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to the General Library
University of California, Berkeley

 

 

 

 

 

  

   
 
     
     
  
   
  
   

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76H E
Gardener‘s New Kalendar,

Divided according to the
‘ Twelve 'Months of the Year,
And under each Month into’ the feparate Weeks,

Illuﬁrated with elegant and ufeful F 1 c u n n s. ..

CONTAINING

The whole Praétice OfG A R D E N I N G,
under the four general Heads,
1. The Pnusuns GARDEN,

z. The Krrcnen GROUND,
3. The SEMINKRY,

4. The Futon Guam,
and
ORCHARD.

 

 

AND DIRECTING
What is to be done every Week; and the Manner of doing it:

With the general Culture of hardy, Greenhoufe, and Stove Plants;
the railing tender Annuals, and the Management of Flowers. '

The Syﬁem of L I N N 5 U s is alfa explained in this Work,
and illullrated with F 1 c U R E s;
l-: x H x a x T I N G
The Charaétcrs. of all the ClafTes. ‘ L
A N D
The Method of Deﬁgning, and Laying out a Garden
in the Modern Taﬁe ;
'With a C o P P a R P L A”? E Figure, elegantly engraved,
from a DRAWING of Mr. WALE,

After aDeﬁgn latd down m the ~
COMPLEAT BODY ofGARDENING.

L 0 N‘ D 0 N:
Printer! for T. O s B o R N a, in- Gray’ann-g' \
T. T a Y 8, near Gray’s Inn Gate; 'Holborn; end"
S. C x o w n n R and Co. on London Bridge:

M DCC Lvm. .

L

PREFACE-

The ADVANT AGE 3 of this over other
GARDENERS KALENDARS are thefe:

H E feveral works are more
exaétly directed in refpeét of the
' time, becaufe of the diviﬁon into weeks;
that being in many cafes proper to be
done in the beginning of a month,
which would not fucceed at the latter
end. The gardener is fenﬁble that the
difference of a few days in fome feeds,
as the cauliﬂower, will preferve, or de-

ﬂroy the crop.

The directions for the neceﬂ'ary'works
is all that is given in other Kalendars,
and is as much indeed as could be con-
tained within their {mall compafs: in
this, which is for that purpofe enlarged
to twice the quantity, though with
yery little additional charge to the pur—

A 2 chafer 5

Cg“: r1
.4; ~ J'f'v,

iv P R E F A C E.

chaferé the method of performing each“
article is laid down in a plain praétieai
manner;

The fyﬁem of EorANY is an addition
not to be fm'md in any other Kalendar,
though very eITential to the gardener g,
as none above the degree of a labourer
is now fuppofed to be ignorant of that
fcience. a

The defigning of gardens, with the
choice of ground, and manner of laying
out and making the Walks, is a very ef-
fcntial article omitted in all others.

:With thefe advantages the Work con-
itains all the neceffary inﬁrué’tions much
more at large ; and the time of lowing,
planting, and performing the other
Operations, more exaétly laid down :'
i and it will ferve equally as a guide in
'the making a new garden, or keeping
an old one in order; with the leaf: ex-
pence, and in the molt .ufeful manner.

THE

 

'THE

GARDENERS

NEW CALENDAR.

\ , ,HE intent of this Work is to aC-IN’TRO- _
quaint the Gardener with theDUCT‘O“
knowledge of Botany, (0 far as
regards the claﬁes of plants and
their Characters; and with the whole
practice of his proper buﬁneﬁs,
' ' from the ﬁrl’t making aGarden,

to the keeping it in order through the feveral weeks
of the year; and the railing in it all ufeful and cu-
rious plants.

Of thefe two parts, the botanic and the praétical,
the latter will take up by far the larger (hare;
but to initiate the ltudent, without encnmbering
his memory, we ~Ihall divide the information we
have to give concerning each under feparate heads,
premiling the feveral botanical parts to the more
large directions for practice. '

This we {hall begin with the rules for conf’cruéta

B .

mg

 

CLASSES
0F
PLANTS.

THE GARDENERS

ing a Garden: and we {hall premife on the head
of_ feience, an explanation of the feveral parts on
which the fyl’tem of botany now in ufe is founded;
and afterwards, at the head of each month, explain
the particular claﬂ"es.

THE fyﬂem of Botany, ei’tablifhed by LINNASUS,
being now generally received, it is necefTary the
Gardener underﬂand upon what it is founded, and
in what manner.

A perfeél; ﬂower conﬁﬂzs of four parts, the cup,
the petals, the ﬁlaments, and the ﬂyle: as repre-
fented in this head-piece on the preceding page.
The cup furrounds the bottom of the ﬂower: the
petals are the elegant part, tender and colour’d;
the ﬁlaments are a kind of threads riﬁng with-
in the ﬁower; and the ﬁyle is placed in the
midft of them, and ﬁxed to the rudiment of the
fruit. ' ‘

Upon the ﬁlaments are ﬁxed buttons, or antherae,
which are conﬁdered as the male organs; and the
top of the iter ufually {wells or divides into a head
called its ftigrna, which is the female part: this
receiving the draft from the buttons, carries it down
to impregnate the feeds.

The cup and the petals are confulted for cita-
blifhing the genera of plants, but only the ﬁlaments
and fiyle, for the diﬂinétion into claﬂ'es and orders.
Thefe parts we have reprefented feparately.

The number and difpoﬁtion of the ﬁlaments fhews
the clafs of the plant, and the number of the ﬁyles
is the character of the order under which it is ar-
ranged in the diﬁribution under that clafs. For in-
ﬂance, if in any ﬂower there be but one ﬁlament,
it belongs to the ﬁrft clafs, called monandria; and
if it have only one llyle, it belongs alfo to the ﬁri’t
order under that clafs the monogynia: if with one ﬁla—

- ment there be two ﬁyles, it is one of the monandria

digynia, and to on. Thcfe particulars we {hall eit-
plain

NEW KALENDAR.‘

plain feverally' at the heads of the twelve months:
They are only mentioned here to illuftrate the
general doétrinetaught in this place; which is, that
the ﬁlaments in ﬂowers afford the characters of
claﬂes, and that the orders depend upon the ﬁyles.

B O O K I.
0f the conﬂruﬂim of a Garden.

E propofe to lay before the Gardener a

compleat though fucciné‘t view of his pro-
felﬁon; and for that reafon ﬂaall not content our~
{elves with the common articles which compofe
Works of this kind.

We {hall not omit thefe; but we {hall introduce
alfo beﬁdes thofe general fubjeéts, without which
the rules mul’c be defective, and the beﬁ: accounts
unfatisfaétory.

We fhall beﬁde the management of aGarden,
lay down its ﬁrl’t conﬁruétion, and that in the mol’c
modern and elegant taﬁe; and while we deliver
the culture of the feveral plants, we {hall gradually
introduce the Gardener to the knowledge of thofe
characters by which their claﬂes are diﬂinguilhed
from one another.

Thefe we {hall difpofe in the mof’t natural and ufe-
ful manner: with regard to the claﬂical characters,
we {hall preﬁx the ﬁgures of two of them, with a
fubfequcnt explanation under the head of each fepa~
rate month. This in the compals of the year will
include the four and twenty clafles: and we {hall
begin with them. in a regular order; as the moﬂ:
familiar and ﬁmple will that way lead to the more
difﬁcult and abltrufe.

This will be the method in the botanical part.

In the practical, the whole buﬁnefs will be re-
duced under two heads; the making a Garden, and
the keeping it in order: as the firlt of thefe natu-

B 2 rally

CHOICE
OF
GROUND.

'31! E GAR DE NE R‘S
rally precedes the Other, we {hall give it the fame
place in the work; and before we enter upon di-

reftionsfor any particular part, {hall lay down the
deﬁgn of the whole.

THE choice of the ground is the ﬁrit article, and
demands moi’t care; becaufe anerror in that is
never to be remedied. ,

The fame rules will ferve, in general, for a piece
of one acre, or ofever fo large eXtent. Three things
are moft eﬂential to be conﬁdered, the ﬁtuation,
afpeét,’ and foil. ' ' .- ' ,.

The three kinds of lituation are an elevation, at de-
clivity,.or a plain. By elevation we mean the top ofa
hill, by adeclivity its ﬁde, or a defcent, and by a
plain a ﬂat piece of ground. The top of a hill will
be bleak," the'ﬁde temperate, and the plain naturally
damp.

The ﬁrf’t idea of gardening, and that which pre-
vails in many countries at prelent, is the laying out
a great extent of ground in fomething lefs than its
natural wildnefs: the idea in this is great; and tho’
thework be rude, it cannot but be pleaﬁng. In
departing from this taﬁe, our i‘athers run into the
oppolite extream. Inliead of having every thing
free, wild, and extenﬁve; all was limited and con-

dined. Four walls bounded the l‘pot, and clip’d

yews took the place of waving oaks and branching
elms: a few ill-confirnfted pavilions were the only
objeé‘ts, and dirty ponds the water.

It is common in avoiding one fault, to run into
another. That was the cafe in the ﬁri’t improvement,
as it was called, in gardens; but we have now
grown wiler: we have thrown down our nine foot
walls, and Opened the prol‘pec't by ha-ha’s: and the
country is again become a {cene from the garden, if
not a part of it.

All this let the perfon who is about to make a
garden, take into his mind; and chufe a {pot ac-
cordingly.

As

'NEW KALEND'AR;

As wild nature is to be a part, or at leafl, is to
come in view, let him‘ ﬁx upon a place where na-
ture is agreeable.

The country round about mull: be pleafant that it.-

may afford ﬁt profpeéts, and his ~chofen piece of
ground mull have fome elevation to fee them.‘

If the {pot have an afcent, it will be eafy to give
diﬂ‘erent views of it from various openings ;. all
agreeable. If there be not' the convenience of"
opening immmediately into any of the ﬁelds,
the appearance of them from a dillance is always
eafy: when the fence is not feen, the ﬁeld be-
comes a part of the garden. .

Next to beauty‘in .the adjacent country, ﬂaould be
variety; and this the defcent of the chofen piece
of ground will~beﬂ bring into view.

There is no condition of nature in which her all
peel is not plealing when properly dil‘pofed and intro-
duced. The frefhnefs of cultivated ﬁelds is the
molt agreeable near profpeét , but a barren defart,
a heath, or wild common, may be an agreeable dif’tant
determination of a view; and a hill, a forel’t, or a
river, are always elegancies. .

So much a conﬁderation of the adjacent country
fhould prevail in the ﬁxing upon a fpot of ground :
and the great ufe of a flight declivity, or ﬁde of
a riﬁng ground is, that it will give opportunities of

commanding thefe prOfpeEts without‘that bleak— .

nefs to which the tops of high grounds are {ub-
.ecl.
J Another advantage is, that trees will {land well
in thefe lituations, whereas on the tops of hills winds
would [tear them from the roots when new planted.
On theﬁdes of hills the air alfo is always more
temperate and healthful. That of low grounds
is ufually damp ; and the tops of hills too fharp.
This choice of ariﬁng ground is the happy me—
dium, and it is thus one would wilh to have a gar-
den lituated, that wheneverone ﬁeps into it, the air
B 3 {hall

Us

ASPECT.

THE GARDENERS

{hall be refreihing; and, inde endent of that beau-
ty which is to arife from t e difpofition of the
plot itfelf, and the plantation; every thing we fee
at more diftance {hall be cheerful and pleafmg.

Thus far the nature of the ground fupports this
preference; but there muft be great limitation in
the degree of afcent.

We have hitherto confidered the views and whole-
fomnefs of the air; but a garden is deﬁgned for
walking, and a great afcent is difﬁcult. Every thing
is intended for pleafure, therefore it is a ﬁrit
point that all muﬁ be eafy. A very gentle decli-
vity will give the advantages we have named, and
more would be troublefome to the feet, and un-
pleaﬁng to the eye.

What fhould be preferred to all others is a con-
tinual but {mall afcent, which a little labour
may in different places throw into an abfolute level;
nor is there indeed any piece of ground where nature
does not favour this in fome fpot of the (lope.

Thefe parts will favour that variety we now with
fo juﬂ tal’te admire in gardens: naturally there
will be water at the bottom; and a little art will de—
tain what runs down the Hope in various places for
the ufe of the feveral diviﬁons of the garden; where
it may be always ready, and always unfeen.

EVERY part of England affords choice of many
fuch fpots as we have named; and the deligner is
to ﬁx himfelf according to their other advantages.

The ﬁrf’t of thefe is the afpeét, or expofure; b this
we mean. the quarter of the heavens toward whic the
ground is open.

All plants love the morning fun, but very few of
them can bear the full blaze of noon-day.

If the {pot thus chofen have adcfence of trees,
and rii'ing grounds to the north, it will be a farther
advantage; but the want of this is not to be con—
ﬁdered as an unfurmountable objection, begaiife trees

in“)

NEW KALENDAR.

may be {con planted, and there are kinds that grow
very quick to a due bignefs.

THE deﬁgner of a garden underl’tanding he issom
to chufe a fpot of eafy afcent, and open to the
fouth eal’t, it remains that he examine the foil.

A garden is to be conﬁdered. as a ﬁne ﬁeld,
intended for more elegant purpofes than pai’tu-
rage and tillage; and confequently to be kept up
at a greater expence, and wrought with more care.
But Ptill culture is the fame in its principles in
one and in the other; and gardening is agri-
culture more perfected.

A good growth of trees in the adjoining hedges
is an excellent rule of judging; to this may be ad-
tied the appearance of the crops upon the ground;
and even of the weeds. If every thing be vigorous
in ivild nature, it is a promife that in culture it will
anfwer yet better.

The next thing is to examine the foil by digging.

For this purpofe let a hole be opened four Spades
deep, and obferve what is the condition and depth
of the vegetable mould. The beft for a garden is a.
free, loofe, hazel earth: this is what we ﬁnd un-
der the turf in the richei’t pal’tures. We intro-
duce it into the compofts of molt kinds in our
borders, and it will be very happy if nature af-
ford it as the original foil.

If the mould be of this kind, and neither very
dry, nor too moii’t, and continue fuch to the depth of
the fourth fpade, it is the melt perfect that can be
wilhed. If it be good for three fpades it will do very
well : but if there be much lefs than this it is a rea-
fonable objection. ‘

The addition of manure will increafe the quantity
as well as improve the quality, but there mul’c be a
juﬂ foundation in nature for both.

If the foil be good in its‘ kind, but lhallow, and
have a bad bottom underneath, the deep rooted

B 4 growths

THE GA‘RDENERS

growths will fade and grow poor as foon as
they have reached through the upper coat of
mould.

To know with certainty the condition of the
ground in this refpeé‘t, two or three other holes
mull: be opened, as the ﬁrf’t, but in different pla-
ces: for there are in the clifpoﬁtion of foils, and
efpecially on tiling grounds, uncertainties and va-

riations beyond what could be fuppofed.

‘ This care and examination mull not be fuppofed
too much: the choice of the ground determines
the \fuccefs of the garden; and ’tis to a neglec°t
on this head, that we fee labour and expence to
often forfeited.

As we have named what is the belt condition of
the natural foil for a garden, we mull; add, that
the word is clay. _

There are methods of improving all; this not
excepted: but ’tis almoﬂ: an endlefs labour to pre-
pare a clayey ground for garden borders; and when
all is done that can be, the fuccefs is imperfeét. We
add rich manures, and thefe mix well with loamy
and hazely Soils, but they waih off from among
the clayey. ‘

’Tis true, that a mixture of fand and paﬁure
mould will reduce clay to a kind of loam; but
when that is done ’tis imperfect. Clay is the worﬂt
ingredient that can come into a compoﬁ for a ﬂower
garden; and in thefe foils however mended, it will
always be predominant. Gravelly foils are poor,
and thofe of the f’tony kind at once poor and hot.

Gravelly foils are thofe full of Hints and pebbles -,
{tony foils are fuch as abound with pieces of lime-
ﬁone, free, or other quarry-{lone Sandy foils are
always barren, and always to be rejected in the
choice of a piece of ground for a garden.

All the others are capable of an improvement
where neceﬂity throws the deligner upon them:
the clay will be brought to a loam by fand, and
even the fand by clay; and the gravelly and ﬁony

may

NEW KALENDAR. 9'

may be cleared of thofe ufelefs parts, and railed by
better foil: but this is tedious and expenﬁve. ~

The true choice mui’t fall upon a piece of ground
naturally fuited to the growth of vegetables ; and then
lefs labour, lefs charge, and lefs uncertainty will
be the confequence.

When a piece of ground has all thefe requiﬁtes,
a gentle defcent, a fouth-eaf’t afpeét, and a deep
hazely foil, let not any little irregularities in the
furface deter the defigner of the garden. Far
from blemifhes, they may be often turned into
the mof’t conﬁderable beauties: at worft from the
nature of the ground, they will be eaﬁly levelled;
or made at leafl: tolerably regular.
' The greater the extent ‘of the ground the lefs
are thefe unevennefles to be regarded. The hol-
lows may by a proper plantation, be made to
refemble thofe rude dells in the wild {late of things,
than which nature aﬁ‘ords no variety more pleaﬁng.

An oak riﬁng from the bottom of a hollow,
furrounded with fhrubs of humbler growth, will
form a very agreeable object from thofe walks in
which the feet are almoﬂ; upon a level with its
topmof’t branches.

It will be eafy to make thefe natural defects alfo in
lelTer occaﬁons, objects of agreeable variety.

One rule on this head is univerfal, the fmaller
the piece Of ground, the lefs it will admit thefe
irregularities. In general what is true of a great
garden, is alfo applicable to a little one; but there
mult be fcope for the introduction of fuch fin-
gular and great parts.

THE ground with all the advantages we haveWATEIL
defcribed, is yet imperfect if there is not water : he
would be as abfurd who {hould attempt to make a
garden without that, as without mould. .

There is no difference between rock and an abfo-
lute dry defart, in refpeé‘t of vegetable productions.

Water is requiﬁte to the beauty as well as effential

t0

10

THE GARDENERS

to the prefervation and management of gardens; this
is to be conﬁdered under three kinds, fpring, river,
and pond. -
The lalt is molt fuited to the fervice, and the
fecond to the decoration of gardens. Spring water
is the hardelt and coldei’t ; river water is of a middle
quality; and pond water is the fofteﬂ: and warmelt of

Spring water from a well is cold and hard in the
moft extream degree. As it has run farther, and
fpread more upon the furface, it becomes more of
the nature of river water; and is foftcit and warmed
where there is leait current.

The water of ponds is warmefi when they are
mallowelt and molt expofed.

For ornament, nothing can be (0 happy as the
choice of fuch a piece of ground as we have recom~
mended, where there runs a fmall river at its bot-
tom.

If there be fprings in the higher ground, their
courfe mul’t be turned {0 as to decorate and refrelh
the feveral parts of the garden: and either for the
detaining a part of this, or for lodging and holding
the rain water which runs from the higher part of
the ground, ponds mult be dug in concealed places,
that there never may want a fuppl)’.

Ifthe bottom will not hold it muli be clayed.
There ihould be a larger number of thefe ponds in
poportion to the extent of the ground; or if it
be ﬁnal], one near the centre.

The fuccefs ofplantations, and the thriving growth
of almoﬂ all kinds of plants, depends on waterings
in dry feaibns: the dcligner fhould remember how
often this will be neceiTary, and he lhould con—
trive in time that the labour of carrying be not
too great.

In regard to the ornamental ufe of water, nothing
fhould be introduced for that purpofe, but the run-
ning : coolncfs is one of the great recommendations

of a garden, and nothing refrelhes the air, or gives
the

NEW KALENDAR.

the appearance of coolnefs, as well as the reality,
like running water.

Whatever we admire molt in nature, we ihould
endeavour to introduce in gardens; and there is
no fummer ﬁght f0 pleaﬁng as a fhallow and fwift
rivulet polifhing the pebbles, and murmuring as it
runs among them.

Standing waters are apt to grow foul, and
they favour the production of infects. They are
ufeful, but they {hould be kept out of ﬁght; and as
much as poﬂible at a diﬁance from the more elegant
parts of the garden: they look oﬁcnﬁve, they taint
the air, and they promote vermin.

The coolnefs, the frefhnefs, and the ﬂouriihing
condition of a garden depend in a great degree
on water; therefore never let the place be ﬁxed
’ upon that wants this advantage, though it have
every other we have named: and, on the con-
trary, where there is the beneﬁt of a running water,
it will be worth while to combat difadvantages in
many other refpeéts.

The folly of water-works is over, but that was
a vain and frivolous attempt of art : this is nature.

The CXanCC of thofe artiﬁcial works was very
great, and they were always out of order. If this
natural advantage can be obtained it lai’ts for ever.

If there be a fpring upon the higher part of the
ground, it is the next thing to a river at the bot~
tom: it may be thrown into many forms, and it
will be always ufeful as well as pleaﬁng.

\Ne {hall clofe this eITential article of choice of the
ground, with a few obfervations on the advantages
and difadvantages of other ﬁtuations, and the ufes
to be made of this: and after that {hall attempt
the difpoﬁtion upon rational principles.

If there be not a piece of ground in the intended
part of the country which has thofe requiﬁtes we
have named for the perfection of a garden, the
choice will fall upon high grounds, or ﬂats, and
the determination is eafy: on high grounds, beﬁﬁe

‘ t C

I!

12 THE'GARDENERS

the bleaknefs and expofure, there is naturally a want
of water; winds have too muchpower; and it is al-
mof’t impofﬁble to keep up a ﬂouriihing and healthy
afpeft. For this, and for the convenience of ap—
proach, the choice between thefe falls upon the plain
or ﬂat country. There will be water in abundance,
and a mild air; every thing will ﬂouriih; and the
greatel’t defect will be, that of profpeé‘t.

Let the gardener take care that though he ﬁx
upon a ﬂat country, it be not on one- of the
loweﬂ: parts of it; for in the plaineit countries
there is {0 much choice.

Let him obierve how high floods rife, and
take care that he be not in danger of overﬂow~
ing in winter; and that the foil be not too moift for
the reception of plants of every kind. Moi’c
require watering at certain times, but few will bear
to have the mould continually wet about their roots.

If fuch a difadvantage be found after the choice
has been made, and the work begun, a pond funk
in fome proper place may drain the refl, and be
ufeful in the double capacity of preventing drought
in fummer, and overﬂowing in winter. In gene-
ral, with due regard to other articles, the making
of a garden is ealier and cheaper upon a plain or ﬂat
piece of ground; tho’ upon a riﬁng {pot it will
be more elegant.

The {pot being ﬁxed upon; we may proceed
to conﬁder its diﬂribution and the arrangement
of the feveral parts.

DISPO— Thefe are four, 1. The pleafure garden, with
51mm, 2. The feminary for its fupply; 3. The kitchen
ground, and 4. The orchard.

No garden is compleat that has not: all thefe;
nor can any one of them properly anfwer the
purpofe of another.

The flower garden muit be crowded with feed-
lings, which have no beauty, unlefs there be a fe-
minary for raifing thel'e, and retaining them iii“

I I ey

NEW KAL’ENDAR.‘

they are in a condition to blow; and the orchard,
and the efpalier, and all other parts of the garden, are
in the fame manner dependant upon that elTential
though unornamental part of the ground.

The gardeners talk is become cafy, by the nurfery- .

man doing the greatef’c part of it for him: but on
the principles whereon we {hall el’tablifh the practice
of that art, every thing mul’t be done with his own
hand. A feminary will be neceITary for many of his
ﬂowering plants, though he fhould follow the beaten
path of buying his fruit trees from the nurferyman :
but as a fmall ipot will ferve for the performing all
that buﬁnefs for himfelf, it fhould by no means
be omitted. We will fuppofe the garden now to
be laid out is on this plan, and {halltreat of its
feveral parts; beginning with the nurfery, as the ﬂip—
, ply for all the others.

Lli T the deﬁgner of the garden in this extenﬁ‘ve SEMI.

’3

view, take into his imagination the idea of the whole NAM-

belorc he begin with forming any part.

Let him conﬁder the pleafure garden as the emin-
tial article, and referve for this n0t only the body of
the ground, but every accidental part allo that can be
ufeful. _

Wherever there is a ﬁne view or a new object,
let the {pot be certainly referved for that purpofe;
and when it is known by this choice what can be
lpared, let him ﬁrﬂ look among that quantity for a
proper place for the feminary.

Let him lay down the form of the ground upon
paper: then having marked by a fecond line what
quantity is deﬁgned for the pleafure garden, the re-
mainder between that and the verge will be the por-
tion preferved for the feminary, orchard, and kitchen
garden.

This plan fhould be afcertained by a fcale, and
marked with the points of the compafs, and the de-
ﬁgner may then form his dil’tribution upon the paper,
and afterwards transfer it to the ground.

This

1+

THE GARDVENERS

'This done, let him before he chufes a part for
the nurfery, conﬁder its importance, and the requi-
iites to the fuccei's of thoi‘e things which are to be
raifed in it. He will ﬁnd the ﬁtuation and foil fo
eﬂ‘ential; that he will know the profperity of his whole
work depends upon it.

Here are to be railed ﬂowers from feed, forei’t trees
and ﬂowering ihrubs from feeds, layers, or cuttings ;
and flocks for the grafting and buding of fruit trees.
He will fee how much the other parts depend orr
this; and though he knows that any ihape or form
of the piece of ground will do; yet he will perceive
there is no triﬂing with regard to the ﬁtuatioh and
afpee‘t. «

Let the piece on this plan be open to the foutlr
call, and defended by buildings, high walls, or thick-
plantations from the north. If it be irregular, in
refpeét to the furface, that is no objeétion: different
degrees of expofure fuit different things, and it will
by that means afford a jail and mitful change.

In rail'mg varieties of ﬂowers, the quantity of feed-
lings is the true iburce of expeétation: let the piece
of ground be therefore chofen larger than the com-
mon cui’tom, in proportion to the garden it is to
fupply.

There mull be ﬂielter againit rough winds, and
ﬂmdc from the full fun of noon day. This is al-
ways in the gardeners power, for there are trees
enough which grow freely, and will in a very fhort
time fupply that needful purpofe.

Let the Rail be a good paiiure mould, and in the
digging it at ﬁrft let the gardener obferve what parts
are dry, and where there is moit moiilure, mark-
ing them for the neceii’ary ufes. No manure mui’c
be added to .this part of the ground; for it mull
not be f0 rich as that in which the plants are ﬁnally
to (land.

There will require vigour in the mould, though
richnefs would be a fault; and this kind of firength

is to be found in the frelhnefs of the earth, or ob-
- I rained

NEW KALENDAR.
tained by good tillage. In a place where there have

3

been no large or deepqooting growths, the mould
under the turf is unexhaul‘ced, and its frefhnefs will
anfwer all the purpoies of nurfery culture. -

When it has been impoverilhed by other grOWths,
the way to refrefh it again is, by a good digging, and a.
proper kind of fallow ; throwing it up the ridges call:
and well, and breaking and turning them up afrefh
after they have lain to receive the inﬂuence of the
air.

The wet parts mul’t be referved for ﬁbrous rooted
plants; the dry for bulbous and tuberous ﬂowers,
and that which is deep and of a middling nature for
trees. In foils which are too dry, the trees will grow
[lowly ~, but in fuch as are moiﬂ, they will not con-
tinue bond.

. The piece of ground being thus chofen, and its
qualities underﬂood, it mul’t l1: trenched two foot
deep: in doing this, all roots of perennial Weeds
mutt be picked out carefully; and it fhould lie
feveral weeks after in that manner to mellow and
fweeten, and to receive the inﬂuences of the fun and
air. At the end of that time let it be all laid level,
and marked out into diviﬁons, beds, and quarters,
according to its nature and the intended fervice.

Upon this occaﬁon we lhall introduce to the know—
ledge of the gardener, a fecret in the art of culture,
with which he has not yet been acquainted, and
which will excellently anfwer his purpofes. The pub—
lick owes it to Colonel STEVENSON. It is an appli-
cation of the arts of agriculture to their kindred lub-
jeét, gardening, though in a new way.

 

A Liquid Manure.

“ To one hundred gallons of rain, river, pond, or
ditch water, contained in a ciﬂern, add ten gallons of
[cap fuds, in which linnen has been walhed; ten gal-
lons of beef, or poc boilings; ten of human urine;
two gallons of bay falt; one buﬂiel of quick, ‘ or un-
. ﬂackt

15

16

THE GARDENERS

ﬂackt lime; one bulhel of foot; three pounds’of
nitre ; and one pound of Hour of fulphur.

If fea water is near, it is preferable to the frefh,
even with the addition of the bay falt, and ihould be
ufed in the room of them both, as a hundred gallons
of fea water contains two gallons and a half'of bay falt,
beﬁdes bitumen and various other rich articles. Let
the whole ferment and incorporate in a ciflern, or
Other ﬁrong veﬁ'el, {’tirring it well every day for a
month or more with a malt ﬂiovel.

Water your feed beds in the nurfery, and the
ground about new planted trees herewith, directly
after fowing, or early in the fpring, from two large
watering pots with rofe heads, fufpended on a neck
yoke; the operator walking up one alley and down
the next, and let the role be pierced fmaller than
ordinary.

There are not above three or four of the ingre-
dients will coll any money out of pocket; which,
together with the expeditious labour of drelling, are
triﬂes compared to the advantage, no weeds are thus
br'ought on the ground. And fuppofe this fmall
expence, and quick drelling be renewed every year,
where is the mighty damage? or rather, how great
the comparative gain. The. pleafure of quick and
extenﬁve difpatch, which the gentleman himfelf may
put his hand to; the pleaﬁng growth; the deltruc-
tion of worms, grubs and Vermin; the belt friend
againi’t nipping frol’t, I had almoit laid, the ﬁmper
*L'iridarz'um of his hopes; but experience alone can
compleat the wilh’d for harvefi.”

Let none of the beds be broader than four foot and
a half for the convenience of weeding, as well as water-
ing, and let the quantity of each kind that will be
wanted, be the rule for the proportion of the beds.

T he gardener knows he is here to raile biennial
and perennial ﬂowers. In other beds mutt be at the
due time planted the oﬁfets of bulbous roots, pre-
ferving them there till they are of a bignefs for the
ﬂower garden: in orher beds mul’t be planted‘ogt

. lee -

NEW KALENDAR.‘

feedlings for gaining their due growth and l’trength
for ﬂowering; and the delicate way is to let thofe
kinds which are‘laﬂing, ﬂower once here, that it may
be known what they are, before they are removed
into the ﬂower garden.

The methods of performing their feveral works,
and their proper times, we {hall give in the courfe of
this kalendar ; they are only enumerated here to give
a general view of the ufe and purpofe of the femi-
nary; that the‘ gardener may not, by forgetting
fome article, be induced to allow it too fmall a com-

afs.
P Water is eliéntial to the feminary, for all tranf-
planted roots require it in abundance: care mull:
be taken near fome central part of the ground to have
a pond for retaining it, that there may not only be
always enough in readinefs, but it may be of a kind
and temper ﬁt for the fervice.

The feminary Ihould be concealed from the gar-
den; but the nearer it is to the middle of that
ground the better. For the removal of plants but
of this part into the borders will be continual, and
the lefs way they are carried the better they will
fucceed.

Care muff be taken that the ground be well fenced,
for no part of a garden is To liable to 'mifchieftby the
breaking in of vermin; and there {hould always be a
number of traps fet for the creeping; and lime twigs,
or cages for the ﬂying devourers.

The young fhoots of plants and trees never fail
to call thefe creatures together, and they will dig for
feed into the ground, or tear them up by the young
leaf as foon as they appear.

Laﬁly, let the ground be fo difpol'ed as that it may
at times have the advantage of reﬁ, and a kind of
fallow.

Nothing in the culture of plants is better known
than that the fame piece of ground will not from year
to year fupply and fupport the fame growth in vigour.

C Changing

I7

18

THE GARDENE‘RS

Changing the plants from one bed to another is a
common remedy; and fome ﬁnding this inquﬁcient,
are at the trouble of removing the foil, and bringing
in frefh at every plantation. There is a way much
eaﬁer, and of equal advantage.

We have direc‘ted the dividing the ground into
beds, with alleys between, and there fhould never be
in a nurfery any other walks than fuch alleys: no
grais, no gravel, nor fand paths. T hefe anfwer the
purpofe: for it is not a part of the garden intended
for walks of pleafure; and thefe alleys ihould be dug
up occaﬁonally and made into beds; and the part that _
was beds into alleys.

This is very eafy : it is attended with no particular
expence, and it fully anfwers the purpofe. The
trouble of drawing new lines is all: and the ground
by this means, though it always wears the fame face,
yet will be in a conitant courfe of change and fuc- '
CClTlon.

Once a year the beds where the roots are muﬁ: be
dug up: the time is different according to their fe-
veral natures, but once in the courfe of twelve months
it muft be done -, ﬁxing upon a time when the roots
are molt in a {late of reit. It is the cuiiom to break
up the bed; and when it has been well dug, to plant
the roots in it again. lnﬁead of this let the bed,
and the adjoining alley, be dug up together; and
the alley be marked out where the bed was before.

The former alley will by this means be the bed, or
will make at kal’c a conliderable part of it: and as
this conﬁlis of mould on which nothing has grown
for a full year, it will be in a condition of freihnefs -,
and that which was the bed», will by this means have
alfo a year of repofe.

The common care of weedings and waterings are
all this part requires in i‘ummer -, and in winter, what
is needed farther is the fheltering and defending the
young growths of the tenderer kind by mats drawn
over the beds, or by fume warmer covering laid

about the roots of the plants and trees.
‘ T H E

NEW ‘KALENDAR.
‘ THE produce of the wall and efpalier trees
is principally for the defert; the kitchen requires its
provilion; and that is made from f’tandard or or-
chard trees.

Cyder is alfo an article in many places of great
conﬁderation; and perry requires only to be more
known, to give it the preference over many expen-
ﬁve wines.

Thefe liquors are made from the fruit of f’candard
trees ; and where any thing of this kind is intended,
the orchard mull: have more extent in prOportion.

If the fouth eaft part of the ground referved from
the laying down of the pleafure garden be not occu-
pied by the l‘eminary, there is no afpeét f0 good for
the orchard : if that cannot be had, a fpot muf’c be
chofen which is defended from violent winds, yet open
to a free air -, and which has many hours fun in the
day.

It is of great advantage to plant an orchard
Upon a piece of ground which has a gentle af-
cent. The air blows naturally more free in fuch a
place, which is of great advantage to the fruit ; and
the wet runs OFF. .

If the defcent be too great, the mould will be
walhed aWay after hard rains; and if the ground be
perfectly level, the wet will lodge, and the vapours
from it will foul and fpoil the air: both thefe accidents
are to be avoided.

The ground being chofen, the difpoﬁtion of the
trees is the next thing; and in this we mul’c guard
againﬁ two errors almoﬁ univerfal; thefe are the
planting too many trees on the ground, and the
ﬁiﬁering it to remain covered with the turf.

Fruit is ﬁnef’t where the trees ﬁand free, and
clear of one another; and it will.be alfo more in
quantity, if the gardener thinks proper to leave all
on which nature affords: {0 much as the tree can ripen
Will always be much better; and a fmall fpot will
even in this way fupply a large family.

The blaﬁs of fpring which are {0 mifchievous to

C 2 fruit

0'!-
CHARD.

20

THE GARDéNERS

fruit trees, are principally thofe of the north, or of
fome near quarter; therefore care fhould be taken
to fhelter the orchard from them.

If the fpor can be fo chofen, that riﬁng ground
fhelter it from thofe winds, ’tis belt of all : the next de-
fence to this is that of building: if both thefe are want-
ing, the place mull: be fupplied by a good plantation
of trees -, elms, or of fuch other kinds as fuit the foil
and ﬁtuation.

Thefe muft be planted at fome conﬁderable dif—
tance, though exactly againﬁ that quarter : for if
too near, they would choak the trees, and rob
them of a great deal of their proper nourifhment.

This defence being fecured, and the quantity of -
ground fettled, let it be dug up in the fame manner
as that for the feminary, and all roots of perennial
weeds taken out.

The furface mul’t then be levelled, and lines drawn
for the plantation,

We fee the trees in old orchards at ﬁfteen foot afun-
der; as if thofe who made the plantation forgot they
would ever be larger : confequently their branches
meet, and the air is pent up among them : the trees
f’tarve one another, and the damps which are detained
by the thick fhade, taint and fpoil every thing.

Modern inflruélors advife the plantation in rows
a hundred foot afunder, and that the trees l’tand ﬁxty
feet one from another in the rows.

The intent of this is to raife corn upon the land:
but only one thing {hould be attempted in one place.
The fame piece of ground will yield more advantage
to the owner by one crop than by two : becaufe the
two will fpoil one another, and the ﬁngle crop hav-
ing all fair advantages, will be more than worth
both; and this not only in excellence, but abfolute
price and quantity.

When the plantation of an orchard is to be made,
let the trees be allowed To much dil’tance from one
another, as that their roots may have room, and
their branches at full growth a free fcope and fair

dif-

NEW KALENDAR.

dil’tance; but no crop between.

Let the rows be marked by lines of forty foot dif-
tance, and the places for the reception of the trees
opened at the dil’tance of ﬁve and thirty foot.

From the time that the trees are planted, let no
thought be entertained of railing any other grOWth
upon the ground; but let it be kept in a Rate of good
tillage, and continual fallow.

By this means the young trees will make an ad-
vance not known in other plantations. Their roots
will be invited to expand every way by a free, open,
and loofe foil; and as it will have been meliorated
by culture, and unexhaul’ted by any other growth, it
will be extreamly rich, and every ﬁbre will be {up-
plied with abundant nourifhment.

Let none fuppofe they lole ground by this kind
of plantation. The fruit will always be ﬁne, be-
caufe there is every way a free paﬂ‘age for the air;
the blolToms will be preferved becaufe the place is
{heltered , and there will be no blights, becaufe all
the trees have full nourifhment ; no mildews, or
other accidents of that kind, becaufe no air ﬁagnates
in the plantation.

The kinds of fruit are wholly in the choice of the
planter, but as there are foils which favour particular
trees, it will be a very great article to fuit them to
one another. Of this we {hall fpeak hereafter.

Let them be obtained from fome perfon of inte—
grity, and planted with more care than the general
rude manner of working allows.

The holes being opened to a conﬁderable breadth,
and the mould very well broke at the bottom, let the
young trees be brought in, their roots trim’d, and
the mould laid about them with care.

Let a ﬁrm flake be driven into the ground by
each, and let the item of the young tree be tied up
to it in two or three places with a hayband: then
give a very good watering. Lay fome thick turf
round about the root, with the graﬂ'y ﬁde downward,
and thus they will remain fecure during the winter.

C 3 Early

l

21

22

THE’GARDEN‘ERS

Early in fpring let the ground be plowed deep;
and the old turf being removed, let a frefh parcel
be laid round each tree. After this they will require
no more care beﬁde occaﬁonally plowing up the
ground, till they are grown to a Rate for pruning.

The trees fhould be brought in young; for though
latge ones may be removed in many kinds, yet the
expence is much greater, and the advantage lefs: .for
they will not bear in well, nor continue fo long as
thofe planted at a proper growth.

Care {hould- be taken that they are brought
from a ground that is not too rich, for in that
cafe they would have a check from the poorer quality
of the orchard foil; very difﬁcult to be recovered.

The pruning will conﬁi’t chieﬂy in cutting out
dead‘branches -, and clearing the head where it hap~
pens to be encumbred by too many branches growing
together. '

When two crofs one another, that which' can
beit be {pared muff be removed; for they would
Otherwife gall, and both would be fpoiled.

This is the whole {yf’tem oi~ pruning ﬂandard fruit
trees ;’ for when their branches are fhortened, it only
fpoils the heads, and throws out ufelefs wood.

The orchard managed in this manner will fupport
iti'elf without farther expence. If the foil be tolerably
good, it will require no addition of manure.

It is cui’tomary on other occaﬁons, once in two or
three years to refrelh the ground with dung ; but, in
general, the repeated plowings anfwer that purpofe,
and the fruit is certain to be better tailed: if it
happen that there appear a want of refrefhment,
it will be bell given in ipring, and an equal quan~
tity of foot and hogs dung is preferable to any other
manure. A {mall portion of this will anfwer for a
great deal of ground, and it muﬁ be {tattered on
juli before one of the plowings.

If any tree or trees do nor bear f0 well as the ref},
or it) well as might reaf‘onably be expeéied, fpread a
little manure, {uth as we have directed, roundﬁthe

cm

NEW KALENDAR.

from every way to'ten foot diftance. If this does not
anfwer the purpofe, examine whether the ground be
particularly damp in that place ; and if it be, open a
trench to let off the wet; if this be not the cafe
fee whether the tree be not planted too deep; if
that appear raife it, and pare away thc'ground
till it be no more covered than it ought to be;
that is, till the upper roots are within an inch of
the furface.

If this does not anfwer, thin the head by cutting
away fuch boughs as ihade or crowd upon one ano-
ther. One or more of thefe remedies will certainly
remedy the mifchief ; and thus is an orchard to be
planted and kept in order.

NO family in the country fhould be without K
a kitchen garden, whether or‘not they have anyG

other. The fuccefs of this, and all its crops, will
in a very great meafure depend upon a due Choice of
the piece of ground. Where the other parts of a
garden are large, this lhould preferve its proportion,
for there is a merit in the correfpondence of one piece
of the ground with another; and larger families need
more fupplies.

The fhape of the ground.allotted for this ufe,
is of no importance, but its ﬁtuation is of a great
deal. Dung will be required for the hot beds, and
other ufes, in large quantity -, and that it may be at
hand, the kitchen garden {hould be at no great dif-
tance from the ﬁables.

A free mellow foil is alfo eﬂ‘ential to this pur-
pofe: ifit be too poor, that is eaﬁly mended;
but if gravelly, or of the nature of a tough /clay,
there will be too much labour in the working it,
and a great deal of difﬁculty in obtaining any good
produce.

When a piece of ground of due extent, and of
a free foil, neither parched up with drought, nor
drenched with wet is Chofen; the management is
cafy. The conveniencies to be fought, beﬁde thofe

C 4. we

ITCWEV
ARDE‘

 

THE GARDENERS

we have named, are depth of foil, and the con;
venience of water. -

There is a neceﬂity that the foil be in fome parts
two fpades deep; and if nature have not aﬁ‘orded
this, art and induﬁry mui’t do it by digging out
the bottom, and throwing in good mould. Thefe
places are afterwards to be referved for deep rooted
plants, carrots, parfnips, large rooted parfley, horfe
radilli, and the like.

As foon as the ground is thus ﬁxed upon, it Ihould
be dug up two fpades depth wherever the foil allows;
and as deep as may be elfewhere. Then the furface
muf’t be levelled ; and the quarters laid out in fuch
manner as to hide the natural irregularities of its
form, and fuit the feveral parts to theirintended ufes.

Neareft the place where the water is, {hould be
marked out the beds for thofe crops which will re~
quire mof’t watering; for the labour of carrying a
great deal of it to a dif’tance, mul’t always be {aved
as much as poﬂible. For the fame reafon the
hot-beds for melons and cucumbers mul’t be pla-
ced near the I‘tables, that there may be little car—
riage for the dung.

It will be very proper when the ground is ﬁrﬁ:
dug, to fpread over it a good quantity of old cow
dung, wood-pile earth, pond mud, and coal allies:
thefe will be mixed in when itis dug up for the feve-
ral crops, and they will enrich it ina proper manner.

If there be a gentle afcent from one part of
the ground to another, it is fo much the better,
for there will be dry fpots for fome fervices, and
thofe which have more moilhire for others.

It.lhould be open to the fun, but well defended
from the north winds; and the bei‘t fence is
walling all round, This anfwers many purpofes:
It conceals the kitchen ground from view; it
defends the whole from cold, and there will be
{pace about thefe walls for fruit trees, which ne-
ver thrive better than in a kitchen garden.

The roots of thefe fpread very far; and it

19

NEW KALENDAR.‘

is ferviceable in the highefl: degree to dig and
enrich the ground at fome diﬁance. When they
have broad borders, and well cultivated ground be~
yond, they will be in the belt polﬁble condition for
bearing.

At 2: dif’tance beyond the wall, it will be very pro-
per on the north eafi: to plant fome large growing
trees, they will break the power of thofe winds
which are moﬁ: hurtful to the fpring crops, and
prevent a great deal of mifchief. For the tell:
the ground fhould be open: all lhadowing from
trees or buildings is bad.

The height of the walls fhould be twelve feet,
and the borders for the fruit trees fhould equal
thefe in breadth. This is properly the ﬁrf’t article
in the dil’tribution of the ground. An alley of
three foot fhould be marked out jui’t within thefe;
and thus the quantity will be reduced to a much
ﬁnaller compafs.

It is the cuf’tom to fow ﬂight rooting cr0ps
upon the borders under the walls; but we have
before obferved that this is wrong, for more is
loft in the fruit than is gained in the herbage.
They fhould always be kept clear, and often turned.

The rel’t of the ground mui‘t be laid out into
long beds, with narrow alleys for the feveral
kinds of kitchen products. Where there is a
good extent, the whole lhould be laid out into
feveral large quarters, planted with efpaliers: but
in fmall kitchen gardens thefe and the crops fpoil
one another.

This is the right difpoﬁtion of a kitchen garden,
the management we have given under the feveral heads.

T H E out-fkirts of our felefted piece of ground 91;“-

have been formed, according to their various qua- "
lities and condition, into the neceffary appenda-
ges: the orchard, feminary, and kitchen ground
have been marked out; and there remains the
principal part to be formed into a pleafure garden};
T is

GARDEN.

VIIWS .

THE' GARDENERS

This is the moll: delicate point, and the leaﬁ un-
xderftood of all : a falie taﬁe which had long reigned
is now banilhed ; -and nature prevails under the con-
duél: of good fenfe.

Our deﬁgner has before him a chofen {pot of
ground; open to the morning fun, ﬁling by a
ﬂight afcent, planted at diﬁances, or in order for
{uch a plantation, and ﬁtuated in the midﬁ of an
agreeable and well diverﬁﬁed country: this he is
to difpofe f0 as to be molt agreeable in itfelf, moﬁ:
varied that can be in its feveral parts; and (0 that it
may have the befl command of the adjacent country.

He is to give a harmony and agreement of the
feveral parts within, and to diverﬁfy the prof-
peéts by a due choice of thofe innumerable objects
which offer from without: and as he is at length
freed from the confined talte of former times, he
is to indulge that liberty with moderation.

IF we look out into the ﬁelds we admire near
about us the free growth of the hedge, and the
frefh verdure of the paf’ture: thefe let us imi-
tate by giving the trees their natural wildnels,
and by providing a foil where every thing will
ﬂourilh. What charms us at a diﬂance in this
wild view is the inequality of the ground, and
its various cloathing.

In one part a hill prefents us on its lide a hang'ng
wood; in another, a river purfuing its winding
courfe; now loft, now feen again; in a third, an
extent of many acres covered with one {heet of
corn, ﬁlls the mind with an idea of fertility and
plenty; while, on another ﬁde, the eye traverfes
a greater extent, enclol‘ed, (iixided, cultivated, and
improved to fuch a height, that it appears a gar~
den.

There are the agreeable objcf‘ts, and it is neceﬁ‘ary
to conﬁder thefe ﬁrlt in the account; becaule the

{melt views to them ﬂiould be left Open; and
the

NEW KAI... ENDAR.‘

the plantations, walks, and pavilions, placed and
difpofed accordingly.

Beﬁde thefe, there are in nature objects of dif-
gul’t, and horror, which yet may be introduced
happily; burnt hills, and blafted heaths, and bar-
ren rocks, and the wild wal’te of commons, af-
ford a contralt with thefe pleating objects: and
where nature has placed them within reach, the
deﬁgncr {hould nzver fail to open his views to
them.

Thefe objects will be fure to pleafe, but they muﬂ:
be introduced with a {paring hand: they are the
difcords in the muﬁck of gardening; and as the
fhades in painting, they give harmony, relief, and
new grace to the others.

The Chine/2', whom it would be well we continued
to imitate in this matter, if we can imitate with
moderation, indulge the romantick genius of their

nation to a degree of caprice that becomes ridiculous .

often, and fometimes abfurd.

Let us learn from them, that the fudden tranﬁtion
from agreeable to horrid; and from gay to gloomy,
is pleaﬁng; but let us correct the untutored wild-
nefs of their imaginations, by attempting nothing
beyond the laws of nature.

Thefe form the great views; and to thefe Ihould
be added all thofe accidental objects which may be
made points of profpeéts ; old buildings, ﬁngle trees,
a windmill, or a barn, will fometimes ferve this pur—
pofe happily.

Thus let the deﬁgner view what there is in na-
ture out of the compafs of his ground, and conﬁder
in what manner he may ufe it to advantage. Let
him not fuppoﬁ: that he Ihould, or that he can bring
in every thing that is charming, or every thing that is
proper.

Let it be confidered which of thefe feveral objects
mull be brought in, and in what order : the eye
mui’c travel over them with fuch diverlity, that

every

27'

'28

WALKS .

THE GARDENERS

every thing muﬁ: be new, and each part fhould
fet off the other.

Let him not grudge therefore to fhut out an
agreeable view in one place, but conﬁder how to
bring it in at another, where it may have this
charm of novelty.

THIS is the rule on which the gardener is to
mark the ﬁrft deﬁgn of walks and hedges, open
fpots and plantations: he muit {hut out by the
plantations every difagreeable object, except fuch
as are adopted for contrait; and he muf’t often
debar the eye the pleafure of a fmiling profpeét,
becaufe it has too much refemblance to thofc
on either fide of it. Having marked his open-
ings, and his fpots for plantation upon this prin-
ciple, let him again go the round, condemning or
conﬁrming his ﬁrf’t judgment.

The great point is thus el’tablifhed; and his
next care is the difpoﬁtion of the {pace agreeably
to thefe ﬁri’t principles : there are a thoufand ways
in which the fame piece of ground may be laid
out with fuch deﬂined Openings and plantations.

Our anceitors chofe the molt methodical and
regular: all was done by rule and line, and this

ave their works that formality which our better
.tafte detelis.

Let us again refer for the rule of our conduct
to nature : {he is never fo charming as where wildei’c.
There is an eafy freedom in her difpoﬁtion which
charms, becaufe it is not regular: and there is a
ﬁiﬁ'nefs in this work by rule, which is always dif-
pleaﬁng to a delicate eye.

If any fuppofe by this that an artlefs diﬁribution
of the ground is what we direé‘t -, or what they admire
in thofe gardens which ﬁand recommended by this
true taﬁe, they err extreamly. It is an air ofirre-
gularity we advife, not irregularity itfelf: there
requires more art by far in this dil’tribution, than s

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NEW KALENDAR.‘

in any other : and there requires afterwards the great
additional labour of concealing it.

Every thing we fee Ihoulcl be chofen for its place:
though it feem the refult of accident. There {hould
be order in every place, though under the afpeét of
wild freedom; and a certain harmony where there
is the appearance of confulion.

When the places for thickets, clumps, and groves,
are by the ﬁrﬂ: rule chokn, where there is fomething
to be hid; and, according to the prefent direction,
marked out with an air of native wildnefs; the
walks are to be fo difpofed, that they add to the
profpeé‘ts,‘that they differ from one another, and
yet that there be among them an univerfal proportion.
Their length is determined by the quantity of the
ground, but their breadth is at the pleafure of the de—
ﬁgner, and in this let him exceed the ufual proportion.

Every thing that has a conﬁned air relifhes of
littlenefs, and thefe are the two worf’t ideas we
can conceive in a garden: to be fhut up in it
is to return to the four walls of our anceﬁors.

The purpofe of the thing is fubverted by this:
to breathe the free air, to walk at cafe, and to
be entertained with prefent beauties, and remote
profpeéts; thefe are the purpofes of a garden;
and thefe depend in a great meafure upon the
breadth of the walks. Their form may be various,
the {trait and ferpentine are both in their way
agreeable; but it is an eHential point in either to
have extent.

The trees which terminate their ﬁdes, mull: no
more crowd upon the walk than upon one another :
the free growth and the beauty of the place de-
pend equally upon their dif’tance. A narrow walk ter-
minated by two clipped hedges was once a favourite
talle, but it is juﬂly now excluded: a wall is as good
a boundary, and fuch a walk is but a ﬁreet out
of town.

Shade mull be had in gardens : and this trees left
to nature alford freely. Nor is it neceiiary where

3 " the

29

A» ”A ‘T. nV‘V.""

3214:»:

w-m- “mm:

30

TER-
RACES.

THE GARDENERS

the walks are thus planted, to run into damp
groves; or weary the {taps in narrow ferpentines,
to efcape the fun.

The freﬂinefs of the verdure is, another article
of valt importance in gardens; and this, as well
as the reﬁ', will depend in a great meafurc upon
that fpace of walks, and that Opennefs we advife in all
parts : without free air nothing can thrive -, not even
the low grafs of the turf. A few broad walks are
preferable to a great number of narrow ones : in a
thing intended to be great, all the parts {hould be
great; and if the points and objects be all brought
into view, and there be that diverlity of form in
walks which we have mentioned, their number
ought never to come into conﬁderation.

A F T ER the conﬁderation of walks, comes pro-
perly that of terraces. Their character is their height;
and their ﬁngular advantage is in raiﬁng the eye
above the ordinary level, and opening to it a
new fcene.

Throughout a garden deﬁgned with this taile, the
air will be clear and pure; but on this elevated walk
it will be ﬁner than any where, becaufe it is more
open : there will from every ‘part of the ground be
profpeéls that are agreeable; but here the view is
of a whole country.

The ﬁrll choice is, that they be made in a place
where the view is extenﬁve, and pleaﬁng.

There is l‘eldom opportunity for more than one
terrace in a garden, nor does there often want
the means oi that. It {hould be large l:ke all
the other parts -, and it mul‘t have Grade, for other-
wife its height makes it more than any other part
of the garden expofed to the fun.

The great art is in chuﬁng fuch a place as
affords the kind of views we have defcribed, and
where it does not obl’truét the eye from other
parts of the garden.

T W O

NEW KALENDAK

31

TWO purpofes fhould always be intended in theGROVESc

plantation of groves; an agreeable object from
without, and a retreat from the fun Within. The
ﬁrl’t will depend upon the choice of the trees, and
the other on their difpoﬁtion.

The grove mui’t have a walk for the eafy enjoy-
ment of the ﬂiade; and cui’rom has made this fer-
pentine. That form is indeed the beﬁ; but as
there will be more groves than one in a large
garden, it lhould not be invariable. Whatever
be the lhape the ﬁrl‘t requiﬁte is extent.

The great error is planting the grove tooclof'e,
and making the walk too narrow: from this there
is an unwholeforne air; and the trees do not thrive
well.

A third part of the trees ufually allowed will be
fully fufﬁcient for this purpofe: their branches
will fpread the farther, the more diﬁant they are
at the root; and a very broad walk will have a fuf
ﬁcient fhade. '

In this - cafe the bottom may be always clean and
hard: and there will be free air and fufﬁcient
fhelter. Flowering [hrubs fhould be planted
to edge the walk; and in this kind of conf’truc-
tion, they will thrive in a very different manner
from What is feen when they are choaked and over-
{hadowed univerfally : and it will give a great air of
nature, it here and there along the walk, an old tree
thruﬁs its trunk beyond the formal line of the verge :
or {lands even in the middle, in a well chofen place.
The great art is to give thefeparts an appearance of
nature, and nothing anfwers this purpofe like a well
dcﬁgn’d irregularity. -

The next point is the choice of the trees: con-
ﬁdering the grove as an objeét from without.
In this fenfe it is a great clump: and it is al«
ways the better for its bignefs.

Nature affords an endlefs variety of greens; and
the fame tree at different feafons of the year puts on

dif-

I

32' . THE GARDENERS

dili'erent colours. The ‘ﬁrﬁ opening is pale, the full
leaf has a more conﬁrmed green, aud the period of
decay is yellow, or in fome fearlet.

The gardener mull know all the trees ﬁt for fuch a.
plantation, that he may be able to chufe the belt;
and he fhould be fo far a painter, that, under-
ﬂanding what are the colours, he may know alfo
how to throw them together, fo as to fet oﬂf one
another in their perfection, and afford variety in
the decay. ‘

Good painters in landfcape call autumn the moﬂ'
agreeable feafon, becaufe of this diverﬁty of colour
in the decaying leaves: it is one of thofe beauties
in nature we can eafily improve, by chuﬁng fuch
as have the limit tinéts, and the greateit diverﬁty
of them.

The out—line of the grove lhould alfo be irregular,
to imitate nature, who never made a wood fquare or
oval; nor is the, chuﬁng of various greens, and
their difpofition, limited to this article, but has
its place in all the plantation.

|

CHINESE As fome perfons are fond of PARTERRES in

33km. the inner parts of large wrldernefs quarters, we
fhall give a deﬁgn of that kind from an inge-
nious correfpondent, Mr, leaner of Yorkfhire,
the molt approved deﬁgner of them in this king-
dom.

The general method of laying out parterres is
by regular {trait beds, which is an eafy method,
though it admits of confuﬁon, without ﬂicking
up of marks between each fpot of ﬂowers. After
all that care, each parcel cannot be To rea-
dily found, becaufe the beds are alike and perhaps
numerous. This method of laying out of tlre
little ﬂower quarters, takes/ up no more ground
than regular {trait beds do: if the alleys be-
twixt them have the width they ought to have.

Alfo, when the quarters of a Chinefe Parterre are fo
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NEW KALENDAR.

diverﬁﬁed, f0 that one is not the like of any other in
the whole: this caufes a greater variety and pleafure ;
beﬁdes, whatever is planted or {own therein, is fooner
found.

When the feveral borders of a Chinefe par-
terre are divided as in the fchemes below, after
planting of any particular part, what is fet
therein may be eaﬁly found out by referring to the
numbers, as in the following columns, where the
name is put down, and that number in the plan
Ihews where the fame is planted or fown.

EXAMPLES.

I 5. Fine Carnations, 86¢.
1. Fine Dutch Tulips. If more divided.
2. Bulbous Iris’s.
3. Anemonies, &c. III.
If more divided. 6. Fine Dutch Hyacinths
II. 7. Dutch Fritillarias.
4. Fine Perﬁan Ranun- 3- Double NarcilTus, 850
cula’s.

The fecond ﬁgure is the plan of a Chinefe Par-
terre, which I laid out for THOMAS HIRST, Efq; at
Wakeﬁeld in Yorkihire, in Augul’t, anno 1756,
which took upwards of ﬁve hundred yards, run-
ning meafure of border ﬁones; being perhaps the
ﬁrl’t of its kind. .

In this parterre are planted above ﬁfty of the belt.
forts of low growing ﬂowering fhrubs, at about ten
diﬁance. J. PERFECT.-

33‘

THE ﬂower garden and pleafure garden,FLOWER

though ufually conﬁdered as the fame, are properly
dil’tinft. We do not mean by this that ﬂowers
lliould not be planted in pleafure gardens; but
that there {hould beﬁde this be a particular piece of,
ground for the beds of the [elect kinds. The fhelter

' D they

GARDEN.

VV'ATER.

THE GARDEN‘ERS

they require, and their whole management, is ill
fuited to the difpoﬁtion, intent, and air of fuch
a piece of ground as we here fpeak of.

Flowers fhould be planted in diltinét beds, and
in a piece of ground devoted folely for that pur-
pofe, where flowers are to be'the only object, and
we feek nothing farther ; this is the belt difpolition.

The pleafure garden we defcribe in this place is
of another kind, ﬂowers will be a great ornament to
it, but they muf’t not be conﬁdered as the principal
objeét; nor mul‘t the reft of the difpoﬁtion be fub-
fervient to them. /

The limit kinds that bear the open ground mutt
be planted here with the fame regard to light and
fhade, harmony of colours, and variety, that we
have recommended in the choice of greens for
the grove: and as the variety is val’tly greater
in this cafe, fancy has more free fcope.

No edge becomes a ﬂower-piece like that of
the grafs walk, and the plants never appear fo well as
when they follow meanders, and rife in little

clumps and cluﬁers.

BESIDE the neceﬂity of water for the fervice
of the plantation, we have oblerved that it holds
a high rank in the conﬁderation of embellilhment.
If a piece of ground can be f0 chofen as to have a
brook or .rivulet at the bottom, or a rifing fpring
toward the top, it will be a vall: recommendation :
either of theft: will be a fource of great fatisfaétion -,
but in the ﬁrft cafe nature in a manner has done
all, in the other it is left to art.

All {landing water is a blemifh rather than a
beauty in gardens, but from the fmallelt current
ingenious art can form bafons and falls, clear
ﬁreams and cataracts at its pleafure. The de-
fcent of the ground will give the more opportu-
nity for thefe improvements: running water gives a
coolncfs to the air, and its murmuring found has

charms in the moments of contemplation. A true
taﬁe

- " «WWW; e

NEW KALENDAR.
talte will prefer the molt ﬁmple runningbrook
to all the fountains that were ever crowdediinto
a garden. What art may .‘be permitted to‘do with
it, is no more than to imitate what is elfewhere feen
in nature. Whenever the deﬁgner oes beyond this,-
he lofes ﬁght of the great rule, Whig lathe copying
of her works : and he will fall into affected puerilities.

This is the plain, limple, and natural rifle to be
indulged in deﬁgning gardens: thus the mol’t
pleaﬁng have been formed; and there is no way
elfe to command fenlible applaufe. .

We have gone through the general con‘lideration
of a garden, and'are now to defcend to particulars: of
thefe gravel walks are ﬁrlt to be conﬁdered, their
advantage. being fuch as nothing elfe can fupply;
’and the pleafure of them depending in a great
meafure on their ﬁrl’c conﬁruétion. .

Tho’ we are. famous in England for ﬁne gravel,
yet we have alfo fuch as is bad; and there Willa
great deal of the future fuceefs depend upon the
choice in this Article. .

Gravel is a collection of fmall pebbles and Hints
with more or lefs of aclayey loam among them.
We have pebbles in val’t maﬂ‘es with none of
this loam, but they do. not properly conflitute
what is called gravel; they will never lie ﬁrm
in a walk, neither is their colour agreeable.

Thefe pebbles lie loofe with hollows and gaps
between them; and the walks have not the ap—
pearance of gravel. This is one exrream in the
nature of gravel; on the other hand We have fome
in which the luam is too abundant: this makes
walks grow wet in the leaf’t rzlny feafon, and they are
dirty to the feet: neither do they lie ﬁrm unlefs
in dry weather, and with very good management.

A gravel lbould' be clioleii which is of a
middle qUality between thefe, neither with too
little nor too much of the loam; the loam molt
be of a good colour, and there mul’c be ﬁlms as

- D 2. well

GRAVEL
WALKS;

THE GARDENERS
well as pebbles, or it will not form a compac°t

.body.

We have gravels in which the loam is brown, and
others in which it is of the colour of rul’ty iron;
both thefe are very difagreeable.

Theufe-of the flints is very evident: pebbles are

:round or nearly fo, and a parcel of round bodies are
.not likely to roll into a ﬁrm walk. The Hints, on

the contrary, are in fragments of all fhapes and ﬁzes;
thefe fill up the hollows, and make the loam lie- in
linaller parcels, and better dil’tributed. By this
the gardener will know what kind of gravel he
is to take. T '

It molt be fuch as has a good quantity of Hints
among the pebbles, .and a moderate proportion of a
yellow loam: this, when well managed, will bind

.like a rock, and it is this which has given us the

credit of the ﬁnell walks in the world. If it

- happens that there IS not any gravel anfwermg

this defcription in the neighbourhood of the place,
the gardener mull be at the pains to mend fuch
as there is, by an addition of what it wants. If
it confil’ts only of ﬂints and pebbles, let him mix
up fome yellow clay and land into a kind of loam,
and work this well with it: if there be fand loofe
among the pebbles, let him add only clay.

Lime may be very properly added to thefe
gravels in the working up, and will make them bind
the falter, but the quantity mul‘t be fmall, or it will
give them a crumbly hardnefs, and impair their co-
lour. The people who dig gravel, lift it in fe-
veral degrees of ﬁnenefs; but for walks nothing
more is required than taking out a few of the
largelt (tones: all fmall or all large gravel will
never anfwer it) well as that which is mixed as
we ﬁnd it in nature.

A good gravel being chofen, and the place and
breadth of the walk marked out, the next con~
ﬁderation is the laying it.

' Weeds

NEW KALEND‘AR.

Weeds are a continual deformity to gravel walks,
and a torment to the gardener: and all his clean-
linefs will not keep his walk of a good colour,
unlefs fome prevention be ufed againi’t worms.
The weeds of the worli: kinds will be prevented
by a good bottom; and the worms entirely.

The fpace of the walk being cleared, let him bring
in a quantity of lime rubbilh, fo much as will cover
it ﬁve inches; and fpread this even. Upon this
let him throw on the gravel in fuch quantity as
will cover that, when regularly fpread a foot deep.

Lefs than this will do, and thofe who grudge the
ﬁrl’t expence, may content themfelves with about
eight inches; but ’tis belt to lay on enough at
, once, and a walk thus bottomed and thus covered,

will not be liable to any of the common acci-
dents, but will keep good foraperfon’s life, with
the common care.

Our fathers, not conﬁdering the difcharge of wa-
ter, laid their walks of gravel ﬂat, and as the prin—
cipal track of feet was in the middle, they foon
became lowef’c in that part: the confequence was,
that every fhower of rain made a puddle along the
midﬁ of the walk.

This they contrived to remedy in a very aukward
and expenﬁve manner, by opening drains underneath,
and giving vent by ﬁones pierced with holes at eight
or ten foot diltance.

It foon after came into their thoughts to fupply
the place of this ill~looking and chargeable contri—
vance, by rounding the walks; and this is, when
kept in due bounds, the true method: but we now
exceed thofe bounds, and def’troy the very intent
and purpofe of our walks, by laying themlfo high in
the middle, that a perfon can walk upon no part of
them without pain.

A ﬂat furface is the natural form of earth on which
the foot lhould tread; and on the other hand every
walk ought to be a fegment of a fphere, or otheruife
the water will lodge upon it: but to accommodate

D 3 this

THE GARDENERS

this to its ufe, at the fame time that it is kept dry;
the {weep mufi: be very little.

The rife in the middle {hould be fuch that the
eye may juft perceive it, and the feet not per.
ceive it at all. A walk with a little rounding is
more agreeable to look upon than one that is
perfectly ﬂat: but any thing more than this is of-
fenﬁve; it gives a narrownefs, and an unnatural
fhape. The eye is ajudge of what is ﬁt for walking
before the feet come upon it; and nothing looks
well that is not fuited to its ufe.

In a gravel walk of twenty—ﬁve foot broad,
let the gardener allow a rife in the middle of ﬁve
inches, and in the fame proportion whatever be
the breadth of the walk. He will perceive that
this is eaﬁly reduced to meafure, for it is the al-
lowance of one inch to every four foot, and this
fhould be the proportion as well in a four foot walk
as a forty foot.

The gardener, having every thing in readinefs,
is to begin this work of making the walks at the lat-
ter end of February. The height of the feveral
parts muﬁ be marked by ﬂakes, and thefe fhould
be ﬁxed even before he begins to throw in the
rubbifh. .

Let the rubbifh be thrown in heaps at {mall
dil‘tances, preportioned to the thicknefs it is to lie,
and then be {prcad and laid in the fame rounding
form that the gravel is to lie at laft; but not
rolled.

The gravel mul‘t be thrown on as foon as’the rub-
biih is fpread, and it mutt be fpread in the fame
manner, but with yet greater regularity.

The method is not to fpread a thick coat at once,
but to throw it in thin parcels one over another;
and in this manner let the walk he laid three
inches higher than it is intended to remain. .

The tlliCkiiclleS of gravel and rubbiih we have
allowed already, being tiled, it will be preﬂed down

- as

NEW KALENDAR.

as much as that meafure by the time it is brought
to lhape.

Let the gravel be brought directly from the pit to
the walk, and the fooner it is fpread, laid, and preﬂ‘ed
the better: there is a natural tendency in gravel,
fuch as we directed to be ufed, to bind when it ﬁrft
comes out of the earth, which is foon loft when it is
expofed to the air.

When frefh gravel of a good kind is chofen,
and the walk is'thus made to its true form, and by
frequent heavy rollings ﬁxed to it, and preferved in
it, it becomes that kind of walk foreigners envy, and
which ourfelves never can enough value: it is hard,
perfectly fmooth, and clean. No rain penetrates it
afterward, and every {hower wafhes it.

The walk having been once well ﬁxed in every
part, the roller will ealily run over it for the fu-
ture; and will keep it in its perfect form with
out trouble: but the eaﬁer the rolling becomes, the
oftener let it be done, for ’tis the gardeners buﬁncfs to
preferve this compact fubl’tance and true furface.

The great fault of gravel walks is the rife of
weeds upon them; but when this method is
obferved, there is no danger of that mifchief.
Weeds are of two kinds, perennial and annual, the
perennial are the only kinds which could {hoot
up from the bottom; and thefe in ill-made walks
are often very troublefonie.

The other kinds, which are the molt common,
rife from fcattered feeds -, as groundfel, ﬂiepherds
purfe, and dandelion; thefe are blown about by the
winds, and where they flop they Ihoot. The pick-
ing them Out as they appear is not difﬁcult, but it is
an endlcfs work, and it always more or lefs de-
faces the gravel. In the careful manner we have
directed of making the walk, both thefe evils are
nipped in the bud.

In the clearing away the ground for the l'pace the
walk is to cover, the gardener knows he is to
dig out all large roots of perennial weeds which

' i) 4. are

39

40

an a ss,
WALKS,

THE GARDENERS

are in the way; and even if this were omitted,
it would not be eafy for them to make their {hoot
through fo much lime rubbilh, and fuch a bed of
gravel -, but with that farther precaution, it is quite
impofiible there fhould be any danger of fuch diﬁur-
bance.

The hard rolling of the walks keeps them f0
ﬁrm, and with f0 even a furface, that the feeds of
weeds which are blown on them are in like man-
ner blown off again, and nothing remains to
lhoot. ‘

The rounded ﬁgure of the walk aﬂil‘rs in this: and
at the fame time the nature of the loam, which binds
with the gravel, makes it unﬁt for their vegetation.

T hefe are the advantages of good laying and fre—
quent rolling of gravel walks; and with this care
there will be no occaﬁon for that common prac-
tice of breaking them up, and laying the ﬁufi‘
in ridges every winter.

That praftife makes the walks unferviceable for a
great part of the year; and is a moll: unreafonable
cui’tom: for it contradicts the very nature of that
eiTential rule which we have laid down for ma-
king walks of gravel, that has not been expofed to
the air.

The throwing them up in ridges gives the rains,
dews, and fun, that very power over them We
lo much with to prevent; and renders the loam
brittle and loofe. The feeds of many kinds of
weeds are alfo received into the matter while it lies
thus, and they {hoot afterwards. The gravel that is
often turned up in this manner never can bind
well; and inilead of preventing weeds, the very
pra&ice occaﬁons them.

A 8 it is a beauty in a gravel walk to appear

a little rounded, lb the proper form of grafs walks
is a perfect ﬁat. It is not always the nature and lim-
ation of the ground will admit of this; but when it
l5

NEW KALENDAR

is neeeﬁ‘ary to depart from it, the art is to conceal
that from the eye.

_, Where the ground is naturally dry, the furface of

‘ the grafs walks fhould be perfectly ﬂat; but when

fomewhat moilt, there mul’r be allowed a little round-
nefs to prevent the water from lodging on any
art.

p In this cafe it will alfo be proper to cut water

tables on each ﬁde; they will at once drain

the body of ‘the walk, and give it a clean edge.

Beﬁde walks, we are to conﬁder grafs in the
capacity of making plats and lawns, and thofe
feveral other parts of a garden which are to be
covered with it, whether for the foftnefs and coolnefs
of walking in the fummer, for the contraﬁ of ﬂowers
and plantations.

The grafs walks fhould be fewer in number
than the gravel, becaufe they are not of fuch conﬂzant
ufe: but for this very reafon they fhould be fpa-
cious; and there {hould be contrived a very con-
ﬁderable part in plats, or Other grafs work, becaufe
this green is more natural, and more pleaﬁng to
the eye; and more of the true taﬁe of a garden
than gravel.

There is no error in gardening greater than that of
making grafs walks too narrow. It is wrong in
thofe of the other kind, becaufe it gives them a
poor conﬁned look, but it is doubly amifs in thefe;
becaufe it is not only poor, but unnatural; and
the grafs cannot thrive in them.

The compals and quantity of ground to be allowed
to this kind of work, ﬂiould never rel’train the breadth -,
for ’tis better to have a broad and fhort walk, than a
long narrow one ; and much more creditable to have
but one good, than half a dozen triﬂing ones.

The breadth and length being marked out, let the
gardener conﬁder the nature of the ground before he
proceeds, that he may know whether they fhould be
made in a perfect ﬂat, or with fome rounding. Which-

CVCI

4.:

42'

THE GARDENERS
ever kind be proper, let the grotind be laid with due
regularity. .

Let him begin by paring off the natural furface -,
and if the walk is to be ﬂat, let him lay it to a true
level; if to be rounded, let him in the fame man-
ner takecare that it be done with exaé‘tnefs. The rife

<muft be very ﬁnall: an inch and a half is fuﬂicient

in a walk of ﬁve and twenty foot. Let this be
marked by {takes in feveral places.

When the furface is pared 06‘, let all the roots of
perennial weeds be dug out with the greateil care:
then let the furface be broke with a pick axe, and
raked to fhape, and the quantity of an inch and half
of ﬁne garden mould be ﬁrewed over it.

Let this be again raked and brought to the exact
form: there is then the bed of the walk made;
and it is ready for the grafs whether that be to
be given by feed or turﬁng.

The method by feed is eafy, but it is not com-
parable to the other. There is great difﬁculty in
getting good feed; for that from a common hay-
l’tack is by no means proper. .

Thofe who chuie this method muff get the feed

from the grails of a clean up-land paflture, and it

muft be fcattered over the bed of the walk very
thick, and raked in; levelling the furface to a truth
as before. After this it 11‘!th be carefully weeded,
and afterwards rolled in the fame manner as thofe
walks made vith turf. '

This is the method of (owing, but we have
faid the other is preferable: it does the buﬁnefs
fooner, and much more perihe'lly. The grafs from
ﬂowing rilés flow and thin, but the other at once
is in full pt‘a'ii‘ftion.

If the. choice therefore be to turf the walk, the
method is the. iizme in preparing the bed, only
the iiirface mull be watered before the turf is laid
down. .

The great article is the proper choice of the
turf. It ﬂioulgi‘ be {nth as is Loveiecl with a very

thick

NEW KALENDAR.‘

thick {hort grafs, and is as free as poﬁible from
weeds.

Let the gardener look over the ground whence
he is to take it with a careful eye, and chufe, if
poﬂible, a fpot where there is not the leaf: mix~
ture of any wrong growth among the grais, and
where the grafs itfelt is thick.

The only proper mixture with the grals of turf for
walks is the white trefoil. It is a bfmall kind of
this plant which grows on commons, whofe leaves
are numerous, their footi’talks fhort, and their co-
lour a ﬁne green: thefe mix well with the grafs,
and form a ﬁne thick bottom; and the ﬂowers
in this kind are few; they are nor colleéted in
heads as the Other treloils, but Prand loofe, and
near the ground.

T his little trefoil therefore has all the qualities re-
quiiite to thicken and improve the carpeting of turf;
and its being plentiful in the {pot whence that 15 to be
taken, is an advantage, not a hurt: but this is the
only weed that fhould be admitted.

Such a fpot being chofen, let the gardener prepare
for the work with alacrity and difpatch. Grafs is
very hardy -, but we wilh it to grow without a check
when laid down in its new place; and to this there
requires expedition in the laying, a due thicknefs
of the body, and a good preparation of the bed
on which it is to be laid. Thefe we are now to
conﬁder.

A T the fame time that an inferior hand is employed'I'UItrt

in cutting up the turf, let the gardener himfelf be
preparing the bed for it. We have directed the walk
to be laid naked, and to have an inch and half of
ﬁne mould upon it: what he is now to do is to.
fee that the furface be true according to the deﬁgn,
and then he 13 to fprinkle 1t well over with water.

The turf freih cut from the common is to be ‘

immediately laid down in perfe€t regularity- , and
when laid and beat, let it have another good watering.
We

#3

«

THEGARDENERS
We know turﬁng will fuccced, that is done with half

this trouble, but we lay down the method by which

the fuccefs will be perfect.

. The belt time is evening; the belt weather fuch
as is cloudy and inclined to rain; and to do it in the
molt perfect manner, only a {mall {pace of the

walk ihould be covered at a time.

' When the whole is thus laid, let it be lightly
rolled with a wooden roller, and care taken that
this preﬁes equally, and is well managed, other-

wife it will injure the lhape of the walks, efpe»

cially of thofe which are laid a little round.

After this ﬁrlt rolling it ﬂiould lie to be re-
frefhed by fome good fhowers; and when it is about
three parts dried from them, it {hould be rolled
again with the fame caution; after this it fhould
be left till the ground is well dryed, and then
rolled with a heavier roller. ‘

The ﬁrl‘t annoyance the gardener will perceive '

on his grals walks is from worm calls: thefe will
bea frequent, and unlefs timely defiroyed, a great
blemilh. The method is to break and fpread them
upon the furface with long, tough, and pliable
alh-poles. This anfwers the double purpofe of clear—
ing them of? the walks, and of manuring the ground:
for they are a very rich dreﬂing, and being thus
fpread upon the lurface, encourage the grOWth of
the grafs.

If any weeds appear they mutt be drawn out
with great care.

After this the whole buﬁnefs will conﬁf’t in fre-
quent rolling and mowing. The oftener this is

done the evener will be the furface, and the thicker

the bottom.
This is ufeful at all times, but moi’t elTential in
autumn. The mowings {hould be more frequent

than ordinary at that time, for nothing can keep ‘

the turf green in winter but the preventing its
{homing up into high blades at this feafon.
In

i-t

1

l

 

 

NEW KALENDAR.‘

In all thefe rollings, both ‘ of grafs and gravel,
care‘ mui’t be taken that they are not damaged in
the doing it by the feet of the men, or hOrfés who
draw the rollers. *

The horfes fhould be without lhoes, and have
their feet covered with woollen mufflers; and the
men fhould wear for this purpofc fhoes that are
made ﬂat, and have no riﬁng heels.

:45

T H E general intent of a greenhoufe is to encreafe GREEN-
the natural warmth of the air about the plants; and HOUSE-

this on all common occaﬁons, without the afﬁﬂance
of ﬁre: but as in our variable climate there are
fometimes winters more fevere than ufual, there
Ihould always be the means of giving that farther
alliﬁance; however feldom it is done.

' The greenhoufe mui’t be f0 conﬁruéted as to give
opportunities of admitting or Ihutting out the air
and fun, as either is in a condition to do good
or hurt to the plants.

The fpot mul’c be open to the fouth, and the
more it is ﬂieltered from the north and eaft winds
the better. It mult be in a part of the ground where
the foil is dry, and if there be a natural rife fo much
the better.

It is common to load a greenhoufe with upper rooms
but that is wrong. The back wall may ferve for the
erecting of {beds for tools, and other fuch purpofes,
but norhing more fhould be done. No fuperftruc-
ture lhould ever be allowed, becaufe it implies a
folidity below which is out of the character of the

building. The {beds behind are, on the contrary,

right, becaufe they rather are a 'fupport, ferving in
the manner of buttreITes to the main wall.

The light is offended at a tall heavy build-
ing in a garden; and its ﬂiadow is hurtful. A
greenhoufe properly built is in characfter, and is
an ornament: but fuch an ediﬁce is a piece of
lumber.

This

THE GARDENERS

The diﬁ'erence in the extent concerns only the ‘
lengtlrof the building; for .its .depth is fubjeél: to ;
a .regnlarhmeafure, being limited by the nature of i

the deﬁgn. Fifteen foot is the proper {pace of the =

ﬂoor in breadth; and though proportion might de-

1

mand that in longergreenhoufes, this Ihould be i

greater, and in {hotter lefs, yet the care of the plants
is the fole conﬁderation the gardener fhould regard,
and therefore this meafure may {land good for all
green—houfes. , , .

The back is to be, a ﬁrait, upright wall; and
the front, in a manner, all glafs. . -

l

The height Ihould bein from one eighth more -

than the breadth, confequentlynhe windows lhonld
be ﬁxteen foot in length, and they lhould reach
from the top to within ten inches of the ground:
a wall of that height being raifed to receive them.

‘ Here thenis the form of the greenhoufe. The back,
and the ends are to beof brick; and there muf’t bealow
wall of brick in front: from this are to be ranted {allies
to the cieling: thefe Ihould be live foot and a half
in breadth, and piers of brick molt be carried up
between them for the fupport of the roof.

_I_n the front the piers lhould be as narrow as
pollible. They would require more breadth if any
rooms were to be carried up over the greenhoufe,
but we have declared againlt that practice: there-
fore ﬂight piers will aniiver, and thefe lhould be
thinn’d off obliquely from the front inwards. In
this cafe they will be of very little difadvantage,
and they will give an air of itrength to the build-
mg.

__Every part of the houle muii he contrived for
warmth, and for defence zigainlt frolts. The ﬂoor
lhould be raifed ﬁfteen inches above the ground,
that no clamps may come that way; and the next
care muff be of the falhes. They {hould be hung
in ﬁrm grooves of feafoned wood-work; and their
frames mul’t be. folid and welljointed. They muﬂ'

be

NEW KA'LENDAR.

lbe wrought fo as to move eafy, and to remain
Ivery ﬁrm in their places: no wind fhould be able
Ito 'lhake them: and they mull be fecured by f
lbgs wherever the air could get in. , '

The falhes being fecured, the ﬂoor, walls, and
Iroof mull be conﬁdered in the fame careful light:
:all molt be found, ﬁrm, and folid; and near the
lback in the wall or the weft end, there mull: be
zmade a very narrow door way, which fhould have
:a double door "that the gardener may let himfelf
iin when the weather is fevere, without admitting
iin much wind.

The walls muft not be built of the common
[place bricks, but a price allowed for the good grey
lﬁocks. Two bricks and a half ought to be the
ithicknefs of the back wall, and two bricks that
Jo'f the ends. V

The ﬂoor is hell laid with paving tiles; and _

Ithe roof lhould be ﬂared.

As there will be room under the ﬂoor, it will
ibe adviltable to carry a ﬂue quite through it with
ttwo returns. The ﬁre place fhould be in one of
zthofe lhcds we have direfted to be made behind,
: and that neareft the weﬂ: end will be belt ; from
:this it lhould be carried to the front, and along
xto the call: end, and thence to the back again;
:where funnels mui’t be raifed to carry OFF the
l fmoak.

We have faid that it is very feldom there will
i be occaﬁon to make a ﬁre in thefe ; and it fhould ne-
rver be done except when necelfary.

The double door, we have directed to be
~. made for the entrance into the greenhoufe at times
:when it is not proper to open any of the glalTes
in the front, muft be made f0 as to {hut per-
fectly clofe, and turn eafy on the hinges. And
the glaﬂ'es in front muf’t have Ihutters; in the con—
.ﬁruétion of which the carpenter muﬂ {hew all his

: kill. ~
We

47,

43'

THE GARDENERS

We ha‘ve directed the piers to be ﬂoped away 1

On each ﬁde inwards, and this will give on each I
ﬁde of the falh an oblique fpace to receive the half of i"

the lhutter. Let the carpenter underﬁand, that the
corners of the piers were cut off to prevent their

:1

S

interpoﬁng, and fhading the plants from the fun g and '

let him take care not to do the fame mifchief by the

'edges of the fhutters.

They mul’t be made to fold in a compafs fome-
what narrower than the ﬂat of the brick work;
and they mul’t be fo hinged as to fall clofe; and
framed to prevent warping. They mull be made
To as to meet very exactly in front, and no cracks
mull; be permitted between the pannels.

The belt way to know that they are fecure, is
to {hut up the whole in a bright day: where light can
get in, there cold can come alfo; and there is no
way to be fecure, but by {butting out that.

There yet remains a great article, which is the
covering the inner furface of the walls.

Thefe are at prefent plain brick, and it is the
cuflom to plaifter them in a rough manner, or
to wainfcot them cheaply and coarlely. There is
nothing in which a little expence is (0 ill faved.

\Vainfcot, though an expenﬁve thing, is by no
means proper; for the heat and moilture will make
it fubjeét to warp; and this defeats the purpo'fe.

The common plail’tering and white-walh are con-
tinually cracking and peeling; the furface is always
irregular at ﬁri’t, and it lbon decays. ’Tis alfo dif-
agreeable, in that it rubs of? upon the cloaths of
thofe who go in; and upon the plants. It is too
much liable like the wainfcot to the effect of heat and
moilture, and the vapour of it is hurtful to the
plants. a -
Let the proprietor allow the expence of (knew to
the whole inner furface of the walls and cieling,
and, let the plaifterer be directed to work it with
a pcrfeﬁ {mooth furfacc. When this is well dried,

3 let

i. ‘ rue. ’

NEW KALENDAR.

et it be painted with the brightel’c white that can
re laid on, and it will thus be ﬁnilhed for a great
vhile. When the fmell is over, it will re-
urn no more. The whole furface will reﬁeét
he light in a perfeét and uniform manner; and
he growth will in this refpeét have all poﬂible ad.
rantage.

The plants are to be difpofed in this green-
oufe fo as to form a kind of tiling furface from

~1e front to the back; and they are to be ‘placed'

: fome fmall dil’tance from one another: this
nethod of placing them we fhall give at large,
'here we {peak of taking in the plants at autumn -,
rut this is one conﬁderation in favour of that pure
.nd perfect white we direct for the inner furface.
I‘he trees and plants, as fo placed, make one mafs
If green, and for that realbn they are not feen
‘iﬁinﬂ'ly.

Among what we clafs as greenhoufe plants, fome
‘re of a more hardy, and others of a more tender
name: and there is alfo a great diﬁerence in na—
ire between the common {hrubs and herbaceous
inds, and thofe we call fucculent.

It will be proper to preferve thefe dil‘tiné’t from
re generality of the greenhoufe plants, and from
.ch other, and this in feparate buildings.

IT will be belt to keep the fucculent plants
itirely by themfelves in one building: and the ten-
:r kinds that will juf’t live without a lime in
mother: thefe may be fmall, becaufe the num-
er of plants in each kind cannot bear any pro—
)rtion to the generality of the others; and the
1allnefs of the place is one great advantage to
re tender kinds, becaufe with due management,
16 air will for that reafon be warmer.

Thefe two buidings fhould be connected to the
vo ends of the greenhoufe, and conﬁrué‘ted in the
.me manner with all that careful attention to the
eeping out cold,and all the necell'ary regulation in the

opening.

49

STOVIS.

THE GARDENERS

opening. Under each of thefe there ll’JOUlCl be
ﬂues, as under the principal greenhoufe; and they
ihould be built ﬁrait in a line with it, only thrown a
little back.

The main building will hold the generality in
more perfect order, becaufe as fo many will be
removed into the win'gs, thofe which remain will
[land more free; and the fmallnefs of the wings
will keep the tender kinds the better. When a ﬁre is
needed it muff be very little; and there are few win-
ters which require it. There need be no particular
direéiions laid down for the conﬁruﬁion of the
flues. They are to be the fame with the larger
in all but ﬁze.

One caution it may be very ufeful to add for
thofe who have greenhoufes already, and who ﬁnd
the number of plants increafe upon them, and that
they want room. The belt way of enlarging the
houfe is by adding two fuch wings: and under
thefe there fhould be ﬂues, though there may be
none under the main building.

THE l’tove naturally follows. This is an article
much lefs underliood, and confequently much worfe
praéiifed than the other.

Plants may be arranged in refpeét of their hardi- -
nefs under three general kinds, l. Thofe which bear
the open air in our climate all the year. 2. Thofe
which require ihelter in winter, but ufually no arti- '
ﬁcial heat; and 3. Thofe that require fhelter and
artiﬁcial heat. The ﬁrﬁ are the hardy, the fecond
the greenhoufe, and the third the i’tove plants.
Each clafs is again fub'eét to many fubdiviﬁons,
for the degrees of tendJernefs are innumerable.

The ﬂow plants, according to their nature and
original climate, require various degrees of that
heat, but all of them a temperature of the air,
which cannot be maintained Otherwife than by this.
aﬁiﬁance of actual ﬁre.

The Prove is to be a building glazed in fronti
an

N EW‘ 'KAL E NDAR.

and expofed to the fouth in the manner of the
greenhoufe: but it is to be glazed alfo at the
top, and it mui’t have ﬁre-places and Hues in the
back wall. It may be divided crofs-wife into fevcral
rooms by glafs partitions; in each of which there
may be preferved a certain proportioned degree of
heat. _ .

