4w Nuiétkvsxl » ‘Mi 4- m~ 1r. :ur-mwwo 1"“ m 1. \ .. ....- .‘~-*»~ mmmm Wm“ ‘N’k‘ \xx k: v ‘:.\\\\"-E\~‘ \% THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Architecture IN MEMORY OF Julia Morgan Presented by Daniel Volkmann, Jr. 4' 331:5 ff“ ' A33 m5: 7.31:1“ \ , gnu ‘ k _ i 5 t. i z n \ ¥ ””573 Book ffojhygthiwd“ ‘ ANDREA PALLAD‘ latedaat 951W"? ‘1‘“ ‘ "fi 4;.“ may .5me gr J7 - YW‘ F (like; (If!!! ' J FIRST - 'B’ 0 10K Arohitefiure :, A N DR E A B:iLJ¢.é.Ql,Q-. ' Trahflated' out of 'I TAL I AN, _ With an A P E N D l X touching / DOORS and ’W‘IND ows, By PR- Le M UE T Architeé’c to the French King. Tranflated into Englifl: By G o n F R E Y PR1 c H‘A R D s. The Whole illuflrated with near Fowfeore Copper Cuts. ALSO* Rules and Demonflratiom, with feveral Defigns for the ”Framing of any manner of Raqfs, either Above Pitch, or Under Pin/9,. whether Square, or Bevel, never ‘ before Publifl‘fd : By that Ingenious Architeél Mr. William Pope of London. WITH Defigns of Floors, of Variety of Small Pietes of Wood Inlaii, lately made in the Palace at Someifet-Hozg/e; a Curiofity never praaifled before in Eng/am]. ‘ ’ , The (Eighth @bition, Ccrrtfied and Enlarged : With the Model of (he I Cub-:dral of St. Paul, London, when it was to be Rebuilt; LONDON _ Printed for E B E N. T R. A c Y, at the Three 82M: on London-Beige. I 7 1 6, “W , m “ ARCHITECTURE LIB. VOW~1AI¢£J W; " -" \F \ ”‘43 an.» - / I - v ’r v_ v , \1 5*”;_,.:,; fat. 7. _ - e9 4 x ‘ ‘ The. PREFA 6E; 89 the E A D E R. ~- ' ' VI .1? ~ :‘2 ‘ I “ . 1""; ['49 i- 'L . I: :ZBCJi: ‘! L- , x I ' 4 ‘ HE. Sahieéfi 22‘: 119i; :Trcflflqiim, being Aficmfimmfii zdoth,,i7; theU ifliatz'hféfirflen. WQttthzeed 720 Cowmnda— . . time, where 1 en: areATObZL’MtYMQ” N052? Mind: -'-, 56”?“ fake. 1/7341! any give yoitjon Account ofiazhe Author’:,’ and my own (bizeemmems hereigz : He was Andrea l’alladio 4 Fame; Architeéz’ of Italy,- wheretzzhieg'hhtice. of the Ii'regu/izrities 472,1 Defizvgizies ii; .Beilding; initiaétich .lgy" lime/1707?; 0f .IhfiGoihS, 448261 Pt]??? Ba?- imam; 11a peeve}!!! ithgfc {ficafivcifiiefimfit' 1‘56 funk/6’, bahw‘eht fitip 379%ng the World ‘1'?! the Bailey and Pnz‘éiices of the Legged ‘ Antiefits, havitag 017130772172in to ohferve the Foozjieps of their Liz,- hourg-evm at Rome itfelf, where heizzg the greatefl ‘Comoztife of ABM Men; atz‘dxhioflc Mixes, they feared neither Care We C43 1'22 31.41.1157? I And *ifl'lllzz‘tatiotz oftheflz, 0417‘ Amber is (2371;? in hiaDir Vec‘fiem Ipztchiogevery Material, as in the Choice of Stone, Timbélj, Metals, Sand, Lime, Brick, £92.. what gqod, and what 7102‘, how to hepreperedfltdjwt in flfl’. ’Tis ohflerv’d how careful they were in makirig their Brick mid . Lime, not far 03417773 1776" hank]? Stone 3 fl”. 5. 55,31,193“ Woueghh/erpeth, that the Italians’ to this 13432, whammy: the Afiticflm; did bit/7'22 their firm/1’ Stone, and we; ‘ Marble i505; where - it was plezttifitl, which it? Time become Marble ~ again, or iii leifl of indijfoluh/e Darity, a: oppeizreth in the flaridiflg Theatres. 'flfld other Learned Men have reguireclthat [I]! the Timber he calmer hf the flmcfore/i, all the Stone out of the fizme Quarry, "with? Lime he 324515.05! of theflzlfit’;StOH¢, cf which the Bitildiiig-is intended, imagining that they wi/Z Sym .4thize on] foizz better, by z:- , him! of Original Kindred. But iiyieo (ft-his Curioflty, we too ofteiz' make Lime wit/701,1! my great Choice,_ and of Refit/eStzgflg which is on 'Englifh Error of 710 firm/Z Moment 1'72 om Buildings; Afier thefe Particulars, om“ vAztthm‘ proceeds rto treat of the Five Ordemflf Columns, whzfe thieiizhers :27ch Proportions, as he hath laid them down, are, by the fitdiciom, efleemed the mofl Exec/[em in their kind; and for jimze of their Terms, whieh I; have charged, it was not wiihwtsiéize Advice, d-Sr’cihu! Ami/2:, thereby: to cattform t0 zhofe Terms m0 film/form..ouLWoIt/cmerz.. . 5 is: y , Bethe/e74” added Deflgm (9‘ Doors {hid Windows, by Fr. Le Must Ardhz'tefizto th'e ¥fench King, which I that/ght good to prefem, ( Pal-‘1 ladio only di/comfizig of them) they [71ng we]! eppi'ovei‘l by (1/! Ami/fr, - , i‘ , ‘ -2 ' both «1. [9 989.525 ”both for their, Manner _oncl Proportions,_ond ‘e {We which ore at the Louvre etil’al‘is -,.' and _—oztt“ofhim I have “given the Proportion of Halls and Chambers, 'tho’ a little cli erin from Palladio', becoufe. mfi agreeig-to the prefintfrtzélice both in ngland and France. And for the finite Rayon, I d‘o,‘infleod (ffllOllf: Muet’s Deflgns cy‘ Frame: of Honfes, put in fnch a: are we in England, by the Direélion of form: io'four Able/l Archit‘eéls; which (I hope) will be grateful, and very nfi'fnl, not only to-ottr tlrttyle, httt Gentlemen and Other: which my have occo‘fion to Build; giving (:71 Account of all the Name: propeg to each Member and Principal of the Honfe; and ti! o fhew the manner. chroming, with their feveral Scantlings and Butments. Altho’ we wont not fetch Ingenious Ami/ts, whqfi: Nome: tie/ewe to be celebrated for many finnding Examples of their Skill, which do better defame Ddcrz‘ption,- than many, pnbli/hed with much Pomp, beyond the 8605; yet we have bntfe'w Boo/{e which we can recommend to yon, Infides the Excellent Dgfcomfes of Sir H. Wotton and John Evelin Efq; the former. on the Element: qurchitett‘ure ; and the lot- _ fer, in bi: Account (lfAI‘C‘blié‘Gura 1111f, Arrhittfiha (added [0 b1; (:15. gent Tran/lotion if the Parallel) where they have compryeylfil/b: (112d ’ clearly the mo]? weighty Olfervotiom cf the Art in general, the Sta- dion: will need only to ferve himfelf of the particular Port: therety‘; according to his own Occafions. And fnch Piece-s a: are here pref/exited, the Reader cannot think mfiq/httoble, being ogoinfl the Rebuilding of [0 great a City a: London, wherein the King having jhewn hisperticnlar Care of keeping the Dude in its former Channel, by fixing the Exchange, Cufiom-Houié, 67c. on their Old Foundations; and their Lows htzving provided fitr fnch a ”Key oani/cling a: may ioin together, ( who! our Author? require: to , he olflrved by every Undertaker) Accommodation, Handfomenefs, and 'Lafiingnéfi, and prevent that Deformity and Der/Igor. which we have formerly been liable to,by Irregular and Slight Buildings, Narrow Streets, Intolerable Encrozzchntents, fetting Windows, and what not, that might make it Comhnflible; I hope both Old and Ihnng do rejoyce at the Rebniltling' of London, a Second happy Re/Tortztion, inferioronly to that if hie Mojejly’s Perfon' and Government: ' Godfrey Richards. ‘ ’ T H is ‘mmmfimmnwmmmmnmamfi “it? ; ~yofwmgmfia-.w%mfifi’ abfizwwWw$&w&§§§&%fiwe 23‘; fig 2 .._. 53$” fl'rHE FIRST‘B 001c— , ARC H ITECTURE; LW~ANDREA PALLApIo CHA P; a I. What ought 'to be confidered and peeperea', ' before you begin to Build; ‘ .‘ gag» wEFORE ou begin to Build, you on ht care- £3 ‘ {A '3? fully to cyonfider every Fart ' of the Fogundation ’ 319i ’ 4' and Ground—work of the Building" which is to ”’5? a, be railéd. Three Things in a Building ( as faith @ 499‘ Vitmvim) ought to be confider’d, Without which - ' ; it will not deferve Commendation-7 thole are, Ufefulneis or Accommodation, Lafiingnefs, and Handfomenelfs: For that Work cannot be accounted Perfect which is uleful but only for a lhort time, or not convenient for a longer; or ha- ving thefe two, hath not all?) Decency : It will be Commodious when every-Part hath its due Place and fit Situation, not below its Indignity, nor above what its Ufe requires; and they will be fitly d-ifpoléd, when the Galleries, Halls, Chambers, Cellars, Granaries ‘are, in their proper Places. As for the Lailingnefs, you. regard that when all the Walls are right by the Line, thicker below than above, and have good agd fuflicient Foundations: ’ ' ’ ’ — ' And mmemmmmfimfimmmmfimm ,, l . . ‘ ~ 0f afrcbztefiure, c . , - And: befides’, the Pillars above mull be‘direEtly over the Pillars, below '5 and all the Apertur‘e‘s (as Dents "and Windows ) mull be one above the other, lo -~ that the Sotid' be upon the Solid, and“ tile Vacant be upon the Vacant. The Handlomeneis will ariie ‘ from the fair Form and the Correfpondence between the Whole , and its Parts, of' the Parts among themlelves, and of them to ' the Whole, becaufe that a Building orght to appear an intire and perfea Body, wherein each Member agrees with the others, and all the Members be neceflary totwhat you defign. ‘ Thele Things confider’d in the Defign and Model, you ought then diligently to calculate all‘the Charge that may arile, and make timely provilion of Money, and prepare what Materials {hall leem, rc‘qnifite, fo that in Building, nothing may be defi- cient, or hinder the Compleating of the Work; it‘being no little Prail‘e to the Builder, nor fmall Advantage; to the Work, that it ., be finilh’d with due Expedition; And that all the Walls be at once laid out, and equally difpatched, from whence there will be none of thoie Clefts which ufually are feen in Fabricks ‘riniiliid unequally, and at divers times}: i ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ,And therefore having chofim the moft‘skilful Artifls that you ean get, that lb the Work maybe the better carried on “by their Advice, you are to provide Timber, Stone, Land, Lime, and ’ Metal, concerning which Provifion you {hall have lbme Adver~ tilernents, as to frame the Joifis of the Hall‘ and Chambers, provide .yburielf with fo many Joifis, as, when framed, there may remainbe‘then them the Space of arjoil’t and half. in like manner concerning Stone, you are to take Notice, that ‘ to make the Jaums of Doors and Windows, you are not to have Stone bigger than a Fifth, or lefs than a Sixth art ofthe Light, and if you intend to adorn the Buildings with , illars or Pilal’ters, make the Balés,Capitols and Architraves’ ollStone, and the other ‘ psrts of Brick. . , ‘ _ ' _ “ Belides, As for the Walls, you are to confider that they ought .. to diminilh according as they rile, which Inflrué‘tion will flare . theiAccount right, and leflen great part of'the Charge: And be- tzniie alltheie Parts may be dii‘courfeLl of in'their particular Places, it firall littfice to have here given this general Advice, which is as a rough-Draught of the whole Building. ‘ B . ‘ ut \ 0f- flrcbztefiute. . x , But befiges the quantity, you are alfo to confide: the (grainy [and Goodnefs of theMatetials, to; chufe the befi 5 Experience ' gained from the Buildin of others will be a great help, be- cauie thereby we may ea 11y know how to determine what is fit and expedient toour own ,Purpofe. And although Vitmvim, Lam Battfli‘a, Alberti, and other excellent Writers, have taught what is requifite in the choice ot‘Materials, yet that nothing may be wanting in theie Books of mine, I [112111 fpeak of“ fom'e, confining my felf to the mofl necefiary. , ‘ ' CHAR 11. _~ fl Of Tim. ' Imher (Vitruvz'w hath it, Book II. Cap. 9.) ought to he feil’d in Azttzmm, and ,ough all the Winter, becaufe then the/Trees recover from t Root thd'sSt'rength and Soundneis which in the Spring and Sammer was diiperfed into Leaves and Fruit; and you are to t them in the Wain of the Moon, be- cauté' the Moiflure whic is moi’t apt to rot Wood is then' con- fumed 5 from whence there will not, come the Worm to hurt it. it {hould be cut but to the middle of the Pith, and f0 left until it be dry, hecaufe by Drops there will pafs away that Moifiure which would cauie Putrefaé’tion; being cut, let it be laid in a Place free from the Extremity of the Sun, Wind and Rain 5 and ' thofe ought chiefly to be kept dry which are of Spontaneous Growth, and to the end that they may not cleave, but dry equal- ly, you are to daub them over with Cow—dung; it {houid not be drawn through the Dew, but in the Afternoon, not to’ be wrought being very wet, or too dry, becauie the one makes it apt to tor, the other hard to work, nor will it in leis than Three Years be dry enough to ufe in Planks, Doors and Windows. it isconvenient for thofe who are about to Build,"th inform them- i‘elves from Men skilful in the Nature of Ti-mhe‘r,z~what Wood " . -- ~ B 2 ' ' L. is ' thin-7x “ ” _ §. 0f .Arcbitefiure. is fit: forfuch Ufi, and what not. 2' Vitmnim, in the» Chapter aboveamention’d, gives good InfiruEtious-g- and {bother- Lear—med Men, who have written thereof atriarge'. ' ~ ' ' {C H A 15.4111, .Of \Stone. " Ome are Natural, fome Artificial: The Natural are hewn out ofthe Quarry, and are either to make Lime, or to build Walls :- Of thofe which. are ufed for Lime, (hall be fpoken hereafter. Thofe» of which Walls are built are eithetMarble and hard Stone, - 01' 611% fOft and pliant. rMarble and hard Stone is to be wrought as foon/‘as digg’d; for it will be at that time more eafie to work, than when it hath remaind a while in the Air -, feeing the longer \ theyare out of the (harry, they become the harder, and mutt ihddenly be put in handy ;_ But the ‘fofter the Stone (efpecially Where its Nature and Suffi‘éiency is not underflood, as when ’tis diggfd in “a Place from whence formerly none has been taken) ought to be digg’d in Summer, and expofiad to the Air, and not to be ufied within‘Two Years :‘~It mul’t be digg’d in Summer, to the end that not being ufed to Wind, Rain, and Froll, it may by degrees grow hard, and'enabled to refill thofe Injuries ofthe " Weather, and it {hould be left To long, that thoie which have been‘prejudiced may be put in Foundations; and the others‘not l‘poiled (upon Trial) are to be uIEd above Ground in Buildings, becaufe they endure longefil , * Artificial Stones, are, from their Form, commonly call’d Samara/:3 thefe are made of a chalky, whitiih and pliable Earth, you mull by all means avoid that which is gravelly and findy -, the Earth mull be digged in Autumn, and temperfld in 'WMW‘, and to they may be well made in the Spring; but if Neceflity forces you to make them in the Winter or Summer, .l-cover themin Winter with dry Sand, and in Summer with SW‘IW: _ . ten _ \ 0f aArc-latiteéi’ém;-.