a“ 9, ,7 (56/), . T D glue: 224 9 C3 , D83 L937 ’ EART 1' 2* . , GEOHYDROLOGY OF THE ANTELOPE VALLEY AREA I CALIFORNIA *Jfiku; $2,»; _..._. , ‘ AND DESIGN FOR A ‘g’h GROUND-WATER-QUALITY ‘fi . MONITORING NETWORK N - , ‘ Wu.\ (‘ 1 US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ~ Water-Resources Investigations " " ”a? Report 84-4081 Prepared in cooperation with the, ' CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD and the CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD--LAHONTAN REGION 4*» xx" GEOHYDROLOGY OF THE ANTELOPE VALLEY AREA, CALIFORNIA, AND DESIGN FOR A GROUND-WATER-QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK By Lowell F. W. Duell, Jr. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Z/Yater-Resources Investigations Report 84-4081 Prepared in cooperation with the CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD and the CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD--LAHONTAN REGION 7212—27 Sacramento, California 1987 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey . Federal Building, Room W-2234 28OO Cottage Way Sacramento, CA 95825 Copies of this report may be purchased from: ' U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open—File Reports Section Box 25425 Building 810, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Abstract-- Introduction ------ Purpose and scope Approach CONTENTS Previous investigations and acknowledgments - Well-numbering system -- -—- Description of the study area ‘ --— - Location and general features Climate ——-- Geohydrology ------------------------- _-_ Consolidated rocks and their water-bearing characteristics ____________ Unconsolidated deposits and their water—bearing characteristics ------- Recharge and ground—water movement Discharge- Ground—water subdivisions Water quality Land use --------------------------------------------- Network design---- Summary and conclusions ---------------------- Selected references Plate 1. 2. 3. Figure 1. Subunits Hard—rock areas ___ ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] Map showing generalized geology and lines of geologic sections in Antelope Valley, California Map showing locations of wells of the proposed network and ground-water subdivisions in Antelope Valley, California Map showing land use in Antelope Valley, California Map showing Map showing Generalized location of study area- mean annual precipitation and location of gages---— geologic section A—A' showing water-level profiles Map showing Map showing Generalized specific capacity of wells hydrographs of selected wells- geologic section B—B' showing water-level profiles Map showing Generalized 8. C-C' depth to water, spring 1978 geologic sections showing water-level profiles 9. D-D' Maps showing: 10. Dissolved-solids concentration, 1964—82 ------------------ 11. Water-quality diagrams, 1982 III 10 10 11 16 16 17 28 29 46 49 7O 71 Page 6 8 12 14 18 20 22 24 26 30 42 TABLES Page Table 1. Average annual discharge for selected surface-water sites -------- 12 2. Public water supply criteria 32 3. Water—quality data for selected wells 34 4. Range of values for selected dissolved chemical data from surface-water sites 46 5. Sewage disposal sites 48 6. Proposed Antelope Valley water-quality—monitoring network -------- 50 7. Assessment of network 68 CONVERSION FACTORS For readers who prefer to use International System of Units (SI) rather than inch-pound units, the conversion factors for the terms used .in this report are listed below: Multiply EX To obtain acres 0.40471 ha (hectares) acre—ft (acre—feet) .001233 hm3 (cubic hectometers) acre-ft/yr (acre—feet per .001233 hm3/a (cubic hectometers year) per annum) ft (feet) .3048 m (meters) gal (gallons) .003785 m3 (cubic meters) gal/min (gallons per minute) .003785 m3/m (cubic meters per minute) (gal/min)/ft (gallons per .01242 mz/min (meters squared per minute per foot) minute) inches 25.4 mm (millimeters) Mgal/d (million gallons 3785 m3/d (cubic meters per day) per day) mi (miles) 1.609 km (kilometers) mi2 (square miles) 2.590 km2 (square kilometers) umho/cm (micromhos per 1 uS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter) centimeter) Degree Fahrenheit is converted to degree Celsius by using the formula: (°F—32)/1.8 = temp °C Abbreviations: mg7L or MG/L milligrams per liter ug/L or UG/L micrograms per liter UMHOS micromhos per centimeter National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929): A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called mean sea level. IV GEOHYDROLOGY OF THE ANTELOPE VALLEY AREA, CALIFORNIA AND DESIGN FOR A GROUND-WATER-QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK By Lowell F. W. Duell, Jr. ABSTRACT A basinwide ideal network and an actual network were designed to identify ambient ground—water quality, trends in ground-water quality, and degree of threat from potential contamination sources in Antelope Valley, California. In general, throughout the valley ground-water quality has remained unchanged and no specific trends are apparent. The main source of ground water for the valley is generally suitable for domestic, irrigation, and most industrial uses. Water-quality data for selected constituents of some network wells and surface—water sites are presented. The ideal network of 77 sites was selected on the basis of site—specific criteria, geohydrology, and current land use (agricultural, residential, and industrial). These sites were used as a guide in the design of the actual network consisting of 44 existing wells. Actual wells are currently being monitored and were selected whenever possible because of budgetary constraints. 0f the remaining ideal sites, 20 have existing wells not part of a current water—quality network, and 13 are locations where no wells exist. The methodology used for the selection of sites, constituents monitored, and frequency of analysis will enable network users to make appropriate future ‘changes to the monitoring network. INTRODUCTION The California State Water Resources Control Board and the California Regional Water Quality Control Boards are charged by the California Water Code under the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act and by Federal regulations (including the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 [PL—92-500]) with protecting ground—water quality in California. To carry out this mandate, ground—water-quality monitoring networks are to be established in the more populated ground—water basins such as Antelope Valley. This report represents the results of phase 3 of a four—phase study. In phase 1, the level of ongoing surveillance in Antelope Valley was determined. In phase 2, a comprehensive cataloging of operational ground-water—quality monitoring networks in the valley was compiled, along with a description of the data being collected and well—construction information. Phase 1 and 2 reports were not published, but are available for inspection at the California State Water ReSources Control Board (State Board). The catalog of active ground—water—monitoring networks compiled under phase 2 was used in selecting the two networks presented in this report. Phase 4, after the suggested time period of 5 years, will consist of a detailed review of results and appropriate modifications to the monitoring network. Currently (1983), numerous governmental and private agencies have specific regional monitoring programs consistent with their objectives. The State Board's statutory responsibilities include the exchange of data and other information relating to ground water and ground—water quality among State agencies. In the interest of uniformity and consistency, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board-— Lahontan Region (Regional Board) designed a single network from the many ground-water—quality monitoring networks already in operation. The program 'began in October 1979. Twenty—one ground-water basins in California are of initial concern and are being studied in an order determined by the State Board. This report is one of seven in the first group of basins studied. The others in this first group are Coachella Valley, San Fernando Valley, Lower Mojave River valley, San Joaquin Valley, Salinas Valley, and Santa Rosa Valley basins. Wells in the phase 2 report were classified on the basis of five key items of information: (1) casing perforation interval from opening record, (2) depth of well, (3) depth and diameter of casing, (4) type of seal used, and (5) well logs. Wells are divided into four classes based on which and how many of the five key information items are available on that particular well: Class 1 — all five of the key information items are available. Class 2 - the perforated interval record is available, but any one or all of the remaining key information items may be lacking. Class 3 — the perforated interval record is lacking, but one or more of the remaining key information items are available. Class 4 — all key information items are lacking. Classes 3 and 4 are predominant in Antelope Valley. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this study was to design a water—quality—monitoring network based on a thorough knowledge of the geohydrology to enable the California State Water Resources Control Board (State Board) and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board—-Lahontan Region (Regional Board), to determine ambient ground-water quality, trends in ground-water— quality change, and degree of threat of contamination from various land-use sources in Antelope Valley. This report was done by the U.S. Geological Survey under a cooperative program with the State and Regional Boards. Management objectives, land use, hydrologic conditions, and status of wells change from year to year, and the network designed as part of this study should be reevaluated and modified every 5 years. The format used in the development of the monitoring network and the detailed geohydrology and background information will be useful to the State Board for any modification to the networks presented in this report. Previous reports published on Antelope Valley were reviewed. It was important to evaluate the water quality of the entire basin as a unit. Pro- posed network sites were selected on the basis of site—specific criteria, geohydrology, and current land use (agricultural, residential, and industrial). The proposed monitoring network is intended to provide an appraisal of ground- water quality and indicate what damage, if any, is occurring to the ground water of Antelope Valley. The scope of the project was limited to an evaluation of existing data. Well-construction information was lacking for many of the available wells, and some of the historical data may not be reliable. Any additional network design work should include use of borehole geophysical techniques to determine well—construction information. Approach The network objectives used for selecting monitoring sites in each ground-water subdivision of Antelope Valley were as follows: First was the need to determine the effect of point and nonpoint sources of contamination. The basic approach in meeting this need was to select an upgradient and downgradient site to monitor suspected plumes of known or potential pollutants and to detect long-term trends. Second was the need for establishing base line water-quality conditions (control sites), particularly in areas where these conditions are virtually unknown. Third was the need for monitoring sites where there are known water—quality problems. The most likely potential contamination sources in Antelope Valley are agricultural land use, sewage disposal sites, mining, and golf courses. Golf courses may be irrigated by sewage effluents in addition to the high levels of nitrogen fertilizers that ‘are applied frequently. In this study, three networks were developed as follows: (1) An ideal site network, designed on the basis of the geohydrology, land use, and ground—water-quality conditions of the various ground—water subdivisions in Antelope Valley. Economic factors were not considered. The ideal network, made up of key monitoring locations, was used as a guide in selecting the sites for the other two networks. (2) An ideal well network, actually part of the site network except that wells presently exist but are not being monitored by any agency. (3) An actual well network, designed with the constraint of using wells already being monitored (phase 2), evaluating the cost factor of each ground—water monitoring objective, and also considering well classification (adequate log data, active for long-term use, proper location, sampling categories and sampling frequency). These networks represent the location, sampling frequency, and suite of categories that best meet the network objectives. The reasons for the development of each of the three networks are defined as monitoring objectives. Establishing the priority of each. well or site provides a tool to delete or trim the development of the actual network. Thus, with all the information provided for the ideal network, in the event that the monitoring objectives change, a new actual network can be developed. Previous Investigations and Acknowledgments The geologic description was based mainly on previous reports by Johnson (1911); Thompson (1929); Kunkel and Dutcher (1960); Dutcher and others (1962); Moyle (1965, 1969); Koehler (1966); Bloyd (1967); and Dibblee (1967). Reports used extensively to compile descriptions of the ground-water' subdivisions include those by Dutcher and Worts (1963); Weir, Crippen, and Dutcher (1964); Bloyd (1967); Lewis and Miller (1968); Durbin (1978); and Lamb (1980). The water—quality overview included interpretation of historical records available through the U.S. Geological Survey WATSTORE (National, Water Data Storage and Retrieval System) computer system, and reports by Dutcher and Worts (1963); Bloyd (1967); Lamb (1976); Chandler (1972); Hatai (1979); and the California Department of Water Resources (1980). Two reports used in the selection of the recommended sampling categories and the frequency of monitoring were Hughes (1975), and VanDenburgh and others (1982). Appreciation is expressed to the staff of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board——Lahontan Region, especially Robert S. Dodds and Michael B. Wochnick, for their assistance and input into developing the water—quality—monitoring network. Well—Numbering System' Wells are numbered according to 11N/9W-2482S their location in the rectangular system for subdivision of public land. For example, in the well number 11N/9W-24B2S, that part of the number preceding the slash indicates the township (T. 11 N.); the number and letter following the slash indicate the range (R. 9 w.); the number following the hyphen indicates the section (sec. 24); the letter (B) following the section number indicates the 40—acre subdivision of the sec— tion; the final digit (2) is a serial number for wells in each 40-acre subdivision; and the final letter (S) indicates the San Bernardino or (M) Mount Diablo base line and meridian. The computer—tabulated well number (local identifier) in table 3 is a 14—character number in which unused spaces and the slash and hyphen are replaced with zeros. Thus, well 11N/9W—2PZS would be identified in table 3 as 011NOO9W24POZS. All the wells are either in the northwest quadrant of the San Bernardino base and meridian or in the southeast quadrant of the Mount Diablo base and meridian. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA Location and General Features Antelope Valley is in the southwestern part of the Mojave Desert region in southern California (fig. 1), in the northeastern and southeastern part of Los Angeles and Kern Counties. The basin is approximately 40 miles north of the center of Los Angeles. The valley is roughly triangular in shape, lies between the San Andreas and Garlock faults (pl. 1), and is a part of the Mojave block, a structural depression that has been downfaulted. The area is bounded on the northwest by the forested Tehachapi Mountains, which rise to an altitude of 7,981 feet, and on the southwest by the forested San Gabriel Mountains, which rise to 9,399 feet. The east boundary is a series of sparsely vegetated granitic hills and buttes in the general area of the San Bernardino County line. 119° 118° 137° 118' KERN ' EMU)“ C DUNTY SAN BERNARDINO \‘ Bake, .. COUNTY 11/ / i .—‘\\ Barstow Yerm/’-../--~/_ \\ 7:9”‘3‘7 INEWberry / Daggett ’ '7» ‘\ 1 v \ ms #401, J \\ ANGELES ' 20” \ San Bernardino /’- Los K ffi‘ , . Angeles '_® ‘4 o ~——/4" -________ 34°— \ ‘ /'—'—'_ “\ — PACIFIC coumv OCEAN k I /’ RIVERSIDE“) coumv D 10 20 3D 40 MILES 0 10 20 30 40 KILOMETERS FIGURE 1. -- Location of study area. The study area covers about 1,600 square miles. The valley floor ranges from 2,300 to 3,500 feet above sea level. The area is characterized by interior drainage in which infrequent floodflows terminate at either Rosamond Lake or Rogers Lake (dry). Gently sloping alluvial plains and fans extend into the area, as much as 15 miles from the mountains and higher slopes. The basin has been arbitrarily divided into ground-water subdivisions by faults and other structural features. The vegetation of the area consists of varieties of desert shrubs; the large species are confined to the mountains or upper slopes of the valley. The most noticeable tree-like form in the valley is the Joshua tree. Other native plants include saltbrush, mesquite trees, sagebrush, and creosote bush. Coniferous trees grow in the higher altitudes. The population of Antelope Valley is approximately 130,000. The principal communities and approximate population figures in the area are: Lancaster, 55,000; Palmdale, 18,000; Mojave, 4,000; Boron, 2,000; Rosamond, 4,000; and Edwards Air Force Base, 6,000. Principal access to the area is by California State Highways 14, 15, 18, 58, 138, and 395, as well as several other paved and unpaved roads. The major source of public drinking water for the Antelope Valley area is ground water. Another important source of drinking water (since 1972) is imported water via the California Water Project (CWP). Many private wells serve as domestic drinking water and irrigation supplies. By 1979 the Antelope Valley—East Kern Water Agency (AVEK) was receiving 70,000 acre-ft/yr from the CWP. This included 60,000 acre—ft/yr for irrigation (mostly in the area around Lancaster and to the west), and 10,000 acre-ft/yr for supplemental municipal drinking water. Climate The area is predominantly semiarid. Characteristic of the region, precipitation varies widely within its boundaries (fig. 2). Average annual precipitation on the valley floor is less than 10 inches, and in the mountain areas it is more than 12 inches (Rantz, 1969). Eighty percent of the mean annual precipitation falls in the winter months, including some snow in the higher altitudes. Summer precipitation is limited to local thunderstorms, mostly at higher altitudes. The mean summer temperature is 78°F and mean daily summer temperatures range from 63° to 93°F. The mean winter temperature is 45°F and mean daily winter temperatures range from 34° to 57°F. The principal growing season is April through October. GEOHYDROLOGY The desert areas of California consist of mountain ranges and isolated hills surrounding broad valleys underlain by alluvial deposits. Commonly, faults border the areas and transect ground-water basins to form barriers to ground—water flow. Many of these faults are concealed, but are evident by disparities in the ground-water levels on opposite sides of the faults. Faults in Antelope Valley (pl. 1) include the San Andreas fault, which strikes along the northern margin of the San Gabriel Mountains, and the Garlock fault, which trends southwest along the southeast side of the Tehachapi Mountains to its intersection with the San Andreas fault. Some of the faults have been named, such as the Cottonwood, Rosamond, Randsburg— Mojave, Neenach, and Muroc; others are unnamed. The geologic formations of Antelope Valley are divided into two main groups, the consolidated, virtually non—water—bearing rocks, and the water-bearing, mostly unconsolidated deposits. EXPLANATION BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA — 8 — LINE OF EQUAL MEAN ANNUAL PRECI PITATION— Interval variable, in inches —- — -> STREAM COURSE AND DIRECTION OF FLOW WEATHER STATIONS -- Precipitation, temperature, and evaporation Precipitation and temperature Precipitation GAGING STATI ON- Stream flow b 9&0 Base from 11.8. Geological Survey, State of California, south half T. ne°ao ‘ _, 32 1 MonoIIt ' 3, {Amy fir; 33 P‘rogz‘or [:3 1 :‘J 4N}, Willow Sp L O . f- . ‘ I: (I , i » /f l ' _ ”QT; , 7""M : ‘\ C . 2 ' .r I” ’, "" "I ‘ Fanrmont n.17 w..L.~....4.‘f£;9‘» - T9129. PM“ g} c ___ _ __,-\ N ‘x x . ’ “a __ ‘E/l:..’\ "\ l \ . . O. R- ‘5 VI. 1’. Fainhciigifies ‘ Igb “ «Kw—r} .“ 1:500,000 7 " P HQ; _ \ ., N' 0r a: X7 \ ‘3'?- R. 15 w. K ’ R1“ R. I4 VI 0 5 10 15 20 MILES I I I I I I I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS CONTOUR INTERVAL 500 FEET I NATIONAL GEDDETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 FIGURE 2.~- Mean annual precipitation and location of gages. V fflasajrnanak \ .;: (Lake-21“ \ 7*(oryi'? .- 3.:- ¢ ~ “Antelo [’23 , é “Acres ‘9 :' \ ' ' ‘ . (P 4 {13.2 ‘ \ V. f ncaster: 265' “ EJOSWUA ' 155‘s” "' i’ARK Ouartz Hill ‘ g2.zza~ 34° 30’ Hydrology modified from Rantz (1969) Consolidated Rocks and Their Water—Bearing Characteristics Consolidated rocks surround Antelope Valley and form the sides and bottom of the ground—water basin (pl. 1). Most of the recharge to Antelope Valley is derived from surface—water runoff originating as precipitation over areas underlain by consolidated rocks. They consist of igneous intrusive and meta— morphic rocks of pre-Tertiary age, and basalt, continental volcanic, and marine and continental sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age. The oldest formations are pre-Tertiary and form the basement complex. Generally, these rocks are impermeable except for joints and weathered zones that yield small quantities of water to springs. Basalt of probable Miocene to Pliocene age may yield small to moderate amounts of water locally. The volcanic rocks of Miocene age yield very little water because the material has low permeability (hydraulic conductivity) even where fractured. Consolidated sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age yield little water, if any. Unconsolidated Deposits and Their Water—Bearing Characteristics The unconsolidated deposits that underlie Antelope Valley (pl. 1) include younger and older alluvium, older fan deposits, windblown dune sand, and playa deposits. These deposits comprise the aquifers of the area. The older alluvium of Pliocene(?) and Pleistocene age is the principal aquifer and underlies most of the valley floor at depth. The older alluvium consists of compact gravel, sand, silt, and clay. These deposits are weathered, and locally the feldspar has been altered to clay. Near the hills these deposits consist predominantly of gravel, but beneath the valley area they are finer grained and better sorted. The older alluvium is porous and permeable and yields water freely, and is the most important water-bearing unit. The younger alluvium of Holocene age remains unweathered near the hills and consists predominantly of poorly sorted gravel and sand. The hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium decreases with increasing age and, consequently, with increasing depth. Presumably, the thickness of the younger alluvium is not greater than 100 feet; it is permeable and yields water where saturated. The older fan deposits of Pliocene(?) and Pleistocene age occur as isolated erosional remnants and consist of slightly consolidated fanglomerate, or unsorted boulder gravel, cobble-pebble gravel, and sand mainly from a granitic source. Where saturated, the deposits may yield small quantities of water to deep wells. Younger fan deposits of Holocene age (undifferentiated from the older fan deposits in pl. 1) are still being deposited in the area and consist of unconsolidated angular boulders, cobbles, and gravel, with small amounts of sand, silt, and clay. These are formed by intermittent streams that issue from nearby hills and mountains and transport the material only a short distance. These deposits mostly represent mudflow or slope—wash debris, have low permeability, and are mainly above the water table. Playa or lacustrine deposits of Pliocene through Holocene age are composed of siltstone, clay, and marl. During pluvial periods, or times of relatively heavy precipitation, massive beds of blue clay formed in deep, perennial lakes. Individual clay beds are locally as much as 400 feet thick. These beds are interbedded with lenses of coarser material as much as 20 feet thick. The clay yields virtually no water to wells, but interbedded materials supply some water to wells. 10 In the area around the town of Lancaster and farther northeast (pl. 1, .fig. 3) an older lacustrine deposit divides the unconsolidated deposits into an upper principal aquifer and a lower deep aquifer. The buried lacustrine deposits may have a somewhat lenticular shape. Near the south boundary of Antelope Valley, lacustrine deposits are buried beneath about 300 to 500 feet of alluvium, but near the north boundary they are exposed at the land surface. A perched water body overlies additional clay lenses (remnants of old lake features including cut terraces, beaches, bars, and spits) that act as local ground-water barriers capable of retarding irrigation return or sewage infiltration. The approximate extent of this shallow perched water body (identified by R.M. Bloyd in 1967) is shown in plate 2. This additional aquifer is separate from the underlying principal aquifer and occurs generally within 80 feet of the ground surface. The water in this aquifer may contain high concentrations of bacteria, chloride, dissolved solids, nitrate, and pesticides. Playa deposits of Holocene age are composed of silt, clay, sandy clay, and small amounts of soluble salts. They occur mostly along faults in structural depressions or sagponds. Characteristically, the deposits have low permeability and are above the water table. Dune sand of Holocene age is partly composed of actively drifting fine to medium sand. The dunes have not been stabilized by vegetation and still drift during windy periods. They are mostly above the water table, although in some places the dunes contain small quantities of perched ground water. Values of specific capacity ranged from 10 to 125 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown where data are available (fig. 4). Values were developed from existing wells without consideration of perforated intervals. Recharge and Ground—Water Movement The Antelope Valley drainage basin receives an average annual precipita— tion of about 1.5 million acre-ft; of this amount, only about 76,000 acre-ft, or about 5 percent, may ultimately percolate to ground—water reservoirs. The remainder is lost by natural processes (evapotranspiration), although about 10,000 acre-ft may be consumptively used by man before reaching the valley floor (Bloyd, 1967). The major source of recharge to the ground-water basin is surface-water runoff from the surrounding mountains. Figure 2 shows the location of existing stream gages and weather stations within the study area. Average annual discharges for the period of record at U.S. Geological Survey surface— water sites are given in table 1. Another significant source of recharge is irrigation return from the imported water that is directly applied to agricultural land. 