UCSB LIBRARY 

 
 THE 
 
 BUSINESS MAN'S 
 
 AND 
 
 TINMAN'S MANUAL, 
 
 AND BUILDER'S 
 
 AND 
 
 Mechanic's Handbook. 
 
 BY I. R. BUTTS, 
 
 Authorof the " United States Business Man's Law Cabinet," " Business Man's 
 Law Library ;" " Merchant's and Shipmaster's Manual and Shipbuild- 
 er's and Sailmaker's Assistant," &c., 4c. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY I. R. BUTTS & CO. 
 
 CORNER OF SCHOOL AND WASHINGTON STREET, 
 Over IMckiior <fe fields' Boolsstore. 
 
 1861.
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THIS Volume comprises two distinct books : the first, " THE BU- 
 SINESS MAN'S ASSISTANT AND READY RECKONER," is 
 an. exceedingly useful Book ; nearly 200,000 copies having been sold 
 since it was first published. Indeed, it would be difficult to find a 
 more comprehensive Compeiid of Business Forms and Facts for every 
 day use than this valuable Assistant. With this Book before him any 
 person may draw and execute Contracts, Deeds, Mortgages, Awards, 
 Assignments, Bills of Sale., Notes, Bonds, Leases, Landlord's and 
 Tenant's Notices, Powers of Attorney, Releases, Certificates for Fore- 
 closing Mortgages, Form of Release, Discharge or Satisfaction of 
 Mortgage, Notice to Discontinue the use of an Easement, Tenders for 
 Work or to Build, Agreements to Build with Specifications, Articles 
 of Partnership, Petitions, Guarantees, Wills, c. 
 
 Besides its large Collection of valuable Business Forms, it gives the 
 laws regulating Mortgages, Tenders, Contracts, Deeds, Damages, 
 Agencies, Guarantees, Bonds, Awards, Wills, Sales, Bills of Sale, c. 
 
 It also contains the requisite information for applicants for Patents, 
 with the necessary Forms. Rates of Postage with special Directions. 
 
 Also, Lumber Surveyor's Tables for Board, Plank, Timber, Logs 
 and Scantling; Smith's Tables showing the Weight of various Metals ; 
 Scales of Wages for 4, , 5, 1 Day, Week and Month ; Ready Reck- 
 oners ; Coin Tables ; Interest Tables ; Equation, c. In fact, this 
 Work contains a greater number of useful Forms, Rules, and Practi- 
 cal Tables, than are to be found in any other work of similar size. 
 
 The second book, " THE TINMAN'S MANUAL AND BUILD- 
 ER'S AND MECHANIC'S HANDBOOK " will be found a useful 
 Manual for reference and information. 
 
 The first part of the work containing RULES, DIAGRAMS and TABLES, 
 will be found very useful to Tinmen. 
 
 Mr. Truesdell who has, for many years, used the Diagrams pre- 
 pared by him for this work, now oflers them to the public with every 
 confidence. 
 
 The Receipts for Japans, Varnishes, Cements, fyc., were taken 
 from " Ure's Dictionary," " Cooley's Cyclopedia," " Muspratt's 
 Chemistry," and other valuable publications. 
 
 The sources from which most of the materials relating to Buildiny, 
 Mechanics and Engineering have been derived, are Grier's Me- 
 chanic's Calculator," " Templetoii's Workshop Companion," "The 
 Engineer's and Contractor's Pocket-book," Adcock s Engineer," 
 " Smeaton's Builder's Companion," and Lowndes's Engineer's 
 Handbook," which renders this portion of the work deserving of the 
 utmost confidence.
 
 DECIDEDLY THE MOST USEFUL AND THE CHEAPEST BOOK 
 EVER OFFERED TO THE PUBLIC. 
 
 THE NEW 
 
 BUSINESS MAN'S 
 
 ASSISTANT, 
 
 AND 
 
 READY RECKONER, 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 LEGAL FORMS & INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 INDISPENSABLE IN BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS; 
 AND A GREAT VARIETY OF USEFUL TABLES. 
 
 BY I. R. BUTTS, 
 
 Author of the " Business Man's Law Library," " The Merchant'?, Shipmaiter's and Me 
 chanic's Assistant," " The Laws of the Sea," &c., &c. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY I. R. BUTTS & CO. 
 
 CORNEB OF SCHOOL & WASHINGTON STKEET. 
 ( Over Ticknor & Field's Bookstore.) 
 
 . 
 
 1861.
 
 NOTE. 
 
 In all Indentures or Agreements, the date may appear either nt the com- 
 mencement or close of ihe contract as " Memorandum of Agreement made th>s 
 tenth day of October, 1856, by and between Jl. B. and C. D." in which case the 
 close should read, ' In witness whereof, they have hereunto interchangeably set 
 their hands and sea's [if settled] on the day and year first above written." Or the 
 date may be omitted at the commencement and ii.seried at the close, as fol- 
 lows: ' Witness our hands and seals t-ie .... day of . . . . , 1857 " 
 
 In all sealed instrument*, or written contracts, it is well to have two 
 subscribing witnesses to the signatures, who will write their names under ei- 
 ther of the following terms '' Signer/, sealed, and delivered in frresenceof"or, 
 " Executed in presence of" 1 or, '' In presence of" or simply, ' Attest." 
 
 The repetiiions which abound in the written and printed forms, such as " cov- 
 enant and agree,'' *' give, grant, bargain, sell, and convey* and do grant, &c., 
 and have granted," &c., may always be orniited ; so may the words "executors, 
 and adminis'raton:," [see page 29); so, also, "assigns" usunlly need not 
 be named; if a covenant relate to anything in being the assignee is bound, 
 though not named; if to any thing personnl to the contracting party he is 
 not bound, though named ; but in a contract relating to something not then in 
 existence, but to be done on land leased, as to build a wall, a house, or the like, 
 upon the premises, the assignee will be bound, it named, but not otherwise. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the 3 r ear 1852, 
 
 BY I. R. BUTTS, 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BUSINESS MAN'S ASSISTANT & READY RECKONER. 
 
 AGENTS. 
 
 AGENT. Lnws relating to 
 
 \\ciw should Agent sign sealed 
 
 Instruments? 12 
 
 The effect of Agent's negligence 12 
 
 Page 
 
 Agent's Liabilities, 12 
 
 What constitutes an Agent, 12 
 
 When Principal can call his 
 
 Agent to account, 12 
 
 AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS. 
 
 AGREEMENTS, Forms of Agreement of Creditors, to take a 
 
 For Selling, Bartering, Maim- per centage in cash or notes,. . 35 
 
 faciurmg, or oiher purposes, .. 13 Of Indenture of Apprentice, 22 
 
 For the Sale of Wood, 13 i CONTRACTS, Lawsregulating- 
 
 For making Shoes, 1 W hat renders a Contract Void ? 7 
 
 To Sell a Horse, Ox, kc 13 Supp( , 8e j a?ree for a t . OIlsidera . 
 
 To Submit to Arbitration, 14 
 
 For the Sale of Real Estate,. . 14 
 To Sell Flour, Wheat, &c., 14 
 
 . not to carry <-n my business 
 
 in a certain place ? 7 
 
 What/orwz/f/y doe* a Contract 
 
 With a Clerk, or Workman, ... 15 r ire fo rende - h Valk , ,_ 
 K Lease, (Landlords') 15 p ,, H , e j agree to pay, or be respoA- 
 
 Of Lease, (Tenants') .......... 15 
 
 Agreement, Builders', Nos. 1 A. 2, 
 Builders', and Form of Specifica- 
 
 16 
 
 for building a house,. . . . 16-20 
 
 Of .Marriage, 21 
 
 Of Copartnership, 33 
 
 To Continue the Copartnership, 34 
 
 sible for the Debt of another: or, 
 bargain for Land orGoods : or Let 
 a House, or Store : or agree to 
 Work I'or another a year or more ? 7,3 
 
 Contracts made on Sunday, 9 
 
 Construction, Performance, and 
 
 Rescinding of a Contract, .. 
 
 ..9,10 
 
 To Dissolve the Copartnership, 34 i Can a Contract be Apportioned ? 10 
 
 DAMAGES. 
 
 DAMAGES, Laws regulating 
 For Non-performance to Deliver 
 
 Goods according to Contract,.... 11 
 For Breach of Contract, without 
 
 actual loss, 11 
 
 For Failure to Employ a person 
 
 for the time contracted, 11 
 
 Damages for failure to convey Land, 11 
 For Failure to Deliver Property 
 
 according to contract, 12 
 
 For Loss of Goods by Common 
 
 Carriers 12 
 
 The difference between a Penal- 
 ty and Liquidated Damagts? 12,38 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS, Forms of 
 To be written on the back of any 
 instrument, with Rules of Law, 23 
 
 Of a Lease, 23 
 
 Of Mortgage. &c., 23,24 
 
 Of Bond, or Bill 24 
 
 Of a Bond, where Assignor is 
 
 liable, and where not liable,.. 24 
 Of Wnges now due and to be- 
 come due 24 
 
 '25 
 
 Assignment of Fire Policy, 24 
 
 Ol Interest in Land fur a term of 
 
 Years, 25 
 
 Of Claims against Debtor, 25 
 
 Of Debtor for benefit of Creditors 
 Of Land Warrants, with Forms 
 of Acknowledgment, and cer- 
 tificate of Clerk of ,'ourt, 45 
 
 Of Right in a Patent, 74 
 
 Before obtaining Letters Patent, 74 
 
 GUARANTEES. 
 
 GUARANTEE, Forms of 
 
 How should be written, 46 
 
 For the Payment of Goods, .... 46 
 
 Of certain Amount, 46 
 
 For Debts due, 46 
 
 To stop proceedings, 46 
 
 For payment of rent, 47 
 
 To pay Note, 47 
 
 GUARANTEE, Lairs regulating, 
 
 Character of a Guarantee, 8 
 
 Piiman meaning of, 8 
 
 When should be wiitten, 8 
 
 When nee'l not be written, .... 8 
 Must be founded on some con- 
 sideration, 9 
 
 Cautions to be observed, 8
 
 CONTENTS OF THE NEW BUSINESS MAN S ASSISTANT. 
 
 AWARDS, Forms of 
 Of Referees, Fire Insurance 
 Fur Valuation of Land, 
 
 AWARDS. 
 
 Page j 
 
 j AWARDS, Tlte Duty nf Referees, 
 
 , .. 27 How Referees ? houkl make out 
 
 . .. 27 and render their Award, 
 
 Pag 
 
 28 
 
 BILLS OP SALE AND BONDS. 
 
 BILLS OF SALE. Forms of 
 
 For Goods, under Seal, 28 
 
 By two Men-hams, (Partners,) 23 
 Of Hnrse, &c., with Warranty,. 28 
 BILL OF SALE, Laws regulating. 
 What is Delivery? what Accept- 
 ance? Where should lie the De- 
 livery? What is a Warranty? 
 When should Warranty be made ? 
 What is the effect of a Bill of Sale? 28 
 BOND, Forms of, 
 General Form of, 30 
 
 Bond of two Obligors 30 
 
 To pay Money by Instalments, 30 
 
 To Indemnify, 30 
 
 Of Arbitration 30 
 
 Of Indemnity for losl Note, 31 
 
 To convey Heal Estate 31 
 
 With two Sureties 31 
 
 Of Treasurerfor Tru>tee], 31 
 
 BOND, Laws regulating 
 
 What is a Bond, and what Par- 
 ties are bound ? can the whole Pen- 
 alty be recovered ? 29 
 
 DEEDS, Forms o 
 
 f 
 
 Warranty, Quit-claim, Mortgage 
 
 Of Right of Way, 42 J it be stated in the Deed 
 
 Chancellor Kent's Form, 44 Right of Way is granted! 
 
 36-38 
 
 LEASES. 
 
 LEASE, Forms of and Registered, or Recorded, in 
 
 Of House, or Store, 48,49 different Stales, 47 
 
 When to be Sealed, Witnessed | Directions to Tenant, 47 
 
 MORTGAGES. 
 
 MORTGAGE, Forms of i _ Where _should a Mortgage of 
 
 Of Personal Property, 52 
 
 Of Tools, Machinery, Goods, or 
 
 Household Furniture, 52 
 
 Chattel, with Power of Sale, 52 
 
 Of Personal Properly to Secure 
 
 Endorser, 53 
 
 Of Real Estate, 54 
 
 Of Real Estate with power of sale 55 
 
 Extension of, 55 
 
 Redemption of, Discharge of,. . 57 
 
 Satisfaction of, 57 
 
 Deed of Release of, 63 
 
 MORTGAGES, / aios regulating 
 the Recording, Witnessing, and 
 
 Personal Property be recorded ? If 
 the mortgagor resides in "lie town 
 
 and does business in another? Re- 
 demption of Mortgage. Slates 
 which require that Mortgage be 
 renewed? H"w does mortgagor 
 render himself liable for misde- 
 meanor?. ............... ....... 50,51 
 
 What constitutes a Mortgage of 
 Real Property? How are Fixtures 
 affected after mortgage i.* m-ide? 
 How are mortgages affected by 
 Statute of Limitations ? What are 
 the Rights of Mortgagor? What 
 the Rights of Mortgagee ? Who 
 
 i sing 
 
 Renewal of Mortgages of 'Per- 
 sonal Property in all the States,50, 51 | can redeem Mortgaged Estate?. . 56,57 
 
 CERTIFICATES. 
 
 CERTIFICATE, Forms of 
 
 Of MH rnage Ceremony, 21 
 
 Of Clerk of Court, 45 
 
 Of Entry of Mortgagee 07 
 
 Of Witnesses to Entry of Mort- 
 gagee, 67
 
 CONTENTS OF THE NEW BUSINESS MAN*S ASSISTANT. 5 
 
 NOTICES, NOTES, PARTNERSHIP, PETITIONS. 
 
 Page 
 NOTICE, Forms of- 
 
 Of Intention to Build, 21 
 
 Of Dissolution of Copartnership, 35 
 
 To Quit, from Landlord, 49 
 
 To Quit, from Tenant, 49 
 
 To Quit, for Nonpayment of Rent, 49 
 
 To Di-icontinue an Easement of 
 Right o*\Vay, &c 
 
 To Discontinue Light, Passage- 
 way, Sic., (another farm) 
 
 GO 
 
 NOTES, Due Bills, Receipts, Bills 
 of Exchange, Drafts, Orders, 
 Checks, and Judgment Note, 
 with Laws relating to, 53-60 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, Form of, .... 33 
 
 PETITIONS, Forms of 
 For Change of Highway ; Lay- 
 ing Out a Road ; to the Leg- 
 islature ; to Authorities of a 
 City or Town, 64 
 
 PATENT LAWS -FORMS AND DIRECTIONS. 
 
 NEW PATENT LAW, and 
 Patent Forms, consisting of 
 Petition, Specification, Oath, 
 Surrender, Assignment, Dis- 
 claimer, Caveat, Assignment 
 
 before obtaining Letters Pa- 
 tent, New Fees of Putent Of- 
 fice, with Information to per- 
 sons having Business to trans- 
 act with the Patent Office,... .68-74 
 
 POWERS OP ATTORNEY. 
 
 POWER of Attorney, Forms of 
 Rules of Law relating to,.... 61 
 
 Form of, to collect Debts, 61 
 
 To effect Insurance, 61 
 
 To sell Stock, 61 
 
 To sell and Lease Real Estate, 
 
 and collect Rents, 62 
 
 To receive Dividends, 62 
 
 To vote for Directors, &c.. .... 62 
 
 Revocation of, 62 
 
 RELEASES, TENDERS, WILLS. 
 
 RELEASE, Forms of 
 
 A General Release, 63 
 
 Of a Bond, Note. Contract, Cov- 
 enant, Lease, &c., 63 
 
 Of Dower, by Widow, 63 
 
 Of all Demands, 63 
 
 Of Mortgaged Premises 63 
 
 TENDERS for Work, Forms of, 20 
 Tender of Money, how should 
 
 be made? what does a Tender bar? 
 
 if Tender is not accepted what is 
 
 Debtor's duty ? what must Tender 
 include besides the debt ? 10 
 
 What Amounts, in Copper coin, 
 Three Cent pieces, or Silver coin, 
 
 are Legal Tender ? 
 
 WILL and Codicil, Forms of, 
 
 What Precautions are necessary 
 in making a Will ? How should 
 a Will be Executed? How many 
 Witnesses are Required ? Who 
 should not Witness ? 04, 65 
 
 111 
 65 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES AND TABLES. 
 
 ARITHMETICAL Signs, 75 
 
 DECIMAL Arithmetic, 75 
 
 Rules, with Diagrams, to find the 
 SQUARE, or SUPERFICIAL. Feet 
 in Boards, Planks, Marble, Brick 
 
 Wall, Land, &c., 76 
 
 Rule to find the area of a Circle, 77 
 Rules to find the SOLID CONTENTS 
 in Trees, Timber, Stones, Box- 
 es, Coal Bins, Frustums, Cyl- 
 inders, Grindstones. Planks, ic. 78 
 Rules to find the Capacity, in Gal- 
 lons, of Tanks, Cisterns, Reser- 
 voirs, Wells, Vats, Cans, &c.,.. 78 
 
 MEASURES of Weight, 78 
 
 MEASURES of Surface, 78 
 
 MEASURES of Capacity (Dry), 78 
 MEASURKS of Length, 79 
 
 MEASURES of Capacity (Liquid), 79 
 BMA 1* 
 
 FRENCH MEASURES of fre- 
 quent reference compared with 
 United States Measures, 79 
 
 WEIGHT of a Bushel of Wheat, 
 Corn, Rye, and other articles,.. 79 
 
 WEIGHT of a bushel of Bitumi- 
 nous and Hard Coal 79 
 
 GALLONS. Weight of Water, 
 OiU, Spirits, and other articles, 79 
 
 MEASURES of Solidity, or Cubic 
 Measure, 79 
 
 NUMBER OF CUBIC FEET in a 
 Ton of various Bodies, 79 
 
 WEIGHT of a Cubic Foot, in 
 Pounds, of various articles, .... 79 
 
 WEIGHT of a Cubic Inch in 
 Pounds, of various articles, .... 79 
 
 DECIMAL Approximations for 
 Facilitating Calculations, 80
 
 CONTENTS OF THE NEW BUSINESS MAN S ASSISTANT. 
 
 Page 
 Waste in Matching Boards,. . 8J 
 
 II. Square or Superficial Measure 81 
 III Cubic Feet in Logs and Trees, 82 
 
 IV. Giving ihe No. of Solid Feel 
 
 in Hewn Timber, 83 
 
 V. Giving the Square Feet in 
 
 Plank and Scantling, 86 
 
 LUMBER TABLES. 
 
 Page 
 V. Giving the Square Feet in 
 
 Scantling and Timber, 68 
 
 VI. Giving the Feet in Boards,. 90 
 
 VII. Giving the Feel in any Log, 
 
 reduced to Board Measure, 91 
 
 VIII. Giving the Feel in Round or 
 
 Equal sided Timber, 92 
 
 READY RECKONERS. 
 
 Giving the Price of any NUM- 
 BER of Pounds, from 25 cents 
 to $50 per ton of 2000 Ibs. 114 
 
 Giving the Price of any NUM- 
 BER of Pounds, from 25 rents 
 to $60 per ton of 22-10 Iba. 115 
 III. Giving the Price of any NUM- 
 BERof Pounds, Yards, Bush- 
 
 II. 
 
 els of Wheat, Corn, Ac., at 
 any pricu less than $3 each. 117 
 
 IV. Giving the NUMBER of r-olid 
 
 Feet in any Pile ot Wood or 
 Bark, 94 
 
 V. Giving the price per Foot of 
 
 any NUMBER of Feet of 
 WOOD or BARK, 
 
 93 
 
 MECHANICS' TABLES. 
 
 I. Areas of Circles, 100 
 
 II. Weigh! of a Foot in Length of 
 
 Flat (Tire) Bar Iron, 95 
 
 III. Weigh! of Square Foot of 
 
 Sheet Iron, Copper, & Brass, 95 
 
 IV. Weight of a Square Foot of 
 
 Boiler Plate Iron, and of 
 Copper, Brass, and Lead, 96 
 
 V. Weight of a Foot of Square 
 
 and Round Bar Iron, 96 
 
 VI. Dimensions of Columns of 
 
 Cast Iron to sustain a given 
 Pressure with Safety, 97 
 
 VII. Breaillhs for hexagonal Six- 
 
 sided Nuts for IronBolts,. . . 98 
 
 VIII. Molder's Table, giving the 
 Weight of Metals proportion- 
 ed to the Weight of Pattern, 97 
 
 IX. Giving ihe No. ol Threads to 
 
 an Inch in V thread Screws, 98 
 
 X. Weight of Lead Pipe per foot 98 
 
 XI. Weight of Cast,Iron Pipes, 99 
 
 XII. Weight of Copper Pipe, 101 
 
 XIII. Weight and Thickness of 
 
 Copper Plates & Sheet Lead, 101 
 
 XIV. Decimals equivalent to the 
 
 fractional parts of a Pound, 101 
 
 XV. Decimals equivalent to the 
 
 fractional parts of a Foot 
 and Inch, 102 
 
 INTEREST TABLES AND MERCANTILE TABLES. 
 
 I. Interest Table at 6 per cent,. 104 
 
 II. Interest Tables at 7, 8, and 
 
 9 per cent, ........ 105, 106, 107 
 
 III. Inlerest Table at 10 per cent, 108 
 
 IV. Table of Compound Interest, 113 
 
 V. For Finding the No. of Days 
 
 from one Date to another, 109 
 
 VI. Rules for Equating, or Aver- 
 
 aging Payments, .......... 109 
 
 VII. American and Foreign Gold 
 
 Coins Weight & Value, 1 10 
 
 VIII. Value of Silver Coins and 
 Foreign Currencies, Ill 
 
 IX. Weight and Value of United 
 
 States Silver Coin Ill 
 
 X. Value of a Pound Sterling at 
 
 various Rates of Exchange, 105 
 
 XI. English Sterling, French 
 
 Francs German Thalers 
 and Bremen Dollars, reduc- 
 ed to U. Stales currency, . . 112 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Weight of Hard Coal propor- 
 tioned in Slownge, 
 
 Cisterns, TankSj Reservoirs, 
 their Contents in Gallons for 
 each 10 inches in Deplh, . . . 
 
 Fr finding ihe Number of 
 Square Feel, and Yards, in 
 
 Pavement, Plastering, Paint- 
 ing, Flooring, Marble, &c. 81, 82 
 
 IV. RATES OF POSTAGE,... 125 
 
 V. BOOK KEEPING, with Di- 
 
 reclions for Double and Sin- 
 gle Enlry and Examples of 
 Day Book, Leger, &c., . .126-132 
 
 SCALES OF WAGES. 
 
 For Manufaciurers, Mechanics, Farmers, &c., for Days and Months, 
 
 121-124
 
 THE 
 
 BUSINESS MAN'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 LAWS REGULATING CONTRACTS. 
 
 Contracts ace either express or implied. Express when the terms are 
 openly uttered at the time of making. Implied are such as reason and 
 justice dictate, and which the law presumes every man undertakes to 
 perform. For instance, if there is no stipulation as to the price, when one 
 sells goods, or performs labor for another at his request, the law implies a 
 promise to pay for such goods, or labor, so much as they are reasonably 
 worth. It is also an implied condition of work and labor, that it be done 
 in a suitable and workmanlike manner. But the law will never imply a 
 promise against a party's express declaration made at the time. 
 
 A simple contract or agreement, whether verbal or in tenting, without 
 a tv.ffi.cimt consideration, is totally void in law, and the parlies cannot be 
 compelled to perform it. There is but one exception to this rule, and that 
 applies to negotiable instruments in the hands of an innocent indorsee. 
 But if a contract is deliberately made, without fraud, and with a full 
 knowledge of the circumstances, any damage, suspension, or forbearance 
 of a right, will be sufficient consideration. When promises are mutual, 
 and the one the consideration of the other, they are valid. A guaranty for 
 the payment of a note, like any other promise, without any considera- 
 tion, is void, 4 Pick. 389 ; unless the undertaking is contemporaneous with 
 Ihe original debt. The consideration is not always the governing prin- 
 ciple on which the validity of contracts depends, for contracts which are 
 contrary to public policy, or the principles of morality, or in contravention 
 of express statutes, or principles of law, cannot be enforced, although 
 founded on a legal consideration. If any part of the entire consideration of 
 a contract is illegal, as against morals or public policy, the whole is void. 
 
 Among contracts contrary to public policy, is that of a man binding 
 himself not to exercise his trade or business ; but if, for a i-aluable consid- 
 eration, he engages not to exercise his trade in a particular place, he may 
 exercise it elsewhere. Thus, an agreement not to run a stage coach on a 
 particular road or with a mechanic or tradesman, to give the purchaser 
 all his custom or not to carry on his business within a cerlain distance, 
 for instance, ten miles, is good, and the contract will not be impeached, 
 either in law or equity. A bond that the obligor shall never carry on, or 
 be concerned in, the iron business, is void. 19 Pick. 51. 
 
 A Contract may also be void for want of some formality required by 
 law. The English Statute of Frauds has been substantially copied in 
 ucarly all the States. It provides that in the following cases, every 
 agreement shall be void unless the same, or some note or memorandum 
 thereof, be in writing* and subscribed by the party to be charged therewith. 
 
 1. Every agreement that, by its terms, is not to be performed within 
 one year, from the making thereof. 2. Every special promise to answer 
 the debt, default, or misdoings of another. 3. Every contract for the sale 
 of any lands, or any interest in lands. 
 
 Every contract for the sale of any goods, chattels, or things, for the price 
 of ten pounds \, or more, is void, unless 
 
 * In New York the Contract is void if the cons deration be not expressed in the instru- 
 ment. In Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, Indiana, and other States, it is not required. 
 
 t In the following States the amount has been fixed by Stitute : Maine and New 
 Jersey, .S-"/) ; N r >-w Hampshire, J-B : V.rmont, $40; Connecticut, $35 j Missouri, $30 1 
 New York, .Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Indiana, goO.
 
 LAWS REGULATING CONTRACTS. 
 
 1. A note or memorandum of such contract be made in writing, and 
 be subscribed by the parties to be charged thereby, or their agents ; or 
 
 2. Unless the buyer shall accept and receive part of such goods ; or 
 
 3. Unless the buyer shall, at the time, pay some part of the purchase 
 money ; or give something in earnest to bind the bargain. 
 
 If after a verbal contract for the delivery of goods, the vendor deliver 
 to the vendee a bill of parcels, it will be a sufficient memorandum in wri- 
 ting. 11. Mass. 6. So a broker being the agent of both buyer and seller 
 his signature binds both parties; and so of ail auctioneer. 
 
 The letting of a house, store, &c., for more than one year is void, unless 
 the same is in writing ; so is an agreement for a years' service, to com- 
 mence at a subsequent day; so is a contract to sell goods, exceed- 
 ing a certain sum ; so is an agreement for the sale of land, <fcc. 
 
 GUARANTEE. The character of a contract or guarantee is a col 
 lateral engagement to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of anoth- 
 er. The contract is in its nature special, and not negotiable, and no suit 
 can be maintained upon a guarantee except by the party with whom this 
 contract is. made. 19 Maine, 359. 
 
 The primary meaning of a guarantee is an undertaking to pay the debt 
 of another in case he does not pay it. 24 Pick. 250. 
 
 If two parties go together into a warehouse or shop, and, upon the one 
 selecting and giving an order for goods, the other engages verbally to pay 
 for those goods in case the other does not; in whatever form of words 
 that promise is made or given, he is not bound by it it must be reduced 
 to writing. 
 
 When, however, the credit is not given to the buyer, but to the guar- 
 antor in the first instance, as where A. tells a merchant that he will be 
 responsible for goods purchased by C. and the merchant charges the 
 goods to A. the promise need not be in writing to bind the guarantor. 6 
 Blackf. 357 ; 3 Johns. Rep. 29. 
 
 A guarantee must be founded on some consideration. It is enough 
 however if the person for whom the guarantor becomes surety, receives 
 a benefit, or the person to whom the guarantee is given suffer incon- 
 venience, as an inducement to the surety to become guarantee for the 
 principal creditor. Chilly on Contracts, 436. 
 
 An engagement on the back of a lease, to guarantee the engagement 
 of the lessee, is binding, though no consideration be expressed. The per- 
 mitting the lessee to occupy is sufficient to raise a consideration for the 
 promise. 12 Mass. 137. 
 
 There is an advantage from having a guarantee under seal, particularly 
 if it is fora considerable sum. 
 
 A matter of first moment for consideration, is, whether a proposed 
 guarantee is to be confined to a single transaction, or to extend to more 
 than on* or to future transactions ; and to what precise amount or amount! 
 it is to be confined or extended ; or whether to be generally extended to 
 all acts and to any amount ; also, to what precise period of time it is in- 
 tended it shall extend, if to be prospective. [See Guarantees, al p. 46.] 
 
 A guarantor ought to take care to be indemnified against loss, in the 
 event of being called o*n to pa}- the debt. With this view indemnities are 
 given (frequently, but not always or necessarily, by bond) holding harm- 
 less him who, under an undertaking to be responsible for the debt or en- 
 gagements of another, becomes chargeable or liable for the debt. 
 
 Care should be taken, if it be intended to look lo Ihe guaranlor, not to 
 deal with the principal ; such as agreeing to give him further time after 
 a bill, or note, or other undertaking has become due; or accepting a re- 
 newed or other bill from him without the concurrence ofthe guarantor ; for, 
 if such a course be taken, it will discharge the guarantor from his liability
 
 LAWS KEGTTLATING CONTRACTS. 9 
 
 CONTRACTS MADE ON SUNDAY. A Note or other Contract 
 written on Sundfiy is void; but it is not void, though written on Sunday, 
 if it be delivered on some other day. 19 Ver. 358. \\hen a Contract if 
 written on Sunday, it is competent on another day for the other parly ta 
 demand a return of the thing delivered, and where impracticable, com- 
 pensation ; and if the other party refuse, the original contract become* 
 thereby affirmed and binding. 19 Ver. 358. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF A CONTRACT. In the construction of 
 Contracts, the intention of the parties must govern; words are to be 
 taken in their natural and obvious sense; when the intention is doubtful, 
 the context may be resorted to to explain ambiguous terms ; the whole of 
 the instrument is to be viewed and compared in all its parts, so that every 
 part ot it may be made consistent and effectual. The law does not, it. 
 general, require a formal contract drawn up with technical precision. And 
 the useless repetitions, which often encumber legal instruments, may al- 
 ways be omitted, as they give no additional strength to the contract. 
 
 Where the language of an agreement is plain and unequivocal, there is 
 no room for construction, and it must be carried into effect according to 
 its plain meaning. 
 
 Ambiguities in deeds or other instruments are generally interpreted 
 against the grantor, or contractor. So where a man gave a note expressed 
 to be " for money borrowed, which 1 promise never to pay," it was held 
 that ihe word iierer might be rejected. So if a man promises to pay in a 
 short time, it is void for uncertainty, but if he promises io pay without 
 mention of time, it will he taken to mean on demand. And so ill an ex- 
 ception in a lease if there be any doubt about the meaning of the excep- 
 tion it shall be construed against the lessor. 
 
 An agreement shall have a reasonable construction according to the in- 
 tent of the parties. 
 
 The defendant promised the plaintiff, in consideration of a wagon de- 
 livered to him by the plaintiff, at the time of the contract, to break up for 
 the plaintiff sixteen acres of new ground on or before a certain day. Held 
 that the piece of ground to be broken up, if not specified in the contract, 
 might be designated by the plaintiff. 8 Blackf. 571. 
 
 A sale for approved indorsed paper means in law a sale for pnper 
 which ought to be approved, and not for paper such as the seller may ap- 
 prove. 4 Serg. &. R. 1 . 
 
 A party is bound, in the absence of any misrepresentation of facts, by 
 the legal effect of his contract, and he is presumed to know that legal ef- 
 fect, and to intend it to have it 1 Ind. Rep. 304. 
 
 Where a contract is made for any building, it becomes a law to the par- 
 ties, and they are both bound by it, and whatever additions and alterations 
 are made in such building, they form a new coi. tract either express or im- 
 plied, without affecting the original contract, and must be paid for, agree- 
 
 Dly to such 
 A local us 
 
 usage cannot be considered a part of a contract when it contra- 
 dicts that contract. 
 
 Contracts valid in the place where made, are valid everywhere, unless 
 immoral, or contrary to public policy. Story Con. Law. 203. 
 
 So contracts void by the law of the land "where made, are void every- 
 where. Remedies upon contracts and their incidents, are regulated and 
 pursued according to the law of the place where the action is instituted. 
 
 PERFORMANCE OF A CONTRACT. A mere readiness of the 
 debtor to pay his debt, is not sufficient, he is bound to go to the creditor 
 and tender it to dim, in order to exonerate himself from liability. 
 
 When a contract is to be performed within a certain time afterdate, the 
 day of the date is to be excluded.
 
 10 LAWS REGULATING CONTRACTS. 
 
 A contract to complete a work by a particular time, means that it shall 
 be done before that time. 
 
 An entire contract cannot be apportioned. If a party undertake to com- 
 plete a certain act, which is entire and indivisible, before his claim to re- 
 muneration is to accrue, he cannot recover for a partial performance, 
 although the completion of the act was prevented by inevitable accident. 
 Thus, where a sailor was to be paid a certain sum if he proceeded and 
 continued on a voyage, and he died before the voyage was completed, h;s 
 executor could claim no part of his wages. So, 'if a landlord accept the 
 surrender of a tenancy before the close of a quirter. he cannot recover any 
 part of it. And so, if the tenant be evicted (compelled to leave the pro- 
 mises) before the close of the quarter, no rent can be recovered for the 
 portion of the quarter in which he occupied. [See Law of Tenancy, m 
 the "LANDLORD'S AND TENANT'S ASSISTANT," one of this series. 
 
 If a person is hired 'for six months, or other definite time, and leaves 
 before the end of it, without reasonable cause, he loses his right to wages 
 for the period he has served. But if he is dismissed without cause he 
 can recover for the whole term. And it is no sufficient cause for his aband- 
 oning h s contract, that he was put upon work not contemplated at the time 
 the contract was made. But irhe is prevented by sickness from laboring 
 during the stipulated period, he may recover for his services as much as 
 his services were worth, for the time he labored. 
 
 When a special contract is made to perform work, and furnish materi- 
 als, and the svork is done, and the materials are furnished, but not accord- 
 ing to the stipulations in the contract, if the work and materials are of some 
 value and benefit to the other contracting party, the first party may recover 
 as much as his services and the materials were worth. 7 Pick 181. 
 
 A person who undertakes to perform a job of work by special contract, 
 must perform his contract before he is entitled to his pay. 5 Johns. 85. 
 
 If in a contract for the sale of goods, no time be given for payment, the 
 law implies a contract to pay for them on delivery. 
 
 If a person contract to do a thing on demand, or on notice, he will be 
 entitled to a reasonable time in which to do the thing, after a demand 
 made or notice given. 12 Mass. 121. 
 
 A contract for the hire and service of an agent, clerk, or servant, need 
 not be in writing, unless by the terms of the bargain the employment is to 
 extend beyond a year. 
 
 When a promisor undertakes to pay a certain number of dollars in spe- 
 cific articles, he must deliver the articles on the day named, or he will be 
 bound to pay the sum stated in money. 
 
 RESC1N DING. In general, a contract cannot be rescinded, unless bj 
 consent of both parties, except in case of fraud. 
 
 A party having a right to rescind a contract, must exercise the right 
 within a reasonable time. 
 
 Where parties agree to rescind a sale once mado and perfected without 
 fraud, the same formalities of delivery, &c. are necessary to revest the 
 property in the original vendor, which were necessary to pass it from him 
 to the vende. 
 
 TENDER. A tender should be unconditional, and of a certain and 
 definite character. VVhere the defendant demanded a receipt, which the 
 plaintiff refused to give, it was held that the defendant had lost all benefit 
 of tender. 12 Mass 450. 
 
 A tender does not bar, or extinguish the debt ; for the debtor is still liable 
 to pay it; but it bars the claim to subsequent damages, interest, and costs 
 of defence against the plaintiff. A debtor should tender the full amount 
 of the debt with the interest and costs which have accrued.
 
 LAWS REGULATING CONTRACTS. 11 
 
 A tender of more money than is due is good for what is due. 
 
 A tender may be made by a third person, by debtor's desire, and on 
 his behalf. It should be made in lawful coin; and it is always safe to 
 produce and show the money. [See Law regulating Tender, at p. 111.] 
 
 A tenoer may also he made, afler an action is brought on such contract, 
 of the whole sum due thereon, with the legal costs of suit incurred up to 
 thai lime, provided it be made wilhin the requisite time before the return 
 day of the original writ. The tender may be made to the plaintiff or his 
 attorney, and if not accepted, the defendant may plead such tender at the 
 trial, bringing into court the amount so tendered for the debt and costs. 
 If the tender is accepted, the plaintiff or his attorney shall give to the de- 
 fendant a certificate, or notice thereof to the officer who has the writ ; and 
 if any costs are incurred by the officer after the tender, and before he has 
 notice thereof, the defendant must pay it. 
 
 If a debtor tender to his creditor a sum of money, in full of all legal 
 claims, which the creditor may have against him on account, and the 
 creditor receive the money, protesting that it is not sufficient, but saying 
 that he will take it and pass it to the debtor's credit upon the account, and 
 the debtor do not express any dissent to this course, the acceptance of the 
 tender will be held no bar to the creditor's right to recover such sum as 
 may be found due to him, exceeding the amount of the tender. 21 Ver; 
 Rep., 222. 
 
 DAMAGES. The general rule of law respecting the measure of dam- 
 ages is, that where an injury has been sustained, for which the law gives 
 a remedy, that remedy shall be commensurate with the injury sustained. 
 16 Pick. 194, 196. 
 
 The general rule of damages on all contracts to deliver goods on de- 
 mand is the value of the property at the time of the demand. Ibid. 
 
 Where there has been a breach of contract without actual loss, the 
 plaintiff is entiiled to a judgment for nominal damages and costs. 7 Tenn. 
 Rep. 575. 
 
 The measure of damages, in an action for a failure to convey land ac- 
 cording to covenant, is the value of the land at the time the conveyance 
 was to be made. 2 Scam. III. Rep. 344. 
 
 In an action by the assignee against the assignor of a promissory note 
 the measure of damages is the amount paid by the assignee. Ibid. 562. 
 
 Anticipated profits, or speculations in real property, cannot be recovered 
 as damages for a breath of contract. 11 Ohio, 50L Actual expenditures 
 under the contract may be recovered. Ibid. 
 
 When one contract's to employ another for a certain time, at a speci- 
 fied compensation, and discharges him without cause before the expira- 
 tion of the time, he is in general bound to pay the fall amount of wages 
 for the whole time. 2 Demo's N. Y. Rep. 609. 
 
 But in a suit for the stipulated compensation, the defendant ma}' show in 
 diminution of damages, that after the plaintiff had been dismissed, he en- 
 gaged in other business. Ibid. 
 
 Where the parties deviate from the terms of a special contract to per- 
 form work and labor, in an action for the work done, the contract price 
 will, so far as applicable, generally be the rule of damages. 4 Corn- 
 stock's N. Y. Rep. 338. 
 
 Where a party agreed to convey a certain tract of land for twelve hun- 
 dred dollars, a part of which was paid down, and was to be received as 
 part of the consideration-money, if such purchase was not completed, or 
 of the damage, if the contract was not performed ; and the party cove- 
 nanted, if he did not conform to his agreement, he would pay five hun- 
 dred dollars as a forfeiture. Held, that this sum was liquidated damages. 
 11 N. Hamp. 234
 
 12 LAWS REGULATING CONTRAC 
 
 On a covenant to convey real estate, as on a covenant of seizin, the 
 measure of damages is, in the absence of fraud, the purchase-money and 
 interest. 2 Blackf. 143. 
 
 The proper criterion of damages for failing to deliver property -accord- 
 ing to contract is, the value of such property at the time and place fixed 
 for its delivery. 9 B. Monroe, 394. 
 
 The measure of damages in case of loss of goods by common carriers, 
 is the wholesale price of the goods at the place where they were contract- 
 ed to be delivered, deducting freight. 4 Blackf. R. 266. 
 
 In respect to Liquidated Damages. The courts will construe the 
 amounts reserved as in the nature of a penalty, rather than as stipulated 
 damages, though the sum reserved be called liquidated damages in the 
 bond. 5 Met. 61. 
 
 In respect to Penalties. When a certain gross sum is reserved in an 
 agreement, to be paid in case of the non-performance of such agreement, 
 it is generally to be considered as a. penally, the legal operation of which 
 is, not to create a forfeiture of that entire sum, but only to cover the ac- 
 tual damages occasioned by the breach of the contract. Calling a sum 
 liquidated damages will not change its character as a penally, if upon the 
 true construction of the instrument, it must be deemed to be a penalty. 
 2 Story on Contracts. 692. 
 