- When haadégitheLy-require alongertime to dry; and ,’tis belt that they dry-"in thei'Shad‘e, lb“ that/not 0th the ,Outfid‘e,’ but: , . ‘lih'e'e'Midldlej‘; and‘all‘i’ar‘ts 'ifi'afibeequally hardned giwhich can- not be done in 16129 than Two Years. They are madefbig‘ger or- leis, acccrding to the quality of the Building, and the ul'e to whic‘h'they are-“intended 5 therefore the Antients made their Bricks for Publick and Great Buildings larger than for Small 'and Private: The bigger lbrt ought to be holloWed in many Places, that ii) they may dry 'and bake the better. ' - CH AP. IV. N am “ “ ‘ ere are ‘Threeforts of sand, that, is to-iay Pit-Sand, ' River-Sand, and Sea-Samh BitrSand is of all'the 'beli, and is Black, White, Red, or Cindry, Which is a fort of Earth burnt by Fire, inclofed' in the Mountains, and digged up in Hf cany. There is alfo digged in Term (11' Lauoro, in the Territories Baio and Came, a Sand {called by Vitmvjm, Pagan/am, which fuddenly knits together in WaterL and makes Building very flrong 5 it hath been found by long Experience, that of all Pit— Sand the White is the worfe; and of River—Sand, that from the Stream which is found in the Falls of Water is the belt, be- caufe it is more purged. The Sea—Sand iSWQIlt of all, and black— ens and (hines like Glafs; but that is better which is nearel’t the Shore, and bigger. ~ThePit-Sand, becaule ’tis fat and tough ( but apt to cleave) is: therefore uled in Walls and long Vaults, The River-Sand is very good for: the covering or rough-calling of Walls; Sea-Sand,~becaufe ’tis lbon wet and foon dry, and . moulders away by reafbn‘ of the Salt, therefore is unfit to bear weight. All Sand is belt in its Kind, if being fqueeZed and handled, it crackles; and if being put upon a White Cloth, it neither fiains, nor leaves itfoul: That is bad, which is mingled with / Water W .. «flrcbitéé't’ure. _ Watetr'maltes 'it dirty and muddy, and which-has for along l i . time been. in the Air,» Sun,. M0011, and Froll', becaule i_t,wi'11‘re- rain much 'Earth'and rotten Hamper; apt to bring forth Shrubs and‘wild’Fig—trees, which are :gréatly hurtful to Buildings. J“ 4". s, ‘ “ 0f Lime, and bow to work it; 7 Tones, whereof’Lime is made, are either digg’d out of the Hills, .or taken" out of the Rivers: All Stones of the Hills are good which are dry, Without any moiflure, and brittle, having no Material in it, which when it pafléth the Fire {hall leave the Stone lefs, therefore that Lime will be belt which is made of ‘ the hardefl, found, and ~whiteStOne, and being Burnt, remains a third part lighter - than its-Stone. There are allb certain ibrts of Stone, the Lime whereof is very good for the fetting oi'Walls, In the Hills of Padmz they dig-a rugged Stone, whofe Lime is very good in Works which lie Open, and in the Water -, becauie it prefently hardens, and endures very long. All digg’d StOnes are better to make Lime than the gather’d 5 and from a fhady and moifi Pit rather than a dry: The White is better to work than the Brown. Stones which are gather’d in Rivers and Brooks, that is to _ fay, Pebbles, make excellent Lime, and very white and neat Work,» therefore ’tis generaliy us’d for Finifliing of Walls. All Stones, as well of the Hills as Rivers, are‘iooner or later burnt, according to the Fire which is given them: but ordinarily they are burnt in Sixty Hours: Being burnt,“ wet them, but don‘t pour on the Water all at once, but at glitters times, and frequently (that they may not burn) ”till they be well temper‘d : Afterwards ’put them in a moifi and {hady Place without any Mixture, only. cover them lightly with Sand 5 and by how much the more thoroughly they are fieeped, to much the more rough and better they will be; except thoie which . are > , 0f Arc/attefiure; are made of rough Stones, as thePzzzIwz'rz, becauie they as foon as they ar¢ Wet inufl be. Wrought: "9‘1““ Wife they wafie and bum away, whence :thEY Wining]; lipid, but become ufélefi : For to make the Mortar, Y 011 T'nufi: Winn-t the Sand, that taking Of Pfi‘ Sand you mufi’puf Three Parts thereof with One of Lime; if River or Sea'Sand, Two Parts thereof'with One of Lime- , C H AP VI ~ , H E, Metalsuiéd in Buildings are Iron, Lead, and Copper; -‘ Iron ferves to make Nails, Hinges, and Chains to‘féfien the Doors, to make Doors themfelv‘es, "Grates, and the like Works. It. is nowhere-found, alidifi’diggedfpure, but when digged is purged by the fire, to the‘e’n‘d it" may be fo‘mElred that it may run, and that before it be cool the Foulneis may be taken away, but after it is purged and cooled it heats well, and becomes fOfi: and .eafie to be wrought, and beat out with a Hammer. But it will-not" eafily melt .‘if it be not put again into a Furnace "made for that'Purpoie: If being red-hot'it donor work, not yield to the Hammer, it wafies, ”and is fimil’d. ' "Tis a fign of‘theGood- neis of Iron if in the Mafs you fée the'Veins continued firaight, without interruption, and ifithe Ends of the Piece be clean, and- without fifil; becaufe theiaidrlleinsyfirew if the Iron) be without" Knots and Pufis, and you mayundelrfiand theMiddlebythe Ends, Being wrought into Platesd‘quare, or any other Figure, if the Sides be even, you may conclude ’tis all” alike good, having equally endured the Hammer. ~ . ‘ , ,7 With Lead (they: cover 'I’tateiy. Palaces, * Churches, Towers, and other Publick Buildings, and Gutters and Pipes to convey Water, and therewith: they fafien the Hinges and Iron-work in the jaums of Doors and Windows. There are Three forts- thereof, White, Black, and. of a Colour; between borh , and I ' “ Ly, ,‘ ' ‘ 0f Arlcbiteélure.‘ {by ionie called Afh-colour -, the Black is fo called, not became ’tis really Black, but becaufi: being White, ‘withglome Blacknefs .in it; therefore, in refpeét-of: the White, the Antients wirh Rea- ibn gave it that Name. Tlre-Wliite’js mere perfeftiand precious _ , than the Black, the Alh-‘colour is between both: Lead is digged‘ either in great Lumps found by themfelves, or in fmall Pieces; which {hine with a certain Blacknefs, or elfe in very thin Flakes, - amongli- «the-Rocks, Marble antLStones..:_ :Alliortswof Lead_yvill ‘ealily run, becauie with the Heat of the Fire. it melts before it is red-hot; But put it intoa very hot Furnace it loiéth its Nature and Strength, for. one part is changed intoLitharge, and the \ 'i‘other into Drofs. 0f thefe forts of Lead the Black is foft, and ‘ g-therefore eafily erught'witli- the Ha er, and dilates much, “and is very heavy. TheWhite is ”hat ‘I and lighter, the Alh- colour is much harder than the White, and of middle Weight ,between both. ‘ . . a , r ‘ ' With Copper lbmet’xmesv they cover Publick Buildings ; and theflmtients made Nails; or Bolts, which fafined in the Stones above and below, keptthe Stories from falling out of order, and the Clafps or Hooks placed to hold two \StOnes together; and ~they.uied thefe Nails and Clafps, becaule that Buildings which cann’t poffibly be made without many Pieces of Stones, may (by being thus join’d and bound; together) as itvvere become one Stone, and .fo more firong and durable. They all'o made Nails , and Clafps of iron, but more often of Copper, hecaule they will lall longer, not being f0 fubjeé‘t to wit. AM?) they made Letters for Infiriptionsywhich they placed .on the Borders of Buildings :_ And we read that of this Metal were the Hundred famous Gates of Babylon; and [in the Ifles of Cedar, the Two ' Pillars offlercztler Eight Poor high. That is efleemed the heft, whic‘h‘ burnt and extraéied from Mineral by Fire, is Red, incli- ning to Yellow, (f a good Grain, andfzdl ngoles , for that is a , lign ’tis well purged, and free from Drofs. Copper may be heated ‘ like Iron, and made liquid, fo that it may be call; but in ex- treme hot Furnaces it will not endurethe Force of the Flame, but totally confume. Altho’ it be hard, neverthelefs it fubmits :‘to the Hammer, and dilates itfielf into thin Leaves, it is hell ‘prel‘erved by Tar : And altho’ it doth ' not rufi like Iron, yet 0f Arcbzteflure. ‘ yet it hath a kind of RuI’t which is call’d Verdigrezfg, efpecially if‘it touch {harp and liquid 'If‘hings, otthis Metal, mixed with Tin, or Lead, or Latten; (Whith is alfo Copper,) and colour‘d with Lapis Calimirzarz/‘s, iS« made a Metal commonly call’d Brafs, which often-times Architefls do ufe, as in Bates, Pillars, Capitols, Statues, and hick-like. In Rome are Four Columes of Brafs, (as -St. Giovmmi Laterzmm} of which One only has its Capitol, and were made by Aggy/2140f Metal which was taken from the Stems of Ships, which he took in Egypt from [Mike tam'o .- "There’remains alfo in Rome to this Day Four Ancient Gates, which arethofe of the Rotunda, which formerly was the Pantheon 5‘ that» of_St.,./1driarzo, which Was the Temple of Siz- z‘umw; that-ofSt.Cq/mo’and Damiano, which was the Temple , ofCaflor and Pollux, or... rather of- Romulus and Remw 5 and that which is in St. Agnes Without the Gate Emma/as, but the m01t ‘ beautifiil of'all thefei‘is that of St. Maria Rotunda, wherein thofe Antients did endeaVOur‘torimitate by Art that kind ofCorimbz'arz Metal, in which the natural Yellow of Gold “prevailed : For we read that 'wheu Cbrizzrb was defiloyed and burnt, (which now is called Comma )‘ thus they melted and‘ mixed One Mats : Gold, Silver, and Copper, and Fortune tempered 5' and made ' the Mixture of Three Sorts, which Was afterwards called .Co‘rimb'z'an:.- In one 'of them the Silver" reVailed, whence it. remained White, and very near it in’Lu tree: In another the Gold prevailed, and remained Yellow, and of a Gold. ColOur: And'the third was where all theie three Metals were of an equal Temperament”: And thefe Species have been fince divers 1 Ways’ imitated. Hitherto Iphave difcoutfed of thoi'e Things ‘ I’eeming‘ m'ofi'neceflary to be confidered- and prepared before Building: -It now remains that fomethi‘ng be faid of Founda‘ " tions -,, the Materials whereof being prepared, the Work may he proceeded o'n. ‘ , rfc‘ , \ CHAR 1 o ‘ , ’ ‘ 0f"“Arc/9itel5fure;‘"— _ ' ‘ C H A P Vii; . 0f we Qualities of” Ground \ 1121987853 1, .. ,Fozgmlzztionrfare ,tot‘he laid. _ L T H E Bafe of the Building is that which we call the Founda- ~ mar” 35": , ‘tion, which is to lay; the Part which is under Ground, up- , molding the rel’t ofthe Buildingthat is above Ground; therefore . 4 of'all the Errors which do happen in Building, thofe are the molt r r 5v Pernicious which are committed in the Foundation, becaufe t—hey bring with them the Ruin of the whole Fabrick, nor can without ./ great Difficulty be amended: Whence the Architefls oughtlo uie their utmofi Diligence ,1 becaule in lime Places they have a Na- ntural Foundation, and in otherElaces it, is neceflary to ufe Art. A Natural Foundation'is,when webuild on Stone, afOftJE—mdy, or mouldring Stone or Gravel 5 for thefe, Without digging, or other g; _ helps of Art, are ofthemiélyes excellent‘Foundations, and molt ' fit to uphold the greatefi Building both in Land and in Water. ~ But if Nature affords not a Foundation, it muff be attempted by ',Art, and, then the Place you have to Build on is either a folid Earth, or a gravelly, fandy, moflyfoft, and moorifh Place. If the Earth she faft and firm, you may dig fo far as to a diicreet Architeé‘r may iéem requifite for the (hlality ofthe Building, and Soundnefs of / the Earth 5 and (when you intend not to make Cellars, or other t Under-ground Offices) Your Depth is to be a Sixth part of the Height of the Building. To know this Firmnefs, Obfirvation from the digging of Wells,Cifierns, and Rich-like, will help - ‘ well '5 and ’tis alfo knewn by Herbs growing there, if they r , . ‘ufually ipring-up only in firm and fall Grounds -, and befides, ' ’tis a fign of' firm Ground, if a great Weight thrown thereon, it ‘ neither rounds nor fhakes, and from the Report of Drums benig fet on the Ground, and‘ lightly touched, it does not rei‘ound again; and if Water put into aVefl"el, doth not lhake: The neighbouring Places will alfo give you to underflagugh‘lthie , ~ , a e S 0f Archzteéi’ure. 1 1» falineié and firmnefs‘ of the Earth. But if the Place be {and}! or gravelly, obfierye whether it be onlLand or' in Water : For if .ifiit be on Land, yOu mull take notice what hath'been before di~ ' {cited concerning fail Ground ; and~if~yon Build in a‘ River, the Sand and Gravel is altogether ufelefs ~, becaufe’the Water, with its continual Stream (and Flood, often changesits Bed: Therefore dig ’till you come "to 21 Bottom found and firm, orifthat, be- ‘ diflicult, dig fomewhat in the Sand and Gravel, and then’place Piles, whofe Ends may reach to the, fbunclfrand good Earth, and upon thofie you are to Build: But i? yOu are to Build upon a t molly and loofe Ground, then yOu mull dig :till you find round Earth, and therein alfo f0 much as the ‘big’nel‘s of the Walls and the greatnel‘s of the Building require. 7 ‘ » This Ibund Ground (and, fit to uphold Buildings) is of divers ibr’ts; for ( as Alberfi. well faith) {omewhere it) hard; as ’tz'r frame to [recur witbilrufl, fomewhere very fiifl, ibmewhere blackifh, fomewhere Whitiflr (which is accounted the weakell,) ' fomewh'efe like Chalk, {omewhere landy; of all thefe, the belt is that which is cut with mofl LabOur, and when wet. doth not dillblve into Dirt. ‘ ‘ . -. - You'ihould not build upon a Ruin or old Foundation, if firfl of all you know not its depth, and whether it be fufficient to bear the Building, but if the Earth be loft, and fink ’much, as in mooriih Grounds, then you muf’t place Piles, whofe length mull be: an Eighth part of the height of the Wall, and in thicknefi; a Twelfth part of their length: The Piles mull b’e placed'as cloie as one can [land by the other, and are to be rammed in with Bloyvs rather quick than? heaVy, f0 that the Earth may the better confolidate and fallen. You muii’place‘ the Piles not on— ' 1y under-the Out-Walls, upon the Trench or Gutters, -- but alfo un- der the Inner Walls, which divide the Building: For if you .. a" '. make the Foundationfor the Inner-Walls different from thole 7 without , then laying Beams along one by the other, and others a-thwart them above, often-times it happens that‘the Inner Walls’fall down, when thoie without, being placed on Piles, fiir not: ‘Whence all Walls come to cleave, the which render the Building ruinous, and is very uncomely to look on; wherefore you mull a’voidthis Dgpger, making the Piling Worl; '2 -' r o WWT'W‘W 4: , 2 , an: :1 ."12’. g g _ 0f«raz4rclyiteé?ure.‘ ‘ bf leis Charger, for, according to Proportion of Walls, the ' Files in the, middle may be placed thinner than thoie without. ms at") - CH AP. v1.11. , f of foundations. FOundations ought to be twice f0 thick as the Walls to be T ‘ railéd thereOn,—and therein the Quality of the Earth, and g the Greatnefs of the Building, is to~ be regarded, making them .. more large in foft and loofer Gr0und,. and where there is a great Weight to be firfiained. The Plain oftbe Trench mull be Level, Q . a» r in! \ lb that the Weight may prefs equally, and not inclining to onei’art more tlra11,,another, may prevent the cleaving of the Walls. For this reafon the Antients ufed to pave the Plain with Tz'vertim‘, and we lay Planks and Beams, and Build thereon. Foundations are made Hoping, that is to fly, to diminifh as they-rife; yet 1?), 'as that there may be f0 much left on one fide as on the other, I?) that the 'middle of that above may fall per- pendicularly upon the middle of the lower Work -, which mult be alfo obferved in the Diminution of Walls—above Ground; be- caufe by this means the Building becomesmuch fironger, than by making the Diminutions any other way. _ Therei is fometimes made (efpecially in Moorifh Grounds, ‘ where there is need or; Piles) to avoid Charge, Foundationsdif— continued but with certain Vaults, upon Wthh they afterwards Build. In great Buildings "tis Very commendable to make Vents through the Body of the Walls, from thefoundation to_»the "Roof, becaufe they let forth the Wind, (which 18 very preJudi- cial to Buildings) leflEn the Charge; and are of no fmall Conve- nience, if in them you make Winding Stairs from the Bottom to the Top. _ 5~f _fiCHAR yLL:>p.rLui-~p..p. .‘ I .7 ., . _ . . .. - 0f Architeflure.‘ ; : CHAP 1X } 10f”a PW” of , Walt-i T T,. HE ”Foufidations being laid, 13;.