_ This is the general idea of the building, in which
the plants being potted with the compol’ts proper for
each kind, are to be placed, either upon a ﬁand in
the openroom, or in a pit of tan in the centre.
This makes the diﬁinétion between the dry-Rove
and the bark-ﬁdvc: in each the heat is to be re-
gulated by a thermometer, hung Up at a diﬁance
from the ﬁre-place in eVery diviﬁon; and the
entrance mutt be through fome fhed, or out of‘
a greenhoufe, that the cold air may not rufh in
on opening the door.

The top muft be occaﬁonally covered to keep
out wet, and fometimes to defend the plants from the
too powerful fun; and for this purpofe there muﬂ:
either be moveable fhutters, or the contrivance of a.
coarfe canvafs to let down or draw up occaﬁonally.

WHOEVER has his choice of the two kinds of
ﬁoVe, will be eaﬁly brought to prefer that with Mark
to the dry, from the conﬁderation of their natural
difference. There is a harfhnefs in the dry heat,
which is altogether unnatural to plants; they may
bear an equal degree in their native climate, be-
caufe there they have full ground for the roots
to fpread themfelves, but with us they have the
difadvantage' of being cirCumfcribed within the very
narrow [limits of a pot : and the extreme ﬁbres foon
dry. The fubﬁance of the pot quickly acquires too
much heat, and the mould becomes dry and parched
about the bottom and ﬁdes where the moft tender
ﬁbres run. On the contrary, when the bark ﬁovc
is ufed, the pots are conﬁantly kept in it; and as
there never fails to be Emoifture there, the {idesg

* 2 o

BAKY—
STOVE.

52

THE GARDENERS

of the pots will not be dry, and confequently the
mould will not be parched in them. There will
be the fame degree of heat preferved, and the roots
will by this means be kept in a {late of growing:
thefe are the realms for preferring the bark i’tove to
the other, and it is to be conﬁruéted in the fol?
lowing manner.

The dimenﬁons are liable to no rule, for they
can only be determined by the pleafure of the
proprietor, and the number of plants he intends
to raife, but the proportion is ﬁill within the,
compafs of rule, and the feveral parts may always -,
be afcertained in their meafure.

We fhall upon this plan give the dimenﬁonsi
.0F :1 large one, nothing being eaﬁer than to re— .
duce the meafures for a (mailer. i

Firft, Let a part of the ground be chofe for this
purpofe that is perfeélzly dry; and let it ﬁand open v
to the fouth fun, and defended as the greenhoufe
from the cold quarters. ‘

On‘ this fpot mark out the form of the Prove 3'
inte ded, to be divided into feveral pars by crofs
partitions, or to be kept in one large and {pa-
crous area.

Let the length be eight and forty foot, and the
breadth eighteen. Let the foundation of the walls
be laid, and thofe in front be carried up one '
foot above the furface.

Let the area within be then marked out, and
divided in half (or into more parts) a partition of
glafs is to »be run acrofs at this line of diviﬁon; ‘
and two pits of bark are to be dug, one in
each: there are alfo to be two furnaces, one .
of which will ferve for each, and by this means the '
heat may be made different in the two parts, and
thofe plants which require moﬂ may be placed in one,
and thofe which require fomewhat leis in the other.

The height of the f’tove is to be proportioned to
the kinds of plants, and their full growth; in one ;

of this extent it may very well be twenty foot:
in

r. .;<La4_a-e_ A. _. a

 

NEW KALENDAR.

l this cafe the back wall lhould be ﬁfteen inches
lick; and when it is carried up to the due height,
1e wood-work may be laid upon the foot wall in
' font. This mull: be the place for the receiving
16 frames of the glafs-ivork, and from this are
) rife the uprights which feparate the frames one
'om another, and fupport the front of the building.
This, excepting for thefe uprights, which are to be
if found timber, mutt be entirely of glafs.

The whole of the wood-work muft be made very
irm ; and the falhes in front ﬂiould be ten foot four
nches in height.

From the rep of the back walls there mutt come
ﬂoping roof, which mull be terminated by a frame
3‘ good timber, to receive the tops of the glaﬂes
hich are to be raifed on thofe in front.

. The front fafhes are to {land perfectly upright;
nd from their upper part two ranges ofglaffes are
) be carried flaming to the frame—piece which ter~
linates the roof. This is the form of the building;
id in thefe proportions it will allow ample room for
1e pits of bark, and fpace to walk round them; with
eight for the talleI’t plants.

Every thing mul’t be made very tight and ﬁrm.
'he roof mull; be flated, the timber work folid and
.und; and the framing of the fafhes muf’t be per—
irmed in a workman-like manner, for they are to'
love eafily, and yet {hut ﬁrm.

The two areas, divided by the glafs partition, are
)w to be wrought for the pits.

There mull: be a walk left in front, and another
thind; and there mul’t be fpace alfo allowed for
'eéiing the Hues in this part. This gives the mea-
“'6 of the two pits, which being thus marked upon
~.e furface are to be dug out three foot in depth:
id the meafure being thus allotted by the build-

g, the earth being clear’d away, they muf’t be

‘icked at the bottom, and wall’d up all round.

This being ready for the tan, the ﬁues are next to
' E 2 be

u

THE GARDENERS

be conﬁdered; we treat of them diftinétly, that the
practical gardener may underi‘tand every feparate
part; but in the conf’trué‘tion of the work they are to
be carried up with the back wall; the foundation of
which is to be made broad enough for both; for
being built at once, they will fettle together: and
the ﬁnes are f0 nice an article, that any diforder in
them will deﬁroy the whole. ' ‘

Thefe are to rife from the two ﬁre-places we
allow to a {t0ve of this extent; and thofe ﬁre-places
are to be placed one at each end of the building, with
i'heds erected over them for the convenience of ma-
naging the ﬁre. .

The fines, which take their rife from thefe, are to
be carried about ﬁx lengths, one at a {mall diﬂance
over the other: they are to run along the wall, and
to come each way within four inches of the glafs par-

tition; but they muff not be united one‘with the -

Other, for that would prevent the draught.

The loweit ﬂue ihould be eight and twenty inches
in the clear, and all the others nineteen inches.
This will raife the whole body of them about eleven
foot from the level of the floor, and that will give

good paffage to the limoke, and very well warm the ,

air of the whole diviﬁon.

There mutt be but a {mall thicknefs of wall within
ﬁde the Hues, that the heat may eaﬁly get into the
room; but this mull be. very well wrought, for as
the fmo'ak has f0 many returns, and f0 crooked a
paiTage, it will he very ready to burﬁ through the
wall where it is f0 thin; and this would be more
mil‘chievous to the plants than any other accident.

‘ The back wall and the {mall roof, as alfo the two -
ends and the {tack of dues, ihould be covered with .

ﬁucco within; and painted white. This fmall roof,

which extends only over the ﬁnes and the back wall,

 

ﬁrengthens the buildinor gives good place for the

r) ’

frame work, and faves to much glals where it would

he of no'l‘ervice.‘ The white colour will be re-
" ﬂeeed.

NEW KALENDAR.

ﬂefted back upon the plants to their great advantage ;
and when the Ptove is lhut up, as it muft be in win-
ter during very bad weather, it makes a very little
light anfwer the purpofe.

From the back of the roof on the outﬁde fhould
be hung a covering of coarfe cloth, which will roll
up or be let down by pullies; and the fame from
the frame of the front glaITes. Both thefe may be
kept drawn entirely up in good weather; but in bad
they may be let to fall down over the Hoping top
and front, to keep off too violent Ptorms of bail, and
rain; and the worf’t frof’ts.

As every thing will be kept continually dry in

the itove, there muf’t be great care to prevent the oc-
caﬁons of ﬁre : and no part of the wood- work muff
be brought any where near the ﬁreplace.
. The next caution concerns the bark-beds : the di-
menfions and place of thefe we have given, and at
one end they will each of them come towards the
ﬁre-place: a great deal of danger is to be appre-
hended from this, and no care is too much to pre-
vent it: if the ﬁre have too much power upon the
bark, it will at once prevent all its good effects,
which are the moiﬁure and the fermentation: the
bark-{love will thus be brought into the condition of
a dry one: and all the advantages of its particular
ﬁruélure loi’t. But it will probably foon be worfe
than this , the bark, when thoroughly dry, may take
ﬁre ; and every thing be deﬁroyed at once.

The gardener underf’tands that between the brick
work of the ﬁre-place, and the wall of the pit, there
is a {pace anfwerable to the walk behind, it may be
dug out and left entirely hollow; turning an arch

over it for the fupport of that walk. This is the ’

moi’t fecure method ; for the heat will continue itfelf
in a furprizing manner through folid fubt’tances.

The glaﬂ‘es in front being moveable, may ferve
very well for the entrance, at fuch times as it may be
proper to open them -, but in cold feafons they mull:

E4 be

53'

FITS,

THE GARDENERS

be kept (hut; and there mul’t be an entrance‘into
the {love made in fuch manner, that the gardener
can go in without admitting much cold air after
him: for this purpofe the entrance mull be either
thro’ fome lheltered place, or very well defended by
a double door ; but the ﬁrft way of coming into the
[love from another room, and not immediately out of
the open air, is val’tly preferable.

It will be belt to open two doors into the ftove,
one from each of the lheds where the ﬁre places are.
As the Hues run on one lide, the door lhould be made
on the Other; and the air being always warm’d in
thefe {beds by the\ ﬁre, there will be no danger of
chilling the plants.

T H E pits have been opened for tanner’s bark ;
which, in fuch abody as they are capable of containing,
will ferment, and retain a ufeful heat and moilture a
long time.

The pots, containing the plants, are to be let in
this up to the rim ; and fome, which will better bear
a dry heat, on the level top of the ﬁnes.

Let a quantity of bark, alter the tanners have ufed
it, be procured for this put-pole. Let it be ofa mid~
dling ﬁze, or rather inclining to large; and, with
every load ofit mix a bulhel of elm fawdult. Throw
the whole quantity up into a heap, and let it lie thus
for the water to run off, and for the beginning of the
fermentation.

When it has lain a week, let it be thrown into
the two pits by a little at a time, and fpread
with care; this motion, which will for the prefent
check the fermentation, will bring on, lbon after,
another, and this will come gradually; and the
quantity being great in each pit, it will laf’t a great
while. Six months the heat 0i~ this ﬁlll: laid quantity
will very well continue 3 and when at that time it is
found exhaul’ted in fome degree, it is eaﬁly refrefhed
by the addition of a little new tan.

The method of laying it in, is to fpread every

parcel

NEW KALENDAR.

:parcel with a three-prong’d fork; and when the
'lumps are thus feparated, to ﬂat it down a little
.with the back of the fork. It mul’t not be preffed,
: nor muf’t it lie too loofe, for in either cafe it will not
:heat well; and I have found it very ferviceable for
:the continuance of the fermentation, .to fprinkle in a.
" fmall quantity of frefh elm fawduft upon every par-
:cel of the bark.
The gardener will obferve that we prefer elm dul’t :
i but any of the common trees of our own growth afv
Eford a'proper kind: the exception lies againf’c dul’t of
F ﬁr, or other reﬁnous trees, which is of a contrary
quality. The elm fawduf’t is bei’t becaufe of its loofe
atexture; but beech or alh will do.
If the tan have been ufed a fortnight, that is, if it
were a fortnight out of the tan-pit, which is a very
’ good age, before it was thrown up into the heap, and
have lain a week in the heap, about ﬁxteen days
more will bring it to a due temper in the pit, and
the plants may be then brought in.
The building {hould be in a condition for the plants
before the tan is put into the pits, that no part of its
fermentation may be waited; and every thing being
in this order, the plants of the hotteft climates will
ﬂourifh in the from as if in their native country.
All they want is fuﬁicient'air, and fcope of ground ;
but with regard to air, a great deal may be admitted
in the fummer months, by opening the glalfes or the
doors; and it happens fortunately enough for the
curious, that very many of the Prove plants do not
require a great deal of mould.

OU R ﬁove of this conﬂ ruétion has two divilions,
or conﬁi’ts of two or more rooms. The extent made
two ﬁre places necelfary, and a crofs diviﬁon of glafs
work feparates the building, while it conceals no part
of it from the View : the two rooms are capable
of being kept in two degrees of heat throughout all
feafons.

The trees and plants are to be feparated into two
kinds,

57?

PLANTS.

HEAT.

THE G'ARDENERS

kinds, according to their climates and nature, the
tenderei’t for one of the diviﬁons, and thofe which are
a little hardier for the other.

In each of thefe beds, the pots containing the
plants, and trees, are to be fet up to the rim in the
bark, and the top of the ﬂues will aﬁ'ord a ridge on
which many ofthe fucculent plants may be plac’d -, and
where they will perfeétly well thrive. The melon,
thil’tle, and the like, will fucceed very well in this
place: they are natives of a barren fand, dry, and
naturally parched -, and they do not require that
moifture of the mould about their roots, which is ef-
fential to the others.

T H E plain intent of the [love is to give, and to
keep up an increafed warmth in the air; and on this
depends entirely the fuccefs of the whole: but the
degree to be thus prelerved, would be very difﬁ—
Cultly known, and more difﬁcultly kept regular,
but for that excellent machine, the thermometer.

By this the gardener is to give his ﬁrﬁ heat, and
on this he is to depend perfectly and entirely for the
preferving it in the fame Rate. For this purpofe let
him procure two perfectly good thermometers, and
let him take care that they are continually in right
order.

Let them be placed one in each diviﬁon of the
[love ; and at a dil’tance from the lire-place, for they
are to lhew the general temper ot‘the air in the room,
and they muft not be within the reach of the ﬁre to
be any other way alieéted.

The contrivance of theft: machines is now reduced
to fuch exaClnel‘s and certainty, that nothing is left to
thejudgment of the gardener; but he is to do every
thing by obfervation : the degrees are marked; and
~all he is to oblerve is, that he by no means let it til-c
or fall much below the true place.

A little warmer in the one divilion of the fiove,
and a little lower in the other, will be proper for the
:‘uiting the condition of the air to the dilferent de-

grees

NEW KALENDAR.

grees of tendernefs in the plants; and it is not to be
expected, that this can be exaétly kept to the mark
at all times.

It would difcourrge the gardener from doing his
duty, to tellhim f0 much more than could be per-
formed, was expeéted of him. All that he needs to
do is this : let him obferve by the thermometer,
what is the exact and proper degree of heat for each
diviﬁon -, and let him often viﬁt the [love to fee that
it keeps near it. There is no pofiibility of keeping
it always exaé‘tly at that point; nor will there be any
damage to the plants in its being fometimes two or
three degrees below, or fometimes two or three de:
grees above it.

This gives the gardener a latitude of fix degrees:
within this there will be no danger, but within it
he muft abfolutely keep. If he go often into the
ftove, he will be in no danger of not keepingit within
this fair compafs; but negleét of viﬁting the place
may run him into the molt deﬁruétive errors.

THE bark-bed thus prepared, will retain itsBEDS.

heat f0 conﬁderable a time as ﬁx months.

It will then require to be renewed -, but he is not
to underﬂand that we mean by this, that it will
require to have the whole quantity of bark taken out,
and new put in its place.

The elfeét of fermentation is to moulder and
crumble the pieces of bark; and this done, the heat
ceafes. The fermentation effects this much more
fpeedily, where the air joins alfo its inﬂuence on the
furface of the bed.

For this reafon a bed of bark always appears ex—Z
hauﬂed before it really is; and more exhauﬁed than
It IS.

Therefore let the gardener know what he will need,
and provide no more: let him procure a frelh par-'
cel of bark equal to about one fourth of the original

quantity. W]
1611

59

60

THE GARDENERS
When this is ready, let him take out the pots, and

‘ pare off as much of the bark at the furface, as the

new quantity will fupply: thisbeing removed, let
him throw in the freih bark; and with a three-
prong’d fork dig up, and turn the whole, new and
old together.

When it is well mix’d, let the furface be levelled,
and the pots then fet in as at ﬁri’t. The fooner this
is accomplilhed the better.

The fermentation which was not exhauf’ted in the
lower part of the tan in the bed, will be fet a-going
afneih by the addition of the new {tut}, and every thing
will be reinliated as in the original coni‘truétion of the
ﬁove.

As the period of ﬁx months is the natural time
that the beds keep their due temper, the belt me-
thod is to ﬁx upon certain times of the year for re-
frelhing them ; and the two molt proper are, the be—
ginning of April, and the beginning of October.

To this general account of the itove we lhall add
for the advantage of the practical gardener, the mea-
lhres,jproportion, and form of one, which fucceeds
very happily under the care of our ingenious and
worthy correfpondent, Mr. BARNES :

ST 0 VES now are become {0 common, that
there needs little to be laid concerning the erecting
one; yet as I ufe a plan of my own compoﬁng, for
fear of a miltake I will explain it a little.

The ovens are the fame as common; the ﬁnes
about nine inches fquare. The thicknefs of the
wall next the ﬂue in the infide is bricks fet on their
edges; only the full line from the ﬁre is the brick
laid ﬂat-ways ; but only the Brit end of the ﬂue, that
runs round the front, mutt be fo thick. The wall
between the walk and the bark-bed is four or ﬁve
inches thick, with a frame upon it of the fame width.
The bark bed is three feet deep, but is not funk above
fix inches. The aflrhole of the firft ﬁre mult be
funk, to give it more rile; for the ﬂue in front with
its covering mul‘t be of the fame height with the

3 lower

 

      

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r1 l 1 1 I 1 J l I l
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p.52,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NEW KALENDAR.‘

lower part of the frame of the perpendicular glafs.
The wall on the outﬁde of the ﬂue is fourteen inches.
As the forementioned frame will not take above three
inches of the wall, and on the outer edge, there will
be, between the walk in front, and the perpendicular
glafs, nigh two feet, which ferves neatly to fet boxes
on to raife cucumbers, &c. The walk is a little above
two feet below the top of the tan—pit. The ﬁrﬂ: flue
in the top of the back wall forms an olf-fet, that is
all the reﬂ: fall back behind it; the top of ‘ the co-
vering of this ﬂue is two inches above the top of the
bark-bed: it is very handy to fet pots on this ﬂue.
The fecond ﬂue in the ﬁxth walk, when it comes to P,
is gathered out into the fhed quite behind the other
flues to let them come nearer the end. The way of
cleaning the flue is very eafy : at K there‘are upright
joints left, f0 that the backs may be taken out, and
the Hues cleanfed, then the bricks put up again.

There will require to be two columns to fupport the
piece where the glaﬂ‘es reﬁt on at the top; thefe columns
itand on the frame on the wall that is between the
tan-pit and the back walk. The top of the upper~
mol’t ﬂue, when it is covered in, will be a f00t below
the piece that the column fupports, fo it [loops with
a curve, and that forms a cove.

A, The ﬂue that runs round the front. B, The

bark bed. C, The walk that runs round the bark,
bed. D, The two ovens. E, The piazza or ﬂied

behind the ﬁove. F, The door in the back walk.
G, The ﬂues in the back wall. H, The glafs part of
the ltove. I, The end of the (tow: and ﬁred.

BOOK

61

 

B O O K II
0f keeping a Garden in Ora/2'7". .

CHAP. I.
JANUARY.
SECT.L

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION.

1 1-: ; N the general introduétion to this work T

1" =~; we laid before the gardener the parts of
gay ﬂowers on which the charaé‘ters of elaiTes
‘ g in the prefent fyﬁcm of botany are
. ef’cabl iihed ; illuﬁrating them with ﬁ-
gures in the he1d piece to that part: in this and the
eleven fucceeding introduétions to the feveral months,
we {hall fhew 111 what manner the clafTes are eﬁabliﬂi’ (1
upon the number, proportion, and difpoﬁtion of thofe
parts.
The claﬁls of plants 1n this fyficm are twenty four:
'we ﬂiall therefore explmn two in the introduéiion 1:0
t C

 

 

Wm, ,~ .. H1

NEW KALENDAR.

the buﬁnefs of each month; and in the fame manner
illuﬁrate the characters by ﬁgures in the head—piece
to each: beginning, as Linnaeus the inventor of the
fyt’tem has done, by the ﬁmplefl and molt familiar.

The gardener underf’tands that the ﬁlaments of a
ﬂower are thofe threads which rife in the centre,
together with the liyle, and are crowned with but-
tons: and that on the number and other particula-
rities of thefe depends the character of the clafs.

In thefe ﬁrﬁ claffes the number only is concerned.

The ﬁrft clafs in the fyftem of Linnaeus is that of
the Monandria. In this there is only one ﬁlament in
each ﬂower, together with the ﬁyle.

Whatever plant has but one ﬁlament in its ﬂower
is of this clafs.

The fecond clafs is that of the Diandria. In this
there are two ﬁlaments in each ﬂower.

All plants which have two ﬁlaments with the {tyle
in each ﬂower, are of this clafs.

This 15 the whole cha1aéter of the two ﬁrf’t claﬂEs
of Linnxus.

There 15 a fubdivifion of the plants 1n each clafs
into two or more orders Thefe depend upon the
Ptyle. In the two ﬁgures we have given there is
only one ﬁyle to each.

Plants which have only one are called Monogynia.
Thefe therefore are Monandria, Monogynia, and Di-
dria Monogynia of Linnxus.

If the ityles had been two, they would have be—
longed to the Digynia , if three, to the Trigynia, and
{0 on in all the clalTes.

XXXBKKXXXXXXXXXWEXXX>K¥XXX

WE begin our inﬁruétions for the gardener at the
melt dead time of the year. There is little to be
done in the feveral parts of the ground at this feafon,
but that little fhould not be omitted, and the whole
art will better be underllood from thefe fmall 1and

C car

6a

6+

THE GARDENERS

clear beginnings, than if we had fallen at once upon
that multiplicity of buﬁnefs which crowds upon the
hand in fpring.

Take the advantage of a ﬁne day, and plant fome
ranunculus’s, and other the fpring ﬂower roots.

When thofe put into the ground in the preceding 7
autumn are decayed and gone, thefe will come in fea-
fon, and continue to the time of the fummer
ﬂowers.

There will require more care to be taken of thefe,
than of l’uch as are planted at more favourable times:
But we expect a gardener to be careful ; and we fhall
tell him how he may enfure fuccefs.

Let him dig up the bed where he intends to plant
thefe roots, and fpread over it a mixture of one part
coal afhes, and two parts fand. . '

Let him tread this in, and then dig the whole
ground over again, and let the quantity of fand and.
alhes be as much as would cover the ground an inch
and half de'ep.

Let him then make the bed as for the autumn
plantation, which we {hall defcribe in its place; but
plant the roots half an inch deeper; and round the
bed more at the top to throw oll’the wet. ‘

This done, let him place. fome hoops over it ata
due diliance, that he can cover it upon occaﬁon;
and thus leave them to nature, only ﬂieltering them
from exceﬂive rain, or defending them from fevere
fl‘OleS.

This is to be done by two different methods.
The fhelter from rain mull be by means of a mat
drawn over the hoops; and the defence againﬁ: froﬁs,
by covering the ground with pea-ﬁraw.

Every fliower is not to be thus guarded againﬂ,
nor every froﬂy night; but only when either is in the
extreme; for on all common occaﬁons, the drynefs
of the foil, the round lhape of the bed, and the depth
at which the room are placed, will preferve them.

MANY of the hardy {hrubs muff be {own

If]

NEW KALENDAR.‘

iin the beginning of the fucceeding months 3 and pre-
.cparation mul’t be made now.

Let a piece of ground be feleéted for this purpofe,
.lthat is open to the morning fun, and not expofed to
lithe cold winds. Bring on fume freih’ earth from a.
{dry rich pafture, and fpreading it an inch thick over
[the ground, dig it in. Then throw up the mould all
ntogether in ridges, eal’t and weft, and thus leave it for
lthe air to moulder and impregnate. ‘

If the weather be frolty, nothing more is to be
ﬁdone, but ayerlooking the ground, and defending the
Sfeveral crops, by ﬁrewing peafe-l’traw over fome, and
tdrawing mats or cloths over the hoops of the others.

If it be milder, fomething may be done in pruning
tof hardier trees.

Conﬁder whether the deﬁgn be to difplay wild na-‘
"tu‘re in a full freedom, or td‘ train up the fhrub to
’form.

Where the growth is naturally beautiful, only take
out dead, or turn aﬁde ill growing branches.

In thofe fhrubs intended for free growth, if any
:bough be too long for all the wit, take oﬁ‘ the t0p. If
.the branches ﬁand too clofe, take out a middle one
“from among them, and the boughs, tho’ ever fe
«wild, run clear of one another.

Trim up the others to a head; but always leave
imore of that than might appear juf’t fuitable to the
iﬁze; leave alfo fome fmall lhoots upon the Items;
ifor otherwife the {up will not be drawn up in due
:- quantity.

Moderation is the rule -, he who ufes his knife too
3 freely, is worfe than he who utterly neglects the trees.

T HIS is the feafon for providing an early crop mum
of ltrawberries. GARDEN.

There is one kind that fucceeds better than the o-
thers ~, this is the fcarlet lirawberry : let the plants be
i of this fort.
Let as many middle-ﬂied pots be provided as will
“ﬁnd in a moderate hot-bed ; bring in fome d3:
ear

66

KXTCH.
EN-GAR.
DEN.

, J A N U A R Y,
earth from under the turf in a rich pafture, and break
in among it a little wood-foot, and fome fat marle -,
or, in want of that, a little foft chalk. '

With this, when well mix’d, cover the bottom of
the pots three inches deep. '

Let a hot-bed be got ready, and let care be taken
that it have an equal and moderate heat.

Take the opportunity of the ﬁrft mild day, when.
the earth is loofen’d from the preceding froi‘ts; to5
take up the plants in this manner. The pots muf’c
be brought to the place, thefe plants taken up, by-
cutting in all round them, at fome diftance, that
each may come with a large ball of its own earth.

If there be any bruifed roots, let them be trim’d
off; and let the plant, with its ball, be plac’d up-
right in the pot : then ﬁll up with the compott, and
draw a little of it about the head of the plant, over
the furface of the other mould.

One good plant being thus ﬁx’d in each pot, let
them all in a fheltered fhady place, for ﬁve days, wa-
tering them gently every morning, till they are tho-
roughly ﬁx’d in their new earth.

After this, let them be fet as Clofe as they will ﬁand in
the hot-bed, bringing the mould up to the rim of them.

In tolerable weather let them have air; and let
them be water’d often a little at a time. This will
bring them forward -, and the heat of the bed being
kept up by frelh dung at the (ides, when wanted, the
ruit will ripen in good quantity, and be well tai’ted.

I. O O K over the cauliﬂower plants under glaﬂés.

Stir the furface of the mould Within the glaﬂ'es,
and dig it up round about on the outﬁde. Take 0!?
dead leaves; draw the-mould a little up about the
items -, and in the middle of the day, unlefs when
the {roll continues very fevere, raife the glaITes by a
brick, and give them a little air.

Lay fome dry ﬁraw upon the mufhroom beds, to
preferve them from froﬁ and wet, and change it once
in three days. _

-‘ Plant endive for feed: dig up a border in a dry
I glam,

FIRST WEEK. 67

‘place,’ throwing on fome fand, and blending it well
with the mould. A

Round it high, that no wet may lodge, and draw

lines lengthway and acrofs, at ﬁfteen inches diﬁance.
plant one root of endive in the centre of each fquare.
‘ The plants are to be brought direétly from their
bed with a ball of their Own earth ; and fuch mul’t be
'chofen as are fullelt of leaves, and have them molt
.i'curl’d. _ _ .

‘Let the mould be gather’d up about each plant,
sin a kind of hill 5 and let the bed have a little water
between them; ‘

After this they will require only to be now and
:then water’d in very dry feafons, and to have the
:weeds always clear’d away from between them.

KKXXXXXXXXXXEKXXXXXXXXKM
J A N U A R Y.

SEC T. II.
SECOND-WEEK;

HE Auriculas, are at this feafon to be pre-FLOWER-
spared for ﬂowering well by frefh earthing: andGAP‘DFN‘
that done, they are to be preferved from froﬁ‘, and
:lefen’ded againli great rains, during the remainder
of the fevere feafon.
\Ne {hall lay down a particular method for the true
ﬂoriﬂ: to obferve; which, tho” new to the publick,
has been conﬁrmed by many years fuccefsful praétice.
The publick owes it to the ingenious Mr. Thomas
Barnes, of Elfham, in Lincolnthire;

Mr. Bannes’s Method of managing AURICULA
Plants.

‘ Chufe a piece of ground that lies high, and in a
outh, or from fouth cart to fouth-wef’t afpeét. Strew
wet the furface a good quantity of fand and coal-

F ‘2 times,

68

IANUARY,

allies, having raked them to a due and equal thicknel's,‘ .a
in the middle of January dig them in.

Prepare a reed-hedge of the common make, ﬁx 1:
feet high, and fuited to the extent of the ground.

Cut a piece of broad mat of the length of then.
hedge, and fal’ten it to the top along one edge.

Cut a number of pegs, ﬁt to keep down the other I:
edge of the mat when let to the ground ; and havingg
by the end of the prefentlweek laid all thefe thingsiz;
ready, the work will be eafy.

Take the opportunity of the ﬁrﬂ: mild weather-‘1‘
that comes after this for dreliing the plants, and lets:
it be done with great 'care, remembring that the a
bud of the ﬂower is already form’d in the centre;;
and that if it be rudely diﬁurbed, it will do more 3
harm, than all the good that can come from the u
drefﬁng.

Break and turn up fome compolt made of good ':
pafture earth moderately enriched; and lay a. quantity '
of this- ready for the plants.

Then one by one take up the pots. Pick OFF all
decayed leaves; and lightly flirting the earth at the 3
furface, take it off as deep as you can, without hurt- ~
ing the roots.

In the place of this, put in fome of the compoﬂ,
and draw it up about the plants. A great deal of‘
care mul’t be taken that none of it gets among the
leaves -, and then the higher it is drawn up about them
the better.

When the whole are finilhcd, let: them be fet in
rows up to the rim in the bed of earth prepared for
them as jut} direcled, as clofe as the pots can ﬂand
to one another.

They may be let the whole length of the ground,
and to the breadth of three feet, for thus far they
will be perfectly well proteéted from all danger, by
the hedge placed as we are about to direct.

The pOts being in, and the mould drawn up to
their rim, let the hedge furnilhed with its mat, be

brought to the place, and ﬁxed in the ground to!
3 defend.

SECOND WEEK.

~ defend them: not upright, but floping three feet
and a half, or a little more.

Let it be faﬁened up by feveral ﬂakes; and to
thele it may be fo ﬁx’d, that it will fiand much
more fecure in the ﬂaming direé'tion, than it would
upright; the hedge is to hang to the fouthward.

Thus let it l’tand in all common weather with its
. mat hanging back upon it, which ferves as a double
' defence, thickening the'hedge.

In fevere weather, every evening let the mat be
drawn over and hang perpendicular as it falls: fallen
the edge to the ground, with the pegs, and thus let
it remain all night, and if the weather be very
hard, for the ﬁrl’t hours of the morning.

Afterwards it mul’t be thrown back upon the hedge,
and the bed left open; and this management con-
tinued as long as the weather is fevere: At all other
times the hedge alone is a fulﬁcient defence. The
plants thus lhoot at leifure, open to the fun and air,
and yet defended from violent rains, fnows, and the
cold northern blalts.

The plants in good weather muﬂ not be kept with-
out water.

If the weather be mild and open when they are.

dreﬁéd, as (con as they are in the bed, let them have
agentle watering; and after this, at times, when
there is no danger of hurt, let the watering be re—
peated, giving it carefully to each plant, three hours
after fun—rife; and uﬁng a pot with ﬁne holes, and
water from a lhallow or well ﬂielter’d pond.

In this way the courfe of nature will be kept on in
the proper gradual method: neither forc’d nor re-
tarded. The lhoot for bloom will rife as the feafon
calls it forward; and the plants will {hew the belt
ﬂowers of their feveral kinds.

THIS is a very advanced feafon for planting ﬂower
room, but there is great merit in providing for a fuc-
celiion.

Let fome Tulip-roots be fer, which have been
kept out of the ground for that purpofe. Late

F 3 planting

70

JANUARY,

planting will make late ﬂowering; and there will be
{pring ﬂowers till the full blow of fummer, '

Let a high and dry border be dug up for theft:
roots, and let them be planted at the fame dif’tance
as thofe in autumn, but half an inch deeper, Let
the earth be drawn carefully .over their tops ; and up:
On the bed let there be ﬁrewn‘ fome peafe—I’traw,
driving in here and there a peg, to keep it in its place,
' In all hard-{howers let a mat be drawn over the
bed. ' ‘

Look over the beds of thofe planted in autumn,
and fee which are up, and which do not yet appear
above the ground.

For the latter there requires nothing but a covering
for the furface of the bed. It is the falhion for to
ufe tan 5 a cui’tom introduced by gardeners, who
uﬁng a great deal of it in ﬁoves and hot-beds, do
not know what to do with the refufe; but this
is wrong. Tan is too ﬁnall; it covers too clofe,
and heats upon the bed, which was not intended. 3

I have found pea-l’traw better than any thing;
and my cuﬁom has always been to throw a good coat
of it over the whole ground, beds and alleys, treading
it down in the alleys, and taking care that it lie even
upon the beds. ' "

\Vith refpeét to theft: which are up, mats ﬂiould
be drawn over the hoops placed upon the beds for
that purpofe. ' ' ‘

Care mui’t be taken that the plants are covered up
no longer nor oftener than there is neceﬂity, and
there requires difcretion for the hardning them after: -
wards to the air. ‘ -

Thofe which have not been fheltered from the
golds of winter, will bear the worlt blaﬁs of fpting ;
but not fuch as have been uled to this defence. It‘ is
a practice that when once begun, muit be conti~

tu’d§ otherwif’e thefe plants will _fuffer when others

are not in danger.
hiki;'1".' '- I.

L E 12'

SECOND WEEK. 7:

‘ LET the beds intended for planting in fpring SEMINA-_
have their hit turning; and let thé whole be thrownRY' ‘
up in a new ridge.

Let the ground be dug up between fuch trees
and fhrubs as are well eltablifh’d in their grOWth ;
and all roots of perennial weeds carefully picked
out. '

Examine the young trees, to fee whether they be
crop’d or bark’d : if any fuch mifchief appear, look
well to the fences. It is a time when the fmaller
kind of animals are in the greatei’t diftrefs for
food.

Repair the fences and daily bait traps about the
feed—beds. .

_ Repeat the Towing of ﬂowers whofe feeds will grow
at this period. If thofe of the fame kinds fown in
autumn fail, thefe will yield a fupply, and if thofe
111cceed, {till there is nothing but advantage in hav-
ing a greater number.

Two kinds we lhall particularly direct the gardener
to low this week; the Auricula and Polyanthous
Primrofe: their feeds grow at this feafon; and the
trouble is little. .

Let a couple of boxes be ‘nail’d up, of rough
boards, ﬁveinches deep, and a yard long, and nearly
as much in breadth. ‘

Fill thefe with fome light compoﬂ ; and ftrew up-
on the furface of one fome feeds of Auricula, and
on the other fome Polyanthus feed. Sift a quarter
of an inch of the fame compoft over them.

Chufe a high and dry fpot, and cover the ground
half a foot deep with coal—allies. Set the boxes upon
this, and cover them lightly with pea-(traw.

Lay more pea-{traw all round them, and keep it in
its place with a few bricks.

In fpring the pea-{haw may be remov’d, and there
will be found many promiﬁng plants.

F4 THE

7 2‘

p.341”.
GARDEN.

\-

.JANUARY,

TH E peach, neé‘tarine, apricot, and plum kinds,
if nOt prun’d in autumn, muﬂ: be now let to remain
till fpring: for the wood does not bear wounds at
,this feafon.

But the apple, pear, and the like, may now be re-
_duc’d to order, and the fmall fhrubs of goofeberry
and currant managed in the fame way.

It will be proper alfo to look over thofe which have
been regularly managed before.

Some branch may be decay’d ﬁnce the pruning;
or the‘wind may have broke one: the damag’d or
deeay’d part is to be retrench’d, or cut out entirely,
according to the degree of the mifehief. And beﬁde
this, it is preper to look over the trees, at this di-
itance from the time of pruning, to fee whether what
was then done appears now fulﬁcient.

In the taking off decay’d or ill growing branches,
the wounded part muﬂ be left fecure from wet lodging
upon it -, ' for the wet of winter is worfe than that of
any other time.

The fair is convenient for taking off large boughs,
but the wound it leaves is fo rough, that in whatever
poﬁtion, fome wet will be detain’d upon it, therefore
a. chiffel lhould always be ufed to {mouth the part
afterwards, and the (lump left ﬂoPing downwards.

The cautious gardener muff have his whole year’s
bulinefs in his mind at every period; and he will
then be prepared for eVery thing in its prOper feafon.

This week let him think of the great affair of
grafting; and if the winter prove a mild one, it
may be now proper for him to cut them from the
earlier kinds.

No fettled week can be allotted as the belt for
this, becaufe, according to the feverity or mildne‘fs
of the weather, the trees will be forwarder or back-
warde‘r: the great art is, to take them off before the
buds are too much fwell’d.

Let a piece of ground be dug up for thefe under
a warm wall 5 and immediately as they are (iut,

3y

SECOND WEEK.

lay them in the ground carefully. and {carter over
them a little pea-ﬁraw.

This is not the time for uﬁng them; and the gar-~
dener’s care muﬁ: be to keep them in condition, till
the due feafon. This will occaﬁon their being
watched as the beds of tender plants. If a {evere
frol’t fet in, they require all the fame lhelter and
management: more draw is to be thrown over
the ﬁrft, as the frofts grow more fevere; but we
by no means approve of the method of covering
them with mats: for it cannOt be more effential
to defend them againﬂ: froﬁ, than it is to let in
fome air.

Let the young mulberry trees be now examined,
and in the training them, let not the gardener
force them out of the natural growrh: let the
boughs fpread at ﬁx or feven foot from the earth;
and rife at fuch diltances, and fpread in fuch di-
rections, that they do not croud together, nor crofs
one another.

The rule of cutting is the fame. If any rub
againf’t one another, let one of them be taken oil";
for it is better to lofe one than fpoil both. And
when a large bough has thus been taken away, a new
one is to be encouraged to fupply its place.

See there be no dead wood or decayed branches
left. This is all the cutting that is required, and let
the gardener take care he does no more.

The boughs deﬁgned to produce bearers muﬁ:
never be lhortened, for they bear their fruit upon
the branches of the fame year’s growth, proceeding
from a few buds near the extremities of the lait year’s
lhoots.

L E T all tender crops be defended from cold and
wet by mats on hoops, or by dry pea-ﬁraw, or reed-
hedges -, and let the gardener never one day omit to
walk the rounds, in order to fee what wants defence,
and what does not.

Let him dig up a warm border of good mould in

fomc

‘75

KITCHEN
GARDEN.

FLOWFR-
GARDEN.

JANUARY,

fame well fhelter’d place, and {ow upon it lettueei
feed of the common kinds. ,

Let him chufe another fpot for fome pcafc and
beans; and few a {mall crop of each to come in
after‘ithofe planted before; or to fupply their place
if the frol’t have dei’troyed them. This is the advan-
tage of crops put into the ground at {hort intervals :
and without this there is no being fecure of fupplying
the table at all times with all that can be in feafon,
which is the great praife of a good gardener.

Let a bed be prepared for carrot-feed. To this pur-
gfe let a piece of light ground be chofen; and let it

dug two fpades depth, and perfectly broken.‘

Let the feed be fcattered thinly 'upon it, and raked
in ; and let a little loofe pea—ﬁraw be thrown over,
to keep off the extreme effects of the frofls, which
may naturally follow at this time. It muﬂ: not be
thrown on fo clofe as to block up the ground; for a
free air is needful‘ to vegetation: neither muft the
young plants be raifed f0 tender as to fall by the next
froﬁs after the {traw is removed. Only a ﬂight {cat-
tering of it bei‘t anfwers the purpofe‘.

J A N U A R Y.

SECT. III.
THIRD WEEK.

EVV things in the open ground, at this time,

require more care than the carnation plants.
Nothing is more likely to injure them, than
cold rains. If thefe be {uttered to‘ fall heavily
upon them, they will give the froft more power;
There is alto a kind of cold fleet that often fails
heavily at thisfeafon. This is ﬁiow dillolvcd in rain,-
and does the fame mifcliiell They mutt be fheltered
at

THIRD WEEK.

at fuch times, but left open in mild weather.
' To choak the plants for want of air, would deftroy

them as effectually as the worft weather could.

Chaﬂinches, fparrows, and other frnall birds, feed

a On their inner leaves, and utterly del’troy them;
r thefe mul’t be kept off: and traps mull: be con-

L ilantly baited for mice.

:9!

A covering of pea-{haw fhould be laid upon the
other choice ﬂower-beds in hard feafons, but it muft
be taken offin mild weather : for if it be kept cons

T ﬁantly on, the plants will fuﬁ’er from their tender:
‘: nefs, when it is at once taken off in fpring.

The gardener lhould defend his flowers, not fmo-

‘ ther them : the great art is to know juﬁ: how much
. will anfwer the purpofe of defence; fer all the relt is

hurtful.

' If there be much rain, let fome ﬁraw be fcattered
over the beds of new-planted tulips, and fuch other
roots, to catch a part of the wet: and, if fuch wea-
ther continue violent, hoops muf’t be placed over all
of them, and mats or cloths drawn upon them. In
the fame manner the boxes of new—Town feeds mull:
be defended from heavy rains.

IF the middle of the days be mild, let him give
his plants air; for on this depends their vigour.
, If the froﬂ: fet in fevere, let him keep all clofe;
and if it continue hard, place mats before all the
glafles.

75

GREEN-
HOUSE,

I N the {love the fame kind of care mull be taken ,srovr.

but in a greater degree. The heat muf’t be kept up,
or all is left: but this is the leal’t diﬂicult article;
for nothing more is required than to obferve the
thermometer, and the afpeét of the plants.

When any foul or dead leaves are feen, let them
be taken off, and carry’d out of the houfe, that the
contagion may not fpread; and let fuch as require
Warm, have it regularly, though in {mall quantities

at a time. '
Ibex;

JANUARY,

There is no period at which pine-apple plants reJ
guire more regard. Many of them will be fet for
‘ruit. If the heat be fuffered to decline, thcfe will
receive a check which they never can recover.

But when the fruit is kept conl’tantly, from the
ﬁrf’t appearance to the full ripening, in a condition of
vigorous growth, it will certainly be large, and ﬁne.

A L L that can be done here this week is the pru-
ning and trimming up the young trees of the hardy
kinds; defending their roots, by covering the ground
with haulm of peafe, or Other fuch matter; and fee-
irﬁg the ﬂakes are firm in the ground which fecure
t em.

Let a firiét watch be kept againf’c accidents.

Let traps be fet for vermin about the feed-beds ;
and let the gardener fee that his fences are fecure.

T H I S week take care of efpaliers. Thefe have
a double ufe; to bear fruit, and to defend the quar-
ters within; and their merit conﬁi’ts in this, that
they be clofe without crowding, and ﬂat without
formality.

Keep them in the proper condition thefe articles
require, if they have been well made; and if not,
every winter mend their original fault, by bringing
them nearer the right form.

Provide fome fmall aih-poles, fuch as are fold in
half hundred bundles, and a few of the larger kind
for (takes; and alfo fome oﬁer twigs well twif’ted,
with a parcel of wire and fome nails.

The broader the walk between, the higher may be
the hedge.

If the hedge be too high, the walk will be damp,‘
and the fruit ill tailed; therefore reduce it lower.
And on the other hand, if it be fo low, that it will
bear more height, let that by all means be encouraged,
for it will the better decorate the walk, and hide the
quarters.

Firl’t let the gardener examine the {lakes by IhakJ

mg

.THIRD WEEK.

ing them ; and where they rock, let him at once unfallen
the poles ; and taking them up, drive fame of his ﬁrm
and large afh-poles in their place.

On this depends the ﬁrmnefs.

This hedge fhould ﬁand like a wall. No fight is
more difpleaﬁng than to fee it fway with the wind ;
nor do the trees ever thrive that are fubjeéted to this
motion.

Wherever a pole is decayed, let him take it away;
and lay one of the fmall afh-poles in the plate of it.

Let him faﬁen thefe by ﬁrong nails to the upright
ﬂakes, and then ﬁx the boughs to them.

Next let him look to fuch as are loofe. Let thefe
be faﬁened in the fame manner, by nailing and tying
with the wire.

The trees muff be regularly trained along the
frame, and their branches faﬁened at due dif’tances
by the oﬁer twigs, tying them clofe, but not f0 as
to prefs or injure them.

The branches muPt not crofs one another; nor be
laid in too thick.

In thofe efpaliers formed of regular, fquare, timber,
the method is the fame, only inﬁead of the two kinds
of afh-poles, there mui’c be provided timbers of the
two ﬁZes.

77

L A Y in a farther crop of endive for blanching ',KITCHEN
and as the feafon is unfavourable, though the work GARDEN-

neceﬂ‘ary, ufe thefe precautions.

Take up a parcel of endive plants from their com-
mon bed; chuﬁng fuch as have the moft and befl:
curl’d leaves.

Draw fome cords acrofs an airy, cool, room, and
(ye up thefe plants with the roots upward.

The wet draining from their leaves, they are ex-
empted from the common accident of rotting in the
ground, before they begin to blanch.

Open a trench in a dry part to the fouth, and lay
in the endive plants after they have hung all night in
the fouth lid: of the ridge.

Bury

78

FLOWER-
GARDEN.

JANUARY,

BUry them within half an inch of the tops; and
fee there be fuch a [lope that water will run of}:

They will blanch regularly, and will obtain a ﬁne
colour, and a good ﬂavour. '

Search for {nails in holes, and caterpillars nel’ts upon
the trees. .

Lalll'y, chufe a mild and moilt day, to make a
plantation of early cabbage; in a dry and rich foil,

$$€§$¢é$€rﬁsirtﬁés‘éﬁﬁsﬁﬁsﬁéﬁﬁ’ﬁéﬁwﬁsg ﬁr‘ﬁsﬁﬁﬁé
J A N U A R Y.
S E C T. IV.
F 0 U R T H W E 12 K.

S the frolt may now be more dangerous than
A ever to feedling plants, take particular care
to defend them.

The choicel’t kinds in boxes he {hould now let into
the ground; otherwife the lhelter laid upon the.
furface will not prevent the ﬂeet of frolts thro’
their (ides. _

Chufe a dry fpot Open to the fouth. Dig out a
piece of ground capable to receive the boxes a
fpade deep : ﬁrew over the bortom fome coal allies,
with the Cinders among them -, and let in the boxes.

Fill up the fpace about them with dry mould,
mix’d with fome land, and well beat in; and upon
the furface of the earth in the boxes, which will
be then upon a level with the ground, ﬁrew fome
pea ltraw.

If fome of thefe ﬂower feeds have been fown on.
warm borders in the open ground, let a good quan—
tity of {traw be thrown upon the furface, and let
a large parcel of dry mould into the alleys be—
tween the beds. Let it be carried up to the level
of the bed; and lie a foot thick round the (ides.-

Procure a good qtrantity of frelh dung, and throw

it

FOURTI‘I WEEK; '79

it'up in a heap to warm gradually. It is to lie about
5 eight days; and will then be ﬁt for. the making ho:
a: beds for raiﬁng the tender annuals from feed. This
: time of heating with twice well turning, willmake'it
_; perfectly fit for the purpofe.

T H E feafon is now naturally at the worll, and re- GREEN‘
: quires all the regard to the greenhoufe plants that can HOUSE
: be fhewn.

The houfe mui’t be kept clofe, and mats. muﬂ: be
’id-rawn over the glafl'es in the fevere nights; but every
( opportunity muﬁ be taken of giving them air in the
: middle of tolerable days.

If the frol’t be very (harp, and there is a ﬂue carry’d
:_under the greenhoule, there mul’t be a little ﬁre ufed
:to keep the air in a gentle warmth 3- and where
this is not the cafe, fome very clear ﬁre muﬁ be

made in a portable furnace, or feveral wax candles
muft be kept burning : tallow do not well fupply their

lace ,
P The practice in Holland is to keep a little ﬁr
in one corner of the greenhoufe with a few moul-
fdering turf. We have thefe in fome of our fen
countries: they are worth almoft any trouble of
carriage for this purpofe; and fomething tolerably
,like them may be dug in molt places where there
.is boggy ground.

Thefe will keep a heat without offence or vi-
rolence ever f0 long: a couple of them will be
:mouldering two days into allies without going en-_-
tirely out; and a couple more laid upon the em—
bers, will keep in the ﬁre again in the fame man—
ner. Nothing is f0 ﬁt for this fervice of the green-
houfe.

While the windows are kept clofe, let the waterings
be very fparing.

Let all dead leaves be taken off, and carried out of
the houfe , and wherever there appears any mouldi-
net's, let it be carefully and perfectly cleared oi? with
a lpunge dipped in warm water.

Let

8d

STOVE.

SEMI-
NARY.

FRUIT-
G ARDEN.

JANUARY,

Let the fame care be taken in cafe of infeéts ; only
inf’t'cad of warm water alone, let the fpunge be wetted
in a ﬁrong and warm decoétion of wood foot and

tobacco.

T H I S week it will be proper to repair the bark
bed in the Prove.

One of the ﬁnel’t days that happen muﬂ: be chofen
for the purpofe; and the work conduéted with dif-
patchand care.

All the pots muf‘t be taken out, and the bark muﬁ:
be carefully ﬂirted and laid level. If there want a
fupply, a little mul’t be added that is in good con-
dition, and has lain to drain; and the pots muft be
fet in carefully and evenly again.

All this time let the heat Of the air be carefully
kept up by the thermometer.

LE T the bufinefs of plantation be begun, if
the weather be ﬁt.

The mof’t proper for this early time, is that of
the hardier kind of trees and lhrubs; the place
mutt be the drieft in the feminary.

Let the ground be dug up a full fpade deep
throughout, and a fpade and half where the trees are
to be planted: and below this let it be well broke
with a pickaxe.

The great thing for the growth of young trees
is to give them liberty to puih the ﬁbres every
way from the roots, and it is never f0 neceﬁ'ary
as now; for the intent is, that they fhould be
rooted well before the droughts of fummer.

C L E A R the fruit trees from mofs this week, if
there come a moil’t day, with a hollow iron made
for this purpofe, and let it be ground to an even, but
not {harp edge.

The latter end of February is the time when the

feeds of moﬂ’es ripen. This is therefore the fame ad-
vantage

FbU’RTH WEEK. 8::

vantage in difplacing the tufts now, as there is in
pulling up weeds in the ﬂower borders before their
feeding. V

Where new trees are to be planted, let the ground
--have its lai’t turnng, and it will be proper to dig in
“fome freﬂi rich mould. This done, lay the fur-
iface level, and obferve after two or three days,
if it fettles irregularly, to throw in a little frefh
mould, and lay it even again.

If the preceding year has fhewn any trees to‘be in
a condition of decay, let this be repaired by digging
round about them, and by turning the earth at c'on- -
ﬁderable dil’tances. ‘

Open the glaffes of the hot beds in 'which the
pots of ﬁrawberries are placed for an early crop,
as often as the weather will any way permit; upon
the giving them air at this feafon, depends not
only the vigour of the plants, but the ﬂavour of
the fruit. They muf’t alfo be water’d every other
day.

The buﬁnefs of pruning may be continued; and
as the hardieﬁ kinds are difpatched, it will be fafe to
advance to thofe a little more tender: but for the
tenderel’t kinds of all, there is an abfolute necel2
ﬁty of waiting the breaking of the frol’ty feafon ;
their wounds will not heal while the air is in
fuch a temperature. '

THIS week {hould be prepared the hot—bedsngCHEN

. ARDEN.
for railing early cucumbers and melons.

T H E management of the hot-bed of dung con-H0T~BED.
ﬁlls of three articles, 1. The choice. 2. The difpo-
ﬁtion of the dung; and, 3. The keeping it at a'
due degree of heat. a
We will fuppofe a gardener intends a hot-bed fo
one light. The direétions for making this will be-
more intelligible than if we take in more, and they
will equally ferve for any compafs. A load of
dung is the proper quantity for this; and it mull:
G

be

JA-NUARY,

be fuch as has a good quantity of the thaw or
litter among it.

The common way is to take frefh dung from
the (table, but this is wrong. If older dung is’
not to be had, this mutt be brought to a due
temper, by mixing ﬁve bufhels of coal allies, well m;
wetted, with the load; and leaving it in a heap1
for eight days. After this it will be ﬁt for ufe,
but it will ﬁill be very much inferior to fuch as
is of a proper keeping; and will require great
care in the management. The belt dung is fuch
as has a good quantity of long litter, and has lain
three weeks. ,
r With a load of this mix two bulhels of coal afhes
dry, and lay it in a heap four days In this time it
will be ﬁt for ufe, and the bed is to be then made in
the following manner.

Mark out upon the ground the fhape of‘the light,
and then draw another line eight inches beyond it
every way; here begin to lay the dung upon the
furface of the ground.

Dig no trench: wet may fettle in it, and chill
the bed; and if that does not happen, yet it is not fo
eafy to continue the heat in the dung when any part
is under ground. .

Let the bed be altogether upon the furface; and
begin to make it by {baking the longeft part of the
litter ﬁrﬂ: upon the ground. Lay this even, fpreadjt
with the fork, and trend it down. The longer it is
the more treading it mull have -, and it may thus
be laid to the full extent of the outer line, as it will
then be eight inches longer and wider than the frame.

As the bed is making up, take the longeft that re-
mains of the litter; and by this means, by that time
the bed is near ﬁnifh’d, there will remain only fome
clean dung without any litter, or with very little
among it. .

This is to be fpread at the top of the bed, and laid
fmooth and even as the refl.

When the bed is carried up to its height‘in»

Wiﬁ

FOURTH WEEK.-

this manner, if we“ wrought, it will be about two
foot nine inches thick, and this even laying and
treading, and the referving the clean dung for
the t0p, are all great advantages: the bed, thus
"made, fends up lefs fleam, and the heat continues
langer.

The common direction is, to raife the feeds in a
kind of coarfe hot-bed, under a bell-glafs. The
method is, to draw away a little of the outer

part of the dung; to cover it with mould; and. \

owing the feeds on this, to throw on more mould,
a quarter of an inch thick, and fo to raife the
young plants. Let our gardener ufe a better way.

When he has ﬁnifhed his bed of dung, let him put.
on the frame, and keep the glafs down: this pro-
motes the heat in a regular manner. When
the warmth rifes properly, let him give alittle air
to moderate it; and the fame caution lets off the
ﬁeam.

83

F I L L two large gatden pots with rich lightR-“SWQ
mould: fow the cucumber feeds upon the furface, EARLY
and lift over them a little more than a quarter EUCUM-

of an inch of the fame mould.

Set thefe pots in the dung up to the rim; but ob-
fervc that they do not receive too much heat. This
will be feen by the condition of the mould about
the edge: if that keep in a due temper, and re-
tain its natural moil’ture, it is well; if it grow
dry, and crumble, the heat is too much: in that
:afe raife the pots a little way out of the dung,
and give them fome water.

By the time the plants appear, the bed will be in
a due condition to receive the mould,

Let this be very light and rich, and lay it evenly
all over the furface, four inches and a half thick.

This will naturally receive the plants railed in the
pots, by the means of the fame dung; and they will
{not be in danger either of burning or gaming.

G 2 ‘When.

Si JANUARY,

~When the plants have been two days out of the
ground, they will be ﬁt for planting in this bed. '
' Draw lines upon the mould lengthway and crofs-
way, at two inches and a half dil’tance; and in the
Centre of each fquare place one of the young plants.
Let them be fet in with care, and only the feed
leaves, and a ﬁraw’s breadth of the (talk, be above
the mould. See the mould be well fettled about.
them; but give them no water.

2 In thirty hours they will be rooted again; and;
; they are then to be managed with due care.
’ ‘ Set fome water to warm in the bed, to be ready to '
ufe occaﬁonally; for now they are rooted they may
be watered, and they will require it. ,

Let care be taken that the bed keeps up its
'warmth, and that the (team which rifes' from it
do not hurt the plants. "

A mat mul’t be thrown over the glafs at night, i;
and in the day-time in fevere weather; and this muﬁ: 3
be only of fuch a bignefs .as to cover the frame, and ,
not to hang down upon the [ides of the bed. This “
anfwers the purpofe of preferving a due heat, without ’
drawing up a hurtful lteam from the dung.

When the air is any thing mild, let the cover be '
railed a little in the warm part of the day: this ,
anfwers the double pui'pol}: of letting out the vapour,
and of giving ii'eih air to the plants.

Then the feverity ol“ the feafon does not permit ,
this, the glaii‘es mull be turned the dry ﬁde down- .
wards.

AS the plants advance in height, fome frefh mould-p
muli: 7: brought in; and after it has lain a night in 3
the bed, it mul‘t be drawn up about the ﬁalks, co-
vering them to the fa ie height as when ﬁrl’t‘
planted.

Let the bed be frequently examined; and if there if
be any lign of the heat dccrealing too hilt, keep it g
covered in the night, and let fome frelh litter be laid
round the ﬁdvs. - i

If'the contrary extreme threaten, the method to!
allay ‘

 

v
I

FOURTH WEEK

‘ allay the heat, is to thrul’t a large f’tick into the bed,
at the ﬁdes and ends, in three or four places, and
leave the holes open. Thefe let in air, and let out
the" (team; and the bed will foon be brought to its
due temper.

This management will preferve the plants f0 long
as they are to continue in their ﬁrl’t bed 3 the proper
period of which is, while they have only the two
feed leaves.

When the ﬁrﬂ of the rough leaves appears, they
mull: be removed into a new bed.

WHATEVER the gardener can fow now, with
any hope of fuccefs, will be valuable by the early time
at which it will come in for the table ; and we {hall
advife him to rifque many a bold {owing upon that
expectation. If thefe fail, it is only the lofs of the
ﬁnall quantity of feeds.

The labour in preparing the ground is not thrown
away; for all digging and breaking of the earth
ferves to enrich it 3 and labour is the belt manure
for the kitchen garden.

Dig up a couple of pieces under fome fence,
where there is warmth and ihelter, for {owing of
radifhes and carrots.

Let the feeds‘aﬁe! covered a little deeper than is
ufually done.

Dig up alfo two pieces for fmall crops of peafe
and beans. The VVindlbr bean may very well be
ventured into the ground this week, and will proba-
bly rife in good order, and bring forward its crop
without accidents.

Small falletting may be {own a few weeks hence
upon the open ground; but at this time it fhould
be allow’d a ﬂight hot-bed.

The cauliﬂower plants under glaffes muf’t have
due care: when the nights are fevere, let mats be
thrown over the glalTes; and, when any tolerable
weather comes, let them be railed a little in the

middle of the day. Draw up the mould about the
' G 3 items

86

\

JANUARY,

items of theplants, and dig again the earth 0n the
outﬁdes of the glaﬂ‘es.

l A_ hot bed mutt be made for early mint: but this
need be only of a flight kind; a little long dung

buried in a trench under a warm wall or pale, and _
covered ﬁx inches deep with mould. From the pale ‘,

let there hang a mat, to be drawn down to the

ground upon occaﬁon ~, and let this be peg’d, to keep 3
it ﬁrm, when the weather is fevere. At other times ,
it may be railed occaﬁonally, for admitting air to the .;

plants.
The mint mui’c be planted in this bed at fmall
dil’tances; and it muf’t be watered lightly from time

to time, with water that has ﬂood in a pot, placed j,
half way in a dunghill, to warm. This way it will

rife early, and continue to ﬂouriih the more it is cut.

Put two ends of mat to the extremities of the piece 7

which is to fall down for the defence of the bed in

this plantation; for if they be left open, the cover.- _

ing in front will be of little fervice.

The culture of melons we {hall here add at large
from the fuccefsful practice of Mr. BARNES, our
moit valued correfpondent. ,1.

“ Prepare two frames, one withm‘ﬁngle light, the
other with two: thele frames ﬂiould be made fome
time before they are wanted : they fhould be painted
white on the inﬁde, the lights fhould not be leaded,
as is the common way : the glafs fquares {hould reach
over each other, the fame as they do in the lights in
a flove, there fhould be no crofs bars in the light,
for they would hinder the iteam from running down;
it would hang upon the-1e crofs bars, and fo fall down
upon the plants, and be very injurious to them;
the larger the fquares of theft: lights the better;
and if it be the be: crown glafs, it will be l’till the
better.

“ About a fortnight before the feed is fown, pre-
pare as much new horthtlung together with the litter,

as

k. aim at '-

FOURTH WEEK.

~. as will make a bed for the (tingle light, full three feet

in.

thick, and a foot wider than the frame on every

l ﬁde.

W7

“ Having obtained the dung, (halte it up into a
round heap, in a week’s time it will be ready to be
made into a bed: do n0t link the ground where the

‘ bed is made. \

“ When the bed is made, thruﬂ: in a ﬂick; ‘by
pulling it out at diﬂ’erent times it may be known
what Rate the bed is in : in a week after the violent
heat will be over; if it be, then cover the bed down
with any fort of earth two inches thick, then fet as
many half penny pcts as {hall be thought‘proper 5
ﬁll the pcts with good rich earth, not over-light.
nor yet over-thong, when the earth is warm.

“ About the twentieth of January, having feed
’of good forts that is three years old, or if new, it
fhould be prepared to that age by it being laid in
fome warm place for two or three months.

“ Having obtained fuch feed, each pot ihould have
two feeds put into it, and covered half an inch : in
four days, if the bed be in a good temper of heat,
the 'plants will appear.

At this time, if the bed be very warm, and the
weather f0 bad that little air can be admitted, the
young plants will be very weak, and of a great length :
when this is the cafe, do nor put conﬁdence in thefe,
but immediately fow fome feed in the fame manner as
before ; and as the bed was perhaps too warm, it will
by this time be in good order.

When thefe plants has been up two or three days,
they lhould be tranfplanted, but into the fame pots
again, by taking the plants up out of the pots ; then
taking a little of the earth out of the pots to an
inch below the rim, take one of the belt plants, and
lay it almof’t horizontal in the pot, and cover the
lhank a quarter of an inch with the earth that was
taken out; they will require little or no ihade, for
it is ten to one whether the leaves fall or not.

G 4 _“ In

88

‘J ANU'A.R Y,’

“In a day or two they will have gotten good
root; and will rife and advance in height, when
there {hould be fome dry lifted mould laid round. .
their Items, which will greatly ﬁrengthen them:
Tome of the laﬁ: fowing, although they were weak,‘
may be tranfplanted in the fame manner.

“ The holes at the bottom of the pots {hould be-
fecured, that no roots can get through, if they do, a
they will. be broke when the pots are moved, and fo .
greatly hurt the plants.

“ As foon as the plants appear, there fhould be
more dung prepared, as much as will make a bed the
fame thicknefs as the other: but before this bed will
be ready, it may be, the ﬁri’c bed will want lining -,
but the dung that it is lined with {hould be well pre-
pared, and the great French paﬁéd off; this fhould be
conﬁantly obferved, for it will deﬂroy the plants.

“ The lining Ihould be laid round the bed a foot
and an half thick, and as high as half way up the.
frame. Lining will always caufe a great {team in the
bed, therefore care fhould be had to give the plants
air, by either railing or Hiding the lights down a
little, to let the llcam pafs ofl‘. ,

“ This fhould be continued in the night as well as
day, for the ends of the mats that cover the glalTes
at night, will reach over where the air is admitted,
and being failened down, will keep out the. grofs
cold particles of air, and greatly ﬁrengthen the plants.

“ As foon as the fecond bed is ready, the plants
ihould be let in that: but chute a good mild day
for this work.

“ When the great heat is over, lay fome ﬁraw or
hay round the bed, neatly and ﬁraight, almoil as high
as the frame, to (boot ofi‘ the wet, for nothing is
worfe for killing the bed than wet.

“ If the heat lhould decline, line the bed with fuch
dung as before mentioned; and after the great heat
is over, lay ilraw as before. Befure to keep up the
heat of the bed by lining it occcaﬁonally. The plants

may-

FOUR‘TH' WEEK.

! may be kept in better health this way than by often-
.r moving them into new beds.
“ About a month after they are tranfplanted, it
' will be time to think of {topping them, which lhould
be done when they have obtained two, three or four
. joints, acc0rding to their ﬁrength, they {hould be
taken down to the ﬁrl’t joint; this fhould be done with
a {harp knife; then lay fome dry mould on the
wounded part, it will be a great help to heal it.

“ Soon after they are (topped, there will come three '
or four runners -, if there ihould be any weak runners,
they [hould be taken away, as {hould alfo any fmall'
weak leaves that appear near the item, and nothing
fuffered to remain but what has ﬁrength in it.

“ By the beginning of March the runners will
have gotten three or four joints again, when they
ihould be ﬁ0pped, but only jui’t nip the end off -. this
will make them begin to fpread.

“ During this time of their growth, they fhould
have fprinklings of water, as they require by the earth
being dry in the pots. .

“ About the middle of March they fhould be
ridged out under frames, the dung fhould be pre-
pared in all refpeé‘ts as before, and full three feet
thick. When the ridge is in good order, earth it
feven or eight inches thick, with fuch as was directed
for the pots; then a few hours before the plants are
moved, moiﬁen the earth in the pots by giving them
a good fprinkling of water, but gently : this will caufe
them to come neatly out, and the earth not fall from
the roots, which if it did would be of bad confe-
quence; then laying the hand on the furface, having
the item of the plant between the ﬁngers, turn the
pot upﬁde down; and giving the pot a gentle tap
on the edge of the frame, the ball will come clean
out, and all the roots entire, if they have not found
way through the hole, which they Ihould not.

“ Then making a little hole in the middle of each
light, fet one of the plants with the ball into ilt:

CC

JANUARY,

let not the furface of the ball be quite level with the
furface of the earth of the bed, but rather raife the
earth round the ball to form a little hill; and fo
go on till the whole ridge is ﬁnilhed.

“ If the plants are any thing weak, there {hould
be two plants put under each light, and fprinkled
with water as the earth of the bed ihall require; but
when ever any water is given, none {hOuld be fuf-
feted to fall at the item, but a little oﬁ“ from it.
When the plants are very ﬁrong, as they will if
the feed is new, there ihould be no more than one
under each light, for that is fufﬁcient; neither ihould
they have much water in this bed; they will foon ﬁx
themfelves.

' “ Now lay fome dry reeds on the furface of the
vines to run upon; thefe will keep the vines from the
mould, and be a great prefervation to keep the {talks
from rotting.

_ “ Lay the runners regularly as they are produced.
The ends of the runners may be taken off at four,
ﬁve, or ﬁx joints, according to their ﬁrength.

“ About the middle of April, if they have been
tightly managed, the vines will begin to ﬁll the
frames; before this time all the fruit, ﬂowers, or
any fmall {talk that is produced near the item, lhould
be carefully taken away.

‘ “ After this time, whenever a fruit appears, watch
it; and when the ﬂower on it is quite expanded, and
in its full vigour, get two male bloifoms at form:
dil’tance from the fruit, for the male bloﬂ‘oms which

, are near the fruit may be of fervice to impregnate it

of itfelf.

“ Having got thfe bloﬂbms, pare atvay the petals,
then will be left the ftamina {landing alone, then
with the point of a knife [traps the antherze, carefully
preferving as much of the farina as poiiible that

angs upon the antherre, and put it carefully into
the ﬂower that is upon the fruit: the farina of two or
three male blofioms may be gathered for one fruit:
1 this

FOURTH W’EEK.

this will undoubtedly help the fetting of the fruit, as
I have praé‘tifed it for feveral years. ‘

“ As foon as this is done, if the vine be weak on
which the fruit is, {top it direétly; but if ﬁrong, Pray
three or four days, then {t0p it; fuff‘er no water to
fall on this fruit until it is fer, for that would wafh
the farina out :i to have a good heat in the bed will
~be of great fervice at this time.

Keep the vines laid regularly as they are produced,
and pegged down; {topping them when got four,
ﬁve or ﬁx joints: thls will throw all the‘vines into
fruit; and fetting them as before direé’ced, ten or
twelve fruit may be e>rpeéted from a light; but mind
to keep the heat of the bed up by lining.

The fecond fowing is to be in the beginning of
.March; the third in May; the laft will be ripe in
September and OEtober.

“The time from fetting to ripening is ufually
40 days.”

P. 8. Be fare to keep all dead leaves .and ﬂowelﬁ
picked oil", and not {Lifer them to lie upon the vines,
for the}; would canker the vines wherever they lie.

 

BOOK

 

B C)()l§ IL
,Tbe Management qf the Flower Garden.

CHAP. II.
FEBR UARY.
SECT.I.

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION

N the ﬁrl’t head piece we explained what
‘ ' the parts were on which the claﬂ‘es of
\ 9 Plants are formed; and in the fecond,

. at the introduétion to January, we re-
- t it duced this theory to praétice by the
ﬁgures of two kinds, one of the ﬁrl’t clafs the
Monandria, the other of the fecond the Diandria.
The charae‘ter of the ﬁrﬁ being that the ﬂower
had only one ﬁlament: and that of the fecond
two.

We explain in the prefent head-piece the thirfil

3 an

   

FIRST WEEK. 93

and fourth claffes. Thefe depend, as the two former,
only‘on the number of the ﬁlaments.

In the ﬁrﬁ here ﬁgured there are three ﬁlaments,
this is the character of the ’Eriandria; and in the fe-
cond there are four, this Ihews the plant to be one
of the Tetrandia.

' All plants which have the fame plain charaéters
belong to the fame claffes: and the fubdiviﬁon into
orders is as explain’d before, (fee January introduc—
tion) it is owing to their having one or more ﬁyles
in the fame ﬂower. '

eeeeaeeeeeoeeeemww

CONTINUE throughout the whole ground the FLOWER-
care we have directed the preceding weeks. GARDEN.

For fear of accidents among the feedlings, fow
' this week frelh quantities.

The Polyanthus and the Aurieula feed will yet grow
very well on common ground.

For feeds {own upon the open ground, half a
ﬁraw’s breadth is fuﬁicient covering: if covered to
more depth they ﬂiOOt flmvly. _

This done, clean the borders. In the woril feafons
fome weeds will fpring up. ~

It will be ferviceable alfo to break the t0p of the
mould to promote the lhoots of the plants 3 but this
mul’t be done with care.

No perfon fhould be entrufted to hoe the borders
at this feafon, but he who planted the roots in them.

When the ground is cleaned, and ﬂirted at the
furface, let a fmall quantity of very rich mould be
ﬁfted over the roots.

Where rofes, honeyfuckles, or other fmall ﬂower:
ing lhrubs in borders, are wanting, let them be now
brought in. Care muf’t be taken in planting them,
or they will make but a poor appearance in the fuc-
ceeding fummer.

The ground muff be opened to a due depth, and
a quantity of well wrought mould left under the

roots.

94-

SEMI-
NAR Y.

FRUIT-
GARDEN.

FEBRUARY,

roots. The hole mull be conﬁderably bigger than
the roots can ﬁll; and when the lhrub is fet upright,
a‘ ﬁrm ﬂ'ake muft be drove in near it, and the
Opening ﬁlled in carefully with well broken mould.
The item is then to be tied up to the (take, and
too much head mui’t not be left.

A gentle watering mull be given as foon as the
fhrub is planted; and repeated every other morning;
and the ground round about the Item mutt be coVered
witn a little ﬁne hay, and two or three bricks laid
over it to keep it down.

Laft Week we directed the gardener to throw up
{ome dung in an heap, for making hot beds for his
annual plants. About the middle of this it will be
ﬁt for ufe.

Let the bed be made up; as the hot-bed in the
kitchen garden.

PREPARE borders for fowing ﬂowering plants
in the open ground. Let two or three pieces in dif-
ferent parts be dug up, and the mould thrown in
ridges, call and welt, to receive the beneﬁt of the
air.

While this foil is mellowing, let another piece be t
dug up for the immediate reception of layers of hardy
trees. Such as were not rooted fuﬂiciently at autumn,
may be taken of? now ; they ﬂiould be planted, with
the fame care we directed for the ﬂowering lhrubs ;
at about two foot diftance.

Here they are to {land three, four or more years,
according to their nature, till of a due height for
bringing into their places.

Sow feeds and fruits of hardy fhrubs this week.
Let the earth be well broke to receive them, and let
them be carefully covered. Throw forne pieces of
furze bufh over the ground when they are in; and
bait traps for mice, placing them all about the fpot. '

LOOK over thofe flocks which were budded the"

preceding fummer, If the heads be cut oil", fee tfhe
3P

FIRST WEEK. 93

E fap from the wound do not run upon the bud. ‘

Thofe not cut off before, mul’t be cut now. The

.. Proper place is a full hand’s breadth above the bud,
E and the cut fhould be made ﬂoping backwards.

Go over the efpaliers' lately repair’d. and fee that
every thing kee ﬁrm. Wherever a bough is loofe,
fallen it now, or the buds will be coming forward.
and nothing can be done afterwards without injuring
the trees.

Let great care be taken of the ftrawberry pots in.
the hot- bed for an early crop; they will be now full
of bloom, and. the great danger of this plant is at the
time of fetting the fruit.

Every ‘day they muft be water’d; and about noon,‘
when the weather will permit, air muff be freely let
in to them. When the days are lefs favourable, the
glalfes {hould ftill be raifed for a little time, at the
belt hours, and a cloth hung down from them to
cover the opening: this, though it keeps off the force
of the cold, will yet admit fome air.

Without due attention at this time, all the former
care will be thrown away 3 and a ﬁne thew of blolfoms
not produce a handful of fruit.

Open the fig-trees, which have been ihelter’d for
winter, in the middle of every tolerable day. As
they are made tender, by the defence during winter,
if they be not carefully hardened now, they will be,
deliroy’d when Open’d in fpring.

Sow the {tones of plums and other hardy fruit; for
railing {locks for the future fervice of budding and
grafting.

They will take up little room, and they are no
blemifh; never let a year pafs, without fowing a
ﬁnall quantity of the proper kinds; for it is better
to def’troy them twenty years, than want them one.

SOW a freih piece of ground with beans, and KITCHEN
another for peafe. GARDEN.
Chufe the proper kinds for thefe feveral cccaﬁons.
I he fmaller beans and peafe are the only forts tofb:l
tr L2 16

l

95

FEBRUARY,

trulted in the earlier fowings; but the Windfor bean '
is the belt kind for this and the laf’t; and the M0s
ratta and other large peafe. ' j

Make a common hot-bed for kidney beans, and
cover it well with mould, three inches thicker than
ufual: and when the heat is moderate, plant the
dwarf white kind.

Give thefe plants air as they come up: they muft
alfo be moderately watered at times. .

On a warm piece of the ground, where the mould
isrich, dig in a little old dung, and low fome celeri
feed. ,
The quantity ihould be fmall, but it is a very
eli'ential cr0p: it comes in at a ﬁne feafon: and
though it will not continue long in order, yet while
it does, nothing is fuperior. '

Accidents are apt to befal the young cucumber
plants; and the gardener muﬂ: be provided with frefh‘
quantities. ' ‘

Let him, toward the end of this week, fow a little '
frelh feed; and repeat the fame once in ten days. ~
The plants will be ready if they ihould be wanted ;v
if not, they will be preferved growing with avery-
little trouble for fucceﬂive crops.

Keep up a good growing heat in the bed, and let
there be water always ready warm’d in it, to give'
them in fmall quantities as they have occaﬁon.

In the middle of the day admit a little air; [hel—
ter them carefully at night; and frequently turn and
wipe the glaﬁbs.

Dig a good piece of ground for carrots and par-
fnips, turn it up two fpades depth: it will greatly
aﬂift this crop to dig in a good quantity of old and
thoroughly rotted dung mixed with fand, and to blend'
them very carefully together. ~ 1

Nothing but very old dung will do for this; for if
fuch as is newer‘lhould be tried, the carrots will be
ill—taﬁed and worm—eaten. 3

Such as comes from an old hot bed, and is per-
fectly decay’d, is belt; and with this aﬁii’tance the

carrots

FIRST WEEK.

carrots will not fail to grow with a ﬁrong, ﬁngle,
and limit roor, without fplitting or {booting ﬁdeways;
and they will be tender and well tal’ced.

More depends upon this management than would
eaﬁly be thought: there is no other way to bring
this excellent roor to its full perfection.

In gardens, as commonly managed, carrots are
rank, though tender; and in ﬁelds they are fweet,
but apt to be hard: this management is the only

‘method of bringing them to have the advantages of

both thefe cultures, without the difadvantages of ei«
ther. They will thus have the fweetnefs of the ﬁeld,
and the tendernefs of the garden carrot.

Level the furface; mix with the feeds a good

quantity of land; and chuﬁng a calm day, fcatter‘

:them on as equally as poﬂible.
1 Tread over the ground, and then rake the feed in.
Obferve when the plants come up, for the weeds will
rife with them.
As foon as they have a little Ptrength, let them be
thinn’d and clear’d. -
In fmall pieces of ground this is belt done by

hand, becaufe the worﬂ plants can be f0 taken up,

and the belt left; in larger quantities the hoe is com—
monly ufed.

The plants lhould be left at about ﬁve inches
idii’tance.

This will anfwer very well for thofe which are
intended to be taken up young; but if they are for

growing to the full file, they mul’t, about three weeks-

.after, be cleared of weeds again, and then thin’d to
the diftance of eight or nine inches.

After this, the ground being kept clear from
weeds, they will make their own way to perfection ;
and will not fail to have their full fine ﬂavour.

97.

98, FEBRUARY,

###**#M*#**#**ﬂtﬁﬁﬁkéﬂkmﬁtmﬂﬁkﬂmnma
FEBRUARn I
S E C T. II.
S E c o N D W B E K.

fLOWFR- HE borders being cleared, fee what is want-
GARDEN. ing in any part, that can be fupplied from
the nurfery of ﬂowers, or from Other parts of the
ground.
If the plantation of the ﬁbrous rooted kinds have i
been omitted in autumn; or if the wetnefs of the ‘3
ground have render’d it more proper to be delay’d till i
this feafon, now bring in the feveral kinds of golden g
rods and ai’ters: after thefe plant columbines, fweet.
Williams, and the fcarlet and other perennial lychnis’s ;-
thrift, and the proliferous daify.
If the autumn plantation has been made, look e1
over the ground and fee that all holds good: where a
a mot feems decay’d take it up and place another; ..
and where any one only appears weak, take it back ‘3'
into the nurfery, and put a ftronger and more fecurc ﬁ
one into the place. i
it
3

Look over box edgings; and if there be any bad
part not mended in autumn, or if any of what was
planted at that time feems weak, take the pieces up ‘
and mend them. _,

Clofe the earth very well about the roots of what f
is new planted. ’

The anemonies and ranunculus’s, and other choice
ﬂowers mutt be yet defended by drawing mats over
them, fupported by hoops, in the fevere nights; but
they muft be carefully harden’d to the free air in the:
middle of good days. i

This week is the time for {owing the tender
annuals upon hot-beds. I __

i t

 

SECOND WEEK.

It is of great importance -, for the beauty of the
' autumn depends on it; and on the putting in the
. feed thus early, the crop of the fucceeding year: for
; this bringing the plants forward in good time, gives
: them opportunity to ripen their feeds.

There requires no more trouble to bring them for-
r ward thus early, than thofe take who raife them later.

The hot-bed prepared for thefe is covered four
:inches and a half with rich garden mould, and it is
ijull: in a condition to receive the feeds.

This thicknefs of mould is more than gardeners

commonly ufe; but it is a very eﬁ'ential article for
the fuccefs of the growth. Seedlings Ihoot deeper
.than is. commonly thought, and every ﬁbre which
reaches the dung perifhes; not like one that is cut
off, which fends out more; but never to vegetate
again.

Let the mould be perfeétly levelled, and as much
drawn off as will ferve to cover the feeds ; then let
the feeds be fcattered carefully upon the furface, and
ﬁft over them a quarter of an inch of the mould
raked off for that purpofe. The feeds of the gom«
phrena, amaranth, balfam, french and african mary-
gold, china alter; and the rei’t are to be fown in
this manner.

They will {hoot in twelve, fourteen, or more days,
according to their feveral kinds, the condition of the
bed, and the newnefs of the feeds; and we {hall in
the fucceeding weeks direé‘t how to manage them.

99l

THE oreen-houfe will now require oreat care; forGREEN-
D ‘9 HOUSE

on the conduél: of this and the fucceeding weeks willAND

depend the condition of the plants for fummer. won.

The fevere weather has made it neceﬁaw to keep
them clofe; and they have had very little water.

Air and water are two great agents in vegetation :
they have been withheld fo long, that the ﬁrﬂ: oppor-
tunity muff be taken of admitting them more freely;
and probably this will be the time: but it mufl: de«
pend upou the nature of the feafon.

H 2 If

‘wo

FEBRU\ARY,

If the air be now mild, the middle of the days
warm, and the nights not very fharp, let this need-
ful al'ﬁiiance be given them. The ihutters muf’t be
kept back" for the ﬁrf’t day or two; and the next, the
glaffes mufi be open’d a little.

Great caution is iiecei’fary, for otherwife the ten-
derer kinds will periih. They. are the lefs able to
bear the air becaufe they have been fo long {hut from
it, and it muﬁ at ﬁrﬂ be only a very little of the
mild air of a {till and warm day that is let in: from
this they mul’t be inur’d to more and more by {low
degrees; and in proportion they muﬁ have water.

Cleannefs and a little frefh mould are the two .

next articles.

Let the mould on the furface in the pots and tubs ’

be carefully ﬁirred with a blunt trowel; and when
it is well loofened to fome little depth, let fo much
be taken off.

Let fome mould, fuited to the nature of the fe-
veral kinds, be brought into the green-houfe two
days before, that it may have loft the chilnefs of the
open air; and with this fupply the place of what is
taken out.

When the earth is taken away, let the furface be-
low be examined; and if any ﬁbres of the roots are
hurt, let them be carefully cut olf with a {harp
knife: immediately upon this let the frelh mould
be poured on, and let it be carefully fpread over
every part.

The waterings are to be repeated occaﬁonally.

Cleanlinefs is next to be regarded. Probably the
clofenefs needed to keep out the winter’s air, will have
hurt fome of the plants. '

Let thole which are tainted be removed out of the
green-houfe into fume Other place of lhelter.

Then let all dead or decaying leaves be carefully
pick’d off; and if foulnefs of any kind, mouldinefs or

infects be found on any of the leaves or branches,“ letT

it be waﬂied and wiped away.
Let this care be alfo continued to the ﬁove.

This

mmmewmzzwga nwviiM‘ﬂw is? 3‘ mm . A, -

SECOND WEEK.

This is a good feafon for producing new plants, the
more delicate and tender kinds, intended for the
ﬁove and green-houfe, are to be raifed in a bark-
bed; of which the following is the true conﬂruétion.

GET from the tanners a good quantity of their
bark, after they have ufed it; lay it up in a heap
to drain -, the next day mix with it fome old tan that
has been ufed, and fome fawdui’t.

The quantity of each of thefe ﬂiould be equal;
but no exaét rule can be given for the proportion
they thUld bear to the tan -, becaufe that is of three
kinds; the large, the middling, and the fmall.

Let the middling be chofen; for it heats the molt
regularly, and continues its warmth the moi’t equally.

For bark of this kind, one—ﬁxth part of fawdul’t,
’and the fame of old tan, is the beﬁ: proportion.

When the bark is larger, more fawduit and old
tan mult be ufed ; and if it be the {mall tan, nothing
need be added to it.

The large grows warm flowiy; but it keeps heat
a long time; the fmall heats quickly, but does not
laft; the middling kind grows warm gradually, and
retains its heat regularly and equally a fufﬁcient
time.

A bed of this will retain its heat four months;
and after that, if it be {’tir’d up with a little frefh
bark, it will anfwer the purpofe again for a very
conﬁderable time longer.

This continuance of heat in the bark beds is their
great advantage, many of the tenderer plants require
it; and no art can make a dung hot-bed anfwer the
fame purpofe.

If there be no old tan. in readinefs, the quantity
of fawdufl: mui’c be encreafed in proportion -, and the
heap muﬁ lie two or three days longer before it is
ufed. .

When the bark has been broken from the firi’t
heap, and the old ﬂuff and fawduﬂt mixed with it,
the whole mui’c be raifed up in a heap again; and

H 3 thus

10!

BARK.
Bill).

102

SEMI-NA.
RY.

ception. ‘ ‘ 1

FEBRUARY,

thus it muff continue gradually heating, while the
gardener is preparing the pit.

Mark out upon a dry part of the ground along
fquare piece, twelve feet in length, and fix and a half-
in breadth.

Dig out the foil to the depth of two feet and a
half ; and 100an it at the bottom with a pick axe.

Let the fides be bricked up.

Five days being employed in this work; the bark
which has lain {0 long in its laft heap, will be jult
in a condition to ufe.

Let it be thrown by a little at ,3 time into the
pit; the furface levelled, and the whole laid clofe, and
beat down gently from time to time as it is laid in.

It mull. not be beat hard, much lefs be trod down,
as fome direct; for in that cafe it will heat but very
poorly.

The bark thus carefully laid, the frame mui‘t be,
put on, and the glaffes fhut clofe. Thus, the warmth
being kept in, the bark will gradually heat, and in
about twelve days the bed will be ﬁt to receive the
pots of earth with the feeds. We {hall then direct
in what manner they are to be managed; all that
remains here to be mentioned, being the ihape of the
irame.

The bell depth is a foot and a half at the back,
and eight inches at the front.

The bel’t thicknefs of bark is about three foot, but
a few inches more or lefs are not material, -

T H I S week {ow fome chefnuts: thofe ripened
in England will grow freely enough , but the finell:
trees are raifed from fuch as have been produced in
Spain.

a A great quantity of theft: are brought over an-

- nually for eating.

Let the fairell: and foundeﬂ‘ be pick’d -, and let a
piece of ground in fume {reih part of the {emi-
nary be dug up a full {pade depth for their re~

Draw

‘SE‘COND WEEK.

Draw lines along this piece at ten inches dil‘tance;
and then with a trowel let in the chefnuts.

Firﬂ: throw them into a tub of water, and fkim off
fuch as fwim, for they are of no value. Then at ﬁx
inches dil’tance along every line, open a hole with the
trowel, break the bottom: and place the chefnut with
the eye upwards ; throw in the mOuld, and cover it
two inches.

In about nine weeks there will be feen the {hoot of
a tree from every hole. Scarce one in a hundred,
when fet with this regularity, mifcarry.

The only care the young trees require, is to be
kept clear from weeds; and they will thrive very
well three years in this feed-bed, after which they
fhould be planted out to a greater dil’tance; and after
four years more they will be of good ﬁze to plant

'where they are to remain.

T H E planting fruit trees is a work of this feafon,
and no care is too much in the operation.

In dry foils the autumn is belt; but where the
ground is apt to lodge wet, this week is more proper.

For each tree open a large and deep hole, throw-
ing the earth out in a ridge, and breaking the
bottom the depth of a pick—axe.

Take up the tree carefully without injury to the
routs. Cut them Oh“ with a {harp knife 3 and
when bruifed, trim them even.

The cut is always to be made ﬂoping down-
wards.

This done, the head is to be leﬂ'en’d; for the roots
cannor fupply the ufual quantity of upper growth im-
mediately after the removal.

Take care all the roots fpread in a free and natural
manner: and let them be fet at fuch a depth, that
the upper part of the roots be juﬁ beneath a level with
the furface. They mull: be covered a little, for the
earth will fettle.

If the mould be moift, ﬁft fome coal-allies among

H 4 its

FRUIT-
GARDEN,

104.

F E B R U A R Y,
it 3 the belt time for this plantingis juﬁ after a frOPc,

, when the foil is crumbly.

KITCH-
ZEN-GAR-
DEN.

In fetting, ihake the tree a little'to let the mould
in between all the roots; and when lightly trod down,
without bruiﬁng the roots, draw it up in a litfle hi1.
lock round the item.

S O W a bed of onions, and another of leeks.

Lay a {mall piece level and ﬁne for cabbage let-
tuce-feed. A little of this fhould be {own at a time,
and a frefh bed made once in ten days.

Dig up a deep and rich part of the ground, and,
dividing it into two beds, low one with falfaﬁe, and
the other with fcorzonera.

The roots will grow quick from this rowing,
but let the gardener draw them as foon as they
come into condition; for they will run up into
ﬁalk. '

Make a fmall hot bed for cauliﬂower feed. The
feeds will grow readily, and the plants will rife with
little care.