'Most of the runoff is derived from the San Gabriel Mountains and the Tehachapi Mountains, with flow onto the alluvial fans, across the valley alluvium, and, infrequently, into the playas. Perennial streams seldom extend beyond the foot of the mountains. Creeks in the San Gabriel Mountains include Little Rock, Big Rock, Armagosa, and several smaller ones. In the Tehachapi Mountains they include Oak, Cottonwood, and other small creeks. Minor additional recharge is from reclaimed water applied for irrigation in the Lancaster area. 11 A- gFINGER. ._ net 2 BUTTES é NEENACH T 4000W‘35UBUN'T Ll' SUBUNIT I LANCAS ER SUBUNIT . __ 4.3‘ |~ § 2 g a. I — < v- . V 7 g E m I 3500- S d. i ; E g : <2“: :3— _— SEN ~a—-_ ~ 53> i§2§g$ 2:3 E3325: 8 n m n v < , 3 ; i: a i i . i I i ~ 5 /' F' / {l u I 1 j 3 -¢ v r) g «3% m 3°00“) 3 E§>> 22% E §<<< E )4, - \II/Emm °°°°‘° ”“53 “I .0 Lu /\ ,0 2| I I I I 2500-? _________ I 2000- V l- 1500- 1000- /\ com“; I //; /7 A] 500 Total depth [of we I ‘IS 3826 feet _ 0 l 2 3 4 5 6 MILES t—1—*1——H—n-%-T4--L——-J 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 KILOMEIERS NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUI OF 1929 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X2] FIGURE 3.--Generalized geologic section A-A‘ showing water-level profiles. Location of line of section shown on Plate 1. TABLE 1. - Average annual discharge for selected surface-water sites Period of Average annual Station name record, discharge in years in acre-feet Big Rock Creek near Valyermo, California 1924-81 12,680 Little Rock Creek near Littlerock, California 1930—37 11,660 1939-77 1978-79 Spencer Canyon Creek near Fairmont, California 1964—73 38 Cottonwood Creek near Rosamond, California 1965—72 10 Oak Creek near Mojave, California 1957-81 717 Cache Creek near Mojave, California 1965-72 87 12 AI BUTTES Fe“ LANCASTER SUBUNIT SUBUNIT 4000 I I : ;_ 4500 5 ,3; DE _ E N _ I. a 2 a I S 8 Z": 5: $ “‘9 r $ é a 2. | s2 % as a a a g z 2 s s 3000 — —.=.r;- \< < _ < _ S “ S S ' : 2 Egg £3 a E s 5 5 g 5 5 5 gr; I 3 I 3 | l I L. I ”4—2500 '0 0 3I E El —2ooo O Ul’" I “—r I DEEP AflUIFER ~15oo m A : “PROM“HE cg” / l7 —r ’// -1000 :7/ l 500 Geology modified from Bloyd (1967) and Durbin (1978) Lacustrine deposits shown diagrammatically EXPLANATION UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS r LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS CONSOLIDATED ROCKS WELL-~Dashed where perforated ________ WATER LEVEL, 1964 """""" WATER LEVEL, 1982 FAULT-Approximately located; arrows indicate direction of relative vertical movement FIGURE 3.--Continued. Recharge to the area southwest of the Muroc fault occurs by percolation of water from Cache and Oak Creeks and minor streams draining the Tehachapi Mountains, and in minor amounts by deep percolation of rain during infrequent periods of heavy precipitation. A considerable part of the ground—water recharge from Cache Creek moves generally eastward and discharges across the Muroc fault into the ground—water basin to the north. The remainder of the ground—water flow from Cache Creek moves eastward and southeastward. Recharge from the Oak Creek drainage system moves generally southeastward toward Soledad Mountain then southward along the west side of the mountain, and finally eastward along the south edge. Some of the water may move Southward and southwestward to eventually discharge across the Rosamond fault (Kunkel and Dutcher, 1960). 13 EXPLANATION HUI—I— BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA — 20-- LINE OF EQUAL SPECIFIC CAPACITY-- Dashed where estimated. Interval variable, in gallonsper minute per foot of drawdown ": » 4* fl q me I R.I7 W--~—L.2__.;m 5 ’Thfie Points __ F If n 1 my"; JG 3/; . —— ---------- n. 16 w. T'. ”"Fafrmogr‘i‘Rea 7 |“‘"“‘“\—'q . I. N or R. 15 w 0 5 ‘0 '5 20 MILES I I I I , 0 5 ‘0 15 20 KILouETERs. CONTOUR INIERVAL 500 FEEI NATIONAL GEDDETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 Base from U. 5. Geological Survey State of California, south half l:500,000 FIGURE 4.-- Specific capacity of wells. 14 ARK R.9 W. Hydrology modified from Bloyd (1967) 15 The main source of recharge to the Lancaster subunit is streamflow from Big and Little Rock Creeks. Other sources of recharge are underflow from the Finger Buttes, West Antelope, and Neenach subunits. This underflow divides, with part recharging the principal aquifer and part recharging the deep aquifer. Ground water from Buttes and Pearland subunits flows entirely into the principal aquifer above the lacustrine clay deposits (Hatai, 1979). Also, recharge may enter the Lancaster subunit as underflow from two other areas, one is beneath a large alluvial fan southeast of Rogers Lake, and the other is Cottonwood Creek alluvial fan across the Willow Springs fault west of the Rosamond Hills. North of Rogers Lake, water flows into Fremont Valley (Dutcher and Worts, 1963). Discharge Before development of the ground-water resources in the Antelope Valley, evapotranspiration (largely occurring at or near Rosamond and Rogers Lakes), subsurface outflow (occurring northeast of Rogers Lake), and spring discharge were the main mechanisms of ground-water discharge (Johnson, 1911; Thompson, 1929; and Synder, 1955). However, at the present time, pumpage constitutes the main discharge, and subsurface outflow, evapotranspiration, and spring discharge are probably insignificant. Ground-Water Subdivisions Two types of ground—water subdivisions are described for Antelope Valley, on the basis of hydrologic properties such as subunits and hard-rock areas (Bloyd, 1967). The subunits contain extensive alluvial deposits that serve as useful aquifers. The hard—rock areas are characterized by exposed or shallowly buried consolidated bedrock that does not yield much water. Hard—rock areas commonly are less populated and relatively undeveloped probably due in part to the absence of available water. The subunit and hard—rock area boundaries (pl. 2) are defined by faults, bodies of consolidated rock, and ground—water divides, and in some areas, by arbitrary boundaries. The subunits are Finger Buttes, West Antelope, Neenach, Willow Springs, Gloster, Chaffee, Oak Creek, Pearland, Buttes, Lancaster, North Muroc, and Peerless. Hard-rock areas are Rosamond—Bissell, Randsburg-Castle Butte, Hi Vista, and Foothill (north and south). The subdivisions are listed in upgradient—to—downgradient order where possible, or generally from west to east or north to south. l6 Subunits Finger Buttes.-—The Finger Buttes subunit is bounded on the south by an unnamed fault in the West Antelope subunit, on the east by the Randsburg-Mojave fault, on the northeast by the Cottonwood fault, and on the west and northwest by the consolidated rock of the Tehachapi Mountains (pl. 2). A large part of the subunit is range or forest land (pl. 3). Ground water moves generally from the northwest to the southeast. Inflow is from the surrounding mountains and outflow is into the Neenach subunit. The water level in well 8N/17W—4D1 (fig. 5) declined 50 feet between 1948 and 1972, but between 1972 and 1982 the water level rose about 50 feet, approximately back to the 1948 level. Water use in the area is mainly agricultural. The use of agricultural water undoubtedly caused the water-level decline. The water—level recovery was because of a decrease in agricultural development, and a decrease in ground— water pumpage because of imported water from the California State Water Project for irrigation. The depth to water in this subunit varies widely, but commonly is more than 300 feet. Few data are available for specific capacity of wells in this subunit. West Antelope.--The West Antelope subunit is bounded on the southwest by consolidated rock, the south and southeast by the Randsburg—Mojave fault, and on the north by the unnamed fault mentioned above, the location of which cannot be precisely determined from available data (Bloyd, 1967). In this subunit, ground water moves in a southeastward direction where outflow travels into the Neenach subunit (pl. 2). Water levels have declined 50 feet since 1964, as shown in section B—B' (fig. 6). Water use in this subunit is for agricultural purposes. The depth to water ranges from 250 to 300 feet (fig. 7). Specific capacity' of wells ranges from 20 to 40 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown (fig. 4). Neenach.—-The Neenach subunit is bounded on the south by the Neenach fault, on the north by the Rosamond fault, and on the northwest by the Randsburg-Mojave fault (pl. 2). Ground water in this subunit moves generally eastward (pl. 2) into the principal and deep aquifers of the Lancaster subunit. Ground—water levels in the east have dropped 100 feet and in the west 50 feet between 1964 and 1982 (figs. 3 and 6). Agriculture accounts for the entire water use of the subunit. Depth to water ranges from 150 to 350 feet (fig. 7). Specific capacity of wells ranges from 20 to 60, but about 50 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown (fig. 4) is the most common value for the subunit. Willow Springs.——The Willow Springs subunit borders the Oak Creek subunit along the Randsburg-Mojave fault. The south boundary of the Willow Springs subunit is the Rosamond fault and the consolidated rock of Tropico Hill and several adjacent hills. The northeast boundary of the subunit is the bedrock of the Rosamond Hills, the buttes 4 miles west of Soledad Mountain (pl. 2), and the ground—water divides which extend northwestward and southeastward from those buttes. Ground water flows southeast (pl. 2) as outflow through the alluvium in the gap between the Rosamond and Tropico Hills, crossing the Rosamond fault and entering the Lancaster subunit. Recharge to the area is from intermittent streams of the surrounding mountain areas. Water levels have declined as much as 50 feet in the subunit from 1964 to 1982 (fig. 6). Water use in the area is for agricultural and urban land use. Depth to water ranges from 100 to 300 feet (fig. 7). Specific capacity of wells is estimated at 20 (gal/min)/ft in the southeast area of the subunit (fig. 4). . l7 EXPLANATION ~— BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA 27K] WELL AND NUMBER All 0 E 150 l | a C: x :3 Lu (/3 5 g 200 — _ < S ._J ; — — E 3 250 '~~§"’ fi 3 '2 p-k 300 I l DJ {1‘ 'l 960 1970 1980 1 990 E YEAR 8 WATER- LEVEL HYDROGRAPH N. 1/, l ’ _ ,. q‘i,wf"\ . /,» J} R.17 VI.. 3 itérjffh’ree chin six“ .. Qiasrmont \‘ A ~~"(‘~ \ .‘ _. \A “.61” Its/u -“. .. 5:} }____\ ,__ ,.. * rm, 2«\ ' ‘ R. 16 w. T. Fairmcfig‘sRes. ‘ 3'???” \’ Wm? ‘ 7 I“ m ‘4' p N. o, a; "y R.l5 w. R 147 o 5 10 15 20 MILES l 1 l I J l l l l l u 5 10 15 20 KILDMETERS CONIDUR lNYERVAL 500 FEEI NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 Base from U. 8. Geological Survey State of California, south half l:500,000 FIGURE 5.—-Hydrographs of selected wells. 18 f a. as E. To /" fi- — M4 Koehn ,9] I Lake k‘li970 113000 / / ,' C? ye‘Bu'tte ~' ‘i / _. ,a—y—v V l..J__.... Red man a “Antekope 100 » / ‘~~ 'VAcr s ‘ “8): 150 - zoo '\ / 250 26‘" ”Quartz Hm j _,, , v I = .3,"- ,JW 0: Gardens lg ‘ 52.428.- : i /- I939 .ovu %\ ‘.‘_ ' .,:\_ 24C] 1980 1" \ 7N1 2%\‘\ O ‘. ~ {W \ stmdale 0_ m I 1659, , Ante ope 5-\ P1 \ Center Mii = Pearl \ .‘ .7 \= 2 \ \ . v:’:7‘*\‘:‘-~\" / \ 12.12 w. \ \ ‘.7‘\ ._/-\ , ,w... :2 ,. 19 .— .—l :3 B a“. BI WEST g; SngLOW ANTELOPEZZ‘. RINGS ; 3 Feet SUBUNIT§§ NEENACH SUBUNIT ‘ SUBUNIT SEE F395;; 3500-‘— —>‘v, —— 3—...— J“ _ - g' -' a 5— a :25 age: a s 2: ,' 5-2% m to; ‘3 6?? ZZZINN 2 ‘25 I m— ' mm m 3: "c’oi '3' I "L 2 ‘ : (“J 262% a s',- 3' “’2 n3333v % gag- 23’ E "3—3000 3°°°'\\3\W213L2 ;; 58§><§ < 5: bi<> E I ' ' V) G) g g 1”” “‘ Vim % a «7‘» 5 | :‘:::.- I I I I | u. g / ll 2500 - 2000 —? 1500 ‘ I 1000 - APPROX MAME, //_ \\ // \\ / 500 Geology modified from Bloyd (1967) o 1 2 a 4 5 6 MILES I“‘1_LT_TJ_|_‘|T_|';F’J u 1 2 3 4 5 s KILOMETERS NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X21 EXPLANATION UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS CONSOLIDATED ROCKS FAULT—Approximately located; arrows indicate direction of relative vertical movement WELL-- Dashed where perforated WATER LEVEL, 1964 WATER LEVEL, 1982 FIGURE 6. -- Generalized geologic section B-B' showing water-level profiles. Location of line of section shown on Plate 1. 20 2500 2000 1500 1000 Gloster.