- remains that We treat . qr : .T ‘ the Superflruflure. The .Antiéhts had_,Six7 longs of Walla; : One 'call’d Ramp/am, ors Neg—work 5 .. another (of- ‘Qflfldrf’bé t or Brick; a third of Cement, which is of rough Stones from :the Hills ’or Rivers 5 a fourth ofyatious Stones; 21 fifth‘of fquared g. Stones; the fixthaRiempim-gigwhich; is alfo call’d Co armor/h Of the Net-work there-is :30wa anallinthéfe Days at but b6- caule Vz‘tmvim relates (it was commoniinglhisfl‘jme, I do :here ; put alfo that Defign. They \made the Coignes and Corners of t their Building of Quadrels, and_..every*Two/l?00t and half took up Three Camfgsjofflzqadrels’,‘ which bound the whole Thicknefs of the Wall. A Cagney, or Corners onzzzzdrels. B Comfeseof 22145177315, ‘wbicb [7in I795 whole Wall. C The Net—work. * k; D The..Cozzij/es quaadre/r through the Tbic/cmfr (f the Wall. ' 'E The 1'meer oftb’e V17zillzrzrzdc of Cement. Walls grimy/t, or 52mm, both more ahoUt Cities, and other groat‘Edifices,‘ mul’tbe fo made; 'tha'tét-h'e infide- and outfide may he bffizmdrels, and in the middle. filled up WithCement,f ’ and’with‘ (Brick, Earth, andeton'e, tath’d together; and to every Three Foot in height there mull be Three‘Coutfes of Qua" drab of the biggefi fort, which‘may take the whole breadth of the Wall. And the Fitfi Cour-fe mul’t‘be laid with the length inward, that the leflér part ofthe'Br'rck’ be expofed‘ -; The Second, the length laid fidewife: And the Third as the Fitl’t._ Of this for: are the Walls of the Row/Ida in Rome, and th'e'Bath’s Of'Dizva’r/izzzg ~ and all other ancient Buildings which are there. ‘ ’ ' E Tb: ”Hug“ ‘14-): , ' I4 1‘ 7, ‘“ /W EfChitegflfm : E 1 The Comfir of Quadrels, which 171'er the. whole Wafl. , F l The middle gaffe)“ the Mflwqde quemeflt, between one \ . ‘ 'Comfe and the other, (172d the Outward Qaadre/r. ' The Walls ofCemempmufi be made f0, that ,foee'very Two Foot at leafi there be, Three Courfes onuqdre/s or Brick, and that the iguadeels 'J’o'ri iBrick-f be- prepared ‘-{aceor’ding ‘ to- the manner , . afdrefizid. lpSu-c—h‘ are the Walls affirm-in Edam, Which are made of'RiVer-febbles‘lplit in the middle, which being placed withthe {plit fide outwards, make: very even and fmooth Work; _, The Walls of: theA‘remg of"Verbaa are liliev'vile of Cement, and ’ there are Three Couriésonwdrelr-to every Three Foot: And , in like manner are» made-other ancient Edifices, ( as appears in my Books OFAfiIigzzz'ties.) ' ' ' I ‘G ,_ Cement or River Pebbler. _, ' . . H ' Cozy/e: 0f Qlfzzdrels which bind the whale Wall. The Walls of' Irregular Stones were 12) called, becaule they . were‘made 'of Stones of unequal Sides and Angles; and to make ‘ ~ thele Walls they ufed a:~Plumb-.Rule, which applied to the Place Where the Stone was to be put, Iérved to lace them firaight and . ' even, thereby to try, time after time, i the Stone flood right ' in the defigned Place. Of this fort may be Keen Walls at Pre- nefle 5 and; ancient Streets were paved in this manner. I Irregulwt Stones. At ll- [”15 h 0f I'dflhitefiztm \At Rate my be fieéngi’Valls aft-:1.“ hated Stow, where was the Piazza;- and the Templetpfdug '- «a, in which they locked ‘— in the leflét Stones with Gourl‘eS‘ofgteatEt.‘ ‘ ' i. , 7 , he. K [C‘oitrfes of [efler Stones. L 6'0qu of bigger $107165. ‘ 9 . The manner Rimpium, or. Filled Walls, which is alfo called ‘ , x Cofikr—mor/é, which the Antlents did me; taking Planks, and placing them edgewifie, allowing fo much Space as they would have the t-Thicknefs ofi the Wall, filling itiwith Mortar, and _ Stones ofall Ibtts minded together 5 and 12) they Went on from ~' - Comte to South: T ere .ts “feen fitch-like Walls at Sermon upon the Lake Be Gracia. \ . a M ’ Plan/é} fundgetez‘ a. I . ' f 7 7. N , .Tbe‘Iflfzez‘ mo, zbe‘Wtle. ; ’ 0 The Face 4f héz'Walifizbé’ Plait/E; Mk}??? data}; [Of this kind may he, €211le ithegfient Wall-1e ofNapZey which had TWO Waugo‘f‘ i‘quat’edp-Sté’n 5 Four Foot thick, and Six Foot ‘dil’tant. the one from the Other: Thole Walls were— bound together with ether crol’s Walls; and the C455 which were between the Traverfe Walls and the Out-Walls were Pow: Foot fquare, and were fillidup with Stones and'iarth. P The Outward Stone Wall. Q The Paveq‘flt'Walls. ‘ _ R ques filled with Stone: and Earth. Thefe were, the Fofins of Which the Antients did lEtve them» i‘elves, and the Footfieps'ltheteof are yet 'to 'be feen; whence it may be concluded, that Walls, of what fort foever, Ought to have We The?! 999¥l€52 “11:19.11 at: flikc'sihews that hglg _ c ,. a :7 Q 0f architfiuwu _ {aft all other :l’ar't-s‘to’g’ether,‘ whichiéhiéflynraybe‘olifinved when Walls are made of? Brick -:.,'=~Fc'>r the Struéturé, through Age,gfilling af‘under in the middle, the Walls may not become ruinous, as \ ' hath hapned, and is’ feen in manYKWalls, efpecially on that fide‘ \ which refpeéls the North. _ : , SCH-AP; xx; +_ _ Offtlae Method, Vwbic'la’lj‘tbe,‘ Angiéntr did praEifl: ’in' making «their Stone Buzldmgr Banufe ‘it happens that {bmetimes Buildings are made (the whole, or good part) of Marble,or lbme other great Stones, Ithink it convenient in this Place to acquaint you What'the Antients didtin fuch Cafes : For we may obférve in their work, that they were fo diligent in joining their Stones together, that in many Places their Connexion c‘an fearcely be perceived. And befides, the Beauty, Firmnefs, and Duration ofthe Fabrick is very much to be regarded. ' ‘ ~ ‘ . ‘ And, forafmuch as I can underfland, they firll fquared and wrought the Sides of the Stones which were to be placed one -Upon the other, leaving the other Sides reugh, and fo ufed them whereupon the Edges of the Stones were beyond the Square; and might manage them better, and more varioufly attempt to place them right, without danger of breaking, than if they had been fquared on all Sides before: For when‘the *Edges are made fquare, or leis than fquare, they are very Weak, and‘fubjeél to Accidents. In this manner they made all Buildings rough, or, as one may lay, rul’tick -, and that being done, they go on working and polifhing the Face ofrhe Stone-which is to be Ieem It is true, - that the ROfes which are between the Madilz'om, and other fuchJ like Ornaments of the Cornice, could not commodioufly be done when the Stones are'fixed; therefore they made them while ' - r — they , 7 0f Arcbztefiure. they were on the Ground. This is well attefied by many an‘ 'cient Buildings, where may be fleen many Stones rough and un- polifhed. The Arch by the old Cafile in Verona, and all other the Arches and Buildings there, were done in the fame manner; which is eafily made out, by one curious in obfiarving the Marks of their Tools, that is to lay; the manner how the Stones Were wrought. The Pillars of Trajan and Antonina in Rome‘ were 16 made; nor c0nld they 'otherwiie have fo exaé‘tly joined the Stones that might lb clofely meet where they go crois the Heads, and other parts’of the Figures. And the fame may be laid of the other Arches which are there. And if the Works were very great, as theArena of Verona, the Amphitheatre ofPoIa, and the like, to fave Charge and Time, which they would'have required,- they wrought only the Impofls of the Arches, Capitols, and the Corniches, and the 'relt they left Ruflick, having only regard to thefair Front of'the Building. But in Temples and other Buildings, which required Curiofity, they fpared no Pains in- the working them, and glazing and s * , , l 7 ’3. a f r t ' l . t‘ .m. 4 fmoothing even {the very Fluces of the Columns, and polifhing i, them diligently. Therefore, in my judgment, you fhould not: make Walls of Brick in the Ruflick manner, much leis Mantles of Chimnies,’ which require curious Work; fer befides the Una handlbmenefs, ’twill happen that they will fplit and divide 7‘ 'afunde‘fgwhichr naturally ought to be intire, but according to the Greatneis and Quality of the Building, you may make them Rul’tick or Polite: And in a Work that requires altogether Neat- nets, we need not do as the Antients ntéd, with Realon, and 11% ,ceflitated by the Greatnefs of their Works. D ' CHAR. \‘ ‘ "' 7 "‘1 8 * 5, ’ Of Miami. ' 0f the .Dimimttz'on- of Walls, and of. a , . _ ,‘tbeir Pam; , ~‘ IT is to be obferved, that by how much higher the ’Wallsare, j f0 much the narrower they Inuit be; therefOrefthat part ~ fwhich' is above Ground is to be one half thinner than? thel-‘oun- dation, and the Second Story arhalfBrickthinner «than‘ithefr‘i'rfi, audio continue till you come to the top of’the Quilding‘, bnevyith ' 'Difcretion, that it-benot too weak. The middle Of the, ’ per :Wal-l ought to fall direct to the middle of the lower, "tha’tllg all the Walls be in a Pyramidal Form. ~ But if. you would make a *S’uperficies, or Face of arWall, above,,dire&lyfover thatbelow, it *mufi be on'the inner part; ‘hecaufe'theRafthig's of the fleets, the Vaults, and other Supporters of thE"BuiIdD1g,'~‘may’»noTEifuf— fer thewall to fall, or give way.‘ The diiizharged £115, vighiiih is on the outfide mufi be ibpplied witha Borderjgr ., 3931?: en- . compaiiing the whole Building, which will betopijmamefit ahd 'Faflning to the whole Fabrick, _ ‘ _. ‘5“ = g The Angles, becaule they partake ’of .botl‘tf—gides, ,afi‘d are to keep them upright and fafi together, mufi be 'very thong, and held with long and hard Stones, as it Were with Arm's; there- fore the Windows and Apertures mufi be as far from theni as may be, or at ‘leafl fo much Space mufi be left between the Aperture and the Angle as is the breadth of the Aperture. ‘ Having fpoken of meet Walls, ’tis convenient to pais to the Ornaments, the greatefl whereof are the Columns when they ‘2ng infiedy placed, and have fair Pr0portion to the whole * a tit , i _ CHAR ’ ’ Qf ffifirqbiteéfiim ofiibe‘ Fiéaezonl‘m ‘ufed lay the [4mm Ive Were the Orders among the Antients, that is to my, the ‘ 2", -. \t ‘ "Rifle”,~ Dorick; 10121236, Corinthian, and Comlfofz‘fi, which rongefi be fet ' ought“"to be fofiifimfed in the Building, that the, Iov'vefl gifo'r'then ‘Mili-be-‘more’cépable to bear the Weight, and ghe Buildihg Willzhave a mere fure Foundation; Wherefore they. {wayf'pface’the Don't/E under ét’he rom‘cé, the- Ionigkeunde‘r the Corintfidfifand‘ E ‘ Coflflfbiazz under the -Cometag the Tufam, , as a 7 "mdé;iél nii's ufed abové‘Ground, unlefs in a'Building Efflrie‘etfléf only; asiin’Townihoufeg or in vafl Buildings, as Amphitheatresjand 'fii'chLIik’e,’ where, being many Orders, this, ihflefid at? the” ' rickfis‘filaltxd-under the Iom'dt; and if you Leave 6Wéiié7of the , ma? laée, for example; the Corinthian imme- 'ij'ér theiDor'ic ‘,i which may be done according to the R aforefaid,‘pr_OVidedT raIWayS that4the more iblid be thelowefi, . If. ,. tathalIfét grown particularly the Meafure of'each of theie Or- der 4,3110: thumb 'eac'cordinth'o the Doéirineof Vitrzzvius, 25' ac— ofidr ‘ . Ski it {W WEB. e , .:~i£z.2::¥- 3 7.: 41'7L17 ~.‘- - r,'j§v,:.-f,; {.7'”. _ . " f .. . ~ . . . - C H AP X111 by": 1 nt' 1 . ~ , ' 'vr: :: ' HESWhIthelongté all in general. . Q 0f the If Swellmg of ’IC’Olunfzfi-r, and. that); ' .-.v_=~..Diminmz°om .30f InterA_Columnr and , * Pile/tam .\ ' .‘OlutnnS' of every Order mufi be f0 formed, that the upper. t mufi be lefl7er than the lower, and the middle fome— What thick: In Diminifhing, it muft be obiérved, that by i. ‘ 1 'D 2 ‘ how \ fig, ~ v 'tojfiig‘awn‘flifl‘ervatiws in Ancient‘Buildings: But firfl, .197 4’ i0 how much longer the Columns are, 16 much .the lefs mull they be ‘ 0f \Ar‘clbz'tefiure. dimiihéd, in regard that the Height of .itfelf works the 13566} of diminifhing by the Diltance ,itherefore, if the Column be ‘rsta high, the Diameter of theColumn below mufi be gli- , vided into 6% Parts, and the Diameter thereof above {hall he 5;. oi'tthe Parts. , If from I; to 20, the Diameter below mull be divided intofeven Parts, and 6:;- mufibe the thicknefs ef the upper Part ; - fo likewifeithole which'are from 2oto '36, the Diameter belovwmufl be divided into 8 Parts, and 7;,mufi’ be the Diameter of the upper part; and 16 the Columns which are higher are to be diminiihed proportionably by their Iéveral Paris, as Vitmvz’w ihews in his Second Chapter of this Third Book. ‘But now the Swelling is to hemade in themiddlg- we have no more to thew from him than a bare Promife, andthere. fore many have writ-ten varioufly thereof I am Wont-remake the Profile of the {aid Swelling in thismanner 5. Idivide the Ho- dy of the Column into three equal parts, and leave the lower t _ ird part perpendicular; at the end of which I‘lay alongthin R e as long as the Column, or a little more, and move that part which reacheth from the third part upwards,~and bend it frill the and touch at the point of the Diminution, _ at the top ofthqu. lumn under the Collariao or Aflragal ; according to that head- ing I proceed, and {b the Column becomesjbmewhat fwelled in the middle, and appears very handfome; ,and although I could not have contrived (befides this) a Form either ihorter, or more expedient, or that might be more acceptable, I am yet «more confirmed in this my Opinion; fince it hath lb much pleaféd Pr. Cattaneo, that (I having told him of it) he hath put it into one of his Works of Architeti'are, with which he hath not, 9 little illulirated this Profeffion. A B The Tbirdparr ofrbe Column, which is perpendicular. B c The Two thirds firming/bed. ~ , _ C The Point of :be Diminu‘zion under the Collatmo or ‘ Aflragal. " ' ‘ firth . \The Inter~€olurhus, that is. Tressfity; the Spaces between the and the Diameter is t8 Earthen dt‘xheiiowet patrol" the Column, of ' Two Diameters of‘Two and :i'iofiTliree; and ‘ fometime‘s of more. But the Ancients werenor wont to allow more .than Three Diameters of the Columtt‘, except in the Tufian Order, inwhich theArehittave‘is‘tvont "t‘o‘be ”of Wood, they maderthe Inter-Columnstver - large, hot leis; than 21- Diameter and half -, and this Space theyial ohred-fometimes, efpeeiallywhen they made ., ,the‘ Columns very big: ibutI-‘t-‘hoie Inter-columns were molt pre- ferred that were of Two Diameters and 1:: of the Column; and they accounted.thirs‘iheimofi'fiohleand Beautiful manner ‘of ' the In-tet-Column§."‘= :. i 331:; 'i 3;. w h '. , i t . And you: ought? to tahehotic’e; that between the Inter-Columns and the Columns theireougvht tobe Proportion and Cerrefpond- ence; for leaving 'too' much Vacancy betWeen fihall Columns; you .will‘ftakeawa'y; great fart oftheir Beauty, beeaule the great quantity offAi'ri‘ that Wil 5 be’ .heftnteen them will , dim'iniih very much their thic'khefs’; 'and 0111116 ,ciontrary, leaving too little Spac’e'to the great Calumns, by the Streightnefs and Narrowneis ‘ oi" the Space-Sgtheyi Will-appear Go'uty, and Very Ungrateful: Therefore if theSpaces exceed Three“ Diameters,’ you mull make the Columns fin? thickneféya Seventh - art of their height, (as I mall? ohlervel hereafter in the :Tufcazz (I; g ’ {hall heg‘Diametets, the length of‘the Column 'mufl be 7 -;- ’or 8, as in the Derick Ordet__-, " and if 2%, the length "bf the Column mull be 9Diameters, as i‘nthe Ionic/e; if 2,, the length of th'Co- lumn mufi be 9 ’7 Di‘ametersr as in the Corinthian Laill‘y‘rxift g», the length 'of the Columnmufi be 10,, as‘ in «the Cmpqflm; 3C0n- V rder»; )t’hut- if the Spaces ._ ~ Columns may"- be madehfia iDiamwarfhndztgi 'Ofthe Column 5 ’ metni‘ng ithefe‘Orders, .Iz-liavetaken thisyCzayea that they may he Examples for! all other [titer-"Columns,which‘Vitmvim intimates * ‘ in theChapter’ aforefitid. ’ . x . _ 'Iu' theFront' of Buildings the Columns ought to be an even Number; 'iothat the middle Inter-Column may be made bigger than the refl,’ that the Doors? and Entries may be the better ken, which ,ufu'a’lly are plated in the middle :, And thus muCh’for Pillar-Work only." , ' ' -: ‘» - , ' But if Galleries be madev‘wfiith‘ Waiters, they mull be f0 (gig: - ‘ ~ I39 6 a Fe 24 0f ’flrchitefiurea grad,'that the Pilaflers be, not lefs than a Third of the Vacahcy O een Pilafier ‘and, Pilafier, and rthaiéa'at the Corners’mult be 7 f Two Thirds bigger thanthe other, that'fib the Anglesfof the Pa- brick‘maY be firm and thong; and when they are to firpport an e‘iitraordinary great Weight, as in very great Buildings, then they mutt be the half of the Vacancy, as thoie of the Theatre of Vicenzq, and the Amphitheatre at (212214 .: 0r .elIé TWO Thirds, as thoié of the Theatre of Marcel/z}: in Rome 5' and of the Theatre tof‘Ogulzaa, which now belongs to Signor Ludovico de (345ml); a Gentleman of that City. The Antients all?) made them tom:- times as large as the whole Vacant, as in the Theatre ofVermza, in that part which. is not upon the Hill. ; But in private Build- - ings they, are not to be made lefs than a Third of the'Vacant, nor larger than Two Thirds; and they ought to be Square; but to five Charge, and to make Room to walk more freely, theymay be made lefs in the Flank than in the Front. And to adorn the Frontifpiece, you may put in the middle of the Front half Columns, or, Other Pilafiers, which may beat up ' the Cornich, which {hall be upon the Arches of the Gallery; and they mui’t be as large as their height {hall require, according to their iéveral Orders, as in theenfiiing Chapters and Deligns may appear ,for the underfianding whereof, (that I may not repeat the lame thing often) you may oblérve, that I, in the dividing and meaihr-ing the on Orders, would not take a certain and de- terminate Meafure, which is peculiar to any City, as Cubit, Foot, ‘ Or Span, well knowing that Meaihres are as various as the Cities and Countri . , But in imitation of Vztmvim, who divides the Derick Or er with a Meafure taken from the Thicknels of the Column, which is common to all, and by him call’d a Mo- dule, I will alfo Iérve my {Elf _ with fuch a Meafure in all the . Orders, and the Module {hall be the Diameter of the Column, taken at the Bafe, divided into 60 parts, except in the Derick, in which the Module is to be the half Diameter of the Column, and is divided into go arts -,~ for to it falls more commodious in the Compartiments o 'the {aid Order. Wherefore every one may ferve himfelf .