The great art in bringing them to good, is to
plant them out at large diliances, in a low part
of the garden, and to give them frequent and large
waterings.

When the heads appear, the inner leaves mull: be
crack’d at the bottom, and bent in over them ; and
being thus defended from the fun, and fupplied
well with moil’ture, they will be large, white, and
well taf’ted.

Bury lbme dung in a trench, cover it with ﬁx

inches of mould, and fow C05 and Sileﬁa lettuce-
feed.

FE;

THIRD WEEK. :65

##XXXMXXXEEXXWXXXXXXXWE
F E B R U A R Y.

S E C T. III.

THIRD WEEK.

OT the carnations, from which a {hew of ﬂowers FLOWER-
is expected this feafon. GARDEN‘

Chufe for this purpofe fome light rich compol’t ;
or in time make one purpofely, with good pai’cure-
earth, pond—mud, old cow-dung; and a little foot.

Take them up with as much earth as will hang
about their roots; and place one in the middle of
each pot, fpreading the roots, without bending or
conﬁning them. Snip OE their ends with a pair
of {harp fciﬂ‘ars, and immediately pour in the mould -,
a little at a time: fee that it gets in among the
roots; and when they are cover’d up to the bafes
of the leaves, give a little water.

Set them in a place open to the fouth eaf’c, and
defended from the north winds.

They are to ﬁand thus two months ; once in four
days they fhould be water’d, and now and then
the furface of the mould itirred about them. The
farther management of them we Ihall fhew at the
ﬂowering feafon.

The Auricula plants now will fhew their buds for
ﬂowering. Stir the earth lightly upon the furface in
all the pots; and once in four days to give them a
gentle watering.

See if any thing has miffed which was planted
in autumn, or if there be any vacancy‘ which he
left unfupplied at that time; in fuch places now
plant the perennial catchﬂies, foxgloves, and gen—
tianella’s.

Clean the gravel walks, and roll them hard for
the fucceeding ufe1 ’ __, A "

EX1

:-r

:06 FBlSRUARY,

GREEN- EXAM I NE the orange trees, and where they
nousr. . . . .
are in a drooping condltlon, refreih them by re,
moving into new earth.

Place the frefh earth ready, and then cut away
dead branches. “

Wafh the trunk and principal boughs with warm
water; then take them up.

Examine the roots carefully ; if any be decayed or
mouldy, cut thofe out; trim the extream ﬁbres of
the others, and plant the tree immediately in the
new mould, fhaking the tub at times to make it
{ettle well among the roots.

When it is all in, give a gentle watering; and
wind a piece of matting round the item. ,

Set them in their places, and as the feafon will now
grow warmer every week, and more air may be ad.-
mitted into the greenhoufe, they will recover with
the aﬂiﬁance of moderate but frequent waterings.

This is the practice for thofe in a declining ﬂare;
but {uch as are farther gone, mull be treated with
more care.

They mull be managed as the former, till they
are compleatly new fer; only the heads mull: be
pruned clofcr, and the roots waihetl as well as the
items: they are then to be fet in a bark-bed in a.
ﬁove: and from time to time water’d, head and ﬁem
as well as root, with water that has {loud four and
twenty hours in the (love.

Let all the other plants and trees be cleaned;
let dead leaves he pick’d off: and all ﬁlth,
whether from infects, mouldinefs, or of wliatfoever
kind, walh’d away.

FFM'I- ‘ CL E A R a piece of ground for planting ever~
VAR“ greens.

The earth in which they are planted muﬁ not
be too rich, and no weeds mull remain in it to
rob them of the prOper portion of nouriihment.

Let fome frefh earth from‘a barren pai’ture be
fprinkled on an inch thick: then let it be dug

_ up

THIRD WEEK;

up to a good depth; this new mould work’d in,
and every root of a weed taken out.

Then let it be thrown up in ridges till it is
levell’d for planting. \

If there be mild weather this weekyget all the
hardy kinds of trees and fhrubs into the ground:
cloﬁng the earth well about them; and covering
' it with pea-{thaw about the roots.

Plant cuttings of currant and goofeberry buihes
if not done in autumn.

Plant them in a Ihaded part of the feminary,
and clofe the earth well about them; watering
them from time to time till the fpring rains
come on. a

In two years they will be ﬁt to plant out.

If they are to be planted free in borders, def’t'roy
the lower (boots, that they may rife with a head and
a naked item -, if for planting againﬁ walls or pales,
they fhould be train’d ﬂat, encouraging the ﬁde
£hoots and Propping thofe which grow forwards.

:07

T H l 8 week, if the feafon be mild, graft pears. I mum-
There are three kinds of (locks: the pear itfelf, GARDEN

the quince, and the hawthorn.

The pear Rock is the freeﬁ grower, the quince next,
and the hawthorn {lowel’t of all.

The pear [lock is ﬁt for a {’tandard orchard tree,
the quince for a wall pear; and the white thorn
for a dwarf.

The pear ﬂock makes the fruit incline to {oft-
nels, the quince gives a ﬁrmnefs to it: the haw-
thorn is apt to make the fruit hard at the core.

The pear ﬂock is belt fuited to the harder
kinds of fruit; the quince ﬂock, to thofe of the
loft melting kind : the hawthorn is lefs valuablethan
either, and only fuited to thofe baking pears whofe
core is taken out.

For the railing a {oft pear for a dwarf tree, or
an efpalier, we {hall direct the quince ﬂock, and
let this be buckled, or grafted clofe to the grounf}.h

,C

{08 FEBRUARY,

The melting pears may be thus propagated; but u
the rule fhould be univerfal againl’t the breaking}
kinds; becaufe in dry fummers they always are
liony at the core when this ﬂock in med.

The breaking pears fucceed bell upon flocks;
railed from the kernels of the melting pears. 5

The grafts mul’t be fecured‘ by clay, for dry»
ing winds are coming on; and ifthat be not well}
done, all the labour is loll.

xrrcnm B E G I N lowing cabbages and ﬁivoys for winter.
GARDEN-A fortnight hence will be better for the large crop, i
but a {mall parcel now will come in at an ace.
ceptable time. ‘

Dig the piece for the whole crop, and fow this
ﬁnall quantity in the warmeit place; next weekl
fow more, and fo on till all is fown.

Spread over the ground a good quantity of oldr
rotted dung from a melon bed, and a little coal-z
afhes. Dig and work thefe well in, and level the
furface for a {mall part of the ground. Sow fomc
common white cabbage and favoy feed on this. The
next week it will be proper to fow a fecond parcel,
larger than the firfl, and the third the week after all
the reﬁ.

A month from the time of lowing, the plants will
be ofa height for their ﬁrll removal; and this mull
be fuccellively done, with regard to the feverale
crops. ,

Dig a piece of ground in a {helter’d place ;:g
let lines be drawn along, and acrols at four inchesi‘}
and a halt diliance; and in the centre of everyﬁ
fquare place one plant. Let it into a handl‘omei
hole, and draw the mould properly up to the {temp
‘Nhgn they are all in, let them have a gentle:
watering.

Let another piece of ground be dug up for receiv-
ing them finally, where they are to grow to their full
bignefs. ;

The quantity of ground for this purpofe is todbe;

e‘

  
   
 

 

 

  
  

THIRD WEEK.

ldetermin’ed by the number of plants, for they {hould
lftand a yard dif’tant every way.

Let the dung of an old melon bed, and as much
frelh paf’ture earth, be fcattered over this piece,
.and dug well in.

Then let the whole be thrown up in ridges, and
lie in that manner three weeks. Let the ridges
be then levelled, and the whole well wrought.
{Let it lie one week more to fettle, and then let
:thc plants be taken up, and regularly fet in it at
:the dif’tances we have directed; let them have a.
gentle watering, and every evening repeat it till they
have very well taken root.

The feafon will thus be advanced toward June, and

the earth will grow dry: it is a large fpot to ~water
conﬁantly; but there is another method.
. Thefe plants require freedom from weeds, and
moiﬁure at the roots: both may be given by dig-
ging between them; and they are placed at fuch a
dillance, that this can be done with cafe.

The effect of digging is a radical deflruétion of
weeds -, and it gives moil’ture to the ground.

There falls in the night a moiﬁure upon all
ground, and that which is dug, recei 'es it molt freely,
and detains it longef’t.

Let the digging be repeated occalionally as the
weeds appear, and as the ground lhews cli‘)nel$;
and every time let fome ﬁne mould be drawn up
in a little hill about the bottom of every plant,
two inches higher than the general furface.

Beﬁde this, in dry feafons allow fome water to
the plants: they will thrive the better for it; and
one, watering will thus anfwer in the place of ﬁve.

Early in autumn the gardener will ﬁnd his reward,

The ﬁrft fowing will be ﬁt to cut; and'he will
be furprized at their bignefs and ﬂavour.

From this time he is to go ,on cutting them as
they ripen, and as they are wanted. At th ap—
proach of winter he mull draw up the mould about
the {talks of thofe which remain; and he will thus

3 keep

‘09

 

no FEBRUARY,

keep them alive, and in vigour, during the whole 9‘?
hard feafon. '
Look to the beds of the ﬁner kind of lettuces,;
the' plants will be now ready to remove. ,
. Let a bed of rich light mould be well dug, and ’
mark’d into fquares of a foot breadth. i’
In each of thefe let there be one lettuce fet ; every .
morning give a gentle watering with water that has 5;.
ﬂood all night in the houfe.
In the taking Up thefe let as many be left as the
ground can well maintain, at a foot diﬁance every way. .;
They muf’t have a gentle watering every other morn-
ing -, they will grow to their due ﬁze very quickly.

We fhall here add from our correfpondent, Mr. 1‘
BARNES, an account of the management of beans
fown the lai’t week in Auguit. The method was ﬁrit .
propofed to us by colonel STEVENSON; but it had
been praétifed by this correfpondent before, tho"
unknown to that gentleman: . ,

“ I prepare a reed-hedge, in all refpeéis like that I i
ufe for auriculas, carnations, cauliﬂower plants, &c. a;
only this is moveable, as I call it ; that is, this hedge
moves at the top, being made into pannels ten or
twelve feet long.

To every pannel there are two iron hinges at the
bottom, {or it to move on. Then about ﬁve feet .
from the bottom of the hedge, that is, about a
foot from the edge of the border under the hedge,
and exactly between the pannels; that is, againft .
where the p-annels part, there is a ﬁrong fupport
ﬁxed perpendicular.

“ When the hedge is at its proper elevation,
the top of it comes cloie to thefe fupports: but
then there are pieces of oak, two inches broad,
and three quarters of an inch thick, with holes
bored in them at proper dittances: then ﬂips are
ﬁxed at the top of the reed-hedge, f0 as to come .
on each tide of the fupport. There are holes bored
alfo in'the fupport, for good ﬁrong pins to go thrlo’

tic

 

”‘ «mat. a” ,.k..

22.}.

THIRiD WEE-K.

l the flips, that are to make them fall: to the fupport,
: and to (lay the hedge.

“ The ﬂips ought to be f0 long as to reach down
5 {tom the top of the hedge when it frauds perpendicu-
; lar to the fupports. It is eafy to conceive, that
_ by the help of thefe ﬂips the hedge may be ﬁxed at
what elevation you pleafe.

“ I put the beans into the ground in Augul’t, it;
an open fpot of the garden, and tranfplant them into
Z'this border when they have got three inches high,
tobferving to water and Ihade them till they have taken
-‘ root.

“ The hedge may remain perpendicular, for them to

receive the dews, until the cold comes on, f0 as to be
: too {harp for them : only in heavy rains it fhould be
vlower’d, and mats hung before them, to keep of
beating {howers : for the mould on the border fliOuId
be got pretty dry before winter, that the frofts may
not have too much power on it.

“ I fet the plants in rows, from the hedge to the
front 5 three inches diﬂ‘ance in the rows, and two feet
row from row: and I throw fome pulfe, or fome other
lhort covering, between the rows in winter. ‘
' Though thefe hedges over-hang, yet beating rains
will come at the plants if not prevented by the mats 5

'and this lhould not by any means be neglected, nei—
ther for thefe, or auriculas, carnations, or cauliﬂower
plants, or any thing that is planted under thefe
hedges ; for I obferve wet to be as great an enemy as
the fevereit cold.

“ In the fpring thefe hedges will require to be fet
perpendicular, for the plants to receive rains and
dews, and for room for them to grow. This is
all the difference between Mr. STEVENSON’S method:
and mine. The cutting of them down, and every
thing elfe being the fame as in his.

This method as laid down by colonel STEVENSON,
will be given in its place in Augul’r.

13E:

‘ui

FLOWER -
GARDEN.

SEMI-
NARY.

F E B R U A R Y,
XX§<§KX3§XXB§¥XXXXXXXX§XX¥X
F E B R U A R Y,

S E C T. IV.

L A s T W E E K.

O W fome feeds of annuals in an open border in the
garden. If the weather prove favourable, pro-

bably they may rife; and if they do they will ﬂower .

ﬁrong; and ripen their feeds in time, becaufe they
will have no check of removal.
Plant in the borders, where there is any de-

ﬁciency, roots of fraxinella, and fome of the hand- :

fome hieraciums.
In fpring plantings of ﬁbrous rooted perennials
obferve to manage every thing for forwarding the

twice: why

4....9_§:m
“

 

growth, or they will be behind thofe planted in au- .

tumn.

Let the roots be taken up with care, keeping
a large lump of their own earth about them.
Let them be fet into a large hole lightly and care-
fully ; the ends of the ﬁbres all trimm’d off; and the
mould immediately thrown in upon them, and fettled
Well to them, clofe it carefully about the head of the
root, and finifh all by a ﬂight watering.

Examine the condition ofhardy fpring ﬂowers planted
among ﬂowering lhrubs. Break the furface of the
earth about them, and clear away weeds; and it will
ﬁrengthen rhe ihrubs, and prepare them for their
fpring (boot with vigour.

”Clean the grafs walks: and let all the gravel be
well rolled.

Let the pots of choice perennial plants be dreifed,
and the roots refrefhed as the auriculas,

DIG the ground about fuch trees as have ﬂood fome
time

F O U R T H W E E K

itime in their place: they will {hoot more freely,
and be ﬁtter for removing. , ‘ ‘

'Where the intended trees for this feafon’s tranf-
:planting are not in the ground, let the places be
1 repared, and a mild day after froi’t taken for that
Euﬁnefs. The bell: weather is fuch as inclines to
rain, for the very dampnefs ‘of the air Will aﬂif’t.

If it be now fevere frol’c, let the grounds all
iabout the cuttings of goofeberries and currants be
:covered with peafe-Ptraw: and bricks or pebbles
laid Up0n it to keep it down ﬁrm. This will mellow
the foil, keep but the frot‘ts, and encourage the cut-
tings to mot. ,

If the weather be mild, only let the furfa'Ce once
a fortnight be broke with a hoe. Watering it is
not likely they ihould want; for mild Weather at this
feafon is ufually attended with rain.

SEE that the fruit trees newly planted, have a right
pruning; the common practice errs in leaving too
many branches upon them, and in cutting thofe
too fhort. The confequence is, that nature throws,
Out t00 many llioots, and thofe irregularly.

For whatever fervice the trees are deﬁgned, whe-
ther for walls, for dwarfs, or efpaliers, or for common
ﬁandards, the branches will be in this way too many;
they will fpoil one another; and the cutting them out
next year is but an imaginary cure: for thofe which
are left, will, from this, become too luxuriant in uie-
lefs gromh, and will bloffom late and poorly.

Six inches is the cOmmon length allowed ; and they
who leave them eight think they exceed difcretion;
but the confequence is, that if the branches thus
Ihortened, be of more than one year’s growth, they
commonly perifh: for their buds are weak from much
ﬁnding, and often will not open. At the beﬁ they
expand but (lowly and imperfeélly, and the branch
ﬁckens and decays. There muf’c be fome part left
for vegetation, to draw up the fap received by the

root, or all will come to nothing.
The

114. FEBRUARY,

The ﬁrongel’t buds are ﬁttelt for this purpofe,
and thefe are fuch as grow neared the ends of the
branches, not thofe toward their infertion at the Item:
therefore it is thefe buds which Ihould be retained
upon the tree; and the method is plain, there muft
be fewer branches left, and thofe muft be longer.

Standard trees are commonly pruned at planting in
this wrong manner, and all are hurt by it, tho’
in various degrees, according to their condition.

If the head of the tree be but one year old, this
ihort cutting brings out the new branches too near;
the head will be too full, and the boughs will gall
one another : nor can air get in to ripen the fruit, and
give it a good taf’te. '

In thofe which have heads of two or three years
old, the damage is much greater: the bloﬂ'oming
buds and rudiments of fpurs in many kinds are cut off
by this method. Therefore let the quantity of head
reduced, be proportioned to the roots loft -, and let the
branches be fewer and longer.

KITCHEN D I G three pieces of ground, and laying them
GARDEN'perfeeily level, on one ibw radilh feed, on the Other
fpinach, and on the third lettuce.

Theie will come in at a good time -, and to keep up
a fupply, there ﬂlOUlCl once in a fortnight be a repe—
titton.

Dig a piece of very rich ground under a warm wall,
and lbw young ialletting. This icon grows too large
for ufe, and mul‘t frequently be renewed by frefh
fowings.

Beets lhould all‘o be fown now for a large crop.

The excellence of this root depends upon 'its ﬁze,
therefore let the ground for it be very deep dug, and
very well broken.

Plant rocambole, and all the onion kinds.

In all thefe‘ fowings and plantations, the fame cau-
tions are to be oblerved. If the l‘rol’t lEt in fevere

jail after the feeds are in the ground, the furface meﬁ:
‘ e

F O U R T H W E E K;

be lightly covered with pea-ﬂraw, or fome fuch
matter: and if when they come up, there fhould
want rain, they mul’t be carefully water’d.

The time of watering mul‘t now be morning; and
the bell of all is an hour and half after fun-rife.

After the plants are up, keep them clear from
weeds. .

The weeds muf’t be pulled up by hand from among
thofe which are tender, and grow clofe; but for the
larger kinds the hoe very well anfwers the purpolE.

With good care there is no feafon from which~

things grow fo freely; but without this care none
is fo dangerous.

 

12 CHAP.

n5:

 

CHAP. III.
M A R c H.

SECT. I.

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION.

2;,Arf‘ H E gardener underﬂands the four ﬁrﬂ:
fé‘ ’" m Linn-Jean claﬂés; the feveral charaéters of
(3%” ’1 which are, that there are one, two, three, or
,'.~ "ti" «J, four ﬁlaments in the ﬂower. The know-
ledge ol. the two we add in this part will be very, fa-
miliar to him ; for in thefe, and lome few of the fuc-
cceding, the char-afters depend in the fame man--
ner folely upon the number of the ﬁlaments. It.
will be proper that he habituates himfelf to the ru-
diments of the fyﬁem in thefe; for we {hall ad--'

vance to form: which are more difﬁcult.
T he:

     

  

I .1:

FIRST WEEK. :17,

The claﬂies reprefented in the head-piece to this
month are the Pentandria and the Hexandria. The
character of the former is, that they are ﬁve ﬁlaments
in the ﬂower with the ﬂyle; of the latter that there
are ﬁx.

This clafs is divided into Orders as the others.
Thofe plants which have only one Iter belong to the
Monogynia; thofe which have two to the Digynia;
and {0 of the reﬁ.

Let him obferve thefe parts in the ﬂowers of the
two claﬂés, imprinting fo much in his memory as
an introduction to farther fcience.

emmwmewettem *iﬁteﬂhﬁirﬂtkitﬂiﬁi'ﬁétii“?

WEEDS riﬁng now on the borders will hurt the FLOWER.
roots of ﬂowering plants, unlefs def’troyed. This ne- GARDEN-
celTary buﬁnefs muﬁ be done with care.

The buds from many of the roots appear among
the weeds ; and thofe of molt others are formed, and
have made fome them, though they have not pierced
the furface.

The largeﬂ: of the weeds muf’t be ﬁrit pulled up
by hand; and when they are taken off the furface
muf’t be broke, and the fmall ones deﬁroyed with a
trowel.

After this let the border be laid fmooth, and a
quarter of an inch of ﬁne freIh mould lifted over it.

Then once in three days, if the feafon be dry, give
a gentle watering in the morning, two hours after
funrife.

Such roots as are not in good condition fhould now
be removed and replaced by others.

Perennial Sunﬂowers and Afters will fucceed very
Wt’ll. planted now; alfo Pinks, Rofe Campions, and
Bellﬂowers.

Dig up a piece of rich ground, and work in with
it lbme frefh paﬁure earth. In this plant fome toms
of large Double Anemonies, and in fuch another
piece fome Ranunculus’s. Long after the btautics‘

I 3 o:

1-18

SEMINA-
RY.

FRUIT-

GARDEN.

MARCH,

of the fpring in this kind are gone, thefe will come
into ﬂower, and give a pleaﬁ‘ng variety among the:
ﬁrl’t bloom of fummer. ‘ « » '

We do not advife plan-ting-elegant'kinds at this.
feafon, but there are gaudy ones of lefs value.

CHUSE an open {pot in the feminary, where the:
{oil is dry. Scatter an inch thickne’fs of the coarfel’t
{and over the furface, and dig it in a full fpadel
depth.

Get two or three freih cones of cedar of Lebanon
from the Hall.

Split the cones, pick out the feeds, and fow them
regularly at four inches dif’tance. Cover them a
quarter of an inch with the fame mould; and then
Iet fome traps baited for vermin. .

When the young trees have a little ﬁrength, the

ground mull be weeded, and fome mould carefully

drawn up about the items.

When they have flood one year, let them be re-
moved into another bed, and fet at greater dillances;
leaving in the feed—bed as many as can [land free
enough.

. They mull be taken up with a good ball of earth,
and immediately planted‘ in a fomewhat richer piece
of ground 3 they mull be tied up to flakes, otherwife
they will not grow (trait. They will after this re-
quire only the common care, for bringing them to‘

perfeé‘tion.

FINISH pruning of the peach and nectarine‘
kinds; and when this is done, and they are carefully
nailed to the wall, dig the earth in the borders.

In lEvere feafons the work may better be deferred
a week or longer. The rule is this ; do it when the
frof’ts have no great power, and before the buds are,
too much fwelled. '

This is a proper time for pruning new-planted
trees, becaufe what parts are dead will now be feen
piliinélly, and mull be cut out.

' The

FIRSTWEEK. “9

The f’trawberry beds mutt this week have a care-
ful and thorough drefling. The ﬁrings mult be
taken off, the weeds pulled out by hand, and the
earth broke lightly and carefully with a trowel.

Then let a little frelh mould be fprinkled in be-
tween the plants, and gathered about their heads.

Drefs goofeberry and currant bufhes. If any branch
have been left, that had better been removed, 91' any
thing left at the pruning, that now appears impro-
per, let it be taken out.

Let the earth be dug between and about them;
and if the weather be dry, give them, at three days
dil’tance after this, a couple of moderate waterings.
Thefe fhrubs are in general too much negleéted:
they will thus ﬂower earlier, and the fruit will be
better. '

DIG a bed for a fecond fowing of celeri. AKITCH‘EN
piece of light ground, open to the fun, is proper atGARDEN'
this time.

We {hall direft a third fowing a few weeks hence;
and for that a different mould and ﬁtuation will be
needful: moif’ture will be eﬂEntial to the fuccefs of
that crop, as heat is to this.

Cover the feeds a quarter of an inch; and after
ten days water the bed every other evening. This
will bring them up a week fooner than they would
come otherwife.

Clear them from weeds when they rife -, and about
two months from the fowing, the plants will be ﬁt
for removing. Their farther management we {hall
give at the due time.

Sow more lettuces, and let them be of the belt
kinds.

Chufe apiece of ground open to the fouth, and
lhelter’d from cold winds; and dig in fome well
rotted dung from an old melon bed; then fcatter
the feeds carefully in 3 [till calm evening.

Dig a piece of light mellow ground for the Dutch
parﬂey.

I 4. Sow

120

' FLOVVER

GARDEN.

‘MARCH,

Sow the feeds carefully, not too thick, and rake
them in.

I When the plants appear, they mui’t be cleared
from weeds, and thin’d to {even inches dif’tance
every way.

Weed early Spinach, and thin the plants to four

inches diﬁance.
' When they are grown a little larger, take up
the greater part of them; and leave only a fmall
number, at fueh dil’tance that he can dig between
them with a fpade.

Thofe taken up will be valuable for their earlie ~
nefs, and once in ten days dig up the ground
thoroughly between the others: there will be twice
as much Spinach, and better, from thefe few plants
than from the whole. '

$$$£¢$$®$tﬁeﬁ°$§$$€§$$$¢$$tﬁeﬁ£®$¢$%%+
M A R C H.
S E C T. 11.
SECQND WEEK.

. LANT, if required, biennial and perennial

'ﬁowers: Golden Rods, Perennial Afters, Co-
lumbines, Buphthalmums, and French Honeyfuckle:
autumn is better; and as the feafon advances, more
care mutt be taken in the plantation, or they will
ﬂower weakly the ﬁrlt year.

Let holes be opened fot the roots before they are
taken up: let the holes be larger and deeper than
at other times; and let the mould at the bottom be
well loofened, and chop’d ﬁne with a {harp trowel.

Let the roots be taken up with very large balls
of earth, and brought in carefully; let them be fet
even in the hole; and when they are in, let the
extreme ﬁbres be fpread out with a ﬂick, cut fmooth
to; that ufe, and their ends then fnip’d oﬂ" with a

pair

SECOND WEEK.

pair of fharp fciiTars. Then let the mould be thrown
in lightly and carefully from the blade of a trowel;
and the hole being ﬁlled up, let a little be lifted
over the crown of the root: then give a gentle
watering, and the next day a larger. ’

Quicknefs in the doing all this is a very great
article for fuccefs, The air {hrivels up the naked
roots, and does more hurt than is ufually thought;
the damage is avoided by thefe precautions.

Two things conf’titute the difference between the
autumnal and fpring plantation, in the eye of rea-
fon; the one is the nature of the plant, and the
other the condition of the ground.

Where the ground is dry, the plantation is beﬂ:
made in autumn -, where it is moifi, in fpring. The
reafon is plain; for the roots may, in the wet
’liiil, rot. '

A willow {lake roots in the ground, and makes
longer {hoot in two years, than an oak in ten. As
this principle is {irong or weak, hally or flow, in
what appears above ground in plants or trees, f0 it is
alfo with regard to their roots.~ All are to be cut off
at the ends in planting; and all {hoot new ﬁbres
from the part thus wounded ; but it is done {lowly
in fome, and readily in others. On this depends the
choice of a fpring or an autumnal tranfplantation for
diﬁ‘erent kinds; fuppoﬁng the foil equal.

Where the roots fend out new ﬁbres ﬂowly, the
autumnal is the ﬁtteft feafon -, but where that growth
is quick, the fpring is preferable.

This week take off the common hoops from the
beds of Ranunculus and Anemonies, and ﬁx in their
place fome that are much higher.

The ﬂower—buds begin to Ihew themfelves, and they
require proteétion, and air. The froﬁs will be too
fevere for them to bear open -, but, if they be drawn
under a low covering. their {talks will be weak,
and the colours faint. -

Therefore let thefe hoops be high, and let the
covering they are intended to fupport, never be ufed

but

121‘

.122

GREEN-

HOUSE
AND

STOVE.

SEMI-
NARY.

MARCH,

but when it is wanted. Not in all nights, but only
fuch as are froﬂy; and, if the days be fevere, let it
be kept on, except two hours at noon.

Dig up little patches in, feveral borders, for tuft
of hardy annual ﬂowers. Rake the furface even,
{catter on the feeds, and ﬁft a light covering of
mould over them.

The F 105 Adonis, the Dwarf Annual Stock, and
Lobels Catchﬂy, will anfwer very well. They are
not to be tranfplanted; but the fmall piece where
they are fown in to remain covered with them.

Let the grafs-walks be cut at the edges, and put
in order, and let all the borders be~ kept clean.

SEE that every plant in the greenhoufe and [love
be Clean from ﬁlth, and not a dead leaf left.
Admit air more freely, chufing the middle of mild
days; and let the waterings be encreafed in the
fame proportion as the air is admitted.

Reduce the heads of myrtles, and other trees,
where they are too luxuriant, otherwife they will
foon become rough and ragged : ’tis better to reduce
them at once, and fo prepare for the beauty of many
fucceeding years. ’

Head them down with a careful tho’ bold hand ;
and let their items be wafhed Clean; the mould upon
the furface in the pots taken off, and frellx put in its
place; and when thus prepared, let them have me-
derate warmth, to promote the fhooting.

DIG apiece of ground for {owing the berries of
evergreens, as bay-berries, and tho‘fe of juniper,
with fafety. They lhould be lightly buried, and the
place kept free from vermin.

When the trees are rifen to a little height, let.
there be a few pulled up where they have chanced
to rife too thick. ,

Keep them free from weeds -, water them in fum—
met, and defend them by a reed hedge in winter;
and thus they will take their two tirli years grOWth.

1 After

SECOND WEEK.

After that, let a piece of ground be dug in March;
and in the beginning of the April following, let a
cloudy day be chofen for their tranfplantation.

Open holes at two foot dil’tance; and the young
trees being taken up, with agood ball of earth to
the roots, plant one of them carefully in each hole,
cloﬁng the earth well about it, drawing up fome
mould to the item, and ﬁnifhing all by a gentle
watering.

FRUIT-trees may be yet planted; but there mull
be the more care, in proportion as the feafon is
more advanced.

The early wall-fruit will be fwelling the bloﬂ‘om
buds, and preparing for bloom. This may be for-
warded in mild weather by art; and in more fevere,
' there will be occaﬁon for the fame caution to de-
fend them.

If the froﬁs are fevere, let a mat be hung at
night from the top of the wall.

If the fsafon be very favourable, and they come
forward without danger, they will be greatly aﬂiﬂed
by moif’ture.

Let fome water be fet four and twenty hours in
the greenhoufe; and about ten o’clock in the morn-
ing let the gardener, with a large brulh, fprinkle it
carefully over the branches. ‘

This can only be done with fafety when the air
is fettled mild.

Prune the heads of trees left on in the autumnal
plantation.

According to the ﬁrength of the root, more or lefs
wood muﬁ be left on at the head; if that have been
large, and planted with a good deal of its own mould,
the head need not be taken down farther than to
ﬁve eyes.-

If the root have been weakly, let the head be
taken down to three eyes -, and let the gardener ufe
a {harp knife, and make a fervant hold the Item
firm and Ready.

' This

123

FRUIT.
GARDEN-

:24 MARCH,

This week is the belt in the year in moderate
feafons for planting ﬁg trees. It may be done by
fuckers or layers, but layers produce the handfomelt
and ﬂrongelt trees. .

They mutt have a good expofure, and the foil
muft be dry, and not too rich.

The branches laid the lalt February, will be now
ﬁt for planting out.

Let the ground where they are to {land be dug
up; and if rich, let one third part of it be carried
away. Mix up a quantity of the rubbifh of old
walls with the brick bats; throw in fome chips of
{lone from the mafons, and add a fmall quantity of
coal-allies and wood-foot. Mix this well, and put
it into the border, to fupply the place of the foil that
was carried OFF.

Let all weeds be picked out.

The border when made lhould be four inches
higher than the intended level, for it will link f0
much in a few months : and let it be ten feet broad,
delcending from the wall with 21 Hope of ﬁve
inches. .

Let the layers be taken of? with care, and plant-
ed at ﬁve and twenty feet dillance ; ﬁxing the earth
well to the roots, and giving them a gentle watering.

xnmm LET the gardener examine the heat of the eu—
GARDEN. cumber and melon beds, and if it decline, pile up
frefh dung in good quantity againﬂ: the fides.

If the nights are fharp, let mats be drawn over
the glaffes before fun-fer, and not removed till two
hours before noon next day.

When there comes a mild day, let the glalles be
railed a little at noon, to admit the air.

If the ﬂeam be not let out in the middle of the
day, and the clofe air reii‘eilird from without, the
plants will rot at the {talks of the flowers, and they
Will drop off.

Let a {mall parcel of beans and peafe be put inlto

( 18

SECOND WEEK. 125

the ground, for the means of a continual fupply
during the feafon.

When this new plantation is made, let him take
good care of all the former.

Weeds mul’t be cleared away; and fome favourable
day when the mould is crumbly, draw it up care-
fully about their lhanks.

As the railing of liquorice is underﬂood to be a
part of the kitchen gardener’s buﬁnefs, among his
ufeful medicinal plants; we lhall here give a practi-
cal method of performing it, as done at Pontefraét
in Yorklhire, the moft fuccefsful of our Englilh li-
quorice plantations. We received it from one of the
principal groundworkers on the fpot; and it con-
tains the refult of many years experience: we {hall
therefore give it in his own words.

S I R,

“ When a perfon in this neighbourhood is inclined RAISING
to have a new plantation of liquorice, he will Chufe 0F L1-
his foil of a loamy deep hazle earth. (women

“ About Candlemas he will trench it three feet
deep, to be ready to plant the middle of March
following; (after being covered over with a little
rotten dung) but if the foil be of a heavy clofe na-
ture, he will give it a little lime to lighten it; for
liquorice will not at planting take well in clayey
land.

“ After this is dug over again, they lay the ground
out into quarters of moderate. width, according to ,
its extent or form; then tread it out by a line into
narrow alleys, at three feet diﬁance; which alleys are
call up into ridges, and raked into the form of a
carp’s back. ‘

“ Before I fpeak farther of this, it is necelTary to
give an account of the plants, which are called
liquorice buds. Thefe are of two forts, the one
called ﬂock-buds, the other runner-buds.

f The ﬂock-buds are fuch as are left in the hand,

when

126

MARCH.

when the liquorice is cut of? clofe, being the root;
The runner-buds grow out ﬁdeways from the bottom
of the ﬂock—buds, running under the furface of the
ground, in the manner of hops: thefe after dreﬁ‘mg

,the hairy ﬁbres off, are cut into lengths of about

four inches, in which length are generally two eyes
(like the buds oreyes of the Ihoot of a tree) which
produce both liqu0rice and top-lhoots. They are

\ tied up into bunches of about ﬁxty plants in a bunch,

ready to be laid upon‘ the ground for planting.

“ The flock-buds mutt alfo be dreﬂ’ed, by cut-
ting off all the dry tops clofe to the earth, and trim;
ming away the {mall hairy parts of liquorice clofe to
the part where it was cut off; then are the buds of
both forts ready for planting. But if the ground or
feafon be not ready for them, lay them in {and until
the time of planting in March, if the weather
permit. ~

“ When you plant your liquorice, one bed as
above will take three lines, one in the middle or
top of the bed, and one on either ﬁde. Lay the
flock-buds down ﬁrft at about two feet dil’tance, and‘
two runner-buds betwixt them. This reduces
them to about eight inches diﬁance; plant them
with dibbers it) as they may be covered in about
three inches under the l‘urface; rake the ground,
and the planting is ﬁnilhcd. But it is common to
have a crop of onions in the alleys, between the
beds the ﬁrll fummer.

“ The tops ofliquorice die to the ground about
Martinmas, which mull then be cut off near to the
furface of the earth.

“ It very rarely is taken out of the ground until
it have had three l‘ummers growth, and lbmetimes it
is fuﬁered to remain four, by which it pays by imd
proving to a larger lize.

“ The time of taking it up (by trenching of the
ground) is from Martinmas to March; which, after

dreﬂ‘mg, ‘

’SECOND WEEK. m7

dreﬁing (the common phrafe ufed. here) is to clo‘fe it
in land until wanted.

I am, S I R,
Your humble fervant,

JOSEPH PERFECT.

“ One acre of good liquorice will produce about
feventy—ﬁve hundred weight.

“ The produce of liquorice in Pontefraéi: in one
year, is about 370 hundred weight. ‘

M A R C H.

S E C T. III.

THIRD WEEK.

Uphthalmums and feveral of the Golden Rods FLOWER
Pinks, Carnations, and Sweet Williams, may GARDEN'
be now planted where required. But they muff be
taken up with large balls of earth.

Dig up {mall pieces in different borders, and fow
upon them blue Convolvulus, Dwarf Poppy, Na-
fiurtium, and Oriental Mallow.

Scatter the feeds thin and regular, and fift a
quarter of an inch of mould over them. Carelefs
or ignorant Gardeners rake them in. The feeds are
fo drawn together in lumps in fome places, and
there are vacancies in others. The merit of this
{owing is, that the plants may ﬂower where they
rife, without removal.

Look to the beds of valuable ﬂowers.

The early tulips will be in great forwardnefs?
and the buds will appear on the later.

Let the beds be arched with tall hoops, and every
night covered with canvas. According to the wea—
ther, let this be taken off, earlier or later, in the
morning: but let it always be removed as foon as

It

128

GREEN-
HOUSE.

STOVE.

MARCH.

it can with fafety, for free air gives the ﬂowers
brightnefs of colouring. .

Let not the leaft bud of a weed be feen among
them: if the mould be dry, two hours after fun-‘
rife give them a gentle watering; and manage the
covering and expofure in a moderate way, neither'
to choak nor {tarve them. -

Remove the boxes of young auricula plants
from their winter ﬁtuation. They mul‘t now have
little fun.

Leave no mofs or Weed upon the mould ; and if
it grow dry, refrefh the whole with a little water.

The tender annuals fown 'upon hot-beds, will {ooh
be ﬁt for tranfplanting. The fecond hot-beds {hould
be made ready for them : they muff be conﬁrué‘ted
as the ﬁrfi, only the mould which covers them
mul‘t be very rich, and laid One‘ inch deeper than
on the other. Thefe being prepared this week will
be ready the next, for the reception of the plants.

REGULATE the greenhoufe according to the
weather: in the middle of mild days, the glaITes
mul’t be opened a little.

Sow the feeds of lbveral of the nightfhades which
do not require the Rove, particularly the Amomum
Plinii.

They {hould be fown in pots of a light compol’t.
Thefe {hould be let half up their height in a mo-
derate hot-bed, and watered once in three days.~
The plants will rife freely; and when they are two
inches high, they lhould be removed into fepa—
rate iinall pots, and as they encreafe in height into
larger.

'LET the temperature of the air in the lime be
examined: and as the {cvere cold decreafes, let the
ﬁres be leis.

Stir up the bark-beds where they are grown un—
even, or have left their natural warmth, the plants
will require cleaning and watering. I

.€t

THIRD WEEK. 129

Let no‘ ﬁlth remain upon any part; nor any dead
leaves or decaying branches: and let the earth be
{ﬁr’d upon the furface of the pots, and fome frefh
mould added.

SOW American trees which bear the open air :fﬁg‘;
the Virginian walnuts, the Acacias, Liquid Amber '
tree, and the Planes.

' The earth muf’t be broke ﬁne, and the feeds or
fruits plac’d with a careful hand at regular diliances.

If the mould grow very dry, it mul’t be refreih’d
with water. The beds muf’t be kept clear from
weeds; and when the young trees are of a bignefs
for tranfplanting, they mull: be remov’d with great
caution. _ A

Dig up the earth between the rows of young trees.
No time is fo ferviceable as this, becaufe they are
preparing for the fpring growth.

Look over thofe trained for confpicuous parts of
the garden, and for other purpofes where they will
be in light.

Trim up thofe intended for heads; and tie care-
fully the young fhoots of fuch as you would have rife
(trait to flakes.

Sow the biennial and perennial plants ; to” Fraud in
the feminary till the autumn before their flowering.

The ground mui‘t be well dug, and all roors of
perennial weeds picked out.

Let the furface be laid level; and‘the feeds, ac-
cording to their kinds, fcatter’d on it at various di-
ﬁances, fewer being allow’d as the plants are larger.

About a quarter of an inch of mould mull: be
lifted over them.

When the plants/appear they muff be weeded and
watered; and afterwards planted out into Other beds,
there to remain till they are removed into the border.

CARE mul’t yet be taken of the trees planted FRUITT .
the preceding Oftober, their heads being cut dowanRDHV
_ K the

13o

'MAR-CH,

the earth mul’t be kept from drying about their]

roots. -
Let a quantity of turﬁ‘ be laid about the root of the:
tree. and to two foot dii’tance all round it.

‘ The weight will keep the mould ﬁrm, and in 3]
ﬁate of moif’cure: waterings given upon this will'
gently make their way through ; and the fun’s POWCI"!
will be kept from over drying the mould. . ‘

Plant vines this week. The foil Ihould be dry and?”

cor. '

In France they throw in rubbifh; and, the fame-3
praé‘tice is followed fuccefsfully in England: but!
there is one thing greatly preferable : this is, mixing g
among the foil chips of {’tone.

Italy cannot do this; for their f’tone is marble: :
hard, and cold.

England has a vait refource in this for the im- i»
provement of the vine; and it is ﬁt all know it.

Ini’tead of brick and lime rubbilh, let refufe of ‘
ﬁone be ufed: this, in many counties lies at the:
furface; and elfewhere the chippings from a mafon’s :
yard will do. The foftei’t and roughed {tone is bell, .
Ryegate {tone better than any other; it warms, as .
well as abates the richnefs of tlze ground; and it
imbibes the reﬁ‘efhing juices of the :.ir.

Grapes ripen on fuch a 11);! in feafons when‘
there are no others; and they are always better ﬂa-.
voured.

Examining how this happened in a neighbouring
county, [learned from turning up the foil, what the
gardener would not difclofe ; and have ﬁnce Advifed
the ufe of Prone ftlccefsftilly.

The chips fhould be ﬂat, or not too thick, fueh as
naturally ﬂy 0H~ in the ﬁri’t working the {tones and
they fhould afterwards he beat to pieces with .1 mallet.
The mof’c ufeful ﬁze is about the bignefs of a crown-
piece.

When a plantation is intended, trench the ground;
bury in it fome of this {tone rubbifh, and mix more
among the upper part: add a little foot and coal-

aihes 5

THIRD WEEK.

allies ;. and a good deal of frelh mould from a hilly
barren paI’ture.

This foil will have ﬁrength without luxuriance;
and it will keep in order a great while.

Let the border be made ﬁve feet broad, and all the
roots of perennial weeds taken out.

Then let the vines be brought in. The old method
was to plant layers: of later time, cuttings mentioned
by fome, but lightly, have been introduced: but the
ufe of layers is after all the heft.

Thofe who object to layers, fay the roots decay
‘ in the removal. ’Tis certain they are flight; not
him, as in other fhrubs: but they only decay, be-
caufe ill managed : they may be preferved alive, and
3 they will help the plant.

The method is this. Mark upon the border how
far the woody part will extend itfelf, when placed at
about feven inches from the wall, this is to be the
rule for planting; and the method is not to'be by a.

hole, as in other cafes, but by a double {helving

trench.

Let the earth lie entire along this mark, and on
' each ﬁde dig it away one fpade deep, in a flaming
manner outwards.

This done, there will be a trench, with a ridge in
the middle of it. In this manner let the openings be
made for the reception of all the fets -, and then let
them be taken up, if in the fame ground; or un-
packed, if brought from a dil’tant place.

They muf’t be planted with fpeed, as well as care 3,
for the air has great effect upon their tender roots.

For packing of thefe, if brought from a dil’tance,
let a quantity of wet mofs be in readinefs when they
are taken up ; and let them be immediately laid upon
a bed of this, with more of it upon them.

In this manner let them be brought to the place,
and when they are unpacked, let them be planted
with careful fpeed.

The root conﬁl’ts of a i’trong part ~, and ﬁbres iﬂ‘u-
ing from it. This ﬁrong part will be alive; but in

" " ’ K 2 ‘ fpite

131

:32

‘MARCH,

fpite of the belt care, many of the ﬁbres will be de-‘
ca ed.

X.l"hel‘e would hurt the living ones, if the vines:
were planted in the manner of other trees, and in
would be in vain to direct the gardener to cut the:
dead ones out, for there is no knowing which are dead,.
and which not: it is therefore we have directed the:
manner of ridge planting.

The trenches being opened, and the plants ready,
three people lhould be employed in the work, one to;
place the plants, another to cover in the mould, and!
a third to take care of the remainder : otherwife more!
will be loit than faved.

When they are taken out, the ﬁrong root mul’t be
cut ofi’ at each end to refrefh it for growing; it mullil
then be laid along upon the back of the ridge; and:
the ﬁbres growing from it, mui‘t be fpread on eachl
ﬁde down the two {luping parts; then the mould}
mui’t be carefully put in; and the plant will thus;
grow much better than from a bare cutting. Some i
of the ﬁbres will decay, butothers will live, and the;
main part will fend out more.

mrcnm DRESS the afparagus beds with a three pronged:
GARDl‘J‘Ll‘ork, fiat, and with lhort tynes; it is bef’t to have

one putpofely made for this lervice; for the beneﬁt it:
does is very ellcntial.

The forking at this time loofens the mould, de-
ﬂ‘roys weeds, and attracts the inﬂuences of the air,“
dews, and lhoxvers; thele fwell the buds, and the;
frelh broken mould gives them free paﬂ‘age.

Sow a crOp of endive on a rich warm piece oﬁ
ground. It will come in a very acceptable lealon.

The plants of the tiri‘c lowing of Dutch parﬂey
will now come up.

Gardeners leave them too clofe: let them be thin’d
to eight inches alunder. ‘

The crops of radiihes will appear frclh and vigo~

'rous: they require the fame management with this

parﬂey, but not {0 great a diilance. They {hould be
thin’d
1

THIRD WEEK.

thin’d by hand, pulling up the poor plants, and leav-
ing the ref: at four inches afunder.

A few days after the bed mul’t be hoed.

A dry morning after a light froﬂ, is the bei’c time
for this, the mould being then crumbly and free, it
will fall loofe about the heads of the plants, and, be-
ing broke at the furface, the dews will be received,
and it will keep moift and loofe.

It will now be proper to prepare for a fecond crop
of cucumbers and melons.

The hot beds for thefe mul’c be made in the fame
manner, and the whole management of the young
plants mutt be the fame as for the others.

French beans mutt be planted this week with care
and circumfpeétion.

If the ground be wet the feed will rot; and if ex-
pofed, cold winds will deﬁroy the plants as foon as
they appear.

They muf’t be defended alfo from ﬂugs, for their
ﬁrﬂ; leaves are juicy, and thefe devourers are fond
of them.

The {pot fhould be fheltered and warm; and the
ground high, that wet may not fettle upon it.

If the weather be very rainy, the {owing lhould be
deferr’d. ‘ ' i .

The Batterfea bean, or leffer French bean is the
bef’t kind now. . ‘

Let drills be opened at ﬁxteen inches dil’tance, and
to the depth of one inch, or thereabout 5 into thefe
dr0p the beans three inches afunder, draw the mould
over them, and in nine days, with good weather,
the plants will appear.

As they rife in height, the mould mul’c be drawn
up to them with a hoe.

K3 MARCH

133

Y34

FLO‘VF R-
GARDEN.

MARCH,

$§2§$§§$ $§§§Eﬁ§§§®§§§§d§ﬁﬁ§
M A R C H.
S E C T. IV.
FOURTH VVEEK.

. Helter hyacinths from the frol’ts, without choak;
ing them for want of air. Their Items will be
advancing, and you muft prepare for their fupport.

Near every root thrul‘c in a fhort Ptrong ﬂick;
not willow frelh cut, as I have feen in many places 3
for it will ﬂlOOt, and drawing nourilhment foritfelf,
will Ptarve the root.

Let, it be a dry piece of wood, painted of a pale
green, like the ﬁalk itfelf, and not exceeding its
known and expected growth in height. Thruﬁ this
it) deep in that it may be ﬁrm ; and {0 near the plant
that the ﬁalk may be faﬂened to it without violence.

It will thus anfwer the purpofe, and be unfeen;
They have little notion of a garden, who think tall,
carv’d, and painted {ticks are an ornament. The art
is to conceal the fupport, and even the tyeing. This
fhould therefore be done with green loofe yarn, and
no dangling end lhould be left.

The auriculas are budding for ﬂower: he Who
knows his kinds, and where he is to expect a heavy
clutter, fhould prepare for its fupport by a fmall
Rick like the {’talk, and a tying of the fame colour.

Let the plants be guarded from cold winds, and
too much rain: but let them not either be choak’d
by covering, or deﬁroy’d for want of water.

Let the air come to them freely, though cold
blaﬁs be kept all"; and when the mould is dry, let
them have a little water: but in the giving this, care
muf’t be taken net to hurt the buds.

Carefully drefs carnations in pots: let all dead
leaves be taken of}; and the furface of the mghﬂd

en

FOURTH WEEK.

then be ﬂirted with a trowel, breaking it as far down
as can be done without injuring the roots : let this
be taken 03‘, and frefh compoit of a prOper kind put
in its place. This dOne, give a géntle watering to
all the pots round the edges; and repeat it from
time to time as the mould grows dry.

Sow a fecond parcel of thofe annuals, which are
to be raifed where they are to remain.

Let feveral {pots of a yard in length, and of the
breadth of the border, be fown for this purpofe with
the Ketmia Veﬁcaria, double POppy, and Candy Tuft:
and in appropriated places let the gardener put in
fome Sweet and Tangier Peafe.

Where there is a difagreeable Ptump, or other na-
tural deformity, that cannot well be removed, thefe
hide it; they will cover the part with ﬂowers as
well as foliage.

Thin them where they rife too clofe. A few well
nourifhed plants will ﬁll the fpot, and anfwer the
purpofe better, than a greater number of the fame
kinds ﬂarved and crowded.

I35

CONTINUE {owing biennial and [perennial SEMI-

ﬂowers.

The great Scarlet Lychnis, with other of the
Lychnis Kind not annuals, and the Stocks, Campa-
nulas, and Greek Valerian, fucceed well now.

The common method of propagating ﬁbrous-
rooted perennials, is by parting the roots: but the
preference of railing plants from feeds is very great :~
and it holds true in a greater or lefs degree in all.

Remove yews, hollies, and cypreﬂés, where they
ﬁand too clofe, planting them to a greater diftance,
if they be not yet wanted in the garden; or ready
for it.

Sow the feeds of the ﬁr and pine kinds, carefully
feparated from their cones, and the Saﬁafras and
Virginian Cornus on other fpors.

The care required for thefe is very little: the
ground, when the young trees appear, is to be kept

‘ K 4. very

NARY.

136’ MARCH,

, very clear from weeds, refrelhed with water when too
dry -, and the plants, if in danger from a too hot fun,
are to be fhaded by fome bullies.

Plant cuttings of exotic trees and ﬂirubs.

Seleét for this purpofe a part of the nurfery where
the ground is not too dry : dig and break the mould
very well -, and, dividing the bed into as many parts
as there are kinds, plant thefe carefully, ﬁx and gather
up the mould well about them ; and if the place have
not a fuﬂicient natural lhade, defend the plantation by
a reed hedge.

Let the ground be kept in a moderate degree of
moiiture, neither wet nor crumbly ; and perfectly
clear from weeds; they will thus root in due time, ‘
and after one year will be ﬁt for removing.

Look carefully over the beds where you fow’d the
feeds and fruits of trees and fhrubs the preceding
autumn; many will be now up, and you mull cherilh
and protect them.

If the ground be too dry, refrefh it with water.

Let no weeds {land among them; bait traps for
vermin, and flick up fcarecrows, to keep off birds.

1
,1

vv
L k

G RDEN.

‘

TAKE care the earth do not grow too dry
about the roors of the new planted vines. .

For the fake of thofe who {hall prefer the old
method by cuttings, we {hall direét the management
in that way.

The cuttings lhould be ﬁfteen inches long; fhoots
of the laﬂ: year -, and there mull be about a ﬁnger’s
breadth of the old wood cut away with them.

'l‘hefe muf’t be plae’d ﬂanting in the ground, with
only one eye above the furface.

Let the rafpberry beds now have the refrefhment of
a good digging. Thofé who are accullomed to nur-
feries, know how clofe the earth may de dug between
the rows of young trees without danger. .

The fame method is to be praélis’d here : the
whole ground between them mull be dug up deeply

and

,D

FOURTH WEEK. :37

and carefully, and be very well broke with the fpade.
This will encourage the roots to {hoot new ﬁbres in

abundance ; and the furface will be open to the dews
and rains.

THE cauliﬂower plants raifed upon hot-beds will Egg?
now be of a bignefs for tranfplanting.

A fecond hot-bed mul’t be prepared, and covered
with an inch more of the mould than the bit. It
mui’t be kept covered till the mould has a proper.
temper, and then the plants muﬁ be carefully taken
out of their ﬁrﬁ bed and fet in this, at the diﬂance
of two inches every way. The bed muf’t be fhaded,
and they muPt be watered till they have taken good
root: but after that the glaﬂ'es mul’t be raifed in
the middle of every ﬁne day, and they muﬂ have air,
that by degrees they may be brought to a hardinefs
for tranfplanting.

Sow red cabbage. The ground muf’t be well dug,
and carefully levelled for it: and in a month the
plants will be ﬁt for their ﬁrft removal. They will
then require a cool Ihady border, with a frefh but
not rich mould, and fhould be planted at four inches
dittance.

Sow more parfneps and carrots: fow alfo more
leeks and onions.

Sow a cr0p of Alexanders now; the plants mull:
be afterwards blanched in the manner of celeri.

Let a piece of ground be dug for dandelion. It is
a pleafant and tender plant, of the endive nature;
and, when well managed, is greatly preferable to en-
dive; better tailed, and more tender.

The true method is this:

Let feeds be gathered from the wild plants:
dig up a bed in a ﬂiaded part of the ground,
working in fome old dung from a melon-bed.
Scatter the feeds carefully and regularly over the
furface, when it has been laid level, chuﬁng for
this work the evening of a mild day. Sift fome

mould,

13: MARCH.

mould, about a quarter of an inch thicknefs over
them, and give a gentle. fprinltling of water.

Seeds of dandelion will quickly grow. _

Repeat the watt-tings gently every other evening
till the plants appear, and then every evening.

Dig up a piece of very mellow ground, not too
much expofed; and when the plants have a little
ﬁrength thin them to ﬁx inches diﬂance, plant thofe
which are pull’d up, in the piece of ground dug for
that purpofe. Water thefe, as well as thofe which
remain in the feed-bed, freely; and by all mes-:13
encourage their growth, taking up weeds as form
as they appear; and breaking the ground between
them.

The leaves will fpread into a circle, and foon
grow to a good ﬁze; the bud of the {’talk would
foon after this appear, but this mui’t be prevented.
The taking them up will {top it; and the timeis
come to do that for blanching.

Let a larger piece than either of the ﬁrﬂ be dug
for this purpofe; let it be rich mould that has not
lately been dung’d, and the place not too much ex-
pofed to the fun : let it be dug the full depth of the
fpade, and broke ﬁne.

Level the furface, and draw lines at eight inches
dii’tance.

F orbear watering the plants for two days. Then
in an evening take them up. Open a hole with a
trowel in the centre of each fquare, and in each hole
place one plant, fo deep that the leaves may be bu—
ry’d, except their tops.

The ﬁbres of the roots muf’t be trim’d, and the
inner leaves ga:hcred together, and tied loofely at the
top with the piece of bafs.

Give the whole ground a gentle watering; and
leave them to nature.

The ground mul’t be kept clear of weeds, and the
plants watered only once in three days; after they be—
gin to grow well; for if wetted too much at ﬁrft
they will rot.

As .

FOURTH WEEK.‘

'As they {boot up .the leaves higher, the mould
muff be drawn up about them -, and they mul’t be ta-
ken up for fervice as wanted. '

This is a crop that lhould be ufed off quick;
for the great excellence of it is the‘ bringing it f0
foon to a ﬁze ; and this is a feafon when it cannot
by kany art be kept long from fhooting the ﬂower-
ﬁal . ~
A month after the ﬁrft cr0p is fown, a fccond
{hould be put into the ground; and this fowing re-

‘eated once in ﬁve weeks during fummer.

There will by this means he a continual fupply,~
even throughout the winter, for the late fown plants
will laﬂ: a great while.

 

CHAP.‘

1379.

 

CHAP. IV.‘
A P R I L.

SECT. I.
FIRST WEEK.
INTRODUCTION.

E repeat the leﬁ‘on of the preceeding
months here in two more inﬁances.

  

ewWe “L. thefe are charaé‘terifed as the others only
by the number of the ﬁlaments.

The ﬁrlt reprefented in this head-piece has feven
ﬁlaments, and it is by that referred to the clafs Hep-
tandria; the other has eight, and therefore belongs
to the Oétandria; this number being the charaé‘ter of '
that clafs.

The gardener will underﬁand, that all plants, inf
whofe ﬂower there are feven plain ﬁlaments withf
the ﬁyle, belongs to the fleptaadria; and all hthad‘

ave:

FIRST WEEK; 14;

have eight to the Oétandria; the feventh and eighth
claﬂEs of Linnaeus.

TH E part of the garden where ﬂowering fhrubsFLOWBR
are planted with roots and ﬂowers among them, GARDEN‘
mul’t now be again dreﬂed. The ﬂirubs will be
ﬁrong in bud; and the ﬁrl’t fhoots of the inter-
mingled ﬂower- roots will be feen. The ground mull:
have a good cleaning.

Chufe the morning of a bright day, after a ﬂight
night’s froft: this will fhew every {hoot dif’tinétly, and
the mould will be crumbly. ’

Clear away weeds, rake ol’lr all rubbiih, take
away broken or ﬁragling branches; and break the
’whole furface of the ground, drawing up a little
mould about the heads of the plants, and round
the Items of the ﬂirubs.

S O W hardy American trees. SEMI-

Dig the ground very well ; and fcatter or plant them“.
feeds according to their kinds and lize.

The lazarole, the cock-fpur thorn, and many other
of the mefpilus kind, may now be fown: alfo the
tulip-tree, the American cyprefs, the Perﬁmon and
Virginia walnuts.

As fevere nights and defperate eaﬂerly blalls are
now in a great meafure over, get to work upon the
removing exotic trees.

Chufe a time when there is a profpeét of rain, a
damp air, and a foutherly wind ; and begin with the
hardier kinds. .

If eai’terly winds come on unexpectedly, let a reed-
hedge be placed to defend them; and if the expec—
tation of rain be fruitlefs, let them be watered every
other day.

W H A T we have direéted to be done to the other FRUIT. ..
'Ihrubs, may be continued to the fruit trees of {everalGARDm-
kinds. '

The

342 VAPRIL,

‘ The plantation of fruit trees muf’t now be ﬁnilhed,
or particular cautions taken in the delay.

Trees will take root in the fucceeding weeks, but-
they will be too forward in their original ground.

The proper period of plantation is before their
ﬂiOOting; and if the places where they are to ﬁand,
are not prepared to receive them, the trees muf’c be
taken up, and laid in the ground.

Open a hole, large and deep enough, and pruning
the roots, lay them in ﬁdeways in a flaming direétion:
their {’tem muﬁ be alfo covered with dry firaw.

They will continue ready for planting; and when
the holes are opened, their extreme roots muf’t be
trimmed again, and the mould well mixed among
them. ‘

If any article be left unﬁnilhed in the pruning, let
it now be compleated.

KITCHEN CAULIFLOWER plants, remaining in the winter

GARDEN' beds, muﬁ now be planted out; the ground fhould
be well broke; a little dung from an old melon-bed
dug in, and care taken that they may root quickly.
The earth m uit be drawn up to their {’(ems ; and they
muﬂ: have frequent watcrings. ‘

Sow a frnzrfl crop of carrots upon a piece of rich,
free, and par-~53 l3" loolc foil.

Sow onions again‘; and fome of the kitchen garden
plants of {lighter fervice, burner, chervil, buglofs and
borage.

Sow alfo marygolds and fpinach, and French for-
rel.

Plant winter fzivory, and other of the hardier kinds
that grow from ﬂips 3 allowing ‘hcm a rich piece of |
the ground under fhade and fhelter. They mui’t be
watered till they ham taken root; and when they
are ﬁrong, and have made fome fhoots, they muﬁ be
removed with balls of earth into their places.

‘Sage and rofemary, hyﬁop, and molt of the arc-
matic plants, may be treated in the fame manner.

Mint, baum, and penny—royal root freely, and

fpread

FIRST WEEK. :43

fprcad quickly; they Ihould be put in where they
are to remain : the foil lhould be moift and rich.

Plant out the lettuces fown in autumn. Give them
a free foil and a good expofure; water them often, and
fed: for ﬂugs in mornings and evenings.

ﬁWXﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁ§§ﬁﬁﬁmﬁﬁﬁﬁm
A P R i L.
SECT.E

SECOND WEEK.

TH E new hot~beds for the tender annuals, as FLOWER-
amaranths, china-aﬁers, and the like ; willGARDEN‘
:have now acquired a due heat, and the plants mutt be
removed into them.

The evening of a mild, cloudy day, is belt for this
purpofe.

From this time, they muf't have Ihading and wag
tering till rooted: then they mm”: be by degrees har-
dened to the air.

Chufe the evening of a dripping day, and bring in
this week fome of the ﬂowering lhrubs, into the gar-
den where wanted.

The ciftus’s and fame of the cytifus’s fucceed at
this feafon ; alfo phillereas and fome others.

G R A F T hollies alfo this week. SEMI-
The plain Engliih holly is the Rock on which all the NARY‘
painted and variegated kinds are to be grafted ; and
it is fuited to this purpofe at about ﬁve years growth
in the feed-bed, or two after their ﬁrl’t tranfplanting.
If the berries of holly be put into the ground, when
frefh gathered, they lie two feafons.
The cuﬁom is to keep them in dry fand a year,
and then {ow them in autumn: but :the belt way
is to fow the berries as foon as gathered -, moreitrees
are railed, and they are ﬁronger. - This is nature’s
me-

14-4-

FRUIT-

GARDEN.

APRIL.‘

method; and in the pride of leaving her courfe we
commonly err.

When the plants have ﬂood three years in the feed-
bed, and have been two in the tranfplanted beds, get
good cuttings, and graft them with due care.

Look over the feed-beds of the lait year ', the ﬁrl’t
thOts of many of the fhrubs and trees will appear.

Cheriih thefe by drawing a little mould about them, ‘

and clearing away weeds: give gentle waterings; and

where they are of the tenderer kinds, if the nights

prove fevere, allow fome covering.
The belt is, a frame of very high h00ps, and a co—

vering of canvafs; which mul’t be taken off in the “

morning.
If the beds be open to the eal’t, a reed-hedge muit
be placed for their defence.

THE ﬁg-trees will begin to bud, and they mull be
watched; for the earlier improper lhoots are dif‘
placed, the better.

The fore-right and illwplaced mui’t be rubbed away
as they appear.

The new-planted fig-tree has its three branches, «
which rife in an oblique direétion. The fore-right ‘

. buds being rubbed off, each of thefe three branches ,3
in another year is again parted into three; one ﬁde ‘
{hoot being each way produced, and fuﬂ‘ered to re- 9

main.

The great care muft be to encourage them to a
due length, and to lay them in a proper direction.

They are to be carried each way from the main
Item, in nearly an horizontal direction ; but he would
be very ralh who {hould lay them into that form at
ﬁrl’t.

The courfe of nature is to fhoot upright, or at the

leaft oblique in the branches -, fo long as they remain

in this direction, they will continue growing in length,
but they will grow very little at the ends, when once
laid ﬂat. On this depends entirely the prtfeat con-
ﬁderation of training the tree.

Con-

S E C O N D W E E K.

,. Conﬁder what extent is to be Covered with
- the young fig-tree :_ mark it upon the wall by a
itrong line, permit thefe two lide lhoots to grow in
an oblique afcending direétion,‘ till they will reach
,- within eight inches of the mark each way, when laid
= Hat. Then is the time to lay themho'rizontally.
Let them be brought down very nearly to the level
‘ of the bud; and thus nailed carefully withoUt b‘ru‘ilin'g.
They will after this encreafe verylittle.‘ and that very
{lowly in length; but the famejuices that lhould have
lengthened the branch, will fend up new ihoots from
its upper ﬁde, nearly in an erect pofture. Thefe are
to be the bearing branches; and this polition is to be
A favoured : as many are to be left on as will cover the
. Wall, and by a careful nailing, they will be kept eat—-
lily in their upright growth, and at due dil’tance.
, The middle lhoot, or main Item, will furnifh a new
provilion of branches at a proper place.

\N'hen it has reached the due height of the upright
flioots from the ﬁrft laid horizontals, it mui’t be luf-

fered to fend out two ﬁde branches, as the young tree -

did at ﬁrlt; and thefe, when they have acquired a due
length in their natural oblique direction, muft be 1'69
duced to form as the others. '

_ It is a practice with many to take of? the ends of
the healthy lhoots in fpring: and fome who value

themfelves Upon the management of this tree, declare

for ending of the young fhoots in June : the intention
of this is to procnr'e bearing wood for the fu‘cceeding
fealbns; but that is better done by encouraging the
buds of the horizontal branches. If none appear
where they are wanted, the cuttinga fmali ﬂit crofs-
ways into the bark, will produce them.

When the young {h00ts are at moderate dif’tance,
they will produce nearly as many ﬁgs as leaves.
“hen the figs toward the urper ends of the branches
are but jult appearing, the leaves on the lower parts
will fall off, and the next fpring fhews fruit in the
places whence the leaves fell.

1. Thefc,

r46

KITCHEN
GARDEN.

FLOWER-
GARDEN,

‘A P R I ‘ L.‘

Thefe, and thofe which were fo {mall in autumn;
ripen favourably the next furnmer. Such as were
larger at that time, generally perifh by the froi’ts.
This gives the rule of pruning, and may tend to ex-
plain the method of fruétiﬁcation in the {ﬁg-tree; not
f0 well uriderﬁood at this time as fome imagine.

PLANT new afparagus beds, for the‘ roots are now
juit fhooting, and they never take fo kindly as when
planted at that period.

They muli have little water for the three ﬁrft weeks
afterwards ; but when the buds are formed in the
new ground, they {hould have fomewhat more.

All the young crops from the fpring fowing, muft
be kept free from weeds. Thefe mul’t be taken up
by hand, among the fmaller kinds; but where the
plants are larger, and they are to {tand more dii’tant,
the hoe will fave a great deal of that labour.

Sow fome purﬂain. It mul’t be well watched when.
the plants ﬁrf’t appear, for a little negleét will deltroy
it all. The ﬂugs are very fond of its ﬁrﬁ leaves; and
a little fun, if watering be negleéted, will burn them
11 . .

The larger peafe {hould now alfo be {own for a full
crop. ~

.
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3- a5? ;(a§;§;§§;£§r.3~i;mv; ‘v;§/;§/A sweeteners. mere; ,
A P R I L.
S E C T. 111.

THlRD VYERK.

H E China alters will be now ﬁt {or tranfpl;tnt—-
. ing. Manage them three. dirl‘erent ways to
have every advantage. of‘variery and fucceﬂion.

Let the plants be divided into three equal parts:
let one third be planted out upon a fecond hot—bed,
with a frame"; another parcel upon a (lighter hot-bed,

hoop’d

THIRD WEEK.

hoop’d and’matted; and the third into the open
grdund, in a fine, funny, and rich border. Thefe
lall may take their chance unremov’d; the others are
to be tranfplanted again.

Let carnation plants which are to ﬂower this fum-
mer, be dreﬂ‘ed again; let dead leaves, if there be
any fuch, be pick’d off 3 let [licks be thrult carefully
‘ but ﬁrmly into the ground, for tying them up ; and
let them be faf’tened to them in two or three different
places; let the mould be broke about them, and re-
frelhed with gentle waterings.

Sow lupines, fweet peafe, and the fmall convol-
. vulus. When the plants come up, the weakeﬁ mutt
be taken away, that the others may have room., After
this weeds muff be clear’d away; and they mull: have
the fupport of ﬂicks, and frequent moderate water-
inns.

DThe walks now demand care. The grafs will
be very llrong in growth, and if neglected but a
few days now, will be rank and coarfe all fummer.
It mul’t be mow’d often, and roll’d thoroughly.

FINISH the fowing of biennial and perennial
plants.

Dig up feparate pieces in lheltered ﬁtuations, and
dividing each into feveral fpots, fow on them
hollyhocks, and tree mallows, campanulas, wall«
ﬂowers, liock-july-ﬂ0wers, pinks, and {weer—Williams.

They mult be thinned as they come up, and from

time to time weeded and watered.

Tranfplant cyl’tus’s and phillereas, hollieS’ and
yews, alatemus’s and the cytifus’s of feveral kinds,
to be ready for farther removal, when wanted.

The earth mull be well broken ; the extreme ﬁbres
of their roots trimm’d off, and the mould fettled be-
tween them ; after this they fhould be faf’tened up to
ﬂakes, and occaﬁonally watered.

The evening is the belt time of the day for this,
and a fhowery feafon fhould be chofen.

Dig four fmall pieces in a ﬁtuation not too much

L 2 ex-

I47

SEMI-
NARY.

348 APRIL.

expofed, and fow faﬁ'afras and magnolia feeds, alfo
the acorns of the ever-green oaks and cyprefs-feed.

Cover them half an inch with ﬁne mould.

Look over new grafted trees. '

If the loam be cracked, beatup fome frefh; and
renew it carefully. If the wind gets to the grafts,
no good is to be expected.

Look over the beds of fhrubs, tranfplanted from the
feed ground. If fhowers do not fall, water thefe beds
once in three or four days.

mum: INSE C TS begin now to hatch upon fruit-
“ARDEN-trees, and too much care cannot be taken to de-,
ﬁroy them. ’

They are moi’t troublefome on the weakel’t trees.
Digging the ground, and ﬁrengthening their growth
by manures, will in a great meafure prevent them ;
but they muﬁ be watched carefully now, and where
they appear del‘troyed.

The ﬁrll: ﬁgn of them is a fading and curling up of
the leaves. Get a quantity of tobacco dull and ﬂalks,
and ufe it thus. Mix with it a little pepper, and
early in the morning pull away the worll: of the
leaves, and ﬁrew the duff over the place.

Put into a large tub, a good quantity of tobacco
ﬂallcs, and half as much wood foot, and upon this
pour boiling water.

Let it liand till the next day, and then with a
large foft brufh, wafh all the places with it, where
the dull was fprinkled.

\" l N 15.8 in the open ground this week fhould have
a careful drel‘fmg. Stake them; and let the liakes be
ilnliltl, well ﬁxed, and the vines ty’d regularly to

them.
A Then dig the ground a full fpnde depth between
the rows. ‘

Look over the fruit trees inoculated laft feafon;
cut off the upper part of the ﬂock; and let the‘.
ground be flirrcd about the roots.

5,0“?

THIRD WEEK. 1‘49

SOW hyﬁ‘op and fweet marjoram, thyme, and SETTSKR
fummer-favory. -' man.

When the plants appear they mull: be Watered, and
after weeded; and when it is feen which are the
ﬁrongei’t, the weaker mui’t be pulled up, to give
thefe free room for growth.

Radilhes fhould be fown now upon light, rich
earth, and often watered.

Sow and plant beans and peafe.

The ground mull: be well dug; and the rows {hould
be at fuch a diﬁance, that the fpade can be hereafter
brought in between them.

Once in fix days let a fmall piece be dug up for
young falletting. The fuccefs of this depends upon
the richnefs of the foil, and the ﬁnenefs of the mould.

The feeds muft be fown in drills, and not too
'thick; each kind feparate, and the feed well cho-
fen. They muf’t be covered lightly, and encouraged
to {hoot by frequent waterings. They will thus be
tender and thick in the f’calk, and the leaves freIh and
full ofjuice.

They fhould be gathered juft in the time they at-
tain a due bignefs, and as they continue in perfection
only ﬁve or ﬁx days; there fhould be a fucceﬁion
ready by that time.

At evening water the quantity intended for the
next day’s fervice; let this be done about ﬁve in
the afternoon: let the fallad be gathered early the
next morning, taking it up by the roots, not cutting
it, and let it be laid in a cellar; jui’t when it is
wanted for the table, let the roots be cut off.

The French of late have got into a method of
railing this young fallad in boxes of earth in cel-
lars; and prefer it to what grows in hotbeds, or
the open air. The principle is the fame, for ’tis
the fun that exhales' the juices of thefe young leaves,
and renders them flabby. '

Where crops grow ﬁrong, give them the ad-
vantage of cleannefs from weeds and frefh broken
earth for Ihooting.

L 3 Plant

:59

A P R I L,‘
Plant {ticks for thofe rows of peafe which re;

- quire it.

FLOWER.
GARDEN.

A. P R I L,
'sncnlm
L A s 'r W 1-: r. K.‘

HERE there are ﬂips of auriculas ﬁt for
V» taking 013’, let it be done this week. Care
muft be taken not to dii’turb the mother plants,
and they will be the ﬁronger for this removal,
the roots having lefs to nourilh.

Fill as many fmall pots as there are ﬂips with
good mould; and plant carefully in each one ﬂip.

Set them immediately as they are taken of?
from the old plants, and give a gentle watering;
they {hould then . be {et in a fhady place to
root.

The belt time of doing this is in the evening of a
cloudyday, and they mull: be watered every other
evening till they are rooted.

If any are found not to take kindly, fet the pots in
a hot-bed frame, and nurfe them as tender exotics;
covering the glafres with mats till they are well
rooted. ~

If ever—greens are wanted, let them be brought in
the evening of a cloudy day. They muf’t be planted
immediately on taking them up; the mould mull be
kept moil’c about their roots.

Let a large hole be Opened for each, and the
earth very well broke in its bottom. Let the tree
be brought with a ball of its own mould, and before
it is (er in, let a good quantity of water be poured
into the hole; and the loofe earth at its bottom
be well wetted and worked up with it: then fetdip

C

LAST WEEK.

the tree, and fix it carefully upright; and when the
roots are well covered, make a kind of bafon to de-
tain the water, and give a good watering by a
little at a time. Then throw a quantity of peafe~
ﬁraw over the place, and once in three days repeat
the watering.

Put fome more tuberofe roots into a hot-bed to
forward them: they will come into ﬂower as the
ﬁrﬂ: are going off and by this means there will
be a fucceﬂion of them for a very conﬁderable time.

The annuals in their hot- beds muPt by degrees be
inured to the weather. Every tolerable day ad-
mit the air to them about noon, according to their
ﬁrength and condition, and drawing up the mould
to their (term.

The hardier ﬂowers will now open in the common
borders, and the ranunculus’ s and anemonies, the
hyacinths, and tulips, the auriculas, and the whole
glory of the fpring, will be in ﬂower, or in the im-
mediate p1omife of it.

Let all be clear’d and put in order that the pro-
prietor may enjoy them.

The borders fhould this week have a perfect clean-
ing, not the rudiment of aweed {hould be left. The
decay’d leaves that may hang about the roots muft
be taken oh“, and the mould be drawn in carefully
about the heads of the roots.

The beds of choice ﬂowers mul’t ,alfo be kept
perfectly clean; and they mutt ﬁill have the {hel-
tcr of their mats at night.

Let the gravel- walks be well roll’d after rain, that
the whole may bind.

The frequent mowings of the grafs muf’t be con-
tinued -, and a careful eye mull every day or two be
carry’d thro’ the whole ground, to keep things in
the neat and perfect order.

15':

WEED the autumnal feed- beds of trees and fhrubs. Him-

The young trees will in many places begin to ap-
pear.
L 4 > Then

MARY-

352

APRIL;

d Then let them have a gentle watering every other
. ay. ’ '

Thole pines which do not rife well from feed,
may now be propagated by inarching. The Rock
and the tree which has the bud mutt be fo near,
that the parts to be joined may be brought to touch
one another. ' ' '-

The Rock being one of the common hardier pines,
may be raifed any where; and the tree ftom' which
the graft is to be taken, being in a tub or pct,
that may be brought to it without difﬁculty. ‘

Let it be brought f0 clolE, that a convenient

branch of the tréc to be grafted, may be brought
to touch the ﬂock near theground. Mark the place
where it joins eaﬁly in this manner; and chufe a.
cloudy warm day for thebperation.’ ’ 'L
‘ Pare away the bark and wood at the place marked
on the branch, three inches: bring it down to the
ﬂock, and mark with a knife the exaét place where
it will join: cut away the bark and fame of the
'wood ﬁor that fpace; the two parts mutt then be
made to fuit one another, and no time mutt be loft
in doing it; ' \ '
' Cut a little tongue upwards in the branch, and
make a nick in the Itock'to admit it: this ﬁerves for
fattening them the more fecurely. Bring the two cut
parts together, ﬁx the tongue in its nick, and lay them
even, that there be no vacancy between in any part ;
then draw round wet bats gently, but fecurely;
and by repeated tyeings keep the two cut parts
clofe tbgether: 'mould tome clay, and lay it care-
fully on: clofe it about by frequent prefﬁng; wet it
on the furlhce a little, and about the edges, that it
may {all perfectly even, and then cover this ﬁrft
Coat with a fecond, carrying up the lalt covering be-
yond the Brit. Thus it will clofe all, and the air will
not ealily crack it through.

\Vhen the clay is put on, let the {take be thruf’c
carefully into the ground, juit at the place, hfo

' ' - - tat

'L A s T WE. E K. :53

that it will comeclofe to the united part. Let it be
ﬁxed very ﬁrm in the ground; and when the clay
is {o well clofed that no air nor moif’ture can get in,
let the part that is thus united be brought clofe to the
flake, and tyed above and below the place with a good
quantity of bafs. '

In this manner let all ftand till the latter end of
Augul’t; and the parts w.ll then' be f0 well united,
that the graft may be cut from the mother
tree. ‘

It muft be taken off with a {lope clofe to the Rock,
the freﬂi cut part muf’t be again covered with clay.
The growrh' will be regularly carried on, and the-
parts unite infeparably.

The {take mult be left in for a conﬁderable time,
and the parts bound to it; for the danger is not foon
'over that might come from winds.

Many of the tenderer greenhoufe ihrubs may be
alto propagated by this method of inarching. '

LOO K over all the vines that are planted in thcrnulrr. _
ufual manner againlt walls : they will be makingGARDE‘N“
their fpring ﬂioots.

All thofe buds which rife in wrong places fhould be
rubbed-off ; where two are produced from the fame
fpot rub off one.

The branches being laid clofe to the walls, thefbad
wood clear’d away, and nothing left but what is me-
ful, the juices will ﬂow to the right place, the fun
will have its full power, and nothing will be wanting
that our climate can give for the ripening of the
fruit.

Peaches, neétarines, apricots, and other wall fruit
trees, are now coming forward apace, and mutt be
encouraged. On the ﬁrength and fulnefs of their
bloom will depend the quantity of the fruit; and the
leaves, if [tinted in nourifhment, will be infected with
infecls.

Keep their roots in a vigorous itate of growth, arlid

‘ t 16

154 A P R I L,‘
the ground, where they run in a condition to fupply
them. i
Let the whole borders wherein they I’tand, be dug
upvwith a three-tin’d fork, and the mould thrown up
loofe.
Then fprinkle on wood foot, 3 quart to as much
groond as holds ﬁx trees; break all With a rake;
take of the weeds, and lay it level. .
The ground after this Inuit be watered once in
three days.

KITCHEN P R E P A R E ridges for cucumbers and melons

GARDEN. that are to be raifed under bell-glaﬂ‘es : fpare not
dung, much lefs labour, for this will always be very
well repaid.

The dung muf’r be proportioned to the number of
holes, a load to every ﬁve: this muft be thrown up
with fome afhes, and when it has lain a week it
will be ﬁt for ufe.

Mark out a trench for one row as many yards in
length as there are glaﬂEs, with the allowance of their
breadth ; for the belt way of putting them is at a fair
yard dif’tance. Theswidth of the trench is to be two
foot nine inches. The plants are now vigorous, as
we directed them to be railed; and having their rough
leaves, they are ready for planting out. Let the depth
of the trench be ﬁve inches; and, if in a moiﬁ foil,
lefs.

Throw in the dung, and fpread it in as in making a
hot-bed; lay the top even, and level the ﬁdes; mea-
fure the diitances -for the holes, and in each place
lay in a baﬂiet of earth frefh from a good heap of rich
mould, {tick up a {take in the middle, and let on the

lafs.
3 Cover the rel’t of the ridge with the mould that was
thrown up in making the french.

Let the glaﬂ'es remain ﬁfty-ﬁx hours upon the bed,
then bring in the plants.

Place two for each glafs, levelling the hill of mould

at

at mp 5 and when they are planted, railing a ridge of
earth, like a bafon, to hold water.

Shade them till they have taken good root, waJ
tering them gently at times. This muf’c be continued
(ill they have acquired good ﬁrength, and fpread lux-_
-uriantly.

The ridges lhould be ﬁve foot from one another.

Put another crop of French beans into the natural
ground. Chufe a warm and fheltered place, and
guard the young plants when they appear, from {lugs
and other devourers.

 

CHAP,‘

  

a Ila/r1}: .

 
 

CHAP.V.
M A Y..
SECT.L

FIRST szx.

INTRODUCTION.

. that when the ﬁlaments grow equal, and
in the fame ﬂower with the I’tyle, their
number diﬁinguilhes the clafs, which is
named from that circumﬁance.

The two claﬂies of the Linnman fyltem which we
illultrate in this place, are the Enneandria and the
Decandria, the ninth and'tenth in that author’s
fyl‘tem.

The character of the Enneandria is that there are

 

‘4‘ avail» I ,

I; peeim"’-;w~ weary -

HERE was in the 13.9: introduction the ‘
fame plain leﬁ'on inculcated as at ﬁrft; ,;

nine ﬁlaments in every ﬂower. and that of the De~

candria that there are ten 3 thcfe we have reprefented;
and

FIRST WEEK. 157,,

and the gardener will know that all plants of the.
fame charaéter belong to the fame c’laﬁés. .

uaeaeeaeeeeeaaaaaaeaeeeeeeeeaeae

T A K E care of the auriculas now in bloom, thermwm;
dull which covers them is no fmall addition to theircARnaN.
beauty, and this mul’t be preferved upon them. The
rains would walh it oﬂ‘, therefore the plants mull: be
ﬂielter’d, the very winds alfo will diﬂurb it. The
fun, whofe moderate inﬂuence is neceffary to bring‘
on the bloom, will prefently make the ﬂowers wither,
if fuffer’d to lhine upon them too freely.

The plants, which have been removed to the
ﬂands, and placed upon fhelves, muff be farther pro-
teéted by a canvas curtain ; this mui’t be ﬁxed to the
t0p of the Rand, on the edge of its cover; and it
mul’t be f0 long, that being let down it will reach to
the ground at fome conﬂderable diﬂance from the
front.

Let the curtain remain drawn up to the top, when
the air is mild and the fun moderate; but when it.
Ihines too violently, let it be f0 far let down as to
fereen them : and when there are heavy fhowers, or'
furious winds, let it be drawn down entirely, and
faﬂen’d to the ground.

When the ﬂowers are full blown, mark form: for
feed : chufe thefe by the following charaéters :

The (talk muft be upright, tall, and ﬁrm; the
number of ﬂowers conﬁderable, and feparate foot-
{talks fhort. The ﬂower itfelf muft be large and ﬂat,
regular in its diviﬂons, {hort in the tube, and the
colours lively, w;th a broad eye of white or yellow.

As foon as thefe are mark’d, let them be removed
from the ﬁand.

Let a piece of ground be chofe for them in the fe-
minary, open to the fouth-eai’r, and defended from
all other quarters ; and let the pots be here fer up to

the rim in the ground. Take OE any decay’d leaves,
I {hr

15'

SEMI-.
NARY

MAY,

ﬁ'ir the mould about the furface, and from time to
time give them a gentle watering.

The feeds will thus ripen perfectly, and produce

lants.

WeP have direéted the feedling polyanthus to be
fheltered from the fun; and none require this more
than the auriculas. They mul’t be carefully defended
from this, either by their ﬁtuation, or proper fhading -,
and the mould Inuit be kept free from the half bud-
ding of a weed, and often refrelhed with water.

Hyacinths, ranunculus’s, anemonies, and tulips,
now in bloom, mull: be treated with the fame care we
advife to be ufed for the auriculas on their ﬁands.

Have the beds planted with hoops for drawing on
mats, to defend the roots and buds from the feverity of
the winter; and the fame defence will now be needful,
not Only againﬁ rain and winds, but againl’t too much
fun. Winds will break the f’talks, heavy fhowers will
beat down the bloom, and too much fun will quickly
exhauf’t thofe delicate juices which fupply the ﬂower:
to prefetve thefe beauties long in their full perfection;
they mull: not be too much expofed to the free air.
The mats mul’t be always ready for drawing over
them ; and they muft be cover’d in all hard lhowers
and ﬁorms.

‘ In the belt days they muft not be expofed to the
heat of the noon fun ; the mats mul’t be drawn over
them at eleven o’clock, and not taken off till between
four and ﬁve : thus they will have the morning and
evening fun, and fuﬁicient free air, without which
they would fade.

P L A N T out into the open ground fuch feedlings
of exotic trees and fhrubs, as are ﬁnally to {land the
weather; but, requiring fome care and proteétion
while young, are ﬁrl’t raifed in pots. The Carolina
bay, and euonymus, the tulip trees and candle-berry,
with others of the fame chara&er, are to be thus
treated.

Chufe a {helter’d part of the nurfery, and plant

them

FIRST WEEK. 159

them in a light but not poorearth. The evening of a
cloudy day muﬁ be Chofent open as many holes as
there are plants. The bottoms of all thefe mul’c be
watered, and the mould laid Out at their ﬁdes.

The plants mufi be taken out of the pots with their
whole ball of earth; and the ﬁbres which fpread on-
the outﬁde taken 01? with fciITars. The ball thus
trim’d, mutt be fet upright in the hole, and a little
of the mould drawn round about it : then the ﬁdes of-
the ball muft be gently cut down lengthwife, in fe-
veral places, f0 as to open the earth a little, without
breaking it to pieces, and immediately the reft of the
mOuld mufi be thrown in.

Thus will the roots be in a condition to {hoot new
ﬁbres, and there will be a free and well broken earth
to receive them; all the time fo much of the old
earth will remain about them, that there will be a
continual fupply of nourifhment, without any check
from the removal.

They mui’t be watered as foon as they are put into.
the ground, and this repeated at times till they are
well el’tablifhed; after which they will take their
growth with the tell of the plantation, {hating only
the common care.

Dig up a piece of ground in a warm and ihel-
ter’d part of the nurfery, for fowing the feeds of
fome of the hardier American trees, particularly the
coniferous kinds. They mui’t be covered about half
an inch, and at times watered.

In winter they will require to be ﬂielter’d, by
drawing a mat over them in the feveref’t weather;
but at all other times they will fucceed the better for
having the more air.

 

TAKE care of the forcing frames. Nature is FRUIT-
:xhauf’ted by the force ufed to ripen fruits at fo early GARDEN-
: feafon, and nouriihment muﬂ: be given in propor—
ion. The earth mull; be frequently ﬁirred about
heir roots, and they muﬁ have every day a moderate

watering.
The

i 150‘! .' M 'A Y,
The‘trees muff be more opened to the air‘, and
. every other day it will be Very ferviceable to water
them all over, branches, leaves and fruit.

The ﬁg trees whieh were c0vered up during win-‘
ter, and by degrees expofed, .Ihould now be left per-
fectly open. .
, Look over fruit trees againf’c walls :‘ if any branch.
be loofe, faf’ten‘ it carefully: rub of? all fore-right
and irregular (boots, and train to proper places thofe
that are ﬁt for fetvice; Then go over the efpaliers
in the famemanner. _ 1 ,

, Look to all new planted trees -, fee they be ﬁrm in
their place, and promote their growth by watering.

The mol’t dangerous time for the bloﬂbms of
wall fruit, is that of black frof’ts: the bloﬂbms fall;
and the new fet fruits in numbers during the conti-
nuance of that weather, and the caufe is little known;
It is not that thofe frol’ts are feverer than any others -,
but no dew falls in fuch nights, which gives them;
power. ,

The weakef’t tree always fuﬂ‘ers molt- by froll, and
for the fame reafon trees in general will fuller more"
by thefe frol’ts than by any others, becaule the want V
of that natural refrefhme'nt they lhould have from the‘,
dews of the night will make them weak.

This mull: be avoided by giving all the fruit"
trees in fuch feafons daily waterings: it muft be,
done about three in the afternoon, and the whole
mould of the border {hould have the advantage of.
it. The roots will thus be well fupplied, that the
ﬁrength of the growth will prevent the ellbéts ot-
the frol’t. ‘

KITCHEN BEGIN this week with a general weeding: a~
GARDEN.mong the fmalleft kinds by hand; for others the hue
is to be uled. ‘
In thofe in rows, at due dil‘tance Life the fpade; a a
digging between them will more eﬁeétually deliroy .-
the weeds than any other method, and it will greatly -
ﬁrengthen the growth of the plants. '

Follow

FIRST WEEK.