 It is difficult, in many cases, to distinguish between a penalty and 
 liquidated damages. In general, the courts have inclined to consider the 
 sum reserved by such agreement to be a penalty rather than liquidated 
 damages. 2 Bouvier's Law Dictionary. 
 
 An unliquidated demand for damages is not a proper subject of set-off 
 in an action at law. 1 Ind. Rep. 476. 
 
 AGENT. An agent signing sealfd instruments in his own name, be- 
 comes personally responsible. But in contracts not under seal, if the 
 agent intends to bind his principal and not himself, it will be sufficient 
 if it appear in such contract that he acts as agent. The proper mode is 
 to sign the name of his principal first, and then, underneath, his own 
 name as agent, or attorney, thus: A. B., by his attorney C. D. 
 
 When by negligence or unskilfulness of the agent, the principal derives 
 no benefit from the acts of the latter, he is not entitled to any compensation. 
 
 An agent is not liable to his principal, for not accounting until demand, 
 24 Wend. 203, which demand should be made at his residence, and suffi- 
 cient opportunity be given him for payment. 10 Ver. 474. 
 
 The authority of an agent may be created by writing or verbally. 4 
 Johns. Ch. R. 667. 
 
 The agency may be inferred from the relations of the parties, and na- 
 ture of the employment, without proof of any express appointment. 15 
 East. R. 400. 
 
 If the agency is to transfer real estate, the appointment must be in 
 writing. 6 Serg. & Rawl. 331. 
 
 A person whom a man puts in his place to transact his business of a 
 particular kind, is a general agent; and such authority empowers the 
 agent to bind the employer by all acts within the scope of his employ- 
 ment ; and that power cannot be limited by any private order or direction, 
 not known to the party dealing with the agent. 3 Blackf. 436. 
 
 One who, for his services, is to share in the profits, but not losses of an 
 enterprise, and who acts only under employment, is an agent. 20 Ohio 
 Rep 144. 
 
 The principal may call his agent to an account at anytime; and may 
 recover full indemnity for all injuries sustained by reason of the positive 
 misconduct or negligence of the agent, or by his transcending his au 
 thority. 12 Pick. 328.
 
 ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 13 
 
 ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 
 
 All agreements should, as far as practicable, be reduced to writing. 
 
 In all Contracts be careful that every thing demanded, or assented to, be 
 fully and distinctly stated in the agreement; for when an agreement is re- 
 duced to writing, it is supposed to contain all the terms and conditions 
 which the parties have agreed on. 
 
 When contracts are verbal or when written, and not under seal, they are 
 termed simple contracts. One advantage of a Seal is, that the instru- 
 ment, in many of the Stales, is not outlawed under twenty years. 
 
 1. Form of Agreement for Selling, Buying, Bartering, 
 Manufacturing, or for any other purpose. 
 
 THIS AGREEMENT, made this day of , A. D. 185, 
 
 between A. B., of , of the one part, and C. D., of , of the 
 
 other part, VVitnesseth : 
 
 That the said A. B., for the consideration hereafter mentioned, 
 promises and agrees to * [here state the agreement, whether to 
 build, make, sell, deliver, fyc.] 
 
 In consideration whereof, the said C. D. hereby agrees to pay to 
 said A. B. [here state the conditions, whether to pay in goods, 
 cash, notes, 8fc.~\ 
 
 [ The following Obligation can be inserted or omitted. The law allows, in most 
 cases, only for the actual damage sustained. See pp. 12 and 33. It is a general 
 rule that the delinquent shall answer for all the injury which results from 
 the immediate and direct breach of his agreement ; but not from any remote 
 consequences.] 
 
 And it is further agreed between the parties hereto, that the par- 
 ty that shall fail to perform this agreement on his part, will pay to the 
 other the sum of dollars, as liquidated, fixed and settled damages. 
 In witness whereof, they have hereunto interchangeably set their 
 hands and seals the day and year first above written. 
 
 A B. (L. s.) 
 
 Executed in pretence of C. D. (i,. s.) 
 
 * If the agreement is to sell and deliver Wood, or other articles, say : 
 
 [sell to the said A. B. cords of seasoned hickory, (or maple, white 
 
 oak, beech, birch, &c., as the case may be,) wood, and to deliver and securely 
 
 pile the same on the wharf of the said C. D., in , on or before the 
 
 day of next.] 
 
 If the Contract is to make shoes, fa., say: 
 
 [make and deliver to the said C. D., within days from the date of this 
 
 coniracl,two hundred pairs of shoes, of the same quality ofleaiher, goodness 
 of workmanship, and size, and in all respects according to the pattern or 
 sample agreed on by the parties, on which both of the parties have written 
 their names with the date of this agreement, and which sample is in the hands 
 of the said C. D.] 
 
 If to sell a horse, say : 
 
 [sell to the said C. D. his black mare, known as black Fanny. 7 years old, 
 weighing about 900 Ibs., and to warrant said mare to be sound, and kind in 
 all harness, to ride easy, and as a ladies' saddle horse.] 
 If to sell animals, say : 
 
 [sell and deliver to C. D. on the day of next, at his house in , one 
 yoke of three year old oxen.] 
 
 BMA 2
 
 14 AGREEMENTS. 
 
 2. Agreement to submit to Arbitration.* 
 
 KNOW ALL, MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That A. B. of , 
 
 in the county of and commonwealth [or, state] of , and the 
 
 Fire Insurance Company, a Corporation by law duly estab- 
 lished in , in the county of and commonwealth [or, state] 
 
 of , have agreed to submit the demand, which the said A. B. 
 
 has against the said Company upon a certain policy of Insurance 
 against fire, made by the said Company in favor of the said A. B., 
 (a true copy of which Policy is hereunto annexed) to the determi- 
 nation of D. E. F., G. H. I. & K. L., of , the award of whom, 
 
 or the greater part of whom, being made and reported within 
 
 days from this day to the Court of for the county of , the 
 
 judgment thereon shall be final: and if either party shall neglect to 
 appear before the arbitrators, after due notice given them of the 
 time and place appointed for hearing the parties, the arbitrators 
 may proceed in his absence. 
 
 Dated this day of A. D. 185. A. B., Party Insured. 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of C. D. Pres. Ins. Co. 
 
 * If the dispute is between individuals say: KNOW ALL MEN, That A. B. 
 of , and C D. of , have agreed to submit ihe demand which the said A. B. 
 has against the said C. D.. which is hereto annexed, (or, and all other de- 
 mands between said panies, or the submission may be varied in this respect) 
 to the determination Jcc. See Awards and Bond at pp. 24, 29. 
 
 3. Agreement for the Sale of Real Estate. 
 
 [Every Agreement for the sale of real estate must be in writing. If it be the 
 intention of the parties that a simple warranty deed or quit claim only be 
 given, it should be so stated in the agreement.] 
 
 ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT made between A. B., of , and 
 
 C. D., of , as follows : 
 
 The said A. B., for the consideration hereafter mentioned, doth 
 covenant and agree to convey to said C. D. in fee, all that lot of 
 land, situate in M., [give description, boundaries, &c ] by a war- 
 ranty deed in common form, with a good title, and a release of dow- 
 er of the wife of said A. B., on or before the day of next. 
 
 In consideration whereof, the said C. D. doth agree to pay said 
 A. B. the sum of two thousand dollars in the manner following: 
 one thousand dollars in money on delivery of the deed, and one 
 thousand dollars in a negotiable note, payable to said A. B. in two 
 years, with interest semi-annually, secured by a mortgage of said 
 premises, to be made by said C. D. to said A. B., as collateral se- 
 curity for the payment of said note. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this day of , A. D. 185 . 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of C. D. (L. s) 
 
 [May be acknowledged and recorded] 
 
 4. Agreement for the Sale of Flour, $fc. 
 
 ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT made between A. B. of , and 
 
 C. D. of , as follows: 
 
 The said A. B. agrees to sell and deliver to said C. D.,at his store
 
 AGREEMENTS. 15 
 
 in C., on or before the day of next, one hundred barrels 
 
 of \flour, pork, beef., wheat, corn, potatoes, cider, rum, or any 
 other article], warranted to be [here state the quality, fyc.] 
 
 In consideration whereof, the said C. D. agrees to pay said A. B., 
 dollars in full for said flour, in four months from such delivery. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this day of , 185 . 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Inpresence of C. D. (L. s.) 
 
 5. Agreement with a Clerk, or Workman. 
 
 IT is AGREED by A. B. and C. D., both of D., as follows : 
 
 The said A. B. has agreed to enter the service of the said C. D. as 
 a Journeyman [or Clerk,] and promises faithfully, honestly and dil- 
 igently to give and devote to him his time and labor as aforesaid, 
 for the space of year , from the first day of January next. 
 
 In consideration whereof, the said C. D. agrees to allow, and pay 
 
 to the said A. B., the sum of dollars per annum, payable in 
 
 monthly payments of dollars each. 
 
 But, if the said A. B. shall fall sick, or be absent from the factory 
 [or, shop] of the said C. D., when he has employment for him, then 
 such absent time shall be deducted, allowed for, and made up to the 
 saidC. D. Witness our hands &c. A. B. (L,. s.) 
 
 Inpresence of C. D. (L. s.) 
 
 6. Landlords Agreement of Lease. 
 
 I have this day of , 18 , let to C. D. my house and lot, known 
 as No. in street, in the city of , with the appurte- 
 nances, and the sole and uninterrupted use and occupation thereof, 
 for one year, to commence the day of next, at the year- 
 ly rent of dollars, payable quarterly, on the usual quarter 
 
 days. Rent to cease in case the premises are destroyed by fire. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 7. Tenant's Agreement of Lease. 
 
 I have hired and taken from A. B. his house and lot, known as 
 
 No. in street in the city of , with the appurtenances, 
 
 for the term of two years, to commence the first day of next, 
 
 at the yearly rent of dollars, payable quarterly, on the usual 
 
 quarter days. And I hereby promise to pay said rent in man- 
 ner aforesaid ; and to quit and surrender the premises, at the expira- 
 tion of the term, in good condition, reasonable use, fire and other 
 casualties excepted. Incase said house shall be destroyed or ren- 
 dered unfit for its accustomed uses by fire or other unavoidable 
 casualty, during said term, thereupon this agreement shall be 
 ended. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this day of , 185 . 
 
 Inpresence of C. D. (! S.) 
 
 NOTE. See Forms of Leases, and Landlords' and Tenants' Notices to ter- 
 minate tenancy, and Notice to Tenant to Quit for non-payment of Rent, at 
 pages 4S, 49. Also, see '' The Landlord's and Tenant's Assistant" for various 
 forms ot" Leases, peculiar and special Covenants, and the Laios in relation to 
 Hiring Houses, Stores, Farms, &c. ; and the Liabilities of parties.
 
 16 BUILDERS' AGREEMENTS. 
 
 Forms of Agreements, fyc., for Builders. 
 No. 1. 
 
 I hereby agree to execute the whole of the works requisite to be 
 done in the (erection, enlargement, or alteration, as the case may 
 be), as detailed in the drawings and specification, for the sum of 
 
 dollars, and to complete and finish the same, according to the 
 
 conditions before specified, and to the satisfaction of the architect, 
 
 on or before the day of next, or to forfeit the sum of 
 
 per week, for every week the works may be delayed beyond that 
 date. 
 
 Dated this day of 185. E. F. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE WITNESSES, That A. B. of W., and C. D. 
 oi X., agree as follows: 
 
 The said C. D., for the consideration hereafter mentioned, agrees 
 to build and complete for said A. B., a three story brick store on lot 
 No , Long Wharf, in the town of B., in accordance with the plans 
 and specification signed by the parties ; to provide all necessary 
 materials for constructing the same ; and the work to be done in a 
 faithful and workmanlike manner, within six months from the date 
 hereof. 
 
 In consideration whereof, the said A. B. agrees to pay to said C. 
 D. dollars, as follows : [here state the sums and times of payment.] 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this day of , 185-. 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of C. D. (L. s.) 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 THIS AGREEMENT, made this day of ' , one thousand 
 
 eight hundred and , between A. B., ot , merchant, and C. 
 
 D., of said , housebuilder Witnesseth, 
 
 That in consideration of the mutual promises herein contained, 
 the parties hereto agree as follows : 
 
 Said D. will provide the materials for, forthwith commence, and 
 build without delay or intermission, except from necessities of 
 weather, a house for said B. on his lot in street, in , accord- 
 ing to plans and specifications, drawn by E. F., architect, to be 
 signed by the parties hereto ; and deliver said house, completely 
 finished in every respect, ready for occupation, to said B., on or 
 before the day of next. 
 
 No departures from the plans and specifications shall be made, 
 unless assented to in writing by said B. If any departures are 
 otherwise made, said B. may require said D. to take down the work, 
 and do it over again in the manner provided ; and if said D. shall 
 neglect or refuse so to do, said B. may have it done by other per- 
 sons at said D.'s expense. 
 
 Whereas, said B. is to employ a superintendent of the work, it is 
 expressly understood that he does so for his own convenience and 
 security, and that said B. is not to be affected or bound by any 
 act, agreement, admission, waiver, or acceptance by said superin- 
 tendent, express or implied.
 
 BUILDERS' SPECIFICATION. 17 
 
 Said B. may at any time require, in writing, alterations in said 
 plans and specifications, in which case said D shall have reasonable 
 additional time tor finishing said house, to be fixed by said F. ; and 
 if the alterations require a change in the price, such change of price, 
 if not specified in the writing, shall be left to the decision of said F. 
 
 If the work is not prosecuted in the manner set forth in this Con- 
 tract, as to either time, or quality, or manner of work, or materials, 
 said B. may dismiss said D. and employ other persons to complete 
 the house, and deduct from the amount contracted to be paid said 
 D., the expense thereof, and all damages caused by said D.'s de- 
 fault, and recover the surplus, if any, from said D. 
 
 And said B. agrees to pay said D. the sum of dollars, in 
 
 full for his work and materials, in instalments, as follows : 
 
 dollars when the frame of the house is erected ; dollars when 
 
 it is roofed and finished on the outside ; dollars when the house 
 
 is completed and ready for occupation; and the balance in three 
 months therefiorn. 
 
 If said B. shall see fit to accept said house, or any part of the 
 work, with defects or departures from the Contract, without requir- 
 ing the same to be changed, he may still deduct any damage sus- 
 tained thereby. And it is also understood that said B.'s entering 
 into and occupying said house, shall not debar him from objections 
 to said D.'s performance of the Contract. 
 
 In witness whereof the. parties have hereunto set their hands and 
 seals, the day and year first above written. j^. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of C. D. (L.s.) 
 
 Specification for the Construction of a Cottage. 
 
 [Specifications for the construction of buildings are various. The following 
 is a Specification of Material and Labor for the construction of a frame 
 dwelling-house, built under contract for $1400.1 
 
 Drawings. The drawings referred to herein are to be consid- 
 ered as illustrating and forming part of this Specification. 
 
 Dimensions. Dimensions are to be taken from the figures upon 
 the drawings, or where they are wanting from measurements of the 
 drawing, upon the largest scale sliown. * 
 
 Outside Measure, 23 by 26; L S by 15. First floor to contain a 
 Parlor 12 by 15, Sitting-room 12 by 13^, Kitchen 10 by 12^, Hall 
 ?i feet wide. Second floor to contain three Chambers 12 by 15, 11 
 by 13i, 10i by 9, and a Bed-room 7 by 8. The first story to be 9 
 feet high ; and the second story 8 feet 3 inches in the clear. 
 
 Excavation. The ground line on the plans represents the height 
 of the earth at the completion of the work. Cellars to be dug 5 and 
 6 inches below the ground line, under such parts of the house as 
 may be agreed upon; the bottoms to be leveled, graveled and ram- 
 med. Trenches for walls to be dug at least 8 inches, with bottoms 
 even and hard. Superfluous earth, stone, and rubbish, accumulated 
 during the work, to be removed to such place as directed by the 
 owner or his agent not to exceed over 500 feet haul. Soil to be 
 
 BMA 2*
 
 18 BUILDERS' SPECIFICATION. 
 
 deposited by itself and replaced when the grounds are graded and 
 leveled, as agreed upon ; and the lot left in a ueat condition. 
 MASON'S WORK. 
 
 Foundations. The foundation walls to be of the dimensions 
 and thicknesses as shown in the plan, and built in such a po- 
 sition upon the lot as the owner may direct. Footing stones, firmly 
 laid, to extend through the wall. The walls, chimney and veranda 
 piers to be of hard, broken stone, solidly laid on flat surfaces, in lime 
 mortar, thoroughly bound, built plumb, neatly pointed where in 
 sight, and finished true and level at the top. Veranda piers to be 
 4 feet below surface. Cellar window frames to be built in, secure 
 and tight. Openings in the cellar walls, required for passages, to 
 be made with well laid jambs. 
 
 Chimneys. The chimneys, of the sizes as shown on the plan, 
 are to start from stone foundations, and run up straight. The flues 
 to be laid smooth and pargeted. A sheet iron thimble with cover 
 to be inserted in each room. All bricks to be of good quality, and 
 those used in top to be hard burnt and smooth. Wood is not to be 
 introduced into any part of the chimney. 
 
 Filling in, tfc. The whole thickness of the walls 6 inches high 
 from the sills, to be filled in with brick or broken stones and mortar, 
 so as to exclude air and mice; crevices under the sills to be well 
 pointed. 
 
 Lathing. The plastered walls to be lathed with good pine laths 
 four feet in length, and each lath nailed with four nails ; heading 
 joints to alternate. 
 
 Plastering. Inside walls, except in cellar, to be plastered and 
 finished with skim coat, the plastering to be made even and true 
 with the grounds, and to form a solid connection with the filling in 
 at the floor. 
 
 Whitewashing. The cellar walls, framing, and floor above, to 
 be whitewashed with two coats. 
 
 Materials, Sfc. Lime, sand and hair to be of good quality, well 
 mixed, and worked up, and the mason work to be done in a work- 
 manlike and thorough manner. No injury is to be done to the 
 woodwork by the mason or the persons he employs ; and all defects 
 must be repaired after the carpenter's work is done. 
 
 CARPENTER S WORK. 
 
 Frame. The sills 4 by 6 to be laid firm, square and level on 
 foundation walls; posts 4 by 5 to be tenoned 1<J inches into the sills 
 and tenoned into the plate, and placed accurately ; tie beams 4 by 5 
 to be tenoned into the posts ; plates 4 by 4 halved at angles and pin- 
 ned ; braces 3 by 4 ; window and door posts 3 by 4 to be tenoned in ; 
 girders 4 by 6 will be placed where shown in the drawing ; floor 
 beams l by 8 for first tier to be level with the sills, and framed as 
 shown in the drawing ; those of the second tier of same size to rest 
 on the lie beams and on the central partitions, where they will lap 
 by, and be nailed to each other ; partitions to have 3 by 4 heads and 
 sills; where one partition is directly under another, its head will 
 make the sill of the one above; inside door posts 3 by 4 and studding 
 2 by 4 placed 16 inhes on centres to be well nailed at top and 
 bottom; outside studding 2 by 4 to be well nailed at top and bottom ;
 
 BUILDERS' SPECIFICATION. . 19 
 
 rafters 2 by 5 placed not over 20 inches on centres and bridged if 
 required; trimmers to be framed around the chimneys. The frame 
 is to be securely stayed to keep it true and plumb while unfinished. 
 All timber to be of Hemlock, sound, straight and true, and of the 
 sizes specified, and put together in a firm and workmanlike manner. 
 Roofs. The roof to be covered with 1 inch Hemlock boards, of 
 uniform thickness, laid with close joints, and well nailed to the raft- 
 ers. Gutters are to be formed in-wood, as shown on the section; 
 placed and made to carry water where directed. Roof of main house 
 to be overlaid with best of Bangor sawed pine shingles, laid one-third 
 to the weather, in the best manner. Veranda roof to be covered 
 with cotton drill, closely tacked down, and immediately painted. 
 
 Boarding. Outside walls to be covered with good Hemlock 
 boards of uniform thickness, overlaid with good sap clear pine clap- 
 boards, mill planed to even thickness. 
 
 Floors. Double floors throughout the houe, nailed with two 
 nails to each beam, and planed level and smooth. Veranda floors 
 1^ in. thick, narrow, sloped 1 inch to the outside, worked with a 
 nosing, as shown in drawing, and laid in white lead. 
 
 Inside Trimmings. Ba*e boards as follows : in the first story 7 
 inches high and 1 inch thick, with moulding; in second story and 
 closets 5 inches high, plain. The casings of doors in closets to be 
 3 inches wide, plain; all others as shown in drawing. Door jambs 
 2 inches thick and rebated. 
 
 Outside Trimmings. All cornices, &c., to be like the drawings, 
 solid, and well secured. 
 
 Grounds to be provided to receive inside trimmings, and no 
 trimmings will be put in till the plastering has hardened. 
 
 Stairs Cellar stairs to be provided with 1 inch risers and 1 
 inch treads ; main stairs same, supported on three carriages, to have 
 moulded nosings. 
 
 Doors Inside doors on first floor to be 2 ft. 10 in. by 6 ft. 10 in. 
 and 1^ inches thick. Chamber doors 2 ft. 8 in. by 6 ft. 8 in and 1^ 
 inches thick. All to be four panneled with moulding. Front door 
 as shown in drawings. 
 
 Windows. The frames of cellar windows to be 1 inches jambs 
 and straight soffits, and 2 inch sills rebated to receive the sash, and 
 set close under the sills where directed ; the sashes to be hung 
 with bolts at the upper edge, provided with buttons to hold them 
 closed, and to have three lights; all others are to be like drawings 
 double hung, with cords, pulleys and weights. 
 
 Closets. Closets to be finished with hanging strips and hooks as 
 required; and 60 feet of plain shelving is to be placed where directed. 
 
 Door Bell. A bell is to be hung in the kitchen connected with a 
 pull at the frontdoor. 
 
 Materials. All the lumber which is to show when finished is to 
 be of good, clear, sound, and well seasoned white pine, worked and 
 put up in a workmanlike manner. All hard ware and furnishings 
 needed to make the house complete, are to be fitted in a proper 
 manner. 
 
 HARD WARE. 
 
 The outside door to be hung with three pair of butts; all others 
 with two pair each, of good manufacture and proper size. Hemp
 
 20 SPECIAL FORMS. TENDERS FOR WORK. 
 
 cord of good quality, axle pulleys, weights of a size to balance the 
 sash and to run easily in the boxes, to be furnished for each win- 
 dow. The first story windows to have sash fastenings of a pattern 
 
 to be approved by the owner not to cost over dollars per dozen. 
 
 All doors to be fitted with mortice locks and latches, half each. 
 All door knobs to be dark mineral. All nails, spikes, screws, &c. 
 needed, to be of the proper size and best quality. 
 
 Leaders. There will be two -3 inch tin leaders connected with 
 the gutters, to be neatly and securely attached to the house, and 
 made tight; two 2 inch leaders will connect with the veranda gut- 
 ters at their junction with the house. 
 
 PAINTING, &c. 
 
 The sashes to be glazed with first quality German window glass, 
 well hradded, puttied and back puttied. All outside wood work to 
 be primed as soon as put up. All the outside and inside wood work, 
 except inside floors, will be properly puttied, and painted two coats 
 of pure white lead and linseed oil, and colored as directed. 
 
 GENERAL CLAUSES. 
 
 All the materials are to be furnished, and the work done, neces- 
 sary to complete the house, according to the drawings, though the 
 same may not be specially mentioned herein. The work and mate- 
 rials, not otherwise specified, are to be of the best qualities of their 
 several kinds. The contractor must guard against any injury to 
 trees or fences about the house ; he must not employ incompetent 
 or improper persons about the work ; and he is to remove all dirt and 
 rubbish from the premises, and deliver the same finished and in a 
 neat condition in every respect. 
 
 Alterations. All alterations and deviations from this Specifica- 
 tion, and all additions to the same, are to be fully stated in writing 
 and appended hereto. 
 
 Tenders for Work. Forms of. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 SIR, I hereby propose to execute the works required to be done 
 in the (erection, alteration, or enlargement, as the case may be,) 
 in conformity with, and to the true intent and meaning of the draw- 
 ings and specification of the same, for the sum of dollars. 
 
 Dated this day of , A. D. 185. A. B. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 SIR, I have examined the specification and drawings of the 
 works intended to be done in the erection of (as the case may be) 
 
 situate, and being No. and hereby offer to execute the same 
 
 in a good and workmanlike manner, agreeable to the true intent and 
 meaning of the said specification and drawings, and fo the satisfac- 
 tion of the architect, for the sum of dollars. 
 
 Dated this day of , 185. C. D.
 
 NOTICE TO BUILD. FORM OF MARRIAGE. 21 
 
 Notice of intention to Build, and requesting Grade 
 of Street. 
 
 To the Hon. the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of , [or 
 
 Selectmen of the Town of ] 
 
 GENTLEMEN-, The undersigned hereby gives notice of his in- 
 tention to erect a building on Street, and respectfully requests 
 
 that the grade and line of said street may be given him ; with per- 
 mis-ion to occupy such portion of the street in front of the premises, 
 as may be necessary for the deposit of building materials. 
 
 B , J 10, 1858. A. B. 
 
 NOTE. See " Agreements of Charter Party," &c. in " The Merchant's As* 
 tistant and Common Carrier's Guide." 
 
 MARRIAGE CONTRACT. 
 
 Persons authorized to perform this ceremony should, when par- 
 ties present themselves before them for its performance, be satisfied 
 that they have a legal right to marry. 
 
 When performed by a minister, or priest, it should be according 
 to the forms and customs of the church to which he belongs. If by 
 a magistrate, no particular form is requisite. The following Form 
 may be used by either. 
 
 FORM OF MARRIAGE. 
 
 The justice, or minister, may say : 
 
 J. S., do you take M. B. to be your wife ? Do you promise to be 
 to her a kind and faithful husband, so long as you both live ? 
 
 To which the man answers, " I do ;" or otherwise assents. 
 
 The justice, or minister, may then address the woman: 
 
 M. B., do you take J. S. to be your husband ? Do you promise 
 to be to him a kind and faithful wife, so long as you both live ? 
 
 To which she answers, "I do;" or otherwise assents. 
 
 The justice, or minister, may then declare them lawfully married. 
 
 The minister, or magistrate performing the ceremony should as- 
 certain the Christian and surnames of the parties, their ages, resi- 
 dences, and conditions, (whether single or widowed). These he 
 should enter in a book, and also the date of the marriage, his own 
 name, residence, and official station ; and a record or certificate of 
 the marriage should also be filed with the Clerk of the city or town, 
 in which the marriage is solemnized. 
 
 MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE. 
 
 Mr. John Smith of \V. and Miss [Mrs.] Mary Brown of W., 
 were joined in marriage at B. by me, this tenth day of October, 
 185. G. P., Justice of the Peace. 
 
 In Massachusetts, the Clergyman or Magistrate solemnizing the marriage 
 of the above described parties, is requested to fill out the above Certificate and 
 return a certified copy thereof, to the Clerk or Registrar of the City or Town 
 in which it may have been solemnized, on or before the tenth day of the 
 following month, according to law.
 
 22 INDENTURE OF APPRENTICE. 
 
 APPRENTICE. INDENTUREOF. 
 
 Duplicate copies of this Indenture should be made, one for the master, 
 and the other for the apprentice, his parent, or guardian. On the death of the 
 
 master the apprenticeship is dissolved. The mas 
 furnished the apprentice, and also for medical alte 
 leave his master, without his consent, the master c 
 hi* earnings against the person who shall employ I 
 If an apprentice should be guilty of improper co 
 gaily, be discharged from the contract. The serv 
 
 er is liable for necessaries 
 idance. If an apprentice 
 an maintain an action for 
 m, after demand, 
 duct, the master may, le- 
 ces of the apprentice can- 
 
 not be assigned ; nor, if his muster leaves the state, is he obliged to go with him. 
 
 Form of Indenture of Apprentice. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE, made this day of , in the year 
 
 185 , by and between A. B., of , in the county of , ship 
 
 carpenter, and C. D.,of , in the county of , ma^on, witnesseth : 
 
 That the said A. B., in consideration of the covenants and agree- 
 ments of the said C. D., hereinafter set forth and described, and in 
 accordance with the consent and wishes of his son S., of the age of 
 years, who hereby signifies his assent by subscribing this in- 
 denture, doth intrust, bind, and hereby indent the said S. to the 
 said C. D., to learn the art and trade of [here describe the particu- 
 lar trade or husiness] and with him, as an apprentice, to serve from 
 
 the day of the date of this indenture, until the day of , in 
 
 the year 185 , at which time the said S. will arrive at the age of 
 twenty-one years. 
 
 And the said A. B., doth covenant with the said C. D., that for 
 and during the term aforesaid, the said S. shall well, truly and faith- 
 fully serve him, and shall give and devote to him his time and la- 
 bor ; that he shall not destroy or injure the properly of the said C. 
 D., but shall endeavor to advance the interest and benefit of his 
 business, and shall conduct himself in a temperate, honest and in- 
 dustrious manner. 
 
 And the said C. D., doth hereby covenant with the said A. B., 
 that he will truly and faithfully instruct and teach the said S., in 
 the art and trade aforesaid, to the best of his knowledge and skill, 
 and as far and fast as the said S. may show himself disposed and 
 capable of learning the same ; that he will, during the term afore- 
 said, supply him with good and suitable food, lodging and clothing, 
 and all things necessary in sickness and in health, and teach him 
 habits of industry and good morals. 
 
 And the said C. D further covenants with the said A. B., that 
 he will pay to the said S. the following sums of money; for the first 
 
 year of his service, dollars; for the second year of his service, 
 
 dollars ; and for every subsequent year till he shall arrive at 
 
 the age of twenty-one years, dollars, the said sums to be paid 
 
 annually on the first day of January. 
 
 And the said S. hereby signifies his assent to the terms and cov- 
 enants in this indenture, and promises to keep and perform the same 
 on his part. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands 
 and seals, on the day and year first above written. A. B. (L. a.) 
 
 C. D. (L. s.) 
 Etecut'd in presence of S. B. (L. 8.)
 
 FORMS OF ASSIGNMENTS. 23 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 The assignment of an instrument must be of as high a nature as the instru- 
 ment iiself. A deed can be assigned only by a deed. 
 
 An assignment of real estate should be acknowledged and recorded. 
 Assignments ot claims and debts, not negotiable, give the assignee no right to 
 bring suit in his own jiame, but he may sue in the name of the assignor. 
 In general the assignee of a chose in action takes it subject to all the equity 
 which existed between the original panics. 
 
 No formality is necessary to effect the assignment of a chose in action. A 
 debt may be assigned by parol as well as by writing. When a debt secured 
 by mortgage i* so assigned, and the mortgage-deed delivered to the assignee 
 he becomes invested with all the equitable rights of the mortgagee. 2 Story's 
 Equity. 311. The mere delivery of a bond, covenant, note, account, or other 
 claim, for a valuable consideration is a valid as-ignment, if such delivery was 
 intended by the parties as a transfer. 17 Johns. 284; 13 Mass. 304. 
 
 1. Assignment to be written on the back of a Bond, Cove- 
 nant, Agreement, Bill of Sale, or other Instrument. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, the within 
 
 named A. B., in consideration of dollars to me paid by C. D., 
 
 of , do hereby assign to said C. D. the within written instru- 
 ment, and all my interest in the covenants and agreements therein 
 contained. 
 
 The following Power of Attorney may be added if required : 
 
 [And I constitute the said C. D. my attorney, irrevocable, with full power at his own 
 charge, in my name, to take all legal measures which may be necessary or proper, for th 
 recovery and enj"yment of the assigned premises, with power of substitution.] 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this day of , A. D. 185 . 
 
 Executed inpresence of A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 2. Assignment of a Lease, by Indorsement. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., with- 
 
 in named, in consideration of dollars, to me paid by C. D., of, 
 
 &c., do hereby grant and assign to C. D., the lease within written, 
 and all my estate and interest in and to the premises thereby de- 
 mised. To have and to hold the said premises to the said C. D., 
 for the residue of the term within mentioned, under the yearly rent 
 and covenants within reserved and contained, on my part and be- 
 half to be done, kept and performed. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this day of , A. D. 185 . 
 
 Executed in presence of A. B. (L. S.) 
 
 3. Assignment, to be indorsed on the back of Mortgage. 
 
 IN CONSIDERATION of dollars, to me paid by C. D. of , 
 
 I, the within named A. B., do hereby grant and assign to said C. 
 D. the within mortgage deed, the estate therein mentioned, and the 
 promissory note and debt thereby secured; subject, nevertheless, to 
 the conditions therein contained, and to redemption according to law. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this day of , 185 . 
 
 Inpresenceof A. B. (L. S.) 
 
 [To be acknowledged and recorded.]
 
 24 ASSIGNMENTS OF LEASE AND MORTGAGE. 
 
 4. Deed of Assignment of Mortgage. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That, I, A. B., the 
 
 mortgagee named in a certain mortgage deed given by E. F. to said 
 
 A. B. to secure the payment of dollars ; dated , recorded 
 
 in Registry of Deeds, Lib. , Fol. , in consideration 
 
 of the sum of dollars, to me paid by C. D., of , in the 
 
 county of , (the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged) do 
 
 hereby grant and assign unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, 
 the said mortgage deed, the estate therein mentioned,* and the 
 promissory note and debt thereby secured. 
 
 To have and to hold the same unto the said C. D., his heirs and 
 assigns, to his and their use and benefit forever, but without re- 
 course -to me, or my heirs, executors, or administrators, in any 
 event whatever. 
 
 Witness my'hand and seal, the day of , 185 . 
 
 Executed in presence of A. B. (L. S.) 
 
 * NOTE. If an executor or administrator assign a mortgage, insert after 
 the word " mentioned''' 1 " which the said A. B. had at the lime of his decease, 
 and which I have as executor aforesaid." 
 
 [To be Acknowledged and Recorded.] 
 
 5. Assignment of a Bond, where Assignor is liable. 
 
 For value received, I do assign and set over the within obligation 
 and all money due thereon, unto A. B., hereby guaranteeing the 
 payment thereof, in case of default being made by the within named 
 C. D. Witness my hand and seal, &c. 
 
 In presence of E. F. (L. s.) 
 
 6. Another, where the Assignor is not liable. 
 
 For value received, I do assign and set over the within obligation, 
 and all money due thereon, unto A. B., not holding myself liable 
 for the payment of the same; the losses, if any, and the recovery 
 thereof to be wholly at the risk of the said A. B. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, &c. 
 Inpresenceof E. F. (L. s.) 
 
 7. Short Form of an Assignment of a Bond or Bill. 
 
 For value received, I hereby assign all my right, title, claim, in- 
 terest, property, and demand whatsoever, in and to the within 
 bill, unto C. D. Witness my hand and seal, &c. 
 
 Inpresenceof A. B. (L. S.) 
 
 S. Assignment written on the back of an Insurance Policy. 
 
 MARCH 13th, 185 . For value received, I hereby assign all 
 my right and interest in the within Policy, to C. D. 
 Approved, A. W., President. A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 9. Assignment of Wages now Due, and to become Due. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BV THESE PRESENTS, That I, A B.,of , 
 
 in consideration of dollars, to me paid by C. D. of , do 
 
 hereby grant, sell and assign to said C. D. all claims and demands
 
 ASSIGNMENTS OF CLAIMS AGAINST DEBTOR. 25 
 
 which I now have, or which I may have against E. F.,of , [or, 
 
 the town, or city of ], on the first day of July next, for all 
 
 sums of money due, and to become due to me from said E. F., [or, 
 to become due to me for services in the Fire Department of the 
 
 town, or, city of ] ; with full power, in my name, at his own 
 
 costs, to collect, receive, discharge, or assign the same. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, &c. 
 Inpresenceof A. B. (L. 8.) 
 
 10. Assignment of all Claims against Debtor. 
 
 KNOW ALL, MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, (or we,) [here 
 
 insert the names of the subscribers,] of , in the county of , 
 
 and State of , in consideration of having received of E. F., of 
 
 , in the county of , and State of , Manufacturer, thirty 
 
 per cent, of all [my, or, our] claims against the said.E. F., in said 
 , [which are not protected or secured by mortgage on the prop- 
 erty of the said E. F., or otherwise,] a schedule of which claims 
 
 belonging to is hereto annexed, marked [A,] do hereby sell, 
 
 transfer, and assign unto the said E. F., all ri'ht, title and interest 
 in and to said claims and demands against the said E. F., which are 
 enumerated and described in the said schedule. 
 
 In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, &c. 
 In presence of Signatures and Sealt 
 
 11. Assignment of Interest in Land for a Term of Years. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That A. B., of , 
 
 in the county of , bookseller, in consideration of dollars to 
 
 him paid by S. H., of , mason, the receipt whereof is hereby 
 
 acknowledged, doth hereby sell and assign unto the said S. H., one 
 
 undivided third part of a certain dwelling house on street, in 
 
 said , with the land under and adjoining the same, and the 
 
 privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. The said dwelling 
 house being the same formerly owned by E. M. C , late of said 
 
 , deceased, and by his last will and testament devised to E. A. 
 
 and others; the said premises being subject to certain leases to the 
 present tenants thereof. 
 
 To have and to hold, the above-granted premises to the said S. H. 
 his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, for and during the 
 
 term of years, from the day of , eighteen hundred 
 
 and , if the said A. B. shall so long live. 
 
 And the said A. B. does hereby grant to the said S. H., full pow- 
 er and authority to receive the rents and profits of the above-granted 
 premises, and in his name or otherwise to give full discharge 
 theretor. In witness whereof, the said A. B. has hereto set, &c. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of A. B. L. sj 
 
 The above assignment may be made to obtain a loan , or to prevent attach- 
 ment, but in the latter case the consideration actually paid must be such as to 
 prevent a charge of fraud. 
 
 12. Assignment of Debtor for the Benefit of Creditors. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of , 
 
 in consideration of one dollar to me paid by E. F., of , and of 
 
 BMA 3
 
 26 FORMS OF AWARDS. 
 
 the trusts herein expressed, do hereby convey and assign to said 
 E. F., all my estate, real and personal, excepting such parts thereof 
 as have been, or shall be left in my hands, as being by law exempt- 
 ed from attachment: with all my deeds, books and papers relating 
 thereto, a schedule of the principal part of which property is here- 
 to annexed. 
 
 To HAVE AND TO HOLD, all the above granted premises to the 
 said . F., his heirs and assigns, in trust, to sell and dispose of said 
 property on such terms as he may think best for the interest of all 
 concerned ; and collect and convert into money all the debts and 
 demands, or so much thereof as may prove collectable ; and after 
 deducting from the proceeds of said property, the expenses incurred 
 by said E. F., in transacting the business, and a reasonable com- 
 pensation for his services, to divide and pay the residue of said pro- 
 ceeds among all the creditors of A. B., who shall become parties 
 
 hereto within* days from the date hereof, in equal proportion to 
 
 their respective claims. 
 
 E. F., agrees to execute said trusts, being responsible only for hU 
 actual receipts, or wilful defaults. And the creditors whose names 
 are subscribed, agree to said assignment, and that this instrument 
 shall be a release in full of all their claims, whenever their just 
 proportion of the proceeds of said property shall be paid. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this day of , &c. 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Executed in presence of E. F. (L. s.) &c. 
 
 [To be recorded when real estate is included.] 
 
 In some States no preference of one class of creditors over another is al- 
 lowed ; in others, a debtor may legally prefer one or more creditors. 
 
 FORMS OF AWARDS. 
 
 Award, or arbitration, is an amicable, and generally expeditious and 
 cheap method of adjusting controversies and litigations, when the parlies can 
 agree to submit the subjects in dispute to one or more persons chosen by them- 
 selves. Their agreement to submit is termed the submission. Except in mai- 
 lers of trifling importance, it should be in writing, and may be by bond, or by 
 a rule of Court. It should name the arbitrators, should define the subjects of 
 controversy, limit the time of making the award, and clearly slate all the 
 agreement of the parties. It may authorize two or more arbitrators to choose 
 another, or to choose an umpire in case of difference. If the submission does 
 not otherwise provide, all the arbitrators must be present at the hearing, and 
 must agree to the award. If the submission be in writing, the award should 
 also be in writing. The proceedings at the hearing, and the award itself. 
 should perfectly agree with the terms of the submission The award should 
 be a clear, distinct and final determination of each and all the matters of con- 
 troversy contained in the submission, and should embrace nothing more. 
 
 If it be a rule of Court, it should be sealed up and returned to Court, other- 
 wise copies should be given to each party. Arbitration Bonds should beiu 
 common form. [See Bond of Arbitration, page 30.] 
 
 1. Award by Referees. 
 
 WE, THE TJXDERSIGNED refereps appointed by the within rule 
 
 of Court, [or, by abend or agreement of submission] dated the 
 
 day of , having notified and met the parties, and heard their
 
 FORMS OF AWARDS. 27 
 
 several allegations, proofs, and arguments, and having duly consid- 
 ered the same, do award and determine, that the said A. B. shall 
 
 recover of the said E. F. dollars, [together with costs of Court, 
 
 to be taxed by the Court,] and the costs of this reference, which 
 amount to dollars, and that the same shall be in full of all mat- 
 ters referred to us.* 
 
 Dated at this day of , A. D. 185. 
 
