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EXERCISES

IN

IDIOMATIC ITALIAN.
A Key to the Exercises

in the present volume is published entitled;

ANEDDOTI ITALIANL
ONE HUNDRED ITALIAN ANECDOTES

FROM

JL. COMPAGNO DEL PASSEGGIO CAMPESTRE

SELECTED BY

MARIA FRANCESCA ROSSETTI.

Cloth, price 2s 6d.
EXERCISES
IDIOMATIC ITALIAN

FROM THE ENGLISH

BY

MARIA FRANCESCA ROSSETTI

 

WILLIAMS axo NORGATE,
14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON;
AND
20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
1867.
 
PREFACE.

I doubt whether any teacher of Italian will look
into this book without at once pronouncing it absurd
or pernicious — unless indeed he or she should happen
to have met, in the same way as I have tried to meet
it, the great difficulty in teaching languages. How
shall pupils, after going through the. grammatical
course, be practised in writing, not English in Italian,
but Italian itself? How shall their ear be trained to
feel instinctively what is not Italian, even before they
are sufficiently advanced to discover for themselves
what is? How shall they be placed from the first in a
position to write such translations as may need correc-
tion, but not re-writing?

As the result of a fairly successful attempt to solve
these problems in the case of a pupil of my own, this
little book is submitted to the judgment of English
teachers and students of Italian. It consists of a hun-
dred anecdotes selected from “Il Compagno del Pas-
seggio campestre,” the third edition of which appeared
at Milan in 1830, published by the “Societa tipografica
de’ classici italiani.” These anecdotes being here trans-
lated into the most literal English of which grammar
vi

and sense will admit, their literal re-translation will
result in the Italian of the original; and for this re-
translation aid is given in three ways.

1. By bracketing words and clauses too utterly un-
English for admission into the text, but intelligible as
equivalent, when rendered into Italian, to the expressions
used there. Any page of the book, opened at random,
will exemplify this part of the system. :

2. By giving in foot-notes such Italian words and
expressions as cannot be thus represented, or require
to be further dwelt on.

3. By copious elucidative notes.

The exercises thus constructed are mainly intended
for the stage between the elementary grammatical
course, and composition. Assuming the previous care-
ful study of Mariotti’s excellent, concise, sensible
Grammar — or of any other good one — I seek to ini-
tiate English pupils into the mysteries of an idiom so
different from their own by setting it before them in a
form whose strangeness makes itself felt at once; at
the same time securing the ear from becoming accustomed
to unidiomatic Italian by making any but an idiomatic
rendering impossible.

Three objections I foresee, and will endeavour to
obviate.

1. “Is not this simply the Hamiltonian System?”

Certainly not simply. That system was never, so
far as 1 know, applied to writing a foreign language.
And mine differs from a Hamiltonian translation in at
least one all-important point — that pre-supposing a
knowledge of the grammar, it does not, while rendering
word for word, falsify the emphasis of the sentence by
VII
retaining in English the position of the Italian con-
junctive pronouns.

2. “Pupils will thus unlearn théir own tongue
while acquiring a foreign one; their Italian may be
good, but what will their English be?”

Good too, as far as these exercises are concerned.
The English here is never vulgar, and is much too
odd to do the slightest harm. Who could possibly
get into the way of saying, “done that he had it” in-
stead of “when he had done it”?

3. “Pupils, once put into these leading-strings, will
never be able to stand alone, but will remain just as
incapable of composing in idiomatic Italian after this
course as before it.”

As far as my experience goes, the case is other-
wise. By the end of the first part at latest they will
be able to write tolerable letters, and to translate from
other books alternately with the exercises in the second
part, in which less help is given. All along their
acquaintance with the grammar, especially with the
rules relating to conjunctive and possessive pronouns,
is taken for granted and closely tested. As a farther
safeguard they should, on violating a rule, be required
to correct the mistake, or to account for its correction.
And when, to supersede or guide their use of the
dictionary, one English word is bracketed as equivalent
to another — as for example, “this course appeared
to him suitable [convenient],” they should be led to
perceive the connexion of meaning between the two
words, and the primary sense of the bracketed one. —
It will also be useful to dictate the corrected version,
lest the ear should prove more retentive of wrong forms
than of right ones.
VIII

A chapter is prefixed, in the hope of lessening the
difficulties which even a careful study of the grammar
will not have wholly removed. An alphabetical list of
proper names, and an index to the notes, are subjoin-
ed. The anecdotes as they stand in the original are
given in a Key, which may also prove useful as
a reading-book.

P.S. The above was written, and the whole work
ready for the press, some time before the appearance
of Signor Toscani’s excellent “Conversational Course,”
in which the plan of bracketing English for literal
translation is also to some extent adopted. But his work
is intended as a first Italian book, and does not there-
fore occupy the same ground as mine.

It is by an oversight that one or two anecdotes
have been included, in which the authors appears
somewhat lax as to truth.
 

CONTENTS.

PAGE
A Chapter supplementary to the Grammar 1—23
Exercises.

1. Judgment of Phocion 24

2. The merciful Lion > 25

3. The Mother victim of her Love 26

4. The Conflagration overcome by Maternal Affection 27

5. The Mother inseparable from the Daughter . : . 29

6. At what Price a Son may be saved : . < 80

7. The Son of Metellus to liberate his Father offers his own life 32

8. The Deserter through filial Love 33

9. The loving Daughter 35

10. The Fast through filial Love 36
11. The beneficent Surprise 39
12. Eudocia Empress 43
13. The Swimmer . 44
14. The Heroic Substitution 45
15. The loving Division of the Goods 46
16. The Admiral Chabot 48
17. The little Baker of Nérae 50
PAGE
18. The feigned Condemnation , : . , . co onl
19. Doctor Friend. : : : : : , \ 54
20, The Constant Friend. g . : ; 3 : 5. BO
21. The Tribune Ceedicius . 5 s 3 : . ; 57
22. The taking of Calais . : . . 3 : : 759
23. The love of Country recompensed . . . . . 63
24. The Passions sacrificed to the public Weal Saige
25. The Heroine of Leucate . . . : . . . 65
26. The Frenchwoman of Spartan heart . : i veiw 208
27. The Victim of his Country . : . . . . 69
28. The Piedmontese Hero . : : . ; . pi
29. The generous Grenadier. 2 ‘ . . : } .
30. The Imperturbables . : ens ok . . . 193
31. Mec®nas . : . . 3 h ; . : —
32. The sincere Courtiers. i : ; : . ; 4% 175
33. Song-chi Chinese Heroine . . ‘ 4 , . 76
34. Philip the Macedonian : : ; . ‘ Ret yi
35. Ardisheer Babegan, Sophi of Persia . v v 79
36. Titus Flavius Vespasian . . i 2 . . Jit 80
37. Titus Vespasian  . ; . . . : : . 84
38. Trajan . . 3 g : . . . ‘ «786
39. Antoninus Pius ; 4 2 . : . . J 89
40. Marcus Aurelius ‘ . 5 ; o : . 5 99
41. Publius Alius Pertinax . . : . . . 95
42, Marcus Claudius Tacitus . ) . . : . OF
43. Valentinian II ; : . ; a . 5 . —
44, Peter the Great , : . : : . . 9
45. Disinterestedness of Charles XII . . : : . 102
46. Love of the Subjects preferred to the paternal . . 103
47. Frederick II . > . d 3 . > . _
48. Humanity of the Emperor Francis I § : o «1105

49, Visit of Maria Theresa . ; > : 5 . 3 106
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.

68.

69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
i.
78.

79.

XI

Joseph II . . . : . : . : WG
The pretended Mediator . . : !

The efficacious Recommendation . : . y :
Unfaithfulness condoned and prevented . .
Papinianus and Julius Grecinus § . i > .
Claudius II . . . > > > v . :
The Beggar made a Mandarin . . :

Justice preferred to Life . : ;

Ottoman Justice . . . : : : :

The most upright General . : . : .
The Quaker without Imitators . . . , : .
The Prince more liberal than his Almoner . .

The Judge making restitution (restorer) . : > v
Where Virtue may go to burrow . . : . :
A Gentleman without Posterity : . : . .
Probity preferred to Love . v . : ‘ :
The Vinedresser who will not buy cheap . . .
The alms-giving Poor-Woman, and the Poor-man who will
not be so : . . . . : .

The honourable Porter, and the Woman who prays (makes
prayer) against her own interest . . : . .
The Captain who voluntarily degrades himself . .
The Father who saves the Slayer of his Son

Virtue has triumphed over Sex . , .
Artifice to oblige a Thief to restitution _ .

The Female who knows to keep silence .

Totila King of the Goths : .

The heroic Philanthropy . . . . .

The noble and compassionate Butcher . . . .
The Sultan Saladin . : . : . . . .
Admirable accord between Doctrine and Practice “
The beneficent Miser . .

PAGE
108
110
114
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123

131

133
135
136
138
139
140
141
142
145
146
147
149
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
9l.
92.
93.

94.

95.
90.
97.
98.
99.
100.

XII

 

Xenocrates : . : . . gan
The merited Recompense diverted to another
The Mistake of a Cipher

The Amendment .

The good Porter of Milan
The Heir through Compassion
The Viscount de Turenne .
The generous Creditor
Boileau and Catherine II

The noble Recompense

The Captain of Algiers .
Mercy remunerated

Claude Favre .

The ingenious Gratitude

The Florentine Shoemaker
The Soldier through gratitude
The Merchant ennobled . :
The Rivalries between Demosthenes and Zschines
How one should die . . . : : : .
One insensible to pain (The Insensible) through Virtue
The portable Inscription

Proper Names g : >
Index to the Notes. I. Italian Words

II. English, French and German Words

Index to Rules

PAGE
150
151
152
153
156
157
158
160
161
162
164
166
167
168
169
172
174
175
177
179

180
183
186
190 -
A CHAPTER SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE GRAMMAR.

§ I. Or WoRDS WHOSE INFLECTION IMPLIES THE CHANGE
OF ¢ AND g INTO ch AND gh.

General Principle. C and g ONCE HARD ARE ALWAYS
narp: i. e. C and ¢ hard in a word capable of inflection
remain hard throughout the inflections; and therefore
become ch and gh when the inflection consists in chang-
ing the a or 0 which follows them into e or i.

This rule applies to nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

1) To nouns and adjectives ending in ca, ga, co, go,
in respect of their plural.

2) To adjectives so ending in respect also of their
superlative.

3) To verbs ending in care, gare, in respect of their
future and conditional, and of certain persons in their
3 present tenses (i. e. pres. indic. and.subj., and im-
perative).

Heap 1. Examples. Monarca, chi; lega, ghe; fico,
chi; lungo, ghi. Exceptions. In ca and ga, none. In
co and go, 2 classes. Class 1. 5 words having the pe-
nultimate syllable long: amice, ci ; nemico, ci; porco, ci;

1
2

 

greco, ci; mago (magian) gi. (But mago, magician, fol-
lows the rule.) Class 2. Most words having the penult.
short; as medico, ci. (But dialogo, obbligo, parroco,
and some others less common, follow the rule; and a
few have both forms in the plural.)

Heap 2. Examples. Ricco, chissimo; larga, ghissima.
Exceptions, 2; Amico, chissimo and cissimo; nemico,
cissimo. 2 others are exceptions to the Gen. Principle;
acre, cerrimo ; integro, gerrimo.

Heap 3. Examples, see Mariotti’s Grammar, page
86 (or the verbs in care and gare as given in any
grammar). Exceptions, none.

§ II. Taree RuLes respecting Personar axp Consuwc-
ive Pronouns.

1) Omit the nominative pronoun when you may,
express it when you must: i. e. 1) When ambiguity
would result from its omission; 2) When it requires
to be emphasized.

2) Use conjunctive pronouns always when you may,
personal pronouns only when you must: i. e. 1) After
a preposition; 2) When the pronoun requires to be

emphasized.
3) The conj. pron. loro always follows the verb.
But as to all the rest — Place the conj. pron. before

the verb when you may, after it when you must: i. e.
In the infinitive, gerund, past participle without an
auxiliary, 1st and 2nd persons imperative affirmative.

Abundant examples and many useful remarks will
be found in Mariotti’s or any good grammar. — The
above rules are offered as simple and easily remembered
formule, to guard beginners from incorrectness in com-
3

posing or translating. But 1. and 3. are very far from
exhaustive; the nom. pron. is often elegantly expressed,
the conj. pron. placed after the verb, in other than the
necessary cases; and the proficient will continually see
reason to depart from the may of these rules, though
never from the must.

§ III. Or tue Passive Vers Axp toE Parmicre Si

8i, as a reflective and reciprocal pronoun, follows
the rules of other conjunctive pronouns, and requires
no special notice. We have here to do with it only as
a particle imparting a passive signification to an active
verb; in which character it is connected with one main
difficulty of the language.

General Principle. A STRONG TENDENCY TO THE PASSIVE
VOICE PERVADES THE IrALiAN vancuace. Hence this voice
admits of far greater variety in form than is the case
in French, which no less decidedly prefers the active
voice; or in English, which stands between the two.

The Italian Passive Verb has 3 different forms.

1) The passive participle with the auxiliary essere,
in all moods, tenses, and persons. (As in French and

English.) Example: esser temuto, to be feared.
2) The pass. part. with the very peculiar auxiliary
venire, in all moods except the imperative; in all simple
tenses; in all persons. — Ex.: venir temuto, to be
feared.

3) The active verb with the particle si prefixed, in
all moods and tenses, the compounds being formed with
essere; but only in the 3rd person. Ex. Temersi, to be
feared: temendosi; temutosi or essendosi temuto. Si teme,
si temono; si temeva, si temevano: si & temuto, si son
temuti, &c.

1*
4

Examples with Observations.

The difficulty referred to above is the construction
of sentences in which the action rather than the agent
is the subject of discourse. In French the vague nomi-
native on with an active verb is employed: in English
various forms — chiefly a passive verb with an impersonal
nominative; in Italian also various forms — chiefly a
passive verb of the 3rd class. The whole subject is so
complicated that I can best hope to render it intelligible
by subjoining a series of examples in all three languages,
and explaining the Italian ones.

1. Sentences without an accusative.

1) On dit = It is said, or People say = Si dice.

Simply a pass. v. in the 3rd form; the literal trans-
lation of it és said, it being left out because in Italian

impersonal nominatives almost universally, and prono-
minal noms. generally, are left out.

2) On dort ici = They are all asleep here = Qui
si dorme.

Note first that the nom. in this sentence is really
far less vague than in the last; it must necessarily be
definite persons who are spoken of, though they are
mentioned in an indefinite way. — Note, secondly, that
here a neuter verb is expressed in a passive form, as
is frequently the case when the nominative is indefinite.
(A similar idiom exists in German: e8 wird getanjt und
gefpielt = people are dancing and playing.)

in. With an accusative of the 3rd person.

1) On le dit = So they say = Si dice.

This example is the same in Italian as Ex. I. 1.;
the difference of meaning appears in the French and
English, which here denote a reference to some previous
5

assertion, Of course the Fr. acc. to an act. v. becomes
the Ital. nom. to a pass. v. Apply what is said vnder
Ex. I. 1. of pronominal noms.; and remember that the
pass. v. constructed with si being of the 3rd pers. only,
all suppressed noms. must be understood in that
person.

2) On la punira = She will be punished = Sara
punita.

The 1st form of the pass. v. is here used, because
si, being not only the passive particle, but also the re-
flective pronoun of the 3rd person, is avoided when the
verb connected with it might be supposed reflected. Si
punira might mean she will punish herself.

3) On voit un homme = A man is seen = Si
vede un uomo.
4) On voit deux hommes = Two men are seen ==

Si vedono due uomini.

Note the change in the number of the verb, con-
sequent on the change of case implied in the change
of voice.

mr. With an accusative of the 1st or 2nd person.

1) On me récompensera = I shall be rewarded =
Sard ricompensalo.

2) On vous blame = People blame you, or You
are blamed = Siete biasimato.

In these sentences the 3rd form is impossible, be-
cause it is of the 3rd person only.

wv. With a dative case of any person, and with any
oblique case except the accusative.
1) On me défend cela = This is forbidden me =
Cid mi si proibisce or Cio m’e proibito.
6

2) On lui fait cette aumbne = This alms is given

him = Gli si fa questa limosina.
8) On court chez vous = They are hurrying to
your house = Si corre da voi.

Obviously the change of voice can affect no case
but the nom. and acc.

v. With a reflected verb.

1) On se trompe souvent lorsqu'on s’applaudit de
ses actions = We are often mistaken when we applaud
our own doings = C(’inganniamo or l'uomo s’inganna
sovente applaudendo le proprie azioni.

2) On ma volé ma bourse, et 'on se cache de moi
— Some one has stolen my purse, and is hiding from
me = Taluno m’ ha rubata la borsa e si nasconde
da me.

Reflected verbs not being susceptible of a change
of voice are retained, and a nominative supplied accord-
ing to the sense. 1) This assertion applies to mankind
generally; the nom. is therefore noi or V'uome. 2) This
applies to an individual; the nom. is therefore uno,
taluno, alcuno, qualecuno, &c. (All these but uno would
be used in the pl. were it more appropriate to the sense.)
— Note — for you will need to have done so when
you come to translate and compose — that the first
verb in this sentence is not reflected; but as the second
is, and will consequently require a nom., the first verb
also is put in the active voice, and the nom. expressed
the first time, understood the second.

vi. With the adv. non, and the conjunctive prons. ei
or vi, and ne.

1) On ne le dit pas = It is not said = Non si
dice.
7

+2) On y parle delle = She is spoken of there =
Ci or vi si parla di lei.

3) On ef demande = Some is asked for = Se
ne chiede.

Non, ci and vi precede si; ne follows it and requires
its euphonic change into se.

vir. With double conjunctive pronouns.
1) On lui en parla = They spoke to him about
it = Gliene fu parlato.
2) On lui en donnera = Some will be given her
= Gliene verra dato.
These forms of the pass. v. are used with double
pronouns for euphonic reasons.

vir. In compound tenses.

1) On a parlé de vous = You were talked of =
Si & or Fu parlato di voi.

2) On me Va dit = I have been told so = Mi ¢&
stato or Mi fu detto.

3) On nous avait parlé de lui = We had been
spoken to about him = Ci era stato o7 Ci fu parlato di lui.

1) The 3rd form is the better here, as there is no ace.,
and only one pronoun. 2) But here, as there is an ace.,
it is inadmissible. 3) And here the 1st is better, as there
are two pronouns. As a rule, use the 1st form in com-
pound tenses unless you are quite certain to the con-
trary; it is never wrong, often exclusively right. — Note
further in Ex. 2 and 3 the alternative of fu for & stato
and era stato. This is allowed in the perfect and plu-
perfect to avoid the cumbrous double participle; and is
especially to be preferred with verbs in are (Ex. 3),
as in these the two participles rhyme.
8

 

§ IV. Or ue Irariax verss Potere to Be-ABLE, Volere
10 WiLL, Dovere To OWE; IN CONNEXION WitH THE ENeLisH
VERBS may, can; will ; ought, must; shall’

[Proficients in French need not read this section;
to them it is sufficient to say that potere, volere, dovers,
derived from the same Latin roots as pouvoir, vouloir,
devoir, correspond with them both in rules and con-
struction.

Students of German should read it, considering as
they go on what points of difference and resemblance
these Italian verbs present, when compared with the
German auxiliary verbs of mood. Though the one lan-
guage is of Latin, the other of Teutonic origin, many
points of resemblance will be perceived, one especially,
viz. that in neither language are these verbs defective,
except as respects the imperative.]

Why do English students so continually fail to
master these Italian verbs? Because their attention has
not been directed to the following points.

1. Potere, volere, dovere, are 1) irregular verbs: 2)
of Latin origin: 3) never auxiliary: 4) not defective:
5) varying more or less in meaning according to the
tense employed.

1. Their principal English equivalents are, 1) per-
fectly anomalous verbs: 2) of Teutonic origin: 3) three
of them often auxiliary: 4) all defective, which causes,
a) That one English form may correspond to two or
more Italian: 5) that the Eng. verb must often be sup-
plemented in some of its moods and tenses by another
verb, whereas the Ital. verb remains the same: ¢) that
9

the “tense used in English is not always the same as
that required in Italian.

These three, shall, will, may, are frequently mere
auxiliaries, shall and will of the future tense, may of
the subjunctive and potential moods. As such they are
not translated separately from the principal verb, nor
have we here anything to do with them. When more
than auxiliaries they are emphasized in English, or
else capable of having some other verb substituted for
them. Examples will be found in the proper place.

1 proceed to give the three Italian verbs, with their
English equivalents, and reasoned examples wherever
necessary. The English tense and person do not always
grammatically correspond with the Italian; rather they
are idiomatically equivalent.

I. Inv. Pres. Potere = to be-able. (Can, May.)
Gerowo. Potendo = being-able. Pasr Parr. Potuto

= been-able.

Inrin. Perr. Aver potuto == to have been-able. Com-
pounp Gerunp. Avendo potuto = having been-able.

Ixpic. Pres. Posso = I can, am-able; I may, am-
permitted.

1) Posso andare = 1 can go. 2) Pud essere — it

may be; non pud essere ==it cannot be. 3) Posso farlo?
— may 1 do it? Puoi uscir con tua sorella = you may
go out with your sister. 4) Posso averlo fatto =1I may
have done it.

The present tense, 1) expresses power: 2) posits
3) asks and grants permission: 4) With the perf. infin.
it expresses a conjecture or conclusion.

Iveerr. Poteva = I could, was-able.
10

1) Da giovane io poteva far venti miglia alla volta
= when young 1 could walk twenty miles at a time.
2) Potevi imparare allora, ma non hai voluto = you
could then have learned, but you would not.

The imperf. 1) expresses a past prolonged or habitual
power or possibility. (Note this first could, and see note
on imperf. subj.) 2) Followed by a negative clause it
is sometimes used instead of the past conditional.

Prererir. Potei = 1 could, was-able.

1) L’implorammo a soccorrerci, ma non poté, man-
candogli i mezzi = we entreated him to aid us, but
he could not for want of means. 2) Potd salvare il suo
bambino dall’ annegare = he was-able to save (i. e. he
succeeded in saving) his infant son from drowning.

1) Power or powerlessness: 2) success or non-suc-
cess, in an action or enterprize entirely past. (Note this
second could, and see note on imperf. subj. — See also
note on perf. indic.)

Prrrecr. Ho potuto = I have been-able.

Much the same senses as the preterit, but with
somewhat more bearing on the present. If I say, Non
potd salvare il figlio dal fuoco, my main idea is the
misery of the baffled effort at the time; if I say, Non
I' ha potuto salvare, I am thinking also of the perma-
nent loss sustained.

Properr. Aveva potuto = I had been-able.

Furore. Potrd = I shall-be-able.

Coxpir. Potrei = I could, should-be-able; might.

1) Potrei aiutarvi se mel permetteste = I could help
you if you would let me. 2) Potrebbe darsi = it might be.

1) Power under certain conditions. (Note this third
could, and see note on subj. imperf.) 2) Chance or pos-
sibility.
11

Future anterior. Avrd potuto = I shall-have been-
able.

1) Corro a servirvi; e se l'avrd potuto fare vi scri-
verd subito = I hasten to serve you, and if I shall-
have been-able to do it will write to you instantly. 2)
Non mi ricordo troppo quella circostanza; ma se allora
non vaiutai, sard che non I'avrd potuto fare = I do
not clearly remember that circumstance; but if I did
not then help you, it must have been that I could not do so.

1) In Italian as in English an admissible, but un-
usual and cumbrous form. 2) See here the chief use of
this tense; both futures are much used to express a
conjecture or conclusion.

Past Coxprr. Avrei potuto == I could have (done)
or should-have been-able (to do); might have (done).

See note 2 on indic. imperf. — The sentence there
given might equally have been; Avresti potuto imparare
allora &c. :

N.B. I could have done it is never rendered by po-
trei averlo fatto, (See note on past condit. of dovere.)

Sues. Pres. (che) Possa = (that) I can, be-able;
may.

1) Credete ch’io possa trovarlo in casa? do you think
I may find him at home?

2) Non credo ch’ei lo possa fare, I do not think he
can do it.

1) Chance or possibility. 2) Power.

Imeerr. (che) Potessi = (that) I could, were-
able.

Andrei se potessi = I would go if I could.

Note this fourth could; compare it carefully with
the others; and when you have to translate I could,
think whether it means “I was-able at a past time” (im-
12

perf. or pret. indic.), “I should-be-able under certain
conditions” (conditional), or “if I were-able such a result
would follow” (imperf. subj.)

Prrrecr. (che) Abbia potuto = (that) I have been-
able.

Pruperr. (che) Avessi potuto = (that) I had been-
able.

II. Volere = to will. (Will)

It must be remembered that besides the irreg. de-
fective, neut. and sometimes aux. v. will, there is in
English the act. and reg. v. to will, also practically
defective, only a few of its parts being ever used. It
is found almost exclusively in moral and religious wri-
tings, in such sentences as the first of the following
examples. :

Will and would, used in rendering volere, are
never mere auxiliaries.

Inrin. Pres. Volere = to will; to intend; (occa-
sionally) to wish.

1) Per liberarsi da un vizio non bastano i soli desi-
derj; bisogna volerlo fortemente, o non se ne verra
mai a capo = to get rid of a fault mere wishes are
not sufficient; we must will it strongly, or we shall
never succeed. 2) Corre gran distanza dal voler fare
al fare — there is a wide distance between intending
and doing.

Geruxp. Volendo = willing; wishing, wanting ; pur-
posing, intending.

1) Volendolo con animo risoluto ci riuscirai senza fallo
= by willing it with a resolute mind you will assuredly
succeed. 2) S’é ritirato presto, volendo compiacere al
padre = he went away early, wishing, wanting, to please
13

his father. 3) Il generale, volendo tentar l'assalto, ordind
ai soldati di tenersi in pronto = the general, purposing,
intending, to attempt an assault, ordered the soldiers to
hold themselves in readiness.

Past Parr, Voluto (primarily) = willed, chosen;
but it must be rendered according to the tense.

Inriy. Perr. Aver voluto = to have willed, wished,
wanted, intended. :

Non basta averlo voluto, bisognava farlo = it is not
enough to have wished, intended, it, you ought to have

done it.

Come. Grrusp. Avendo voluto = having willed.
Much less used than volendo.
Inpro. Pres. Voglio = 1 will, am resolved, choose,

please; I purpose, intend; I want; it is my will, pleasure;
I will have, take; I will have (it), i. e. choose it to be;
I would have (it), i. e. want it to be.

1) Voglio scrivergli == I will, am resolved to, purpose
to, intend to, write to him. 2) Lo fa perche lo vuol
fare = he does it because he will, chooses to, do it.
3) Che vuoi? what do you want? what would you have?
4) Qual volete di queste frutta? Voglio 'arancio = which
of these fruits will you have? 1 will have the orange.
5) Questo nastro mi piace, ne voglio tre braccia = I
like this ribbon, I will take three yards. 6) Perche
Iavete ordinato cosi? Perché cosi lo voglio = why
have you arranged it so? Because so I will, choose to,
have it. 7) Voglio ch’ei ci vada = I will have him
go there. 8) Ti voglio modesto si, ma fermo e risoluto
nel bene = I would have you, want you to be, modest
indeed, but firm and resolute in what is right. IpromaTic.
8i vuol parlargli con dolcezza = it will be right to
speak gently to him.
14

Imperr. Voleva = 1 wished, wanted; I meant; I
would have (it), i. e. wanted (it) to be. 1) Essa voleva
parlarmi, ma io Pevitai = she wanted, wished, to speak
to me, but I avoided her. 2) Volevamo passar la mat-
tinata a studiare, ma tuo fratello ce 'ha impedito = we
wanted, meant, to pass the morning in study, but your
brother hindered us. 3) Lo volevamo costumato, onde
abbiam sempre allontanato da lui i cattivi esempi = we
would have his morals pure, therefore we kept him from
bad examples.

This tense expresses mere wishes and intentions, and
implies failure, except in cases like Ex. 3, where it ex-
presses a prolonged and habitual will.

Prererit. Volli = I would, I willed: I was resolved,
determined; 1 chose, pleased; it was my will, pleasure;
I would have (it), i. e. wanted (it) to be.

1) 11 re volle punir Fun reo e perdonare all’ altro
— it was the king's will, pleasure, to punish one of
the criminals and pardon the other. 2) Volli trovarla,
e Iho trovata = I was resolved, determined, to find
her, and 1 have found her. 3) Lo volli fare vostro
malgrado = I would do it in spite of you. 4) Lo vo-
lemmo corretto d'un si brutto vizio, onde 'abbiam casti-
gato = we would have him, wanted him to be, corrected
of so hateful a fault, wherefore we have chastised him.

This tense expresses will, resolution, determination,
and implies success.

Perrecr. Ho voluto = I would, &ec.

E’ho pregato e ripregato, ma non mi ha voluto sentire

= I begged and begged him, but he would not hear me.

The note on the perf. of potere applies also here.

Pruperr. Aveva voluto.

Much less used than voleva.
15

Furure. Vorrd = I shall-please, like, choose, be-
willing.

1) Certo, lo potra fare se vorra = he will certainly
be able to do it if he likes, chooses. 2) Vedrete che
non vorranno ubbidirvi = you will see they will not
choose, be-willing, to obey you.

This tense is scarcely ever used in the 1st person,
occasionally in the 2nd, often in the 3rd.

Conprrionan. Vorrei = I would, wish, want ; I should-
wish, should-like, would-have; I would have (it), i. e.
wish (it) were.

1) Oh quanto vorrei vederlo! = how I should-like
to see him! 2) Vorrebbe comprarsi una grammatica, ma
non ha danari = he wants, wishes, would-like, to buy
himself a grammar, but has no money. 3) Vorrei se
potessi = I would if I could. 4) Nol vorrei ancor che
me loffrisse in dono =1 would not have it if he would
make me a present of it. 5) Ti vorrei men presuntuoso
e piu applicato a’ tuoi doveri = I would have you,
wish you were, less conceited and more attentive to your
duty. 6) Vorresti farmi sentire il tuo componimento?
== would you be so kind as to read me your work?

This tense is in continual use; it expresses wishes,
and implies obstacles and defects. — With a negative
(Ex. 4) it sometimes expresses will. — It is also (Ex.
6) used as a courteous form of request.

Furure anterior. Avro voluto = I shall-have willed,
pleased, chosen, determined, meant.

Avra voluto insinuarvi di partire = he must have
meant to hint to you to go.

The conjectural fut. ant. (See note 2 on this tense
in potere.)
16

Past Coxpir. Avrei voluto = 1 should-have wished,
liked, (to do); should-have chosen; would have (done).

1) Avresti voluto leggerlo? = would you have wished,
liked, to read it? 2) Avrebbe voluto piuttosto il Dante
che il Tasso = he would-have liked, chosen, the Dante
rather than the Tasso. 3) L'avremmo voluto ricompensare,
ma era gid partito = we would have rewarded him,
but he was gone.

The imperf. may often be used instead of this tense.
— Be sure you never translate I would have done it
hy vorrei averlo fatto; for this means I wish I had
done it. (See also note on past condit. of dovere.)

Sues. Pres. (che) Voglia = (that) I will, be-willing,
choose, please.

1) Sperate ch’ei voglia farvi questa finezza? = do
you hope he will do you this kindness? 2) Basta che
tu voglia = it is enough that you be-willing.

Imperr. (che) Volessi = (that) I would, were-willing,
wanted, chose, meant, would-have (it), i. e. wanted (it)
to be. :

1) Se voleste rivederlo tutto andrebbe bene = if you
would see him again all would be well. 2) Se avessi
sapulo che lo voleste cosi, cosi appunto I'avrei falto =
had I known that you wished, wanted, it so, just so
would I have done it.

Note the recurrence of would, as before of could;
and see note on subj. imperf. of potere.

Perrecr. (che) Abbia voluto = (that) I have chosen,
pleased, been-willing, wanted, meant.

Non credo ch'ella abbia voluto offendervi = 1 do
not think she meant to offend you.

Prurerr. (che) Avessi voluto = (that) I had chosen,
pleased, wanted, been-willing, meant.
17

Se tu lavessi voluto lavresti gia fatto = if you had
chosen to do it you would have done it by this time.

III. Dovere — Ought, must, should.

Dovere is to owe, primarily money &c, secondarily
duty &c. In the primary sense it is peculiar only as
being irregular, and wanting the imperative; it there-
fore offers no difficulty, and is not treated of here. In
the secondary sense it is chiefly represented by the
defective verb ought, which is really nothing else than
the older form of owed, and was once so used: for
example, as the translation of S. Matthew’s Gospel
originally stood, “owed him ten thousand talents” was
“ought him.” It is represented also by should, used
as a synonym of ought; this indeed is its etymological
value, as being from the old German f{eolan, i. e. follen,
to owe. So far there is therefore no discrepancy of
sense; the difficulties arise. 1) from dovere correspond-
ing also sometimes to must, &c. 2) from the anomalous
construction of both ought and must.

Ixrix. Pres. Dovere = to be in duty bound; to
be-obliged; to have-to (do). Oh quanto mi spiace
doverci perder tanto tempo! = how sorry I am to have,

be-obliged, to waste so much time over it!

Geruxp.  Dovendo = being-bound, obliged; having-
to (do). :

Dovendo badare a parecchi affari ho passata la
mattina in casa = having to attend to several matters
I have spent the morning at home.

Past Parr. Dovuto = been-obliged.

Inriv. Perr. - Aver dovulo = to have been-obliged,

had-to (do).

2
I” aver dovuto rifiutare una tal richiesta mi rincresce

molto = to have been-obliged, had, to refuse such a
request grieves me much.
Come. Geruxp. Avendo dovuto = having been-

obliged, had-to (do).

Much less used than dovendo.

- Inpic. Pres. Debbo = I must; I have-to; I am-
to; I am-bound-to; it is my duty to; I must (have done it).

1) Non ci debbo andare = I am not to go there.
2) Ci devi provveder subito = you must see to it di-
rectly. 3) Debbo passar da un amico, e passerd prima
da voi = I have-to call at a friend’s, and will first call
at your house. 4) Voi gliel comandate, e deve eseguirle
senza replica = you order him to do it, and he must,
he is-bound-to, it is his duty to, do it without a
word. 5) Qual di voi due deve venir meco ? = which of
you two is-to come with me? 6) I figli debbono ubbi-
dire ai genitori = children must obey their parents.
7) Debbo averlo detto, poiche ve ne ricordate = I must
have said it, since you remember it.

This tense implies: 1) moral obligation; 2) necessity
imposed by circumstances or by another's will; 3) in
connexion with the perf. infin. (Ex. 7) a conclusion from
premises. Ought and should, though admissible render-
ings in Ex. 4 and 6, would be somewhat weak ; in this
tense moral obligation is regarded as moral necessity,
and neglect of it is not contemplated.

Imeerr. Doveva = I should, ought-to, have (done);
I was-bound, it was my duty, place, to (do); I was-to.

1) Tua madre doveva correggerti da piccina, ¢& ora
troppo tardi = your mother should, oughi-to, have
corrected you when little, it is now too late. 2) Ci
ho gid pensato, e doveva pensarci io, non tu = I have
19

settled it, and it was my duty, place, not yours, to settle
it. 3) Ho soccorso quel poverello, ma non so se doveva
farlo. Si certo, dovevate farlo = I have assisted that
poor man, but know not whether I ought-to have done
it. Yes, assuredly, it was your duty, you were bound,
to do it. 4) So che dovevano impararlo, perché non
I'abbiano imparato non lo so = I know they were to
learn it, why they have not learned it I know not.

This tense, in contrast with the present, expresses,
1) moral duty regarded as matter not of necessity, but
of choice; 2) requirement, but not compulsion, resulting
from circumstances or from another’s will. It is there-
fore used when the duty or requirement has not been
fulfilled (Ex. 1, 4). Like the imperf. of potere and
volere, it is used (Ex. 1, 3, 4) instead of the past
condit.; therefore one great difficulty connected with
it is explained in a note on that tense.—In Ex. 2. doveva
pensarci is rendered it was my duty to settle it, not
I ought to have settled it; this last form is in English
equivalent to the past condit., and always implies either
neglect of duty (Ex. 1) or doubt respecting duty
(doveva in Ex. 3).