( making the Malaria greater or lefs, according to the Quality of the Fabrick) with the PrOportions and Pro- fibles defigned convenient to every Order. C H A P ~ \qu: , ”1:4"- ‘w’ ' ' , i ~ - o . m . , > .i , . i 7 . V - , , D. — \ ' 4 O C . ‘ f) ‘-. _ 9‘ . .- ~ ~ . » . , , ,...--, v . 1) . - —: t c -. ’, A. . Uh: x- .2 g}. .x \ .1 w» .' L - ,~ ' i ’ M1. ,. ‘ . -‘ V . . .,-. r" ' ‘ip"Ji»‘- _' ’J -' ‘- ' .Y"7‘ ‘ - '~ "9 ‘ "-' "I? ‘ it“ I, \;,. a) .r “us‘w‘a _ , ;; . . ‘A-- ~ i. 'v- ‘. ' ' ' '4 . ‘1‘ ""‘ . ’ -' . ’ is 1 . “ ‘__ -. J v : H . i" of bTuf 0; THE Tufcan Order, according to that which Vizrzwz'm writes of it, and is fo‘indeed, is the mail fimple and intire of all the Orders of Architecture 5 becauie it retains the molt of Antique, and Wants all thofe Ornaments which render the others i?) leafimt and agreeable. This 'had its Original in Tufcamz a lace Very remarkable mime}, .whszneez;r_.h¢_ Name is derived. " . ' , ~ , _ ’ t" ' I d in i‘r‘. ,_ The Column, With its Bafe and Capito,1,_ou‘ghtv to be, in length. Seven Models, and at the Top are diminiihed a Fourth part of ;their Diameter 5 having occafion of a, Row of Columns of this Order only, you may make the Inter—Columns very large, be- caufe the Architraves may be of Wood, and will be very conve- nient for Country ufe, for the pafliige in and out of Carts, and other Country Conveniences; and befides, the Charge will be lefs: But if you make Gates or Galleries with Arches, you muff obiérve the Meafhres that I have marked. in the Defign, in which you may obfierve the Stones {6 difpofed or joined’ toge- ther, as when the whole Work is of Stone 5' the which I have all?) direfied in the Defigns of‘the other Four Orders. . "V r: l as; . ' 0)" J-‘Hrqbitéffgréé And this Way bf difpofing andiaagiggrrhc Stofies, I have _ aerived from many ancient Arche's,‘ as ~abpears in my- Books of 11765855 “and hereiq' gence. .1 “hm" ufed great Din- ., A ‘I WWW”? 4mm“ x 53397 ' B The m 9‘ fix: (9‘ (be Cornice. Sumter: which bar zap the ‘Paajeflzzre (if. ” The ‘47 2 1‘4 . h _. m m :w w. ,1? 7; . . .. 0.5“ n. + #5. o: MAJ . 1’25 n'. ,‘ x _‘;k l ., . Q a in} $3 @ ‘ ms» “ , OflArcbiteflure' [ ,_ The Perle a]: which are made under the Columns of this Order mull be the heightof one Model, and made‘ lain. The ' height of'the‘Baie is to be the half Diameter of t e COIumn. \ This height mul’r be divided into Two equal Parts; one is given to the Orlo or Plifltb, which mufi be made round; the” other is divided into Four Parts: One for the Lg'flcllrz, or (Failure, which may be made a‘little lefs, and is alfb called ~-Cimbz'a; and in this Order only is Part of the Column, the. other Three are for the Torus. The Projeft‘ure of this Bafe is a Sixth Part‘of ' the Diameter of the Column belOW.‘ This Capital is the height of half the Diameter of the Column below, and is divided in- to Three equal Parts. One is given to, the 111mm, which from , its Form is commonly called Dada, or Dye. The Other to the 021010, or Ecbz‘nm, and the Third, is ditLided- into Seven Parts; of" one is made the Liflella under the Ouolo, and the Other Six remain to the Collqrino or Neck of the Column. The Angel is dou- ble, the height of the Lyme under the Uzzolé, and the Centre thereof is made upon the Line, which falls splumzupon the raid Lzflella, and upon the iame Line doth fall the Pioje‘Eit‘rre of the Cimbia, Which is as thick as the Lifitlla. The Projfcéfureiof the Ca 'mz anfwers to the Body of the Column below," its‘Ar- chitravc‘is made of Wood as high-as broad -, and thee-breadth- ,ought not to exceed the ,Body of Column at the Top. The Summers which carry on the Eaves, projeflethea Fourth ‘Part of the length of the Column. Theie are the Meafures of the Tz‘zf- am Order, as Vitruw'u: teacheth. A Abdel/r 1 {Va mmufow $1\ mm I “K ' Of-zmbgtaézm;> Abacus? ' Ecbiflw. Hfloormcb'elium, or Prize J the Capitol. Aflragz‘zl. L I 8on of the Column above; Body J {the Column below. ‘ E Amulet Ceinfiure, or Lifleflgr. Tbrcm. ’ ' Orlo, or Plimb. P,edcflal or Stylobcztum The Profile: which are placed by the Plain of the Baié and Capitol are the Impofis of the Arches But . . _ ,... _ T \ . __ — .a‘ .anafirfiifi » . 41 _ «1.9 q u 51.1 “IE 3 !.m/_l 4Q Nam " i » 0f lflrchiteffure. . But if > they make the Architraves» of Stone, it mull be ob-\ ' _ ferved, which was fpoken before of the Inter-Columns, there is BKWEQWWUOW> - to be feen fome ancient Buildings, which may be laid to be built aocording to this Order, ‘becauie they retain in part the lime Meafizres as in the Arena» of Vérwza, and Theatre of P014, ‘and many others; of which I have undertaken the Profiles, not only of the Bafe of the Capitol of the Archittave of the Prize, and of the Cornice, put down in the hall Page of this Chapter, but alfo thofe of the Imports of Arches 5 and of all theI‘e Buildings ‘ I {hall put the Defigns in my Books ofAmigztities. Selma Refill. ‘ Comm. , The Projeflure of the Carma. and the Schimzz R6653. Cavalry. Ffize. , Architmve‘. Cimatium. Abacus. SClfiZtl R6674. ‘ wpotrachelz'zzm, or Prize 4/ the Capitol. , ‘Aflmgalm. ' M Body. of the Column under the Capital. 7N Body of the Column below. 0 ‘ Amulet, or Cinflure. ' P Toms, or Stinw Raver/a. Q Orla, or Plinth of the 845'. Over-againl’r the Arehitrave marked F, is the Profile or Defign of an Archinrajue very curioufly wrought. CHAR «V u .vzmm}. ’ 0f ’ Architetflure; C H A P. XV.” 0f the Dorick Order. - H E Dorick‘ Order had its Original and Name from the , Dorian: a Grecian People which dwelt in Afia; the Columns, when made alone WithoutPilafiers, ought to be Seven and a half, or Eight Diameters long; the Inter-Columns are ’ 7 little lefs than Three Diameters of the Columns. , And this Manner of placing Columns, by Vitruvim, is call’d Djaflyla: 5‘ but if they join to Pilaflers, they mull be, together with the Bafe and Capitol, Seventeen Models and One Third in length; and you mull obferve, that (as I have laid before in the 13th Chapter) the Model in this Order only is the half of the Diameter of the Column, divided into Thirty Parts; and - in all the other Orders it is the whole Diameter divided into Sixty Parts. ‘ / Amonglt 41.1in 39 y , J‘w , :‘I or? m‘c M218 ...E€'3L .iq J m aim? 23};be tavra‘éo {gum my 1mg: inf: n1 1mm 35%: {rmgsrill 2115: {G i31‘3fi’hsauqf‘ A , 1| wiffimvgv‘ ‘1 ~ «3; x r \E——=—— .I‘ rill. ‘il, .‘V‘ '1‘ .i 1m l ’ . , I!“ _ . 1 ii; “\L Y ; i A ‘ — i3?!“ , A gll"1: :\ ! E / I: H 1 ‘ . . . ;l‘1| Aio-sz Mo 5% :y’ 1% g “ i‘ 1 “My , "V I“ N {5)}! g _f ‘1! mi“ ! l‘ E .512, -7 141 1‘ V m m“ 3’1“ Z/ //'%/fl/7/// [no '63-. 4mg \ 11mm . wt m2? A ~ , .. __,‘:_>_y=__.7 M. ‘ gr _ 07/ 8 ~ [11’]! 13/711; [37,5 1 /., \ .“nl M\M\QESQW ‘2 w.u.£\. \NNK Q .~S\%NM:\ mg. eaféer f/wr 1; 15 WWI/Elli r V f I rpm f/m muuim [alum/w vm’v fl “U“ Q. E : r ‘3 n ‘ 1“ 3y _ ‘v 0f Arcbzteéfure. _ Amongfi . Ancient Buildings we Re no Peale/idly to this Or- , der; yet they are feen amongl’t the Modern: And if you join 5 Perle/in! to them, you mull make the Dado of the Peddial a perfeEl Square, and from, it y0u mufi‘ take the Meafures of its Ornament; therefore it mufl be .divided into four equal Parts, the Bali: with its Zocco or Plinth mull be two of them, and the (jimacium one, to which mult be joined the Orzo, or Plinrbof the Baie of the Column. This kind of Perle/2a! may alfo be lien in the Corinthian Order, as at Verona, in the Arch which is called De Lioni. l have flat down divers Meafures of Defigns, which may be joined to the Pedcjial of this Order, which are a all very agreeable, and taken from Antiquity, and are very care- fully meafured. This Order hath no proper Bafes, Wherefore in many Buildings you may fee Columns without Bafe; as in Rome, in the Theatre of Marcel/w, in the Temple De la Pietiz near to the laid Theatre, in the Theatre of‘Vicenzgz, and in divers other Places. But {ometimes the Attic/E Bzfe is joined to them, which adds very much to their Beauty, and here is the Meafure of it. The height is the half Diametre of the Column, and is divi- '\ ded into three equal Parts; one is given to the Z 0cm, or Plinth, the other two are divided into two Parts, of one is made the Tom; fiiperiour, and the other which remains is divided into two, and one is given to the Torn: infieriour, and the other to the Scocia, or Cavetta, with its Annular. Therefore‘if you di- vide it into fix Parts 5 of one mull be made the Anna/er above, and the other that below, and four mufi remain, to the scam. The Projeélure mult be the fixth Part of the Diameter of'the Column 3 the Ceinc‘i'nre mufi be the halfof the upper Torn: .- If it be divided from the Bafe, its Projeélure mufi 'be the third Part of the whole Projeéiure of the Bale: But if the Bale and a Part of the Column fhall be of one Piece, you mull make the Ceinfinre fmall, as you may lée in the third. Defign of this Order, where are alfo two Manners of Impq/ix of Arches. G 3” A Boa) ‘45. , 4 \ A Body of the?"62911.4»an~ "B 33727711181, orQCeizzthra. C "The épfer Toma». D ~chia will) it: Alma/574:, F. The lower Ems. F Pfizzlhloi‘Zocca,‘ -‘ G Gwaaum ‘H Dodo, or Sgum‘: oftl’gf ,Pufcgiy‘. ‘1 Safe 4 7- K Izzyfafl: 4mm. of Arcbizaftm 7 ‘3 i. , H \ xii (HWJHIIHJH: Hill. I 10» 0/ 1A.“? 3E. . 4. b 1 . .nWIIIJ lflvlhllTllw’Pfl digfl’llhm? ”u 3 “ \ qrAmeur > . ,the Column below, and is divided into Threel’artsg that above [hall be diVided into Five Parts; Three ihall'be for the Abame; and the other Two Parts for the Gmatium, the which mufl be fubdivided into ThreeParts; of one is made the Liflellzz, or Amulet, and of the ‘ other two the Scim R684. The Second part is divided into three equal parts; one is given to the hamlet, which are three, and are equal; the’orhe’r two, which remains to the 011010, or Ecbz'rzm, whofe ProjeEiure is twothirds of its Height. The third principal part of the faid Capitol is for , the lypotracbeliz’tm, or ‘Friz'e of the Capitol, ”given to the C0714- rirzo; the whole Projeéiure is thefifth part of, the Diameter of the Column. The Aflragnl is as high as all the three Amm- lets, and is in‘Projeéiuie equal‘ to the Body" of the Column be- . low. The Amulet or Ceinfiure is half the height of the Aflm. gal, the Projeéiure thereof is plum with the Centre of the {aid Aflmgal. ' " . ' , Upon the Capitol is- made theidrc‘bitrave, which is to be in: height half the thicknefs» of the Column, that. is to fly, one Model; it is divided into feven, bf one is madeethe Raid,- whoie Projeéiure mufi be equal to its height. The wholeis di—, vided into- fix parts, (one whereof is given to the 6mm, the which ought to“ be fix in number, and to the sziellzz which is under the Tania, which is a third oi’the {aid Game; The reii is. divided into {Even parts, from the Tania downwards, three where- ofis given to the firfl Ech'a, and four to the iécond. The Prize is in height aModel and a half: the breadth of the Bugbpb is one Model, and its Capitol is the iixth part of'a Model. The I'iglz'pb is divided into fix parts, two whereof is given to the two Channels in the middle,and one to the twohali‘Channels at' the Extremities, and the other three make the Spaces that are below the faid Channel. , The Metojm, that is to lay, the Space between two Dig/4272‘s, ought to be as broad "as high; ‘ The Cornice on ht to be in heiOht one Model and a fixth- g ‘9 part, and is divided into five parts and a half; two whereof is given to the Cavettq and Ono/o; the 02126720 is leis than H 2 , , , the . The height of the Capital ought-to be-the: half Diameter off“ ‘ Of Arbbitéifufd _ the boob; ‘as' much 'as :is’theLzflollo 5‘ the other three and half is giv‘e‘n‘flto the Corona?- and'jor the some Reverfzy andr;S&im R6521. V , The Corona ought to have ineProjeEiure four fix parts of the Model, and on its Plain which looket'h downwards, and pro. ' jeE’ceth forth, will have in length fix Gutm, {and , three in - breadth, over ‘the 'Ii‘iglzflasj with githeir Lifis, and .over the Motopo certain ROféS. ‘ o The Giotto, or Bells, anfwer to thofe which are under the Dflid, Which are made in Form like a Bell. The Gmotizm: rmifl 'be an eighth part thicker than the Corona, and is divided into eight parts, two whereof is given to the _ Orlo or Li/iollo, and fix remains 'to the Cz‘motz‘o, whofe‘ Pro- jeEture, is Even parts and a half 5 whereupon the Arobitmvo, the Frize, and the Cornice, fallout to be in height theiourth part 'of the length of the Column; and thele are the Meafiires of the Cornice, according to Vitmvz‘w, from whom I have a‘ little fwerved, altering the Members, and making them a little bigger, . , ~ A Srimtz . »/ 2 . ‘1 ‘13 $’ - , 2 I'L‘ 0f 41626171682112. _ 4 1,, 51170111 R1674. .. I ~ 2, -‘ , . 80111111 Reve{/21. , -, \' “ 3' C0r01111.~ _ ’ ' 011010 01100110. , The 042110]: of the Trglpb Triglfb. 21411131211 T112111. 6111118; , 1' \Przma I'd/0111. Seamda thcw. gr! N “E mm @6530} ”’ ‘ Parts of the Capital 2 (2111111111111; ‘ 40110115. . _ 011010, or Ecbz'flus’. 41111111011. , Ifi'potracbe/ium, 0r F1125. Aflragal Lg'fldla, 0r Cemfi’ure. Body of 1120 (7011111112. The P112112 0f 12200117210], 1112111110111], 1110111111 12210 Thirty P111111. The Under-part 1f the C0101112. a x131 vm-iqygvmqrnyfiwrsrm“; :va Vfifi‘xéfiw‘j'fiy‘ v- ugh,” it. (35‘7va"‘!"-/§" w ,3 V _ , , . , g , , ‘ . z A. Ofirdrcbztefiwe. 2 To make theCapz'rol, the Foot of the Column muft be divided into eighteen parts, and nineteen of limb parts is the- breadth and length of the Alma/r, and the half is the height’of'the’Capiiol with the Volata , whereupon it becomes to . be. nine parts and a half high: One and half is for the Abacus With Lits’C'zl matium, the other eight remains to theVolum, ,whiehis made in this manner : From the Extremity of the Cimrim within: is placed one of the nineteen parts 5 and from the Pointvwhichq» is there made is let fall a Line-Plumb, which divides the Volutzz‘in the middle, and is call’d Camera; and: where the Point falls in this Line which feparares the four parts and hailfabOve, and the three and half below, there is made the Centre (if the Eye of the Velma, whole Diameter is one of the eight parts; and from the {aid Point is drawn a Line which interiéé‘ts at RightAngles. The Catbem divides the Valera into four parts, in the Eye of which'is formed; a Square, 'the bigneis whereof is the half Dia- meter of the {aid Eye, The Dizgomgl Lines being drawn in it, in them are made the Points whereon the fixed Foot of the ('0me is to (land to makevt‘he‘Valum, and they are (computing {the Centre of the Eye) thirteen Centres; as to the Ozfietvvhicfh mizfi be obférved in them, it appears by the aNnrnbeerlaced in the Delign. The Aflragal of the Column is right againfl the Eye of the Voluta; the Whites are as thick in the Middleas is the Pro- jeli‘zzre of the 014910 or Erbium, which reachetli" beyond the Alma/r 1b much as is the Eye ofthe‘Vowlgraighe hollow of the Vo/w‘a is event-with the Body of the Column. ; The Aflmga! of ' the Column turns about under the Volum, and is always ken, as appears in the Platibrmofthe‘aColumn 5 and ’tis natural, that i?) {lender a thing as vaisgjthe' Volzzm {hould give way to one {6 hard as} is the Aflmg’zi’fgrandi-the Vail/m is always equally di~ llant from it. / They were wont to’make in the Angles of Rows of Columns, or Porches of the [wick Order, Capitals, which had the Vo/miz' not only in the Front, but alfo in that part, that making the Ca- pitol as they were wont to do, would be the Flank; whereupon they come to have the Front on two Sides, and are called Arr- gular Ca I'm/s; and how they made them, lfhall’ demonfirate in my Boo 0me 1w. ‘ - P A Alma/5.. 