Follow this general weeding by a general wa-
tering. ‘

Hoe in the drieﬂ days: weed by hand, after a
little rain. ‘

Dig in either weather; but in the driei’t days the
mould will break eaﬁei’t, and the fpade will be molt
ferviceable. .

Slip fome artichokes, and chufe a moiﬁ: part of
the ground for planting them; and give them fre-
quent waterings. _

Sow young falletting on a {haded part of the
ground open to the north wei’t.

Slip fage and other aromatick kinds, and plant
them out in a {hady border: give them frequent
waterings. ‘

Dig a piece of good ground for Cos and Sileﬁa
lettuces. Sow fome good feed; and if there do n0t
come ﬂiowers, give a gentle watering.

In a fair evening after a lhower, draw up fome
mould about the items of the cabbages and caulia
ﬂower plants.

The celeri plants will be ﬂrong. A new bed mull:
be prepared for the greateft part of them, and in a
cloudy evening they mull be taken up, leaving as
many as will [land at about a ﬁnger’s length dif—
tance, and planting the others in their new bed at
the fame meafure. A gentle watering will be necef-
fary for the new planted ones, and it will be fervicea
able for the others.

Look after infeéts, which the warmth of the
feafon now brings out from their lurking holes;
and which if not deﬂroyed before they copulate,
will lay the foundation for an unconquerable mul-
titude.

M MAY.

x61

:61

FLOWFR-
GARDEN.

M A’Y,

M A Y.
S E C T. 11.
'Seconn WEEK.

HE anemonies are now in perfection, and then,
ranunculus’s daily (lifcover new beauties.

Manage thefe carefully. The Wind, rain and fun
being kept off ‘by moderate covering, the ﬂowers
will not only be much ﬁner, 'but they will 1311 double
the ufual time. ' ‘

Defend them by hoops fupported on ﬂakes, and a

covering of canvas; thus there is air enough, and
the time of drawing the canvas over them is only at
thofe hours, when none look at them: morning and
evening are the times for viewing ﬂowers, not only
as they are molt frelh and vigorous at thofe feafons, "
but that a full fun is not the proper light for diﬁin-
guifhing their colours.
' The amaryllis‘s and other autumnal ﬂowers 'nuli:
'now have their roots taken out of the ground. Let
this be done with care; and dry them gently upon
‘mats, in an airy place, out of the reach of the
'fun.

Then tye them up in parcels, till the time of plant- ~
ing them, toward the end of fummer.

Harden the tender- annuals to the air; and now
plant out the i‘trongeﬁ and forwardeﬁ of them.

They are. yet in pots, and the frames have been
opened for admitting air to them.

Let holes of a full ﬁze and depth, for the whole
ball of earth contained in the pot, be opened for:
them.

Plant them in the evening of a cloudy day, and T
.letthe whole ball of earth be {hook outwith them;

without»

SECO‘ND\WEEK.' ‘163

without breaking. The dangling ﬁbres, muﬁ be
trim’d off, and the ball fet upright in the hole.

The mould mutt then be ﬁlled in about it, and
fettled by a gentle watering.

Sow hardy annuals on the borders, and give them
free and frequent waterings. Nature allows fewer
fhowers in this advanced part of fummer.

Labels catchﬂy, the dwarf lyChnis’s, the {mall
convolvulus, with fome lupines, fweet and Tangier
peafe are moﬂ proper now.

Obferve the leaves of hyacinths which are pail:
‘ ﬂowering, they will begin to decay; and the roots
: fhould be taken out of the ground.

Then let the mould of the bed be [lined and pre-
; pared for laying up into a kind of ridge.

Let the roots be carefully laid into this ridge,
not upright, but ﬁdeways, nearly ﬂat, and with the
bottom fomewhat highel’t. The root is to be co-
vered with earth, and the leaves are to be left out,
hanging down by the fide of the ridge. The {talks
and leaves will thoroughly decay, and the roots will
-fwell and gather ﬁrength and fullnefs.

When the leaves are waf’ted, the earth mui‘c be
opén’d, and the roots carefully taken out and clean’d.
They mull: then be fpread on a mat in an airy
room, to \harden "a little; and this done, put up in
boxes till autumn. .

WEEDS now rife up abundantly, and mul’t be SEMINA.
every where deﬁroyed.

Clear the beds of feedling plants and trees by
hand; and when the earth is broken by pulling up
the roots, give a gentle watering.

Next clear the rows of new-planted trees. The
hoe will anfwer where they {land clofe ; but in other
places the fpade is preferable.

Next examine the beds fown in fpring, and on
which there 13 yet no appearance of any fhoot: they
will require defence and watering.

M 2 THE

164. M A Y,
biﬂgmn THE greatlvalue of fruit‘ is when gathered as it

IS eaten. We {hall prefent the Reader with a method
by which it may be pluck’d at the table, being
brought growing thither: by which a cherry tree be-
comes a part of a defert, more elegant than all the

foolifh mimiCkry of art, in painted leaves and paper .

ﬂowers: and, to recommend the prae‘tice farther,
with all thefe advantages, it is eaﬁer and cheaper
than any of the common methods.

It is the difcovery of Mr. Barnes, and {hall be
given in his own words.

“ To have cherries in the elegant and pleaﬁn
manner I have mentioned to you, the method I follow
fuccefsfully is this.

“ In March I plant good cuttings of the Bird
Cherry, which, managing them as your practical
rules direct, and as experience conﬁrms, will be very
well rooted by the end of the following September.

“ The common method is by layers: but I have
tried both, and ﬁnd the cuttings every way preferable.

“ The ﬁrﬂ week in Oétober 1 plant out thefe cut— ~

tings in two-penny or three-penny pots, according to
their ﬁze, and fer the pots up to the rim in dry earth.

“ Thus the frofi is kept out, and they live through
the winter.

“ The feafon following I bud fome of the earliei’t
cherries upon them, protecting them, as you direct,
from injuries.

“ All will not fncceed whatever care is taken; there—
fore looking them over afterwards, where the bud-
ding has miffed, I graft them with the fame kinds.

“ The third year thefe trees will be ﬁt to force.
There now appears a great advantage in the ma-
nagement before direeted. As they are budded or
grafted near the ground, and are planted in pots,
the (boot riles from a low part, and the growth is

check’d by their being potted. They will not be at‘
this time above two foot high, tho’ full of branches.

(A?! ,

“The place where they are forced need not be;

more than two foot high. Any heat will anfwer the
purpofe

SECOND WEEK. 155

purpofe of forcing them ; ﬁre or dung fuceeed alike;
and I have obtained fruit in the ﬁrﬁ week in April
from thefe trees, under a common hot-bed frame.

“ This year I fent in to table, on the eighth of
April, one of thefe trees loaded with fruit in full
perfection, by this cheap and eafy management.

“ The tree is not above eighteen inches high ;
and the opinion of the company was, that there
was on it at that time a pound of ripe and excellent
fruit.

“ I ufually fet the tree in a handfome pot, for this
purpofe; and covering the mould with freﬂi mofs,
fprinkle over it fome of the fpring ﬂowers. The ap.
pearance is in the highel’t degree pleaﬁng, and excels
the common ornaments of deferts, as nature does art
on all other occaﬁons.”

TRANSFER into this part of the ground theKrI‘CHEN
late work of the nurfery: weeding and watering areGARDEN'
as cliential in this as in that part of the garden. \

Beans and peafe will be in ﬂower upon warm bor—
ders : thefe will require good watering, otherwiie the
blolToms drop without fetting for pods : the fure
way to prevent it, is by giving the waterings all over
the plants.

Plant peafe, beans, and French beans. The peafe
and beans will require good watering: lefs will an—
fwer for the French beans.

Plant out radilhes for Reed.

Let the ground chofen for them be dry, and ex-
pofed to the noon fun. Let this be well dug, and
then lines be marked out upon it at a yard dil’tanee,
and holes opened a full fpade depth, at a yard afun—
der, for the reception of the roots.

Chufe fuch roots as are long, {trait and tingle,
with {mall tops.

When ﬁne and well—lhaped roots are thus chofen,
let one be planted in every hole, the mould carefully
ﬁxed about it, and a gentle watering given to pro-
mote the ftriking for growth without any check.

M 3 After

:66

Pl! WFR
(If RDILN.

M A Y,

After this, dig now and then between the plants,
and give gentle waterings, if nature denies Ilmwers.

Thefe mui’t only be allowed while the feed is {well-
ing in the pod; for afterwards, it_is better to have it
harden gradually. ‘

Let the gardener go over the plantation of early
cabbages, taking fome foft bafs in his hand for tying
them up. The leaves of many of them will now turn
in : this is the firit advance toward cabbaging: they
will proceed'in it but (10wa at ﬁrﬂ‘; and, if left to na-
ture, it will in general be a long time before any thing
is done effectually: but here it is that art is needed.

Nature is not to be forced, but amf’ced in her own

way: the leaves that of themfelves bend in, mui’t be
gently brought nearer, and tied regether, and thus
the inner ones will cluiter and whiten.
‘ Dig two pieces of dry light ground, and fow fal-
faﬁe and fcorzonera. The early fowings yield their
crops in hafle in thefe two kinds, and they foon after
run up,to feed. Thefe will come in at a more ad-
vanced period, but as they come later they will. keep
longer in order : for the natural time of their flower-
ing being paﬁ‘ before they rife to any ﬁrength, they
will not be in haf’ce to run to ftalk.

M A Y.
S E C T. III.

THIRD WEEK.

HADE the beds of ﬁne ﬂowers at noon, and
, let them occaﬁonally have water.

Keep the borders, grafs, and gravel-walks in or-
der: the gravel' lhould be roll’d often, and Cleaned
from the leal’t appearance of a weed ~, and the borders
not only weeded, but ﬁirr’d and raked onee'in three
or four days.

Take

THIRD'W’EEK.

Take up the roots of the ﬁne Colchicums and clean
them, and fpread them out on a mat in a dry airy
room : when they are a little hardened, put them up
till the time of planting, which fhould be about nine
' weeks after. t -

Different r00ts require a various conduit in this
refpeét. 1f thefe be kept too long out of the ground,
the ﬂowers not:- only will come late, but they will be
poor. The tulip requires a longer time of being out
of the earth; and the fritillary will fcarce bear to
be kept out at all.

There is in many of the bulbous kinds a time of
reﬂ between the decay of the leaves, and {hooting
for the next bloom.

If the roots be kept f0 long out of the ground, the
.purpofe of nature is perfectly anfwered. No wet warm
feafons can let them to growing at an improper
time ; nor cold damp rot them. >

When committed to frefh earth after this abfolute
reﬂ, they draw their nourifhment with more yigour,
and the bloom is always ﬁner.

The tuberous rooted ﬂowers of autumn will now be
in a {late to be removed. Thefe are to be taken up
and planted afrelh, as foon as out of the ground.

This is the time when they beli: bear removal -, 'and
being planted in a frelh foil immediately, they are
encouraged to {hoot {’trongly for the autumnal ﬂower-
ing. The autumnal cyclamen may Ptand as an in—
ﬁance for this practice. . .

See in what places the climbing plants will be
proper; and low them. They will have a chance
{fill of coming to perfeEtion; and if wet follows, they
will often be the ﬁneﬂ of their kind in the ground.
The Indian crefs, the larger kinds of convolvulus,
and the {weer-pea will all be proper. '

Carnations now fhew the buds for their ﬂowering.

This is f0 large a ﬂower, and has fuch a mu ti-
plicity of petals, that it requires the full nourifhment
which can be conveyed to it from the quantity of
mould in its pot.

M 4 Let

167

168

MAY,

Let the plants be now examined carefully; all de.
cayed leaves taken off, and a fmall ﬁrm l’tick thrult
down as clofe as can be to the ﬁalk, without hurting
the root : to this let the {talks be tied between every
joint. The ﬂick and the worllzed fhould be as near
~as poHible of the colour of the l’talk.

Examine whether there be more buds than one: '

. if fo, the reft muﬁ be difplaced before they exhaul’t

the nourifhment. .
Stir the mould gently at the furface, and add fome ‘

frelh rich compoﬁ; let the pot be fet where there

is moderate fun, and let it have frequent waterings.

When the bud is near buriting, cut of? the ﬂick
jult below its bale; it will thus be fupported per-
fectly, and difclofe its fulnefs without conltraint.

The tendereft annuals raifed in hot—beds may now
have their laf’t removal. Thefe muf’t not be truﬁ-
ed out of pots; but they lhould be allowed fuch
as are of a due bignefs. Thefe mul’t be ﬁlled with
the richel’t garden mould, unlefs the plant be luch as
require a particular compolt; and they mul’t be
planted into them with all pofiible caution.

The pots muf’t then be hit upon a hot-bed that
has loft its ﬁrlt heat, and it will be a great advan-
tage to them if a quantity of light dry mould be
thrown in between them.

Plant fome good roots of tuberofe now in a hots
bed that has moderate warmth. Thofe we ordered
to be planted earlieft, will be in ﬂower in the begin-
ning of next month; the others will come in their
due time afterwards, and thefe which are planted
now will ﬂower about October.

Plant them in rich garden mould. The roots
mult be well examined before they are put into the
pots ; the outer {kins mul’t be taken off; and if there
be any off-lets, they muft allb be taken away.

The root thus cleaned, muf’t be planted in a {mall
pot of mould, and covered about a quarter of an
inch.

All

THIRD WEEK. :69

All being planted, let the pots be fet upon the
mould in the hot—bed; and a little of it juf’c gather’dr
up about their bottoms. Then let the glaﬂ'es be let
down. Let them have no water till they {hoot ;
and only a little air, by opening the glalfes in the
middle of the day.

After this they mul’r be water’d every two or three
days, and mul’t be hardened to the air.

They mult then be brought up by repeated water-
ings to a condition of ﬂowering; and kept out of
the fun, and out of the way of other accidents.

BRING into the open air thofe natives of warmer GREEN.
climates which have been fheltered from winter: and HOUSE _
admit more air to thofe which will not at any time
endure the free expofure. ,

The greenhoufe plants are to be removed into pro-
per parts of the garden, and the ﬂows to be refrelh’d
with airings.

Let the orange, lemon, and citron, and all the
Others of their quality, be brought out into a warm
and lbelter’d ﬁtuation; where they will ﬁand open
to the fun, and where no cold Winds reach them.

The preparation for this Ihould be made a few
days before; and if the gardener pleafe, he may be-
gin with that the ﬁrf’t days of the week,. and bring
them out at laﬂz.

Let them be well clean’d again; no ﬁlth fhould
now be left upon any branch, no decayed leaf on
the tree.

Let the furface of the mould be ﬁir’d; and lay on
it an inch thicknefs of fome light compoﬁ, mix’d with
a handful of wood—foot. Give a gentle watering
when all this is ﬁnifhed: not only the mould mul’c
be watered, but the whole fhrub: it cleans thofe
leaves the common care did not reach, and refrefhes
the lhrub. .

Then let all the air that can be admitted have
free courfe into the greenhonfe for three or four
days f. and after this, in a mild evening, bring them

out

:70

STOVE .

MAY,

‘out, and place them where they are to {land for the

fummer.

. In the fame manner treat all thofe other kinds,
which bear abfolute expofure.
' There are beﬁde thefe, fome which will not f’tand ‘

the cold of our nights unlhelter’d, yet will at this
time endure a great deal of the natural quality of
our climate. Thefe will require more air now than
they had in winter, and there will be eafy opportu-
nities of giving it.

The greater part of the green-houfe plants are
thole we have treated of already, which will now re-
quire abfolute expofure: thefe being taken out the
Others will have room; and they mull be brought
to the windows, and have as much air as polﬁble
with any degree of defence: all day they muﬂ be
perfectly expofed at the windows, except two hours in
the extream hear, when that is fultry, and there are
no clouds. *

The glaﬁ'es mull: be a little lhaded at thefe hours,
but at all others they may have the free air; and the
building defending them from the cold of the nights,
they will have encouragement to grow freely and

f’crongly, and be in no danger of chilling. They ‘

will get a frel'her and ﬁronger colour, and their
fhoots will be more ﬁrm.

. Thefe lhould now be treated as the others, cleaned
in every part, freed from decayed leaves, and re-
frelhed by fome new mould, after ﬁirring the furface
of that in which they grow.

TH E {love plants next come under conﬁderation.
Theﬁ‘ will now require air, and they will be greatly af-
lil‘ted in their growth by moderate lunfhine -, but there
are days in which they cannot bear it entirely.

At evening the glaﬁ'es mul’t be clofed to keep out
the cold that will attend even our warmeﬂ: feafons;
and in the middle of bright days, when there are no

clouds, and the fun has all its power, they mul’c be ,3

{hadedi elfe it would exhauf’t too much.
' Many

. ‘wwym army “mighty, ' A .

up";

THIRD WEEK.

Many of- the molt elegant kinds in this department
will now require tranfplanting. Thofe raifed from
feed, have been planted in little pots, and fet in the
bed. Thefe, as they encreafe in bignefs, will require
more earth for their roots. '

Bring in, for this purpofe, a pot of proper ﬁze,
and ﬁlling it three parts with the mould, fet it up to
the rim in the bed in the Ptove.

Let it {’tand three days : in that time the pot and
mould will both be brought to the fame temper with
the air of the I’tove; without which the plant would
certainly be checked, and might be loft, by the re-
moval. . e

Let the pot of compoﬁ, and that containing the
plant, be taken out of the bed in the evening of a
,mild day, and the compoPt poured out of the new
pot, except as much as will lie an inchand half
thick at the bottom.

Let the plant be cleaned, the ﬁem wiped, the de-
cay’d leaves, if any, picked off, and‘the fhoots,
where needful, fhortened. Let it be taken out of the

fmall pot, with the ball of earth entire, and the ﬁ- .

bres on the furface trim’d : then let it be fet upright
in the middle of the larger pot, with its ball undi—
ﬂurbed -, and let the frelh compoﬁ be carefully pour-
ed in round it, till the vacancy is ﬁlled, and the ball
covered about three quarters of an inch. This done,
let the whole have a gentle watering, and the new
pot be fet into the bed as the Other was. There will
be no check perceived from this in the growth even of
the tendereﬁ kinds.

Let the plants in general be alfo carefully looked
over. The gardener has been fuﬁiciently cautioned
againﬁ fuﬁering them to be foul, and he mui’c now
repeat his labours to prevent it.

The dui’t which gathers on thefe leaves choaks up
the natural and neceﬂ'ary pores, and the plant wants
their fervice. If this be permitted it grows ﬁckly:
the juices {’tagnate, and when they ﬁagnate they pu-
trify : this makes them food for infects -, and where-

ever

171'

:72

SEMI-
DIARY.

MAY.

ever that food is, the little myriads come. We fee it
in blighted trees, and ’tis the fame here.

Dui’t, which obﬁrué‘ts’the pores of thefe tender -
. plants, has the fame effect with cold, that ftagnates

the juices in thofe hardier ihrubs and trees. Infeé‘ts
follow: the vulgar have hence thought them gene-
rated of the duﬁ; but ’tis the fame thing to the gar-
dener, whether the infects are produced from this ac-
cident, or brought thither by it. Let him take care
to clean of?. the foulnefs whenever he perceives it.
Let the mould on the furface in all the pots be

broke, and refrelhed by' a fmall addition of fome ,
compof’t of like kind; and let the feveral plants, '

according to their nature, have now and then a gentle
watering, from a ﬁne-nofed pot.

TRANSPLANTING may be continued in the
open air, for certain kinds, and on particular occa-

ﬁons. In the nurfery of ﬂowering plants for the next .

year, this is now to be managed with due care.

In the preceding pages, we have directed the fow-
ing of hollyhocks, and many other of the biennial
kinds. Thefe are to make their appearance in the
garden the following year; and they are to be pre-
pared for it by proper removals. They are now
clui‘ter’d in the feed-beds, and unlefs thin’d, will
crowd and ﬁarve one another.

Dig a piece of ground in a part of the feminary,
open to the fouth-weﬂ, and where the foil is not too
rich. IVIark it into as many diviﬁons as there are
kinds of thefe plants; and let holes be opened at four
or ﬁve inches dii‘rance, for the reception of as many
of them as it will be thought convenient to raife.
The i‘trongef‘t are to be carefully planted into thefe, and
the earth fettled about them by a gentle watering.

Alter this, they will only need to be kept clear
from weeds, and to have a few waterings: they are
to remain till the middle of September in thefe beds,
and are then to be taken into the garden.

Again look over grafted trees; and give them
liberty

. ‘ 'mmé

THIRD WEEK.

liberty at the bandage. The loam is no more wanted,
and this {topping the pores of the bark, where perfpi-
ration is now required 3 and the bandage pinching at
the ﬂock, they do only harm. Let the loam be
cleared away, and the bafs untied; and with a ﬂannel
wetted in water juit made milk-warm, let the part
be waihed clean.

Where there is a vigorous lhoot from a graft, it
muﬁ be fecured by a ﬂake, and by careful tyeing up,
otherwife the wind will have too much power for it.

Seedling trees, which have been raifed in feparate
beds in the feminary, will now require frequent water-
ings. Weed them alfo carefully from time to time,
and give the watering an hour before fun-fet.

Their fhoots are tender, and the weight of too
much water may fpoil their ihape. The fmaller may

-alfo be deltroyed by it entirely; inﬁead of being af—
ﬁlted in their growth, their roots being bated, and
the fun afterwards patching them up.

Let the gardener now alfo take the advantage of
a fhowery day, for the laying fome branches of thofe
ihrubs and trees, which will not readily take roor,
except by the {boots of the fame year’s growth. This
is the cafe with feveral of the evergreens, and with
the generality of the woody, climbing plants.

The mould muit be well broke, the branch brought
down without violence, and fecured by {irong pegs.
Let the top be left out of the ground four inches,
and let lbme light inciﬁons be made near the joints
in the part that is covered.

When the mould is laid on, give a gentle watering,
and fcatter a little peafe-ﬁraw over, to detain the
moii’ture. Let the mould from time to time be ex—
amined and rcfrefhed with water as it grows dry;
and in this manner there will not one layer in a
thoufand fail.

The plantations, fomewhat advanced in growrh,
mufl be from time to time weeded; and, in dry wea—
ther, watered.

The ﬂakes, which have been placed to fecure

thofe

173

FRUlT-

MAY,\

thofe trees which have been newly planted, mul‘c be
examined, to try whether they remain ﬁrm; if not,
let the bandages be untied, and the Rake driven far-
ther into the earth with a mallet; and the tree then
tied up to it again.

This is a needful caution , for the hot weather
that is coming, is very improper for any rocking or
fwaying of new planted trees. The mould having
lefs moii’ture than at other times, to detain it about .
the roots, and hold them together, will feparate from
them with the motion , and the dry air let in at the
opening, which the item never fails to make upon
rocking about will utterly del’troy them.

If any of the new planted trees, though ﬁrmly
fecured, and at times watered, lhew ligns of decay,
break the earth lightly all about them with a fpade- ,
and after giving a gentle watering, lay all round
fome turf from a common, cut tolerably thick, with
the graffy lide downwards, and let there be from
timfe to time waterings given, without removing the
tur

WALL—fruit are coming forward: and they are

GARDEN expofed to many devoureis. They are often produced

alfo f0 thick upon the tiees, that the ﬁrft thinning of
them ought to be begun at this time.

They lhould be thin’ (1 beyond the common culiomg
for the love of a great lhew of fruit, in general pre-
vails over the better thought of its excellence.

One hundred of excellent fruit is preferable to two
hundred of indifferent. This direéts the clearing
away more than 13 ulually done, and let not the gar-
dener now be afraid oi making a free beginning
The ﬁrli growth is a very great article, and the fruit
that is crowded can take this but poorly.

Oblerve which are the molt promiling -, and the
taking off a part of the \101R give more nourilhment
to the others.

This thinning, however, mul‘t he done with cau-

' tion:

THIRD WEEK.

tion: for there are many accidents to which the
remainder will be liable. ‘ .1
' Snails devour many: they muﬁ be watched daily
at the times of their coming out of ‘ their holes, and
deﬁroyed. At early morning, and very late in the
evening they always will be found : and at any time
of the day when there are lhowers, and the air is
not. too chill. -‘ .

Let the ground about the trees have fuch adlreﬁing
as will make them a frefh fupply of nourilhment. »

Dig up the borders with the three-prong’d fork
to del’troy weeds; and where the condition of «the
tree fhews more than this is required, fprinkle on a
mixture of pond mud, foot and pigeons dung. .

This, with waterings fo often repeated as to keep
the mould always damp, and fo difcreetly managed
,as never to make it very wet, will be the fure means
of giving vigour to the trees at a time when it is of
fuch important fervice. .

Obferve after this the lhoots made by the trees, for
they will be the more vigorous and luxuriant by
fuch management; and if not regulated, will foon
grow into confuﬁon. All fore—right fhoots mull: be
.difplaced; and great care taken to train properly fuch
as rife in a better direction: in places where they are
wanted, they fhonld at this early time be brought
to the wall, and fecured by a loofe nailing ; that they
may be early accufiomed to the proper form, and
their juices accuf‘tomed to run in a ﬁt direction.

The fruit will ripen better for this management of
the branches; for in the luxuriance of growth, which
will be given by this cultivation of the trees, the.
young (boots will not only be more numerous, but
.-larger and fuller of leaves, and the fruit otherwife
would be injured by too much fhade.

The ripening of fruit depends upon the inﬂuence
of the fun, and the ﬂavour of it to the free palfage
of the air: ’tis for want of this forced fruits are

poor; and whatever in any degree prevents the ac- ,

cefs of either, f0 far hurts the produce. Leaves are
necelfary

77$

176

KITCHEN

GARDEN.

MAY,

neccﬁ‘ary to keep of}~ the too free vilitation of the fun
beams, which would elfe exhauft the fruit, and make
it wither, when it ﬂiould {well for ripening; but
numerous boughs are too full a lhade, and the ex-
tream on this fide is as bad as the other.

The gardener ought to make himfelf perfectly ac-
quainted with the reafons of his practice, for there
will be little good in his following rules mechanically:
when he underl’tands the purpofe, he will fee not
only the convenience and advantage, but the neceﬂity
of compliance: and he will know how to perform
the work regularly, and in due proportion.

The care of the young lhoots which are preferved
is far from an impoﬁtion of needlefs trouble: every
minute’s work he bellows at this time, will fave that
of many in the fucceeding feafons.

BEANS, peafe, and French beans may yet be
planted; and it will be always advifeable to put fome
of each kind now into the ground. They will re-
quire more waterings than thofe planted earlier; _
but with this care, and due weedings, and often“
breaking the mould between them, they will come in
for ufe at a very agreeable time, and will be good
in their kinds.

Weeding and watering are ell'ential now to the
whole ground. and mull: be continued from time to
time with care. The young crops will require moﬁ
of the former, and the older of the latter; but nei-
ther mull: be negleéted.

Sow young fallad herbs once a week. The pro-
duce will be very agreeable by way of variety, even
when the bell; of the larger kinds are come in ; and
the repetition of thefe frequent fowings will keep
them always in good order.

Plant out the cabbages and favoys for winter fer-
vice; this may be done upon parts of the ground
cleared from other crops.

Early radilhes will be pal’t fervice. Let them be
pulled up : and fcatter over the ground an inch deptl;

a o
D

THIRD WEEK. :77

of a mixture of old dung from a melon bed, and
pond mud, with a little foor. .

This being laid all of a thicknefs muf’t be dug in,
and the mould thrown up for a week in ridges.
Then let it be levelled, and the cabbage and favoy
plants fet in rows at fuch dii’tance, that a fpade can
be brought in between them in the fummer months.
All weeds mull be kept out, and from time to time
the mould mui’t be drawn up about the items in
good weather.

The cucumber and melon plants under frames
mull be now carefully attended. They are apt to
hang their leaves, and grow faint: this happens ei-

lther from the too great power of the fun, or the
.want of a fufﬁcient depth of mould.

In the ﬁrlt cafe, the frames mul’t be covered with
mats in the heat of the day inflead of glaﬁes, and
in the other an inch depth of frelh mould mull: be
fpread over the whole bed.

M“ A Y.
s E c T. 1v!
FOURTH WEEK.

8 the leaves of bulbous and tuberous-rootedrmwrk-
A lpring ﬂowers decay take up the roots. . GARDLN.
Early tulips, crocus’s, and the ﬁri’t anemonies,
with the {now—drops and fome others, will be now in
a condition for it. Clear them from mould, fpread
them upon a mat in a fhady place: and then put
:hem up for the next plantation. .
Keep the boxes of feedling ﬂowers where they
111V€ only the morning fun. ’ ,
They are to have as much as can be allowed them
luring winter, to warm the mould, and cherilh their

young roots; and in fummer they mull: be fhelter’d
from

SFMI.
EAR Y.

MAY,

from its full beams; though they are open to thofc
of the morning: for if they were expofed at noon
they would be parched up. As the weather grows
hot, this care is to be taken to remove them, fo that
no particular days can be ﬁxed.

The carnations will now grow forwarder toward
ﬂowering, the earth mull be kept moiﬂen’d ; and in.
fee‘ts picked off, if at any time found about the plants.

Auriculas, as they are pail ﬂowering, muﬁ be
removed from the fiands, and .placed on fome part of
the ground where they can have only the morning
fun. After this no mofs or weeds mull be fuﬁ‘ered
to grow upon the mould, and thus they are to be
left for fummer.

Look over the borders, and fee where any thing
can be added for the autumn ﬂowering: there are;
feVeral plants the gardener may yet bring in. The?
{weet fcabious, 'oxeye, and chryfanthemum, may be?
now removed, but he mutt take a good opportunity
of doing it: Chilling the evening of a ﬂiowery day,’

and lhading the plants afterwards at noon, till they are »

well rooted.

Clean and lay in order every part of the ground. (

The ﬂower-beds mull be kept free from weeds, and
none {hould be {uttered to remain any where about
the garden. It is the time when many will be run-
ning to feed; and one plant now left will be the
parent of a thoulhnd.

Mow gral‘s-walks frequently, for they foon run up
into wildnefs, if negleéled at this lEafon; and let the
gravel be kept rolled and cleaned.

WATER the biennial and perennial Bower—roots.
rail‘ed from feed lafl: lealon; and now tranlplanted
into feparate beds, and keep the ground clear from
weeds between them.

ProPagate the fearlet Lychnis’s by cuttings. The
double kind is no way to well raii‘ed as this, and the
young flower-{talks are the prOper part.

mould

. ‘mt

Chufe a {hady piece of the ground, dig the .
I

FOURTH WEEK.
mould very well, and plant thefe cuttings with care.
Every other day let them have a gentle watering.

Many of the Lychnis’s, and other perennial ﬂower-
ing plants, fucceed very well this way, and not only
{ave a great deal of trouble, _but afford {touter l’talks.

Look over the trees that were budded the 12196
feafon: fee that the ﬂioots be not defrauded of
nourilhment, nor left in the way of mifchief from
infects. Sulfer no Ihoots from the ﬂock: thefe muﬁ:
be rubbed off as foon as they appear, and by that:
means the nourilhment will all get to the bud.

Wherever there is weaknefs in the tree, infeéis
come: in thefe caiEs, the bud frequently is but mod
derately fupplied with nourilhment; and, in confe-
quence, there will be danger of this mifchief. The
* ﬁrﬂ notice of it will be by the leaves beginning to
curl up. As foon as this. is feen, pick Off thofe which
are word, the reft muf’t be walhed every evening
with fome water in which there has been ﬁeeped
wood-foot and tobacco-ﬁalks.

The beds of feedling trees and {limbs muﬂ: be
watered at times, and carefully fhaded from the full
noon—day fun. The drying winds will alfo prove
injurious to them, imlefs they be defended by a
reed-hedge. ,

The mould muf’t be kept perfectly free from weeds
between them, and now and then broke with a
trowel.

No part of the gardener’s ground requires moil’tu're
f0 much as the nurfery. Let him examine from
time to time the condition of the mould about the
new-planted as well as feédling trees and lhrubs; and
wherever he ﬁnds nature has not given moiﬁure
enough, fupply it by labour. VVaterings in large
grounds are very fatiguing, but the choice is to do
this properly, or to lofe all the proﬁt of former care
and pains.

AGAIN thin the Fruit upon the trees. Leave
thole likely to ripen beﬂ, and difplace the others.
N 2 Leave

i75’

FRUIT-
GARDEN.

180

i M A Y,

Leave no where two together. One good one is
preferable to two indifferent; and thofe which grow
clofe, always hurt one another. ‘

No matter whether the quantity upon the tree be'
fmall or large: if there be ever fo few, let not thofe
which ﬁand thus, be preferved. The right practice

is to be content with the few that will ripen well, and i

wait a better produce next feafon. This is the rule
in unfavourable feafons : when the quantity is large,
the thinning is to much the more neceﬂ'ary. Not
only the preterit crop is to be conﬁdered, but the good
condition of the tree for fucceeding years. Often a
favourable fpring will fet more fruit than it is poﬁible
for the root to feed.

The gardener mul’t take off the fuperabundant

number. If this be omitted, the fruit will be poor .

that year, and thin the next.

Some who think themfelves careful obfervers, re-
mark that the bearing of fruit-trees is in alternate
years; that there is one full year, and one fcanty.
The reafon is, that when the trees are crowded with
fruit they will not properly thin them; confequently
they are exhauﬁed that year, and are not able to pro-
duce a large crop the next : they fuppole what is their
own neglect to be the courfe of nature; and even in
the favourable year the fruit is worth little.

In thinning of fruits the ﬁrll thing to be conﬁ—
dered is their lize : no man would count the number
of peaches, that {hould be left to ripen, without con-
ﬁderation' of the kinds. The nutmeg and the Newing-
ton are both peaches, but the fame vigour of root,
the fame expanle of tree, and fame quantity of nou—
rifhment, will ripen twenty of the nutmeg kind that
will be needed for ten of the others.

a
I

Next to this article of lize, the length of the '

bearers {hould be conﬁdered, and after this, the con-
dition of the horizontals, from which thofe bearers
grow: lallly, the quantity of fruit there is in the

whole upon the bearers that proceed from one ho-

rizontal : ' and lb of the rel’t.
. Suppofe

A

V)

be?”

FOURTH WEEK.

Suppofe a ﬂrong and healthy tree, and imagine it
pruned and drelTed in a proper manner. Upon a
horizontal of a yard long, there will be in this cafe,
we will fay ﬁx branches: thefe being underﬂood to .be
of the common length, will produce a great number
of bloifoms -, and the avaritious gardener may, if
thefe fet for fruit ripen,‘ as he will call it, have a great
many upon them: but they will be ill-ﬂavoured. If
he would know what quantity will come to perfection,
let him learn from our experience, till he have con-

; ﬁrmed it by trials of his own.

r“ » var

t.“

In the ﬁri’t thinning he will have taken off all that
grew evidently clofe, and he is now to confider, I.
How many to leave on for ripening; and 2. Which
thefe {hall be.

, Upon this horizontal, of a yard in length, with
its lix bearing branches, there may be left of the com—
mon middle—filed peaches about ﬁfteen. This will
leave three on each of the three ﬁronger, and two on

. each of the three weaker of the bearers.

The careful gardener will ufually be able to fee
this difference of {tronger and weaker bearers in the
common run of trees: but if there be .no fuch dif-
ference, let him leave the fruit at the fame rate
alternately, two on one bearer, and three on another.
Before he takes olf the ref’t, let him ﬁngle out thofe
he is to leave, {electing the molt promiﬁng fruit, and
thofe which {land belt. '

This then is to be the general rule: ﬁfteen peaches
or neétarines on ﬁx bearers, upon a horizontal of a
yard, fuppoﬁng the fruit of the middling kind as to
lize: and thefe will ripen perfeEtly: they will have
'the true high ﬂavour of their kinds; and the tree will
every year, with due management, excepting for un—
common accidents, produce and ripen the fame num-
her.

With regard to the peaches of other ﬁzes and

« kinds, the rule is eafy: in proportion as they are
_. larger, fewer muit be left upon the tree ; and as they

t are fmaller, more.
N 3 ' The

131.

182

MAY,

The difference between the middle ﬁze of peaches
and the largef’c is got very great, therefore of thefe
the gardener may leave twelve upon the ﬁx bearers,
that is, two on each; but, on the other hand, the
diﬁ’erence is very great between the common or mid-
dling ﬁze of peaches, and the little ones, as the nut:
meg kinds. Thefe not only require lefs room, and
lefs nourifhment, from their {mall ﬁze, but they are
fooner ripe and gather’d, and therefore they lefs ex-
haui’t the tree. ’ ' ~ ' _

Of this kind, ﬁve will in the common condition of
trees ripen very well upon every bearer; that is, there
may be thirty peaches left upon the horizontal of a
yard in length. If the tree be remarkably ﬁrong,
there may be alternately ﬁve and ﬁx, or ﬁx upon
each beater left to ripen; and by the fame rule, if
the tree be weaker, there {hould be'only four and ﬁve
alternately, or only four upon each.‘ '

' The proprietor of a garden will fee by this ac-
count, how very deﬁcient the common practice is
upon this head.

Thin your wall—fruit this month, fays their direc-
tor; and they do it their own way: that is, they
leave on twice or three times as many as the tree can
ripen: hence one half perilhes, and the reft is watery
and ill—ﬂavoured. This I have found, by long ex-
perience, that when fruit {tands too thick, the fun
beams which would otherwife give them the true
fiaVour, only render them ﬂabby : they begin to de-
cay before they are ripe; and the bef’t of them eat
like fallings. ‘

' Let the gardener obl‘erve that we have dire€ted
this thinning to be done at twice, or oftener; and
that a'week, ten days, or a fortnight, according to
the iirength of the tree, pafs between thefe feveral
pperations. - ~

The reafon is plain: if the full number that fet
in a favourable feafon, were left to take their ﬁrft
growth together, they would all take that ﬁrf’t growth
amifs i’ for one would ﬁarve aQOther: and on the

, , . . i . ., Egmmryg

FOURTH WEEK.

contrary, if the whole number to be taken off, were
pulled away at once, the number left on the tree
would be foon reduced to much lefs than it need, by
the accidental falling of the others.

More than two-thirds of thofe left on after a com-
mon thinning, never come to their growth: though
the two-thirds in that way is always much too large
a number. ' Accidents from nature will deftroy fame,
and accidents in the thinning will occaﬁon others
to fall off afterwards, thongh they do not lhew it
at ﬁrf’c.

Let the ﬁrf’t thinning be performed with great
care, not to ﬂack the growth or dif’rurb the others ;
and let thefe f’tand, according to the feafon, eight,
ten, or fourteen days; to fhew not only which are
bef’t and mail promifmg, but whether any have got
damage, in pulling away the others.

The different time we advife them to i’tand between
the ﬁrlt and fecond thinning, is on account of the
feafons. In a very favourable year a week is fufﬁ~
cient; in an unfavourable one they muﬁ [hand the
longeﬁ time we have allowed.

There will be more hazard of fome of them fail-
ing in an unfavourable year: in a more favourable
it will be fooner feen which are ﬁttef’t to be left for
ripening; and they will require to be thin’d the fooner,
becaufe all the nouriihment thofe take in which are
to come off, is to the lofs of thofe which are to
(land.

Let thofe which are to be removed be taken away,
without touching the others, or even lhaking the
branch. This is eafily done by a ﬂight twiﬁ; and
thofe which are to {land being carefully chofen, the
gardener may now promif‘e himfelf f0 many perfect
mut.

The beit to leave upon the tree are thofe which
are belt ihaped, faireﬁ, and have mofl: leaves about.
t lem.

Thofe which have a good clutter of leaves, or a
fair {hoot at the fame joint where they grow, always

' N 4, ripen

183

184. l M A Y,

ripen the moft favourably. If the leaves be too
many, they are eaﬁly thin’d afterwards, at the gar-
dener’s dii'cretion: but thofe fruit which grow at
the joints where good cluf’ters of them are, not only
thrive bei’t becaule they are ihaded, but becaufe there
is much more juice drawn thither, than when the
fruit ilands naked. ‘

The number being thus ﬁxed upon, the manner of
thinning is to be conﬁdcred. The common method
is by nipping off the fruit with the thumb and a
ﬁnger, but this is very clumfy. There are fome
who ufe fciflars; and when they are of a proper
kind, that is, long and ﬂender in the blade, this
aniwers very well.

I have fome years ufed a kind of fciilars made pur-
pofely for this fervice ; but what I have found bei’t of
all is a common penknife, with a long narrow blade,
very lharp at the end -, this brings off the fruit with-
out dii’turbing any of the rel’t. ‘

Let no conﬁderation induce the gardener to leave
two fruit f0 near, as that when full-grown they will
touch one another. They often throw each other
off; and if this does not happen, they rub each
other; and the parts where they touch are always
ill-tailed.

We have been the more exprefs on this head, be-
caufe there is no part of the gardener’s buﬁnefs f0 ill
prae‘tifed.

KXTCHEN NQ article in the .gardener’s province is more
GARDEN, precarious than the fowmg of cauliﬂower feed : fome
ﬁx a day for it, but that is too exac‘t: from the ﬁrﬁ;
to the hall day of the prefent week will be a certain
period: for it ought not to be done fooner than the
one, or later than the other; which particular day,
will depend upon the weather, and the temper of the
ground. ~
Let the gardener fuit the particular day, accord—
ing to the dampnefs or drynefs of the mould, and the
dry or fhowery feafonv.
The

FOURTH WEEK;

The heaps of dung mufi: be broke and turned
over this week. They will be covered with annual
weeds at this time: if thefeywere. fuffered to Hand
longer, they would ripen and fhed their feeds; but
as they will now be deﬁroyed at their full bignefs
before that mifchief, they will rot in the heap,
and affil’c the dung, by bringing on a new gentle
fermentation. .

If the weather be fhowery, or there be a prof
’ of rain, fow turnep feed.

The ground muf‘c be well broke and prepared for
“this; and as the fuccefs depends entirely upon due
watering, if the clouds refufe that, the hand muﬂ:
do it; and there mul’c be a frequent repetition, with
noderate quantities at a time.

 

CHAP.‘

185'

" aft‘tuazu/y'z'a, »
1 / (I >

1

I /

 

CHAP. VI.
J U N E.
SECT. I.

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION.

7 m « ITHERTO we have treated of thofe claliés
“1 "‘ EL only which are diltinguifhed by the number
" a of the ﬁlaments. The ﬁrft of the two
:935‘2,’ of which we treat in this place, is of

the fame character : but in the other there
is an advance toward thofe nicer dillinétions, on which
the marks of the fucceeding claffes are founded.

The two we explain in this place are the Dodecan-
dria and Icol‘andria of Linnaeus. The ﬁrft of thefe
is diﬁinguifhed by the number of the ﬁlaments only,
which is twelve: but in the other we are to have re-
courfe to the place of their infertion.

The obvious character of the Icofandria is, that the
filaments are more than twelve in number, but (0

alfo

    
 

V 7'
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F.

 

FII{SI‘VVE]£K. $7

alfo they are in the Polyandria, of which we {hall
treat at the head of the fueeeeding month.

They are diﬁinguifhed by the place of their in-
fertion, for in this clafs they are ﬁxed at their bafes to
the inﬁde of the cup. Therefore the gardener will
know, that when there are in the fame ﬂower with
the fiyle more than twelve ﬁlaments, and they are
inferred on the inner part of the cup ; the clafs is that
pf the Icofandria.

seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeaee

G E T into the open ground the remainder of the FLOWER-
annuals raifed in hot- beds. GARDEN’

Let the holes be large and deep; let the whole
hall of earth be fhaken out of the pot, and the ﬁbres
trimm’d oil~ all round : let the ball with the plant be
fet upright, and the mould put in carefully about it:
then let a good watering be given, and a ﬂick thruﬁ:
in to tie up the I’talk: the double balfams not re-
moved before, and the amaranths, love~apples, cap-
fcium, and palma chriﬁi, muﬂ be thus manag’d.

Chufe the evening of a mild day; if the plants ﬂag
the next day, they mult be {haded from the noon-
fun, and watered conflantly in the evening till rooted.

Look over the anemones and other kinds in-
tended for feed: once a week break the furface of
the beds all about them ; and every two or three days
allow a moderate watering. When the feeds attain
the r due bignefs, ceafe watering, and tie up the
ﬁalk clofe under the head, to a ﬁrm flick, to pre-
vent the 656825 of the wind.

This is‘a good time for propagating the common
greenhonfe plants by cuttings: ﬁll fome pots with
ltght and rich mould -, and if the myrtle be the kind
intended to be propagated, chufe a parcel of good
fhoots: they muft be feven inches long, or there-
abouts, and they {hould be {uch as are robull; not
tender ones drawn by too much fhelter.

' Take off the leaves at the bottom three ﬁngers

’ ' ' ' , breadth

:88

JUNE.

breadth high, and will the [talk a little in that part:
then open fome {mall holes in the mould, and plant
the cuttings ; feveral in each pot : they mutt be fet in
as deep as they have been ﬁrippcd, land the mould
gathered carefully about them: let them ﬂand two
inches and a half. apart, and let the mould be fettled
by a careful watering.

After this fet the pcts under a hot-bed frame, and
lay between them, and about them, fome old tan.

Shade the glaﬂes with mats from eleven to four
every afternoon, except in cloudy weather; and as
the mould dries in the pots, keep it gently moiﬁen’d :
once in three days is 'ufually enough -, but there can
be no exact rule. The true way to judge when they
want it is, to examine the condition of the mould at
the edges of the pot.

Raife the glaffes at noon, and give air to the plants -,
this mul’t be increafed as they get more ﬁrength.

About the middle ofjuly they will be well rooted,
and they will Ihew this by beginning to lhoot.

From this time more and more air is to be allowed
them till perfectly inured to it, and in ﬁve weeks
more, that is towards the end of Augufl, they mult
be fet out in the open air with the other greenhoufe
plants.

Thus they may {land till the ﬁrft week in October;
and they mull: then be houfed with the reit.

From time to time they mul’t be watered -, and they
muf’t be carefully kept clear from weeds and from de-
cay’d leaves all winter.

In the beginning of the following April they mull
be planted out feparately, and kept in a ihady part
of the greenhoufe, till the time of fetting them out“

Care mull: be taken in the removal to prel'erve a
ball of the earth to each ; and the mould of the pot
mul’t be kept in a due temper of moiﬁure, till they
are perfectly rooted.

The geraniums are propagated with great eafe this
way, and the leonurus, othona, fage of Africa, and

many other kinds.
The

FIRST WEEK. :89

The fucculent plants lhould now be pr0pagated by
their cuttings; but thefe mul’t'lie ten days upon a
{half before they are planted, otherwife they will 'rot
in the mould. ‘3

Now take oﬁ“ cuttings of the cereus kinds and the
like, and lay them to harden; for the fecond week in
June is, in general, the belt time for planting them.

One old plant of each kind lhould be kept for a
breeder.

The Item is to be cut off at ﬁx or eight inches
length the ﬁrl’t time, fo that only one cutting can be
then had from the plant; but after this there will rife
‘ many young {boots from the part where the old one
was cut off -, and thefe when they are about nine
inches high are excellent for propagating the plants.

L O O K to the beds and boxes of feedling fpring SEM;
ﬂowers. The leaves will be decayed by this time,NAR '
and their tender roots mul’t be refrelhed by acovering
of the fame mould. ‘

Let the furface of the whole bed or box be gently
raked, to gather up all mofs or feedling weeds; and
in doing this, the utmol’t caution muf’c be ufed not
to diflurb the young roots of the plants : after this,
half an inch depth of the fame mould mull be lifted
over them; and thus they are to be left for the, re-
mainder of the fummer.

W ceding and watering are now every where neccf-
fary. Weeds grow up apace, and the earth is natu-
rally dry: one of thefe two caufes may dellroy many
of the tender kinds; and both will endanger even
the hardiel’t.

Firft look after the feecliings, for they are eaﬁeﬂ:
damaged. Let the beds be weeded always by hand,
and care taken not to diflurb the young plants.
After this let them be watered every evening: and
as the weeds had fheltered them in fome degree be-
fore, it will now be very proper to defend them from
the noon-fun by a reed hedge.

Where the trees are of more growth, and planted

out

.190 J U N E.
out in“ rbws at due dil’tances, nothing is fo proper as
digging between them with a fpade.

Lay the branchesof the paﬁiOn—ﬂower, clematis,
and other fuch lh-rubs.

. Keep the mould moif’t b ‘ frequent waterings ~,, and
the heat of the feafon will every ferviceable in pro-
moting the fhooting out of ﬁbres“ _

Chufe branches which» can be brought down with
leaﬂ: force; and let them be twilted and pierced thro’
with an awl in feveral parts where they are to come
under the mould. Let them be covered four inches;
and peg’d down in two or three places -, that neither
the~ fpringynefs of the branch itfelf, nor the force of
the winds may endanger the tearing. of it up.

_ FRUIT- T H I S week look over the ﬂocks for inoculating
GA“DEN-of {tone fruit, and mark fuch are for the earlier kinds.

There are two heights at which the budding may
be perform’d, lower when they are intended for
dwarfs, and higher when they are deﬁgn’d for f’tand—
ards. For the ﬁrft ~purpofe ﬁx or eight inches above
the ground is the height, and for the other, ﬁve or
fix feet.

Examine the Rocks that are in belt order; and
‘mark by different ﬂicks l‘uch as are ﬁt for one pur—
pofe, and fuch as are fuited to the other; taking care
that there be in each a {moOth and good piece of bark .
at the intended height of budding.

A fortnight or three weeks hence, according to
the nature of the fealbn, will be the proper time
for beginning this work, and we fhall then give full
direc‘tions.

Toward the end of this week look over all wall
fruit-trees. \Vhere any leaves are decay’d, take them
off : where fore-right ihoots have been produced, rub
thefe oﬁ‘alfo‘, and where fuch grow in a better di-
reétiori, as will be wanted the fucceeding year; bring
them to order, ﬁxing them to the wall.

Care muft be taken not to dil‘turb the fruit, nor
even to hurt the leaves 3 for the fruit will not ripen

without

FIRST WEEK.

without them. They ferve the needful purpofe of
fhading them; and they alfo draw nouriﬂiment to
that part where they grow.

Every morning and evening, and after every warm
(bower, look after fnails; and by timely Cleaning out
the .holes and crevices in the walls, and deftroying
ants, prevent the encreafe of others.

Weeds now {hoot freely, about the I’tems of'fruit-
trees; and if fuﬁbr’d to grow they will do great mil?
chief.

The thinning of the fruit, and rubbing off the fore-
right fhoots, will have brought the gardener’s feet
otten upon the border, and this will have hardened
the earth about them.

Nothing can be fo ferviceable as good digging up
with a three prong’d fork.

Rake the borders after this digging to take off the
weeds; and if the trees require more afﬁﬁance, fpread
fome rich mould with foot an inch thick all over the
border. The rains that follow will walh in the virtue
of thefe ingredients; or if the feafon be dry, there
mull be {ome good waterings allow’d for the fame
purpofe. ’ '

Efpaliers mull be treated in the fame manner as the
wall-trees -, and when the ill—growing [boots are rubb’d
off, and thofe which are wanted, and which rife in
proper places, duly train’d, digging, clearing, and
enriching the border is to be repeated.

Beﬁde the more common trees planted for efpa-
liers, the quince, the medlar, and the ﬁg, will all
very well anfwer that kind of growth; and they will
give a very pleaﬁng variety -, one hardly knows a pret-
tier ﬁght than a medlar efpalier in ﬂower, or a quince
one in fruit. The ﬁg is more for ﬁngularity than
beauty, but it is far from unpleaﬁng.

Another tree not f0 common as it ought to be in
efpaliers is the mulberry. It is every way pre-
ferable to the common method of planting that tree.
The fruit ripens better on the efpalier tree than on

~ thofe

191

tgi -

JUNE,

thof'e tall ftandards in common ule; and it is not fo
liable to be ihook oh” by the wind.

The only caution particularly needful in this in-
ﬂance is, that the border be made wider than for
other trees ; partly becaufe the mulberry {hoots more
ﬁbres near the {term than other trees do, and partly
becaufe the fruit, when ripe, would damage the
cloaths of thofe who palTed along the walks, if not
kept at fome more than ufual diﬁance.

The‘pruning muf’t be this : let the trees be train’d
up With a ﬁngle Item, and let horizontals be fuﬂ‘ered
to ﬁand on this about ﬁxteen inches afunder.

Let the gardener underftand the reafon: the
branches which proceed from a l‘trong horizontal
will not bear fruit the ﬁrf’t year.

, The mulberry molt frequently produces its fruit
frOm buds near the ends of thofe branches which
grew from the horizontals the year before.

As neither the buds of ﬁrong branches, nor thofe
at the lower end of a branch produce lhoots that will
bear, the collateral branches mull not be lhorten’d.
If the horizontals were fuffered to Rand nearer than
ﬁxteen inches, the bearing branches would {hade one
another. Eighteen inches is ulually allowed, but this
is more than needful. Variety of foils will make
fome diﬂ'erence, but the medium is about fixteen
inches.

When the bearers have grown to ﬁfteen inches,
they Ihould be lhorten’d: on this feveral [boots
will be made from them; and thofe toward the

\lower part muft be faved. New lhoots from the

item ﬂiould alfo be encouraged for horizontals, where
required.

By this manner of pruning, the mulberry will make
a very agreeable and proﬁtable clpalier.

The quince will require a management fomewhat
different from this, its horizontals, with all the gar-
dener’s art, will be lhort; therefore let it be raifed
with a double item. Let the horizontals be trained in
large number -, a foot afunder is a good proportion d

an

\

FIRST WEEK.- “1‘93
and Forthe reﬁ, the pruning is to- be the fame aisju'f’t‘
direéted.

W E E D S are at no time of the year fo troubl‘e- KITCHEN
fame as now. Let them be every Where 'defiroyed, GARDEN-
by hand, by the hoe, or by the fpade, according to
the condition of the feveral crops-among ‘whieh they
grow. .

They are ﬁrong at this feafon, and the eropsbut
Weak : and a great many of them now ripen their feeds;
if not deftroy’d in time, they will lay the foundation
of a great deal of trouble. ' ‘

The feeds of many of them will ripen as they lie
upon the ground, and by means of the down annex’d
to them, will be carry’d all about the garden. Let
care be taken to prevent this. .

When the crops are clean’d it will be a great re~
frefhment to them to have a moderate watering.

Plant new crops upon the pieces of ground, clear’d‘
from the early growths, ﬁrlt enriched by fome good
old dung well dug in.

Upon a piece of ground thus prepared, fow fome
brocoli feed for a fecond crop. Scatter the feed-
thicker this time than in the earlieﬁ fowings; for it
does notpcome up f0 certainly.

When the young plants appear, refrefh them by
gentle waterings -, and when they are of growth
enough to fhew which are the ﬁronger, and which‘
the weaker, let a careful hand be employ’d to weed
the bed, and, to thin the plants‘where they have rifen
too clofe: taking up the weakel’t.

Dig another piece of the like ground very well,
and plant fome French beans. Watch them at their
ﬁrlt coming up, and take care to deﬁroy Hugs and
other vermin; and give them at times gentle water-
mgs. _ , 7 -

Lay out’a piece of ground for blanching of celeri.
Let it be very well and very deep dug up, and mark

out lines for trenches, at a yard afunder. , Dig thefe
’ 0 ' ‘ with

- I94

FLOW 15R

JUNE,

with particular Care, break the earth fmall, and then
bring in the plants from their bed.

Set them ﬁve inches afunder, and lay in the mould
well about them. They will grow in a very favour-
able manner, becaufe of the great {pace of vacant
ground between the rows; for the roots of celeri fend
out extremely long, though very [lender horizontal
ﬁbres : and they will thus be eaﬁly earth’d up
from time tO'time, becaufe there will be plenty of
good mould, and free room for the fpade to work
etween them. ‘

Every time the earth is broke for the drawing it up

(about their tiling {’talks, the plants will {hew new

vigour; and they will rife to a greater degree of ex—
cellence, than in the artlefs manner we fee too often
ufed ofclofe planting.

J U N E.
SECT. 11.

SECOND WEEK.

0 W propagate ﬁbrous rooted ﬂowers by layers.
Begin with pinks and carnations.

The method of railing the carnation in its higheft
perfection, is from feed: but the way of encreaﬁng the
plants is by laying.

The carnation fends from the head of. the root
many oblique (boots: when thefe are long enough
to bear laying, that fhould be done.

Provide for this fervice a quantity of rich garden
mould, a penknife with a {harp and thin point; and
feveral little hooked pegs, or forked ilicks.

Clear away any ﬁlth that may lie about the plant; {ﬁr
he furface of the mould -, and lay on as much of the
freih as will raife it about three quarters of an inch.

The mould will thus rile conveniently to the
moors;

SECOND WEEK.

ﬂioots; and there will be no violence in bringing
them down.

Then clean the fhoots, and prepare them one by
one for laying: ﬁx upon a ﬂrong joint, about the
middle part of the fhoot, and with the penknife ﬂit it
from that joint two-thirds of the fpace‘toward the
next.

Pull oi? the lower leaves; and cut of? the tops of
thofe at the head of the fhoot; cut two or three gafhes
lightly in the joint, below the ﬂit ; and then open the
mould to receive the layer. Prefs it down gently and
gradually at the joint, and make the t0p rife as upright
as may be: in this let patience rather be ufed, than
violence. See that the flit be open when the fhoot is
thus got into a right poﬁtion; and then faf’ten it
down with one of the little ﬂicks.

Then cover up the body of the {hoot with the
mould : and when all are laid that belong to one root,
in this manner give them a gentle watering. ,

Look to thefc layers every other day, and fee they
all keep in their due place; and as the mould grows
dry, give them a gentle watering. In this manner
let them be managed till the lai‘t week in Auguf’t,
and they will then be in a ﬁt condition for tranfplantj
IDO‘.

tEEO the whole round of the borders with a careful
eye to take ol’r~ ufelefs growths, and fecure the rel’t.

The fpring perennial, ﬁbrous rooted plants,
which have done ﬂowering, mul’t be cut down near
rhe ground, and fame mould drawn up over the
I’tumps.

Cut fome ﬂicks of different lengths; and with
green worf’ted tie up the [talks of thofe plants which
are yet to come into ﬂower.

l’ew know how much the full beauty of ﬂow-
ers depends upon this management. The wind
will olten break OE their ltalks at the head of the
root; or at lealt crack and wound them {0, that they.
will [land awkwardly, and, be irregularly fupplitd
afterwards with nourillment. ' ,

O 2 Thof

L95

196.

JUNE,

Tho’ the damage itfelf is not feen, the eﬂ‘edts are
very viﬁble : the plant does not take its regular or
proper growth ; and the ﬂowers are certainly poor.

When the {talk is too ﬂrong to break in this
manner, the root is drawn backward and forward,
as the plant rocks about; and being loofen’d in
the ground, it can afford but a poor quantity of
nouriihment to the Item. The leaves lofe their frefh.
nefs, and the ﬂowers are poor.

The. ﬂrﬂ froﬁs in autumn alfo deﬂroy the plant;
for the opening at the foot of the [talk by its rocking
about, lets in their inﬂuence.

All this is prevented by tying up the plants at
this feafon. Let the {ticks be little longer than
each is high at prefent; and let the {talk be tied
up in feveral places.

Let forne mould after this be drawn up about
the head of the root; and the dead leaves, if there
be any, pick’d away.

The roots of fuch of the bulbous and tuberous fpring
ﬂowers as have their leaves now decayed, mui’t be ta-
ken up, clean’d, and laid on a mat to harden. Many
of the ranunculus’s, anemonies, and tulips, are now
ready for this.

See where the leaves of tuberous rooted ﬂowers and
bulbs that will not bear to be kept long out of the
ground wither ; take them up, and plant them again
in new mould. The winter aconite, erythronium,
early fritillaries, fpring cyclamens, and feveral others,
are now in a condition for this praétice.

Take them up with care, and let the offiEts be fe-
parated without injuring the roots. For the choicer
kinds let the earth be taken entirely away, and a freih
quantity of the fame kind put in its place. For the
reﬂ: let the whole be very well dug up, and broken,
and {ome frelh pafture mould be dug in among it.
This will anfwer the purpofe: and the roots being
planted in with care, will thrive as if in a new foil.

A plant, rais’d to a ﬁner [late by culture, will de—
generate again, if left in the fame ground: and to

pre-

SECOND W'EEK.
prevent this, the gardener renews the foil; but the
fame mould, which is remov’d becaufe unﬁt for one
kind of plant, thrown into a diﬁemnt border, will
{crve fome other. ‘

Some plants require every year an abfolute frefh
foil, others need have the old only recruited; and in
other cafes plain digging alone will anfwer the pur-
pofe. Thefe may be called the three Rages of im-
provement in the foil, and one or other of then!
fhould never be omitted.

There is a time when every plant is in a {late of
reit; this is jul’t after the feafon of its full bloom:
the old leaves fade, and foon after new fhoots rife in
many kinds -, in all, new ﬁbres are juft after ihot from
the root. ' -

The time before the {booting of thefe is that in
which the roots fhould be taken up ; and when this
is done, the off-fets are to be feparated, or the other-
wife encreas’d parts taken OFF : at the fame time the
bed fhould be thoroughly dug ; and, if there be need,
a refrefhment of fame new foil wrought in among it.
This does for all but the molt delicate kinds.

The roots are to be planted again direé‘tly; and
their new ﬁbres ﬁnding a freﬂi broken mould, will
pufh with vigour, and lay the foundation for aﬁne
bloom for the next feafon.

This week, if the weather be dry, take out of the
ground the hyacinth roots which were laid ﬁdeways
under the mould for fwelling.

Wipe them clean, and fpread them upon a mat in
a room where there is a thorough air, and where the
fun does not come. Let them be turned every day
till they are well hardened, and then put up in
papers, in a ihallow drawer, where they are to be
kept till the time of planting in autumn: in this
place they muf’t be now and then examined, to fee
that they keep from mouldinefs. If at any time a
tendency to this is perceived, they mui’c be fpread
out again upon the mat, and often turn’d, till they
are paft the danger.

0 3 Examine

197i

i 398

J U N E,

Examine the carnations from day to day, as they
are fwelling for the ﬂower.

The carnation is originally contained in a double
cup; the outer one is formed of four little fcaly
leaves, and rifes immediately from the {talk ; the
inner one is large, long, of a cylindric form, and is
nip’d in ﬁve places at the tOP- The {mall outer cup
is calculated only for defending the bafe of this inner
one, which contains and defends the young ﬂower.

The inner cup gardeners call the pod. This will,
at the prefent feafon, require the great attention of
the ﬂoril’t. ,

The petals are numerous; and the great beauty of
their difpoﬁtion rifes from their opening regularly.
Nature has promoted this by the ﬁve indentmgs at
the edge of the pod ; but if they be not opened far—
ther, the petals will force themlelves out irregularly
on one ﬁde, and the flowers lofe their form.

With a ﬁne pair of fciﬂars, open all ﬁve of the na-
tural indentings, about one third lower, and obferve,
a day or two after, whether this be quicient : if not,
’tis eafy to fnip them down a little farther. The care
mutt be to give room for the petals, without deftroy-
ing the pod.

The petals in this ﬂower have long narrow bafes;
and the Life of this ﬁrm long cup is to keep them to—
gether. So much of it lhould be preferved entire at
the bottom as will anfwer this purpofe,‘ while the top
is fo far open’d as to give way to an equal fpreading
cf the flower.

Tranfplnnt out of the feed-beds the perennial ﬁ-
brous rooted flowers, as alfo the biennial kinds: they
muff have a {tell} foil, and due diftanee, that they
may gather flrength in the fucceeding months, to be
ﬁt for planting out in September.

Inoculate the feveral kinds ofjafmine. The. Italians
fave odr people this trouble, for molt of the ﬁne jaf~
mines are fent .over hither annually from that country,
in fo good order, that the curious content themfelves
irith them: but the propagating them by inoculation

i . i i is

SECOND WEEK. 199?

is eafy: and thofe which are raifed in this manner at
home, fucceed better than fuch as we have from
abroad. The common white Jafmine IS the proper
ﬂock.

THE wall-ﬂowers, fox-gloves, fweet-williams, he- SEML
dyfarums, and many other kinds, fown in April, NARY.
will now be grown to a proper ﬁze for tranf—
planting. ,

A piece of ground in fome part of the nurfery, not
much expofed to the noon-day fun, mutt be feleéted;
and divided into as many beds as there are kinds.

Draw lines lengthways and acrofs at different difian-
ces, according to the growth and natural bignefs of
the plants, and remove each of them into a feparate
piece in a cloudy evening. -

They mutt be watered carefully till they have
taken good root, and then kept free from weeds
till the beginning of October: then bring them into
the places where they are to ﬂower.

Plant cuttings of hardy trees and Ihrubs in the open
ground.

The earth mui’c be well dug; the cuttings put in
with caution, and they muf’t be water’d at times, and
Ihaded from the noon-day fun.

Seedlings mutt be often water’d ; and if the {pot be
fo much Open to the fun that they ﬂag, notwithftand-
ing, they mui’t be defended by a reed-hedge.

Hardy exotic trees may be laid this week for an
encreafe. Chufe young branches for this purpofe. If
they do not take tolerable root before winter, they will
be very likely to fail -, and this will depend upon the
choice of fuch branches: they mutt be well cover’d,
and frequently water’d.

They muﬂ be faﬁen’d down in their place to prov
mote their taking root; and in thofe kinds which re-
quire moﬂ: moiﬁure, the place fhould be covered with
fome freih turf, the graITy ﬁde downward. .

Go over the evergreens with a knife, reducing thc

I O 4., rude

' 2991

MJUNE,

rude. grmmh of branches. Theirf‘tems muft be cc-
vered, and this can only be donefby. taking of}: the
luxuriapt gI‘Oth‘l of the young fhoots,

Continue weeding and digging between and about
the newpiauted trees, throughout the ground; and

. iftl‘le feai'on be dry, allow water. Plant cuttings of

FRUIT-
GARDEN,

ﬁbrous rooted. plants, cloling. the mould about them,
and allowing goodwatering.

Water the leedlings of hardy exoric trees; but un-
lefs agreat deal Of'care be taken, more harm will.
come from this than good. Unlels the water be given
from a ﬁne pot, and be ofa'proper kind, it will either
wafh away the earth from theiriroots, or chill them :
and at bef’t it will not fucceed without the help of {hel-
ter fromthe fun.

The fitteﬁ defence is a reed-hedge; and‘the only
water proper to be ufed for thefe plantations, is fuch
as has ﬂood open to the fun for fome time, in a
Ihallow pOnd. As we fet water in the Prove that
is to be ufed for the plants railed there; that which
is employed for exotic, trees in their ﬁrlt. growth,
Ihould in the fame manner be of. the temperature
or the earth andzair wherein they grow.

L E T fome of the later apricots be inoculated -, and
the earli'eft peaches. ' _

Look .to new-planted trees, fecur’d byl’takes, and
tho‘Ce againlt walls and elpaliers. If theymock about
now they, will foon be deliroy’d.

The new lhoots of wall and efpalier trees that grow
properly, mutt be faftened down in different places.

The barberry will bexnow ﬁt {or fruit; and the
gardener may greatly iniproveits b'gnefs, colour, and
flavour. The tree at this time requires more than
ordinary nourifhment.’

To. have. ﬁne barberries‘ the fhrubs {bould- not-
be planted. in wildernefs quarters, or hedges; or
too clofe to one another, onto any other trees; ‘ They
ﬂuould have a ,piece :0? ground dug purpofelylior

. . x- t .Cms

"SECOND WEEK.

them; they fhould be planted four yards afunder-s
and {hould have all the attention of other fruit-trees.

The foil fhould be loamy and fttong, and: it fhould
be dug up two fpade deep before they are planted.
The {hrubs fhould be raifed from layers, and thefe
fhould be laid from well eftablifh’d trees, which bear
the fruit without kernels. This is a great advantage-
in the be "berry, and is not to be obtain’d With‘tos
lerable certainty any other way. ‘ ‘

T he layers will be ﬁt to take up in one year, and-
{hould then be planted in a nurfery, to ﬂand two.
more. Then the ground muﬂ: be dug up for them,
and the young trees planted : watering them till rooted.-

T hey will foon be in a condition of bearing fruit;
and both then and when ﬂowering, they will afford?
a moth plealing objeft. ‘

They mul’t be train’d up with a ﬁngle and limit
ﬁem A yard from the ground fome branches fhould"
be ﬁll’ft‘l‘ctl to rife, about ﬁx of thefe in this place.
From this part the Prem {hould be kept clear to four»

teen inches higher, and preferved upright, by means,

of a (take.

At this dii’tance more branches may be quered‘to
grow for bearing, and the number may be here about
eight : a foot above this the top muff be taken off, and
there will fo rife more branches; ﬁx, eight, or ten of
which, according to their growth, may be fuﬁ'ered to
remain; and the f’traitel’t and mof’t upright of them
may be ty’d up to the ﬂake, and cut of? at four-
teen inches more, for a new fupply. 7

Let the tree be thus carried up to the height 05
nine foot; and having about ﬁx feries of branches in
this compafs, it will produce a vaft deal of bearing
wood, and will make a pleating ﬁgure.

Thefe trees, when in ﬂower or fruit, will be orna—
mental; and the fruit they will yield, will fo much
exceed what is commonly rais’d, that thofe who have
not before taited the barberry in perfeéh'on, will not
eaﬁly believe it to be the fame thing.

There are white-fruited barberry bullies as well 35

I. re ,

not

202'

J U N'E,

red -, and it will be very agreeable to plant about one
infour of that kind: the miXture of white and red
will have a plealing effect both on the ground and at
the table.

> Raife in the nurfery more layers than are intended
for this plantation, that fuch as have ﬁones in the
fruit may be rejected. The want of ﬁones, which
are the feeds of the tree, is a great recommendation
to the fruit; but it is a thing quite accidental in the
original, and therefore not abfolutely certain in the
new trees.

The barberry may be propagated by fowing or by
fuckers, but in both thofe ways the fruit is more
apt to have kernels : this way by layers is more likely
to have fuccefs; but it is not fure in every layer.

The trees being thus rais’d and train’d, muf’t be
prun’d every autumn. The branches mul’t not be
ihorten’d at their ends, for the fruit is produced in
thofe parts ; but all that is to be done, is to keep the
whole free from dead wood, and in proper order.

If two branches crofs, one mull be cut away -, de-
cay’d pieces muf’t’ be taken out; and no ihoots fuf—
fered about the item, between the places where the
bearing branches rife.

Thus the fhrubs are to remain till fpring. Then go
over the tree with a careful eye, and where any of the
bearing branches are weak at the ends, take off a
ﬁnall piece.

Take away all fuckers from the roots, and rub ol’f
mois or other foulnefs from the trunk; and let the
ground be well dug up with the three—prong’d fork.

At this feafon let it have another thorough turn-
ing with the three prong’d fork. After this, let
it have three or four good waterings, at three days
diﬂance. This will fill the young fruit -, and the fun
and air, paﬁing freely between the trees and their
branches, they will ripen favourably, and with an
excellent flavour. ‘

Look daily over fruit trees. Thole which ap-
pear lcl‘s vigorous than the others, mull be refreﬂieil.

“Y

SECOND WEEK.

by turning up the mould about their roots, with a
three prong’d fork; and it will be ferviceable to
fprinkle on a little rotted dung, and waih it into
the ground, by repeated and not too ﬂight waterings.

If any leaves are infelted with infects, let them
be pulled off, and the {boots wafhed with water, in
which tobacco {talks have been f’teeped, to prevent
the fpreading of the mifthief. Let fnails, and all
other infects be carefully fought after, and deflroyed.

Honey dews which appear at this feafon upon
leaves, are very prejudicial.

The remedy mul’t be attempted by pulling off
the. decayed leaves, and wafhing the reﬁt; and by
giving better nourifhment.

Strew a little pigeons dung upon the ground, and

waih it in by repeated large waterings. A mixture
of fair and foot has been alfo ufed with great fuccefs
to apricot, peach, and neétarine trees under this
difortler.

Clear the vines planted againl’t walls of weak and
ufelefs branches: let ‘all ﬁde fhoots be difplaced,
then look to the quantity of leaves. There is oc-
caﬁon for a conﬁderable number, but fometimes on a
well nourilh’d vine there will be too many. The
fruit mul’c not be naked, nor muf’t it be bid from
the fun. _

Few fummers-are favourable to the ripening of
grapes : the fhading of the bunches at this time will
retard their future growth and ripening, and the
chilling winds that fometimes blow at this feafon,
and cold rains, take a very difagreeable effect,

This makes the unequal ripening of the bunch:
fomeiof the grapes will be fmall, while the others
have their due growth; and a part will be lhrivelled
and ill-taf’ted, while the ref’t have their full big—
ncfs, and right ﬂavour.

The remedy is a reed—hedge applied to that part
whence the winds blow, or a mat drawn over the
trees to Ihelter the fruit from the cold rain.

“'6 have directed thining the generality of 'fruits,’

" and

203

904: J U N 3’
and‘ it is not lefs needful on the vine As we fee“-
the grape ripen worfe than any other kind, we
ihould give it every poﬂible advantage.

When it is known what bunches will ﬁnd, con-
ﬁder how many of them may be left to ripen.

Thofe which promife to be largefl: and hand-
fomei’t muf’t be left on. '

In all the large kind wherever there are two
bunches upon a fhort ihoot, one of them mutt be
taken OH.

Many a vine that is loaded with unripen’d grapes,
would have brought half of them to perfection.

The {mailer grapes mul’t be thinned by taking
oli’ branches where they are too near; and this mull:
alfo be done in the larger kinds, if it be found
that the ﬁrft care of thinning have not been fut—
ﬁeient.

“CHEN TRANSPL ANT cabbages and favoys for win-

GARDEN' ter ufe. Chufe an open piece of ground, far from trees
or hedges, for caterpillars breed among the leaves.
By being at a dillance from trees, they will have the
befl: chance to efcape them.

Dig the ground up a full fpade deep ; fet them at
a yard diﬁance; clole the mould about their items,
and give a moderate watering.

Set- them in regular lines, lengthway and acrofs of
the ground.

Once in a fortnight let the alleys be dug up with a
fpade.

Fill up the alleys between the ridges of melons
with three parts of l‘trong pallure-earth, and one part
well—rotted cow-dung: about a peck of coarle {and
will be proper to a barrow of this, for the fake of
mixing the other ingredients; and this {hould be
laid carefully in, and well trod down.

The Cos lettuces, which are in condition for ga-
thering, mult be taken up from time to time, leaving
fpaces, as regularly as can be done, between the
Others: let thefe bety’d up lightly at the top as they

are

SECOND'WEEK.

are preparing for cabbaging, and the ground hoed,
every three days, between them. Every evening let
'-them have fome water, but at no time too much;
and if the bed be expofed to the full noon day fun,
let a reed hedge be railbd againf’t it, from eleven to
three.

Mark fome plants of this bed for feed. Let thefe
be the largel’t, ﬁrmef’t, and finel’t -, and let a {tick be
ﬁxed by each of them, to tye up the {’talk as it rifes.
Let the others be cleared away from about thefe as
foon as may be, after they are marked; and let the
ripening of their feeds be favour’d by breaking the
ground round about them, and frequently watering
them.

Chufe an open fpot for tranfplanting a good crop of
the feedling endive. Let it be well dug up, and the
furface levell’d, and raked clear from ﬁones. Draw
lines at ﬁfteen inches afunder, and the fame a con.
trary way, and plant the endive out at this dif’tance.

Clofe the mould about the young plants, and al-
low two or three careful waterings in evenings, or
more, if the plants are not rooted by that time.

After this, let them be kept clear from weeds, b
frequent and good hoeing; and if they ﬂag wit
the fucceeding hot weather, and want of Ihowers,
water them. Once in four days will be fufﬁcient.

Tranfplant the young cauliﬂower plants railed for
winter. They mull: have a bed of deep ﬁne mould ;
and be {haded and water’d till they have taken root.

Sow cabbage lettuces for a late crap, in a calm,’

cloudy evening : and in a day or two, if the ground

continue dry, allow a gentle watering.

Tranfplant the feedling brocoli, at three inches
diftance; they will thus take their growth without
running up {0 weak, as they would have done if left
in the feed bed: and after about ﬁx weeks they will,
be ready for planting out where they are to remain.

The late crop of cucumbers in holes for pickling, '

will be now up, and require {ome care. Take up the
weeds

' 205

206

J U N E,-
weeds that have rifen amonglt them, and then ob«
ferve which are the ﬁrongef’t plants.

Three of thefe are to be left in each hole: the
mould is to be gathered about their ﬁalks, and they
muﬂ: have a gentle watering.

The common practice is to leave four plants in a
‘hole; but three produce more and better cucumbers
than four. '

Melons will now be fet for fruit. Too much heat,
cold, or wet, will make thefe drop oﬂ“.

From eleven to three they lhould be fhaded from
the ﬁerce fun.

If the nights bechill, they'fhould be iheltered by
a mat; and though it is dangerous to give them
too much water near the head of the plant, it will
be of vaﬁ fervice to water the parts all about the bed.

The roots fpread to a great diitance every way;
and the extream ﬁbres draw moﬁ nourilhment: there~
fore the watering at a dif’tance is the true method.

In the fucceeding management of the melon plants,
nothing is lb delicate a point as that of watering:
the ﬁlling up the alleys with a well fuited foil, trod
properly down, will do a great deal; but though it
keep the roots much moilter than they would be
otherwife, it is not enough for the purpofe; nor is
there any thing f0 dangerous as giving a large quan—
tity. If the roots want moil’ture, the fruit will not
attain their due bignels -, if too much be given, they
will not have the juﬁ flavour.

In all thefe waterings, the beit method is to
give them at a dillance; for though after the fruit
is fet ﬁrmly, the ﬁrﬂ: danger of beating it of? in the
common way of watering is over, yet Frill the plant
is better fupplied thus.

‘ Thefe waterings muft always be given in an even-
ing, and weeds clear’d away carefully ; then lay the
lpreading branches in decent order, and when the
fruit is as big as an apple, place a piece of tile under
each to promote the ripening, and pi‘elerve it from
the damp of the ground,
‘ J U N E.

THIRD WEEK. so;

J U N E.
s E C T. III.

THIRD WEEK.

ESTROY weeds with great care, for ’tis their 21:33
feed-time, and one that ripens then will lay '
the foundation of a thoufand.

Dig about thofe plants which are to ﬂower in
autumn; and let . them have moderate waterings.
Cut off (haggling branches, tye up the raft with the
rnain Item, and form the fpreading plants into good
heads. '

Open the pods of carnations deeper, to favour the
fpreading of the petals.

As foon as the petals begin to fpread themfelves
out, the ﬂowers mui’t be covered with glafTes, to fe-
cure them from moiﬁure: preferve them alfo from
the heat of the full fun, by covering thefe glaﬂ'es
with a piece of green baize, cut to the fhape of the
glafs, this is to be let over it from ten in the morning
to ﬁve in the afternoon, if the ﬂowers be open to 1'0
much of the fun, and is always to be ufed in bright
weather; but when it is cloudy, the air being more
freely admitted is an advantage.

The glaﬂés muf’t be fupported at a moderate height
above the ﬂowers, that they may not choak them ;
nor, on the other hand, admit the dews too freely un—
der them: and the ﬂower muﬂ be kept at fuch a di—
ﬁance from the ﬂick, to which the item is tyed up,
that it may fpread out freely. '

From time to time alfo let them be watered.

Inoculate the delicate kinds of rofes, which do not
freely produce fuckers.

The F rancfort ﬂock is the beﬁ. The damafk may
be ufed, and fome other of the free ihooters, but

there

SEMI-
NARY.

‘J U ‘N E,

there is none fo good as the ﬁrlt we have named.
The yellow rofe may be budded on the F rancfort

kind; and when planted in a clear air, and good ex-

pofure, will open its double ﬂowers in perfcé‘tion,
The cleannefs of the fhoots in this F rancfort kind,

\is one conﬁderable advantage; for the roles of thcfe
ﬁne forts are very tender to inoculate, and every one .

knows, in fuch cafes, how important it is to have a
good, fmooth, and even flock. The evening of a
cloudy day is belt for the purpofe -, and a great deal
of care mull be ufed in cutting off the buds.

INOC UL ATE the earlier peaches and necta-
rines. Thefe fruits are nearly allied to one another, and
the fame ﬂock ferves for both. They may be propa-
gated upon the mufcle plum and the white pear plum,

but the belt is the green gaugeL

Thefe ﬂocks are to be raifed from the {tones or
from layers; but, thofe from {tones are better. The
green gauge Ptock fuits much better than any diffe-
rent tree for thefe; but the ﬁnel’c fruits of all will be
produced by rebudding them upon the vigorous and
healthy kinds of peaches. Thofe upon the plum {locks
are perhaps the longer lived, but thefc bear the belt
fruit, and of the truef’t ﬂavour.

The Rocks fhould be of two years growth when they
are budded, and the great article is a good choice of
the cuttings : thefe muft be taken from fuch trees as
are healthy, vigorous, remarkable for bearing a large
quantity of fruit; and fuch as is well ﬂavoured.

Chufe the evening of a cloudy day; and every
thing being prepared, let no more cuttings be taken
off than can be ufed at that time : let all the expedi—
tion be made in doing it, that is conﬁftent with the
neceﬂcary care and exaétnefs.

Five and twenty days after examine which have
taken, and which not. T hofe which then appear
plump and fair, may be milled as having fucceeded,
and the bandage mutt then be loofened.

‘ The

THIRD WEEK: 309'

The following fpring the ﬂock muf’t be cut of? a
ﬁnger’s length above the bud, and the lhoot tied up
to this part of the Rock that is left above, to fecure
it from accidents. ‘

WHEN the trees managed, as jufl: directed, are FRUIT-
to be planted out into the garden, a proper foil muftG-‘WDEN‘
be prepared for the borders, and they mull be allowed
a good diftance.

The breadth of the border fhould be proportioned
to the height of the tree. It is a good general rule,
when the trees are intended to be planted at moderate
dii’tances, to allow the breadth of the border equal tg
the height of the wall.

If the foil be clayey, throw at the bottom fome
rubbifh, or brickbats, to carry off the wet; and if
the bottom be naturally too loofe and open, lay in
fome clay to prevent the moifture from running OFF
from the roots too fair.

The compoﬂ fhould be made in the following man-
ner : take up fome rich pafture mould with the turf,
and add to every load of it two bufhels of pigeon’s
dung, one bulhel of lime, and one and a half of
wood foor. .

Let thefe be well mixed together by frequent turn«
ings; and when the turf is all rotted among the
ingredients, it will be ﬁt to ufe.

The proper depth of this in the border is a fpade
and half below the furface, and about eight inches
above it: but this mul’t be more or lefs according
to the nature of the ground : the moil‘ter the place
is, the higher the border mud be railed; for a great
article is keeping the roots dry.

PLANT out the fweet herbs that have been “TC“???
railed from feed. CARDH‘
A piece of ground mull: be dug ﬁne, and they
mull be planted out by lines drawn lengthwife and
acrofs the bed, at diﬂ‘erent dil’tances, according to

their various .ﬁzes. They fhould have good room
P allowed

“6

J U N 'E,‘
allové'ed’for‘growing, and they muf’t be watered and'
fhaded till they have taken root.

Young falletting may be raifed in as great per—
fection at this time as any other. It 'fhould be
fown once in ﬁx days, for it foon grows too large

. for ufe. -

FLOWER
GARDEN.

Chardoons will now be ﬁt for planting out to be
blaneh’d. A piece of ground mui’t'be chofen of
fuﬂicient extent, and it mull be dug two fpades
deep; ‘ '

Lines mui’t be drawn at a yard and half afunder,
lengthways and acrofs‘; and the plants regularly let
one in the Centre of every fquare.

Save feeds from fuch crops as now ripen them.

Let them {land upon the plants till well harden—
ed; and then be thrown upon a mat, yor‘cloth, in
an airy room to dry in their pods for fome time be-
fore they are rubbed out of them. -

After they are cleared from the hulks, let them
again be thin fpread out feveral days.

Let the young crops when weeded be watered; they
will grow'more in two days after this, than in aweek.

#**$**¥\ﬂ¥hﬂﬁé¥*k¥%**¥é*************#
J U N E.
SECT. IV.

FOURTH WEEK.

- HE borders now contain three different feries

of plants. 1. Thofe in ﬂower. 2. Theft:

whole bloom is pal’t, and which are left, for feed:

and, 3. Such as are growing up to perfection for
me autumn.

There are fome things they all require in com-
mon, others which rnuﬁ: be fuit'e'd to the particular
condition of each.

Weeding they all require, and let it be done lall—

u y

FOURTH WEEK.

fully by hand. The hoe is now a dangerous inflru-
ment.

A carelefs perfon may {bake out the feeds from
thofe plants nurfed ‘up to that ﬂate with care; and
deﬂroy all the future expectations.

When the beds are carefully and perfectly weeded,
look over thofe plants which are in ﬂower. Take off
fuch ﬂowers as are pal’c their beauty ; and give thefe
plants every evening a gentle watering, not only on
the ground, but over the leaves. ,

Next examine thofe which are ripening their feeds.
If any new bloom oﬂ‘ers upon thefe, take it oﬂ‘. The
ﬂowers at this time will not be ﬁne, yet they will

ﬂarve and hurt the feed. Stir the mould all about the .

plants with a trowel; and if the feed be young,
allow gentle waterings, but thofe plants which have
it full grown mul’t have none. -

See the ﬂicks to which thele are tied up ﬂand ﬁrm
and fecure; then pafs to thofe autumnal kinds which
are now coming to their growth, and preparing for’

ﬂowering. Part of thefe are the annuals which'

have been removed out of the hot—beds, and part
the feedling biennials of the laﬂ: autumn from the
nurfery. A

Sticks have been thrul’t down by thefe, propor—
tion’d to the heights of the plants when they» come to
ﬂowering: as they have rifen above the hall tyings,
let them be now faﬁened up again.

The right .way of tying up, is to do it often, and
at fmall diflances; and the ﬁalk {hould always be
brought near the ﬂick, but never preﬂed to it.- ‘

Ufe green worl‘ted, not bafs; that being of the
colour of the plant, it may be few lefs. _ .

Nothing is {0 ufeful as keeping up the (talks of
plants {trait while growing, and ﬁrm, from the effect
of the wind, but there is a great ﬂovenlinefs in the
uliial way of doing it.

If there be any ﬂraggling branches, let them be
removed: then give a full, free watering, to the
leaves, buds, and foil. . . .
P 2 If

'211

212

GREYS].
HOUSE

J U N E,

If any are full grown, let the head of the ﬂick be

cut oﬂ‘ to the levei of their top branches : the art is
to preferve the plant upright in its growth, and yet
to conceal the means by which it is done.
7 Then let a little earth be drawn up about the item,
and the plant is in perfection for ﬂowering. While
the buds remain unopened, the waterings mull be
large, and they ihould be given all over the plant;
but when the ﬂowers open they mull be more mo-
derate. . '

A plant in ﬂower fhould be watered as often as
one in the bud, but lefs ihould be allowed at a time:
the buds themfelves are vaﬁly favoured by the water
coming upon them before they difclofe the petals
of the‘ ﬂoWer, but when that begins to open, this
method mui’t not be fuﬂered.

In iingle ﬂowers, the water will waih the duﬁ of
the buttons upon the petals, and fpoil the colour of
both: and in double ﬂowers fome drops will always
lodge among the foldings of thofe multiplied petals,
which will rot the receptacle, or their bafes, and the
ﬂower will fade before its time.

In thofe plants intended for feed, the watering mutt
be more ﬁriétly regarded than in others: the ripening
of the feed depends upon the regular lhedding of the
ﬂuff, and this will be interrupted by watering them
upon the ﬂower. '

There {hould therefore be an invariable rule, never
to water the top of a plant when the ﬂowers are
Opened. It will be eafy to throw the water in amon
the leaves and branches, without letting any toucE
the head.

This is the true method of watering plants in
ﬂower; and this, accordingto their kinds and natu-
ral place of growth, and according to the feafon,
fhould be repeated every evening, one hour before
fun-fet, all the time they are in bloom.

LOOK to the greenhoufe plants which are now
fet out for fummer 3 and into the ﬂove.
’ Stir

FOURTH WEEK;

Stir the earth on the furface in all the pots; and
where there is occaﬁon bring in a little frefh, fpread-
ing it over the furface, and gathering it up about
the item. » Pick off dead or decaying leaves, rub and
walh away any foulnefs from the items, and even
upon the leaves of thofe kinds which have large ones ;
and accbrding to the condition and nature of the
plants, let them have the beneﬁt of watering; ‘

In the (lining of the earth about the roots of thefe
plants, let a great deal of care be taken not to
wound or too much dii’turb them. Our own na-
tives will bear very rude ufage, as we fee in the
autumnal management of ﬁbrous-rooted plants; but
thefe, which are all of them brought from milder
climates, are more eaﬁly hurt.