Prererir.  Dovei = I was-obliged, had, to (do it).

I ribelli dovettero deporre le armi = the rebels
were-0bliged, had, to lay down their arms.

This tense expresses an entirely past compulsion or
necessity.

Prrrecr. Ho dovuto = I have been-obliged, had,
to (do it).

1) Ho dovuto con mio gran rammarico congedar
quel servo = I have been-obliged, to my great regret,
to dismiss that servant. 2) Ho dovuto alfine prestargli
i denari = I had at last fo lend him the money.

2 .
20

See note on this tense in potere; and observe (Ex. 2)
that it is often rendered by the English imperf.

Prueerr. Aveva dovuto = I had been-obliged, had,
to (do it).

Much less used than the pret. and perf.

Furore. Dovrd = I shall-be-obliged, have, to (do).

1) In tal caso dovra chiederle scusa = in that case
he will-have to beg her pardon. 2) Se voi negligete
un affare si importante dovrd badarci io = if you

neglect business so important I shall be-obliged, have,
to attend to it.

Coxprr.  Dovrei = 1 should, I ought-to; I should-
be-obliged, should-have, to (do).

1) Dovrebbe applicarsi davvero allo studio, ed ecco
che passa giornate intere a divertirsi = he ought-lo,
should, apply in good earnest to his studies, and here
he is passing whole days in mere amusement. 2) Dovrei
correre come il vento per arrivarci a tempo, onde
rinunzio ad andarci = I should-have to run like the
wind to get there in time, therefore I give up going.

This tense expresses both duty and necessity, and
implies neglect or non-performance.

Fur. ant. Avro dovuto = I shall-, must-have been-
obliged.

1) Arriverete troppo tardi per soccorrerio; vedrete
che avra dovuto disfarsi di tutto = you will arrive too
late to help him; you will see he has been-obliged to
part with all his things. 2) Se ha venduto quell’ anello,
l'avra dovuto vendere per forza = if he has sold that
ring, he must-have been-forced to sell it.

The fut. ant. is rendered by the perf. in Ex. 1, the
two futures in succession not being the Engl. idiom.
21

— Ex. 2 is the conjectural fut. ant. (see note on this tense
in potere.) :

Past Conprr. Avrei dovuto = I should, ought-to,
must, have (done it); it would have been my duty, I
should have had, to (do it).

1) Avrei dovuto serbar con piu cura il manoscritto

da voi affidatomi = I should, ought-to have taken more
care of the M.S. you entrusted to me. 2) Avrebbero
dovuto nutrire il vecchio padre = they ought to have

maintained their old father. 3) In caso che avesse per-
duto il mio libro avrebbe dovuto comprarmene un altro
= in case he had lost my book ¢ would have been
kis duty to buy me another. 4) Avrei dovuto comprar
questo dizionario quando non aveste [avorito prestarmelo
== I must have bought, should have had to buy, this
dictionary, had you not kindly lent it me.

This tense expresses (Ex. 1 and 2) neglected duty;
(Ex. 3) conditional duty; (Ex. 4) conditional necessity.

N.B. You have seen (potere and volere, past condit.)
that I could, would, have done it, is equivalent to I
should-have been-able, willing, to do it; i. e. that the
imperf. tense with the perf. infin. is equivalent to the
past condit. with the pres. infin. In rendering the verb
dovere it is peculiarly necessary to understand the former
of these two constructions, because (except in cases like
Ex. 3) it is the only construction. There is this great
difference between could, would, and ought, must ; the two
former can, the two latter cannot, be by themselves used
in reference to the past. We say “he would leave this
place last week in spite of me; I could lift this weight
yesterday, today I find it impossible” : — while on the
other hand we say, not “I ought to help you yesterday,’
but “I ought to have helped you”; to which the Ital.
22

 

equivalent is not the literal dovrei avervi assistito, but
avrei dovuto assistervi, i. e. word for word = I should-
have owed to help you. — The case of must is still
more complicated. We say, not “he must leave this
place last week, because he was sent for”, but “he
was-obliged to leave”; this is the Ital. pret. dovd. —
“He must have left this place last week, even had he
not done so earlier”; this is the Ital. past condit.
avrebbe dovuto. “He must have left this place last
week, as he has not been seen since Saturday”, this
is the Ital. perf. ha dovuto, or the conjectural future’
avra dovuto, according to the greater or less certainty
of the conclusion; the literal deve aver lasciato is also
used in this case.

Sues. Pres. (che) Debba = that I ought-to, should,

am-to.

1) Vi pare che cio” si debba risolvere? — do you
think this should, ought to, be resolved on? 2) Il
maestro non ha deciso che tu debba esser punito = the

master has not determined that you are-fo be punished.

Inperr. (che) Dovessi = (that) I should, ought-to.

Se dovessi cangiar di sistema mio padre me I’ avrebbe
fatto sapere = if I ought-to change my way of going
on my father would have let me know.

Respecting the recurrence of ought, apply note on
this tense in potere.

Perr. (che) Abbia dovuto = (that) I have been-
obliged, had, to (do); must have (done).

Mi figuro che a questora egli abbia dovuto pronun-
ziarsi = I conclude that by this time he has been-
obliged, has had, to settle, must have settled, the matter.

Pruperr. (che) Avessi dovuto = (that) I had been-
obliged, had, to (do); need have (done).
23

Non crederei che avessero dovuto partire avanti
lunedi scorso = I should not think they had been-
obliged, had had, to start, need have started, before

last Monday.

Observe that the verb dovere is not the only equi-
valent to must, ought, &c.; the impers. verb bisognare
with the subj. is also used, especially for must. 1) Bi-
sogna che vi si sottometta = he must submit to it.
2) Bisognava spiegarvi meglio = you should have
explained yourself more clearly. 3) Bisognera andarci
di buon ora = we shall have to go there early.

IV. Of shall.

Shall, should, have no corresponding Ital. verb
(except, as you have seen, when should is syno-
nymous with ought). Even when not mere auxiliaries
they must be rendered by the fut. condit., or subj.
imperf. of the verb with which they are connected; the
emphasis being conveyed by the tone of voice, or sup-
plied by the use of an adverb or expletive.

1) You shall go, that I am determined = andrete,
cosi voglio. 2) He shall not do it while he is under
me = non lo fara, no, mentre mi stara soggetto. 3) He
can scarcely come in such weather; if however he
should, tell him I did not expect him = KE difficile
che venga con questo tempo; se mai perd venisse,
ditegli ch’ io non laspettava, 4) If they should wish
for greater security, I pledge myself = se poi volessero
maggior sicurta, mi fo mallevadore io.
24

EXERCISES

1. Jupcmext! or Prociox.

Antipater, one of the successors of Alexander the
Macedonian, was a great admirer of Phocion Athenian,
a man of such probity that there was not any who
surpassed him. In sign of esteem and through desire
of being useful to him, that prince made to Phocion
most generous offers, which were by him refused with
the most resolute constancy. It appeared well however
to his friends to make him reflect that, if not for him-
self, it was always beneficial? that he should accept
them for his sons. But Phocion, whose? paternal love
was guided by wisdom, to such hints [insinuations]
answered: “If my sons are to* resemble me, that which
they have will suffice them, because it was able® to
suffice also to me: if however they want to be disso-
iute®, I must not” leave them the means of satisfying
their caprices.”

1Sentenza. 2giovevole. 3il cui. %debbono. 3 pote. ©poi
vogliono essere scostumati. “non debbo.

Questions AND NOTES.
2From what verb is giovevole formed? 4In what sense is the
verb dovere used the first time? [It implies something that will
happen beyond the control or foresight of the speaker.] 7And the
25

second time? [A moral obligation.] To what German verb does
it answer? [Sollen.]. ¢What is the force of s in scostumati?
[That of dis in English.] To what French word does costumi
answer? [Moeurs,]

92. Tare merciron! Lion.

At the expiration? of the seventeenth century,
there3 fled from the park of the Grand Duke of Tus-
cany a lion. Let every one think what was the alarm
of the Florentines wherever might pass the wild beast.
A mother who clasped in her arms an infant, meets it,
and rapt out of* herself, lets fall to the ground her
son, whom the lion bites® by the dress and having-
held him suspended continues its way [follows the road].
The mother, at such a spectacle, forgets herself, pursues
the wild beast, and having-come-up with it5, throws
herself at its feet, outstretches” the arms, and the bosom
panting and with the flames in the eyes, “Return me”,
she’ cries, “return me the son.” The lion which had
suspended the step, looks at her, and as if’ it venerated
in her the love of mother, lays down® softly the prey
without the slightest injury°, and continues its steps.

The artists have taken the care to transmit to the
posterity this memorable event. :

1 pietoso. 2 spirare. 3Omit there. “*rapita a. Saddenta.
6raggiuntala. 7allarga. ®quasi. °depone. 10offesa.

1From what noun is pietoso formed, and what is its literal
meaning? 3Why is there omitted? [It serves in English to enable
the verb to precede the nominative ; in Italian it is not necessary,
the genius of the language allowing of this transposition whenever
convenience, harmony or emphasis requires it.] %Addentare, to
seize with the teeth; from dente. 7From what adj. is allargare
26

formed? [Largo.] Then what position of the arms does it indicate?
9 What is deponere or deporre in its literal meaning? Which of
the two meanings is the primary one? 100ffesa is what? Shew
the difference between this word and the Engl. injury. What is
the Ital. ingiuria? [Insult.]

3. Tee MOTHER VICTIM OF HER LOVE.

When happened? the horrible earthquake of Messina,
the lord Marquis of Spadara was enough happy to be
able to find safety near the port, running with his wife
suspended and fainting? between his arms. There he
met with3 a boat in which he deposited the precious
burden *.

It was then that the Marchioness came to herself ®,
opened her eyes, turned them around; an inexpressible
uneasiness depicted itself on her face, she untied ® the
tongue and enquired for [of] the son: “ Ah, dear friend”,
replied to her, weeping, her husband, “one had not
time to think but of you.” “One sees well,” resumed
the Marchioness agitated, “that you are not a mother;”
and this said, she got up impetuously, resolved to
return home. The husband opposed himself, she insisted ;
he withstood to her the passage, and she threw herself
at his feet, and conjured him that it should be permitted
her to follow [second] her heart. It was needful then
that the husband should employ the force; but in the
act that he turned himself to give a command, she
escaped from his hand, and ran like the lightning to
the palace which subsisted still in midst of the sur-
rounding ruins.

She arrived at the room of the son, whom she found
immersed in the most placid sleep. She took him,
27

clasped him to her bosom, loaded him with her kisses,
bathed him with her fears”, and with her treasure ran
to the staircase . . . . Why must I proceed? . . . .
She felt vacillate under the feet the first stair, with-
drew the step, and saw it precipitate under her eyes
[looks]. She re-entered into the apartment, pursued
by the horrid shock®: the ceiling was splitting itself,
the beams were tottering ¢; she fled from room to room,
arrived at last at a window. From there she presented
the son to the affrighted people; invoked succour, pity;
but in the midst of the screams, of the tears, of the
prayers, yields the pavement, the wall precipitates, and
the most tender of mothers with her son at the bosom....

2 gvenuta. 3 raggiunse. 4 fardello. Srinvenne. © snodo.
7pianto. ®scossa. °crollavano.

1Why does this verb precede its nominative? [Because the
nom. . consists of several words.] 2Why is the past or passive,
instead of the gerund or active, participle employed here?
[Because it is the genius of the Italian language to regard persons
as passive, and actions as complete at the time to which the verb
refers. This is a matter to which your special attention should be
directed; it would take up too much room to subjoin a note every
time this substitution takes place, but you should never pass it
over without accounting for it, till practice has rendered it familiar.]
6What noun is the root of the verb snodare? [Nodo.] 7Why
pianto rather than lagrime? [It expresses more abundant weeping,
and is often far more idiomatic.] © What verb is the root of scossa?
[Scuotere, scosso.]

 

4. Tue CoNFLAGRATION OVERCOME BY MATERNAL AFFECTION.

In a conflagration happening? by? night to a rustic
house called la Garenne, in the parish Duplessis-
28

Praslin, a woman of twentysix years wakes almost?
in midst of the flames. In that horrible moment she
thinks not except of a son five years old [of a lustre],
who slept in a neighbouring room: this is all her
good; the rest is nothing for her. She rushes down
[precipitates] from the bed, and throws herself against
the door which splits. Eddies* of smoke and of flames
arrest her for an instant, but avail not to detain her. She
cannot longer® walk on the floor: it behoves her to
rush® from a beam that smokes to another that burns,
and wander? in a furnace; she seeks, finds, seizes her
son, presses him to her bosom, traverses the fire and
escapes [saves herself].

Several were busied® in snatching from the flames
the remnants® of her fortune: she passed in the midst
without looking at them; she saw not except her son.
With this pledge. between her arms, with her eyes
immovable on [in] him, she ran even? to the half of
a field, rapt out of herself. Failed to her all of a
sudden the powers'', she fell to earth swooning?
but with her treasure always strained to her bosom.
She was thus transported to the village, where there
was employed every means to revive her.

1accaduto. 2di. 3 quasi. 2 vortici. ° piu. © slanciarsi.
Travvolgersi. ®affaccendati. °avanzi. °sino. 1!le mancarono
tutto ad un tratto le forze. 2svenuta.

L 12 What part of the verb is here substituted for the
active participle? Why? 3 What did quasi mean in Ex. 2.7 And
here? What is the point of contact between the two meanings?
8 What verb is the root of affaccendati? [Fare, facendo.] °Avanzi
is from the verb —? What does it mean? Point out the connexion
between the two meanings.
5. Tue MOTHER INSEPARABLE FROM THE IDAUGHTER.

Elizabeth Eberts married, the day 3rd April of the
year 1780, Henry Gabel grenadier in the royal regi-
ment Deux -Ponts, the eve of its embarkation for
America. The 20th March of 1781 this woman gave
to the light a daughter at Rhode Island, and the
following May the regiment departed from there for
the expedition of York Town in Virginia.

In this long and painful march, Elizabeth carried
her baby now between the arms and now on the
shoulders with such inconvenience that several Americans
flocked? to see the French troops, piteous of her lot,
offered themselves to deliver her from that hindrance
by making acquisition of the girl. Every one can
believe that she refused constantly such proposals, and
that sometimes she replied to the offerers with those
words which do not surprise in mouth of the wife of
a grenadier.

The regiment at last arrived at Harford, capital
of the province of Connecticut, where the army
mustered® and sojourned some time. Several families
made anew to Elizabeth the same offer, some proposing
to that poor woman, in payment of the baby, even to
two hundred piastres; “Leave me in peace,” she
answered. them, “I would not give her you for all
your America.”

Finally husband and wife, two rich citizens of
Harford who were without offspring and without hope
of -having any, proposed to Elizabeth to adopt her
daughter and to insure her fortune in the most strict
legal forms*. The offer was in truth seductive, and
if the mother had been able to separate her own
30

happiness from that of the daughter, this time she
would have bent herself to abandon her, but her heart
could not endure such a severance®, and she loved better
to carry with her the daughter, as she had done from
Rhode Island into Virginia, so from Virginia to Boston,
that is nothing less than for a tract of road six hundred
and fifty leagues long.

The French generals and the commanders of the
regiment Deux-Ponts, witnesses of this fact and taken
with admiration for a mother of such character, made
her a present of twentyfive louis.

ldisagio. Zaccorsi. 3si raccolse. “4modi. °disgiugnimento.

1 Disagio is literally discomfort or hardship. *Modi, literally
modes or ways.

6. AT wuAT PricE A SoN MAY BE SAVED.

A lady of quality was returning into France from
Martinique with a baby. At small distance from the
port they were overtaken? by a violent storm. There
was not in the vessel who® did not lend himself to
the work; but the efforts turned out* useless. The
consternation spread itself through the crew and through
the passengers; the ship absorbed the water at every
point®; the danger grew, and hope - was vanishing;
few moments were wanting to the sinking. The death
presenting itself with all its horror, the greater number,
amid the sobs and the cries® of despair, threw itself

into the sea, and perished where it hoped still to find
safety. :
31

A Negro, who attended [served] the lady, embraces
the son, bids” the mother hold on to a skirt® of his
garment, and thus springs into the waves. In spite
of the excessive hindrance, he swims with a courage
that has not limits, and redoubles the exertion in pro-
portion as the fatigue would overcome him®°. But the
miserable [desolate] mother perceives that Ais strength
is [the strengths go] failing him; she expresses to him
her alarm [palpitations]; the Negro would wish? to
inspire in hér courage; she is at last convinced that it
is not possible to him to save two persons: “Save me
the son,” cries the unfortunate, “think no more of me;
tell him only, if thou save him, that his mother died
for him.” This said, she detaches herself from the
Negro who would wish still to hold her; the son is
safe, but the mother dies for his love.

Nature is fertile of these examples by which to
give the lie to! that philosophy which ascribes all
our virtues [every our virtue] to the mere personal
interest.

1si salvi (pres. subj.). 2ecolti (part. of cogliere). 3chi. “riu-
scirono. Sparte. ®urli. 7impone a. ®lembo. °vorrebbe domarlo.
10yorrebbe. 1londe smentire.

3What is chi here? [An indef. substantive pronoun.] Give an
example of the same use of who. [“Who steals my purse steals
trash.”] ®What is urli literally? [Howls.] 7Imporre is lo ¢mpose;
point out the primary meaning, and the connexion between the
two meanings. Why not the conditional of domare? [Because
the idea is not that under certain conditions he would be overcome,
but that fatigue, here personified, is trying to overcome him.]
7. Ture Sox or METELLUS TO LIBERATE HIS FATHER OFFERS

L HIS OWN LIFE.

A few days® after the celebrated battle of Actium
Octavianus Augustus was passing in review the prisoners
of war. Metellus, one of the most cruel enemies who
had been against him, was in their number. Although
the #rritation?, the hardship?®, the hunger had disfigured
him, nevertheless his son, who was serving in the army
of Augustus, recognized him: ran to him, and under
the eyes of all threw himself between his arms. After
having kissed him, kissed him again and inundated him
all with tears, holding him thus clasped, he turned the
eyes and the ardent face to Augustus: “Yes,” he said,
“my father was your enemy; as such he must* die;
but reflect however that I have served you with fidelity,
that I have exposed the life for you: 1 deserve a re-
compense. I demand of you one only thing; for pity’s
sake save my father, and give to me in his stead the
death.” That attitude, these words expressed with the
tongue of affection, moved to pity Augustus, who in
that same moment granted the pardon to Metellus in
recompense of the filial piety.

1Qualche giorno. 2 dispetto. 3stento. “deve.

1Why is giorno in the singular? [Because no noun following
qualche is capable of the plural form, though it may be understood
in the plural sense.] 2Dispetto is of course the same as the French
dépit, and the old English despite; no word in familiar use now
is its exact equivalent. 3Stento, from the same root as the verb
stentare, implies effort as well as hardship; egli stentava a vivere,
lie had hard work to live. What does deve imply here?
33

8. Tue DESERTER THROUGH FILIAL LOVE.

After the victory of Marseilles, whilst the Marshal
Catinat was surrounded [girded] by the commanders
who were congratulating Aim [themselves with him], an
old soldier of his regiment breaks the crowd? and
throws himself at his feet. “My general,” he says,
“] come in name of all the troop to beg of you pardon
[grace] for a valiant soldier, discovered as a deserter,
but who today however has taken a banner from the
enemy and has made several prisoners.” The marshal
raising liilm with kindness, “Let us see him,” said he,
“this valorous deserter; guide him hither.”

He was not far off. Introduced into the circle and
kneeling ® at the feet of the marshal, he spoke to him
in this form. “My father, I am a gentleman#?, born of
an officer who remained killed in the battle of Lens.
My mother, without goods of fortune and without pro-
tectors, was obliged to work indefatigably to live and
to maintain ‘me, but she having become® helpless and
reduced to extreme misery, I made myself a soldier to
procure her a subsistence. I heard soon after that she
was dangerously ill; I asked the leave to go to suc-
cour her, and it was [came] not granted me.~ Not being
able to resist the imperious sentiments of nature, I have
deserted and ran to assist her. But when I saw her
recovered [re-established], I returned spontaneously to
my colours [banners]. Yesterday, I endeavoured to
cancel the shame of my crime. I know nevertheless
that I deserve to die. I implore not pardon [grace]
for myself. Iask only that when I shall be dead, you,
my good general, may take [may have] care of my poor
mother. ...” :

3
34

“My son,” answered the marshal raising him, “why
didst thou not come to find me before disobeying the
law? If thou thoughtest me a barbarian, why now then®
gavest thou me the name of father? Thy birth, and
better still thy sentiments suffer not that thou be a
common [simple] soldier; henceforward thou shall be
officer; thy mother shall be [come] assisted, and I will
recompense thy good comrade who has served thee as?
introducer. Go; the King shall be informed of all; re-
member to be always a worthy gentleman, as thou art
an excellent son.”

Catinat procured a pension for [fo] this unhappy
mother; and because he could not immediately obtain
it, he made it be paid [pay]®, in name of the king,
with his own money, in order not to injure the delicacy
of the given word.

Tgecolui. 2calca. 3genuflesso. “gentiluomo. Sessendo ella
divenuta. ©®poi. 7ti ha fatto da.

2 Calca is literally press. 3What part of the verb is genuflesso?
Why is it used here? (See Ex. 3, note 2.) ?%Gentiluomo is the
definite term for gentleman (as if He had said “I am of gentle
blood”); it contrasts with plebeo. °Why does the gerund here
precede its nominative? You cannot know, for the rule is not
usually given in grammars, though Italians instinctively observe it:
— Because the nominative of the gerund is not the same as that
of the principal verb; if it were, its place might be either before or
after the gerund. Ex. Il padre passeggiando (or passeggiando
il padre) nel giardino, incontrd il figlio: here padre is nom. to
both verbs, therefore its place is free. But — Passeggiando il padre,
il figlio lo raggiunse: here padre is mom. to the gerund only,
therefore follows it; the mom. to raggiunse is figlio. — Can the
nominative to the gerund be left out when it is a pronoun, as here
in the exercise? Only when it is nominative also to the principal
verb, which is not here the case. ®Parse these four words. Why
is da the right preposition? Because it expresses fitness or adap-
35

tation; agi da galantuomo, he acted like a man of honour; legna
da bruciare, wood fit to burn. 28Is not this substitution of the
active for the passive infinitive contrary to the genius of the lan-
guage? Not here, the rule being the same as in French; viz. that
fare always governs the infinitive in. the active form, though it may
convey a passive sense.

9. Tue roving DavcaTER.

Gustavus III, king of Sweden, was traversing alone
on horseback a village little distant from the capital.
He met [met himself in] a young and beautiful peasant-
girl, who was drawing water at a fountain; he asked
of her to drink, and the girl presented him at once the
pail with those spontaneous graces with? which nature
uses to® beautify her best productions. Thereby? re-
mained struck the monarch, and said to her: “Beauti-
ful maid, if you will follow me to Stockholm 1 will
make your fortune.” — “Sir,” she answered, “if [when]
even I ought to lend faith to your words, it would be
to me impossible to profit by them. My mother is poor
and infirm; she has not other support than me, and no
thing of the world could make me renounce to assist

her.” — “Where is this your mother?” resumed the
monarch. — “In that cottage, O sir, which you see

there.” — Gustavus alighted [descended to ground],
and followed the girl, entering with her into the hut.

What spectacle to eyes not accustomed to see the
suffering humanity ! There met his eyes [To him show-
ed itself] a dirty little bed, on which was lying a
miserable old woman, all drawn together [contracted],
who could not move a finger without uttering [putting] a

3»
36

groan. “Ah! poor woman,” exclaimed the prince appalled?,
“how much are you worthy of compassion!” — “And I
should be so [if] much more,” answered him the sick
woman [infirm], “without that good daughter who with
the most assiduous cares endeavours to alleviate my
ills: “God Bless me her.”

Her tears provoked those of the King, who laid a
purse on the bed. “Continue,” he said to the daughter,
“Continue to console this unhappy one: it will be my
thought to remove® the want from this house. Your
virtues render you worthy to have as a [in] husband
the best man [man most honest] of the kingdom: I am
Gustavus,” ;

He went out without awaiting answer, and having
returned to Stockholm, assigned, the day after, to the
mother a life pension, lapsing afterwards to the” daughter.

1¢’incontro in. 2di. 3suole. “ne. Zsbigottito. °allontanare.
7 pensione vitalizia, ricadente poi nella.

3Give the infin. of, this verb. Give the adj. from which
this verb is derived.

10. Tee Fast tarouver Finisar Love.

A lad, pupil® of a French military school, would
not eat except a soup and little bread a day, nor drank
he but water. The master [regent] advertised of this
singularity, attributed it to an excess of ill-understood
devotion, and chid him for it: but the youth szill? con-
tinued to live as before. The master conveyed [passed]
the information of it to the head of the administration,
37

who having-caused lo be conducted to him [made lo
himself conduct] the pupil, admonished him that i was
absolutely requisite® to conform himself to the disci-
pline of the college, and sought to know the motive of
his singular conduct. The youth refusing to give him
a satisfactory answer, the superior began [made himself]
to menace him. that he would have turned him out* of
house if he had not clearly explained himself on this
article.

Such menace made much impression on- his spirit,
and determined him to manifest that which with so
much jealousy he was hiding. “In house of my fa-
ther, O sir,” he said, “there was not eaten but bread
bad and in small quantity; here, on the contrary, one
lives very well. [I have to the utmost endeavoured® to
profit by it; but when I place myself at table, I can-
not any more swallow a mouthful because there comes
to my mind® the state in which I left my father and
my mother, and the straits” in the which only too
much also at the present they must [shall] find them-
selves.”

This account vividly moved the administrator.
“Since your father has served,” said he, “he will
draw? at least some pension.” — “No, sir,” answered
the lad; “he was long at Versailles to obtain it, but
the want of money has since constrained him to aban-
don the project.” — “And well” °, returned the other,
“if the fact is certain as appears on your lip, [I will
get for him'® a pension. Since however, from how
much I understand, your parents will not have been
able to furnish [accompany] you with any! money,
accept these three louis which 1 give you in name of
the king, and it shall be my care, in few days, to
38

‘make reach? your father the first six months in ad-
vance [anticipated] of that pension which he will obtain
by my means.” — “But, sir,” resumed the lad, “in
what way will you be able to make reach him this
money ?” — “Let me do,” answered the administrator,
well shall I know*® to find the road.” — “Ah! since
you have so much facility,” resumed the good boy,
“do me the great pleasure to remit to him also the three
louis which you made me a present of*%; here they
would be useless to me, and my poor father will know
well how to employ them to the supportl® of my
brothers.”

1fanciullo, alunno. 2tuttavia. 2 conveniva assolutamente.
4]lo avrebbe cacciato. Smi sono possibilmente sforzato. ®mi risov-
viene. 7angustie. ®riscuotera. °Ebbene. 10gli fard ottenere io.
Ilqualche. 2giungere a. 3sapr0 ben io. %mi regalaste. 1%a
sostegno.

3The proper meaning of convenire is lo be suitable or beco-
ming; it nearly corresponds to the English to behove, and exactly to
the Biblical use of the expression Zo be convenient. Shew the con-
nection between the two meanings of convenient. *Of course the
idiomatic English here would be, “he would turn him out.” But
this use, in Italian, of the past conditional is correct when
the rest of the verbs (as si fece here) are in a past tense. A se-
cond instance occurs in this very sentence, and it will meet you
continually in these exercises. 2Possa = potere; possibilmente =
a tutto potere = to the utmost of my power. 0Parse these four
words, and say why io comes last. 14Regalo = present: regalare
= to make a present.
39

11. THE BENEFICENT SURPRISE.

The day after our departure from Glasgow, said
an Englishman who has published his travels, we were
constrained to stop at a little town, near to Lanark.
Not knowing what to do, we were lounging [thrown]
at a window of the inn, opposite to the prisons, obser-
ving those who passed. We saw appear! a man on
horseback, dressed in [of] white cloth; he stopped at
our inn, descended to earth and consigned to the
host the horse.

This done, he regarded with surprise a poor old
man, occupied in sweeping the street; drew near to
him, and having-saluted him politely, took the broom
from his hand and set himself to sweep in his stead?
saying: “At [in the] your age, this is over labour? for
you, dear old man. Have you not perhaps sons who
can relieve you?” — “Rather® I have of them three,”
answered that man, “but what matters it? no one is
‘in a condition [in grade] to lend me assistance.” —
“And why this?” added the stranger. — “Because the
firstborn is in the East Indies, where he has obtained
the grade of captain; the second made himself he also
soldier with the flattering hope® of meeting the same
fortune; and the third, poor boy! has answered for me.
He has taken on himself® my debts, has not been able
‘to pay them, and is in prison for my cause.” — This
said, he began [set himself] to weep.

The traveller returned the broom, turned himself
back for an instant, and hid between his hands his
face. Then having-turned himself to the old man, with
air somewhat frowning:7 “This your firstborn,” he said,
“this unnatural son, who yet is captain, has he not
40

ever had heart to send you some succour to draw you
from indigence?” — “Pray! speak not thus,” interrup-
ted him the good man: “my son is worthy person,
he loves and respects his father, he has sent me mo-
ney and not little, but I had the misfortune to lose it
all, making myself surety for a worthy man® whom a
series of adversities has rendered powerless to pay,
and who has thus occasioned’ my ruin.”

Then a youth, projecting® his head from the grating
of the prison, set himself to cry out: “My father, if
William lives, see him there; he is that one who
speaks with you.” — “That is [It goes] well, dear
brother,” answered the traveller, “thou hast recognised
me at once;” and this saying, he rushed between the
arms of the old man who was on the point of falling
swooning 1° from the excess of the jubilation.

When a little old woman, who stood at the door
of a hovel, at little distance, comes [makes herself]
forward exclaiming: “Ah! where is my dear William?
come, my son, come to embrace thy mother.” Scarce-
ly the captain saw, her, he detached himself from
the paternal arms, he precipitated into hers.

~ We are descended at that point, and have increased
the number of the spectators flocked from all the cor-
ners to this scene most affecting [penetrating]. Mr.
Blamble, who was with me at the balcony, passing
through'L the crowd, drew near to the traveller and
said to him: “Captain, we are here putting up at [of
passage in| the inn, and would have gone [done] wil-
lingly a hundred leagues to be present at this tender
meeting with your fortunate family; do us a great
pleasure, unite yourselves all and come to dinner with
us.” The officer received politely? the invitation; he
41

added however that he would not have placed himself
at table, if [when] first he had not replaced in liberty
his brother, with whom he wanted [willed] to dine even
from the first day. In fact the prisoner came out, at
the end of one hour, the captain having deposited the
sum for which he was held in arrest. All the family
eame then to our inn, and every one lavished ca-
resses on the excellent William, who corresponded to
all with fulness of heart.

Mr. Brown, for thus was called this officer, as soon
as freely he could converse with us, held to us this
discourse: “Sirs, today only'® I taste in all their extent
the favours of the fortune. My uncle made me learn
the trade of weaver, but I corresponded ill to his
attentions, and disdaining the domestic discipline, en-
rolled myself in the troops of the East India Company
[Company of the Indies]. The exactness with which I
have served my lord Clive has’ gained me his kind-
ness; I ascended from [of] grade to grade, became
captain, and the chest of the regiment was entrusted
to me. I made myself steward; I was on the occasion
merchant; and when I attained'® to secure myself a
fund of twenty thousand pounds sterling, I renounced
the military life's. To say the truth, I have not
neglected to send three times money to my father;
but the first sum of two hundred pounds sterling is
the only one that has reached him; the second fell into
the hands of a bankrupt”, and I entrusted the third
to a Scotch gentleman who died on the voyage; I hope
however that the heirs will return it to me.” J

He manifested to us afterwards1® his intentions,
and they were to disburse at once to his father fifty
pounds sterling, to the end that'® they might provide

<=)

(
eA

42

for his most pressing wants; to assign eighty by the
year to both his parents, transferable afterwards, after
their death, to the brothers; to buy a commission?’ for
[to] the second, and to collocate the third in quality
of director and of partner in a manufactory which it
was proposed to-establish; to give [make a present of]
five hundred pounds sterling to a sister married Zo [in]
a farmer of scanty fortunes, to distribute of them fifty
to the poor, and to give a most brilliant enlertainment
[feast] to his compatriots.

lcomparire. 2in sua vece. 3soverchia fatica. “anzi. °lusinga.
6si & accollato. 7accigliata. ®galantuomo. °sporgendo. 1°fu
per cadere tramortito. ltrapassando. !2accolse gentilmente. 13sol-
tanto. 14giunsi. Smilizia. !®trascurato. 17fallito. ®quindi.
19affinche. 20 carica.

3Fatica, labour; faticare, to labour. Fatigue is scarcely ever
a correct translation of this word. *Anzi is one of the most idio-
matic conjunctions; it strengthens the idea by apparently negati-
ving it. Accollarsi = mettersi intorno al collo. °Essere per =
to be on the point of; one of the ways of translating the French
aller when it denotes an immediate future. “Il va partir = ¢& per
partire = he is going to set off.” — Why is cadere in the infini-
tive? Is tramortito a participle? No, an adjective; though there
is the neuter verb tramortire to faint. 3Often a far more idio-
matic form than solo. Soltanto = sol tanto = only so much.
16 A more idiomatic and familiar verb than negligere. Trascurato
(cura is the root) = careless or heedless; an adjective in constant
use. “Che ragazzo trascurato! what a careless boy!”
43

12. Eupocia Empress.

Eudocia Athenian, who before the baptism was
called Athenais, daughter of the philosopher Heraclitus,
possessed the graces of her sex and the firmness of
ours. She had as [in] master in the letters and in
the sciences her father, who made of this daughter a
philosopher, a grammarian,* a rhetorician®. The good
old man thought that so many advantages [prerogatives],
coupled with so much beauty, ought to suffice her to
form her fortune, and deprived her of the inheritance.
She thinking otherwise, chose, after his death, to
insist on [make avail] the rights which nature and the
laws gave her, and found in the brothers, as indeed
uses to happen, the most dogged and indomitable
resistance.

Eudocia had the soul too intrepid to cede her
rights. She determined [deliberated] nothing less than
to betake herself to Constantinople, and to plead her
own* cause in face of Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius 11,
a man so indolent that he left in her full keeping®
his person and his empire.

The project executed, Pulcheria remained highly
surprised at the spirit, at the learning, at the charms®
of this Greek. She was so? taken by them that she
determined [deliberated] to make her wife to Theodosius,
and thus to have her as sister-in-law; and the affair
was [came] on the instant by reciprocal consent con-
cluded, as would be done on a stage.

What amazement® and fear in the brothers of
Eudocia when they heard these nuptials! But she, who
had the soul worthy of the throne, invited them cour-
teously to betake themselves to the palace, and not so
44

soon® did she see them, than drawing a veil over the
past, she announced to them, with the fraternal affection
on the lip, that she had nominated them to the first
dignities of the empire.

Lgrammatico. 2retore. 3recarsi. 4perorare la propria. S5piena
di lei balia. C®avvenenza. 7talmente. ®sbigottimento. 9 tosto.

13. THE SWIMMER.

In the year 1585, a vessel wrecked! laden with
Portuguese troops who were voyaging to the Indies.
The crew attempted to save itself on two skiffs2, one
of which landed happily at the lands of the Kaffirs,
but the pilot of the other warned the Captain Edward
Mello, that the danger was extreme of sinking, if’ [when]
there were not thrown into sea a dozen of victims.

The lot® amongst the others fell upon a soldier
who had with him a younger brother. It was this
youth who begged tq be cast into water instead of the
other: “He is much more clever,” he went saying,
“and more industrious than 1; he can maintain my
father, my mother and my sisters, whilst I should be
incapable of it; if they should lose him, they would
be exposed to die of hunger; you preserve* their life
saving his, whilst mine would be to them of little ad-
vantage.”