 G. H.i 
 
 I. K. V Referees. 
 
 L. N.S 
 
 * Should there be three referees and only two agree, then say " a major part 
 of the referees, appointed by the -within Agreement [see Agreement of Submis- 
 sion at p. 14] of Submission, L. N. the other referee, who has not signed the 
 award, having been present at the hearing" ; and it should be signed, G. H., 
 I. K., a major part of the referees. 
 
 2. Award by Referees for Valuation of Land. 
 
 WE THE UNDERSIGNED, appointed by the , to view and 
 
 assess the damage sustained by the petitioners, A. B. and E. F. by 
 
 reason of do hereby report: That we have viewed the lots of 
 
 land taken up by the road mentioned in said petition, and do value 
 and adjudge the damage thereby occasioned, to the said A. B. at 
 
 the sum of dollars, and to the said E. F. at the sum of 
 
 dollars, respectively. Dated this day of , A. D. 185 . 
 
 G. H. > f 
 
 j > Referees. 
 
 3. Award by Referees. 
 
 [Direction.] 
 
 To the Court of for the County of State of , for, To 
 
 the Insurance Company and A B., of , in the State of ] : 
 
 The within is the Award of D. E. F.,G. H. I. & K. L., Referees 
 to Assess the Loss or damage by fire on Mr. A. B.'s house, No. 1 
 
 street. 
 
 Agreement. 
 
 t ss. B , Nov. 3, 185 . We the subscribers individu- 
 ally agree to open the within Award, and to abide by the decision 
 of it, the same as if opened in Court. 
 
 C. D., Pres't of Ins. Co. 
 
 Witness, A. B., Party Insured. 
 
 Award. 
 
 WE THE UNDERSIGNED, Referees, appointed by the within 
 agreement of Submission, having notified and met the parties, 
 and heard their several allegations, proofs and arguments, and duly 
 considered the same, do award and determine, that the within 
 named A. B. shall recover of the said Fire [or Marine] Insur- 
 ance Company, the sum of dollars, in full of all demands, un- 
 der the annexed Policy of Insurance, together with the costs of this 
 reference, which amount to dollars. 
 
 Dated at , and signed as in No. 1.
 
 28 BILLS OF SALE. 
 
 BILLS OF SALE. 
 
 A Bill of Sale is a contract, by which one person, for a valuable consider- 
 ation, transfers tlie right and interest which he has in goods or chattels. 
 
 Delivery must be accompanied by acctptance on the part of the purchaser ; 
 so, where one ordered several articles in a shop, some of which he marked 
 with a pencil, while others were measured in his presence, and in pursuance 
 of his directions were sent to his house, but he refused to receive them, ii was 
 no sale. 4 M. & S 262. Delivery to an agent, or carrier, if with the purcha- 
 ser's consent, is sufficient. Earnest will also bind the bargain, but it must 
 consist of the giving away of something valuable ; and not a mere ceremony. 
 
 On a contract of sale of goods the general rule is. that the delivery is to lie at 
 the place where the vendor has the article ; but in a contract to py a debt at 
 another lime, in such articles, they must be delivered at the creditor's place 
 of residence. 2 Kent, 505, 5 erf. 
 
 It is a general rule that the employer will be bound by the warranty of his 
 elerk or shopman, if acting within the scope of his authority. 
 
 If the vendor of goods make any assertion respecting the kind, quality, or 
 condition of the article upon which he intends the vendee should rely as a fact, 
 and upon which he does rely, that is a warranty. (9 N. H. Ill ) 
 
 Warranty must be upon the sale; if it be made after, it is void for want of 
 consideration 
 
 In some States a voluntary sale of goods, the seller retaining possession of 
 the arooils after the sale, is evidence of fraud, in others only prima facie. 
 
 Where possession is to be retained by the seller, he should take a lease of 
 the goods from the buyer. 
 
 The readir will find the laws relating to SALES and WARRANTIES given more 
 fully m" The Trader's Guide," pages 53 to 53. 
 
 Bill of Sale of Goods, under Seal. 
 
 KNOW ALL. MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B. of G., 
 
 in the county of G, in consideration of dollars, to me paid by E. F. 
 of G.,do hereby grant, sell, and deliver to said E. F., the following 
 personal property, viz: [here insert a schedule of the article*]; 
 warranted free of any incumbrance, and against any adverse claims. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, this day of , 185. 
 Executed, in presence of A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 A Bill of Sale by two Merchants, partners, to a third of 
 their whole interest in a Store. 
 
 [Insert in the above form the following description,'] " All the 
 stock in trade, goods, wares, merchandise, book-accounts, notes, 
 bills, drafts, choses-in-actions, and other property of said firm." 
 
 Bill of Sale of a Horse, with Warranty. 
 
 KNOW ALL, MEN BY THESE PRESENT.", That I, A. B of E., 
 
 in the county of E., in consideration of dollars, to me paid by 
 
 C. D., of E., do hereby sell and convejfto said C. D. one dark bay 
 horse, with grey fore- fetlocks. 
 
 And I do hereby warrant said fiorse to be of the Ulack Hawk breed 
 of horses, eight years old, sound in every respect, free from vice, 
 well-broken, kind and gentle in single and in double harness, and 
 under the saddle, and to be free from incumbrance and against any 
 
 adverse claims. Witness my hand and seal, this day of &c. 
 
 Executed in presence of A. B. [L. 8.]
 
 LAWS REGULATING BONDS. 29 
 
 Bill of Sale, not under Seal. 
 
 BOSTON, March 1, 1858. 
 MESSRS. F. W. LINCOLN, JR , & Co. 
 
 Bought of ISAAC R. BUTTS & Co. 
 
 4 Law Libraries, a 2.00 8 00 
 
 2 Business Man's Law Cabinets, (enlarged) - a 2.25 4.50 
 
 10 Art of Sailmaking, a .75 7.50 
 
 8 Merchant's, Shipmaster's and Mechanic's Assistant, a 2.00 16.00 
 
 Charged in acct, $ 36.00 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 A Bond, or obligation, is a deed whereby the obligor binds himself, his 
 heirs, executors, and administrator!, to pay a certain sum of money to another, 
 at a day appointed, ( Blackstone Com. ii 340), or to perform some act. At com- 
 mon law a Bond is presumed to be paid after the lapse of twenty years. 
 
 If in a bondthe obligor bind himself and hisAetrsto do anything whatsoever, 
 his heirs are bound ; therefore, if it is intended to bind the heirs the term heirs 
 must be named in the bond If a man covenant for himself only to pay money, 
 build a house, or the like, and do not say in the covenant "his executors and 
 administrators," yet his executors and administrators are bound, and shall be 
 charged. Sheppard's Touchstone, 177, 178, 369. 
 
 Executors and administrators need not be named in any legal instrument ; 
 they are bound by every covenant, unless it is such a covenant as is to be 
 
 Eerformed personally by the covenanter, and there has been no breach before 
 is death. Cro. E/iz. 553. 
 
 A Bond without a Condition is called a single one ; but a Condition is gen- 
 erally added which makes the obligation void if the act be performed, other- 
 wise it remains in full force In case this condition is not performed, the 
 Bond becomes forfeited, or absolute at law, and charges the obligor. A pen- 
 alty fir non-fulfilment of the condition is annexed, in double the principal 
 sum If a bond be sealed and delivered, though it bear no date, it is valid. 
 If a bond be interlined, or words are erased, in important parts, it -will render 
 it void. Bonds and all penal obligations, in whatever form, to do an act for- 
 bidden by law, or to forego any privileges secured to a man by law, are void. 
 The same is true of agreements, or obligations to divide the profits or gains, 
 to be derived from illegal speculations or business. Thus a bond or note to 
 pay illegal imerest, a sum of money won at gaming, or to commit a trespass 
 on the property, or an assault on the person ot another is void ; as is likewise 
 an obligation not to plead usury, infancy or any other legal defence to a suit, 
 or not to prosecute a man for a crime, or for cheating, or taking an illegal ad- 
 vantage of another. 
 
 A bond requires no particular form, provided it distinctly set forth an obliga- 
 tion to pay money, or duty to be performed, and be sealed and delivered. 
 
 In a suit on a bond, judgment may be rendered for the amount of the pen- 
 alty expressed, but execution will be issued only for the amount due in equity 
 and good conscience, the amount to be determined by the court, or on motion 
 of either parly, by a jury. 
 
 The penalty named in the Bond may be any sum that the parties agree up- 
 on. It is usually double the amount mentioned in the obligation. It should 
 always be sufficient to cover the loss and damage that may arise from the non- 
 performance of the condition. In the following case the penalty, though double 
 the amount, did not prove sufficient " A. B. was bound in a bond, to convey 
 to C D. on his paying a certain sum of money, a deed of a lot of land. C. 
 D. proceeded to erect a building on the premises exceeding the amount of the 
 penally, whereupon A. B. refused to convey, and paid the full amount of the 
 penalty in the bond." 
 
 BMA 3*
 
 30 FORMS OF BONDS. 
 
 General Form of Bond. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B. ofG., 
 
 in the county of G., am held and firmly bound to C. D., of J, in the 
 
 county of J., in the sum of dollars, [this amount shfuld be 
 
 double the sum named in the condition, to cover costs and contin- 
 gencies] to be paid to said C. D. ; to which payment I bind myselt 
 and my heirs firmly by these presents, sealed with my seal. 
 
 Dated the day of , A. D. 185. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is such, That if I, the said A. B. 
 
 shall pay to said C. D. the sum of dollars and interest, on or 
 
 before the day of 185 -, then this obligation shall be void, 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Bond of Two Obligors. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That we, A. B. and 
 E. F., of, &c., are held and firmly bound to G. H., of, &c., in the 
 sum of dollars, to be paid to said G. H. ; to the payment where- 
 of we jointly and severally bind ourselves and our respective heirs 
 firmly by these presents, sealed with our seals. 
 
 Dated the day of , A. D. 185. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is, That if the said A. B. and 
 
 E. F., or either of them, shall pay to said G. H. dollars and 
 
 interest, on or before the day of 1857, then this obligation 
 
 shall be void. A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of E. F. (L. S.) 
 
 Condition to pay Money by Instalments. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is, That if I, the said A. B., 
 shall pay to said E. F. one thousand dollars and interest, in manner 
 
 following, to wit : dollars and interest thereon on the Hrst day 
 
 of June next; dollars and interest thereon on the first day of 
 
 December next; and dollars and interest thereon on the first 
 
 day of June, 185 ; then this obligation shall be void. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of A B. (L. s.) 
 
 Condition to Indemnify. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is, That if I, the said A. B., 
 shall indemnify said E. F. against all loss, cost, damage and expense 
 to which he may be subjected by reason of his signing a bond, (or 
 
 endorsing a note, &.c., or paying the sum of dollars for ,) 
 
 at my request; then this obligation shall be void. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Condition of a Bond of Arbitration. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is such, That if said A. B. shall 
 perform and keep thi award of E. F.,G. H.,andl. J., all of , or any 
 two ot them, arbitrators, mutually chosen to award, and determine 
 concerning [here state the dispute}, and all demands whatsoever, 
 depending by or between the said parties, so as the said award be 
 made in writing, and ready to be delivered to the said parlies, on or 
 before the day of next, then this obligation shall be void. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 [A similar Bond should be executed by each part; to the other.]
 
 FORMS OF BONDS. 31 
 
 Condition of a Bond of Indemnity on paying Lost Note. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is, That whereas the said E. F., 
 on the 14th day of March last, by his note in writing by him signed, 
 of that date, for value received, promised the said A. B. to pay him 
 
 or order, the sum of dollars in months from date; which 
 
 said note is alleged to be lost out of his possession, and cantiot be 
 found ; and whereas the said E. F. hath this day paid the said sum 
 according to the tenor thereof: Now, therefore, if the above bound 
 A. B. shall save the said E. F. his executors, administrators and as- 
 signs forever harmless, for having so paid said sum of money, and 
 from all liability under and by virtue of said note, and from all loss, 
 cost, damage and expense, that shall or may arise therefrom ; then 
 this obligation shall be void. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presenet of A. B. (L. 8.) 
 
 Condition of a Bond to Convey Land. 
 
 The condition of this obligation is such, that if said A. B., 
 
 upon the payment of dollars and interest, by said E. F., within 
 
 one year from this date, shall convey to said E. F. and his heirs for- 
 ever, a certain parcel of land, with the buildings thereon, situate in 
 L., bounded and described as follows: [here insert boundaries and 
 description} ; by a warranty deed in common form, duly executed 
 and acknowledged; the premises being then in as good condition 
 as they now are, necessary decay and deterioration excepted ; then 
 this obligation shall be void. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Bond with two Sureties. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That we A. B. as 
 principal, and C. D., and E. F., as sureties, all of B , in the county 
 of S , are holden and stand firmly bound unto H. G., of said B , 
 in the sum of dollars, to be paid to the said H. G. ; to the pay- 
 ment whereof we jointly and severally bind ourselves and our re- 
 spective heirs, firmly by these presents sealed with our seals. 
 
 Dated the day of , A. D. 18. 
 
 The condition of this, &c. 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 C. D. [L. s.] 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of E. F. [L. s.J 
 
 Bond of a Treasurer, or Trustee of an Association. 
 
 KNOW &c. [same as preceding bond] to be paid unto the said L. and 
 B., or their successors in office, or their certain attorneys. To 
 which payment well and truly to be made, we jointly and severally 
 bind ourselves, and our respec ive heirs, firmly by these presents, 
 sealed with our seals, and dated the day of , 18 . 
 
 The condition of this obligation is, That whereas the above 
 
 named A. B , has been chosen by an Association, known as , 
 
 Treasurer, [or, one of the Trustee?] of said Association, by reason 
 whereof, and as such Treasurer [or, Trustee,] he will receive into 
 his hands and possession divers sums of money, goods and chattels
 
 32 LAW REGULATING COPARTNERSHIP. 
 
 and other things, the property of said Association ; and is bound to 
 keep true and accurate accounts of said property, and of his receipts 
 and disbursements for and on account of said Association. 
 
 Now, therefore, if the said A. B. shall well and truly perform all 
 and singular the duties of Treasurer [or, Trustee] of said Associa- 
 tion, for and during his official term, and until he shall deliver all 
 the property which he may receive as such Treasurer [or, Trustee] 
 to his successor in said office, or to such other person as the said 
 Association or its authorized officers may direct, according to the 
 provisions of the Constitution, By-Laws, Rules and Regulations of 
 said Association now existing, or which may be by said Association 
 adopted ; then this obligation shall be void. 
 In presence of Signatures and Seals as in preceding Bond. 
 
 NOTE. See Bottomry, Respondentia, and Warehouse Bonds, Custom- 
 House Power of Attorney, and many other valuable Forms, in " The Mer- 
 chant's Assistant and Common Carrier's ami Insurer's GwiWe." 
 
 LAWS REGULATING COPARTNERSHIP. 
 
 [See Forms for Special Partners, and the Laws relating to the Duties and 
 Liabilities of both General and Special Partners more fully stated in '' Se- 
 quel to tke Business Man's Law Library: Conveyancers' 1 , Executors', Ad- 
 ministrators^, and Copartners' Guide."] 
 
 Any two or more persons may enter into a contract to become partners 
 in any business, where each contributes something of value to the busi- 
 ness, whether of money, labor, skill or credit; and is entitled to part of the 
 profits and subjected to a portion of the loss. 
 
 Partnerships may be general or special. General partnerships extend 
 to the whole of the mutual dealings of the parties. Special partnerships 
 are formed for a particular concern, or for a single dealing or adventure. 
 
 As to the control of partners over the partnership property, it depends 
 on the articles of copartnership. The various provisions relating to the 
 manner in which the partnership business is to be conducted, the space of 
 time it is to endure, the capital each is to bring into the trade, the propor- 
 tions in which the profits and loss are to be divided, the mode agreed on for 
 settling the accounts, together with the various covenants adapted to each 
 particular case, are entirely the subject of personal and private agreement. 
 Each member of the firm becomes responsible for the acts and contracts 
 of his copartners, in the way of sale, purchase promise, pledge, loan, guar- 
 antee, or agreement, where performed in the course of the pnrtnership 
 concern. For the same reason, if a partner draws, accepts, or endorses a 
 bill or note, he thereby renders his firm liable. So, one partner may re- 
 lease actions, debts, &c. But this liability may be avoided, as where 
 there is collusion between the party with whom the sale, purchase, &c. 
 and the contracting partner takes place ; or where one of the firm dis- 
 claims all liability, and gives notice to the party wjth whom the partner is 
 about to contract; or, where the party taking the partnership security is 
 aware that it is not given in behalf of the partnership transactions. 
 
 A man becomes a partner by allowing the world in general to presume 
 that he is one ; as, by having his name on the sign of a shop, or in the bills 
 of parcels, invoices, &c. Persons agreeing for a share, or specific interest, 
 in the profits as a remuneration of labor, generally involve themselves in 
 the liability of a partner. But not if the}' receive a given sum for their labor, 
 which is in proportion to a given quantum of the profits. 
 
 in Massachusetts, New York and many of the States, acts have been 
 passed providing for limited partnerships, by virtue of which a person, or 
 persons, may become interested in a business, by furnishing funds to carry
 
 AGREEMENT OF COPARTNERSHIP. 33 
 
 it on, and are not liable for the debts of the firm beyond the amount of the 
 fund so contributed. In the limited partnership the general partners are 
 only allowed to conduct the business, and use their own names. Special 
 partners have no right to interfere; but they may advise as to its manage- 
 ment, &c. The notice of the partnership must be published in some news- 
 paper, anil be recorded. 
 
 A dissolution of partnership may take place under express stipulation 
 in the articles, by mutual consent, by the death or insanity of one of the 
 tirm, bv award of arbitrators, or by a court of equity in cases of miscon- 
 duct of some member of the firm. 
 
 Agreement of Copartnership. 
 
 ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT made the day of , A. D. 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and fifty , between J. D. of , 
 
 of the one part, and R. R., of , of the other part. 
 
 The said J. D. and R. R. have agreed, and by these presents do 
 
 agree, to become copartners together in the art or trade of , and 
 
 do hereby promise to be governed by the following articles, namely : 
 
 First, The said business shall be carried on under the name of 
 D. anil R. 
 
 Second. Each of said partners shall furnish in cash a capital of 
 
 dollars, of which the sum of dollars shall be advanced by 
 
 each partner immediately, and the remainder by three equal month- 
 ly in*lnljnents of dollars. 
 
 Third. Each of said parties shall give his personal attention and 
 devote his time, during reasonable hours of business, wholly to the 
 nterests of the firm, and shall use his best skill, judgment and dis- 
 cretion in promoting the profits of the business; and during the 
 continuance of this agreement neither of said partners shall engage 
 in any speculations on his own separate account, to, or be in any way 
 interested in any other business than that of the copartnership 
 hereby established. 
 
 Fourth The accounts of the said parties shall be kept in regu- 
 lar hooks, by double entry, [or single entry,] so long as either party 
 shall desire it, and every transaction shall be duly entered, and the 
 said books shall at all times be open to the inspection and free use 
 of either party. 
 
 Fifth. Neither of said parties shall assume any pecuniary lia- 
 bility, either in his own name or that of the firm, for the accommo- 
 dation of any other person without the written consent of the 
 other party. 
 
 Sixth. All purchases of goods exceeding the value of dol- 
 lars, shall be the subject of consultation and mutual agreement by 
 the partners. 
 
 Seventh. Neither party shall withdraw from the business of the 
 concern more than his share of the profits, which may have accrued, 
 nor more than dollars monthly. 
 
 Eighth. An account of the joint stock and the joint liabilities 
 shall be taken at the expiration of each year from the date of this 
 instrument, and at any other time when either of the parties shall 
 in writing request it. 
 
 Ninth. This copartnership shall continue for the term of five 
 years from this date, subject, however, to be terminated by the 
 death of either partner, or the mutual agreement of the parties, or 
 a violation of either of the foregoing agreements.
 
 34 DISSOLUTION OF COPARTNERSHIP. 
 
 Tenth- The division of the profits or losses in the business shall 
 be equal. 
 
 Eleventh. For the purpose of securing the performance of the 
 aforesaid agreements, it is agreed that either party, in case of any 
 violation of them, or either of them, by the other, shall have the right 
 to dissolve the copartnership foithwith ; and, if the fact of such vi- 
 olation having taken place, be disputed by the party accused, it 
 shall be left to the decision of three disinterested persons, of whom 
 each party is to choose one person, and these two a third one, and 
 the decision of the majority of these three shall be conclusive. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereunto interchangeably set our 
 hands and seals the day and year first above written. 
 
 J. D. [L. s.] 
 Executed in presence of R R- [! S.] 
 
 Substitute fat the Second and Tenth Articles. Second. The said J. D. 
 hall invest in tliu business aforesaid, a capital of five thousand dollar*, 
 to be advanced immediately, nod the said R. R a capital of three thousand 
 dollars, in three equal monthly instalments, the first of which shall be advanced 
 within ten days from the dale of this instrument. 
 
 Tenth. Any losses which at the dissolution of the partnership may be found to 
 have accrued, shall be shared in proportion to the capital invented by the said par- 
 ties respectively. And whereas the said R. R. has been for many years engaged in 
 the business aforesaid, and the said J. D. has had no experience, the following rule 
 ball be adopted for the division of the profits which may be made, to wit: 
 
 To the capital stock of the said R. R. shall be added the sum of ten thou- 
 sand dollars, and to the capital stock of the said J. I), shall be added the sum 
 of six thousand dollars, the said sums thus added being the respective amount, 
 which at a profit of fifteen per cent, per annum, would produce the estimated 
 value of their personal services, and the profits which may accrue in the businoss 
 shall be shared in the proportion of the aggregates of the sums produced by the 
 aforesaid additions respectively . 
 
 Agreement to continue the Copartnership : to be endorsed on 
 the back of the Articles. 
 
 IT is AGREED, That the partnership which has expired this day [or, 
 mention the day when it will expire,] by limitation, contained in the 
 within written articles, shall be continued on the same terms, for the 
 further term of - years from this date, [or from the day of next] 
 with all the provisions and restrictions herein contained. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereto set our hands, &c. 
 
 J. D. (L.S.) 
 
 R. R. (L. s.) 
 in presence of 
 
 * Dissolution of Copartnership. 
 
 Whereas by articles of agreement made the - day of - , A. D. 
 one thousand eight hundred and - , between A. B. and C. D. both of 
 the city of - , the said A. B. and C. D. did enter into partnership, for the 
 purpose of carrying on the trade of - , for the term of - years, and 
 whereas the said C. D. has proposed to A. B. a dissolution of the partner- 
 ship. to which proposition A. B. has assented ; the parties therefore 
 mutually agree, that the partnership heretofore existing between them be 
 this day dissolved, and it is accordingjy dissolved. And it is further 
 
 *A dissolution of copartnership, should be published immediately after it takea 
 place, and a special notice sent to those who have dealings with the cooipauy.
 
 COMPOSITION WITH CREDITORS. 36 
 
 Stipulated and agreed mutually between them, that the said A. B. shall 
 
 take the entire stock of ,now on hand belonging to the partnership, 
 
 at a valuation to be set upon the same, by two skilful persons mutually 
 appointed to value the same, and that the said A. B. also have power 
 to collect the debts now due to the partnership, and recover the same, or 
 any part of the same, in the name of the firm, by suits at law or in equi- 
 ty"; and that finally the said A. B. do pay over to the said C. D. the full 
 share and proportion of stock and profits which shall appear to be du9 
 
 to the said C. D. in months from the date hereof, &c. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals, &c. 
 
 A. B. (L. s. t 
 C. D. (L. s.) 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 Notice of Dissolution of Partnership. 
 
 Notice is hereby given, that the partnership lately subsisting between A. 
 
 B. and C. D. of , under the firm of B. & D. expired on the day 
 
 of , [or, was dissolved on the day of , by mutual consent.] 
 
 A. B. is authorized to settle all debts due to and by the company. 
 
 c. D! 
 
 COMPOSITION WITH CREDITORS. 
 
 WE the undersigned, creditors of A. B. of , in consideration of 
 
 One Dollar, and other good and sufficient considerations, to us several- 
 ly paid by said B., (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged,) do 
 severally promise and agree with said B., that we will receive in full 
 satisfaction and discharge of our respective claims against him, the amount 
 of per cent, thereof, in promissory notes for our respective per cent- 
 ages, payable on demand in three equal instalments, in three, six, and 
 nine months from this date : said notes to be dated this day, (and 
 lecured by a good endorser.) 
 
 Provided, that such notes endorsed as aforesaid, .shall be tendered or 
 delivered to us respectively within days from this date. 
 
 In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, this 
 day of , A. D. eighteen hundred and fifty . 
 
 AMOUNTS. | | NAMES OF CREDITORS^ j SEALS. 
 
 Composition with Creditors, (another.) 
 
 THIS AGREEMENT of two parts, made and concluded this day of 
 in the year eighteen hundred and fifty, by and between John Doe 
 
 and Richard Roe. of , merchants, and copartners under the name and 
 
 style of Doe & Roe, and John Stock, of , in the county of . 
 
 merchant, of the first part, and H. G., and the other persons, copartners and 
 corporations, whose names are in the schedule hereto annexed, (being 
 creditors of the said firm of D &- R.) of the second part, WITNKSSETH, 
 
 That, Whereas, the said firm of Doe & Roe are indebted to the parties 
 of the second part in divers sums of money, which they are unable punc- 
 tually to pay and discharge, and have transferred and conveyed their pro- 
 perty to the said John Stock in trust, for the benefit of the creditors' of 
 the said firm, 
 
 Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, and of the discharge 
 from all their debts hereinafter set forth and granted to the said firm of 
 D. &R. bv their said creditors, the said D. &, R. do hereby covenant and
 
 36 CATTTIONS IN SELLING AND BUYING ESTATES. 
 
 
 
 agree, 10 and with their several and respective creditors, that they will give 
 to each and every of them their promissory notes, bearing date the tenth 
 day of October, A. D., 1850, payable to the order of themselves and by 
 themselves respectively endorsed, and subsequently endorsed by the said 
 John Stock, payable in equal sums in six, nine, and twelve months, 
 with interest, for fifty per centum of the amount which shall be found to 
 be due on all their bills and notes payable to each and every of said 
 creditors. All notes and accounts to be made equal to cash on the tenth 
 day of October as aforesaid. 
 
 And the said John Stock hereby covenants and agrees to and with the 
 several and respective creditors of said D. & R , that he will endorse 
 the several and respective promissory notes of said D. & R. for fifty 
 per centum of the amounts found to be due and payable as aforesaid. 
 
 And the said H. G. and others, creditors of the said firm of D. & R., for 
 themselves <fc their representatives, hereby agree to accept the promissory 
 notes of said firm, signed and endorsed as is hereinbefore set forth, in full 
 satisfaction and discharge of the several amounts now due and payable 
 from the said firm to them, and hereafter to become due, the same being 
 now contracted.* 
 
 And it is further mutually agreed by all the parties hereto, that nothing 
 herein contained shall be considered of any force, or binding in anyway, 
 on any of the parties who shall sign this instrument, unless all the per- 
 sons, copartners, and corporations, creditors of said D. &, R. shall be- 
 come parties hereto, within days from the date hereof. 
 
 In witness whereof, the said several parties have hereto set their hand! 
 and seals, the day and year first above written. 
 In presence of witnesses to the signatures of 
 
 J. S. (i. s.) 
 
 J. D. 
 
 R. R. 
 
 H. G., and others, 
 
 * It is however mutually agreed and understood by all the parties here- 
 to, that instead of the promissory notes of said firm of D. & R., endorsed as 
 aforesaid, the said several creditors, may, if they elect, require, and the 
 said firm shall five, on being notified of such election, the promissory notes 
 of said firm, bearing date as aforesaid, payable in nine, twelve, and fifteen 
 months with interest, for sixty per centum of the amount found to l-e due to 
 each of said creditors on the tenth of October, A. D. 1850. All debts of said 
 Doe &. Roe, whether due and payable, or otherwise, to be made as cash OH 
 that day. Said notes, when received by any creditor to be in full satisfaction 
 and discharge of the present obligations. [To be inserted in the text if 
 
 deemed expedient.] 
 
 LAWS REGULATING THE SALE OF REAL ESTATE, 
 
 I* using printed Forms of Deeds, Mortgages, Leases, $c. t they should, be exam- 
 ined, and the legal effect of every word and coi-enant well understood. 
 
 T\ic first part of a Deed is called the Premises, or Description, and con- 
 tains the names of the seller and buyer, (called in law grantor and ^ran- 
 tee,) their places of residence, the consideration, description, boundaries, 
 privileges, appurtenances, exceptions, mortgages, rights of way, &c. 
 
 The second division is called the Habendum, in which appear all the 
 conditions, except the mortgages. 
 
 The third division contains the Covenants. If a mortgage, lease, or 
 any other incumbrance has been set forth in the Premises, the Covenant 
 hould except the " aforesaid mortgage," and also every other incumbrance. 
 
 I* s.; 
 
 ( L . s.) 
 
 (L. S.) 
 S, (L. S.)
 
 LAWS REGULATING CONVEYANCES. 37 
 
 The conclusion of the Deed consists of the Date and Attestation ; and 
 here is the proper place under tlie words signed, sealed, &LC. directly 
 before the names of the witnesses, to note (before signing) all erasures 
 and interlineations, which nave occurred 111 the Deed. 
 
 If the estate is granted for a term of years, the habendum will read 
 " To have and to hold the above granted premises to the said C. D., his 
 
 heirs and assigns, for and during the term of years, from the 
 
 day of , A. D. 185 ." If for the life of the grantee say "for and 
 
 during the natural life of the said C. D." 
 
 A party who contracts to execute and deliver a deed, is bound to pre- 
 pare it, if there is no stipulation that it shall be prepared by the grantee. 
 
 in the construction of every instrument granting, or conveying, or au- 
 thorizing the creation or conveyance of, any estate or interest in lands, it 
 is the duty of Courts of Justice to carry into effect the intent of the 
 parties, so far as such intent can be collected from the whole instrument, 
 and is consistent with the rules of Law. N. Y. R. S. 
 
 In the construction of Deeds the courts have adopted the rule, that 
 "where the intention of the parties can be discovered, they will carry that 
 intention into effect, if it can be done consistently with the rules of law." 
 
 1 Mass. Rep. 22(3. A palpable omission, or mistake, of a word will 
 
 not defeat the intentions of the parlies, and matter will sometimes be 
 implied, where the intention evidently requires it. 
 
 Executors or Administrators need not be mentioned in any legal in- 
 strument. They may avail themselves of any contract made with the 
 deceased, whether they are named or not. Shtp. Touchstone, 178. 
 
 Heirs are bound if they are named. Assignees usually need not be. 
 
 VMdity of the Title. The most direct way for the purchaser to as- 
 certain the validity of the title of an estate is, to engage an Attorney, 
 or other competent person, to examine the Records. He should also as- 
 certain by personal examination, if there exists any incumbrance, by attach- 
 ment, grant, prescription, or necessity, ( not on record,) such as a right of 
 way, drain, ancient lights, fence, privy, pump, door, overhanging eaves, 
 trees, water-course, nuisance, SfC.,or if the taxes and assessments have 
 been paid, or the estate been sold for the taxes; or he may discover, when 
 too late, that he is deprived of light, water, air, or other valuable privilege j 
 and the warranty may prove utterly worthless, by the insolvency or re- 
 moval of the grantor. So the seller, who gives a warranty, should be no less 
 diligent in his inquiries, or he may be compelled to pay damages, which a 
 little care and foresight would have prevented. Be sure that the wifejoins 
 in the deed, releasing her right to dower, and [homestead in some cases.] 
 
 If an estate is described by reference to a former Deed, or Plan, the 
 instrument so referred to should be on record, and the book and page of 
 the record be stated. 
 
 Boundaries. Where land is described by " metes and bounds," and as 
 containing a certain number of acres, or feet, the description by metes 
 and bounds controls the quantity. If described as bounded by a river 
 or creek, the line runs through the middle of the same. [Many water 
 rights have been lost by disregarding this.] 
 
 If a river he navigable it constitutes a highway, authority over which 
 is vested in the State. 
 
 Land includes every thing of a permanent nature, and comprises all 
 things upon the surface and attached to the soil of the earth. Compre- 
 hending, therefore, in its legal signification any ground, soil, or earth what- 
 soever, as arable, meadows, pastures, water, woods, moors, marshes, &c. 
 It legally includeth castles, houses, and other buildings, for they consist 
 BMA 4
 
 38 LAWS REGULATING CONVEYANCES. 
 
 of two things, land which is the foundation and the structure thereupon; 
 consequently a conveyance of land will pass all that is upon the surface. 
 
 The words " and all buildings thereon," in a deed have no legal ope- 
 ration. 4 Mass. 110. 
 
 Mortgage of Estate If the purchaser intends to assume the payment 
 of the mortgage, add, after the description, the following: "And said 
 premises are hereby conveyed subject to a mortgage given by me to E. F., 
 
 to secure the payment of dollars, dated July 1, 1850, recorded Book 
 
 500, fol. 200; which principal sum, [or so much thereof as remains un- 
 paid,] together with the interest thereon accrued, said grantee is to assume 
 and pay as part of the consideration of this deed, and forever save me 
 and my heirs harmless from all loss, cost, trouble, and damage arising 
 therefrom." [The usual condition " that the purchaser shall assume and 
 pay outstanding mortgages" is not correct.] 
 
 If a Right of Way is granted, say, at the close of the description, 
 " together with the right of passing and repassing on, over, through, 
 (state the location) ana using the same as a public for private] way for- 
 ever. 1 ' If aright of way is reserved to the grantor, add, " excepting anc 
 reserving to the said B. his heirs, and assigns, the right of passing, <fcc." 
 Restrictions. If the purchaser covenants to build his house after a cer- 
 tain style, and place it a certain number of feet back from the street or 
 highway, or agrees to any other restrictions, he should bind the seller in 
 similar restrictions, in regard to the sale of contiguous lots. 
 
 Where the estate is drained by a marsh, the purchaser should require of 
 the seller that the drain be kept open and free forever ; or the marsh may 
 be filled up and the drain declared a nuisance. 
 
 If the estate is held by a wife in her own right (by conveyance, devise, 
 or bequest,) and the husband sell the same, and she relinquish her right 
 of dower, it does not pass the estate. The sale is void. 
 
 Penalty for non-performance of Contract. Every agreement for the 
 sale of real estate must be in writing. Where there is a penalty annexed 
 for the non-performance of the agreement, the party failing to perform 
 will not be liable for the whole amount of the penalty, but only for the 
 actual damages sustained; and this will be true, even if the sum is de- 
 clared to be not a penalty, but liquidated damages, unless : 1st. Where 
 the damages are uncertain, and are not capable of being ascertained by 
 any satisfactory and known rule. 2d. Where it is apparent, that the dam- 
 ages have already been the subject of actual and fair calculation and ad- 
 justment between the parties ; in which two cases, the parly may recover 
 the amount thus agreed upon in the instrument, as liquidated damages. 
 Greenleafs Evidences. 
 
 Damages. In an action for the breach of a contract for the sale of 
 land, the measure of damages is not the full contract price, but the differ- 
 ence between that price and the price for which the land would have been 
 sold at the time of the breach. 6 Gray's R. 25. See also pages 11 &, 12 
 A deed lakes effect by the delivery, and it is not material whether the 
 delivery is before or after the date. No particular form is necessary for 
 the delivery of a deed. Any act is sufficient, which indicates an intention 
 to put it in possession of the grantee. 
 
 In many of the Stales two witnesses are required to a Deed, in some 
 one, and in a few none. So in some Stales the law requires lhat a deed 
 be sealed, in others a scrawl, or circle of ink at the end of each name, is suf- 
 ficient, and in a few neilher seal nor scrawl is required. Il is always safe 
 to have deeds sealed, and witnessed by two subscribing witnesses 
 
 Deeds should be Signed, Sealed, Witnessed, Acknowledged, De- 
 livered, and Recorded. 
 
 If a Deed be recorded, without having been acknowledged, the record 
 is of no effect. 23 Pick. 80.
 
 QUIT-CLAIM DEEDS. 39 
 
 DEEDS. 
 1. Quit-Claim Deed. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of , 
 
 in the county of , and State of , merchant, in consideration 
 
 of dollars to me paid by C. D., of , in the county of , 
 
 and State of , farmer, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowl- 
 edged, do hereby grant, remise, release, and forever quit claim 
 
 unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, all lot of 
 
 land in said B., being lot numbered on G. H's plan, dated 
 
 , a lithograph copy of which is hereto annexed, bounded [here 
 
 state how bounded], with all the rights, easements, privileges, 
 and appurtenances thereto belonging. 1] 
 
 To have and to hold the above released premises to the said C. D., 
 his heirs and assigns, to his and their use and behoof forever. 
 
 And I, the said A. B., for myself and my heirs, executors and 
 administrators, do covenant with the said C. D., his heirs and as- 
 signs, that the premises are free from all incumbrances made or suf- 
 fered by me; [2] and that I will, and my heirs, executors and ad- 
 ministrators shall, warrant and defend the same to the said C. D., 
 his heirs and assigns forever, against the lawful claims and demands 
 of all persons claiming by, through, or under me, but against none 
 other. [3] 
 
 In witness whereof, I, the said A. B. [being unmarried] have 
 hereunto set my hand and seal, this day of , in the year of our 
 Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty . 
 Signed, scaled and delivered in presence of \ *') 
 
 NOTE. If the grantor be married there should be a release of dower [and 
 homestead.] See last paragraph of No. 3. 
 
 [1] Here insert the exceptions, restrictions, &c., if there be any, as follows : 
 C. Street and N. Place, as laid down on said Plan, are to be deemed public 
 highways, and as such may be used freely by the grantee, and his heirs and 
 assigns, and by the public generally ; but until the same are legally accepted 
 as highways, they are to be kept in good repair by the abutters each abutter 
 paying his just proportion of the whole expense. 
 
 The premises are however conveyed subject to the following restrictions, 
 which are lo remain in force till January 1. 1875, and no longer. 
 
 [2] If restrictions have been stated, here insert * except as aforesaid.' 
 
 [3] If there are restrictions, here insert ' except those claiming under said re- 
 itrictionsj or ' right of way,' or ' right of entry, abatement and removal,'' &c. &o 
 
 2. Qirit-Claim Deed, by Trustee. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, H. P., of 
 
 , in the county of , and State of , gentleman, as I am 
 
 trustee for G. H. and others, under an Indenture of two parts, dated, 
 
 , 18 , in virtue and in execution of the power and authority 
 
 in me vested in and by said Indenture, and any and all other pow- 
 ers me hereto enabling, and in consideration of, [after which pro- 
 ceed as inJVo. 1, to the close of the third paragraph.] 
 
 In witness whereof, I the said H. P., trustee as aforesaid, [being 
 
 unmarried,] have hereunto set my hand and seal this day of 
 
 , in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and fifty . 
 
 H. P. (L. 8.) 
 
 Signed, tealed and delivered in presence of
 
 40 WARRANTY DEED. 
 
 3. Warranty Deed. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEX BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of 
 
 , in the county of , and State of , merchant, in con- 
 sideration of dollars to me paid by C.D.,of , in the county 
 
 of , and State of , farmer, the receipt whereof is hereby 
 
 acknowledged, do hereby give, grant, bargain, sell and convey, 
 unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, a certain parcel of land, 
 situate in , in said county, bounded and described as fol- 
 lows : [Here insert description and boundaries], [See descrip- 
 tion in note at foot of page] with all the privileges and appurtenan- 
 ces thereto belonging. [1] 
 
 To have and to hold the aforegranted premises, to the said C. D., 
 his heirs and assigns, to his and their use and behoof forever. 
 
 And I, the said A. B , for myself and my heirs, executors, and ad- 
 ministrators, do covenant with the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, 
 that I am lawfully seized in fee simple of the aforegranted premi- 
 ses, that they are free from all incumbrances [2] ; that I have good 
 right to sell and convey the same to the said C. D., his heirs and 
 assigns forever, [3] as aforesaid; and that I will, and my heirs, ex- 
 ecutors, and administrators shall, WARRANT and DEFEND the same 
 to the said C. D., his heirs and assigns forever, against the lawful 
 claims and demands of all persons. 
 
 In witness whereof, I, the said A. B., and Mary my wife, in 
 token of her release of all right of dower and homestead (as the case 
 may be) in the granted premises, have hereunto set our hands and 
 seals this day of , in the year of our Lord eighteen hun- 
 dred and fifty-eight. 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 M. B. [L. s.] 
 Signed, sealed and deliveredinpreseneeof 
 
 [1] Here insert exceptions, liens, 4"e., if there be any, as follows: [The 
 premises are however conveyed subject to a, or, these &c.] [See pp. 30 38.] 
 
 [2] It" incumbrances have been set forth in the premises, here say [except 
 as aforesaid ;] 
 
 [3] If incumbrances have been stated, here insert the word [subject] 
 
 C7* See " SEQUEL TO THE BUSINESS MAN'S LAW LIBRARY" 
 for Directions and Forms for the Execution and Acknowledgment of Deeds 
 n all the States of the Union being the Conveyancers' Assistant, Execu- 
 .ors', Administrators', and Copartners' Guide. 
 