7.7;. - O » Tondina, or Aflragal. VP Scan}: feczmda. Lie 0f Architeéfum _A Alma ‘ I ; B Hzfllow: of the Volum v C. Duo/0,01“ Echim/s.- ,, *y - t . w. ‘., , 3'“ ' ,’ ‘_‘ , TD Aflragzzl szer the WM“. ,i 7 ' i I E Ceiflfizme, or Anitalet. F. Body qf the Column G Line (all (I Cat/76m.- On the Platform of the Capitol of the Column the fiid Mem— bets are marked with the fame Letters. S The Eye of the Volma m a_ large Form. Members cfthe 846, according to Vitruvius. ' K Body of the Column. ' L Ceinffm‘é, or Amulet. M ‘Drz/r. N 560124 Iii/rm. Q Orlo, br Plz'mh. R Projéfilzre of the Ba 6‘. , . x .. Ll" #11” \ » - , :2. . -I Iii- a) 1 {Li L: .liliil.’ \. ‘ . , ~ \ fl ‘i 6}” Amara.» Jhe Architmve, Piize, and, Cornice, make-63511:,havg fetid) the fifth part of the height ‘of the Column; and the Whole is divided into’twelve parts, the Awbitmve {dug-theirizg thjgee, and the Cornice five: The Arabitmve is divided into five parts, of one is made the Cz'mzium, and the r611 are divided into twelve; three are given to the fitfi F461}: and itsA/imgal, four to the fecond and its Aflragal, and five to thefthird. : " .. ’ 154:“ The Cornice is divided into feven-patts %; moa'te'given to ' the,.Scotia and Ouolo, two the Modiliom, and the 3; to the Co- ‘ wand and Shim Refla, and projeaeth forwards as much as; its thicknefs. , ' - ' I have defigned the Front, the Flank, and the Plétfotm of the Capital, the Archimzvei. Erige, and Camice, with their con.- Venient Scul‘ptutes2 ”‘ , A a? _ L2 — _ 'hscbzm / ‘ 76 7 ‘ , 0f Arcbzteflure. ‘ 736222221 R2292. Scima Reqwfig ' ' 2‘ .) V Comm. 7 7 62722225022 (yttbe 1340212120223. ; ‘Modiliom. '7 *1“? 0122210; ‘wu am 76:35 ‘— G Cavefiog _» 7’ - H Frize. ‘ I. Cimatz'on of 266 Azcbitrabe. K L M are 2736’ Eer Second, 222221 Third Eyck. ‘_ Members of the Capitol. 7' N 216222222. . 0 Hollow of the Voluw: . P Oquo; or Ecbimm. ~ Q Aflragal of tbe Cob/27221. R Body (3f 2?»? Column. C H A F. ~ R J.. \ zB hi+ q. +,~ " A Of Architeffure. ' C H‘A P; XVII.“ , 0f the Corinthian Order. . T Corinth a noble Ci of Peloponmgfe, or Mame, flrfl of all was found the grder which is call’d Corinthian; which is more Adorned and Beautified than any I have yet treated on; ’ ‘ The‘Columns are like the Iom'ck, and with the Bali: and Capitol joined to them, they are nine Models and a half long. If yOu make them fluted, they will have 24 Flutes 'or Ch’an- nels, which mull be made half f0 deep as broad :‘ The Plains or Spaces between one Flute and the other mul’t be a third part of the breadth of the faid Flutes. The Architrave, Prize, and Cornice are a fifth part of the height of the Column-9 in the ' ‘Defign of Columns alone, the IntepColumns are two Diameters, as is the Portal of St. Maria Rotunda in Rome; and this Form of Rows of Pillars is by Vitfltvilts' call’d Syflylor. And in that of Arches the Pilafiers are of two parts of five of the, Light of the Arch; and the Light of the Arch is in height two Squares and a half, the thicknels of the hill Arch being comprehended. \ ' 336931 :33me ’3‘ WW” 353‘ 3533516333313: ; shag 5333911391113 m .- 333 3.: 3333; 11333313231 33.33933 0:33:33 m m; 33 3 {$3333 as ”$5335: iii 133i 33m: 313 3333! (2.3353135: 333333. -- 653333312 Mia :33: .312 Mm :33st 233314333 4“ 33253:"? 23333?! ass 53:31 ‘his mm *isii {a 33.1 E SI§§ 333:3 'I 7' 33. 31310 1311103 3:33“- 35‘3”»; g; «'1 AA; ">33“ $513 33 {‘33qu '33 a? 3 mm .s 3333- 213333331 3133 3351:)st ‘ 5; M \ 3‘}? 13:35 A! ~ I 7233331 3333 gazisii 3.: .33? 2.333333? .I' _ *7 :._~ hair“: . f . x y k _ . f . \ \ 4 7 x v . K .4 _ x . _ J . ‘ . .r _ . , .\ I \ , 1 . ~ r- r rm fuznwddlg 09‘1ng umqnz ivfze nytd . _: (ff, that z: 6‘fliadzfl: I / I - I / » x ‘z y ‘ r x l, . i ‘ ‘ — A J a \ ‘ V / I / _ ’ ~ ,— ’ , \ V | ' r I ( ‘ , x > r \ ’\ 1 , ' v . i 1 u I / l r .l r ‘ . \ - 1 ‘ ‘ ‘ « h- K 4 A. | ‘ ‘ . 1 2 v , z x§§§a$tgk€ c . . g . . _ . : L . _. _.. « -‘jr. OfArcmeufir The Page; 'under the Corintbz‘aiz cementum: in .h ‘ ht a fourth part of the lengthof the Cblumn; and being divi ed into eight parts1 one:‘-i§,&iV€Q-‘t’0 the Gngatiz‘tm; memo its Eye, and five remains t6 the Darla or Plane of the P67141211; the que ‘ mufl be divided into three parts, motor the Zacfca‘ot P‘lezzzb, , and one to the Cornice. The Bafc of the Column is t3; ”meat, but in this Order it 5 difiers from thaewhich iS‘put to the Derick Order:~ In this the Projefiure is the fifth part of the Diameter ‘of the Column, Whereas in the Dorick it is the fixth part; it. may alfo-vary in ' ibme othee parts, as may.‘.l1¢‘fe€t{‘in‘th€ Defign, wherealfi)‘ is" 'fet d§Wn the Impofl: of the "Arches, the which is in height one half“ méfe than the thicknefs of the Membrane, that is to fay, the Egg/fer which heats up the Arch. / _ l." A Bag; { s s. s ’v _ ‘ . -’ ‘,-v t A x: \ _ K _ /. , , A. , A, «4.; ex «*me r?_‘€:..'.:"_m‘m‘ _ masokm L ' , ‘8 3 ' 0f Arcbzteii’ure. \ A Body of tbeColumz _~ ,\ ‘ - ‘ B Ceinfixre and Aflragals J'- :7)? Column. ‘ C The Upper Toms. ' D Staci/‘2 fitb‘tbéAflmgalfi’ ‘3 ' E The Lower Tori/1'. ' V 1‘.- JOrlo, or Plinth J the 342 f fie/2d to {be Gmtium J 15? Maia/.1 G Ontarians \ ‘ A ‘l H :Dzzdo; or Pla‘z'rz‘ - oftbe Pedqflzzl. ‘ I \C‘oroAa‘of Abe Ba. 6 . ‘ K Orlo, or Plinth the Bch’. , ‘, T198 Impdis of the Arc?) is at‘tbe Sick offbe Coll/77122. E I ‘ . _ The .r'x ”\\ // \ w V’ L/mwwm—fiw \. “$3 “.1 ‘ _‘ _ ‘ \ ‘ K 1,!*:,f<;:.1:r.g x I 9:6:_z:/::§Z?::g: xiii/L 5; S"- ‘l, W 1‘ 1‘ ! -w.a~\. m. .«nmm u .. Aw I .mmw > Ju- \"r s 0f Arabitéflure; , , The Corinthian Capitol ought to be as high as the thieknefs of the Column below, and a fixth part more, which is allowed to the Abacw; the refl is divided into three‘equal parts, the firii‘ ‘ .is given to the firfi Leaf, the {Econd to the iécond‘, and the third is divided again into two, and of that part next the Alma/5 is made the Caulicolz' with the Leaves, which feem to fuppOrt them whence they grow; and therefore the Stalk from whence they grow‘mufi be made thick, and in their Foldings mull diminiih ‘ by little and little: The Example hereof is taken from Plants, which are bigger at the Root than at the Extremity of the Branches. The Bell,,which is the Body of the Capitol under the Leaves, ought to be direEi to the Bottoms of the Flutes of the Column. , To. make the Abacus, that it may have a convenient Projet‘farc, I ‘ make the Square ‘ABCD, each Side whereoirmull be 3 Mode! and half, and the Diagonal Lines mull be drawn in it from one Angle to the other, and where they interieéiieach otherin the Point E, which is the Middle and Centre ofthe laid Square, the ' fixed foot of the Com‘pai's mull be placed, and towards each An~ Vgle' of the Square mui’t be marked a Model, and where the Peirrts' F GH I are, the Lines mufi be drawn which interietf‘ts at Right Angles, with the {aid Diagofia/r, and that they may touch the fides of the Square in L M 1N 0. Th ei'e {hall be the BOunds of the Projefiure; and how much the length is, 16 much {hall be the breadth of the Horns of the Ali/16m. The Curvamre, or hollowing of the Alida/r, is made by laying along a Thread from one Horn to the other, which is from the Point L to the Point N, then from the faid Points draw two Arches ofCircles,"then fet in one foot of the Compafl'es in the Interfeé’tion at . the Point P 3 with the other defcribe the Arch, which will make the Hollowing _or Curvature of the Aflrz/gal of the Column, and is fo made that the Tongues of the Leaves touch it, or rather advance ,a little beyond, and this is their Projefiure. The Rofe ought to be as large as the fourth part of the Diameter of the Column at the Poor: The Arcbizmve, Frize, and Cornice, ( as I have faid) are to be a fifth pari'of 'the height of the Column, and the whole is to be divided into twelve parts, as in' rheIom‘c/c .° But here is, the difierence, in this the Comic-e is divided into eight » N 3 parts 1' '1-“r'1’: :. ‘ y t .l ' (2—- tparts‘ and half -, of one is made the Intabl'imthOf the othet the Dmdimlz‘, of the third the Ouch», of the fourth and fifth the .Modiliorzs,~ and of the other three and half the Comm: and ‘ the Scim. The Cornice hath as much Projetlzzre as it his high, 1 j the Cofi‘ers or Places of the Rofes that go between the [Hedi/ion: , muf’t be fquaIe, and the Modilz'om as big as half the Plain of the faid Rofes. The Members of this Order have not been marked ‘ With letters, as the foregoing, became by them thefe may eafify be hnderfiood. : 4: r “A , "Lia-5. mi”. , t “1;.“ r usghgil. w :mmeamg < - two [Am-p...“ v Mun-4."..mfi H T“ ‘ ~._ / a > b £7; \ uffi~u Lg ‘ | u - , . t \ I I x : \ \ ,_~.__.___._. . , V . _ \ ' ‘ - ‘ \ . -. _ _ ’7 fl , ’ \ , . A» 4; \ _— MP AJLVAmQ '4, (L n t»';‘ “VOAAVJ' AJLJLJ‘LAJLVAVAVA 11m Alfauaw \> r - ’ - . . 4.. - " 7 5—] L V V _ — 4 ' « ‘ _- ‘ A: -— “ 3 2 IE 1 _¢ ' , .n y - i * , ”f 71/- «1/9 ::}/»\WAA\\2/2 L ‘ , __ \ V .1 . '7 v I I x ‘ . mlflflilflililililllillll _ , ‘._______-—_—_-—_-———————_——’ - V ./,'n< - \ f H I ‘ -1, . i, g ‘ : - | 1 7 \ _ . ‘ 5 I § | '————‘ E ' qt 7fimrffilm‘f—ng‘ pix—rpc {-f/ ”agar“? [,4 _,.r \ A er-"x‘gir’xf [“lr ;fl{%,?:§”: 751“”; Winn 1:” wrflr %« l,‘ x .« ‘ I .5 I I 4 Q ’/< 2 x i" « . , \ , I V J .‘z‘r_. - ’ ‘ ' / «. ) \ n / Vfiinm i). i , ..? ,. > .v . . I. JIJ . N, 6 ) J a. ”J : / w , / . 1. - , ll.| 111113 . r .._ ,. {I1 a. fin H. A 3.; {J «hi 1—2 1.2 1,19,, , _ _ . 7 8 A . s ...\ ,1 , . 5:11 ,\ l \ . , a . M 1 MI A. . 1. M.‘ 1b 1 INF H 1% . Q 3 ._. - .w . ~ \ \ L: 1 Mix J, 3. t H «A: wm Wm, 4,”. 1 . . .— Of Architéfinfe: C HAP LX’VIH; 3 ‘ 0f the Compofita Order. TH E camfim Order, which is aHb call’d Roman, became?” it was an Invention of the Ancient Roman, and is {or call’d becaui‘e it partakes of two of the aforefiid Orders; and the mofi Regular and Beautiful is- that which is compounded of the Ionick 7 ‘ ‘ and Corinthian; it is more flender than the Corinthian, and may be made like it in all parts, except in-the Capital. Thefe Columns ought to be in length ten Models 5' in. the Defign of Columns alone, the Inter-Columns are one Diameter and a half; and this manner is call’d, by Wtruvius, Piano/film. In thofe. of Arches, theiPilnfler: are half the Light of the Arch; and the Arches are/in height under the Vault two Squares and 53”; that is to fay, two Diameters and half. of the Light ofthe Arch. » ‘ to: ‘ k5 ' .1], I? .; Vfig‘dé "I; , $31333: a; ’ $1535; . . =7 u _ 7‘ word -.,., > 10 ,;;r.,. L 92.1422» 1 ‘3 \IL ’1; (1, I'm}! 1,0 0 VIM/It OIIL‘H'I (”11‘ In ram HMO/1111,4111 ffwzc 'f/ze middlt J," 1415 filter the” I; 7071uzlcl? Part; 15 _. . p. .. _ . Wm: «11; w m . a :U..,:. _ , a. . 024 {$33}. 33.5 .35 WWW "r' , M" 'V _‘ 0f Afc‘bit'eéfure. And became (as I have fiid.) this Order ought to be made, \ more neat and {lender than the Corinthian, its Pedtflal is to be, the third part of the height of the Column, and is divided into eight parts and half} of one part is made the Gmdfiumiof the Bye, and five and half remains to the Dado or Plimb‘ of the Pale/7a]; the Bqfie ”of the Paddle! is divided "into three parts, tWo is given to the 20660 or Plinth, and one to its Tom: with Cimrztium. ' ‘ The Bafe of the Column may be made Atticé, asin the Ca- rimbiafi; and it may alfo be compounded of the Armband the Iom’ck, as appears in the Defign. The Profile of the Impofi ofthe Arches is by the fide of the Plain of the Pgdgfla’z, and its _ height is as much as the thicknefs of the Membrane. P2 ' ‘The 107 ._/ .lil§l.||a..«§l 359 iv A .'\/- 19% :’fl \[ui . ‘ ' i 02. 7 ’ ,5», 3.957 . , wage-«mm; Mu». w.- 2‘ . ‘ N" «e . w ‘M wmp m A 4 E... . :12, ,. , _. _ A \- QfAM$Mfiwe—‘ The Capitol of the Compofim Order hath the fame Mealures 35 the Corinthian; but it difl‘ers from it in the Velma, 0min, Fifi- rolo, or Fz'gfe, which are Members attributed to theIonic/i; and the way of making it is thus: From the Abacus :dOWI’lwafd-g‘; the Ca itol is divided into three parts, as in thewCorimbiarzl. The fit}; isigiyen to the‘ firl’t Leaves, the fecond to thefecond, and the third to the Volum, which is made in the fame manner, ;. and with the lame Points with the which the Iom'c/t is laid to be made, and takes'up f0 much of the Abacus, that it léems to '- grow out of the 021010 near the Flowers which are put in the» middle of' the Curvatures of the iaid Abacw, and is as thick in the Front as the breadth of the Horns thereof; and a little more: The 02010 is as big as three parts of five of the Abacus, and its lower part begins tight againfi the lower part of the Eye of the Voluta : It bath in Projeéi’ure {— parts of its height, and is with its Projefiure perpendicular to the hollow of the dimmer, or a little more. ' , e ' The Fujé is a third part of the height of the Ono/o, and hath in Projefi‘ure fomething more than the half of its thicknei’s, and turns about the Capitol under the Valarie, and is always feen. The Gradatmz, or Moulding, which goes under the Fzgfe, and makes the Orlo of the Bell of the Capitol, is the half of'thergfe: The Body of the Bell anlizvers direEt with the Bot- tom of the Flutes of the Column 5 of’this fortI have Keen one at Rome, from which I have drawn the fluid Meafures, becaule it appeared to me Very beautifuland Well order’d. There are Capitols made after another manner, which may he call’d Comm/Eta, of which {hall be dil‘courfed, and the Figures thereof {hall be put in my Books ofAmiguities. The Arcbirrave, Prize, and Cornice are the fifth part of the ' height of the Column; and their Compartiments may be well known by that which hath been fiid before in the othethrders, ‘ and by the Numbers placed in. the Defign. Q " GHAR’ It; ,. 5:3". mm , ! Salim} "mi 9*“ if: 31% 333i 13; +33% W3» 3; {it max‘mgfi Efitfig‘fiflmg fiat 033 gm" 3 ’ ’33) 33 " fl . ”gm. {ma Wfifié‘flhfi‘ I :33 3mm 333333331133 m I3 “u 353334391sz 333% 2. “‘ ' 31L 2‘ 32335332124455“ «3m: 33% ;;_ ‘5‘ V» if. '31 s *- \fifit‘sfi: 93’ng 3, sf... ~33... V . wiry \ my" ~—- ‘ \ '13 /, I , ‘ 4 \ E' {7 ‘ 1‘ l ,r/ ' c ”mm \ gummy 1‘ bwffi 2 0f Architeflnre; 1 5 CH A P: XIX. \ If, 0f Pedeflolr; Itherto I have difcourfed (what to me fecmed convenient) _ ' of Walls, and theirOrnamenrs, and in particular touching the Poddiol: which may be applied to every‘ Order, but becauie it, appears that the Antients had not_a regard to make the Peale/fol bigger for the one Order than for another, although this Part much adds to the Beauty and Ornament, when it is made with Difcretion and Proportion to the Other Parts, to the end that the Architeéls may take notice, and- ferve then2~ felves, upon Occafion, and know that they made them fometimes fquare, that is to fay, as long as broad, as in Arch Dz' Lioni at Verona. And theie I have afligned to the Dorick Order, becauie ' it requires Solidity, fometimes they are made taking the Mea- fine from the Light of the Arch, as in the Arch of Tito: at Smith Mario Nova in Rome, and in that of Trojan on the Gate of Anoona, where the Poole/Io] is half the height of the Light of the .Arch, and of that kind of Podcjiol I have put to the Ionic/fa Order; and Ibmetimes they took the Meafure from-the height of the Column, as is {Ezen at Snfn a City fituate at the rim of the Mountain which divides Italy from Franco, in an Arch made to the Honour ofAngu/fm Ettflr, and irrthe Arch ofPoZo a City of Dalmatia, and in the Amphitheatre of Rome, in the Ionic/c and Corinthian Order, in which Building the Patio/fa! is the fourth part of the height of the Column, as I have made in the Corinthian Order. In Verona in the Arch Dijidiol Voccbio, which is very beautiful, the Podcjiol is a third of the height of the Column, as I have put in the Comptyito Order, and there are the handfomef’t Forms of Fade/141s, and have the belt Propor- ' tion with their other Parts: Andwhen Vitrnviw, difcourfing of \Theatres, makes mentién of the Peggio, you may know that the ~ < R ' Poggio , ii at .. 