The captain accepted such reasons, and the youth
jumped into the sea, but when he was there, the love
of the preservation made itself felt [feel] with all its
impetuosity, and infused an extraordinary strength into
this heroic soldier, who followed, swimming, the boat
45

for six continuous hours, in the unceasing hope to be
able to grasp it. He reached it at last, clutched? it
and made the last efforts to introduce himself there-
into, although with the swords drawn ® it was threatened
to kill him. His firmness, his miserable state, and
more still the remembrance of the generous action which
he had performed, move to pity the sailors:7 they
grant that he may re-enter, and he saves the brother

and himself. s

1naufragd. 2palischermi. 3sorte. “conservate. 2abbranco.
6 sguainate. 7naviganti.

1A neuter instead of a passive verb; not an uncommon idiom.
5 Abbrancare, literally to seize with branche, claws. © Guaina= sheath:
therefore sguainato = unsheathed.

14. Tue Heroic SusstiTUTION.

Some English slaves in Algiers were awaiting® from
day to day their liberation, One of these, by name
Williams, by profession a soldier, was at first subjected
[submitted] to a very hard? life; but in progress his
lot softened itself®, and there was [came] to him every
day granted some hour of liberty. He frequenting the
baths found again there by chance an elder brother
of his who had been [was]* a slave since® twelve years,
and whom he supposed already dead, but so disfigured
by hardships and by labours that he had no little dif-

ficulty to know him. This unexpected and loving en-'

counter® was [came] followed by frequent interviews?,
until the time arrived in which Williams could restore

=z
46

himself to the native-country®. Constrained to abandon
a brother in a situation very deplorable, he embraced
the heroic resolve? to remain slave in his stead: “You
are,” he said to him, “extremely weakened, whilst Iam
healthy and robust; I charge myself willingly with that
load1® under which you would succumb. If it shall
please God to grant [concede] you the means! to libe-
rate me, 1 am certain that you will not fail at once
to profit thereby.” After long resistance, the brother
accepted the offer, and the master without opposition

agreed [adhered] to an exchange which would prove to
him? most useful.

lattendevano. 2penosissima. 3si raddolci. 5da. Sincontro.
7abboccamenti. ®patria. °partito. 1°mi carico volentieri quel
peso. mezzo. 2gli riusciva.

4Era stato would be right if he had ceased to be a slave at
the time to which the verb refers. 7What noun is the root of
abboccamenti? Bocca. !°Caricare governs the reflective pronoun
in the dative case, and the thing carried in the accusative. Mezzo
= means: commonly used in the singular, like the Fr. moyen.
12The conditional tense expresses no contingency here, .and is
therefore rendered by the imperfect. — Riuscire is strictly Zo {urn
out; but this would imply that the issue was not certain before-
hand, whereas the reversc was here the case.

15. Tre roving Division or THE (Goobps.

M. de Pastoret of Marseilles kept two brothers as
Jarmers* in an estate? of his, who were bound together
by the most lively love. Both took wife and lived in
community of goods, and sufficiently tranquilly, for a

4 La RA
47

notable length of time. But the women who belonged
to other families, and who had opposed interests, were
no longer able [knew mot more] to agree between
themselves; in the which® there is nothing of surpri-
sing. The wife of the firsthorn was of a difficult
temper, and in nine years of marriage was become
mother of ten children; the other was barren, and
knew perhaps too well some her personal advantages.
A very great quarrel* sprang up [was born] one day®
between the sisters-in-law, and the quarrels in Provence
resemble the storms® of the climate. It was deliberated
to come to the division: the women would have it7,
and ¢¢ must needs be [needed well] that the husbands
should consent to it.

In similar circumstances custom® requires [brings]
that the one of the two makes the portions, and the
other chooses that which most he likes [pleases him].
The partition was made by the firstborn, and the day
came on [in] which, for the choice, they both convoked
themselves® with the wives and with the children. The
silence, the pallor, some tear that watered1® the cheeks,
manifested what was the state of their hearts. The
younger laid at last the hand on one of the two parts:
“I choose this, O brother,” said he; “but, mind welll,
that it is not just.” — “Thou art mistaken [deceivest
thyself,” rejoined the firstborn; “assure thyself that it
is; and besides, thou well knowest that I am exact.”
— “I know it, but these two parts are not equal; in
that which I choose the best is wanting. Thinkest
thou, cruel, that I, without children, will*2 divide the
goods and not divide likewise she family ? I also want3
the half of it; I want five of thy children, and give
me the smelled, because the biggest can be to thee

1
43

useful. My wife thinks, she also, thus ....” The
novelty of the affectionate’ project, the quivering'®
of the voice, the sentiment of the expression so 16 struck
all that sad assemblage”, that it changed itself in
twinkling of eyel® into a delicious scene of love. The
sisters ran to each other's neck, the children began
[set themselves] to weep, and the brothers. . . . .

fittaiuoli. 2podere. 3nel che. #, Srissa fortissima. The
order of this sentence is, Sprang up one day very great quarrel.
6 temporali. 7la voleano. ®consuetudine. °si convocarono entrambi,
jrrigava. 1avverti bene. '2voglia. 1®voglio. 4affettuoso. 15tremito.
16 talmente. 17mesta adunanza, *®a colpo d'occhio.

3 When the antecedent is a sentence or clause, the relative takes
an article before it. °This must be here understood as a reflected,
not a passive verb; the sense is, “they came together.” 11 Avyertire,
here a neuter verb, is active when it means lo warn. 2} is
not here the auxiliary of the future, but expresses a present volition.
14 A ffettuoso is usually said of things, affezionato of persons. The
same distinction holds good in French between affectueuz and affec-
tionné. 15So, meaning lo such a degree, is best rendered by
talmente. 17 Adunanza has for its root uno; various individuals
collected into one body. ’

16. ‘Tae ApmrarL Cuasor.

Francis I, King of France, reproved the Admiral
Chabot for [to the A. C.] the friendly bonds which
bound him to the Constable de Montmorency, fallen
into disgrace and abandoned by all. “I prohibit you,”
the monarch said to him, “to have the least communi-
cation with him.” This prohibition! was taken by
Chabot as an outrage? and in that point reviving
49

themselves in him the tender sentiments which he
nourished towards Ais [the] friend: “Sire,” he answered,
“I know of what I am debtor to my King, but I
forget not also the duties which friendship imposes on
me; moreoverd the Constable* is a good subject, and
has served always well the State.” This open answer
displeased the monarch, and he threatened the admiral
to subject him to a trial. “You can do it, O sire,”
resumed Chabot; “on this article I implore neither
grace, nor delay®; I have not a thing to reproach my-
self with; my life, my honour have nothing [have not
of what] to fear.”

The King, yet more angered by this frank speaking,
ordered that he should be arrested and confined® in
the castle of Melun. Then? he charged the chancellor
Poyet that he should assemble a commission drawn
from the members of the Parliaments, which was to
try ® that disgraced one.

The chancellor served with all the fervour the in-
justice of his master®. He found easily the judges;
but the great difficulty was to find the crimes. Never-
theless, by dint1° of twisted! interpretations to words
and to deeds? which yet had the impress of innocence,
they succeeded [came lo head], not indeed? to prove,
but to make appear Chabot guilty, and as such was
pronounced against him the sentence of death.

Poyet was applauding himself to have succeeded in
this masterpiece of iniquity, and joyous* presented to
the King trial and sentence. The monarch, a man
susceptible of a transport, but yet incapable of con-
summating i [af] cold blood so much wickedness1®,
turned the indignant” eyes from those papers, and
restoring his grace to Chabot, said frowning to the
90

chancellor: “I should not ever have believed that in

tl : 18 v inicui
my kingdom there were [were found]*® so many iniqui-

* 2”
tous judges.

ldivieto. 2ingiuria. 3d’altronde. “contestabile. %dilazione.
6chiuso. "quindi. ®la quale dovesse formare il processo a.
9padrone. 1a forza. 1lcontorte. '2fatti. 3gid.  giulivo.
15gcelleratezza. ®torse. ~ 17sdegnosi. ®si fossero ritrovati.

To confine = to shut up = chiudere. — Confinare must
never be used in this sense; it is the term for the mediszval prac-
tice of assigning to dangerous persons certain limits (confini) within
which they were free, but which they must not transgress. ®Why
la quale rather than che? Che would here be ambiguous, its gram-
matical antecedent being parlamenti; la quale can only refer to
commissione. — °Padrone = master = owner or ruler. Maestro
= master = instructor.. 13Gid as an expletive somewhat cor-
responds to of course; but is often untranslatable, the tome of
voice being the equivalent in English. It has something of the force
of the German dod). Gid s’intende = yes, of course. The
literal meaning? 17Sdegnesi, adj.: sdegnati, part. Why is the
former preferred here? Because it describes the state of a noun,
not the process by which this state was attained. Be very atten-
tive to this distinction; it is frequently important.’ It is akin to
that between the use of werden and {ein with the pass. part. in
German. r

17. Tue virtue Baker or Nerac.

The eve of the battle of Arques, the great Henry IV
heard a young officer who was speaking the Gas-
con dialect, the first language! learnt by the King.
He commanded him to approach? : “Of which country
are you?” interrogated him the monarch. — “Sire,”
answered the youth, “you have often eaten the bread

BO

 
9
of my father..” — “I! where ever?” — “At Nérac,
sire, where my father continues still to carry on the
business of a [make the] baker.” — “Bravo, my com-
rade; this shews you not [is not] to want for wit.
How long have you been [From what time are you)
an officer?” — “[From] four days, sire. The lord de
la Tour d’Auvergne promoted [did grace to] me, in-
stead of promoting [doing it to] my friend Classac who
merited it more; but this depends because he knows
him not enough.” — “Oh the fine words!” exclaimed
the King; ,,and I make officer thy friend Classac,
without knowing him, and will have particular care of
thee and of thy father baker.”

llinguaggio. 2appressarsi. 2di pil.

1 Lingua = tongue = language (¥r. langue). Linguaggio
(Fr. langage) = language when not synonymous with longue. Of
course linguaggio is a more restricted term, applicable, as here, to
a dialect; or to the use of words by a particular writer, or on a
particular occasion. — “Bello ¢ qui il linguaggio del nostro autore
— this is a fine passage of our author. Perché mi tenete un tal
linguaggio? why do you use such language to me?”

18. Tue rreicNep (CONDEMNATION.

The lord of Chateauneuf, the year 1633, was [came]
arrested and conducted to the castle of Angouléme,
where the cardinal of Richelieu wanted [willed]! to sub-
ject him to an action. The adherents and the friends
were involved in the same mishap? and shut up in the
prisons of the Bastille. The object of this severe con-

duct was to induce them to depose against the arrested.
; 2
52

 

The chevalier Jars, through® inclination and through
oratitude his intimate confidant and friend, was he
whose depositions were principally counted on*, inas-
much as, being poor, he was supposed the most ex-
posed of all to seduction.

Resting on® such infamous principles, the cardinal
minister attempted to bend him to his intentions with
the most alluring® promises, which made not any
effect on Ais? spirit. He changed his mode of attack
[battery] and had recourse® to the most atrocious threats,
which were equally impotent to shake him: the cheva-
lier opened not mouth if not to eulogize® the merit of
his tender friend.

Richelieu, who was not accustomed to endure
oppositions 1°, nor to renounce projects of his invention,
induced the judges to abuse [of] their ministry, per-
suading them that they should pronounce! against
him sentence of death, and assuring them that his only
design was that of intimidating him, whilst it would
be [would have been] his care lo obtain for him par-
don? from the King, before that the sentence should
be executed. Jars listened to the reading of this 7o-
mantic*® decree, which had he been another man might
have [could]** cost him his life through fright, with
that intrepidity which is inspired in [inspires to]?
a great soul by the consciousness of being an innocent
victim of the most repulsivel® violence, and set off to
the scaffold as he would have done to ‘the nuptials.

Glad [Content] to encounter death in order not to
betray the cause of justice and his friend, he ascended
tranquilly the ‘scaffold erected by despotism; the fatal
bandage girt his eyes, and bent down over the block?
he awaited in peace the last [extreme] blow, when

or Team
53

 

there is raised [raises itself] a voice which announces
to him Ais pardon [the grace].

The great man descends from the scaffold, and one
of the judges who had lent themselves to this abomi-
nable plot! places himself at once at his side, and
sels himself1° to exalt to the supposed ecriminal?® the
adorable clemency of the King, the ineffable moderation
of the cardinal, and: exhorts him that he resolve at
last, in sight of so many benefactions, to reveal the
black designs of the lord of Chateauneuf. “You are
mistaken, O sir,” answers him the chevalier: “there
shall not be drawn any advantage from the terror that
it was expected [pretended] to inspire in me by the
spectacle of death. I repeat to you that the lord of
Chéteauneuf is an honest man who has always served
faithfully his sovereign and his native-land, that nothing
is known to me against his honour; but if even he
had entrusted to me some secret which you would be
pleased ®' to hear, I assure you that there would not
be force in the world capable to snatch?? it from my
mouth.”

A so great virtue gained? in recompense the im-
prisonment?* in the Bastille for as much time as was
needed? in order that the constancy of the chevalier
should weary the rage of his vile persecutor.

lo volea sottoporre a processo. 2disgrazia. per. “su le cui
deposizioni si contava principalmente. 5appoggiato a. ©lusinghiere.
7di lui. ®ricorse. °encomiare. contrasti. !pronunziassero.
2 impetrargli grazia. '*romanzesco. #potea. Sributtante. 17 ceppo.
intreccio. 19sifa. 20reo. 2laggradiste. 22strappare. 23riporto.
24prigionia. 25fu d’uopo.

1Processo = legal proceeding — trial. 2Seldom disgrace.
® Literally leaning against. 7Suo would be grammatically ambi-
54

guous; di lui is not so, as its antecedent is the oblique case.
8A more concise form than ebbe ricorso. °What noun is from
the same Greek root? 10Contrasto is from the same roots as °
contrastare = contra stare =— to withstand = stand against
= resist. 1Why in the imperf. subj. rather than the con-
ditional? Tt relates to the past and is governed by persuadere.
Consult Mariotti’s Grammar if you have forgotten. !2Impetrare, to
obtain by prayer. 3Not to be confounded with romantico, which
is a literary term opposed to classico. !#Ayrebbe potuto would
not be wrong; but potea is more idiomatic. °What? an active
verb substituted for a passive? Yes, because here it renders the
sentence more vigorous and concise. 8Literally web; as we say
lo weave a plot. 2°Criminale is a prison. 2*Prigionia = the slate -
of imprisonment.

19. Doctor Friexp.

The Englishman Friend, celebrated physician to [of]
the Queen, being a member of the parliament, spoke
against the conduct of the ministry in tone of old Ro-
man, and for this not common fervour the court became
his enemy. They began by stirring up against him
tiresome embarrassments; and they continued in such
manner to weave the plot, that the poor doctor was
constrained at last to take lodging in the Tower of

London.

Already were passed six months of this unpleasant
[ungrateful] sojourn, when the minister fell ill, and sent
for his physician, who was the illustrious Mead. There
could not present itself to this man a finer occasion
to aid? his friend Friend, nor let he it escape from?
his hand. He betook himself to the minister, made
the most minute researches® into the nature of the
3)

illness, and after mature pondering concluded that, the
method of treatment which he had proposed to himself
faithfully executed, the sick man would to a certainty
be cured, and that of this he gave in pledge® his
own life. “Expect not however,” he added®, “O sir,
that I should order you even? a cup of water, if
[when] first Doctor Friend be not gone out free from
the Tower.”

The minister showed at- first an extreme repug-
nance to grant8 the request, and let elapse some days
without caring for the physician. But fortunately the
illness became more and more [made itself always more]
serious; and that gentleman who reposed exclusively
“on the skill of Mead, thought prudently to change his
mind, and made him know that he had already for-
warded? the petition to the King in order that Doctor
Friend should recover the liberty.

Not for this the waryl® Mead yielded 1! to com-
mence the treatment. He chose first to certify himself
that his friend had been restored to his family, and
when he was sure of it, he applied then promptly **
his lights to advantage of the sick man, and with such
success that ere long [in short] he obtained the cure of
him. That same day on which Friend went out from
the Tower, Mead went to visit him, but only to con-
sign to him five thousand guineas which he had col-
lected treating® in his stead the sick persons who
were used to have recourse to him.

1si comincio dal suscitargli contro fastidiosi imbarazzi, e si
prosegui a talmente ordire la trama. Z2giovare a. 3sfuggire di.
4indagini. °®cauzione. %soggiunse. 7nemmeno. ®esaudire. °in-
noltrato. accorto. si piegd. 2tantosto. !3medicando.

x
56

1

1Parse all this. Si comincio is literally what? Why is it pre-
ferred here? What does contro govern? Gli. And suscitare?
Tmbarazzi. Give the most literal English equivalents of this and fasti-
diosi, and shew the shades of difference in meaning. 2One of the
most idiomatic verbs, meaning: fo be of use to another in any way:
to be translated according to the sense. It is the reverse of nuo-
cere. 5This is the ordinary term for bail or security. °A more
usual word than aggiunse when it means that something was added
to a speech. . 7This is used instead of ancora in negative phrases.
8 This verb means fo grant a prayer or request, not to granlt in
any other sense. 1°From what verb is this adj. derived? 12Exactly
the Fr. aussitot. 3 Literally medicaling.

20. Tur Constant Friexp.

When the Pontiff Ganganelli, whose portrait princes
ought to keep hanging at the bed, was no more
[not other] than a simple monk, he nourished much
friendship for a painter of moderate ability, but of
excellent character. Ganganelli being-promoted [Promoted
Ganganelli] to the cardinalate®, the poor artist dared
no longer present himself, and suspended every cor-
respondence. Not seeing him appear, Ganganelli
donned? all the apparatus of his new dignity, surprised
him with this pomp in his house, gave him a hundred
sweet rebukes on his abandonment, urged [excited]
him to frequent him, protesting to him that his door
would have been always open for him.

Elected Ganganelli to the pontificate [in pontiff],
there was Jecame] presented to him, according to the
custom3, the roll® of the household officers®, in which
he found also inserted one of the most renowned painters
of Italy. “All goes well,” said the Pontiff, “except the
57

article of the painter. He who here is [comes] proposed
to me, is without doubt excellent; but I am such
a figure that an artist cannot much advantage his repu-
tation by doing my [by the doing me the] portrait.
BesidesS, this man is rich and can live comfortably
without me; whereas” I know one of them, inferior
indeed® in merit, but of scant fortunes, and, what
[that which] matters more, much my friend: behold
him whom I elect as [in] my first painter.”

Lcardinalato. 2vesti. 3giusta il costume. “ruolo. Simpiegati
domestici. °d’altronde. 7laddove. ®bensi.

2Vestire, a. v. to don. Vestirsi di, refl. v. to clothe oneself
with. 2Ruolo = roll = list; whence arruolare, arrolare, to
enroll.

21. Tae Trung Capicius.

In the first Punic war, the Carthaginian general
had the prudence! to occupy rapidly the heights, in.
the act that the Roman army had imprudently entan-
gled? itself in the corresponding tortuous depths. This
army was lost without the generous sacrifice of a true
friend of Rome. Ceedicius, who yet was no more than®
a tribune of the people, ran to the tent of the consul,
and made him observe all the danger of his situation.
“There remains but one only course* to take,” added
the great man, “and it is that of making immediately
march a body of five hundred soldiers, as if one would
force the passage on one side. The enemy fearing that
they may be followed by all the rest, will carry to
58

that point a great part of his forces; our legionaries
will remain overwhelmed by the number, but mean-
while you will be able to. profit by this moment to
throw yourself with all the army on the opposite side,
to open for yourself the passage and to take a more
advantageous position.” — “That is all [It goes] very
well,” answered the consul; “but who will be the
officer who will choose to® charge himself with this
enterprise, sure to perish with the others?” — “Elect
me,” resumed eagerly the tribune; “and let my loss
assure your safety? and that of Rome.”

Penetrated with admiration for this hero, the Consul
remains at first in suspense®, nor knows how to resolve
[to resolve himself] to immolate to the native-land a
citizen so precious; but the impossibility to save other-
wise the army, induces him at last to this deplorable
sacrifice. And lo Ceedicius who gathers five hundred
soldiers, places himself at their head, marches against
the enemy, surrounds [invests] him. The Carthaginians
run n° torrents and put n° pieces this advanced
body; but, by a species of prodigy, Ceedicius perishes
not with them. He returns covered with wounds and
with glory; the army of Rome is debtor to him for
[of] its safety, he is so happy as to recover’, and
continues to render by his valour signal services to his
native-land.

laccortezza. 2inavvedutamente impegnato. 2altro non era
fuorché. 4partito. Svorrd. Svivacemente. 7salvezza. ®sospeso.
9a. 10di risanare.

1What verb is the root? [Accorgersi.] 2And what of inavve-
dutamente? “Fr. parti. 7This word, unlike its synonym sicurtd,
implies a previous danger. 8The literal meaning? !CRisanare,
59

 

here a neuter, is often an active verb; its root is of course sano.
— “Krisanato il paziente; il medico I'ha risanato.”

929. Tur tare or (CArars.

In the year 1347, Edward Ill, King of England,
saw perish the flower of his troops under Calais, which
shad disappointed [deluded] his efforts through the course
almost of a year. Irritated by such [a such] obstinate
resistance, he refused at first to accord to the inhabi-
tants the least! favourable condition, resolved that all
should perish under the sword?; his generals however
having made him observe® that the French would
avenge [would have avenged] this slaughter®* by the
massacre? of the prisoners fallen into their power, he
reduced his claim [pretension] to six victims, who were
to present themselves to him with the head bare, with
.the rope round [tv] the neck and with the keys of
the city in hand.

Mauny was charged to impart® to the inhabitants
the last will? of the victor. The commandant of the
wretched? city, John de Vienne, prayed him to stay®
and to be present [assist] at the declaration which he
was about to make of it to the assembly of the people.
All gathered themselves in the square, agitated by the
uncertainty of living, or of dying. When there was
heard the resolution of the King, a deep silence an-
nounced the general consternation: some weep, some
groan, some seek in vain with their eyes these six
victims of the public safety. De Vienne, a warrior
so intrepid af [on] the breach, mingles [confounds he]
60

also his palpitations with those of the desolate fellow-
citizens, and even Mauny himself1°, witness of [a] such
spectacle, cannot ‘withhold his tears.

But the time passes; his master expects him, he
cannot wait any longer. When behold Eustace de
Saint-Pierre rise up intrepid among that crowd of lost
folk, and kindled by [of] a noble ardour break forth!
. into these accents: “Sirs, as many as you are here!?
great sin it would be to let perish an entire people
and a people like this, whilst I suppose that whoever
would*® save it from the extermination’ would find
much grace with the Most High. I hold so strong
hope to obtain'® pardon, if I die for this people, that
I will36 be the first.”

Such words transported the bystanders from? them-
selves, and received the recompense [retribution] most
flattering that a feeling soul can promise itself: one
prostrated himself at his feet, another clasped his
knees, another kissed his hands, another bathed him
with tears: in his presence was'® every one in act of
adoration. John d’Aire, jealous of the glory of his
cousin, cleaves!® also he the crowd, places himself at
the side of Eustace, and declares his desire to share
[protests to will to divide] with him the honour of this
death; and behold James and Peter Wisant, loving
brothers, approach?’ they also, and imitating the same
heroic resolution, show themselves?° worthy relations
of the first. Ah! why ever history, which has handed
down ?* to us the names of so many illustrious rogues??2,
has it then neglected to preserve to us those of the
other two victims ?

Then the venerable old man De Vienne, with the
heart pierced, mounts on horseback and accompanies
61

the heroes, followed by a crowd of tearful people,
as far as?* to the gate of the city, where arrived he
consigns them to Mauny, and conjures him to inter-
pose his mediation to obtain mercy to these brave
men 23, worthy of recompense rather than? of chastise-
ment. ;

Arrived at the camp, and divulged the fame of
their magnanimity, they were [came] dragged before
the Monarch in the abject form prescribed, and pre-
sented?” to him the keys of the city. At such spec-
tacle there rose around the King a murmur mixed of
amazement and of compassion; Edward alone [the only
Edward] inflexible, cast a severe look on his victims,
and opened not mouth except to say: “Be they at
once beheaded.” $

Heard such words, the prince of Wales prostrated
himself at the feet of his father, and made every eflort
to move to pity? his heart; he heard nothing but
repulses, and the pitiless sentence: “Let the executioner?
draw near immediately”.

The illustrious unhappy ones were already about
to bend the neck to the axe, and would have certainly
perished, if there had not presented herself the queen
herself, who had followed into France Edward. This
estimable woman, grieved at the aspect of the inflexi-
bility of her husband, and blushing for him, threw
herself also she at his feet and supplicated him, in
name of religion, of humanity, of honour, to triumph
once over himself, not to sully3® with this act of cruel
baseness his victory, to open tn short3! his heart to
generosity, to compassion, to pardon. — Edward ap-
peared confused, cast down his eyes, was silent for few
stants; afterwards®2, “I would like better,” said he,
62

that you were elsewhere; one cannot resist you: do
with them that which pleases you.”

The queen rises exultant, thanks the monarch, orders
the heroes to follow her, makes them be clothed de-
cently, prepares for them a banquet, gives3* to each
six pieces of gold, and wills that they should be [come]
jealously escorted even to the gates of that city, which
they loved more than the life.

Imenoma. 2ferro. 3avendogli fatto osservare. “#eccidio.
Sstrage. °partecipare. 7volonta. ®sciagurata. °trattenersi. 1°per-
fino lo stesso M. !lprorompere. 2quanti qui siete. °volesse.
14 esterminio.  %conseguire. voglio. 17rapirono gli astanti a.
18 al suo cospetto stava. 1°fende. 20/n the infinitive. 2!tramandato.
22 furfanti. 2° trafitto. 2%sino. 2° prodi. 2° anziché. 27 porsero.
28per impietosire. 29carnefice. 3°deturpare. lin fine. 32poscia.
33imbandisce loro un convito. 3*dona.

1A less usual form of minima. What part of speech is it?
2 Poetical for spada. 3Parse this. ®Like our to impart. 8A
word very exactly corresponding in use to wreiched: not necessa-
rily — not here, for example — implying wickedness, yet continu-
ally applied to wicked persons. °To stay for a time; to linger.
18Stare must be translated according to the sense; perhaps here
the closest rendering would be held himself. It always implies a
more or less settled posture or action, being a verb of station (that
is, not of motion). 2°0The pres. indic. would not be wrong; but
the more concise and picturesque infin. is often a more idiomatic
form after ecco. 2°The Fr. preux. 2°A more noble term for boja.
30From #urpe = morally defiled and base. 32The Fr. puis; used
in giving an account of successive actions. 33Imbandire is used
only of preparing a meal. — Convito always implies the nuitation
of at least one guest; in this it differs from banchetto, which im-
plies only the festive character of the meal. 3*From dono; — a
less general verb than dare.
63

923. Tue rove or COUNTRY RECOMPENSED.

Margaret of Valo, being at war with [war moved
0]! her brother and [fo] her husband, had caused to
be surrounded by her army Villeneuve d’Agenois, and
fearing to expose herself to wery heavy? losses, if
[when] she should have been constrained to subject that
city by force, ordered a picquet® of about forty soldiers
to drag beneath the walls Charles de Cicutat, whom
she had in her hands, and to slay* him, in case that®
his son, who commanded the fortress®, should have
refused to open its gates. Charles, the intimation heard,
in place of discussing” his own cause, cried aloud:
“Remember, my son, thy duty: if [ incited thee? to
surrender, I should be no more thy father, but a traitor,
an abject, an enemy of thine and of thy king.”

Whilst he was pronouncing these words worthy of
an ancient Roman, the guards had already lifted up
the pikes upon his breast; when the young Cicutat
made sign that they should suspend the blow. The
gates were [came] opened, and he issued thence, accom-
panied by only four soldiers, as if he would parley ?.
The guards lowered1® their arms and disposed them-
selves to listen to him. All of a sudden he bared!
his sword, and united with his four champions fell
upon them'?, without other intention than that of
terrifying them '3, to give time to a detachment of the
garrison to sally and to second him. Thus it was
done: the generous father was [came] snatched from
[to] the hands of his detainers [satellites], and conduc-
ted within [between] the walls in triumph, as he well
deserved.
ot -

 

Imossa guerra al. 2gravissime. 3picchetto.  %trucidare.
Sposto che. ©piazza. T7trattare. ®ti provocassi. °parlamentare.
10 calarono. ''snudo. 2piombo loro addosso. ?3sbigottirle.

1Parse this. 30Of what verb is posto the pass. part.? — The
expression corresponds to our ‘‘putting the case.” The Fr. place,
and our place, in the sense of fortified place. "More literally
“treating of.” What would have rendered this less easy of trans-
‘lation? 8 What is the connexion between provoke and incite? Where
has provoke this primary sense in English? In our Authorised
Version of the Bible, where however we find it used in both senses:
Heb. x, 24, and Gal. v, 26. !'From pudo. !2Piombare (from
piombo = lead) = to come down like lead. — Parse this phrase.

924. Tur PASSIONS SACRIFICED TO THE PUBLIC YY EAL.

Being-dead the celebrated Bertrand du Guesclin,
Charles V, called the Wise, offered the sword of con-
stable to Enguerrand de Couci, who refused it. “This
charge,” said he generously to his prince, ‘requires
a soul full of vigour!, and my age, sire, permits me
not to have aught except zeal; it would be shame for
me to succeed to a Bertrand without having his talents.”
The Monarch refused not to satisfy? him, and restric-
ted himself merely® to asking that he would suggest*
to him person reputed by him the most worthy to fill
[cover] that post. “Sire,” rejoined Enguerrand, “elect
Oliver de Clisson.” Charles remained astonished at
such words, well knowing that this Oliver was pre-
cisely ® the greatest enemy that the De Couci had.
“I confess to you the truth,” he said to him, “that
I should rather have thought that you would have

« suggested to me a certain your kinsman, of whom you
65

cannot ignore the ability.” — “I know of whom you
mean to speak to me,” resumed Enguerrand; “I agree”
that he is an able® man and known® for some lumi-
nous actions; but let us not delude [illude]*® ourselves,
sire, he comes after Clisson.” — This is truly a sa-
crificing one’s own! passions to the good of the state.

lrobustezza. ~~ Zappagare.  3soltanto.  %volesse suggerire.
sappunto. Svolete. 7accordo. ®valente. °noto. ''le proprie.

2The root is pago = satisfied; hence also pagare = to pay,
i. e. to satisfy in respect of a money claim. 4Chiedere governs
this in the subj. — Volesse is a courteous form of speech, as in
French qu'il voulit bien. ©Yoler parlare di, voler dire = to mean ;
as in French. ®From valere = to be worth: but the sense is not
that of our worthy; — power, rather than moral goodness, is the
idea in Italian.  °Illudersi implies self-deception; deludere
deception of another. As in French.

25. Tae Heromwe or Lruvcars.

Barri de Saint-Aunez, governor for Henry IV at
Leucate, having heard, in 1550, the disembarkation
made by a body of Spanish troops in aid of the enemy,
departed from the city with the design to communicate
a project of his to the Duke of Montmorenci, comman-
der general of the province. The factious on the road!
made him prisoner, and united to the disembarked
Spaniards, attempted immediately a sudden attack?
against Leucate, persuaded that haying in their power
the governor, the fortress would not have delayed to
surrender itself.

Scarcely arrived, they put into activity every ex-
5
66

pedient whereby? to succeed in the intent; but Con-
stance de Cezeli, wife of the governor, had taken the
post of her husband. She assembled garrison and in-
habitants; reminded all with masculine energy of their
duty*, placed herself at their head with the pike in
the hand, and infused even into the pusillanimous the
most intrepid daring. The enemies consequently had
to adopt the measure® of commencing a formal siege
[the siege in the forms). The time was passing, and
their efforts were turning out vain: wherever they
might present themselves, they were [came] ignomi-
niously repulsed. Stung by the shame of seeing them-
selves overcome” by a woman, they resolved to send
her an envoy® with the declaration that if she conti-
nued [should have continued] to defend herself, they
would cause to be hanged [would have made hang®)
her husband opposite to the walls of the city. “The
considerable goods which I hold,” she answered, “I
have already offered them and I offer them again for
his ransom1°; but let it never be'! that I should pur-
chase by a vile act a life which he would reproach?
to me, and which ke would blush to preserve at such
price: never shall it be that 1 dishonour it by betray-
‘ing my country and my king.”

In place of changing counsel'* at a so heroic an-
swer, those barbarians, having-executed first one last
attempt against the fortress, which turned out to them
not better than the others, caused to be ignominiously
hanged [made vilely hang] the unhappy governor, and
raised afterwards the siege. The garrison of the city
wanted immediately to do the same towards the lord
de Loupian, fallen into its hands; but the magnani-
mous governess generously prevented their revenge.
This great woman hore not that title except for being
wife of the governor; Henry IV however, sincel® he
learned |knew] how she had behaved herself17, sent
her the patent, and assured the same grade to her son,
after her!® death.

The latter, having-succeeded'® to his mother, imi-
tated her intrepidity and fidelity; and when the general
Serbelloni, in 1637, caused to be invested Leucate and.
feared?° the slowness of a siege, having attempted to
corrupt the commandant by promising him Arilliant®
advantages if he would have chosen to embrace the
cause?? of the Spaniards, this one? sent him for
sole?* and decisive answer the succinct story of the
mode by which his parents? had defended the fortress.

per istrada. 2colpo di mano. 3onde. “ricordo a tutti con
virile energia il loro dovere.  Spertanto dovettero appigliarsi al
partito. ®respinti. 7superati. ®spedirle un parlamentario. °im-
piccare. °riscatto. !'non fia mai. Zrinfaccerebbe.  !*avrebbe
rossore. 4 mutare davviso. °governatrice. 1°da che. !7erasi
diportata. la di lei. °subentrato. 2Cpaventd.  >!'luminosi.
22 partito. 2 questi. 2%unica. 2°genitori.

2The Fr. coup de main; no exact equivalent in English.
4 S5Parse these, and notice the cases connected with ricordare.
— Virile and maschio (not mascolino) are the proper terms in
speaking of character. — Appigliarsi = to catch at, cling to;
from pigliare = to take. ®What is the term for parley? °Impic-
care = to put to death by hanging. Appendere = to hang in a
general sense. 1Fia is used in the historical and poetical style
for sara; but the imperative is often the best English equivalent.
12 ike our “he would throw it in my teeth.” !2Rossore is of
course from —? 1°Governess — instructress = aja or ‘istitutrice.
18 Why not sua? 2!Luminosi is from —? 22Notice the various
meanings of this word. 2¢Could you say unique here in English?
Why not? In what does the use of the word differ in the two

5 *

=
68

languages? 25 Parents (Eng.) == father and mother: (Fr.) = father
and mother, and relations; parenti (Ital.) = relations.

926. Tue FRENCHWOMAN OF SPARTAN HEART.
\ ;

The mother of a renowned family had five sons in
the army of Henry IV of France, who emulated the
distinguished valour of their father, militant he also
under the same banners. She had reserved of them
a sixth at her side, as the youngest and of a very
delicate constitution. At the battle of Arcis the mar-
quis her husband and the five sons all perished glo-
riously, almost under the eyes of their sovereign. The
announcement of this terrible news dealt? a mortal
blow to the sensibility of the lady; but there quickly
revived [delayed not to reanimate itself’) that love of
country which in her vanquished every other passion.
She has brought to her an armour? which she had
Just* caused to be made for [adapted to] the last of
‘her sons, and with the heart of true Spartan girds
him therewith with her own hand and breaks out into
such words: “Go, my son, avenge thy father and thy
brothers, cr die with them for thy native-land.” Then,
with dry eyes, she herself hastens the departure of
_ this only son, of this last [extreme] hope of a tottering
lineage; and because, mounted on horseback, he goes
repeating to her saddest farewell: “Think rather of
glory,” says to him this heroine, “and render thyself

« worthy either of my weeping, If thou diest, or of my
jubilation, if thou returnest.”