 Description and Boundaries of the Estate. 
 
 Being a certain piece designated as lot , on a plan of land formerly 
 
 belonging to T. & S., which plan was made by J. L., dated November , 
 
 1854, and recorded with the Deeds ; and lo which plan reference is here 
 
 made for a further description of the location and boundaries of said lot. Said 
 lot is bounded and measures according to said plan as follows : 
 
 Bounded southerly on S Street, there measuring ihiny feet ; westerly 
 
 on house and land of I. B. there measuring thirty feet, and easterly on land of 
 J. R. there measuring forty feet eight inches ; northerly on land of J. D there 
 measuring forty feel ; all such measurements being more or less, or however 
 otherwise bounded ; 
 
 Containing thirty acres, more or less, bounded southerly on the highway 
 leading from B. to T. ; easterly on land of T. F. ; westerly on land of E. N. ; 
 and northerly partly on land of O. P. and partly on land of N. S., (being the 
 
 tame conveyed to me by G. N., by his deed dated , 185 , recorded in the 
 
 vol. , page ).
 
 DEED OF ATTORNEY. 41 
 
 4. Warranty Deed to convey Wife's Real Estate. 
 
 KNOW ALL, MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That WC, A. B., of 
 
 , in the county of , and State of , merchant, and M. B. 
 
 wife of said A. B., in her own right, in consideration of one thousand 
 
 and eighty dollars paid by [the City of ,] the receipt whereof 
 
 is hereby acknowledged, do hereby give, grant, bargain, sell, and 
 convey to the said [City of , its successors:] and assigns forev- 
 er, one undivided tenth part of a certain messuage [here describe 
 how butted and bounded, how measuring, and how it came into 
 possession, if by will, deed, &c.,] after which proceed as in No. 3 
 to the close of the third paragraph, and then say : 
 
 In witness whereof, we, the said A. B. and M. B., have here- 
 unto set our hands and seals, this day of , in the year of 
 
 our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty . 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in pretence of M. B. (it.*.) 
 
 NOTE. Instead of [City of,] insert town, if it be so, or the name of an in- 
 dividual, if the Deed be made to one, in which case [C. D., his heirs and as- 
 signs] should take the place of "city of , its successors." 
 
 5. Warranty Deed executed by Attorney. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of 
 
 , in the county of , and State of , in consideration of 
 
 , [after which proceed as in No. 3 to the close of the third 
 
 paragraph, and then say : 
 
 In witness whereof, the said A. B., grantor, hath hereunto set 
 
 his hand and seal, this day of , in the year of our Lord one 
 
 thousand eight hundred and fifty , by C. D., his attorney duly 
 authorized, by letter of attorney herewith recorded. 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 By C. D., his Attorney. 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of 
 
 6. * Deed of Real Estate to a Married Woman, to her 
 sole and separate use. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of 
 
 , in the county of , and State of , farmer, in considera- 
 tion of dollars, to me paid by C. D., wife of E. D., of 
 
 aforesaid, merchant, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, 
 do give, grant, bargain, sell, and convey unto the said C D., her 
 heirs and assigns, a certain lot of land, situate, lying and being in 
 
 aforesaid, with the dwelling house thereon standing, bounded 
 
 and described as follows, to wit : [here insert the description,] with 
 all the privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. 
 
 * A husband can secure property lo his wife by conveying it to some friend in 
 trust for her benefit, but not to the prejudice of his creditors. In some states 
 property can be conveyed to a married woman to her sole and separate use. 
 So a female may before marriage, convey property to a third person in trust 
 for her benefit ; and thereby place it beyond the control or liabilities of her 
 future husband. 
 
 BMA 4*
 
 42 DEED FROM A FATHER TO A MARRIED DAUGHTER. 
 
 To have and to hold the above granted premises, to her, the said 
 C. D., wife of the said E. D., to her sole and separate use, free from 
 the interference or control of her pVesent, or of any future husband, 
 and to her heirs and assigns, to her and their sole use forever. 
 (Here insert Covenants of Warranty, as in Deed 3, if deemed necessary.) 
 In witness whereof, I, the said A. B., have, &c. 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 Signed, aealed and delivered in presence of 
 
 [If grantor be married, there should be a release of Dower.] 
 
 7. Deed of Gift of Personal Chattels from a Father to 
 a Married Daughter to her sole and separate use.* 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of 
 
 , in the county of , and State of , merchant, in consid- 
 eration of the love and affection which I bear to my daughter, S. B. 
 
 D., wife of C. D., of aforesaid, and for divers other good and 
 
 valid considerations, do hereby give, grant, confirm and convey 
 unto my said daughter, S. B. D.,her heirs and assigns, all and sin- 
 gular the goods and chattels following, to wit : [or, say, goods and 
 chattels mentioned in the schedule hereto annexed.] 
 1 Bureau Marked S. B. D. on the back. 
 
 1 Grecian Table, 
 12 Mahogany Chairs,.. 
 
 3 Silver Table Spoons, 
 12 Silver Tea Spoons,.. 
 
 1 Silver Tankard,.... 
 
 S. B. D. under the leaf. 
 S. B. D. under the bottom. 
 S. B. D. on the handle. 
 S. B. D. " " 
 A B. to S.B.D.ontheside. 
 
 To have and to hold the above described goods and chattels to her 
 sole and separate use, free from the interference and control of her 
 present, or any future husband, and to her heirs and assigns, to her 
 and their sole use and behoof forever. 
 
 In witness whereof, I, the said A. B., have, &c. 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of A. B. [L. S.] 
 
 8. Deed of a Right of Way .t 
 
 THIS INDENTURE made this day of , in the year ot 
 
 our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty , between A. B. of 
 
 , of the one part, and C. D. of , of the other part, Witnes- 
 
 seth, 
 
 * In some States must be recorded, or the property will be liable to attach- 
 ment for the husband's debts. [See " Trader's GKH/," one of this series, page 
 130, Article "Rights in Property ofMartied Women."] 
 
 t Easements. No person can acquire any right to a privilege of way, air, or 
 light, nor any other easement, in Massachusetts, New York, and several other 
 States, unless such shall have been continued uninterrupted for twenty 
 years. In Connecticut nnd Vermont, for fifteen. In South Carolina, thirty. 
 But it is held not to exist in New Jersey or Pennsylvania. 
 
 In some States the acquiring of such a right may be prevented by serving a 
 notice on the opposite parly, and recording the same ; and a copy of the notice 
 must be affixed to the house or some other conspicuous part of the premises. 
 
 [See Law of Easements, and Forms of Notice for Discontinuance of Ease- 
 ments, at page 67.]
 
 STATUTE DEEDS OF INDIANA. 43 
 
 That the said A. B. in consideration of dollars to him paid 
 
 by the said C. D., doth hereby grant, bargain, and sell unto the 
 said C. D. his heirs and assigns, the free and uninterrupted use of, 
 
 and passage in and along a certain alley or passage of in breadth, 
 
 by feet in depth, extending out of and from street, in the 
 
 town aforesaid, along the south side of the present messuage, dwell- 
 ing house and lot of the said C. D., together with free ingress, 
 egress and regress to and for the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, 
 his and their tenants and undertenants, occupiers or possessors of 
 the messuage and ground of the said C. D. contiguous to the said 
 alley, or passage, at all times and seasons, forever hereafter, into, 
 along, upon, and out of the said alley, or passage, in common with 
 him the said A. B. his heirs and assigns, tenants or occupiers of the 
 messuage and ground of the said A. B. adjacent to the same alley, 
 or passage, 
 
 To have and to hold all and singular the privileges aforesaid, to 
 him the said C. D. his heirs and assigns, to the only proper use and 
 behoof of him the said C. D. his heirs and assigns, forever, in com- 
 mon with him the said A. B., his heirs and assigns, as aforesaid : 
 Subject nevertheless to the moiety or equal half part of all neces- 
 sary charges and expenses which shall from time to time accrue, 
 in paving, amending, repairing, and cleansing the said alley, or 
 passage. 
 
 In witness whereof, the said parties have, &c. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of " " I 1 " 9 -J 
 
 C. D. [L. s.] 
 
 Forms of Deeds prescribed by the States of Indiana, Vir- 
 ginia, and Iowa. 
 
 STATUTE DEEDS OF INDIANA. 
 
 Warranty Deed. 
 
 A. B. conveys and warrants to C. D., the following tract of land, 
 [here describe the premises] for the sum of dollars. 
 
 This deed dated, signed, sealed and acknowledged by the grantor, 
 shall be deemed to be a good conveyance in fee simple to the gran- 
 tee, his heirs and assigns. 
 
 Quit Claim Deed. 
 
 A. B., quit claims to C. D., the following lot of land, [here de- 
 scribe the premises] for the sum of dollars. 
 
 This deed dated, signed, sealed and acknowledged by the gran- 
 tor, shall be deemed a good quit claim to the grantee, his heirs and 
 assigns. 
 
 Mortgage Deed. 
 
 A. B. , mortgages and warrants to C D [here describe the premi- 
 ses] to secure the repayment of [here write the sum, note, bond, 
 or other evidence of debt, or a description thereof sought to be se- 
 cured, also the date of the repayment.] 
 
 This mortgage deed dated, signed, sealed and acknowledged shall 
 be deemed a good mortgage.
 
 44 STATUTE DEEDS OF VIRGINIA AND IOWA 
 
 STATUTE DEEDS OF VIRGINIA. - [From Code of Virginia, 1849.] 
 
 Deed to convey the Grantor's whole Interest. 
 
 THIS deed, made the day of in the year 1855, between 
 
 [here insert the names of parties], witnesselh : that in considera- 
 tion of [here state the consideration], the said doth [or do,] 
 
 grant unto the said *, all &c. [here describe the property, and 
 
 insert covenants or any other provisions]. 
 
 Witness the following signature & seal, [or signatures fy seals.] 
 
 Deed of Lease. 
 
 THIS deed made the day of , in the year 1855, between 
 
 [here insert the names of parties], witnesseth : that the said 
 
 doth [or do] demise unto the said , his personal representatives 
 
 and assigns, all &c. [here describe the property] from the day 
 
 of , for the term of years, thence ensuing, yielding there- 
 for during the said term, the rent of [here state the rent and mode 
 of payment.] 
 
 Witness the following signature and seal [or signatures and seals.] 
 
 Deed of Trust to Secure Debts or Indemnify Sureties. 
 
 THIS deed, made the day of , in the year 1855, between 
 
 , [the grantor] of the one part, and , [the trustee] of the 
 
 other part, witnesseth : that the said , [the grantor] doth [or 
 
 do] grant unto the said , [the trustee] the following property, 
 
 [here describe the debts to be secured, or the sureties to be in- 
 demnified, and insert covenants, or any other provisions the parties 
 may agree upon]. [To be witnessed and sealed as above.] 
 
 STATUTE DEEDS OF IOWA. CFrom the Code of lowaj 
 
 . * Quit Claim Deed. 
 
 For the consideration of dollars, I hereby Quit Claim to 
 
 A. B. all my interest in the following tract of land [describing it]. 
 
 Warranty Deed. 
 
 For the consideration of dollars, I hereby convey to A. B. 
 
 the following tract of land [describing it], and I warrant the title 
 against all persons whomsoever. 
 
 Mortgage Deed. 
 
 The same as a Deed of Conveyance adding " to be void up- 
 on condition that I pay, [here state the sum, note, bond, &c."] 
 
 Chancellor Kent's Form of Deed. 
 
 I, A. B., in consideration of [here state the consideration] 
 
 to me paid by C. D., do bargain and, sell to C. D. [and his heirs *] 
 the lot of land bounded &c. [here describe the property and insert 
 covenants or any other provisions.] Witness my hand and seal &c. 
 
 * In most of the States the term " Aefrs'' should be inserted in deeds of real 
 estate if it is intended that the purchaser shall take more than a life interest.
 
 ASSIGNMENT OF UNITED STATES LAND WARRANTS. 45 
 
 Forms and Regulations for the Assignment of United 
 States Land Warrants. 
 
 Form for the Assignment of the Warrant, AV>. 1. 
 
 For value received, 1, E. F. J., to whom the within Warrant, No. 
 
 was issued, do hereby sell and assign unto [this blank should not bejUled 
 until the Warrant is located,] and to his heirs and assigns forever, the 
 
 said Warrant, and authorize to locate the same, and receive a patent 
 
 therelbr. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, this day of 185 
 
 Attest: E. F. J. [L. s.] 
 
 Two Witn-sses. $ *? 
 
 Form of Acknowledgment where the Vendor is known to the Officer taking tht 
 Acknowledgment. 
 
 STATE OF , COUNTY OF . 
 
 On this day of , in the year , personally appeared (here 
 
 ins-rt the name of the Warrantee) to me well known, and acknowledged 
 the foregoing Assignment to be his act and deed ; and I certify, that the 
 said (here insert the name of the Warrantee) is '.he identical person to 
 whom the within Warrant issued, and who executed the foregoing Assign- 
 ment thereof. (Officer's Signature.) 
 
 The assignment and acknowledgment must be endorsed upon the warrant. 
 
 Form of Acknowledgment where the Vendor is not known to the Officer, and his 
 identity has to be proved. 
 
 STATE OF , COUNTY OF . 
 
 On this day of , in the year , personally came before me, 
 
 (here insert the name of the Warrantee) and (here insert the name and 
 residence of a witness) and the said (here insert the name of the witness,) 
 being well known to me as a credible and disinterested person, was duly 
 sworn by me, and on his oath declared and said, that he well knows the 
 said (here insert the name of the Warrantee.) and that he is the same per- 
 son to whom the within Warrant issued, and who executed the foregoing 
 Assignment, and his testimony being satisfactory evidence to me of that 
 fact, the said (here insert the name of the Warrantee.) thereupon acknowl- 
 edged the said Assignment to be his act and deed. ( Officer's Signature.) 
 
 Certificate of the Clerk of the Court, Judge, or other person who is avthorized to 
 
 certify, under seal, to the official cliarqcter of the Officer who takes 
 
 Acknowledgments of Assignments. 
 
 STATE OF , COUNTY OF . 
 
 I, E. A. J., Clerk of the Court of , in the County and State afore- 
 said, hereby certify that , whose genuine signature is affixed to the 
 
 above acknowledgment, was at the time of signing the same, a Justice of 
 the Peace [notary public or other officer] duly authorized by law to take 
 such acknowledgment, and that full faith and credit are clue to all his offi- 
 cial acts as such. 
 
 Given under my hand and the seal of said Court, this day of ,18 
 [L. s.] E. A. J., Clerk of the Court of 
 
 When the acknowledgment is taken by a Clerk of a Court, or a Judge 
 using a seal, no certificate of his official character is required. 
 
 In legal instruments the names of the parties should be given in full.
 
 46 FORMS OF GUARANTEES. 
 
 GUARANTEES, FORMS OF. 
 
 Continuing Guarantee for Goods to be delivered. 
 
 [A Guarantee should be founded on some consideration.'] 
 " I HEREBY guarantee the payment to Messrs. E. F. and G. H., 
 for all goods which they may from time to time supply to John 
 
 Williams, of &c. not exceeding the amount / $ . [This 
 
 would be sufficient ,- but it might, in order to prevent ail ques- 
 tions, be as well to add the words, ' this is to be a continuing 
 guarantee.'] Dated &c. A. B. 
 
 [ The supplying the goods is the consideration implied.] 
 
 Other Examples of Guarantees. 
 
 " I HEREBY guarantee the payment to Messrs. &c., for such 
 goods as they may supply to J. W., of &c., not exceeding the 
 
 amount of $ ; but this is not intended as a continuing guarantee, 
 
 hut only for the once supplying goods to the above amount. 
 Dated &c." 
 
 " I hereby guarantee the debt oi $100 due to you by B, in con- 
 sideration of your giving him a farther credit of $200." 
 
 [This applies only to a single transaction, and is confined to the single debt 
 of $100.] 
 
 " I hereby guarantee the debt of $100, due to you by B, on your 
 giving him a farther credit ; as also what he may contract with you 
 from this date up to the 29th of October next." 
 
 {This applies to the debt of $100, and exiends lo all transactions of what- 
 ever amount, of B with the party to whom the guarantee is given, wproo 
 pit-en day.} 
 
 " I hereby guarantee the debt of $100, due to you by B. on your 
 giving him a farther credit ; and also any debt he may contract 
 with you, not exceeding $500, for goods supplied to him after this 
 date/ 
 
 [Is a guarantee for the debt of $100, and extending tc any debt not exceed- 
 ing $500, which may at any lime become due forgoods delivered to B, until the 
 credit shall be recalled by him who gives the guarantee, and applies to debt* 
 successively renewed.] 
 
 " I hereby guarantee the payment for any goods which you may 
 deliver to B after this date." 
 
 [Extends to all transactions for goods sold to B at any future time, and lo 
 any amount, and continues in force until the credit is recalled.] 
 
 For Debts already Due, to prevent Proceedings. 
 
 *' MESSRS. E. F. and G. H. having, at my request, agreed to 
 forego proceedings which they were about to take against Mr. J. 
 
 W., of &c., to enforce the payment of $ due from him to them, I 
 
 hereby, in consideration thereof, guarantee the payment to them of 
 that sum. Dated &c." 
 
 To stop Proceedings when commenced. 
 
 MESSRS. E. F. and G. H. having at my request, agreed to dis- 
 continue the proceedings taken by them against, &c. to enforce 
 payment of &.c. due from him to them, I hereby, in consideration 
 thereof, guarantee the payment of that sum and of $ costs."
 
 GUARANTEE FOE PAYMENT OF KENT. 47 
 
 Guarantee for payment of Negotiable Note. 
 
 " Pay to the bearer, and for value received, I guarantee the pay- 
 ment of the within. Dated, &c. E. F." 
 
 Guarantee for Payment of Rent. 
 
 " In consideration of the execution of the within written lease, at 
 our request, we do hereby guarantee to the said A. A. the true and 
 punctual payment of the rent reserved at the times and in the 
 manner therein mentioned, and in default thereof, promise to pay 
 the same on demand. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals, this day of, &c. E. G. [L.S ] 
 
 Executed in presence of F. F. [L..S.]" 
 
 FORMS OF LEASES. 
 Directions. 
 
 A Lease is a conveyance of lands or tenements in consideration of rent, or 
 other annual recompense, for life, years, or at will. The contract for a Lease 
 maybe expressed verbally or \mprittng. If verbally it usually has only the 
 force and effect of a tenancy at will. II in writing, it roust be subscribed by 
 the party ranking it, or his authorized agent. 
 
 The statute law, in some States, requires that Leases for one or more years 
 be in writing, signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of one or more 
 subscribing witnesses, and be registered or recorded. In Maine, Massachu- 
 setts, New Hampshire, and Maryland, the term is seven years; in New York, 
 Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, three ; in Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Is- 
 land and South Carolina, one ; in Kentucky and Virginia, five. 
 
 The following cautions are necessary to be observed on taking the Lease 
 of a house. 1. Whether ihere are any symptoms of dampness? 2. Whether 
 the chimneys are smoky ? 3. Whether the house is subject to unpleasant 
 smells? 4. Whether the lower part of the house is well ventilated, and there 
 is a good drainage to the cellar? 5 Whether the house is infesied with bugs, 
 cockroaches, moths, or any other vermin? 6. Whether it is supplied with 
 good drinking and washing water? 7. Who is to keep the pumps, cisterns, 
 Ac. in good repair? 8. If the water fails or becomes impure, or the water fix- 
 lures get out ot repair, how shall the tenant supply himself? 9. Whether the 
 house leaks? 10. Whether ihe landlord or tenant is 10 keep the privy, water 
 courses, Jtc., clean and in gobd condition ? 11. Whether the house is in good 
 repair; and the landlord will keep it so during the ierm? 12. Whether the 
 landlord is to pay the taxes ? If so, a covenant to that effect should be insert- 
 ed among the agreements. If the tenant, the like among his. A Lease is a 
 written contract, and every thing agreed upon or contracted for by the Land- 
 lord or Tenant, should he staled in the Lease. 
 
 In taking a house on Lease, the tenant should carefully examine the Cove- 
 nants of the Lease, or he may, when too late, discover that he is so lied down 
 by the terms of the lease, as to render the house unfit for his purposes, or that 
 the restrictions may involve him in difficulties, a>id subject him to perpetual 
 annoyance ; lie mHy by ihe terms of the lease, be restrained from making ne- 
 cessary or convenient alterations ; he may be compelled to rebuild or pay rent 
 if the premises be burnt down, or rendered uninhabitable by fire, or o'her ac- 
 cident ; he may be liable to forfeit his lease, or be subject to a penalty, if he 
 assign over his interest, carry on a trade, or the like ; or he may be subject to 
 pay the taxes, or be assessed for the water tax, or be otherwise annoyed. 
 " The law does not protect men from their ovrn carelessness or ignorance. 
 
 NOTE. For further information on this important subject gee " LandlimTs 
 and Tenant'* Assistant.'' one of this series, where can be found Forms of 
 Leases of Houses, Stores, Farm on Shares, Furniture, Tools, Assignments, 
 Surrenders, Guarantees, Special Covenants, and the Laws rcgu'ating the 
 Hiring and Letting of Houses, and Ejectment for Non-payment ol Rent, 4tc.
 
 48 FORM OF LEASE. 
 
 Form of Lease of Store or House. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE, made this day of , in the 
 
 year eighteen hundred and fifty , between A. B. of , and 
 
 C. D. of , witnesses, that, in consideration of the covenants 
 
 herein contained on the part of the said C. D. to be kept and per- 
 formed, the said A. B. does hereby leae to the said C. D. the store, 
 with the appurtenances, numbered 22 B. street, in the city of B. 
 [or describe the premises as is usual in dteds ] 
 
 To have and to hold the same to the said lessee, for the term of 
 
 years from the date hereof, the said lessee paying therefor 
 
 the yearly rent of dollars, during the said term. 
 
 And the lessee covenants with the lessor to pay the said rent in 
 
 quarterly payments of dollars each, at the expiration of each 
 
 and every quarter during the said term ; the first payment thereof 
 to be made on the day of , now next ensuing ; and to make 
 no unlawful, improper, or offensive use of the premises, to quit and 
 deliver up the same, and all future erections and additions, to the 
 lessor, peaceably and quietly, at the end of the term, in as good 
 order and condition, (reasonable use and wearing thereof, fire and 
 other unavoidable casualties, excepted) as the same now are, or 
 may be put into, by the lessor, or those having his estate in the 
 premises ; to pay all taxes and assessments whatsoever ; whether 
 in the nature of taxes now in being or not, and all charges for 
 cleansing, whicli may be payable for or in respect of the prem- 
 ises or any part thereof during the said term, together with the 
 rent, taxes, assessments and charges as above stated, for such fur- 
 ther time as the lessee, or those claiming under him may hold the 
 premises; not to make or suffer any waste thereof, nor make 
 nor suffer to be made, any alteration therein, nor lease, nor un- 
 derlet, nor permit any other person or persons to occupy the same, 
 except such as the lessor, or those having his estate in the prem- 
 ises, shitll in writing approve; and that the lessor, or those having 
 his estate in the premises, with his and their agents, at season- 
 able times may enter to view the premises, and make repairs. 
 
 Provided always, and these presents are upon this condition : 
 That in case the said rent or laxes shall be in arrear for the space 
 of one week, and the same shall have been duly demanded, in writ- 
 ing, on or after the day when the same shall have become payable 
 or, if the lessee, in case of his insolvency, shall lail to give rea- 
 sonable security for the payment of all sums then due, and there- 
 after to grow due, under this lease ; or if any of the covenants herein 
 contained, to be observed on the part of the lessee or those claiming 
 under him shall be broken, the lessor or those havin< his estate 
 Hi the premises, whilst such neglect or default continues, may, 
 without further notice or demand, enter upon the premises and ex- 
 pel the lessee or those claiming under him, or may otherwise le- 
 gally evict him or them without prejudice to any remedies which 
 might otherwise be used for arrears of rent, or preceding breach 
 of covenant. 
 
 - Provided, also, that, in case the premises, or any part thereof, 
 shall, during said term, be destroyed or damaged by fire or other 
 unavoidable casualty, so that the same shall be thereby rendered 
 unfit for use and habitation, then, and in such case, the rent here-
 
 NOTICE TO DETERMINE TENANCY. 49 
 
 inbefore reserved, or a just and proportionate part thereof, accord- 
 ing to the nature and extent of the injury sustained, shall be sus- 
 pended, or abated until the premises shall have been put by the 
 lessor, or those having his estate in the premises, in proper condi- 
 tion for use and habitation. 
 
 In witness whereof, the parties have hereunto interchangeably 
 set their hands and seals, the day and year first above written. 
 
 A. B. [L.S.] 
 C. D. [L. s.] 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 Lease of House or Store. 
 
 A. B. and C. D., both of W., agree as follows : A. B. leases to 
 C. D. his house [store] with the appurtenances, numbered 22 D. 
 Street, in W., for two years from the date hereof. 
 
 C. D. agrees to pay four hundred dollars a year rent, payable in 
 equal quarter-yearly payments, the first payment to be made on the 
 
 day of , now next ensuing, and not to assign or lease 
 
 the premises or any part thereof, nor make alterations therein, with- 
 out B.'s written consent ; and at the termination of this lease, to quit 
 and deliver up the premises in good condition and repair, unavoida- 
 ble casualties excepted. 
 
 In case said premises shall be rendered unfit for their accustom- 
 ed uses by any unavoidable casualty, thereupon this lease shall be 
 ended. 
 
 This lease shall be void if C. D. fails to perform this agreement. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this day of , 1856. 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 Executed in presence of C. D. [L. S.] 
 
 Notice from Landlord to Tenant to Quit. 
 
 SIR, For the purpose of determining your tenancy in the es- 
 tate No. 5 B. Street, in the city [town] of B., now in your pos- 
 session, you are hereby notified to quit and deliver up tome the 
 
 premises aforesaid, on the day of next, according to law. 
 
 C. D.,' Landlord. 
 
 To Mr. A. B., Tenant. Dated, , Oct. 1, 185. 
 
 Notice from Tenant to Landlord of intention to Quit. 
 
 SIR, For the purpose of determining my tenancy in the estate, 
 which I now hold of you, known as No. 5 B Street, in the town 
 of B., you are hereby notified that I shall quit and deliver up to 
 you the premises aforesaid, on the day of next, accord- 
 ing to law. A. B., Tenant. 
 
 To Mr. C. D. Landlord. Dated, , Oct. 1, 185. 
 
 Notice to Quit for Non-payment of Rent. 
 
 SIR, You are hereby notified to quit, and deliver up to me, the 
 house and appurtenances, known as No. 5 B. Street, in the city 
 [town] of B.,now occupied by you, according to law, your rent 
 being due and unpaid. C. D. Landlord. 
 
 To A. B. Tenant. Dated, , Oct. 1. 185. 
 
 DMA 5
 
 50 CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 
 
 MORTGAGE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 
 
 A mortgage is a conveyance, or sale of goods, to become an absolute 
 interest, if not redeemed at a certain time. The execution and registra- 
 tion is a substitute for a delivery of the articles, when they can be speci- 
 "d and identified by a written description. See Laws at pp. 55, 36. 
 
 Jit Alabama, mortgage must be recorded in the county in which Ihe grantor 
 resides, also where the property is at the date of the mortgage ; and if remov- 
 ed to another county must be recorded in the county to which it is removed 
 within six months from such removal. 
 
 In Arkansas, mortgage must be acknowledged, and recorded in the county 
 in which the mortgagor resides. If the property be removed beyond the 
 county, without consent of mortgagee, the person so removing shall be liable 
 to imprisonment for not less than one nor more than two years. 
 
 In California, \he mortgagor and mortgagee shall make affidavit that ihe 
 mortgage is bona fide, and made without any design to defraud or delay cred- 
 itors ; which affidavit shall be attached to the mortgage. Mortgage must be 
 recorded by the county recorder where mortgagor resides, and also in the 
 county where the properly is located. 
 
 Jit Connecticut, machinery used in a manufacturing or mechanical establish- 
 ment, household furniiure, and hay, or other personal property, may be mort- 
 gaged. If the mortgagor retain possession, the mortgage must be described, 
 executed and recorded in all respects as mortgages of land. 
 
 In Florida, mortgage must be acknowledged, and recorded in the county 
 where the property shall be at the time of the execution of the mortgage. 
 
 In Georgia, mortgage must be proved by the affidavit of the subscribing 
 witness, and recorded within three months, by the clerk of the superior court, 
 in the county where the mortgagor resided at the time of execution of the 
 mortgage. 
 
 In Illinois, mortgages must be acknowledged, and recorded in the office of 
 the recorder of the county in which mortgagor resides, and is valid for only 
 two years. Immediately upon default of the last payment mentioned in the 
 mortgage, the mortgagee must lake possession, or such mortgage is void as 
 to judgment creditors. 
 
 In Indiana, mortgages must be proved or acknowledged as provided in cases 
 of deeds of conveyance, and recorded in the recorder's office of the county 
 where the mortgagor resides, within ten days after execution. 
 
 In Iowa, mortgages must be executed and acknowledged like conveyances 
 of real estate, and filed for record in the recorder's office. 
 
 In Kentucky; mortgage must be acknowledged, and recorded in the county 
 where the mortgagor resides ; same as deeds of real estate. 
 
 In Louisiana, all mortgages must be recorded with the register of mortga- 
 ges, within six days (when executed in N. Orleans) from the date, and a day 
 more for every two leagues from the place of execution, as to mortgages exe- 
 cuted in other parishes. 
 
 In Maine, if the debt secured exceeds thirty dollars, the Mortgage must 
 be recorded in the town where the mortgagor resides. Property may be re- 
 deemed by mortgagor within sixty days after condition broken, unless it 
 h.is been sold in pursuance of contract between the parties. 
 
 In Maryland, mortgage must be acknowledged before a justice of the county 
 where the mortgagor resides, and the affidavit of the mortgagor or mortgagee 
 must be endorsed on the mortgage, stating that the con side ration is true and 
 bona fide. To be recorded within twenty days, with the records of the county. 
 
 In Massachusetts, Mortgage must be recorded by the clerk of the town where 
 the mortgagor resides, and also by the clerk of the city or town in which he 
 principally transacts his business, or follows his trade or calling. If the prop- 
 erty is not sold in pursuance of a contract between the parties, the right of the 
 mortgagor, or his assigns, to the property, shall not be forfeited until sixty days 
 after the mortgagee, or his assigns, shall have given written notice to the mort- 
 gagor, or the person in possession of said property, claiming the same, of his
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGES'. 51 
 
 or their intention to foreclose said mortgage for a breach of the conditions 
 thereof, and caused a copy of the same notice to be recorded in the clerk's 
 offices where the morigages are recorded. Mortgages of personal property 
 are discharged in like manner as real estate see page 57. If the mortgagor 
 sell the properly, or part thereof, without the written consent of the mortgagee, 
 and without informing the person to whom he sell<, that the same is mort- 
 gaged, he sliull be punished by a fine not exceeding $100, or by imprisonment 
 in jail or house of correction not exceeding one year. 
 
 In Michigan, mortgage must be filed \vith the town clerk, and is valid for 
 one year only, unless within thirty days before expiration, the mortgagee an- 
 nex to the instrument on file an affidavit, setting forth the interest he has in 
 the property. 
 
 In Minnesota, a mortgage, or a copy thereof, must be filed in the office of 
 the register of deeds of the county where the mortgagor resides, and in the 
 case of ft non-resident where the property may be at the time of the execution 
 of the mortgage. 
 
 In Mississippi, mortgage must be acknowledged, and recorded in the court 
 of the county within three months ; and if removed to another county must be 
 again recorded in that county within twelve months after such removal. 
 
 In Missouri, mortgage must be acknowledged, and recorded in the county 
 where the mortgagor resides, the same as deeds of real property. 
 
 In Nfw Hampshire Mortgages of real estate must be recorded in the office 
 of register of deeds. Mortgages of personal property must be recorded in 
 the office of the town clerk where the mortgagor resides, and the mortgagor 
 and mortgagee must swear that the mortgage is made for securing the debt 
 specified in the condition thereof, and for no other purpose, and that it is a just 
 debt, honestly due from the mortgagor to the mortgagee. A second mortgage 
 cannot be executed on the same property, without setting fortli in the subse- 
 quent mortgage the existence of the previous one. Property cannot be sold 
 without the written consent of the mortgagee. 
 
 In Nfio York, mortgage must be filed, in the city of New York, in the office 
 of the register ; if in any other city or county town, in the clerk's office there- 
 in ; and in all other towns, in town clerk's office. It becomes void after the 
 expiration of one year, unless within thirty days before the expiration of the 
 year, a copy with a statement of the interest of the mortgagee in the property, 
 be again filed in the office of the clerk or register. 
 
 In North Carolina, mortgage must be proved, and registered within six 
 months after execution, in the county where the mortgagor resides. Mort- 
 gage can be redeemed wilhintwo years after forfeiture. 
 
 In Ohio, mortgage must be deposited with the clerk of the township where 
 the mortgagor resides ; or if a county seat with the register of deeds of the 
 county, 'if not a resident, it must be deposited with the clerk of the township 
 where the property shall be at the time of the execution of the mortgage. It 
 becomes void after the expiration of one year, unless within thirty days before 
 the expiration of the year, a copy with a statement of the interest of the mort- 
 gagee in the properly, be again filed in the office of the clerk or register. 
 
 In Rliode Island, the mortgage must be recorded by the clerk of the town 
 where the mortgagor shall reside at the time of making the same. Mortgagor 
 can redeem the premises \yithin sixty days, after condition broken, unless 
 the property, in the mean time, shall have been sold in pursuance of the con- 
 tract between the parties. 
 
 In South Carolina, mortgage must be recorded in the office of the register of 
 mesne conveyances for the district where mortgagor resides. 
 
 In Tennessee, mortgage must be acknowledged and recorded the same as 
 mortgages of real estate. 
 
 In Texas, mortgage must be proved by two or more witnesses, or acknowl- 
 edged, and recorded in the county where mortgagor resides. 
 
 In Vermont, mortgages of machinery used in factory, shop or mill, are not 
 valid, unless possession be delivered to and retained by the mortgagee. 
 
 In Virginia, mortgages conveying real estate, or goods and chattels, must 
 be recorded in the county or corporation where the property may be. 
 
 In Wisconsin, a mortgage must be filed with the town clerk, and is valid for 
 one year only, unless within thirty days before expiration, the mortgagee 
 annex to the instrument or copy on file, an affidavit setting forth the interest 
 he has in the property.
 
 52 CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 
 
 1. Chattel Mortgage of Goods, Tools, Machinery, 
 Household Furniture, ffc. 
 
 BE IT KNOWX, That I, A. B., of , in consideration of 
 
 dollars, to me paid by C. D. of -", do sell and convey to said C. 
 
 D., the following goods and chattels, to wit : [or, if numerous, 
 say, mentioned in the schedule hereto annexed] ; warranted 
 free of incumbrance, and against any adverse claims; upon con- 
 dition that if I shall pay my certain promissory note, bearing 
 even date herewith, given to the said C. D., or order, for the sum 
 of dollars, according to the tenor of said note, then this mort- 
 gage shall be void. 
 
 And it is agreed that the mortgagor shall remain in possession of 
 said property till condition broken. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, this day of , 1858. 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 Executed in presence of Must be recorded. 
 
 2. Another Mortgage of Personal Property. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of 
 
 , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to me paid by C. 
 
 D., of , do grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said C. D., 
 
 the following articles of personal property, to wit: [or, if the goods 
 are too numerous to be recited, say, all and singular the goods 
 and chattels, wares and merchandize, mentioned and contained 
 
 in the schedule hereunto annexed:] and now in the , in the 
 
 town of , [city] aforesaid. 
 
 To hold the afore-granted goods and chattels to the said C. D., 
 and his assigns, forever. 
 
 And I, the said A. B., do avouch myself to be the lawful owner 
 of said goods and chattels, and have good right to sell and dispose 
 of the same in manner aforesaid. 
 
 Provided, nevertheless, that if the said A. B., pay to the said C. 
 
 D., or his assigns, the sum of dollars, in years from date, 
 
 with interest on said sum at the rate of per cent, per annum, 
 
 payable semi-annually, then this deed, as also a certain note, bearing 
 even date with these presents, given by the said A. B. to the said 
 C. D., or order, to pay the said sum and interest, and at the times 
 aforesaid, shall both be void. 
 
 In witness whereof, I, the said A. B. have hereunto set my hand 
 
 and seal, this day of in the year of our Lord eighteen 
 
 hundred and . 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of [Must be recorded.] 
 
 3. Chattel Mortgage Power of Sale. 
 
 The following, or other conditions, may be added, if desired. 
 But if default shall be made in payment of the principal or in- 
 terest above mentioned, or any part thereof, then the said C. U. 
 and his assigns, are hereby authorized to take possession of the 
 above described goods, chattels, and property, [or, mentioned in 
 the schedule hereto annexed,] and advertise and sell the same
 
 MORTGAGE TO SECURE ENDORSER. 53 
 
 at public sale, or so much thereof as will be necessary to pay and 
 satisfy the principal sum whether then or thereafter payable, with 
 the interest thereon which shall be due at the time of such sale, 
 and all costs, charges, and expenses attending said sale; paying 
 the surplus, if any there be, to said A. B., or his representatives, 
 on demand. 
 
 And it is agreed that said A. B. shall remain in possession of said 
 property till condition broken ; but said C. D. may at his pleasure 
 take and remove the same, and may enter into any buildings or 
 premises of said A. B. for that purpose. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, this day of , 1858. 
 
 A. B. (L. s.) 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 [Must be recorded.] 
 
 4 Mortgage of Personal Properly to secure Endorser. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE of two parts, made this day of 
 
 A. D. one thousand eight hundred and fifty , by and between 
 
 C. D., of , of the first part, and C. G., of , of the second 
 
 part, Witnesseth, 
 
 That the said G., at the request of the said D., has agreed to 
 endorse certain notes of hand for his accommodation, and the said 
 
 D. has agreed to give the said G. security against any loss or 
 damage that may bei'all him by reason of such endorsements. 
 
 Wherefore, in pursuance of such engagements, the said C. D. in 
 consideration of the premises, hereby bargains, sells, assigns, trans- 
 fers and sets over unto the said C. G., all the goods, chattels, tools, 
 machinery and effects, in the annexed schedule or bill of particulars 
 mentioned, whereof the said D. does avouch himself to be the true 
 and lawful owner. 
 
 To hold the said premises unto the said G. and his executors, 
 administrators and assigns. 
 
 Provided nevertheless, that if the said C. D., shall from time 
 to time pay and discharge all the promissory notes which the said 
 G. may endorse for his accommodation, as they shall respectively, 
 become due and payable, and shall finally secure and indemnify 
 the said G. and his personal representatives, from all costs and dam- 
 age, by reason or on account of the liabilities that have been or 
 may be assumed by him in pursuance of the agreement aforesaid, 
 then this instrument shall be void. 
 
 Provided also, and it is hereby further agreed, that until default 
 by the said D., of or in the payment of any of the said notes, it shall 
 be lawful for the said D., to retain possession of the said chattels, 
 and effects, and to use and enjoy the same without any denial or 
 molestation by the said G., or his representatives. 
 
 And the said G., for himself, and his representatives, does hereby 
 covenant to and with the said D., and his representatives, that in 
 case of his taking possession of the said property, for a breach of the 
 condition aforesaid, he will advertise and sell the same et public 
 vendue, to the highest bidder, and after indemnifying himself fully 
 from the proceeds of such sale for all the liabilities assumed by him 
 as aforesaid, whether the notes are then payable or not, will account 
 
 BMA 5*
 
 54 MORTGAGE OF REAL ESTATE. 
 
 for and pay over the balance of the said proceeds to the said D., or 
 his representatives or assigns on demand. 
 
 In witness whereof the said parties have set their hands and seals 
 to this and another instrument of like tenor and date. 
 
 C. D. (L. s.) 
 
 Executed in presence of C. G. (L. s.) 
 
 [Must be recorded. See pages 50, 51.] 
 
 5. Mortgage Deed of Real Estate. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of , 
 
 in the county of , and State of , merchant, in consideration 
 
 of dollars, to me paid by C. D., of , in the county of 
 
 , and State of physician, (the receipt whereof is hereby 
 
 acknowledged,) do hereby give, grant, bargain, sell, and convey 
 unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, a certain parcel of 
 
 land &c., situate in , described and bounded as follows, to wit: 
 
 [here state how bounded], with all the privileges and appurtenan- 
 ces thereto belonging. 
 
 To have and to hold the aforegranted premises, to the said C. D., 
 his heirs and assigns, to his and their use and behoof forever. 
 
 And I, the said A. B., for myself, my heirs, executors and admin- 
 istrators, do covenant with the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, that 
 I am lawfully seized in fee simple of the aforegranted premises, 
 
 that they are free from all incumbrances, that I have good 
 
 right to sell and convey the same to the said C. D., his heirs and 
 assigns forever as aforesaid; and that I will, and my heirs, execu- 
 tors and administrators shall, warrant and defend the same to the said 
 C. D., his heirs and assigns forever, against the lawful claims and 
 demands of all persons. 
 