--The north boundary of the Gloster subunit is the consolidated rock of Soledad Mountain and the general line of scattered hills trending westward through Elephant Butte to the Randsburg-Mojave fault. The east and south boundaries are the consolidated rock of the southern part of the Bissell Hills and the Rosamond Hills. The west boundary of the subunit is partly the Randsburg-Mojave fault and partly the consolidated rock of the butte 4 miles west of Soledad Mountain. Ground-water divides are present along the west and southwest boundaries. The movement of ground water in this subunit is mainly to the southeast and east as outflow to the Chaffee subunit (pl. 2). Water levels have declined 10 to 20 feet in the southern part of this subunit from 1964 to 1982. Water use is confined to urban and mining (quarry pits) activity. Data on depth to water in this subunit are sparse (fig. 7); levels for the southeast area of the subunit are 50 and 100 feet. No information on specific capacity of wells is available. Chaffee.--The Chaffee subunit is bounded on the northeast by the Muroc fault. The east and south boundaries are the consolidated rock of the northern part of the Bissell Hills, and the general east—west line of scattered hills trending through Elephant Butte westward to the Randsburg—Mojave fault. The southern bedrock. boundary is discontinuous, thus an arbitrary line (not a hydrological line) separates the Gloster subunit. The northwest boundary of the Chaffee subunit is the Randsburg—Mojave fault. Very little change has occurred to the ground-water levels since 1964 (fig. 8). Inflow to the subunit is from Cache Creek and adjacent fans to the west, and in lesser amounts from the Gloster subunit to the south. Ground water moves eastward in the western part and northward in the southern part of the subunit, generally toward the town of Mojave (pl. 2). Any outflow would be north across the Muroc fault to the Koehn Lake area (outside of Antelope Valley). Water use in the area is mainly for the town of Mojave. Depth to water ranges from 50 to 300 feet (fig. 7). Data on specific capacity of wells are not available for the subunit. ' Oak Creek.——The Oak Creek subunit is bounded on the southwest by the Randsburg-Mojave fault and on the northwest by the consolidated rock of the Tehachapi Mountains. The northeast boundary separating the Koehn Lake area is arbitrarily defined (pl. 2). The southwest boundary of the Oak Creek subunit is the Cottonwood fault northeast of Cottonwood Creek. Available data generally show that water levels have remained the same since 1964. Part of the subunit cross section is shown in figure 8. Recharge to the subunit is from the Tehachapi Mountains. Ground-water movement is generally southeast— ward, but some outflow occurs northeastward to the Koehn Lake area (pl. 2). Water use in the area is nominal except for the mining activity in the central part of the subunit. Well data for specific capacity, depth to water, and water quality are not available. 21 EXPLANATION T. I 1 e 0 3 0 ' 32 1"» UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS 3' ; "‘ 393 P§?€f‘i'€3g¥‘ / CONSOLIDATED ROCKS 8L ”005? :::f O "V BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA _ FAULT ——3oo--- LINE OF EQUAL DEPTH TO WATER» Dashed where ap- proximately located. Inter- val variable, in feet. Datum is land surface ' I » ‘ *' rm ,1 \ r/(I ow \V N // n.17 VIEW .3569 POMS Aux, - I“. . I R‘ ‘5 II. T. ’ Fairmcfigifles, $3g “‘ I «raw-fir . 7 “ be; . I: ‘90; \ ‘ '90 N. a; \) \\\_\ “a: R. 15 VI. 3x“ (4:). RI"; Shh‘ R. I4 W. 0 5 10 l5 20 MILES I l l I l I I I I I 0 5 IO I5 20 KILUMETERS CONTOUR INTERVAL 500 FEET NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 Base from U. S. Geological Survey State of California, south half 1:500,000 FIGURE 7.- Depth to water, spring 1978. 22 R. 38 E. Castle Bu 0 p 0/ / , North Edwards. r, : ISON ' ~232695’35W11‘N» <0 .1. 1 , \ ) Rosamc’ndg .r’ Lake 1-. 1.: (Dry) 3» k /\.. k, \ f'\ “9 ,1 cn ARK 29w ...-¢--.~ \_ A atmdale Q 1 R. H W. ‘-.> 4—" m1 1 : , w ,, mJumpefig _ dflHiilS§u~..h-: \. ermO i,— \ \\ \ " 'f/ ,1» ' ‘94:; A. 1 x31 ‘5 $3 2 Me 375 K a.“ .m \V. "art? » \.' 34° 30' 23 Hydrology modified from Blankenbaker (1978) C C’ Feet Feet 40001 P4000 3: 3500- Efi—asou ‘ >- 23 827: 3000- \-3000 2500— ~2500 ,2000' ~2000 1500“ 4500 1000 1000 Geology modified from Bloyd (1967) 0 l 2 3 4 5 5 MILES lfi—LT—T'fi—lr—‘r‘l——‘——J 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 KILOMETERS NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 VERTICAL EXAGGERATIUN X2! EXPLANATION UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS CONSOLIDATED ROCKS I FAULT—Approximately located; arrows indicate l direction of relative vertical movement WELL--Dashed where perforated _________ WATER LEVEL, 1964 ............ WATERLEVEL,NBZ FIGURE 8.-- Generalized geologic section C-C' showing watervlevel profiles. Location of line of section shown on Plate 1. 24 Pearland.--The Pearland subunit is bounded on the north, west, and south by unnamed faults that are postulated from an analysis of water—level data. The consolidated rock of the San Gabriel Mountains forms the southeast boundary of the subunit. Substantial recharge occurs to the Pearland and the Buttes subunits from Little Rock and Big Rock Creeks. In the Pearland subunit, ground water generally moves from the southeast to the northwest (pl. 2), with outflow to the Lancaster subunit. Water levels have declined as much as 150 feet in the southeast, but have remained virtually unchanged in the northwest area of the subunit from 1964 to 1981. In the northwest part of the subunit from 1920 to 1978 the water level in well 6N/11W-32P1 (fig. 5) declined 100 feet. This decline is attributed to urban (Pearland, Pearblossom, and Littlerock) and irrigation water use. Depth to water ranges from 100 to 250 feet (fig. 7). The only information on specific capacity of wells is for the western part which is 20 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown (fig. 4). Buttes.-—The Buttes subunit is bounded on the northwest, the northeast, and the southwest by unnamed faults which are postulated from water—level data. The southeast boundary of the subunit is a ground-water divide between the Antelope Valley and the El Mirage valley drainage area to the east, but has not been well defined. In this subunit, ground water generally moves from the southeast to the northwest (pl. 2) and discharges as outflow into the Lancaster subunit. Available data indicate that from 1965 to 1982 water levels declined as much as 50 feet in the eastern part. The hydrograph of well 6N/11W—17N1 (fig. 5) shows a 70—foot decline from 1945 to 1964 followed by a 60-foot increase in 1981. Imported water (California Water Project) became available for irrigation to the subunit in 1972. Water use in this subunit includes urban (Antelope Center and smaller communities) and agricultural. Depth to water ranges from 50 to 250 feet (fig. 7). Information on specific capacity of wells is available only for the alluvium in the northeast corner of the subunit with values ranging from 20 to 30 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown (fig. 4). Lancaster.—-The Lancaster subunit is the largest in both water use and size, and the most economically significant in terms of population and agriculture. The northwest boundary is the Neenach fault, farther east the Rosamond fault. The consolidated rock of the Rosamond and Bissell Hills and the near—surface bedrock body beneath the northern part of Rogers Lake (dry) forms the north boundary. The east boundary of the subunit is the consolidated rock that forms the hills in the Hi Vista area. The southeast and south boundary is on an unnamed fault, mostly concealed and postulated from water— level disparity. The southwest boundary is the San Andreas Fault zone. In the Lancaster subunit, ground water moves toward several new pumping depressions (pl. 2). Between 1964 and 1982 water levels declined 50 to 100 feet in the northwest, 75 feet in the northeast, and 25 to 50 feet in the central part (figs. 3 and 9). Hydrographs (fig. 5) show that in well 6N/12W-24C1 from 1963 to 1978 water levels declined 110 feet, in well 9N/13w—27K1 (north central) water levels rose 60 feet from 1964 to 1982 (probably owing to use of imported water), and in well 9N/1OW-24Cl (northeast) water level declined 80 feet from 1952 to 1980. The declines are caused by agricultural, urban, and industrial water use. The depth to water (fig. 7) varies widely in this subunit, but in general is greatest in the south and west. Specific capacities of wells range from 10 to 125 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown, but more commonly they are about 70 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown (fig. 4). The area includes Antelope Acres, Quartz Hill, Rosamond, Lancaster, Palmdale, and other smaller communities. Sewage disposal sites and some golf courses are located within the subunit. 25 LAN- CASTER SUB' 4 NORTH MUROC SUBUNIT _. UNIT ‘ 71:7 D —— a; E 2 2 r... .5. E — n _ g E ,2 g N a: I— .— g E g S ‘3 Feet " ' ' “'4 ' ‘7 >'< 3 3' 0 v 5 n ‘9 g H “,2 r~ a}: W ti» 4” c ' i I I 0’: °° g anon—'9 n "’ w” «=92 < \ '- °> 5 5 \ Lu w \ > N\ \ z: — z "‘ z —I \ F m 2:: .w =._ z a m N N_:, N m o — F ,_ :: 5 a \ m N N “n N mm a '- .-— < w m 9:; m E 227 u * — '2 g zt: \~ /’ m '— 523; c, _ “‘3 / ‘3 52 2 s 2500* v” an“: a s ,, ET ______ y__________________ .___7 __.._~_ ——————— _‘ 2000—h__———_ ____.__-_JJ‘ 1500- 7 / W/V/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 MILES 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 KILOMETERS NMIDNAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 VERTICAL EXAGGERATIDN X2! FIGURE 9.» Generalized geologic section D-D' showing water-level profiles. Location of line of section shown on Plate 1. The two major ground-water bodies in the Lancaster subunit, the principal 'and the deep aquifer, are separated by' a series of overlapping lacustrine layers which are mostly clay. The lacustrine deposits are shown diagrammat— ically in figures 3 and 9 as a single layer. The lacustrine layers extend continuously from the Buttes almost to the Neenach subunit. Results of a mathematical model in the area indicate that water moved downward from the principal aquifer into the deep aquifer along the west and south edges of the lacustrine deposits (Durbin, 1978). In the historical past, water moved upward through the lacustrine deposits from the deep aquifer (where confined) into the principal aquifer; at present (1983) most of the upward movement takes place in areas of heavy pumping from the principal aquifer. According to Durbin (1978): Ground water in the Antelope Valley ground—water basin moves centripetally from the base of the San Gabriel and Tehachapi Mountains toward the north—central part of the Lancaster subbasin. Before the extensive pumping of ground water, the water table for the principal aquifer was near land surface in the north-central part of the Lancaster subbasin, and ground—water discharge occurred because of direct evapotranspiration of ground water in this area. Pumping of ground water and the subsequent increase in depth to the water table stopped this discharge. 26 Continued LAND sue- LANCASTER suaumr __ UNILI VI _ __,_ — _ 5... ,_ _ _ N ,_ ... 2g __ _ ._.> E N_ I 3 ;'~5 3‘5 3 as as 52? §§ gézgwa: 5? as; 0W ; g gg', g :2: 213' as: 22' ééggéfi 5' Ezéggraooo — —— \ ”" "" ,_..,_ "" —: 0—\'- "‘ =“\ I I l I I I I / I I I I l l AREA OF IARTESIAN FLOW I 1 — ‘~“' 4500 | _ ._-- PRINCIPAL ~ writiyisr ....... I - I—«N 7.\.7.. —2000 I \ DEEP AOUIFER 4500 I \ / (a : \Egmfik k 1A“ '1000 : W 7~ / / I /7//7/7 /7/7/// / m Geology modified from Bloyd (1967) land Durbin (1978). Lacustrine deposits shown diagrammatically EXIHJUNATTODW i E; UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS [\g: WELL-~ Dashed where perforated 53355 LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS ‘ />/ _____ WATERLEVEL,NM9 CONSOLIDATED ROCKS _ ———————— WATER LEVEL, 1964 I FAULT-Approximately located; arrows , J'r indicate direction of relative vertical __________ WATER LEVEL! 1982 movement FIGURE 9.--Continued. Ground water in the Neenach, West Antelope, and Finger Buttes subbasins moves into the Lancaster subbasin. At the western limit of the lacustrine deposits, part of this water moves over the lacustrine deposits and within the principal aquifer, and part moves under the lacustrine deposits and within the deep aquifer. Ground water in the Buttes and Pearland subbasins also mdves into the Lancaster subbasin. However, the upper surface of the lacustrine deposits is below the path of the inflowing water, and this water moves into the Lancaster subbasin wholly over the top of the lacustrine deposits and within the principal aquifer. 27 North Muroc.