Last offshoot® of so many illustrious warriors, and
son of a woman who had in bosom the heart of the

1
69

Scipios, he knew in such wise to signalize himself in
the army of Henry IV, that he attracted to himself
the eyes [looks] of this great prince. Surprised by his
valour, he asked who he might be; and having-heard
his name: “Truly!” he exclaimed, “this house is a
nursery” of heroes; it is needful that to me be pre-
served jealously this precious offshoot.” The young
warrior, not less brave, but more fortunate however
than his brothers and than his father, ended that was
the campaign, returned to his castle, and in the throw-
ing himself on the neck of the illustrious® mother:
“Receive®,” he said to her, “into [between] your arms
a son who loves you.” — “I embrace with jubilation
a son who honours me,” returned the marchinness.
Owes to him its origin one of the most illustrious fa-
milies of the district*® of Avignon.

~
1complessione. 2nuova porto. 3sifa presentare un’ armatura.
2di fresco. ®vacillante prosapia. ®rampollo. 7semenzaio. ®in-
clita. %accogliete. 1°contado.

[This anecdote is entirely in the noble style; many of the
words would be affected in ordinary prose.] 2Nuova, used of one
piece of intelligence, is in the sing. as in French. 3Armatura =
a suit of armour. From semenza = seed; like our seed-plot.
9 This word includes the idea of welcome. So ‘gli fece mille
accoglienze = he received him with a thousand demonstrations of
welcome.”

27. Tae Vicrmn or mis Country.

The eve of the fight of Clostercamp, the captain
d’Assas of the regiment of Auvergne, in the silence of
70

a night llumined* by the lunar glimmer, advanced?,
in order better to discover the ground? and the hostile
positions. At short distance from his body he per-
ceived that the enemies, Aidden® in the woods, already
meditated to surprise the French army. Scarcely had
he made this discovery, he was [came] suddenly caught®
by a picquet of advanced guards who threatened to
kill him on the fact, ¢/ [when] he should have given
the least sign by which they should have been dis-
covered. Already ten bayonets were pointed? at his
breast; but what can® the fear of death in a heart
sacred to the native-land? Without a moment's trepi-
dation®, the captain cried: “Up!®, Auvergne! the
enemy is here:” to terminate these words and to die
was all one for him. But meanwhile the regiment
perceived that the enemy was present; the drum was
beaten, all the body placed itself in battle array,
sustained the first shock, the assault was [came] repul-
sed and the assailants pursued!?; this luminous advan-
tage however by the regiment could not be celebrated
in other manner, except with the tears shed over the
corpse'? of its generous captain.

lillustrata.  2barlume, innoltrossi.  *terreno.  “*nemiche.
5appiattati. ®improyvisamente colto. 7stavano appuntate. °tre-
pidare un momento. all’ erta. ''battaglia. '?inseguiti. 5 ca-
davere.

1From lustro. 2O0litre = forward, beyond, is the root of
innoltrarsi. 3A more restricted word than terra. S3From piatto

 

— flat; appiattarsi = to squat. ©The circumflex accent, though not
necessary, is useful to distinguish the pass. part. of cogliere from
colto, adj. = cultivated. ®Che pud — ? is equivalent to che potere
ha —? °Parse this. It cannot be literally rendered for want of
the verb to trepidate. °Our adj. alert is from the same root,
98. Tur Piepmostese Hero.

A sergeant of the Piedmontese guards, at the head
of some soldiers, watched at the custody of a mine,
placed under! an advanced work of the citadel, when
the French were besieging? Turin, the year 1640.
He knew that sundry hostile companies had possessed
themselves of the upper part, and had established
there a redoubt3. He doubted not that the overturn
of this work would* retard the surrender of the
fortress. The mine® was in readiness, and he had
with him the match”. What does the generous soldier?
he commands the subalterns to withdraw themselves,
charges them to beg the King, in his stead, that he
will® protect the wife and the children; and when he
knows to be alone in [af] the peril, sets? fire to the
mine, and is blown up [leaps into air] with his enemies,
victim of the native-land.

Igotterraneo, sottoposto ad. Zstringeano d’assedio. ?ridotto.
‘non fosse per. Smina. Sin pronto. 7razzo. ®voglia. “appicea.

4This mon is merely an idiomatic expletive after dubito. —
Literally, “was about to retard.” ¢Readiness = promptness, is
prontezza. 8Voglia is here equivalent to will be pleased to.

29. Tue GENEROUS (FRENADIER.

Finding itself Lille surrounded by siege, in the
year 1708, it imported very much to the commander
to know? the progresses of an entrenchment? raised
by the enemy; but this discovery was of the most
perilous. To whomever #ndiscriminately* should have
72

succeeded in it, he promised a hundred louis. Five
soldiers dared |faced]®, the one after the other, the
enterprise, nor more were they seen to return. Offered
himsel/® a sixth, and this was a grenadier of great
hopes; the garrison saw him not depart without much
regret”. Awaited with impatience, and interposed?®
a long delay to the return, he was held for dead and
deservedly bewailed® by all. He however reappeared,
and rendered minute account of the object for which
he had been despatched. On the strength [support]1®
of his narrations, the general executed a sally and
carried'* an extreme harm to the enemy. Returned
into the fortress in triumph, he assembled the garrison,
made come to him the brave man to whom principally
was owing the issue? of this undertaking, and presen-
ted to him the promised recompense: *“A thousand
thanks, my general,” said he: “one goes not thereld
for money.” The grade of officer was the single prize*
that he bent himself to accept.

Istretta d’assedio. 2conoscere. 3trincea. “indistintamente.
*affrontarono.  °si esibi. 7rincrescimento. ®frapposto. ®com-
pianto. %appoggio. !recdo. !2esito. 3non si va cold. unico
premio.

®Esibire is to offer, not to exhibit; this last is esporre.
8Frapposto = posto fra = placed between. °What is the more
usual meaning of compiangere? To pity = compassionate =
suffer or weep with. !'Recare = to bring; recarsi = to repair
(Er. se rendre).
73

30. Tne IMPERTURBABLES.

The year 1756, in the fight of Minorca, a ball car-
ried away the right arm of [to] an artilleryman?, in the
act that he was about to set [give] fire to the cannon.
The wounded man, as if nothing had happened to him,
picked up [reised| from the ground the match? with
the left hand, and continuing his operation, said
somewhat angry 3: “Perhaps these [fellows think* that
I have but one arm?”

Not dissimilar to him, the year 1781, a grenadier
of the regiment Soissons, seeing one of his legs shat-
tered [seeing himself shattered® a leg] by a blow of
cannon, seated himself tranquil®, finished to cut the
flesh by which still it hung, threw it into sea, and re-
loading as usual® his gun, said with effusion of heart:
“Praise to God, there remain to me still two arms
and one leg to serve my country and my King.”

lartigliere. 2miccia. “%credono forse costoro. © fracassata.
Sricaricando al solito.

3Two instances of a frequent idiom, by which the noun is
qualified by an adjective, rather than the verb, as in English, by an
adverb, 4Costoro, &c. are contemptuous in familiar, tho’ not in
noble language. — Forse, in interrogative sentences, is an expletive.

31. MecaENas.
dy

One of the greatest signs! of love to the Sovereign
is the courage to tell him the truth. Often disorders
take rout? in a State because they are unknown by
him who? has in hand the reins? of it. Besides, the
greater number of such persons loves not to hear things
which may disturb? that species of beatitude which 7s
[comes] promised them by the eminence of the grade,
and rare f00® are the zealots who may expose them-
selves, by disturbing it”, to the peril either to fall into
disgrace, or to multiply to themselves the enemies
who are inseparable from reforms.

When Augustus was about to mount on the throne,
Meceenas had the frankness to give him this lesson:
“A virtuous conduct will be for you a guard more
secure than that of all your legions. The best rule, in
matter® of government, is to acquire oneself the friend-
ship of the people. It is needful that the prince do
to his subjects that which he would wish done to him-
self if he were subject. Avoid the title of Monarch
or of King; content yourself with the name of Caesar,
adding to it that of Emperor, or any other, proper to
conciliate to yourself respect, without provoking against
[to] you odium?®.”

Mecaznas preserved always the same style towards
the emperor. He knew so to couple sincerity with
sweetness and with prudence, that he had attained even
to reprove him for [to him) his faults, without his
taking offence at it*'. He passes one day through the
public place and sees Cesar seated at his tribunal who
judges some delinquents in ferocious air. He takes
quickly a tablet; writes on it: “Withdraw thyself,
O executioner”; and throws it at his feet. Augustus
picks it up, reads it, rises at once, descends and de-
parts. What pleasure to be Meceenases, and Mecanases
friends of such Caesars!

lcontrassegni. 2allignano. 3s’ignorano da chi. “redini. °tur-
bino. Spoi. Talterarla. ®proposito. 9odiosita. 'falli. '!senza
ch'egli se ne offendesse.

1This verb, properly Zo aller, is also used in the sense given
above. — Alterarsi, v. refl., is fo become angry. ''Parse this, and
note where it differs from the English.

32. Tur sincere COURTIERS.

: Charles VII, King of France, who without the
happy circumstance [combination] of having great men
at his side would have abandoned armies and kingdom
in prey to themselves to immerse himself in pleasures,
one day that he was engrossed! in the enjoying a feast
given by himself, answered to the general Lia Hire,
who had interrogated him on points of the highest
importance: “What think you of this amusement [diver-
sion)?” — “I think”, rejoined promptly the general,
“that one cannot lose the kingdom more merrily.”

Was? not less free the speech of Lansac to the
King Charles IX, whose sanguinary spirit manifested
itself but too much even against beasts. One of
the chief pleasures of this cruel soul was to cut off?
at one single blow the head to the asses or pigs which
by chance he had met on road*. Lansac, his favourite,
to whom nevertheless were vividly displeasing® such
brutalities, surprised him one day in the act that ke
rushed with the sword in the hand against the animal
he rode”. ‘He restrained him® and asked him gravely:
“Sire, what variance is ever arisen® between Your
Most Christian Majesty and my mule?”

Loccupatissimo. *l'abbattere. “per via. Svivamente dispiaceano.
76

 

si avventava. 7la sua cavalcatura. ®lo rattenne. “qual disparere
¢ mai insorto.

2Why this inversion ? First because it brings the idea of truth-
ful freedom into the most prominent place; next because it facili-
tates the grammatical construction by placing the antecedent next
to the relative. Always try to account to yourself for inversions,
and when you see reason use them freely in your own compositions;
much of the idiomatic grace of the language depends on them.
3 Why not d’abbattere? Neither form is incorrect: but Italians in-
stinctively prefer to treat infinitives as nouns, when a previous
noun is said to consist in the action denoted by the infinitive. In
this sentence, a pleasure is described as consisting in culling off;
pleasure being a noun, lo cul off is elegantly made so too. The
use of the gerund answers the same purpose in English. 7Cavalcare
(from cavallo) = to ride; cavalcatura = the animal ridden. °Parere
= to seem, is also used as a noun meaning opinion; i. e. what
seems right or true. Disparere is therefore dissimilarily of opinion.

33. Soxe-cuar Cuixese Heroixe.

The Emperor Khan-gai-ti was walking in a court!
of the seraglio?, accompanied by some? of his wives.
The gate of the park, in which were shut up* the
wild beasts, being open by accident, a bear issued
thence which came hurriedly ® towards the Sovereign.
The women, at the first secing him, fled terrified; one
‘of them however, by name Song-chi, in place of think-
ing to save herself, had the courage to place herself
impetuously between the Emperor and the wild beast.
The bear, which was not very hungry®, given some
steps around the court, returned spontaneously” between
his bars8. Meanwhile the monarch, surprised at the in-
trepidity of this woman, asked her why, instead of
7

fleeing like the others, she should have chosen a post
so perilous. “I am not except a simple woman,” she
answered ; “my life matters very little to the felicity
of the state; yours, on the contrary, is precious, nor
ought I to hesitate to sacrifice it to you.” — Let not
any one be amazed® at such generous answer. Who
knows the history of that nation, knows that a Chinese
lady thinks and talks often better than some of our
European ladies [some one our European].

lun cortile. 2serraglio. 3taluna. %stavano rinchiuse. °fret-
toloso. ®affamato. 7spontaneo. ®cancelli. °non si stupisca.
10 qualche.

} 1La corte = the court. Il cortile = the court-yard. — “La
corte della regina é radunata nel cortile del palazzo.” 2The double
r points to serrare as the root. 2A singular form in a plural sense.

4 5 7 Recall the former notes on stare, and on the substitution of

adjectives for adverbs. I hope you continually refer, by the help
of the index, to previous notes; repetitions and references would
swell this book to a most inconvenient size. ©Nearly corresponding
to famished, but not necessarily quite so strongs ¢Parse this, and
account for si.

34. Puiuip THE MAacEDONIAN.

There cannot be called to mind! the Princes who
were friends of their subjects, without that there should
present himself to the spirit Philip, father of Alexander
the Macedonian. The love to the truth and the mas-
tery [lordship] of himself rendered him worthy to be
king. After the victory of Cheronea, he visited the
field of battle, and set himself to insult brutally corpses
78

and prisoners. Demaratus, one of this number, could
not restrain himself? from saying to him: “Why will?
you be a Thersites” (Greek warrior, killed by Achilles
for his stinging tongue), “when instead you might be
an ‘Agamemnon?’ Philip, having-heard this reproof,
made at once be replaced [replace] in liberty Demara-
tus, and treated with gentleness* his unfortunate com-
panions.

Not otherwise he comported himself that day in
which he was occupied in observing the sale which
was being made® of some slaves. He was reclining,
perhaps without thinking of it, in an indecent posture,
of the which thing one of them advertised him: “Let
liberty be quickly? given him”, said the King; “I
knew not that he was of the number of my friends.”

"It happened also one time that a poor woman in-
cited® him to take into consideration an affair critical
to her [for her decisive], and to deign® to do her
justice. It seemed that to the King was wanting the
courage to face the trouble’ by which he was menaced
consenting [adhering] to her urgemcies!, and under
pretext of not having the necessary time, he put off
this miserable woman? from one day to the other.
She, weary at lastf had the courage to tell him: “If
you will not hear me, cease then to be King.” Philip
comprehended all the force of this expression, and
gave her at once hearing® with the most exact
patience.

There came another woman to implore justice, at
the tiresome* moment in which he was risen from a
sumptuous'® banquet. He listens to her with distraction
and decides against her [gives her wrong] precipitately *°.
— “I appeal”, said she in anger, “from this unjust
79

 

sentence.” — “And to whom do you assert the right
[pretend you] to appeal?” — “I appeal”, returned she's,
“to Philip fasting.” These words recall him to his
duty; he examines with consideration? the affair, i
revokes the given sentence.

lrammemorarsi. 2trattenersi. 3volete. #dolcezza. Ssi stava
facendo. ©giacea. 7tosto. ®stimolasse. ° piegarsi. 10 affronfare
la noia. 'premure. 2rimettea questa misera. 3ascolto. 4im-
portuno. 1%lauto. 1®a precipizio. "mi appello di. *®soggiunse
¥ponderazione.

1Give the root. 2The literal meaning? More usually was
lying. 8Avyvenne che governs this in the subj.; but the indic.
would not be wrong. 10 Affrontare is from fronte; to come a fronte
(face to face) with anything. Noia is the Fr. emnuz, the Engl.
annoyance, but does not precisely correspond to either; translate

it according to the sense. !From the verb premere = to press;
as a reflected verb with the dative case frequently used to denote
pressing concern. “Gli preme molto che cio accada = that this

should happen is a matter of importance and anxiety to him.”
Premura is sometimes eagerness; but the same idea always under-
lies it. 13More idiomatic than sontuoso in speaking of a banquet.
16 Literally headlong. °From what root? Pondo; ponderare (Eng.
ponder), ponderazione.

35. Arpisaeer Basecan, Soeur! or Persia.

Ardisheer Babegan, the first king of the dynasty of
the Sassanids in Persia, who mounted on the throne the

year of our era 226, was a king so devoted [applied]

to his own duty, that there was not who in exactness
surpassed him. It will suffice to say that the last of
his actions, every day, was to write? minutely what?
in that he had done, be it as prince, be it as private
person, reproving to himself his own faults, although
covered by his eminent virtues; and this journal came
down* even to our days, as also [not less than] another
book of his with the title: Rules to live well, compiled
in order to serve as guide® to the princes af once® and
to the peoples. He repeated often that “the subject is
submissive when the King is just,” — that “the most
wicked of all the princes is he who is [the] feared by
the good and [the] acceptable” to the perverse;” to the
judges 2008 who represented him, he used to say fre-
quently : “Employ not the sword, when the cane suffices.”

1sofi. 2lo scrivere. 2quanto. “%pervenne. °di norma. °Sin-
sieme. . 7gradito. ®poi.

2Why do you treat this infin. as a noun? 3Literally “as
much as;’ one of the most idiomatic Ital, pronouns. #Pervenire
= to come down: tramandare (you had it in a former lesson) =
to hand down. 5Norma, literally a rule or square. Hence our
normal. © Literally —? 8As an adverb of sequence poi (Fr. puis)
means then, next, afterwards; as an expletive it must be trans-
lated according to the sense, and often (as here) has no precise
equivalent.

36. Titus Fravius  VEspasian.

Titus Flavius Vespasian, born the ninth year of
our era, was sixty years old [hod of them sixty] when
he was raised to the empire. He opened the glorious
sareer with a difficult and delicate project, that of bri-
dling the arrogance [petulance] and the excesses of the
military who domineered over [importuned] the peaceful
[placid] citizens and desolated the poor peasantry’.
81

He succeeded in it combining energy with prudence.
It was not little for him to be able to remedy the e/f-
feminacy?® of the officers, first rock? of the military
discipline. To one of these gentlemen, who had pre-
sented himself to thank him for [of] an advancement
of grade, all fragrant of odorous perfumes, he said
frowning: “I would that thou smelledst* of garlic,
rather than savour of a thousand odours.” He exten-
ded then the reform to all the orders of the State:
shortened legal processes [the forensic® method], prevented
chicanery® and artifice”; and since®, also in those
days, a swarm® of greedy usurers buzzed!’ around
the dissolute youth, and by loans at exorbitant profits
desolated the best families, he prescribed that whoever
might have lent to the sons at illegal interest, could
no more reclaim! either profits or capital.

Thus it happened? that the sweetness of his cha-
racter, that clemency for which' he became famous,
never violated [offended] justice. There was not in the
world person who surpassed him in the exercise of a
certain bounty which one might call imperial. Far
from preventing with death the plots against himself,
he was lavish in signal benefits towards whoever had
incurred his suspicion of being a plotter3 ; by which
moderation he disarmed all. Being one day warned
by his dearest friends that he should be on lis guard*
against Metius. Pomposianus, because there had arisen
a report [was diffused the voice] that his horoscope had
promised him the empire, he raised him at once to the
honour of the consulate, pronouncing those divine words:
“If Metius shall become in my stead emperor, he will
remember at least that I have done to him some good.
I pity those who would occupy my post, they are

6
82

madmenf who aspire to bear a very heavy burden.”
And when his éntimates rallied him15, and when under-
hand '® there were affixed to the corners of Rome
satires against him, that great soul amused himself?
to imagine some squib which should serve him as excuse
with the indiscreet jesters1®, and gave to this squib
the same publicity.

How much was he alien from ambition! The King
of the Parthians having sent to him a letter with this
address: “Arsaces king of kings to Flavius Vespasian,”
it pleased [was grateful to] the Emperor to answer him
simply: “Flavius Vespasian to Arsaces king of kings.”
His predecessors had shown themselves very osten-
tatious*® of titles; he refused long 2° that even of father
of his country which he had so well merited. His
pride? was all placed in the protecting arts and
sciences; he held that they could not make progresses
if one was not liberal with those who professed them,
and it was therefore?? that to a single man of letters
he assigned as much as’ [arrived to assign even to] a
hundred thousand annual sesterces?3. Nevertheless?* he
was not towards them prepossessed so as to?® caress
them when they might merit reprehension; rather he
banished from Rome several of them as disseminators
of bad ?® examples and of dangerous principles. Whoever
had made some useful discovery, some advantageous
invention, or composed any choice work, was sure of
a pension, or of other abundant? gift. The very me-
chanical arts found in him a protector, altogether?® as
if they were liberal arts; and to a certain mechanic
who had suggested a project by which? to transport,
with light expence, into the Capitol two columns of
enormous weight, he accorded the same recompense3®
83

as if the project had already been executed, saying
“Worthy people®* must live” He embellished then?
Rome and the cities of the State; some of them he
erected, others of them Tortified, improving everywhere
the public roads. The empire under him was flou-
rishing [florid] internally, was respected and feared
without32. After ten years of reign, struck by grave
intestinal malady, he continued to apply himself to the
public affairs, as if he were well, as if’ he would not
even3% grant himself the time to die; and if his af-
fectionate friends conjured him to think at last of him-
self, he repeated the s03* celebrated saying: “An Em-

peror must die standing.” The Romans used fo

set? amongst the gods3” these their rulers. Allu-
ding to such for him langhable fashion, he died per-
feotly tranquil as he had lived, with the jest on the
lip: “I also am shortly to® become a god.”

1rustici. 2mollezza. 3scoglio. 4puzzare — sapere. © quindi. °forense.
6 cavillazione. 7raggiro. ®poiché. sciame. Oronzava. '!ripetere.
2 ne nacque. gli fosse caduto in sospetto d'insidiatore. '®stesse
in guardia. '5famigliari lo motteggiavano. 1°di soppiatto. 17 sj
dilettava. '®scherzo che gli valesse a discolpa presso gl indiscreti
dileggiatori. °fastosi. 20a lungo. 2'fasto. 22percio. 23 sesterzi.
22 guttavia. 2° prevenuto talmente di. 2° tristi. 27 larghissimo.
28afTatto. 2%onde. *Oretribuzione. 3la brava gente. 32al di fuori.
33sano, quasi non volesse neppure. tanto. deve. *¢riporre.
3Tpumi. 3®regnanti. sto in breve anch’ io per.

3 This word, though not confined to that sense, is always preferred
when a rock is spoken of as an ebslacle or cause of wreck.
4 Pugzare is always used of a bad smell. — Note this use of sapere
= to savour physically or morally. “Questo budino sa di cen-
namella, this pudding savours of cinnamon.” — «Costui mi sa di
pedante, this man savours of pedantry.” Literally twisting and

turning. Also very commonly ¢o repeat. 1% 18.158..8% Parse.
6*
84

17This verb often refers to amusement. So also un libro dilette-
vole = an amusing book. 1°, 2! Fasto is more properly osteniation ;
but the sense sometimes requires pride. 2*Tuttavia = nevertheless
= for all that. 25Prevenire (Fr. prévenir) = to anticipate, to
prepossess. The Eng. prevent is from the same root; trace the
connexion of meaning. 2°Often wicked as well as sad ; quel tristo
= that wretch. 27Remember our largess. 2®More frequently used
in negative sentences; “non mi piace affatto = I do not like it
at all.” 29Note the continual and varied use of this relative con-
junction. 3°Ricompensa is more usual; but retribuzione admits,
as here, of a favourable sense. 3%More idiomatic and expressive
than si. 38 A word confined to the noble style; really the pres.
part. of regnare.

37. Titus VESPASIAN.

Titus Vespasian, son of the preceding, occupied the
throne of his, father and emulated his virtues. More
popular still than he, he confirmed the benefits and
the privileges granted to the people by his predecessors,
studied to keep it amused [distracted] by frequent spec-
tacles, of the which he left to its will? the choice, and
permitted that every man of the people!, raised to any
charge, should profit by his own baths, even at that
time in which he himself was using them.

With severest laws he prevented the corruptions of
the judges and the venality of the informers3, condemn-
ing those who accused by profession to be whipped
through the city, sold after the [to] manner of slaves
and banished to® uninhabited islands. It is not there-
fore to be wondered at® if he were very wary” before
lending faith to the accusations, and to those even
which regarded his own person; nor was he ever seen
lo be disturbed®, whatever might be the motive that
85

 

he might have to complain of any one: “I do not
aught,” he said, “that is worthy of reprehension; why
then, when some one calumniates me, am I to be
angry ?” Two patricians were convicted ® of having con-
spired against his life. The same evening in which
the conspiracy was [came] discovered, he invited them
to supper; the day after, a public spectacle coming
round'®, he would have! them seated at his side, and
being himself thus in midst, talked with them with the
greatest affability.

What celestial propensity in that soul to do the
good! If some day was so sinister for him that there
presented itself not to him the opportunity to do good?
he addressed [turned] to the bystanders those memorable
words: “My friends, I have lost a day.” In the public
calamities he was generous prince, was tender father,
and to re-establish the public edifices burnt down'?, he
exposed to the sale the furniture of his own palace.
This man precious to the empire, seized by illness, in
the fresh age of forty years, ceased to live, raising to
the heaven the languishing eyes, and complaining of1*
this alone that he could not more do good!? to man-
kind [humanity].

Ipopolare. 2arbitrio. 3delatori. “%per mestiere. O°rilegati in.
non ¢& quindi a stupire. 7guardingo. © turbarsi. ®convinti.
0pjcorrendo. 1'volle. 1?giovare. 3incendiaii. “per.

1popolare, adj. = I. favourable to the people, as here = IIL. in
favour with the people. = III. (used as a noun) man of the people.
2 Arbitrio, will exercised in choice. Give the Eng. words from this
root. SRilegare, to banish to some place where the exile must
remain, but within which he was free. — This word, from its
resemblance to the Fr. relier, is ridiculously confused with legare,
and English pupils talk of sending a book to be rilegato. © Parse.
A

86

From the root of what verb? #Note here and elsewhere the sub-
stitution of the reflected for the passive form; it is frequent in
emotional verbs. °Convincere is usually to convict; persuadere to
convince. 1°0ur fo recur is literally to come back in course. '1
hope you never omit accounting for every recurrence of volere,
dovere, potere. z

38. Trajan.

Marcus Ulpius Crinitus Trajan mounted on [to] the
throne of Rome the year 93 of the vulgar era. There
never was in the world a man who united so much
power to so much familiarity ® and affability with his
dependants. Nor this through effect of ostentation 3, as
in many [several], but of character and of principles;
since that his cordial familiarity? lasted as long as life,
nor belied itself on [in] any occasion.

The first sign* which he gave to the Romans of
the high contempt in which he held exterior greatnesses
isolated from merit, was his entrance on foot? into the
capital, when he entered it in quality of monarch. If
he went out of house, he tolerated not that any should
accompany him to save him from the press® of the
people which crowded around him7; and it was in-
deed® a surprising thing to see the master of the then
known world stand in the street® confused with the
others, amongst the carriages, waiting calm that they
should accord him the passage. Of jovial humour, of
witty and eourteous® conversation, it was a delight to
find oneself, especially at table, with him. His ordinary

“recreations [pastimes] consisted in the changing object

of occupation; but if kowever® sometimes he wanted
to repose the spirit, he set himself, for example, to
; 87

row a boat, taking his friends pleasuring!!, because
he was emperor and had some. Pleasant was it lo see
him repair? to pay them visit, as if he were a pri-
vate person; conduct of them three or four together in
his own coach, or else’ be the third or the fourth of
the party '* in the coach of another; betake himself"?
to supper invited into their house, and when they held
a family council for domestic affairs, assist thereat he
also and allege his opinion, just as if an immediate in-
terest of his own were being treated “of [as if one
treated precisely of one his immediate interest].

Presented himself to him a senator? His predeces-
sors would have well guarded themselves from moving;
but Trajan rose from his seat,” went to meet him'°, em-
braced him, and when some petty insolent man”
whispered him in the ear that that so muech'® courtesy

in a sovereign degenerated into a species of degra-

dation? : “I will”, he answered, “do to all that which
1 would that an emperor should ‘do to me, if [when]
fate had made me subject” So far [To so much)
pushed he the contempt for distinctions and for pomp,
that there was not thing which provoked him more to
laughter as much as to hear the honours which were
rendered “to the bits of bronze or of marble”; such
were his expressions respecting those statues which by
main force?’ the Romans wanted to raise to him.

The one?! scope which he prefixed to himself, go-
verning the empire, was that of making himself beloved,

and he attained?? it to perfection. In a worthless?®

monarch, that so much familiarity would have certainly
turned out dangerous; in Trajan, full?* of merits,
whose great achievements [enterprises] had covered him

with glory, it awoke instead wonder, affection, venera-
88

tion. Father and brother of his subjects, such was the
trust by him reposed in their heart, that he attained
even to abolish every [whatever]? penalty menaced by
the laws against the crimes of high treason? ; an abo-
lition, of which the sole thought would suffice to appal
every prince, but which serves i alone®® to form the
eulogium of Marcus Trajan.

How could one ever conspire against him? Sura
was the first of his confidants. Be it truth, be it envy
which moved the courtiers to speak, they accuse him to
the Emperor as if he wove plots?® against his life.
Trajan had on that very day received an invitation to
betake himself to supper with him. The Emperor re-
pairs thither not accompanied by guards; begs the
host, before placing himself at table, that he send for
his surgeon and for his barber, and when he has them,
causes lo be trimmed?® by the one his eyebrows and
to be shaved?! by the other his beard. Afterwards he
descends into the domestic bath, and then sits cheer-
[ul32 at the table, surrounded by the guests33. A con-
fidence pushed to such a point made fall the weapons
from the hand, whatever had been the perverse inten-
tion of him who had grasped3* them.

Difficult undertaking it would be to describe the
cities, the edifices, the monuments, the roads, the bridges,
the dams35, the aqueducts which through all the
extent of the most vast empire owed their existence to
this monarch. Nor would be less surprising his por-

trait if [when] one would consider Trajan as man of

war. But the public virtues, rather than [not indeed]3®
the military, were those which merited for him the
name of father of his country, and under this aspect
alone he is worthy of esteem and of admiration.
89

non vi fu al. 2dimestichezza, famigliarith. 3ostentazione.
4contrassegno. Singresso a piedi. °calca. 7gli si affollava d’intorno.
8pure. ? starsene per istrada. 1° gentile. a diporto. 12 Bel
vedere portarsi. 3cocchio, oppure. '#brigata. 5recarsi. 6sedile,
gli andava incontro. "piccolo petulante. !®quella tanta. %av-

vilimento. 20a tutta forza. 2lunico. 22consegui. 23da poco.

24colmo. 2° giunse. 2° qualsisia. 27 lesa maesth. 28essa sola.
29 tramasse insidie. 3Caccomodare. 3'radere. 32allegro. 33con-
vitati. 3%impugnate. 3°gli argini. 3®non gia.

1The use of the preterit here implies “never was”; the im-
perfect would mean “was not then.” 3A more general term than
fasto, which is used chiefly of worldly pride and display. 7, 9, 1°
Parse. 1%A very usual word for parfy when it means company on
a special occasion. “La brigata andava pe’ prati = the party
walked about the meadows.” 23Da poco, literally fit for lille,
implies nullity and cowardice rather than moral evil. 2%Colmo
= brimfull. 27Lesa is the past part. of ledere, to injure. 3°Note

the spelling; and remember that comedo, comando, comento, comune,

cominciare, and all their derivatives, have but one m in Italian,
two in French and English. — Accomodare = to seltle or put
right, must be translated according to the sense. Sometimes it
means to mend: “accomodatemi questo vestito, mend this coat for

> Accomodarsi = to sit down: “favorisca accomodarsi, be so
kind as to sit down.” — Accomodarsi di = to put up with, make
the best of: “bisognerd accomodarsi di quest’ alloggio, we must
put up with this lodging.” 3*From pugno = first: whence also
pugnale = poniard.

39. Antoninus Pius.

Antoninus, surnamed! the Pious, was born in La-
nuvium the year 86 of the vulgar era. He was crea-
ted Proconsul of Asia, then Governor of Italy, and
Consul at last, the year 120. In each of these eminent
posts he was always such as he remained [preserved
aA

90

himself] on the first throne of the world, moderate,
affable, wise, prudent, most just. He began [gave
beginning) by the action most dear to his heart, that
of diminishing the public imposis?: he gave ear? to
the laments of any who complained of being too much
burdened*, nor tolerated that any should be oppressed
for default of payment.

Economist of the substances of the subjects, he was,
on the contrary, so liberal of his own, that in acts of
beneficence he consumed his entire patrimony. On
occasion of inundations, or of dearths, he lavished? all
the succours which the circumstances demanded; if a
disaster afflicted some city, he comforted it with his
munificences: if any remained prey to the fire, he
made it at once be rebuilt; thus it was with [of]

"Narbonne, with Antioch, with Rome and with several

others, without moreover® speaking of many which he
adorned with useful and magnificent monuments.

That which Antoninus feared more than all, was
to cause [bring] a displeasure to his people; he could
not bear? to cause an annoyance® even to his most
declared enemies. Being-convicted certain wretches of
having conspired against his life, he forbade® rigidly
to the Senate to proceed against them. This Socrates
on the throne protected likewise the liberty of the con-
sciences and of the worships. He tolerated not that
should be denounced as a crime the professing a reli-
gion diverse from that of the State, and although he
was a pagan he thundered® penalties against the Gen-
tiles who should dare accuse the Christians.

But that which placed Antoninus above sovereigns
was the unspeakable care to cause to be tasted [make
taste] constantly the fruits of peace by [to] his subjects,

°
holding in check the enemies by means of! the mere
respect and fear which his name impressed. So much
reputation had the rectitude and the wisdom of his
government procured to him, that some nations spon-
taneously rendered themselves tributary to him, others
which had not before any connexion [relation] with
him sent to him ambassadors, and others, finally,
supplicated him to give them a sovereign at his choice.
If by chance he heard [lavished [lo lavish] praises
on those illustrious assassins who had desolated the
earth with their conquests, he repeated the saying
of Scipio Africanus: “As for me, I prefer the
life of one citizen to the death of a thousand foes.”
Intent therefore to render happy the peoples, and not
to enlarge [dilate] the empire at costs of their sub-
stances, he knew always to avoid war, without injuring
the reputation [offending the decorum) of the nation
and thus it happened? that the cities and the pro-
vinces were never so flourishing [florid], as they were
under him.

This model of kings, to whom no one imputed de-
fects, neither as private-man, nor as prince, filled his
[covered the] pacific throne twentythree years. His
death was a true misfortune for the human kind.

1cognominato. 2imposizioni. 3 porse orecchio. *aggravato.
5 carestie, profuse. ®poi. 7sostenere. ®disgusto. °vieto. '°fulmino.
11 mediante. 2ne venne cosi.

4What adj. is the root? Shew the connexion with the Eng.
aggravate. The root of carestia? ®Disgusto = dis-gusto = dis-
gust = distaste. Used here differently from the English sense of
either; but in Italian this meaning is common. Connect the two.
12 Parse.
92

40. Marcus AURELIUS.

Dead the adoptive! father Antoninus Pius, was of
unanimous consent proclaimed Emperor his son Marcus
Aurelius Antoninus, who, although alone called to the
throne, nevertheless divided the power and the honours
with Lucius Verus his brother, and this because he
also had been adopted by his admirable predecessor.

Marcus Aurelius, born, to so say, philosopher, had
even from the age of twelve years embraced a kind?
of life sober and austere. His bed was the bare
ground, and it was only to obey his mother that he
substituted for it a mattress. The only scope of all
his actions was the acquisition of the moral virtues.

Mounted on the throne, he commenced from the
project to shelter [cover] for ever the felicity of the
people from the blows of despotism, raising again the
downcast3 authority of the senate. He assisted at the
assemblies of this body with the assiduity of the
lowest [last] candidate, and when several were of an
opinion contrary to his, he preferred the others view?,
saying: “It is more reasonable to follow the opinion
of several sages, than to oblige them to bow themselves
to that of one only.” If ke was in need® of something,
he asked it religiously from® the Senate, in® whose
presence, not less than in that of the people, not
seldom? he was accustomed to say: “Romans, I have
nothing of my own [mine]: the very house that I in-
habit is your property®.”