 Provided nevertheless, That if the said A. B., his heirs, execu- 
 tors, or administrators, shall pay unto the said C. D., his execu- 
 tors, administrators, or assigns, the sum of dollars in 
 
 years from the day of the date of these presents, with interest on 
 
 said sum, at the rate of per centum per annum, payable semi- 
 
 annually," then this deed, as also a certain promissory note, t bearing 
 even date witli these presents, signed by the said A. B., whereby for 
 value received he promises to pay the said C. D. or order, the said 
 sum and interest at the times aforesaid, shall both be absolutely void. 
 
 And provided also, that, until default of the payment of the said 
 sum, or interest, or other default as herein provided, the mortgagee 
 shall have no right to enter and take possession of the premises. 
 
 In witness whereof, I, the said A. B.,have hereunto set my band 
 and seal this day of , in the year of our Lord eighteen hun- 
 dred and fifty A. B. [L. s.j 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered inprcsenceof 
 
 [Must be acknowledged and recorded.] 
 
 * To he inserted if required: - and, until such payment, keep the buildings 
 
 standing on the land aforesaid insured against fire, in a sum not less than 
 
 dollars, for the benefit of the said mortgagee and his executors, administra- 
 tors, and assigns, at such insurance office in , as the said C. D. shall ap- 
 prove, and also pay all taxes levied or assessed upon the said premises. 
 
 t If the mortgage be given to secure the payment of a bond, then say instead 
 of" a certain promissory note," "o certain obligation or frond."
 
 POWER OF SALE. EXTENSION OF MORTGAGE. 55 
 
 6. Mortgage Power of Sale. 
 
 [After the close of the fourth paragraph in No. 5, add: ] 
 
 And provided also, that at any time after [here slate the lime, if weeks or 
 months'} continuance of any breach of the foregoing condition, the grantee-, 
 or [his or their, as the case may be] Executors, Administrators, or Assigns, 
 may sell and dispose of the granted premises, with all improvements that 
 
 may be thereon, at public auction ; such sale to be in said of , 
 
 without further notice or demand, except giving notice of the time and. 
 
 place of sale. in each of three successive weeks, in newspaper 
 
 printed in the aforesaid : And in his or their own names, or as the 
 
 attorney of the grantor , for that purpose by these presents duly au- 
 thorized, convey the same, absolutely and in fee simple, to the purchaser 
 or purchasers accordingly ; And shall hold and apply the proceeds of 
 such sale first, to pay and reimburse to said grantee all sums of money 
 then secured by this Deed (whether then or thereafter payable), together 
 with interest, ;md all costs and expenses, including all sums paid by said 
 grantee for insurance of the premises; and, secondly, \.o pay the surplus, 
 
 if any, to the grantor or assigns; or in case such sale shall be 
 
 made under any decree of or proceeding in any court, then to the court 
 by which such sale shall have been decreed ; And such sale shall forever 
 
 bar the grantor , and all persons claiming under , from all right and 
 
 interest in the premises, at law or in equity. It being mutually agreed, 
 
 that the said grantee , or Assigns may bid and be the purchaser at 
 
 said sale, and that no other purchaser shall be answerable for the appli- 
 cation of the purchase money. 
 
 Andprovided also, that until some breach of the condition of this deed, the 
 grantee shall haveno>ight to enter and take possession of the premises. 
 
 In witness whereof, I the said A. B. and Sarah my wife, in token of her 
 release of all right of dower and homestead in the granted premises, have 
 
 hereunto set our hands and seals this day of , in the year &.c. 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in presenceof S. B. [L. S.] 
 
 [Must be acknowledged and recorded.] 
 
 NOTE. Incumbrances, &c. must be staled as on page 40, and if grantor be 
 married the wife should join her husband in the conveyance of ihe estate, and 
 therein releasing her claim to dower, and also to homestead, if there be one. 
 
 Extension of Mortgage. 
 
 THIS AGREEMENT made between A. B. of , and C. D. of , 
 
 witnesseth 
 
 That, whereas, the said B is the holder of D's note, whereby he promises 
 to [recite the note], which note is secured by said D's mortgage deed, dated 
 
 , recorded in , vol. page , on which said note and mortgage 
 
 there remains unpaid the sum of dollars, with interest at per cent 
 
 from . 
 
 Now, the said D agrees with the said B, that the interest on the afore- 
 said sum of dollars shall, at all times hereafter, be punctually paid to 
 
 said B, or his assigns, on the day of .in every year, till the pay- 
 ment of the principal ; and that the said principal sum of dollars shall 
 
 be paid to said B, or his assigns, in years from the date hereof and not 
 
 sooner ; and the said B agrees to extend the time of payment accordingly. 
 
 It is also agreed that this instrument shall not invalidate or impair the 
 efficacy of said note and mortgnge. 
 
 In witness &c. 
 
 Note. If the mortgagor has sold the estate, his grantee should join to show 
 his assent.
 
 56 RIGHTS OF MORTGAGOR AND RIGHTS OF MORTGAGEE. 
 
 LAW OP MORTGAGE. 
 
 Conveyance of real estate by mortgage. Every contract for securing a 
 debt by a conveyance of lands and tenements, is deemed a mortgage as 
 between the parties 5 and the borrower will be entitled to redeem his 
 property, although the conveyance is, on the face of it, absolute. In order, 
 however, to protect both mortgagor and mortgagee against subsequent 
 purchasers and mortgagees, it is necessary, that the fact that the convey- 
 ance is intended as a mortgage, be recorded with the deed of conveyance. 
 
 To constitute a Mortgage, a particular form is not necessary, though 
 customary. The common form is a warranty deed [see form of deed at 
 page 40], containing and subject to, the proposed condition. 
 
 Where a deed, absolute in its terms, was duly executed, and on the 
 back of it was endorsed a writing in the form of a condition to a mort- 
 gage, without date, seal or signature, it Was held that the deed was a 
 mortgage. 5 Pick. 181. 
 
 In a Court of Chancery, whenever it appears from written evidence, 
 that the land is conveyed to secure the payment of money, the convey- 
 ance will be treated as a mortgage. 
 
 An absolute deed of land, and a bond, made at the same time, to re- 
 convey, upon the payment of a sum of money, though unaccompanied by 
 any collateral personal security for such payment, constitutes a mortgage. 
 
 Fixtures, and additions in the nature of fixtures, which are placed in a 
 building by a mortgagor, after he has mortgaged it, become part of the 
 realty, as between him and the mortgagee, and cannot be removed or 
 otherwise disposed of by him while the mortgage is in force. 4 Met 306. 
 
 The Statute of Limitations does not affect Collateral Security Where 
 the note is barred by the Statute of Limitations, yet, if it has not been 
 paid, the mortgagee has his remedy on the mortgage. 19 Pick. 535. 
 
 So where negotiable notes are secured by a mortgage, and the mort- 
 gagee assigns the notes without the mortgage, this does not cancel the 
 mortgage ; hut the mortgagee will hold it as trustee for the holders of the 
 notes. 4 Pick. 131. 
 
 Rights of the Mortgagor. 
 
 Upon the execution of a mortgage, the legal estate vests in the mort- 
 gagee, subject to be defeated upon performance of the conditions of the 
 mortgage. But, as between mortgagor and mortgagee, and so far as it is 
 necessary to give full effect to the mortgage as a security for the per- 
 formance of the condition, a mortgage is considered an absolute conveyance 
 in fee ; yet, for all other purposes, it is considered, especially until entry for 
 condition broken, as a mere charge or incumbrance, which does not alienate 
 the estate of the mortgagor. The mortgagor is not, therefore, liable for 
 rent while he remains in possession ; and he has the right to lease, sell, 
 make a second mortgage, and in short to deal in every respect with the 
 properly as owner, so long as he does not in any way affect or impair the 
 rights of the mortgagee. So the property may be attached and taken 
 for the mortgagor's debts, subject to the rights of the mortgagee. 
 
 The mortgagor, until failure of payment of principal or interest, is to pos- 
 sess and enjoy the property mortgaged ; and though failure be made, he and 
 his representatives have a right to redeem the mortgage, which in law is 
 termed the equity of redemption. In some Slates a reasonable period 
 is allowed, in which to redeem, or regain the estate, in others, the time 
 varies from one to twenty years from the breach of the condition of the 
 mortgage. The person entitled to redeem shall pay or tender to the mort- 
 gagee the whole sum then due, and payable on the mortgage, and shall 
 perform, or tender performance of every other condition contained therein, 
 and all costs which may have been incurred in any suit for recovering the
 
 DISCHARGE AND RELEASE OF MORTGAGE. 57 
 
 premises ; and if the mortgagee shall not accept the same, and discharge 
 the mortgage, the mortgagor may recover possession by a bill in equity. 
 
 JVot only the mortgagor himself, but his heirs, personal representatives, 
 and assigns, may redeem the mortgage. So also may a widow entitled to 
 dower, a jointress, a tenant by the curtesy, a remainder man and rever- 
 sioner, a judgment creditor, a purchaser of the equity at an execution 
 sale, a second mortgagee, and, in short, every person who has an interest 
 in or lien upon the land. 
 
 Redemption of Estate. Most of the States regulate, by statute, the 
 time within which a mortgaged estate may be redeemed or foreclosed. 
 In Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Maine, the mortgagor has three 
 years in which to redeem the properly. In New York one year by pay- 
 ing the sum bid, with interest on that sum from the time of sale at the rale 
 of ten per cent a year. 
 
 In Ohio, a mortgagor has a reasonable period, {before foreclosure.) to 
 redeem the estate, on payment of the debt and all equitable charges, &c. 
 
 It has become the practice, of late years, to insert in a mortgage an ab- 
 solutepower of sale; by which the mortgagee, in case of breach of condi- 
 tion, is enabled to sell, and thus destroy the right to redeem in the mort- 
 gagor, and all claiming under him. [See Form at page 55.] 
 
 Rights of the Mortgagee. 
 
 In the absence of any statute, or of any agreement in the mortgage, 
 the mortgagee is entitled to immediate possession of the mortgaged prop- 
 erty. It is usual, however, to insert a clause in the mortgage, "providing 
 that it shall be laicftdfor the mortgagor to retain possession until breach of 
 comlition ;" in which case, the mortgagee is not entitled to take possession, 
 until after breach of condition. 
 
 If a mortgage is given to secure the payment of several notes, the non- 
 payment of the first note when it becomes due, is a breach of the condition. 
 
 The mortgagee, if he take possession of the property, is bound to take 
 reasonable care of it, account for the actual receipts of rents and profits, 
 and apply them to the reduction of the principal and interest due on the 
 mortgage. He is allowed for necessary expenditures in keeping the es- 
 tate in repair; and in most of the States, he is entitled to a reasonable 
 compensation for his services. 
 
 Discharge of Mortgage to be entered on the Record. 
 
 In many Slates, mortgages may be^ discharged by the mortgagee ac- 
 knowledging payment thereof by an entry on the mortgage, signed and 
 sealed in the presence of one or two witnesses, which entry must be also 
 recorded in the margin of the record in the registry of deeds, or wherever 
 the mortgage is recorded. The following Form of Discharge is used in 
 Massachusetts, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and several other States. 
 
 B , MAY 1, 1859. I acknowledge to have received full satisfaction 
 
 for the debt secured by this mortgage, and do therefore hereby cancel and 
 discharge the same. C. D. 
 
 The Mortgage can also be discharged by a Deed of Release. See p. 63. 
 
 Satisfaction of Mortgage in New York. 
 
 I, A. B., of the town of , and county of , do hereby certify, 
 
 That a certain mortgage, bearing date the day of , in the year 
 
 , made and executed by C. D. to me, A. B., and recorded in the 
 
 office of the Clerk of the county of , in Lib. of Mortgages, upon 
 
 page , on the day of , in the year , is paid, satisfied, and 
 
 discharged. Dated the day of , 185 . A. B. 
 
 In presence of [Should be acknowledged and Recorded.]
 
 58 NOTES. 
 
 NOTES, DUE BILLS, RECEIPTS, ORDERS, &c. 
 
 Judgment Note. 
 $ B , July 1 , 1S5-. 
 
 Sixty days after date, I promise to pay C. D. or bearer, Three 
 Hundred and Ten Dollars, value received. And in case of default 
 of payment of the same when due, I hereby empower C. D. or any 
 attorney appointed by him, to appear for me, and to confess judg- 
 ment before any Court of competent jurisdiction in the State of 
 
 * for the above sum and costs, with release of errors, waiving 
 
 the right of appeal. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, this day of , A. D., 1855. 
 
 In presence of A. B. [L. S.] 
 
 * The words, "before any justice of the peace" can be substituted for the above 
 expression in italics, where the statute admits of it. See below. 
 
 Any person who is by law capable of binding: himself by a common bond, 
 may enter into a recognizance, (that is, make an acknowledgment, or con- 
 fession) of any debt, and thereby subject his person, goods, and estate to be 
 
 taken for such debt An agent has precisely the power of his principal, in 
 
 all things prescribed by the power of attorney. 
 
 In Massachusetts the Statute requires that an acknowledgment of debt be 
 taken before the Court of Common Pleas in term time, or before the Clerk of 
 the Court during vacation, or before any Justice of the Peace with like effect, 
 if the execution is not to be levied on land If the execution is to be levied on 
 land the acknowledgment must be recorded with the Clerk of the Court within 
 ninety days of the dale. The person making the acknowledgment must be 
 known to the judge, clerk, or justice, or his identity proved. Fees of the Clerk 
 for acknowledging and recording 50 cents, for recording only, 25. 
 
 In New York, a confession of judgment may be given as security for an exist- 
 ing debt or for future advances, or to secure an endorser. The acknowledg- 
 ment must be sworn to before a Justice of the Peace, and filed with the coun- 
 ty clerk, who will enter a judgment of the Supreme Court for the amount. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, judgment may be confessed without the filing of a decla- 
 ration, the prothonotary being empowered to enter judgment on the presenta- 
 tion of a bond, bill, or note containing a power of attorney. In this Slate the 
 words " without defalcation" are required in notes; and the residences of the 
 promisor and endorsers. 
 
 A confession of judgment prevents the expenses and delays growingout of an 
 action at law ; and if goods are levied on, they may probably be held by the 
 creditor, though the debtor subsequently avail himself of the insolvent law. 
 
 The above form of note prevails extensively in some of the Southern and 
 Western States, where great delay and expense occurs in obtaining judgment. 
 
 NEGOTIABLE NOTE. 
 
 B , MARCH , 18 . For value received I promise to pay A- 
 
 B.,or order, dollars in months [or days]. 
 
 S C. D. 
 
 No. Due . 
 
 Joint and several Note. 
 
 g D , APRIL ,18 . 
 
 months [or days] afterdate, we jointly and severally promise 
 
 to pay G. H.,or order, dollars, value received. 
 
 A. B. 
 C. D. 
 Note with Witness. 
 
 5 E ,MAY , 18 . 
 
 For value received I promise to pay A. B., or order, dollars, in 
 
 months [or days] from date, with interest, at the rate of 
 
 per centum per annum. 
 In presence of A. B.
 
 FOREIGN AND INLAND BILLS. 59 
 
 Note on demand with Interest. 
 
 8 F , JUNE , 18. 
 
 For value received I promise to pay A. B., or order, dollars on 
 
 demand, with interest, C. D. 
 
 NOTES A negotiable note taken in payment of a debt is a discharge of 
 the debt. To be negotiable, it mint be made payable to payee or order, or to 
 bearer. If muilc payable to several persona, not co-partners, it must be en- 
 dorsed by each person. A note may be endorsed so as to preclude all recourse to 
 the endorser, a- follows : B. B. icit/tout recourse. Any person may be au- 
 thorized to make a demand for payment. It the maker of a note be absent, 
 the demand m-iy be presented to his agent, or left at his place ofbusiness, or house. 
 If he is absent from the state, and has left no agent, and no known place of 
 business, and cannot, by diligent inquiry be found, notice need not be proved 
 All notes on time are allowed three days grace, (if a note is made payable thre 
 months from Jan. I, it is due April 4th,) and if not paid before the expiration 
 of th it time, the endorsers, if they reside in the vicinity, must be immediately 
 notified of the fuct,'>ut if they reside at a distance, the notification may be sent 
 by the quickest mode of conveyance, or the earliest post, or the endorsers will 
 not be held liable. If a letter be sent to the endorser by post, and it miscarry, 
 anil the endorser not receive it, still the notice is sufficient. Every person receiv- 
 inj notice should immediately give a fresh one to the persons preceding him, 
 if he wishes to make them liable. 
 
 Eich endorser becomes liable to all subsequent holders. If the note be paid 
 and taken ujtbythe last endorser, he may again transfer it to a new endorsee, 
 who rnny maintain an action upon it in his own name against any prior party. 
 But if paid byany other endorser than the last, the note is no longer negotiable. 
 
 No pirticiilar form of words are essential to be used in the notice ; but it must 
 contain an intim ition that payment of the note has been refused by the maker. 
 
 Notes on demand. In .Massachusetts a demand for payment must he made 
 within sixty days, without grace, and if not paid, the endorser must be immedi- 
 ately notified, or the holder of the note loses his claimon the endorser. In other 
 state* a demand for payment must be made within a reasonable time, in order 
 to subject the en-lor-ier. To hold the endorser he should have received notice 
 immediately after the first demand, and refusal of payment. 
 
 NOTK. See other Forms of Notes and Indorsements, and the whole Law 
 in relation to Notes, Indorsements, Bills of Exchange ; Presentment for Ac- 
 ceptance ; when not Accepted ; Liability of Acceptor ; Effect of an Indorse- 
 ment : Presentment for Payment; Notice to Endorsers ; when want of Notice 
 is excused; Form of Notice &c.. in li Trader's Guide, and Business Man's 
 Lts^al Companion a book which should be in the hands of every man who 
 transacts any kind of business. 
 
 FORM OF AN ORDINARY INLAND BILL OF EXCHANGE, OR DRAFT. 
 
 S B , Nor. , 18. 
 
 Three months* afterdate, pay to the order of G. W., One Hundred 
 Dollars, vHlue received, and charge the same to our account. 
 
 ToE. F. Merchant, N/Y C. D. it Co. 
 
 FORM OF A FOREIGN BILL, OR SET OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 $ D , MAY , 18. 
 
 Sixty days* after si^ht of this FIRST of Exchange, (Second and Third 
 of the same tenor and date, not paid.) pay to the order of (\ D.&, Co., in 
 
 Liverpool, the sum of Dollars, value received, and charge the same 
 
 to account of 
 
 To Mr. E F.ofC . A. B. 
 
 *This admits of the following variations, according to circumstances: In- 
 stead of 'i three months," or "sixty days," it may be "at sight," oral such a 
 time "after st glit," or at such a specified time, or on "demand."
 
 60 RECEIPTS, ORDERS, DUE BILLS, &C. 
 
 The various parties upon a bill, besides the acceptor, indorsers, drawers, 
 and others, become liable for its payment on failure of the acceptor. The 
 acceptor's failure to pay is commonly said to be an act of dishonour. If the 
 drawee refuse acceptance, this likewise is dishonour, and is held to be such 
 a prospective refusal of payment as entitles the holder to claim immediately 
 from the drawer, or, if there be an indorser, on that indorser, who has re- 
 course on the drawer ; but to entitle him thus to recur on the original parties, 
 there are obligations on the holder, without performing which he is held not 
 to have duly negotiated. He must present the bill for acceptance and for pay- 
 ment on the proper occasion. The holder must, where a lull is payable within 
 a certain period after sight, present it for acceptance within a reasonable time. 
 Thedrawee mayreiain the billtwentyfourhours, after which time if he refuse 
 to return it, or has destroyed it. he shall be deemed to have accepted it. 
 The holder must give immediatehotice of the non-acceptance or non-payment 
 of the bill to the drawer, and to every person who would be entitled to 
 bring an action on it after paying it. If he fail to do this, such parties are 
 discharged. He should also in most cases protest it. 
 
 A Check is a written order, and it is the duty of the person receiving it, 
 whether from the drawer or an indorser, to present it for payment on the day 
 on which he receives it, if it come to his hands early in the day, and otherwise 
 on the day following ; if he be at a distance, he should despatch it within the 
 same time, if the Post Office arrangements admit of his doing so, otherwise the 
 holder may not (in caseof the Bank becoming insolvent) recover of the drawer. 
 Legal rules on these points cannot, however, be strictly laid down, and the 
 above statements must be held as of a merely precautionary nature. 
 
 RECEIPT. 
 
 G - , JULY , 18. Received of A. B. - dollars, in full o f 
 all demands. C. D. 
 
 Receipt for Money received of a third Person. 
 
 H - , AUG. , 18 . Received of A. B., by the hand of C. D., 
 - dollars, on account. 
 
 8 - E. P. 
 
 Receipt for Interest due on a Bond. 
 
 B - ,SEPT. , 18. Received of W. R.,the sum of - dol- 
 lars, in full for one year's interest of - dollars due to me the - 
 day of - last, on bond by the said W. R., which sum is endorsed 
 [or, shall be] on said bond. 
 
 $ - -- E. W. 
 
 Receiptfor Money due on a Bond. 
 
 B - , Nov. 18 . Received of A. B., the sum of - dol- 
 lars, clue to me the - day of - last, on bond by the said A. B., 
 to be endorsed thereon. 
 
 8 - c. D. 
 
 BORROWED MONEY DUE BILLS, OR MEMORANDUM CHECK. 
 
 S -- I -- , SEPT. , 18- 
 
 Borrowcd and received of A. B., - dollars, which I promise to 
 pay on demand with interest. O. D. 
 
 Due Bill. 
 
 Due, on demand, to A. B., or bearer, for - dollars, [to be paid 
 in merchandize,] value received. 
 
 M -- , OCT. ,18. N. O. 
 
 ORDER. 
 
 Mr. A. B. will please pay to X. Y. or bearer, - dollars [in mer- 
 chandize,] and charge the same to our account. 
 
 M - -,OCT. , 18 N. O.
 
 POWERS OF ATTORNEY. 61 
 
 POWERS OF ATTORNEY.* 
 
 General [or common] Form of Letter of Attorney. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of ', 
 
 county of , and state of , do hereby make, constitute and 
 
 appoint C. D., of , my true and lawful attorney, for me, and in 
 
 my name, tot [here describe the things to be done,] hereby ratify- 
 ing and confirming whatsoever my said attorney shall lawfully do, 
 or cause to be done in the premises. 
 Witness my hand and seal, this day of , A. D. 18 . 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Executed in pretence of 
 
 Power of Attorney to Sell Stock. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That for value receiv- 
 
 ed, I, A. B., of , do hereby make, constitute, and appoint 
 
 irrevocably, C. D.,my true and lawful attorney, with power of 
 substitution, for me and in my name, to sell, assign, and transfer, 
 unto any person or persons whatsoever, sixteen shares now stand- 
 ing in my name, in the Capital or Joint Stock of the Railroad. 
 
 And my said attorney is hereby fully empowered to make and pass 
 all necessary acts for the said assignment and transfer. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, &c. A. B. [L.S.] 
 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 Substitution. 
 
 For value received, I appoint irrevocably, E. F. as my substi- 
 tute, with all the powers above given to C. D. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, &c. C. D. [L. s.] 
 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 * 1. If a letter of Attorney is to be used in another State than that where 
 the principal resides, it should be acknowledged before a Commissioner, No- 
 tary Public, Judge of a Court, or justice of Peace, &c. If in a foreign country, 
 it should be acknowledged before a minister or consul. 
 
 2. A principal is bound by every act of his agent or Attorney done within 
 the scope of the authority given him. 
 
 3. Powers of Attorney are taken to be in force till notice of revocation, or 
 the death of the party giving the same. 
 
 4. A married woman may lawfully act as her husband's attorney, if dulj 
 empowered by a letter of attorney from him. 
 
 5. Where a conveyance is made by an attorney, he should grant it in the 
 name of the principal, and put the principal's name, and seal to the deed, and 
 acknowledge it before the magistrate to be the deed of the principal. 
 
 t If the Power is given to collect Debts, say f" ask, demand, sue for, col- 
 lect, and receive, all such sum and sums of money, debts, rents, dues, ac- 
 counts, and other demands whatsoever; which are or shall be due, owing, 
 payable and belonging to me, or detained from me, in any manner whatso- 
 ever, by C. C., of , county of , state of , his heirs, executors, and 
 
 administrators, or any of them ; (or by any person or persons residing or being 
 in the state of ;) "] 
 
 If the Power relates to Insurance, say [" effect insurance on , with 
 
 the Fire [or, Marine] Insurance Company, in , on such terms as he 
 
 shall deem fit ; and I hereby empower him to sign any application for said 
 Insurance, representation of the condition and value of said property, articles 
 of agreement, promissory note , and all other papers that may be necessary 
 for that purpose; and also to cancel and surrender any policy he may obtain, 
 and on such cancelling, or the expiration thereof, to receive any dividend, re- 
 turn premium or deposit that may be due, and on such receipt full discharge to 
 give therefor,"] 
 
 BMA 6
 
 62 POWERS OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 Power of Attorney to Sell and Lease Lands. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE &c. [in common form] to [grant, 
 bargain, sell and convey, to any person or persons, who may 
 
 desire to purchase the same, the quarter of section number 
 
 , in township number north of the base line, in 
 
 range number east of the principal meridian in the 
 
 State of ,] and for me and in my name to make, execute, 
 
 acknowledge, and deliver, good and sufficient deeds and convey- 
 ances for the same, either with or without covenants and war- 
 ranty ;* giving and granting to my said attorney full power and 
 authority to do all acts necessary and proper to be done in the 
 premises, in as full and ample a manner, as I might or could do, if 
 personally present. And I do hereby ratify and confirm all the 
 acts of my said attorney lawfully done in the premises. 
 
 Witness my hand &c. A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Executed in presence of [To be acknowledged.] 
 
 Power of Attorney [or Proxy] to Vote for Directors. 
 
 BE IT KNOWN, that I, A. B., of do appoint C. D., of , 
 
 to be my proxy, for me and in my name, to vote at any election 
 of directors [or trustees, &c.,] of the [describe the Company or 
 Society by its corporate title] and on all other matters which at any 
 regular meeting of the stockholders may properly come before them. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, this &c. A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Signed in presence of 
 
 Power to receive Dividends. 
 
 Please pay A. B. all dividends due on all Shares in your Corpo- 
 ration standing in my name. 
 
 To CASHIER OF BANK. C. D. 
 
 B , Jan. I, 185. 
 
 By inserting after the word "due" in the above, the words "or to become 
 due," the Order becomes a standing one. 
 
 Ifto Railroad, direct " To Treasurer of B Railroad." 
 
 Revocation of a Power of Attorney, t 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., ofB., 
 
 in and by my letter of attorney, bearing date the day of , 1856, 
 did appoint C. D., of B. my attorney, to [here copy the language of 
 the letter of attorney,'] as by the said letter of attorney will appear: 
 Now, know ye, that I, the said A. B., do by these presents revoke, 
 countermand, annul, and make void the said letter of attorney, and 
 all power and authority thereby given, or intended to be given, to 
 the said C. D. In witness whereof, I have &c. A. B. (L. s.) 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 * If the land is to Released, say, ["And until the sale thereof to sign, sea] and inter- 
 change to, and with any person with whom said C. D. may contract, and for and 
 upon such terms as said C. D. may agree, leases of the whole or any pint of the 
 Aforesaid land: hereby authorizing my said attorney to receive the rents, which 
 may become due on said leases, and to receipt for the same in my name, he ac- 
 counting to me therefor;" 
 
 t A Power of Attorney is revocable at pleasure, and all persons interested 
 should have notice of the revocation. But if the authority is coupled with an 
 interest it it not revocable, though it be not so stated in the letter.
 
 RELEASES. 63 
 
 RELEASES. 
 A General Release. ' 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B., of B., 
 
 in the county of D., in consideration of dollars, to me paid by 
 
 C. D., of E., do hereby for myself, my heirs, executors, administra- 
 tors, and assigns, release, and forever discharge the said C. D., his 
 heirs, executors, and administrators, of and from all debts, demands, 
 covenants, actions and causes of action, which I now have, in law 
 or equity, or which may result from the existing state of things 
 from any and all contracts, liabilities, doings and omissions, from 
 the beginning of the world to this day. In witness whereof, &c. 
 Executed in presence of A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Release of a Lease, Contract, Note, Bond, Sfc. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That, I, A. B., ofG., 
 
 in consideration of dollars, to me paid by C. D. of G.,do for 
 
 myself and my heirs, release and forever discharge the said C. D. 
 and his heirs, from all claims and demands, which now exist, or 
 which may hereafter accrue in my favor, from or concerning a 
 
 lease made between me and the said C. D. on , wherein I 
 
 leased to the said C. D. an estate situated in , for the term of 
 
 years, on certain terms and conditions, in said lease provided. 
 
 [or if it be a note of hand, bond, contract, or other covenant, de- 
 scribe it particularly, instead of the above description of Lease .] 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto set &c. A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 Deed of Release of Dower. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I, A. B. of B., 
 
 in consideration of one dollar to me paid by C. D. of B., do here- 
 by release and forever quit-claim to the said C. D., his heirs and 
 assigns, all my right of dower in and to the following described 
 real estate, situate in [here describe the estate,] [of which my late 
 husband E. B. was heretofore seized]. To have and to hold the 
 same to the said C. D., his heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto &c. A. B. [L. s.] 
 Executed in presence of 
 
 [Should be acknowledged and recorded.] 
 
 Quit Claim Deed, Releasing Mortgaged Premises. 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I,* A. B., the 
 
 mortgagee named in a certain mortgage deed given by C. D. to 
 
 A. B., to secure the payment of dollars; dated , recorded 
 
 in vol. page , in consideration of dollars, to me paid 
 
 by C. D., the mortgagor, do hereby release, and forever quit claim 
 to the said C. D.,his heirs and assigns, all my claim and title in and 
 to the mortgaged estate therein mentioned ; [having received full 
 satisfaction for the debt thereby secured.] t 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, this day of &c. A. B. (L. s.) 
 
 Executed and delivered in presence of 
 
 * If discharged by the assignee, " say, E. F., assignee of." 
 t If ihe debt has been actually paid, and not merely the security changed. 
 Acknowledged, if Real Estate, and Recorded.
 
 64 FORMS OF PETITIONS. LAWS REGULATING WILLS. 
 
 FORMS OF PETITIONS. 
 
 Petition for Change of Highway. 
 
 To the County Commissioners for the County of W. 
 
 The undersigned respectfully represent, that the public highway from the house of A. 
 B., in G., passing the house of C. D. to the house of E. F., in (., is narrow, crooked, in- 
 direct and inconvenient ; wherefore your petitioners request your hom>r:ible Hoard to 
 view the premises, and widen, straighten, or new locate said road, and discontinue such 
 ports of the highway as may be useless ; or make such alterations and improvements as 
 lhall appear to your honors necessary. 
 
 And your petitioners as in duty bound will ever pray. [Signatures.] 
 
 Petition for laying out a Road. 
 
 To the County Commissioners for the County of W. : 
 
 Your petitioners, inhabitants of the town of G., would respectfully represent, that the 
 public convenience and wants require that a road and highway should lie luicl out and 
 constructed, beginning at B, in the town of C., and leading in a - direction through C. 
 to the town of D. Your petitioners would therefore ask that your Ilonois would view 
 the premises, and locate and construct said road and highway, according tu the hiwx in 
 uch cases made and provided. And as in duty &c. [Signatures.] 
 
 NOTE. The termini!, or places where the road commences and ends, should be partic- 
 ularly described, but not the lots of land through which the road it to pass, as this would 
 online, the commissioners to that particular route. 
 
 To TUB LEGISLATURE. 
 
 To the Honorable the General Assembly of the State of M. [or General Court] or [ Senate] 
 or [House of Representatives] or [the Congress of the U.S.] the undersigned respect- 
 fully represents, That, &c. 
 
 To THE AUTHORITIES OF A CITY [OR TOWN]. 
 
 To the Honorable the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council of the City of B. or [the 
 Selectmen of the Town of B.] the undersigned respectfully represents &c. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING A WILL. 
 
 WHO MAY MAKE A "WILL. All persons of sound mind, except infanta and 
 married women, may dispose of their EKAI. property by will. A married woman may 
 ao so with the assent of her husband j and if she possess a deed of settlement of her 
 estate, prior to her marriage, she may retain this power and execute it after marriage In 
 some States the may dispose of property by will, which has been left to her sole use be- 
 yond the control of her husband. 
 
 A person making a will should be careful to give his Christian and surname, his place 
 Of abode, trade, tc. Legatees should also be properly described. 
 
 THE NATURE AND EXECUTION OF WILLS. Willa arc of two kinds WRITTEN 
 and y K WRITTEN. The latter have now become very unusual, being liable to grea"m. 
 position. In some States, as in Massachusetts and New York on I'NWKITTKN will be- 
 queathing personal estate, is only valid when made by a soldier in actual service or by 
 mariner while at sea. 
 
 A will of any kind of property must be in writing. 
 
 The will, or codicil, should be signed at the foot or end thereof by the testator. If he 
 floe not sign, it must be signed by some person in his presence, and by his direction. 
 
 The signature must be made, or acknowledged, by the testator, in the presence of 
 witnesses present at the same time. 
 
 In Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Maryland, Sou h Carolina, Georgia, and all the other States, the attestation 
 Is good if signed by three witnesses. In Delaware, Virginia, Ohio Illinois Indian" 
 Missouri, Tennessee, North Carolina, two witncssc* onl r are required I New York' 
 r^oTn^cT/Jsi) mU8 ' Wr ' te PP08ite thcir names ^ir place of residence, - penal- 
 
 Lastly, the LEGAL number of witnesses must attest and subscribe the will, or codicil, 
 
 1 the wm was eigncd ' or Ws ignature ^ 
 
 WITNESSES TO A WILL. They should not be persons who, on account of having 
 been convicted of any infamous crime, are disqualified from giving evidence in a court of 
 makinir V o"v.Mi U 'r 7 e fc?" tcc> " nder thc wi . >- codicil ; nor any way interested in 
 making the v, ill. Ihey should also be persons of sufficient intelligence and understand- 
 in^ 1>e f f T 3 an i atte j tln ? witness, or his wife, or her husband, are void. But creditors 
 and executors can be attesting witnesses. Alterations in wills must be made in the same 
 way as a will is made, that is, the will must be again witnessed and signed. 
 
 CODICIL. A codicil is a supplement or addition made to a will by the testator, adding 
 Mm" c 1 ' 1 ^' V iT 8 TfVi"/ f ''!" f(jrnicr . u ' 8 P sl . ti n- may be written on the 

 
 WILT.. 65 
 
 TVoogkaaMa eaa property make oaly o>e vfn, he may make u many eodicilj ai h* 
 
 U*,tf j 
 
 . A bpey > b^^^oc gm rf-o^-good..* efc-tte^byyffl, ft. 
 
 pecwn to whom U b giro b called the legatee ; aad if the rift U of the reiid-e of L_ 
 ettale, after the payment of dekta aad other lepeiec, he is called the raidoary legatee. 
 
 IB ea*e of a deieieBey of aete to pay the debt*. aD the general leaeieBuut abate pto- 
 Ortfoaany. So, if tlie legate*, hare btem paid, they are b<iid to leftmd a rateable part. 
 
 Oeacral eoBdWau fmooKd on legatee* act to marry, are roid,ai immoral, by teadiAf 
 pterent Che malfipKeatfoB of flu cpeeiec. 
 
 REVOCATION OF A WILL. A wfll may be lenofcedat theplmmt of the totator. 
 He ma? ban tear, cancel or obliterate it, bat aB obliteration of a part ij a reroeatioB of 
 onlytiiatpart. Marriage and the With of a chad operate ai a reroea&M. prorided ta 
 wUfe and ehUd were aapcorided for. AseeoBd wOlisabo a rerocatkm of the tnC Tta 
 IBII IMB of a vomaa reroket a wQl prerknuiy made by her. A codoeil reroke* a win 
 if* coBteary to it. 
 
 WILL.* 
 
 K.VOW ALL MEN BY THESE PHESE.VTS, That I, A. B., of 
 
 , in the county of , and state of .merchant, being of 
 
 sound disposing mind and memory, do make and publish this my 
 last Will and Testament 
 
 1st I give and bequeath to my son C. B. one hundred dollars. 
 
 2d. I give and bequeath to my sons D.B. and . B., five hun- 
 dred dollars each. 
 
 3d. I give and bequeath to my honored mother fire hundred 
 dollars. 
 
 To be paid to them respectively within one year after my decease. 
 
 4th. I give and bequeath to my beloved wife, N. B., all my 
 household furniture, wearing apparel, and all the rest and residue 
 of my personal property, (after payment of my debts and legacies.) 
 
 5th. 1 give and devise to my daughter, G. H., wife of B. H., of 
 
 , the lot of land, with the building thereon, situate in the town 
 
 of in the county of [bounded as follows]. To have and 
 
 to hold the said premises with the appurtenances, to her, the said 
 G. IT., to her sole and separate use, free from the interference or 
 control of her husband, and to her heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 6th. I give and devise to my eldest son F. B., his heirs and as- 
 II my homestead farm, situate in the town of B., in the coun- 
 ty of M., whereon 1 now live. To have and to hold the same to 
 him, the said F. B., and his heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 7th. I give and devise to my beloved wife, N. B., all the 
 rest and residue of my real estate, together with any and all 
 estate, right or interest in lands, which I may acquire after the 
 date of this Will as long as she shall remain unmarried, and my 
 widow ; but on her decease or marriage, the remainder thereof I 
 give and devise to my said children, and their heirs, respectively, 
 to he divided in equal shares between them. 
 
 8th. I ordain and appoint my brother, R. B., as executor of 
 this my last Will and Testament. 
 
 If a testator in hi Will makes provision for hi* wife, declaring the same 
 to be instead of dower, the wife may hare her election (within a specified 
 time in Massachusetts it is six months) to accept the provisions of the Will, 
 or claim her dower at law, bat she cannot have both. If the provisions in th 
 Will are not declared to be instead of dower, she may hold both. 
 
 BMA 6*
 
 66 WILL AND CODICIL. EASEMENTS. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, 
 and publish and declare this to be my last Will and Testament in 
 
 the presence of the witnesses named below, this day of , 
 
 in the year . 
 
 A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Signed, sealed, published, and declared by the said A. B.,as and for his last Wit 
 and Testament, in presence of us, who, at his request and in his presence, an 
 in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses hereto. 
 
 L. M. 
 O. P. 
 G. H. 
 
 If the Will be signed by a third person for the testator, the attestation shou 
 be thus : 
 
 Signed by the said E. F. in our presence and in the presence of the said A. B 
 and by hisexpress direction, and by the said A. B. at thesame time published and 
 declared an his last will and testament, in the presence of the said E. F. and of 
 us, who each in the presence of the other, and of the said A. B. and of the said E. 
 F. have hereunto set our hands as subscribing witnesses. 
 
 The manner of signing and attesting Wills in New England and many of the 
 States, is similar to the above. In New York, it is as follows : 
 
 The above instrument was now here subscribed by A.B.,the testator, in the 
 presence of each of us , and was at the same time declared by him to be his last 
 Will and Testament: and we, at his request, and in his presence, sign our names 
 thereto, as attesting witnesses. 
 
 D. F., residing in Utica, County. 
 
 G. H., residing in Utica, County. 
 
 Codicil. 
 
 W HEREAS, by my last will and testament, dated the day of 
 
 ,18 , I gave to my daughter J. W., [here mention the 
 
 legacy,] I do hereby, by this present writing, which I declare to 
 be a Codicil to my said Will, revoke the said legacy, and give and 
 bequeath the same to my son S. W., Jr. I also give and bequeath 
 
 to my nephew G. E. the sum of and to my niece H. E. the 
 
 sum of . And I hereby ratify and confirm my aforesaid Will 
 
 in all respects, except so far as changed or altered by this Codicil. 
 
 In testimony whereof, &c., [same as will.] A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Signed, sealed, and declared by the said A. B. to be a Codicil to his last will and 
 testament, in the presence of [same as will.] 
 
 EASEMENTS. 
 I. Notice to Discontinue an Easement. 
 
 To A. B. and. C. D., the Heirs of Mr. J. B , deceased : Apprehending that, 
 by lapse of time, a right may hereafter accrue to you to have the privilege of 
 an alley, or passage-way, in and upon my lot of land on M. street, numbered 
 53, which you now enjoy by my sufferance, of passing to and from said street 
 along the south side of my dwelling house, to the rear of your house on said 
 street. Now to prevent the accruing of such right on your part, or on the part 
 of those who may hereafter own the estate. I hereby notify you, that I claim 
 the right of building upon and over said alley or passage-way immediately, 
 or at any other time, or of closing up or otherwise disposing of the same, 
 whenever I may think it best to exercise such right. E. F. 
 
