh, (Cj

S 4 » New Coll.

3 tibia. New Coll. (One C.)

2 5 2

2 radii. a

a »

3 ulne. a

1 portion of plastron.

1 3 7th cervical vertebra.

Testudo inepta. Mauritius.

5 skulls and 2 lower jaws. (C.) 1 skull and jaw, figured Gunther, pl. xxii. fig. B.
1 lower jaw. New Coll.

3 humeri, right. (C.)

= sj New Coll.

m .  teh. {©.)

a, a5 New Coll.

1 coraco-scapula, right. (C.)

2 = : New Coll.
1 i. left. (C.) T. Bouton, var.
4 ” 3». New Coll.

3 coracoids. New Coll. (2 right and 1 left.)
2 pelves (or portions). (C.)

Brigg 5 New Coll.

Portions of one carapace.

T. triserrata. T. inepta. Sp. incert. Total in each collection-
Old collection (€.) .......... 48 15 10 73
Now collection... ..<.<. 054. -- 28 24 26 78

Total of each species ..:... 76 39 36 151
''LAND-TORTOISES OF MAURITIUS AND RODRIGUEZ. 163

Testudo Vosmeri. Rodriguez.

Old Collection. New Collection (1879). Total.
2nd cervical vertebra ...........- 6 2 8
ord 3, he 7 2 9
ee ae von: 9 1 10
Gh | a3: Oe PO eae sti 8 4 12
6th; ORT Meee ia iat Lk 2 13
oy ee carey 12 3 15
Sth se a wee eeuae ee 5 2 7
1st dorsal eC ie ees 2 iL 3
Dorsal ee a ee eae e Ae 7
Sacral arash iersrnsteta: 3 as 3
Caudal PO Se Sea 7 : 7
Right shoulder-girdle...........: 13 3 16
Left DOR aia ars (ie 6 9 15
Right coraco-scapula only ........ 14 19 33
Left ee a alae 21 10 31
Beit COracold <6 spec he is iene 3 i 4
Left Sn ane ee i eS, 5 2 7
Right humerus: 60 oe 26 27 53
Left oe Ue eee ee 20 27 47
Righty nadias 2255. See crate 20 2 22
Eom ar ee ae, 17 7 24
WaghG) Ging ee ie eae 20 5 25
Pee ae ee gee ae Ly 6 23
Pelvis in. cc ee | See eee. 5 1 6
Postiane Ol Welvis ae ss yap ee 33 33 66
Hasan femur i ee 21 17 38
TeOEb ee et eae 18 32 50
Raehp une 22. ee iy 2 21
Be gy aoa ee eee nd en 7 12 29
Right fibola. .. 0.0 79 see. 10 4 14
i ee 7 3 10
Phalanx terminal i005. ce il iv i
ene a ee ee 1 and lower jaw. 2 and fragments. 3
Carpets 6 ck see eae a3 2 and 1 fragment. 2
Blastrom ee ela ee ea. 2 2
TU ee i ee ae ace 3 5 8

re
So
et
2
fa
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a
bo
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oS
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DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIII.

Figs. 1, 2, 3. Under surface of left coracoid of Testudo triserrata (fig. 1, type specimen).
Figs. 4, 5. Under surface of right : .
Fig. 6. Upper surface of right coracoid of Testudo inepta.
Fig. 7. Anterior view of right shoulder-girdle of variety of T. inepta.
(All of natural size.)

SECOND SERIES.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. IT. 22
'' 
''Trans. Linn. Soc.SER.2.Z00L.VoL.ILPu.13.

Nt Tia

 

CBerjeow Lith CORACOIDS, EXTINGL PORTOISHS OF. MAURITIUS. West Newman & O° imp.

 
'' 
'' 
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to Fellows.

Transactions.—The First Series of the Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoological contributions, is
now completed in 30 Vols. Sets of the first twenty volumes will be supplied to the Fellows at the reduced price
of £20 ; or of the first twenty-five volumes, with the General Index to the whole, for £30. Any Fellow purchasing,
at one time, ten or more volumes, may obtain those from the Ist to the 20th at £1 per volume, from the 21st to the
25th at £2 per volume; and single volumes, or parts, to complete sets, may be obtained at the original prices. The
price of the Index to Vols. 1-25 is 3s. to the public, and 6s. to Fellows; to Vols. 26-30, 4s. to the public, and 3s.
to Fellows.

The Second Series of the Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. The prices of the
various parts of the Transactions which have been published since the 25th volume are as undermentioned :—

 

 

Vol When Price to the Price to | Vol: . _ When Price to the Price to
: Published. Public. Fellows. | Published. Public. Fellows.
| LS a ae ee
os. de: £60.

: Seconp Srerres.—Borany.
eer ber §t 3866. 6.2. 2.0... Ya. 6h LBarto 1 1870.) ee 8 0-60
Parti, 1066. 52). E420 20,18 0 | Part 41, 1875,’ 30 16-0 012 0
Pat stl 1660. 1 0 0 015.0 | Parts TL 1876:2.. = 02 0 0.9 -0
Peat ty. 1870... 0:12.20... 09 0 | Part TV. 1876....<0 0 10 0247226
meyer Part 4, Y869.. 1 0-0 2 016-0 | Part ¥. 10787 (21 40 018 0
pee eS, 2 00 190 0. Part Vi. 1879. 60 019 6
eee 1871) 0... O18 0. Part: VEL. 1880: 3 3 ee 4. Os1S = 6
Pa a 1601s e551 00 8. Oe 0 Part VELL: 1680... 47-8. 016 9
mavet eee e167): 10-0... 0-15..0 Part EX-1880: 2 1 00, 015 0

Pat Bore 2 2 8 0 16 0 Secdni dem Seewics:
Parte 10(8. =. O12. 0 7.20 9.0 tart 18 i 2 018 0
Par lV. thie. O12. 0. 3. 0.2 9 0 Pare 1 W875. 66 |: 0-426
Bem Par 4, eyo n 2 Or OR ddI 6 Part 40) eye. a 10
Wee tee 3g 116 0 1. 20? = eParh TV. 1877. 23-20 16:0. 0 228
Pat 2075. 2k. 2 0 07 28 0 Par V- 1877- 018 0 013 6
Remeron, on oid. 3 1 10 60 1 2 6 Part Vio 1ST 1 es ae
Pere wore. ds 4 0S 018 8 Pore Vl. 1878: Fe a 8
Pen UL 18>... 1 4 0... 018 0 Part Vil, 18792. 1 0202 015° 6
Parte 1S 79 = alae 0s. 018 0
Part sl A661 <= - 20 Ab 0 0 AES

To facilitate scientific workers in obtaining any single paper published in the Transactions without necessarily
purchasing the entire Part in which it is contained, a few copies of each memoir have been printed off separately —
for sale. Most of these (from Vol. XXVI. onwards) can still be had at the Society’s Rooms.
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