1b ‘1 ”,7 -‘ 0f .rcbzteiiztret ” ! - - \_ ‘Poggio is the fame With thePeddhzl, which is the third of'the} length of the Column put for Ornament of the Scene 5‘ but of Pedafla/s, which exceed a third of the £olumn, fiich are feen at Rome in the Arch ofC’wyiamine, where the Pedeflal: are two parts and half of the height of the Column; and almol’t in all the Ancient Pedcfla/s the'Baies ,. are obfenv’d 'to have been made * twice as big as the Cimcium, as is'fien in my, Book of ' Amber. if % 1r}. .5; fl CH AP. XX x _ 0f Errors. "" ‘ Aviné liar down the Ornaments of "the Architeé’ture, that 1 is to fay, the Five Orders, and flle’wed how they are made, and laid down the Profiles of each of their Baits; which? i found that the Antients did obférve 5 it feems to me not unfit » here to acquaint the Reader of many Abufes, ‘which’ being brought in by the Barbarous, are yet obférved 5 to the'end that the Studious in this Art may avoid them in their own Works, and underfiand them in others. — .. ., - a ' . I, By then, that Architeiture (as all other Arts are) being Imitatrix of Nature, accounts nothing tolerablewhiCh is eliran- ged, and differs from that which is natural : Wherefore we flee that thoie ancient Atchite‘éis who built with Timber, When they' began to build with Stone, direéted that the Columns might be leis at the Top than at theFoot, takin Examples-from Trees, which are lefs at the Top than in the runk, and near the Root. LikeWife, becaule‘it is very convenient that thole Things upon which any great Weight is put, {bould'beprefledg under the Column they put a Bzfl, which with thelr"'1-‘01‘J{:§' and Swain Team by the Burthen“ over them to be malady-£9 alto - - 1n 1 It 5"” as was, “Madilz'om, and the’ ”leaf, V_ ‘ in the Camitt’s. they bring in: the Ir Davitittgiwhidtfhould teprefent ' the Heads of the Joifis, Which- intiliefieiling eteiplaced'tossbear up the Roof. The» flame may be'ohfe'rved in Fallfmhet“ l“atts,if~ you are CuriOus‘: ' And'being f0, you'eamtot but blame that Formrof Building which deviates from that. Mithature’inl’trufieth, and from that Simplicity which iydlreaed in Things by her producedfiantingé (a5: itiwere) another _ ~ N2th€g5~afid departsfiom= the true, gated; andrhandfome manner of Bufldiég‘as‘ifor whiéhreafon'you ought not (inftead'ofColumns' or‘Pii'mgr, whiehfete to heat up flame great _Weig.ht) to place Cartawc'bew, Which» are certain Scroles‘, which to the‘lntell’igent ' iéem (Homeland to the ignorant rathe'ttConfufion than Plea— fitre‘g norfdo theyypfoihziee otheriEfieEl's. than encreafe the Charge of thea-Buildei’Si; ‘Ifikewifii you muff hatlnake any of thofe Camwm mate rout of the Cmice -, that it is requilite that all the Parts Office femiw'he made tolbme End, and to make ap— pear‘ What ,it-‘W0uld be “if the'Work "were framed of Timber. 'And befides,being'it’is convenient that,"touphold agreat Weight, making ’lblid and fit“ to fu‘ppott lthat'Wei'ghtiBe required,- ‘quef’tionlefé thofe‘ifzz‘rwmhes are altogetherfiaperfluous, became it is impoflible that any Timber whatever could really perform g whatfltheiefeem 5/ for feigning it felf to be foft and gentle, I know “ not by what Rule they put them under any thing heavy and hard.- But that which (in my Opinion) imports much, is~ the Abule in making Frontifpieces of Doors Windows and Galleries, divided in the middle, beeaulé they Were made to defend the Inhabitants from Rain; I know nOtbin'g‘more cOntrary to natural Reafon, than to "divide and open that. Part which theAntients', inflruéted by Necefiity it Ralf; did make whole, and raiiéd in the middle, to. {hew' that it oughtto iérve to defend the Inhabitants'bf the Houl‘e,‘ and \thofe 'that enter therein, from Rain, Snow and Hail, And al- though Variety and Novelty, {hould pleafe all, yet we aretnot to ' o againflfthe "Precepts of Art, and that which Rea’fon- demon- ateggjvvfhence we-fee‘, that [although the Antients'did vary, yet they never" departed from the- general and- necefléry Rules of Art, as mayhefeen in my Book'nffigtigzziriét : Alfo concerning the waki..,_‘ _., .A '2‘, . ‘ ProjeElute i at; K. ’ a 1 24 , . ~ Of-flrcbatefiure. ' Projeé'ture: of“the‘ Cornice and other Ornaments, ’tis ~ no fmall Abutb in’ malfing- them come too forward ; becaufe when they exceed that which according-to Keafonis fitfor them, efpecially if they be in a cloie Place, they feem narrow and uncomely, and: put Fear in thofe which Itand underneath, threatning always to fall-7 you ought as much to avoid making the Cornice difpropor- t‘ionable to the Column 5 putting great Comics: upon little Co- ‘ lumns, or upon great Columns little Cornices, who, doubts but that-fuch a Building will {item very ill-favour’d Pie-’BEHdCS,“ to make the Columns iéern to be of feveral Parts, making Rings and Wreathings abOut them, as it were to hold them together, ought as much as may be to be avoided; becaufe how much the more intire and {bong the Columns appear, ,fo much the more they. perform the Defign for which they are placed, which is to render the Work above fecure and firm. Many other-like Abutés might be: reckon’d up, as offome Members which in the Cornice: are made difptoportionable to the other 5 which, by what ‘1 have fhewed before, and by that which is now iaid, may be eafily known: It remains now to come to the difpofingOf the Particular and Principal Parts of the Building. ~ ' (3 HA P,» XXI; _0f Galleries, Entries, Halls, Anti- ‘Chambers and Chambers, and of their Proportions, GAlleries, for the molt part, are worn: to be made on the . Wings and Sides, or on the Front; they ferve for many AC‘ commodations, as Walking,_Eating, and other Divertifiements, and they are made bigger orleflér, according to the Greatneis end Cont‘eniency' of the Building; but ordinarily they ought - nor ‘\ ‘4 I of dream: not to have-leis than 4.6, 18, and.,2o.1Footinbreadth, and in great Buildingshnto; 24,,;ahd theirlengthi 2191933 5Y5 tunes ‘11??? “ breadth; fiat; ‘feven, or: eighti ,“tinaesjaxlz‘tn‘_<>ii§,;~ ....... ’ ' x I ‘ Example. ' , - Let'A A repreféht .aQallery,;the breadth whereofis AB 5. you mull give ’it in; length Eye—times “RSI-.5333}! gntothe Number marked; “(or {fix timesfrrnto‘ the Number 6, Sor Ieten times enter the number‘7, or; lafiiy- eig t times unto the Number 8, Whmfi .~ is the greateftf length ,alowed Eto:("‘1dietitirr , . r . .. ___.; ’clll.l’_. ,e' .l t I ' ~ .A “ _ A : 5i ' ‘ 1km ‘—_.V _,\ _' : . \ .g. a! _ . .- ‘I, . , _ ‘ B. E! {m ,3 E .36: ,‘f .' I:{New.Z‘mhrrzhwéamawfljd as; : 6~7 . 8 ~ : ' y 1 a .. , l 1 § . ‘ ,_ z , A befides, ev'erfy ‘ ule well-compofed, ought to beam in the middle and chiefe part fome Place to the Whichlall the other part of the Houfermay relate and appertain; which Place vulgarly is call’d :‘Emry, Lobby, or Pflflflgfi, if it be below; and the Hall, if it_be above, '?and is in the Houje as a common Place; for it ‘iérves to entertain" thOfith‘att’gndwflie‘Mafiefs oing forth, to {alute him’, and negotiate with him; and fuch ' ces, are the firl’t part of the Houfe that prelént themiélves to thofe that would enter therein. ‘ TheHaH: fierve farifeafls, . Nup- rials, and Banquets, to aft Comedies,~ and to take other filCh‘“ like Pleafilres and? EnjOyments; therefore it iS"‘thaf'Ehéfé Places ought to be greater than Other, and of a“ capaciolls Form; to the end that many Peribns may commodioufly be theretentertained; and behold what is done. - . ' '~ ‘ ~ a - 0f the Proportion which the Hallwzzglu‘ ‘29 have. As for my part, I have notgheena'cmflomed‘ to allowtourhe length-of Halls lefs "than twice’their breadth, ‘Ior'r tWi‘ce and % ,‘- o‘r ' 1‘ - a’thir’d 1'25" - 6‘ 11111111 P111 111???? y ' may ow t E len 111111 f IEHP it they will be fo much e more eat: Ifhl’mgh todvemene 0 Example Lies 11131. 11611111111111 111%er WHCIEGFEE‘AE 1111 11 Poor: 633%} the 19111111211611 théIEHgth Mite 611% 1111611 13 tq‘fh 1161111 11111111611121 1111111; 1:121 Foot m length / £61" 64 Feb: 111 bica'il'thf' 6t fHQ'ce the 1115111111, and“: finere unto the Number marked 2 ;, ’16 Mr, 154': Feet-101151191 24 Footbroad, ’or twice the breadth, and-‘— 3m0te unto the Number marked 2 ~, to wit," E60 E99; tlonsr Mafo or 26...... Foot broad- , or lal’tly, to gr reat Build- Ngs the Hall may have 1n length three times the breadth unto the umber matked 3, re wit_,. 12 Foot long for 24 Fo6t broad - ~F‘ y. : i 7: _- ,1; i' The Amz-Cbambm 6nd Chambers ought to be '12) divided that they fall on each Side of the E22212)», and of the H2211; 6nd yen mull take heed that thofé on the Right Hand may an- TWer, and be eQual to thoie on the ”Left to the end that the Build- ing may be on one Side as ‘on the 'other, and the Walls bear equally the Burden of the Roof 7 Of 211 Proportion vanii Cba‘méers. . A Well proportion’d Anti-Chamber ought to have in length the Diagonal Line of the Square of the breadth, or the breadth 6nd‘ ~ at molt. Example .; , I . _ w -. 1 ' \ ’ \ Y 6 A . \ , - ' \ ‘ Qua; . ' v ‘ c Wham Wmme 1:24:11 AM Let ABC!) 316A 561121116311 1111616936411 $665in 24 Foot, $1111 the Diagonal Li116 1116169 69633111216111 A C1] the {$1116 length 611121: mexm‘mgmt' ls 61”me $61610 th6 41d, Ann-flaw? fibm Amara-312511101111) 11211916 4611111631161111611 .1... 6,316 , ,6 6 ' i 3 u i p - r'v' 7 ' _ i‘r ,— s- ’ . __ ~ :_ (A- - X y ,, : - ”nu.“ .m. A.“ . »<-, M , . 4 1 . , A . 16 g - A4; ‘ -1: :1. .1 , 'D 6 ’c F \ \ 1‘.“ i ‘ i 'l “ 51’: A rr .- (64,1614)? :2 -' The 21122509421254 W111 have 34 Foot 1:11 length to 24 F1501 in breadth. Example 0., ‘1. ‘ 3571-3218. 'W&»&}? are; MW '\“§f21m”a-=Wa:a _. Vt. Let. A B C D be aquhgte, of whicihteach Sideiisf24 Foot, as :befote, and tothe .iérd- A-‘BC-D-the half their-high; ‘0 Wit, 3a,: _ Foot figm- Bro» F,1_ana3fromcgto G, .yotg.{lgallimake~ the . Amifbgmbfl 3’5: Footi’t‘t‘léngth to: ’24Poot; in Wh. _ .1 . .9 .3. “E: . w 7 3 or 3.6 ‘ y k ‘ . D I; ,1 C G Of the Proportion Qbeambm. ‘ As for the (bombers, you may make therefore Five Sorts and Proportions i; ; for they are either fquare, or they may be in ‘ length their breadth, with an eighth part, a leventh, a fixth, or a fifth part above their breadth. Example A 1129' _ , WWII Qf' tbe FIE/1 51571173 qf Che/21120:: Let ABCD be a perfeé’t Square, of which the Four Sides and the Four Angles may be equal, this {hall be the Bigneié of 1 the Limmber .\ '5; , § ‘ ‘f; : ‘3‘: Example-9f the. second. ' A11545'6781: -- .27 B , fi ‘ fl in ' 4 ca Let ABCD be aS uare, whereof each Side is 24 Foot- you may divide one o the fluid Sides into Eight equal Parts, whereof each may be Three Foot, add one of the {aid Parts to the Side AB, and continue it to E, and as much to the Side DC cominue to F, and you will make the Chamber 27 Foot long to the 24 Foot broad. Emmy/e [1305 Examle. Qf the Third. Let ABCD be a S we,” hefiore, of 24 Foot to each Side; diizide the Sidevo AB-into Seven e ,ual;Pants, add to it One, continuing the lime to E, and the Si e D C unto F, the kid Chamber will have 27 Foot, 5 Inches and -;-, paft in length to 24 Foot in breadth. 7 "g A " ".B E 1'2',%-i'27 .. 2747’ . A D i i: C Example of we saw. Let A B C D, as before, he a S uare, having on each Side 24. , Foot : Divide one of theSides, as B, into Six equal Parts; add thereunto One of the 1am Parts, drawing the laid Side unto E, and DC unto F, you will make the Chamber 28 Foot long to 24 Foot broad, , ‘ ‘ Example x V , 0f Krebitéfince; “f ,igi‘i vaanle qftb: fifib and“ 1g: new: d-Cbmlwrt. . Let the Figure A B C D be as before, each i‘Side thereof to be 24 Foot: Dlvide One of the Sides into Five equal Parts, add one of the faid Parts, drawing the Side A B unte E, and D C unto F, you will make the Chamber :8 Feet 9 Inehes, and 7.; in length to 24 Feet in breadth. g m\ .A ‘23 E _‘1 1‘1“: I“ 7.23.345 428‘2 731’. 'fi‘ 1. (i 3,5 D "C 1‘ 9 r CHAR ‘ / 132 7 : \ t - ,Ofézfiifelaite‘élure; . , CHAP XXH- - pijloors and“ Superficres ;_ tffflefpart-‘f “ ' ,mtents‘fiPlan'chers; {”261th Ceilings. f ,Fter having iéen the Forms .of"Ge[,/e2'iex, Halls, Ami- ' A Chambers, and Chambers; it' is needfiil to difiourfe of Floors? or Superfieier, of peprzrlzrzemr, P/d'lfl'bé’rs, and Hart f Ceilings, ' ,, , \ Floors orSuperfieies may be ofzfquareijl‘iles, or hard Stone, or of Marble, or finall Squares’of‘ Carpenters Work, and may ‘ be made of divers Sorts, and divers Colours, according to the , variety of the _Materials,'whi.ch ,renderg them very agreeable to the Eye: In~Lodgihg‘"CBeieb‘e‘re”t‘liey ,fire fizldom made of Marble, or other hard Stone, becaufé in t e Winter they will he too cold 5 but in Galleries, or other Publick Places, they will agree very well. V , Tbisferr of Floors effezell Sguerer of Carpenters Work ”my be feezz at Somerlér-Houié; of which, being :1 Novelty in Eng- gland, I 'zbaugbr good to prefim the Drflge Ilvereof, either/g!) ear < :72 my Amber, ‘ r _ ~ . > You ~, *r-w":""~" ‘ .,\ $me." 4 ~ ' WIN 1&3 5., a,“ ”.9 V § w«..,.,.;.~.-4.J ,5 "k LET ‘ Ram-35?)? Lu '» may a... “52'“: A , ~, " ‘1‘”;5 { 3 r“ .» . ,4, A. ,w. a-“I-‘u- ...~‘m>..\ ‘ ‘ ' - v; 7 ¢§r s “san‘tgw‘vam s an“ ,- v ~ ._ , , 0f Arcbzteél‘ure; You mull take heed that the Hall, Anti-Chafing and Chm“. bars, which are of the flame Story, may have all the Floors or Pavements Equal in fuc'h manner, that the Threfholds may note be higher than the refi} , , The Plzmcbersarealihjnadezdivets ways, -, for form there are that take pleafur'e to make them. very handfome, of well- Wtought Joifis 5‘ where you may take notice, that the JOifismufi he diliant the one from the Other the‘thicknefs of a Joifl and half; and fl) the‘Ceilmg will. be VEFY handibme; And there will be fo much Wall betweentheEnds- of the Ioillsaswill be fuffi- cient to bear up the Walls about it; Whereas if they [find Wider one from the Other, it will be very ill-favour’d; and ifclofer, ‘ ’twill be as a dividing of the upperWall from the lower; and if the Joifis rot, or be confiimed ,by Fire, the Wall of neceflity- mul’t be ruin’d. ' ’ Others Will have Compartments of Plaifier, or Wood, enrich» ing them with Pié‘tures, and gilded Work, and beautifie them according to their various Humours 5 wherefore in this there can» be given no certain or determinateRtfles. - Y (3 HA P; " Kiri-[[7 " 0ftbe Height of Halls, Anti-Chambers; ‘ and Chambers.- Ally, Ami-Chambers, and Chambers, are made either; Arched or Flat: If'you make them flat, divide the Breadth: into Three Parts, and Two of thofe Parts flaall be the Height of; the Story, from the Floor to the Joifi, i... ’ I Example T’rwfif ‘ ,bf. ‘ S'éfltckiéitéflhkéi ,-,. .02 , ”a, , , . “ ‘Exmilé 9f the Fifi? HeiéfitRf W115}; Ant‘lzqhalfibefsg ' ‘ and ' chambers; 2 Let the Eigaré: M reprefeht; the Cbamlzéfivehofe Height y0u "would find, which figppOIE toi haVe 'injbrea‘dth 24 Foot within the-Work, - which {hall he ‘ *iyided‘upon the Line “A B into Three equal‘Pétrts, With‘Points,Whereii'simatked the Number I, 2, g, ea‘ch Part being 8 '17 oo‘t ;.'Two:0feach Parts {hall 'be‘ the "Height of the Climber, to‘tvit, 16 Foot from the Floor to the'Joifl; - BREW24 O And ‘if‘ you would! have it Higher, the Breadth innit-be divided into SSYenfiartS; take thereof Five, Whlch W111 glve . , ‘ the Height. ’ Example Of Architeflnré. I f 137 _ ‘ .3. ,~.E:eaflple~ of ‘11]: Second Height. Let the-figure N ,be‘of thefame breadth as the foregoing to wit, :4 Foot wfihin the Work, which (hall be divided upon the Line, A_BV,_into Seven equal Parts -, take thereof Five to make the height 9f ghe-Stqry-AC {and BD, the faid height will be 17 Foe: 2 Inches from the Floor unto the Joifis. . ‘C‘_ N ’ D ‘3‘. 