 S , ss. B , May 12, 1859. I have, this day notified the with- 
 in named J. B., by leaving an attested copy of these presents at his last and 
 
 usual place of abode in said B . 
 
 H. H. G., Deputy Sheriff.
 
 EASEMENTS. ENTRY OF MORTGAGEE. 67 
 
 2. Another Form, 
 
 B , May 21, 1959. 
 
 To H. T. Sir : You are hereby notified that the proprietors of the real 
 estate hereinafter mentioned, intend to prevent you from acquiring by adverse 
 
 use, or possession, or otherwise, any right of or other easement, over, 
 
 from, in, or upon our land, situate on the westerly side of W. street in said 
 B., being the same described in the deed of C. H. to E. D., recorded with 
 Deeds. Lib. , fol. ; and we also severally notify you that it is our inten- 
 tion to'dispute all right on your part to any or other easement. 
 
 This notice is given to you because you are now using and enjoying, with- 
 out our consent, a from, in, upon, and over our said land. 
 
 Witness our hands this day of , 185 . E. D. 
 
 C. H. 
 
 Note No person shall acquire any right or privilege of way, nor any other easement, 
 from, in, upon, or over, the land of another, by the adverse use or enjoyment thereof, un- 
 less such use shall have been continued uninterrupted, for twenty years. The person 
 owning the land, in such case, may give notice in writing to the person claiming or using 
 the privilege, expressing his intention to dispute the right of way, or other easement, 
 and to prevent th; other party from acquiring such right ; and such notice, being serv- 
 ed and recorded, as hereafter provided in this section, shall be deemed an interruption 
 of such use, and shall prevent the acquiring of a right thereto, by the continuance of the 
 use thereof, for any length of time whatever, after the notice aforesaid ; and such notice 
 shall be served, like an original summons in civil actions, on the other party, or his 
 agent or guardian, if within the State i and otherwise, on the tenant or occupant of the 
 estate, if there be any ; and if not, a copy of the notice shall be affixed to the house, or to 
 some other conspicuous part of the premises ; and the service shall be indorsed and re- 
 turned on the original paper, and said notice, with the return thereon, shall be recorded 
 in the registry of deeds, for the county where the land lies, within three mouths after the 
 service ; and every such notice, given by the guardian or agent of the owner of the land, 
 ehall have the like effect as if given by himself. Mass. Stat. 
 
 No person who has erected, or may erect any building near the land of another person, 
 shall acquire aright of light and air. by mere continuance of windows overlooking his 
 land, so as to prevent the owner of such land from erecting any building thereon. Ibid. 
 
 FORECLOSURE OF MORTGAGE. 
 
 Certificate of Entry of Mortgagee. 
 
 This shall certify to all persons, that I, A. B., the within named mortgagor, 
 
 this day of , A. D., 186 , do give peaceable and quiet possession of 
 
 the real estate described in the within mortgage, to C. D., on account of a 
 breach of condition therein contained, and for me purpose of foreclosing the 
 same. A. B. 
 
 [ Must be acknowledged.] 
 
 Witnesses Certificate of Entry. 
 
 B , April 10. 1861. 
 
 We, the subscribers, hereby certify and declare that we were this day pres- 
 ent and saxy E. F., the within named mortgagee, enter in and upon the real 
 estate described in the within mortgage, and take open and peaceable posses- 
 sion thereof, on account of a breach of condition therein contained, and for the 
 purpose of foreclosing the same. A. B. 
 
 C. D. 
 
 S . ss. B , April 10, 1957. Then personally appeared the 
 
 above named A. B. and C. D., and severally made solemn oath that the above 
 certificate by them subscribed is true. 
 
 Before me, I. R. B., Just, of the Peace. 
 
 After breach of condition of a mortgage of real estate, the mortgagee may obtain pos- 
 session by action, or make an o^en and peaceable entry, which possession being contin- 
 ued three years, the redemption is forever foreclosed. The mortgagor may sign a cer- 
 tificate or memorandum upon the mortgage deed, acknowledging the entry of the mort- 
 gagee, which certificate must be recorded in the Registry of Deeds within thirty days, 
 or else, a certificate of two competent witnesses to prove the entry, shall be made ana 
 sworn to before a Justice of the Peace, and recorded as above. Mass. Stat.
 
 63 THE NEW PATENT LAW. 
 
 NEW PATENT LAW. 1861. 
 
 SEC. 1 relates lo the taking of affidavits required in cases pending in the 
 Patent Office, the subpceiiing of witnesses, and fees. 
 
 SECS. 2, 3 & 4 relate to the appointment and duties of three examiners-in- 
 chief, and lo salaries. 
 
 SEC. 5 authorizes the Commissioner of Patents to restore to the respective 
 applicants, or when not removed by them, to otherwise dispose of such of the 
 models belonging to rejected applications as he shall not think necessary to be 
 preserved. The same authority is also given in relation to all models ac- 
 companying applications for designs. He is further authorized to dispense in 
 future -with models of designs when the design can be sufficiently represented 
 by a drawing. 
 
 SEC. C repeals the act authorizing the appointment of agents for the trans- 
 portation of models and specimens to the Patent Office. 
 
 SEC. 7 relates to the appointment of additional examiners. 
 
 SEC. 8 requires all papers filed in the Patent Office, if not correctly, legibly 
 and clearly written, to be printed at the cost of the parties filing such papers. 
 
 SEC. 9 provides that no money paid as a fee on any application for a patent 
 after the passage of this act shall be withdrawn or refunded, nor shall the fee 
 
 Eaid on filing a caveat be considered as part of the sum required lo be paid on 
 ling a subsequent application for a patent for the same invention. 
 
 That the three months' notice given to any caveator, in pursuance of the re- 
 quirements of the twelfth section of the act of July 4th, ;iS3(>, shall be com- 
 puted from the day on which such notice is deposited in the post-office at 
 Washington, with the regular lime for the transmission of the same added 
 thereto, which time shall be indorsed on the notice ; and that so much of the 
 13th section of the act of Congress, approved July 4th, 1836, as authorizes the 
 annexing to letters patent of the description and specification of additional 
 improvements is hereby repealed, and in all cases where additional improve- 
 ments would now be admissible independent patents must be applied for. 
 
 SEC. 10 provides that alj laws now in force fixing the rates of the Patent 
 Office fees to be paid, and discriminating between the inhabitants of the United 
 Stales and those of other countries which shall not discriminate against the 
 inhabitants of the United States, are hereby repealed,* and in their stead the 
 following rates are established: 
 
 On filing each caveat $10 00 
 
 On filing eacli original application for a patent, except for a design .. . 15 00 
 
 On issuing each original patent 20 00 
 
 On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Commissioner. ... 20 00 
 
 On every application for the re-issue of a patent 30 00 
 
 On every application for the extension of a patent 50 00 
 
 In addition, on the granting of every extension 60 00 
 
 On filing each disclaimer 10 00 
 
 For certified copies of patents, and other papers, per 100 -words 10 
 
 For recording every assignment, power of attorney, and other papers, 
 
 of 300 words or under 1 00 
 
 For recording every assignment, and other papers, over 300 and under 
 
 1000 words 2 00 
 
 For recording every assignment or other writing:, if over 1000 words. . 3 00 
 For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making the same. 
 
 SEC. 11 provides that any citizen or citizens, or alien or aliens having resid- 
 ed one year in the United Stales, and taken the oalh of his, her or iheir intention 
 to become a citizen or citizens, who by his, her, or their own industry, genius, 
 efforts, and expense, may have invented or produced any new and original 
 design for a manufacture whether of metal or other material or materials, or an 
 original design for a bust, statue, or bas-relief, or composition in alto or basso 
 relievo, or any new and original impression or ornament, or to be placed on 
 any article of manufacture, the same being formed in marble or other material, 
 or any new and useful pattern, or print, or picture, to be either worked into 
 or worked on, or primed, or painted^ or cast, or otherwise fixed on, any article 
 of manufacture, or any new and original shape or configuration of any article 
 of manufacture, not known or used by olhers before his, her, or their inven- 
 tion or production thereof, and prior to the time of his, her, or their application 
 for a patent therefor, and who shall desire to obtain an exclusive properly or 
 
 * NOTE TO SEC. 10. All persons, without distinction of nationality, (except Canadi- 
 an!,) may now file applications for full patents, on payment of the fee of
 
 THE NEW PATENT LAW. 69 
 
 right therein to make, use, and sell, and vend the same, or copies of the same, 
 lo others, by them to be made, used, and sold, may make application, in writ- 
 ing, to the Commissioner of Patents, expressing such desire ;* and the Com- 
 missioner, on due proceedings had, may grant a patent therefor, as in the case 
 now of application for a patent, for the term of 3 years, or for ihe term of 7 
 years, or for the term of 14 years, as the said applicant may elect in his ap- 
 plication : Provided, that the fee to be paid in such application shall be, for 
 the term of 3 years and 6 months S10, for 7 years $15, and for 14 years 830: 
 And provided, that the patentees of designs under thi* act shall be entitled lo 
 the extension of their respective patents, for the term of 7 years from the day 
 on which said patents shall expire, upon the same terms and restrictions as 
 are now provided for ihe extension of letters patent. 
 
 SEC. 12 provides that all applications for patents shall be completed and 
 prepared for examination within two years after the filing of the petition, and 
 in default thereof, they shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties thereto, 
 unless it be shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Patents that 
 such delay was unavoidable, and all applications now pending shall be treated 
 as if filed after the passage of this act; and all applications for the extension 
 of patents shall be filed at least 90 days before the expiration thereof; and 
 notice of the day set for the hearing'of the case shall be published, as now 
 required by law, for at least 60 days. 
 
 SEC. 13 provides that in all cases where an article is made or vended by 
 any person under ihe protection of letters patent, it shall be the duty of such 
 person to give sufficient notice to the public that said article is so patented, 
 either by fixing thereon the word patented, together with the day and year 
 the patent was granted ; or when, from the character of the article patented, 
 that may be impracticable, by enveloping one or more of the said articles, ana 
 affixing a label lo the package, or otherwise attaching thereto a label on which 
 the notice, with the date, is printed ; on failure of which, in any suit for the in- 
 fringement of letters patent by the parly failing so to mark the article the right 
 to which is infringed upon, no damage shall be recovered by ihe plaintiff, ex- 
 cept on proof lhat the defendant was duly notified of the infringement, and 
 continued after such notice to make or vend the article patented. 
 
 SEC. 14 authorizes the Commissioner of Patents to print ten copies of the 
 description and claims of all patents, which may hereafter be granted, and 
 ten copies of the drawings. 
 
 SEC. 15 provides that printed copies of the letters patent of the United 
 Stales with the seal of the Patent Office affixed thereto, and certified and 
 slewed by the Commissioner of Patents, shall be legal evidence of the contents 
 of said letters patent in all cases. 
 
 SEC. 16 provides that all patents hereafter granted shall remain in force for 
 the term of seventeen years from the date of issue ; and all extensions of such 
 patents are hereby prohibited. 
 
 cut?, 
 
 envelops for goods ; designs tor hardware, tin-ware, or any otner metal, musical in 
 ments, toys, canes, umbrellas, and like articles ; pictures, paintings, patterns, 
 ornaments or designs for any article, including all kinds of wearing apparel, bonnets, 
 dresses, ribbons, ornaments for the person, embroidery, laces, edgings, ic., Sc. 
 
 PATENT FORMS AND RULES OP OFFICE. 
 
 There are six requisiies, uniformly insisted upon, before an application is 
 considered ready for examination. These are: I. The petition; 2. The 
 specification ; 3. The oath ; 4. The drawings ; 5. The model, or specimens, 
 where the case admits of them ; 6. The payment of the fee. Until these are 
 all complete, no application will be set down for examination in i:s order.
 
 70 
 
 PATENT FORMS AND RULES OF OFFICE. 
 
 Patents are granted to citizens of the United States, to aliens who have re- 
 sided in the United States one year, and made oath of their intention to become 
 citizens, and also to foreigners who are inventors or discoverers. 
 
 The following are the usual forms, to be varied according to circumstances. 
 
 I. THE PETITION. 
 
 This must be addressed to the Commissioner, and signed by the inventor, 
 even though it is intended that the patent shall issue to an assignee. If the 
 inventor is dead, his executor or administrator may sign it. 
 
 Form of Petition. 
 To THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS : 
 
 The petition of A. B., of , in the County of , and State of , res- 
 pectfully represents : That your petitioner lias invented a new and improved 
 mode of preventing steam-boilers from bursting, which he verily believes has 
 not been known or used prior to the invention thereof by your petitioner. He 
 therefore prays that letters patent of the United States may be granted to him 
 therefor, vesting in him and his legal representatives the exclusive right to the 
 same, upon the terms and conditions expressed in the act of Congress in that 
 case made and provided ; he having paid fifteen dollars into the treasury, and 
 complied with the other provisions of the said act. A. B. 
 
 II. THE SPECIFICATION. 
 
 The importance of this document is not easily overrated. It is of vital con- 
 sequence that it be drawn up with skill and care. Besides describing the thing 
 to be patented, it should contain full references to the drawings, if the case is 
 
 E roper for them ; and some description of them may prove useful. It should 
 e signed by the inventor, (his executor or administrator,) and be attested by 
 two witnesses. No great aid is to be expected, in drawing up the substance of 
 the specification, from any forms. There is hardly any class of documents in 
 preparing which so little aid is to be derived from precedents ; none where 
 more depends on skill, experience and ingenuity. The specification must be 
 made in such full, clear and exact terms, that the public may know how to 
 avail themselves of it wild reasonable facility after the patent has expired. 
 It is enough if, to adopt the expressions of the statute, " it will enable any per- 
 son skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or wilh which it is 
 most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound and use the same." (Act 
 of Congress, 1836, Sec. 6.) 
 
 The applicant must set forth in his specification the precise invention for 
 which he claims a patent. If a machine, he shall fully explain the principle, 
 modes, applcatiion, and character, by which it may be distinguished from 
 other inventions ; and shall particularly point out the part, improvement, or 
 combination, which he claims as his own invention or discovery. Ibid. 
 
 Form of Specification. 
 To ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN : 
 
 Be it known that I, A. B., of , in the County of , in the State of 
 
 , have invented a new and improved mode of preventing steam-boilers 
 
 from bursting ; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full mid exact 
 description thereof, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, and 
 to the letters of reference marked thereon : 
 
 The iviture of my invention consists in [here describe the invention with great 
 particularity and exactness]. 
 
 What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, is.the 
 application to steam-boilers of a fusible alloy, which will melt at a given tem- 
 perature, and allow the steam to escape, as herein described, using for that 
 purpose the aforesaid metallic compound, or any other substantially the same, 
 and which will produce the intended effect. A. B. 
 
 CD 
 
 Witnesses : ii' i;' 
 hi. Jb 
 
 [When the application is for a machine, the specification should commence thus :] 
 
 Be it known, that 1, A. B., of , in the County of , and State of , 
 
 have invented a new and useful machine for [stating the use and title nf the 
 machine; and if the application is for an improvement, it should read thus : a 
 new and useful improvement on a, (or, on the,) machine, &c.,j and I do here-
 
 PATENT FORMS AND RULES OF OFFICE. 71 
 
 by declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description of the con- 
 struction and operation of the same ; reference being had to the annexed 
 drawings, making a part of iliis specification, in which figure 1 is a perspec- 
 tive view; figure 2 a longitudinal elevation; figure 3 a transverse section, 
 &c. ; [than describing all the sections of the drawings, and then referring to the 
 parts by letters. Then follows the description of the construction and operation 
 of the machine; and lastly the claim, which should express the nature and 
 character of the invention, and identify the parts claimed separately or in com- 
 bination. If the specification is for an improvement, the original invention 
 should be disclaimed, and the claim confined to the improvement] 
 
 To the specification shouWbe annexed the oath of the inventor. Where an 
 executor or administrator applies, the law requires a variation in the form. 
 
 III. OATH. 
 
 STATE OF , COUNTY OF , M: 
 
 On this day of , 18, before me, the subscriber, a , personally 
 
 appeared the within named A. B., and made solemn oath (or affirmation) that 
 he verily believes himself to be the original and first invenlor of the mode 
 herein described for preventing steam-boilers from bursting; and lhat he does 
 not know or believe the same was ever before known or used ;* [and that he 19 
 a citizen of the United States.] 
 
 (Signed) C. D., Justice of the Peace. 
 
 * In case of an alien, insert in place of what is in brackets, [and that he is 
 
 a native of the ; that he has resided within the United Stales for the whole 
 
 of the past year, and has taken the oath prescribed by law for becoming natu- 
 ralized m this country.] 
 
 IV. THE DRAWINGS AND MODEL. 
 
 Duplicate drawings will be required in every case. They should be on 
 sheets separate from the other papers, from eighteen to nineteen inches in 
 length from top to bottom, and not less than thirteen inches across nor more 
 than twenty-five, unless more space is necessary to exhibit the device or ma- 
 chine with clearness. One of them, which is to be kept in the Office for ref- 
 erence, should be on stiff drawing paper. The other, which is intended to be 
 attached to the patent, should have a margin of one inch, at least, for that 
 purpose on the riglit hand side, and should be on some material that will bear 
 folding and transportation. They should be executed in artistic style ; and 
 such parts as cannot be otherwise made to appear, must be represented in 
 detail, by plans and sections, which should be numbered and described in Ihe 
 specification. Each part should be distinguished by some one number or 
 letter having the same shape wherever that part is delineated in the drawings, 
 and should be referred to in the specification by such letter or number. It is 
 always safe, and may be found essential, to have them signed by the invenlor, 
 and attested by two witnesses, like the specification. 
 
 The model should be made of durable materials, and be firmly constructed, 
 so as to bear the frequent handling to which it is necessarily exposed. If of 
 any soft wood, it should be painted, stained, or varnished. Its external di- 
 mensions should not, if practicable, exceed one cubic foot in measure. The 
 name of the inventor, and that of the assignee, if the patent issue to him, should 
 be permanently affixed to it, either by engraving or otherwise. 
 
 Where the invention consists of a composition of matter, samples of the in- 
 eredients, sufficient for the purposes of experiment, and also of the composition 
 itself, must be furnished j also specimens of any article of manufacture for 
 which a patent is sought. 
 
 No model can be withdrawn, except when the Office requires some defect 
 to be corrected in it, or new drawings to be prepared from it. 
 t Models and specimens may be sent to the Office by express, prepaid. 
 V. DESIGNS. 
 
 In making an application to patent a design, the same course is to be pur- 
 sued as in case of an application for patenting a machine. 
 
 Form of Petition for a Design. 
 To THX COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS : 
 
 The petition of A. B., of , and State of , respectfully represents : 
 
 That your petitioner has invented or produced [a new and original design for
 
 72 PATENT FORMS AND RULES OF OFFICE. 
 
 a composition in alto-relievo] which he verily believes has not been known 
 prior to the production thereof by your petitioner. He therefore prays that 
 letters patent of the United States may be granted to him therefor, vesting in 
 him and his legal representatives the exclusive right to the same, upon the 
 terms and conditions expressed in the Act of Congress in that case made and 
 
 provided, he having paid dollars into the Treasury, and complied with 
 
 the other provisions of the said Act. A. B. 
 
 Form of Specification for a Design, tft. 
 To ALL WHOM IT M A? CONCERN : 
 
 Be it known, that I, A. B., of , in the County of , and State of , 
 
 have invented or produced a new and original design for a composiiion in 
 alto-relievo, and I do hereby declare that the following is a full and exact de- 
 scription of the same : 
 
 [Here follows a description of the design, with reference to the specimen or 
 drawing, the specification to conclude with declaring what the inventor 
 claims, in terms characteristic of the design, &c.] 
 
 A. B. 
 C D 
 Witnesses : g p 
 
 Form of Oath same as No. 3, inserting in place of the italics, [or producer 
 of the design for a composition in alio- relievo.] 
 
 VI. CAVEATS. 
 
 Any person entitled to take out a patent, who shall desire further time to 
 perfect the invention he has made, may, by paying ten dollars, file a Caveat 
 in the confidential archives of the office, setting forth the design and purpose 
 of his invention, its principal and distinguishing characteristics, tic., praying 
 protection of his right till he shall have matured his invention. 
 
 If application shall be made by any other person, within one year from the 
 time of filing such caveat, for a patent of any invention with which it may in 
 any respect interfere, it shall be the duty of the Commissioner to deposit the 
 description, specifications, drawings and model, in the confidential archive! 
 of the office, and give notice (by mail) to the person films the caveat, of such 
 application, who shall, within three months after, file his description, specifica- 
 tion, drawings and model, if he would avail himself of the benefit of his caveat. 
 
 Form of Caveat. 
 To THK COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS : 
 
 The petition of A. B.,of , in the County of , and Stale of , res- 
 pectfully represents : That he has made certain improvements in the mode 
 of constructing the boilers for steam-engines, and that he is now engaged in 
 making experiments for the purpose of perfecting the same, preparatory to 
 his applying for letters patent therefor. He therefore prays that the subjoined 
 description of his invention may be filed as a caveat in the confidential ar- 
 chives of the Patent Office, agreeably to the provisions of the Act of Congress 
 in that case made and provided ; he having paid ten dollars into the Treas- 
 ury of the United Slates, and otherwise complied with the requirements of the 
 said Act. A. B. 
 
 Here should follow a description of the general principles of the invention 
 o far as it has been completed. 
 
 It is desirable that caveats should be explicit as to the character and feature 
 of the invention embrace suitable drawings or sketches; and a model if con- 
 venient. The caveat fails of its purpose, when the invention is not explained. 
 
 VII. RE-ISSUES. 
 
 A re-issue is granted to the original patentee, his heirs, or assigns, when 
 by reason of an insufficient or defective specification the patent is invalid, pro- 
 vided the error has arisen from inadvertency, accident, or mistake, without 
 any fraudulent or deceptive intention. (Act of 1S36, sec. 13.) 
 
 The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in the original inven- 
 tion, and so described or shown that it might have been embraced in the ori- 
 ginal patent, may be the subject of a re-issue.
 
 PATENT FORMS AND RULES OF OFFICE. 73 
 
 Form of Surrender of a Patent for a Re-issue. 
 To THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS : 
 
 The petition of A. B., of , in the County of . and State of , res- 
 pectfully represents : That he did obtain letters patent of the United States 
 for an improvement in the boilers of steam-engines, which letters patent are 
 dated on the first day of March, 1S55 ; that he now believes that the same is 
 inoperative and invalid by reason of a defective specification, which defect 
 has arisen from inadvertence and mistake. He therefore prays that he may 
 be allowed to surrender the same, and requests that new letters patent may 
 issue to him, fur the same invention, for the residue of the period /or which 
 the original patent was granted under the amended specification herewith, 
 presented, he having paid thirty dollars into the Treasury of the United States, 
 agreeably to the requirements of the Act of Congress in that case made and 
 provided. A. B. 
 
 Form of Oath to be appended to applications for Re-issues. 
 
 CITT AND COUNTY OF , STATE OF , ss : 
 
 On this day of , 18 , before the subscriber, a , personally ap- 
 peared the above named A. B , and made solemn oath (or affirmation) that he 
 verily believes that, by reason of an insufficient or defective specification, his 
 aforesaid patent is not fully valid and available to him ; and that the said error 
 lias arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudu- 
 lent or deceptive intention, to the best of his knowledge or belief. C. D. 
 
 VIII. DISCLAIMER. 
 
 Where by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the original patent is too 
 broad, a disclaimer may be filed either by the original patentee or by his as- 
 signees. ( Act of 1S37, section 7.) 
 
 Form of a Disclaimer. 
 To THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS : 
 
 The petition of A. B., of , in the County of , and State of , res- 
 pectfully represents : That he has, by assignment, duly recorded in the Pa- 
 tent Office, hecome the owner of a right for the several States of , to cer- 
 tain improvements in the steam engine, for which letters patent of the United 
 
 States were granted to of , in the State of , dated on the day 
 
 of , 18 ; that he has reason to believe that, through inadvertence and 
 
 mistake, the claim made in the specification of said letters patent is too broad, 
 including that of which the said patentee was not the first inventor. Your 
 petitioner therefore hereby enters his disclaimer to that part of the claim in the 
 aforenamed specification which is in the following words, to wit : " I also 
 claim the particular manner in which the piston of the above described engine 
 is constructed so as to insure close fitting of the packing thereof to the cylin- 
 der, as set forth ;" which disclaimer is to operate to the extent of the interest 
 in said letters patent vested in your petitioner, who has paid ten dollars into 
 the Treasury of the United Stales, agreeably to the requirements of the Act of 
 Congress in that case made and provided. A. B. 
 
 When the disclaimer is made by the original patentee, it must, of course, be 
 so worded as to express that fact. 
 
 IX. ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 An inventor can assign his entire right before a patent is obtained, so as to 
 enable the assignee to lake out a patent in his own name, but the assignment 
 must first be recorded and the specifications sworn to by the inventor. (Act 
 of 1837, sec. G.) 
 
 Every assignment should be recorded within three months from its date ; 
 but if recorded after that time, it will protect the assignee against any one 
 purchasing after the assignment is placed on record. 
 
 The assignee of any invention may have the patent issue to him directly, 
 (Act of 1&37, sec. 6 j) but this is held to apply only to assignees of entire inter- 
 ests ; so that, although when the inventor assigns his entire interest to two or 
 more, a patent will issue to them jointly, still, if he yet retains a portion ill 
 himself, a joint patent will not be issued to him and them. 
 
 DMA 7
 
 74 PATENT FORMS AND RULES OF OFFICE. 
 
 Form of Assignment of a partial Right in a Patent. 
 
 Whereas I, A. B., of , in the County of , and State of , did ob- 
 tain letters patent of the United States for certain improvements in , which 
 
 letters patent bear date the 1st day of May, 1861 ; and whereas, J D., of , 
 
 aforesaid, is desirous of acquiring an interest therein ; Now this indenture 
 
 witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the sum of , to me in hand 
 
 paid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I have assigned, sold, and 
 set over, and do hereby assign, sell, and set over unto the said J. D., all the 
 right, title, and interest which I have in the said invention, as secured to me 
 by said letters patent, for, to, and in. the several States of , and in no oth- 
 er place or places. The same to be held and enjoyed by the said J. D., for his 
 own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of his legal representatives, 
 to the full end of the term for which said letters patent are or may be granted, 
 as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me 
 had this assignment and sale not been made. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I hereunto set my hand and affix my seal, this 1st 
 day of July, 186. A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 Witnesses: C D , E F . 
 
 Form of Assignment of entire Interest before obtaining Letters Paten!, and 
 to be recorded preparatory thereto. 
 
 Whereas I, A. B., of , in the County of , and Slate of , have 
 
 invented certain new and useful improvements in , for which I am about 
 
 to make application for letters patent of the United States; and whereas, J. 
 
 D. of , aforesaid, has agreed to purchase from me all the right, title, and 
 
 interest, which I have, or may have, in and to the said invention in conse- 
 quence of the grant of letters patent therefor, and has paid to me, the said A. 
 
 B.. the sum of , the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged : Now this 
 
 indenture wilnesseth,that for and in consideration of the said sum to me paid, 
 I have assigned and transferred, and do hereby assign and transfer to the said 
 J. D., the full and exclusive right to all the improvements made by me, as 
 {ally set forth and described in the specification which I have prepared nnd 
 executed preparatory to the obtaining of letters paient therefor. And I do 
 hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents to issue the said 
 letters patent to the said J. D., as the assignee of my whole right and title 
 thereto, for the sole use and behoof of the said J. D., and his legal represen- 
 tatives. 
 
 In testimony whereof, &c. A. B. [L s.] 
 
 Witnesses : C D , E F . 
 
 X. PROCEEDINGS OF THE OFFICE UPON AN APPLICATION. 
 
 The leading principle is, that applications shall he taken up by the exam- 
 iner within whose province they fall in the order in which they have been 
 rendered complete, by a compliance with all the requisites. He may, not- 
 withstanding, take up one out of its turn, if it belongs to a class upon which 
 he is engeged, and he finds that it will facilitate his labors. 
 
 If the specification, drawings, or model, are found to be defective, they will 
 be returned with instructions how to correct them. If, however, they are al- 
 tered at any stage of the proceedings, they are not entitled to the con*idera- 
 tion of the examiner anew, until all the cases are disposed of which have 
 been filed before the amended documents were received back. 
 
 Should the applicant, instead of amending his papers, have new ones pre- 
 pared, he must return the originals to the Office. Until that is done, the case 
 will receive no further consideration. 
 
 If the character of the invention is changed by any alteration or addition af- 
 ter the application is filed, the original application must be withdrawn, and a 
 new one filed with appropriate drawings, &c., and the fees must be paid anew. 
 
 If the examiner finds that the claims advanced are not patcntable, the appli- 
 cant will be notified of their rejection and of the reasons. If the objection 
 rests upon the particular invention having been previously known, he will be 
 furnished with a reference to the patent, the book, or other work in which he 
 has been anticipated, or with other sufficient information. He may examine 
 tlie references in the Office, if he is here ; or, if at a distance, he will be fur- 
 nished with copies or extracts, for the legal fee. 
 
 . After a second rejection the case is not entitled to any further examination, 
 and will not hereafter receive one, unless under peculiar circumstances.
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 75 
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 = Equal to, as 12 inches = 1 foot, or 6 X 6 = 4 X 9 = 36. 
 
 -f- Plus, or more, signifies addition ; thus, 4+2 denotes that 2 
 is to be added to 4. 
 
 Minus, or less, denotes subtraction ; thus, 8 2 = 6. 
 
 X Multiplied by, or into, signifies multiplication ; as 7 X 9 =63. 
 
 -f- Divided by, signifies division, as 117 -5- 9 = 13. 
 
 : : : : signifies Proportion; thus 4 : 6 : : 8: 12; and is read, as 
 4 is to 6 so is 8 to 12. 
 
 -J indicates the square root ; as V25 = 5, because 5 X 5 = 25. 
 
 DECIMAL ARITHMETIC. 
 
 A Decimal Fraction is a fraction whose denominator is 10, or 100, or 1000. 
 kc. The denominator of a decimal is never written ; the numerator is written 
 with a point (.) prefixed to it, and the denominator is understood to be a unit. 
 wilh as many ciphers annexed as the numerator has places of figures. Thus, 
 
 .5 is T 5 <r, -25 is ffo, .825 is ffifc. 
 
 Independent of the point (.) which distinguishes between integers and deci- 
 mals, the fundamental rules of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Di- 
 vision are the same as in simple arithmetic. Ciphers placed on the right of 
 Decimals do not change their values; but placed on their left decrease their 
 value tenfold ; thus, 
 
 .1 is T V, .01 is 1 ^ Tr , .001 is -^Vtf- 
 
 In Adding and Subtracting Decimals keep the points under each other. 
 In Dividing Decimals, point off in the quotient as many places for decimals 
 as the decimal places in the dividend exceed those in the divisor ; thus, 
 
 20.5)20.500(1.00 
 
 If there be not figures enough in the quotient to point off, prefix ciphers. 
 
 In Multiplying Decimals point off as many figures in the product, from the 
 right hand, accounted as decimals, as there are decimals in the multiplier 
 and multiplicand taken together ; thus, 
 
 15.32 X 2.4 = 36.768. 
 
 Reduce Decimals by multiplying them by the next lower denomination. 
 
 BOARD AND PLANK MEASURE. 
 
 BOARD and PLANK are usually measured by the square or superficial foot of 
 144 inches. TON TIMBER is measured by the cubic foot of 1728 indies. 
 
 40 cubic feet of round, or 50 feet of hewn limber, equal 1 load, or ton. 
 
 To find the number of square {or superficial) feet multiply the length in inches 
 by the breadth in inches, and divide by 144. But when all the dimensions are in 
 Jcet, multiply the length infect by the breadth in feet, omitting the divisor. 
 
 Example 1. How many square feet are there in the left hand figure (sup- 
 pose it a Table, Slab of Marble, Stick Wall, Board, Plank, Ifc.,) its length being 
 6 feet, and its breadth 6 feet ? Answer, 6 X 6 = 36 square feet. 
 
 Example 2. How many square feet are there in the right hand figure (sup-
 
 76 
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 
 
 posing it a Board, Table, $e.,) its length being 4 feet and 5 inches, and its 
 breadth (taken on the dotted line) 2 feel 3 inches. [When either of the dimen- 
 sions are in feet and inches, both may be reduced to inches.] 
 
 4 feet 5 inches = 53 inches X 27 -r- 144 =9-9 square feet. 
 2 feet 3 inches = 27 inches. 
 
 TRIANGLE. If the figure be a triangle, of whatever form, multiply thepr- 
 pendicular, (the highest part,) by one kalfot the fcase,(the length.) 
 
 IZcample. The extreme length (or base) of the left hand figure under this 
 rule is 14 feet 7 inches; the breadth (or perpendicular) is 4 feet 2 inches. 
 What is its area? 
 
 14 feet 7 inches = 175 inches -r- 2 =97'5 X^O-r- 144 = 30-3 squarefett. 
 4 feet 2 inches =50 inches. 
 
 LAND MEASURE. 
 
 How many square feet of land are there in a lot, which is laid out in a right 
 angled trianle( represented by the left hand figure) the base measuring 49 feet, 
 and ihe perpendicular 30 feet. 
 
 49X30=1470 feet -f-2= 735 square feet. 
 BOARD MEASURE. 
 
 BOARDS are measured by the square (or superficial) feet, thus, Multiply tht 
 length, of the board in feet by the ibidth in inches and divide the product by 12. 
 
 ]xample 1. How many square feet are there in a Board, or Plank, 18 feel 
 long by 10 inches wide ? 
 
 18 feet X 10 inches = 180 -i- 12 = 15 square feet. 
 
 RULE When the Board, or Plank, tapers gradually add the width of the 
 two ends together, and one half their sum multiplied by the length, will give 
 the number of square feet. 
 
 Example 2. How many square feet are there in a Board 18 feet long, 13 in- 
 ches wide at one end and 17 inches at the other? (Average breadth 15 inches. 
 18 feet X 15 inches = 270 -=- 12 = 22 square feet. 
 TIMBER AND PLANK MEASURE. 
 
 In measuring timber or plank which runs tapering, both in width and thick- 
 ness, the common rule is, to add together the area of the two t-nds. and one 
 half of the sum multiplied by the length and divided by 144, will give the solid 
 contents. This rule is not exact, but it is sufficient where absolute accuracy 
 is not required. 
 
 Example 1. Required the solidity of a tapering square stick of timber, the 
 largest end being 14 inches square,lhelesserend 10 inches, and the length 40 
 feet. Answer, Contents by the common rule, 41-11 cubic feet. 
 
 -=- 144=41-11 cubicfeet. 
 
 Another method to find the Solidity of a Frustum. 
 
 Rur.E. The squares of the diameters of the two ends of the frustum of a 
 Cone added to the product of the two diameters, and that sum by its height and 
 by - 2618, the product is the number of cubic inches, which divided by 231 gives 
 the number of gallons 
 
 Example. Required the solid content, and gallons in a Coffee-pot, Pail, Ac., 
 whose height is 18 inches, diameter at the top 6 inches, and diameter at the 
 bottom 9 inches. 
 
 6? + 92 = 117 } = 171 X 13 = SOT'S X '2618 = 805-82 inches. 
 805-82 -T- 231 = 3-4S8 Gallons (or 3% gallons).
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 77 
 
 ROUND TIMBER MEASURE. 
 
 For round Timber add together the girth of the two ends and divide the sum 
 by 2, for the mean girih ; ihen square (*) j of this quotient, and multiply the 
 product by the length, which gives the contents. 
 
 * [ The square of any number is that number multiplied by itself. Thus : 
 2 X 2 = 4, = the square of 2 ; 4 X 4 = 16 the square of 4, $c.] 
 
 Example. The mean girth of a tree being 5 feet 8 inches, and its length 
 18 feet, required its cubical contents. 
 
 5 ft. 8 inches = 68 inches -4- 4 = 17 X 17 X 216 -H 1728 () =36- 125 cubic feet 
 18 feet =216 inches. 
 
 * [If the measurements are reduced to inches, divide by 1728 ; but if one of the 
 measures is in feet, multiply the inches by feet, and divide the product by 144.] 
 
 The above rule gives the customary, but the true content is found by 
 squaring one fifth of the girth, and multiplying by twice the length. 
 Example. The same as above, girth 5 feet 8 inches, length 18 feet. 
 Girth = 63 -r- 5 = 13-6 X 13-6 X 36 -r- 144 = 46-24 cubic feet. 
 18 X 2 = 36 = twice the length. 
 
 CIRCLES. 
 
 To find the area'of a Circle multiply the square of the Diameter by the 
 Decimal -7854, and the Product will be the area. 
 Example. Required the area of a Circle whose diameter is 6 inches ? 
 6 X 6 = 36 X '7854 = 28-274 Square Inches. 
 
 To find the circumference of a Circle from the diameter, multiply the diam- 
 ter by 3-1416 the product is the circumference ; and multiply the circumference 
 by -31331, and the product is the diameter. 
 
 In the formation of a Hoop or Ring of Wrought Iron, the following is the rule 
 to determine the length of the Iron in an unbent state: If it is the interior di- 
 ameter of the hoop that is given, add the thickness of the iron ; but if the ex- 
 terior diameter, subtract from the given diameter the thickness of the iron, 
 multiply the sum or remainder, by 3-1416, and the product is the length of the 
 iron, in equal terms of unity. 
 
 Supposing the interior diameter of a hoop to be 32 inches, and the thick- 
 ness of the iron 1 J, what must be the proper length of the iron, independent 
 of any allowance for shutting? 
 
 32 + 1-25 = a3-25 X 3-1416 = 104-458 inches. 
 
 Again, let it be required to form a hoop of iron 7-8 inch in thickness, and 
 16J inches outside diameter. 
 
 16-5 -875 = 15-625, or 1 foot 3 5-8 inches, 
 independent of any allowance for shutting. 
 
 CYLINDERS. 
 
 To find the solidity of a cylinder, (a round stick of timber of uni- 
 form diameter, or a grindstone, &c.) multiply the area of the base, 
 (as in the above example,) by the length, and the product will give 
 the solid contents. 
 
 Example. Required the Solid Content of an Iron Roller, 2 feet 6 
 inches in diameter, and 12 feet in length ? 
 
 2 ft. 6 in. = 30 in. X 30 X '7854 X 12 -r- 144 = 58-905 Cubic Feet. 
 
 SHIP'S WATER TANKS, &c. 
 
 To find the capacity of any Cylindrical Vessel, find its interior cubic content 
 in inches, and if its capacity be required in gallons divide by 231. 
 
 Example. Required the number of gallons in a Can, whose diameter is 
 30 inches, and depth 50 inches ? 
 
 30 X 30 X '7854 X 50 -=- 231 = 153 gallons. 
 BMA 7*
 
 78 MEASURES OF CAPACITY AND WEIGHT. 
 
 Or, if the interior diameter of the Can is 2* feet, and its depth 2| feet, then 
 
 2 25 X 2-25 X 2-5 X 5-875 = 74 > gallons. 
 
 Or, if the diameter of a Tank is 62 inches, and its depth 100 inches, then 
 62 X 62 X 100 X '0034 = 1306-96 gallons. 
 
 CUBIC, OR SOLID MEASURE. 
 
 To find the Cubical Content in a Stick of Timber, Block of Stone, Sox, Sin, 
 &c. If all the Dimensions are in Feet, multiply the Length by the Breadth, 
 and this product by the Depth to obtain the number of Cubic Feet. 
 
 If the Length is in Feet and the width and depth in Inches, multiply the 
 length by the width and this Product by the depth in inches, then divide the 
 last Product by 144 for the Cubic Feet. If all the Dimensions are in Feet and 
 Inches reduce the whole to Inches, then multiply the Length, Breadth and 
 Depth together, and divide the Product by 1728 to obtain the Cubic Feet. 
 
 Required the number of cubic feet in a.box, stone, &c., 4] feet long, 2| feet 
 wide and 2 feet deep ? 
 
 45 X 2-5 X 2 = 22J cubic feet. 
 
 To find the capacity of a bin, cistern, tanner's vat, &c., find its (interior) cu- 
 bic contents in inches by the preceding rules, then if the capacity be required 
 in gallons, divide the whole number of inches by 231 ; if in bushels, by 
 2150-42, or, if in heaped bushels, by 2747-70. 
 
 Or, if the interior of a coal bin be 4 feet in length, 41 inches in breadth, and 
 32 inches in depth ; then, 
 
 4X 41 X 32 X '00694 = 36J cubic feet, = 2000 Ibs., or 1 ton of Beaver 
 Meadow or Lehigh Coal. 
 
 1 Cubic Foot of Peach Mountain Coal, broken and screened for Stoves, 
 weighs 54 pounds, and requires 37 cubic feet of space to stow one ton of 
 2000 pounds. 
 
 Coal is bought at wholesale at the rate of 2240 pounds to the ton, and sold 
 at retail at the rate of 2000 pounds to the ton, screened. 
 
 Or, if the interior of a crib be 6 feet in length, 3J feet in breadth, and 3i 
 feet in depth ; then, 
 
 6-5 X 3-75 X 3'25 X '80356 = 63-6522 (or 63 bushels and J peck.) 
 