-—The North Muroc subunit is separated from the Lancaster subunit by a ridge of consolidated rock that is buried beneath the northern part of Rogers Lake. The approximate boundaries of the west, north, east, and southeast sides are discontinuous hills of consolidated rock which flank the subunit. Ground water moves north and west to a recently developed pumping depression located near North Edwards. North of this depression the direction of flow is generally north into the Fremont basin (outside of Antelope Valley) and possibly into the Peerless subunit. Water levels have declined 10 feet or less since 1964 (fig. 9). Well llN/lOW—lZFl (fig. 5) shows an 8—foot decline in water levels from 1967 to 1981. The specific capacity of wells ranges from 20 to 40 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown (fig. 4). Water use in the subunit is for urban (North Edwards and smaller communities) and military purposes. Sewage disposal ponds are within and near this subunit. It should be noted that the disposal ponds are of much less concern than ponds located in other subunits of Antelope Valley because the soil structure allows for little percolation. The suggested monitoring networks were designed for this consideration. Peerless.——The south, west, and north boundaries of the Peerless subunit are the consolidated rock of bordering hills. The east boundary is the eastern limit of highly developed water-bearing deposits. These boundaries cannot be located as precisely as those formed by distinct formations or faults. Water levels have declined 150 feet in the center of this subunit where the general movement of ground water is centripetal toward a pumping depression (pl. 2). This decline is caused by extensive pumping where wells have a specific capacity of a high of 60 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown (fig. 4). The water in this subunit is used for agricultural and municipal purposes. Hard—Rock Areas Generally the hard—rock areas are of little economic importance and contain only a small amount of available ground water. No data are available for ground-water levels, specific capacity of wells, or direction of ground— water movement. L Rosamond—Bissell.-—This hard—rock area supplies limited recharge from its hill areas to the surrounding subunits of Antelope Valley. The only major development here is a part of Edwards Air Force Base along its east boundary, which includes one industrial disposal site. Randsburg-Castle Butte.--The Randsburg—Castle Butte hard—rock area is located along the east border of the Fremont Valley. This area has extensive mining activity north of the community of Boron. Two sewage disposal ponds are located within the area (pl. 3). Edwards Air Force Base operates a jet propulsion laboratory on the south boundary. Hi Vista.——The Hi Vista hard-rock area is located along the east boundary of Antelope Valley. This area supports some agriculture and scattered residential dwellings although most of the area is rangeland (pl. 3). 28 Foothill.--The northern part of the Foothill hard—rock area extends along the south boundary of the Lancaster subunit where it joins with an area south, previously unnamed, but referred to in this report as the Foothill hard-rock area (south). These two areas contain extensive agricultural land and some scattered rural communities, the largest and only one named is Juniper Hills. This area is a source of recharge or inflow to the Lancaster subunit. WATER QUALITY Ground water in the western and southern parts of Antelope Valley contains lower concentrations of dissolved solids than ground water in the northeastern part. Figure 10 depicts approximate lines of equal dissolved solids and direction of ground-water movement as developed through available water—quality data from years 1964 to 1982. High concentrations of dissolved solids, boron, and fluoride generally occur in the subunits or hard—rock areas with shallow water levels of less than 100 feet. In general, throughout Antelope Valley ground—water quality has remained unchanged, and no specific trends of change are apparent. Table 2 provides the reader with a guide to the recommended maximum contaminant levels (MCL) on selected water—quality constituents for public water supplies. Water of the principal aquifer is the main source of ground water for Antelope Valley and is generally suitable for domestic, irrigation, and most industrial uses. This water has dissolved-solids concentrations that range from about 200 to 800 mg/L. Higher concentrations of dissolved solids occur in parts of deeper aquifers (mostly unused) where water from the younger alluvium has leaked into this aquifer. Because of concentrations of solutes resulting from evaporation of ground and surface water, water in the younger alluvium beneath the playas of the area may have dissolved—solids concentra— tions as high as 28,000 mg/L (Bloyd, 1967). The hardness of the ground water generally ranges from 50 to 200 mg/L, although water from wells in the Rogers Lake area has hardness as high as 1,950 mg/L (Dutcher and others, 1962). Concentrations of chemical constituents in representative wells in Antelope Valley are shown in the water-quality diagrams of figure 11. These diagrams show what the ionic type is for water of a particular well. Wells with similar chemical concentrations are easily identified. The larger diagrams (higher concentrations of cations and anions) indicate that high dissolved-solids concentrations and high specific-conductance values will be evident in those waters. Characteristically, the ground water in Antelope Valley is a calcium bicarbonate type near the mountains, whereas it is a sodium bicarbonate or sodium sulfate type in the central or lower areas of the valley (fig. 11). Water-quality data for selected wells are given in table 3 by subunit and hard-rock areas. The wells in table 3 are all ideal or actual network wells included in this report. These wells probably represent the water—quality conditions of the subunit or hard—rock area. The locations of the wells in table 3 are shown in plate 2. 29 EXPLANATION UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS CONSOLIDATED ROCKS BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA FAULT LINE OF EQUAL DI SSOLVED- SOLIDS CONCENTRATION-- Interval variable, in milligrams per liter DIRECTION OF GROUND- WATER MOVEMENT —4oo—— Base from U. 5. ‘Geological Survey State of California, south half 1:500,000 ”FAA Q r .I 1, ,’ :- ix _ it -~. C \ » ~ 1 A i .e~\ _- 3 1/" . ~ . “R M é‘ R. 16 w. ”p m ngpa , {It 6.» ;, an" :1} Lie—303‘] P N. R. I4 I]. L. 0 5 IO 15 20 MILES I l l I J I I I I 0 5 IO 15 2D KILOMETERS CONTOUR INTERVAL 500 FEET NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUIA OF 1929 FIGURE lO.--Dissolved-solids concentration, 1964-82. 30 i n cern 12.12 W. ~}) \ o 0 {30 (f \ \ . r; (61009 V’N' ' Ce 30 ;00\4 00 V [Dumper _‘ P loslso n.‘ "Hilts 31 TABLE 2. — Public water supply criteria [McKee and Wolf, 1963; National Acad— emy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, 1973; U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, 1977] Constituent Maximum contaminant or level of characteristic constituent Micrograms per liter Arsenic, As ——————————————— 50 Boron, B —————————————————— 750 cadmium, Cd ——————————————— 10 Chromium, Cr ____________ 50 Lead, Pb —————————————————— 50 Manganese, Mn ————————————— 50 Mercury, Hg _______________ 2 Selenium, Se —————————————— 10 Milligrams per liter Barium, Ba ________________ ‘ 1 Chloride, Cl —————————————— 250 Cyanide, CN ——————————————— 0.2 Copper, Cu-——--————____;-_ 1 Dissolved solids —————————— 500 Fluoride, F _______________ 10.4-2.4 Hardness —————————————————— 300 Iron, Fe __________________ 0_3 Nitrate-nitrogen, N ——————— 10 Nitrate, N03 —————————————— 44 Sulfate, SO” —————————————— 250 Zinc, Zn —————————————————— 5 Micromhos per centimeter at 25°C Specific conductance —————— 800 1Depends on annual average of maximum daily air temperature 32 The relations between water quality and the feasibility of the use_ of water for irrigation are not simple. Specific constituents in irrigation water are especially undesirable, and some may be damaging even when present only in small quantities. Boron is essential in plant nutrition; however, a small excess over the needed amount is toxic to some types of plants. Some plants are specifically affected by excess sulfate and some' are ad— versely affected by magnesium. An irrigation water having a high propor— tion of sodium to total cations tends to place sodium ions in the exchange positions on the soil—mineral parti- cles, more commonly known as the sodium hazard in irrigation waters. Generalizations regarding sensitivity of crops to concentration limits of specific constituents in irrigation waters are beyond the scope of this report. The reader is instead refer— red to Hem (1970) for a more detailed description. Ground-water quality in the Finger Buttes, West Antelope, and Neenach subunits varies from. calcium bicar- bonate to sodium bicarbonate type (fig. 11). Concentrations of dis— solved solids are less than 400 mg/L (fig. 10). Historical water-quality data indicate that water quality in the West Antelope and Neenach subunits has not been degraded (Hatai, 1979). No historical data were located for the Finger Buttes subunit. Table 3 includes data from one well of the West Antelope subunit and two wells of the Neenach subunit which show that no constituents exceed the MCL of the public water supply criteria (table 2). Ground-water supplies in the Willow Springs, Gloster, and Chaffee subunits are moderately mineralized. The highest concentration of dissolved solids (about 400 mg/L, as shown in fig. 10) occurs in the northern part of the Chaffee subunit. The highest quality water comes from wells drilled in the younger alluvium underlying the higher slopes in the southern and south-western parts of the area where the dissolved—solids concentration ranges from 220 to 500 mg/L. The water-quality types are sodium and calcium bicarbonate and calcium sulfate (fig. 11). Ground water from alluvial fan deposits contains higher fluoride concentrations than water in the central part of the subunits (Kunkel and Dutcher, 1960). Major ground-water quality changes are not evident from the water—quality data for these subunits (table 3). Also, no particular water-quality problems are evident from the data in table 3 for these subunits. Water-quality data from one well in the Oak Creek subunit are shown in table 3. Specific conductance values change by as much as 100 percent from one year to the next, as is true of some of the other water—quality characteristics. Concentrations of boron, dissolved solids, hardness, and fluoride exceed the MCL of public water-supply criteria (table 2). This well is shallow and is completed in soluble mineral deposits. Infiltrating runoff probably mixes with the ground water and dilutes its dissolved—solids concentrations. The ground water in the Pearland subunit is acceptable for human consumption (tables 2 and 3), with some exceptions. In the vicinity of Littlerock (well 5N/11W—12QIS), concentrations of nitrates exceed the MCL in public water supply criteria (table 2) and may be attributed to nitrogen fertilizers used on orchards. Dissolved—solids concentrations (fig. 10) normally range from 200 to 600 mg/L for this subunit. Both the dissolved— solids and the nitrate concentrations are gradually increasing in this area. High sulfate concentrations reported along parts of the San Andreas fault may be caused by local gypsum deposits (Hatai, 1979). Data on three other wells of this subunit (table 3) indicate no apparent problems. Ground water in the Buttes subunit has a dissolved—solids range (fig. 10) of 200 to 500 mg/L. Data indicate (four wells in table 3) only levels of fluoride exceed the MCL in public water supply criteria (table 2). The high fluoride is associated with geologic units in the northeastern part of the subunit. The chemical quality of ground water in the principal and deep water— bearing zones in the Lancaster subunit falls into two general types. The water in the principal aquifer (above the lacustrine deposits) is in general a calcium bicarbonate to sodium bicarbonate type (fig. 11). Water from wells in the eastern part of the basin, in this same aquifer, is considerably higher in alkalies than the water in the central part of the subunit (table 3). This suggests solution of sodium and sulfate as the water passes through the generally sandy materials interbedded with the playa deposits, and that the water contains an excess of soluble sodium salts. 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Au m4 «no: m< A4xoxv Au mq adu m1 aqom mq ~nou«u amour “12 me am: ma Aqu mq Amouqu amatznv mth a>¢alozlarv «mum 4\oav 4\u=v um>40m 4\o:v J\uxv 4\uz. m< mq 4\wxv 4xuxv 4\a:. m< muz< “Jasqm uupzmaa cm>40m Jqpo» Imam ow>40m nw>40m nw>qom Jxozv Axmxv nw>aom cw>uow ow>40m 4\u:v Ihuza mo 4ku2n4 mhczom stauaOm ~13Hm stsuuq212 ' —— 4 WEST ANTELOPE 8N/l7W-8A* -- ~ -- -- 500 200-500 ~- 8N/l6W—5MIS** -- ~- -- 1,000 350-1,000 2 NEENACH 8N/16W—18HIS** -- -- -- 250 -- 3 9N/14W—31KlS USGS Common Annual 675 -- 3 9N/13w-14Q1s** USGS Water level —do.-— >203 -- 4 only 50 water—quality—monitoring network Well class: Priority: Detailed explanation of well classification may be found in the approach section of this report. Priority class explained in the network design section of this report. Sampling categories: Common: ductance; tempera Physical tests and common constituents include water level; sampling depth; pH; specific con- ture; total alkalinity, dissolved solids, hardness; and noncarbonate hardness; dissolved constituents, boron, calcium, chlorine, fluorine, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, phosphorus, potassium, silica dioxide, sodium, sulphate. Minor: Physical tests and minor constituents include water level; sampling depth; dissolved silver, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead, selenium, and zinc. Toxic/misc.: Toxic and miscellaneous constituents include phenol; oil and grease; bacteria; detergents, methylene blue active substance (MBAS); chromium hexavalent; pesticides; potassium, total phosphorus, cyanide; total and dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, sulphur; carbon tetrachloride (CClh); perchloro- ethylene (PCB); and trichloroethylene (ICE). Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT II Common Annual Upgradient in the subunit, baseline water quality of the western part of the subunit, Minor Initial year, then recharge from Tehachapi Mts., downgradient every 5 years of California Aqueduct. Toxic/misc. ---—do. ----------- I Common Annual Upgradient in the subunit, baseline water quality for the eastern part, recharge from Tehachapi Mts. SUBUNIT II Common Annual Upgradient of agricultural land use. I —do.-- -do.—— Downgradient of agricultural land use and . ground-water flow into Neenach subunit. Minor Initial year, then every 5 years Toxic/misc. --—-do. ——————————— SUBUNIT II Common Annual Upgradient in the subunit, baseline water quality, recharge from San Gabriel foothills. I —do.-— ‘—do.—- Downgradient of agricultural land use in subunit. I —do.—- —do.—- Downgradient of inflow from Willow Springs subunit and outflow into the Lancaster Initial year, then subunit. Minor Toxic/misc. every 5 years -——-do. ----------- 51 TABLE 6. - Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet WILLOW SPRINGS 10N/13W—32DIS USGS Common Annual 900 (150—250) 3 9N/13W—13A* -- -- -— 500 200-500 —— GLOSTER lON/12W—15M3S USGS —do.—- -do.-- 175 (50—175) 3 10N/13W-21BIS USGS Common Annual 750 (50—200) 3 llN/12W—26J15** USGS Water level —do.—— 225 (50-225) 3 only CHAFFEE llN/lZW—SB* —— —- -— 500 250—500 -— llN/12W-22FlS MPUD Common Intermittent 381 205—381 2 11N/13W—24Als** —- -— -- 490 260-360 2 52 water—quality—monitoring network-—continued Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT II Common Annual Upgradient of urban activity, baseline water quality. ’ III —do.-- -do.—— Downgradient of urban and agricultural land use and outflow into the Lancaster subunit. Well 9N/13W—14QIS of the Neenach subunit may provide duplicate information content. , SUBUNIT I Common Annual Downgradient of urban and mining land use Minor -do.—- and recharge from the Soledad Mts. Toxic/misc. —do.-- II Common Annual Upgradient in the subunit, downgradient of a quarry pit and recharge from the unnamed Minor Initial year, then buttes to the northwest. High levels of every 5 years sulfate, fluoride, and dissolved solids have been found. Note: Well may be too deep to monitor effects of quarry pit. III Common —do.-- Downgradient in subunit and inflow into Chaffee subunit. Well 11N/12W—22FIS of I the Chaffee subunit may provide duplicate information content. SUBUNIT II Common Annual Upgradient, baseline water quality. I —do.—- —do.—— Upgradient of Mojave, downgradient of Minor —do.—— ‘ Mojave Public Utility District sewage site. l Toxic/misc. —do.-- II Common —do.-- Upgradient of Mojave and golf course. High nitrate levels have been detected probably due to urban activity. 53 TABLE 6. - Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet OAK CREEK llN/14W—14BlS USGS Common Annual 60 30-60 2 10N/15W—26A* —— -- —— 300 200—300 —— 12N/12W—31N* -- —— —— 300 200—300 -- PEARLAND 4N/7W-19L* —- -— -- 500 200-500 —- 5N/9W—25AIS CDWR Common Annual 542 442—542 2 5N/10W—16JIS CDWR —do.—- —do —— 235 (100-200) 3 SN/llw-IZQIS CDWR —do -- —do —- 450 (100—200) 3 5N/11W—2QZS CDWR —do —- -do.-- 190 170-190 2 6N/11W—32PIS PWD -do —— —do -— 473 158-188 2 214-222 224—248 458-473 54 water-quality-monitoring network—-continued Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT II ' Common Annual Upgradient, baseline water quality, and Minor Initial year, then recharge from Oak Creek. High levels of every 5 years hardness, alkalinity, fluoride, boron, iron, Toxic/misc. —--—do. ----------- and dissolved solids have been detected. Note: Well is located outside the boundary of the subunit. II Common Annual Upgradient, baseline water quality, and recharge from Tehachapi Mts. I —do.-— -do.—— Downgradient of the mining activity south Minor -do.—— of site 11N/14W—14BIS, and outflow of the Toxic/misc. -do.~- study area. SUBUNIT III Common Annual Upgradient of Pinon Hills, baseline water quality, and recharge from San Gabriel Mts. Well 5N/8W—25HIS of the Buttes subunit may provide duplicate information content. I —do.-- -do -- Upgradient of Pearblossom, downgradient of Pinon Hills and the southeast agriculture. I -do.-— —do.-- Downgradient of Pearblossom and upgradient Minor -do.-- of Littlerock. Toxic/misc. -do.-— I Common -do.-— Centered directly in agricultural land use. Well shows high sulfate, nitrate, and dissolved iron levels. III —do —— -do.—— Downgradient of agricultural area of Littlerock. Well 5N/11W-12QIS and well 6N/11W—32PIS may provide duplicate infor— mation content. I -do.-— Semiannual Downgradient of outflow to the Lancaster Minor ———~do.--- subunit. Note: If water level is below Toxic/misc. ———-do.——- 160 feet, an annual sampling frequency 55 should be adopted. TABLE 6. — Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet BUTTES 5N/8W-25HIS CDWR Common Annual 500 —- 3 6N/8w—19MIS CDWR -do.-- —do.—- 222 70—222 2 5N/9W—5CIS CDWR -do.—- —do.—- -- -— 4 6N/9W—28P25 USGS —do.—— —do.—- 731 240-731 2 6N/10W—17NIS** USGS Water level -do.-- >203 (200—300) 4 only 6N/10W—5H28 CDWR Common —do.-— —— (250—450) 4 LANCASTER 8N/15W-18HIS** USGS Water level Annual 295 283-295 2 only 9N/13W—27KIS USGS Common —do.—- 550 (200—300) 3 8N/14W-ISGIS** USGS Water level —do.—- 469 228-469 2 only 56 water—quality—monitoring network-—continued - Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT . II Common Annual Upgradient, baseline water quality. Minor -do.—— Toxic/misc. -do.—— II Common —do.-- Upgradient of agricultural and urban land ’ use south of Lovejoy Buttes, downgradient to inflow from Hi Vista area. III —do.—— -do.-- Downgradient of agricultural and urban land use south of Lovejoy Buttes, upgradient of Antelope Center. Well 6N/9W-28PZS may ' provide duplicate information content. I -do.-- Semiannual Downgradient of specific agriculture located to the southeast. High sulfate and fluoride values have been detected. III —do.-- Annual Downgradient, agricultural use to the , south. Well 6N/10W-5HZS may provide duplicate information content. I -do.—— -do.-— Downgradient of subunit, upgradient of Minor ~do.-— outflow to the Lancaster subunit. Note: . Toxic/misc. —do.—— semiannual frequency should be adopted if perforation interval is found to be less than 150 feet. SUBUNIT ’ II Common Annual Upgradient, baseline water quality, down- gradient of inflow from Foothill area (north) and Neenach subunit. II —do.—— —do.-— Upgradient, baseline water quality, down— Minor -do.—- gradient of inflow from Neenach and Willow Toxic/misc. —do.—- Springs subunit. I Common —do.-- Downgradient of agricultural land use. Toxic/misc. -do.—- 57 TABLE 6. — Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well ‘ well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet LANCASTER 7N/l4w—13Als** USGS ————do.—-—— -do.-— 519 249—519 2 ‘ 8N/13W—20BIS** USGS —-~—do.--—- -do.—— 610 232—610 2 6N/13w-3H* —- -— -— 500 300-500 —— ‘ 7N/12W—3OQZS QHWD Common Annual 401 281-401 2 9N/12w—21AlS USGS —do.-— —do.—- 181 (100—181) 3 9N/12W—21NIS RCWD -do.-- Intermittent -— (100-200) 4 8N/12W-21CIS** -— —— -- >150 (100—200) 4 8N/12W—10JIS** USGS Water level Annual 91 (30—91) 3 only 8N/12W-14RIS** USGS ——-—do.-——— —do.—- 404 254-404 2 58 water—quality—monitoring network—-continued 3 Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT-—continued II Common —do.-— Upgradient of Antelope Acres, downgradient of inflow from Foothill area (north). II —do.-— -do.—- Downgradient of the urban land use north- east of Antelope Acres. III Common Annual Upgradient of Quartz Hill. Well 6N/13W—4H15 of the Foothill area (north) may provide duplicate information content. I —do.—- —do.—- Downgradient of Quartz Hill. Minor -do.-- Toxic/misc. -do.-— II Common -do.-- Upgradient of Rosamond and community sewage site. High hardness values have been detected. I —do.—— ~do.—- Downgradient of Rosamond and community sewage Minor —do.-- site. Note: semiannual sampling frequency Toxic/misc. -do.-- should be adopted if perforation interval is found to be less than 100 feet. III Common —do.—- Downgradient of sewage treatment site. Well 8N/12w—14R18 may provide duplicate information content. I —do.-— Semiannual Upgradient of Lancaster Piute Ponds sewage Minor -—--do.--- disposal site and located at a depth to be Toxic/misc. —-——do.—-- representative of the semiperched shallow water body of the subunit. ' I Common Annual Downgradient of Lancaster Piute Ponds sewage Minor, —do.-- disposal site and is important for monitor- Toxic/misc. -do.-- ing possible leakage from the shallow water body into the principal aquifer. Note: semiannual sampling frequency should be adopted if, after initial sampling, contami- nation problems (i.e., concentrations exceed beneficial uses) are indicated. 59 TABLE 6. — Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet LANCASTER 7N/12W—8J* —— -- —— 300 100—300 --‘ 7N/12w—28G*' —— —- —— 300 100—300 —— 7N/11W—18NlS USGS Common Annual 290 60—289 2 6N/12w—24ClS PWD —- —- 1,275 504—900 2 6N/12W—1HlS CDWR Common Annual 581 (300-581) 3 6N/11W—6HIS** LASD —do.—— Semiannual 449 (300—449) 3 6N/11W-ZOGZS PWD, -do.—— Annual 694 310-694 2 LASD —do.—- Semiannual 7N/llW—33QIS USGS -do.—— Annual 700 318—700 2 8N/10w-22P3S USGS —do.—- —do.—— 200 (50—200) 3 7N/9w—19HZS L USGS —do.-— -do.—- 600 (350—600) 3 60 water-quality—monitoring network——continued Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT-—continued II Common —do.—— Upgradient of Lancaster, downgradient of Minor —do.—- agriculture. Toxic/misc. -do.-- II Common -do.-— Downgradient of Lancaster. Minor -do.-— Toxic/misc. —do.-— I Common Semiannual Monitor the shallow, semiperched water body. Minor —-——do.-—- NOTE: sample to be collected in the top Toxic/misc. —-——do.-—— part of the perforated casing at a depth of 60 ft. II Common Annual Downgradient of Palmdale, upgradient of Minor —do.—— Air Force Plant No. 42. Toxic/misc. -do.—— II Common -do.-- Upgradient of Air Force Plant No. 42 and its sewage disposal site. I -do.-— -do.—- Downgradient of Palmdale sewage disposal Minor -do.—- site and golf course. Toxic/misc. —do.—- II Common -do.-- Upgradient of golf course and Palmdale No. 20 sewage disposal site, and downgradient of Palmdale and inflow, if any, from Pearland subunit. I —do.-- —do.-— Downgradient of the Air Force Plant No. 22 Minor ~do.—— and Palmdale sewage disposal reclamation use Toxic/misc. -do.-- site. I Common —do.—- Downgradient of agricultural land use in the eastern part of the subunit. II —do.-— —do.—- Upgradient, baseline water quality for southeastern part and inflow from Buttes subunit. 61 TABLE 6. - Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet LANCASTER 7N/11W—3E3S USGS -do -- -do —- 370 (150-370) 3 7N/10W-3OEIS CDWR —do —- —do -- 595 195-595 2 9N/8W—6JIS EAFB —do.-- -do —— 363 147—363 2 9N/10W-24CIS EAFB —do —— -do —- 733 156—733 2 NORTH MUROC 11N/8W-35DIS DLCS Common Intermittent 606 96—606 2 11N/8W-32AIS BCSD '-do.-— -- 530 281—530 2 11N/9W—24BZS USBC —do.-— Intermittent 542 96-542 1 10N/9W—5B18 EAFB —do.—— Annual 500 100—500 2 11N/10W—12FlS** USGS Water level —do.-- >180 (100-300) 4 only 62 water-quality-monitoring network—-continued . Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT——continued II —do.-- —do.-- Upgradient of heavily used agricultural Toxic/misc. -do.-— land to the east. I Common -do.-- Downgradient of agricultural land use. Toxic/misc. -do.-— II Common -do.-— Upgradient, baseline water quality for the northeastern part of the subunit. II -do.—— -do.—— Downgradient of pumping depression (north— east) and Edwards sewage disposal site. SUBUNIT III Common Annual Upgradient of the subunit. High levels of sodium, chloride, boron, and dissolved sol- ids have been detected. If inflow occurs, well may be useful for monitoring effects of mining in the Randsburg—Castle Butte area. III -do.—— -do.-- Downgradient of Desert Lake sewage disposal Minor —do.—— site. Toxic/misc. —do.—— III Common -do.—- Downgradient if outflow occurs to the Peer- less subunit, upgradient of North Edwards. High levels of nitrate and dissolved solids, and very high levels of boron have been detected. II —do.-- -do.—- Downgradient (if ground-water flow is north) Minor -do.-— of sewage disposal ponds located at north- Toxic/misc. —do.-— west end of Rogers Lake, or if inflow from the Lancaster subunit exists. High levels of sodium, chloride, and boron have been detected. II Common -do.—- Downgradient of outflow to Fremont Valley. Minor -do.-- Toxic/misc. -do.—- 63 TABLE 6. — Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet PEERLESS 328/39E-33R1M** -- -— -- ~ 300 (100-300) 3 ROSAMOND-BISSELL HARD—ROCK 9N/10W-16CZS EAFB Common Annual 217 (100-217) 3 10N/10W—23B* —- -- —— 500 100-500 -— 10N/9W-30K* -- -— —- 500 100-500 -- RANDSBURG-CASTLE 11N/8W-3QIS USBC Common Intermittent 414 266-414 2 11N/8W—22EIS** —- —— —- 400 200-400 2 11N/7W-31PZS** -- -- -- 500 300-500 2 lON/8W—22J* -- -- -- 500 300-500 -- 64 water-quality—monitoring network--continued Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency SUBUNIT II Common Annual Downgradient located in the pumping Minor —do.