In the execution he avoided alike® slowness and
precipitation, loving very much to be exact, because
he was of opinion1® that the neglecting! the little evil
was an opening the way? to the great. In the choice
93

of the governors, of the magistrates, of the judges, he
used much circumspection, accustomed to say that ‘a
Prince cannot indeed create the men suck as'® he
would that they should be, but can nevertheless make
use of them according to [apply them in tenor of]
their capacity.” Nor did he repute himself any [other]
thing except a minister of the state equally with the
others, and so much subordinate to the law, that one
day, in the ceremony of conferring the sword on a
prefect of the preatorium?*, he addressed to him these
memorable words: “I consign it to you, in order that
you use it in my defence, as long as'® 1 shall do my
duty: you will turn it against me, if I shall forget the
good | felicity] of the Romans.”

Such conduct had excited in his favour the enthu-
siasm of the subjects: they regarded him no more as
a man, but as a god; the senate wanted at every cost
to raise to him temples and altars. Marcus Aurelius
heard this with a species of horror, nor suffered such
sacrilegious 1% effusions of heart. “Virtue alone [The
only virtue],” he said, “equals men to the Gods, and
this is incontestable? ; but a just king has the universe
for temple, and good men'® are his priests.”

If to raise to the most eminent grade his virtues
nothing had been wanting to him but misfortunes?°,
he sustained of them very many. He saw vexed?!
his empire by grave and numerous calamities, and
strongly threatened by the barbarians. In such difficul-
ties 22, it was his great care to lighten as fur as pos-
sible [possibly] on the back of the subjects the public
burdens, in their stead loading with them his. Statues,
pictures 23, furniture of the palace?*, pearls, precious
stones, all the gold, all the silver that he had, even
4

to the ornaments and the garments of the empress
herself, everything was by him distributed or sold,
so that? the subjects might not be too much burdened
[aggravated].

Being-driven out and repressed the enemies, he
applied himself to reform the laws, to protect the
fates of orphans and of minors, to fortify the sub-
jects against the legal frauds? , to curb luxury and
general dissoluteness. Having-passed then into Athens,
he founded chairs2® of sciences, elected professors,
assigned to them stipends and accorded immunities:
on his return to Rome, he condoned to each debtor
the sum due to the Zreasury?®, burning in public the
documents that authenticated the debt; and that same
who had always refused every honour for himself,
caused to be raised [made raise] statues to those brave
men who had signalized themselves under his orders.

In his reposes of Lanuvium he threw himself info
the arms of3° philosophy, which he called his mother,
in opposition to the court, which he called [said] his
stepmother. There he applied himself to compose the
Reflections upon himself, one of the most pure codes!
of morals which antiquity Aes? transmitted to us;
there he repeated often that platonic®® saying: “Happy
the kingdoms in which the kings are philosophers, and
in which the philosophers are kings!”

He died on3* journey marching against a new in-
cursion of barbarians, after nineteen years of empire,
in the fiftyninth of his age.

ladottivo. 2genere. abbattuta. #l'altrui parere. Sabbiso-
gnava. fa. 7dirado. °®roba. °del pari. Cayviso. trascurare.
2adito. !*quali. 4prefetto del pretorio. 5finche. ®sacrileghe.
!Tincontrastabile. 8 galantuomini. %sacerdoti. 20sciagure. 2!tra-
95

 

 

vagliato. 22frangenti. 23 quadri. 2%reggia. 25purcheé. 2®sorte.
27insidie forensi. 2®cattedre. 29%crario. 3Cin braccio alla. 3!codici.
32abbia. 33platonico. 34 per.

1Adj. °Abbisognare di = aver hisogno di. 7Rado = raro.
8A noun of multitude, signifying things, property in general, and
always used in the singular. “Levate di qui tutta questa roba,
take away all these things, all this litter.” ?*3Tali is understood
before quali. The first term in comparisons of equality is frequently
omitted. 2!'Remember that travagliare does not. correspond to the
Fr. travailler. 2?*Quadro = picture: pittura = art of painting.
“Questo signore esercita la pittura, ed ha fatto un bel quadro = this
gentleman’s profession is painting, and he has executed a fine
picture.” 22 Used only of a sovereign’s palace ; whereas palazzo is also
used of a nobleman’s mansion, if sufficiently splendid. 27 Forense
is from Foro, as trials took place in the Forum; whence also our
forensic. 32'The subjunctive is used after a superlative.

41. Pusrivs Frivs PerriNax.

Let there be read that which Publius Aflius Pertinax
was able [knew] to do in eighty-seven days of reign.
Raised to the imperial throne, the year 193, he set
himself at once to repress the arrogance [petulance]
of the preetorian guard, obnoxious - [troublesome] to
every class of citizens; he banished the informers, and
reformed many abuses introduced newly? in the exer-
cise of justice. He caused to be sold by auction®, as
if they were. slaves, all the buffoons and the jesters®
who had served as pastime to® Commodus, apd who
had rendered themselves infamous by their conduct,
and he exposed also to sale real and personal propertys
of this his wicked predecessor which had fallen into
his ownership [property], assigning of them the pro-
96

ceeds” to the treasury, whereby to lighten the imposts,
and causing to be restored [making render] to the
private persons all that which that plunderer had
usurped from them. He abolished also the tolls? esta-
blished at the entrance [ingress] of the bridges, at the
passage of the rivers, at the passage along [transit of)
the roads, which clogged® the public liberty. He let
the barren lands [goods] of the crown, exempting for
ten years the cultivators of them from the rurall?
‘tax, and assuring them that, during his lifel!, they
would not be, on this account, molested with lawsuits
[would not have been, on this article, molested in judg-
ment] ; nor suffered [tolerated] he that should be placed
his name on the entrance [ingress] to those places
which were of the imperial domain [imperial dominion),
saying that they belonged not to him, but to the
empire. He reduced by one half [to the only half]
the ordinary expences of his palace; and because the
Emperor adopted the frugality of the table, this be-
came at once in Rome an affair of fashion, so that
provisions abated suddenly'® of price. Pertinax suf-
[ered [had] the unmerited and untimely [unripe] fate
of Probus, emperors assassinated by the military whom
they wanted to oblige to the duty.

Yinfesti. 2di nuovo. 3fece porre all’ incanto. %giocolari.
a trastullo di. Cfondi e mobili. 7il ritratto. 8gravezze. ®incep-
pavano. Oprediale. !!sua vita durante. 2in guisa che i viveri
ribassarono repentemente.

3, 12 Parse. TRitrarre da = to draw from. 12 Viyeri = victuals.
— Repente = sudden. Never confuse it with the Eng. repent.
97

42. Marcus Crauvpius Tacrrus.

Marcus Claudius Tacitus, in six only months of
empire, pushed so far! the beneficent profusions, that,
instead of profiting by the public revenues, he sacrificed
to the good of the State seven fo [in] eight millions
of gold which he possessed, as much in personal
as in real property. He willed that justice, exempt
from corruption, should be administered indiscriminately
to whomsoever, and published to such end most holy?
laws. There was no emperor who accorded to the
senate greater authority; he regulated himself always
by3 its counsels, and so much respected it, that having
requested of it the consulate for his brother, having-
received from it the repulse, he opened not mouth
except to say: “We must believe that it can make a
better choice.”

Enemy of luxury, he never suffered that the Em-
press his wife should adorn herself with precious stones,
and to whomsoever he prohibited the use of dresses
with gold embroidery. He re-established morality,
because he was the first to give of it the example.

ltant’ oltre. 2santissime. 3reggeasi sempre a norma de’. « %il
costume.

2This word is often applied to laws and justice. 3Parse.

43. VALENTINIAN In

The life of Valentinian II is a prodigy, when one

considers? that this emperor, although a youth, wisely
7
98

reigned from the years thirteen to the twenty of his
age, when others need to be ruled? having-remained
afterwards victim of the cruel ambition of a rival3,
for supreme* misfortune of the peoples to him subject.
On the throne he was master of himself, a kind of
rule [the hero of himself, quality of enterprize] so
much the more glorious, as it is the more of rare and
difficult attainment?.

When it reached his ear that he was a youth too
much addicted to the games of the circus, he abo-
lished those even which were customary on the day of
the birth of the sovereign; when, in fine, he knew that
some blamed him because willingly he assisted at the
public combats of the wild beasts?, he immediately had
killed [made immediately kill] those which were destined
to such use. No one is more fit [apt] to reign than
he who knows thus to reign over himself.

It happened that the principals of a distinguished
family were accused of having plotted against his days.
He removed® this affair to his immediate jurisdiction,
and in examining the proofs, which were but too evi-
dent [even too speaking], he knew with such clemency
to weaken their force, that the accused appeared® not
guilty. He dismissed'® them with the memorable
words: “I must trust you: mistrust [diffidence] torments
none but'! tyrants.”

A youth wholly intent, not on enjoying himself,
not on building himself? a false glory, but on being
[to be] father to his people, he lightened extremely the
imposts, resisting opposite counsels. “How ever,” he
said, “should there be imposed® new burdens on those
who scarcely can with difficulty ** pay the old?” His
great reward was the pleasure of seeing the sensible
99

effects of his just and moderate government: abundance
and peace.

lallorche si consideri. 2dominati. 3emulo. “somma. °ma-
lagevole riuscimento. ©®propenso. “fiere. ®avoco. ®glimputati
comparvero. ©licenzid. non tormenta fuorché. *2giovane tutto
occupato, non a darsi bel tempo, non a fabbricarsi. !*hanno ad
imporsi. !#appena possono a stento.

1Allorché¢ and quando, when used for se, govern the subjunc-
tive. 3From the same root as our —? Trace the connexion.
4Rather than supremo in speaking of evils. 5Agevole = facile;
malagevole — difficile. ®Like our —? 8A law term. °Dar
licenza = to give leave: prender licenza = licenziarsi = to take
leave; licenziare = to dismiss = to give leave (or command) to
depart. 12Parse; and note the prep. required by occupato before
an infin, and the idiom darsi bel tempo. !3Note this idiomatic
use of avere a, which must be rendered as above. But with da
as in English: “ho da andarci I have to go there” 4A forcible
and allowable tautology.

44. Peter TE GREAT.

The Czar! Peter the Great, in fifty-three years of
life, to polish? his nation worked such prodigies, that
he alone carried it to that grade of civilization to which,
without him, it would scarcely have attained in three
centuries. Legislation, policy, military and civil dis-
cipline, marine, commerce, sciences, fine arts, manufac-
tures, all was born, grew and in part also was per-
fected by his means [through his work] in the central
spots ® at least of his most vast empire.

Let a rapid glance be thrown over only the [the
only] principal establishments for [of] which Russia

7

“4

Biomiins
i

100

is indebted [goes debtor] to this great genius. He set
on foot an infantry of hundred thousand soldiers, so
fine and so warlike®, that other was there not then in
Europe which surpassed it, and he gave being to a
navy > of forty vessels of the line and of four hundred
galleys. All the fortresses which deserved it were
girt with walls according to the last prescriptions of
the art, and he admirably disciplined the great cities
which were previously® as dangerous, by [the] night,
as the most remote forests”.

An academy of marine and of nawvigation®, to which
all the noble families were bound® to send a son; col-
leges of mathematics, of languages, of polite literature
at Moscow, at Petersburg, at Kiow; elementary schools
sown through all the villages, are of the number of
his precious establishments. Be there added a college
of medicine and a great druggeryl® at Moscow, to
supply 1* remedies to the principal cities and to the
forces'2, when before in all the empire there was
not even one druggists, and, if those of the Czar are
excepted, not even a single physician: public lectures
on [lessons of] anatomy, of which was ignored even
the name, and that which might be estimated* as a
standing [perpetual] lecture, the celebrated anatomical
cabinet of Ruisch, bought [acquired] by the Emperor
in Holland and sent to Petersburg; besides yet® an
observatory, in which the astronomers began to occupy
themselves with [in] the study of the heaven, and a
most rich cabinet which contained the most various!s
and curious productions of nature.

It was also his merit the introduction of new print-
ing-presses’” with reformed alphabetical letters, and
the substitution for [to] the barbarous abbreviations'®
of characters easily read [of easy intelligence], by which
books ceased at last to be in Russia more rare than
any foreign merchandize'®. He established interpreters
for all the languages of Europe and Asia, including
even? Chinese, and especially of course?* for those
of the learned, Latin and Greek; and he founded a
royal library?? composed of the three very rich ones
which he had bought in England, in the Holstein and
in Germany.

The architecture which was wused?® in Russia was
of the most clumsy?* and deformed; he refined ?® it to
our usage, and buildings appeared commodious and
regular, seemly?® palaces and public edifices; and the
many other arts which he transplanted with his own
hand into countries almost all savage, seem at the
present day [day of today] natural to those regions.
Geography is debtor? to him above all, witness® the
discoyeries, made under his auspices, around the Cas-
pian Sea, of whose circumference [circuit] gave he the
first to Europe a most exact chart.

Surmounting obstacles insuperable to any [every]
soul less energetic than his, persuaded that where
ignorance and error dominate, it is needful to do men
good by force, he extended [pushed] the polishing *°
of his subjects even to the clothes and to the aspect
of the person. He created his own nation: it seemed
that the genius to refine? to civilize he must have
received from above®°, and it were in him a celestial
inspiration.

1The same. 2dirozzare. 3punti. “Zagguerrita. 5marina.

Sprima. 7boscaglie. ®nautica. °doveano. 1©spezieria. per
D

somministrare. 2armate. !3speziale. 4valutarsi. oltre poi

iN
102

ad. 16svariate. 7stamperie. 12“The substitution” must come
after “abbreviations.” 9qualsisia merce straniera. 2°compresa
la stessa. 2'non che. 22biblioteca. 23costumavasi. 24grossolane.
25ingentill.  26decorosi.  27debitrice.  2%attese.  2°ripulimento.
30]o tenesse dall’ alto.

2Rozz0 = rough, rustic. ®Indeclinable, of course, because
it is what part of speech? It is also —? 1! Per expresses a much
more definite surpose than a; use it whenever in order to would
be admissible in English. 2This will include land and sea forces.
When both are not included, esercito is preferable for army,
though armata is also used; but the strict sense of this latter
word is fleet; like our armament, and the Spanish armada. 8Can
you account for this inversion? I wish the same were possible in
English; it places the substitution in proximity with of characters,
and so avoids ambiguity and looseness of construction. 1°Analyse
qualsisia. 20, 30Parse. 2!No English term will so represent non
che as to preserve at once the sense and the construetion, and
void awkward prepositions; “not to speak of” is usually the best;
but the Irish idiom let alome comes nearer. “Egli parla bene
litaliano e lo spagnuolo, non che il francese = he speaks Italian
and Spanish well, not to speak of (let alone) French.” *2Biblio-
teca and libreria differ as their French equivalents: the first is
library , the second bookshop or circulating library. *'Why not
debitore? 28The pass. part. of attendere; no literal rendering is
possible. .

45. DisinteresteoNess of Crarpes XII.

Charles XII, the Swedish Rodomont, was walking
not far [little distant] from Leipsic, when a peasant
threw himself at his feet, and begged of him justice
against a grenadier® who had snatched the dinner from
his family. The King made soon come to him the
accused, and roughly? interrogated him if the robbery
103

were true [were true the rapine] that was [came] im-
puted to him. “Sire,” answered this-man, “I have not
after all® done so much harm to this peasant, as you
have done to his master: your Majesty has despoiled
him of a kingdom, and I after all have not faken*
from this man more than [except] a fowl.” Charles,
imperturbable at such bold words, turned to the pea-
sant and counted out [numbered] to him ten ducats;
then calm answered to the grenadier: “Remember, my
friend, that if I have taken away* a kingdom from
the king Augustus, I have not reserved anything for
myself.”

Lgranatiere. 2bruscamente. 3poi. “tolto.

46. LOVE OF THE SUBJECTS PREFERRED TO THE PATERNAL.

John II, King of Portugal, called the Great and

the Severe, encountered the misfortune to lose an only

son whom he loved tenderly, although he had not cor-
responded to the efforts made by him to educate him.
When there was brought to him the news of it, he
said thing than which none more magnanimous and
more affectionate issued ever from the mouth of any

Sovereign: “That which consoles me is, that this boy

was not adapted to reign, and that God by taking
him from me has made known [know] how much He
protects my people.”

47. Freperick II.

The night which followed the battle of Torgau was
very cold, and the victorious Prussian troops passed

prin

¥
Ww

 

it under arms, beside a multitude of fires. At the
dawnt of the new day, the King Frederick, who had
commanded the left wing, transferred [transported)
himself to the right, and being-arrived where was
[ found itself] the regiment of his foot-guards, having-
dismounted from horseback, seated himself at the fire,
surrounded by the grenadiers who awaited the new
day to resume the attack, in case [when] the Austrians
should not have taken the course? to abandon the field
of battle.

Several of them were crowded around him; he was
talking familiarly with all, and was praising that re-
giment which had comported itself with much valour;
when behold one of these grenadiers, called Rubiack,
whom Frederick had rewarded several times, spoke to
him in this guise: “Where wast thou at the moment
of the battle? we are accustomed to see thee always
at our head, and to be led by thee into the thickest
[strongest] of the fray?; today however thou hast not
shewn? thyself: it is not good thing that thou abandon
us thus.” The great man, accustomed?® already to this
style, as if to exculpate himself, placidly answered,
that having commanded the left wing, he had not
therefore been able to find himself in their company.

Continuing this military conversation, the excessive
heat began to incommode the monarch who, to cool
himself, unbuttoned his great-coat, from which the
soldiers saw drop a ball which had pierced” his order
[device]. Seized® by enthusiasm, at such sight, they
set themselves with one voice [of accord] to cry: “Yes,
thou art indeed [that thou art] our ancient little-
Frederick ®; yes, thou dost indeed share [that thou
dividest] always the dangers with us: we will die
105
willingly for thee: live the King! live Frederick! up
comrades 1°, at the Austrians! at the Austrians! let us
‘march, let us advance!” In the twinkling of an eye
they dispose themselves in line, nor is it easy [little
needs there]! for the officers to restrain that ardour,
and to make ¢hem!2 comprehend that not yet is arrived
the moment to renew the fight 13.

> 2alba. 2partito.  3mischia.  4fatto vedere.  ®assuefatto.
Srinfrescarsi. 7forato. 8colti. °Federighetto. 1°orsu compagni.
11poco ci vuole. 2loro. 13pugna.

3The French mélée. %A very usual expression. — “Fammi
vedere il tuo nuovo libro =— shew me your new book.” ©Fresco
has more the sense of cold than our fresh has. — It is highly
idiomatic in this phrase: “stai fresco = it is all over with you.”
1Forare — to pierce or drill with holes. Traforare = to embroi-
der in open-work (Fr. broder a jowr). 2Fare here governs the
infin. and the infin. the conjunctive pronoun in the dative case.
(How do you know loro to be here a conj. pron.?) The cases con-
nected with fare and an infin. require, as in French, careful con-

sideration. Parse these phrases: — fateglielo dire — fatelo passare
— me lo fece scrivere — gli fard leggere quella storia — le farai
dare una limosina — bisogna farlo castigare: — and account for
the cases.

48, Humaxiry or tHE Emperor Francs I

In the inundation of the Danube of the year 1747,
one of the suburbs of Vienna ran the most serious?! risk.
The houses half? submerged and struck by the blocks
[slabs]® of ice and by the fragments* of other edifices
precipitously descending, threatened to fall5, and the
106

inhabitants, on the roofs, their hands raised to heaven,
demanded with® loud cries succour. The Emperor
Francis, husband of Maria Theresa, hastened himself”
near to the river, 70% animate the boatmen with the
most intense fervour, én order that® they should lend
aid to those unhappy ones; but the fear to perish was
such in all that no one could bring himself [would in-
duce himself] to this heroic resolution. The obstacles
which intimidated the others, could not however keep
back longer the Sovereign; he jumped into a boat,
saying: “I hope that at seeing me set off the first,
you will resolve afterwards to follow me.” The mag-
nanimous example delayed not to be imitated; and as
many as were about® to lose the life, were conducted
to safety 1°.

lgrave. 2per metd. 3lastre. “4rottami. Scrollare. Sad.
Taccorse egli stesso. ®affinché. °in procinto. 10salvezza.

3From the same root as our lastricate. “From rompere, rotto.
6 After verbs of motion a is often more idiomatic than per to
express a definite purpose. 7The Fr. accourut. Per = in -order
to; governs the infin. Affinché = a fin che = to the end that =
in order that; governs the subj. Note in this word and many others
the application of the rule that when two words, the first ending
in a vowel, the second beginning with a consonant, are joined in
one, the consonant with which the second begins is doubled.

49. Visit or Maria THERESA.

Maria Theresa, finding herself at Luxemburg,
received a messenger sent [directed] to her by a wo-
man of a hundred and eight years, who for a long
107

tract of time had not ever failed to be [find herself] in
the number of the poor? whose feet Her Majesty
washed on [the] Holy Thursday. She sent word [made
say] to the Empress, that she experienced [proved] the
most lively regret at seeing herself, on account of her
infirmities, deprived for two years past of the power?
to assist at this pious ceremony, not indeed* for the
ceremony, not indeed for the loss of the honour that
to [in] her came from it, but ‘because she was unable®
any more to see a sovereign whom she adored.

The empress moved® by the sentiment of that good
woman, did not disdain to repair to her village and
to enter into her cottage”. She found her stretched in
a little bed, kept there by the infirmities companions
inseparable of decrepitude. “You complain® of not
having been able to see me,” says to her with kindness
this generous Sovereign; “console yourself, good little-
old-woman, it is I that come to see you.” Who could
describe what effect produces on the heart of this poor
woman the presence of her empress, and the consoling
words that she addressed [directed] to her? Her eyes
were bathed in tears, her mouth half-open could not
articulate word; she stretched her hands eclasped® and
trembling towards the Princess, whom she regarded
as1? angel descended from heaven to console her in
her troubles. Maria Theresa affected? by the baffled
longings of this poor woman [violence experienced by
this miserable], who groaned not to be able to get out
from the bed to throw herself at her feet, stayed long
in her company, and on retiring left to her a generous.
alms12, She who had a heart made for such visits,
must have certainly [elt'3 for her subjects the affection
of mother.
108

laccolse. Zpovere. 3dispiacere nel vedersi, attese le sue in-
fermita, tolto da due anni il potere. “4gihd. le era conteso.
®commossa. 7tugurio. ®vi dolete. °giunte. °qual. lintenerita.
12soyvenimento. 3dovea sentire al certo.

3Parse, and attend most carefully to the cases. — Vedere has
for its direct complement the clause tolto il potere. — Recall a
former note on atteso. — Da due anni = for 2 years past, and
stil. Due anni fa = 2 years ago. °Literally “it was contended
= disputed = hindered to her.” ¢Muovere = to move materially;
commuovere = to move mentally. There is a corresponding differ-
ence between our molion and emotion. 7Perhaps hut; a word
belonging to the noble style. Cottage is usually capanna. ®Dolersi
= to complain as a sufferer: lagnarsi = to complain as an
aggrieved person. 0Quale is equivalent to as when the possession
of certain qualities (qualita being from the same root) is implied;
as here. From tenero, adj. Intenerire and commuovere are
synonyms. 2More literally aid. 3Parse, and account for the
tense of dovere.

50. Joseen II.

Of these visits there made several also Joseph II,
her son. One day he repaired to the house of a poor
soldier, and surprised him when he sat at table, sur-
rounded by eleven children. “I knew,” said he, “that
you had ten of them; but who is that eleventh that I
see there?” — “Sire,” rejoined the officer, “he is a
poor little orphan whom I have found exposed az? the
door of my house, nor did my [feelings allow me? to
abandon him.” — “I will,” resumed then the Emperor,
moved by such action, “that all these children be my
pensioners, and continue you to give them examples of
honour and of virtue. I will pay to each two hundred
109

florins a* year, and tomorrow you will come to draw?
the first quarter of it.”

Another day, his carriage having stopped [suspen-
ded the course] in a street of Vienna, there presented
himself to him a boy of about nine years, who began
[set himself] to speak to him thus: “Sire, I have never
‘begged, but my mother is dying. In order to have a
physician [ want [there needs to me] a florin, and we
have not one. Ah! if Your Majesty would present to
me one of them, I could recover” my mother, and we
then should be happy3.”

The Emperor asked him of the name and of the
habitation of the invalid, and having had [of #¢] the
answer, gave him the florin. The child, who had bent
the knee to earth, rose up again and began [set him-
self] to run without even thanking him.

Then the Sovereign descends on a sudden [rom®
carriage, wraps himself in his mantle; and followed by
one of his servants, hurries1® to house of the sick wo-
man, who takes him for the physician, describes to him
her ailment’ and begs him to prescribe for her some
thing which may avail? to cure her. The Monarch,
representing |represented] that personage who availed

best to keep the poor woman under her mistake [mise-

rable in the illusion], makes use of her son's inkstand
[an inkstand of the son] wherewith to write a prescrip-
tion [receipt], gives her courage and departs.

Scarcely was he gone [Gone he scarcely], came up?
the boy with his florin, in company of the true phy-
sician. The woman astonished informed him that she
had already been visited by another, who even had left
to her a prescription'*. The doctor setting himself to
read it, recognised the handwriting and the signature’?
110

of the sovereign; he deciphered to her the mystery,
acquainting her1® that that paper contained nothing
else than 17 an assignment of a hundred florins, charged *®
on the properties of the sovereign himself, and it was
remedy perhaps for her the most salutary of all.

Imilitare. 2su. 3mi diede l'animo. “%all.  Sriscuotere.
6 Consult the former note on the position of the gerund. 7ricu-
perare. ®staremmo bene. ®in un subito di. ©uno de’ suoi, si
porta frettoloso. male. '2valga. !3sopraggiunse. #ordinazione.

15goscrizione. 1®partecipandole. '"nonaltro contenea che. ?8ca-
ricata.

1A more dignified term than soldato, which would not be used
of an officer. 3Parse. — Anima = the soul in general, and
especially as the principle of life. Animo = the soul as the seat
of mind, thought, passion, settled purpose. With the first connect
our animate; with the second animosity. &Star bene, usually =
to be well in health, must sometimes be translated to be comfor-
table, happy, well off. °I miei, i tuoi, i suoi, &c. may be used
without a noun of kindred in general, and of the various inferior
relations of life, and must be translated according to the sense.
Used by or of a father, they will be equivalent to his family, his
children ; in the case of a master, to his servants; of a king, to
his attendants, &c.; of a general, to his soldiers; and so on. —
“I miei salutano caramente i tuoi, my family send their love to
yours.” “Il capitano corse all’ assalto alla testa de’ suoi, the cap-
tain rushed to the attack at the head of his regiment.” !!A gene-
ral term, not necessarily as stfong as malattia. °Soscrizione =
sotto scrizione = subscription = under-writing = signature.

51. Tue prerExpEp MEDIATOR.

Another day, the same Emperor was strolling about?
Vienna, in [fo] manner of any other private person,
when he met with? a young woman, most sad® in

/
111

countenance, who carried under her arm a heavy bundle.
“Where go you?’ he said to her graciously, following
her: “Could not I soften the grief by which you ap-
pear to me pierced?” — “I carry to sell, sir, some
household goods* which belong to my poor mother,”
and, while some tears trickled®, added: “These, see,
are the last utensils which remain to us. Ah! if my
father, who was a brave officer, lived still, or if he
had at least obtained for his family the recompence that
he merited, we should not be indeed® in this state.” —
“But if such circumstances,” resumed the unknown,
“were known to the Emperor, by this time [today] you
would certainly not have aught whereof [of what] to
complain: he loves justice and beneficence. Present to
him a memorial, or charge some one that he expose
to him your wants.” — ‘I have done it, sir, but
uselessly. The person to whom we have recommended
ourselves has made us understand that he has not
[not to have] been able to succeed in it.” — “Lies
have been told you [To you have been told lies], you
were deceived, poor women,” resumed the Sovereign,
ill repressing” the pain which caused to him such a
discourse; “I can assure you that there cannot have
reached him® the least notice of all this; he has never
let perish widows and daughters of officers who have
done their duty. Come®, listen to me; at nine in the
morning I will be [find myself] tomorrow at the en-
trance of the imperial palace; bring me your petitions 1°
in writing, and if what!! you say is the truth, it will
be my business? to make you speak to the Emperor,
and from him you will have justice.”

The young woman, drying!® her tears, lavished
thanks on the unknown, when the latter added: “It us

n
J
112

[goes] not well, meanwhile, good girl, that you should
sell these utensils. How much think you to be able
to obtain* for them?” — “Sir .... I should think
.... ten florins.” — “Well, permit me that I lend you
twenty of them; you will return them to me when my
negociations 1° shall have achieved some good success
[Zssue]'”. Run to comfort'® your mother: farewell till
[to see each other again]*® tomorrow.”

Stunned the young woman and agitated by a hun-
dred affections, returned home with her bundle and the
received money, nor was she ever satiated with repeat-
ing [to repeat] to her mother and to the bystanders
the most minute circumstances of this adventure. Some,
in hearing her however describe so vividly [speak so to
the life]?°, recognised evidently in that unknown the
Emperor, who indeed® used to make such sweet
surprises. Fell then the daughter into the greatest
disturbance, fearing to have spoken too freely tc her
prince, and’ trembled at having [palpitated to have] to
repair the day following to his presence; but her rela-
tions encouraged'® her; they promised to accompany
her, and she at last took [made herself] heart and went
there.

When she saw him, she recognised at once in the
benefactor the Monarch ; there came to her a trembling ?*
and surprised her a swoon??. The Emperor had al-
ready assured himself that she had said to him nought
but the truth, and when she regained the use of her
senses, he introduced her into a reom2® and said to
her: “Here is for your mother the rescript of a pension
equivalent to the pay that your father had, the half
of which will be enjoyed by you, if you shall have the
misfortune to lose her. It grieves me not to have
: 113

known sooner your lot; I would not have tolerated
that you should have encountered it.” — This is to
love one’s [the] subjects in earnest:

lgirava per. 2si abbatté in. 3mestissima. “*alcune masse-
rizie. 5scendendole qualche lagrima. ©gia. 7comprimendo. ®non
gli sard pervenuta. ®orsu. Oricerche. !!quanto. ?impegno.
13tergendo. 4ritrarre. >maneggi. '®riportato. 7esito. ®con-
fortare, confortarono. 9a rivederci. 20/ife, vivo. 2'tremito. 2>2de-
liquio. 23stanza. 2*daddovero.

4Why not “delle masserizie”? Because del, &c. is the partitive

article, and as such is used for some = a part or portion of the
whole; thus “datemi ,del pane = datemi una porzione del pane
ch’ sulla tavola, ecc. = give me some bread.” But some is not

here used in a partitive sense as meaning part of a stock of uten-
sils; it means “cerlain utensils,” therefore the pronoun alcune
is preferred. As a rule you should render some otherwise than
by the part. art.,, when cerfain could be substituted in English.
In French there is the same distinction between du, &c. and quel-
que. ®The future tense is idiomatically used to express a conjec-
ture or conclusion. — “Cid sara = that may be.” — “Avrete
ragione = you may be right” — “Non lavrhd detto = he cannot
have said it, most likely he did not say it.” — “Vedrete che non
layra fatto = you will be sure to find he never did it.” 2lmpe-
gnarsi (from pegno, pledge) to engage; but impegno cannot always
be rendered engagement; sometimes it is as here, my care, my
business. 1° Maneggiare, maneggio, ‘like their Fr. equivalents, must
be rendered according to the sense, They come from mano, and
the general idea is of something brought about without the person
appearing whose hand is really in it. Maneggi is often contrivan-
ces. 18The root is forte; and the idea (as in older English
also) is of strengthening, encouraging, reviving hope. Consolare is
the proper word when this is not the leading idea. 9“A rivederci”’
is at least as usual as ‘addio” in ordinary leave-taking. 2° What
part of speech? ’
114

NB. Henceforward such idioms only will be given word for
word as have hitherto occurred rarely or mot at all. — Occasionally,
but by no means always, an italicized English word will be used
to suggest that the rendering must be not literal, but idiomatic. —
"The object of this system — it cannot be too often repeated — is
not to save pupils trouble; but to secure the full fruit of their
trouble by preserving them from ever writing — and thus preserv-
ing their ear from ever becoming accustomed to — unidiomatic
Italian.

52. Tur erricaciots REcoMMeENDATIOND.

A noble Neapolitan youth, not being able in his
own country to obtain a military grade to his liking,
determined, in the year 1774, to go [carry himself]
to serve the emperor of Austria, to which effect he
procured himself sundry recommendations, and set out
on his journey towards? Vienna. Arrived at Gritz,
he found in an inn three foreigners, in whose com-
pany he asked to sup; they were Germans, but all
speaking French, he became so familiar [familiarized
himself so] with them that he dmparted to them his
project. When they had heard it [heard that they
had it?) one of them began [took] to speak to him thus:
“Excuse me, but I am of opinion that you have taken
a bad course. After a long peace, and in the face
[front] of a prodigious number of noble youths who
are asking employment, I see no probability [appear-
ance] that a foreigner should meet with [be able to
find] an officer’s post in the army.” — “Who knows?”
answered the Neapolitan: “Meanwhile I yield* not to
any in good will and in the desire which I have to
distinguish myself. Besides I am furnished with let-
115

ters consigned to me by very respectable® persons,
and in spite of all the obstacles, I also think of trying
my fate.”

The German who had talked with him added:
“Since you will have it thus, I also should be able
[in the case] to do you a pleasure; I could, if you
like?, furnish you with a letter which perhaps would
not prove [turn out] useless to you; I will recommend
you to the General Lascy, and you will present it in
person.” The Neapolitan, full of gratitude, welcomed
the offer, and continued his journey.

Arrived in Vienna, he distributed [diffused] his re-
commendations; and as he had more than one for the
General, he failed not to present some to him also,
not including [excepted] however that of the German
traveller, which he had mislaid®. Lascy having read
them, eapressed [imparted] to him his regret not to be
able, at least at that moment, to be useful to him,
attributing it to [accusing thereof the] circumstances.
The youth, who was already prepared for this, renounced
not his project, and hoping well for the future,
began to pay [make] his court to the General, by
whom he was always received with a barren politeness.

At last it happened® that he. found again by chance
the letter that he thought lost. He delayed not to
present also this, not concealing the casual encounter
through [dissimulating the combination by]'° which he
had received it. Lascy opens it, looks through it,
starts and hesitates. He asks of the Neapolitan, if he
knew the person who had consigned it to him. “No,
General,” answers the youth. — “Well, my [friend
[dear]”, “the General resumes,” you have had it from

the very hands of the Emperor. You would have
8*

“)
Ss
116

desired to be second-lieutenant'2, but he commands
me to make you first-lieutenant: you are so from this
moment; be @ now your part to fulfil your duty to-
wards him [you will do afterwards towards him your
duty].”

lcommendatizia. 2si pose in viaggio alla volta di. “la cedo.
5ragguardevoli. ®ragionato. 7se vi aggrada. ®smarrita. °successe.
11]a scorre, si scuote e resta sospeso. !2sotto-tenente.

3The preterit, not the imperfect, of the auxiliary is always
used in clauses thus constructed. This construction is specially
idiomatic ; pay great attention to it, and use it in your compositions.
4The la is expletive and idiomatic; a very frequent form. ®Ragio-

nare = to reason, is also and much oftener = to discourse.
10 Combinazione is also often our coincidence. 1Sospeso = sus-
pended = in suspense. But hesilales is here the best rendering

for resta sospeso.

53. UNFAITEFULNESS CONDONED AND PREVENTED.

In the year 1765, an official’ in the public. trea-
sury? of Sain-Polten had been shut up in prison for
having thence subtracted six hundred florins, his trial
was terminated, and ke was about to be condemned
[already ome was about to condemn him]. Joseph II,
he of whom one would never cease to speak, was in-
formed of this crime and of its circumstances; he
learned [knew]® that the criminal, burdened with a*
family, had no salary except two hundred florins; and
that want, father of misdeeds, had induced him to
transgress®. What does the great Monarch? he com-
mands that the notes of the trial should be torn up,
117

replaces him in his former post [the post of before],
and brings the stipend up to five hundred florins,
saying: “One cannot see all. If such had been always
his guerdon? he would not have been unfaithful.”