 The Solid Contents of all bodies, which are of uniform bigness throughout, 
 whatever may be the form of the ends is found by multiplying the area of one 
 end into its height or length. 
 
 144 inches equal ( = ) 1 square foot, (or, area.) 
 1728 inches equal ( = ) 1 cubic foot, (or, solid contents.) 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY AND WEIGHT. 
 
 MEASURES OF WEIGHT. Avoirdupois: 16 drams equal 1 ounce ; 16 
 ounces 1 pound ; 112 pounds one hundred weight ; 20 hundred weight 
 1 ton. Troy : 4 grams equal 1 carat ; 24 grains 1 pennyweight ; 20 pen- 
 nyweights 1 ounce ; 12 ounces 1 pound. Apothecaries: 20 grains equal 
 1 scruple O); 3 scruples 1 dram (3); 8 drams lounce(3) ; 12 oz. 1 (ft.) Ib. 
 
 MEASURES OF SURFACE, OR SQUARE MEXSURE. 144 square inches = 1 
 square foot; 9 square feet = 1 square yard; 301 square yards = 1 square 
 rod, or pole; 40 square rods = 1 square rood: 4 square roods = 1 square acre, 
 (or 43.560 feet ;) 640 square acres= 1 square 'mile. 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY (DRY.) 215042 cubic inches = 1 United States 
 
 __ . al 
 
 (British) bnshef = 2218.192 cubic inches, and contains 80 )bs. of distilled 
 water; the same in Ohio, 1 quarter of wheat = 8 bushels English, 8| U. States.
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY AND WEIGHT. 79 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH : 16 J feet equal 1 rod or pole ; 40 rods, 1 furlong ; 
 
 8 furlongs, (or 5280 feetj) 1 mile; 60 geo. miles = 1 degree ROPES AND 
 
 CABLES : 6 feet are equal to 1 fathom ; 120 fathoms, to 1 cable's length. 
 
 FRENCH MEASURES OF FREQUENT REFERENCE, COMPARED WITH U. S. 
 MEASURES Toise, 76-755 inches ; League, 2280 toises (common) 2000(post); 
 Fathom, 5 feet ; Metre, 3-28 feet ; Decimetre (l-10ih metre), 3-94 inches : Veil, 
 2 gallons; Hectolitre, 26-42 do. ; Decalitre, 2-64 do. ; Litre, 2-11 pints; Kilo- 
 litre, 35 32 feet ; Hectolitre, 2-S4 bushels ; Decalitre, 9-08 quarts ; Millier., 
 2-205 pounds ; Quintal, 220-54 do.; Kilogramme. 2-21 do.; 100 pounds 107-93 
 do.; 100 feet, 1C6 60 feet ; Ton (of wine) 240 gallons. 
 
 STANDARD WEIGHT OF GRAIN AND OTHKR ARTICLES. 
 
 Legal Weight of a Bushel of various Articles in Massachusettf, Salt, 70 Ibs. ; 
 Wheat, 60 ; Corn, or Rye, 56 ; Oats, 32 ; Barley, or Buckwheat. 48 ; Corn, or 
 Rye Meal, 50 ; a Ton, 2000 Ibs. ; cwt., 100 Ibs. In Indiana, Wheat, 60 Ibs. ; 
 Shelled Corn, 56 ; Corn on the Cob, 68 ; Buckwheat, 50 ; Beans, 60 ; Potatoes, 
 60; Clover Seed, 60; Hemp Seed, 44 ; Blue Grass Seed, 14 ; Castor Beans, 
 46 ; Dried Peaches, 33 ; Dried Apples, 25 ; Onions, 48 ; Salt, 50 ; Mineral Coal, 
 70; Timothy Seed, 45; Rye, 56; Oats, 32: Flax Seed, 56; Barley, 4; Corn 
 Meal, 50 ; a Ton of Hay, 2000 Ibs. 
 
 One Bushel of Bituminous Coal in the Western States = 2C8S cubic inches 
 = 76 pounds. Stone Coal, in Illinois, 80 lb?. tome bushel. 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITIY (LIQUIDS.) 231 cubic inches equal 1 United 
 States standard gallon ; 282 cubic inches =1 ale gallon ; 277-274 cubic inches = 
 I Imperial (British) gallon, for dry, beer and wine ; 31$ U. S. gallons = 1 
 barrel ; 42 galls. = 1 tierce ; 63 galls. = 1 hogshead ; 84 galls. = 1 puncheon ; 
 126 galls. = 1 pipe ; 252 = 1 tun. 
 
 Gallons. The U. S. standard gallon contains 8-3389 avoirdupois pounds, or 
 58372.1754 troy grains of distilled water, at 39-83^ Fahrenheit, the barometer 
 at 30 inches ; 1 gallon of ale weighs 10-5 Ibs.; 1 Imperial (British) gallon 
 weighs 10 Ibs. ; 1 gallon of Sperm Oil weighs 7^ Ibs. ; 1 do. of Linseed 7 j Ibs. ; 
 1 do. of Olive 7Mb?.; 1 do. of Whale 7 Ibs. 11 ozs. ; 1 do. of Proof Spirits 
 7 Ibs. 15 ozs. ; 1 do.- Spirits of Turpentine 7 Ibs. 5 ozs. 
 
 MEASURES OF SOLIDITY, OR CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 inches = 1 cubic foot ; 
 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard; 40 cubic feet of round timber = lton; 50 cubic 
 feet of hewn timber = 1 ton ; 16 cubic feet of wood = 1 foot of wood; 8 feet 
 of wood (or 128 cubic feet,) = 1 cord; 1 chaldron of Newcastle coal = 5936 
 Ibs. ; 1 perch of stone = 24-75 cubic feet. 
 
 NUMBER OF CUBIC FEET IN A TON (2240 Ibs.) OF VARIOUS BODIES : Mar- 
 ble, 15-07 ; Granite, 16 ; Common Stone, 14-22 ; Paving Stone, 14-83 ; Sand, 
 23 5 ; Tallow, 38 ; English Oak, 37 ; American Oak, 41 ; Ash, 47 ; Elm, 64-5 ; 
 Beech, 50-5; Teak, 48; Spanish Mahogany, 45 ; Honduras Do. 55; Ala- 
 pie, and Riga Fir, 47-8 ; Larch. 65-8; Pitch Pine, 53-6 ; Oil, 39; Proof Spirits, 
 38-6; Distilled Water, 35-6; Sea Water, 34-7 ; Grindstones, 17; Brick 17. 
 
 WEIGHT OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES: Ibs. Avoirdupois. 1 cubic foot of 
 bricks weighs 124 pounds ; 1 do. of clay, 130 ; 1 do. of sand, or loose earth, 
 95 ; Ido. of common soil, 124 ; 1 do. of cork, 15 ; 1 do. of clay and stones, 160 ; 
 1 do. of Marble, 171; 1 do. of Granite, 165; 1 do. of Cast Iron, 450-55; 1 do. of 
 Wrought Iron, 486-65; Ido. of Steel, 489-8; Ido. Copper, 555; 1 do. Lead, 
 708-75 ; 1 do. Brass, 534-75 ; 1 do. Tin, 436 ; 1 do. White Pine, 29-56 ; 1 do, 
 Pitch Pine, 41-8 ; Ido. Red Pine, 41-5; Ido. Elm, 34-9 ; 1 do. English Oak. 
 60-4; do. do. 5S-6; 1 do. Canadian, 54 8 ; Ido. New England Fir, 34-9 ; 1 
 do. Sea Water, 64-3; 1 do. Fresh, 62-5.; Ido. Air, -07529; Ido. Steam, 
 03689. 
 
 Weight of a Cubic Inch in Pounds. Of Lead -410 Ib. ; Sheet Copper -323 ; 
 Sheet Brass -304 ; Sheet Iron -279 ; Cast Iron -263 ; Cast Tin -264 ; Cast ; 
 Zinc -245; Platinum, rolled, -797 ; do. wire, -762: do. hammered, -735; do. 
 put ified, -70-5: do. crude, grains, -566 ; Gold, hammered, -701 ; .do. pure cast, 
 698; do. 20 carats fine, -567; Silrer, hammered, -382; do. pure, -378; 
 Cast Steel, -287 ; do. common soft, -284 ; do. hard and tempered, -2S2 ; Iron, 
 bar, -281 ; do. cast, -261 ; do hammered, -281
 
 80 
 
 DECIMALS FOR FACILITATING CALCULATIONS. 
 
 MULTIPLIERS FOR FACILITATING CALCULATIONS! 
 
 The product multiplied by the Decimals in (he Table, is an approxima- 
 tion to the Capacity in Gallons, Weight in Pounds, Bushels, Square 
 Feet, Cubic Feet, Miles, and Yards. 
 Lineal feet multiplied by .00019 equal miles. 
 
 " yards 
 Square inches 
 
 " yards 
 Circular inches 
 CylindricaUnches 
 
 " feet 
 Cubic inches 
 
 " feet 
 Cubic feet 
 
 " inches 
 Cylindrical feet 
 
 " inches 
 Cubic feet 
 
 " inches 
 Cylindrical feet 
 
 " 'inches 
 Cubic feet 
 
 " inches 
 
 it <i 
 
 Cylindrical feet 
 
 U (C 
 
 Cubic inches 
 
 Cylindrical inches " 
 
 .000568 
 
 ii u 
 
 .007 
 
 " square feet. 
 
 .0002067 
 
 ; acres. 
 
 .00546 
 
 " square feet. 
 
 .0004546 
 
 " cubic feet. 
 
 .02909 
 
 " cubic yards. 
 
 .00053 
 
 " cubic feet. 
 
 .03704 
 
 " cubic yards. 
 
 7.478 
 
 " United States gallons. 
 
 0.433 
 
 CC U (t It 
 
 5.875 
 
 U II II II 
 
 .0034 
 
 (1 II l( II 
 
 6.232 
 
 " Imperial gallons. 
 
 .003607 
 
 it K (i 
 
 4.895 
 
 II II 1C 
 
 .002832 
 
 i< u it 
 
 .80356 
 
 " United Stales bushels. 
 
 .0465 
 
 1C II II II 
 
 .779 
 .6312 
 
 1 Imperial " 
 United States bushels. 
 
 .61183 
 .263 
 
 1 Imperial " 
 1 Ibs. avs. of cast iron. 
 
 .281 
 
 4 " wrought " 
 
 .283 
 
 4 " steel. 
 
 .3225 
 
 4 " copper. 
 
 .3037 
 
 ' " brass. 
 
 M 
 
 1 " zinc. 
 
 .4103 
 
 4 " lead. 
 
 .2636 
 
 4 " tin. 
 
 4908 
 
 ' " mercury. 
 
 .0355 
 
 " ice. 
 
 .0361 
 
 " " fresh water. 
 
 .0372 
 
 " " salt water. 
 
 .033 
 
 " oil. 
 
 .2065 
 
 41 ' cast iron. 
 
 .2168 
 
 14 ' wrought iron. 
 
 .2223 
 
 ' steel. 
 
 .2533 
 
 4 4 copper. 
 
 J2385 
 
 1 ' brass. 
 
 .2042 
 
 1 ' zinc. 
 
 .3223 
 
 4 ' lead. 
 
 .207 
 
 4 4 tin. 
 
 .3854 
 
 ' ' mercury. 
 
 .283 
 
 ' fresh water. 
 
 .029 
 
 44 " salt water. 
 
 .020 
 
 44 44 oil. 
 
 .009 
 
 44 cwts. 
 
 .00045 
 
 44 tons. 
 
 Avoirdupois Ibs. " 
 
 Example 1. Required the number of Gallons contained in a Ship's Water 
 Tank, whose interior diameter is 4 feet, amkdepth 18 feet. 
 4.5 x 4.5 X 18 X 5.875 = 2141.4 Gallons. 
 
 Example 2. Required the weight of a Cast Iron Cylinder whose diameter 
 is 5 inches, and length 6 feet. 
 
 5 X 5 X 72 X -2065 = 371.7 Pounds. 
 
 Example 3. Required the number of bushels in a bin, whsse interior 
 length is 10 feet, breadth 6 feet, and depth 4 feet. 
 
 10 X 6 X 4 X .S0356 = 192.8 Bushels.
 
 SQUARE FEET MEASUREMENT. 
 
 81 
 
 READY RECKONERS. 
 
 PRACTICAL TABLES. 
 
 WASTE IN MATCHING WESTERN BOARDS. 
 
 The following Table shows the per centage of waste in Matching, or 
 Tongue and Grooving, Western Stock Boards, not measuring the tongue: 
 
 8 inches wide, and 4-10 per cent. 
 
 7 " 2-10 " 
 
 8 " 3-10 " 
 10 " 
 12 and 5-10 " 
 16 " 6-10 " 
 
 It is very seldom that boards are slocked less than 10 inches, unless made 
 from what is lermed siding. 
 
 In splitting or sawing up Stock' Boards for narrow sheathing, 2 or 3 per cent, 
 more should be added to cover all waste. 
 
 16 inches 
 
 wide 
 
 , 3 per cent. 
 
 8 inc 
 
 14A 
 
 m " 
 
 tt 
 
 3 and 5-10 perce 
 3 " 7-10 " 
 
 nt. 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 12 " 
 
 u 
 
 4 " . 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 " 
 
 u 
 
 4 and 8-10 " 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 " 
 
 >i 
 
 5 " 1-10 " 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 " 
 
 " 
 
 5 " 6-10 " 
 
 
 
 TABLE OF SUPERFICIAL, OR, FLAT MEASURE, 
 
 By which the Content in SUPERFICIAL FEET, of Boards, Plank, 
 
 Paring, Jj-c., of any LENGTH and BREADTH can be obtained, by mul- 
 tiplying the decimal expressed in the table by the length of the board, SfC. 
 
 Breadth Area of a| Breadth |Arca of a' Breadth Area of a Breadth Area of a 
 
 in inches lineal foot. 
 
 in inches. 1 lineal foot, in inches, lineal foot- in inches, lineal foot. 
 
 4 .0208 
 i .0417 
 \ .0625 
 1 .0834 
 
 34 .2708 
 3 .2916 
 3| .3125 
 4 .3334 
 
 64 .5208 
 6| .5416 
 6| -5625 
 7 .5833 
 
 94 .7708 
 9 .7917 
 9| .8125 
 10 .8334 
 
 14 .1042 
 l| .125 
 1| .1459 
 2 .1667 
 
 44 .3542 
 4 .375 
 4| .3958 
 5 .4167 
 
 74 .6042 
 7 .625 
 7| .6458 
 8 .6667 
 
 104 .8542 
 104 .875 
 10| .8959 
 11 .9167 
 
 2} .1875 
 2i .2084 
 25 ,2292 
 3 .25 
 
 54, .4375 
 5| .45S3 
 5| .4792 
 6 .5 
 
 84 .6875 
 8 .7084 
 8| .7292 
 9 .75 
 
 114 .9375 
 114 .9583 
 ]1| .9792 
 12 1.0000 
 
 Example 1. Required the number of square 
 feet in a strip of board 10 feet long by 2 inches 
 wide ? 
 
 Opposite 2 is 16'37 which multiplied by(X) 
 10 equals (=) 1 foot 8 inches. 
 
 EtampleQ. Required the number of square 
 feet in a board or plank, 41 feet long by 212 
 inches wide ? Opposite | is -0625, to which 
 add 2 to the left of the decimal for feet (when 
 the width nf the board exceeds 113 inches, add 1 
 to the left of the decimal for each foot) ; then 
 2-0625 x 41 reel = 84 feet 7 inches. 
 
 16G7 ...Multiplicand 
 10 ...Multiplier. 
 
 1-6670 ...Product. 
 
 __ 
 201325" 
 82500 
 ~8T5G25] Ans. $5 feet. 
 
 NOTE. The last two figures of the Decimals, (when the length of the article 
 consists of but a few feet) may be dropped, and those remaining multiplied.
 
 ROUND TIMBER MEASUREMENT. 
 
 Example 3. The pavement of a side-walk 
 is 40 feel long- by 6 feet 6 inches wide ; re- 
 quired the number of square feet. Opposite 
 6^ is -5416, to which add 6 for feet : then, 6-5416 
 X 40 = 261 feet 8 inches. 
 
 Example 4. A room measures 16 feet by 15 
 feet 3^ inches, how many square feet of floor- 
 ing does it contain. Opposite 3J is -2916, to 
 which add 15 for feet ; then, 15-2916 X 16 244 
 feet 8 inches. 
 
 If yards are required divide the Product 
 by 9. 
 
 Example 5. Required the number of square 
 feet in a board 14 feel long 15 inches wide at 
 one end and 9 at the other? (add logelher ihe 
 _widlh of ihe two ends and divide by 2 = 12 
 inches, mean width.) Opposite 12 is 1- X 14 
 = 14 feet. 
 
 It is customary, in measuring boards, &c.. to count as nothing all fractions 
 under 6 inches, and to count as one foot 6 inches and all fractions over. 
 
 ROUND AND EQUAL-SIDED TIMBER MEASURE. 
 
 Table for ascertaining the number of Cubical Feet, or Solid Contents, 
 in a Stick of Round or Equal-sided Timber, Tree, tye. 
 
 [6-5416 
 
 40 
 
 261-6640 Ans. 262 feet. 
 
 15-2916 
 16 
 
 917496 
 152916 
 
 244-6G56 Ans. 215 feet. 
 
 14- Ans. 14 feet. 
 
 1 Girt Area 
 
 1 Girt Area 
 
 1 Girt Area 
 
 1 Girt Area 
 
 1 Girt' Area 
 
 Inches. Feet. 
 
 Inches. Feet. 
 
 Inches. Ftet. 
 
 Inches. Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 -25 
 
 10j -803 
 
 151 1-668 
 
 20! 2 'S9S 
 
 25 4-34 
 
 61 -272 
 
 11 -84 
 
 15| 1-722 
 
 20i 2-917 
 
 2:51 4-42S 
 
 61 -294 
 
 111 -878 
 
 16 1-777 
 
 20 J 2-99 
 
 254 4-516 
 
 63 -317 
 
 Hi -918 
 
 161 1-833 
 
 21 3-062 
 
 25| 4-605 
 
 7 -34 
 
 111 -959 
 
 161 1-89 
 
 211 3-136 
 
 26 4-694 
 
 7| -364 
 
 12 1- 
 
 16f 1-948 
 
 211 3-209 
 
 261 4 ' 785 
 
 71 -39 
 
 121 1-042 
 
 17 2-006 
 
 2l| 3-2S5 
 
 26 A 4-S76 
 
 7J -417 
 
 12i 1-OS5 
 
 171 2-066 
 
 22 3-362 
 
 26J 4-969 
 
 8 -444 
 
 12? 1-129 
 
 174 2-126 
 
 22.1 3-438 
 
 27 5-062 
 
 81 -472 
 
 13 1-174 
 
 17| 2-187 
 
 221 3-516 
 
 271 5 ' 158 
 
 81 -501 
 
 131 1-219 
 
 18 2-25 
 
 22f 3-508 
 
 271 5-253 
 
 8| -531 
 
 131 1-265 
 
 IS! 2 ' 313 
 
 23 3-673 
 
 27 1 5-348 
 
 9 -562 
 
 13J 1-313 
 
 184 2-376 
 
 23! 3-754 
 
 28 5-444 
 
 91 -594 
 
 14 1-361 
 
 184 2-442 
 
 23| 3-835 
 
 281 5 - 542 
 
 91 -626 
 
 141 1-41 
 
 19 2-506 
 
 23| 3-917 
 
 28i ^-64 
 
 9? -659 
 
 141 1-46 
 
 191 2.574 
 
 24 4- 
 
 28 1 T^74 
 
 10 -694 
 
 14| 1-511 
 
 191 2-64 
 
 241 4 ' 084 
 
 29 W84 
 
 101 -73 
 
 15 1-562 
 
 19| 2-709 
 
 241 4-168 
 
 29! 5-911 
 
 10J -766 
 
 151 1'615 
 
 20 2-777 
 
 24| 4-254 
 
 294. 6.044 
 
 RULE. Multiply the area in Feet, corresponding to the! th Girt, by the 
 length ofthe stick of Timber, and iheproduct is ihe solidity in feet and deci- 
 mal parts of afoot. 
 
 1-361 
 
 Example 1. A stick of Timber is 18 feet 18 
 
 long and 56 inches girt, how many cubic feet 10888 
 
 does it contain ? Opposite 14 is 1-361 which 
 X 18 = 24 feet 6 inches. L^liL 
 
 24-498 Ans. 24^ feet. 
 
 RULE. If a tree, or timber, is tapering, girt it about one-third of the way 
 from the butt to the top; or add together the area at the two ends, and 
 divide the sum by 2. to obtain the mean girth ; or lake the girth of the tree at 
 equal distances from each other, add all the girths together, and divide the 
 sum by this number, for the mean girth. 
 
 It is usual to allow, on account of the bark, in oak l-10th or l-12th part of 
 the circumference, beech, ash, &c., should be less.
 
 TIMBER AND STONE MEASUREMENT. 
 
 TABLE, SHOWING THE SOLID CONTENTS IN TIMBER, 
 BOXES, PACKAGES, &c. 
 
 RCLK TO FIND SOLID (OK CUBIC) FKET. If all the dimensions are in feet multi- 
 ply the length by the width and this product by the depth. If all ihe Dimensions are 
 in feet and inches, reduce the whole to inches, and multiply the Itngth, breadth and 
 depth together, and divide the product by 1728, to obtain cubic feet. 
 
 The Width and Thickness of the Timber or Package is given in the top lines of 
 the Tables. The column on the left contains, first, the length in feet, and below the 
 length in inches. If the length of the Timber or Package is in Feet and Inches, add 
 the Feet and Inches together. 
 
 If a Timber or Package be of larger Thickness or Breadth than is contained in the 
 Tables, add two numbers together, or double a number. 
 
 If the Length of the Timber is not contained in the Table, take twice some length, 
 or aid two lengths together. Suppose a Timber is 5 by 6 inches, and 22 feet long, 
 take twice 11, and you have 4 feet 8 inches. 
 
 L'ng 
 
 5 Indus Thick by 
 
 6 Inches Thick by 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 6 B 7 B 8 B 9 B 10 B 
 
 11 B 
 
 12 B 
 
 6 B 
 
 7 B 
 
 8 B! 9 B 10 B 
 
 11 B12B 
 
 i 
 
 
 030 3' 0304 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 0405 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 050607 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 010 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 0809 
 
 010 
 
 Oil 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 0309 
 
 010 
 
 Oil 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 9 
 
 Oil 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 10 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 110 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1113 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 
 
 111 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 111 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 111 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 8 
 
 211 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 211 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 S 
 
 111 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 8 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 6 
 
 210 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 6 
 
 310 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 6 
 
 211 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 8! 3 1 
 
 3 5 
 
 310 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 8 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 6 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 2 6 2 11 3 4 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 6 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 293237 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 3 
 
 310 
 
 4 4 
 
 411 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 211 3 5 311 
 
 4 5 
 
 410 
 
 5 4 
 
 510 
 
 3 6 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 3 
 
 510 
 
 6 5 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 3238 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 3 
 
 611 
 
 7 6 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 4 2 4 10 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 3 
 
 611 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 4 
 
 5 
 
 510 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 2 
 
 10 
 
 as 
 
 
 
 5361 
 
 611 
 
 710 
 
 8 8 
 
 9 710 5 
 
 6 3 
 
 7 4 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 510 511 6 
 
 12 6 
 
 30 
 
 __ 
 
 6374 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 5 
 
 10 511 6 12 6 
 
 7689 
 
 10 
 
 11 3 12 613 915 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 7 6 8 9 10 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 6 13 9 15 
 
 9 010 6 
 
 12 
 
 13 615 016 618 
 
 11 
 
 "I 
 
 oooo "o~b 
 
 
 
 0000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T~b 
 
 0000 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0000 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0101 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3010101 
 
 1 
 
 010101 
 
 0101 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0101 
 
 2 
 
 
 GO 1 1! 2 2 
 
 020203 
 
 
 02020 3 1 0303 
 
 L'ng 
 
 7 Inches Thick by 
 
 8 Inches Thick by 
 
 ft. 
 
 in 
 
 7 B 
 
 8 B 9 B 
 
 10 B 
 
 11 B 12 B 13 B 
 
 8 B 
 
 9 B 10 B 1 1 B 12 B 13 B 
 
 14 B 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 0505 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 0707 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 Oil 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 Oil 
 
 1 
 
 1113 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1214 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 
 
 111 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 1 10 2 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 
 
 111 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 
 
 232528 
 
 211 
 
 3 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 111 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 8 
 
 211 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 293134 
 
 3 7 
 
 311 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 211 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 310 
 
 2 8 
 
 3 
 
 343840 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 5 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 ll! 4 3 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 5 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 6 
 
 311 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 7 
 
 4 
 
 4 5 411 
 
 5 4 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 6 311 
 
 4 5 
 
 410 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 6 
 
 5056 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 11 4 5 
 
 410 
 
 5 4 
 
 510 
 
 6 4 
 
 4 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 1 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 3 
 
 7 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 3 410 
 
 5 4 
 
 511 
 
 6 5 
 
 611 
 
 411 
 
 5 6 
 
 6169 
 
 7 4 
 
 711 
 
 3 7 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 4853 
 
 510 
 
 6 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 7 
 
 5 4 
 
 6 
 
 6874 
 
 8 
 
 8894 
 
 13 
 
 
 4 5 
 
 5158 
 
 6 4 
 
 611 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 3 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 3 711 
 
 8 8 
 
 9 SlO 1 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 4 9 
 
 5562 
 
 610 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 2 
 
 810 
 
 6 3 
 
 7 
 
 7987 
 
 9 4 
 
 10 110 11 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 5 1 5 10 6 7 
 
 7 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 6 
 
 6 8 
 
 768492 10 
 
 10 lOUl 8 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 6 10 7 9 8 9 
 
 9 910 811 812 8 
 
 3 11 10 11 1'12 313 414 515 7 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 8699 1011'12 213 414 71510 
 
 11 ] 12 6131115 310 819 1 19 5 
 
 30 
 
 10 311 8 13 2 14 7 16 1 
 
 17 619 
 
 13 415 016 818 420 021 8'2? 4 
 
 3t 
 
 Jia 314 015 917 619 321 023 9 
 
 16 019 020 022 0,24 026 0,28 
 
 _ 
 
 "I 
 
 00000000 
 
 010101 
 
 o oj o il e i ~b~~i TT1 
 
 1 -1 
 
 
 
 201010101 
 
 l! 1 
 
 1 
 
 (i i o r o i o i o i 
 
 0102 
 
 , 
 
 3010101010202 
 
 2 
 
 1 2 2 2 :> 
 
 0202 
 
 
 
 602020303030404 
 
 030 303040 4' 0405
 
 84 
 
 TIMBER AND STONE MEASUREMENT. 
 
 If a Timber be LONGER than is contained in the Tables, take twice some I.ES oxn, or a'ld two 
 LENGTHS together. If the Timber is 26 feet long, add the feet opposite 20 and 6 together. 
 
 Ung 
 
 9 Inches Thick by 
 
 10 Inches Thick by 
 
 ft. 
 
 'n 
 
 9 BIO fill B 
 
 2 B 
 
 13 B 
 
 4 B 
 
 L5 B 
 
 LO B 
 
 11 B 
 
 12 B 
 
 13 B 
 
 14 B 
 
 15 B 
 
 16 B 
 
 I 
 
 ~ 
 
 0~~7; 0808 
 
 "0~9 
 
 "olo 
 
 Oil 
 
 "oTi 
 
 "0~~8 
 
 "0 9 
 
 010 
 
 Oil 
 
 I ~0 
 
 1 1 
 
 "i i 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 2 1 3! 1 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 9 
 
 111 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 111 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 8 
 
 210 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 211 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 7 
 
 311 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 210 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 5 
 
 4 8 
 
 3 6 
 
 310 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 6 
 
 410 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 6 
 
 411 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 8 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 5 
 
 510 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 311 
 
 4 5 
 
 410 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 7 
 
 410 
 
 5 4 
 
 510 
 
 6 4 
 
 610 
 
 7 4 
 
 7 9 
 
 8 
 
 _ 
 
 4 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 6 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 1 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 3 
 
 7 9 
 
 8 4 
 
 811 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 4 
 
 711 
 
 8 5 
 
 6 3 
 
 611 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 5 
 
 10 (I 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 3 
 
 611 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 5 
 
 611 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 5 
 
 11 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 8 5 
 
 9 5 
 
 10 4 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 2, 
 
 13 2 
 
 14 1 
 
 10 5 
 
 11 6 
 
 12 6 
 
 13 7 
 
 14 7 
 
 15 8 
 
 16 8 
 
 20 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 613 9 
 
 15 
 
 16 3 
 
 17 6 
 
 18 9 
 
 1311 
 
 15 3 
 
 16 8 
 
 18 1 
 
 19 5 
 
 201022 3 
 
 25 
 
 14 1 
 
 15 8 
 
 17 2 
 
 18 920 4 
 
 2111 
 
 23 5 
 
 17 4 
 
 19 1 
 
 2010 
 
 22 7 
 
 24 4 
 
 26 127 9 
 
 30- 
 
 16 11 
 
 18 9 
 
 20 8 
 
 22 624 5 
 
 26 3 
 
 28 2 
 
 2010 
 
 2211 
 
 25 
 
 27 1 
 
 29 2 
 
 31 3 
 
 33 4 
 
 36 
 
 20 3 
 
 22 6 
 
 24 9 
 
 27 
 
 29 3 
 
 31 6 
 
 33 9 
 
 25 
 
 27 6 
 
 30 
 
 32 6 
 
 35 
 
 37 6 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 L'ng 
 
 11 Inches Thick by 
 
 12 Inches Thick by 
 
 ft. in 
 
 11 B 
 
 12 B 
 
 13 B 
 
 14 B 
 
 15 B 
 
 16 B 
 
 17 B 
 
 12 B 
 
 13 B 
 
 14 B 
 
 15 B 
 
 16 B 
 
 17 B 
 
 19 B 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 010 
 
 Oil 
 
 1 
 
 I 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 110 
 
 2 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 8 
 
 311 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 
 
 , 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 7 
 
 411 
 
 5 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 4 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 4 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 1 
 
 6 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 5 
 
 510 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 1 
 
 7 6 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 5 
 
 611 
 
 7 4 
 
 710 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 G 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 511 
 
 6 5 
 
 611 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 7 
 
 9 1 
 
 7 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 4 
 
 911J10 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 4 
 
 711 
 
 8 7 
 
 9 2 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 5 
 
 8 
 
 8 8 
 
 9 4 
 
 10 
 
 10 8 
 
 11 4 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 3 
 
 811 
 
 9 8 
 
 10 4 
 
 11 
 
 11 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 6 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 
 
 12 9 
 
 13 6 
 
 ]( 
 
 
 
 8 5 
 
 9 2 
 
 911 
 
 10 8 
 
 11 6 
 
 12 3 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 1010 
 
 11 8 
 
 12 6 
 
 13 4 
 
 14 2 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 
 12 7 
 
 13 9 
 
 1411 
 
 16 1 
 
 17 2 
 
 18 4 
 
 19 6 
 
 15 
 
 16 3 
 
 17 6 
 
 18 9 
 
 20 
 
 21 3 
 
 22 G 
 
 2( 
 
 
 16 10 18 4 19 10 21 5 
 
 2211 
 
 24 5 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 21 8 
 
 23 4 
 
 25 
 
 26 8 
 
 28 4 
 
 30 I) 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 21 22 11>24 10J26 9 
 
 28 8 
 
 30 7 
 
 32 6 
 
 25 027 1 
 
 29 2 
 
 31 3 
 
 33 4 
 
 35 5 
 
 37 6 
 
 V 
 
 
 25 3 27 6 29 10 32 1 
 
 34 5 
 
 36 8 
 
 39 
 
 30 032 635 
 
 37 6 
 
 40 
 
 42 6 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 30 3 
 
 33 
 
 35 9 
 
 38 6 
 
 41 3 
 
 44 
 
 46 9 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 01 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ~o~i 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 01 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 01 
 
 TT2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 _ 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 0606 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Vng 
 
 13 Inches Thick by 
 
 14 Inches Thick by 
 
 ft. in 
 
 13 B 
 
 14 B 
 
 15 B 
 
 16 B 
 
 17 B 
 
 18 B 
 
 19 B 
 
 14 B 
 
 15 B 
 
 16 B 
 
 17 B 
 
 18 B 
 
 19 B 
 
 20 B 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 9 
 
 110 
 
 1 11 
 
 . 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 211 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 5 
 
 2 9 
 
 211 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 8 
 
 311 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 310 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 7 
 
 411 
 
 5 2 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 5 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 7 
 
 510 
 
 4 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 5 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 6 
 
 610 
 
 5 5 
 
 510 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 5 
 
 7 9 
 
 5 
 
 5 10 
 
 6 4 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 3 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 7 
 
 610 
 
 7 4 
 
 7 9 
 
 8 3 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 3 
 
 9 9 
 
 G 
 
 7 1 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 8 
 
 9 3 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 4 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 4 
 
 911 
 
 10 6 
 
 11 1 
 
 11 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 3 
 
 810 
 
 9 6 
 
 10 1 
 
 10 9 
 
 11 5 
 
 12 
 
 9 6 
 
 10 3 
 
 1011 
 
 11 7 
 
 12 3 
 
 1211 
 
 13 7 
 
 a 
 
 
 9 5 
 
 10 1 
 
 1010 
 
 11 7 
 
 12 3 
 
 13 
 
 13 9 
 
 1011 
 
 11 8 
 
 12 5 
 
 13 3 
 
 14 
 
 14 9 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 7 
 
 11 5 
 
 12 2 
 
 13 
 
 1310 
 
 14 8 
 
 15 5 
 
 12 3 
 
 13 2 
 
 14 
 
 1411 
 
 15 9 
 
 16 8 
 
 17 6 
 
 10 
 
 11 9 
 
 12 813 7 
 
 14 5 
 
 15 4 
 
 16 3 
 
 17 2 
 
 13 7 
 
 14 7 
 
 15 7 
 
 16 6 
 
 17 6 
 
 18 6 
 
 19 5 
 
 15 
 
 17 7 
 
 19 020 4 
 
 21 8 
 
 23 
 
 24 5 
 
 25 9 
 
 20 5 
 
 2111 
 
 23 4 
 
 2410 
 
 26 3 
 
 27 9 
 
 29 2 
 
 20 
 
 23 625 327 1 
 
 2811 
 
 30 6 
 
 32 6 
 
 34 4 
 
 27 329 2 
 
 31 1 
 
 33 1 
 
 35 
 
 3611 
 
 3811 
 
 25 
 
 29 431 73310 
 
 36 1 
 
 38 4 
 
 40 8 
 
 4211 
 
 34 036 6 
 
 3811 
 
 41 4 
 
 43 9 
 
 46 2 
 
 48 7 
 
 30 - 
 
 35 3371l!40 843 4 
 
 46 1 
 
 48 9 
 
 51 6 
 
 4010 
 
 43 9 
 
 46 8 
 
 49 7 
 
 52 6 
 
 55 5 
 
 58 4 
 
 30 
 
 42 3 
 
 45 6 
 
 48 9 
 
 52 
 
 55 3 
 
 58 6 
 
 61 9 
 
 49 
 
 52 6 
 
 56 
 
 59 6 
 
 63 
 
 66 6 
 
 70 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ~0~2 
 
 "0~2 
 
 ~0~2 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 T~2 
 
 1T~2 
 
 0~2 
 
 ~0~2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Si 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 010 
 
 oir on 
 
 1
 
 TIMBER AND STONE MEASUREMENT. 
 
 L'n? 
 
 15 Inches Thick fry 
 
 
 16 Inches Thick by 
 
 ft. 
 
 'n 
 
 15 B 16 13 17 B 
 
 18 B1 
 
 9 B 
 
 20 B 21 B 
 
 16 B 
 
 17 B18 B 
 
 19 B 
 
 20 B 21 B ( 22 B 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 9 
 
 111 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 9 
 
 111 
 
 2 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 3 2 i 
 
 J 2 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3234 
 
 3 7 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 5 
 
 3 7 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 3 
 
 454- 
 
 \ 411 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 81 5 
 
 5 4 
 
 5 8 
 
 511 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 7 
 
 5 4 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 8 7 i 
 
 3 7 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6368 
 
 7 1 
 
 7 6 
 
 711 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 8 9 
 
 7 1 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 
 
 S 5 
 
 311 9 I 
 
 ) 9 9 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 710 8 4 
 
 810 
 
 9 5 
 
 911 
 
 10 
 
 IE 
 
 1011 
 
 811 
 
 9 5 10 
 
 10 7 
 
 1L 111 ' 
 
 112 3 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 9 510 
 
 10 8 
 
 LI 3 1 
 
 111 
 
 12 
 
 6 13 2 
 
 10 8 
 
 11 4 
 
 12 
 
 12 8 
 
 13 414 ! 
 
 314 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1011 11 S 
 
 12 5 
 
 13 21 
 
 3 10 
 
 14 
 
 7115 4 
 
 12 5il3 3 
 
 14 14 9 15 7 J6 17 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 12 6 13 4 
 
 14 2 15 15 10 
 
 16 
 
 8 17 6 
 
 14 3 
 
 15 1 
 
 L6 
 
 1611 
 
 17 9 19 4 1!) 7 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 14 1 1.5 1.5 11 16 11 1 
 
 71018 
 
 9 19 8 
 
 16 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 021 822 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 15 8 16 8! 17 9 18 9 19 10 20 10 21 11 
 
 17 9 19 11 i 
 
 JO 021 122 323 02) 5 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 23 5 2.5 '26 7 23 2 29 8 31 
 
 33210 
 
 26 828 4! 
 
 !0 
 
 31 8 
 
 33 4 35 4 36 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 333 43.5 537 639 741 
 
 843 9 
 
 35 7 
 
 37 940 
 
 42 3 
 
 44 546 0'4311 
 
 95J_| 
 
 39 141 6 44 346 11;49 652 
 
 154 8 
 
 44 5 47 3 50 52 9 55 7 58 8:61 1 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 461150 053 256 359 562 
 
 665 8 
 
 53 4J56 860 063 466 870 473 4 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 56 360 Oi63 967 6|71 3 
 
 7B 
 
 073 9 
 
 64 068 072 
 
 76 
 
 SO 084 ( 
 
 J88 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0202 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 0201 
 
 ) 2 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 0303 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 040! 
 
 J 5 
 
 
 
 '-; 
 
 r. 
 
 0505 
 n <i it i A 
 
 5 
 
 rt 11 
 
 6 
 
 nit 
 
 6 
 
 1 A 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 Alt 
 
 6 
 
 A 11 
 
 6 
 
 1 A 
 
 6 
 
 070, 
 
 > 7 
 
 
 V V V u AU \f XX V XX X V X 
 
 A A V 11 " 11 1 V 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 I? 
 
 17 Inches Thick by 
 
 
 18 Inches Thick by 
 
 ft- 
 
 M 
 
 17 B 13 3,19 B 20 B 21 B.22 
 
 B23 B 
 
 18 B 19 B 20 
 
 13 
 
 21 B 22 B 
 
 23 B 
 
 \ 
 
 _ 
 
 2 
 
 2223 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 9 
 
 23252 
 
 G 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 9 
 
 211 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 9 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 5 5 
 
 46495 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 5 6 
 
 5 9 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 5 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 1 
 
 7 5 
 
 710 
 
 8 2 
 
 69727 
 
 G 
 
 711 
 
 8 3 
 
 8 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 5 
 
 9 II 
 
 10 
 
 -> 
 
 1010 
 
 90 9 6 10 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 G 
 
 11 
 
 11 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 8 
 
 11 3 
 
 11 10 
 
 12 5 
 
 13 
 
 ( 
 
 13 7 
 
 11 3 1111 12 
 
 G 
 
 13 2 
 
 13 9 
 
 14 5 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 12 1 
 
 12 9 
 
 13 6 
 
 14 2 
 
 14 11 
 
 1.5 
 
 - 
 
 16 4 
 
 13 6 14 3 15 
 
 
 
 15 9 
 
 16 6 
 
 17 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 14 1 
 
 1411 
 
 15 8 
 
 16 6 
 
 17 4 18 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 15 9 16 8 17 
 
 G 
 
 16 
 
 B 
 
 19 3 
 
 20 2 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 16 1 
 
 17 
 
 1711 
 
 1811 
 
 19 10 20 
 
 921 9 
 
 18 19 20 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 18 1 
 
 19 220 2 
 
 21 3 23 4 23 
 
 524 5 
 
 20 3 21 5 22 
 
 G 
 
 23 t- 
 
 24 9 
 
 2511 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 20 1 
 
 21 322 5 
 
 23 7 24 10 26 
 
 027 2 
 
 22 6 23 9:25 
 
 
 
 2( 
 
 3 
 
 27 6 
 
 23 9 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 30 1 
 
 31 11 33 S 
 
 35 537 239 
 
 040 9 
 
 33 9 35 8 37 
 
 
 
 39 5 
 
 41 3 
 
 43 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 40 2 
 
 42 6 44 10 
 
 47 340 751 11 54 4 
 
 45 47 6J50 
 
 
 
 52 6 
 
 55 
 
 57 6 
 
 '2-3 
 
 
 
 .50 2 
 
 53 256 1 
 
 59 062 064 
 
 11 67 11 
 
 56 3 59 5j62 
 
 G 
 
 6C 
 
 868 9 
 
 7111 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 60 3 
 
 63 967 4 
 
 70 10 74 5 77 11 81 6 
 
 67 6 71 3 75 
 
 
 
 78 9 
 
 82 6 
 
 S6 3 
 
 3G 
 
 
 
 72 3 
 
 76 680 9 
 
 85 89 3 93 
 
 e 
 
 97 9 
 
 81 85 6 90 
 
 
 
 94 6 
 
 99 
 
 103 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0202 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 02020 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 (1 
 
 -> 
 
 5 
 
 5 5 o 
 
 B 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 8 
 
 07070 
 
 8 
 
 t 
 
 B 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 14 12 121 
 
 31 1 4 1 5 15 
 
 
 n? 19 Inches Thick fry 
 
 20 Inches Thick fry 
 
 ft 
 
 in 
 
 ~ 
 
 19 B 20 B 21 B 22 B 23 B 
 
 24 B 
 
 20 B 
 
 21 E 
 
 22 
 
 I! 
 