-— depression of the subunit. Toxic/misc. -do.-— HARD-ROCK AREA II Common Annual Downgradient of Edwards Flight Test Center Minor —do.—- and outflow into the Lancaster subunit. High Toxic/misc. -do.—- levels of sodium, chloride, sulfate, boron, and dissolved solids have been detected. II Common —do.-- Upgradient of Edwards Air Force Base indus- trial disposal site. NOTE: Perforation in- terval and total depth of well could be less; this should be determined at time of drilling. I -do.—— Semiannual Downgradient of Edwards Air Force Base indus- Minor -———do.--- trial disposal site. NOTE: Perforation in- Toxic/misc. -——-do.--- terval and total depth of well could be less; this should be determined at time of drilling. Annual frequency should be adopted if water level is found to be more than 200 feet. BUTTE HARD-ROCK AREA III' Common Annual Upgradient of extensive mining operations.‘ Minor -do.—— High levels of boron, fluoride, nitrate, and dissolved solids have been detected. I Common Semiannual Downgradient of mining activity and directly Minor --——do.—-- below tailing ponds. NOTE: ‘Annual frequency Toxic/misc. —---do.-—— should be adopted if water level is found to be more than 200 feet. III Common Annual Downgradient of Boron and upgradient of the Minor -do.-- sewage disposal sites at Boron and Park Toxic/misc.> —do.-— Knolls. II —-——do.—-—- Semiannual Downgradient of the Edwards Air Force Base Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NOTE: Perfora— tion interval and total depth of well could be less; this should be determined at time of drilling. Annual frequency should be adopted if water level is found to be more than 200 feet. 65 TABLE 6. - Proposed Antelope Valley State Present sampling program Depth of Perforated Well well No. Collecting Sampling well, interval, class or site agency categories Frequency in feet in feet HI VISTA 9N/8w-34K* —— -- -— 200 50-200 —- 6N/8W—9PIS CDWR Common Annual 98 (50-98) 3 FOOTHILL HARD-ROCK 8N/16W—13NIS USGS Common Annual 425 (200—425) 3 6N/13W—4HlS CDWR —do.-— -do.—- -— (200—400) 4 FOOTHILL HARD—ROCK 6N/12w—34NIS PWD Common Annual 400 (200—400) 3 4N/10w-23C15 CDWR -do.—— —do.—- 157 61—157 2 5N/10W-34NZS CDWR —do.-— —do.-- 80 (10—80) 3 5N/llW—16RZS CDWR -do.—— —do.-- 32 (0—32) 3 66 water-quality—monitoring network--continued Suggested sampling program Sampling Reasons for monitoring Priority categories Frequency HARD-ROCK AREA II Common Annual Upgradient, baseline water quality (northern area). II —do.—— —do.—— Upgradient, baseline water quality (south- ern area). High levels of sulfates and dissolved solids have been detected. AREA (north) II Common Annual Upgradient, baseline water quality, re— recharge from San Gabriel Mts. II -do.-- -do.—- Upgradient of inflow to Quartz Hill and Minor —do.—— Lancaster, baseline water quality and Toxic/misc. —do.—- recharge from San Gabriel Mts. AREA (south) II Common Annual Upgradient of inflow to Palmdale, baseline Minor —do.-- water quality, recharge from San Gabriel Toxic/misc. —do.-— Mts. High levels of chloride, sulfate, and hardness have been detected. III Common -do.-- Upgradient of Juniper Hills, baseline water ' quality and recharge from San Gabriel Mts. II -do.—- ~do.—- Downgradient of Juniper Hills. High levels of sulfate, fluoride, and dissolved solids have been detected. II —do.-— —do.-— Upgradient, baseline water quality. High levels of sulfate, fluoride, and dissolved solids have been detected. 67 TABLE 7. — Assessment of network Reason for Ideal Ideal well Actual T t l monitoring site1 No. of sites2 wells3 0 a Ambient conditions 6 3 8 17 Nonpoint conditions Agricultural land use Downgradient sites 1 4 5 10 Urban development Upgradient sites 1 2 7 10 Downgradient sites 2 5 11 18 Mining activity Upgradient sites 0 O 2 2 Downgradient sites 1 1 2 4 Point-source conditions Upgradient sites 1 2 4 7 Downgradient sites 1 3 5 9 Total 13 20 44 77 1Suggested site for ideal network where well does not now exist (would require drilling). 2Existing well suggested for ideal network that is not part of an existing network. 3Existing well suggested for the actual working network (well is listed in the phase 2 catalog). Sampling priority.—-Because budgetary restraints can be the main limiting factor in data collection, a monitoring priority classification is necessary. Based on discussion with the Regional Board and local water agencies, a priority list was formulated for each of the monitoring objectives. Priority classes range from I to III with I being of highest priority. A column showing the assigned priority for each well or site is given in table 6. Plate 2 shows the network system. Generally, priorities were assigned using the following guidelines: Priority I.——Sites located in flow path of a potential contamination source. These sources can be either point sources (sewage disposal sites, mining, industrial, and aviation sites) or nonpoint sources (agricultural areas, golf courses, septic tank leach fields, and boundary flow between adjacent ground—water subbasins). Priority II.——Sites located in areas where no historical ground-water- quality data exist, such as baseline water—quality sites. 68 Priority III.--Sites located in the same path of flow as another well (thus possibly duplicating information) or in an area where ground-water quality is known to be poor. Sampling categories.-—Water—quality standards or guidelines exist for a variety of water uses, which include drinking, domestic, commercial, industrial, irrigation, stock-watering applications, and water-contact recreation. These criteria provide a basis for the choice of characteristics to be included in the monitoring program for ground-water quality in Antelope Valley. Additionally it should be noted that it is usually less costly to determine a standard list of sampling categories than to determine three or four constituents separately. The suggested sampling program for the designed network includes three types of sampling categories: common, minor, and toxic/miscellaneous. The common constituents are those most commonly analyzed for in general— surveillance ground—water investigation programs of the U.S. Geological Survey. These constituents include common field-sampling categories, cations, anions, major dissolved ions, and nutrient concentrations (table 6). Monitoring for these constituents would detect most water—quality changes caused by the current land use in Antelope Valley. The suggested minor and toxic/miscel- laneous sampling categories include trace elements and toxic and organic compounds for which baseline levels are, for the most part, unknown. They may already exist in some ground—water supplies or be introduced with future developments in the basin. This report does not explain the reason and specific significance of each suggested constituent in the proposed monitoring analysis. Radiochemical analysis was not suggested in the basin or specifically around the numerous faults. No evidence of radioactivity exists; therefore, the additional expense required for this type of sampling on a regular basis is not justified. Sampling frequencies.—-The proposed initial sampling frequencies (table 6) followed a standard format throughout the network design. They were suggested so as to be compatible with (1) present monitoring frequencies, (2) suggested sampling categories, (3) the water—yielding zones, and (4) the present land use of the surrounding area. Ground water from a shallow zone (less than 50 feet below land surface) is most likely to exhibit seasonal fluctuations in quality, making semiannual sampling advisable, at least initially. In contrast, water from a deeper zone (more than 200 feet below land surface) would be expected to ,show little, if any, seasonal variation in quality, which would justify a more economical annual sampling frequency. Water from an intermediate zone (50-200 feet below land surface) may fall into either of the above seasonal variation categories. Current land use was an important consideration as downgradient wells can detect changes in supplies of drinking and irrigation. water and mining effluents. The long—term assignment of sampling frequency should be flexible depending on. water—quality information obtained during early stages of the monitoring program. Data obtained at a particular well during the first year of monitoring may indicate that‘ a vreduction of sampling frequency (from semiannual to annual) would provide adequate information for that well. Similarly, the frequency for a particular group of determinations (toxic and miscellaneous, for example) can be reduced (from semiannual or annual to every 5 years) where data indicate that the quality of a specific well's water remains virtually unchanged with time. 69 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The fundamental objective of this report was to design an actual monitoring ground—water network using an ideal network as a guide. The network design process used to construct the suggested monitoring program consisted of: (1) determining the geohydrologic characteristics of the basin that comprise the current hydrologic knowledge available for Antelope Valley, (2) identifying and locating potential contamination sources through data on land use and existing water-quality conditions, (3) establishing a criteria for selecting monitoring wells, (4) developing an ideal network by site and selecting actual wells that conform as nearly as possible to it, (5) establishing priorities for network sites, (6) selecting the sampling categories and frequencies necessary to monitor and adequately reflect the project objectives, and (7) commenting on the results. when the suggested network has been established, it will provide the State Water Resources Control Board and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board——Lahontan Region with a coordinated, workable tool to monitor ground- water—quality trends and degree of threat from various contamination sources in Antelope Valley. The objectives of the report were met as well as could be expected under restraints including no data collection, inadequate well-log information, and the possibility of inaccurate historical data. Implementation of the actual network will require liaison with eleven local, Federal, State, and private agencies. The Los Angeles County Sanitation District has been suggested as a source of data for a candidate well in the ideal network, and one candidate well for the actual well. Twelve wells in the ideal network are presently being monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey for water levels only. Information about ownership is not available for six wells that are being considered for the ideal network; however, this can be determined at the appropriate county tax assessor's office. Few potential ground-water contamination problems exist in Antelope Valley. The three designed networks presented in this report are to monitor the following categories: (1) point—source contamination; (2) nonpoint-source contamination; and (3) ambient water—quality conditions. The point-source sites identified are sewage disposal, mining, industrial, and aviation sites. The nonpoint-contamination sites are used to monitor the diffused contamination sources, which are agricultural, urban, mining and military activities; golf courses; septic—tank use; ground-water inflow; and the shallow perched water body located in the Lancaster subunit. The ambient condition sites are used to establish baseline water-quality conditions, evaluate long-term trends in ground—water quality and recharge from surrounding mountains. The reason each suggested site has been selected for monitoring when related to one or more of the three monitoring categories will aid in modifying the actual network. Reevaluation and modification of the network, is planned 5 years after implementation has begun. 70 The project limitations include the general lack of: (1) adequate well—log information and accurate phase 2 catalog information; (2) funding to drill new wells in the proposed ideal sites; and (3) geohydrologic data such as water~ levels, water quality, and specific capacities of wells in all the hard-rock areas and some of the subunits of Antelope Valley. The class of wells selected for the proposed actual network does not meet ideal conditions, but the information gained would meet most of the network's objectives. The actual network probably would not detect contamination from many now-unidentified potential point sources. This report contains an adequate amount of information on its development to fully enable the State Board to make appropriate future modifications to the network design, sampling categories monitored, and frequency of analysis. SELECTED REFERENCES Blankenbaker, G. G., 1978, Map of Antelope Valley—East Kern Water Agency area California, showing ground—water subunits and areas, location of wells, and lines of equal depth to water for spring 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Map 78-937, scale 1:62.500. Bloyd, R. M., Jr., 1967, Water resources of the Antelope Valley—East Kern Water Agency area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 73 p. California Department of Water Resources, Southern District, 1968, Ground water and waste—water quality study, Antelope Valley, Los Angeles and Kern Counties: A report to Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, no. 6, 95 p. ----- 1980, Planned utilization of water resources in Antelope Valley: State of California district report, 71 p. Chandler, T. S., 1972, Water-resources inventory, spring 1966 to spring 1971, Antelope Valley—East Kern Water Agency area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 14 p. Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 1967, Areal geology of the western Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 522, 153 p. Doyle, A. A., 1969, Report on arsenic occurrence in the North Muroc hydrologic basin, Kern County, California: California State Water Resources Control Board and Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, 48 p. Durbin, T. J., 1978, Calibration of a mathematical model of the Antelope Valley ground-water basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water—Supply Paper 2046, 51 p. Dutcher, L. C., Bader, J. S., Hiltgen, w. J., and others, 1962, Data on wells in the Edwards Air Force Base area, California: California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 91-6, 209 p. Dutcher, L. C., and Worts, C. F., Jr., 1963, Geology, hydrology, and water supply of Edwards Air Force Base, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 251 p. Hatai, K. K., 1979, A preliminary evaluation of ground-water quality in the Antelope Valley: California Department of Water Resources, 23 p. Hem, J. D., 1970, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (2d ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1473, 363 p. 71 Hughes, J. L., 1975, Evaluation of ground—water degradation resulting from waste disposal to alluvium near Barstow, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 878, 33 p. Johnson, H. R., 1911, Water resources of Antelope Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water—Supply Paper 278, 92 p. Koehler, J. H., 1966, Data in water wells in the eastern part of the Antelope Valley area, Los Angeles County, California: California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 91-12, 17 p., 6 apps. Kunkel, Fred, and Dutcher, L. C., 1960, Data on water wells in the Willow Springs, Gloster, and Chaffee areas, Kern County, California: California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 91-4, 85 p. Lamb, C. E., 1976, Map of the Antelope Valley—East Kern Water Agency area, California, showing ground—water subunits and areas, and water-quality diagrams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Map, scale 1:62,500. ----- 1980, Map of the Antelope Valley—East Kern Water Agency area, California, showing ground-water subunits and areas, location of wells, and water— level contours for spring 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open—File Map 80-1222, scale 1:62,500. Lewis, R. E., and Miller, R. E., 1968, Geologic and hydrologic maps of the southern part of Antelope Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open—File Report, 21 p. McKee, J. E., and Wolf, H. w., eds., 1963, Water quality criteria: The Resources Agency of California, State Water Resources Control Board, 548 p. Moyle, W. R., Jr., 1965, Water wells in the western part of the Antelope Valley area, Los Angeles and Kern Counties, California: California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 91-11, 16 p., 6 apps. ————— 1969, Water wells and springs in the Fremont Valley area, Kern County, California: California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 91-16, 13 p., 5 apps. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, 1973 [1974], Water quality criteria 1972: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA R3-73—033, 594 p. North County Citizens Planning Council, 1977, North Los Angeles County general plan, Los Angeles County Department of Regional Planning, 57 p. Rantz, S. E., 1969, Mean annual precipitation in the California region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2 map sheets. Snyder, J. H., 1955, Ground water in California-—The experience of Antelope Valley: University of California, Division of Agricultural Science, Giannini Foundation ground-water report no. 2, 171 p. Thompson, D. G., 1929, The Mojave Desert region, California, a geographic, geologic, and hydrologic reconnaissance: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Supply Paper 578, 759 p. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977, quality criteria for water, 1976: 256 p. . _ VanDenburgh, A. S., Seitz, H. R., Durbin, T. J., and Harrill, J. R., 1982, Proposed monitoring network for grouhd—water quality, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open—File Report 80—1286, 25 p. ‘ Weir, J. E., Jr., Crippen, J. R., and Dutcher, L. C., 1964, A progress report and . proposed test—well drilling program for the water-resources investigation of the Antelope Valley—East Kern Water Agency area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open—File Report, 134 p. 72 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Prepared in cooperation with the WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 84-4081 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD AND THE CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD - LAHONTAN REGION PLATE 1 113°15' 11.35 E. ne°ou' “-39 5- “7°45' R.4ll E. . . , J. “; ‘.‘ . ‘ ’ ' ".1" ‘ LL: T . ' g. ' A Pin“ ‘ gar-j." .-¢ , " _ ‘ _\ . . . .. , 7 “LEst-4va .; vhn v a4 . “I .m-~ ... ~ Lam EXPLANATION . I l . I/Ss- \\ . . l" ,4 36 U U a . l Ono ‘\ z 'o ‘ ‘ I 13.? 3 7° “ my If: [2 CORRELATION 0F MAP UNITS " ‘ l 5' . 7 7' ‘ “ 9Tb N % l 39% O _ BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA j I I. , ‘ (I R. 34 E. ‘1 1., Th % I , Goo [<1 “yd ————-—— APPROXIMATE CONTACT fl . > . — —% — -JU ' W- ‘ -- Z . S T” ‘1“? v' 2700 y m up HOLOCENE QUATERNARY APPROXIMATE BOUNDARY OF LACUSTRINE I “ I; are fir. Goo Goo doc _ , 1 [u DEPOSITS To 32 S. H @935": :7, I I P % E I . ' 5 l 000%! I Goa | m noa PLIOCENEO) AND TERTIARY (?) AND ____ . . . . FAULT--Dashed where approxrmately located, I Tu r—H ME“ ‘1 . I." . . . I< . - dotted where concealed . Tlu I I ; pr ' ' 0’ no, PLEISTOCENE QUATERNARY , . ,. ; , 0oo~€> '. A|———————|A LINE OF GEOLOGIC SECTION I: = - Win - ..... - rrrrrrr ‘ __ »_ .. - Iu TERTIARY l . I 4 0° IT. 32 8. 5 an: ]' PRE TERTIARY . - *"'.‘fif"'°SB“RG-M‘< % p.“ I . i’.Ean r I I} L f E"* 5 *“TEEM DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS l . . 3 li , E C | /"% I l f 00‘ ,pm . .5 ‘ w : -‘ - -, -, ,,- .--__ - _. I UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS \’ J94 l -- :0 In“ u. ‘ “p, “L gd YOUNGER ALLUVIUM AND DUNE SAND-- ’ CT - l o0; 4 2‘80 -1339. Unconsolidated sand and angular boulders, l . [LNT DIAELOBASE AN i IAN . _. \Qll cobbles, and gravel, with small quantities , 5 .._--r . E-BERNA ‘ v _ " ' ' of silt, and clay beneath alluvial plains mi 36 % _ 3' l 5' 1% 3 A‘ 1 % " ' DESERT . I‘fiDINO BEEF” 3A5N' M R’. “€90 I and stream channels; includes locally de- W I 4 ' «J _> " _ ,, ‘ OJWO l BlUT'TE®l . I (36‘ ‘ Tb .. 0. rived mudflow and landslide debris; also [0 ‘ ' a.) E 5 ' V .3 > _ ' fine to medium windblown sand; yield “I, 1' l 79 6 " little water to wells / j 5 MAIm-féflfigpé _, - W ‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ no. OLDER ALLUVIUM--Poorly sorted sand mumfm l and some gravel, silt, and clay; yields WEIR. % water freely to wells 75"?“ng .. J On PLAYA DEPOSITS-- Silt and clay of lakebeds; l ‘ . Q d yield small quantities of water to wells R 15 W ‘ Y OLDER FAN DEPOSITS-~Moderately indurated T. II N. ' .. boulder gravel, cobble- pebble gravel, and sand; yield little water to wells CONSOLIDATED ROCKS Mam [I] SEDIMENTARY AND VOLCANIC ROCKS» o I i Includes sandstone, conglomerate, shale, H3 30 - Mb 5 l. . ‘ , lake deposits, volcanic rocks, and tuff- 35°00, :NORTH fiwAR l. ‘ I breccia, undifferentiated; yield small . —‘ TEE“ " . " ‘.5. ». , quantities of water to wells l I ‘ 35°00, BASEMENT COMPLEX"Quartz monzonite; . granite; schist, gneiss, and other metamor- phic rocks; undifferentiated. Locally high- ly fractured along faults. May yield small quantities of water from fractures or where deeply weathered T. 10 .N. T 1F 0 ROF- 1mg , I. 0.17 W. de PTb .-‘ 118°45’ To 9 “0 . 4 o_ o_o g o '0 f o 9. ------ we. at”. “““““ LiGHT . E D, Iv A R... 9- ;?(tswflmma 1...,le 1 1.4 K E: E? N C 0 OS ANG ELES‘ {20% . I T' : l ‘ l l r}. {WHO I . . . a > 5 I Tr: ‘ “LT . . ' 9* . g . J I 7‘ LITE FA ..- ., . ,, % .- 3 f- - -1 ‘ ._ —< _._ pTfl-OBEJTIE I’Io'i‘uvrwpou-OQOI- .0.o...s.o-' —\o a ‘ 7.8 N. ‘ may 3% . 34°45' ’ S T5 4"”? REM . i qr .. .. 0 "3 . J - l s pr 060- .Q‘d A N .5“ EEUF’E W. - .. . Nb. . . 0n. .. I. W, -- W I, _- __ i (m m . I : U 5'15 , . . At'REJ ,» l; .56 ; ; \ Kc» . ‘l‘l' . 3| 1 3 : E ' .mfllAVE“ ”'DESERI IREGlflN v ‘1 ‘ I" W....- -.. .. .. ____ _-_........_- MMMMM __ _ HB°45’ I W I3 E I s 5 w ‘ 5 I a ‘ “it [‘5 . l - 6 " ; g . I q l l l - 3' ‘ ‘ r . ..... ., l - :' I. .4 T.7 N. l i TQ‘IJEFET'Z ' . '- Hm. 113°3o' 63: Lpr p'l’b 5 LS u. f . 1 56 % .31 STUDYAREA 5 W L \/ . ‘ 7:. . W-. \ . '\. l j I z . ~ {1.5 n. 5-_. w-—-434°3u’ 2 I 3 ; .z’l f T 7 7 159; MEIER E" {A R. ‘, ..I . . .. . 1 5 H W. E e z 0 w .: D a 5 i l l 4 5 6 7 nuts APPROXIMATE MEAN .=; L "- 2 3 118°00’ DECLINATION. 1975 . l ’4 0 l 2 3 4 5 6 'I KILOMETERS 3:525:55 CONTOUR INTERVALSVIUU and, 1,000 FEET National Geodetic Vertical Datum of1929 Base from US. Geological Survey, 1965 MAP SHOWING GENERALIZED GEOLOGY AND LINES OF GEOLO‘GIC SECTIONS IN ANTELOPE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 84-4081 Prepared in cooperation with the PLATE 2 CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD AND THE CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD - LAHONTAN REGION R. 40 E. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 118°15’ R.3B E. R.37 E. R.39 E. 117°4R \ U 118°00' R. 38 E. EXPLANATION UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS CONSOLIDATED ROCKS BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA ‘ , .‘ ‘ : 26 BOUNDARY OF GROUND-WATER SUBUNIT OR HARD-ROCK AREA , ‘ o‘ ' . - . ‘ P ERL ss 5 * SUB IT FAULT -- Dashed where approximate; dotted where t \ " .- X » -. .. ‘ _ C LIFOR IA concealed ’Rocr \ >53”: M APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF THE SHALLOW PERCHED-WATER BODY (1958 and 1965) St WATER-LEVEL CONTOUR-~5h0ws altitude of water levels in wells, spring 1979. Interval var— U T DIAB 0 BASE AND M RIDIAN iable, in feet. National Geodetic Vertical Datum Of 1929 54“” B NARDI BAS AND IDIA I . l2 N. 4 DIRECTION OF GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT \AVE WELL AND IDENTIFICATION AU IIARY ACTUAL R TION IDEAL IDEAL SITE AND LETTER _ T , , AI" WATER-QUALITY DATA CONTAINED IN TABLE 3 CH FF E S BUN WELL- NUMBERING SYSTEM I Letter after well Indicates l18° 30 osition in section, thus: p 35°00 B A H G K 0 oc UBUNI A \ " \ \,{ H8°4E’ ' . . , LANG STE \\ 0 34° 45’ , . -’ ST WEST . NCA TER 5 AN EL BERN ROI 2125i ’ A ll8°45' HB°30 ,,,,, PEARLAND SU U IT LmrL r; I Rd W.) /" .mx TRUE NORTH E «5" 2 3 Z: 5 V s APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINAT | ON, 1975 1 6 7 KILOMETERS >50 I Hr‘l L I CUNTUUR INTERVALS 100 and 1,000 FEET National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 l . " 1. 12' R.15w. R,14w, 11°15! R.12w. R.H w. 118°00' R.10w. R. H. 117°45‘ R. B W. Base from US. Geological Survey ’ 1965 B R' 1 3 W. Geology compiled by R. M. Bloyd, Jr., largely generalized after published and unpublished mapping by T. W. Dibblee, Jr., L. C. Dutcher, J. H. Wiese, J. C. Crowell, W. R. Muehlberg and R. H. Jahns , TD . . 2,2 4" If MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PROPOSED NETWORK AND GROUND-WATER SUBDIVISIONS 9;: \5 IN ANTELOPE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 3:: Prepared in COOperation with the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD AND THE CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD - LAHONTAN REGION WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 84-4081 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PLATE 3 118°15' R. 35 E. R. 37 E. name' R. 33 E_ 4 R. 39 E. 117°45' R, 40 E_ EXPLANATION BOUNDARY OF STUDY AREA 1 ’ Racr ”A”. \\ UFOR 1A BOUNDARY OF EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE ~-~Lm M SEWAGE DISPOSAL SITE 31 U T DIAB O BASE AND M TDIAN PALMDALE RECLAMATION SITE 1 ‘2 N SAN B NARDI 0 AND IDM URBAN OR BUILT- UP - - AGRICULTURAL RANGE OR FOREST WATER AND WETLAND W BARREN I AU 1 IARY I ‘ R ‘ WON DIRECTION OF GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT . - 110°3W 35°00 110°45' 34°45’ T. 7 N. 118°45' T. 5 N 34°30' TRUE NORTH 73 é§ z Q \ £7 5? 34°30' 5§ APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION, 1975 B 3 7 KILOMETERS CONTOUR 1NTERVALS 100 and 1,000 FEET National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 5 " 1 ‘ \\ r ‘ ’1 R.15 W. R.14 W. 1130151 R_]3 W. R.12 W. R.11 W. 118°00’ R.10 W. R. 9 W. 117°45I Base from US. Geological Survey, 1965 Modified from US. Geological Survey Land-.1153; VSVe‘I'ieS.‘ T D ZZQiRI RR I>E?E§ MAP SHOWING LAND USE IN ANTELOPE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA RR; RR R