The point of a trowel is ufed for flirring the
earth ; but it would be eafy to invent a more proper
infirument. The three—pronged fork, ufed for dig-v
ing up the borders of fruit trees, would be a good
model: fuch a thing made in miniature, with the
tongs blunt at the points and edges, would be the
belt of all tools for this purpofe : this would ﬂir the
mould without wounding the roors; and if it raifed
any of the fmall parts with the foil which covered
them, they would get no harm by it, becaufe their
bark would not be wounded.- They would fall re—
gularly in the pot again; and the fmall covering of
new mould would preferve them from the injuries of
the air till they had taken frelh hold.

Conﬁder whether the plant be one whofe root is
ﬁbrous, or tuberous; whether it be one that {hoots
deep, or fpreads under the furface; and proportion
the depth to which you ltir the earth accordingly.

Remove as much of the old earth as can be fafely
taken off; and fame frelh foil muff be brought to
the place before the work is begun, that it may-be ~
immediately laid in upon removing the Other.

Move the earth gently to fuch depth as it can be
done without injury to the r00ts‘: then with the
ﬁngers draw this off to one ﬁde, ,andpour it out of

P 3 the

213‘

sai4

JUNE,

1 the pot.. Inﬁantly put in as much of the frelh as
‘ fupplies the place ; and then give a gentle watering ;

with water that has ﬁood all day in the fun. This
ﬁxes and fettles the new mould about the ends of
the roots. Upon this quantity thus wetted, throw
a little more mould. The next morning draw up
fome of the mould about the item, and thus the
wholeoperation is ﬁnilhed. ( ‘

The orange trees, which are the principal glory
of a common greenhoufe, now require a particular
attention. The great beauty of this tree is when
loaded with fruit; and in our unfavourable climate
there is no method of attaining that excellence, but
by timely attention. '

Great part of the oranges produced on our trees
fall off in winter; and ’tis rare that the bell: of them

attain their due growth. To mcceed better in this

refpet‘t, we muft allow them much more care.

The rules of the gardener’s art are univerfal : thofe
we have laid down for the more common fruit trees
will anfwer equally for thefe. We {hall lhew how
he is to apply them.

The greatei’t danger of fruits falling of? is while
it is young; therefore the better growth the oranges
attain before winter, the more likely they will be to
{land through that feal‘on-

The orange tree flowers early, and its ﬁrft bloom
is to be managed for fruit. When the bloﬁ‘oms {land
too clofe, take fome off. This will {trengthen the
reﬁ; and as foon as the fruit is fer, they muff be
thined again. '

. Examine the fruit, and leave as many of the ﬁnef’t
as can have room to grow ‘to their bignefs; the
taking off the ref’t will encourage thefe to a more
free growth. ‘ I ‘ ..

- On thofe trees which will rip'en the‘ mol’t and befi:

fruit, we mufi be. content tophavé ’no more ﬂowers.
‘-When ﬂowers" break out (1130:: aplant that is ri-
pening its‘feed, they ﬂiouldibcdeﬁroyed 5 and the

fame‘rule holds here. ’ ii '7‘” ‘ '

. Whatever

FOURTH WEEK,

Whatever buds offer for ﬂowering upon tho‘fe trees
which are thus managed for fruit, {houid be pulled
off as foon as feen. It is too late to nurfe thefe up
for fruit; and in the mean time their growdi will
retard that of the fruit.

When thefe are not fuﬂ'ered to open, the whole
effort of nature is to ripen the fruit; and when the
fruit has been fet thus early, and is managed with
this care, the whole ﬂore, or very near the whole,
will ripen.

As the ﬂowers of the orange are very beautiful as
well as’fragrant, fome other trees fhould be ful’fered
to remain in the ufual manner. Thefe will yield
abundance of ﬂowers; and the approach of winter
will lhew the merit of the other management for
fruit: for the tree, treated as we here direé‘c, will
be loaded with thriving oranges, while thefe which
have been left to nature, and have exhauﬁed them-
felves in ﬂowering, will have very few that f’tand half
the feafon. ‘

215

LOOK with a careful eye over the Prove plants. STOVE.

We.have {hewn how neceffary cleanlinefs is; and
there is no time when .we fhould fo carefully attend
to it as now. ,

They, will be more fubjeét at this than any other

feafon to ﬁlth upon their Items, and infeéts upon _

their tender {boots and leaves: the heatand moi-
i’ture of *the air contribute to this, and the feafOn
favours them. ' ‘

A fpunge and warm water mull be ufed, and if
the diforderlbe great, the water mul’t be impregnated
with tobacco {talks and foot. Every part muft be
cleaned with this; the young fhoots and leaves with
the fpunge, and the Items with a fmall brufh ﬁrf’t,
and afterwards with a ﬂannel dipt in the fame water.
This opens the pores of the plants, which are as ne-
rceﬂ‘ary to vegetables as to animals -, and they will be
feen to thrive in a particular manner after it.

P4 "If

216

SEMI—
NARY.

JUNE,

If this be neglected, the mifchief will fpread.
What began in the bark~bed will be continued
throughout the whole ﬁove; and what might have
been ft0pped, while it was only upon two or three
plants, will give a great deal of trouble when it is
univerfal.

IF Ihowers fall this week, and the preceding,
weeds will cover the ground as fall as in April.

Among theie as well as ﬂowers, there are vernal
and autumnal kinds; the ﬁrlt are now pal’t, but the
latter are in their mol’t haﬁy {late of growth; fow-
thillles, nightfhade, and the innumerable and un-
conquerable train of Atriplexes {hoot up now for
ﬂower; and the whole labour of the fpring muf’t be
repeated to deftroy them.

In the feed-beds this work muft be done by
hand.

In the more advanced growths the hoe is to be
ufed: but ’tis among the larger and molt dii’tant
plantations that molt good of all will be done, for
thefe admit the fpade.

If the feafon be dry, waterings, though trouble2
fome, mull not be omitted: thefe will be molt re-
quired on the feed—beds, becaufe the young trees
there are f0 [lightly rooted, that the fun’s rays would
elfe burn them up through the mould.

In the tranfplanted kinds lefs will be required,
though fome ﬂmuld be allowed; but in the larger
growths, if the fpade have gone its full depth, there
will fcarce need any. Their own branches fhade the
ground, and in forne degree prevent its parching up :
the breaking of the mould alfo ferves in the place of
this refrelhment of water, for it makes it detain the A
dews.

mum ‘ EVERY day look over the trees of 'wallvﬁ-uit.
GARDEN-i: Keep the trees in order, defend the fruit from in-

_ juries, andpreferve it from vermin. :
g V . Rub
3

FOURTH WEEK." "2.13

Rub of? forerig‘ht fhoots, and train and keep in
their places thofe which have been fulfered to remain
from more proper parts of the wood. To defend
the fruit, preferve the leaves which grow about them.
Thefe draw nourilhment to the part where the fruit
grows, and defend it from the fun.

If infeéts appear upon thefe trees, let them became-
full-y picked off : if no care can preferve the leaves,.let
him fupply their place by others renewed from time
to time . ‘

If the fruit by accidental lofs of leaves be .at this
time too much (expofed to the fun, it will growvloofe
in the fkin; and either vﬁilh entirely, or never ac—
quire its full bignefs, or’true ﬂavour.

In this cafe bring others to {hade it from another
part where they are not wanted; and if nothing of
this kind can be done, from day to day bring the
leaves of fome other tree, and ﬁx them fo as to lhade
the fruit from the full fun. This is but a poor exu
pedient, but it is all that art can do, and it is better
than neglect

Look after vermin ; deftroy fnails in their holes by
day, and when they crawl out of them at evening,
and at early morning; and neﬂs of ants mutt be
fought after, and deﬂroyed.

After this dig and water the ground; and keep
the items of the trees perfeétly clear from mofs.

DIG two pieces of ground for celeri and endive. KITCHEN,
Dung is hurtful; 'it fpoilsthe taﬁe of both there GARDEN;
plants, and makes their blanched part fubjeét to be
eaten by worms.
Go into a rich, dry pailure; and take from under
the turf as much mould as will cover the ground
four inches deep.
Throw this upon the two pieces, rake it level,
draw of? any large ﬁones, and then tread it down
that it may dig well in. Turn up the whole a full
fpades depth; and take care to break and mix the
mould very well.
Draw

218

JUNE;

Draw lines lengthway and acrofs for the endive,
and fet the plants at a fair dif’tance.

For the celeri the piece is to be marked out by
lines Only lengthway, and thrown up in drills for
the plants. ‘

To allow a due diita'nce between thefe drills, as

\ 'alfo between plant and plant, is the only way of hav-

ing the growth in perfeé‘tion ; but-in the kitchen
grounds where thefe things are raifed to fupply the
markets, this cannot be expeéted. The» rent of
land is too high; and the more {pace is allowed to
the plants, the more laboxa they take in the manage:
ment,

 

, CHA‘P.

 

e H A P. VIIL
J U L Y.
SE C T. I.

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION.

_ E introduce the Prudent now to clal’l’es,
* ' the charaéter ofwhich is ofa more com-
’ (:3 plex kind than in thofe ﬁmply denomi—
‘ {ﬂ nated from their number of the ﬁla—
.J" “at“ V' . ments. The two reprefented in this
head piece are the Polyandria and Didynamia, the
thirteenth and fourteenth in the Linnxan fyltem.

In the ﬁrlt of thefe the infertion of the ﬁlaments
is combined with their number to form. the claﬂieal
(lizi-aéter; and in the other it is conf’tituted by the
difproportion of the ﬁlaments.

\Ve gave the diﬁiné‘tion of the Icofandria in the
hit introduétion, that the number of ﬁlaments ex-
ceeded twelve, and that they were inferred on the
cup. The Polyandria, which is the ﬁrl‘c of the two here

' ' ‘ treated

    
 

ill

    

220 J U L Y,
treated of, has in every ﬂower alfo more than twelve
ﬁlaments with the ftyle; but thefe are ﬁxed not to
the cup but to the reCeptacle of the ﬂower; that is,
to the fame part from which the petals themfelves
rife: this is a ﬂeihy fubitance at the head of the
footi‘calk within the cup.

Therefore 'when the gardener counts more than
twelve ﬁlaments in a ﬂower, he is to trace them to
their origin. If they adhere to the cup, the plant
is one of the Icofandria before mention’d ; but if they
rife from the receptacle, having no connexion with
the cup, the plant is one of the Polyandria.

The character of the other clafs here reprefented,
the Didynamia is very plain. There are in every
ﬂower two ﬁlaments longer than the others. This is
extremely confpicuous; and in whatever ﬂower it
appears, he is to refer the plant to this clafs.

ﬁﬁﬁﬁ3%?£5ﬁéﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁgﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁ

rtowm ALL weeds mui’t now be taken up at their ﬁrﬂ:
GARDEN. appearance, and the furface of the borders fhould
often be broken, and raked clean and fmooth.

On all thefe occaﬁons draw up a little mould about
the bottoms of thofe plants which arecoming into ﬂower.

Conﬂantly roll the gravel walks, and mow the
grafs frequently.

Open the beds in which the fpring ﬂowers blowed,
whofe leaves and {talks are faded: feveral of the nar~
cilTus, fritillaries, and hyacinths are now in this con-
dition.

Take them up as are to be planted again imme‘
diately ; give a irelh foil, or dig up the old very
thoroughly. _

T hofe roots which are to be kept out of the ground
till autumn muft be cleaned, fpread up0n a mat, and
turned till they are hardened. The others mul’t be
cleaned; their off-fete; taken away; and the ground
being made up, they muﬂ be planted again as at ﬁrﬂ.

Let due care be taken of the layers of carnations,
pinks, {weer-Williams, and other ﬂowering plants.

EXf

FIRST WEEK.

Examine whether they keep well in their places,
and fee the earth preferves a due degree of moif’ture.

If any appear likely to l’tart, fecure them by new
forks; and where the mould is dry’d, let it be fre-
quently and coni‘tantly watered: whenever the Wa-
tering of it wafhes any part away, let frefh mould
be laid on in the place; and where they {trike with
difﬁculty, let them be Ihaded.

22:!

TH E new raifed greenhoufe plants will by thisGREEN-

time require to be removed into larger pots.

The pots, the mould and the water being ready,
let the bottom of the new pot be covered two
inches with mould: then with a thin knife, fuch as
painters ufe for taking up their colours from the
ﬁone, let the mould be loofened all round the edges
of the old pot, to the bottom.

It will thus come out in an entire lump, with the
plant ﬁrm in the middle. ,

Cut off the ragged and decayed roots, which cover
the furface of the ball, with {harp fcilTars; then let
the whole be fet in the new pot, and the frelh mould
ﬁlled in round it.

Let the furface be raifed an inch above that of the
original ball ; and ﬁnifh the work by a moderate
watering all over the plant, and on the mould.

Take ofl’ decayed leaves ~, if the Item be foul clean
it; and walh away any ﬁlth that may be upon
the leaves or lhoots, with a piece of ﬂannel dipp’d
in warm water.

Setthe pot in a fhady and lheltered place; and the
next day thruf’t the fame knife down in feveral places
from the furface to the bottom of the pot. Thefe
knives have no point nor edge, they cannot wound
the roots; and this way they break the old cake of
mould, which is often too compact about the ﬁbres.

This is all that can be done in thofe which have had
but a moderate l’tanding in the former pots ; but for
'{uch as are better eftablilhed, it will be very prOper to’
pull away a great part of the old cake of mould, before
they are planted in the new.

0

52¢

STOVE.

JULY,

The roots which are bared by this, mutt be clip?
ped oﬂ“ at the ends, and the plant as quick as poﬁible
fet again.

’1‘ he new pots muf’t continue in their {haded titu-
ation till the plants are perfectly rooted, and have re-
covered the check from the removal. They mul’t be
then brought into the place where the 'other green-
houfe plants are fet out for the fummer; and very
carefully watered.

Take OPE cuttings from the euphorbiums, mefem—
bryanthemums, and other fucculent plants for pro-
pagating them.

Laythefe upOn a lhelf in an airy room, and every
day turn them for twelve days. This will prevent
their rotting when planted, to which the wounded
part is otherwife very fubjeét.

Thefe cuttings maintain a kind of growth while
they lie upon the lhelf. In their natural f’tate they
are fupported very much by the air; for we fee a
handful of mould will be fulﬁcient in our pots for
fome of the largel’t kinds ; and in their native climates
they live in a fcorched fand.

In this time of their lying on the ihelf, the motion
of their juices is continued, and the principle of life
kept up, otherwife they would not grow when
afterwards planted: a kind of callous matter is
thrown by nature over the wound during this time
of lying out of the ground, which enables that part
to bear the moil‘ture afterwards, without mouldinefs.

This kind of growth from every piece, is not pe-
culiar to the fucculent kinds : the world would be fur-
prized to know how far experience conﬁrms the ﬂip-
pofed reveries of Agricola. Of this we {hall fpeak in

another place.

THE degree of heat in the (love mutt be very
well regulated by the thermometer; and the bark
beds refrefhed where that is found neceﬁary. Their
heat depends on the fermentation, which natuially-

I afts

FIRST WEEK.

lalls a great while 3 and when‘it is almol’t over, will
be renewed by adding fome frelh bark.

In fome cafes Ptirring the bark up will do, fomef
times a larger addition of new bark is required, and
in other cafes a little will ferve.

The gardener mul’t judge for himfelf by the heat
of the bed: but in whatever manner it is done, the
pots which are taken out mull: be placed in again with
all expedition. ‘

The generality of plants in the f’tove, will at this
time require as much free air as can be conveniently
admitted ; and thofe hich are moﬂ: expofed, will
be fcorched unlefs the lgall‘es be fhaded in the middle
of hot days. ‘

T H E beds of feedlings will now be fcorched up
by the fun, unlefs lhielded by reed-hedges, or fome
other fhade at noon; and the earth will be f0 dried
up, as to require frequent waterings both in thefe

beds, and wherever elfe there are new planted trees,

or fhrubs, not fufﬁciently eﬁablilhed.

New planted trees and lhrubs depend upon the fu-
perﬁcial part of the mould for nourilhment ; therefore
Unlefs that part be kept in a due temperature of moil’t-
nefs by waterings; when nature withholds her fhowers,
the new {hot ﬁbres from thefe roots will be burnt up ;
or if they efcape this, there is no moil’ture or nou-
rilhment for them: but in the more el‘tablifhed plan:
tations, the extream roots penetrate very deep, and
will ﬁnd a fupply, when all upon or near the furface
appears parched with drought.

Continue inoculating the feveral kinds of peaches,
nec”tarines, and cherries, in fucceﬂion according. to
their feafons. i

If the common procefs be regarded, the fuccefs de-
pends principally upon the good‘condition of the bud.

’Tis belt to infert it in the flock as foon as taken
from the tree. 'All the time that it lies expofed it"
grows damaged: the hotter the air the fooner it i§
‘ ’ , hurt,

‘

223

SEMI-v
N ARY.

234

FRUIT-
GARDEN.

JULY,

hurt, and-efpecially when the fun Ihines. For that
reafon a cloudy evening is the bait for the purpofe;
and no more cuttings ﬂiould be taken off each time
than will be wanted forﬂthe fame evening’s work.

They mittake who {uppofe foaking them in water
will anfwer the purpofe. The true method is to take
the cutting in fuch manner that it maybe of the fame
degree of freihnefs with the Frock; no drier, nor any
moiiler, and in this cafe not one in a thoufand' will
fail. '

The growth of weeds requires continued and re-
peated care in this part of the ground, and particularly
among feedlings.

THE fame care is required of thofe fruit trees
which have been newly planted in the garden or
orchard, as of thofe in the feminary after their tranf-
plantations.

Look to their faftenings, whether by nailing to
walls, or by tying up to poles. If they rock at the
root they will perilh, for there is as much mifchief in
letting in drought as froi’r. Let them be tied or
nailed up more fecurely; let the mould be broke

' about them, and clofed at the bottom of the {tem ;

and let them have frequent waterings. If thefe do
not give perfeét vigour, let a little dung be added to
the mould, and wafhed in by repeated and large
waterings.

The kind of dung muﬁ be f‘uited to, the nature and
condition of the tree -, and then fuch a method mutt
be ufed in applying it, as will give its virtue to the
roots. If dung be only fpread upon the furface of
the ground at fuch a time of the year as this, the air,
not the foil, will receive its volatile and a€tive parts:
the fun will raife them like the ﬁre of a chymiit, and
only a dry chaﬂy fubf’cance will be left upon the
ground.

In the various kinds of dung are very different
qualities: by thefe they are fuited to various fervices.

Horfe~dung, which is the molt univerfa.l,.is hot :ﬁd

ra

F'I I{ S 17 VV E213 K3
rank -, it requires to lie a long time before it is ﬁt for
ufe about fruit—trees ; and even in the kitchen-ground
it is often hurtful, by being too frefh. '

Cow-dung is rich, and it has neither the heat nor
the ranknefs of the other; it is fatty, and of long
continuance in the ground. The eﬂ’eét is not f0 fud-
den as that of horfe—dung, but it is more natural,
and more lal’ting. 7

Therefore cow-dung is hell for fruit—trees, unlefs
the extreme coldnefs of the foil declare for the other;
This is a fault we would have the gardener early
mend, by digging in fand and alhes among the "clayey
earth; but if that have been neglected, the horfe-
dung in this ﬁngle inl’tance is preferable to the other:
but even in that cafe it muft not be frefh horfe-dung
that is ufed, but fuch as has lain a long time to mel—
low.

Thefe are the two principal dungs, but there are
fome others very well deferve notice.

Hogs dung is rich and nOt rank ; it takes effeét
very quickly, and is of all others the belt calculated
to anfwer a prefent exigence : it agrees with one kind
of foil as well as another; but if any continued ef»
feét be required from it, there mull be a frelh quan4
tity ufed every fortnight.

Sheep’s dung is rich and hot ; the elfec’t is fpeedy,
but too violent. Its nature qualiﬁes it for the fame
ufe with ho‘rfe-dung, in cold and heavy grounds;
and the belt way of ufing it, is in a mixture with
the urine of the creatures, in a fandy mould. The
method of preparing this manure, is delivered at
large in the COMPLEAT BODY or HUSBANDRY-', and
it is excellent for fruit-trees in cold tough foils.

The dung of fowls is light, rich and hot -, and of
all kinds that of pigeons is the hotteﬁ. It may be
ufeful in I’tarved, poor, and cold foils, but requires
great difcretion.

From thefe kinds of dung chufe the ﬁttel’t for a
new-planted tree which is decaying for want of nou-

rifhment. .
Q, The

225

226 JULY,

The preference is due to that of the hog ; but un-
lefs care be taken in applying it, no good can be ex-
peéted.

If the gardener, on hearing that hogs dung was-
good for this fervice, fhould fpread fome upon the
ground, and fancy he had made a tryal, he would
abufe his inﬁruétor, and declare what he had read was
falfe. This dung foon lofes its effect when ufed ever
f0 prudently; but if leattered to the fun in fuch a
time as this, it would do nothing.

Mix equal parts of hogs dung and pondmud ;.
fpread this upon the ground about the young fruit~
tree, and give a large watering. This done, fpread
over the whole an inch depth of frelh and ﬁne pafture
mould; and after two days give fuch another water-
ing. At the fame time fecure the tree from rocking -,
take off any decaying \leaves, and water, the whole
head each time.

The effect of this is very furpriling; two or three
days will reilore a tree that was perilhing.

Great part of the virtue of the dung is walhed in by
the firﬂ: watering; it is after this covered by the frelh
mould, lb that the fun cannot evaporate it -, and after
it has lain thus mellowing with the frelh earth and
mud, the joint virtue of the whole is carried in by
the fucceeding waterings.

“TC“??? TH IS week plant the late crop of French beans

\GMDER'in a part of the ground open to the noon fun, and
defended from the eaﬁ and north. The earth mull
be dug a full fpade deep, and it will be proper to
rfcatter lome very mellow dung upon it ﬁrﬁ.

After digging this in, let the furface be levelled,
and let fome good found feed of the large white
kind be chofen. Put this to ﬁeep in river water,
with a handful of common falt; and, after twelve
hours, let fome drills be opened with a hoe, at a yard
afunder, and into thefe dr0p the feeds. They lhould
lie about a ﬁnger’s length apart; and if care lgave

een

. 15 i R s T W E E K.
been taken in picking and foaking them, {carcc one
in a hundred will fail. The grotind mull: be levelled

bver them, and they Ought to lie at about three quar~

ters of an inch depth.

In eight days they will appear above the ground ;
and they mui’t then be encouraged in their grOwth by
frequent moderate waterings : as their [terms advance
in height, they muf’t have the mould drawn up about
them. After this they will only require the Common
care of weeding and watering.

They will come to perfection at a good time, after
the early crops are confumed; and will continue to
produce till the latter end of OEtober.

To keep the plants in vigour, gather the beans
from them as faf’t as they acquire a due bignefs;
for when they are quered to remain any longer,
nature is at work to ripen their feeds, and the great
purpofe of a fucceﬁive produce of young fruit is
ﬂopped.

Let them be cleared of all that are of due big:
nefs, every third day; and after each gathering, let
them be well watered: this will promote the burﬁe
ing out of a new fet of ﬂowers, and the fetting of
more pods; and in this kind of bean the growth of
frefh crops will continue as long as the old ones are
taken off, till frolt def’troys the plants.

Weeding and watering mul’t be continued this
Week throughout all the kitchen ground.

. Endive and celeri that have been planted out for
blanching, muft be conl‘tantly and regularly fupplied
’with water.

The lettuces will require the fame refrefhment;
and for both thefe crOps a great care is required
to protect them from the flugs, or naked fnails:
thefe {hould be killed every morning and evening,
and after mowers.

Q2 JULY.

227

i

2%

FLOVVER-
GARDEN.

GREEN-
HOUSE.

JULY,

$¢3¢$$§$W3¢$€§$$$¢3$¢$$$®$$€§$$€3¢§t
J U L Y.

SECT. II.

SECOND WEEK.

ATER freely the plants coming into ﬂower:
give this all over the plants; and to do it
carefully, and from a pot‘that has a ﬁne nofe.

The beﬁ water for all ﬂowering plants, is that of
a {hallow pond, and which is open to the fun ; and -
the right time of giving it is two hours before fun-fet.

The water ufed to a plant ihould be fomewhat
Warmer than the temperature of the mould; for if
in the other extream, it naturally chills the tender
ﬁbres; and ’tis difﬁcult to make it exaftly the fame.

Look daily over thofe plants which {land for
feed; and as the heads or pods harden, cut them
OH; and lay them with care upon a papered fhelf
to dry.

It is a common cullom to take off the head of the
plant at once, when there are many pods upon it -, but
in this cafe, the feed in thofe which flowered laﬁ, will
not be ripened; and probably that in the pods fol-
lowing the ﬁrll ﬂowers, will be loft; and that is the
bel’t feed of the plant.

From whatI have feen of the appearance, diffe-
rence, and growth of feedlings, I am convinced that
the number of bad plants often produced from feed,
depends principally upon this article. In, the way here
directed, none of the feed will be loft, and none will
be preferved but when in a condition of growing.

LOOK again over the orange trees.

The excellence of the fruit is in their obtaining a
due growth -, and this they cannot do in our climate it

, they

SECOND WEEK.

they are produced on weak parts of the tree -, or if, in
the very belt parts, they crowd one another.

‘Wherever an orange {lands upon a weak ihoot, it
{hould be taken 03"; and where two or more are too
clofe to one anOther, the weakeﬁ: and leaf: promiﬁng
mull: be pulled away. There is more beauty in a
dozen well ripened, than in a hundred that have Ptar-
ved one anOther.

The difiance will alfo fhew the fruit to advantage ;
for the golden yellow is never f0 well feen as when
in contraft with the full and ﬁne green leaves.

PINE—apple plants will at this time require parti- srovr.

.cular care : the fruit will be ripening faf’t upon them,
and there is an advantage in the early time, which
mull not be neglected. ‘ The plants from which this
fruit is cut will readily produce fuckers; and thofe
which come earlief’t are vaﬁly the bef’t, for they will
be got off before winter.

To promote this, as foon as the fruit is cut off,
let the plant be fet in a warm bed, and from time to
time watered; this muﬁ: be done more moderately
at ﬁrﬁ, and more largely afterwards.

BUD plums and pears. Chufe proper flocks;SEMI-

for on thefe, vigour of the trees, and g'oodnefs of the
fruit, will depend.’

The belt way is to raife the Rocks by fowing -, and
there is no kind f0 prOper as the green gauge, which
is excellent in itfelf, and hardy enough to have all the

neceﬂ'ary qualities. V
For pears, the kind intended to be budded Ihould

give the rule for the flock. This we have directed
before.
The later peaches and neélarines may be now

budded. ’
Look over thofe which were budded ﬁrf’t: and loofen

the bandages a little, to give free courfe to- the fap.
Let the whole ground be cleared from weeds, and
the young plantations watered.

Q 3 The

NARY.

230

’FRUIT-
GARDEN.

JULY,

The Enedlings not yet removed out of their li1ﬁ beds
will require alfo Iliading from the extreme heat of the
(Lin.

Go round the ground where thofe {land that are
of a more advanced growth, and with the knife
reduce them to order.

Where there are flioots too near the bottom in thofe
trees intended for forming good heads, they mull be
taken off. All the efforts of nature are intended for
the upper part , and the branches formed below will
drain the JlllCCS and rob the head. '

Evergreens require the fame care. We have got
over the falfe taﬁe, which cut thefe into ihaggy
giants, or immoveable weather- cocks- , but ilill
theie is fome tiaining neceﬂhry, for whatever pup
pofe they aie required Thefe, like the other trees,
will pufh out [boots in wrong places- , and fome of
thofe intended to [land will be too long: the one
kind muf’t be cut away, the others Ihorteiied.

INSECTS are now abundant upon fruit trees:
a little neglect will ﬂiew the gardener that he has
dug and dung’d, and pruned and nailed, for thefe,
more than his mailer.

Vials of fyrup are to be hung upon the trees?
but thefe are only baits for ﬂies and wafps: the ca-
teipillar, which preys upon the leaves, is a more
terrible enemy.

We have explained the ufe of leaves about fruit.
and he who leaves them open to thefe infeéis, will be
very fenﬁble or the truth of that doctrine.

The molt promiﬁng fruit wither upon the deftruc—
tion of the leaves -, and thofe from which there was
the belt expectation w 11 never ripen.

The moil: miichievous are the iingle green kind
they are fmall, but they devour immoderately.

‘ W, hen they are ﬁtuated at the end of a branch,
there appears a round lump in the place. This dif:

'covers "them; but if let alone a very little time,2

they eat elf the part where they are thus concealed:
and

SECOND WEEK. 23:

and this not only hurts the prefent fruit, but def’troys
the branch for the fucceeding year.

When they fix themfelves upon the fruit it generally
decays; and often falls off. And thofe which are
but {lightly gnawn by them, and remain, never ripen
well. ,

Seek for thefe devouring caterpillars with a diligent
eye, and pick and deftroy them. This fhould be at
times done from the beginning of fpring. They
infeﬁ the young fruit when in cluf’ters, before the
gardener has thin’d it, and deftroy vaﬂ; quantities toge-
ther; and often they begin even with the bloffoms.

From the ﬁrfi budding of the tree to the ripening
of the fruit, they {hould be fought after: at ﬁri’t
upon the ends of the young fhoots, afterwards upon
and among the blolfoms, which they often faﬂen ‘
together by a kind of web; and at laﬂ: among the
fruit, or upon the backs of the leaves.

The decoying the winged infects into vials of
fugar and water, mull be begun in time; for after
the fruit is ripe, its ﬁnal] is more inviting than
the fyrup, and they will neglect the bait, to do the
mifchief.

If any fruit trees againf’t the walls are not of the
deﬁred kind, they fhould be this week budded upon
the tender lhoots.

The beft method is to put feveral buds of the kind
intended to be propagated, into each tree, and there
will foon be wood enough to cover the walls.

CLEAR the ground where thofe crops have KITCHEN
flood, which are now gathered off, and prepare it GARDEN-
for fuch others as are ﬁt for tranfplanting: always let
a few days be allowed between the clearing off the
remains of an old crop, and planting a new one.

The early cauliﬂowers will be all gathered. Let
the ground be cleared of their Miles, and a fmall
quantity of dung from an old melon bed fcattered
over it.

Dig this in; turn up the earth a full fpade depth
Q4. the

232

jULY,

the beginning of this week; and toward the latter;
end level it, draw lines, and plant in it fome of the
celeri which we directed to be {own two months ago.

Draw lines upon the bed at four inches difiance;
and when the young plants are fet, give them a good
watering; and let this be repeated every afternnon till
they are rooted.

In taking thefe plants out of the feed bed, they
fhould not be drawn entirely from any one part, but
the largeft taken up wherever they appear: this will
thin the remainder, and they will gather firength, and
be foon allb ﬁt for planting out. ‘

Water the feed bed in which thefe are left from

time to time, as well as the new plantation; and by
two more plantations, at ten days dii’tance, fecure
two more fucceliive crops: this repeated plantation
of celeri is prOper, becaufe it foon is paf’t its excel-i
lence, when arrived at the time of gathering.
' This feed crOp of the celeri is from one of the latter
fowings; thofe which have rifen from earlier feed,
have been now planted out fome weeks, and are in a
condition for removing again for blanching.

Let fome other piece of ground, cleared from a
former crop, be feleéied for this purpofe -, as the fea-
lon is now likely to be dry, the belt foil is one which
has fome moiihire.

L Let the ground be managed in this manner :

When the furface is level, and the mould in or-
der, open a trench a fpades breadth : dig it by line ;
throw up the mould, and then break the earth that
is at the bottom of the trench with the fpade. Lay
the mould, which is thrown up in digging this trench,
half on one ﬁde, and half on the other.

At four foot diliance open fuch another trench;
and break the earth at its bortom in the fame
manner.

Thus go on till as many trenches are opened as
will receive all the plants. ‘

Take them up from the ground. into which they
were tranfplanttgl from the feed bed 3 and in which lihey

~ ave

SECOND WEEK.

have now ﬂood to gain a good bignefs: place them
in a {trait line, in the middle of the trench, at a feat
diﬂance; and take due care that none of the plants
may fail, nor receive any great check in their
growth. -

Trim the roots before they are planted; and cut
off the tops of the leaves: the earth mui’t be clofed
well about them; and they mutt have a good wa~
tering. This muf’t be repeated as the feafon re-
quires, till it is feen that they are well rooted, and
have taken to growing.

After this keep them covered as they rife in height;
the mould thrown out of the trench is to be ufed as
long as it will ferve; and after that the ground be-
tween the trenches is to be broke very ﬁne, and ufed
to the fame purpofe. The oftener they are earthed
up the higher they will grow good. "

Draw up the mould carefully on both ﬁdes, but
take care not to bury the hearts of the plants.

In the beginning of September the ﬁrﬂ plants will
be ﬁt to take up; and with this management they
will be two foot long in the blanched part, and all
the way delicate and tender.

The red of the crops of celeri are to be treated
in the fame manner ; only that a foil drier in its na-
ture, or made fo by art, muf’t be chofen for them, as
they are to Rand through the winter.

A great deal of advantage will be obtained by
a prOper manner of gathering the produéts: in
thofe which are taken up entire, whether roots or
herbs, draw the largeﬁ ﬁrﬁ ; thinning the beds, that
the {maller may have the due advantage of coming
to their growth: in thofe whofe fruits only are ga—
thered as the bean and pea kind, pull them often ;
and fufl'er none to grow too large, for fuch ﬁarve
all the reﬁ,

JULY,

'233

23-4

GARDEN.

J U L Y,
unxxxxnxxxxxxuxxxxxxnnx
J U L Y. '
SECT. m.

THIRD W'EEK.

new“- CONTINUE faving the feeds of plants as they

ripen: once in two or three days go over the
ground, and take from every plant thofe heads or
pods which are mature.

To know this, obferve that the feedweﬂ‘els, or the
feed, if naked, are of their full bignefs, and are a
little loofe. They are ufually ﬁrm in their places
while the juices are ﬂowing into them -, but when na—
ture has done her work, and they only itand to harden,
they begin to grow moveable.«

Make a difiintﬁion when thofe in pods are gather-
ed, between fuch as are to be {own in the fucceeding
autumn, and thofe which are to be kept till fpring.

The former after they have lain fome time upon
the fhelf entire, mui’t be {hook out, and fpread fepe-
rate and naked 3 but thofe which are to be prelerved
through winter, are bel’t kept in the pods.

Thefe mull be thoroughly dried, and it mul’t be
done very gently. If they are laid in the fun, as I
have known forne do, the principle of vegetation will
be extreamly weakened or deﬁroyed ; and if they be
put up damp they will grow mouldy, and that way
be fpoiled. Allow them time enough, and room
enough. .

It is a common obfervation that certain feeds if
kept till the following lpring will not grow. They
are therefore directed to be {own in autumn, though
contrary to the nature of the plants.

But there is nothing in the nature of many of thefe
feeds, to prevent their being kept good through win~

let;

THIRD WEEK,

ter, and growing in fpring: the unﬂeilfulnefs of the
gardener has deﬁroyed that principle of life in them,
’which nature would under ,a better regulation have
very well preferved. ‘

We fee on thefe the marks of their having been

many times damp, and dry again, during the courfe
of the winter. Every time they grew damp, there
came on a fermentation: and there is no probability
that f0 render a thing as the ﬁri’t bud or rudiment of
a plant, contained in its feed, could Prand theft: in-
uries.
J This is the caufe of thefe feeds failing in the com-
mon way; and it will be a great advantage to pre-
ferve them ~, it depends entirely upon this hardening
of them; for when once they have been thoroughly
and properly cured, they will not be fubjeét to damp
afterwards.

Spread them in the pods at confiderable diﬂances,
one from another, upon a broad fhelf or table c0-
vered with cartridge paper, and with a raifed ledge
of the fame paper carried all round, to prevent their
blowing oil". In this place they are to lie a fortnight,
or longer, according to their bignefs ; and every day
they are to be moved about : the room mull: have a
thorough air; but the pods muf’t not be expofed to
the fun.

They will thus acquire that hardnefs which will
preferve them from ﬂight accidents of damp; and
to prevent this farther, they muf’t not be put up in
drawers, as is the ufual way, nor all in one large
parcel.

To preferve feeds in a condition to vegetate, free
air is the great article, and this they are denyed in that
confined way of laying them up. Let the quantity,
if large, be divided into three or four parcels, and each
tyed up in a bag of cartridge paper. Let thefe bags
be hung up in the air in the fame room where they
were dried. -

Draw feveral lines acrofs the room, a foot and
half below the ceiling, and two f00t diﬁant from

i one

235

236

33‘“-
NARY.

JULY,

one another; and the bags being ﬁri’t written upon,”
to ihew what they contain, tie them up to thefe lines
a footfai'under.

The air will thus play freely about them, and their
pods will preferve them from injuries: they will re-
main in good condition a great" while; fome which
I have kept by way of experiment, have been good

, four years.

There is no way in which feeds can be kept in every
refpe€t f0 conveniently as this: beﬁde their being lia—
ble to clamps and to heat, when laid in great parcels
together in drawers, they are often eat by infects. In
this way they take up little room, and they are free
from all accidents.

Every week, as feeds ripen, lay them upon the
fhelf to dry; and where there are many kinds, di—
vide every fhelf by ledges of the fame paper, into
feveral partitions.

As one parcel of a kind dries, let it be tied up
feparately in bags, and thefe wrote upon, and ﬁxed
in their places: thus every thing will go on regu-
larly; and he who bellows this degree of attention on
the fubjeé‘t, will make few complaints.

Let thofe plants which are in ﬂower, and thofe
which are taking their growth for flowering, be wa—
tered with care: thofe in ﬂower a little at a time,
and often : thofe whofe growth is the principal objet‘l:
of attention at prefent, more.

PROPAGATEexotiCks by cuttings. Thefe
according to their different degrees of hardynefs, may
be conﬁdered as of two kinds; the ﬁrﬁ fuch as will
bear our open air the belt, and the Other the more
tender. ' ‘

This is a very eil'ential diilinélion; for the tem~
perature of mould in our gardens being the fame
with that of the air, or at leai‘t dependant on and re-
gulated by that, thofe plants which in their f’tate of

growth will not endure the chillnefsof our air, will
' not

THIRD WEEK.

nor in the cuttings fend out any roots in the cold

round. .

This throws the management of exotic cuttings
under two regulations: the hardier kinds will {trike
in the common mould, provided it be good, and
_ they have due attendance and fhelter. The other, or
more tender kinds will not f’trike, unlefs the mould
into which they are put, be heated by dung beneath. J

The hardier kinds therefore are to be raifed in a
bed of good mould, the others on a hot-bed. We
{hall lay down ﬁrft the method of treating thefe, and
afterwards that of the other, in which there is little
ellential difference.

Chufe a part of the ground that is defended from
cold winds : mark out a bed of four foot in breadth ;
and of a length proportioned to the quantity of
cuttings. Dig out the earth a fpade depth, and
ﬁll the place with a mixture of equal parts of very
ﬁne garden mould and frefh meadow earth. Mix
thefe well together, and throw them into the place;
and let...lb much be tiled that the bed may rife three
inches above the furface.

Draw two lines lengthways of this bed, each at
ﬁfteen inches from one of the ﬁdes; and the bed
being thus prepared, take oﬂ: the cuttings. Thefe
may be all cut at once, and by good management
all planted the fame evening.

Let the gardener remember that ’tis only the har-
dier exoticks he is to plant in this bed : let him take
cuttings from as many of thefe as he chufes to pro-
pagate, in the following manner.

With a {harp knife let him cut them from the
plants, at fome place juf’t below a knot or joint,
ﬂoping them OE downwards. The bell length is
about ten inches; but in this the praftice mull: be
in fome degree regulated by the difpoﬁtion of the
Jomts.

Let a {lit be made in each through the body of
the joint, and two or three holes pierced through the

flail; above and jul’t about this place.
Let

237

238

j U L Y,

Let trenches be opened in the place where the
two lines are drawn along the bed, and of f0 much
depth as to hold the cuttings within an inch and half
of their tops.- _

Lay the ﬁdes of the two trenches which are to-
Ward the edge of the bed, gently ﬂoping; and beat
down the mould a little with the back of a rpzldi’,
but nOt too much. -

Lay the cuttings upon this ﬂoping ﬁde of the
trench at four inches dif’tance, and throw in the
earth, preﬂing it about them with the hands from
time to time as the place is ﬁlled up. In the end let
all be made level, and the tops of the cuttings left
an inch and half out of the ground.

Give avery'good watering; and after this, as it
will diiturb the mould a little, draw fome as foon as
it is dry again from the middle of the bed; and cover
up the cuttings as at ﬁrlt, till only an inch and half
is left above ground.

Place hoops at moderate diftance over the bed;
and lay fome canvafs ready for drawing upon them
as occaﬁon requires. _
» The evening of a cloudy day ihould be chol'en for
this ; and for the ﬁrf’t three nights the beds muft be
covered with the canvas, as alfo in the middle of the
fucceeding days. After that, the bed mul’t be always
uncovered at night, and only fhaded during the heat
of the day.

The waterings muft be repeated often, but not {0
largely as at ﬁrft.

In ﬁx weeks they will be rooted: foon after this
they mult be taken up, and planted in feparate pots.

Care is required in taking them up. The pot Inuit
be placed near, with fome mould at its bottom.

The cutting mult be taken up with a good quan—,
tity of the earth about it, and placed upright in the
pot; and the reﬂ‘ of the compol’t mull be imme-
diately thrown in, and clofed about it; partly to cover
up the extream ﬁbres before the air withers them;
and partly to keep the former mould about the plant.

- A

THIRD WEEK.

A great deal'depends upon the keeping a good quan-
tity of the mould about it; and this will be the ealier
to be done, if due care be taken for fome days before,
to keep the earth of the bed in a due temper.

If it be dry, and crumbly at the time, there would
be no poﬂibility of any remaining with the young
plant; but if the gardener water the bedevery day,

the mould will get a dampnefs, by means of which _

it will hang together; and by the help of cutting
through it on each tide and below, and moulding it
a little in the hands, there will be a good ball hang
about the plant.

As foon as the cuttings are gor into the pots, and

the earth is fettled about them by watering, they .,

mutt be let in a warm {hady place, and the'water-
ing repeated often, till they are well rooted in the
new earth, and have a lively and ﬂouriihing afpeét.
They may then be allowed a little more fun, but not
at noon; and they muft not be this year fet out
among the others. .

In the latter end of September they Ihould be
brought into the greenhoufe, they will ﬁand the
winter among other plants, and afterwards will be
in no danger.

This is the management of the cuttings of the
hardier exoticks; and the difference between this,
and the care of thofe which require additional heat, is
n0t great.

Prepare a hot bed of ﬂight ﬁrué‘ture for them..

In a warm and well lheltered part of the nurfery,
mark out the form of the bed four foot wide, and of
fuch length as the number intended to be railed
requ1res.

Bring in {ome horfe dung that has lain in a heap
nine days; and digging the mould away two thirds
of a fpade’s depth, level the bottom, and throw in
the long {’traw from among the dung.

Lay this even, and prefs it down a little; then
throw on fome more of the lonoef’t that is left, and f0

ﬁnilh up with the fmall, whichois almol‘t pure dung.

This

240 J U L Y,

This bed fhould be two foot above the furfaee of
the ground; and upon this lay afoot thicknefs of pure
mould; drive l’takes into the ground on both ﬁdes,
that [hall rife two foot and a half above the furface of
the mould, and let forne rails be nailed- over the bed
to their tops, (0 that a canvas can be drawn at plca~'
lure over the bed, without crowding too much upon
the cuttings, or choaking them for want of air.

Let a couple of trenches be opened alang the
'two ﬁdes of the bed, in the fame manner as on the
other; and let the cuttings from thefe tenderer kinds
be taken OH in the fame manner.

Q 'The mould mull: lie ﬁve or ﬁx days upon the
bed before the cuttings are planted ; and the evening-
of a mild cloudy day fhould be chofen.

The work muit be done expeditiouﬂy: the earth
well clofed about the cuttings, and they mul‘t have
a moderate watering. -

The bed mul’t then be covered up with the can;
vafs, and only a little air admitted oecaﬁonally at the
ends till the cuttings are perfectly rooted.

The waterings mull be repeated every evening;
and the mould drawn up afrefh about the plants,
where it has happened to be walhed away.

When they are rooted, they mult be allowed more
free air in the middle of hot days; and when they
are ﬁrongly eftablifhed, they muit be' taken up and
planted into feparate pots.

They mul’t then be watered, and the pots fet upon
the hot bed, and covered with the canvals till they
are perfectly ellablilhed. Then they are by degrees
to be hardened to a little air in the noon—time of
the day; and afterwards, according to their condi-
tion, to be removed into the ﬁove, and nurfed as
other plants.

FRUIT THE mafculine apricot comes into bloom early, and
GARDEN. the blofl'oms adhere but {lightly to the branches, f0 that
the rough winds of that feafon ealilv throw them OE;

and as they are tender, the froll; as eaﬁly del’troys them.
we

T H I R D W E E K.

We have directed in what manner the branches of
tender kinds are to be fheltered at early fpring; and
if this has not all the gardeners attention, its produce
will be very fmall; ‘

The management of the tranfparent kind depends
Upon an earlier care : right planting and good prun-
ing. If the foil in which this tree is placed be cold
and heavy, the ends of the young branches will .de—
cay in fpring; and the fruit will never come to its
true ﬂavour.

The time of the products is therefore in this matter
greatly dependant on the care of the trees; and one
part of our deﬁgn infers another.

The ground has been dug, dreiiéd, and from
time to time cleared, about the fruit trees. The f’tems
‘ are clean from mofs; and the danger of froﬁs and
nipping winds is over; the gardener has proportioned
the quantity of fruit to the Ptrength of the tree; and
nothing is required but to protect from all devourers,
what nature is favourably ripening.

Three times a day let him look over the trees; at
noon for the defiruélion of wafps and ﬂies -, and in the
morning and evening for that of the fnail, ﬂug, and
other creeping infects. ’

Care mull be now taken of the ﬁandard vines.

We have directed in what manner to prune, defend,
and thin thofe nailed againf’t walls : but thefe being
expofed without that fhelter behind, will require a
particular management.

The redundant grOWth reduced fome weeks ago in
the wall vines, will now require to be taken 03' alfo
here. . .

All irregular {hoots which the plants have thrown
out, mui’t be cut away; that the fruit may not be
liarved, or {haded too much by this redundance of
leaves. Some ihelter is required; but too much is
utterly dellruétive.

The items and branches mul’t be fecured to the
{lakes wherever they are loofe; and when this is

done, clear away weeds.
Tear

24x

242 ' JULY,

Tear up the larger growth by hand; and then dig
up the ground between the rows with a fpade. This
tends more than any thing elfe to the perfeéting of
the fruit.

The care now is to give them their full growth,
and this can only be done by a due fupply of nou—
rifhment, which will be better given by this digging
than any other way. ‘

There is a double ufe in deltroying the weeds be-
tween the rows of vines -, for they not only exhaui’t the
nourifhment, but choak up the place, and they exhale
a moif’t vapour, hurtful to the vine.

The free paﬁage of the air. between and among
fruit trees, is'an eiTential article towards their obtaining
their true ﬂavour. It is in nothing more needful than
in grapes ; the dampnefs occaﬁoned by choaking the
air with their perfpiration, makes it impoﬂible for the
fruit, though eVery other kind of care have been be-
.i’towed upon it, to attain perfeétion.

We complain that our feafons do not favour the ri-
pening of grapes; but our managemeut of them,
whEther in the vineyard 0r againl’t walls, is indeed
more the caule than any thing in the climate.

KITCHEN WATER the various growths. The kitchen gar—

GARDEN den which has been properly managed, abounds at
this time with crops of feedlings; and others that
have been tranfplanted into their fecond or third beds :
the fuccefs of all thefe depends in a very great mea-
lin‘e upon moiﬂzure; and if the clouds withhold it,
the hand of induitry muft fupply their place.

Where weeds have rifen they mull: be again care-
fully de troyed, efpccially among the tranfplanted
crops.

The breaking the earth for receiving them, will
neceﬁarily have favoured the growth of feeds brought
in by the winds among them, and they will at once
choak and ftarve the plantation.

There are now abundance of vermin, but no one is

{0 terrible in its havock of the kitchen garden pro-
n duéts

3

THIRD WEEK."

dué‘ts as the flug. The wet mornings and the dews
of evening entice out thefe, and at thofe feafons the
gardener fhould never fail to go the round to del’uoy
them.

The turnep rooted radifh is a favourite with many
palates. This is the time for fowing it.

The ﬁneft feafon for taking it up is the latter end
of autumn, and that which is fown now will then be
of a very good growth.

1. Onions intended for winter ufe will be now ﬁt for
taking out of the ground. Their leaves will be wi-
thered, and that is the notice for doing it.

A piece of ground cleared of thefe, will, with a
little refrefhment, perfectly well fuit the radifhes, and
the two works may be done in a proper fucceﬂion.

The onions muﬁ be taken up carefully, carried in
without bruiﬁng, and fpread to harden.

The roots fhould be taken up before» the blade is
quite withered oﬁ'. ‘

When they are carried oh“ the ground, the end of
the leaves mull be nipped on“, and the roots fpread
abroad upon the earth in a dry place, and at a good
dii’tance from one another. Every day they mull be
turned or moved about, and thus kept drying about
ﬁxteen days.

After this they may be laid up for the winter, but
in this alfo a great deal of care is needful. If they
be taken in on a rainy day, the moif’ture hanging
about them will be hurtful.

If any have been bruifed in taking up, or in bring-
ing in, they muft be thrown away, for they would
taint the wit. ‘

The perfect ones muf’t be cleaned from any remain-
der of mould, and laid up not too thick.

They mui‘t be looked at once in a 'fortnight; and
if there appear any decayed ones, they mull be taken
out.

While the onions are hardening the ground muff
be dug up with a little old dung, and it will be ﬁt
for the radifh feed. , .
R 2 J U L Y.

245

2%

FLOWFR-
GARDEN.

.JUI.m

ﬁﬁavéﬁﬁﬁ $$$§$§MM§$§§§§§
‘ JUIgr
SEcrIv

FOURTH WEEK.

WTEEDING, watering, rolling and mowing,
.muf’t be continued with an uninterrupted hand.
This is the feafon of enjoying the pleafures of a
garden, and every thing {hould contribute to that
iatisfaétion.

Look to the layers of fweet-williams and pinks,
and particularly of carnations.

Water thefe once in two days, gently, but tho-
roughly; and every time fee that their flicks keep
them fecurely in their places.

If the mould be removed by the watering, put
frelh in the place, that they remain equally and well
covered; and if any of them do not take kindly,
{bade them from the fun.

Go on with the buﬁnefs of laying others, where re-
quired. ’Tis bell: to do this fooner ; but it may well
be done now : as it is a more advanced feafon, there
mul’t be more attention paid to every part of the
operation; and particularly to the well covering the
layer, and the waterings. '

Thefe require it every evening; and they will not
met freely, if the feafon be very warm, without good
fliadef

The biennials, fown late in the fpring, will now
require tranfplanting. A bed of frelh earth mui’t be
dug for them, and they muft be taken up out'of the
feed beds in a cloudy evening, and planted in the new
ground at four inches diltance, and thofe of large
growth at greater : they muﬁ be well and frequently

watered [till they have taken root; and after that

weeded from time to time during the remainder of
fummer.

FOURTH WEEK.

fummer. In autumn they mull: be removed into the
places where they are to ﬂower.

Once in two days gather the feeds of fuch plants
as have been left for that purpofe, and ripen many
heads.

The middle of the day is the be& time for this,
beeaufe the drier they are, the better they will harden.

All tranfplanting at this time of the year mul’t be
done in an evening about fun—fer: the waterings
will take moi’c eﬂ'eé‘t, if given an hour or two before.

Look over all thofe fummer plants which pro—'
duce a great many ﬂowers. To continue thefe in
fucceﬂion, they mul’t be prevented from ripening of
feeds.

Where thefe are intended, the plants are to be
marked for that purpofe; and after .fome good
ﬂowers are blown, the buds of others are to be.
taken off, that the force of nature may be direéted
to the ripening of feeds in thofe.

The feeds of thofe ﬂowers which blow ﬁrft are
always f’crongef’c; and when too many are fuﬂ'ered
to ripen upon one plant, all will be indifferent.
Therefore in the fetting for feeds, all thofe plants
which have many ﬂowers, the ﬁx or eight ﬁrﬂ: blow-
ing fhonld be marked. \

if any of thefe are not perfeé‘tly ﬁne, fuch muﬂ;
be taken off; and only as many more fuﬁered to
open as will fupply their places : all others mutt be
taken off as they offer themfelves in the bud; ‘11
thus the perfection of the feeds, in thofe refen’ed for
that purpofe, will be attained.

The ﬂowers of the others muff be managed for
beauty, and a long fucceﬂion upox2 the pnncxpleswe
have laid down on other heads; for 1“ gardening
the fame end will always be attained by the fame
means, whether the fubjeét be plant, fhrub or “<36;
and whether the objeél: of attention be ﬂowers, or
fruit.

Too many ﬂowers muﬂ: never be fuffered to blow

at a time upon one plant, nor any to Rand longer
R 3 than

24.

24.6

St MI-
MM?

’JULY,

than they are in full beauty. Therefore when there
are too many fome mutt be taken oﬂ’, and no ﬂower
mutt be permitted to remain longer than while in
full glory, when they begin to fade, they alfo fet
for feed.

As to the others, fome ﬂiould be taken of? while
in the bud; and thofe left on ihould be fo feleéted,
as to form a kind of head regularly covering the

lant.
P Cutting OH" thofe ﬂowers which begin to fade will
give the plant a tendency to fend out more ﬁde
branches ; and this will be promoted by the method,
of not i'uFfering too many to open upon it at a time:
the frequent waterings will greatly favour it; and
by this very means fuppofed at ﬁri’t ﬁght likely to
decreafe the number of the ﬂowers, they will be
produced in twice or three times the quantity -, and
they will continue in beauty a long time, inﬁead of
appearing in one great cluf’ter, and exhaufting the
root.

The beauty of a ﬂower garden depends upon thefe
nice points in the management of the plants.

Keep a watchful eye upon the cuttings of exotick
plants. They will require watering and fhading;
but both, in moderation . the watering muf’t not be
To great as to keep the ground like pap, nor mu‘ﬁ
the lhading exclude the air at proper times.

The ufe of canvas and matting is againi’t the
nVin-day fun -, and in thofe cafes where the coolnefs
0f Wehts is kept of? by it, ﬁill there require frequent
admliﬁurit of the air.

Cuttings “311 live under more clofenefs than plants
“’th are m an a(Etive Rate of vegetation; but they
reqmre {01116 air: rhis mull: be admitted at fuch
times as will leaft interfere with the general purpofe,

and leai’t chill the bed.°

LOOK to thofe ﬂocks which were budded the
preceding weeks; loofen the bandages of fuch as
have been done eighteen or twenty days, that the

‘ ‘ juices

FOURTH WEEK.

juices may n0t be {top’d in their due courfe: and
continue the work; now budding cherries, plums
and pears. The evening of a cloudy day, when the
air is cool and moil‘r, is the proper time.

The caution of being expeditious muf’t be ob-
ferved, the more as the weather is hotter.

Budding is the mof’t delicate operation practifed on
trees; the great art is to commit the bud to the
ﬂock in as natural a {late as pollible.

Layers which were put into the ground laf’t month,
will require to be now very well attended.

Keep them fecurely in their places, and repeat the
waterings : as the water wafhes OE any of the mould,
more muf’t be fupplied in its place ; but a great deal
of care mui’t be taken not to diﬁurb that which lies
, about the branch; for the young ﬁbres that will in
fome places be beginning to Ihoot, would be hurt by
the leaf’t motion. '

Weed and water young exotick trees, particularly
thofe of the reﬁnous kinds, which were planted out
of their feed beds fome weeks ago. They mul’t be
fhaded at noon, and watered lightly once in two
days; and the mould muf’t frequently be broke be-
tween them, to prevent weeds, and to make it ﬁt for
abforbing the dews.

Tranfplant evergreens; allow them more care in
this refpeé‘t than is ufually done. Thefe trees feldom
fail to thrive when tranfplanted at this feafon, though
of conﬁderable ﬁze, if there be due attention fhewn
them, but without that they receive a check very
difﬁcult to he recovered.

Open a large hole for each, and break the earth
perfectly at the bottom ; bring in the tree, taken up
with a large ball of earth to its root, and fetting it
upright, trim all the extreme ﬁbres. Immediately
after this, pour fome water upon the ball of earth,
‘ which was brought in with the root, carefully from a
watering pot, and let fome of the limit mould be

fprinkled over the ball. This gives the new cut ends

of the ﬁbres a ﬁne frefh covering; and before it dries
' R 4. on,

_ 247

24.8 J U ‘L Y,

On, or moulders away, the reft muf’t be brought over
it, by ﬁlling up the place. _

The mould mui’t be thrown in with a fwift but
careful hand; and when it is all in, and well clofed
about the roots, there mui’t be a large watering: but
this mui’t be given with moderation -, for the intent is,
that it Work itfelf [lowly down between and among
the roots; and this is never Well executed unlefs the
gardener allow leifure ; and give the intended quan-
tity of water at four or ﬁve times with moderate
intervals.

This mufi be repeated every other evening; by
degrees leﬂ'ening the quantity.

FRUIT BREAK up the furface. of the mould in the fruit

GARDENitree borders with the three-pronged fork: but it
Inuit be done lightly and fuperﬁcially. As foon as
this is done, a‘low a gentle watering, and let this be
given at a dii’tance from the item. ‘

The intent is to {well the fruit: too much water
would at the fame time impoverifh it, and debafe the
ﬂavour: a little only fupplies the want of rains,
which are unfrequent at this feafon -, and, it will have
all the advantage of fwelling the fruit, and at the
fame time will improve its flavour.

The ﬂavour of fruits, though determined by the
velTels of the tree, yet is originally elaborated from
the particles which the root receives from the earth:
thefe require to be moiﬁened, in order to their pene-
trating the ﬁbres, or being received by them; and
when this is not done, the fruit is more imperfect
than when {howers have been too abundant.

In all the operations of nature there is underﬂood
and required a certain degree of moderation, beneath
or above which is equally hurtful. This nature
means always, but cannot without repeating miracles
conﬁantly accomplifh. The art of the gardener is to
fupply the defects: to fupply them it is neceifary that
he ﬁrﬁ fee them; and then he muﬁ; make this W1
prion his rule of proceeding. If

FOURTH WEEK. ' 249

If he will keep journals of his fruit trees for feveral
{ucceeding years, he will ﬁnd that in very wet fum-
mers the fruits are always fwelled and ill-ﬂavoured ;
that in very dry times they want both their natural
ﬁze and relifh; and that it is only in thofe fummers
which are refrefhed by moderate rains, that they are
perfeét. ,

In very wet fummers it will be in his power to
ferve the fruit-trees greatly, by drawing a mat from
the top of the wall to the ground, at fome diﬂance,
and thus defending them againf’t the worﬂ: ﬂrowers:
and this will be eafy ; for the fummer is a feafon when
his mats and canvas are out of ufe. In dry fummers
he will be able to do much more by this : he may al-
low water in the due degree, and at the neceﬂary time
only. r
He may give it to thofe trees whofe fruit is taking
its growth -, and either refrain entirely, or give it with
a moderate hand to thofe which have full-grown fruit,
and are ripening it. Thus he may always keep the
trees in order, and preferve and perfeél all the fruit ,
left upon them.

KITCHEN

DIG a piece of ground, and fow colewort feed for GARDEN.

the fueceeding fpring.

The plants will want only weeding and watering
afterwards till the feafon of tranfplanting; after which
they- will {land the winter without danger, and come
in for: ‘ufe at a feafon when there is little elfe.

Dig another piece for tranfplanting of broccoli;
after this the whole ground being weeded, and the
young crops watered as they require, all will be put
into good order.

The care of melons at this time is a very nice and
delicate article.

The gardener has been told how wrong it is to give
them too much water ; now the fruit is taking its laft
growth, he allows them none ; but this is a praétice
as falfe as the other. He has laid a piece of tile un-
der the feveral fruits, to prevent the clamps of the

‘ ground

2%

JtJL n

ground from chilling and rotting them ; and this will
have the farther good effect of reﬂecting the fun-beams
upon them to ripen them; but ’tis the fame in thel'e
as in the fruit on trees, too much fun and no water
will fpoil them. The fame caution is to be obferved;
and moderation is the rule.

Once in three days it will be proper to give the
plants a moderate watering; and this fhould bedone

, with great care, not to wet the branches or the fruit :

only to give moiﬁure to the mould in which the ex-
treme roots run.

Upon this fubjeét of melons, we have been favour-
ed with an eafy and excellent method of railing them
in places where there are ﬁoves, and {hall give it in
the words of our ingenious correfpondent MnBARNEs.

“ The gardener who has the advantage of a pine-
ﬁove, may raife melons on it with little trouble.
The general method of building them now is with a
ﬂue, which runs round both the ends and the front.
Upon thefe lines I have raife‘d fome very early and
ﬁnely ﬂavoured melons, in this manner.

“ I make boxes four foot long two foot broad,
and ten inches deep; thefe I ﬁll with the richelt and

{melt mould, and place them on the Hues, fupport-

ing them at the height of two inches from the top
of the ﬂue, by half a dozen pieces of brickbat.
This is neceffary on two occaﬁons: it prevents the
earth from drying too fail, and the box of earth from
hindering the riﬁng of the heat for the warming of
the air in the I’tove.

The time of fowing thefe, and the general ma—
nagement, are the fame with thofe of melon-plants
railed in the common way; and it is belt to raife
only one ﬁrong plant in each box; or two if lefs
vigorous.

“ This, which I have done ftlccefsflllly, I {hall be
glad if you will publiih for the ufe of my brother
gardeners who have the fame conveniences?

CHAR

   

(VF/I‘flﬂ/y‘ '7 ' '
‘ ,
[747/1/ﬂ'

 

CHAR-VIII.
AUGUST.
SECT.I.

FIRST WEEKS
INTRODUCTION.

.- ;, E have taught our gardener in the laft
' \ mention’d clafs of the Didynamia, to
examine the proportion of the ﬁlaments
, in length. The character of that was,
that two ﬁlaments in each ﬂower were
longer than the others. In fome plants four of
the ﬁlaments will be found to bear this over pro-
portion to the rel’t: thefe belong to the ﬁrl’c of
the two claffes reprefented in this head-piece, the
character of which is having four ﬁlaments longer
than the others, and its name Tetradynamia. This
is the ﬁfteenth of the Linnaean claHés, we have repre-
prefented with it the characters of the ﬁxteenth,
which depends upon an altogether new particular.
In all the claﬂ'es of which we have hitherto fpokeln,‘
t C

  

252' AUGUST,

the ﬁlaments f’tand free to the bafe, being no where
united or join’d together. But there are plants in
which they will be found united together, and formed
into one‘ columnar body. This isafthe character of
the ﬁxteenth clafs, the lai’t of the two here mentioned,
and the name isT'Monadelphia. _ ,

eeeeeeeeaeeeaeeseesaeseeee

TAK E good care of the auricula plants. Nature
has had her time of rei’t after ﬂowering, and is now
preparing to form the bud for the fucceeding feafon.
This mul’r be 21111?th by all poﬁible means.

The earth in their pots is by this time exhaufted -,
and nature, which is preparing to fend out new
fhoots from the root, is prevented by the decayed
ends of the old ﬁbres. This is to be remedied,
and the plants cleaned before they are frelh potted.

Let a quantity of the mould be laid ready: ﬂiake
out the ball of earth from the pot, pick it away from
the rents except a very fmall quantity ; trim their
extream ﬁbres, and pull of}. decayed leaves.

Pour in fome of the mould into the pot, and fet
_ the plant upright on it; ﬁll in more ; and by degrees
cloﬁng it well about the roots, bring it as high as the-
head. Give a gentle watering, and then draw on a
little more to make allowance for linking.

Clean and plant every root in this manner; then Tet
the pots in a ibady place, and continue watering
them gently every other night till they are perfeétly
ﬁx’d, and rooted in their new mould.

Nature is now‘ making its pufh for forming the
next year’s ﬂower, and it will be vaitly {trengthened
by this refrefhment.

’Tis neceﬁhry to change the mould of whole beds,
in which ﬁne ﬂowers are to blow, much more that
which is kept in the compafs of a little pot‘; revented
from the common advantages of that in bor ers, and
fhutas it were fromthofe common beneﬁts which
Wife from the meifture 0f the body of the grating,

1 tr e

FLOW‘E R-
GARDEN.

F I R S T W EyE K.‘

the {teams from below, and in fome degree: from
dews.

The top of the mould is often to be taken out of
thefe pots, and a fupply of frefh put in its place, but
this is only a partial refrelhment , there is a time when
nature is at reft, and when the root of any plant will
bear to be removed without hurt, becaufe it draws
little nourifhment.

At that feafon it Ihould be taken up and replanted.
in frelh foil; and it will thew the advantage in the
next year’s bloom.

In bulbous plants we know the time by the decay;
ing of the [talks and leaves, but in others there wants
that plain and obvious information. Thefe we muﬂ'
watch with the more care 5 and the rule will be
had from the conduct of nature in the others. The
great effort is for the ripening the feed, and the difa
playing of the ﬂower which precedes it. Toward this
every thing tends for the greatel‘r part of the preceding
year, and when this is over ; when the feed has been
ripened, or the ﬂower gathered to prevent it, there
is a Rate of inaétivity for fome weeks.

In the ﬁbrous and tuberous rooted kinds, the bud
begins after that time to be formed for the next
ﬂowering, therefore this feafon is to be chofen for
taking up the root, and refrefhing it by a new foil.

The feedling auriculas and the like will require
alfo their (lure of attention.

They will be now ﬁt for tranfplanting.

Chute a piece of ground for them which is defended
from cold winds, and from the noon fun‘.

Dig away mould a fpade deep; and let as much
old dung be thrown in as will cover the bottom four
inChes.

Tread this ﬁrmly down, and level the furface,
then throw in the mould ten inches thick.

On the furface of the bed draw lines lengthways and
acrofs ﬁve inches dii‘tant, and in the centre of every
fquare let one plant. Let the earth be well clofed
about them, and give a gentle watering.

Draw

‘25}

@54‘

-:A U G U S T,

Draw a piece of canvafs or matting over' the bed,‘
fupported by hoops to fhade the plants till they are
very well rooted : they will after that require only the
common care of weeding and watering.

This is ufually neglected, and to that is owing the
hazard of bringing the young plants to good: other-
wife they receive a check at ﬁrl’t, and are often
{’tunted and fpoiled even though they get over it; or
at the bef’t, it takes off from the {trength and beauty
of the ﬁrf’t year’s ﬂower; and the plant being judged
by that, is rejected.

As the feafon advances in heat, and theihowers are.
few, the plants of value will require watering; and
melt of all thofe in pots. Though potted plants bear
lefs water at a time than thofe in the full ground,
they require it oftener.

Continue the care of gathering the feeds of ﬂowers
as they ripen, and lay them in a {hady, dry, and airy
place to harden.

Continue the care of thofe feedling plants of the
tenderer kind, which areto take their growth in the
ﬁove. Thofe which have been removed into larger
pots will require fhade and water till they are rooted ;
and thofe which are yet in the fmall pots, into which
they were planted from the feed-bed, mul‘t from time
to time as they grow to a due ﬁze, be tranfplanted
.and rooted afrelh with the fame care.

Care mull be taken to bring the whole ball Of earth
with them, and to trim round the extream ﬁbres
which appear on the outfide; then the ball muf’t be
fet upright in the larger pot, upon a fmall quan-
tity of the mould laid in for that purpole, and the
reft ﬁlled in till it is brought up half an inch above
the furface of the ball from the fmaller pot; after
this {hading and watering do all the bulinefs.

While thefe are preparing to take their growth in
the ﬁove, thoie which are there already muf’t be
refrelhed with as much air as can be fafely admitted.

Plants bear the clolenefs of the itove much better
in winter than they do in fummer; and this is happily

a

FIRST W-EEK.‘

a feafon, when the common air of our unfavourable
climate may belt be admitted to them.

The hottef’t days mull: be chofen for giving this ad-
vantage, and thofe in which there is half wind.

In fuch a calm, clofe, fultry day, let as much air
be let in as will refrefh the plants conf’tantly -, and if
the ﬁove be fmall, lhade the glaﬁbs in the middle of
the hottel’t days; otherwife the fun’s heat admitted
through them, will abfolutely fcorch the leaves, as
well as burn up the mould in the pots.

The pine-apple plants which are expeéted to pro—
duce fruit the next feafon, mull: be this week removed
into the pots in which they are to remain.

The fooner they are ﬁxed in thefe, and the check
of removing is over, the better. They will thus have
time to eﬁablifh themfelves well in the mould before

the effort of nature comes on for their fruit; and that .

will be continued uninterrupted: whereas when the
removal is delayed, the lhooting of new ﬁbres from
the root, and the formation of the bud of the fruit
are brought on together; the vigour which fhould
anfwer for one of thefe operations, is weaken’d by
being divided between both, and neither is done per-
leétl '.

Fiyve plants in ﬁx of the pine-apple produce poor,
fmall, and ill—tal’ted fruit, becaufe they were Ihifted
too late in the feafon.

'255

C O N TI NUE budding the later kinds of fruitgilg;

trees; and this week look with a careful eye over
thofe which have been budded three weeks or a month
before. The bandages of thefe muf’t be loofen’d,
that the lap may have free courfe.

Look carefully to the feed-beds of young ﬂocks
for future budding. They mul’t be weeded andwa-
tcred -, and as the plants advance in height, this care
mull: be increafed.

It is a great article in their future rife to give them
them their ﬁrl’t growth well; weeds, and a parching

fun will choak and burn them; and they will be
{tunted

minted in fuch manner, as never to recover it after-
wards. ,

The free growth is a great article in thefe flocks g.
and like other effects of early error, it is often pre-
vented by a neglect at this time. The gardener ﬁnds
his ﬂocks not anfwer to their kinds, but it is too late
when he perceives the error.

The drought will be every where hurtful, and
ﬂrould be guarded againi’c, by fhading the more
tender kinds: watering, where that can be done
with convenience; and in the larger growths which
ﬁand regular and dil’tant, by digging between the
rows.

Make up a bed in fome open part of the feininary,
for tranfplanting the double cowflip and primrofe
plants raifed from feed.

Make the bed of frelh paﬁure mould, without any
addition: and let the plants be‘fet at four inches
dii’cance, cloﬁng the earth well about their roots.

They mul’t have a good watering when they are
planted, and another every other evening, unlefs
{howers fall.

They mul’c have the {bade of a reed-hedge till they
are rooted: and after this they mul’t be frequently
weeded and watered.

They may take their ﬁrl‘c ﬂowering in this bed;
and as it comes on in early fpring, they will blow
much ﬁronger for being planted now than if it had
been deferred to Oétober ; for there then would have
happened a check from the removal, at the time
when the bud for ﬂower was forming.

The primrofe, cowﬂip, and auricula, are nearly al-
lied; and as their'time of ﬂowering is the fame, or
little diﬁercnt: their buds are formed for that pure
pole at or near the fame period.

FRUIT- T A K E care of the ripening fruit. Every morn-
* “ARDEN-mg and evening, and after every ﬂiower, continue to
look after fnails, and every day renew the fugar and
water in vials hang’d upon the trees.
Hang

FIRST WEEK.- 257

Hang up fcarecrows of feathers, or wings of
birds, or entire birds with the entrails taken our, to
fright away the devourers of that kind; or place lime
twigs about thetrees, and now and then fright them
by difcharges of a pil’rol. '

They wound ten of the fruit for one they eat ; and
wherever their beaks have made the way, the leITer
devourers are fure to follow.

Fruit requires a due degree of fhade and Ihelter to
ripen well -, too much or too little fun will be equally
hurtful.

If any foulnefs appear upon the tree, or any infeéts
upon the leaves, they mui’t be picked off.

I T is often neceITary to bud the fruit trees after they
are brought into the garden.

Budded ﬂocks are apt to lhoot from below; and
that this is always hurtful, as thol‘e fhoots can be
of no iervice, and as they rob the bud ’of nourifh—
ment : this accident will be much more. likely to hap—
pen to trees budded in their place in the garden,
where the foil is better, than in nurferies ; and where
the trees have more room, and more opportunities of
quick growth.

Such {boots mult be taken off; and the fame me:
thods taken to promore the free growth of thefe, as
of all other trees in the garden, by keeping down
weeds, and Ptirring the furface of the ground.

KITCHEN
The GARDlLN.

S O W' fpinach feed for a fupply in winter.
hardier kind or burdock fpinach is ﬁttei’t now.

A piece of ground where an early crop has been
cleared 03, will very well anfwer this purpofe.

No part will ferve better, than where onions. have
i‘tood. A little old and well rotted dung {hould be
lirewed over the ground, and mix’d with the mould
in the digging. '

See the feed be frelh, and well ripened -, a cloudy
day fhould be chofen when there is little wind, and
the feed fprinkled thick, efpecially if there be any
doubt of its freﬂmefs.

S If

258

A U G U S T,

If no rain happen in two or three days after the
fowing, the piece mull be watered ; and this mutt be
repeated once in three or four days, till the plants apa

ar.

When they thew fon‘ie {trength they mutt be thin-
ned, and clear’d from weeds: one operation will an—
fwer both thefe purpofes, and it is belt done by hand.

If the fpinach be {own on beds four foot wide,
with alleys between, the whole may be performed by
hand with cafe and expedition. All weeds lhould be
taken up, and the firongei’t plants of the fpinach left
at ﬁve inches diﬁance. After this the beds Ihould
have a good watering, and the reft of the growth will
go on with vigour.

Thus it may f’tand without farther care a month.
It will require then to be cl‘ean’d again, and- after that
to be weeded once more before winter.

In the middle of Oétober the gatherings may be
begun, and the plants will furnifh good crops all
winter. They do not naturally run up to {talk at
this feafon ; but nature fpends all her ftrength in fur-
nilhing good leaves.

The method of gathering is to be founded on this :
the plants are not to be torn up, but their large leaves
taken off, and as thofe in the centre are left they will
grow out upon the others being taken away. Thus
there will be a fucceﬁion from time to time; and
the bed being proportioned to the demand, there
will be a fupply all the feafon.

In fpri-ng thefe plants will run up to ﬁalk. A
proper number are then to be left for feed, and the
reli pulled up. This feed muft be fuﬁ’ered to ripen
perfec‘lly, and then well dry’d; and fown, as we have
directed, the following Augult.

The whole kitchen ground will require at this
time to be carefully weeded, and the young crops
muf’t have frequent waterings. ‘

Caterpillars and fnails muft be pick’d olf the plants,
or deftroyed in their lurking plaCes -, and the ground
clear’d as fall as the crops go oli‘.

AUGUST.

SECOND 'WEEK. Q59

\ﬂ/\ﬂ/\W \w w \flvyv‘llv.”\‘_II\~'_'/\V'I\\“'/\1P/
maﬁﬁsaamsmn asst/.4

A U G U S T.
SECTilI.
SECOND WEEK.

0 round the plants in ﬂower, triming each with FLOWER.
an unwearied hand. If an irregular {hoot apr- GARDW-
pears takeit off : nature will return an equal quantity
in a better place. If a decay’d leaf be feen pull it
off; and let no ﬂower remain which is 'paﬂ: its full
glow of beauty. .

As birds continue laying if her eggs be remOVed,
fo the plants will fend out new fhoots for ﬂowering
when the ﬁrit are taken off ; but if thefe be left they
will ripen feeds, which is nature’s ultimate end in all
her works 3 and as no more are needed, few more
will be produced: not will thofe few be well nourifhed,
while the great end of ripening feeds is going on in
other parts of the plant.

Next go over the ground between the plants with
a fmall hoe. There cannot be any great growth of
weeds ﬁnce the laft clearing; but this will cut up the
ﬁrf’t ihoots, of whatever kind the inceﬂant labour of
nature may have feattered; and at the fame time it
will give an air of’cleannefs and of culture to the
ground. The mould will be more difpofed to receive
and detain the dews and ﬂiowers, and the plants will
be feen with double beauty becaufe of the clear {pace
between. ‘

The next care is that of watering; and all that re-
mains befides in regard to the ﬂowering plants is the
deﬁruétion of infeéts.

I nfecls are as numerous in the ﬂower garden at this
feafon as in any other part of the ground, and they
will be as mifchievous.

The leaves are as ufeful and as necelfary to ﬂower;

3 2 ing

260

AUGUST,

ing plants as to fruit trees, and they are expofed to
the fame ravage.

Caterpillars are the mof’t mifchievous of all infeé‘ts.
but the molt eaﬁly deﬁroyed. As they have no better
way of hiding themfelves than by keeping at the back
of the leaves, it requires no more trouble than the
turning them up to ﬁnd them.

\Vhen little infeéts crowd upon the tops or among
the buds, they muft be deﬁroyed with water
impregnated with tobacco {talks and foot: this is de-
{truétive of the infects without hurting the plants.

If this does not fucceed cut oil~ that part of the
plant. When as much is taken off as was infected

. with the vermin, break the furface of the mould all

about, and give a gentle watering: this repeat
every evening, and let the water be fuch as has {’tood
all day in the fun. It will give vigour to the roots,
and a new {hoot or more will come in the place.
The plant will ﬁower later than otherwife, but this,
far from a difadvantage in the fummer ﬂowers, is
often a thing very deﬁrable.

This is the remedy for that malady of the fummer
plants ; but a much better method is to prevent it.

Infec‘ts are found on the weakelt plants; and are
the-efi'eél: of that mifchief they are fuppofed to caufe.

Of the tender annuals now fubjeét to be infeéted

'with them, they will be feen univerfally on the
'weakeﬁ plants. Let the gardener provide in time

againit it by good culture.
The method of raiﬁng thefe in hot-beds, and by
degrees removing them into the open air, is very

.eafy; but ’tis practifed in too carelefs a manner. To

this is owing the ill {late of the plants.
In the common garden at this time we fee {‘tunted

.Chinefe alters, and even the French marygolds, weak,

dragling, and half ﬂawed: in thofe places where
more attention has beenjhewn them, they are in pro-
portion fo much better: but we feldom fee them in
their due perfection. Where they are weakeﬂ and

worﬂ, they are conﬁantly molt infeﬁed with infects.

Guard

SECOND WEEK.

Guard againf’t this in time, by bringing the plants
forward with due care, allowing them fufﬁcient room ;
and when they are brought into the Open air, by
opening a hole fufﬁciently large, and difpoﬁng the
earth well about them. After this, frequent water-
ings, and the ufe of a water that is of a due temper,
are the great articles.

Plants of all thefe kinds will be ftunted by watering
from a pump, worfe than by neglect of watering;
and whenever nature has received fuch a check, the
juices are vitiated, and the infect embryos hatch.

The layers of carnations and fweet Williams will now
be very forward; they mull; be water’d once in three
days, and the belt time is two hours before fun-fer.

The fuccefs of layers depends upon keeping the earth
in a due and uniform temper. To make it too wet
at fome times, and leave it to be dried again at others,
is to invite and promote the lhooting of ﬁbres one
week, and another to leave them to be parched up
and perifh; to this mifmanagement is owing the lofs
of many of the layers in the tenderer kinds -, and the
poornefs of a great part of thofe which remain.

The great art in this kind of culture is to {come

the layer in its place ; to give that degree of moil‘ture
to the mould, which will naturally make it {trike
root -, and to continue the fame temper in it, till thofe
ﬁbres which have been fo promoted, have attained
ﬁrength and ﬁrmnefs.

The tender {hrubs lately inoculated, will now re-
quire to have their bandages loofened, that the fap
may circulate freely.

At the fame time give a good watering, the more
freely the juices are thrown up toward the bud, when
it is ﬁxed, the more certainly it will be united to the
ﬂock.

Some of the layers of the ﬁnef’t carnations will now
be ﬁt to take off. They muft be planted in {mall
pots, one layer in each, and fet in a {hady place, till
they have taken good root.

Every other evening the watering mui’c be re-
s ‘3 peated,

26x:

161‘

AUGUST,

peated, and when the plants are very well rooted,
they muf’t be placed in a ﬁtuation open to the morn-
ing fun, and where there is a more free air.

In the beginning of Oé’tober they ihould be fet up
to the rim in the ground, and fheltered by a Hoping
reed-hedge, as we have direé‘ted for Other tender
kinds : or if the old method be followed, of defend.
ing them by a hot-bed frame, a great deal of care
mui’c be taken to allow them air when the days are
mild. If they are drawn up weak, it will never be
well recovered.

The bulbous Iris’s will now fade in leaf and i’talk,
and the gardener mui’t remove them.

The Opportunity muﬂ be feized now it is offered;
for after a very ihort time, the roots fend out their
ﬁbres for the fucceeding year, and the bud for the
next ﬂower is then formed, and takes its flow but re-
gular increafe. If the root be taken up, after
this, the progrefs of nature is impeded, and the
ﬂower for the next year is fpoiled.

If the roots have ﬂood only a little beyond the
proper time, this happens on the removal: but if
the time have been fuﬂ'ered to elapfe farther, the bud
for ﬂowering is deﬂroyed by the check of the remo-
val, and no ﬂowers are produced the next year.

The feedling polyanthus’s will now be in a condi~
tion to remove, and the fame method is to be obferved
as for the primrofe and cowflip kinds. They mui’t be
fer with great care, and the furface well clofed about
the roots: after this they muil be watered once in
two days, and the gardener mui’t keep a careful eye
over them, to fee they continue as planted, and that
the roots remain well covered.

The auriculas which have been fhift'ed into frefh
earth and fhaded, muﬂ be watered from time to time,
and the fame care taken of keeping the roors well
covered, and the mould regularly drawn about the
head. ' ‘ i i l ' '

" The feafon for planting the hyacinth tulip, and

' ' ‘ " : ‘ anemone

SECOND WEEK.

anemone roots, will foon come on, and every thing
{hould be prepared for it.

The beds will require to remain fome time to fettle
after they are made up; and even before this there
{hould be a laﬂ: turning of, the heap of compoﬁ: : this
is the proper time for it.

Let the fevera‘. heaps be very well dug, broke, and
turned over; and all lumps raked out: let them be
thrown up not in ﬁngle heaps as at ﬁrlt, but in ridges,
and thus lie till the time of making up the beds.

263

T H15 week plant flips of the double rol‘e cam-mg}

pion in a fhady place,

Bury them in the mould except their tops, and as
foon as the whole quantity is planted, give a gentle
watering, and repeat it every evening till they are
' rooted.

As this kind rarely ripens feed, every method
fhould be taken of increaﬁng it : the common way is
by parting the roots in October, and that affords a
good fupl‘ly. This is an additional method: it gives
an occaﬁon of producing a number of good plants at
a dillerent feafon -, and the increafe of the root is ra-
ther promoted than impeded by it.

The fun muft be kept oi? by a reed-hedge, and
the plants thus lhaded, iheltered, and watered, will
foon begin to root.

At the latter end of September they fhould be taken
up, and each planted in a feparate pot. They muf’c
again be lhaded and watered till they are well ﬁxed
in the new mould, and it will be proper to take them
up with a large ball of the ﬁrft earth about them.

Let them {land all winter in a warm and well {hel-
tered place open to the morning fun; and early in
the following {pring they may be removed into larger
pots, {baking them out of the ﬁrlt with the whole
ball of earth, trimming the roots which hang on the
furface, and giving them a good watering. In thefc
they will ﬂower the {ucceeding fummer.

s 4‘, . Marl:

264

FRUIT-
GARDEN.

AUGUST,

Mark out the ground to plant out young ﬂowering
ﬂirubs, foreit, and fruit tree ﬂocks.

Begin now to prepare for them by‘ trenching. Let
it be dug deep and broke ﬁne.

As the trees in nurfei°ies are to be removed after-
wards into other places, they fhould not have too rich
a foil in this -, they would never come to good if that
into which they were removed, were poorer: as dung
is for this reafon forbidden in the nurfery, there is the
more occaﬁon for giving the foil all other ad-
vantages.

EVERY day repeat the attendance and care of
the fruit trees. .

Infeéts are innumerable: they encreafe quick, and
prefently over-run what is neglected: nothing but
what is well defended, and well watched, can efcape
them.

The vials of fyrup fhould be replenifhed every
day: and every morning and evening look for {nails
and (lugs; and in the full fun for caterpillars.

Oblertre the fruit and the leaves ; and where they
begin to be hurt, look the more carefully for the
deﬁroyers.

\ If any tree appear in worle order than the rcl’t, let
the ground be turned up about the roots, and watered ;
or if this be not 'fufﬁcient, let a little of fome of the
light compoﬁs which are well enriched, and have lain
along time in the air, be fprinkled over the furﬁtce,
and a good watering be given to walh in the virtue.

The rafpberry beds now require a particular ma;
nagement little underftood by gardeners. The fruit
is let upon them; and the bulinefs is to ripen it well.

A free pallage of air is the true and the only‘
way of ripening it; and at the feafon of ripening, a
great deal of nourilhment is required, though water-
ing is prejudicial. Upon thele two points turns the
management of the rafpberry plantation at this time.

Let the branches be placed in order, difiant from

3 one

SECOND WEEK.” 265

one another, and kept from dangling; a few {takes
will‘be very ufeful for this purpofe. .

The boughs muft be kept free and clear from one
another, and in a good poﬁtion. Where they are
only {haggling and irregular, this method will reduce
all to order; where they are too thick, the gardener
mul’t not fail to cut away form of them : ’tis better to
{acriﬁce a few of the fruit than fpoil the whole.

When the lhrubs are thus brought to order, let
the ground be dug up between the rows, and the
mould broke very ﬁne on the furface. They will
after this grow with new vigour, and the fruit will
be of the true delicate ﬂavour.

The art is chuﬁng the proper time; and this feafon
varies f0 much, that no exact rule can be laid down
about it. The gardener is to hit upon that feafon,
when the fruit is coming fal’t to maturity, but is yet
ﬁrm on the branches.

D I G a well lhelter’d piece of ground for the KITCHEN
fpring onions. Let the mould be made very ﬁne, GARDEN'
and the feed thrown on pretty thick.

When the young onions appear they may be thin-
ned if they rife in cluﬁers; and they mul’t be kept
well weeded, and from time to time refrefhed by
gentle waterings.

At the approach of winter preparation fhould be
made for lheltering the bed in extream fevere weather.
The onion is not f0 tender ,as to give the gardener a
great deal of trouble on this head; but it will be pro-
per to keep off the elieéts of the mol’t violent frolls.

This week plant out fome lettuces to come in to-
ward autumn : the place for them fhould be {elected
with care.

They will continue till the frol’ts dellroy them;
therefore let the gardener {elect a fpot where frofts
have leal’t power : a warm border under a wall, and
defended by a reed-hedge, if expofed from either end,
will be the right choice; and the mould lhould be

dug

fLOWER
GARDEN.

AUGUST,

dug a full fpade deep, broke very ﬁne, and the let‘
tuces allowed a foot and half diitance.

They muft be planted with care, and watered
every evening till they are perfectly rooted; and
afterwards once in three days, to promote their fpeedy

rowth.

g As they encreafe in bignefs, the ground mui’t be
weeded and broke between them; and when they
come in for ufe, they ihould be carefully picked out in
fuch manner as to leave the ground free and equal
between the remainder. Thus they will improve from
the time of the ﬁrft gathering.

Thin the feed beds of coleworts; the plants that
are taken up {hould not be thrown away, but re-.
moved into another bed; and after this the feed-
bed muft be weeded.

This muﬂ: be repeated from time to time. The
tranfplanted feedlings muff be carefully watered; and
the bed often refrelhed in the iame manner.

. It will be a great advantage to bring them for—
ward now, and this will be the molt effectually done
by frequent waterin s.

The whole groun%l mul‘t be kept weeded; and the
generality of the creps will be greatly forwarded by
thefe waterings. The weeds on dung-hills, and wai’te
places near the ground, lhould alfo be pulled up
now to prevent the ripening of the feeds.

A U G U s T
s E c 4T. III.

anRD WEEK.