4 e __ $41 'A I“ i I I. 1' 1B Or divide the. Iai’i‘d‘ hefgh'trintqfiufl’aft‘s,‘ ah'd Three ofthofe Parts W111 hkewife'gfveagrcater height. ‘ ” ’v-_'§‘| . ; 1f..‘ J-,(}, Qwé ' T" 5;". V “i .' "15231277ka .1337 .H ‘ 0f firtltitefiurt; Exampk of‘tbe ’17);cm Height, yet higher. fiet the Figure 0 be of the fime breadth; as the fonner, to wit, of 24 Foot withinthe Work, which {hill Fe divided upon the Line A B into four equal. pang-three thereof you muff take for the height, of the Story, {0 it will be of 18 Foot from the Floor to the Joifl. _ , ’ — - t1 0 0— 7 t , q.) .. "go ._ '5 i A g . .' "B: . C HAP. *XXIV: '_ Of the Proportion of‘ the Height of Chara- bers of the Second. Stozy. T H E Height of Chambers of the Second Story {hall be a. Twelfth Part lefi thanthe Chambers Below. Ewing/e of the Heigbt of the Second Story in the Figure Marked Mi. .1 Be it, as it is raid ‘in the Figure mé‘fied M, its firflStory 1-5 Boot from the F100: to the Ioifi, divide the. fiid 1g Foot into ' ‘ "’7 " ‘ "‘ i Twelve ' aeg- " _ 0f Ambitefiurea ' Twelve equal Parts, take Eleven; which will, make 14 Foot the Joili. . Example of WSMMSrory of the Figure marked N." Be it, .asitis raid mm Figure marked N, its Firll Story of ' 17 Foot 2 Inches high from the Floor to the joifi, divide the faid 17 Foot 2 Inches into Twelve equal Parts, take thereof 1 I, which will make 15 Foot 7 Inches, for the ”height of the Second Story from the Floor to the Joii’t. Example oftbe Height of tbs‘SecohdStory oftbe Figure 0; Be it, as it is faid in the Figure 0, itseFirfl Story of18 Foot from the Floor to the Joifi, divide the faid 18 Foot into Twelve equal Parts, take thereof 11, which will make 16 Foot and ab half flfor the height" of the Second Story from the Floor to t e oi . t ‘ , C H A P.’ XXV; 0f the Proportion ‘ qf Halls, Anti—Chara. bets, and Chambers, of the Fir/3 Story, which are Arched. ‘ ’ IN great Buildings, the Hall,‘Anri-Cbambcrs,~and other Rooms of the Firfi Story, may be Arched -, whereupon they will be muchmore handfome, and lefs fubjeé’t to Fire: Their Height is made by dividing the Breadth into Six Parts; and thereof take Five,*which willgive the Height that it ought to have from the Floor or Supetfi'cies'unto the Bottom of the Key of the Arch- '1‘ 2 ‘ Example 139 8 Inches loathe height of the Second. Story Item'vthe’FloerAto «- I ‘ 13.»; \ /( 14,0; \ , 0f- : Hrchiteifurei' Example of the Fir/i Height. of Halls, Anti-Chambers, and Chambers, which are Arched. .1 Let the Figure marked A- be‘of' 24 Foot in"'breadth, more or lefs, and be divided into Six equal Parts, take thereof Five, which will make it 20 F00! high from the Floor unto the bot; tom of the Key of the Arch; And if yoii wou’d havé Qhenhigheflyofi‘ mufi divide the; , r7 3 {laid hbxeadih into Eight Barts, and Seven thereqi [haii be the ~\. mg I, - - ‘ , ' ‘ E . _ - ‘ —‘ Example ' i ' , 7 ‘Of'fli‘chitbefiitfeg L _ ‘ -’ 714i "Example bftrbe Secoizd Height: Let the Figure B, having the fame breadth as the former 24. Foot within the Work, be divided: into Eight equal Parts, and take thereof Seven, which-will make 21 Foot for the height from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key of the Arch. 71 :2 a 4 5 6' 7 8 _ And if you divide the fame breadth into Twelve Parts, you omit take thereof Eleven, which will make it higher. ~ Example of 2}»: Third, yet higher; Let the Figure 0 he of 24 Foot broad within the Work, as the former, divide the 24 Foot into Twelve equal Parts, take thereof Eleven, which make 22 Foot in height from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key of the Arch. <, ‘ / C-H'A P. r\.\\ \ \\\\‘\‘\‘ \\ N \\\\\\\\ \\ \ t‘,\‘ \E‘ \\ Iv. .all‘ ‘18“; N 1‘ m ' \rr‘AJ’ » , Y}... u ,10’5 *liifllmmmunh 4 ll; : .. r i. :1; liar!!! I; / fa flzz ‘, luau/1' flz-dzr A y ‘ L'A .L'l.pl I” I 'Ldfltf'e zmrl 1171'”me [I ,l ' . __P .~F_—... / I ’3:- / _ __j_- " : :12- 'v __-_‘\\‘ __ ; \\\ \ 14" 1717' u I ; "unfit/111117 [1) My fl) .1 /7. v, M‘fl ,4“ 1. _ n , . _ V l , __ . ‘ Z Z . W ,__ .. 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R. 9... .. .. \ . .\$\\\\\\\ \ \ $§§WA§$§ _ \..\..\.\\\.H\‘r.¢s\\\\\\\\ . , \§§\\\\\\x\\ \ § \ xvi; \\ mewwttxtb « \\\\\§\ ix 3%“ \ \\\M\\\\\\\\\\ ®§§\\§m\\ . x . \\ \ . . v 10f Arehiteélztre: " ' - A , C H A P. XXXVIII. » _~ 0f Chimneys in Halls, Chambers,' Stu; dies, and Wardrobes, and of their Proportiont. g All-Chimney: ought to be within Work fix or {even Foot, and in great Buildings unto eight, between the two Jaums: And 2twill‘be Convenient to make their Fame]: in the 'thicknefs of the Wall, if"poflibly it can be; if not, they mufl» be fat in a; Place where they may correfpond to thofe oi the (bambers, the which fpreads it felf but little in the middle, as it hath been faid 57 and if it be poflible, it muit be fo difpofed, that the Chimney be feen in the Front by them that (ball enter into the Hall. \ ‘ /, K \ Their Height mufi be four Foot and :2; to five at mofi, from the bottom of the Plate-band to the Mantle-tree; they mui’t pro— - jeét two Foot and a half, or three Foor at mofl, from the‘Wall unto the Mantle-tree. The Jaums mufi be from‘eight to twelve ' Inches in breadth; and ing’reat Buildings, even to twenty four, or more, according to that Order of Arcbiteflurc with which they are to be adorned. . . K C H A P. XXXIX.‘ ' OfChamber-Chimneys, and ofjtbez'r PrOportz'om. Hamber-Cbifrihey: mufi have in breadth five and t, ‘or' fix Foot, and in great Buildings unto feven, and malt be placed as] have faid before, becaufe of the Place of the Bed. Their height mutt be four Foot, or 4 and {- from the Mantle-tree cit . C c Platedo r 91.: ' 1:93 i a A _ ., Qf Architeft’ure.’ ~ ‘ ' \ Plate-band, their Projcfi'ure mull be ‘two' Foot, or We and 3., from the Back‘ to the Fotefides of the Iaums. ' ‘ CHAR/XL. _ 0f the Chimneys in Studies and ‘ I - - Wardrobes. Himmys in thefe Rooms muf’t be four Foot, four and .g. , or five Foot at moll in Breadth: Their Height from the Mantle—tree mull be like to that above of four Foot and .1; and alfo their Projcflure two Foot, or two and :r, from the Back. C HAP. 'XL‘L ‘ _ Of . Funnels of \C-himneys. FUrmrls of Chimney: mufl he carry’d thorough the Roof, and , above the Ridge, three Foot, four or five Foor at molt, that ‘ they may carry the Smoke into the Air. You molt take care that they be made neither too wide nor too narrow; for if they be too wide, the Wind will drive ,back the Smoke into the . Room, and will not permit it freely to afcend and pals forth -, ' and in Fume]: too narrow, the Smoke not having free Paffagc, is repulfed, and returns backwards : Therefore ’tis that Chamber-Chamois are not madenarrowet than ten or eleven Inches, nor broader than fifteen, which is the ordinary depth omemcls of great Kitchin-Chimneys, by reafon of the great Fire that is made therein; and for their breadth, they mul’t be ‘four or five Foo: at molt within the Work, frotr’i the Place where the Breafi endsnnto the top of the Fennel. Now the faid Breafi reacheth from the Mantle-tree unto the Ceiling or Pitch of the (finch; always diminilhing within the Work, until you come ‘ . - ‘ to ( - 0f Ahohiiegure} , to the Meafures. of depth and breadth before-mentioned, and from thence atifingunto the end of the Funnel, it muff be ear- . tied up as even as you Can pofiibly -, for failing in this, it often happens the Smoke is oEenlive. . C H A P. XLII.‘ What is to be objl’rved in making Chim- neys; and g the Faflaion which was ‘ pm:- ' fizfid among the Antientr. THEiaum: and Monikotreer of Chimney: muff be curi~ . oufly wrought, for ru‘fiick Work doth not appear well, unlefs it he in very great Buildings, for the Reafons aforefaid, The 'Antients,‘to heat their Chambers, did ferve them in this manner: They made their Chimney: in the middle, with Columns or Corbeaax which bore up the Ar'cbitrave, upon which were the Fauna]: of the Claim/26y: which conveyed away the Smoke; of which kind one may be feen at Bay near'th'e“ Pi/cz'm: ochra, and one which is not far from Cz'v‘z’ta Veccbia ~, and when they'would not have Chimneys, they made in the thicknefs of the Wall Pipes or Funnels, thorough which afcended the Heat of the Fire which was under the Chamberxandwas. -conveyed forth thorough certain Vents and Conduéis which was on thetop of the Funnels, Much like this the Tremi Gentle- men oerm'cejn the Summer,refreihed their Chamber: atCofloza, their Country-dwelling : For in that Place there are great Moon; rains, in Which are certain great Caves, which in Times pafl: were Quarries, which (I fuppofe) Virruvim means, in his Second Book, where he {tears of Stone. In thefe Caves are ingendred extreme cool Winds, which thefe Gentlemen caufed to he brought into their Houfe thorough certain Subterranean Vaults, and by the means of certain Trunks, like to thofe whereof I have fpoke‘n before, make them runthorough all the Cham- bers, opening and lhu'tting them at pleafure to take more or Cce‘ lefsr 1952? 1:949 " ~ leis ofAirj, according ,to the Time and‘Seafon, audtthis Place. 0f , Arc/riteéiure: :‘ would be wonderful, wereit—‘onlyfor this, great Commodity; neverthelefs, that which renders .it yet more admirable and worthy to be feen in the Prifon of the Wind, which is a certain . Chamber under Ground, made by the molt Noble Seignieut Tremi, and'rebyhim Call’d E014; where many of thofe Trunks and Conduéls of'Wind are difcharged: "and to render it beauti~ " , ful, and worthy of this Name he hath given it," he hath fpared neither Care nor Charge. » A - ~CHAP.1XLI‘II; ‘* V ‘3‘ 0f. Stair-Calm, and their diver: Alana- nerr, and the . Number: and -\Grerz'tnefi (f their Steps. ' ’THere ought robe great Care taken in firewall placing the StairaC'aflz; for there is not a little Difficulty to find a Place Convenient, foas the Stairs may be :diflributed without .Ptejudi’ce or Hindrance to the ref: of the Building ; ’tis therefore that ordinarily they are placed in the Corner of the Building, or on the Wings, or in the middle of the Front, which is but fel- ‘ dom, unlef‘s it be in great Buildings; becaufe much :of the Stone-work will be hindred by reafon of the Stair: being in the middle, unlefs the Houfe be Double. ‘ There are Three Openings» neceiTaty to the leafi Stair-Cafe, the firfi is the Door-way that leads to them, which is the better when it is fpacious, and pleafeth me molt if it be in fuch a \ Place,where, before one approacheth, one may fee the bell: part of the Houfe: For altho’ the Houfe be little, by this means it a'ppeareth much larger; neverthelefs, it behoves that the fad Doorway be obvious, and eater to be found. ‘ . , , x .. The ' 0f 2 {Manama The fecond Opening is that of the Windows, which areneed- ful to give Ligh'fto the. Stairs ; andt'yvh'jen there isbut one, let” it be in the middle as near as" you "can,”to the end that all the Stair-cafe may be enlighmed. ,_ g _ . The third Opening is the Landing-place, by'vV’hich we are to enter into the Rooms above, and ought to lead to Places large, fair, and well adorned. , : 2 ‘ ”I Stairs will be well- made, .if they be ifp‘acious, light, and eafie, f0 as they may invite People to go‘up. ‘ . A ‘ They will be lightfome when they havea .perfeél Light, that difperfeth it felf to all parts equally. - ' = - They are fpaciouswhen theyappear not little, nor narrow, in refpeél: of the bignele and quality of the Fabrick ;‘ but they mull never-be narrower than {our Foot ,vto the end that if two Perfons meet, they may commodioufly pafs one by the ether; they may be made of five or fix Foot, or feven and a half, and to great Buildings unto ten or twelve Foot broad, to every Flight, and they mull be made as commodious-zaspoflibly you can.- - 01' ”’6’ Height " and"iB'rezzatb 6f Steps; THE Step: ought notto be more than fix Inches high «, . and if they be lower, they: mull, chiefly besto-long-and continued Stairs; they will be f0 much the caller; betaufe one needs notlift the Foot, ft) high 5 but theyt'muft neverbeilov‘ver than four Inches. . . . ' . Their-breadth ought not. to be lefs than .a Poor, nor‘more than. fifteen or fixteen Inches. . g: 7 TheAntientsobferved notgto make the Number ofiSteps'even, tothe end thahrbeginning to .afcend with the Right-Poor»; 'rirh’ey might end withthe lame Foor, which they took to be? agony 0mm, and with greaterDevonon fo to enter into the Temples; ? "c' n Alia . i1 95-; .195 at Rome, andiftyou make Stair: Winding, as in the Delign B, ‘ \ 0f ,,A1;ebite&ure. "Of diverriMannerr of Stairs.- ' Shiv-tare made Straight or Winding : The Straight are made fpread abroad into two Branchesot Pafl'ages; or fquare, " which turns into four Branches or Paflirges; and to make them in this led manner, all the Space muli be divided into four parts, whereof two mull be forthe Stain, and two for the Vacancy ; the middle whereof, if it be open, the Stairs receive Light. They may be made with a Wall within, and then within the two parts which are taken for the Stairs, the thickneis of the Wall ought to" be comprehended and inclofed, which makes the Cafe or New! 3 they may alfo be made without a Wall within: Thefe two forts of "Stair: were made by the Invention of Seignor Law's Camera a Gentleman of an excellent Judgment. , ‘ M'Izding-Stairs,fome are made Round, fome Oval, fome with a Name] in the middle, and fome open; and {hen Wading- Stairs are made chiefly where, there is little Room, becaule they take up lefssRodm..=tjhan the Strait-Stain, yet not fo ealie to afcend. Thofe which” are open in the middle are very handfome, hecaufe they may have Light from above,and'thofe who are above may fee thofe who are aiming up, and are feen alfo by them. ' ‘ ' \ Thofe which have a Name! in the middle, having but little Room,are made in this manner: You mufi divide the Diameter into twelve parts, ten whereof are for the Stairs, and the two which remain are for the Name! in the middle, or divide the faid Diameter into eight parts, fix whereof are for the Steps, and two for the New], andif there be much Room, you mufi divide the Diameter into three parts, whereof two are for the Stairs, and one for the News], as in the Defign A; or Other- -wi;le you may divide the Diameter into fetxen parts, of which take :three fin the Name! in the middle, and four for the Stain. lull in this manner is the Stair-Cafe of the Column of Trajan they . « ‘Of s'flrcbmélztre. _ theLjNill be handfomer and more agreeabletand longer than if \ they had been (height; but? to Stain-Cafe: open in the middle, the Diameter mufi be divided into four parts, two whereof mull be for the‘Middle, and trim for the Stairs; " ‘ , , i ' Belides the Falhion ofStairr which are in Prafliceghete hath ' been a WindirzeeSrairgzinvented by Mark Anthony " Barbara, a ' Gentleman of Venice, of an excellent Judgment, who-«made ex- cellent Experiments in very narrow Places, where therefis no News! in the Middle; and the Stairs initheir turning are much longer, and aredi‘vided alter the manner aforefaid. 