™

Limpiegato. 2cassa. 3conobbe. “4carico di. ®prevaricare.
venga stracciato il processo. 7mercede.

2 Literally chest. 3Seppe is more usual; and as a rule sapere
is to be preferred for mental knowledge, conoscere for knowledge
conveyed by the senses. "More usually rendered reward.

54, Parizianus AND Jurivs GRECINUS.

The emperor Caracalla killed his brother Geta in
the very arms of their mother. This man more bar-
barous than the wild beasts, nevertheless had a horror
to appear a fratricide, and to gi/d* in some sort? the
atrocious misdeed, he commanded Papinianus, a cele-
brated lawyer3, to compose in his defence a harangue
and to recite it to the senate. “Know,” answered
Papinianus, “that it is not for me so easy to excuse a
fratricide, as for you it was to commit it. Besides,
you would stain yourself with a second crime by
accusing an innocent man after having taken from him
his life. My conscience, my honour recoil? from se-
conding you.” He had to do with a monster; these
words cost him his life, and Papinianus fell a victim
to [remained victim of] his integrity.

The same happened to the senator Julius Grecinus,
when Caligula wanted to constrain him to calumniate
. Marcus Silvanus, become the object of his hatred.
1s
Grecinus refused at every cost to accuse the innocent,
and as the reward® of so much justice the wretch cau-
sed him to be put to death.

linorpellare. 2guisa. 3giurisconsulto. “ripugnano. ®in premio.

10rpello = tinsel. 3In the noble style; the common words
are legale = lawyer; procuratore = attorney; notaro = notary;
avyocato = barrister.

55. Craupws II.

The emperor Claudius II had had restored to every
one those goods which the unjust Galienus, his pre-
decessor, had wrested* from them. A poor woman,
having heard this, repaired to his presence and said
to him: “Know that an officer, by name Claudius,
has received as a gift from the emperor Galienus an
estate which was the only property that I possessed;
be it your care to have it restored to me.” The So-
vereign perceived at once [knew quickly]? that she
intended to speak of him: “Your request will be gran-
ted, he answered: “it is but [loo] just that Claudius
the emperor should restore that which Claudius the
private individual might have of yours.”

lrapito. 2conobbe tosto. Ssarete esaudita.

2 Conobbe, because such perception is mental sight; he did
not know it by learning, or by being told. 3No literal rendering
is possible here, because in English the person is heard, and the
request is granted.
119

56. Tue Brccar MADE A MANDARIN.

Chang-hi a Chinese emperor, being at the chase
far from those who followed him, encountered an old
man who was bitterly weeping, and asked him the
cause [motive] of his tears. “Sir,” answered him this
unhappy man without knowing him, “I had but one
son, my only consolation, my sole hope: a Tartar man-
darin has torn him from me and keeps him a slave in
his house: behold me therefore deprived of every help.
A powerless man, such as I am, how could he obtain
justice?” — “This is not after all* so difficult,” an-
swered the Emperor: “That mandarin, of whom you
speak to me, how far hence does he live [how much
dwells he fur from here]?” — “Two hours journey
[of road], O sir.” — “Well; mount behind? me and
guide me to his house.” —

The old man obeyed, and meanwhile the guards
and the courtiers discovered the road taken by their
master, and arrived in time to be witnesses of an act
of justice [a justice] truly worthy of a despot of China.
The mandarin is convicted of violence, condemned to
lose his head, and the sentence is executed on the
spot [fact]. The Emperor then addresses to the old
man these words: “I assign to thee the post of the

dead: profit by his fault to govern according to justice.

If thy faculties [lights] suffice not for this, fail not to
advertise me, in order that I may be able to provide
for it; and if conscious of thine own ability [recog-
nising thyself clever], thou renderest thyself unworthy
of thy charge, expect for thyself the very fate of him
whom I have punished.”

!poi. 2%in groppa dietro di.

 

i
7
120

57. Justice prererrep! To Lire,

Some days before the siege of Philipsburg, a gre-
nadier of the army of the Duke of Berwick, having
been surprised whilst he was plundering, was condemned
to the gallows. As he was a brave soldier, so the
officers of his regiment took a lively interest for him,
and repaired in a body to the marshals tent? to im-
plore his clemency; but in vain. The criminal was
led to execution; in the act however that the execu-
tioner was about to bind his hands, he found the way
to flee and to hide himself in a remote corner of the
camp.

The marshal, informed of this flight, commanded
that the military judge [auditor] should suffer the
penalty of the grenadier, for not having watched? suf-
ficiently over the execution of the sentence. This new
convict [condemned] threw himself at the feet of the
Duke, protested his own innocence, represented to him
the dishonour which thence would redound to his
respectable [honest] family : but reasons, entreaties,
tears were thrown to the wind, and the unhappy man
must succumb? to death.

When the grenadier heard the misfortune of the
judge, he emerged® from his hidingplace®, ran to the
Duke and said to him: “My General, 1 am the cri-
minal who has fled: an innocent man is about to die
for my cause, he is not the accomplice of my flight;
command that he be replaced at once in liberty; death
belongs to me; behold me here: I die content.” —
This- action disarmed the marshal, who pardoned both.

~
lanteposta. 2dal maresciallo. 3invigilato. %soggiacere. ®shuco.
®nascondiglio.
121

2Pal — alla tenda del, because at a siege he would be living
in a tent; otherwise dal = a casa del. Note the 4 equivalents to
the Fr. ches. I. With a verb of motion to another’s house, da:
“vado da Luigi = je vais chez Louis.” II. With a verb of motion
to the house of the subject of the verb, a casa, which includes the

pronoun: ‘‘torno a casa = je retourne chez moi; — corse a casa
— il courut chez lui.” III, With a verb of station, in casa di: “ella
¢ restata tre mesi in casa mia, in casa del fratello = elle a passé

trois mois chez moi, chez son frere.” IV.In reference to a nation,
fra or presso: “fra gl' Italiani gli amici s'abbracciano, presso
gl’ Inglesi si stringon la mano = chez les Italiens les amis s'em-
brassent, chez les Anglais ils se donnent la main.” “Soggiacere
= sotto-giacere — to lie down under = to succumb. There is
also soccombere. Buco = hole; shucare = to issue from a hole.

58. OTroMAN JUSTICE.

The lord of Belle-rive, returning from Bender to
Constantinople, met on the road an Aga’ with his
little squadron, who stopped him and asked how much
he had paid of hire? for his horses. The foreigner
answered [satisfied] his enquiry. “Thou hast paid for
them3 too much,” answered the Turk; and this said,
caused to be conducted to his presence the caravansar?
who was a Greek. “Why hast thou made this Frank
pay [made pay to this Frank],” he said to him, “a hire
more dear [strong] than [to] others?” — “Sir,” ane
swered the Greek, “we made this agreement [are remai-
ned of accord thus] without any words arising [that
should be burn words] between us.” — “If thy law,”
returned the Aga, “permits thee to exact beyond that.
which is due to thee, mine commands me to cause
‘that thou restore this that thou hast received more.
122

Is it perhaps just that thou overcharge him because
he is not of the country? I have a great mind to
order thee to receive a bastinado of a hundred blows
[There would want little that I should make give to
thee a hundred bastinadoes] on the soles of the feet.
Come, return to him at once a sequin.” — The cara-
vansar did not let himself be told twice [not made
repeat to himself the command]. Oh how well® would
one of these Agas suit for every post!

lagh. 2nolo. 3gli. “The same. >To suit well = star bene.

3 Note that pagare governs the thing paid for in the accusative.

59. Tae most vPriGHT! (FENERAL.

The deputies of a city of Germany presented them-
selves to the Marshal Viscount of Turenne with the
offer of a hundred thousand crowns, if he would con-
descend not to make his army pass through their terri-
tory. It would not have been difficult to find a person
who would have thought to oblige them exceedingly
by accepting the offer, promising to content them; but
Turenne was a true gentleman? “Sirs,” he answered,
$49f the interest of my Prince constrained me to take
this road, your gold could not tempt [seduce] me.
Know however, that I should be a thief if I accepted
it, because it is not my intention to make the army
“march the way you are afraid of [by where you fear]:
carry back your money and sel your minds at rest
[ve tranquil)”
123

lintegro. 2galantuomo.

1Give the Eng. noun from this root. What are infegers in
arithmetic? Trace the connexion.

60. Tue Quaker wrtHOUT IMITATORS.

In the seven years’ war, a captain of Austrian ca-
valry had the order to go in quest of forage. He de-
parted at the head of his company, and directed him-
self to the spot that had been indicated to him. Not
finding it suitable! to his purpose [intent], he knocked
at the door of a poor cottage, whereby to find a person
who might point out to him a suitable place. The
door is opened by [Opened the door] a species of old
Quaker, of whom there are many [several] also scattered
through Germany. ,,Good man,” said the officer, “point
out® to me a field A I can gather forage for my
horses.” — “Very willingly,” answered the hermit:
and this said, he began at once to precede the com-
pany, advancing-far* into a valley. They had gone
[made] a quarter of an hour of the way [road], when
there presents itself fo their view® a very fine field of
barley: “Here is exactly that which I need,” said the
captain. “Let us go two steps farther [make still two
steps],” resumed his guide, “and you will be [remain]
satisfied.” — Half a mile farther on they arrive at
another field of barley, and there the old man invites
the soldiers to dismount. They set foot on the ground,
reap the grain, load it on their saddles and remount.
The captain meanwhile says, a little dissatisfied, to the
guide: “But you have made us go a length [do a
124
tract] of road to very little purpose®; the first field
was better than this.” — “Yes, sir,” answers the old
man; “but that field was not mine.”

Lopportuno. 2additasse. 2accennate. “innoltrandosi. *loro
allo sguardo. molto male a proposito.
i

2 3 Additare from dito; accennare from cenno. Is the English
literal? Would a French rendering be so?

61. Tur PRINCE MORE LIBERAL THAN HIS ALMONER.

The Abbot Quesnel, almoner of the Duke of Pen-
thievre, had appointed [instituted]. His Highness his
[for] universal heir. This virtuous Prince heard that
some near! relations of the testator were in poor cir-
cumstances [ill treated by fortune], and soon let [made]
them know, by letter, that the abbot had made [was
[allen into] a mistake?, since [whilst] instead of naming
him testamentary executor, as certainly must have been
his intention, he had declared him testamentary heir;
that he certainly could not permit that a mistake? of
words should bring an injury? to their rights, and that
he charged himself only with fulfilling in their favour
the commission that by the deceased had been entrusted
to him. No less was in question than* thirty thousand
francs of revenue, a rich abbey and several other
benefices. This abbot ll knew his business [knew little
his trade]; the Prince understood it much better
than he.

Lstretti. 2equivoco, sbaglio. 3offesa. “non si trattava meno
che di.
As

2Shaglio is more general in its meaning; equivoco (as Fr.
équivoque) implies a mistake as to words. Either term can be
used here. — “S'¢ preso equivoco = he has misunderstood.”

62. Tue JUDGE MAKING RESTITUTION [RESTORER].

M. Gayot de la Réjusse member of the Court of
Justice, in the time of a very long audience, tired by
the excessive application of the preceding night, had
the mishap? to let himself be overcome? by sleep, nor
woke he ill just as [but at the moment in which] the
opinions were being asked. The sentiments were divi-

“ded, and the victorious side® was indebted for its ad-
“vantage only to the superiority of one single vote.

This circumstance excited in the heart of the judge
the most lively uneasiness. He feared that his sleep
might possibly have* ruined the losing side, nor was
there calm for him until he could, in the silence of
his closet, examine with the closest [finest] attention
the ducuments [processes] of both the parties.

This examination gave him clearly to know how
his fears were even too well founded. He doubted
not that the cause had been ill adjudicated®. In this
state of things what does he? He sends for [calls]
the party who had lost, and with his own money
reimburses him both® the capital”, andS the costs to
which he had been condemned.

1disavventura. 2sopraffare. 3parte. %avesse potuto. °giudi-
cata. Stanto — quanto. 7capitale.

3Parte = party in a law-suit; always feminine, as you must
remember in writing this exercise. 7Masc. in this sense; fem.
when it means capital city, because citta is understood.
126

63. Waeaere VIRTUE MAY GO TO BURROW,

The celebrated Molitre and the musician Charpen-
tier were on their way [directed] from Auteuil to Paris.
A poor man having presented himself at the door? of
their carriage, the poet gave [made] him alms, and the
carriage departed. A moment after they heard the
mendicant who pursuing them with all his might
[breath)3, was crying, “Stop, stop!” The coachman
suspends his course, and the beggar? draws near once
more [another time] to his benefactor and says to him:
“Sir, you have made a mistake®: you had certainly
not the intention to give me a louis; behold 1 return
it to you.” — ‘Where ever has virtue burrowed!”
exclaims Moli¢re; “hold, worthy man, here is another
for thee.”

1gi vada a cacciar. 2essendosi affacciato all’ adito. 3a tutta
lena. “4pitocco. °vi siete ingannato.

1Cacciar cannot be the last word, no elision is made at the
end of a sentence; this suggests the construction. 2adito =
entrance, passage, way. °Ingannare, ingannarsi = Fr. romper, se
iromper.

 

64. A Genxtreman! witHour PosteriTy 2

The poet Scarron, by dint of making others laugh,
reduced himself to have to bewail3® himself, necessitated
to sell his own goods to be able to pay his debts.
Among those who presented themselves to buy them
[make the acquisition of them] there was a certain M.
Nublé, who bought some for the sum of eighteen
127

thousand livres, reposing blindly, in regard* to the
prige, on the noted probity of the vendor.

The affair being-consummated to the [with] satis-
faction of both the parties, the buyer passed to a
minute examination of this his new property, to do
with it that which was most suitable, and he perceived
that he had bought it at too mean® a price. In con-
sequence of this discovery he went® to visit M. Scar-
ron, who had made a sale like a true poet, and said
to him: “Your estates, according? to an exact estimate
which I had made, are not worth indeed eighteen
thousand, but twentyeight thousand livres: be pleased
therefore that I should make up for® that which still
I owe you;” — and on the spot? counted out to him
the overplus1®. — Where are gone these M. Nublé?

lgalantuomo. 2discendenza. *compiangere. “rapporto. ®*me-
schino. ®portossi. 7a tenore. 8gradite percid ch’ io supplisca a.
fatto stesso. 10soprappil.

65. Prosiry PREFERRED TO LOVE.

At Bologna, a person of quality [qualified person]*
who had begun living on an expensive scale [placed
lamself on a fooling very costly]? not being able longer
lo keep it up®, saw himself constrained to retire with
his family into one of his estates. There dwelt not
far from him an old merchant who had an only daughter,
generally esteemed, not only for the abundance of his
possessions,* but also for his eminent qualities; who
as soon as he considered himself to have realized a
sufficient [ortune [since he knew sufficiently secured
i

his fortune], had resolved to giwe up trade [renin
every commerce].

The proximity of their habitation caused that Roy
contracted a [bound together] close friendship: they
saw each other every day and treated each other with
much familiarity. The gentleman® reflecting on the
disorder of his domestic finances and on the impossi-
bility of leaving to a son, who deserved on every
account [by every title] his tenderness, a fortune ca-
pable of sustaining the lustre of his name, he thought
that that of the merchant would be most-adapted
to repair his; and in order to effect this project, he
determined to ask of his friend the hand of his daughter,
for his son. And so much the more he felt himself
inclined to embrace this course, as his desire made
evident to him [made transpire to him] between those
two young people the first sparks of a reciprocal incli-
nation.

The upright” merchant, grateful for the honour
that was offered him, and to which he would not have
dared to aspire, thought it nevertheless his® duty before
consenting to it, to place under the eye of that per-
sonage the disproportion of this connexion [knot] with
respect to birth; but the personal qualities of the girl®,
- the excellent [beautiful] education by her received, a
beginning of reciprocal inclination which at least was
guessed at [interpreted], served to smooth every dif-
ficulty.

The father delayed not to communicate to the son
the project, and the assent which he had received from
the father of the girl®. This news surprised the son,
who although he esteemed the young woman and felt
his heart much disposed to love her, yet expected not
129

to find himself pushed wneapectedly'® to conclude [en-
counter] this sort of precipitate martiage. He failed
not therefore to make evident? a certain air of cold
irresolution, and to adduce some not contemptible diffi-
culties. “My son,” said to him then the gentleman,
“] am at last constrained, to [with] my extreme regret,
to tear'3 the bandage from thine eyes. We have not
retired without cause [for nothing| into this castle.
Thou perhaps thinkest to be still a very rich person;
but observe, my dear, this balance-sheet'*, which pre-
sents the true state of the family: reflect on the debts,
on the credits, on the possessions; subject it by all
means '® to minute examination; I leave it therefore?®
in thy hands, and judge by this &ruthful'” paper how
reasonable is my proposition. Tomorrow I await answer.”

The son withdrew8; and having-examined the
stute of his affairs [kis economical state], learned only
too well to his grief that the sum of the debts absor-
bed nearly all the properiy'®. He passed the night
racked? by bitterness, and yet more by the sight of
the sacrifice which probity commanded? him to make
of a passion so much more dear to his heart as it was
more pure and fresh [nascent]. He rises the day follow-
ing early??, while his father still slept, and repairs
to the house of thé merchant. He causes to be announ-
ced to him his eajerness?® to communicate to him a
thing of high #mport?*, and is soon introduced into
his bed-chamber. There, triumphing, gentleman as he
was considered to be [held], over the shrinking from?
revealing to him his secret poverty, and over the
grief? of being obliged to speak of it against the
inclinations [tendencies] of his heart, ingenuously he

said to him: “Yesterday my father had the goodness
Lig
&

130
to ask of you for me your daughter in marriage
[wife]? ; but I feel?® not courage [heart], O sir, to
deceive [make fall into deception] you and that good
girl. You are upright enough for me to be?® certain
that the delicate secret I confide to you [confidence
which I make you] in this moment, will remain covered
by the most religious silence. Behold in this paper,
which I received from my father’s own hands, the
unfortunate [sinister] state in which our family actually
finds itself. Be on guard over your fate and over that .
of your daughter.”

“Ah! sir,” answered the merchant, with tears in
his eyes, “I held you, truth to tell*°, as very rich
person; but it was not Anown3! to me that you had
attained such a height of [to so much really reached
your) virtue. If my daughter is not to you unpleasing32,
if you deem her worthy [deign her] of so much, I hope
that you having her as your [in] wife, my fortune will
be able to compensate you for that which has failed you,
nor doubt I that managed [directed] by a young man
of so much merit, it can be sufficient to our common
happiness.”

A marriage that started® from such principles had
the most fortunate success [issue] 3%. On this event might
be based an interesting play [Behold an event which,
enriched by the imagination, would be dear to the
scene). i

2dispendioso.  ®sostenerlo.  %copia degli averi. Sfece si.
Ssignore. 7probo. ®si credette nondimeno in. °fanciulla, ragazza.
10impensatamente. 1!lascio. 2palesare. 13strappare. *bilancio.
pure. %percid. 7veridica. Bappartossi. 9pressoché tutte
le facolta. 20straziato. 2'imponeva. 22di buon mattino. 23pre-
mura. 24rilievo. 2°del ribrezzo di. 2®angustia. 27isposa. 2®mi-
131
sento. 2%essere io. 3%a vero dire. 3!poi noto. 32discara. 33par-
tiva. 3%esito.

1 Always fem. as in Fr. 4% 7Give Eng. words from the same
roots. ®Why not galantuomo, as so often lately? Because signore,
like gentiluomo, designates a gentleman by birth; galantuomo, if
used for gentleman, one who is so by his moral qualities. °Fan-
ciulla denotes, not any particular age, but the state of being un-
married; whereas fanciullo, ragazzo, ragazza, are used of children
and young unmarried persons only. !2From what adj. is this verb
formed? !3Strappare = to tear = wrench from. Stracciare, la-
cerare = to tear in pieces. *But bilancia = scales, balance.
16Percio may refer alike to what precedes or follows; pertanto
only to what precedes. !7Veridica = che dice il vero. ®Appar-
tossi = se n'ando a parte = he went apari. *Facolth = property,
is plural. 2*Rilievo is primarily relief, i. e. rising out of a plane
surface. So we use salient for striking. 2°Ribrezzo, primarily
shivering-fit; hence any physical or moral shrinking. 2¢From
angusto, narrcw; what coniracts the heart, whereas joy enlarges it.
— “Mi si stringe il cuore = my heart contracts;” in idiomatic
English, “sinks.” 27Sposa is usually better. But wherever a word
has two forms, the one beginning with s impura, the other with i,
the latter is preferred after a preposition ending in a consonant.
Why? 28Note the idiomatic refl. pron. 31Note the untranslatable
idiomatic expletive. 32 Literally —?

66. Tue VINEDRESSER! WHO WILL NOT BUY CHEAP.

Claude Pechon, of the village of Mombré-les-Reims,
at the age of fiftyeight years, a poor vinedresser, father
of eight children, received into his house a sick brother-
in-law of his, in virtue of a contract, by which Claude
obliged “himself to maintain him during his life2, and
the other ceded to him the property of a field, valued?

four hundred livres.
/ Q¥
132
Two days after the consummation of this contract,
the invalid died. Claude, against the advice of the
parish-priest and of the notary, replaced in possession
of the field the heirs of the dead, saying that he would
not gain [acquire], to [with] their damage, four hun-
dred livres so cheap.

lyignaio. 2sua vita durante. 3valutato.

2A legal form of expression.

67. Tue aims-civine Poor-Woman!, Axp THE Poor-MAN
WHO WILL NOT BE SO.

In the past century, in several places of Saxony
had been introduced the custom of making, from time
to time [from when to when]? some general collections?
in [to] relief of the poor, and the elders® of the
parish were at once [together] collectors and distributors
of it. It happened that those of one village entered
into the house of an old woman, in order to insert her
name in the catalogue of the poor-women who had a
right to the public beneficence. She was occupied in
winding ® her thread from the reel in a dark little
room, whose furniture attested very eloquently the
misery of the mistress.

The little-old-woman, informed of the object of this
visit, went out of the room without speaking, and re-
turned to it a moment after with a coin in her hand.
“Take [Hold] here a groschen?,” she said, ‘‘which I
have borrowed?®, and which I will restore immediately
that I shall have finished my skeins®. There are per-
sons more poor than 1; give [make] them this alms:
my name must not be written in that list, so long as
I have so much of strength as'® to be able to raise
the water from the well: God guard me from it! I
should think I was stealing [to steal] from some-one
who is more helpless than 1; go, and God be with you
[go with God)”

Joseph Heloir, a shoemaker of Paris, was of the
same sentiment. In age more than octogenarian, he
hears that some charitable persons are exerting them-
selves [give themselves anziety]** in order to procure
for him an alms from the Philanthropic Society, and
sends them word [causes them to be warned] that they
must prefer those who are poorer than he [the more
poor] to him, because, praise to Heaven, he enjoys a
pension of a hundred and fifty livres, and the leavings!?
of the table of a neighbouring house.

1pitocca elemosiniera.  2di quando in quando. 3 collette.
+anziani. a svolgere. Snaspo. 7grosso. ®preso ad imprestito.
8 p
9gomitoli. 1°da. !premura. !2avanzi.

2 Remember this pretty and frequent idiom, and note the pre-
positions ; they are the same in the literal rendering di tempo in
tempo. 3 Colletta, a collection of money; also a collect. *From
the same root as ancienl. SHence innaspare = to wind. Literally
taken on loan.

68. Tue nosouraBLE! Porter, AND THE WOMAN WHO
PRAYS [MAKES PRAYER]2 AGAINST HER OWN INTEREST.

At the fair of Beaucaire, a porter of Gange found
by chance a most beautiful repeater [watch with® repe-
134

tition], and, having-repaired at once to the public
crier®, charged him to cry it [make the publications
of it] on all the street-corners® near to the spot where
he had found it; and because for this purpose [to this
effect] were wanted® thirty pence, and he had not but
eight, he borrowed the twenty-two that were lacking?.
The owner appeared, and the worthy man delayed not
a moment to restore to him the watch.

But better still than he, a poor widow, burdened
with four little children, showed herself solicitous to
seek out the master of a little bag of money, found
by her on the public road which from Strasburg leads
to Savernes. IHaving-made all possible researches
[examinations], finally she succeeded in learning [it suc-
ceeded to her to know] that that money belonged to a
lady who had stayed? in an inn not far from the place
where she had lost the bag. She brought it immediate-
ly to its owner, refusing every recompense, on the
ground® that she had done after all** only her duty.
In the act however of leaving, remembering [reflecting]
to have incurred [encountered] an expense for this
affair, she stops [suspends the step], and says turning
[turned] to the lady: “If you do not object [it dis-
pleases you not], Madam, deign to give! me three livres
which I gave to the Conventual Fathers for the cele-
bration of two Masses, to the end that I might be able
to find the owner of the bag.” — What probity!

Tonorato. 2orazione. 3a. “banditore. 5capi-strada. ®occor-
reano. Tmancavano. @trattenuta. °fondamento. %alfine. !donare.

10norato may mean honourable as well as honoured. 2Fare
orazione = pregare; but the latter term might be used of reques-
ting a fellow-creature. 3Note that when, as here, no article is
1.

 

required, the prep. a is used, as in Fr., to introduce a descriptive
circumstance; — moulin ¢ veni = mulino a vento. But when the
article is required, the Ital. prep. is da; — lhomme au manleau
noir = 'vomo dal mantello nero. “From bandire = to proclaim.
S(Qccorrere = to be needful. — “Mi occorrono due lire sterline
= I am in want of £2.” — But compare the construction. ° Like
our expression “my opinion is founded on these reasons.” I! As
was formerly explained, this verb, formed from dono, is used only
of making a present; and therefore shews more remarkable delicacy
and disinterestedness in the speaker than dare would have done.

 

69. Tue CAPTAIN WHO VOLUNTARILY DEGRADES HIMSELF.

A young-man about to take a wife, called instead
to draw [extract] from the urn the billet, by which
he was in danger of being obliged to undertake the
military career, thought to serve better his ends if for
one year he should enrol himself as? volunteer. To
this effect he repaired to M. de Mitry, captain in the
regiment of the guards of Lorraine, and begged him
to receive him on such condition into his company,
The officer consented to it. £)

Completed the year, the soldier recalled to his ”
superior the made promise, and the latter suggested
[insinuated] to him to present himself to the colonel of
the regiment and to beg him to sign [subscribe] his
discharge®. The youth made the request: but was
not heard, under pretext that he was a brave soldier
and that he was very well suited [suited much] to his
corps.

This repulse pierced the heart of the lover who
was from day to day awaited by his bride, and already
he turned over in his* mind to desert. But his captain
136

 

remained not less afflicted than he, and willed at every
cost to redeem his pledge [disengage the given faith].
He awaited a day on which the officers of the regiment
were gathered together, and having repaired to the

meeting, with the young-man at his side, presented

himself to the colonel and said to him, “Behold a sol-
dier to whom I promised his discharge; and since a
man of honour must not be wanting to his word, and
you, besides®, will not set him at [replace him in]
liberty in order not to lose a good soldier, so I re-
nounce even from this moment the grade of captain,
and will carry, in his stead, the Anapsack®.” Such

‘unexpected proposal, which in itself was not acceptable,

constrained at last the colonel to give way [surrender
himself].

dover. 2si fosse arrolato qual. 3congedo. “ravvolgea in.
5d’altronde. °‘giberna. :

3The former note on licenza applies also to cengedo.

70. Tue FATHER WHO SAVES THE SLAYER OF HIS SON.

Not [Little] far from Seville, a Spanish cavalier
fought against a Moorish gentleman and killed him.
Some officers of justice who saw at some distance the
duel, set themselves to pursue the slayer to arrest him,
as the law imposed; but the latter, fleeing, met?
without their perceiving, with the? wall of a garden,
climbed up it® and descended in a path*, along which
was walking the owner. At the first seeing him, he
threw himself at his feet, manifested to him his danger,
137
implored his protection®, and conjured him to will to
deliver [withdraw] him from the rigour of justice.

The gentleman, being-moved by his situation, took
him by hand, and hastily [hasty] conducted him to a
closet, situated at the bottom of the same garden, pro-
mising him that being-arrived the night, he would
[favour [would have favoured] his escape.

Pass few instants, and behold there is brought [to
be conducted] to the palace of that gentleman the
corpse of his dead [ewtinct] son. What horror®! what
dismay?! The indications that are given to him permit
him not to doubt that the very [precisely the] Spaniard,
to whom he has promised safety, is the homicide.
The most unhappy father retires into his room, refuses
to see any one [to will to see whomever], and abandons
himself, until night, in prey to two opposite affections,
to the grief of having lost a son and to the impulse
to avenge his death. But that which presents itself at
last more vividly to the mind [spirit], is the given
word to save the homicide, and this sentiment of ho-
nour triumphs in that great soul over all the others.

He descends intrepid therefore into the garden, opens

with his own hand the door of the closet, commands
the Spaniard to follow him, guides him to the stable®,
makes him mount on one of his best steeds® and says
to him: “The young-man whom thou killedst is my
son; but I have given thee word to save thee: gol;
I leave to God the care to avenge me.”

lsi avvenne. 2avvedimento, nel. 3vi si arrampico. %viale.
5patrocinio. Siaccapriccio. 7sbigottimento. ®scuderia. °destrieri.
Ovattene.
3 Arrampicarsi is from the same root as our rampani. °Racca-
pricciare = to stand on end. — “His hair stood on end with horror
= raccapriccio”. The Fr. écurie: — from scudo, shield. °A noble
term. The Fr. va ten.

71. Virtue HAS TRIUMPHED OVER! SEX.

Groaning under a tyrannical yoke the Athenians,
they determined to shake it off and to liberate their
country from the oppressor. In the number of the
conspirators there was also a woman, by name Lezna,
of which was informed the tyrant when he came to
discover the first threads of this plot. He trusting
to obtain his end through her [Confiding he in the]
womanly? weakness, she was amongst the first arrested,
nor was there any kind of torments to which the cruel
one did not subject her whereby to wring from her
mouth the name of the accomplices and the web of
the conspiracy. She sustained the #7ia/® with the most
heroic constancy: but since with her strength she felt
fail her courage, assailed by the dread [uneasiness] of
being able to betray, in the excess of her pains, the
secret, she came to the cruel* resolution to lop with
her teeth her tongue, to render herself impotent to
speak. When the Athenians succeeded® in shaking
off the yoke, it was their first care [altention] to erect
to this heroine a statue, representing her under the
form of a lioness, and on the pedestal that supported
it they placed the inscription: Virtue has triumphed
over sex. See how the secret kept® by woman re-
ceived, up? to those days, the celebrity of a® prodigy!
139

1 8del.  2muliebre. 3cimento. *cruda. Sagli Ateniesi
riusci. ®custodito. 7riscuotesse, sino.

3More literally conflict. “Sometimes better rendered harsh,
hard. Celebrity belongs to a prodigy as such, and always; there-
fore prodigio is here a common noun used in a general sense, and
takes the def. art.

72. ArTiFicE TO OBLIGE A THIEF TO RESTITUTION.

Alphonso king of Arragon, accompanied by several
courtiers, entered into shop of a jeweller, desirous! to
examine a collection of diamonds. Scarcely had the
King gone out when® the merchant overtook him and
softly made him aware [participator] that he had
[to him was] in that moment missed* a jewel of the
highest value. Some reasons moved the King to be
not altogether® casy about the probity of one of the
retinue®; but that was not the circumstance to act
according lo the? tenor of his suspicions: one had to®
keep secret the thief, if indeed there was one, and
oblige him nevertheless to restitution. He resolved
therefore to return into the shop with all his suite,
and having entered [entered that he was], he comman-
ded the merchant to place in the midst a great vase
full of bran®. He ordered then all the bystanders to
bury in it, the one after the other, the closed hand
and to withdraw it thence open. The ceremony being-
finished, the bran was overturned upon a table and the
diamond was found.

lbramoso. 2uscitone appena il re. 3sommessamente. “man-
cata. Saffatto. ®comitiva. 7a. ®doveasi. ®crusca.
140

73. Toe FEMALE WHO KNOWS TO KEEP SILENCE.

One night, at Venice, in the depth of winter, the
parish priest? of St. Moses, a man more than septua-
genarian, was about Zo go to bed®; when the woman
who served him, in the act of putting down* on the
ground the warmingpan, saw underneath a pair of legs
of man in ambush to seize® the opportune moment to
commit some crime. Who would not, at this discovery,
have uttered a cry? And yet the woman, against the
disposition of her sex, capable of bridling the tongue,
gave not the least indication of what she had seen;
she took the light, and having-wished? good night to
her master, shut him into the chamber.

Having-done this, she descended the staircase, and
having-drawn the cord® of a bell that passed through
a room, she feigned that in the street one rang to des-
peration. She opened the window, and, having-simu-
lated a rapid dialogue, ran with the light anew to the
door of her master, opened it and warned Lim that
he must hastily dress himself, because there was in
peril of death a person, of whom she told the name,
who implored his assistance.

The parish priest, waited on by the maid®, re-dressed
himself, and both went out of the chamber, into
which she, having-turned1® the key, shut the culprit.

It was then that she revealed to her master the
secret. They sent at once for the civic guard, who
seized the delinquent in the fact. — The Athenians
would have immortalized? with a statue the masculine
and ready-witted*® silence of this woman.
141

1di fitto verno. 2parroco. 3coricarsi. “deporre. ®cogliere.
Sgettato. Taugurata. filo.  ®servito dalla fantesca. Ogirata.
11arcano. !2eternato. !3maschile ed arguto.

1Fjtto is from figgere, to infix. Used with regard to the
seasons, it means the height of summer, the depth of winter.
3Fr. se coucher. SFr. pousser un cri. Indeed the Eng. wutler
(a form of outer) is properly = to throw out, give owlward
expression to. °Fantesca, fem. of fante.

74. Toma Kine or tse Gorms.

Who knows not the humane and generous action
of the great Henry, who blockading straitly Paris,
having heard what a multitude of peaceable citizens
found themselves exposed to cruel famine, commanded
that victuals should be by stealth introduced into the
place, although it was his enemy [although enemy) ?
But not equally well' known is the trait of singular
humanity used by Totila, when he constrained Naples,
by him besieged, to surrender itself at last through
famine. He foresaw that, opened wide? the gates, the
famished?® vanquished would have eagerly thrown*
themselves on the provisions already prepared, and that
the greediness®, by loading of too much the stomach
exhausted® of strength, would have cost to many their
life. He had them therefore shut again, and had in-
troduced into the city successive portions of food easy
of digestion [easy food], defended by guards, the which
food was to be distributed to each with frugal” hand,
then gradually increased in the quality and in the dose:
whence it happened [came] that, the powers® being-
restored without danger, the greater number acknow-
142
ledged their life to be owing to [from] this paternal
attention of the victor.

A

Ldel pari. 2spalancate.  3famelici. “%avidamente lanciati.
Singordigia. °®sfinito. 7 parca. ®forze.

2From palanca, a pale. 3From fame.

me

75. Tue ueroic PHILANTHROPY.

The ground floor of a house of the city of Auch
was in prey to the flames, when? the people ran to
extinguish the conflagration, accompanied by their bishop,
Mgr Dampetion, who animated them to the work. When
at a window of the first floor shewed herself suddenly?
a mother who held in her arms an infant, and who
with tears and with cries implored succour: the flames
were about to devour her.

There was put up against the* wall a ladder, but
it was necessary that some one should mount to the
top®, in order to protect the descent of these unhappy-
ones. The bishop proposed a recompense to whoever
might have the courage to reach {o them a hand, but
no one [nor any one] presented himself, and the peril
grew meanwhile. He offered a prize still greater, nor
was for this listened to; he went so far as [arrived
even] to promise an annual pension of a thousand
livres, and none dared venture. “I will go then my-
self,” exclaimed this rare prelate, and this said® mounts
the ladder which the flame threatens to catch [kindle].
Arrived at the height of the window, Heaven blesses’
his efforts; it seems that the fire respects his merciful?
143

intention : he descends happily with the two victims
snatched from the devouring flames.