TAKE oh" and pot the layers, of the ﬁner kinds
of pinks and fweet-williams: and that done,
look to thofe of an inferior kind, which are intended
for the open borders in the ﬂower garden. Thefe will

i now

THIRD WEEK. 9.67

now be enough rooted to remove with fafety; and
they may be either planted in the borders, or in a bed
purpoﬁly dug in the nurfery : it is equal which 5 for
they are to be removed again at autumn. The more
regular method is to plant them out in a nurfery bed ;
but they make no ill ﬁgure upon the borders, where
there is now room enough; and they will Rand the
winter the better, the lefs fpace they have to be remo—
ved afterwards. ’

In that method of planting them at once in the
borders, they will only need to be taken up and put:
in again when the ground is dug up in OEtober. ' K ‘

In this cafe they {trike roor again immediately ; and
having no check, they will ﬂower much better the
next feafon. ' ‘

Remove the roots of lillies. Their ﬂowers in gea
neral are pail, and the (talk; and leaves faded; they
will not bear to be kept long out of the ground ;
and they mull be jut‘t taken up, cleaned, and planted
again in frefh mould.

The annuals in pots will require frequent waterings ;
and it will now be time to mark thofe intended for
feed.

Thefe muf’c not be fuﬁ‘ered to exhauft themfelves by
too many ﬂowers: they mui’c be placed in a warm
fpot, and removed under Ihelter every evening.

The practice at this time where there are ftoves, is
to preferve fome of the ﬁner and tenderer kinds in,
them for feed; but this way the plants want air, and
the feeds will never become f0 perfect.

The method here directed is preferable : they will
by this means never fail to ripen feed, if they have
been duly forwarded in fpring, and they will produce
it in the highei’t perfeétion. "

PREP ARE beds for the feveral kinds of ﬂowers serum.
to be raifed in the open ground from feed. RY-
‘ Upon the due choice of ’the place, and manage-
ment of the ground now, Will in a great meafure de-
pend the fuccefs. ' ' " ‘ ' - ' " "

268

AUGUST,

Let a large quarter of the feminary be feleéted for
this purpofe: let it be open to the fouth eaft, defend-
ed from the north by a good fence, and fheltered
moderately from the noon day fun.

Divide this into as many beds as there are to be
kinds of plants; and let thefe be three foot and a
half broad, with ﬁnall alleys between; and as long
as will ﬁt them for receiving the feeds.

Dig away the earth in each bed half a fpade’s
depth; and when this is removed, break the bottom
very well with a pickaxe, and rake it fmooth, draw-
ing of? all large {tones and clods. 'l‘hen mark the
ﬁri’t bed by a numbered {lick ﬁxed down ﬁrmly, and
bring in the mould for the plant intended there to be
railed. Let this rife two inches above the level of
the alley, and rake it fmooth.

In this manner make up every bed; the marked
flake ferving for a notice of the plant.

When all the beds are made up, let them he ﬁve
days to fettle; then draw of? as much from the fur-
face as will ferve afterwards to cover the feeds a
quarter of an inch, and then fcatter them on: ﬁft
over them the mould referved for that purpofe -, and
lay a piece of a whitethorn bulh upon each to keep
off mifchief.

After this let them all be managed in the fame
manner. Let them be gently watered if at any time
the mould appear too dry; and when the young
plants appear, let them be kept clear from weeds, and
at times alfo watered.

’Tis belt to fow a large quantity of each kind. A
bed of ten foot long is as eaﬁly managed as one of
ﬁve ; and from the quantity of plants is to be expected
the great advantages of variety, and new ﬂowers.

All that will be farther required in the feminary at
this feafon, is good weeding; and when neceﬁaw,
waterings : thefe are fatiguing, but if withheld when
throughly wanted, all the former care is loft.

STIR

THIRD WEEK. 269

STIR the furface of the mould about fruit trees FRUIT-
with the three-pronged fork. ‘ GARDEN‘

It mull not be dug to any depth, but only to break
the furface f0 far as will ferve to deftroy all {boots 'of
weeds, and prepare the mould for the reception of
rains and dews.

The weeds mull be raked‘off as foon as this is dOne;
and unlefs the feafon be very dry, nothing more will be
required. ‘

The looking after the larger and fmaller infects
mull be continued; and if in the progrefs of this
attendance any branch be again found out of its place,
it mull be brought right and nailed down again; and
if any of the ripening fruit be left too defencelefs,
they mui’t be fheltered by leaves from the fame or fome

other tree.
' Once more go over the vines; both thofe againﬁ:
walls, and fuch as are in the open ground : there will
be yet fome ufelefs and trailing branches produced,
and thefe mul’t be removed.

After this let all fuch as are loofe from the wall or
Rakes be faﬁened; and when the whole is reduced
thus far to order, look attentively over the condition
of the fruit. We have faid what fun, and what de~
gree of lhelter every bunch requires; and now take
care, by removing leaves where there are too many,
and bringing in others from more dillant places where
there. are wanting, to give to every part the due
degree.

When the vines are thus put in order, let the
ground be dug up about and between them : it will
have been trampled in going among them for dreﬁing;
and weeds will have begun to fpring up.

This is a feafon at which the fruit requires molt
nourifhment; and it would be ill management to
leave the trees exhauf’ted by weeds, or in ground
hardened by treading. They want all the nourilh-
ment the earth can afford; and we have fhewn on
various occaﬁons, that it is a great deal lefs that wil
be fupplied by the fame quantity when the airfare

13

170 AUGUST,

is hard; than when it is kept {oft and broke by
culture. '

KITCHEN WEED and water the kitchen ground. All the

GARDEN' nouriihment the foil can aﬁ‘ord will be required for
the forwarding of the crops, and the more as there is
lefs rain.

Where the rows are dil’cant, and the fpade can come
between, nothing will anfwer like digging; and let
that be done eﬁeﬁually: let the fpade go its whole
depth, and the mould be very well broke.

The weeds which are thrown off in the digging,
may be buried under the mould, leaving a little trench
for that purpofe all the way; the care before taken
leaves no opportunity of the perennial kinds being
there, and the annual will never rife from under-
neath.

Cauliﬂower feed fucceeds very well this week, and
affecond {owing fhould be made about ten days
a ter.

The plants riﬁng from the ﬁrﬁ: will be ﬁt for the
hand glaﬂés; and fome of them may be planted un‘
der warm walls: thofe from the fecond will be ﬁt to
raife under frames during winter. If the ﬁrit run up
to feed in fpring thefe will fupply the place -, and {up-
poling all to fucceed, it only gives two very good
crops.

Dig fome warm pieces of ground, under walls
and pales for lettuce feed. Let it be fown with a
{paring hand; and when the young plants rife let
them be very well watered and weeded : the cabbage
and brown Dutch lettuce will fucceed very well in
this manner, and the cos fometimes.

If the winter prove fevere, there is great halard
of this laft lettuce in the open ground, but it is
worth the Chance of trying; and, in general, a
reed-hedge fet Hoping will preferve it.

Sow corn fallet this week for the fucceeding fpring:
it lies a great while in the ground; and takes the
ﬁrﬁ growth (lowly. If

THIRD WEEK.

If the feed be kept till fpring, it is a great. chance
Whether it fucceeds; but if fown fréfh at this time
of the year, however long it lies in the ground, the
gardener needs not fear its coming up.

Fennel is a ufeful herb, and there is no time of
the year when it fucceeds better than at this feafon
by fowing.

Go over the beds of the onion kind: the leaves
of the fchaiors and rocambole will decay, and this
is the notice for taking them up. ‘ This alfo is the
time for taking up of garlick, which fhould be very
carefully aired and hardened for keeping.

Artichokes now require dreﬁing, for they will be-
gin to {how their fruit from the lai’t fpring plantation.
A number of fuckers will naturally be produced
from the ﬁdes of thefe healthful plants; which, if
' not taken off, will impoverifh and drain the nouriﬂ'r-
ment from the more perfeét fruit at the top.

Take them off in time ; and let the weeds be de-
ﬁroyed: the belt way is by digging between the
rows.

They fhould be planted at fuch dif’tances that this
can be done with cafe, and the advantage in the
fruit will be very obvious.

The brocoli plants which were removed ﬁve weeks
ago out of the feed-bed, fhould now have their laﬁ:
removal: watering them duly till they have taken
root.

Gather fuch feeds as are ripe, and fpread them
upon mats to dry, turning them from time to time;
and when they are dry in the pods, rubbing them
out, and fpreading them once again to harden.

AUGUSI

271'.

272

FLOWER

GARDEN.

SEMI-
NARY.

AUGUST,

akiﬁkMHHHK*aﬁkataﬁkatataktaﬂﬁhﬁﬁﬁeaﬁﬁﬁﬁk*aﬁﬁﬁakiﬁ
A U G U S T.
S E C T. IV.

FOURTH WEEK.

HE ﬂowers of fummer are now going off, and
Tthofe of autumn coming in.

Mark thofe of the ﬁrl’t intended for feed, and tie
them up to ﬂicks, and cut down the (talks of the
others: or pull up thofe which are annual and perilh
after ﬂowering.

Break the mould about the autumnal plants that
are coming to ﬂower, cut of}~ all irregular fhoots,
pick away dead leaves, and give them every even-
ing a gentle watering.

Clear all the borders from weeds; and gather
feeds as they ripen -, chuﬁng for this purpofe the af—
ternoon of a dry day.

1: See the grafs is clofe mowed, and the gravel clean
and well rolled.

PREPARE beds for more cuttings. Let each
be two foot deep, well dug, and broke; four foot
wide, and in a lheltered pl 1.1ce

Numbers of llnubs are now to be raifed this
way.

Plant in thefe beds cuttings of the hardier kinds.
Shade and water them at ﬁrﬁ; water them after-
wards at times, and they will root fafely and ﬁrmly.

Honey fuckles of the fevcral kinds, will fucceed
we 11 from cuttings planted in a bed, tolerably expo-
led, at this time. lhe l'1ying of honey- fuckles is
mo1e troublelbme; and the cuttings, with tolerable
manageme,nt fucceed as well.

(50 0round among the 515 and other reﬁnous trees: f

1

FOURTH WEEK. 27;
if the Wind, ‘or any other accident have broke a
branch, or if there be any that run out irregularly,
this is the time to retrench them. Secure the Wound
from injuries, by tying leather over it.

THE l‘eﬂ’ei‘ fi'uit4ﬂirubs are at no time {o wellgﬁ‘gggm
tranfplanted as now; if there come a little rain.
The currant and goofeberry will take at once, if
they be watered, though there fall little or no wet
from the clouds: but the rafpberry Willhot do well;
unlefs it have natural ih0wers. There is more caré
required for this little ﬂirub than is "commonly allowed
to it ; and that is the reafon fo many of the planta-
tions fucceed poorly. V ._

The planting rafpberries in Séptember, though
a common praétice, is too late. Wa‘r‘mth’aﬂifts
'greatly in their rooting; and upon the firf’t fuccefs
depends their future l’trength. Whenever the end
of Auguft is fhowery, there is no time fo favour-
able.

Gather ftandai'd pears and apples as they ripen;
Many of them will not be ﬁt for a month yet to
Come; but thofe which are ripe muﬂ: be gathered;
The way to try, is this. .

Gentlyptum up a few of them, and if they eaﬁly’

Come oi? from the houghs, it is a proof they are ripe.
In this Cafe, longer hanging would do them harm‘.
but if they hold ﬁrm, they muit be left till they Will
part thus ealily. More than is thought depends
Upon the exaét time of gathering; ibr if pulled too
foon, they never acquire their true ﬂaVour; and, if
too late, they do not keep well.

The later peaches are now advancing towards
ripenefs, and they mult be favoured by a careful and
judicious hand: their leaves have hitherto ferved
the purpofe of lheltering and keeping them moiﬁ;
but now all that grow clofe about them {hould be
removed. The fun has lefs‘ power, and the fruit
requires more heat; and lefs moiﬁure. .

Prepare ﬂrawberry beds for another year. Let

T them

274 IAUGUST.

them be made in a good expofure, and well dug.‘
The foil lhould be a rich loam, and thoroughly
broken: then let lines be drawn regularly, at a foot
and a half diﬁance, and in thefe fer the llrawberry
plants a foot afunder. Water them well: they
will take good root before the froﬁs come on; and

* there will be amuch larger produce, and of ﬁner
fruit, than in the common way of planting.

krrcnrm SWEET herbs are now to be planted out, and

GARDEN the belt time is when it drips : if the lky with-holds
its fupply, the labour of the hand mull: take its
place, for this feafon muf’c not be paﬁ‘ed over; fage
and thyme, rofemary and lavender, mint, baum,
and winter favory, are all now to be planted. This
early time will let them root ~well before Winter, and
they will be fecure from danger.

Endive and lettuce, fown in the earlier months,
muf’c be now tranfplanted into warm and well lhel-
tered borders, to {land through winter. The en-
dive will be ﬁt to blanch very early, and the lettuces
will cabbage foon in fpring.

Put fome carrot—feed into the ground. It mull
be weeded as the plants grow up, and they muft be
pulled up to proper diﬁances. If they furvive the
Winter they will come early to perfeé‘tiOn: but all
depends upon their {landing diftant and clear, other—

wil‘e they will be threads, though of their fu}l
length. .

5%

,CHAR

 

CHARIX
SEPTEMBER;

SECT. I.

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION.

    

, -« v a E here reprefent the feventeenth and
A, ,5 eighteenth clailés of L1NN1£US.Theit
r. diﬁine'tions depend upon the fame prin-
,h lg“. ciple with that of the foregoing, and
or ‘ 13%: they will for that reafon be the ,more
eaﬁly underﬂood. The ﬁlaments coalefce or grow
together in thefe as well as that clafs: but as in that
they unite only into one body; in the ﬁrl’t of thefe
two they coalefce fo as to form two, and in the other
more.

The gardener, when he ﬁnds a plant in whofe
ﬂower the ﬁlaments form two bodies, will know it
belongs to the ﬁrl’t of thefe claiTes, the Diadelphia,
and that when thefe ﬁlaments unite into feveral he.
dies, the plant or tree belongs to the latter of thefe
T 2 / two

  
     

FLOWER
GARDEN.

SEMI-
NARY.

SEPTEMBER,

two, the Polyadelphia. Thefe are the feventeenth and
eighteenth claﬂes.

WW¥WW$MW®W¢M '1- '1”!er

WATER; autumnal ﬂowers in the Open ground.
Pick dead leaves from the Prove and greenhoufe
plants: ﬂit the earth about fuch of‘ them as are
ﬂowering, or going to ﬂower, and give thefe alfo
ﬂight but freguent waterings. ,

Search foryﬂugs and other vermin early in the
mornings.

Pick away dead leaves from ihrubs; and keep
the borders clear of weeds, the grafs well cut, and
gravel rolled and weeded.

THE feafon for tranfplanting is at hand, and
there are many feedlings whofe ﬁze does not ﬁt them
for their places in the garden, though they require
to be removed from the beds where they were raifed.
Some new beds muff be allotted for this fervice, and
now is the time to dig them: if they are loamy,
rich, and tolerably frefh, norhing is needed more than
good digging and breaking. If the natural earth be
too tough, throw in allies; and, if exhaul’ted by
repeated growths, dig in a little pond mud.

Go the full fpade deep in every part, and take up
every fragment of a root that comes in the way.
The dews will mellow and enrich the foil; and to
their inﬂuence, and the rains, it fhould be left till
opened for receiving the plants. This is a praétice
vailly preferable to the digging it juft at the time
of uﬁng.

The next care is for thofe that are to {land longer
where they are. Clear away all weeds from thefe.
W'here they are too clofe for the fpade, cut the fur-
face of the earth well with a ﬂout fmall hoe; and
where they are {0 far apart as to give room for dig<
ging, never {pare it. The fpade is the beIt of all

inﬂruments

FIRST WEEK. 277
inﬁruments of culture ; none divides and breaks the
foil fo thoroughly. .

Every digging of this kind gives the trees and
plants the good of tranlplantation, without: the dif-
advahtages.

The beneﬁt of tranfplantation is, that the roots
being taken of? at the ends, fend out innumerable
new ﬁbres; and that there is a freﬂi—dug earth, light
and open to give them pafTage, and full of nouriih-
ment to fupply them. The difadvantage is, the check
they receive by the removal, it being fome time be-
fore new ﬁbres fhoot, or nourifhment is received : in
this method of digging, the ends of all the fpreading
roots are cut off by the fpade, and there is immediately
thrown upon them a quantity of frelh broken mould.
They have therefore all the advantage given by trahf~
' planting; and f0 many of the more perpendicular
roots are left untouched, that there is a fupply from
them while the other ﬁbres are preparing, which pre-
vents the check.

Trim up thofe {hrubs which require the knife; and
train the tell by {lakes or cords to their proper form.

Pull up by hand all weeds from among feedling
trees and hardy plants ;‘ and give a good watering to
fettle the loofe earth to them, after the dif’turbance
from tearing up the larger rooted weeds.

T H E time for planting fruit trees approaches, Efﬁgy,
and the gardener muf’t prepare for it.

‘ Wherever he intends to fet new trees, let him now
dig the ground. Let him open it to agood depth, '
and break the clods well, and then lay it even.
The earth will be improved by the air, rain, and
dews, as by manure.

Gather fuch fruits as are ripe, and preferve the
rel’t -, for devourers and def’troyers of them are at this
time innumerable. The birds peck at what they
pleafe, they mile and leave, and taf’ce again of others ;
and what they wound, multitudes of leﬁ"er creatures
follow to del’troy. The leal’t ﬂy will attack the largeﬁ:

T 3 ‘ fruit

:78

SEPTEMBER,

fruit when thefe have broke the ikin. The great care
is therefore to defend from them. They attack the
ripe fruit melt; and therefore the ﬁri’t way of guardv
ing againf’c them, is by gathering what is ready for
ufe and moit in danger.

The art of gathering, is very little underﬁ’ood,
but it is a very elTential and material article.

’Tis common to go out for fruit an hour before it
is to be ferved at table; and this they think very me-
ritorious, becaufe it will be frefh.

I {hall direét a very different praétice; and, in or-
der to ihew its real ufe, the following faé‘t muﬂ: be
inferted.

Two gentlemen, relations and neighbours, who
had the fame foil and the fame kind of trees, and
thofe, to all appearance, managed in the very fame
manner, found a val’t difference always in the fruit:
it was fo great, that their company never fail’d to
perceive it as well as themfelves; and when it came
at halt to be explain’d, the whole caufe was, that the
gardener of him whofe fruit was wori‘t, gathered it
jul’t before it was wanted, and the other much earlier.
This feems to contradict reafon, frelhnefs being
eﬂ'eem’d the great article in the nicety of fruit:
but it is only a feeming contradiction.

Let any one examine the l’tate of plants in general,
in fummer, and he will ﬁnd it this -, as the great heat
of the day comes on, their leaves begin to flag; and
they droop more and more till the cool of the even-
ing. The reafon is, the great evaporation of their
juices by the fun: they grow ﬂaccid from toward
noon till near fun-fer: then the heat is over, and the
dews refrelh them: they continue recruiting and re-
covering during the whole night, and‘they are ﬁrm
and lively in the morning.

. The cafe is the fame in fruits. At noon they are
exhaui’ted and ﬂattened, and they are heated to the
heart: all this renders them dead and unpleaﬁng.
They begin to recruit toward evening, as the leaves
do 5 and in the fame manner are in their full perfec—

3 ' tron

FIRST WEEK.

tion at early morning. One hour after fun-rife is the
time for gathering them. This was the fecret‘of the
fuccefsful gardener, and this 'ev'ery one fhould prac-
tife.

Let him take fome fruit-baﬂsets of open work, coo'
ver'them with large leaves, and at feven in the morn-
ing go out to gather his fruit. When he has carefully
chofen what is ripe, and laid it handfomely in the
bafket, let 1t be placed in a cool but not damp room,
till 11: is wanted

When the ripel’t are gathered, the ref’t are to be
preferved: and againi’t birds, fome lime-twigs and
trap- cages fhouldo be placed, and lines of feathers
hung about the place

This, with frequent frightening them away, with a
, pif’tol charged with powder, will be a good general
method of guarding them , but more care is to be
taken of fome particular ﬁne ones. Grapes and
peaches are now mof’t 1n danger, and the fame me-
thod ﬂiould be ufed for both.

Get fome ﬁne thin white crape, and cut it out in
pieces of proper ﬁze: obferve which are the ﬁnei’c and
moft perfect bunches of grapes, and cover them up
with pieces of the crape, tying it lightly round the
ﬁalk, juﬂ: over the top of the berries: thus there
will be feveral bunches of the ﬁnel’t grapes pre‘ferved
in fo many bags, and they will ripen to perfeétion,
without being expofed to infeé‘ts.

The fame care is to be taken with the peaches; the
places mutt be marked where the bei’c grow, and
pieces of the c rape nailed over them; not clingly, for
that would be endlefs; but a large piece to preferve
ten or a dozen.

The common practice of hanging nets over fruit-
trees, has its ufe; but in a limited way. They keep
off birds; but ﬂies are not prevented. Among thefe
the wafps are the wori’t, and too much care cannot be
taken in guarding againﬂ: them. The crape will pre-
ferve fuch particular parcels as are covered with it ;
but as a great deal is left Open, all care mui’t be taken

T 4 , to

2n

380 SEPTEMBER,

to dei’croy this enemy. Bottles of fugar-water, hung
in various parts of the trees, are of great fervice
againit this fpeeies, and many others; but they give
very imperfe‘el direétions who content themfelves with
adviﬁng this.

Wherever a wafp is feen, it fhould be dellroy’d
with care; for one wafp that efcapes at this time, and
furvives the Winter, will lay the foundation for a
fwarm. ' ,

The deltruétion of them ﬁngly at this period, and
the feeking and deﬁroying their melts in the fpring,
are the two great concerns for guarding fruit from
thefe .moft trQUblefome of all their devourers-

Kircnm W E E D S rife in every place; they are equally

31‘3”?“ hurtful to all crops, and they muﬂ: be deﬁroyed
every where with the fame care. According to the
condition of the crop various methods are to be ufed
for this : the fpade is the belt ; the hoe the leaf’t ef-
feé‘tual : and there are places here, as in the nurfery,
where neither can be ufed, but all mull be done by
hand.

Where the rows Rand dil‘tant, nothing can be To
well as digging up the ground between. This, to the
larger growing plants, has the fame advantage as the
digging among the young trees -, but the prefent is a
feafon, when a younger growth is more in danger.
A crop of cauliﬂowers will be riﬁng to head; and
there will be young fpinage ; and turneps of a {ome-
what longer growth; thefe will be the crops mofl re-
quiring weeding.

In the common way of planting, the hoe mull be
brought in among the cauliﬂowers; but the placing
them {0 diitant, that the fpade may be brought in be-
tween is much better.

. When they are th’d, let a {mall ﬁrong hoe be

usld to break the furface to fome depth ; and when

the weeds, cut up by this, are drawn off the ground,

let there come a good watering.

’ '15 98169.5. 1.1.1999 in 11.0691 in the. fame. manners bill
‘ he

EIiRST WEEK.

the weeding of the fpinage will be bel’c done by
hand, f’triking the mould oﬂ‘ from the roots as they
are pulled up, and leaving all level about the young
plants.

Sow Dutch lettuce. Care mutt be taken of the
plants when they are up; and if a frame be allow’d
for a parcel of the belt of them, they will be fure to
come in a good feafon,

The celery planted out as before directed, will now
be well rooted, and the advantage of the rains will
fend it up largely. Let it be earthed as it rifes. The
mould drawn up about it mull be ﬁne, and the earth-
ing of it Ihould be performed in a dry day. Care
mull; be taken to earth it high enough, elfe the work
will foon need to be repeated; but fee the heart of
the plants is not choak’d or covered, for this will rot

'them.

Much of the kitchen garden ground will now be
cleared of its crops ; and this the gardener is to con-
ﬁder as of two kinds; fome parts of it mull: fervefor

receiving the tranfplanted growths for winter, and fomc ‘

mui’t be referv’d for the fpring Towing.

He fhould have all this in his eye at once; and
making the pmper feparation and difpolition now, he
will ﬁnd his work proceed with regularity.

When he has mark’d out his clear fpace for thefc
purpofes, let him fet on his men to digging. Moi’c
content themfelves in the clearing oliC the weeds, by
hoeing, from the whole ground; but this is a very
poor practice.

How does earth become exhauﬁed, but by the
nourilhing of plants 9 and how is it refrelhed and re-
ﬁored to its former f’trength and vigour, but by ma—
nure and tillage ? either will do ; and, in fome cafes,
tillage is bef’t us’d ﬁngly; in others, both together.

As to the exhaui’ting of the earth, all growth of
vegetables does that ; weeds as well as proﬁtable her—
bage ; and with regard to the reﬁoring it to vigour,
where manures are not employed, the eﬂ'eét of tillage
in difpoﬁng it properly to receive the rains and. dews,

13

18!

'28!

SEPTEMBER,

is the great thing. Thefe are the principles of garden
culture: let us apply them to praétice in this inv
ﬁance. ' ,

Here are large {paces of ground exhauﬂed by fum-
mer cr0ps, and they are to be refrelhed for the fuc-
ceeding plantation. Weeds mui’t not be permitted to
grow upon them, for that would exhauit them far-
ther; butmuch more may be done. Even where
no manure is added, tillage will come in véry fervice-
ably: let all his ground be dug, but in a different
manner.

Let the ﬁrl’t divifion, comprehending what is to be
us’d for the autumnal tranfplantation, be dug deep
and well : let it be laid in borders, or beds, of proper
form; and thus broke by the fpade, let it lie expofed
to dew and rain to enrich it, till the time of planting.

The other part, which is to lie vacant till fpring,
lhould enjoy all the advantages of fallow. The
farmer may inﬁruét the gardener here in his own pro-
feﬁion. When he lays his land fallow, he does not
leave it in the Rubble : he knows rel’t from produce is
but a part of What is requir’d for its recruiting its
ﬁrength; he plows it deep and well, and after fome
months he repeats that labour: thus the mould is
broken, the air, fun, rains and dews, nature’s own
manure, are admitted freely; the 'clods are calcin’d
by the fun and wind, mellowed by the dews, and
diﬁblved by rains. Thus the land becomes improv’d
not by meer rel’t or refpite. The fpade is the gar—
dener’s plow, and it is a better inﬁrument : his land
needs fallowing, and let him give it all the due ad-
vantage.

Something of this is done in the beds for tranf—
planting, and there is in that cafe not time for more.
The foil is once expofed and broke in digging up the
border, and once again in the particular fpots that are
ufed, in the aft of planting. In that part fet aﬁde for
fpring, there is opportunity for much more advan-
tage. Let it be dug deep, well broke with the fpade,’
and thrown up in high ridges, Eal’t and Welt, that it

may

FIRST 'WEEK.

may be open to the rifing and the fetting fun.
Twice in the winter let it be dug again, broke well
afrelh, and thrown up in the fame form and manner.
This will give it all the advantage of a well-manag’d
tlrallow, and in the fpring it will be found very fruité
ul.
Much of the dung ufed'in kitchen gardens may be

fav’d this way -, and ’tis always to the advantage of .

the products to be {paring of it. The fame eﬂ'eét that
takes by fermentation, the tillage we have directed
will fupply by caicination, and by the impregnation
of the dews; and all the products rais’d upon ground,
thus enrich’d by tillage, will be ﬁner ﬂavour’d than
thofe fupply’d with nourilhment from dung.

The time of making mufhroom-beds is approach-
ing, and this {hould be prepared for in the fame timely
manner. Let mellow dung be got ready for making

the beds, and the proper matter for planting of them. ’

This is to be fought for in the ﬁelds.

The mufhroom, long fuppos’d to be produced from -

dung of animals, by an equivocal generation, is now
known to rife like all other vegetables, from feeds.

The gardener fhould know, f0 much of bo-'
tany; for otherwife he cannot underf’tand what the
matter, to be fought for the enriching of mulhroom-
beds, is; or how it fhould be moi’t properly ma-
nag’d.

The feeds of mufhrooms are impregnated by a ﬁne
duf’t from certain buttons, like the anthem: of large
ﬂowers: and thefe, together with thofe antherae, are
lodg’d within the gills. '

When a mulhroom ﬁands to ripen fully, they drop
out on the ground : the ﬂap falls upon them, and pre-
ferves them from being fcattered by the winds, it alfo
enriches the foil, and promotes their lhooting- This
happens in autumn in our rich pailtures -, and at other
feafons, on mufhroom beds already made, and fruitful.

The ﬁrft {boot from the mulhroom-feed, is a (lender
ﬁbre, not to be perceived but by powerful micro-
fcopes; and this ferves only to ﬁx it in the groupd.

T ms

‘9

283 x

284

SEPTEMBER,

Thus the feeds lie till the fame period of the fucceed-
ing year; they then {hoot downwards; and getting
about an inch or an inch and half under the furface,
form clut‘ters of little roundiﬂnknobs. From thefe
occaﬁonally rife mufhrooms; and from the bottoms of
their f’calks again, are produced more of thefe little

knobs.

Thefe are what gardeners call the {pawn of mufh-
rooms : they are the proper matter for propagating of
them on the muihroom-beds ; and this is the right
time for feeking them.

The mufhrooms which grow wild in ﬁelds, are
preferable to fuch as we have from art : therefore let
this fpawn be fought in the richef’t paitures, where
muihrooms naturally grow; and not taken from the
beds of other gardeners. It will be found, by open-
ing the ground, where muihrooms rife plentifully;
and it muft be manag’d carefully.

The gardener, when he goes out for it, fhould
take his fpade for opening the ground, and abroad
bafket, covered at the bottom with dry mofs.

He mui’t take up the lumps of fpawn as entire as
poﬂible, with their own earth about them, and lay
them carefully in the bafket: when he has as much
as covers the bottom, he mufi fpread over them
another layer of grafs, or mofs, pretty thick, and
then lay in more: thus let him proceed till he has
enough for fuch a bed as he intends to make.

When he has brought this home, let him take
it out of the bafket as carefully as he put it in; and
lay it piece by piece, with the mofs under it, upon a
table in an airy room, where the fun does not come.

This is the preparation he is to make for the mulli—
room fpawn; and we fhall, next week, tell him what
to do with it : for it mui’t be f0 long expofed to the

air before it can be planted.

C H A P.

SECOND WEEK. 28;

xxmxmmmmmxxmmxm
SEPTEMBER
SECT.m

SECOND WEEK.

REPARATION muﬂ: be made for plantsnowm.
from the nurfery, that are to be now broughtGARDEN-
into the garden. Let the borders be examined as to
the condition of their foil; fome will be found ex-
hauI’ted ~, others only ﬁifl‘ for want of digging. La-
bour alone is required for thefe; but, for the others,
' labour and manure.

Let the ﬁrf’t be work’d up thoroughly and care-
fully, and the others enriched by fome barrows of
rotten dung: this muﬁ be well mixed, and wrought
in with them. When thefe are dug and enrich’d, let
them lie fome days: they will get great advantage
from the fun, the dews, and rain; and their plan-
tation will be a kind of fecond tillage. The advan-
tage of preparing the ground a week before-hand, is
equal to that of a tolerable manuring. ‘

There is a great pleafure in feeing early tulips.

The nonfuch, and the winter duke, the ﬂamboyant,
and the ﬂorizante ; the early perfeét, the morillon,
and the pretty betty; the apollo, the Viceroy, and the
harlem jewel, with fome others, will come very early,
if right managed. They fhould be put into the
ground this week; and, if the feafon favour them,
they may be expeéted in all.their beauty at the end of
March.

They are handfome ﬂowers, and fo different from
the others, that they fhould be kept feparare. ,

They are Ihort in the ﬁalk, and look irregularly
among thofe of a later feafon. They alfo ﬂower at
fo different a time, that it is very improper to mix
them. One wiIhes to fee a bed of tulips in their gloryl

al

2 86

SEMI-
NARY.

FRUIT.
GARDEN.

-S-EPTEMBER,
all together; but thefe, as matters are commonly ma-
naged, are decaying, when the reft are beginning to
flower.

Let the fame care be taken for thefe ﬂowers, that we
have ordered for the perennial plants. Let the borders
be dug up and prepared for them, that they may lie 3
week before the roots are planted. It will now be time
alfo to plant early anemonies. They muft not be the '
ﬁneit kinds, for thofe lhould not be expofed to fo
much danger; .but fome of the others, in places where
they are well ﬂieltered, will have a chance of coming
at a very early time.

, Look over the box-edgings -, repair where they are
faulty; and take up and replant them when they are

grown too large.

M A N Y plants and trees will now require to be
remov’d, notonly from the feminary into their places
in the garden, but into different quarters there, as they
increafe in ﬁze, and crowd upon one another.

The feafon for tranfplanting with lealt danger or
leaﬁ: damage, is juft when- the leaves are decayed.
This happens in fome plants fooner, and in others
later ; it is therefore wrong to remove all at once.
Let the labour be divided by the careful gardener; and
the feveral kinds, according to their nature, remov’d,
as the fall of their leaves diree'ls.

Let a large hole be open’d for receiving each tree
that is tranfplanted, and let the earth be very well
broke in it. Half the trees that fail in a feminary, as
well as afterwards, on the removal to their places in the
garden, are left by the carelefsnefs of not making the
hole large enough, and not breaking the earth ﬁne.

. W A L L fruit at this time, efpecially fuch as grows

againlt old walls, is liable to a {mail but numerous
enemy, the ant. This little creature lives in the earth
of illmanag’d borders, and lurks in the cracks of
walls, where the mortar has fallen out, and in old nail
holes. The gardener {hould obferve which is tile
- ca e,

SECOND WEEK. 287

cafe, whether they come up from the ground, or live
in the cracks and crevices of the wall. If they come
up from the ground, let him open a little trench with
a hoe juft under the wall, and pour into it a mix-
ture of brine and foot.

This is very hateful to the ant, and will be far from
damaging the tree; for it will ferve as a manure to
improve its vigour:

In the other cafe let him make a good quantity of
the fame mixture, and taking it in a pan with a pain-
ter’s brulh in his hand, let him go over the whole
length of the walls, obferving where the ants lodge,
dafhing in a good deal of the mixture in fome
places, and rubbing it on with the bruih in others.

Let him look well for every crack and hole, and in
this manner he will deﬂroy a good number of them,
: and diflodge many more, who Will forfake a place to
difagreeable, and never return.

As he goes along, let him here and there pull off a
decay’d peach or neélarine that is half eaten, and lay
it carefully upon fome of the branches.

The ants which are left will gather to thefe rather
than the entire fruit which is growing; and two or
three times a day thefe fruits may be taken off full of .
them, and thrown into a pan of water. The ants will
immediately get OE, and the fruit may bevlaid on for
more, thefe being left to drown.

This is the bell: method the gardener can follow,
who has the care of an old ill-managed wall.

The holes are afterwards to be ﬂopped by new
pointing the whole wall.

T H E late {own onions, cabbages, coleworts, and “TC“?
carrots, will be appearing now, and care muff be taken GARDEN
to del’troy the weeds that will rife with them.

Nature follows the gardener’s hand in every Prep -,_
and fows weeds wherever he pots in the‘feeds of his
crops.

Thefe grow faﬂe‘r than the ufeful herbage -, and they

. mut‘t

288

S E P T E M B E R
,mul’c be pulled up, or they will rob it of its nouril‘l‘i‘"
ment, and choak every plant.

Save feeds of all kinds as they ripen.

Gather them fuccefﬁvely as they are ﬁt, and fpreacf
them in an airy lhady place.

There they are to lie till perfectly dry in the hufks,
and then they are to be feparated and cleared from
them -, fpread out a day or two more to harden, and
then put up to be ready for ufe.

The cauliflowers for a late crop will be in need of
water; and on the contrary there is nothing from
which the young’plants meant for the coming feafon
will fufi‘er f0 much damage.

This is a time at which the rains are chilly : the ef-
feél: they take is rotting the Items of thefe tender plants -,
and that is an injury they never recover. Thefe mutt
be lheltered therefore from thofe fhowers, which will
be f0 beneﬁcial to the others.

Brocoli at this time requires alfo a particular care.

Frof’ts are to be expected foon, and it is therefore
a feafon for the lateft tranfplantation.

Plant a fmall parcel now -, for it will have the
chance of rooting before the frofls hinder ; and it will
by this means, come in at a very acceptable time.

We have advifed the gardener to gather his fpawn
of mulhrooms, in order to make a bed for them 5
and to lay it up to prepare for planting.

Toward the end of this week let him make the bed ;
for about ten days is the time that the fpawn Ihould
lie before it is put in.

Nature fhews in the ﬁelds, that dung which has
been fome time palt its great heat, is in the beﬁ con-
dition to promote the growth of mufhroOms.

Upon thefe principles, and with due care, he may
now plant his fpawn with a certainty of fuccefs. _

Chufe out fome rich dung that has lain together
about three weeks, and is mellowed”, and grown cool
from its ﬁrf’c violent fermentation. -

Dig a trench a yard wide and four yards long flit

t e

s E C O N D W E E K.

the dung; or if a large quantity of mulhroorns are
intended to be raifed, let there be three or four of
thefe trenches dug parallel one with another. In this
cafe they generally fucceed better than when only One
is made, becaufe they {helter each other; and the
feeds from the mufh'rooms that ripen on one, are car'-
ried by the winds to another. ,

Pile up in each trench a good quantity of the
dung; lay the furface‘ very even, and coVer it half a
foot thick with ﬁne frefh mould, taken from under
the turf in the fame places where the {pawn was
gathered.

The common practice of our gardeners is to make
this ﬁrf’t bed of dung about twelve inches thick; but
it is wrong: the ﬁrl’t bed fhould not be lefs than two
foot in thicknefs; for otherwife the moif’ture and

' gentle warmth, which are what he depends upon, are
not fuﬂicient to give the ﬁrlt fwelling to the {pawn 3
and often three fourths of it periih.

When the ﬁrft bed of dung is laid, and the earth
is fpread over it, let the gardener go round with a
parcel of his {pawn carefully preferved with the
earth about it, and lay in a piece of {pawn with its
earth near the edge at every ten inches. Over their:
let there be fpread a frelh covering of earth three
inches thick, and upon that is to be laid another
bed of dung: this muft be a foot thick; and it
muﬂ: be drawn in a little every way, that it may
not over-hang and fmother the fpawn.

Upon this bed of dung lay another parcel of
the fame mould ﬁve inches thick, and lay upon this
fome more knobs of the {pawn at equal dil’tances
between each of the lower parcels. Put no mould
over thefe; but lay on fome more dung about eight
inches thick.

Then lay on two more beds of dung and mould
as the lal‘t, placing fome {pawn upon the mould, at
diftances all the way, and working up the whole,
like the ridge of a houfe.

When the bed is ﬁnii‘ned, go over it carefully

' with

289

' .99"

SEPTEMBER,

with a very little water. This is a nice article,
and the fucclefs of the plantation in a great meafure
depends upon it.

The intent of the bed is, that it {hall get into a
flow and gentle fermentation; a little Wet promotes
this, but too much utterly prevents it.

One three gallo’n pot is enough for a twelve foot
bed.

Let this be given lightly and regularly to every
part; and then cover the whole a foot thick with
dry litter.

Leave the bed thus to nature; the principle of
vegetation is ftrong in the fpawn, and there requires
only a due proportion of warmth, and a moift va-
pour to let it in action.

This will be fupplied by the dung, and will
make’its way gradually and equally among the
mould; till the fpawn will fwell, qut as it would
do under the moi’t favourable natural circumi’tances.

The common practice allows much lefs earth
than is here directed; but experience has fhewn,
that the heat and moiﬂure of the dung will in this
manner very well penetrate thus much of the mould;
and, the more earth there is for their growth, the
better they will be; for though dung be very alliﬁ‘ant
in promoting the rife of mulhrooms, it is not their
proper foil.

The inferior quality of the bed muihrooms is
owing to the {mall allowance of earth.

They have mufhrooms quicker from the uﬁng a
fmaller quantity of mould ; but they are ﬁner where
there is more ; and the beds laf’t longer.

This is fee-n by the courfe of nature in producing
the mufhrooms in this bed, made as we have
directed.

There appear fume upon the upper part of it,
where the dung in a manner touches the fpawn,
fome days belore there any feen on the lower, where
they are well covered with mould; but then their:
ﬁrﬂ' mufhrooms on the upper part are brown and

rough:

S E C O N D W E E K. /
rough: whereas thofe which come a little after on
the lower part, are white, fmooth and fatteny on
the furface, and have the true wild fweetnefs in their
ﬂavour.

In about a week there will be fome mulhrooms
feen; and when these is the [hit appearance of any,
there will foon be more: the bed mul’t be fearched,
and they mul’t be gathered as they ripen.

It is belt in this young condition of the bed, not
to let any of the mufhrooms grow large; for that
exhauﬁs the fpawn. It is an univerfal obfervation,
that the more regularly they are pulled, the more of
them appear.

The bed thus made will continue good a conﬁde-
rable time, and will yield mulhrooms at feafons
.when they are not to be had from the ﬁelds; but
the greatel’t abundance from the beds is always at
the natural feafon in the ﬁelds, that is in autumn.

Two things are molt apt to be prejudicial to a
new-made mufhroom bed; the cold and wet of the
beginning of winter; and the breeding of worms.

The care to be ufed againl‘t the ﬁri’t is very na-
tural; for there muﬂ: be more litter fpread over
them. This keeps in their own heat, and-defends
them from the heavief’t rains, by the afﬁﬁance of
their fhape, when made as we have directed; for
the wet runs OH, and does not foak in When any
gets through the covering of litter.

The worms that infel’t a mufhroom bed are ﬁnall
and white: thcyare of the maggot kind, and are
produced in the fame manner.

I have feen millions in fome fmall fpots where
they have devoured all the rudiments of fpawn.

The mufhroom when it grows large fmells Ptrong-
ly, like ﬂelh. This induces the ﬂies of feveral kinds
to blow it.

They lay their eggs there, and thefe foon hatch
into maggots, or the {mall white worms.

W armth and moiflure are what they require for
their fupport, together with their food; and here

U 2 tney

291

.295

SEPTEMBER,

they have all in abundance; thcy thrive therefore,
and they devour at a vaft rate. ,

The place where thefe ﬂies lay their eggs, is jufl:
at the bottom of the (talk, and their time of doing
it, is when they are grown large and fmell.

This, beﬁde exhauﬁing the Ptrength of the bed,
is a great reafon why the mufhrooms ihould ne-
ver be fuffered to remain on it till grown very
large.

The common practice directs pulling them fooner ;
and the doctrine is, that when they ﬁand to decay
upon the bed, they rot it.

This is not the reafon of the damage which fol-
lows the leaving mufhrooms to take their full growth,
and to decay upon the bed.

They in that cafe {ow themfelves, and produce
many young ones in irregular places; as upon the
ground, and on the dungy part of the ﬁdes, where
they are ill rooted; but while there is this ﬂight
advantage of a few ill fupported ﬁngle muihrooms
from this, the great refource of fpawn, which had
been increaﬁng in the earth a year whenit was taken
up, is eat to pieces by the worms bred from the eggs
of ﬂies in the old ﬁalks.

This fhews the necefiity of gathering muihrooms
from the bed before they are too large; and there
is yet another caution to be obferVed, which is, that
they be taken up entire.

Some carelefs gardeners break off the {’talk at
the ground, and others I have known f0 over care-
ful, that they have cut them. Borh are very wrong;
for in either cafe there is left the dump of a item,
which the ﬂies will blow as readily as the entire
mulhroom; and their young have thus lefs way to
eat down to the fpawn, than where the mufhroom
is left whole. -

The right method is to draw them out with a
gentle swift.

Some pull them up itrait; but this breaks that

part

SECOND‘WEEK.

part of the bed on its furface, and there often comes
away fame of the {pawn with the Item.

The gathering one mulhroorn thus carelefly, will
be the del’troying of ﬁfty.

When they are gathered by twifting, they come
up intire and clean: but if any of the fpawn hap-
pens to come out this way with the ﬁalk, it muft be
carefully taken oil, and put into fome other part
of the mould.

Heat and moif’ture are the two great requiﬁtes for
making the fpawn grow; for without thefe afﬁli—
ances it will lie unaétive: but when it has once been
brought to ﬂ’lOOt in one of thefe beds, the great care
of the gardener is over; for he will never after-
wards, unlefs by very bad management, want a

ﬂipply.
' Thefe beds will afford more and more fpawn,
provided they are preferved from worms; and when
one of them has laﬁed feveral months, and will
yield no more mufhrooms, it is carefully to be taken
down, and the mould fearched for fpawn.

It will be found that it is not want of this Which
has occaﬁoned the barrennefs of the bed, for there
will be much more than was at ﬁrﬂ: put in; the
want of a due heat and moilture has been the occaﬁon.

This therefore is to be taken for planting in other
beds; and what is not ufed at this time may be
preferved till it is wanted.

The fpawn of mufhrooms will keep, like the roots
of bulbous and tuberous plants, a long time out of
the ground, four or ﬁve months if necefTary; and
it will always be ready to grow, if thus planted with
due care.

The French raife mulhrooms without fpawn; at
leaft they are not very nice in fearching for it.

They pile up a heap of dung, and lay fome frefh
mould taken from under the turf upon it.

This they cover with frefh litter, and water once
in three days 5 and they feldom fail of having mulli-

rooms.
U 3 . I

293

294

SEPTEMBER,

I have feen the fame practice in England; and
fometimes it has been fuccefsful, fometimes not;
but it has, never fucceeded fo well as in the regular
plantation. .

The French complain of their beds foon fpoiling;
and their dellrué‘tion is always owing to worms.

This proceeds from one caufe'in all places; and
would eaﬁly be prevented by obferving our direc-
tions.

They always cut their mulhrooms, inﬁead of pul-
ling them up; and by that means they invite the ﬂies
and beetles to blow the ﬁumps.

A bed feldom laﬁs there more than three weeks ;
and it is owing to this caufe. .

We {hall clofe this account of the muihroom beds,
with a method by which they may be raifed in greater
abundance than any other way; but they will be
inferior in their ﬂavour.

Mix together equal parts of freﬂi dung, old rotted
thatch, and chopped boughs of white poplar. Lay
this in abed two foot thick; lay fome earth upon
it; put in fome {pawn of mulhrooms, and cover it
with a little more of the fame mixture. throw over
all a good quantity of litter, and moiﬁen the bed
carefully every morning.

The caution is to keep it damp, and yet not
drown it.

There is a peculiar fermentation excited in this
mixture, which vaf’tly promotes the growth of
mufhrooms; but they are not f0 pure or delicate as
otherwife.

The ﬁneﬁ: of all mufhrooms are thofe in the ﬁelds ;
the next to thofe are fuch as are raifed on regular
beds, as we have defcribed; and the worll: are
thefe laft.

The laﬁ method is alfo very precarious: if it be
rightly managed, the produce for two or three weeks
is furpriﬁngly great; but if too much or too little
wetted, it yields none.

3 SEP‘,

I

THIRD WEEK. 295‘

axasaxasxmmaxxxammaaax
s E P T E M B E R.
s E c T. III.

THIRD WEEK.

HE great feafon of tranfplanting is now come‘rrowga-

l for the ﬂower garden, in the perennial andGARDLN’
biennial kinds.

Laﬂ: Week the borders were prepared by a careful
digging; and they have non lain to receive the
double advantage of air, fun and rain,‘ and of a‘
. regular fettling. ‘

The air and fun have calcined the broken clods
thrown up from below; and the dews have impreg~
nated the whole with vigour; this {hort fallow has
ferved to recruit the ground, and the plants may
now be removed hither from the nurfery.

The polyanthus has now grown to a large tuft
in each place where it has ﬂood a feafon or two to
ﬂower.

The roots are to be parted ; and the plants fet in
a fhady place, and watered gently.

The catch-ﬂies and campanulas require the fame
treatment; and whatever other of the ﬁbrous-rooted
plants there are, which have ﬂood long enough in
their places to have formed large tufts.

For every feparated plant there mui’t be opened
a fmall hole.

Cut Off the ends of all the roots; and then fet-
ting the new plant upright, carefully clofe the earth
about it, covering it to a due height, but leaving
the heart free and clear.

Some defer parting many of the ﬁbrous-rooted
plants till fpring; but there is a great advantage in
doing it in autumn: the new plants’will ﬂower
with tolerable ﬁrength the next year. When it is

U 4 done

195

SEPTEMBER,”

done in fpring, they fhould be removed into the hurt!
fery, and brought out into the borders the autumn
following; for a good gardener will never load thefe
with any thing that is not to flower that year.

The carnations and auriculas will be now in good
order in their pots: if much rain fall, place them
under ﬂielter.

The common practice is to lay the pots on one
ﬁde, that the wet may not get at the plants; but
this is wrong.

The (hoot for the next year’s {talk is very early
made; and it is the courfe of nature that it will
direct its top ﬁrait upwards.

This is done while the pot is laid upon its ﬁde;
and when it is fet upright again, the {hoot is to make
another turn to get a new perpendicular.

This diﬁtirbs the courfe of the juices, and hurts
the future ﬂower.

The feeds of many of the belt ﬂowers, and curious
plants, which require no additional heat, but only a
good foil and reﬂ, fhould be fown this week.

Prepare for this purpofe the following compoi’r.

1Vlix equal parts of rich earth, taken from under
the turf in a good pafture, and of the bottom of
an old wood pile; add to thefe one ﬁxth part of
ﬁne fand, and ﬁan'iewhat lefs of ﬁfted coal aihes:
mix this very well together, and ﬁll with it fome
{trong fquare boxes of coarie boards, made about
ten inches deep. -

When the furface is level, fcatter on the feeds,
and cover them a third of an inch with the fame.
fine foil. .

Auriculas, polyanthus’s, and feveral others, may
be fown in this manner.

When the gardener has planted his borders and
fown his choice feeds, let him go over the ground,
and obferve what plants have paﬁ their ﬂowering.

Thofe from which he intends to fave feeds he
muf’t mark for that purpofe, tying them up to ﬂicks;
but let him make it an. univcrfal rule, never to let any

PCWW

THIRD WEEK.

perennial plant ripen its feed, unlefs he wants it;
nothing weakens the root {0 much.

Cut down the items clofe to the ground, and dig
the earth round about their roots.

This breaks off the ends of their ﬁbres, from
which innumerable others {hoot out immediately;
and it prepares a ﬁne well broken earth to 'receive
them, and to aﬂ‘brd them nourifhment.

It will alfo ﬁrengthen them farther, if a fmall
quantity of very ﬁne mould, well worked up with
rotten dung, be fprinkled lightly over them, and
{ettled by a regular and gentle watering.

Prepare for planting the roots of hyacinths, taken
up when their leaves were withered, and till this time
preferved out of the ground.

The Dutch excel Us in thefe ﬂowers; and the
reafon is partly that they raife them from feeds,
whereas we commonly propagate them by off-fets
from the root; and partly that they underi’tand the
proper foil for them; of which our gardeners are
ignorant.

The Dutch compoﬂ: we have made a fubjcél: of
great enquiry, and are poﬂ'eﬁ’éd pow of a receipt
for the compoﬁtion; which comes too well authenti-
cated to bear a doubt, and which perfeétly agrees
with reafon. It is this.

Throw upon an open expofed fpot of ground
one load of common mould: add to it a load of
dry mud from the bottom of {landing water, and
three quarters of a load of willow earth: mix thefe
together, and then add to them half a load of fea-
fand, taken wet from the fhore; and half a load of
rotted cow-dung: ﬂilt‘ up all thefe together, fprinkle
a little water over the furface, and lay them up in
a heap.

Break this heap once in four days, and in a fort-
night’s time it will be ﬁt for ufe.

This quantity will make a moderate bed for hya-
cinths; and we {hall give the method of uﬁng it ;
but ﬁrl’t it may be neceﬁary to {peak of the partlicu-

an,

297

£98

SEPTEMBER,

lars. When receipts are brought ifrom abroad, they
are often of little fervice, unlefs accommodated to
the country where they are to be ufed.‘

The gardener lhould know what he may occa~
ﬁonally vary, and wherein he mutt be ﬂriétly punc-
tual to the receipt.

Our ﬁoril’ts know the worth of willOw earth; but
this is not a country where it can be got by loads.
With us a peck or two of this, from the hollow
l’tump of a decayed tree, is a treafure; but in 1-101-
land, ,where willows are planted every where; and,
from the nature of the foil, decay foon; it is abun—
dant.

All that is meant by this ingredient is a light
earth, produced partly from rotted wood.

we have before recommended the earth from the
bottom of an old wood pile: this may be had in
plenty, and it is of the fame nature with willow
earth, and may be ufed in its place.

The gardener may take this'liberty with the ma-
terials : but there is another he mul’t not take, which
yet would appear, to thofe unufed to the doctrine
of manures, leis eflEntial.

If he be ﬁtuated in an inland place, he will be
led to me pit fand inﬁead of fea fund: but this he
mul‘t not do. Pit'fand is ufually foul on the furface,
this foulnel‘s is from clay; and clay is deftrué‘tive
of the hyacinth root.

If there be a river near, let him take the land from
its bottom, where he will ﬁnd it clean. If there be
no river in the neighbourhood, let him chufe large
coarle pit fand, and putting it into a tub, pump
upon it a great deal of water, ﬂirting it with a birch
broom, and repeating the walhing till the water runs
off clear. The land will then be clean: but it will
want its faltnefs.

This is a material article: falt properly ufed is a‘
very rich manure, and it agrees particularly well with
the hyacinth.

Diﬁ‘olve common falt in the water fprinkled over

121%

THIRDIWEEK. 299

the ingredients; and, for this quantity, a pound and
a quarter of falt will be fuﬂicient.

Having thus made up the hill, we will fuppofe
in the beginning of the prefent week, it will be ready
‘by the end of the next for ufe; and we {hall then
tell him how to difpofe it.

The mud of ponds and ditches is common enough
here, but is neglected: it is a kind of virgin earth,
and it exceeds all other mould in ﬁnenefs. \

THE feafon now approaches when the cold nights 333:?
will be injurious to tender exoticks; and they muf’c '
be defended by taking them into the green-houfe.

As they are brought in let them be carefully ex-
amined. Let all dead leaves be taken off. The
earth {hould then be carefullydug up about their
roots, with a fmall {’trong trowel; and a ﬂight co-
vering of frelh mould put over them. They are
then to be placed handfomely on the benches and
on the ﬂoor.

None receive fo much beneﬁt from the free air as
the fucculent plants, therefore they fhould be fuffered
to remain in it as long as they can with fafety. This
is to be determined by the weather.

They cannot bear wet; and much lefs froﬁs :
therefore the feafon muﬂ: guide the gardener when to
take them in; not the particular days of the month.

They may fometimes be left out till the beginning
of October, and it is greatly to their advantage.

BREAK and turn the ground preparincr for re- SEMI-
. . D NARY.
ce1v1ng the trees and fhrubs yet to be planted:
water thofe already fet, and clear away weeds from
fuch as are. to remain in their places.

IN this part of the ground the buﬁnefs of laft 21:33“
week is to be continued without addition. , ‘

EARTH up chardoons with care. This is a piece 153315;“
of gardening little underflood, and confequently ill '
praélifed.

300

SEPTEMBER,

praé’tifed. The weight and temper of the earth
about the ﬁalks, are the two articles on which all
depends: but this temper or, degree of moil‘ture can
never be well obtained without a due ﬁnenefs of the
foil; nOr can there be the neceiTary weight, unlefs it
have fome ﬁrmne‘fs. ,

The proper foil is a mixture of ten bulhels of
garden-mould, one bulhel of large fand, and three
peeks of burnt or calcined clay. The clay for this

urpofe is to be burnt gently till it crumbles away.
t is a practice well known in hufbandry ; and Ihould
for this ‘ufe be brought into gardens.

This mixture fhould lie together a week, turning
it frequently; and then be brought to the ground.

The leaves of the chardoons mutt be tied up with
a rope of bal's, or old matting. This compol’t muit
then be laid up to them, a foot or more in height;
and afterwards raifed higher occalionally. Care m‘ult
be taken not to bury the hearts of the plants:
the earth mult be dry when ‘it is put to them. It
will cling clofe without clogging, and will bring
them to perfect tendernefs and a ﬁne ﬂavour. If
chardoons were ufually raifed with this judgment,
there would be more regard ihewn to them than is
at prefent.

In wet days this week continue tranfplanting.

Tranfplant coleworts where they are to Fund till
fpring. The ground {hould be well dug for them,
or they will make little progrefs during winter.

Set out cabbage plants at dif‘tances in a good
piece of mellow ground, where they are to ﬁand
till they are removed to the places in which they are
to remain. Thefe will bear expofure; but it is other-
wife with the cauliﬂower plants.

Some plant them out upon decayed hot beds that
have ferved for raiﬁng cucumbers and melons. The
bringing thefe plants forward at this feafon, is a
very important article: but it cannot be well done
without a better heat than is to be obtained from
fuch exhauf’ted materials.

Let

THIRD WEEK. "30!

Let a frefh hot bed he made with good dung,
that has lain to evaporate the moi’c violent part of
its heat: and let it be covered nine inches deep
with the ﬁnelt mould.

Upon this draw lines four inches afunder,’ and at
every three inches make an opening; into each of
thefe openings put one plant; and fet ,it carefully
upright, with the mould clofed well to its ﬂalk.
Give a gentle watering to the whole bed, and repeat
it as occaﬁon requires. _

In this bed they are to remain three weeks; and
then to be planted out into beds, where they can be
defended by glafles, and {land the winter.

The rains bring up weeds fal’t; clear them of? as
they rife. It is hell done by hand among the young
, crops, and by the hoe among thofe which are of
more l’tanding. ‘

ﬁﬁﬁéﬁi§$$§§$$$ﬁ$§§$ﬁ§ﬁﬁﬁiﬁ
S E P T E M B E R.
S E C T. IV.
FOURTH \VEEK.

0 over the ground, and fee carefully whether FLOWER-
any thing be omitted that {hould have been GARDEN‘
done in the preceding weeks.
See whether all the layers have been removed
from the old roots ; if not, it mul’t be done now.
If it be any longer omitted, there will be danger
of their being loi’t. The frolis will foon come on;
and thefe will prevent their rooting.
Look if there be any gap or deﬁcience in the bor-
ders planting from the feminary; if there be, ﬁll
it up now for the fame reafon; and fee that every
part has its plants for the fucceeding years ﬂower-
ing. Scatter a little rotten dung'mixed with frelh
I mould

'301

\

SEPTEMBER;

mould upon the furface of the borders that want re?
frefhment.

A bed of proper ﬁze for the quantity of the hya-
cinth roots is to be made two foot and a half deep,
and a quantity of the fame compoﬂ: mui’t be referved
for covering the roots.

When the bed has had time to fettle, {mooth the
furface to an exact level, this is to be about an inch
higher than the common ground, and draw lines
along it; the ﬁrlt at ﬁx inches difiance from the
edge, and the others at nine inches one from ano-
ther. ‘

Then let others be made at nine inches diftance,
crofswife of the ﬁrf’t.

The bed will be thus divided into f0 many regular
fquares, and in the centre of each fquare is to be

placed one root.

Take care to fet the root exaétly upright: then
draw a little mould about it to keep it Pteady; and
when they are all placed, lay in the earth referved
for that purpofe, covering them four inches and a
half deep.

Great care mul’t be taken that this earth is laid in
lightly and evenly, not to difplace the roots; for
’tis a great difadvantage to a ﬁne ﬂower, to have the
full {hoot made irregularly.

The top of the bed {hould be a very little raifed :
about two inches is rounding enough in a bed of
four feet; and when all this is done, they are to be
a little aﬁiﬁed ‘in unfavourable weather.

\Vhen roots are planted that have been fome time
out of the ground, they at once either {hoot or decay.

The necelTary ingredient for their fhooting is a lit-
tle wet; and if nature do not fupply this, art Inuit.

The bed lhould be regularly and gently watered
once in four days, if there be not fhowers. They
will by this afﬁl’tance make the ﬁrﬁ; fhoots of their
fibres; after which there is no danger of then de—
cay. '

They

FOURTH WEEK.

They will require to be a little fheltered when the
fevere frol’ts come on. ‘

The beds for tulips, ranunculus’s and anemonies
are now ready for the roots: the ground is fettled,
and they may be planted without fear of accidents.

Begin with the ranunculus’s and anemonies, for
they require the fame management. ' ‘

Draw of? three inches depth of mould from the

whole furface of the bed, and then make the top
perfectly level. .

Give it a gentle watering; and when it has had
two or three hours to dry the furface, draw lines
length-wife and crofs-wife of the whole bed, at eight
inches dif’tance every way from one another.

Our gardeners ufually plant them clofer, but the
ranunculus’s and anemonies of neighbouring countries
'exceed our own; and it is principally owing to the
greater dil’tance they allow the roots.

We follow them ﬂowly and imperfectly: at one
time they excell’d us in the colours of their ﬂowers,
becaufe they railed them from feed; and we propa-_
gated them only by olf-fets from the roots ; thus de-
barring ourfelves from the great fource of variety.

We have now taken their method of railing the
plants from feeds, and we lhew ﬂowers as ﬁnely
coloured, and of late fome better than the belt of
theirs in this rel‘peét: but while we exceed them in
the colouring of fome, they beat us in the l’trength
and boldnefs of all. '

The occalion of this is, that they aiiow a greater
{pace for the roots to extend their ﬁbres.

We explain this at large to the judicious gar—
dener, that he may fee the reafon of our practice ;
the moi’t common eye will give the preference to the
general appearance of a bed of either of thefe kinds
where they are at eight inches diitance, to one in
which they are at four.

They may be crouded in a nurl'ery; but when they
are planted out for lhew, this difpoﬁtion lhould al-
ways be obferved.

The

'30:

304

s E P ream E R',‘

The fame quantity of roots by this means covers a"
double fpace of ground, and has a ten-fold beauty.

The culture of plants was little underf’tood, when
thefe fmall diﬁ'ances were aﬂigned to roots of ﬂowers ;
and the improvements and advances have been made
in vain, if we go on in the old ill-underﬂood tract.

The beds being thus marked into eight inch
fquares, let good roots be picked out, and placed
one in the centre of each fquare.

Let them be fet perfectly upright, and an earth
drawn about them, to keep them ﬁeady: then let
the foil, taken OE the bed for that purpofe, be care-
fully laid on, and the room thus covered. to two
inches and a half deep.

Finifh the bed with a fmall rounding; and if the
day be not Ihowery, let it be gently watered.

The tulips come next to be planted.

The beds being ready for thefe, they muft be
planted deep. The earth muf’c be drawn off from
the top of the tulip bed leven inches thick, and the
furface then perfeﬂly levelled.

A little fprinkling of water is to be given: and
when the top is dry again, it mul’t be marked out
into fquares.

The lines for this purpofe mull be drawn at feven
inches diﬁance length-wife, and at eight inches crofs-
wife; and one tulip mui’t be planted in the centre
of each fquare, and the earth drawn about it to keep
it Ready.

One direction ferves for all thefe cafes, for the
buﬁnefs is the fame; to place the roots regularly,
and to keep them upright. The principal diii‘erence
is their depth and diftance from each other.

Vi’hen the roots are placed, the foil that was
taken off is to be laid on again, and the bed thus

aifed about ﬁx inches above the t0ps of the
roots: it mui’t be ﬁnifhed a little rounding, as
the hit, and if the day be nOt fhowery, it muI‘c

be watered.
CLEAN

FOURTHWEEK. -305

CLEAN and prepare the greenhoufe for the re~ GREEN.
'ception of the trees and plants, which have ﬂood out HOUSE-
during the fummer, and take advantage of dry dayssrrovg‘
to bring them in.

The tenderer kinds are to be taken in ﬁrﬂ, and they
{hould be placed near the front fome time, before they
are fet where they are to ﬂand the winter.

Bring them in before the cold has affected them,
and when there is no wet upon them: in either of thefc
cafes the leaves will ﬂag and lofe their colour; and
they never recover this till the feafon of fetting them
out into the air again. ‘

Bark beds muit be alfo made for the reception of
the Prove plants.

The larger kind of bark is to be chofen for this

purpofe, becaufe it heats gently.
' The plants mutt be fet in when the warmth be-
gins; and the bed mul’t be watched and examined
from time to time, to fee that it dOes not acquire too
violent a heat. ,

When the plants are removed into the from and
greenhoufe, the fame care and management muﬁ be
ufed : the earth mul’t be ftirred a little at the furface ;
all dead leaves muﬂ: be taken off and the branches
and Items muﬂ; be looked over, and cleared of foul;
nefs and infects.

F ILL boxes with light rich earth for receiving 33-“;
the feeds of fuch ﬂowers as are long in coming to '
perfecftion.

They will require no great trouble during the time 3
and they will amply repay it, when they ﬂower.

Level the furface of the mould, and fcatter upon it
the feeds moderately thick.

They mull be carefully covered half an inch.

When the earth is on, a very little watering
fhould be given from a ﬁne pot, and a little loofe
dry hay fprinkled over the top.

In this manner the feveral kinds of iris colchium

and fowbread will fucceed. .
X Tulips,

3306

FRUIT-

SEPTEMBER,

Tulips, fritillaries and hyacinths mutt be fown in
the fame manner -, but they mutt be covered an inch
deep with mould.

On the contrary, ranunculus and anemone feeds
muf’t not be covered above a quarter of an inch 3 and
they muft be fown thicker, becaufe many of the feeds

will perifh.

The boxes ihould be placed in a warm ﬁtuation,
but not under fhelter- , and in dry feafons they fhould
be gently watered.

PROPAGATE goofeberry and currant trees by

GARDEN-cuttings; and if fome hearty {howers fall, it will be

an advantage.

The common method of railing thefe is by
fuckers -, but they do not grow well this way, without
a great deal of tlouble.

Take the cuttings from the bearing branches of
fome very thrivingb trees. And let them be ten in-
ches long; dig up a bed for them ; and let them be
planted carefully four inches deep.

Let the earth be well fettled to them, and give
them a gentle watering; repeating it occaﬁonally,
if there be not fhowers.

Shade them and defend them from cold winds;
and they will take root before the frolls, and ef‘tablifh
themfelves during the winter; fo that in the fuc—
cecding fpring they will {hoot with f’trength and
Vigour.

Prune and train the trees in the forcing frame.

As the fruit in this way is to ripen at a particu-
lar time‘ all the operations upon the trees are alfo
to be done at times appiopriatcd to th 1t The buds
will be getting forward by this means, and will be
in a very good condition of growth, by that time
the artiﬁcial heat is to be applied. »

Continue carefully gathering fruit: never gather
them but in their perfection; this is to be known
by their colour and furface.

1hr: vulgar have a way of trying by pinching

them 5

FOURTH WEEK. 307

them; but this is a very ungardenenlike method;
and is not necelTary.

When plums are ripe their colour is bright and
ﬁne, and the mealy powder lies full and yet light
upon them. .

The way to gather them is to touch them very
lightly, {0 as not to rub off the bloom : having ever
{0 little hold, the ﬁnallef’t twil’t takes them from the
ﬂalk.

Never give them a fecond if the ﬁrﬂt does not
loofen them: for in that cafe they are not ripe
enough, and lhould be left on a day or two longer.

The fame rule holds for the peach: if the leaf:
twii’t does not bring it off it is not ripe: and this is
a fruit that never fhould be gathered till it is per-
'fec’tly fo. . ‘

To know whether grapes be ﬁt to gather, obferve
their fkin and colour. When they are ripe they are
clear and tranfparent; and they never are fo till then:
therefore this is an unerring rule. ’

Regard mutt be had to the greater number of
grapes upon the bunch, for they never all ripen toge~
ther. When the larger part are thus tranfparent, let
the Whole be gathered, and let the unripe ones be
taken off, as alfo any damaged berries: before they
are. lent 'to the table.

Pears require a dil’ferent management ;. for they
ﬂiould always be gathered three or four days before
they are ripe. They will ripen very well in lying ;
and if they are left all the time upon the trees they
grow mealy.

SOVV yet fome young falletting, it is of a quick KITCHEN

growth, and may be continued fome time longer. CARDBN‘
Chufe a fouth bed, under a wall; and low the
feeds deep : turnep, crefs, mul’tard and radifh, are the
four belt kinds; their mixture makes a very good
fallad, and they will thus thrive very well. If they
lhould be [0er (hallow, or more eXpOfed, the frolis
X 2 would

308

SEPTEMBER.

wOuld loofcn their roots, and they would Come to
nothing.

This week drefs the afparagus beds.

Cut OH" the old (talks, and lay them by in heaps,
and clear away the weeds with them. When the beds
are cleaned, let the furface be (timed with a hoe and
rake, and fpread over it a moderate covering of the
old dung from one or more of the fummer cucumber
beds. Then pare the alleys between the beds, and
break the earth'that is taken off, ﬁne: ﬁrew this
over them upon the old dung, and give all a gentle
watering.

The beds being thus taken care of, fome ufe may
be made of the alleys.

. Let the heaps of weeds be dug in and well co-
vered, and thefe will ferve as a manure.

The alleys lying l’ow between the beds, will be a
ﬁne iheltered {pot for fame colewort plants. Thefe
will be very fecure; and being planted at three foot
dii’tance, ‘ in a ﬁngletrow in each alley, they will have
abundant nourifhment, without doing the afparagus
any harm.

They will ﬁand thofe winters which def’troy the
common crops; and they may be taken away before
the time of the fpring-dreﬁing of the beds.

Let a piece of ground be well chofen for a crop
of beans and peafe; it mui’t be defended from cold,
and open to the fouth fun. Dig into this {ome fand
and coal~alhes-, and then plant it half with beans,
and low the other half with peafc. If thefe ﬁand
the winter, they will come in at a ﬁne feafon; and
they will be the more like to do it, for this practice of
digging in the dry and warm ingredients.

There is nothing gives the froﬂs fuch power upon
the kitchen-garden crops, as wet. Herbs planted in
dry places furvive the froﬁs, which kill thoie on wet
ground. This is an artiﬁcal method of rendering
the earth lefs able to clod and crack about them.

The former cr0p of cauliﬂowcrs will be now be-
ginning to get heads.

They

FOURTH WEEK.

They muﬂ: be defended from fun and rain; yet
there is a neceﬁity of their having a free air. The
rains will rot them; and the fun, while it brings,
them forward, will make them yellow. '

The method to keep them found and white, is to
cover them with their own leaves. Thelinner leaves
Ihould be cracked at the rib, and bent down over
them; in this condition they will be fhadowed, and
yet have air enough ; and they will grow quick and
ﬁnely. :

Broccoli will now be in a promiling condition;
and due care being taken of it, there will be after
this little danger. A

To protect it from froi’ts, and at the fame time
encreafe its vigour. Break the earth between the
plants, to the depth of ﬁve inches, and draw a good
' deal of it about their (talks.

Chufe a good day for this, when the earth is dry ;
and pile it up to a due height, without damage. If
the heart of the plant be covered, it is deltroyed.

The muihroom beds will continue producing abun-
dantly; but they mull be defended from the ap—
preaching cold and wet. Frofts will prevent the
ihooting of the mufhrooms, and the cold rains will
rot the fpawn.

Some, for this purpofe, cover them with frames
and glaﬁ‘es -, but this, thongh a very fafe method, is
not a good one. The beds produce in abundance
by this praétice, but the mufhrooms will be bad.

The farmer {hews the gardener what he {hould do
in thiscafe; he mull cover the beds with a ridge of
thatch.

Let this be carefully laid on, made fuﬂ'iciently
thick, and brought down low enough.

CHAP.

N
OJ

309

If

 

CHARX.
OCTOBER.

SECT. I.

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION.

\ E reprefent in this head—piece two of the
molt lingular of the Linnzaan clalfes, the
Syngeneﬁa, whofe charaﬁer is a coalefcence
of the buttons, or antherze; and the Gy—
nandria, in which the ﬁlaments grow from
the bafe of the f’tyle, or iome other part of the lemale
01 gan. Thefe are the nineteenth and twentieth Claﬁes.
the have feen in the three bit, that the bodies of the
ﬁlaments may grow together in various forms; in the
Synb' Ten: llt‘. the filaments Rand 10012, in themfclves, but
the buttons me. long and hollow’ d, and they unite at
theii edges to as to iorm a tubular body, thro’ which
xifes the llyle. This 15 the charaﬂer of the ﬂofcules
in coinpoﬁte ﬂow r=, the fun-ﬂower and the like.
The Other clafs, Gynandria, is {0 particular, that it
can

 

FIRST WEEK. 31!

can never be miﬂaken. The natural origin of the
ﬁlaments in a ﬂower, is from the receptacle, the cup,
or the body of the petals, but in thefe plants they are
inferted on the female organ.

IE2ﬁﬁrﬁeﬁﬁeﬁéﬁéﬁéﬁaﬁéﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁ

P R E P A R E the borders for making their beﬁgfpj’gﬁ'
fhew in the fucceeding months of fpring, and keep '
them clean and decent, when they have no aélzual
beauty.

The leaves of many plants which. are to ﬂower in
fpring, will make a pleaﬁng appearance, and give
variety in autumn : keep thefe in good order, and
clear the ground between them. Q

Whatever dead leaves there are among them,
Ihould be taken of? ; and if any f’traggle or fall irreo'
gularly, fuch fhould alfo be retrench’d.

Let all weeds be taken up, and the ground be ra-
ked ﬁnooth where it is good , and refrefhed with fome‘
rotten dung and pond-mud, where it is exhauf’ted.

There are fome borders in which nothing appears
above ground: thefe contain the roots of ﬂowers,
which are to be the glory of the fpring.

Keep thefe clean in the moli perfect manner. Let
there not be feen upon them the {hoot of the fmal‘lelt
weed; and preferve that little rounding which has
been given them; that the wet may not lodge in any
particular places to damage the roots.

There are a few ﬂowers yet retain their beauty, on-
lefs very fevere weather prevent.

Let care be taken of thefe.

The f’tarworts, and marvel of Peru, and fome of
the other tender annuals ﬁill continue in ﬂower.

Draw up the earth about their Items, pick off de~
cay’d leaves, water them daily ; and I’tir the earth at
a diftance round their roots.

Keep the gravel clear of weeds; and when there is
wet, let it be well roll’d to give it great ﬂrmnel‘s : this
is a very conﬁderable advantage for winter walkinfi-

X 4 " Where

312

oeTo‘BER,

Where there is box wanting in the edgings, let it
be planted, '

When any part begins to decay, it rarely recovers.
The lanting it afrefh, takes very little time or
troube; therefore mend the leaf: fault as foon as it
appears.

The ﬁrfl frof’ts often do a great deal of damage to
the carnation-plants. Some leave them egpos’d, in
which cafe many are loll, and more are iiijur’d:
Others, in the extreme of care, keep them fo elofe,
that they deﬁroy or weaken them.

_VVe fhall give a method of preferving them commu-
municated by a correfpondent:

‘.‘ Many plunge the pots in which carnations are
planted, into a bed of rotten tan: but it is wrong;
tan is not a proper matter to be ufed on this oceaﬁon,
for two very fubﬁantial reafons. ‘

The intent is to preferve the plants from frol’ts,
which might penetrate the thin loofe fubflance of the
pots. This mutt be done by means of fomething
that will fall clofe to them; but tan is loole in its
texture; and the troll which is l‘evere enough to get
thro’ the pots, will not be kept OFF by that poor de-
fence.

Few ,eanjudge when the fermentation of tan is ab;
{olutely over : for when it has no longer the power to
heat, fo as to be fenﬁhle t0 the hand, it will {till re-
tain the principles of a new fermentation of a lighter
kind, which yet will be enough to force the plants
forward at an improper time. his was the octaﬁon
pf an accident I lately faw.

A ﬂorif’t had plunged his pots in tan which feemed
rotten enough, and which he thou rht had long loft
all power of heating; but the breaiiug and f’tirring
it for them, gave it lb much of a new fermentation,
that the plants {hot unnaturally, and were def’troyed
by the next froft. '

The other practice molt in ui'c, is to fer the pots

pp tp, the rim in a bed of eommon mould. But as the
‘ tan

FIRST WEEK.

tan is fubjeél: to acquire a latent heat; the dampnel's
of common mould gives the trait too much power 5
and where it is wetter than ordinary, this will deﬁroy
the plants it was intended to preferve.

The bad accidents I have feen attend thefe different
methods, were the caufe of my trying myfelf, and re-
commending to my friends a practice of my own de-
viﬁng; the fuccefs of which has now (for fourteen
years in my own, and near as long in feveral of my
friends gardens) been f0 great, that I am glad of this
opportunity of recommending it to all who delight in
this fovereign of ﬂowers.

Let the plants, at the end of fummer, be put into
' fomewhat larger pots than thofe our ﬂorifts commonly
ufe; becaufe the greater quantity of earth will better
,defend the roots.

And this week let a bed of aproper ﬁze be made f0;
them.

Mix equal parts of common earth, from under the
turf in a paliure, and of large ordinary fand. Don’t
let the earth be taken from the borders of the garden,
for it will be befi: without dung; add half the quan-
tity of one of the ingredients of coal afhes, ﬁfted.
Stir all together, that it may be well mix’d, and
have few lumps.

With this make a bed ten inches deep, and of a
breadth to hold ﬁve _or ﬁx pots. The length mull:
be pmportioned to the number of pots to be pre-
ferved.

_Let this bed be three inches within, and the refl:
above the level of the ground; and put the pots into
it up to the rim, and as clofe as they can Rand.

Then plant h00ps over it, and due diﬂtance, for
the fupportvof mats that may cover the whole in
extreme weather. '

When the weather is very bad, the mats mull: be
drawn over them, and they muii be taken off when
it is milder.

Great experience and {kill may make the common
methods of preferving thefe valuable plants, fucceed -,

but.

sis

.314

SEMI.
NARY.

FRUIT-
GARDEN.

OCTOBER,

but this is equally certain of l'uccefs, and eafy in the
management.”

A great deal is to be done in this part of his
ground the fucceeding week, therefore now prepare
for it. Many things will require to be planted in the
middle of Oétober, and the ground is now to be got
ready for them.

There will require a good frefh ground for the free
rooting and fuccefsful orowth of new planted trees;
but the advantage mul? be carry’d no farther: tho’ it
is necel’fary the earth be good and frelh, it mui’t not
be. enriched by dung.

V Tillage muft ﬁand in the place of manure. Good
digging, andmthe throwing up the foil to fome depth,
that it may have the advantage of fun and air, are all

that {hould be allowed.

The trees planted out in this ground now, are to be
afterwards removed into other places; and it is very
elfential to their thriving in their lal’t planting, that
the {oil be better there than in the places whencethey
were removed. This is a reafon why the ground,
prepared for receiving them in the feminary, fhould -
never be rich: at the fame time, that, for their growth,
it is needful it fhould not be either abfolutely barren
or exhauﬁed.

P R U N E goofeberry and currant trees; and
ﬁrengthen them by breaking and enriching the earth.

Cut them pretty cloic, and then leave their branches
to dilplay themlialves according to nature; when this
is done, a iprinkling of old dung lhould be fcattered
over the ground, and dug well in.

The common way is to tye the branches of thefe
bulhes with withs, and to plant coleworts and cab-
bages between them. This is contrary to reafon.
This tying up of the branches leaves the earth about
their Items too much expofeti to frolis -, and the plan-
tation of thofe large and drawing plants exhauﬁs the
i uri i it f om the Yround.
io ﬂm er r g, The

FIRST WEEK. 3:;

The contrivance of nature in fpreading the branches
of thefe bulhes near the ground, is for the defence of
their roots, the ground being kept foft and mellow
under their fhelter; which his method of tying up
prevents.

With refpeét to the other, it is a chance whether
the cabbage and colewort plants {land the winter;
and if they do, their produce is by no means worth
the Ptarving of the fhrubs.

As kitchen ground is feldom fcarce, and the pro»
duce of the currant and goofeberry bufhes, when in
its perfection, is a very ufeful article; they fhould by
no means be injured for the fake of what is fo much
inferior to them: and they will, by the method we
have propofed for the autumnal management of the
Ihrubs, rival many fruits of better name.

The fame kind of management is to be continued
to the rafpberry ground.

Go through the plantation with a {harp knife
and a {teady hand, and boldly cut away old ufelefs
wood.

Then go over the ground that has been trampled
with a fmall ftrong hoe, breaking the furface all about
the plants.

A week after dig the ground between the rows ;
this will cut 0Hr the ends of the roots, and prepare a
frefh broken foil for the new ﬁbres which will then 4
fhoot from them.

T H E Betterl‘ea cabbages will be now ﬁt to plantéﬂ‘iﬁiﬁf
at proper diﬁances, where they are to ﬂand.
The lofs of thefe plants in a frol’t is a common
complaint; and it is a great difappointment.
Many contrivances are directed for fecuring them
againft the danger -, but it {hould be conﬁdered in the
laft planting them out, for there is no prefervation f0
teat.
F rol’t aﬁ'eéts the furface of the earth ﬁrﬁ, and that
part which is at the leaf’t depth, moi’t.

The ground cracks, and the roots of the plants latte
, _e {3

OCTOBER,

left bare and are deﬁroyed. To prevent this in the
plantation of cabbagés, let a good hole be opened with
a fpade for each. Let the root be let in fomewhat
deeper than would be needful on any other occaﬁon ;
and when the earth has been well ﬁxed about it, let
fome be drawn up in a kind of hill round the ﬁalk.

Few of the plants thus managed, are 101% in the worﬁ;
winters.

See whether the covering over the mulhroom beds
holds good; if the wet gets in, there will be prefently
an end of the produce.

Afparagus at Chriﬁmas is a delicacy ; but it is in-
ferior to that which comes at a more natural feafon.
However, for thofe who chufe to fupply their tables
at that time, this is the period of preparing for it.

The hot-beds mull be made this week, and we lhall
in the next direct how to ufe them. i

The beds of mint and baum mul’t now be enriched
for making a good appearance in fpring. Cut down
the dead {’talks, and lay the ground even. Sprinkle it
over with a little dung from the old cucumber beds.
Scatter this over the whole furface witha regular hand.
Here let it he till there have been fome gentle fhowers
to wafh it into the ground; and after this the earth
about the roots {hould have a careful digging.

The winds of this month nip fome plants, and rock
and {way others, f0 that they are loofen’d in their
hold, and there is an opening given to the froﬁ. In
fome places ﬂick up dry furze bufhes; and in others
place reed fences well fecured by {trong poﬁs; and
where the plants are feen to be thus rocked and fway’d,
go round them with a hoe, and having broke the fur-
face, earth them up as directed for the cabbage plants.

Young mint Will be required late in winter, and
the preparation for it mul’t be made now. It is to be
planted on a hot bed; but not forced too much. The
heat of the bed mull: be moderate, and it lhould be
covered deep with a good mould.

Hot-beds managed in .this manner will produce a
{uccefiion of young mint, till the fpring brings in the

' ' {hoot

SECOND WEEK. 317

{hoot of that, for which we have directed the gardener
fo well to provide in the open ground.

XXXXXKXXKXXXXXBKXXXKXXXX
o c T o B E R.

SECT. II.
SECOND WEEK.

H E borders of the ﬂower garden being now per- nowm.
feé’tly clean, and in handfome order, let the GARDEN-
gardener walk round wi:h fome fmall ﬂicks in his
hand, and obferve if there be in any part a vacancy
amOng the perennials planted for the fucceeding fum-
mer’s ﬂowering; and if there be, let him place one
of the ﬂicks as a mark.

Let him at the fame time obferve, whether the
dil’tances at which his roots of this kind are planted,
will admit any thing between them.

If they (land fo, that an addition can be made once
in three or four, or if it be ﬁx plants, by placing in a
root, forwarder or backwarder on the border, without
dil’turbing the refl, let him in each fuch place alfo put
down a ﬂick; and then conﬁder what is in the ground
already -, and by what additions he may bePt give va-
riety, as well as fulnefs.

He has a great choice, and may mix colours, as well
as forms, agreeably.

Where the places are marked backward in the bor-
ders, he may bring in from the feminary French honey—
fuckles, fox gloves, columbines, golden rods, and the

erennial af’ters : and where they are in front, and
plants, of lefs height will anfwer better, he may vary
the fcene, and ﬁll the border with fweet Williams, the
cyanus, and the double violet.

All thefe will fucceed perfectly well when planted
at this feafon. A good hole lhould be opened for
each, and they {hould be brought in immediately as

H they

3:!

OCTOBER,

they are taken up, with a good deal of their own earth
about them.

Place them upright in the ground, and have the
earth drawn regularly to them.

After this a moderate ,watering fettles the new mould
to them, and they will {trike good roocs before the
froﬁs.

Look to the pots of auriculas. If there be any dead
leaves, pick them carefully of}: See no little weeds or
mofs rife in the pots ; and when all is thus cleared, let
them be removed into fhelter.

The danger to auriculas in winter rifes from wet
freezing in the ground. They will bear cold very
well while the earth is in a good temper about them ;
but when they are expofed to rains, and Iharp froﬁs
follow, molt of them are left or fpoiled: to keep them
dry is more eﬂiential to their prefervation, than to keep
them warm.

Take the fame courfe with the plantations ofﬂower-
ing fhrubs, as with the borders.

In large gardens thefe plantations are ufually kept
feparate; but in ﬁnaller, the lhrubs [land in the borders
in the way of perennial ﬂowers. In each cafe go the
entire round, beginning at one fpot, and returning
at hit to it.

Examine the whole with a curious eye, for this
is the time to amend defeéts; and they are fo ea-
ﬁly mended, and lo eonlpicuous when let alone, no
care can be too much. '

Note the places where new {limbs may be planted,
and mark any that are decayed or decaying. Where
they are eaﬁly had, as in the neighbourhood of nurfery—
men, or where the-re is a leininary tolerably kept up
for the fupply of the garden, they come {0 cheap, that
it is never worth while to wait for the recovery of one
that is ﬁckly. At this feafon when any fuch are dif:
covered, tear them up at once, and place new ones in
their (lead.

When thefe are removed, and the places marked

where others are to come, let there be Opened in each
‘ {pot

SECOND WEEK.

1' pot a good hole, and let them be brought frefh in,
with as much of their earth about them as conveniently
can be; and planted with care, keeping them upright,
and ﬁxing the earth well about them.

The variety of lhrubs which oFfer for this purpofe
is very great, and melt of them are beautiful: but as
we have found from experience, that fome of them
fucceed better at one time of planting, and fome at
. another, we {hall here add a lift of fuch as always thrive
upon being tranfplanted at this feafon. '

Thefe are the double bramble and double cherry,
both very beautiful when in bloom: the ﬁrf’t frequently
Rained with red, and the Other fnow White. The
bladder and fcorpiOn fena, the lilac and fyringa, the
fpirsea, the bird’s cherry, and the arbutus «, and to
thefe we {hall add two others, though of very different
kinds, yet of great beauty: thefe are the coccygria and
the {potted cil’tus. -

3Q

STOC KS muf‘t now be planted for grafting and SEMI— ‘

budding.

It is a common cuﬂom, for the fake of faving
a little trouble, to buy the trees of nurfery~men; but
fuch as are curious in their fruit, ﬂiould take care they
deal only with thofe of reputation, and always enquire
upon what ﬂocks they have been propagated.

It is a yet better method to raife the [locks for this

ufe ; for then there can be no miﬂake: and the taﬁe
and ﬂavour of the fruit will always be inﬂuenced by the
flock. .
If two nonpareil {boots be grafted at the fame time,
the one upon a paradife ﬂock, and the other upon a
crab, and both planted, purpofely for a trial, upon the
fame ground, and with all the fame advantages, the
difference in the ﬂavour of the fruit will be f0 great,
that, unlefs from the fhape and colour, none would
believe them to be the fame.

The crab {lock will give a four harlh mile to
the apple beyond thought.

T here are various ﬂocks 'of the apple kind proper for

’ the

4

NARY.

320

0' C T O B' E R,"
the ﬁner apples ; and as the choice is in many refpeeis
equal, it lhould be directed by the intended form and
(dc of the tree.

The three principal ﬂocks are the codl’ing, paradife,
and creeper. ~

When the trees are intended for efpaliers or dWarfs,
the befi: [lock is the paradife 0t codling, aCCOrding to
the nature of the fruit.

‘ Mealy apples ihould be grafted upon the codling
ﬂock ; and the more rough and auﬁere upon the para-
dife.

This is the practical method to improve the fruit
from the nature of the ﬂock ; and let the gardener,
forefeeing this, introduce this week {locks of each
kind into his feminary, to be in readinefs.

There will be fome apple trees required for the or-
chard ; and thefe it will be befl to prOpagate on crab
ﬂocks, that kind always making the belt ﬁandards.