1 ~ Thole which are Oval divided in the fame manner as the Round, they are very handfome, and pleafant, becaufe all the I'Vindow: and Dear: are in. themiddle and head of the Oval, and are very commodiouse l havet—made one openwin the middle in the Monallery; of Charity at Venice, which hat fucceed’ed very, well. - ‘ - .. . A w, There is tanorher very handfome manner of Stairs, Which King f’ramir the ~Fitfi Caufed to be made in the Callie .of Cham- bar near ’B/oyje, and is in this manner : There are four Stair- Grfzr which have for); Entrances, to wit, one Entry to each, and go upthe one over, the other in fnch manner, that being made in the middle of the Building, the four may fetve for four Apartments, rfo that the Inhabitantsol tone needtnot go , up and downthe Stair: of the other; and becaule it is open in the middle, they all‘ {Fee each other go up and down; without any hindrance the one to the other.‘ This: Invention being new and handfome, I have placed it here, and marked with Letters from the Foot, to the Head, to the end every one may fee where each Stair begins, and where it ends. i There was alfo the Porzz'co’r of Pompey at Romedeadingfiothe Placeof the few, Winding-Stairs of an. admirable Form; foc being placed in the middle, in fuch' manner that they could not receive Light but from on high, they were fet upon Columns, to the end that the Light might difirihute it felf to all parts alike; , according to which Example, b‘v‘amzme, an excellent Art: 'te&' invhis Time,‘made one of them at Be/uedere, and withoutS pr, having the four Orders of Architefture, Dame, Ionick, Cain- ,rbiazz,znd C’o’zyzpofira. To make thefe Stair-Cafes, you mull di- / . ’ . v . vide \ ’ 1‘97 ° i198; . 0f Arcbzteflure. " ‘ vide the while Space into four parts; twmwhereof 'ate f‘f _‘ void Place in the middle, and one omeach fide of the Step: and Columns. : _ :- V g ,. . There” are many ‘ 6m“ 'F'afhions 0f fitairlctlft’: in ancient EdificeS, as Tridflgfllarfa ~'~"3nd of this fort"-‘are- thofe of the ,Cupolo of St. Maria Rotunda, which are open in the middle, and— reteive Light-from above: Thofe alfo which are at Sando- Apoflolo in the fame City,' .r. s ‘ \ “:4...me Lhapfiw, - 4». .. .::L-;..A~m ,1). k... . ”i L . 1 mm. y. ~.- vA-“--.u-.;w- , _ _ , 4w \- 4- mm: h . E ' vai «'13,, ‘a- r...» ‘~I- a”. zq‘5,_,, I I , i I IIIIIMI 7 7 III ‘:‘:‘::r I IIIIIIIIIIIII: IEII i -—-‘ . _ \ I —— IIII III I IIIiIIiI» " - . *‘ IIIIiI IiIIII —.L_—_-“—' ‘m II ”I I I; [IIIIIII-I I , ;——? II . __ iI‘IIII IIIIII'III -_—, MI I :; IIIIII ;_, I III V ”II ii ‘ ‘IIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII E II ’ . 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Alfo to find the Length of the Hips and Sleepers with the Back or Hip mould never yet Publilhed by any ArchitectJ M0- ,dern or Antique a Cur1of' ty worth the Regard even of the moPc Curious Work- men exaéily demonfirated 111 the following Rules and Defigns by that Ingenious Archi tea: Mr. William Pope of London. 3 Be C'HAP. «37:8 _ \ 0f Arcbitefiure. I x , _ CH AI)- §LVI. 0 Roofs. ' HAétfi‘mirettme weighting; defi _ diffeight, ahdtmde tlfewilaults, laid the Joule,» ’ ought tip theStairs,‘ arid per- formed all thofe Thifigs fpokeribibefore; weat'e now to with the Roof, which embracing'every patttofthe Building, and with its Weight e .ually preflittg upon the Walls,is as a Band to all the Work 3 an iqbelidesfiefiénds the l§hahitams from Rairtgfrom Snow, from the Burning Sunéand fro gtbe Moifiute of the Night -, adds rno fmallHelp to the‘Building,‘ cafling bf? from the Walls the Rain-water, which altho’ for a While items to dd but little Hurt, yet, it), procefs of Time, is caufe of much Damage. The firfi Men (asfiith lfitrfiviug) built their Houfeswith Flat Roofs ; but fihding‘ that thereby théy were not defended from the Weather, they (confirained by Neceflity) began to make them Rid g’d (that is to fay) Raifed in the Middle :‘ Thefe Roofs are to he raiIEd to a higher or lower pitch,according to the Country in which they are ;' wherefore, in Germany, by teafon of the great quantity of Snow that falls there, they raife theiuRoofs toa very great pitch 3 and cover them with Shingles, which are fmall pieces of Wood, or of thin Slate or Tyles; for if they fhould mile them ether- wife, they, would begruin‘d, by reafon of the weight of the Snow. But we who dwell in a more temperate Country, ought to chute fuch a pitch which may fecure the Building, and be of a hand- fo‘me'Fotm; therefore we divide the breadth of the Roof into four equal parts, and take three which makes the molt agree- able pitch for our Country, and IS the FoundatiOn for the raifing of any manner of Roof, whether Square or Bevel, as appears in the following Defigns and Defetiptions. , The manner of Framing a Floor, with the Name: of eaeb zilember. .1; Tb: Tbicbzef: ojfzbe Wall, 422d Lime], or lir'alzlplutea and 2] it be in Timber-work, the” a Brtfltmmer. 2. Tbe Summer. 3. Girder: framed z'mo (be Simmer. 4. Space: between the j’azfls. 5.‘ feiflt. _ 6. Trimmer: flir tbe Cbimney-wty. . ~ ~ -7. Trimmer: for the Stair-cafe, or ”Ell-bolder the Sig—i713 P L - C . . Wam_ QJW ' 222” 'AA T 0f Are/yiteéi‘ure. CHAfitxum. . 0f the Defign A. hivi‘fiizhtsigsicottage§::;;”:’;5‘a.f:;:§;eezi ought to be 3,- of the Breadth of the Home A A. , ‘ The principal Rafters to be cut witha Knee,(as in the Dciign) , that they may the better fuppott themfelves,and the Burthen over them, upon the Upright of the Wall, and alfo fecute that part - « from the dripping in Of the Rain -, which otherwife would hap- " - 19. Parline Mortices. A pen, if the Rafters were made Straight and Futted. The Beam ,to the Roof, or Gitder to thé Garret-Floor, ought to ptojeét without the Work, as fat as the Futting or Shteading, which is the Pr'ojeffare ofthe Cornice. ’ \This manner of Framing the Roof will be ufeful from 20 to 30 Foot, or thereabouts. x. Ground-plate. 2. Girdcr, o'r Binding Interdnce, or Breflmnmer. , 3. Bean: :0 (be Roof, or Gin/er to the Garret-Floor. ‘ 4. Principal Peg/I, and Uptigbt BrickWall. 5'. Braces. , 6. Quarter:. 7. Interducee. 8.‘ Prick-pefl, or Wmdow-pafl. 7 '9, 57mm or Door-pd}. 10. Kz'ngxpz'ece, orjogglc-piece. 11. Strata's. '12. Collar-beam, Strait-beam, FVind»beem, or Top—5mm, ‘13. Deer band. 14. Pe'z'ncipal/Rafiery. ‘ 15.‘ Fearing; or Sbreadinge. 16. End: (if the Lintels, and Piece:. 17. Beddingmoulding of the Cornice over the Window, and Space bet ween. 1 8. Knees ofzbe principal Raficrs,wbz‘cb are to be of .One Piece. - CHAR, we. 0 \ {lifta Lift? 75 ‘ ~ » y . s1 :1: R! L‘s‘li‘\ ,U.‘ .. 0f ArebiteéZzere. ’: ethAn, .Defign of the Gab-leg: LE T the whole Breadth of the Gable-End or Roof A A be '20 Foot, divide the fame into four equal parts, take thereof three for the length of thePtincipal Rafter A B, and placing that perpendicular from the Point C to the Point D, begets the length of the Sleeper A D, which will be 18 Foot. And the length of the Dormer: Principal Rafter from A to B, when laid to its Pitch upon the back of the Principals, will teach to Level-line F8, or top of the Principal Rafter, and this is a general ,Rule for all Breadths. 1. Summer or Beam. ‘ 2. Kifig-pieee, Crown-pd}, or juggle-pine, . 3. Braee: or Strum‘. » 4. Principal Rafters. s. The Sleeper. , 6. Peerlirze of the Dower. 7. Principal Rafter of the Dower» 8. Single Rafter of the Dower, fleedieg on the Sleeper am! Par/inc. - e '9. Point of the Sleeper. IO, 1 I. The 'Ibiekfle/s of the Wall and Lint-e13, or Wall- plates. ' ‘ CHAR 17,.-. . « .2 Risk ‘A r”: \fi3x.‘ ' Offlrehz'teffflfe, _ CH AJP. XLIX. ‘ 0f the Italian or_"Hip-fl-Roofi C. A ’I’q-I E Breadth of the Rooflbeing 20 Foot; ' B- ’ "The Length of the Sleepers or Hips, being 18 Foot, which is proportionable to the Breadth of the Houfe. D The Height of the Roof perpejpicular. D § / The Length of therHip, and the Angle which it maketh upon the DiegMalzLihg, which is fhewed ‘by the Prick’ d-line G, from F 19 C, ’ ,t '1, 2. The’Wall and’Lz'ntels. J 3. Dragon-beam for the Hip to flan! on. g _ 4. Beam or Summer, wherein the Dragonzheam are framed. 5. King-piece or Gown-2W}. ‘ , . 6. Strutt: or‘ Bracesfrom the Crown-pa]? to the Hif-Rafter. 7. Hip, as" they make the Angle equal to the Breadth of the Houfe. ~ 8. Hips, as they make the Angle i2: theDiagoIzel~Lineefrom Comer to Comer. _ . v 79. The Additional Length which the Hip: We ,apm the Diagonal-Line, more than the Breadth of the Hole/e. imp CHAP. ’ 0f Anathema; C H A P.” " L ‘ f 1 0f Flat Roofs D. ' Wlthin a Chamber-Beam and‘Rafter: joggled in, whore Weight lieth not chiefly in the middle, and may be To -made, that without hanging up the Beam, the Principals maykdifc‘harge the Weight 5 and how Dtips may be made to wal on- ;; Chamber-Beam; ' _ 22 Principal: joggled info the Chamber-Beam. e » 32 I The Place where the Principal: are jog/glee! it. .4. Puncheom or Braces. 5, Drip: to walk on, and may he made with the [6f!*Ctlri’!flf, . that the? aofmay he made the more Pitch, for the flrengtherz- ing t: t a : 71AM may he made higher ar Jower, acebrding to the Buflding 372d Dijeretion af'fhe 47955128.: :6; Battlmem:, j 66:- .4 Draught of a Flat-Roof, with a Crown- ” Boft, or King-Piece. - C) ' 0f Atchitefiure: C H A P. LI. . 0f the Hip-Roof E: Nnruaions to find the Length and Back of the Hip, to as it? may anfwer the Side and the End of the Perpendicular-line or the Gable-end, the two Skirts, the Side of the Roof in Plano, or lying in Ledgment with the Hip and Gable-em! -, the'Diagonal and Perpendicular-lines being laid down proportional to any Breadth or Length, by which the molt Ingenious may ‘ferve himfelf; and an ordinary Capacity '( already acquainted with the Ufe of the Ruler andCompafs) may plainly demonflrate all the Parts of a Roof, whether Square or Bevel, above Pitch, or under Pitch, by Lines of Proportion, as may appear in the Defign following. ‘ Suppoje‘the Roof 20 Foot brood, and in length 30, 40, or 50 Foot, more or left. I E T A B C D be the Sides and Ends of the {aid Roofi: one~ ' End to be Hz‘pt, the other a Gable-End; draw the Lines AB C D the breadth and length of the Roof ; then draw the the Gableémd A BE, whofe Sides or Principal Rafters being .3; of the breadth of the Honfe; then draw the Perpendicular Line EF, the height of the Gable-End, which Line is of gene-. ralllfet to level the Ridge of all Roofs; and if the other End‘ be Hilary-as iii the Defign DC G, then it fervesi to find. the length of the Hip, and the Back of the Hip, to that it may an- fwer both Sides and Ends of the Roof, always obferving- that the middle of the breadth ofthe Houfe is as l H 5‘ then draw the Line K LN through the Center l, which will make Right An- gles to the Line E F H G borh in Bevel and’ngmrc Houil’s ; then extend the Line A B on both Sides to 0", being the length of A E or EB the length of the Principal Rafters; or % of the breadth of the Houfe; fo Will 0 N and 0 K make the length of the Ridge 1 F, an K D and C N the two Skirts. To find the Length of the Hip. DRaw the Diagonal'Line D l and l C, oxier WhiCh the Hip is to hang when in its due Place a then take the Perpendiu ‘ ‘ fig 3 t , cular» 7 i 0f Architeéirureg cular-line'E'F, and place it from the Point Ito P P Perpendi- cular to the Diagonal or Bafe Lines-D21 ' and" 10 at i -, fo is , 11’ and l P the'Pitch ofthe Hip equal :totVVhe fable-End E F, , and when eteé’ted, will hang perpendic'h at o the Point I; then take P D the Hypotenufe of the Triangle D I P, and C P‘ 7 the Hypotenufe of the Triangle C I P, placing them fromD to G,“ ,and C- to G, gives the length ofthe Hip D GC; and when laid to their Pit-ch, willall meet perpendicular to the'Point l.’ ’ Tofihd the Back of the Hip; [5 that it my érfwér both‘SicIe: aha/End: of the Roof, whether Square or Bevel. ‘ . ‘ ' LAY the Ruler from the Point L to the Point H, andfiom; the Point H to M, and mark where it cuts the Diagonalt E Lines DI and I C at QQ; then fer; one foot of thevcomptfl'ee on the Point Q, and extend the other foot to the Hip Lines D P t and C P at the- march Diflance, with that mark the Point R upon the fame Diagonal Lines; then draw the Prick’d Lines L R H and H R M, which make the Back of the Hip for the two Corners of that Roof. » Thir Rule farm: for all Roofs, whether over or under Pitcher , C H A P. LII. ‘ a , 0fthe Roof Bevel at one End, andSqmzre at the other ; the Gable-End Square, ' the Bevel-End Hipt. V - : Suppoie the breadth of the Roof 20 Foot, the length more on t one Side than on the other, as in the Defign A B C D 5 then draw the Gable-EhdAEB, whofe Sides from A to E and from E to B is {— of the breadth of the Houie, or is the length of the Principal Rafters; then draw the Perpendicular EF, the height of the Roof from the Floor 3 and if Knee’d, then from ., the top of the Knee,as in the Defign of a Knee‘d Rafter before- / .. gomg. - The Sides of die Roof which makes the Ridge G H I K, to be, , drawn as is vdefcribfd in the foregoing Delign. ‘ f V ‘ V .. . - ‘ C V _ V _ V Divide“ / 1,3 ii . . . 117.1 s. . . . . (he. in {13%;}. ------—----——---—---ou -----~-o—oo'oo-ooo—p-—oo - ”A :2: 7.12““ “T:‘l\~r'."_n N N M -— ---'---ooo -u’Dovbooo'Oooov. ooouoooo--.o--o -“-- O ‘ “ “_‘----—- -A--- .o ‘- O ‘n -o---“----..- - ......¢ -- ---- L-----o 0- Q7. -- ---- a- o- . avg—o”~-““ Q‘s %ivide the breadth of the Roof in two equal part5, 35 FL Q3 ' w; . he, rc/az'tefi'urei then take the Difiance LN, which is the .gbreadth‘of the Houfe, and make it parallels to C Q; D, as M L M and Lwill -.be the Point whofe Perpendiculars O T will meet the Principal Rafters 'and.Hip:. r t _ .. 7 To find the lqhgtb of peach Hip, dzflz'nfz’ am from the other. ‘ ' “ 0f the longcfi Hips. ‘ , ' _ Raw the Diagonal Line LC, and take the height of the Gable-End E F, and place it perpendicular to’ 'L C at O, ’ forhaveyou the height of the Roof perpendicular from O L' equal to E F the Gable-End, and the Line 0 C will be the length of the Hip Rafter, which will be equal to C H the Skirt for that Side of the Hip, and C P the .Side of that Hip End. ‘ ' ' ‘ Tafiniz' the Back of'ibdloflgéfi Hip C 0' i -' KY theRuler from the Point M to Q, and mark where it cuts the Diagonal-line at R. 5 then fet one foot of the Com- 7 miles at the Point R, and extend the other foot ’till it touch the Line CO at the nearefi Dil’tance; then make it touch the Dia- gonal-line at S 5 then draw the Lines MS Q, which is the' Back of‘the Hip, for that Corner of the Roof. To find the flmrtcfl Hip. ' ’ DRaw the Diagonal-line of LD, and take EF the Per 11- dicn‘ar of the Gable-Em], as before, and place it tom L‘ to T pe pendicular to LD: Then draw the LineT D, which is the length of the Hip, for that Corner, and is equal to the Skirt D I, and the Side of that Hip D'P, which, when erected, 7 will meet with the other Principals perpendicular to the Point L. To find the Back of 1-bit Hip. A Y the Ruler from the Point Qto the Point M, and mark where it cuts the Diagonal-line L D at V, extend the Compaffes from the Point V to touch the Line T Dar the near- cfi Diftance, and carry that Difiance on the Diagonal-line to the Point W; then draw the ptick’d Lines M W Q, which will make the Back of that Hip fit for that Bevel Corner. , Am! Ibis Ruleferves for all Bevel Roxy‘s, ‘Uzzder or Over: Pitch. ' C H A ‘P., 1 , n \ ‘7 r 3 “. ‘ ..‘_ /_ 7,” ,' ~ 2 , ~~ l. . g n ,r 1/ l r m ,, 7 ., . , a?“ : CiHA P. LIII. G. Ofa Roof Bevel at hoth Endg’ and ’ Broader at one End than the other. \‘, A BC D. T H E Length and Breadth of the Houl‘e. BF (3, , ,The Length of the Rafters or Pitch between the widelt and narrowell End, about the Middle of the Houfe, to hand over the prick’d Line T T,ras the Foot F to (land on the . ‘ ,. 4 one Ty,..the Foot G tofiand on the other T. HyH. The Point of the two Hip-Ends, when brought to their due ‘ - ' — Place, will be perpendicular to PP, and will meet the Sides I K L M over the Points? P. ’ 00, -. The POlntS’Of the Perpendiculars and Lengh of the Hip: gfrom ABC D. QQ_ ‘ The Backs oftiie Hip: or Hip-Mould due to to each Comer; ~. R. 3 The Points to‘ find out Q, the Points for each Backs. ‘ ‘ ”* The Lines reprefenting ;. the breadth of the Houfe parallel to cash wEnd. _ — . 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