And not less worthy of admiration is that which
happened at Nancy in the year 1776. — The con-
flagration was so much the more [earful in that® a
most violent wind increased extremely its activity, and
the houses were almost all of wood. Whirlwinds® of
smoke, of embers1®, of lighted soot'' were rising to
the sky, the angry flames burst forth on'2 every side;
here and there fell int the roofs, a general downfall
was [feared to be imminent [was feared imminent a
general downfall]'*; nor to anything else now [more]
tended the labours than to impede the progress [pro-
gresses] of the devastating® fire.

Amid the howls of despair, the groans of avarice,
the tumults of rapine, the efforts of beneficence, a
woman by the august character of her grief drew
to herself the gaze [looks] of the multitude, and this
was a mother who, én [on] the street, on her knees,
with her hands upturned to heaven, with her eyes
immovable on the flames, called help!” for two infants,
in an instant in which fright had surprised her tender-
ness abandoned by her in the room of a fourth floor,
towards which the flames were advancing boldly.

A danger that affrighted the most intrepid rendered
barren the pity awakened® in each by this miserable
woman. But to her come forward'® two grenadiers
of the royal regiment-who, raising her from the ground,
ask her about? the internal structure of that house.
Scarcely has she pronounced a few words, with incon-
ceivable intrepidity they push forward?! between flame
and flame, a cloud of smoke snatches them from the
eyes of all, and having-passed some moments, a part
of that house falls headlong?®. At the noise? of the
fall, the terrified mother loses her last hope, and falls
to earth swooning [swooned).

Leaping from beam to beam that burns, behold
reappear the two grenadiers: they bear lighted here
and there the skirts2* of their clothes, their hair is
already in ashes, scorched ?® their face and their hands;
but their soul is all rapt by the sublimity of the action
which they have performed; and the one and the
other has in his arms an infant which they give again 2°
to the maternal bosom. The woman gradually recovers
[goes resuming] the use of her senses and clasps the
pledges of her love, amid the acclamations of the
people astonished or affected®?, and the crash?® of the
house which completely falls in [ finishes to shake)].2®

1 piano terreno. 2 allorché. 3si scopri improvvisamente.

4yenne appoggiata al. Ssommitd. - ®cio defto. 7pietosa. tanto
D>
pit spaventevole quanto che. ®vortici. 1° brage. !!fuliggine
accesa. !2sbucavano per. '3si sprofondavamo. %crollo. %deva-
statore. °rivolte. !7gridava aiuto. '®destata. 1°le si affacciano.
20]Ja ricercano intorno. 2!s’innoltrano. 22precipita. 23 fragore.
°

24]embi. 2%inceneriti, abbrustolati. 2% ridonano.  27intenerito.
28scroscio. 2%termina di crollare.

SIn this expression always cid, not questo. Cid is the proper
demonstrative pronoun when the antecedent is a clause. 7Merciful
is also misericordioso; but this is chiefly used of mercy shewn to
a culprit, and even then clemente is often preferred. 25Note that
you here use an adj. and one which has the termination of a noun;
not, as you might have expected, a present participle or verbal ad-
jective. 17An idiomatic form. 8Syegliare is not used in a figu-
rative sense. 23A more noble term than rumore, and somewhat
stronger.
145

76. THE NOBLE AND COMPASSIONATE BUTCHER.

Being-dead at Berlin the merchant Kruger, a man
of signal probity and of poor fortunes, he left his
widow with four children, masters indeed! of the house
by them inhabited, but necessarily constrained to offer
it for [expose it to] sale to satisfy the rights of the
creditors.

George Ernest Teichmann, a butcher by profession,
but a person of excellent heart, contrived [went medita-
ting) a project by which the widow and the little
orphans should not be deprived of a habitation. He
took counsel? on this head [article] with his wife, of
a soul as beneficent as his, and they resolved together
that, the house being-put to auction, they would be
the buyers, to do afterwards to the family Kruger all
the good they possibly could [that good which ben by
them could-be]3.

The good George succeeded in making the purchase
[acquisition] of it for only four thousand two hundred
and twentyfive crowns*, while it was worth much
more. Highly pleased with what he had effected?
he repaired to the widow and held to her this dis-
course: “Madam, I am the buyer of this house, but
you must stay in it. You will not have any other
charge® except that of paying me the ordinary interest
[profit] of the sum disbursed, and this also will serve
to extinguish the four hundred crowns owed me by
your husband. Meanwhile you and I will seek a new
buyer who may purchase this habitation for that which
it is worth really, and all the overplus which we shall
succeed in obtaining”, beyond my capital, will be solely 8
for you.”

10
146

Thus in fact it happened. An innkeeper considering
it very suitable for an inn [having-found it very oppor-
tune to make of it inn), applied [turned himself] to the
butcher to make the purchase. “Repair,” he answered,
“to the widow Kruger and treat with her: I have no
claim [cannot claim]® on that house except the sum
that I disbursed: all that which you will give her
more, is of her right1°.” The contract was concluded
with Mrs. Kruger for six thousand five hundred crowns,
by which she in fact obtained [came to obtain] a gift,
beyond the remainder, of two thousand two hundred
and seventyfive crowns from the compassionate and
noble soul of a butcher.

lbensi. 2consigliossi.  3si potesse. “scudi. >l'operato.
6carico. "ne verra fatto di conseguire. ®unicamente. °pretendere.
10 ragione.

As in French. 1°This word often means right.

77. Tre SuLTAN SALADIN.

Beneficence, to speak properly, is every gift that,
in distinction [rom acts of mere humanity [to difference
from the humane acts], is least [less] expected! from
him who does it, and least sought by him who receives
it. Who would say that a Sultan of Syria and of
Egypt, a mussubman?® prince, warlike and a conqueror,
was, for his rectitude and beneficence, bewailed, when
he died, by the Christians themselves? And yet such

“was Saladin, whose sentiments are a forcible? reproof
to several of us who vaunt ourselves to profess a reli-
147

gion of love. Arrived at his last illness, in place of
the standard which before fluttered* over his door, he
caused to be spread the cloth in which was to be
wrapped his corpse, and ordered that beside it a herald
should cry: “Behold all that which Saladin, subduer
of the East, carries with him of the conquests achieved
[made conguests].” He willed too? by his testament
that there should be lavished most copious alms, but
however distributed in equal portions, as much to the
poor Mussulmans as to the Christians and to the Jews,
leaving written these golden® words; “All men are
brothers, and when assisting them is in question®, one
must not*° inform oneself of that which they believe,
but of that which they suffer.”

1atteso. 2 musulmano. 3 forte. #sventolava. 5 spiegare.
Saccanto. 7poi. %auree. °si tratta di. °non hisogna.

4From vento. S5Literally Zo unfold. The root? 0

 

78. ADMIRABLE ACCORD BETWEEN DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE.

The celebrated Gessner, professor of moral philo-
sophy [morality] at Leipsic, applied himself in one of
his lectures [made himself in a lesson] to treat of the
right which the unfortunate have to the general com-
passion and beneficence; and this man, endowed with
delicate fancy and with exquisite sentiment, knew in
such wise to colour his picture, that he wrung tears
from the eyes of several of his hearers.

One of them, moved to curiosity to know if the

actions of the professor were in harmony with the
10*
148

 

preachings, disguised [masked] himself as a gentleman
beggar, and, having-presented himself in the room,
simulating an air of sadness and of shyness, set forth
[ewposed to him] his deplorable circumstances and the
pressing [strait] need that he had of sixty livres to
pay at once a debt, without which he would be arrested
[would have been made prisoner).

“This is precisely all my substance,” answered
Gessner; “I am however fortunate if with so scanty a
sum I can so much benefit you.” He went to fetch
this money and consigned it to the suppliant, who
thanking him, promised him to restore it at the end of*
one month. “Do not incommode yourself, no, my
dear,” said the professor; “although I be poor” (and
he was so in fact, as he was so always, ‘nevertheless
I will wait as long as [as much as] shall please you:
go; God give you better fate.”

The young man then knelt down, and kissing his
hand repeatedly ®, craved of him pardon for the expe-
riment to which he had willed to subject his virtue.

“And how ever,” said Gessner, embracing him
with transport, “could you doubt of my énclination* to
assist the unhappy? Suppose you me one insensible to
pleasure? and is there perhaps in the world a pleasure
more vivid than that of doing good to one’s fellow.
creatures? It is as necessary to my soul as is food to
my body; and believe me, my friend, that if’ I could
no longer succour the unfortunate, this my want not
satisfied would bring me to death.”

Give me all the rich with the heart of M. Gessner,
and then know how to tell me what the world will
become.
149
Iritrosia. 2in capo ad. 3a piu riprese. “propensione.

3Fr. a plusieurs reprises.

79. Tur BENEFICENT MISER.

The commissioners charged to make a collection in
London, for the hospital of Bedlam, presented them-
selves at the door of a house that was ajarl. They
opened it softly, and whilst they found themselves at

the foot of the staircase, they heard the voice of an.

old-man angry? with his maidservant, because, after
having [she] used a match?® to kindle the fire, she had
stupidly * thrown away the rest, when she might instead
have replaced it for another occasion.

After a good laugh® between themselves on the
importance of this subject of anger, they, rather through
curiosity to know this original than because they flat
tered themselves they should obtain anything [through
flattery of obtaining® something] mounted the staircase
and presented themselves to the old man, to whom they
exposed the cause [argument] of their visit. The latter,
without either welcoming them, or dismissing them,
having-pronounced an “I have heard,” turned Ais back
on them [to them his shoulders)”. They stood awhile®
to look the one at the other and to smile; but when
they were already on the point of going away, reap-
peared the churl® and counted to them four hundred
guineas for [to] the charitable object.

Struck by such unexpected generosity, they did
not succeed in [fully dissembling their amazement;
which © he having-perceived, asked them of the motive,

Grerceon
150

and the commissioners ingenuously confessed to him
that they knew not how to reconcile [not to know to
accord] the quantity of the offering with the affair of
the match, heard by them by accident while [in the]
mounting the staircase. “Sirs,” he answered them
abruptly, “I have my mode of saving and my mode
of spending; the one feeds! the other, and they are
both to my taste. In matter of beneficence, count
always on those who use matches twice.” The saying
this and the shutting the door of the room in [on]
their face was the same thing. Let us pardon inci-
vility to one who makes alms of four hundred guineas
at a time.

1socchiusa. 2incollerito. 3adoperato un solfanello. “balor-
damente. °una risata. C®buscar. ®alquanto. °burbero. *¢del
che. 'alimenta.

2From what noun? '3Solfanello, from solfo, sulphur. ?In
this and many other idiomatic and familiar expressions, spalle is
the equivalent to back.

80. XENOCRATES.

Alexander the Macedonian had in so much consi-
deration Xenocrates, that he sent to him deputies with
the gift of fifty talents, a sum which surpassed the
fifty thousand crowns of our money. On their arrival
[Being-arrived they] at the house of the philosopher,
he invited them to supper, which was as frugal as they
ought to have expected [if] from a professor of the
most austere morality. The day after they interrogated
him where they were [had] to deposit the talents:
151

“The supper of yesterday,” answered Xenocrates, “ought
to have shewn [instructed] you that I have no need of
money. You will return it* therefore to your master,
warning him that he is bound [obliged] to maintain
many more people than I.” They insisted however in
order that he should avail himself [should will to profit]
of a portion at least of that money: “If you wish thus,”
added the philosopher, “in sign of gratitude 1 will
accept thirty mine2” He took the value of fifteen of
our livres, and dismissed them with the remainder.

1lo rimetterete. 2mine.

81. THE MERITED RECOMPENSE DIVERTED TO ANOTHER.

In 1707, the squadrons of M. M. Forbin and
Duguay - Trouin joined each other, gave [presented]
battle to the English and remained victors. The last,
always equal to himself, did prodigies of valour.
Louis XIV, who was constantly bestowing benefits on
him [ceased not to benefit him]? having-heard of this
victory, assigned to him a pension of a thousand livres.
Duguay-Trouin wrote to the minister, supplicating him
to be so kind as to [will to] interest himself with the
Sovereign to the end that he should be pleased to
turn this benefit to favour of M. Saint-Huban, tke
next in command to him [his captain in second], who
had remained wounded in the combat, and who had
much more need than he of succour, assuring him that
he thought himself even too much recompensed if he
could procure advantages to his officers. The minister
152 .

respected his desire, and the captain oblained® the
pension in place to the commander.

1riyolta ad altri. 2beneficarlo. 3consegui.

270 benefit is often, as we have seen, giovare; beneficare is a
synonymous term, but less general in its use, and chiefly employed
when the benefit is a gift. 3Not buscd, which would imply that
the captain had made efforts to obtain it.

82. Tur Mistake oF A CrerER?!.

At Rome, a woman, whose poverty was in part
compensated by the consolation of possessing a daughter
embellished by those modest graces which are indications
of natural wisdom? presented herself with this young
woman to the Cardinal Farnese, and with a piteous?
air narrated to him how she was about to be ousted?
from a corner? which she rented® in the house of a
rich person, through not being able to pay him a
balance? of five crowns. The Cardinal wrote a note,
and consigned it to the suppliant, nstructing® her to
present it to his steward. The latter, having read it
[read that he had it], counted to her at once fifty
crowns. “Sir,” said the woman, “His Eminence has
certainly made the mistake [mistaken] of a nought,
because I have asked of him but five crowns, and he
through error must have [will have] written fifty.”
As she refused on any terms [Refusing she at every
condition]? to receive this sum, the agent found him-
self constrained to present himself to his master whereby
to have an elucidation on this matter [such article].
153

The Cardinal took back the note: “It is true,” he said,
“I have precisely made the mistake of a nought, and
the honesty of that poor woman manifests it to me.”
He added a nought to the fifty, and ordered that five
hundred crowns should be counted to her.

© zero. 2saggezza. 3compassionevole. “%scacciata. ®angolo.
Steneva a pigione. 7avanzo. Savvertendola. °patto.

2 The Fr. sagesse, wise and right conduct. ° Literally, covenant,
agreement.

83. Tue Amexpmentl.

A private person lived tranquilly with his family
on [in] a little farm of which the moderate income
being every year absorbed by the indispensable expen-
ses, nothing remained over [there did not remain over
to him] wherewith? to improve the land [lands].
M. Sabz, his friend, offered himself, to this effect, to
assist him with a loan, payable at [in] three diverse
times. Being-received® willingly the offer, the most
grateful debtor made three payables* to M. Sabz.

The profit [fruit] not corresponding to the sum
employed in the improvements, it followed thence®
that the debtor, at the epoch of the two first fallings-
due, found himself much embarrassed; nevertheless,
straitening himself to the utmost”, he met [satisfied)
both. In all this tract of time the two persons con-
tinued to be intimate friends; but being-arrived the
day of withdrawing the third note of hand?, the debtor
perceived himself to be in absolute powerlessness to do
154

it, wherefore, instead of having recourse to ruinous
means, depending [leaning] on the cordial friendship
that between them subsisted, and considering the spon-
taneity of the offer and the failure [uselessness] of its
effect, having-overcome every repugnance, he revealed
to M. Sabz his circumstances, and prayed him for a
delay. The request was granted him, rudely ® however
and with certain muttered hints [maimed words]o,
from which it seemed that the creditor accused the
other of culpable carelessness.

The latter, stung by such unexpected demeanour1i,
sought at every cost money, and obtained it12. The
moment it was [Scarcely was it] in his power, he
sent it to M. Sabz, notifying to him to restore to him
the last of his bonds®. It is easy to foresee that,

after this step, he who reputed himself offended con-

sidered himself dispensed [supposed to be dispensed)
from every attention® towards the other; and behold
two old [ancient] friends break off every correspondence,
and have nothing more i [of] common between them.

In such a state of things, it was not long before
M. Sabz perceived himself to be in the wrong [delayed
not M. Sabz to know his own wrong], and thought
seriously about the mode of repairing it. So many
were his secret researches, till he attained** to discover
the person who had lent the money to the offended.
He repaired to him, paid him entirely, had back from
him the bond8, and prayed him to conceal the wholed
from his debtor until he should present himself to pay
[satisfy] him.

Being-passed five months, went the latter to extin-
guish the debt, and received for [had in] answer:
“You long ago ceased, Sir, to owe me It is from
: 155

much time, O Sir, that you owe not to me more] any-
thing; M. Sabz has already paid me for you.”

What a revolution at such words in the spirit of
the debtor! Laying aside every other feeling [Being-
abandoned whatsoever regard], he flew to his friend,
testified to him his lively gratitude and presented to
him the money. The latter, at the summit! of his
desires in again seeing him appeased!?, embraced him,
they kissed each other, nor would he receive that sum,
asserting it [saying] to be a just thing that he should
bear the penalty of his churlish conduci'®, and himself
to be too happy a man [to hold himself for too for-
tunate] if he could reunite at that price knots so
dear to his heart. But the friend showed himself
resolved not to will to receive the gift, and here sprang
up a new contest, very different however from the first,
which was settled [composed] by the unanimous assent
that that money should pass to the daughter of the
debtor, and should serve to augment her dowry. h )

Iravvedimento. 2di che. 2accolta. 4pagheré. 5ne avvenne,
Sscadenze. 7ristringendosi possibilmente. ®chirografo. °sgarba-
tamente. 1°tronche parole. !!contegno. !2ne rinvenne. 3 officio-
sith. 14giunse. 1%occultare il tutto. 1°colmo. !7placato. 18inur-
bano procedere.

1The idea conveyed by ravvedimento is, coming to see things

in a truer light. ®Scadere = to expire = to fall due. 8Precisely
our nole of hand; the Ital. is derived from the Greek. Garbo
(whence garbato, sgarbato &c.) is pretty nearly our grace. “Fatelo
con garbo, con bel garbo = do it gracefully, delicately. — Vedrete
che lo fara con mal garbo, = you will see he will do it with an
ill grace. — Che garbo é questo? = What way of behaving is this?”
10Troncare = to cut short = truncate. *From the same root
o as our officious, which is always used in a bad sense; whereas
156 :

 

officioso = ready with good offices = obliging. ®*We have the
adj. occult, and the moun occuliation, but not the verb. "We
- have the adj. placable. 8 Urbano = urbane, from the Latin urbs,
a city; as civile = civil, is from cives, a citizen. The idea in
both is of course the greater refinement and courtesy practised in
the social life of cities.

84. Tur coop Porter or MivLax.

In the year 1779, a porter, at Milan, found by
chance a bag in which were two hundred crowns, and
had bills posted up [made affix the advertisements of
it] through the city. The proprietor of it appeared,
who, having described it [given of it the marks] had
back immediately his crowns, from whose number he
took! twenty and offered them in recompense to the
porter. The latter refused them in such wise that
he made the owner of the bag suspect [doubt]? that to
be perhaps too mean an offer; wherefore he carried it
even to [the] thirty. Having had a repulse yet more
resolute, he comprehended at last that the worthy man
did not want recompense, at the which provoked? he
threw the bag on the ground saying: “If you hinder
me from showing you my gratitude, I have not lost
anything, and the bag will remain here.” It was then
that the good porter made up his mind [determined] to
take five crowns, saying he would take [to carry] them
at once as a [in] gift to a poor family, of which, for
greater security, he revealed also the name.

tolse. 3indispettito. “palesd. . Ao

2 Dubitare is frequently = to suspect, to fear. 3 From
dispetto (Fr. dépit). FA
157

85. Tue Her tarovcE CoMPASSION.

The celebrated M. de la Martiniére, head [first]
surgeon of Louis XVI, by the exercise of his profes-
sion became so rich [enriched in such wise], that, dying
intestate, he left an inheritance of a million and half
of livres. No one presenting himself as the legal |in
quality of necessary] -heir, the money and the movea-
bles were consigned in deposit to a notary, charged
to search if there were any person who had a right to
the inheritance [such succession).

The advertisements of it having-been caused to be
printed in the public paperst, four peasants presented
themselves, and placed under the eye of the notary
the titles on which they founded their pretensions.
He, having first made? a mature examination, decided
that three of them had a right to the inheritance; but
a fourth, through being more distant in relationship?
by one grade, could not aspire to it. This poor man,
disappointed in his hope [Being-remained disappointed
in his hope this unhappy], deplored his own fate and
the expenses incurred [met] for the long journey. If
before, not flattered by hopes of a* possible change,
he suffered patiently a condition to which he was
accustomed’, this became to him then insupportable;
and comparing the state to which he saw the others
raised with the indigence to which he found himself
condemned, his life became a burden to him [turned
out to him heavy and tormenting the life]. But as he
could not complain of injustice committed to his hurt,
so all the signs of his regret® reduced themselves to
tears.

Z
158

The three companions were [remained] deeply”
moved : compassion imposed silence on self-interest [to
anterest] in their heart and spoke eloquently in® favour
of that unfortunate. They took then® the resolution
not to let him depart in such adness1®, and council
held between them, they determined to give him a share!
of the inheritance. When they heard from the notary
that even from that moment nothing opposed itself to
the execution of their project, they ceded to him a
hundred and sixty thousand livres, and excused them-
selves to [with] him for not being able to do more,
alleging as their [in] motive the succour that they
must lend to other poor [mean]? persons, to whom
also they were bound with the ties of blood.

lessendosene fatti stampare gli ayvisi su’ fogli pubblici.
Zpremesso. 3parentela. “lusingato da. ®avvezzo. ®rincrescimento.
Tal sommo. S®perord a. °quindi. Ocontristamento. !metterlo
a parte. 2meschine.

LI Newspapers and broad sheets are fogli, not carte. %Avvezzo,
adj.; avvezzato, part. Why is the adj. right here? °From tristo.
12 This adj. does not here imply contempt: it is simply = of mean
or low estate.

86. Tue Viscount pe Turexne.

It suffices not to do good, but it is necessary like-
wise to know how to do it. Gifts lavished indiscrimi-
nately [Profusions, shed indistinctly] may [can] even
feed vice and idleness! to the hurt of the helpless poor
and of society at large [all the sociely]: one may?
benefit through ostentation, one may publish® the
159

benefit, exalt its worth, do it rudely, accompanied by
stinging and mortifying words, an account of [for] which
an unhappy one may blush, be saddened, be irritated
to see himself constrained by want to receive the gift.
A beautiful thing is giving and hiding the hand, and
more beautiful yet behaving oneself in such wise that
the benefactor seem on the contrary the benefited: one
cannot do good with greater delicacy than this.

Few can be compared to the Marshal Viscount de
Turenne in this nobility of benefaction. Having dis-
covered [coming he to discover] that some regiment of
the army, of which he had the command, was in grave
disorder, and this not indeed* through negligence of
the captains, but through effect of the poverty into which
they were fallen, he feigned that the King had sent
him money, and instead dispensed what belonged to
himself [that of his right], to the end that in those
bodies [corps of army] order should be immediately
re-established.

He one day learned [came one day to know] that
a poor officer was almost desperate through having lost
two horses in an affwir® of arms. He sent for him
[called him to himself], and obliged him to take two
of his on condition that he said not a [should not make]
word to any one of this gift: “If you tell it,” he
added, “other officers too will come to ask some of
me, and I am not in a condition [grade] to give®
to all.”

More courteously still he bore himself with another
military-man of birth very distinguished, but poor and
very ill equipped [in harness]. The Viscount sought
80 many occasions to confer? casually with him, that
at last he succeeded in finding one. “Sir,” he said to
160

him, “I have to make a request® to you; I do indeed?
foresee that it will seem [turn out] to you somewhat
bold, I will nevertheless flatter myself that you will
not let escape you this occasion to confer an obligation
on [render to you obliged] your general. I am old
and suffer now some #nfirmities®: horses too lively tire
me. I saw you by chance one day on yours, and it
appeared to me that it would much have suited me.
Provided that the sacrifice in question be not [il treats
not, my dear, of a sacrifice] too great for you, I beg
[I am to pray] you to cede it to me, for I in exchange
will give you one of mine.” The officer answered
with a profound reverence, and having-taken his horse,
which might be worth five louis, led him at once with
his own hand to the stable of the Marshal, who the
day following sent to him instead one of his best, which
cost at least ten times more.

lpoltroneria. 2si pud. 3decantare. “gid. fatto. °Crega-
larne. 7abboccarsi. Sistanza. °acciacchi.

8This word implies urgency; as we say ‘to pray instantly,
and the Fr. “prier instamment, avec instance; faire des instances.”

’

87. Tre cexerous CREDITOR.

In London, the celebrated Garrick lent [gave on
loan] five hundred pounds sterling to a man esteemed
generally for his probity. Some time being-elapsed,
the latter found himself in danger of failing through
fault of his debtors. His luckless® situation moved his
relations and friends, who resolved one day to meet
161

[convoke themselves] to contrive [combine] the means to
draw him from embarrassment®. The news of such a
conference reached to the ears of Garrick, who in
place of availing himself of it® to secure the fate of
his own credit, folded* in a letter the security®, and
directed it to that assembly. The letter was of the
following tenor:

“It was told me, O Sirs, that today you are
gathered as good friends. Truly I also would have
wished to assist at this festival. Though [If] I have
not received of it the invitation, permit me at least Zo
have part in it as best I can®. I imagine [figure to
myself] that you will make a good dinner; and since
the cold is very great, you will light also a beautiful
fire. Accept”, I pray you, the enclosed paper which
will serve to kindle [excite] it.”

linfausta. 2trarlo d'impaccio. 3prevalersene. “ne compiego.
Scauzione. ®che ne sia a parte come meglio per me si pud.
Taggradite.

88. Bomweau axp Carrere II.

Patru, called® the Quintilian of France, was sued
at law [pressed® by the forensic acts] for a debt of
four thousand livres Zo [fowards] the Receiver General
of the finances. Not knowing by what other means to
free himself from such importunity, he determined to
sell his library. The celebrated Boileau, who was not
rich, having-heard the unhappy state of the respectable
lawyer3, presented himself to him to make its purchase,

and offered him a price greater than that which the
11
162

proprietor asked. Having-done this, he prayed him to
take care of* the books which he had bought, and in
recompense of such custody left to him the free use
of them for all his life. )

More generously still behaved towards the philoso-
pher Diderot the empress Catherine 1I. She bought
his library, and having-disbursed its price, entrusted it
to his custody, as long as he lived; nor satisfied with
this®, she assigned to him a pension in quality of her
librarian.

1 detto. 2 incalzato. 3 giureconsulto. #custodire. 5di cio
paga. °Cbibliotecario.

1Far more idiomatic than chiamato in reference to this kind
of surname. %So the guardian of a museum, &c. is called the

custode.

89. Tare NoBLE RECOMPENSE.

At Turin, a gentleman® of consideration having
suffered the most cruel blows from fortune, saw him-
self constrained to renounce that splendour with which
until that moment [ point] he had maintained his family.
In the imparting to his wife the lamentable [tearful]
state of his own affairs, he talked to her with a frank-
ness? and a good grace such as lo soften [that it
softened] in the heart of that lady the pain which
must bring to her a similar announcement. “My dear,”
he said to her, “I have dispossessed® myself of all
that which fate permitted me to possess when she was
Prion to me, and I cannot dispense myself from
163

praying you also to follow in this my example. Hence-
forward* our family must be reduced to a man-servant
and to a cook. I know that you have a maid whom
you love much, and it is on this account [for this]
that I cannot beg of you the sacrifice of her except
with my much grief; this sacrifice is however indis-
pensable, and I flatter myself that you will not refuse
it me.”

However cruel such a separation was to the lady,
nevertheless having-seen its necessity, she sought to
adapt herself to it. She sent for® the maid, and com-
municated to her her resolution, without hiding from
her how painful was this separation [detachment] to
her heart. “Madam,” answered her the young woman,
“it is known to you that I have some ability; it seems
to me impossible, if you would permit me to remain
with you, that my [little wit could not suffice me to
supply the expenses of my subsistence. Deign then
to consider me as on board”: all the time of which I
shall be able to dispose will be for you: nor do 1
expect [pretend] other guerdon®, O Madam, except the
felicity to be beside you.” Such words made weep
both, and they separated without concluding anything.

The gentleman heard the tenor of this conference.
At the end of [Being-passed] half an hour, a servant
announces to the lady that dinner is served [the table®
is already in readiness]. The master passes info the
servants’ hall*® and commands that there be placed on
~ the table a third cover’. — “Expect you some stran-

ger12?” says to him his wife. “No Madam,” responds
the gentleman: “make descend the maid.” This young-
woman is called; she descends, and the master goes up

fo hers, takes her by the hand and leads [approaches]
11%
164

her to the table: “Madam,” he says to her, ‘the no-
bility of your sentiments renders you equal to us, and
the sensibility of your heart makes you our common
friend for ever. Take place at our sidel%: hencefor-
ward* you will have none other than this.”

Providence caused [did so] that so noble and delicate
a manner of recompensing a noble [beautiful] heart
should soon [in brief] have its guerdon®. There elapsed >
not two years before this noble [egregious] family had
again all its ancient splendour.

Lcavaliere. 2disinvoltura. 3spropriato. “#d'ora innanzi, d’ora
in poi. S5fece chiamare. ®piccolo ingegno. 7in pensione. ©mer-
cede, guiderdone. °mensa. 2%in tinello. !posata. 2forestiere.
13se le fa incontro. 4fianco. 25trascorsero.

1The title given to the younger son of a noble house; cor-
responding to our “Honourable.” — In medieval language cavaliere
is of course knight; nor is there any other term to represent a
modern English knights title. Baronet is baronetto. 2Involvere

= to involve = wrap up; disinvoltura is therefore — freedom
from involved phrases = straightforward speech. 3From proprio.
5A very common idiom. — ‘Chiamate or fate chiamare il medico

= send for the physician.” 7Like the French. °Because it is a
table for a meal. From posare, = to lay the table.

90. Tae CaprAiN oF ALGIERS. .

Louis XIV, indignant a [of] the faithlessness and
the arrogance of the Algerines, commanded Duquesne
to bombard Algiers. The general gave order to the
fleet to approach, in spite of! the fire incessant and
terrible of the enemy: and when he saw it at a suita-
165

ble interval, he made fall? on the city a hail of
bombs and of balls. The enemy having in vain em-
ployed every effort to repulse this attack, in place of
suspending the defence and of proposing a capitulation,
heard only the voice of his fury, and resorted® to
such a project as could not certainly enter the head
[fall certainly into thought] except of [to] men bar-
barous and inhuman. These people invented the plan*
to attach to the mouth of all their cannons a French
slave, in such a way® that the fleet of the besiegers
was not so much by the balls hit, as by the torn®
limbs of their deplorable compatriots.

In such moments of horror it happened that an
Algerine captain, who had been prisoner in France for
some time and had received there a most humane
reception”, recognised, among the victims destined to
this ferocious slaughter®, an officer from whom he had
received very singular favours. He immediately inte-
rested himself most strongly in his favour [look at
once a lively interest® for him]; much he prayed and
much offered to save his life: but brutality has not
ears. Perceiving that all was useless, and that his
friend was being hung'® to the mouth of the cannon
to do him to fragments, as if transported out of*! him-
self, he threw himself on his neck, clasped him be-
tween his arms, and turning himself to the cannonier:
“Fire12” he cried: if I cannot save a benefactor of
mine, I will at least have the satisfaction of dying
with him.” The Dey, present at this act of magnani-
mous gratitude, was [remained] vividly struck with it,
and for the sake |in grace] of so heroic a resolution
granted to the captain that which he had refused to
his prayers and offers.
166

lin onta al. 2piombare. 3appigliossi. *immaginarono costoro.

5di modo. ®squarciate. 7accoglimento. ®carnificina. °impegno.

10g stava appendendo. per farlo a brani, rapito come a. !2tira.
p

10Not impiccando, which would imply strangling. !2Tirare =
far fuoco == to let off = to fire.

91. MERCY REMUNERATED.

In the Seven Years’ War, a Prussian hussar, after a
combat, encountered on the field of battle a young
officer enemy seriously wounded, who prayed him to
put an end to his sufferings by taking from him the
little life which remained to him. “No indeed [This
then nol,” answered the hussar, “God guard me from
it. I will carry thee rather to the hospital, where thou
canst perhaps be cured [cure].” Thus did the good
man, and the wounded one by the end of* two months
recovered himself perfectly.

Full of gratitude towards his benefactor, whom he
“had never lost sight of?, he offered him as much as
he had to recompense him; every proffer was however
vain, as it seemed [seeming] to the good Prussian to be
recompensed enough by the mere [same] humanity of
the action. Nevertheless, to liberate himself from the
importunity of this youth who was always hovering
about him [at his shoulders], he consented at last to
accept a watch, as a memorial of that which had passed
between them.

Peace made, the regiment in which the hussar
served, was disbanded [came dissolved] ; and he found
himself without employment. Not knowing to what
167

course to resort, there came [mounted] into his head to
transfer himself into Hungary, and to exercise there
the business of breaker-in3 of horses. There he was
presented to Prince Esterhazy, who wished to have
one of them in his service. When he saw this man,
he wondered, and asked him if he had served in qua-
lity of soldier in the Seven Years’ War, and if he had
ever saved the life of some officer enemy. “Perhaps
of more than one,” answered the Prussian, and cer-
tainly of him [of that-one then certainly] who has
given me this watch.” — “I am,” resumed the Prince,
“he who has given it you; it is I who owe you my
life. God has sent you here in order that I might
[could] testify to you my gratitude.” What surprise
for that veteran! The issue was that he created him
his first equerry®, kept him always at his side; lived
familiarly with him, nor ceased through all his life to
give him the most affectionate marks of gratitude.

lin capo a. 2perduto di vista. ?2dirozzatore. “scudiere.

3From rozzo = rough, untrained.

92. Cravpe FAvre.

In the year 1619, Louis XIII assigned a pension
of two thousand francs to Claude Favre, a French
literary-man?, in order that he also might concur in
[to] the work of the Dictionary of the Royal Academy.
Before long [Passed not much that] his pension was
suspended; and he, following the ordinary lot of lize-

NY
168

rary men [persons of letters], fell into deplorable po-
verty. The Cardinal de Richelien, condescending to
the importunities® of those who spoke to him in his
favour, restored [re-established] it to him; and when
the literary-man came [repaired] to thank him for the
favour obtained, the Minister smiling said to him:
“You thus will certainly not forget in the Dictionary
the word? pension.” — “No, Monseigneur,®” answered
at once le Favre, “and much less the other, gratitude.”

© lletterato. Zistanze. 3voce. “*monsignore.

93. Tar eenious (GRATITUDE.

A distinguished personage of Paris was crossing
the Seine, between the Invalides and the Port Royal,
and in the boat which transported him was [found
herself] also a woman of the people who was making
the same passage. He, to pass the time, asked her
if she were married. — “Yes, sir,” she answered. —
“And where do you live?” he added. — “At Gros-
Caillou.” — “Whither are you bound [directed] at
present?” — “I go to the barrier of Roulle, to buy
bread.” — “Are there then no [not perhaps] vendors
of bread at Gros-Caillou, without going so far?’ —
There are plenty [right well]? of them.” — “At the
Roulle I suppose it is [it will i better, is it not true?
or cheaper?” — “Oh, no sir.” — “Why then go so
far as® there?” — “Because, before my husband had
an employment, we were miserable; the baker who
resides at present at the Roulle lived then near ust,
and had the kindness to give us bread on credit®.
169

Now we have a little property, and gratitude requires
[wills] that we buy for cash? our bread from him,
since once® he has used the charity of waiting for his
money.”

Ltragitto. 2benissimo: 3sin. “ci stava allora dappresso. *in
credenza. Sun po’ di roba. 7a contanti. ®posto che un tempo.

1Fr. trajet. SThis elision is very frequent in poco. 7Danari
contanti = ready money (in Fr. also argent comptant).