Bring now into the feminary, or to remove into
quarters from the feed-beds, ﬂocks of thefe three kinds
fOr apples. They may be raifed either from kernels
of the feveral kinds, or layers -, but we prefer the
former method.

Sweet and mealy apples are beit for grafting on the
crab. The crab ﬂock not only raifes the beft ltandard,
but it giVes a iharpnefs to the apple, which ﬁts it for
the fervice of the kitchen.

The belt {lock for apricots is the common red plum,
or wheat plum. ’Tis the fault of the aprico: when full
ripe to be mealy, and without ﬂavour; its ﬂeih is ofa
middle nature, between melting and breaking, and
therefore has the advantage of neither.

But the taﬁe and fubi‘tance of fruits may be altered
by the ﬂock, and there is a way of remedying this
imperfection of the apricot.

if it be on a mealy, infipid, or fweet plum, the
taﬁe of the apricot is rendered fo much worfe than na-
tural: but on the’other hand, if this ﬂock be chofen,
the iharpnefs of its taﬁe gives a fpirit to the apricot,
and its fruit is never fo iniipid.

This

SECOND‘WEEK. 321

This {lock is not apt to throw out fuckers,- as mOH:
other kinds; and it is alfo very free from gum.

For the peach and neé‘tarine, the belt of all ﬂocks is
the green gage plum raifed from the ROBE;

The wortt accidents that attend thefe kinds arife
from the nature of the ﬂock; our people railing them
upon the mufcle and wheat plum; but when raifed
upon the green gage Rock, both peach and neé‘tarine,
even the belt kinds of them, thrive well.

They are not f0 fubjeé‘t to blights, and they produce
healthy and ﬂourifhing trees. .

For plums of all kinds there is no ﬂock equal to
the right green gage. Some raife the feveral kinds
from their own roots at once; but the fruit is not fo
ﬁne.

Thefe are the kinds of Rocks to be planted in their
feparate quarters in the feminary this week. Let them
be fet with regularity, and allowed a good dil’tance.

In the fame manner let there be a plantation made
of the fever-al other trees, from which they may be
next removed into the places where they are to remain,
in the wildernefs, or in the proper quarters of the
garden.

TH E {tones of the green gage and red-wheat plum, FRUIT-
fhould now be prefervcd for fowing. GARDEN;
F ill a deal box, one third part with {and ; ﬁrew a
quantity of the {tones upon it, and cover them with
more land : then f’trew on more (tones, and upon
thefe more fand.
In this manner the box is to be ﬁlled up, but neVer
let there be more than four layers of the (tones, and let
the upper parcel be covered three inches. They will
thus keep till the fpring ; but for fear of vermin there
ﬂioultl always be a trap or two fet about the box.
Prune apricots and neé‘tarines.
Gardeners look upon the method of pruning the
peach, nec’tarine and apricot to be jui‘t the fame; but
there is a difference in nature, which fhould make a
dil‘tinétion in their praélice

In

.O C T O B E R,
In pruning the apricot, let particular regard be

.had to the autumnal lhoots, and to the collatetal

KITCHEN
GARDEN.

ones from the ﬁdes of thofe of the fame fummer’s
growth ; for thofe on the apricots have fewer buds at
ﬁrft than thofe of the peach; and they are alfo more
liable to be killed in winter.

When the autumnal ihoots proceed from the ends
of others, let the gardener look for the joint. This
he will ealily difcover by the difference of colour, and
let him take them oﬂ’jul’t below. The part above is
ﬁery likely to fail, and the part below will always

ear.

Where autumn fhoots, grow from new horizontals,
in places where bearers are wanted, they mul’t be
nail’d up to the wall without {hortening, for that
ufually kills the fmall branches of the apricots.

\VE have ordered the preparing for a hot bed, to
raife winter afparagus; and fuppofe the dung is now
ready.

The earth is to be opened to the breadth of a com-
mon frame, and the length of two, three, four, or
more, according to the quantity ol‘afparagus intended
to be railed. In this Opening of the ground the
dung is to be laid, and piled up in an even and or-
derly manner to the height of forty inches. Lay the
furface fmooth, and beat it even, and then fpread
over it a covering of the richelt mould from the gar—
den, eight inches thick.

Lay this even, give it a little fprinkling of water,
and then bring in the roots.

For this purpofe they mull be two years old from -
the feed-bed, and in perfeét good order and growing
condition; for a fault in that point can never be
mended.

A ridge of mould muit be railed a ﬁnger’s length
in height, and againl’t this the al‘paragus roots mul’t
be planted; evenly, and ii) clole as to touch. V

Their buds mull: be placed upward -, and when all]

t C

SECOND WEEK.

the roots are thUs planted, there muf’t be a covering
of three quarters of an inch of the fame ﬁne mould
lifted over them. .

The whole care after this is to keep the bed of a
moderate degree of heat.

Try this from time to time, by means of a ﬂick.
This mul’t be above a yard long, and {harp-pointed;
and it mull be thruft down perpendicular into the
centre of the bed.

At times it muﬂ: be pulled up, and the bottom of
it mul’c be felt in the hand.

If the bed be too hot, a thick {tick mui’t be thruﬂ:
into it ﬁdeways, in feveral places -, and openings thus
made to let in the air, and let out the [team : this will
foon reduce the heat.

If the bottom of the ﬂick be not hot enough, lay.‘

Tome frefh litter againi’t the ﬁdes: this will fet it to
fermenting, and the ﬂick will lhew how the heat en-
creafes to a due degree.

When the bed is too cold, it mul’t be well cover’d;
and, when too hot, it muf’t have a great deal of air.

Being thus brought to its due temper the roots
will begin foon to fprout, and the whole care then
lies in earthing the fhoots fuﬂiciently.
. As foon as they begin to appear above the furface,
another covering of two inches of the fame fine
mould muf’t be lifted over them ; and when they have.
rifen to the top of that, there mull; be a frelh parcel
oftwo inches and a half more. Thus there will be ﬁx
inches and a half of mould above the roots; and
{booting thro’ this, they will be of a due length for
cutting

The frames muf’t be raifed to the proper height;
and in bad weather the glafles mul‘t be covered with
mats or cloths. In this manner the afparagus will
rile in abundance, and will be as good as any art can'
make it at fo unfavourable a fealbn : but at the
belt, ’tis verymuch inferior to what rifes naturally
in the fpring.

Y 2 This,

37-3

03'
N
+1

OCTOBER,

This method differs in feveral particulars from I
what is commonly practifed; but experience ihews it
to fucceed better; and we have therefore given it in
the way we have found molt fuccefsful.

FLO-\VFR
C A RD EN.

0 C T O B E R.
SECT. III.
THIRD WEEK.

HE borders being perfectly cleaned, and the

lait addition of perennial plants made, let the
gardener conﬁder whether a new border may be
formed; an old one converted to a better ufe; or in
any part of the ground an ufeful addition made.

Several kinds of campanulas, which make a very
handfome appearance in their lealbn, may be tranf-
planted at this time; as alfo the feveral kinds of
hollyoke, pionies, horned poppies, lychnideas, role
campions, afphodels and fpider wort.

T hefe kinds properly intermixed will give a good
variety by the divcrlity of their heights and colours,
or they will alone make a very agreeable plantation.

Now put into the ground roots of martagons and
of the orange lilly; they will now be ready for fhoot-
ing their ﬁrl‘t ﬁbres towards their ﬂowering.

Viﬁt the beds of feedlings, for a fucceliion of
bulbous rooted flowers. Clear them from weeds, and
defend them from froiis.

Pull up the weeds by hand; and fome ﬁne earth
is then to be lifted over them.

Remove fuckers from the roots of the lilacs.

\Ve fee a forelt of thefe in ill-managed gardens;
and from this caufe the tree is ﬁckly, and ﬂowers
faintly. The nouriihment which {hould fwell the
bloil‘oms is drawn by thefe fuckers, which are there

ufelefs;

THIRD WEEK. '325

ufelefs; though there is not one of , them but might
make-a handfome tree like its parent.

Take them now carefully off, and have a piece of
ground in the {eminary dug ready to receive them :
plant them feparately, and leave them to time and
their own vigour. ‘

They will only require to be fometimes cleared of
weeds, and in a few feafons they will reward the
labour.

The decay, of leaves now begins. For a few weeks
it affords an agreeable profpeét to the eye, from the
different colours : fome fade fooner, and fome later;
and while one kind changes its green for a yellow,
another glows in its decay with purple or with fcarlet.

The imagination checks the pleafure of the fenfe
in this, by recolleéting that naked branches fol— .
low.

Painters prefer this various hue, to the too uniform
green of the perfeft fummer; but the gardener has
other conﬁderations.

He fees the beauty of his plantations decaying;
and the verdure of his grafs, and brightnefs of his
gravel, are in danger from the fame caufe.

Every leaf that lies where it falls, leaves a Rain.
They foon rot, and tinge every thing near them.

Great care is now required in cleaning the walks
for this reafon.

AS the danger of cold approaches, the green- GREEN,
houfe plants muf’c be removed into their fhelter. HOUSE.

Chufe a dry day, for bringing in the tenderer
kinds; cleaning their items, their branches, and the
tubs and pots in which they are planted.

Let a mixture of cow—dung and coal-allies be
well wrought together, and fprinkled over the furface g
of the earth in the pots and tubs. It will prevent
the grOWth of mofs, and {trengthen the foil. ‘

The tenderer kinds having been ﬁrﬁ fecured, thofe
which are a little hardier muﬁ now be taken into

Y 3 s the

326 i

STOVE.

SEMTNA.
RY.

O C T O B E R,
the houfe: fuch are the African Geraniums, Sola-

hums, Sifyrinchiums, and many others.

A particular care muf’c be taken of thefe, for as
they will bear the air longer than others, 12) when
houfed they require more of it.

They mul’t through winter have as much as can be
fafely given them, Otherwile they grow ﬁckly, their
leaves turn yellow, and they decay themfelves, and
fpread an infeétion among the reft of the plants.

They mui‘t now and then have water alfo, and they
fhould be cleaned as the others. '

THERE are a number of Prove-plants which
bear the fummer out of doors, and thrive the better
for it, but can by no means endure the ﬁrﬂ: colds of

, our winter.

The Erythrina and Lantana are of this kind; and
many others. They are to be removed out of the
Open air, on the ﬁrf’t chillnefs. It is too common
a practice to take them at once into the Prove: but
this is fo violent a change, that nature does not well
bear it.

The belt method is upon the Brit cold, to remove
them into the greenhoule, and from thence, after
about ten days, into the ﬂow.-

This is the feafon for their lalt removal, and when
they are taken in, they {hould be carefully looked
over, that no decayed leaves remain; and then placed
for the winter;

\VE have lately direé‘ted the planting of many
trees in the feminary, as well as in the various other
parts of the ground. ‘

One care is now required ior them all.

New planted {limbs and trees, whether in the gar-’
den or the nuri'ery, are often deltroyed by the {rods :
the occaﬁons of this are two; the power of the wind,
and the expoiiire of the ground.

This which is the belt lEafon of the year, for the

gene

THIRD WEEK.

generality of planting, without due care may prove
the wori’c. ,

The advantage of it is, that the roots will fend out ,

‘ new ﬁbres into the frefh broken ground, and be well
eftablilhed by the beginning of the fucceeding fum-
mer. ‘

The difadvantage that may follow is from winds
and frof’ts.

Trees are planted in two ﬁtuations; in open
ground, or againﬁ walls. Thofe in open ground are
mol‘r liable to damage by winds; but the others are
not wholly fecure from it.

They are {hook and rocked about by them when
they fhould be thOting out new ﬁbres : this ei-
ther prevents their pufhing them at all; or breaks
them oil‘ as foon as formed; therefore the great bened
ﬁt is 10le : beﬁde, that this rocking about of the Item,
opens the ground, and admits the froﬂ.

Near every tree tranfplanted in the open ground,
let there be driven a ﬁrm flake, and to this let it be
tyed with a hay—band, or other foft fubl’tance, that
may hold it fecure‘ without galling it: and let thofe
near walls be at once nailed up to them.

This fecures them from rocking, and the next care
is to prevent the too great expofure of the ground.

Its furface is bare and cold, but it is eafy to cover

and warm it : for this purpofe Ihave found nothing
equal to the following method.

Scatter round the item of every new planted tree,
and among the whole plantation, a parcel of old
woollen rags, torn into fmall pieces. Taylors fhreds
will do, but rags of cloth that has been worn are
much better.

Over thefevfprinkle fome good dung: and having
fpread the whole regularly, {0 as to cover the fur-
face, bring on fome brickbats, and lay one here and
there to keep down the dung and the rags, that the
wind may not carry them away.

By this means, the whole body of the ground not

Y 4 Only

327

328

OCTOBER,

only about'the Items of the trees, but between them
will be kept warm and mellow.

The winters wet will diﬁblve, and carry into the
ground, the falts, and other ufeful parts of the dung »
and rags, and they will enrich it furprizingly.

In fpring, the brickbats are to be taken oli‘, and
the manure is to be dug in.

There is not any thing fuperior to the effect of
old woollen rags, for the encouragement of frelh
planted trees.

This is anew practice; but I write from expe-
rience, and will aaner for the fuccels.

Many trees .are now to be raifed in the feminary
for the wildernefs plantation; and he who has true
talte, will never be without a fupply of the feveral
handfome common kinds; that he may place them
in hedges about this ground for ornaments, or in
wafte {pots for advantage. Several of thefe alfo are
to be fown now.

The maple, though not a large, is, when well
trained, a handfome tree: it gives a pleaﬁng variety
in the hedge : and its wood may be ufefnl.

This is the time of fowing it. The feeds {hould
be gathered when full ripe in autumn; and being
fpread upon a ﬂoor for a little time to harden, they
will be now ﬁt for putting into the ground.

Scatter them over a new dug piece of earth, and
lift over them half an inch of good mould. Throw
a few pieces of furze bufh over the ground, and f0
leave them to nature.

The oak is to 'be railed in the fame manner.
The acorn ripens at the end of fummer, and the
principle of growth in it is f0 ﬂrong, that it will
ihoot {00:1 alter, though not committed to the
ground, and with this {hoot it decays.

‘Nhat nature direﬁs, let the gardener follow, and
take the right advantage. of this vigour. .

Let a lJCtl be dug for acorns; and 'let care be
mlurn in the gathering of them. They fhould be
cliofcn full ripe, and from a tall well lhaped tree.

_When

THIRD~ WEEK.’

When they have lain to harden, but not f0 long
as to begin their {hoot -, let them be {cattered over
the furface of a piece of ground, levelled for that
purpofe. Then let them be covered three quarters
of an inch with good mould.

Spread fome rotten dung over this, and fet traps
for mice.

Prepare now alfo for railing holly from feed.

The berries are for this purpofe to be committed
to the ground, but not in the manner of fowing.

The tough and thick juices of this fhrub, occaﬁon
its fhoot from the feed to be very ﬂow.

The berries are to lie :1 great length of time in
the earth, and they are fo expofed to various ac-
eidents.

The belt method therefore is to bury them now
at inch a depth, as {hall place them out of danger
for a part of the time; and afterwards to fow them
for growing.

This is found to anfwer the end, and it faves
much trouble.

Having a quantity of holly-berries of the prefent
year, gathered when of due ripenefs, and ﬁt for ufe ;
dig up.a yardt‘s breadth in the ground a full fpade
deep, and throw out all the mould. Level the bot—
tom of this opening, and cover it evenly and pretty
thick with the berries. Then break the mould and
cover them with it to the level of the furface -, letting
the bed rife a little in the middle, to throw Off the
water: thus leave them for the fucceeding year.

They will be out of the way of vermine, and
will be all the time preparing for growth; fo that
being taken up at the fame feafon the next year, and
fowed in the ufual manner, they will lhoot the fol-
lowing fpring.

We have mentioned two of the common trees,
and muﬁ not omit a third ; which though common,
is not lefs valuable, the elm.

The belt method of pr0pagating this is by layers d

an

329,

33°

FRUIT-

O\CTOBER,

and the nurfery {hould not be without a flool or
two for that purpofe. . .

This ﬁool fhould be a well rooted {lump of elm,
cut oﬁ“ near the ground, that its {hoots may be of
a due height for convenient layincr.

This is the time of performing it, and the me—
thod is very eafy. '

The earth is to be well dug about the [too]; and
the fhoots are to be laid in and pegged down, and
covered four inches. ~

The moii’ture of the ground at this time, will
promote their rooting, and the froi’ts will do them
no harm.

THE prefervation of winter fruit depends upon

GARDEI‘J-two things; the manner of gathering, and the me-

, thod of curing them.

The latter is not well underﬂood; and the former,
by molt. gardeners I know, is utterly diﬁ'egarded.

A great many of the decayed fruits we fee in
winter, have been deltroyed by gathering at an im-
proper feafon ; or by fome pinch in taking them
from the tree.

Thcfe accidents bring on a decay in part, or en—
tirely: and when this once begins, it fpreads; not
only in the fame fruit, but to all that lie about it.

Pears area very conliderable article in the lift of
autumnal fruits that will keep for winter; and they
require a peculiar care in the time of gathering. The
autumnal kinds mul’t not be left on the tree till full
ripe: for then they will decay foonr

Many of them are in fome foils rotten at the
heart, by that time they are perceived outwardly to
be ripe. .

Every morning examine thofe which have fallen
03, and alfo thoie on the tree.

Cut open leveral of the failings, and if they be
found and full grown, it is his notice for beginning
to gather: it is the excellent quality of fem? cyf

_ . t it: e

T H I R D W E E K.
thefe kinds, to quit the tree freely as foon as they are

_ full grown, and before they are mellow.

\

Gather from fuch trees thofc which will come off
eaﬁly. All the pears do not acquire this degzee of
maturity together; therefore gather them with dif-
cretion.

Chufe the morning of a ﬁne day, and wait till the
dew is perfectly off the fruit, and its furface is en-
tirely dry. Then gently touch the belt fruits, and raife
them a little upwards.

If they come off, ’tis well; if not, no force mull:
be ufed; thofe which do not quit the branch muff
remain longer. ‘

If thefe kind of pears be gathered before they
will eaﬁly quit the tree, they will {hrivel up in lying,
and never have their full ﬂavour; and if they are
negleé‘ted when ﬁt, they will fall from the branches.

Three days afterwards vilit the fame tree again;
thofe which would not come off at ﬁrﬁ, perhaps
then will; if not, leave them longer. The gardener
muft nor. grudge the trouble of making three or
four gatherings from a good tree ; for the fruit thus
carefully pulled, may, with the keeping we lhall
direEt, be preferved till the next feafon.

As the pears are gathered carry them to an airy
room : lay them carefully in a heap, and cover them
with a blanket. This will make them fweat, and
bring on again the fermentation in their juices : and
by this they are rendered ﬁt for keeping through
the year.

The fermentation would have come on whether
this method were uled or not; and it might have
deliroyed the fruit: but being thus brought on at
a proper time, it only ferves to mellow the juices,
and improve the ﬂavour: by the fame means the
watery part which would have rotted them, goes off
in a gentle fweating.

Let the blanket be lifted up from time to time,
and the manner of the fweats coming on, and its
increafe obferved; it will grow more for feveral

days,

332

OCTOBER,

days, the time being uncertain according to the
kinds of pears; and alter it is at the height, it will
by degrees decreafe. As foon as this decreafe begins,
it is not to be encouraged any longer.

The blanket is to be taken OH, and the pears one
by one wiped.

Clean and dry linnen cloths muit be ufed, and
great care taken not to bruife them in wiping. Let
the gardener lay by a number of the very ﬁnelt for
a peculiar manner of preferyation -, and when the reli:
are placed on the fhelves and ﬂoor, dry, and at due
diftance from one another, let thefe be managed in
the following manner.

Let, a dozen of large earthen jars be wiped per-
feétly dry and clean on the inlide, and a parcel of
large light mofs be gathered in the middle of a
bright day, and perfectly dried: let fome common
fand be alfo fpread before a ﬁre, dried, ﬁfted, and left
to cool.

Cover the bottom of a jar with fome of the dry
mofs; then lay upon this as many of the pears as
Will lie ﬁngly, not one upon another: on thefe lay
another bed of mols, and upon that more pears.
Thus proceed till the jar is full; and in the fame
manner ﬁll up all the others.

When they are all full, {top them up with plugs,
and pour over thefe melted rolin.

Then let them upon a bed of the dry {and four
inches thick, and pour on more of it till the {pace
is ﬁlled up between, and they are covered a foot
thick.

Thus let them {land till the pears preferved in the
common way are gone; and then being opened one
by one as they are wanted, the fruit will be found in
them in pert-set good condition. .

The common method, which anfwers very well
for thoi‘e to be uled earlier in the winter, is to lay
them l'eparate and clear of one another upon the ﬂoor
and ihelves of an airy room. The belt ﬁtuation {01‘-
the room is to have its windows to the louth; and

3t

THIRD WEEK. 33'

it Ihould not be near any place wherethere is a ﬁre.

In mild weather the windows muft be opened in
the middle of the day; but inbad feafons they muf’c be
kept fhut entirely : and in very froﬁy times the fruit
muf’t be covered with fome dry ﬁraw, which mull be
taken off again when the weather is milder.

A parcel of the cauliﬂower plants, of which we KITCHEN
have fpoken in the' preceding week’s account, mull: GARDEN
now be planted out, and taken into due care for
wrnter. ‘

Dig up a piece of good ground in a Iheltered
ﬁtuatiOn, and plant in the ﬁnef’c of them; at fuch
diftance as they may be conveniently preferved under
glafTes.

Set only one plant for each glals; and :when they
are all in, and have had their ﬁrl’c watering, life
over the whole ground a light covering of coal~
allies. This preferves it from frof’ts, which elfe be-
ginning to crack the earth on the outﬁde of the ,
glaﬂ'es, the ﬂaws will continue under them, and hurt
the plants.

Some plant two for every glafs ; that if one fails,
the other may fucceed: there is an appearanceof
reafon in the practice. But by what I have feen, one
of thefe often {tarves the other, and both come to
little.

Thefe plants are to be covered all the bad weather -,
and at the fame time fome others lhould be carefully
fet in warm {heltered borders, under pales to remain
0 en.

PThole under the glaﬂ'es will come earlier than the
others; and will fucceed if thefe fhould fail.

The feedling afparagus beds mul’t now be pro—
tected from the frof’t.

The {talks mull be cut down, and the beds co—
vered with a fcattering of frefh mould, and another
of rotted dung. If the fucceeding feafon prove very
fevere, there mul’c be fome dry {traw fpread over them;
and when it is milder, this muft be taken off.

0 C T O:

334

FLOWER

GARDEN.

‘O;CTOB.E R.

O C T O B E R.
S E C T. , IV.
FOURTH VVEFJK.

RUNE rofes, honeyl‘uckles, and other ﬂower-
ing lhrubs.

Take up fuckers, they deform the plants, and

hurt their ﬂowering. To have the role in its full

. luf’tre, as much as poﬂible of the efforts of the root

ihould be directed to the fupply of the ﬂower.

The flickers may be planted out by fuch as want
a fupply of thefe fhrubs ; for it is a very good way
of railing them: that may be done alfo by layers,
and by budding.

The pruning of the rofe bufh depends upon two
articles: cutting out the dead wood, taking oﬂ‘ too
luxuriant lhOOtS. _

There will often rife fome peculiar fhoor, which
the root fupplies at the expence of the reﬁ of the
plant: this fhould be prevented, either by cutting
iuch {hoot entirely away, 01 {hortening it, that it may
fend out new branches where they a1e wanted.

A fmaller number of very ﬁne ﬂowers is prefer-
able to a larger of indiﬂErent ones.

It is therefore proper to reduce the number, not
when the lhrub is about ﬂowering: but by retrench-
ing the branches at this time.

The luxuriance of wood {tarves ﬂowers, as well as
fruit; and branches choak that interfere with one
another. For this realbn clear the role bufh of
many branches at this time; and let all long {trag-
glers be lhortened.

The dead wood being after this cut out, and the
large wood taken away 01 fhortened, the {hrub will
ihew itfell in its right form.

Where. ,

FOURTH WEEK. 335

Wherever one branch ﬁands before, behind, or
clofe againl’t anOther, let it be taken oﬁ“.

When three {land too near, cut out the middle
one: and in the fame manner proceed through the
whole lhrub; leaving the boughs at moderate and
equal dil’tances -, and taking care to make no gaps.

The lhrub being thus cleared, one may be able to
fee through between all the branches; and where the
eye can pafs, there can alfo certainly the air.

This done, and the fuckers ﬁrft removed, let the
earth be dug about the {hrub and well broke, and
let fome good frelh mould be fcattered over it half
an inch thick. The next year they will be Vigo-
rous in their fhoots; their leaves well coloured, no
blight or mildew will be feen upon them, and they
will be handibmely covered with flowers of the ﬁneﬂ'
kind, according to their feveral fpecies.

The pruning of honey fuckles is a much eafier
talk ; they are more apt to be luxuriant in {haggling
fhoots, than in the middle branches, and thofe long
trailing boughs are what mul’c now be retrenched.

The gardener muff cut them off behind a leaf
bud. Any other irregular branch is to be reduced in
the fame manner, and the ihrub will thus be brought
to order, and prepared for making a handfome ap-
pearance the next year. , ‘

The ground fhould be alfo broken round about
them by good digging, and a little frefh mould fcat-
tered over the furface.

In the fame manner are to be treated the other
flowering Ihrubs which {land our winters in the open
borders.

Defend the feedlings in boxes from the cold
winds, and give them all the advantage that can
be of the fun. This, and clearing them of weeds,-
ls all they require.

PUT into the ground the {tones of feveral kinds 5PM!-

\

of plums for raiﬁng ﬂocks. There is no difﬁculty '
m

‘336

OCTOBER,

in this; but if due care be not tried they often
mifcarry. .

Let the earth be opened a fpade’s depth: let
the furface be laid level. Upon this fpread the [tones
evenly, and at a moderate dillzance; and cover them
an inch and a half with mould.

Spread fome pea {traw over the furface, and let
two or three traps for mice.

Every year this practice ihould be repeated; for
there is little trouble in it; and it mul’t be very
agreeable to a good gardener always to have a due
fupply of f’tocks.

This is a good time for railing beech from feed.
It is a tree that may be introduced on feveral occa-
lions in gardening, and planted in wafte ground to
great beneﬁt.

It will grow on the barreneﬂ and moﬂ: rocky
foils; and the timber is of conf’tant fale.

In large gardens it makes a very good hedge,
and from-its tall growth is ﬁtter than molt other
kinds for high plantations.

Thefe are reaibns for railing beech" in the nttrlEr‘y;
and as a iinall {pot will ferve, let not this opportua
nity be negleéted.

Let the mall be got from a large and healthy tree;
and fpread a few days to harden; then let it be {own
upon a level bed of well dug earth, and covered an
inch with ﬁne light mould. Let fome furze bullies
be thrown over the bed, and feveral traps fet for
mice. It will fprout Vigoroully ; and year after year,
for three fealbns, a part of the young trees may be
drawn and planted out in other places, the rel‘t itand-
ing more free. ’

Layers made the former year lhonld now be taken
from them other plants. They will be now rooted; and
being planted out will get lome new roots before the
froﬁs, and be {trong for the lucceeding feafon : they
are to be treated in all refpef‘ts as new planted trees.

Let others be laid, that they may be ready for

the

FOURTH WEEK. 337

the fame operation the fucceeding autumn‘. One
year roots molt of them perfeétly. .

PRUNE peach trees. The time for doing this 21233»:
moﬁ: fuccefsfully, is a little after they have done '
fhooting. The feafon is now come for the work,
{horten the branches carefully.

No two trees require the fame degree of fhorten-
ing. In order to know what is proper, examine the
Rate of the tree -, if it be ﬁrong, they may be left at
feven inches; and if they‘be weak, they muﬁ: be
cut to four.

Thefe are the general rules, but there are various
degrees of weaknefs in trees; and to every one a
peculiar manner of pruning fhould be applied.

Suppofe the gardener is fet to prune a peach tree,
which is weak from ill management. He ﬁnds it
full of {hort fmall branches: many of thefe have their
ends dead; and the reﬁ are covered with weak buds,
which are neither ﬁt to produce good fruit, or good
ihoots. The fucceeding years fruit will depend upon
this pruning.

The common praétice is to cut the branches fhort,
and leave on the greater part of them.

The error appears the next year; and the trees
afterwards grow from bad to worfe, till the gardener,
whofe ill management has deﬁroyed it, declares it
old and unﬁt for fervice; and it mul’t be replaced by
a new one.

The confequence of that manner of pruning is
this: the lhortening thefe branches produces new
ones in abundance from them; f0 that the tree is
loaded; and they grow ﬂawed and weak by being
fo near one another. Dif’tance is the great article in
the ﬁrengthning the ﬂiOOts : when they Ptand remote,
they have the better ihare of nourilhment, and the
air paties freely between them;

Let the gardener look to the bottom of the
tree, and fee what branches have been made there the

lad: year.
2 If

338

OCTOBER,

If there be any of thefe. tolerably ﬁrong, let the
buds be taken OH", and let them be nailed to the
wall, in the manner of the Items of new planted

' trees.

This is the ﬁrft rational ﬁep toward a recovery of
fuch a tree.

All thofe mul’c be cut off, that would interfere
with the difpoﬁtion of the principal of thefc, in a
proper and free manner, upon the wall.

There are inﬁancesof fuch unfavourable growth,

, that a gardener {hall not ﬁnd any of thefe branches

in the proper places; or ﬁt. for his purpofe: then
let him leleét a couple of the belt and {touteft of
the old ones, one on each ﬁde; and begin the reco—
very of the tree by thefe, cutting oﬁ' all the {mall
branches from them, except about ﬁve on each;
which mutt be chofen for being the ﬂrongef’t or the
belt placed.

Thefe branches are to be nailed up like ﬁems;
and the fame care taken of them as if they were
new-planted trees, to make them fpread in order.

After this, every year the old branches mull, one
by one, be taken OH, to make room for the new
ones.

This is a plain, an eafy, and a rational method
of recovering a weak peach tree, and it is certain
of fuccels

The lower part being thus managed, look to the
upper branches. Many of them will be dead at the
tops; thefe mul’t be taken oil, the molt promiﬁng
{elected for bearing; then clearing them to half a
foot diﬁance, nail them upright to the wall.

Where an old peach-tree is full of {trong wood,
and has very little prepared for fruiting, the follow-
ing is to be the method of pruning; the mifchief
has ai'ilEn from fhort cuttings and improper nailing
of branches.

Examine the bottom, and nail up two ﬁrong
branches for items: then cut the others out of their

way.

FOURTH WEEK.

way. The {trong branches above muf‘t be laid ho—
rizontally; and at fuch dil’tances, that the bearers,
proceeding‘from them, may be nailed upright, with—
out croﬁing the horizontals above them.

If any of thefe branches projeét over the lower
parts of the tree, they mui’t be cut off clofe to the '
part from whence they proceed.

Thus may the worlt peach-tree, that has but
vigour at the root, be recovered and brought into
form as eaﬁly as a new-planted one; and all the
time it will continue bearing.

This is the mof’t difficult and nice part of pruning.

It is effential that the middle of the tree be kept
thin of branches, for they may be eaﬁly fupplied
when the ﬁdes are taken care of; and if the wrong
growth be permitted. there, they will prefently run
the,trees into the decayed ﬂ‘ate again, from which
we have juit propofed to recover them.

339

EARTH up celeri. If the earth thrown out ofKITCHEN
the trench, has been already ufed, the {paces be-GARDEN‘
tween the rows are to be dug up, and their foil
employed for the purpofe: but this is fometimes fo
damp, that it either rots the plants, from its wet,
or gives the froi’t too much power to deﬂzroy them:
the eﬂ’eéts of frof’c being always greateﬂ: where the
ground is moil’c.

To prevent this, fpread over the ground, that
is to be dug, half an inch 'thicknevfs of clean river
fand: ‘over this fprinkle alittle brine made of com—
mon falt in pondwater. Let it lie three days, and
then begin digging. Mix in the {and as you dig,
and break the earth very carefully. Let it lie thus
two days more to dry, after the breaking, and then
draw it up about the plants. ‘

This mixture dries and mellows the foil, and at
the fame time enriches it; for it gets more by the
falt than it lofes by the (and.

It falls clofer about the plants; and at the fame
time that it perfectly ferves for the purpofe of blaf‘sCh“

Z

2 “lg

340

OCTOBER.

ing them : it neither detains the wet to rot them, nor
admits the {mil to deﬁroy them.

A little long ﬁraw or pea-{talks may be thrown
over this celeri in very fevere frof’cs; and it will fo
be perfectly preferved through the winter.

Raife young falleting upon hot-beds; under good
ﬂielter.

The kitchen gardeners, fow this falleting under
the glaﬂ‘es that cover the cauliﬂower plants.

For this purpofe fow the feeds in drills, jul’t within
the edge of the glaﬂ'es; and take care to gather it
young. It roots fo (lightly, that it draws nothing
from the cauliflower plants.

A few purple and fcarlet radiihes fhould be fown
now in places well lheltered, and they will yield their
produce at a very acceptable time. ‘

Put into the ground, at the end of this week, ano-
ther {mall crop of beans and peafe. One of thefe
crops failing, another naturally fupplies its place.

 

CHAP.

 

CHAP. XI.
NOVEMBER.‘
SECT.L

FIRST WEEK.

INTRODUCTION.

          
      
    

971%25217 ITHERTO we have treated of plants
’33 "i he which have in every ﬂower male and fe-
law )2 male organs; that is, ﬁlaments and a

   

' ((0‘-

‘.:~ J95; 22', llyle.
We here are to mention two clall'es, in which the
, conduét of nature is altogether diﬁ'erent.

In the ﬂowers of thefe the ﬁlaments are placed in
fome, and the Pter with the rudiment of the fruit in
others.

The two claﬂés are the Monoecia and Dioccia. In
the ﬁrlt the two kinds of ﬂowers grow on different
parts of the fame plant as in melons and other
kinds; in the other they grow on feparate plants of
the fame fpecies, as in hemp and fpinage.

Z 3 IF,

342

FLOVVER-
GARDEN.

FIRST WEE‘K.

eeeeeeaeaeeaaeaaeaeeeaaaaa

IF the weather be mild, continue to clear and
work upon the ground, and prepare and manage the
more hardy plants; .when it is more fevere, defend
the tenderer kinds, by fheltering them with mats,
ﬁraw, or Other covering.

In this manner the labours of the winter months
are toabe‘ divided: in the very worl’t weather, clean
feeds, andtprepare tools and inl’truments for a better
fealon. ‘ .» "

If this week be mild, take the advantage of em-
ploying thofe, perhaps, laft days of an open feafon,
in cleaning the ground and ﬁniihing the autumnal
plantations. , ~

The worf’t annoyance to be eXpeéted at this feafon
is mofs; it will fpread upon the borders wherever it
is overlook’d -, and run up the bottoms of the ﬂower-
ing lhrubs to their great damage.

Break the fur-face of the borders, and rake them
afreih even where they appear already clean; the
ihoots of mofs are now f0 weak that they will be
eaﬁly deﬂ'royed.

There is a pleafantnefs to the eye in new-broken
earth; and when there are no ﬂowers left in the bor-
ders, this gives an air of culture, and is always

reeable. _ ' y .

This is the great period of the growth ofh‘ipfs,
for it deﬁes cold, and the wet favours it.

Every old wall is covered with it, and the feeds
now ripen in innumerable quantities, in thofe fmall
brown heads which are fupported on their ﬂender
ﬁalks; tiling, according to the kind, from the cen—
tre of a tutt of leaves, or from the joints of the
branches. \

Thefe feeds the wind featters; and they are fo
light, and the plants fo univerfal, that no {pot of
:~_,camd can be. at any time fecure from them. .

‘ Mofs

FIRSTWEEK.

Mofs is of a val’t variety of kinds; but there is
one diﬁinétion which will ferve all. the purpofes of the
praétical gardener. Some fpread out in long {talks
and branches; and others rife in little round tufts,

which, by degrees, encreafe, fpread, and unite with
one another.

The generality of the branched moﬁ‘es are of the ‘

Hypnum kind, and molt of the tufted ones are Bry-
urns. Either, if neglected, will in a little time fpread
over a large piece of ground; and it is now they be-
gin to propagate.

The feeds of both kinds will be fcattered by the
hand of nature over the borders; and this is the rea-

fon why the ground fhould be l’tir’d to prevent their
rooting.

The furface of the ground being thus cleaned, let _

the gardener conﬁder whether he any where wants pe-
rennial ﬂowers. If he do, let him take this oppor-
tunity of planting them. _

Some of the campanulas may yet be planted fafely;
and f0 may the hardier of the Monk’s-hood kind,
and the Pionies; the tall Speedwells, which make a
very pleaﬁng variety in a garden, and the Dororiicum,
the Tangier F umitory, and fome others.

Plant alfo ﬂowering fhrubsin favourable foils.

The advantage of planting now is evident; for
the fhrubs will take fome root, and eﬁablifh them-
felves in the winter, fo that they will be much for—
warder in fpring; but there is the danger of their
being deﬁroyed by frof’c.

F rofts aﬂ’eét plants molt feverely where the ground
is wet; therefore if the foil be wet, let alone the
planting them till fpring ; but if it. be dry, let that
work be performed now. ,

The ﬁtteﬂ: fhrubs for this plantation, are the Sy-
ringa, Laburnum, Spirxa, and common Jafmine :
there may alfo be lilacs and honey-fuckles, with many
other of the hardier kinds. .

Let the ground be well open’d, and the mould

‘ Z 4 care-

3 4,3

344

82 MI-
NARY.

NOVEMBER,

carefully broke for their reception : then the {limbs
are to be brought from the nurfery.

The Syringa is a very proper one for this time of
planting, becaufe it will well thrive in that fort of
foil, which, from its drynefs, is now ﬁtteft; and it is
as eafy and very near as cheap, to put in good kinds
as bad ones. '

We would not banifh the common Syringa from

ardens; but we are forry to fee it take the place
alone. There are two others; the one with the
leaves ﬁriped, edg’d, and blotted with a golden yel-
low ; and the other with the ﬂowers double.

Let thefe no more banifh the common kind, than
that exclude them: they have greater beauty, and
that a fuperior fragrance: therefore let them all have
their places.

Let each of thefe, when planted, have the earth
carefully laid in about the roots, and let it be ty’d up
to a ﬁrm ﬂake, to prevent rocking with the wind;
and this is all the care it will need, belide a little
watering, till fummer.

It will flower the ﬁrﬂt feafon, and afterwards remain
eﬁablifh’d in the ground.

In the fucceeding years, all that need be done to
favour it, is to cut out the dead wood, and Ihorten
fuch branches as grow irregularly, in autumn; and
in the fpring to {lit and break the earth about th
roots by good digging. ‘

FINISH the buﬁnefs of tranfplanting: for the
cold will come on, and it will be better if deferred
much longer, to let it alone till fpring.

When the ﬁrl’t and fecond week of November are
over, the next that comes for this fervice is the fecond
in February.

See that the {lakes are fecure which fupport the
new—planted trees -, fcatter fome haulm of peafe about
their roots, and prefs it down by l’tones'; this will
keep the earth at once moilt and warm. '

Lt:

FIRST WEEK. 345

Let the ground intended for the fpring plantation,
be thrownup in ridges. The froft will afﬁf’c the la-
bour of breaking the mould; and there is no time of
the year in which the air f0 much abounds with thofe
principles, that aliii’t vegetation.

Let it be dug deep; and once in amonth, for the
whole winter, when the weather permits, let it be
broke again, and expofed with a new furface.

Ignorant writers call this fweetning the foil. Plants
exhauﬂ: the nourifhment of the ground; thefe fupply
animals with food; and the feveral parts and excre-
ments of thofe animals, for this reafon, all ferve as
manures; enriching the earth again : as do alfo the
{talks and leaves of fuch plants as decay upon it.

This is the round of nature 5 and this explains
what many have thought (0 ﬁrange, that every kind
of animal or vegetable fubf’tance, when in its decay,
ferves as manure.

But, beﬁde thefe things, which, reftoring to the
foil again thofe parts of which the growth of plants
had robb’d it, give it a recruit of {trength and rich-
nefs, the original principles of vegetation and fertility
are lodged in the earth itfelf, and in the air and rains.
The earth can never be f0 exhaui’ted, but thefe will
refrefh, recover, and reﬁore it; and they will do it,
when there is time to wait their operation, in a gentle
and more perfeét manner than all manures.

On this principle depends the ufe of fallowing;
and thus lhould the ground, in the feminary, be im»
prov’d: for all manures are there hurtful.

GRAPES are not of the nature of thofe fruits GRAPES'
that fpoil upon the branches with over ripenefs. Our
feafons do not favour them f0 much ; the danger they
are expofed to, is that of frof’ts.
Cold takes an effect upon their juices, that prevents
their keeping.
Upon thefe principles depends the article of gather—
ing them properly, which is the ﬁrit {tep toward their
prefervation. ' I
' . “The

346

NO‘VEM'BER,

The ripenefs of grapes is knowa by their clearé
nefs on the bunch, as well as by their fofmefs and
mellow ﬂavour. '

- If it happen in any favourable feafon, that the.
later kinds .ripen thoroughly before the froﬂs, they
muf’c he then cut for preferving. ’

The late grapes are the proper kinds for preferving.
As foon as the frof’ts come on, the others intended for
the fame ufe‘ mull: alfo be gathered ; and the follow- ‘
ing preparation made for them. '

Get two or three found wooden boxes of a foOt
deep, and about the fame breadth. Let the length
be according to the quantity of grapes intended to be ~
preferxied in them.

Sift very ﬁne a good quantity of wood allies that
have been well burnt.

Let the boxes and the allies be perfectly dry, but
not hot; and then fpread over the bottom of each
box fome of the allies, to.cover it four inches deep.

This done in the middle of a dry day, gather fome
of the bell: of the bunches of grapes. Examine them,
and pick of? the green berries; and any that are eaten
by inleé‘ts, or decayed : then lay the bunches lide by
lide upon the bed of alhes in the box. The length
ofthe bunch the crofs way of the box.

When the bed is covered with them hit on more
of the afhes, and let them run in between berry and
berry upon every bunch, where they ﬁand feparate.
When the whole are thus interlaid, lift over them
more of the alhes till the box is full. Then fet it in
a dry place, but out of the reach of heat.

' In this manner let the feveral boxes be ﬁlled -, I have
thus eaten very good grapes in the month ofFebruary.

Qiinces and medlars will now require to be cleared
from the trees, and a proper method is to be con-
ﬁdered to preferve themr Thefe are not fruits that
keep well a long time, but they may be preferved,
and even improved for fome weeks by a proper ma-
nagement. ,

Qiinces as foon. as gathered mul’t be carefully

Looked

FIRST WEEK.

looked over: if any are decayed in part, they muﬁ:
be feparated; and if there be any very unripe, they
mul‘t be thrown away.

The ﬁne fruit cleared from thefe mull: be piled up
in a heap, and covered with a double woollen cloth.

When they have fweated a little while, they mul’t
be wiped one by one, and laid on fhelves at a dif-
tance from each other: .

Medlars, when all are gathered for the laﬁ: time
from the trees, mui’t be mellowed by other means.

Hitherto the table, we fuppofe, has been fupplied,

by the belt and ripel’t frefh gathered for that purpofe;
but of the remainder now pulled, the greateﬂ part
will be aul’tere and hard.

Prepare for thefe a bed of wet bran in the following
manner.

Cover a broad lhelf with bran two inches deep, and
fprinkle over it warm river water till it is thoroughly
moif’tened, but not made into a paﬂe. Upon this
lay the medlars, one by one, placing the bottom
downwards, and letting them not touch one another.

When the Ihelf is covered, ﬁrew over them fome
more ﬁne bran, dry, and perfectly free from lumps.

This lhould fall between them every where to ﬁll
up crevices -, and when they are thus brought level to
the t0p, as much more is to be lifted on as will cover
them two inches deep. Sprinkle on this fome more
warm water, and make it damp: but not fo much as
the former.

Thus let them lie at week before they are touched.
The bran and the water will ferment, and this will
bring on a gentle heat, which will ferve in the place
of the fun-beams, at a time when they have no longer
power. The fruit will mellow thus better than on the
tree: and I have found them always milder taﬂzed,
fofter throughout, and freer from rottennefs.

Some of them will be ﬁt for eating in feven days,
the generality will not be in order till about a fort-
night ; and many will continue good after this three
0r four weeks.

Some

34-7

34: NOVEMBER,

Some who ufe this method of ripening medlars,’
pile up many layers of them in a box, with bran be-
tween; but 'I have not found that anfwer. They
grow rotten inﬁead‘ of mellowing, and the greateit
part of them are not eatable.

At the fame time that a part of the medlars are
thus haﬁened to ripen in the bran, let fome more of
them be laid upon a floor covered with dry clean
ﬁraw.

Let thefe be laid feparate from one another, and
fome more ﬁraw thrown over them.

They will come to maturity more gradually than
the others, and will be ﬁt for table when the ﬁri’t are
paﬁ their goodnefs.

Continue pruning with due care and aﬂiduity. The
pruning of the peach-tree is in general a guidance for
other {tone-fruit.

The laft of the grapes having been new gathered,
the vines {hould be pruned. This removes at once
the great quantity of their leaves and ufelefs parts ;
and being done early, the fruit will have its full per-
feétion the fucceeding lealbn.

Vines rarely produce any bearing flioots from wood
that is above one year old.

The laﬂt year’s wood {hould therefore be preferved
in every part where poﬂible, and the old cut out.

The bearing ihoots fhould be left four eyes long;
and cut juf’t above an eye, Hoping backwards from it.

In the pruning of apricots regard mul’t be had to
the ﬁrength of the tree, and of the feveral branches.
A ﬁrong branch may be left nine inches long; but a
weak one {hould not be more than ﬁve.

The branches fhould be unnailed in order for
pruning; and when that is done they muf’t be nailed
again, laying them as horizontally as poﬂible; for
that pofture beft promotes their bearing.

Kircm N T H E cauliﬂower plants preferved from froﬂ‘ by
CARD“ 'gl iffes, mutt not be buried from the air. ‘

When there are ﬁne warm and ferene days, let the
glaﬁ'es

FIRST WEEK." 34.9

glaﬂ‘es be fet off from eleven o’clock to four; and
when it is more fevere, let them, though not taken
off, be raifed a little at the ﬁdes, to admit the free
air, when it is warmei’t in the bright time of the day.

Lettuces that are preferved under glaiTes in the
fame manner, Ihould have the fame treatment and
advantages; and this will promote, not injure the
growth of that young falletting we directed to be
{owed round the edges of the cauliﬂower fpots.

If the frol’ts come on, fcatter a little long, dry {haw
over the beds of young radilhes ; this will mellow the
ground, and preferve the plants.

In the open ground there will be cauliﬂowers now
coming to ripening. Thefe muff be defended from
wet and cold, by breaking in the inner leaves f0 as
to cover them.

A great deal of the kitchen-ground will require to
be {own in fpring, and as this is vacant for the win-
ter, let the fame care be taken of it.

Let it be well dug, and moderately danged; for
in this part of the ground there fhould be the joint
alﬁl’cance of tillage and manure.

Let it be expofed in ridges laid eai’c and well, and
once in a month let thefe be broken and thrown
up again with a new furface The ﬁrong vapour
of the manure will thus be thrown off, and the ground
enriched to the utmoﬁ it is capable.

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N O V E M B E R,
S E C T. II.
SECOND \VEEK.
ET the laﬂ roots new be put in the OpenFLOWER-
ground; after this week there can be no more GARDEN'

plantation: whatever is omitted longer mull be defer-
red till fprmg; and thofe ﬂower roots which are then

planted

"350‘

NOVEMBER,

planted will make a poor appearance the fucceeding
fummer, compared with fuch as have ﬂood the
Winter.

’Tis not every perennial that will fucceed when
planted'fo near the froﬁs; but the following kinds
will not fail: the belt forts of wall-ﬂowers, the E—
ryngium, fome of the Golden Rods, London Pride,
the Thrift, and Polyanthus; fome of the Lyclmis,
and the Flag Iris’s.

0f the fhrub kind it will be pr0per to introduce at
the fame time, where needful, the Hypericum, or
fhrubby St. John’s-wort, the Spiraea, and fome rofes.

The ground muft. be carefully prepared, by a
thorough breaking, to receive them -, and they muf’t
have but little water 3 this muft be given them about
nine in the morning, that the earth may heat after-
wards as the day advances.

Put together a compoft in good quantity, for the
fupplying and amending the borders of the ﬂower-
garden in general. ‘

This mul’t be of a middle nature between the feve-
ral kinds, to fuit the generality of plants: the heft
mixture I, have experienced, and I have tried many,
is the fOJIOWing.

Cut up a load of earth from under the turf, in fome
expofed place by a road—tide, or elfewhere, where
there has been no great growth of weeds, and where
cattle have frequently lain.

Firft pare OFF the turf three inches thick, and then
cut for ufe the good foil one fpade depth below it.

This will be a kind of virgin earth. ‘

The roots of the grafs have fcarce at all penetrated
it, and it is enriched by the urine and pcrfpiration of
the cattle, and with the richeﬂ: part of their dung
wafhed in by rains. 5

To one load of this, add half a load of wood-pile
earth, three quarters of a load of river mud, and half
a load of marle: pile the turf in a high heap, which
was cut OFF the ground : and putting fome dry furze
bullies under it, fet them on ﬁre. Burn the turf, not

to

SECOND WEEK.

to allies, but till it comes to a heap of crumbly red-
difh matter. Bring in this and put to the relt.

Let all thefe be perfeé‘tly well mixed together, and
laid 1n a heap, fprinkling them at ﬁrﬂ; with tour or
ﬁve pots of water, and afterwards leaving them to
the effect of rain and froft

Once 1n a month the whole heap is to be turned,
and when it has lain the winter, it is to be fcreened
for the lervice of the borders.

This will produce a compoﬂ‘, rich without dung,
and luch, as if duly wrought, byg oood digging and
breaking, will feed all the common kinda of garden
ﬂowers oluxuriantly for their ufeiul p311 ts, without
making them rank in let» es.

It will alfo raife many of the moﬁ: choice flowers.

Plants will live 1n it longer, and endure the winter
always better than 1n dunged foils ; and they will in
general ripen their feeds more perfeé‘tly.

In places where ma1le cannot be had, the quantity
of what 15 ordered here, mull: be made up, half with
wood pile earth, and half with pond mud, and about
half a peck of {’tone lime muf‘t be added.

The Dutch and French method in raiﬁng all bul-
bous ﬂowers from feed is this.

A fucceﬂion of thefe muf’t be fown in moveable
boxes of ﬁne earth.

They mull now be removed into a warm place,
where they may be fheltered from winds, and enjoy
the full beneﬁt of the winter’s fun: they mui’c be
. looked over carefully, that no weeds be fuilered to
rife among them, nor mofs to appear on the edges.

This care will keep them in all the ﬁrength requi—
red for their ﬂow progrefs at the prefent feafon, and
they will advance in their gradual way to perfeéiion.

This care being taken of the feedling bulbs, fee
that none of the valuable potted ﬂowers are left ex-
pofed, but that the carnations are under hoops and
mats, and the auriculas on their covered Fraud.

.35"

T H E growths of the nurfery are to be proteé‘ted SEMI—
from AR

NOVEMBER;

from the frof’ts in the fame manner as the produé‘ts of
the flower-garden; though in a different degree.

The beds of feedling fhrubs, 0r of perennial ﬂowers
of a tender nature, mind he defended from the en-
fuing rains and frol’ts, by h00ps and mats, or cloths.
But let the gardener remember this is a place where
things are railed for hardinefs; therefore while he
preferves them alive, let him take care he does not
make them too tender. Let the hooPs that defend
thefe beds {land high, and the mats never be drawn
over them, but in very bad weather; and even in the
worf’t, let them have fome air at thofe hours when it
is well warmed by the fun.

This is the practice for thofe feedlings that have
fome height; and it may be ufed alfo to cuttings
of the tenderer kinds that are fet in this part of
the ground.

For thofe beds in which the plants are but fhoot~
ing, or have very little height, the belt defence is a
fprinkling of long dry llraw, which mul‘t be taken off
again when the weather is better. '

There will be alfo in the feminary fome potted
trees: Exoticks, which coming from moderate cli~
mates bear our air in winter; though they require
fome care.

Throw down a dozen barrows of fand upon fome
dry piece of the feminary : dig this in ; work it well
with the relt of the ground, and then open trenches
lengthwife in it of the depth of the pots, and of a
length to hold them in two rows.

'I‘hefe two trenches being made at a foot dil’tance
(or three or more if the number require it) let in the
pots one by one, at a foot dillance in each trench, ﬁll
up the ipaces between them with more earth of the
fame kind. and level the beds to the rim of the pots.

The trees and {hrubs for which this management is
intended, are young, and the danger to which they
are expofcd, is that of the troll penetrating to their
roots through the ﬁdes of the pots.

This is a certain method of preventing it; and
they

SECOND WEEK.

they Will this live through the winter in the open air,
and be very fecure when carried into their proper
places. ' ‘

PRESERVING apples are of two general kinda;

thole for the defert, and thofe for the kitchen.

The kinds deﬁgned for eating mull: be gathered
with care ; and when every one that has the leaﬂ: ble-
milh is feparated from among the I'Cﬁ‘, they mull: be
laid in a heap, and cover’d, as we directed for pears.

When they have been a few days dampen the fur-

face, they fhould be one by one wiped; and if any -

{peck or mark of decay is feen upon any one, it mull:
be thrown out. Then the ﬁneﬁ muf’t be referved by
themfelves, and the rel’t laid in a ﬁngle layer upon
the ﬂoor and lhelves ofa dry airy room. ‘

From time to time thefe mul’t be watch’d; the
ripeﬂt taken up for the table, and decay’d ones re-
moved. '

In ﬁne weather the windows muft be opened in the
middle of the day; and in rain and frol‘t they mull:
be kept conﬁantly fhut: and when the froﬂ: is very
gevere, fome dry ﬁraw Ihould be fcattered overxthe

run.

The ﬁneﬁ of the apples which we ordered to be fe-
parated from the others, Ihould be preferved with dry
mofs in earthen jars, as we directed for pears; and
roﬁn’d down. Thefe will come in very agreeably,
when the others are over.

The belt way of keeping the apples intended for
the kitchen, is ﬁrﬂ: to pile them in a heap, as the
others, and cover them with a blanket. Under this
they may fweat four or five days longer than the
ﬁner kinds; and being then wiped one by one with
linnen cloths, they mull: be carefully piled up in
heaps again.

In thefe they are to lie, taking off the outﬁde fruit
as wanted; and at all times carefully removing any
decay’d or bad ones. Thefe alfo in very faver: weag

ther lhould be covered with a little ﬁraw.
A a P R. U":

353 ‘

RUIT.
Aime

354-

NOVEMBER,

PRUNING may be i‘till continued. The method
to be ufed for the apricot and peach, we have already
given; the neéiarine is to be managed in the fame
manner.

After thefe are ﬁnifhed, let the gardener go to his
apple and pear trees. Thefc two kinds agree in a
great meafure in their nature, but they differ widely
from thofe we have jult mentioned : upon this depends
entirely the method of pruning.

,The peach, and others of that clafs, produce their
fruit upon the 13?: year’s wood.

Reafon direéts for this purpofe, that their branches
fhould be {hortened to a greater or leﬂ‘er diﬂance from
their origin, according to their ﬁrength, and the
vigour of the tree -, becaui'e by this method they will
produce new lhoots for the fucceeding year.

On the other hand, it is the old wood that yields
the pears: the ﬁve or ﬁx years branches moft of all.

There rife from thefe a peculiar kind of Ihoots,
which are fhort, robul’c, and del’tined for the growth
of the fruit.

This plainly indicates what is to be the method of
pruning them.

They muft not be fhortened, becaufe that operation
would make the branches, which nature intended for
lhooting thefe fprouts for the fruit, fend out more
wood.

The confequence of this would be, that the tree
would be loaded with ufelefs boughs; and there
would be fcarce any branches left in the condition for
bearin .

‘ T hi? method would alfo frequently cut away the
very parts on which bloffom buds fhould have ap-
pear’d.

The branches of pear trees muf’c never be {hortned
in the general courfe of pruning : but if any one hap-

ens to grow very large in an improper or irregular
place, fuch a ﬁraggler may be cut oil, to the place
where it will {hoot more regularly or ufefully.

This would nOt fucceed in the peach and neé‘tarine
kind,

SECOND WEEK.‘ '355

kind, for the [lump would come to nothing; but the
pear will lhoot freely from the old wood. In thefe
trees wherever a branch runs crofs another, the weaker
of the two muft be cut out.

When the branches Ptand too clofe, they muft be
thinn’d.

All thofe young upright fhoots, which rife in thefe
trees from the trunk, mull: be cut out ; for there could
never be a free paffage of the air, or due dii’tance of
the branches, where thefe were encouraged.

If there be dead wood in any part, it muf’t alfo be cut
out; and all this being done, the trees muﬁ be ﬁriétly
examined as to the difpofition of the branches : they
Ihould be left, for fervice, at a moderate diltance, that
the whole tree, and the fruit in every part of it, may
have the beneﬁt of free air.

T AK E the advantage of a dry day, and open a KITCHEN
few trenches in fome fheltered part of the ground for GARDEN'
peafe.

Plant more beans. They will {hoot at the due
time, and lay the foundation for a fuccefﬁon.

Go over the ground where the forward crops of
thefe two kinds were planted, and break the earth
between the rows, and draw it up about the ﬁalks.
This will defend them againf’t rocking with the wind,
and will keep the froft from their roots.

In good weather take off the glaﬂés from the cau—
liflower plants; and ufe this opportunity of drawing
up the earth about them, without def’troying the
young falletting fown at the edges.

As frof’t is now to be expected that will harden the
ground'beyond the power of the fpade to enter, thofe
roots which will be; required for the fervice of the
table, {hould be taken up and preferved.

Let a large quantity of fand be dry’d and lifted,
and make a bed of it three inches deep, on the ﬂoor
of fome airy room. Take up the roots of a good
quantity of falfafie, and fcorzonera, as alfo of the great '
rooted parﬂey, and having wiped them clean, lay

A a 2 them

FLOWER
GARDEN.

NOVEMBER.

them carefully upon this bed of land. Cover them
four inches deep with more of the dry fand, lifting
it on, that it may fall regularly.

In the fame manner make larger and deeper beds
of {and for carrots, and among them lay a few par—
fnips; ﬁft over them more fand, and fcatter fome
dry long {traw upon the top.

exmxxxamxxxxxaxxxamax
N 0 V E M B E R.
s E c T. m.

Turin) WEEK.

HERE are yet fome 'few plants, which defy
T the cold, and keep their ﬂowers in the open
air; thefe are extremely to be cheriihed, though their
kind be but indifferent; where there is lefs value in
the plant, the gardener may be more free in that
management, which will continue it ﬂowering.

The bulinefs is to render a garden at all times the
molt agreeable that it can be made -, and where there
is a fupply ready for the next year, we {hall be

more free with tliofe ﬂowering plants which decorate

the prefent.

The feafon of walking is not over, let the gravel
be well rolled : this will prevent the wet from pene-
trating, and the froi’ts fromrmouldering it.

Once a week let the ground be lightly raked over
the naked beds, till the time of the plants lhooting:
it gives an air of culture, and this is always pleaf-
ing.

Look over the plants which continue yet with
fome ﬂowers on them.

Cut the relt down to the ground: then the earth
is to be raked over them, and a little frelh mould

{mattered on.
1 Thefe

THIRD WEEK.

T hefe are naturally divided into two kinds. The
ﬁri’c {mall plants, whofe ﬂower-items rife ﬁngle, and
naked from the roots, and when cut, do not lhoot.
out again ; the others, thofe which have tall and
branched ﬂalks, and which {hoot out afrelh wherever
they are cut off.

The polyanthus is an inﬂance of the ﬁrf’t kind : it
continues now ﬂowering; and ihould be encouraged
to do fo, by breaking the furface of the earth about
it; but not to any depth; by taking off the dead
leaves, drawing fome ﬁne mould high above the head
of the root -, and by frequent gentle waterings.

Thefe mutt be given in a morning, and if any
lhelter can be added by a reed-hedge, without deform‘
ing the profpec‘t, let that be given.

Some narciﬂ‘us’s whofe roots were not removed out
of the ground at the ufual feafon, will now alfo
appear in ﬂower; thefe are to be treated in the fame
manner exactly as the polyanthus.

Some of thefe plants will be def’troyed by the fevere
froﬁs that follow ; and fo let them: we do not pro-
pofe‘to treat the molt valuable roots in this manner ;
but fuch as may be fpared: and this management will
keep them ﬂowering, with double their natural luitre
at the prefent feafon.

Of the taller plants which grow where they are
cut, there are feveral that yet thew fome ﬂowers.

V Golden rods and hardy alters, perennial fun-ﬂowers
and the like, will hold up their heads, though weak-
ly, againft the frol’ts.

Thefe let the gardener encourage, and force to it
as much as poﬂible: if he weaken, or if he deitroy
the roots, they may be ,fupplied from the feminary,
and he will now make'them render a mofl: accept-
able fervice.

. Shorten and reduce the number of their branches -,
cut away all thofe parts, which fupport ﬂowers paft
their perfeétion; and leave all on that have buds or
ﬂowers new opened. ,
A a 3 Havmg

357

358

NOVEMBER,

Having thus taken of? thofe heads in which feeds
were ripening, which exhauPc the roots more than
all, and reduced the whole plant to perhaps one half
its original quantity, the nourifhment which the root
is able to fupply at this feafon, having lefs to {up-
port, will feed that the better.

Next hit the ground about the root, but not too
deep; lay round the bafe of the item, fome rotten
dung, and cover it with a thin feattering of frelh
mould.

Give the plants every morning a gentle watering,
and fome ﬂight fhelter againi’t the bleak winds, and
night-froﬁs. ,

This management will produce a kind of fpring
in winter. It will weaken all the roots indeed, and
will dellroy fome of them, but thefe are ealily
fupplied.

Mark what particular plants would be ﬁtteﬁ for
this fervice, and plant near them a good root of the
fame kind, at the time of cleaning the borders.

Then in the fucceeding fpring, take up the roots
thus forced in winter; and fet them in the nurl'ery
to recruit, leaving the others for the enfuing fum-
mer.

Beﬁde thefe plants, there is a third refource of
beauty, for the prefent dead feafon; this is in thofe
hardy lhrubs, which though in general natives of
other climates, endure the winter in the air with us.

Thefe are to be treated in fome degree as the
ﬂowers we have named, but with lefs freedom; be~
cauie there is more trouble in fupplying their places,
if loll, by reafon of their {lower growth.

Let the earth remain quiet about their roots, and
give them no water. ”

In all other refpeéts let them be treated juﬁ as
the other plants; let the gardener look over them,
and reduce their ﬁragling branches -, let him take off
all thole lhoots, fupporting ﬂowers that are pail
their lullre, and preparing for feeding; and encou~

rage

o

THIRD WEEK;

rage by this means thofe which are budding for new
ﬂowers.

The muik role will thus be kept ﬂowering yet
fome time longer, and the cytifus and colutaea, and
all which thrive in our open air.

359

THE new-planted trees, and the beds of feedlingﬁgg}.

bulbous ﬂowers now demand attention. The danger
is the fame which threatens both: this is the froﬂ:
penetrating into the ground where they are planted;
and it muf’t be prevented in both, by covering the
furface: but in a various manner. .

The earth about the roots having been cleaned in
the common manner, bring in a large quantity of
Old pea or bean ﬁalks, {trew them thick between the
young trees, and tread them down: let the whole
furface be covered with them; and when they are
well fettled, drive in forne long and ﬁrong pegs in
diEerent places, fo as not to interfere with the roots,
to keep them better down, and throw on a large
quantity of brick-bats or pebbles. -

Thefe will prefs the haulm clofe, and it will thus
rot in part, and the belt of its fubl’tance will be
walhed into the earth as manure.

In the fpring, thefe itones and bricks are to be
taken off: the refufe of the {talks is to be raked away;
and the rel’t of their fubftance, which remains on
the furface, is to be dug in.

Clear from weeds the beds of feedling ﬂowers,
which were not ready for removal the laﬂ: fealbn.
Then taking the advantage of a mild day, the furface
mul’t be raked over, but not to any great depth; and
the whole being levelled, fome very rich and well—
mellowed dung, from a melon-bed, muf’t be fcattered
thinly over.

This will walh in by degrees in the fpring, by
means of the rains; and in ,the mean time it will
ferve the excellent purpofe of defending the plants
from the trolls.

Aa 4 Dung

360 NOVEMBER,

Dung is not to be ufed in the compoi’t for the beds
in Which thefe plants are to be let for ﬂowering ;
for in that cafe the foil will be too rich, and will
make them pufh out leaves in abundance, and tall
ﬁalks, with poor ﬂowers: this is a very critical
period. I

The roots are now fmall, they require to be nou-
rifhed; and ’tis no matter for their prefent produce.
Therefore a little well-rotted dung, waﬂied gradually
into the ground, will fwell them in the fpring, and
do them fervice that way, after it has preferved them
during winter. ' ' ' \

FRUIT THE pears and apples which we direéled to be

GARDEN. laid upon the ﬂoor and fhelves of the fruitery, after
due fweating, will come now into ufe. From thefe
with the utmoft care remove any that are decaying.

Seleél: alfo from among the grapes, medlars and
other fruits, thofe which are moft liable to decay,
referving fuch as are packed up for longer keeping,
in their places.

The ﬁg tree is tenderer than mol’t others ; and it
requires, at this feafon, a particular managEment.

The fruit-branches, for the fucceeding year, are
very likely to be del‘troyed by frol‘t, if that be nor
now prevented. This will depend upon two articles -,
the defence of the wall is the univerfal one, and the
other is the addition of a proper fhelter if required
by the peculiar tendernefs of the tree, or by parti—
cular feverity of the weather.

Care mnl‘t be taken that the trees have the afﬁli-
ance of the wall in full perfection. Let no branch
be left loofe. for that will, in form degree, rob it of
the natural advantage.

Let every one be trained to the wall, and nailed
down by Rivera! pieces. Let each be brought as
clofe as can be done without forcing -, but let as much
care. be taken not to bruife, as net to leave them
loofe. V ' K 7‘ H

' The

I

THIRD WEEK.

The ﬁg does not require fo much pruning as many
other fruiHrees -, but they err who allow of too
little.

The great care muf’t be to prune in fuch manner,
as always to leave a fupply of young branches, for
thefe are the only ones that bear; for this purpofe,
it muf’t be an univerfal rule not to fhorten any of the
young ones at this feafon.

The great article to be regarded now, is the cut—
ting out ufelefs wood. All the old wood is ufelefs :
therefore wherever it can be fpared, that is, where it
does not fupport ufeful branches, let it be cut away.
This molt be done with boldnefs and freedom; for
room muf’t be made for the bearing branches, and
that can only be procured by clearing away the
Others.

The wood of the hit two years is what almoﬂ: en~
tirely produces the fruit ; therefore the gardener will
not be at a lofs to know what he is to cut out, and
what to fpare. This being done, and' the young
branches nailed with care, all is done that is required
for the prefent feafon.

The gardener is next to go over the young branches
with a careful hand, and pick oﬁc all the late fruit.
This would only rot by being left on, and the confe-
quence would be its wetting the branches, which the
ﬁrft froft afterwards would from that caufe def’troy.

After this, if the froﬂzs fet in fevere, let a good
quantity of old pea-draw be hung upon the tree, f0
thick as to lhelter the young wood, but not f0 clofe
as to {but out the air.

Clear, refrelh, and enrich the f’traw-berry beds.

Weed them by hand. And where the plants l’tand
too clofe and crowded, pull up here and there one ;
always the weakef’t.

Take off the ﬁrings or runners; thefe mul’t be all
cut from the roots, and the dead leaves at the fame
time taken away.

Refrelh the roots by new foil mixed of mellow
dung and. ﬁefh earth:

‘ ' Ix:

36!: i

362

NOVEMBER,

Let two barrows of rich mould, cut from under
the turf in a good pafture, be mixed with one bar-
row of old dung: or let a larger quantity of this
be made where the plantation is greater.

Let this be feattered all over the beds half an inch
deep, and left in that condition for the rain to walh
in its virtue : fee that no plant be buried at the heart,
f0 as to make it rot.

Let the alleys between the beds be dug up a full
fpit deep, and the mould well broken.

Vaf’t quantities of roots are fent from the ﬁraw-
berry plants into this part, and the ends of them are
by this means trimmed off, and there is a freih foil
for them to {hoot new ﬁbres.

Look to the ﬁandard apple trees, whether dwarfs
in the garden, or planted in the orchard.

Mofs mui’t be cleared off from their items, and
the prefent feafon is the bell time of the year for
doing it.

When this is done, let the whole tree be examin-
ed : if two branches crofs, or croud one another at
the extremities, let one of them be cut oﬂr or thinned
in that part.

If on any part there be loofe pieces of decayed bark,
let them be taken away and the place clean wiped ;
infects breed there, which afterwards deﬁroy the
fruit.

Wherever there is a piece of the bark rotten, let
it be clean cut away to the quick, for it will never
recover, and if left on it will fpread the mifchief.

\N’herever a large branch is cut on“, the place muft
be {0 contrived that wet cannot lodge upon it. If
cut with a faw, it muf’t be pared even with a chif—
fel, and made ﬂ0ping downwards.

Very old boughs ihould always be taken from ap-
ple-trees, the fruit which grows upon them is fmall ;
and there will never be any difﬁculty in getting a
good fupply of bearing wood in their place.

Shoors fuited to that purpofe are to be trained by
bandages into a proper growth, and where there

3 p are

THIRD WEEK. 363

are none. let a ﬁnall piece of wood be cut out with a
chifiél. ‘

When the trees are thus put in good condition,
care is to be beltowed upon the ground.

Let it be well weeded, and as often as occafion
requires enriched with manure or tillage; or belt of
all with both.

Docks and the deep—rooﬁng thif’tles are very perni-
cious in orchards. The fewer weeds of any kind are
left there the better; but thofewhich penetrate far
into the ground are detrimental in the highef’c de-
gree.

It is an error to let turf cover the furface of the
ground in an orchard; but when the plantation is
made in the old way, with the trees clofe, there is
no remedy.

The belt way of planting, is fuch a diltance that
a plough can come between; and in that cafe the trees
thrive every way better; the breaking of the ground
ferves as manure without its ranknefs, and the fun
and air have free paITage, which is very eﬂ‘ential to
the good taﬁe and well ripening of fruit.

The belt manure for an orchard is a mixture of
two parts dung, and one part coal foot. Let this be
blended carefully, and fpread all over the ground
between the trees, not piled up in heaps juf’t about
their Items, according to the old praétice.

F ROSTS grow now fevere, and the gardener KITCHEN
muff keep a watchful eye to defend his products. GARDEN-
Let him look over the ground in general, and
fee that all his reed—fences are fecure.
Let him look round the ground alfo for its outer
fences, if they be of pales or hedges; and if there
be the leaf’t breach that had efcaped his eye before,
let it be made up with care.
The cold winds that come with frofts, nip and
'cut oﬁ“ more than the froﬁs themfelves ; and nothing
is f0 elfential as perfectly guarding againl’s them.
Hot beds mutt be kept up in a moderate temger
0r

354

TLOWER-
GARDEN.

.NOVEMBER,

for railing young falleting, and fuch Other articles as
can be fupplied at this time, or forwarded for early
fpring.

Their heat is apt to decline, and the plants to
grow mouldy in them. The ﬁrft in- rain, and the
Other in froﬁs and fogs.

Let frefh dung be at times piled round the out-
ﬁde; and let the glalTes be opened as often as pof-
ﬁble in the middle of the day; for the occaﬁon of
plants moulding is the want of air.

mmeeaseeeeemmmmeewe
N O V E:M B-E R.
S E C T. IV.
F 0 U R T K W E r: K.

FROSTS generally fet in f0 {harp at this time.
that unlefs there come the chance of a milder
day, little is to be done, or little enjoyed in the
garden.

Let the gardener now prepare his feveral compol’ts,
he has time for it, becaufe lefs hurried with the com-
mon buﬁnefs of the garden.

Lay theft: in fome open {pot on the outﬁde of the
ground; no matter how near, for they are not of—
fenﬁve. Let him mark them for diﬁiné'tion.

They are to lie yet feveral months. And a miﬁake
would be of bad confequence. .

Let him now cut as many thick and {tout pegs as
there are heaps, and marking them by notches, drive
them into the ground ; one at the edge of each
heap; and keep an account in writing of what kind
they are, and for what particular plant intended; as
alib what for others they may ferve.

Let him then dig up every one of them: the
{rail is not yet lb ﬁxed, as to harden their: heaps too
much for the entrance of his tools.

In

FOURTH WEEK.

In digging up thefe heaps of‘compof’t, let him
remember to break all clods; to mix all the parts
Very well, and to lay the whole up when he has done,
in a high ridge.

Then let him give it a good watering and leave it
to the fucceeding frol’ts. They will aﬂ’eé‘t it the more
for this wet; and it is what he deﬁres. Nothing
mellows a compoft more. '

This work is to be repeated, once in three-weeks,

or at the utmol’c once a month during the whole

winter; and by this means all the heaps will be well
blended, and ready for fcreening in fpring.

If the weather be any thing mild, look to fuch
parts of the garden as are planted in a modern taﬁe,
with clumps of Ihr‘ubs; or any other, where there
are ﬂarubs or {mall trees.

Go through the ground, to prune and fet right
thefe in any part where it may have been omitted at
an earlier feafon; or where fome accident may have
rendered it needful now. '

Then clear the ground, raking oﬁ‘ the rubbilh,
and cutting down the decayed {’talks of plants. '

Dig up the ground between one {hrub and another,
leaving the ﬂ0wer roors placed between unhurt, and
when the earth is well broken take off the dead leaves,
and draw fome mould about their roots.

This will give a cleannefs and a look of culture :'

the digging of the ground will be like adding mac
nure ; and if there be.any more {1111.le tenderer than
the reit, they may be defended as we have directed
for the new-planted ones in a preceding chapter.

The leaves of the plants interfperfed will' now
make an agreeablefappearance, and all will have that
air of frefhnefs and life which never fails to rife from
regular culture.

365

NOT HING can be now added to the plantations; SEMI-a

all the gardener has to do, is to take care of thofe he

has {own and planted already.
Let him place hoops over the beds of tender and
young

NARY.

366

FRUIT-
GARDEN.

NOVEMBER;

young plants, and have mats or cloths ready to draw
Upon them in the worl’t weather. They mul’t be
defended by this method, not only againf’t the feverel’c
frofts, but the heavieft rains.

Let him next go the round of his new planted
trees; and examine their flakes, and fee how the ﬂuff
lies about their roors.

Let him rock the {takes a little with his hand;
for he may be fure the wind will do it : and obferve
whether they bend in their fubftance, or {ﬁt the
ground: if it be the latter they muft be driven in
farther.

If in any part the haulm or other matter, covering
the ground between lie thin, let him take in more ;
and if any part of it be loofe, let him lay on more
weight, or drive in more pegs for fecuring it.

Let him next fee to his feedbeds of the larger
kind. '

If the earth cracks dangeroully, let him fcatter on
a little more mould, and lay over it fome light cover-
ing 3, and let him keep his traps for vermin baited.

PUT up fome of the belt pears, that lie upon the
ﬂoors and lhelves, in balkets; and alfo fome of the
ﬁner kind of apples: thefe will make a fupply, at
a time when thnfe left upon the ﬂoor are gone: the
jars need not be opened till the latelt part of the
feafon.

Pears keep very well in bafkets with ﬁraw about
them; and nothing could have put the method out
of fafhion, but the unartful manner in which our
gardeners performed it. ,

The French preferve molt of their ﬁne pears this
way. But whereas they balket them after fweating
and laying on the ﬂoor: our people take them at
Once from the heap.

Pears will keep feveral months in bafkets with
ﬁraw, provided they are all perfectly found when put
into them i. but if there be the leal’t tendency to taint

or

FOURTH WEEK;

or rottennefs in any one of the parcels, it will def’rroy
the whole.

Thofe who take pears from the heap in which they
are laid at gathering, immediately into the balket,
cannot be fure of their being all found; but in this
method we are about to direct, there can be no mif-
take, nor have lever known even a ﬁngle balket
fail. ~
We have direéted the gardener to pile up his fruit
in a heap; and when the proper fweating is over,
to fpread a good part of it on the ﬂoor and lhelves
of the fruitery.

It will now have lain fome weeks, and a part of
it is to be balketted for longer keeping. Let fome
deep bafkets be prepared, and fet on a kitchen-dreﬂ‘er
all day, that they may be throughly dry, but not
heated; and let a good quantity of wheat ﬁraw lie
there among them, to dry perfeétly in the fame
manner.

Let the balkets be lined at the bottom and {ides
with fome of the wheat-ﬁraw; and thus prepared
let them be brought into the fruitery.

Let the belt of the pears be picked OPE from the
ﬂoor and lhelves, and one by‘one wiped and laid
carefully into the bafkets.

When they are ﬁlled, cover them well with more
of the ﬁraw; and then faften down the baiket.

Tye it up by a ﬁring in the fruitery, and thus pro‘
ceed with the whole number.

The temperature of the air being duly preferved
in this room, by lhutting the windows in froﬁ and
fog, and opening them in mild dry days, the fruit
will keep a long time.

All bad or decaying fruit that fhall appear after
this, in the room, mufl: be carefully taken out, for
it will infect the air; but after this there will be
no danger.

Let the gardener go in once in two days, during
the winter, to fee all keeps as it ﬂiould, and he will

perceive

367

368

NOVEMBER,

perCeive‘ by the ﬁnell whether there be any thing
amifs. ‘

If he fufpeét rottenefs or mouldynefs, let him ne-
ver tell till he has found out the caufe, and removed
it. He need not unpack the baikets in this fearch;
the fault is rarely in them: indeed fcarce ever, if he
have be—ftowed due care in picking the fruit for them ',
or if it be, his fmell will difcover in which,- and he
will need unpack no other.

In this cafe he ﬂiould lay out the good pears for
prefent ufe, not pack them up again, when he has
thrown out that which has occafioned the damage:
for it is fcarce to be conceived how ﬂight a de-
gree of contagion will fpread itfelf through the
whole. ~

Thefe on the floor, from which he is to ﬁll the
baikets, are but a feeond kind in value; for the
prime of his gatherings are in the jars.

Even thefe may be divided into three kinds; 2!
better, a middling, and amore indifferent: and it will
be very proper to do it, at the time of baiketing, in
this manner.

The ﬁner being taken up for that purpofe, the
inferiOr kind will be left upon the ﬂoor, to be eaten
ﬁrf’t. Of the line ones taken up for bafketing, all
will not be alike; and it will therefore be eafy to di—
vide them into a ﬁrft and fecond fort, the full: or
limit need not be many, and they may be preferved
with yet greater care in the baikets.

i There is a kind of very thick coarfe paper; it is
reddilh in colour, and it comes from Holland; the
apothecaries ufe it for ﬁltering.

Let fome of this be dried in the fame manner as
the baikets and Ptraw -, and let thefe ﬁnel’c pears, when
they have been carefully wiped with a ﬂannel, be
wrapped up, one by one, in half {beets of this paper,
if of the largef’t kinds -, or for the ufual file a ﬂieet
cut length-wife into three, is a proper quantity. In

this the body of the pear is to be wrap’d, and _it mill
e

FOURTH WEEK. 369
be brought clofe, and tyed gently with a double
thread at the {mall end. .

When they are thus papered, let them be laid in a
bafket, lined at the bottom and {ides with ﬁraw, and
covered with more. ,

A mark ﬂiould be put upon thefe particular bafkets,
that the gardener may know where to ﬁnd them on
any occaﬁon. They will be preferved very. perfeélly,
and always in ﬁne order. . ‘

G0 the round among new planted trees; and fee
all that remains fecure. Examine if no {takes is
IOOfe, nor any nail has ﬂown; and fcatter‘ a little
haulm, or fome other covering upon the earth, about
the bottom of the items.

THE two great feafons of planting, are autumn KITCHEN
and fpring: the autumnal time is over, and the GARDEN‘
fpring long to come. But there are yet fome few
things which may occaﬁonally be done in this part
of the ground.

If the weather be fevere, and the ground too hard
for working, let the careful gardener take his 0p-
portunity of preparing for a more favourable feaé
ion.

Where the ground will want a refrefhment of ma-
nure, let him now carry it in, and fpread it over the
whole furface of that part of the ground for which it
is wanted. It will thus be open to the frol’ts, which
will anfwer an excellent purpofe in taking OFF the
ranknefs of it, and preventing the bad taﬁe it other-
wife gives to the products.

Look over the feeds which will be required in
fpring, and perfectly clean them.

Look over the tools, and repair and put them in
good order.

Examine the feveral products that are in danger
from frof’ts, and repeat and continue all the means
we have directed for their prefervation.

Bb If

V370 ‘NOVEMBER;

If the weather be mild fow carrots in fome warm
part of the ground, to take their chance; and open
drills for peafe -, and plant fome more beans to come
.‘i-n, if the frofis {hould fpare them“, in fucceﬂion, after
thofe we have before direéted to be put into the
ground. ‘ '

No large piece-mould be allotted to thefc planta—
tions, for they are only made to take their chance,
which is uncertain; and in their belt fuccefs they
make but a very {mall part of the provilion under
this article.

 

CHAP.

 

CHAP.ML
DECEDJBEK.
SECT.L

FIRST WEEK;

INTRODUCTION.

5 HE two 1211’: of the LINN/BAN Claire's
"y are reprefented in this head- -piece , and
_ f they will eaﬁly be underﬂood from What

24; has been faid of the preceding. The
- 6.1 former of thefe is the Polygamia, fo
called from the various manners of impregnation;
and the latter Cryptogamia, from the obfcurity in
which 1t is performed.

We have feen 1n the la& defcribed clafs, that there
are kinds in which male and female ﬂowers grow. on
feparate plants: there are alfo others in which there
grow on different plants of the fame fpecies, ﬂowers
which have male and female organs; others which
have only male, and others only female , that 1s,f0n1e
plants have ﬂowers with ﬁlaments and a f’cyle, others

B b 2 onlv

 

'374

DECEMBER,

and they thrive belt when their branches do n0t
interfere with one another.

When the plants are encreafed by additions from
abroad, or by propagation, let as many be taken
away as are admitted frefh; or let the building be

' enlarged.

Suppofe the number too- great for the place, which
is the cafe, at prefent, in molt gardens : let the gar-
dener reprefent this properly and make his compu-
tation how many it will bear.

Havingiﬁxed the number that mul’t be removed,
let him take away fo many pots of duplicates, and of
the weakei’t and leaﬁ handfome plants; and fet them
under any kind of Ihelter out of the green~houfe.
If they perilh, it is better than to fave them, by ta-
king them in, for there they w0uld hurt the general
appearance, and damage thofe which were better. '

Having reduced the number to what may ﬁand
clear of one another, the next article is the difpoﬁtion;
and in this two things are principally to be confulted,
the {hewing the belt plants to the mof’t advantage,
and giving a pleaﬁng variety to the whole.

Set the choiceft plants by themfelves, that the
number may be known, then let the parts of the
green-houfe, where they can {land molt confpicuouﬂy, ’
be confulted: they muﬁ be placed at fome diftance
one from another, that there may be an intermixture
of other kinds, ferving as foils between them; and
thus on whatever part of the green-houfe the eye is
cal’t, there will be fome object to charm and fatisfy
the attention.

Thefe plants fhould be difpofed at feparate diltan—
ces, backward, or toward the front, according to
their height; and when they are thus placed, where
thofe of a like ﬁze will {land about them, they fhould
be raifed to fome elevation above the common level,
that they may be the more confpicuous.

Then let the gardener carry in his eye a general
notion of the heightgof the Others; and thence begin
to place them. .

Let

FIRST WEEK.

Let him fet the talleﬂ; on the hindmoﬁ ﬁands; and
thefe not in a compleat row, but with fome of a
little lefs height interchangeably between; that they
may reprefent a range of trees, and not a wall.

There is in thefe things no beauty but in their
freedom, and they will reprefent cut yews, not hand~
fome ﬂirubs, when difpofed in the Common formal
manner.

When the upper row is placed, the remainder are
to come in their feveral ranks; not exactly, but nearly
according to their degrees of height.

In placing thefe there is room for a great deal of
fancy: the variety of tinéts and lhades of green, is
an article of great elegance; and a painter would
think himfelf happy in half that choice which the
dull eye of the gardener too often neoleéis.

1 Let him place on each ﬁde of the feveral confpi-
cuous plants ﬁrft difpofed, forne one of thefe that has
a colour not like its own, but ﬁttei’t to fet it off in
picture.

Then let the reit be placed with freedom; and
though moﬁ; leaves may be called green, yet there will
be a vaﬁ fund of variation in the grey green, the
blue green, the yellowifh, and the ﬁlvery white mixed
interchangeably among the full and ﬁne colour of
the others. .

Care muf’t be taken that the plants are gradually
ihorter to the front of the room, though not exactly
{0, and that they ﬂand perfectly clear of one another:
They will never thrive well, unlefs the air come every
way between them.

When the whole number is thus difpofed, let all
dead leaves be taken off; and any bough that is par-
ticularly (haggling and can be fpared.

When the weather is mild, let the glaﬁ'es be opened
more or lefs, according to the degree of warmth,
about eleven o’clock, or earlier in a morning, and
clofed an hour or two before fun-fer. -

All they will require farther will be waterin0, which‘

muﬁ be given, freely to fome, and fparingly {23) others,
' b

4 according

375

SEMI-
HARY.

FRUIT—
GARDEN.

DECEMBER,

according to their nature -, but all that is done in this
matter, ihould be about an hour before noon; and
always the more the glaﬁ'es can be opened, the more
water may be allowed to the plants.

A conﬁned and damp air is dei’trué’tive. This rots
the f’calks and makes the leaves fade; and this always
follows when the plants are at the fame time clofe {hut
up and largely watered.

MARK the condition of the tender feedlings, and
new planted fhrubs; wherever there is danger, double
the care for prefervation.

Drive in frelh flakes, if any be loofe; and if any
tree be in particular endangered by the froll, lay fome
haulm of peafe or beans to a good thicknefs about
the Item, and four feet every way round it.

See that there be no breach in the fence, or any
way for the {harp winds of the feafon to come in;
and as the weather is more or lefs fevere put on or take
off the mats and c10ths from the h00ps, that we have
direéted him to place over his feedling beds; as in the
ﬂower-garden.

Negleé‘t no part of this care; for if otherwife, the
former labour will prove of little fervice.

IF the froit proves fevere, nothing can now be
done in this part of the ground: but if the weather
be milder it is a proper time for refrefhing the earth
in which the roors of fruit-trees fpread.

This takes in a larger extent than many imagine;
and the refrefhment now proper to be given them,
may be either by means of digging or by the addition
of frelh matter; but belt of all by both.

It would not be proper to dig about the roots of
trees in extreme froi‘t, becauie the feverity of the air
would be admitted more immediately to them; but
neither is it prafticable.

The ground can only be dug when the weather is
mild; and the roors thus expofed will be covered up
again, not only with their own mould, but wiah

I, e

FIRST WEEK. 377

the due addition, before the frol‘t fets in again to at-
tack them.

Let the borders ﬁrf’t be raked over, to take off all
dead leaves, broken wood, and other accidental
toulnefs

Then let there be brought on fome barrows of frelh
earth hom under the nut in a rich paﬁure, and
half as much pond mud tluown on with it.

Upon thefe lay on a fmall quantity of foot and
fome pigeons dung, and fprinkle over the whole a
little brine.

When all is brought on, let it be {’tirred together
with a rake, that it may be mixed and fpread equally
over every part.

Then let the gardener dig it in. The ufual way
of doing this, is with a fpade -, but it is not the belt,
experience fhews it will often greatly damage the
roots, and do more harm than the addition does
good.

The pr0per inﬂrument is a three pronged fork,
like what the farmers ufe , but fabricated purpofely.

What I have many years ufed, is made in this
manner: the handle is the fame with that of the
fpade, and the iron part is very f’trong; the top is
as broad as in a fpade, and made fquare, that the
foot may ref’t well upon it to prefs it down into the
ground, and the three tongs are thick, fcooping like
a fpoon, and a little ﬂatted.

This is the pr0per inﬁrument for digging in the
manure at the roots of fruit—trees: and with this it
fhould be well wrought and mixed with the foil of
the bed, dug up to about feven inches depth for that
purpofe: when the whole is well mixed, let the bor-
der be raked over: nothing mull be planted upon it;
that all the {trength of the manure may go to the roots
of the trees.

REPEAT the fowing of young falleting upon KITCHEN
hot— beds of a temperate degree of warmth. Care GARDEN.

mull be taken to give the young growth air, when
the

DECEMBER,

the weather is_ tolerable, in the middle of the day»

If the days be mild toward the end of this week,

plant fome beans, and fow a few drills of penile: If
they out-live the froft, they make a good fuccef—
lion.
.- A great deal of .care is now required for the cauli-
ﬂower plants under the glaﬂEs. If theybe cover-
ed too continually, they will fade for want of air;
and if expofed to the feverity of the feafon too
freely, they will be nipped by it, and come to
little.

Let our gardener therefore keep the glalTes clofe,
whenever it is lharply frol’ty; and let him watch all
opportunities of milder days, and from eleven to
two, raife them more and more according to the
fealbn.

Every thing is now bare and naked in this part of
the ground, except the few {pots covered with the
winter crops; let him therefore take this opportunity
of looking after fnails, nefts of caterpillars, and
other devourers; there is nothing to hide them from
his fearch, and they are in no condition to efcape
him.

On the to s of the branches in his hedges, and on
many trees t at are about the place, he will fee bags
like cobwebs : thefe are the neﬁs of caterpillars; that
would the next year eat his cabbages and other valu-
able products ; let him now cut them off, and burn
them.~

Snails are got into their winter ﬂielter, in holes of
walls, and under logs of woods, and in all kinds of
crevices; let thefe be picked carefully, and every
hedge and pale fearched for them.

It is a buﬁnefs that muft be done, and there is
no time fo proper for it, as when it interferes with
no other.

DECEM-

SECOND WEEK. 379

mmmmmmammxmmmt
D E C E M B E R.
S E C T. II.

SECOND WEEK.

'It‘i or: now time to prepare for the fprmg plantaﬁélfgyfﬁg.

Many ﬂower roots are then to be put in; and to
give them the full advantage of culture, the bor-l
ders {hould be made ready to receive them now by

ed digging, and a moderate enrichment.

If the weather be a little mild and open, this is
the time. _

Dig up the beds a full fpade deep, take out all
roots of weeds; break every clod, and throw up the
mould in a {harp ridge, 'Id‘his expofes it to froi’c,
air, and fun, and at the fame time prevents wet from
lodging upon it. ,

\Vhen the ridge is formed, ﬁft over it fome foot,
and leave it thus for the prefent. ~

From time to time it {hould be afterwards turned,
but the fame form of a high and {harp ridge, ﬁill
preferved in the laying it.

Let the gardener then go the round of his ﬂower
beds, and manage them according to the feafon, de-
fending them when the froﬁs are fevere, and giving
them free air when the weather is milder.

A flight caft of the eye will {hew if there be dead GREEN-
leaves any where on the green-houfe plants; if any HOUSE'
are feen, let them be picked off; and in ﬁne mild
weather, if any fuch happen this week, let the win-
dows of the green-houfe be opened carefully in the
middle of the day.

IN the ﬁove the greateft attention is requilite for STOVE.
the

380

DECEMBER,

the prefervation of the plants, 'and the keeping them
in beauty; thofe preferved in this manner, are natives
of climates in which cold is unknown; therefore
they cannot endure it ; but on the orher hand, as the
heat in this cafe is given by aé‘tual ﬁre, it would be
eafy to carry that too far.

A thermometer is a very ufeful guide ; but the melt
certain of all rules is the afpeét of the plants.

As the cold grows more fevere the fire mull be
encreafed accordingly; but as that is done, let the
gardener every day, once or oftner, look over his
plants to fee they do not fuller by one extreme or the
other.

If the‘air be fuﬁ'ered to grow too cool, the leaves
will foon look weak: this is the ﬁril ﬁgnal of dan-
ger; and upon examining the tops of their branches,
they will be found withering. If the neglect of
them continue, the leaves fall oﬂ“, the extremes
of all the branches die; and the whole plant foon
after.

Upon the ﬁrit appearance of this the thermometer
will conﬁrm the fufpicion -, let the ﬁres be gradually
encreafed, till the rife of the fpirit, and the alpeét
of the plants mutually fhew the danger is over.

The other extream of too much heat, is the more
fatal, as it bears no afpeét of danger. For thefe
plants natives of hot climes, will live in a heat much
greater than their own, and will feem to thrive
in it.

A {love that is kept too hot, will hence to an
injudicious eye, appear in the molt perfect condition
of healdi.

The plants will look lively and grow freely : indeed
too freely; for though it is natural and proper, that
they lhould grow during the winter; yet nothing is
worfe than their lhooting too {all at fuch a time.

The degree of the heat being properly managed;
two things more require attention ; thefe are the keep—
ing the plants clean, and the watering them.

On the ﬁrft their health and vigour depends more
than

SECOND WEEK.

than many are aware; and if it were not fo, the ill
look of plants, loaded with ﬁlth and over—run with
infeéts, is very difagreeable.

_ Set fome water four and twenty hours in the ﬁove;
before it is ufed, that it may have the due temper and
heat of the air in this place. ,

Let the gardener when he has regulated his ﬁre,
go over all the plants, picking 03‘ dead leaves, and
ﬂirting the earths furfaee in their pots. Then let him
with a loft rag dipped in water, clean the {talks where
they are foul, and with a pencil brufh dipped in the
fame water clean the leaves.

This done, let him give fuch as require it a gentle
watering. The more the air is heated the more will
thefe waterings be necelfary; but this ﬂiould be done
with a ﬁne nofed pot and a very little at a time.

33!.

THE ground in the feminary intended to beSEMI-y
planted in the fucceeding fpring, has been dug and“““'

thrown up in ridges.

The furface of thefe ridges will be by this time
mouldered by the frol’t, and in ﬁne condition -, but it
.is only the furface that has yet received that advan-
tage. The froi’ts have not penetrated the inner part of
the mould, nor have the commOn inﬂuences of the
air reached it. Give them way in by turning the
whole quantity; dig down the ridges in a mild day,
break all lumps, and leave the whole expofed with a
ﬂat furl-ace for three or four days ; then throw it up
into a ridge again: and occaﬁonally repeat this ope-
ration.

Such a careful tillage will fupply the place of ma-
nure; and the whole quantity of mould in fpring,
will be light, hollow, crumbly, and rich, ﬁt to re-
ceive any thing.

Look to thofe pots of the more tender ihrubs,
which were fet up to the rim in the ground.

The danger of frol‘ts now comes towards its
height, fee therefore whether this proreét them. if
there appear hazard, notwithﬁanding this precaution,

he

382 ‘ DECEMBER,

he muf’c bring in fome long dry ftraw, and drawing-
it in carefully between the ﬁems, cover the furface
of the earth in the pots. ,

In fevere weather go the rounds here, and fee no
accident has dil’turbed or removed the matter fpread
for proteé‘tion about the roots of new planted trees.
~ If it be any thing mild weather, let the ground
be broke, and dug about the young trees, and fame
frefh mould fcattered in among it.

The belt method» is this, let a few barrows of earth
from under the turf on a dry common, be fpread
over the ground where the trees are planted; and
with the three pronged fork let it be turned up and
well broken.

This method of digging with the fork wounds no
principal roots; but at the fame time it breaks off
many of the extreme ﬁbres, which anfwers the fame
purpofe with the gardeners method of trimming a
roor for new planting; and there is all the encou‘
ragement for their frefh fhooting.

Let the gardener however be careful, that in this
he do not run the growth into new danger.

The frelh breaking of the earth will make it more
liable than before to the penetrating of frofls -, there-
fore if the place be expofed, let there be fome haulm
of peafe, or other fuch dry fubﬁance, fcattered mo-
demtely thick-over the new dug grOund, and kept
down by pegs or itones.

mum ’ LET the careful gardener, who fees his prefent

GARDEN. leifure, and recolleéts the hurry of his buﬁnefs in
the fucceeding fpring, prepare himfelf for it, by
placing every thing in readinefs.

Let him conﬁder in what part new trees may be
introduced to advantage in fpring; and at once pre-
pare the ground and mark the place by a good
digging.

Let him, in a mild day, throw up the earth, in
thefe fpots , two fpade deep, and lay it in two ridges,
to mellow with the lroﬁ, and let him note down

in

SECOND WEEK.‘

in his book what tree he intends to plant in each of
thofe places. '

Let him then fee that his new-planted trees keep
fecure; that their {takes do not rock, nor their
branches {tart from the wall 3 and where he has laid
any thing to the roots, let him mind that it keep its

lace.
P Let him fee that his feeds and roots are in perfect
order for fowing and planting in the fpring, and let
him look into his fruit room daily.

If any pear or apple begin to decay, let it be
taken away: if he fmell mouldinclis in any parcel,‘
let him fearch the caufe, and remove it; and, in the
extreme fevere weather, throw ﬁraw over thofe which
lie upon the ground, or upon Ihelves.

Let the nature of the foil now be carefully exae
mined in the fruit garden, and care taken to amend
it, according to its kind.

Clay is a common foil in England, and 'there is
not naturally a worfe; if this be the cafe in the
fruit-tree borders, improve it thus:

Bring in a good quantity of river fand ; about one
fourth part as much coal allies, and as much pond
mud: let thefe be broke and {kreen’d together; not
to make them very ﬁne, but to mix their feveral
parts.

Let a good quantity of the clayey foil be calcined
or burned upon fome wood, till it will crumble to
powder; bring on this with the alhes of the wood,
and mix it with the reft: fpread the whole evenly over
the border; and, if the trees be new-planted, digit
in with the fpade 3 if otherwife, with the three-
pronged fork.

This, at one dreﬂing, converts the tough, bar-
ren and cold clay, into a mellow, rich, and warm
loamy earth; than which none is ﬁtter for the gene-
rality of fruit—trees. ‘ 3

The hazely mould, in which we ﬁnd them thrive
bell: of all, is not unlike this artiﬁcial mixture. No-
thing fupports a tree like toughnefs in the foil 5 but

a this

383

384. DECEMBER.

this prevents ,the roots from fpreading: the incre-
dients here directed to be added, break and 10312511
its parts to give them free pall'age, without dellroyino
that valuable natural quality. :2

When the earth is naturally loofe and fandy, bring
on clay as an improvement: this I have found fut?
ceed belt when a little burnt; but not calcined to the
degree we have direéted on the preceding occaiion.

One great fault in thefe foils is, that the water
runs off too quick; and norhing remedies that [0
eﬁ'eéhtally, as giving a bottom to this half-burnt
clay. The foil ihould be taken out two fpades deep
for this purpofe, and the clay laid in a fpade depth,
but not ram’d ; over this mult be thrown in the foil
again, improved by the addition of the burnt clay,
with fome pond mud and pigeons dung.

This will prepare a border, in_either of thefe foils,
ﬁt for planting in February: or in an old one, the
fame ingredients dug in as /we have direéled, will
1mpr0ve its very nature.

KITCHEN WHAT we have here {aid of the fruit-tree bor—

GARDEN- ders, may be transferred to the kitchen garden ; and
in the fame manner, if the foil be clayey, it may be
improved by fand; if fandy, by burnt clay, with the
propol‘ed additions; and thefe will, from that ma—
nagement, alter its former nature.

This is a good time to enquire into the condition
of the kitchen—ground, becaufe it is now mol’t vacant
of its produfts; and fuch ingredients fhould be
brought on as will improve it.

The common praétice fupplies the place of all thefe
with dung ; but thoﬂgh nothing miles the growths of
a kitchen-garden fo quick, nothing is more improper;
for it renders them coarfe and ill—ﬂavoured.

For thofe who are mol’t fond of its ufe, What we
have here direéted Ihould precede it; for if thrown
in the common way upon liich foil, it can take little
effect. Its virtue will be walhed through the fandy

foil, and will not mix with the clayey in its natural
Pratt;

SECOND WEEK. 33;

i’tate; but as we have directed them to be alter’d by
additions, they become a new foil, and will receive
and retain its inﬂuence. ‘

Let this, in every new kitchen-garden be a great
article of the proprietor’s concern: in the fevereﬁ:
weather thefe ingredients may be picked up and
brought in; and when it is milder, they may be dug
into the ground before the fpring planting.

The beds of artichokes will this week require dref-
ling; they mull: be earthed up, laying a ridge of
mould over their ﬁdes and tops to preferve them from
the froﬂs. The leaves mull: be cut down for this
purpofe, and the earth laid carefully over them.

Where there are any fet for fruit, let them f’tand':
draw up the earth clofe to them, and defend them
well; this will keep them in vigour, and the arti-
chokes will ripen at a very agreeable feafon. ‘

Celeri is another article that requires care in this
part of the garden; it muft be earthed up in a mild
dry day, very high, to preferve it from the frol’t as
well as blanch it.

-DECEMBER.
SECT. III.

THIRD WEEK.

F the weather be not very frolty, let the gardener rLowm.
turn all his heaps of compof’t; digging every 01‘3”?“
parcel, carefully breaking all clods, and throwing it
up to the air with a new furface: then if the weather
be dry, let him give every heap a fprinkling ’of
water.-
Few weeds now rife to trouble him in his gravel
walks, but let the few that appear be taken up, and
the walks rolled firmly.
The beds of Ranunculus’s, Anemonies, and other
C c ‘. choiec

386

GREEN.
HOUSE.

DECEMBER,

choice ﬂowers, will now require aca‘reful regard.

If therefall {now it will do them no harm; it'
rather lhields them from Other; injuries, than caufes
any; and it mellows the ground which it covers:
but froﬁ and rain are equally deltructive: let them be
defended by covering, upon either occaﬁon. .

The confequence of fevere frol’t, if they be left
expofed to it, is evident; and that of rains,'if vio-
lent, is worfe. They not only may by their own cold-
nefs and damp rot the roots; but if they Ihould efcape
this ﬁrll: danger, the wetnefs of the ground will give
the next froﬁs double power.

Let the practice we direé‘ted 1m week for the
fruit—garden, be continued this week in the ﬂower— ’
ground.

Let the gardener mark out all places where he can
plant ﬂowering {hrubs in fpring, and dig them up two
fpades depth.

Let the earth that is thus thrown up, belaid in a
ridge; and once in three weeks, let it be ﬁirred and
frelh turned during winter. A

THE feverity of the feafon will not allow the green-
houfe plants to have much air now ; but let there be
no opportunity loft of giving them that advantage,
when it can be done with fafety.

Every evening the Hunters on the outﬁde of the
windows and doors fhould be clofed, in the worﬂ wea—
ther; but when it is any thing milder, they mul’t be
refrelhed with air whenever the fun fhines well upon
the place.

A conﬁned air is deﬁrué‘tive of all plants.

In this leaion therefore manage carefully in guard‘
ing thefe tender kinds from cold, and occaﬁonally
giving them in much air as will prevent their decay.

The difference between noon-day and night is very
great in point of cold, even in the fevereﬂ: feafons:
and the air of the hardeﬁ time is very different when
warmed by the free fun, and when his inﬂuence is
obfcured. .

It

THIRD WEEK;

If the gardener fhould keep his greenhoul‘e lhut up
for a conﬁderable time together, in the fame manner
as it is neceﬁary to do in the fevereﬂ' nights, he
would fee the deﬁruétion of the whole collection come
0n gradually; but even the ﬁrl’t notice he received
this way, would be fo late, that a great deal of mif-
chief would be pail: remedy.

The leaves, toward the extremities of the branches
in feveral kinds, would drop off; and by that time
he had knowledge of this by the falling of two or
three, numbers more would have loft their hold and
means of nourifhment; and, in fpite of all his care
would follow. * '

The plants would be deformed by this: the next
Rage of mifchief would he, that the branches, from
which thefe leaves fell, would theinfelves decay; and
afterwards the whole. - . ‘

In the mean time the contagion of thefe decayed
leaves would extend itfelf through thewhole place,
like the mouldinefs of a pear‘or apple in the ‘fruitery ;
and thofe plants, whole principle of vegetation had
been fo {trong that they reﬁl’ted the ﬁrll: mifchief,
would perilh like the others from the latter.

This would be the Rate of a greenhoufe fhut up
too clofe and too long. At the fame time if the
intent of the building were perverted, by leaving the
glaﬂ’es too much open, a great part of the plants
would peri'lh by the abfolute cold: and thefe would
be the molt valuable; for the tenderer kinds, raifed
with molt care and trouble, would be aﬁeﬁed ﬁrft.

Always at night in fevere frol’ts, the fhutters are to
be clofed: and for the greater part of the day; and
fometimes all day the windows mull: be kept lhut.

Whenever the fun lhines, and the air is clear, let
them be raifed at noon. This muff be done accor-
ding to the degree of cold: if- very fevere a little
opening of them only muf’c be allowed, and for a
little time; for-the lealt will prevent the abfolute
l’cagnation of the air within.

In better days the opening mul’t be more free, and
‘ C C 2 u it

3'87

388

STOVE.

DECEMBER,

it may be continued longer; and the plants will, by
that, be enabled to bear longer {hurting 'up, if the
fucceeding days fhould demand it...“ '

The difference between a pure and foggy air is alfo
very great. A thick fog is almoft as mneh to be
feared in winter as fruit. Such an air let in for a few
minutes, and then lhut up in the greenhorife, 'I have
known do more mifchief in one night, than any
other accident, under tolerable care, could have. done
in a week. ‘

All the time the greenhoufe is obliged to be To
much (hut up, let the plants have very little water.
They will require lefs than at other times; and no-
thing will more contribute to the damage they may
receive from being kept clofe, than the addition of
that damp which the warmth of the air will raife from
the wetted earth. _

Decay of the extream parts is what‘is dreaded,
and nothing will promote that f0” much as clofenefs,

‘ heat, and moiftu re.

EVERY thing being thus regulated in the green-
houfe, let our gardener look into his (love: let him-
fee by the afpe& of his plants, as well as by his
thermometer, that the air is properly heated.

If the plants {hoot too freely, let him a little ﬂacken
the degree of ﬁre; and if they appear faint at the
ends of the branches, let him a little encreafe it.

Let him well dil’tinguilh which of the plants will
require watering, and in what degree. Let him ufe
no water for this purpofe but what has ltood a day
and night in the Prove, and give this but fparingly
to thole which molt require it, l‘uch as the fhrubs
and plants of a ﬁrmer l’trufture; and fame any to
the Cereus kinds. p ‘

Thele have no leaves to lofe, therefore there is
lefs danger of their wanting moifiure; but with re-
gard to the others, as the heat of the air keeps them
perfpiring, they muf’t be fupplied proportionably at

the tact, .or they will be {tripped one by one of

their

THIRD WEEK. 389

their leaves; as the plants in the greenhoufe will
from over-clofenefs. -

The woody kinds will require water molt fre-
quently, the herbaceous in 1 a middling degree, and
the fucculent leaﬁ. ‘ '

Thofe which require moﬂ fhould have it allowed
them, not by an increafe of the quantity, but by re-
peating it the oftener; for it will always be for the
advantage of the plants in general, in the ftove, not
to water too many at a time, nor thofe too largely.

WE have directed the earth to be dug andsnmma.
thrown up in ridges, that is intended for planting“-
in February: let thefe be now broke and turned in
a mild day ; and thrown up in a new ridge, that the
inﬂuence of froPt and winds may be received on a
frefh furface.

There is no feafon when a gap or breach in the
fences of a feminary, can be f0 mifchievous as at
prefent; it would admit the cutting winds, that will
nip the tenderer of the plants; and vermin would
get in, which would deﬁroy without meafure. Some
kinds will bark the trees, and others tear the feeds
out of the ground. -

Let all be kept fecure; .and let the young trees
be well fupported by their ﬂakes, and preferved by
covering the earth about their roots. .

Cold rains will fall at this feafon, and they. may
be as prejudicial in this part as any other.

If there be any fpot where they lodge, cut drains .
from it, to carry the water clean off.

In winter a wet ground gives the frofl: too much
power upon the roots; and in fpring it makes the
{hrubs fhoot out too fall.

The buﬁnefs in a feminary is, that. the plants
fhould grow ﬁrm and found, which will never be f0
well enfured as when the ground is duly drained.

Look over- the beds of feedlings, whether of the
ﬂower or tree kind.

They mull: a little be fheltered by loofe f‘traw, a

C c 3 mat,

390 ,DECEMBE‘R,‘

mat, in: other covering, according to their nature,
if the frolt be fevere; and, if more mifs, thofe cos
verings muff-be accordinglyraifcd up, ortaken oil".

{EQSLN' IF the 'weather bebpen, andthe fpadh can be
employed 1n the ground, there is no timc'when it
Will be found more ferviceable to fruitvtrees:

The feafon is approaching for roots drawing nou-
rifhment, and thole of trees do it fooner. than molt
imagine. Therefore. let the earth now .be prepared,
to give way to their young ﬁbres, and to fupply them
With proper juices. 4 " - .4

Let-the careful gardener dig upall. the ground
betivecnxthe trees in his orchardza fulk fpadc deep,
picking out the roots of weeds as he ﬁnds them,
breaking the clods, and afterwards lifting on a little
foot, and fcattering over that fom’e pigeon’srdung- '
' The ”manure will be diffolved 'byathe rains of
winter, and thoroughly" walla into the earth before
fpring. ‘.\‘ .' :

By this method of digging- up the ground, and a
free ufeof a bill and faw, in clearing away fome of
the branches, an orchard may be made to produce
four times its ufual quantity. ' » - '

Let the trees be now thinned of fome of their abun—
dant boughs, and their heads reduced to fuch extent,
that the fun and air can come freely at every part:
the fmaller quantity of wood left, will yield a mach
larger produce than the whole in its wild ﬁate would
have done; and. the fruit will be much ﬁner. The
philofophers paradox, that half is more than the
whole, will be very perfectly illul’trated in this
example.

KITCHEN IF the feafon be now wet fee if water lodges in any

GARDEN. part, it will be a certain occaﬁon of mifchief ; there-
fore let the taken 03‘ by a drain.

Look to. the artichoke beds, lately covered with

mould: if the froit threaten, let a little dryhpeaiife-

. au m,

THIRD WEEK.

haulm be fcattered over them}, and, if wet lodges,
let it be in the fame manner carried oﬁ‘.

There is no part of the ground in which a lodg-
ment of water will not be hurtful; no time Of the
year at which it will be more deltruétive: none when
it f0 readily difclofes itfelf ; and none in which the
gardener is more at leifure to remedy the mifchief.

In a mild day ﬁx upon fome fpot for a good crop
of peai'e and beans. ‘

Dig up the ground carefully, break all the clods,
and then draw lines for planting them.

The belt bean for this time, is the Sandwich; and
for this the rows fhould be a yard afunder, and the
plants eight inches diﬁant in the rows. The common
practice places them much dofer; but they err, who
lilppofe more beans are produced ,by Llnreafonably
multiplying the plants in the fame piece of ground.

Ihave found by fair tryal, that in this way the
ground will yield one third more beans than when
twice as many plants are raifed in it; and the beans
are fweeter. -

The peafe fhould be fown_in drills, at conﬁderable
diﬁance, and fewer allowed to the ground, in the
like manner; for the fame reafoning holds good, and
is fupporte’d by the fame experience, fen plants, well
nourilhed, will produce from the fame ground more

than twenty which are planted fo near as to ﬁarve

one another. ,

The hotfpur pea is a very proper kind for this
plantation, and they lhould be fcattered thin in drills,
about an inch and half deep. The ground {hould
be well broke over them, and they will IhOOt fooner
or later, according to the feafon‘; and will ripen
fo early, as to fucceed the dwarf peafe railed in
hot—beds.

The peafe for that fervice the gardener has now
growing, from a fowing in the end of autumn ; three
weeks hence it will be time to take them up, and
forward them by this artiﬁcial method.

C c 4 The

39I

DECEMBER,

The mufhroom beds now require good care, but ~
they will repay it by the fupply. . p .

.Two things principally promote tth grOWth of
the fpawn, heat andmoifture: if either of thefe be,
in too great a degree, they will fail; and‘if very
good care be not taken at this feafon, {0 much wet-
will get into the beds as to drown the whole. But
there will require no more afﬁliance to keep-in their
heat, and defend them both from froﬁ and rain, than
a good covering of long ﬁraw. _

The ﬁraw mull be dry when it is laid on; and it
mull lie no longer than while it continues {0; when
it grows damp. and fails, it mul’t be removed, and
its place fupplied by.more.

The cauliﬂower plants under glaﬂ‘es are at no feafon
in more danger than now. ,.,

They are in all refpeéts in the condition of green--
houfe plants : and what we have juﬂ: direéted for the
prefervation of thofe will keep thefe alfo in health;
and no other way can. .

The glaﬂés mull always be let down in the even-
ing to cover the plants clofe from the night froﬂs,
but towards noon in a ferene day they (hould always

be opened.

If any dead leaf appear upon them it mul‘t be
taken off; the mould mufl be drawn up about their
Items; and it will be of fervice frequently to ﬁir
the furface to a little depth within the glafs, and to
dig it up round about it.

This laﬂ, which is not commonly praétifed, is a
great, aiiiftance, it promotes the fpr’eading of the
roots, by taking off their extreme ends, and gives ,
them a light loofe earth for growing.

Beans and peafe fown in the preceding months,
will now be up at fome height, and nothing tends f0
much to preferve them, as this praétice of digging
near their root in mild weather.

It .not only gives them a fupply of nourifhment,
but affords at the fame time the eaﬁeft opportunityf

THIRD WEEK. 39:

of earthing up the ﬁalks, which is eﬂ‘ential to thofe
crops meant to {land out the winter. .

The bottoms of the {talks of beans are apt to
ftoop, and lie a little way upon the ground, and
the cold wet of the furface at this time rots them :
this is prevented perfectly, by the praétice of earth.
ing them up. ‘

The mould is thus brought over ‘them on thefe
weak and half decayed parts, and being drawn up-
fome inches of the item above, the whole under part
of the plant which was moﬂ: endangered, is by this
means perfectly Iheltered; and the {talk rifes fingle,
bold, and upright from the top of the earthing. as
if it had originally grown from the feed in the fame
ﬁrm manner.

The {talks of peafe lie much more upon the ground
than thofe of beans, and they will fuﬂ'er in the fame
manner from it, if unguarded at this fevere feafon;
the fame method is to be ufed of earthing them up,
as directed for the beans, and it gives them in like
manner a kind of new growth.

' : ei-+%W$®%%%$Gﬁﬁﬁ
D E C E M B E R.

 

SECT, IV.

FOURTH WEEK.

LL that demands the attention of the gar'FLOWER':
dener, in the open ground, at this time, is GARDEN.
the care of his ﬂower beds; and they muff be co-
vered up, or opened, as the feafon, changing fronr
more to lefs fevere, Ihews necelTary.

LOOK with a careful eye over the greenhoufe GREEN.
and Prove plants. The clofenefs of the greenhoufe, HOUSE
efpecially if there. have been too free watering, will ’ '
occaﬁon mouldinefs on fame of the more tender

plants.

DECEMBER,

plants. This will fpread: it is a growth of the;
vegetable kind, and none fo'quick-inaics increafe. ,
um; mmwpe hdifcovers thaﬂ alivt‘his cruf’t is
cbnpoied' of‘m'nmac plants,- whofe feeds were are
brought by the air; .and whofe produee'«is-.eafrly
{entered through, the wholeubuild'mg in, in {mm
manner. . A .
: were are as ﬁok’in-thei'r growth, 'as minmclin
thdrrtnoportions; and of the moth common kind in
a geeerihoufe, which has) a giobulat ragged had.
upon 'a pellucid ﬂalk,» I (have {sen/plants rife ton
maturity,'and lhed fedde ﬁt for pro agation, in the
oompafs ofone day, upon a-place. i re uninfected.
' 'The gardener thus underﬁandingiwhatmouldinefs
is, will know the neceﬂity of guarding againﬁ' it.
ifTh‘efe fe‘eds 'of thefe minutepianss ﬂoat every
where in the air; but they do net—maze, unlefs where
there is heat and moiftur . ~I - i - '
"To prevent the lquick- grmth' from accimntal
{easy-hat him ta‘he‘ care not to nioiﬁen the clofe air,
by too free a watering of the plants; ‘ and to deﬁtoy
the principle of propagation in the particular fpot,
let m-emruuy me off the moulding-{3 wherever it

appears. As it is apt to rife again, in places where

.it has been wiped OH",- the moli ‘ eﬂiéhial method -I

have found of preventing it, is, by wiping with a
ﬂannel, wetted with a ﬂight brine. This done with
(are, I have never known once to fail; nor ever
law any bad confequence from it to the plant.

See that the fame damp air which gave rife to the
mmddhiefs, have not in any part infeaed thexplants.
‘ ‘11" leaves appear faded, let' them be taken OFF,
when it is feen they can’t recover; and let them not
Bethrown about in the greenhouﬁe, but carried away
as foon as picked oﬂi‘ for they will elli: infeét the
air in the fame manner.

ﬂit-the fame praftice be continued in the Rove;
and let the careful gardener, who fees the extent of

the mifchief, and knows its two caufes to be clofef-
“ ‘ 3 ne 5

FOURTH WEEK. 395

nei's of the room, and too much watering the plants,
' be continually guarding againit both.

Let him never fail to open his windows in the
middle of a \mild day; and let him err on the ﬁfe
ﬁde, by giving his plants at fuch times leis water
than he knows they would bear. ‘ - ‘

In the {love let the heat be carefully kept up
to a due height, without exceeding thofe bounds;
and let the plant‘s be watered in proportion; the
more for the encreafed heat, but always by a little
at a time. 4 ‘ '

THE management of this part is conﬁned atiEM"
prefent to a fmall compafs; but there will, in a
few weeks, he hurry enough in it; therefore let
whatever can be done now, be duly executed. -

Let the earth be turn’d which was laid up in ridges;
and a little foot fcattered over it with an even hand.

The rains will wafh it in, and blend it well with
the mould before the time of planting; and it is by
that feafon in full eﬂea'. - ‘

It warms, loofens, and invigorates the foil, giv-
ing force to the' ﬁrﬂt {booting of the roots when
new planted ; and its effect is, in a few weeks more,
exhaul’ted and loft; f0 that it aﬂiﬁs the growth
when moft wanted; without permanently enriching
the ground, which is a thing to be guarded againft,
with care, in a nurfery: for the plants i'hould al-
ways ﬁnd the foil, to which they are removed, better
than that whence they were taken.

Look to the feed beds of thofe kinds moft in
danger from vermin; and bait the traps with due
care.

Draw up the earth, in mild days, about news
planted fhrubs; and fee the ﬂakes of the tell: keep
fecure, that the winds cannot rok them.

CONTINUE care of new-planted trees in FRUIT.
this part of the ground: it conﬁits of only two GARDEN.

articles.
They

396

DECEMBER,

They mull be defended from the fevere frofls, by
keeping the ground about their Items well covered;

and from the winds, by feeing that their fupports

are {ecure.
=2» :What requires at this time the. gardener’s molt
particular attention, is, the care of his ﬁg trees.
,. .We direEted him, in the autumn, to take of? the
fruit from the young branches, which would other-
wife have rotted upon them, and deftroyed them:
and we advifed him in the feverel’t weather to defend
the trees, by hanging before them fome mats, or
other covering, from froﬁs and cutting winds.

He will now ﬁnd the neceﬂity of this practice;

_ and we are to caution him that he do not kill that

.with over-care, which would have had forne chance
to efcape, if left expofed. '

The principles of gardening are the fame in what-
ever part of the ground they are to be employed;
and what we have explained f0 largely, refpeéting
the management of the greenhoufe plants, holds
good of the ﬁg tree and its fhelter.

The tender branches would be deﬂroyed. by the
froiiz; but they may alfo be choaked up by too con-
I‘tant covering. The buﬁnefs of the gardener is, to
admit the air at times when it can do leait hatm;
and to keep off that feverity which would be de-
ﬁruﬂive. ~

Gardeners cover them all the depth of the winter,
and open them in fpring; but. the, trees often fuller
great. damage by that method, loﬁng the very
branches, which {0 much; care was taken to defend ;
the ﬁrﬂ cold night after the covering is taken away,
dellroys them; its effect being the greater, by the
too ﬁriét defence before.

Let the gardener provide a piece of mat that will
cover the trees, a reach from the top of the wall,
to the ground, an hang about eight inches upon
it. t
Then let him, fet up the row of. forked fticks, :juﬁ
where it touches; and at each end of the mat, drive

a

FOURTH WEEK. 397

a ﬁrm Prick into the wall, of two feet long, and ano-
ther of one foot near it.

This will be a preparation, by which the trees may
be fuﬂiciently fheltered, and yet by degrees Opened
to the necelTary air, as the feafon will permit.

In the fevereft weather, let the mat fall Over the
whole tree, and lay fome bricks upon th edge of\ it,
which lies upon the ground {0 that no wmd can taife
it: then fee that it falls clofe at the ﬁdes.

At other times as the feafon groWs more mild, the
ﬁdes may be left to play loofe; the bottom may al‘fo
be at liberty to admit the air, by taking away the
bricks -, and there will thus be enough let in to pre-
vent i’tiﬂing. , -

When the weather is milder, the bottom of the
mat is to be raifed on the forked ﬂicks ; and when it
is {till more favourable, the tides may be raifed alfo
on the fhorter or longer {ticks driven into the wall for
that purpofe.

Thefe are the feveral degrees; and in the better
days that come toward the approach of fpring, the
whole mat may be turned up to the top of the wall
during the three hours about noon.

~ Thus the tree will be preferved through the winter,
without being choaked up: the admiﬂion of air in
this regulated manner, will keep up the principlelof
vegetation, and the juices will have their free courfe,
when fpring fends them up in the more large
manner.

The tree will be preferved through the worft wea-
ther, and will be in no danger from the frefh expo-

fure to the air in fpring, becaufe it has been habituated
to feel it by degrees.

SEE the artichoke plants keep well earthed up,Krrem-:u
for on that will defend their prefervation, and their “Rum“
forwardnefs in fpring. t

Continue the care of the cauliﬂower plants, which
are under glaffes, giving them air in the moft favour-
able hours to prevent their decay; and covering

them

398

DECEMBER,

them perfectly in the worft of days, and always 'at
night.

Give air to the young falleting; for it will no
more thrive on a hot-bed kept clofe, than it will now
{hoot in the expofed ground.” ,

The fowing this On a hot-bed, arched over with
hoops, and covered with matting, anfwers much bet-
ter than under the too clofe fhelter of the common
frame.

If the weather be tolerably mild, now plant the
feveral'cabbage kinds for feed: there is no plant that
requires more fkill or care in the management.

A great deal of direétion has been given about it,
by thofe who treated thefe fubjeéts both in France and
here; but to the French we are to allow great prefe—
rence, not only as they direé‘t the fever-al parts of the
operation,- in a more regular and diﬁinét manner;
but as they pay a regard to the ﬁt foil for the purpofe,
which is a ﬁrit point, and is omitted by molt of our
own writers, and ill direéted by the tell.

The plants intended for this ufe, are now growing
in their Common beds; feleét fuch as have the ﬁrmef’t
and fhortelt items, and are molt full of vigour.

Let the gardener mark as many of thefe as he in-
tends to me, by ﬁnal] ﬂicks placed near them; and
then taking the advantage Of a mild dry day, let
him take them up, and lhake the earth from their
roots.

Let him draw two or three cords acrofs fome room
where there is no damp, and which is not near any
ﬁre; and winding a piece of bafs round the top of
each plant, let him tye them up to thefe lines, at a
good diliance from one another.

While they are hanging here, let him chufe a. dry
warm part of the kitchen garden, and l’trew over the
ground a good quantity of coarl'e fand, and fome
coal allies. ' '

Let thefe be well dug in, and the mould broke f0
as to mix thoroughly with them.

Let this be got ready four days after the plants

were

FOURTH WEEK.

were hung up, and on the evening of the next let
them be planted. . . , ,.

They fhould (land at a yard dil’tance from one
another, and a deep hole being opened for each, the
plantis to be fet in it, fo that not above ﬁve inches be
above the level of the ground. " '

When the root is carefully covered, the earth is to
be drawn up about the top in a large hill, and the
whole is to be covered, except the head, from
whence the ﬂowering {talk is to rife. v, r

There mull be a good thicknefs of earth laid about
them in the raifed part; and they muf’t not be water-
ed: the dampnefs naturally in thelground is‘toefthi:
full as much as they will require from this tiﬁto
the perfeéting of the feeds. Nothing is more ini 2 us
to them than too much water; if it be given when
the plants are ﬁrf’c fet, they will decay; and if afoer
wards, the feeds will be lefs valuable. . , >

After ﬁx weeks the ground muﬁ: be. well; ding
Between them : this will give them nourifhment, an
deﬁroy weeds. 1

Till they begin to lhoot in the ﬂowenﬁems, they
muf’t have no water: but after that time, they muﬂ:
have it, unlefs the feafon fave the labour, every third
evening. -

The water mutt be allowed but in a moderate
proportion -, and the ground between mull: have it
all; for it fhould be a rule always to fpare the hills.
raifed up about the head of the plant. '

TO thefe rules for managing the feveral parts of ~

- a garden throughout the year, we fhall add the
culture of the pine-apple, and fome other articles,
entire.

CUL-

3'99

"400

THE CULTURE OF

--:, -

 

 

CULTURE

‘ OFTH‘E
P;INE-APPL'E.

' . H E fuperiority of this fruit over all others,
in taﬁe and excellence, has made it the great
article of polite gardening. We {hall deliver

its culture not from the irregular direétions of others;
who, while they aﬁ'eét to difclofe, apparently with to
conceal the art for their private advantage 3 but from
experience.

It is a native of Surinam, of the hottel’t countries of
South-America, and of fame inland parts of Africa.
There it perfumes the air for miles; and murders
many of the natives by furfeits.

From thefe places the knowledge of the plant
came into Europe; and its culture from the Spanifh
Welt-Indies to' our hottef’t American iﬂands. The
Dutch ﬁrﬁ raifcd itin this part of the world; and the
art being once found out by them, foon fpread itfelf
into France and. England. At prefent we raife them
equal to thofe of the Dutch ; and we {hall endeavour
here to lay the method down familiarly.

The feveral varieties have been produced from
feeds; and thofe who will take the pains to raife
plants in that method will have many more: but the
ready way is from the crowns and fuckers.

The oval~fruited pinevapple was ﬁri’t known in
En land, as it was the fpecies originally raifed in
Hoﬁand; but the fugar-loaf kind is preferable, for
many reafons -, and is the kind we {hall recom-

mend to all who are about to begin a pinery.
The

T HE PIN E-A-PP L E;-

' The fruit in this ufually is larger, and the juice of
a ﬁner ﬂavour: and there is the great advantage of
its producing fuckers, from the ﬂalk, toward the top,
which in the oval are much lefs common. .

From thefe fuckers, the crowns,_and,thofe from
the ﬁdes of the plant, the pine-apple is" to be rai-
fed. ‘

In order to the cultivating thefe, the ﬁrﬂzrequiﬁtes
are two: a bark~bed covered with a frame and glalTes;
and a f’tove with its bark-pit. ‘The ﬁrft ferves to
raife the fuckers and crowns to a condition of bearing.
fruit; and the fecond is for bringing their fruit to
perfection. ' ' ‘
. Thefe are to be conl’truéted in the following.
manner:

Let the frame over the bark-pit. .be built with
brick-work, and have fines to warm the airin winter.
Let its length and breadth be according to the
quantity of plants intended to be raifed, and the
bignefs of the {tove to be fupplied from it: but
let the depth be fo much, that thepglafs covering
may be three inches above the height of the tal-
lei’t plants that need be kept in it; and the whole
built firm and found.

Every bricklayer knows now how to conﬂzruﬂ: the
brick-work, and carry the ﬁues; we ﬂiall not inﬂruﬂ:
him in his buﬁnefs, but refer him to fome one that
is already coni’truéted, and fucceeds well, if he be
diﬂident: he will there receive certain information,
much better than can be conveyed by words: but
to the gardener we have a very effential point to
explain.

Let him order the bed to be fomething larger than
the common cuﬁom, in proportion to the quantity
of the plants; for however little he may be aware of
it ; or however little the uprefcnt praftice feems fenﬁble
of it, the giving the plants room in their infant bed,
is the original principle on which the largenefs of the
fruit depends. ' '

D d ' The

40;

402

THE CULTURE OF

The {hive lhould be built with glaﬂés, a yard and
half high in front; and it Ihould be two yards high
at the back. From the top behind, to the tap of
the front clinics, lhbuld be carried a covering of
g’lafs, Hoping: and Within is to be the tam-bed.

‘ The brick—work is a material article, and we refer
the o erator for the conﬁruéiion of this, and the
difpo ition of the lines to the example of Rich as he
finds faceted.

With refpeét of the bignefs, it mutt be fuited to
the quantity 0f plants intended to be raifed. A tan-
pit of thirty foot long, and {even broad, will con-
veniently hold a hundred: and the glafs and brick-
WOrk mutt be contrived to furround and cover

it. ,

The {fave and frame being thus fuite‘d to one
anOther, and in readinefs; the compoft for the plant
is next to be conﬁdered. There have been various
kinds employ’d, but the bef’t is this :

Mix together one load of rich light mould, from
under the turf in a paf‘ture, halfa load of river-mud,
half a load of rotted dung from an old melon-bed,
and two buihels of fine pit-fand, with the fame quan-
tity of old cow dung.

Let thefe be very well united by ﬁirring; and then

thrown up in a ridge, to receive the inﬂuences of the
air.
* When the brick-work is dry and hardened, and the
mould and other ingredients, in this compoil, are
'well blended, and enriched by frequent turning to
the air with a new furface, all will be ready for
beginning the plantation.

This is to be made with the crowns taken from the
ripe fruit, with the fuckers from plants in our own
Itoves, or with plants brought from America.
~ The latter method is uncertain, and there is a plain
objeéiion againft it, which is, there is no fecurity of

having a good kind.

The fugar-loaf fort whofe leaves are ﬁreaked on
4 the

THE PINE-APPLE.

the inﬁde with purple,_or the Montferrat kind, whofe
leaves are entirely purple or brown within, are to be
preferred to all others.

The crowns of thefe, when cut in England, are
always ready 3 and as foon as the fruit is garher’d ;
provifion ﬂ’lOllld be made for fuckers, b cutting the
leaves of the plant, taking oﬂ' the earth mm .the fur-
face, putting in freih from the bed of compoﬁ, and
fetting the pot up to the rim in a good hot-bed.

Here it is to be watered every evening with water
that has ﬂood in the Rove -, and vegetation being thus
promoted, when the ﬂalk is cut away, the eﬁ'ort of
nature will all be upon the making (boots of fuckers,
which will ferve for the new plantation.

If the plantation be made in the more ufual way
from crowns and fuckers of our own produce, there
requires a great deal of care, though of another
kind.

Let the crown be taken off from the fruit very
gently; and the fuckers drawn away with fuch caution,
as not to break the membrane that naturally fur-
rounds them.

Let the lower leaves be taken off, and let both be
laid upon a lhelf in a warm room, till the bottoms are
dry and hardened : for if planted while wet, they will
rot.

Let the gardener take this practical caution, that
the fuckers if carefully drawn off, will be ﬁt for plant-
ing much fooner than the crowrs.

In general, three, four, or ﬁve days lying will do,
~in fummer, but in winter, they take ten days, and
will not dry well any where but in the ftove.

When the bottoms are ﬁrm and ﬁt for planting, let
the gardener put fome of his compoft into as many
fmall pots as he has crown and fuckers.

Let him carefully plant one in each pot; and pour—
ing in more compolt, ﬁx it well; and when all are
thus planted, let them be fet in the bark-bed: ob—

ferving that the bark, is of a moderate degree of .

- D d 2 ' heat,

403

4%

THECULTUREOF

heat, and fetting the pots in the bark up to the rim,
and at a fmall dii’tance.

Here they are to be keptduring the fummer, with-
out any farther heat, than that of the bark: and in
winter, with the help of a gentle warmth. They muf‘t
be watered lightly every fourth day in fummer, and
every ﬁxth in winter.

In the April following they will be ﬁt for putting
into larger pots, which muf’t be done with great care ;
fhaking out the plant with its ball of earth entire,
and ﬁlling up with more of the compoi’c.

After this they are to be kept in the fame manner
till the end of July, and then removed once more into
larger pots. -

Thefe {hould not be too large, for fuch crowd the
bed, and rather injure than help the plants.

At each time of fhifting, the bark-bed mull: be
(lined up; and fome frefh bark added.

The plants mull then be let in again, and gently
watered : and after this preferved in every refpeft as
at ﬁrlt. . -

When they fhew their fruit, the gardener muff ob-
ferve to remove them no more out of their pots ; for
this can never be done without giving them a check,
and if they receive any when they are fet for fruit,
it will render that fruit {mall and ill wild.

The plants fhould only be taken out of the tan-bed
to the (love, when they are in a condition of bear-
ing: and in this manner the {love will always at the
proper fruit feafon, which is from June to the begin-
ning of Oﬂober, make a very glorious figure, the
whole being. fruiting plants.

As the fruit are cut, the pots are to be removed
and managed for the producing of fuckers, as already
directed, in the bark-bed; of which nothing need be
done or feen in the Rove.

This is the bell way of managing the plants; and
notwithftanding the fecond ﬁre that is neceliiiry in
winter for the bark-bed, it is in the end the cheapeft.

- » - For

THE PINE-APPLE.

For thofe who chufe to do othetwife, the bark-bed
may be made in the common way, without any con-
venience for ﬁring. In that cafe, the plants muﬁ: be
removed into the Prove at the approach of winter, and
taken out again ‘in fpring.

The time of planting depends upon ripening of the
fruit, from which the crown is taken, or from whole
root after cutting the fuckers are raifed; fo that no
week or month can be allotted, but they muft be
taken when ready. A

In this ﬂiort compafs is comprized the Whole ma-
nagement of the pine apple, from taking off the
crown, to its producing the fucceeding fruit: and to
this we {hall only add for the fake of fuch as are lefs
experienced in thefe things, a few practical cautions.

At the times of planting and removing them into
larger pots, let there be a few {tones put in the
put over the hole for the difcharge of water, that it
may always keep Open: for if it lhould ﬁll up, and
the wet be detained, it would certainly rot the plant.

What the gardeners underltand by a three farthing
por is the full bignels for planting the fuckers and
crowns at ﬁrﬂ ; and for many of them a halfpenny
pot will do. '

The ﬁrft removal {hould be into penny pots, or
three-halfpenny ones according to their ﬁze; and the
lall into two penny pots; thefe being the ﬁtteﬂ; ﬁze
for the fruiting plants.

The two dangers to which there plants are expol'ed,
while the due degree of heat is allowed them, is to be
deftroyed by infects, or choaked for want of air.

The infects are to be wafhed OH' with a fpunge,
dipped in a decoétion of wood—foot and tobacco.
And the other accident is to be prevented, by railing
the glali'es in the middle of the day with a notched
flick. ‘ i

The degree of heat when ﬁres are employed is per-
fectly to be regulated by the thermometers made for
that purpofe, and marked with the name of the plant
at the due degree. It is impolﬁble to keep the heat.

, D d 3 always

40‘

'403 I

THE CULTURE or
always to‘thisiejxaét line ; but if tliegard‘ener takeecare
never tol‘et it rife above {Our or ﬁve degrees higher,
or fall four or ﬁve degrees IOWer than that mark, he
will never hurt his plants.

. T6 thefe general inl’trué‘tions we {hall add a Very
ufeful caution from the communications of that ‘ex-
cellent gardener, Mr. BARNES. '

Sir,
. “ If you have not ﬁnilhed your Gardeners Kal'enl
dar, and lh‘ould have an opportunity to mention the
Pine-Apple, permit, me to a cautionwhich I would

earneftl'y "recommend to the publick. It arifes from

one of Mr. M: LLER’s numerous errors; his not out
of ill will to him nor his performance, but out of a
true regard, and the duty I'oWe my country, efpe-
cially you, Iname it, and is What I would have ‘others
do to me, was I the author of the Gardener’SDiétio‘hary,
for I know it is leading the world WIOTIg in the Cul«
ture of this valuable fruit.

“ A gentleman in our neighbourhdod fent for that
number of the new edition of the Gardeners DictiOnary
which treated On the Pine-Apple : having obtained it,
he delired meto read the inltruétions giv'en there far
that excellent fruit, and give him my opinion thereof.
I found Mr. Miller retained his former error, in ‘refpeét
of the infect that attacks the plants : he orders them
to be fteeped in a tub that has water in 'it, wherein
tobacco has been lteeped. How unnatural and abfurd
this is, I will appeal to any one that has the
lealt knowledge in the culture of this plant: for
ﬁrlt we will fuppofe it to happen‘to a young plant
in the fummer time; after they have been Iteeped,
they will receive fueh a check, that when they begin
to get root, it is two to one but they will fhew fruit
immediately after. Secondly, if it happen to
young plants in the Winter time, they will half
of them rot before they get root, the relt'goes to
fruit. Thirdly, if it happens to Old plants in the
furniner, they Will thew fruit immediately after, apt!

1 t at

THE~PI»NE-APPLE..

that fmall and mean. Fourthly and laf’tly, if it
happens to old plants in the winter time, that they
will be in danger of rotting, and thofe that efcape, the
moving them fo late, will caufe the fruit to be fmall
and ill tailed : this lal’t both himfelfand all the world
will allow. All thefe inconveniencies have happened
to all the plants that gardeners have ferved {0, when-
ever I have beheld it. I cannot fay, but that Ihave
had plants attacked with thefe infeéts, and followed
his inﬁruétions in his former editions; but I foon
found the error.

“ Thefe infects are far from being fo hurtful as
he aﬂ‘erts: though they, the plants, be attacked, yet
with good management after, the infeéts will in a
little time difappear. It is true, indeed, they can
do the plants no good, neither will they do them
any great hurt, if they be well managed afterwards ;
for the white {peeks he mentions, proceed not from
the infeé‘ts, but from drops of water that ﬁand upon the
leaves; and there being not air enough admitted,
the glafs draws the fun to a focus, and f0 {catches the
leaves. The bad health of the plants brings the in-
feéts; the infeéts do not bring the bad ﬁate of health
on the plants: and as Mr. MILLER fays, it isthe hm:
infeét that del’troys the fugar canes in the Weft-Indies,
I utterly deny it -, for thofe that are bred on the An-
nana here, are much like them that breed on oranges,
Oleander leaves, Etc. and do not moye -, whereas
thofe that devour the fugar-cane, are as large as a
wood—loufe, or millipedes; are of a yellowiﬁa colOur,
and have wings; (0 that they will ﬂy a great way
from cane to cane. This I can aﬁirm by expe-
rience (that was no way agreeable to me there) for
in a hot dry fummer they troubled me very much
both on fugar canes, Indian wheat, melons, cucumo
hers, fquafhes, &c. Let the candid reader impartially
try Mr. MILLER’s inﬁruétions with thefe. If the
plants he attacked either winter or fummer, ex—
amine their roots, and if they have ﬁlled the pots,
give ’em pots aljze larger, Stir up the bark, and

D d 4,, ' add

+97 7,

4 08

THECULTURE

add a good quantity, though nor above half, of new;
if it be fummer, keep the earth in the pots in a mid-
dling degree for moiltnefs, by fprinkling the plants all
over with a. pot that has a nofe on it -,-if in winter, let
the water be given them with a fpout, not letting any
come on their leaves. The plants will foon re-
cover them‘felves and grow, and the infcé‘ts will dif.
appear. .

Iam, Sir, your’s,

T.BA.RNEIS‘.

N. B. If the plants have fhewn fruit, they {hould
not be put into larger pots.”

THECULTUREOFTWMJPS

HE ufual method of encreaﬁng tulips is by
l parting the roots; and the ﬁrft procuring of
thefe is by purchafe. The common gardener thinks
he knows enough if he can chule found roots, keep
them alive, and increafe the number by their off-fets:
we for out on a very different plan. We {hall teach
him to raife thefe from feed, in a much higher per,-
feétion than he can purchafe or preferve them; and,
for moderate labour, offer him the reward of multi-
tudes of ﬂowers, and among them many new ones.
The only way to perfetftion, in'thefe cafes, is, the
the beginning from the feed. The ﬁrlt care is the
choice of what. is good. * .

‘ 0f faving the S n e D.

Let the gardener look with a careful eye over his
beds of tulips in the ﬂowering feafon, and mark a
certain number of them for feed. Let him chufe for
this purpofe fuch as have ﬁrlt the general good pro-
perties, t’trength of ﬂalk and regularity of 'ﬂoxlver.

. Ct

OF TULIPS.

Let him fee that the petals be rounded, the bottom
well fhap’d and fwelling, and the buttons brown.

No tulip can be ﬁt for feed that has not all thefe
qualities: and next to thefe is the conﬁderation
of colour.

In many other plants we have directed the gardener
to fave from year to year the feeds of the gaudieft and
ﬁnel’t ﬂowers ; but it is not to be fo here. All that is
required of the mother plant is, to have the properties
before recited, with a plain colour.

Experience fhews, that when the feeds of a varie-
gated or ﬁriped tulip are fown, the feedling ﬂower
has all the colours of the parent, but they are con-
fufed and irregular: too much mixture takes away
their beauty.

The effect of culture is to throw in thefe firipes
and variegations: it will never fail of this effect if
well conducted; therefore the choice of ﬂowers for
feed ihould fall upon thofe which have only one
colour, and that fuch as is eaﬁel’t to be altered.

When the gardener has marked the properties in
feveral ﬂowers, let him examine their colours. Two
articles require conﬁderation under this head, the geé
neral tiné‘t, and the bottom : this is ufually very dif-
ferent from the ref’t, and it muﬁ: be chofe for eafy va-
riation. -

Any plain or ﬁngle-colour’d tulip, that has the ge-
neral good properties, will do for feed; but I have
found the belt of all to be the plain dull red tulip,
with a white bottom. This dull red breaks freely in
the feedlings, and the colours have all their luf’tre.

Next to the white bottom’d tulip, the yellowilh
fhould be chofen. Thofe that have dark bottoms I
have always found break difﬁcultly and irregularly.
Nothing is {0 hard as to change a deep tinét in the
bottom of a tulip; and the reﬁ of the colours always
depend in a very great degree on this. The feed of a
yellow tulip {hould never be fav’d, unlefs for the
ﬁngle golden kind.

The

'409

410

THE CULTURE

The gardencrhaving thus marked a fulﬁcient num—
ber of ﬂowers for feed, muf’t employ his due care that
it ripen well. At prefent all he will need to do is to
preferve the ﬂowers from too much fun, which would
dry up the duft u on the buttons, on whofe good
condition the perfe ion of the feeds depends.

"When the ﬂowers begin to fade, let him cut down
the {terms of all that {land near thofe which are
marked for feed. After this, the roots of the other:
will draw lefs nourilhment, .fo that thofe which have
their feeds to ripen will be well fupply’d.

To promote this, let the mould be broke every
other day, half an inch deepall about them, with a
trowel ; and immediately after let them have a ﬂight

watering.

In this manner let them 'be managed till the feed-
v-eﬂ'el has its full bignefs -, then let no more water be
given, but let the air come freely. The Reds have
by this time their full bignefs; they have re-
ceived their impregnation, and they are only to be
hardened.

The {talk will foon {hew that no more nourilhment
is given them from the root ; they may therefore af-
ter this be cut off, and the hardening of the feeds
ﬁnilhed in an airy room, where they will be out of
the way of dews and damps.

For this purpofe, let a {mall 'ihelf be hung from
the cieling, covered with cartridge paper, and fecu-
red by an edge of the fame paper, half an inch high.
On this let the heads be laid, and every three days
mov’d about, to turn them, that they may dry
freely.

Thus let them lie till the third week in Augull:
then let them be opened, and the feeds careful-lyihook
out. Let them be fcattered over the fhelf, and again
turned every three or four days, till they are fown.

Ql’

0F TULIPS;

Of making the Compoft.

The feeds thus provided, the fecand article is a
fit foil to receive them. Europe affords none
fuch naturally, nor have our gardeners hit upon the
proper miXture: or if any of them have, they keep
the fecret.

MlLLER, heretofore the ﬂorllts oracle, direﬂts them
to be fown in a frelh fandy earth : this is too'po‘or.

The Dutch ufe kitchen-garden mOuld, well en—
riched by dung; but this is as much too rich, as the
other is too meagre. The one does not fupply nou-
rilhment, the other makes them rank.

\Vhat I have found fucceed, is this :

Mix together two buf‘hels of dry mould from Un-
der the turf in an upland paﬁure, ﬁve pecks of pond-
mud, and‘th‘ree peeks of earth from under an old
wood—pile.

As foon as the ﬂowers are marked 'fdr feed, letthis
compol’c be mixed and thrown up in a heap to the
weather : it will be ﬁt for ufe by that time the feeds
are ready to be fown. .

This I have faund to yield a fuﬂicient I'upply of
nourilhment, without making the roots rank, and it
keeps free from worms.

Of the Time and Manner of Sowing.

In the‘middle of September let the gardener ﬁx upon
a piece of ground that is open to the fouth-eaﬂz, but
defended from the full noon-day fun. Let it be na-
turally open alfo to the North; but let a reed-hedge
be placed on that quarter, upon a hinge, that it can
be brought forward to lhelter the {pot in fevere wea—
ther. At other times, the opennefs to this quarter of
the heavens, is an advantage.

Authors direél: the {owing in boxes and pans ; but
it is wrong, the quantity of compof’c is too fmall ;
and the earth in thefe conveniencies never has its
natural warmth or moifture. Let

4::

412

THECULTURE

Let the mould be dug out of the border in this

place, and the compoi‘t thrown in, faving as much as
will be needful to cover the feed. Lay the furface
fvejn, and take a proper opportunity of {owing the
ee 5. .
i A. The French ﬁrll: difcovered two particularities in
the tulip: that the feed fucceeds hell, if fown when
the wind is in the North, and when the moon is in her
decreafe. The Dutch try’d this-repeatedly, andde-
date with one voice they have found it true: what
experience I have had alfo conﬁrms it. Therefore
whatever fays philofophy or fancy, let the gardener
follow this practice: the advantage is certain, and
perhaps fometime the caufe may be underﬂood.

Therefore let the gardener chpfe fuch a day, and
an hour before fun-Tet: and let him fcatter on
the bed the feeds moderately thick.

Sift over them a ﬁnger’s breadth of the fame com-
poi’t, and give a very ﬂight watering.

Lay on the ground a few light hawthorn buﬂaes,
and leave the tell to nature. During winter, the few
weeds that rife on the bed mull be now and then
Carefully pulled up, while they are young; for, when
they have more conﬁrm’d roots, the taking them up

.‘ will deﬁroy the feeds.

Let the reed-hedge be brought forward fpr fhelter
all the hard weather, but in fpring let it be thrown
open. ’ - - - .

Of the Management of the Plants.

In fpring let the bullies be taken off, and the
ground once a week carefully weeded and looked
over. The young plants will foon appear in great
numbers: their ﬁrft leaves are like grafs, but they
will be known by bringing up the hufk of the feed

'with them.

This mui‘c be a time 'of caution : an ignOranthand

might take up the feedlings : and they will reduire

not Only to be weeded very frequently, but to be
' ‘ water’d

OF TULIPS.

water’d once in four days, a little at a time, and from
a ﬁne—nos’d pot. ‘

Soon after this the bulb will form itfelf, three
inghes deep in the ground, and out of reach of
injuries. t

The ﬁri’t appearance of the plants will be at the
latter end of erCh’, and in about ten weeks, that is,
toward the middle of June, thefe green leaves will
decay. - ,

Then let the furface of the bed be raked, and half
an inch of frelh compoft be lifted over them.

Thus they may remain till the fame time the fuc-
ceeding year; but then it will be of great advantage
to remove them. ‘

For this purpofe, let a frefh parcel of compoﬂ',
like the ﬁrft, be mixed up in autumn, and let it lie all
winter.

In the latter end of June, the fecond year, let the
border be ﬁirr’d, and the mould with the roots taken
out.

Then let the frefh compof’c be put in, and the mould
ﬁfted, to feparate the roots.

This done, let the frefh border have a very gentle
moil’tening, and then let the roots be planted on it
with care, at about three ﬁngers breadth diﬁance.
Let them be covered with two inches depth of
the fame compoﬂ, and thus left for the, fucceed-
mg Winter.

The next year, at the fame feafon, let the fame
operation be repeated.

Thus they are to be managed the four ﬁri’t years.
On this, which is a method very little known, the
fuccefs of the feedlings will greatly depend. In all
thefe tranfplantings the compoit fhould be laid about
ﬁve inches thick, and the bottom fhould be trod
hard before it is put in.

After the fourth year, the quantity of compoft mui’t
be four times as much as at ﬁrl’t ; the border much
larger and deeper; and the roots mul’t be planted at
a full ﬁnger’s length diﬁance.

The

413

414

THE CULTURE

The ﬁfth year they muft have more room, more
depth of foil, and frefh compoit; and this feaﬁm,
fame of them will probably ﬂower; the ﬁxth year,
the Wlity; and the {eventh or eighth, all.

After this, they are to be treated as the other old

1’00“.

The foil that is commonly direéted to the us’d for
theft, is palturerearnb, with the turf rotted «in it, and
fome {and and lime rubbilh. ThisI have try’d, and
found fucceed in the ufual manner, but greatly infe-
rior to the compoﬁ we have here dire-(Sted; which
ihould always be .made of the fame ingredients, tho’
frcfh every year.

All the difference of their management is, that they
mutt be planted a few weeks fooner than the old routs,
and fomething deeper in the ground.

0f breaking the Tulips.

A great many falﬁties have been publilhed with
regard to the method of breaking tulips, that is, of .
bringing them to their {tripes and variegations.
Something may be done in it, but lefs than is ufually
pretended: nature is the great artiﬁcer; and they
write falﬂy, who pretend to do it all by their own
management. The giving them frelh foil is a prin-
cipal article, for without this nature cannot perform
her work.

On one foundation all rel’ts, and that was difcovered
long ﬁnce by CLUSIUS: if the belt tulip be fuﬁered
to itand a great many years in the fame fpot, without
taking up, or other management, it will lofe all its
ilripes, and return to the original plain colour : and,
.on the contrary, frequent removal brings the t’tripes
and paintings.

We have now led our Prudent to the ﬂowering of
his feedling tulips --, and he is out of the number to
make his choice of fuch as are to be the fubjeéts of his
future care. This will depend upon two circum-
llauces; the colour of the b0ttom, and that. of the
buttons. We

OF TULIPS.

We have obfcrved, that the true colour of the bot-
tom is white or yellow.~ Although the feeds have
been faved from only llJch as had thefe charaéters,
there will be among the feedling-s fome with thofe
deep-colour’d bafes which never change; Thefe mu'l’t

be all taken up and deltroy’d, for they will never»

come to any thing.

Next the buttons are to be examined. It is eman-
tial to a good tulip that thefe be brown: they are of-
ten yellow : they will be f0 in many of theft feedl-ings;
and as this colour never will change, thofe which
have it ﬁtould alfo be taken up.

Laltly, if there be any of the green or olive tulips
among the feedlings, they mul’t alfo be taken away.

Thefe removed, the ﬁorill will fee what he has by
way of {lore for his future labours: and as the good
properties we have nam’d never change any more
than the bad ones, he will ﬁnd that he has there a
certain number of roots, which will not fail his
expeétation, if he do not fail in the needful labour.

We have {aid that the lbedlings, when brought to
this Rate of free ﬂowering, are to be treated as Other
old roots. We fuppofe then, that after ﬂowering,
and the leaves fading, they have been taken up, and
that the feafon approaches for planting them.

Let a border be chofen in fuch an expofure and
lituation as we directed for fowing the feeds, only let
it be larger. The mould mull be dug out, and the
compoll thrown in, to the depth of twelve inches.
Let this be done in the latter end of September, and
an opportunity then taken of a decreafing moon, and
a northerly wind. Let the roots be fet upright, at a
fpan dil’tance from one another, and then more of the
compoit mull be lifted on, to raife the bed ﬁx inches
higher; then let the top be ﬁnifhed a little rounding,
to throw off wet, and leave them to nature, only
defending them againit the fevere cold of fpring,
by canvas drawn over hoops.

From time to time, in fpring, the bed mull be
weeded; and, occaﬁonally, moderate waterings are to

- be

415

416

THE TCﬁU,L,TU R E

be allowedag- Thus the tulips will be brought,“to
ﬂower.. " . » *-
,:T,his,is the method 'of bringing the flower to break ;
but it does not take eﬁ'eét on all at the fame time:
{name will come to this-beauty fooner,‘ and fame
emf-5‘12..- .'.. I.' . . ' » .

When they are in fidwer, let thembecarefully
looked-lover, ’andgletafuch -as are well broke, be ‘
marked for planting out among~the more excellent
kindSQZfor -the,fucceeding year; ’ . ' 7
, Thole which hav’e,come truly to theinbeauty, have
the {tripes clear to the bottom, andkeeptheir colour
to the laﬁ. . Such as thefe are. perfeétly. broke, they
will never return to the plain. colour while welllma-
naged; vandrtheir- oﬂ‘ifets‘ will alWa‘ys afford the fame
kind of ﬂowers,. 3Thefe‘ are therefore a certain trea-
fure.r. ., '
- In this manner, every feafomfomewill-break, and
the flock of perfeé‘t' tulips will, from time totime,
be,encreafed., ‘ . p»

9 When all are got-from the feed-lings thatwill break,
or are warth preferving, let the ref: be planted out in
common parts of the garden. ,

Every .year we would advife the florift to few fome
feed. "There is :no great trouble in that manner
of management, thelength of time before the plants
ﬂower .would «not be regarded; for, after the ﬁri’t
paroelyevery year will bring a fucceliion, and. there
will be (anseyerlafting fund,aﬂvarietymbeauty, and
pleafure.‘ - ' _.," -; ":4‘- - '.

:1 Of theManagenietit-of theperfeﬁBlants.j

\Vhenthe beds are to, be 'ptepa‘red for. the perfeét
and ﬁne tulips, they: mull be‘gonﬁruétcd ,as, before
direéted ;» and the ﬁrlt week in: Oe‘lobet, or” as near
that time as thedue opportunity of rnoon and wind
can be chofen, let them beplantedas diteétledt only
with more caution. Let a quantity. of very clean

{and be in readinefs 3 and whenthe ﬁrit quantity of

1 ‘compoft

OF TULIPS.

compoﬂ; is put in, and the places are marked for the
roots, at about eight inches dil’tance, let eVery root
be prepared for {booting out its ﬁbres, by taking off
the fcaly {kins about the bottom.

Thefe outﬁde {kins on the lower part of the bulb
are often f0 hard, that the ﬁbres cannot get through
them, and many a good root‘is loft; for if the ﬁbres
cannot make their-way, it will rot inl’tead of grow
mg.

This done, fet each root in its place upon the
mould, and draw round it a fmall circle of the fand
up to its top. This is a very elfential article. It keeps

of worms, and it prevents the bad effects of too

much moil’ture. -

After this they mutt be covered up, and defended
from violent frof’ts and heavy rains, by canvas or
mats, on hoops ; and when they rife toward ﬂower-
ing, they muli: be watered at times; and care mul’t
be taken in the earlier waterings, that none fettle
among the leaves, for it will often rot the plant.

If at this time a leaf of any of the tulips droops,
curls up, and appears dif’temper’d, let it be cut off;
for otherwife the mifchief will infeft the whole plant,
and often it will fpread over a great part of the bed.

Of preferving the Tulip in Bloom.

The ﬂoriﬂ', when he fees his tulips burﬂ: open in
all their beauty, ﬁnds his toil well rewarded ; but he
often ﬁghs to think of the {hort duration.

Nature has not intended ﬂowers for long continu-
ance. They ferve to enclofe and defend the parts of

fruc'tiﬁcJtion; and when that purpofe is elfeéted, nae .

turally fade. -

The tulip remains in its ﬁne condition longer than
molt other ﬂowers, becaufe there being no cup, a
greater duration of this {ole defence is neceifary : but
this period, which is long in comparifon of molt
Other ﬂowers, is too fhort for the ﬁorif’t, whofe la-

hours

427‘

THE..CU.LTURE

hours thro’ ﬁx or {even fueceliive years to bring" it
to perfeétion, and whofe cbntinu'ed pains to prefervc

[it in that ﬂare merit a longer permanence in its beauty.

This is in fome degree in his own power. '

Let him eonlider what makes the ﬂower fade moit,
and guard againft it. The heat of the fun is the
great article of damage : it brings on the decay in a
double manner -, for its inﬂuence ripens the feed-
veﬁel, and renders the ﬂower no longer neceii'ary,
and at the fame time ’exhaui’cs' the jaices of the pe-
tals.

Some fun is needful, but a little ferves : all that is
above the due pr0portion hai’tens the decay.

The fecond article of danger is from rain. The
root of the tulip will require Tome moifture While the
plant is in ﬂower; as well as the bloom fome fun:
moderation is the great article. The moil’ture is bet-
ter given by art: for a hai’ty ihower will foil and fully
the whole bed. ‘ :

T hefe two mifchiefs are to be guarded againit in
the fame manner; that is, by an occaiional covering.
fl‘his alfo will prevent that honey dew which, often is
very pernicious. ‘

The advantage of an occaﬁonal covering is very
obvious -, but the manner of doing it in many places
18 wrong.

Our gardeners are not f0 careful or intelligent in
this refpeft as their neighbours. Many leave the beds
of their belt kinds open; and winds, rain, and fun
are admitted to the ﬂowers as nature pleafes: f0 that

*an hour fometimes deﬁroys the pleafure toiled for

throughout the year.
Others who cover them ufe. only commen hoops
and mats; and they,are thus choaked for want of air.
The bell method is to plant upright polls of about
four foot high, on each ﬁde of the bed, at moderate

'diitance, and over there to carry hoops : this kind of
'frame may be occaﬁonally covered with canvas -, and
it will (kill retain air enough for the perfecting and

prefcrving the beauty of the plants.
The

'OF T‘U'LIPS.

- The canvas muft be drawn over the hoops from
eleven to four in the afternoon every day when the fun”
is powerful. It mutt be alfo drawn on when there.
are {harp winds, haf’cy fhowers, or fevere nights. Thus

the ﬂowers will have the morning fun, and evening

breezes to refrelh them, and will be open at the nine]
and agreeable hours of viewing them; and by this
‘prefervation they will continue twenty, thirty, or eVen
forty days in bloom, and die off at laﬁ: with all their
colours perfeét. '

The Management of the Roots after flowering.

No feeds are to be faved from thefe perfeét and
ﬁne tulips, for we have obferved that they are not
the proper breeders. The care of the roots‘ is
all.

Nothing exhauﬁs a root fo much as the ripening
of the feeds; therefore none being expected here, let
the Ptalks of all the tulips be broke oﬁ’ as foon as the
ﬂowers are pai’t. Then take OE the covering entirely:
the free air is needed, and the nou’rilhment nature
was preparing for ﬁlling the feeds will fwell the root,
and its off-fets will now grow to great advantage.

This being an accidental growth, laﬁs but a little
time. The leaves foon after fade, and the root gets
into a ﬁate of reI’t. ' '

It is then to be taken out of the ground. The
middle of June is about the time for this; and it muf’t
be done in a careful manner, that the roots be not cut
or bruii‘ed.

At this time let a dry mat be fprea'd over a table in
an airy room ; and as the roots are taken up, let them
be cleaned, and the loofe, ragged, outer {kins pulled
off; let them be then laid upon the mat not to touch
one another; and every day turned or moved about.
They will thus harden a little,-and they mutt then be
put up in drawers till the time of planting. '

They mutt nOt be kept moifi, for that would give
than a tendency to mouldinefs, and they would then

b e 2 {05'

us

1,20

/\ I I \ \ \
.SAAX’A 4.x “uni-nil” [43.3-B7ah/‘V-h8/038I; 3.9.9,;

‘ we {hall propofe to every curious hand the taking up

THECULTURE

rot when put into the ground -, neither mull they ‘be
kept too clofe, for in that cafe the air being (but out
from accei's and refrelhment, the principle of gromh
will be deﬂroy’d in them. ‘ ‘

The only farther caution muf’c be to preferve them
from vermin; for they are not unpleafant, and will
be a fure prey if left expofed. '

The off-lets feparated from the principal mots
mui’c be managed exactly in the fame manner, and
planted in autumn, three weeks fooner than the large
roots, in feparate beds. Thus they will ﬂower as they
gather ﬁrength, and then according to their value
may be received amono the others.

Thus may the ﬂoriﬁ manage his tulips from the‘
feed to the perfection of the bloom ; and if he every
year continue the eafy talk of fowing, hewill in re-
turn after the ﬁrf’t period, have every year new ﬂowers
for his credit and fatisfaétion -, and numbers to enrich
the gardens of his friends; or if he pleafe, for profit.

We have obferved, that the general time of plant-
ing the ﬁne tulip roots is in the beginning of Oétober,
but the earlier kind {hould be put into the ground
three weeks fooner. They mui‘t be allowed all means
of defence, and ’tis belt to plant them where there is
the fhelter of a warm wall. They are after this to be
treated juit as the others.

If the weather come in fevere juﬁ as their buds rife,
they muft be cover’d : the furface of the mould {hould
be {tirr’d topromote the fettling and linking of the
dews, and to deﬁroy the ﬁrﬁ fhoot of weeds; and
afterwards, if the feafon be dry, they mul’c be allowed
with due care a little water.

«I; \le‘V/x'I/vl \" \"l “I
s- s ‘3: 4y-

: ~e- «a.» root?

' 01" ’/L§‘V.VA M\ l.\/..\

’f/ \"’/\“0 ”g”! \"l \“',’\”/\"/\"/ \"f '%
§ ' .

THE CULTURE OF CARNATIONS.

' IHE gardener who chufes to propagate'the car-
‘ nation only by layers, will eaﬁly fucceed ; but

the

OF CARNATION~S.

the culture from the beginning. that he may obtain
more and better ﬂowers. ’

Thofe ﬂowers fhould be marked in time from which
the feeds are to be faved. -

Let {uch be referved for this purpofe as have the,

{talk thick, ﬁrm, and well knotted: let the mould
about thefe be well broke at the furface before they
open ; and afterwards let them be watered often.
though but little at a time. _

Let the ﬂowers be large; with lively colours, and
ﬁrm broad petals, and with a true {hape or roundnefs
in the whole out-line.

It will be proper to mark feveral of the ﬁrong
plants before their ﬂowers are feen; and out of thefe'
to feleét, when they are in bloom, thofe whore ﬂowers
have the properties we have jul’t defcribed.

Thefe being marked afrefh, and properly ordered
£or feed, .by taking oﬂ‘ all fecondary ﬂowers, by war
tering the plants while in bloom, and while the feeds

are fwelling; and omitting all water when they have .

attained their growth; let the compolt for the plants
be prepared thus :

Mix a load of rich dry pafture mould with half a
load of pond mud, and a quarter of a load of cow
dung; add two bulhels of wood-pile earth, and one
buﬂael of {harp land, with the fame quantity of foot.

Let thefe be well blended together, and lie open to
the air, They are to he often turned, and thus will
be ﬁt for ufe by that time they are wanted.

When the feeds are ripened in the pods, they mui’c
be cut oﬂ‘, and fpread at a diﬁance upon a (half in an
any room.

"Nhen they have lain thus a fortnight or three weeks
till perfectly hardened, they mull be put up in feveral
paper bags, n0t too many together, and hung up on
lines in the feed room all winter.

Toward the end of March chufe a part of the fe-
minary which is open to the fouth-eaﬁ, but fheltered
from the noon fun, and from cold winds. Mark out
a bed three foot broad, and as long as needful for the

E e 3 quantity,

421'

I”

«THE CU L‘r U R E
Quantity}. - big up the mould a fpade depth, and
break it well. . Cover it with three inches of the com~
p'of’c; lay the furface thenperfeélly level, and team;
on the feeds with an even. hand; Sift over them a third
of an“ inch bf the fame compoft, and thus leaVe them. I

The raiiing of thefe is not fo tedious a buﬁnefs'asi
thatof bulbous plants. They will appear in about
thirty days from the {owingg and if the mould grew
dry, they muff at times be watered. Thin them}
where they rife too clofe, and in this bed let them
remain till midfummer, weeding and watering them
as occaﬁon requires. '

About the time we have named, the laﬁ: week in
June, or foo‘ner if the plants by their fize are ready for
removal; make a larger bed in the fame manner, co-
yerin it with ﬁve inches thicknefs of the compoi’t.
Leve the furface? and draw lines each way at four
inches dii’cance; and in the centre of every fq‘uare thus
formed, plant one of the feedlings. Give’them a
gentle watering as {con as they are in the ground ; re-
peat this every evening till-they are rooted, and {bade
them with'a reed hedge. _

Six weeksthey are to remain in this bed : and then
prepare another. ‘

' This fhould be four foot wide, and covered ﬁg
inches with the fame compoﬁ : in this bed the plants
muit {land in three rows, at nine inches plant from
plant -, and be again well watered and Ibaded till they
are ﬁrmly rooted. . i

’ In this bed they mutt fund to ﬂower, obferving to
weed and water them frequently. L _ i

The firi’t years blow will give a very real'onable
promife of what is to be expeéted, but there is no
judging of a ﬂower perfeétly till after the fecond.

The beﬁ plants ihould have all their {boots laid in
this bed. ' ' ‘ ’ ‘

All the inferior kinds ﬂiould be taken up and

lanted out 'into‘other parts of the garden : and the.
layers Of the others mull: be taken of? when they are
well rooted, and planted in pots; or in confpicuous-

. . . _ . . A ..,, ,. . parts

oF‘CARNATt-ONSQ

parts ,of borders, according to their value, and the

pleafure of the owner. '

The {boots are to be carefully fecured in their places.

by pegs, or forked flicks, and well covered, and Well
watered till they have taken root.

If the ﬂower {tern be cut down as foon as thefe are
laid, and the plant not fuﬁ'ered to blow that year,
the layers will be the ﬁronger. At the turmoil, the
ﬂower if {offered to open, fhould be taken of? as foon
as it has {hewn its beauty; for he who fhould fave
feeds from a laid plant, will fpoil the layers.

\Vhen th layers are well roored the ﬁneit muf’t be’

taken off, and planted each in a feparate pot in the

fame compolt. Thefe muft be fet in a lhady place,“

and watered till they are well rooted.

In the beginning of Oftober let a piece of ground
be dug up in a dry part of the femi‘nary, with a good
quantity of {and among it; and in this let the plants
be fet, burying the pots up to the rim. A parcel of
hoops mull be placed over this; and there mull be a

covering of canvafs ready to draw over them in bad"

weather.
The layers being thus preferved through winter,

ﬂiould be planted out into larger pots of the fame?
compoit for flowering in fpri'ng. The fealb‘n l‘muﬂ: dev'
termine this; but, in general, the beginning‘of March

is a good time.
When they awe planted in there larger pots, they

mull be let in a {hady place, and watered every even-“

ing till well rooted. _, '
Six weeks the pots lhonld ltand there, and at" the
end of that time they ihould be removed tovthe place.

where they are to ﬂower: this mul’c be'open to‘

the morning fun, but defended againl‘t‘ the full noon
beams, and againﬁ cold winds.

The choice of this place is a very efiEntial article
for the well flowering of the plants. Tho’ defended
from {harp winds, it muff not be fmothered by too
:much ihelter ; for unlefs the air come freely among
the plants, 'the ﬂowers will never be ﬁne.

' ‘ E c 4. ' l The

4‘? 3f

4&4

_THECULTURE

,The {talks will foon rife for ﬂower. Two may be
{offered from one root, but a 'ﬁngle one is better.
There muft be a {tick lanted in the pots for tying
tlfifem up as they rife, an all ﬁde-lhoots mull be taken
0 .

When the buds appear for ﬂowering, the inner cup
muft be opened in three or four places, to favour the
regular fpreading of the petals; and it mull: be de-
fended from wet, and too much fun, by a glafs cap -,
covered occaﬁonally with a piece of bays. ,

After this a paper or card collar may be placed un-
der the petals; and the gardener muft from day to
day, as they difclofe themfelves, favour their fpread-
ing, that they may be fupported every where by the
collar, while they hide it compleatly; and he is after—
wards to lay the, feveral petals handfomely one upon
another ; they will remain as they are placed, and
make a very regular appearance. _

While they are in ﬂower, they mull: be carefully
watched to prevent deﬁruélion from infects; and wa-
tered moderately, and often, with water from a {hal-
low: pond that lies expofed to the fun.

Thus they will be brought to ﬂower perfeétly, and
continue in their beauty as long as nature will per-
mit: and by faving feeds from the ﬁneft kinds that
ripen them well from time to time, the ﬂock will be
increafed and improved every feafon.

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Culture of the STOCK JULY~FLOWER.

HE innumerable kinds of the Stock July—

ﬂower, are all produced from the ﬁngle purple
fpecies: they are feedling varieties; and one rule of
culture ferves for the production and prefervation of
them all. As this is a very eﬂéntial article in the
ﬂower garden, we {hall give it at large as experience
diret‘ts, and as the joint teﬂimony of thofe who have
been molt fuccefsful in raiﬁng this beautiful ﬂower,
conﬁrms. ' The

OF STOCK JU‘LYv-FLO‘WERS.

'The plant is a native of the warmer parts of Eu-
rope, and never thrives fo well as near the fea. This
is its original condition of growth: this the common
gardener wholly negleéts: but by a due attention to
this, and an obfervance of the known rules, the plant
will be raifed to the mol’c full perfeﬁion.

The lirl’t care will be the preparing a right foil; ' and
in this article it is, the fource of improvement lies:
this therefore mul’t be at once made of a due quality,
and adapted to the natural condition. ‘

Let a compolt be made of thefe ingredients; :1 can
load of ﬁne pafture earth from under the turf, half a
load of pond mud, and four bulhels of large coarfe
(and, with the fame quantity of cow dung. Mix

thefe into a heap, and fprinkle them with a pail’

full of {ea water; or if that cannot be had, ufe in
its place the fame quantity of brine, and add a
bulhel of wood foot. .

This is to be expofed to the air all winter, and to
be frequently turned ; and once in the time, when the
weather is froi’ty, half the quantity of brine or {ea
water that was ufed at ﬁrl’t, mutt be thrown over it
a am.

gThis prepared and laid up, let the gardener mark
plants for feeds. If he have correfpondence with other
gardeners, he lhould fave the feed from plants in their
ground -, and the more remote the place the better.

Let him {elect fuch lingle ltocks for feed as are large,
robul’t, well growing, and would naturally have a vali:
multitude of ﬂowers ; and fuch as have in fome ﬂowers
fomewhat above the proper number of petals, ﬁve,
ﬁx, or more: this is the ﬁrft tendency in nature to
doublenefs; and this he lbould carefully watch for the
farther improvement.

Let the plants which are thus marked ripen but a
moderate quantity of pods, pulling off the other ﬂowers
as they appear ; but let all thofe which have more than
the four petals, be faved for the feed.

Let the ground be cleared for a yard every way
round 'each plant, and well dug up at that diﬁance (,1

. an

#5

2.65

.‘ " .gﬂsaﬂE CULTURE
and let the'furface be broke nearer the Item. Every
eyen‘ingxlet the plant ha’Ve a good watering, and tie up
the Itém to a ﬁrm ﬂake, to prevent the rocking by winds.

LCtthe ends of all the {talks on which the feeds is
{need be nipp’d oﬁ" ; and if there be any decay’d leaves
about the plant, let them alfo be picked clean away.
When the pods are full grown ceafe the watering.
When. the feeds are hardened in them cut oh“ the pods,
and lay them on a paper’d lhelf to dry. After a fort.
night fhake out the feeds -, fpread them alfo for fome
days-upon the ihelf to harden, and then tie them in
paper bags, and hang them up for winter.

In the ﬁrfl: week of the April following, prepare a

piece of ground in the feminary : let it be open to the.
fouth eaﬁ, and defended from cold winds.
.. Dig out the mould three quarters of a fpade deep,
and ﬁll up with the compol‘t -, level the furface, fcatter
on the feeds; and lift over them a quarter of an inch
of the fame mould. '

When the plants appear they mutt be thinn’d where
they rife too clofe, and after this they muft have fre-
quent waterings.

No feedlings are more in danger from infeéts than

thefe; and various {trange methods have been ufed to
preferve them. The mof’t common way is to fow
among the ﬂock fome radilh feed. They who advife
this fay, the intent is that the ﬂies may fatten upon
the young radiih leaves, of which they are fond, and
leave the ﬂock plants.
. He who has been the mifleader of Englilh gardens
ers through the whole courfe of their profefﬁon, is the
author of this praétice: how contradiétory to good
fenfe all Inuit fee, who enter upon the profeﬁion on
principles of reafon -, and how mifchievous in fact let:
all thofe fay who have feen their feedlings half devour~
ed, and the other half dei’troyed by it.

It istrue that the fame fiy’ feeds upon the feedling
radifh, and the feedling ﬂock ; and true that it is
{under of the radifh than of the other ; or than of any
thing elle: but who ihall fay that when the radilhes

.. . are

OFSTO‘CK JULY‘pFiLOWERS.

are devoured, or fpoiled, it will not 'fall upon the
Other plants after them.

If a large quantity of radilhes be fown, the young
flocks will be drawn up weak, and fpoiled by them 3
and if there be onlyafmall preportion, the ﬂies are in-
vited to the place by them -, and when they are con.
fumed, they will certainly fallen upon the others.
The inviting thole infects to the place, which there
is the greatel’t reafon to fear, is the work policy that
could be prefcribed.

In the place of this abfurd cul’tom, let the gardener
who ﬂudies his profeﬂion rationally, confider what it
is that makes his feedling ﬂocks liable to the mifchief
of thefe infects, and he will know how to propofe a
reafonable fafeguard. , '

\Ne have told him that all plants are liable to infects
in proportion as they are in a ﬁckly {late 3 and ’tis ex:
aétly fo in this inﬁance. .

The feedling flocks require repeated waterings:
without theft: they foon fade : their juices ﬁagnate, and
the {warm of devourers appears. This is the caufe,
and the remedy is eafy. The young plants mull: not
be chilled, or overﬂowed with water, but they mull;
be well fupplied with it. Therefore the method isto
give it them in moderate quantity twice every day. In
this management they. let out with a vigorous gtOWth,
and continue it without any check, and I never once
faw the ﬂies attack them when thus fupported.

In the latter end of May let anodier bed of compoﬂ:
be made for them jult by the ﬁrl’t, but larger: the
fame ﬁtuation is pmper; and the nearer the beds are,
the lefs damage the plants will get in the removal.

Let the furface of this new bed be levelled, and
lines drawn upon it both ways at ﬁve inches diﬁance.

In the centre of every fquare let one of the plants
from the feed-bed, and when all are in, give them a
gentle watering, {hade them by a reed‘hedge, and re-
peat the watering till they are perfectly rooted: after
this let them be conl'tantly weeded and watered once
in three days till the end of Augul’t.

At

422:

4.28

THE CULTURE,&C.

At that time' let a large bed be made up for them
in the ﬂower garden, and let them be taken up in the
evening of a cloudy day, and planted in it at two
foot diftance.

They muﬂz‘ be watered and lhaded till they have
taken root; and after that they will require only to
be kept clear from weeds, and now and then refrelhed
with water in common with the other plants.

They will ﬂower the next year, and there will be
among them feveral common ﬁngle kinds; fome
ﬁngle of better colours, and with more than the
cornmon number of petals ; and feveral very ﬁne
double ones.

The ordinary kinds mull: be pulled up as foon as the
ﬂowers open : this will give more room to the others:
the feleél: and ﬁne ﬁngle kinds mui‘t be marked for
feed; and the ﬁne double ones managed with all care
to promote the fullnefs and beauty of their ﬂowers.

The feeds lhould be faved from the ﬁneﬂ: ﬁngle kinds
as directed before, and {own in the fame manner for a
fupply; the plants never ﬂower fo l‘trong, or fo well
as the ﬁrﬂ: feafOn; and it is belt to depend upon feeds
for an annual ﬁore.

The feeds faved from thefe plants will not fail to
produce the gardener many double and very ﬁne
ﬂowers, but the belt method is to exchange them an-
nually with fome perfon of integrity at a diﬁance.
This fort of intercourfe is eafy, for it ferves the purpofe
of both parties.

The ﬁnefl: flowers may be propagated by planting
ﬂips or cuttings : abut they never thrive f0 well,
nor ﬂower f0 ﬁrong, as the fame kind raifed from
feed; and where there is a good quantity of the feed
fown, there is no fear of having enough of the double

ﬂowers.

FINIS.

     
   
     
    
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  

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