94. Tue FLORENTINE SHOEMAKER.

At Florence, a lady who belonged to a distinguished
family, sustaining for several [more] years a law-
suit® against her [one her] brother-in-law, was reduced
to such straitened fortune, that sometimes she lacked
even things of absolute [objects of first] necessity. One
day came her shoemaker to ask of her money, and she,
having to send him away empty, underwent from him?
some rudeness. While [In the act that] with fair
words she sotight to soften him, wanting to persuade
him that her creditors were much at her heart; that
ghe expected in a short time [brief] money; that he
would be [have been] amongst the first to share it,
that c¢lownish® man cast from time to time his eyes on
a hearth* that he saw extinct, although on a day very
“cold. This circumstance began to occupy him, and he
let escape him between the teeth: “The marchioness
ts not cold on [in] days of this sort [make] >!” — “Oh,
I am indeed,” she frankly® answered; “but if fuel? is
wanting, how does one to warm oneself?” The shoe-
170

maker stood awhile irresolute®: it appeared that he
wanted to say some other thing, but. that the fear of
offending the marchioness restrained him, and he took
leave.

She, the day following, perceived that two carts
had drawn up® at the house-door, and asked of the
servant-maid the reason [motive]. “Madam,” she an-
swered, “they are two carts of wood for you.” Not
believing it [lending to it faith], she sent for'® the
carters, and having-heard that they had received the
order to unload them! in her house without saying a
word, she maintained [sustained] that this was not
possible, and that certainly they had mistaken the door.
They were therefore constrained to return to the shoe-
maker's and to induce him, if he wanted to carry out
his [obtain the] intent, himself to repair to the mar-
chioness’ house. :

The poor man, extremely confused, was almost
about to throw himself at her feet. “Madam,” he said
to her,” pardon me, for pity’s sake, so great? boldness:
believe me, in truth, it is not indeed to offend you that
I have done this; but my compassion was so much
yesterday at seeing a lady of such high degree half
dead from the cold, that I have not been able to
restrain myself from executing this project. Of course
I intend not af all*® to make you a gift of this wood:
you will pay me for it together with the shoes, imme-
diately you succeed in drawing'* money; but, I pray
you, accept them . ...I am a clowns, see; but yet
I have a good heart . . .” And here began to escape
him 1% some tears.

The lady surprised and affected: “Yes, yes, my
friend,” she answered, “be easy [remain tranguil], I
171

profess to you on the contrary” very much obligation.
I buy from you this wood, and hope to pay you for
it very quickly; I reserve to myself to a better time
the pleasure of making you know how great is my
gratitude.”

Being-passed some months, the marchioness gained

the lawsuit and regained her prosperity [gave back to
prosperous state her fortune]. Mindful of the benefit,
she delayed not to write to the shoemaker the follow-
ing note:

Friend, I blush not to acknowledge you for my be-
nefactor: I will on the contrary? that all know it.
None of those who come into my house had noticed?*8
that fuel was wanting on the hearth; you alone per-
ceived it in order to diminish my straitnessesi®. 1
shall be most grateful to you so long as?° I shall have
life. Awaiting the moment to acquit [comport] myself
better towards [with] you, 1 have given meanwhile
commission to my servant?! to pay you for the fuel
and the shoes. Come to see me: I will seek to be
useful to you and to your family.

This note was authenticated by the signature, a
thing which another lady would perhaps have deemed 22
better to omit?3. The servant consigned to the shoe-
maker three hundred sequins. “Here there is certainly
a mistake,” said the good man, “since I think to be
barely ?* creditor for four.” — “The marchioness,”
answered smiling the servant, “is not used to pay less
that quality of fuel:” he had received order to an-
swer thus. ‘

The artisan presented himself at the palace to return
thanks to the lady, and to congratulate her on the?®
lawsuit which she had gained. The latter welcomed

“a
i
v

5

$
172

“him with the most lively demonstrations of gratitude,
and presented him to those who then were with her,
narrating to them with the heart strongly moved the
generous action of the poor shoemaker.

lite. 2ne riportd. 3zotico. “focolare. Sfatta. ©schietta-
mente. 7le legne. © stette alquanto sospeso. °eransi fermate.
10 fece venire a se. !lscaricarle. 2un tanto. 3mica. vi verra
fatto di riscuoter. %omaccio. 6sfuggirgli. 7anzi. 1®si era av-
veduto. 1%angustie. 20finché. 2!cameriere. 22stimato. 23sor-
passare. 2*appena. 25congratularsi con lei della.

7Legno, pl. legni, wood in general. Legna both sing. and pl.,
and legne pl, wood to burn. Legno can also be used for wood to
burn, but legna is to be preferred. !2In like manner un tant’
uomo, so great a man; un tanto poeta, so great a poet. 23Sor-
passare = sopra-passare = to pass over = to omit. 25Note this
construction.

95. Tre SOLDIER THROUGH GRATITUDE.

In the year 1762, an infant® by name Peter, who
belonged to the hospital of the foundlings? of Paris,
was consigned to a nurse® of Saint-Quentin in order
that she might nurse [nourisk] him. Arrived at the
age of five years, the pious place had him again; but
this child, to whom that sojourn turned out insuffera-
ble, found the means to flee and to return again to
his Saint-Quentin. A pastrycook, taking pity on the
misery to which he perceived him reduced in the house
of his destitute® nurse3, received him into his own,
clothed him, maintained him and taught to him his
trade. Peter grew and attached himself® to his bene-
factor in such wise that he would have given his life
for him.
173

It happened one day that a creditor of the pas-
trycook exacted of a sudden? the payment of a sum
to which, although not excessive, nevertheless the debtor
was not in a condition [grade] at once to satisfy.
To get out of [draw himself from] this perplexity, he
resolved to sell a portion of his plate®, and to this®
effect, having confided [confided that he had] to his

faithful Peter the strait [urgency] in which he found

himself, he charged him with the sale of it.

The latter, supremely sensible of the disorder of
the affairs of his beloved master, thought of [imagined]
a strange expedient whereby to remedy it1°. He begged
him to defer for a moment the execution of the adop-
ted measure, and repaired to M. de Fransure, colonel
of the royal corps of artillery, to whom he gave his
name to serve in quality of a common! soldier.

Having-drawn the price of the enlisting, he ran to
carry it to his benefactor: “Take,” he said; “I have
long desired [it is long time that I desire] to serve my
King: this money will suffice to the payment of the
debt, without that you be obliged to sell the plate.”
The master surprised and moved tried in vain to con-
strain the youth to regard as his that sum; there was
not a thing capable of moving him? from the taken
course. Being-informed of this his regiment, it charg-
ed itself with having him taught to read and to write,
at its own expenses, to the end that he might one day
become an officer. :

lbambino. Zesposti. 3balia, nutrice, “scorgea. Smendica,
¢si affeziono. 7esigesse d'improvviso. ®argenteria. ®tal. onde
porvi riparo. 'semplice. '2smuoverlo.

Le
174

12Muovere — to move in general; commuovere = to move the
heart; smuovere, here = to move the mind or will, is synonymous
with both the others, but usually implies difficulty.

96. Tue MDRCHANT ENNOBLED.

Louis XI, always greedy of information?, invited
to his table foreigners, when he flattered himself to
draw [rom them? some useful piece of knowledge®;
nor disdained he to welcome amongst this number also
some merchant who might have supplied* to him lights
concerning commerce, trusting that the freedom of
the granted table would have engaged him to speak
familiarly with him.

One of these merchants, letting his fancy become
heated® by such courtesies® of the King his lord, be-
thought Himself to crave of him letters of nobility.
Louis consented to it; but always whenever? the new
nobleman appeared in his presence, the Monarch feign-
ed not to be aware of him, and scarcely directed to
him a look. Stung to the quick by such unwonted
demeanour, the poor man could not dissemble, one
day, the lively displeasure that he experienced thereby;
of which the Sovereign having-become aware®: “Sir gentle-
man, be not surprised thereat,” he said to him: “When
I invited you to table, you were regarded by me among
the first of your order: now you are become the last
of that in which it pleased you to reckon yourself®;
and it would be doing an injury to the ancient'® nobles,
if I continued to distinguish you as before [use towards
you the distinctions which I did practise towards youl.”

’
175

1ayvido d'istruirsi. 2ritrarne. 3cognizione. %*avesse sommini-
strato, ®lasciandosi riscaldar la fantasia. °gentilezze. 7ogni qual
volta. ®fatto accorto. ®ascrivervi. 1¢anziani.

1Avido and ingordo are both greedy; but the former only can
be used in a good sense. — Istruirsi — to learn, obtain informa-
tion; una persona istruita = a well-informed person. 3From
cognoscere, an old form of conoscere; hence also cognito and in-
cognito. 4 Qualche — che, commonly takes the subjunctive. — The
idea here is that though you may invite a person from whom you
expect information, you cannot be sure that he will furnish it till
you have tried. ®Literally “having become aware by perceiving.”
10 Anziano implies seniority, and must not be confounded with

antico. \

97. Tue Rivarrms?! serweeN DEMOSTHENES AND AUSCHINES.

It was on the occasion of declaiming against Philip
the Macedonian that ZEschines made himself known,
one of the first orators whom Greece has had. The
Athenian Republic deputed him as envoy to this prince,
and the gold of Philip changed the violent declaimer
into the most mild? of men. Demosthenes his rival
accused him as one® who sacrificed to his own interest
the public weal; and ZAischines would have had to
succumb if the credit of Eubulus had not saved him.

Having-elapsed some time, it happened that the
people decreed a crown of gold to Demosthenes.
Aschines rose up* against this decree; indeed to
assure himself yet more® of bringing it to nought
[sending it to void], following the prescribed formalities,
he accused Ctesiphon, as him who had proposed such
a gift. And it was on such occassion that the two
rivals recited those discourses which would be a master-
176

piece of eloquence, if they were not debased by the
dishonourable insults which reciprocally hurled "against
each other® the orators. In this conflict [wrestling-
match]? Alschines remained overcome®, and was con-
demned to exile.

He was going out of Athens, when Demosthenes,
following [keeping behind] his steps with a purse of
money in his hand, overtook him, gave to him the
most lively marks of sincere benevolence and obliged
him to accept it. This unexpected conduct on part of
a rival® who had been by him acrimoniously perse-
cuted, made a strong impression on the spirit of the un-
happy Orator: “And how must not I deplore,” said
he then, with the tears in his eyes, “the loss of a
native-land, in which I leave an enemy so1° generous,
that it is not to be hoped! that 1 should find else-
where a friend who resembles him!”

Such sentiments towards his magnanimous compe-
titor never cancelled themselves from his spirit. Hav-
ing-established himself at Rhodes, he opened a school
of eloquence whereby to have the means of living
[of what to live], and gave beginning to his lessons by
reading the two harangues which had caused his exile.
When he had finished [Terminated that he had] his,
the hearers failed not to lavish on him praises; but
when afterwards? he finished to read that of Demo-
sthenes, they passed on to enthusiasm, and the acclama-

. tions seemed as if they would never stop [were never

ceasing] : “Ah dear friends,” exclaimed then Afischines,
more magnanimous still in this circumstance than his
rival, “what then would it have been if you had heard
it recited by his mouth?”
177

1gare. 2 mansueto. 3 quegli. %insorse. 9 vieppil. © ®si
scagliarono. 7 lotta. ® succumbente. ° per parte dun emulo.
10¢otanto. 'sperabile. 22 poi.

2 Also used of animals to signify tame. 3Quegli points out a
definite person. 4Used of moral rising up. 5A very usual expres-
sion; sometimes written vie piu. 7Er. lutte. 1The root? 2Poi
scarcely relates to time or order here; it is an expletive.

98. How oxe sHouLp?! DIE.

Phocion was such a general that Greece fortyfive
times entrusted to him her armies: he always drew
victory after [behind] his steps. Cassander, one of the
successors of Alexander the Macedonian, jealous of so
much glory, accused him in face of the people, not
being-ignorant of the art to prepossess them in [fo] his
own favour.

Phocion presents himself to the seduced assembly
with that intrepidity which the testimony of a stainless?
conscience inspires, and with that air noble and frank
which beseems a man who has rendered signal services
to his country. Scarcely however he wuncloses® his
mouth whereby to pronounce his defence, a hollow
murmur, which goes gradually growing and transforms
itself into a general tumult, makes him comprehend
what [thing] he must expect from a people inconsi-
derate, ungrateful, volatile®, corrupted by the promises
and by the gold of his enemy. For the which thing,
convinced of the inutility of all that which he could
have said in his own justification, he subsides [puts
himself] into silence, and having-seized a moment in

which the assembly has become [made itself] less tu-
12
178

multuous, not other grace he asks than a just pity
towards those who are regarded as his accomplices,
and whom it was wished to involve in his irreparable
misfortune.

Being-terminated this prayer, he was reconducted
into prison, followed by the infamous #rain? of his
accusers, and girt by a crowd of people greedy always
of this kind [quality] of spectacles. On the road there
was some one who went so far as even® to spit in his
face: nor for this was moved the hero, but limited
himself® to say only: “Is there not any among you
who will impede to this man to commit actions so
foul1® ?” oh

When he was arrived at the prison, he took intre-
pidly [intrepid] the bowl'' which contained the hem-
lock12. Before he approached it to his mouth, a friend
of his, who had never left [divided himself from] his
side, interrogated him if before dying he had anything
to communicate to his son: “If he becomes? a worthy
man,” answered Phocion, “tell him that I command
him to forget the injustice of the Athenians:” such
were his last accents.

1si debba. 2illibata. 3schiude. “cupo bisbiglio. %leggiero.
6si vorrebbero avvolti. 7 comitiva. ®vi fu chi giunse perfino.
9si ristrinse. !°turpi. !nappo. !2cicuta. !3sara.

2, 19Uged only in a moral sense. What Eng. word does turpe
suggest? 4Cupo = hollow; hence dark, deep, in colour; dull,
mullering, in sound; tacilurn, reserved, in character. A term
confined to the noble style.
179

i

99. Oxe msensiBLE To PAIN [THE INsENsiBLE] THROUGH
VIRTUE.

The philosopher Epictetus was slave Zo [of] a brutal
man by name Epaphroditus. The latter struck?! vio-
lently one of his legs; and the good man, having-turn-
ed to him placidly the eye [brow], “Mind,” he said,
“not to break it.” That inhuman man? in place of
desisting, redoubled the blow, and it was such that he
broke it. Epictetus, without giving a sign either of
anger or of pain, added: “I told you, you know3, that
you would have broken it.”

Ipercosse. 2disumano. 3vel dissi gia.

30f course gid is here an expletive.

100. Ture rorTABLE INSCRIPTION.

It is known that the great artists neglect not to
insert their own name in their works. All the revenge?
which Crates of [from] Thebes took for [of] an unjust
blow received from Nicodromus, through which his
forehead had remained bruised®, was to fasten under
the bruise a ticket® with this inscription: [Vicodro-
mus fecit®.

»

1¢ noto. 2vendetta. Pillividita. “lividura. 5cartellina. ©fece.

3 4From livido.

12%
180

PROPER NAMES.

[Such names as are not included in this list are the
as in English. ]

same in Italian

Achilles . Achille
Actium Azio
Hlius . . Elio
Zschines . . Eschine
Africanus . . Africano
Agamemnon . Agamennone
Alexander . Alessandro
Algerine . . Algerino
Algiers . Algeri
Alphonso. . Alfonso
Antioch . Antiochia
Antipater . Antipatro
Antoninus . Antonino
Ardisheer Babe- Ardochir Bade-
AN fut niei gen
Arragon . Aragona
Arsaces . Arsace
Athenais . . Atenaide
Athenian . . Ateniese
Athens . Atene
Augustus . . Augusto
Aurelius . . Aurelio
Austrian . . . Austriaco
Avignon . . . Avignone
Bastille = . . Bastiglia
Berlin . . Berlino
Bertrand . . Bertrando
Ceedicius . . Cecidio
Caesar . . Cesare
Caligula . . Caligola

 

‘Capitol

Carthaginian
Caspian
Cassander
Catherine
Chang-hi .
Charles
Charonea
Chinese
Christian .
Claudius .
Commodus
Constance

Constantinople .
. Crate

. Crinito

. Ctesifone

Crates .
Crinitus
Ctesiphon

Danube
Demaratus
Demosthenes

East Indies .
Edward
Egypt . .
Elizabeth .
England
English
Englishman .
Enguerrand .
Epaphroditus
Epictetus .
Ernest .

. Campidoglio
. Cartaginese
. Caspio

. Cassandro

. Caterina

. Cang-hi

. Carlo

. Cheronea

. Cinese, Chinese
. Cristiano

. Claudio

. Comodo

. Costanza

Costantinopoli

. Danubio

Demarato

. Demostene

. Indie orientali
. Eduardo

. Egitto

. Elisabetta

. Inghilterra

. Inglese

. Inglese

. Enguerrando
. Epafrodito

. Epitteto

Ernesto
Eubulus -. .
Europe
European
Eustace . .

Flavius it, i.
Florence .
Florentine
France
Francis
Frank .
Frederick .
Freneh i. 7%.
Frenchwoman

, Galienus .
Gascon
Gentile
George
German .
Germany .
Goth
Grecinus .
Greece
Greek .
Gustavus .

Henry... .
Heraclitus
Holland: . .
Hungary .

Indies .
Invalides .
Italy

James .
Jew
John .
Joseph
Julius .

Baffir.. ..
Lanuvium

Latin ov.
Tena. .

Eobolo
Europa
Europeo

. Eustachio

. Flavio

. Firenze

. Fiorentino
. Francia

. Francesco
. Franco

. Federico

Francese

. Francese

Galieno
Guascone

. Gentile
. Giorgio

Tedesco

. Germania
. Goto

. Grecino

. Grecia

. Greco

Gustavo

Enrico
Eraclito

. Olanda
. Ungheria

. Indie
+ Invalidi

Italia

. Giacomo

. Ebreo, Giudeo
. Giovanni

. Giuseppe

. Giulio

Cafro

. Lanuvio

Latino
Leonessa

 

181

Pont Royal + .
Portugal . .

Leipsic  . . .. Lipsia
Lille . «iets Lilla
London . Londra
Lorraine . . Lorena
Louis . .. . Luigi
Luetus ..-..'i. Lucio
Luxembourg . Lussemburgo
Macedonian . . Macedone
Meca®nas . . Mecenate
Marcus . . . Marco
Margaret . . . Margherita
Marseilles . Marsiglia
Martinique . . Martinica
Metellus . Metello
Metius . . « Mezio
Milan ..'. =. .". Milano
Montmorency * Montmorenci
Moorish . Moro
Moscow . Mosca
Moses . . Mose, Moise
Mussulman . Musulmano
Naples. . Napoli
Narbonne . . Narbona
Neapolitan . Napoletano
Nicodromus . . Nicodromo
Octavius . . Ottavio
Oliver . . .. . Oliviero
Ottoman . . . Ottomano
Palatine . Palatino
Papinianus . . Papiniano
Paris . Parigi
Parthian . . Parto
Pertinax . . Pertinace
Peter . Pietro
Petersburg . Pietroburgo
Philip . . Filippo
Philipsburg . Filisburgo
Phocion . Focione
Piedmontese . Piemontese
Ping. . ,. . Pio
1Poland . . . Polonia
Pomposianus . Pomposiano

Ponte reale |
Portogallo
Portuguese
Probus
Provence .
Prussian .
Publius
Punic .

Quaker
Quintilian

Rhodes
Rodomont
Roman
Rome .

Saladin.
Sassanid .
Saxony
Scipio .
Scotch
Seine .
Seville
Silvanus
Socrates .
Spaniard .
Spanish .
Spartan
Strasburg
Sweden

182

. Portoghese
. Probo

. Provenza

. Prussiano
. Publio

. Punico

. Quacchero
. Quintiliano

. Rodi

. Rodomonte
. Romano

. Roma

. Saladino
. Sassanide
. Sassonia
Scipione
. Scozzese
. Senna

. Siviglia

. Silvano

. Socrate

. Spagnuolo
Spagnuolo
. Spartano

. Strasburgo
. Svezia

.

Swedish
Syria . .

Tacitus
Tartar .
Teutonic .
Thebes .

Theresa ' .
Thersites .
Titus» «
Trajan. .
Turenne .
Turin .o.»
Tork.
Tuscany .

Ulpius

Valentinian
Venice | .
Verus.. .
Vespasian

Wales . .
Weser . .
William

 

Xenocrates

Theodosius .

se lel gl ently le

Svezzese
Siria

. Tacito
. Tartaro

.

.

Teutonico
Tebe
Teodosio

. Teresa

.

.

Tersite
Tito
Traiano
Turrena
Torino
Turco
Toscana

Ulpio

Valentiniano
Venezia
Vero
Vespasiano

Galles
Veser
Guglielmo

Senocrate
183

&

INDEX TO THE NOTES.

The figures refer to the pages.

A

a 102, 106, 134

abbisognare 95

abboccamento 46

abbrancare 45

accennare 124

accogliere,accoglienza
69

accollarsi 42

accomodare, accomo-
darsi 89

accorrere 106

addentare 25

additare 124

adunanza 48

affaccendati 28

affamato 77

affatto 84

affettuoso, affezionato
48

affinche 106

affrontare 79

agevole 99

aja 67

alcuni, e 113

all’ erta 70

allorche 99

alterare, alterarsi 75

angusto, angustia 131

anima, animo 110

anzi 42

anziano 133, 175

a piu riprese 149

 

I. Italian Words.

appagare 65
appartarsi 131
appendere 67
appiattarsi 70
appigliarsi 67
appoggiato 53
a precipizio 79
arbitrio 85
a rivederci 113
armata 102
armatura 69
arrampicarsi 138 °
arruolare 57
attendere, atteso 102,
108
avere a, da 99
avido 175
avocare 99
avvertire 48
avvezzo, avvezzato 158
avvocato 118

B

banchetto 62
bandire, banditore 135
baronetto 164
beneficare 152
biblioteca 102
bilancio, bilancia 131
brigata 89

buscare 152

 

Cc

calca 34
capanna 108
capitale 125
caricare 46
carnefice. 62
cassa 117
cauzione 55
cavalcare, cavalcatura
76
cavaliere 164
che 50
chi 31
chiamato 162
chirografo 155
chiudere 50
cimento 139
cio 144
civile 156
clemente 144
cognito 175
cognizione 175
cognoscere 175
colletta 133
colmo 89
colto, colto 70
comando 89
combinazione 116
comento 89
cominciare 89
commuovere 108, 174
comodo 89
compiangere 72
comune 89
confinare, confini 50
confortare 113
congedo 136
conoscere 117, 118
conseguire 152
consolare 113
contrasto, contrastare
54

contristamento 158

' convenire 38

convincere 86
convito 62
convocarsi 48
coricarsi 141
corte 77
cortile 77
costui &ec.
costumi 25
criminale 54

crudo 131

cupo 178 5
custode, custodire 162

73

D

da 35, 108, 121, 135

danari contanti 169

da poco 89

darsi bel tempo 99

deludere 65

destare 144

destriere 137

detto 162

deturpare 62

devastatore 144

dilettarsi, dilettevole 84

di lui, di lei 54

di quando in quando
133

dirozzatore 167

disagio 30

disgrazia 53

disgusto 91

disinvoltura 164

disparere 76

dispetto 32

di tempo in tempo 133

dolersi 108

184

dono, donare 62, 135
dovere 25 .
dubitare 71, 156

E

equivoco 125
esaudire 56, 118
esercito 102
esibire 72
esporre 72
essere per 42

F

fa 108

facolta 131
famelico 141
fanciullo, a 131
fante, fantesca 141
fare’ 35, 105

far chiamare 164
far fuoco 166
fare orazione 134
far vedere 105
fasto, fastoso 84, 89
fatica, faticare 42
fatto accorto 175
ferro 62

fia 67

figgere, fitto 141
foglio, fogli 158
fondamento 134
forare 105
forense 95

forse 73

fragore 144
frapporre 72
fresco 105

G

galantuomo 131
garbo, garbato 155
genitori 67
gentiluomo 34, 131
gettare un grido 141
gia 50, 179

| giovare 56, 152

 

 

giurisconsulto 118
governatrice 67
gridare aiuto 144
guaina 45

I

il, la quale 50

illibato 178

illividito 179

illudersi 65

imbandire 62

i miei 110

impegno, impegnarsi
113

impetrare 54
impiccare 67, 166
imporre 31
impugnare 89
incognito 175
indispettito 156
ingannare, ingannarsi
126
ingiuria 26
ingordo 175
innaspare 133
innoltrarsi 70
in pronto 71
insorgere 177
intenerire 108
intreccio 54
inurbano 155
involvere 164
isposa 131
istanza 160
istitutrice 67
istruirsi 175

L

la 116

lacerare 131
lagnarsi 108

lagrime 27

largo, larghissimo 83
lastra 106

lauto 79

legale 118

legare 85
legno, i, a, e 172

lesa maesta 89

libreria 102

licenza 99

licenziare, lincenziarsi
99

lingua, linguaggio 51

lividura 179

lotta 177

M

maestro 50

malagevole 99

male, malattia 110

maneggiare, maneggio
113

mansueto 177

maschio, mascolino 67

medicare 55

menomo, minimo 62

mensa 164

mercede 117

meschino 158

mezzo 46

militare 110

mischia 105

misericordioso 144

modo 30

muovere 108, 174

N

nappo 178
naspo 133
nemmeno 55
noia 79

non che 102
norma 80
notaro 118
nuocere 56
nuova 69

0

occorrere 135
occultare 155
occupare 99
officioso 155

 

ay

| onorato 133

orpello 118
ostentazione 89

P

padrone 50

pago, pagare 65, 122

palanca 142

palazzo 95

parenti 68

parere 76

parte 125

partecipare 62

partito 58, 67

patto 153

pensione 164

per 102, 106

percio 131

persuadere 86

pertanto 131

pervenire 80

pianto 27

piazza 64

pietoso 25

piombo, piombare 64

pittura 95

placare 155

plebeo 34

po’, poco 169

poi 80, 131, 177

pondo, ponderare,
ponderazione 79

popolare 85

posare, posata 164

poscia 62

possa, possibilmente 38

posto 64

pregare 134

premere 79

premura 79

prendere ad imprestito
133 !

pretendere 146
prevenire 84
prigionia 54
processo 53
procuratore 118
prode 62

 

 

prontezza 71
provocare 64
pugno, pugnale 89
puzzare 83

Q

quadro 95

qualche 32

qualche — che 175
quale 108 :
qualita 108

quando 99

quanto 80

quasi 25, 28

quegli 177

R

raccapricciare 138
rado, raro 95
ragazzo, a 131
raggiro 83 :
ragionare 116
ragione 146
ravvedimento 155
recare, recarsi 72
regalo, regalare 38
reggia 95
regnante 84
repente 96
retribuzione 84
ribrezzo 131
ricompensa 84
ricordare 67

‘| ricorrere 85

rilegare 85
rilievo 131
rinfacciare 67
ripetere 83
risanare 58
ritrarre 96
riuscire 46
roba 95
romanzesco, romantico
54
rottami 106
rozzo 102, 167
rumore 144
ruolo 57
186

S sommo 99 tragitto 169
sorpassare 172 tramandare 80

saggezza 153 soscrizione, sottoscri- | tramortito 42
salvezza 58 zione 110 trascurato 42
santo, santissimo 97 |sospeso 116 trattare 64
sapere 83, 117 sovvenimento 108 trattenersi 62
sbaglio 125 spalancare 142 travagliare 95
sbucare 121 spalle 150 tristo 84, 158
scadere 155 spiegare 147 troncare 155
sciagurata 62 sposa 131 tugurio 108
scoglio 83 spropriare 164 turpe 62, 178
scossa 27 stare 62 tuttavia 84
scostumato 25 star bene 110
scuderia 137 star fresco 105 U
sdegnoso, sdegnato 50 | stento, stentare 32
semenza 69 stracciare 131 unico 67
serraglio 77 strappare 131 urbano 156
sgarbato 155 sua vita durante 132 |urli 31
sguainato 45 supremo 99
sicurta 58 svegliare 144 : Vv
signore 131 sventolare 147
smuovere 174 valente, valere 65
snudare 64 T vattene 137
soccombere 121 ) veridico 131
soggiacere 121 talmente 48 vestire, vestirsi 57
soggiunse 56 tanto 83, 172 vieppiu 177
soldato 110 tantosto 55 virile 67
solfanello 150 terra, terreno 70 viveri 96
solfo 150 tirare 166 voler parlare di, voler
soltanto 42 traforare 105 dire 65

 

 

II. English, French and German Words.

(The French words are in italics, the German in the proper character.)

A | aller 42 aplusieursreprises149
alter 75 argent comptant 169
a 135 amusing 84 armour 69
accourut 106 ancient 133 army 102
affectionné, affectueux | animal ridden 76 as 108
48 animate, animosity 110 | as much as 80
ago 108 annoyance 79 at all 84
agreement 153 anticipate 84 attorney 118
aid 108 anxiety 79 aussitot 56

alert 70 apart 131 |aware 175
B

back 150

bail 56

balance 131
banish 85

banquet 62, 79
baronet 164
barrister 118

be needful 135
be of use 56

be on the point of 42
be worth 65
become angry 75
becoming 38
behove 38

benefit 152
bookshop 102
brimfull 89

bring 72

broder a jour 105

Cc

capital 125

careless 42

catch at 67

chest 117

chez 121

civil 156

cling to 67

clothe oneself with 57

coincidence 116

collect 133

collection 133

come down 80

come down like lead
64

come together 48

complain 108

confine 50

conflict 139

contend 108

contract, v. 131

contrivances 113

convenient 38

convict, convince 86

cottage 108

se coucher 141

 

187

coup de main 67
court, courtyard 77
covenant 153

cut short 155

D

dark in colour 178
deception 65
defiled 62

dépit, despite 32, 156
discomfort 30
discourse, v. 116
disgust 91

dismiss 99

distaste 91

dod) 50

don, v. 57

draw from 96

E

eagerness 79
écurie 138
effort 32
embroider 105
emotion 108
engage 113
ennut 79
équivoque 125
exhibit 72
expire 155

F

face to face 79
fall due 155
famished 77
fear, v. 156
fire, v. 166
fist 89

fit for little 89
flat 70

fleet 102
forensic 95
founded 135
fresh 105

 

G

gentleman 34, 131
going to 42
governess 67

grace 155

grant a prayer 56, 118
great 172

greedy 175

guardian 162

H

hand down 80

hang 67

hardship 30, 32

harsh 131

have to 99

headlong 79

hear 118

heedless 42

hesitate 116

high treason 89

hole 121

hollow 178

honourable, honoured
134

honourable (title) 164

howls 31 2

hut 108

impart 62

impose 31

imprisonment 54

incite 64

infix 141

injury 26

in order to, that 102,
106

instance 160

instantly 160

insult 26

involve 164

issue from a hole 121

it is all over 105
K
knight 164
- know, knowledge 117

L

labour 42

language 51

langue, langage 51
largess 84
lastricate 106
lawyer 118
lay the table 164
leaning against 53
learn 175
leave 99.
let alone 102
let off 166
library 102
lie down under 121
limits 50
linger 62
list 57
litter 95
loan 133
lutte 172

M

make the best of 89
master 50

mean 158

mean, v. 65
means 46
medicate 56
mélée 105

mend 89

merciful 144
mistake 125
misunderstood 125
modes 30

moeurs 25

motion 108

move 108, 174
moyen 46
muttering 178

 

narrow 131
nevertheless 84
newspaper 158
normal 80

notary 118

note of hand 155
not to speak of 102

0

obtain 152

obtain by prayer 54
occult 156

of course 50

offer 72

officious 155

omit 172

only so much 42
opinion 76
ostentation 84

P

painting 95
palace 95

pale, n. 141
parents 68

parti 58

party 89

—— in a lawsuit 125
pass over 172
pay ‘65

people 85

picture 95

pierce (drill) 105
pity 72

place 64

place between 72
ponder 79
poniard 89
pousser un cri 141
power 38, 65
prepare a meal 62
prepossess 84
present 38, 135
press 34

press, v. 79

 

preuxr 62
prévenir 84
prevent 84
pride 84, 89
prison 54
proclaim 135
property 95, 131
provoke 64
puis 62, 80

put right 89
putting the case 64
put up with 89

Q
qualities 108

R

rampant 138
readiness 71
ready money 169
reason, v. 116
recur 86

relief 131
relier 85

se rendre 72
repair 72
repeat 83
reserved 178
reward 117
ride 76

right 146
rising up 177
rock 83

roll 57

rough 102, 167
rule 80.

rustic 102

- S
sad 84
sagesse 153
salient 131
satisfied 65
savour, v. 83
scales 131
seasons 141
security 56

see in true light 155

seed, seed-plot 69

seem 76

seize with claws 45

seize with teeth 25

send for 164

seniority 175

settle 89

sheath 45

shew 105

shield 138

shivering-fit 131

shut up 50

signature 110

sit down 89

smell 83

so 48

follen 25

soul 110

squat 70

stand on end 138

stay for a time 62

straightforward speech
164

strengthening 113

subscription 110

succumb 121

sudden 96

 

189

 

suitable 38

sulphur 150
surname 162
suspect 156
suspense 116

T

table for a meal 164

taciturn 178

tame 177

tear, v. 131

things in general 95

tinsel 118

trajet 169

travailler 95

treating of 64

trial 53

tromper, se lromper
126

truncate 155

turn out 38, 46

twist and turn 83

U

unfold 147
unique 67
unmarried 131
unsheathed 45

 

untrained 167
urbane 156
utter 141

Vv

va t-en 138
victuals 96

w

warn 48

ways 30:

weave a plot 54
web 54
welcome 69

| well, well off 110

well-informed 175
who 31

wicked 84

will (choice) 85
wind, v. 133
withstand 54
wood 172
wretched 62

Y
younger son 164
190

INDEX TO RULES.

Adjective and participle, distinction between vol "5
» preferred toadverb ~~ iif. sae 0 oo... 23
Comparisonsgof equality JT aan gL UE ei OD
Definite article required . a BR Le i oH 139
” purpose, preposition to express ol Le ol GL YORE I06
Demonstrative pronoun when antecedent is a clause vo lala
Future to express a conjecture . 0 Li, GW 113
Gerund, its position . OL sn eB
Imperfect and pluperfect, Siforengd ie al DEE ae
” » preterit, » » oi os oe : 89
Infinitive after ecco po BRE ail Dl BRN Le 6
» treated nsinoun,. . LL. a ldisel nas il0

” withifare 7 ow Le gin ee 135005
Tnversions, ressongifor .. .  .  .. . . . .&, 96,102
La quale, when preferred to che BERS a
Neuter v. substituted for pass. v. Maasai Vie wl i Ba allD
Partitive article on Sil Pe SRE Re AS
Passive participle preferred to active > . ve S00
» with che and auxiliary in the pretarie + 116

Past conditional after past tense a re ee gel £108
Possessive pron. used without a noun wean al tea fr wl)
Reduplication of consonant .. ~~. . . .« . « . = 1086
Reflected v. substituted for pass. in emotional verbs se 80
Relative pron. when antecedent is a clause . . . . . 48
Subjunctive after superlative SR re EE 09D
- with qualche — che sh as arson ien Ae VTS
There, why used in Eng., not in Italian ode aly gy OB

Verb preceding nominative . . . . + +. + + . 27
Those who use this book are requested first to make
the following corrections:

PAGE. LINE. :
59 2 for Erisanato read E risanato.

72 lastbutone oftext , officer was the , officer was the.
89 - note 34 ». Hirst Hist,

102 8 » Surpose » purpose.

110 3 » else than , else than.

— mote 3 Jefore mi insert ne.

123 7 of text for might point out read might point out?
128 10 erase he.

130 14 fr. bottom , managed read managed.

147 3 , caused » caused.

151 16 fr. bottom. ,, M. M. » MM

152 2 . 10 . of

— “11 fr. bottom , her » her. :

133 2 fr. bottom , note of hand » note of hand.
158 5 , adness sadness,

159 2 , an account of . on account of.

172 11 fr. bottom afler Arrived insert that he was.
\

 
 
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