 23 B 24 B 
 
 25 B 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 g 
 
 2 9 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 9 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 ~T~2 
 
 a 4 
 
 3 6 
 
 a 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 7 
 
 51( 
 
 ) 6 1 
 
 6 4 
 
 5 7 
 
 5 11 
 
 ) 6 
 
 1 
 
 e 
 
 5 
 
 6 8 
 
 611 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 711 
 
 8 4 
 
 8 ! 
 
 ) 9 1 
 
 9 6 
 
 8 4 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 7 11 1 
 
 11 ' 
 
 r 12 2 
 
 12 8 
 
 11 1 
 
 11 S 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 12 9 
 
 13 4 
 
 1311 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 12 6 13 2 13 10 
 
 14 ( 
 
 15 2 
 
 1510 
 
 1311 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 16 8 
 
 17 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 15 1 15 1016 8 
 
 17 i 
 
 i 18 3 
 
 19 
 
 16 S 
 
 17 e 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 19 2 
 
 20 
 
 2010 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 17 713 619 5 
 
 20 i 
 
 21 3 
 
 22 2 
 
 19 5 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 22 4 
 
 23 4 
 
 24 4 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 20 1 21 1 22 2 
 
 23 .' 
 
 \ 24 3 
 
 25 4 
 
 22 3 
 
 23 4 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 
 26 8 
 
 27 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 22 7 23 9 24 11 
 
 26 5 
 
 > 27 4 
 
 23 6 
 
 25 
 
 26 2 
 
 27 
 
 G 
 
 28 9 
 
 30 
 
 31 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 25 126 527 9 
 
 29 ( 
 
 ) 30 4 
 
 31 8 
 
 27 9 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 33 4 
 
 34 3 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 37 739 7 
 
 41 7 
 
 43 ' 
 
 45 6 
 
 47 6 
 
 41 8 
 
 43 
 
 4510 
 
 47 11 
 
 50 
 
 52 1 
 
 2( 
 
 
 
 50 252 9 
 
 55 5 
 
 53 ] 
 
 60 8 
 
 63 4 
 
 55 7 
 
 53 4 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 63 
 
 11 
 
 66 f- 
 
 69 5 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 62 Si 66 
 
 69 3 
 
 72 " 
 
 7510 
 
 79 2 
 
 69 5 
 
 72 11 
 
 76 
 
 .5 
 
 79 10| 83 4 
 
 6610 
 
 3( 
 
 _ 
 
 75 3 79 2 
 
 S3 2 
 
 87 ] 
 
 91 1 
 
 95 
 
 S3 4 
 
 87 
 
 91 
 
 S 
 
 95 
 
 10 ; 100 104 2 
 
 30 
 
 '90 3 95 ( 
 
 9C 9 
 
 104 ( 
 
 >109 3 
 
 114 
 
 100 
 
 105 C 
 
 110 
 
 (1 
 
 15 0120 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0303 
 
 3 
 
 o r 
 
 1 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 o a 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ( 
 
 i 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8; 8 
 
 8 
 
 ! 
 
 ) 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 010 
 
 10 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 3l 1 4 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 i 
 
 i 1 6 
 
 1 7 
 
 15161 
 
 6 1 
 
 71619
 
 86 
 
 PLANK MEASURE. 
 
 PLANK AND SCANTLING MEASURE. 
 
 If a Plank be longer than is represented in the Tables, then take 
 gome length. If shorter take $ or j of some length. 
 
 ~''~ 
 
 2 Inches Thick, by 10 to 28 Inches Wide. 
 
 **" 
 
 10 
 
 11 12 
 
 13 14 15 
 
 16.1 
 
 7 18|19 
 
 20 
 
 21) 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 20 
 
 27! 28 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 24 2(5 23 30 33 
 
 35 3 
 
 ? 39 41 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 4s 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 66 
 
 59 
 
 61 
 
 14 
 
 23 26 28 
 
 30 3335 
 
 37 .4 
 
 J 42 44 
 
 47 
 
 49 51 
 
 64 
 
 5(1 
 
 68 
 
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 2 1-2 Inches Thick vg 10 to 27 Inches H ide. 
 
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 16 
 
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 3 Inches Thick by 10 to 27 Inches Wit/e. 
 
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 11 
 
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 81 
 
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 67 
 
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 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
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 116 
 
 121 
 
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 131 
 
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 61 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 
 86 
 
 94 
 
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 105 
 
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 75 
 
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 92 
 
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 24 
 
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 78 
 
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 108 114 120 126 
 
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 25 
 
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 113 119 125 131 
 
 138 I 14 150 156 
 
 163 
 
 26 
 
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 78 
 
 86 
 
 91 
 
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 117 124 130 137 143 150 1.5(1 163 
 
 169 
 
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 HS 
 
 95 
 
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 122 
 
 126 135 142 149 155 162 169 
 
 176 
 
 2 
 
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 8 
 
 4 
 
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 12(5 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 
 
 188 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 73 80 
 
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 87 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 102 109; 116 123 131 138 145 152 
 
 105 113 120 125 135 143 150 15- 
 
 160 167 174 181 
 
 105 173 ISO 183 
 
 1-9 
 195
 
 PLANK MEASURE. 
 
 87 
 
 PLANK AND SCANTLING MEASURE. 
 
 ff a Plank, or Scanlling, be longer than is represented in the Tables, take 
 twice some length given in the Tables, or add two lengths together; if wider, 
 lake two widths ; if both longer and wider, double the. contents of such num- 
 ber in the Tables as will give the same length and width required. 
 
 K- 
 
 3 1-2 Inches Thick by 10 to 
 
 26 Inches Wide. 
 
 ^ 
 
 10 11| 12 18 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 1T| 18) 19 
 
 20| 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24' 25l 26 
 
 13 
 
 38 42 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 01 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 83j 87 
 
 91 95 
 
 99 
 
 14 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 4!) 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 01 
 
 05 
 
 89 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 tj 94 
 
 98 102 
 
 100 
 
 15 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 81 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 68 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 101 
 
 105 109 
 
 114 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 01 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 98 
 
 103 
 
 107 
 
 112 117 
 
 121 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 00 
 
 01 
 
 69 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 101 
 
 109 
 
 114 
 
 119 124 
 
 129 
 
 IS 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 71 
 
 79 
 
 81 
 
 89 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 no 
 
 121 
 
 126 131 
 
 137 
 
 19 
 
 55 
 
 C.l 
 
 07 
 
 72 
 
 7s 
 
 S3 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 1111 116 
 
 129 
 
 127 
 
 133 139 
 
 144 
 
 20 
 
 58 
 
 84 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 88 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 111 
 
 117 
 
 123 
 
 128 
 
 134 
 
 140 146 
 
 152 
 
 at 
 
 01 
 
 07 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 92 
 
 9- 
 
 104 
 
 110 
 
 110 
 
 193 
 
 199 
 
 135 
 
 141 
 
 147 153 
 
 150 
 
 22 
 
 04 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 103 
 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 122 
 
 12- 
 
 135 
 
 141 
 
 148 
 
 154 160 
 
 167 
 
 23 
 
 07 
 
 74 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 94 
 
 101 
 
 107 
 
 114 
 
 121 
 
 127 
 
 134 
 
 141 
 
 148 
 
 154 
 
 161 163 
 
 174 
 
 24 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 91 
 
 9- 
 
 105 
 
 112 
 
 119 
 
 120 
 
 
 140 
 
 147 
 
 154 
 
 101 
 
 168 175 
 
 182 
 
 25 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 Bfl 
 
 102 
 
 109 
 
 117 
 
 194 
 
 131 
 
 139 
 
 146 
 
 153 
 
 160 
 
 168 
 
 175 182 
 
 190 
 
 26 
 
 76 
 
 83 
 
 91 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 114 
 
 121 
 
 129 
 
 137 
 
 111 
 
 152 159 
 
 107 
 
 174 
 
 182 190 197 
 
 27 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 95 102 110 
 
 118 
 
 126 
 
 134 
 
 112 
 
 150 
 
 158 165 
 
 173 
 
 181 
 
 169 197 205 
 
 28 
 
 82 
 
 90 
 
 93 106 114 
 
 123 
 
 131 
 
 130 
 
 147 
 
 155 
 
 163 
 
 172 
 
 180 
 
 18S 
 
 196 204 
 
 212 
 
 29 
 
 85 
 
 98 
 
 102 110 
 
 llfi 
 
 127 
 
 135 
 
 111 
 
 152 
 
 101 
 
 169 178 
 
 1-0 
 
 195 203 211 
 
 220 
 
 30 
 
 88 96 
 
 105 114 
 
 193 
 
 131 
 
 140 
 
 149 
 
 158 
 
 100 
 
 175 164 
 
 193 
 
 201 
 
 210 219 226 
 
 i r '~ 
 
 4 Inches Thick by 
 
 10 'o 26 Inches. 
 
 Wide. 
 
 C^ 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12| 13 
 
 14) 15' 16 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 90 
 
 21| 22 1 231 24 1 25 26 
 
 13 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 61 
 
 65 69 74 
 
 7> 
 
 82 
 
 87 
 
 91! 95 
 
 100 
 
 104 j 108 
 
 113 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 56 
 
 01 
 
 85 
 
 70 75 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 99 
 
 98 
 
 103 
 
 107 
 
 112,117 
 
 121 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 80 
 
 05 
 
 70 
 
 75 ! 80 83 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 1(10 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 120! 125 
 
 130 
 
 16 
 
 53 
 
 59 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 75 
 
 80 85 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 101 
 
 107 
 
 112 
 
 117 
 
 123 
 
 128 '133 
 
 139 
 
 17 
 
 57 
 
 02 
 
 68 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 85 91 
 
 90 
 
 102 
 
 10- 
 
 113 
 
 119 125 
 
 130 
 
 136 142 
 
 147 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 72 
 
 7f- 
 
 81 
 
 90; 96 102 
 
 108 
 
 114 
 
 120 
 
 126 
 
 132 
 
 138 
 
 144 150 
 
 156 
 
 19 
 
 03 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 89 
 
 95 101 103 
 
 114 
 
 120 
 
 127 
 
 133 
 
 139 
 
 140 
 
 152 158 
 
 165 
 
 20 
 
 07 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 93 
 
 100 107 113 
 
 120 
 
 127 133 140 147 
 
 153 
 
 160 167 
 
 173 
 
 21 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 93 105; 112 119 
 
 120 
 
 133 
 
 140 147 
 
 151 
 
 101 
 
 108 175 
 
 162 
 
 22 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 68 95 
 
 103 110 117 125 
 
 132 
 
 139 
 
 147 154 
 
 161 
 
 169 
 
 170 183 191 
 
 23 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 92 100 
 
 107 115 123 130 
 
 138 146 
 
 153 
 
 101 
 
 109 
 
 170 
 
 184 192 199 
 
 24 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96:104 
 
 112 120 128 136 
 
 144 152 
 
 160 
 
 168 
 
 170 
 
 184 
 
 192 200 20* 
 
 25 
 
 83 
 
 92 1001108 
 
 117 125 133 142 
 
 150 
 
 158 
 
 107 
 
 175 
 
 1-3 
 
 192 
 
 200 208 217 
 
 26 
 
 87 
 
 95 104lll3 
 
 121 130 139 147 
 
 150 
 
 105 
 
 173 
 
 182 
 
 191 
 
 199 208 217 225 
 
 27 
 
 90 
 
 99 10- 117 
 
 126 135 144 153 
 
 162 
 
 171 
 
 1-0 1-9 
 
 198 
 
 207 
 
 216 225 234 
 
 28 
 
 93 
 
 103! 112 121 
 
 131 140 149 159 
 
 108 177 
 
 187 196; 205 
 
 215 
 
 224 233 243 
 
 29 
 
 97 
 
 106 116 126 
 
 135 145 155 164 
 
 174 184 
 
 193 203 213 
 
 222 
 
 232 242 251 
 
 30 
 
 100 110 120 130 
 
 140 150 160 170 
 
 180 190 
 
 200 210 220 
 
 230 
 
 240 250 200 
 
 IV 
 
 5 Inches Thick by 
 
 10 to 26 Inches 
 
 Wide. 
 
 2'^ 
 
 10 
 
 ll| 12 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 15| 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 19 
 
 201 21 
 
 22 
 
 23! 24| 25 
 
 20 
 
 IS 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 05 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 61 
 
 87 
 
 99 
 
 93 103 
 
 lOSi 114 
 
 1)9 
 
 125 
 
 130 135 
 
 141 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 8- 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 111 
 
 117 123 
 
 128 
 
 131 
 
 140 146 
 
 152 
 
 15 
 
 63 
 
 09 
 
 75 
 
 81 
 
 S8 
 
 94 
 
 100 
 
 106 
 
 113 119 
 
 125 131 
 
 138 
 
 111 
 
 150! 156 
 
 1C3 
 
 16 
 
 07 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 93 100 107' 113 
 
 120 127 
 
 133 140 
 
 147 
 
 153 
 
 100 167 
 
 173 
 
 17 
 
 7! 
 
 78 
 
 65 
 
 92 
 
 99 106 113 120 
 
 128 135 
 
 142 149 
 
 156 
 
 163 
 
 170 177 
 
 184 
 
 18 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 90 
 
 98 
 
 105 113 120 12* 
 
 135 143 
 
 150 155 
 
 165 
 
 173 
 
 180 183 
 
 195 
 
 19 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 95 103 111 119 127 135 
 
 143 1 150 
 
 158 166 
 
 174 
 
 188 
 
 190 HIS 
 
 206 
 
 20 
 
 83 
 
 92 
 
 100! 108 117 125 133 142 
 
 150 158 
 
 167 175 
 
 1-3 
 
 192 
 
 200 208 
 
 217 
 
 21 
 
 88 
 
 90 
 
 105 
 
 114 123 131 ; 140 149 
 
 158 166 
 
 175 184 
 
 193 
 
 201 
 
 210 219 
 
 228 
 
 22 
 
 92 
 
 101 
 
 110 
 
 119 12- 138 147 156 
 
 165 : 174 
 
 163 193 
 
 202 
 
 211 
 
 220 229 
 
 238 
 
 23 
 
 06 
 
 105 115 
 
 125 
 
 134 144 153 163 
 
 173 1-2 
 
 192 201 
 
 211 
 
 220 
 
 230 240 
 
 249 
 
 24 
 
 100 
 
 110 120 
 
 130 140| 150 160 170 
 
 1-0 190 
 
 200 210 
 
 220 
 
 230 
 
 240 250 
 
 260 
 
 25 
 
 104 115 125 
 
 135 146 156 167 177 
 
 188 198 
 
 208 219 
 
 229 
 
 240 
 
 250 260 
 
 271 
 
 26 
 
 108 119 130 141 152 103 173 184 
 
 195 206 
 
 217 228 
 
 238 
 
 259 
 
 260 271 
 
 282 
 
 27 
 
 113 124 135: 140 153 169 180; 191 
 
 203 214 
 
 225 230 
 
 248 
 
 259 
 
 270 2-1 
 
 293 
 
 28 
 
 117 12* 140 152 103 175 187 193 
 
 210 222 
 
 233 245 
 
 257 
 
 268 
 
 2-0 292 303 
 
 29 
 
 121 133 145 167 
 
 169, 181 193 205 
 
 213 230 242 254 
 
 266 
 
 278 290 302 314 
 
 30 
 
 125 133 150 163 175 168 200 213 
 
 225 238 250 263 
 
 275 288 300,313 323
 
 88 SCANTLING REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. 
 
 SCANTLING AND TIMBER MEASURE 
 
 REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. 
 
 EXPLANATION". To ascertain the number of Feet of Scantling or Timber, 
 say 13 Feet Long and 2 by 3 Inches. Find 2 by 3 in the top columns, and 18 
 in the .eft hand column, and under 2 by 3 and against 18 is 9 feet. 
 
 If the Scanihngis ongerthan contained in the Table, add two lengths together. 
 If shorter take part of some length. 
 
 The preceding pages also contain Scantling and Plank Measure. 
 
 [ 
 
 Thickness and Width in Inches. 
 
 1 
 
 2.22.32.4 
 
 2 
 
 .5 
 
 2.6 
 
 g. 
 
 7 
 
 2.82.93.3 
 
 3.43.53.6 
 
 3.73.83.94.44.5 
 
 (, 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 
 8. 9. 
 
 4.1, 
 
 6. 
 
 7.6 9. 
 
 10.6 12. 
 
 3.6 6. 10. 
 
 7 
 
 2.4 
 
 3.6 
 
 l.p 
 
 5 
 
 .in 
 
 7. 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9.4 10.6 
 
 5.3 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 910.6 
 
 12.3 14. 
 
 5.9 9.411.6 
 
 8 
 
 
 4. 
 
 5*4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 1 
 
 10.8 12. 
 
 6. 
 
 8. 
 
 10. 
 
 12. 
 
 14. 16. 
 
 8. 10.813.4 
 
 9 
 
 3. 
 
 4.6 
 
 6 
 
 7.6 
 
 9. 
 
 10.6 
 
 12. !l3.6 
 
 B.fl 
 
 9. 
 
 11.3 13.6 
 
 15.9 18. 
 
 103 12. J5. 
 
 10 
 
 3.4 
 
 5. 
 
 6.8 
 
 84 
 
 10. 
 
 118 
 
 13.4 15. 
 
 7.6 
 
 10. 
 
 12.6 15. 
 
 17.6 20. 
 
 .'2.6 13.4 16.8 
 
 11 
 
 3JB 
 
 5.6 
 
 7.4 
 
 S 
 
 .2 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 in 
 
 14.8 16.6 
 
 f.:; 
 
 11. 
 
 13. 
 
 9 16.6 19.3 22. 
 
 M.9 14.8 18.4 
 
 19 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 8. 
 
 10. 
 
 12. 
 
 14 
 
 
 16. 18. 
 
 y. 
 
 12. 
 
 15 
 
 18. 21. 24. 
 
 >7. 16. 20. 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 6.6 
 
 8.8 
 
 11 
 
 .10 
 
 13. 
 
 15. 
 
 J 
 
 17.4 19.6 
 
 9.9 
 
 13. 
 
 16. 
 
 3 1 9.6 22.9 26. 
 
 29.3 17.421.8 
 
 14 
 
 4.8 
 
 7. 
 
 9.4 11.8 
 
 14. 
 
 16.4 
 
 18.8 21. 
 
 1(1. 6 
 
 14. 
 
 17.621. 
 
 24.698. 31 618.823.4 
 
 15 
 
 
 7.6 
 
 10. |12.6 
 
 15. 
 
 17.6 (20. 
 
 22.6 11.3 
 
 15. 
 
 18.9 22.6 
 
 26.330. 33.920. 25. 
 
 16 
 
 6.4 
 
 8. 10.8 13.4 
 
 16. 
 
 18.8 
 
 21.424. 12. 
 
 16. 
 
 20. 
 
 84. 
 
 28. 32. . 
 
 J6. 21.426.8 
 
 17 
 
 5,8 
 
 8.6 
 
 11.4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 22.8 25.6 12.9 
 
 17. 
 
 21 
 
 325.6 
 
 29.934. . 
 
 .8 28.4 
 
 18 
 
 6. 
 
 9. 
 
 12 
 
 u 
 
 
 18. 
 
 21. 
 
 
 24. 27. 
 
 13.6 
 
 18. 
 
 22. 
 
 627. 
 
 31.636. 
 
 (1.62-4. 30. 
 
 19 
 
 6.4 
 
 9.6 
 
 12.8 
 
 15.10 19. 
 
 22.2 25.428.6 
 
 14.3 19. 
 
 23.9 28.6 33.3 38. 
 
 .2.925.431.8 
 
 20 
 
 6.8 
 
 10. 
 
 Hi .4 
 
 16.8 
 
 20. 
 
 23.4 
 
 26.830. 
 
 15. 
 
 20. 
 
 25. 
 
 30. |35. |40. 
 
 1"' 20.6 33.4 
 
 21 
 
 7. J10.6 14. 
 
 i" 
 
 .6 
 
 21. 
 
 24. 
 
 
 28. 31 6 
 
 15.!) 
 
 21. 
 
 26 
 
 331.63b.942. 
 
 . 35. 
 
 2 
 
 7.4! 11. 14.818.4 
 
 22. 
 
 25.8 
 
 29.4 33. 
 
 16.622. 
 
 27. 
 
 633. 
 
 38.0 44. 
 
 1.4 36.8 
 
 23 
 
 7.611.6 15.4 
 
 19.2 
 
 23. 
 
 26.1030.c34.6 
 
 17.323. 
 
 28.9 34.6 
 
 40.346. . 
 
 ,i i) :-,u> 3^.4 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 8. 
 
 8.4 
 
 12. 
 
 12.6 
 
 16 
 16.8 
 
 20. 24. 
 20.1025. 
 
 28. 32. 36. 
 29.2 33.437.6 
 
 18. 24. 
 18.925. 
 
 30. 36. 
 31.337.6 
 
 42. 48. 
 43.9 50. 
 
 >4. 32. 40. 
 16.333.441.8 
 
 30 
 
 10. 15. {20. 
 
 25. 
 
 30. 
 
 35 
 
 
 40. 45. 
 
 22.6 30. 
 
 37.6 45. 
 
 52.6 60. 
 
 . 50. 
 
 34 
 
 11.4 17 122.8 
 
 2( 
 
 14 
 
 34. 
 
 39 
 
 
 45.4 51. 25.6 
 
 34. 42. 
 
 651. 
 
 5it.fi 18. 
 
 6.6 4 o.4 56.8 
 
 40 
 
 13.420. '26.833.4 
 
 40. 468 
 
 53.460. 30.040. |50. 
 
 60. 
 
 70. 80. 90. 53.4 66.8 
 
 
 Thickness and Width in 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 4.64.7 4 
 
 3 4.9 5.5 
 
 5.6 5.7 5.J 
 
 3 5.9 
 
 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.96-10 
 
 6 
 
 iaT IT" 
 
 16 
 
 
 18. 
 
 12.6 
 
 15."" 
 
 176 
 
 2u 
 
 
 22.6 
 
 isT 
 
 21. 24. 
 
 27. 
 
 30. 
 
 7 
 
 )4. 
 
 16.4 
 
 18 
 
 .8 
 
 21 
 
 
 14.7 
 
 1 
 
 7.6 
 
 20.5 
 
 93 
 
 4 26.3 
 
 21. 
 
 24.6 
 
 28. 
 
 31.8 
 
 35. 
 
 7 
 
 16. 
 
 16.8 
 
 21 
 
 .4 
 
 21 
 
 
 16.8 
 
 2 
 
 I. 
 
 23.4 
 
 26 
 
 & 
 
 30. 
 
 24. 
 
 28. 
 
 32. 
 
 36. 
 
 40. 
 
 9 
 
 18. 21. 
 
 24 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 18.9 
 
 22.6 
 
 26.3 
 
 30. 
 
 33.9 
 
 27. 
 
 31.6 
 
 36. 
 
 40.6 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 20. '234 26 
 
 .8 
 
 3i 
 
 . 20.10 
 
 2 
 
 5. 
 
 29.2 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 37.6 
 
 30. 
 
 35. 
 
 40 
 
 
 50. 
 
 11 
 
 22. 25.8 29.4 
 
 33 
 
 
 22.11 
 
 27.6 
 
 32.1 
 
 36.8 
 
 41.3 
 
 33. 
 
 38.6 
 
 44. 
 
 49.6 
 
 55. 
 
 12 
 
 24. ;28. 32 
 
 
 36. 
 
 25. 
 
 30. 
 
 35. 
 
 40. 
 
 45. 
 
 36. 
 
 42. 
 
 48. 
 
 54. 
 
 60. 
 
 13 
 
 26. 30.4 34.8 
 
 39 
 
 
 27.1 
 
 32.6 
 
 37.11 
 
 43.4 
 
 48.9 
 
 39. 
 
 45.G 
 
 52. 
 
 58.6 
 
 66. 
 
 14 
 
 28. 32.8 37 
 
 .4 
 
 41 
 
 
 29.2 
 
 3 
 
 5. 
 
 40.10 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 52.6 
 
 42. 
 
 49. 
 
 56. 
 
 63. 
 
 70. 
 
 15 
 
 30. 35 
 
 40. 
 
 45 
 
 
 31.3 
 
 3 
 
 7.6 
 
 43.9 
 
 50. 
 
 56.3 
 
 45. 
 
 52.6 
 
 60. 
 
 
 75. 
 
 16 
 
 32. ,37 * 
 
 42.8 
 
 43. 
 
 33.4 
 
 40. 
 
 46.8 
 
 53.4 
 
 60. 
 
 48. 
 
 56. 
 
 64. 
 
 
 80. 
 
 17 
 
 34. 39.fc 
 
 45.4 
 
 51 
 
 
 35.5 
 
 42.6 
 
 49.7 
 
 56.8 
 
 63.9 
 
 51. 
 
 59.6 
 
 68. 
 
 
 85. 
 
 18 
 
 36. 
 
 42. 
 
 48. 
 
 54. 
 
 37.6 
 
 45. 
 
 52.6 
 
 60. 
 
 67.6 
 
 54. 
 
 63. 
 
 72. 
 
 81. 
 
 90. 
 
 19 
 
 38. 44.' 
 
 50 
 
 .8 
 
 57 
 
 
 39.7 
 
 4 
 
 7.6 
 
 55.5 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 
 71.3 
 
 57. 
 
 66.6 
 
 76. 
 
 85.6 
 
 95. 
 
 20 
 
 40. 40.> 
 
 53.4 
 
 60. 
 
 41.8 
 
 50. 
 
 58.4 
 
 66.8 
 
 75. 
 
 60. 
 
 70. 
 
 80. 
 
 90. 
 
 100. 
 
 21 
 
 42. ,49. 
 
 56. 
 
 G3. 
 
 43.9 
 
 52.6 
 
 61.3 
 
 70. 
 
 78.9 
 
 63. 
 
 73.6 
 
 84. 
 
 94.6 
 
 105. 
 
 22 
 
 44. 51.. 
 
 K 
 
 > 
 
 6(3 
 
 
 45.10 
 
 f 
 
 ->. 
 
 642 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 82.0 
 
 66. 
 
 77. 
 
 88. 
 
 99. 
 
 110. 
 
 23 
 
 46. 
 
 53.S 
 
 ! 61.4 
 
 69. 
 
 47.11 
 
 57.6 
 
 67.1 
 
 76.8 
 
 86.3 
 
 69. 
 
 80.6 
 
 92. 
 
 103.6 
 
 115. 
 
 24 
 
 48. 
 
 56. 
 
 64. 
 
 72. 
 
 50. 
 
 60. 
 
 70. 
 
 80. 
 
 90. 
 
 7-2. 
 
 '84. 
 
 96. 
 
 108. 
 
 120. 
 
 25 
 
 50. 53.' 
 
 1 6C 
 
 .8 
 
 7: 
 
 
 52.1 
 
 6 
 
 2.6 
 
 72.11 83 
 
 4 93.9 
 
 75. 
 
 87.6 
 
 300. 112.6 
 
 125. 
 
 30 
 
 60. 70. 
 
 80. 
 
 iii 
 
 
 626 
 
 75. 
 
 87.6 100 
 
 112.6 
 
 90. 105. 120. 135. 
 
 150. 
 
 34 
 
 68. 70.1 in 
 
 s 
 
 in- 
 
 . 
 
 70.10 
 
 6 
 
 5. 
 
 99.2 113 
 
 4 127.6 
 
 102. 119. 136. 153. 
 
 170. 
 
 40 
 
 80 '93.4 106.8 120. '63.4 
 
 100. 1168 133.4 15(1. 
 
 120. MO. 160. ]!). 200.
 
 SCANTLING REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. 89 
 
 J 
 
 Thickness and Width in Inches. 
 
 1 
 
 6-11 
 
 6-12 7.7 
 
 7.8 
 
 ?.'-> 7.107.11 
 
 7-12 8.8 
 
 8.9 
 
 8-10 
 
 8.11 
 
 8.12 
 
 6 
 
 33. 
 
 36. 
 
 24.6 
 
 2b. 
 
 31.( 
 
 ;$5. 
 
 38.6 
 
 42. 
 
 32. 
 
 36. 
 
 40. 
 
 44. 
 
 48. 
 
 7 
 
 38.6 
 
 42. 
 
 23.7 
 
 32.8 
 
 31 .i 
 
 40.lt 
 
 44.11 
 
 49. 
 
 37.4 
 
 42. 
 
 46.S 
 
 51.' 
 
 1 56. 
 
 8 
 
 44. 
 
 48. 
 
 3 
 
 J.S 
 
 37.4 
 
 42. 
 
 4H.8 
 
 51.4 
 
 56. 
 
 42.8 
 
 48. 
 
 53.4 
 
 58. 
 
 3 64. 
 
 e 
 
 496 
 
 54. 
 
 36.9 
 
 42. 
 
 47.:: 
 
 52.6 
 
 57.9 
 
 63. 
 
 48. 
 
 54. 
 
 60. 
 
 66. 
 
 72. 
 
 IS 
 
 55. 
 
 60. 
 
 40. H 
 
 46.3 
 
 52.1 
 
 58.4 
 
 64.2 
 
 70. 
 
 53.4 
 
 60. 
 
 66.8 
 
 73. 
 
 I 80. 
 
 H 
 
 60.6 
 
 06. 
 
 44.1 
 
 51.4 
 
 57.i 
 
 64.2 
 
 70.7 
 
 77. 
 
 58.8 
 
 66. 
 
 .73.4 
 
 80.) 
 
 3 88. 
 
 13 
 
 66. 
 
 72. 
 
 4 
 
 ). 
 
 56. 
 
 63. 
 
 70. 
 
 77. 
 
 84. 
 
 64. 
 
 72 
 
 80. 
 
 88. 
 
 96. 
 
 13 
 
 71.6 
 
 78. 
 
 53.1 
 
 60.8 
 
 68. C 
 
 75. 1C 
 
 83.5 
 
 91. 
 
 69.4 
 
 78. 
 
 86.8 
 
 95.' 
 
 1 104. 
 
 14 
 
 77. 
 
 84. 
 
 57.2 
 
 65.4 
 
 73.f 
 
 81.3 
 
 89-10 
 
 98. 
 
 74.8 
 
 84. 
 
 93.4 
 
 102.i 
 
 i 112. 
 
 15 
 
 82.6 
 
 90. 
 
 61.3 
 
 70. 
 
 78.1 
 
 87.6 
 
 96.3 
 
 105. 
 
 80. 
 
 90. 
 
 100. 
 
 110. 
 
 120. 
 
 16 
 
 88. 
 
 96. 
 
 6, 
 
 5.4 
 
 74.8 
 
 84. 
 
 93.4 
 
 102.8 
 
 112. 
 
 85.4 
 
 96. 
 
 106.8 
 
 117. 
 
 I 128. 
 
 17 
 
 93.6 
 
 102. 
 
 69.5 
 
 79.4 
 
 89.2 
 
 99.2 
 
 109.1 
 
 119. 
 
 90.8 
 
 102. 
 
 113.4 
 
 124. 
 
 3 136. 
 
 J8 
 
 99. 
 
 108. 
 
 7 
 
 i.ti 
 
 84. 
 
 94 i 
 
 105. 
 
 115.6 
 
 126. 
 
 96. 
 
 108. 
 
 120. 
 
 132. 
 
 144. 
 
 19 
 
 104.6 
 
 114. 
 
 77.7 
 
 8S.8 
 
 99.1 
 
 110.1C 
 
 121.11 
 
 133. 
 
 101.4 
 
 114. 
 
 126.8 
 
 139.' 
 
 \ 152. 
 
 20 
 
 110. 
 
 120. 
 
 81.8 
 
 93.4 
 
 105. 
 
 116.8 
 
 1-28.4 
 
 140. 
 
 106.8 
 
 120. 
 
 133.4 
 
 146.f 
 
 3 IbO. 
 
 '21 
 
 115.6 
 
 126. 
 
 85.9 
 
 98. 
 
 110.C 
 
 122.6 
 
 134.9 
 
 147. 
 
 112. 
 
 126. 
 
 140. 
 
 154. 
 
 16?. 
 
 i!'2 
 
 121. 
 
 132. 
 
 89. 1C 
 
 102.8 
 
 115.f 
 
 128.4 
 
 141.2 
 
 154. 
 
 117.4 
 
 132. 
 
 146.8 
 
 161.' 
 
 1 176. 
 
 2:i 
 
 126.6 
 
 138. 
 
 9. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 107.4 
 
 180.5 
 
 134.2 
 
 147.7 
 
 161. 
 
 122.8 
 
 133. 
 
 153.4 
 
 168.{ 
 
 i 184. 
 
 24 
 
 132. 
 
 144.- 
 
 98. 
 
 112. 1 126. 
 
 140. 
 
 154. 
 
 168. 
 
 1-28. 
 
 144. 
 
 160.' 
 
 176. 
 
 192. 
 
 
 Thickness and Width in Inches. 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.9 ( 
 
 U09.1H 
 
 ).12 
 
 10-1010.11,10.1211.11 11-12 12- 
 
 1212.13 
 
 12.14 
 
 i; 
 
 40.6 
 
 45. 
 
 49.6 
 
 54. 
 
 50. 
 
 55. 
 
 (0. 
 
 to.o 
 
 Mi. 7-2. 
 
 
 e. 
 
 84. 
 
 7 
 
 47.3 
 
 52.6 
 
 57.9 
 
 63. 
 
 58.4 
 
 64.2 
 
 70. 
 
 70.7 
 
 77. 84. 
 
 81. 
 
 98. 
 
 s 
 
 54. 
 
 60. 
 
 66 
 
 
 !>. 
 
 66.8 
 
 73.4 
 
 80. 
 
 80.8 
 
 88. 96. 
 
 104. 
 
 112. 
 
 9 
 
 60.9 
 
 67.6 
 
 74 
 
 ~3 
 
 81. 
 
 
 75. 
 
 82.6 
 
 90. 
 
 90.9 
 
 99. 108 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 7. 
 
 126. 
 
 Id 
 
 67.6 
 
 75. 
 
 82.6 
 
 ft). 
 
 83.4 
 
 91.8 
 
 100. 
 
 100.10 110. 120. 
 
 13d. 
 
 140. 
 
 11 
 
 74.3 
 
 82.6 
 
 90 
 
 .9 
 
 (19. 
 
 
 ai.8 
 
 100.10 
 
 110. 
 
 110.11 121. 13-3 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 B. 
 
 154. 
 
 1-2 
 
 81. 90. 
 
 99 
 
 . 1 
 
 OS. 
 
 100. 
 
 110. 
 
 120. 
 
 121. 
 
 13-2. 144. 
 
 ise. 
 
 168. 
 
 13 
 
 87.9i 97.6,107.3 | 117. 
 
 108.4 
 
 119.2 
 
 130. 
 
 131.1 
 
 143. 156. 
 
 169. 
 
 182. 
 
 14 
 
 94.6105. 1115 
 
 .6 
 
 98, 
 
 1 
 
 16.8 
 
 128.4 
 
 140. 
 
 141.2 
 
 154. lee 
 
 . 
 
 If 
 
 2. 
 
 196. 
 
 15 
 
 201.3 112.6 123.9 J 
 
 35, 
 
 125. 
 
 137.6 
 
 150. 
 
 151.3 
 
 165. 180. 
 
 195. 
 
 210. 
 
 i<; 
 
 108. 120. 
 
 132. 1 
 
 44. 
 
 133.4 
 
 146.8 
 
 160. 
 
 161.4 
 
 176. 192. 
 
 208. 
 
 224. 
 
 17 
 
 114.9127.6 
 
 140 
 
 .3 
 
 53. 
 
 1 
 
 41.8 
 
 lf>5.10 
 
 170. 
 
 171.5 
 
 187. 204 
 
 
 25 
 
 1. 
 
 238. 
 
 18 
 
 121.6 135. 148.6 
 
 62. 
 
 I 
 
 r )0. 
 
 165. 
 
 180. 
 
 181.6 
 
 198. 216. 
 
 234. 
 
 252. 
 
 19 
 
 128.3142.6156 
 
 .9 J 
 
 71. 
 
 1 
 
 58.4 
 
 174.2 
 
 190. 
 
 191.7 
 
 209. 228 
 
 
 2' 
 
 7. 
 
 266. 
 
 20 
 
 135. 150. J165 
 
 . 1 
 
 80. 
 
 166.8 
 
 183.4 
 
 200. 
 
 201.8 
 
 220. 240. 
 
 260. 
 
 280. 
 
 21 
 
 141.9;157.6 173 
 
 .3 
 
 B9. 
 
 1 
 
 75. 
 
 192.6 
 
 210. 
 
 211.9 
 
 231. 252 
 
 
 2" 
 
 3. 
 
 294. 
 
 22 
 
 148.6:165. 
 
 181 
 
 .6 
 
 98. 
 
 1 
 
 83.4 
 
 201.8 
 
 220. 
 
 '221.10 242. 264 
 
 
 2t 
 
 P. 
 
 3C8. 
 
 23 
 
 155.3172.6 
 
 189 
 
 9-: 
 
 07. 
 
 1 
 
 91.8 
 
 210.10 
 
 230. 
 
 231.11 253. 276 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 352. 
 
 24 
 
 162. 1180. 
 
 198. 5 
 
 16. 
 
 200. 
 
 220. 
 
 240. 
 
 242. ' 2fi4. 288. 
 
 312. 
 
 336. 
 
 ^- 
 
 Thickness and Width in Inches. 
 
 1 
 
 12.U 
 
 12.16 
 
 13.13 13-1413-15 
 
 13-16 I4-14|14.H 
 
 14-16 
 
 151515.16 
 
 6 
 
 90. 
 
 96. 
 
 8 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 
 97.6 
 
 Ili4 
 
 M 
 
 105. 
 
 112 
 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 
 HO. 
 
 7 
 
 105 
 
 112. 
 
 98.7 
 
 1062 
 
 113.9 
 
 121 A 
 
 114.4 
 
 122.6 
 
 130.8 
 
 131.3 
 
 140. 
 
 B 
 
 120. 
 
 128. 
 
 112.8 
 
 121.4 
 
 130. 
 
 138.8 
 
 130.8 
 
 140. 
 
 149.4 
 
 150. 
 
 160. 
 
 
 
 135. 
 
 144. 
 
 12 
 
 6.9 
 
 1. 
 
 16.6 
 
 146.3 
 
 156. 
 
 147. 
 
 157.6 
 
 168 
 
 
 16 
 
 8.9 
 
 180. 
 
 lo 
 
 150. 
 
 160. 
 
 140.10 
 
 151.8 
 
 162.6 
 
 173.4 
 
 163.4 
 
 175. 
 
 186.8 
 
 187.6 
 
 200. 
 
 11 
 
 165. 
 
 176 
 
 15 
 
 4.11 
 
 If 
 
 6.10 
 
 178.9 
 
 190.8 
 
 179.8 
 
 192.6 
 
 205 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 6.3 
 
 220. 
 
 .12 
 
 180. 
 
 192. 
 
 169. 
 
 182. 
 
 195. 
 
 208. 
 
 196. 
 
 210. 
 
 224 
 
 
 225. 
 
 240. 
 
 33 
 
 195. 
 
 208. 
 
 183.1 
 
 197.2 
 
 211.3 
 
 225.4 
 
 212.4 
 
 227.6 
 
 242.8 
 
 243.9 
 
 2CO. 
 
 11 
 
 210. 
 
 224. 
 
 19 
 
 7.2 
 
 21 
 
 2.4 
 
 227.6 
 
 242.8 
 
 228.8 
 
 245. 
 
 261 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 2.6 
 
 280. 
 
 15 
 
 225. 
 
 240. 
 
 21 
 
 1.3 
 
 0. 
 
 7.6 
 
 243.9 
 
 260. 
 
 245. 
 
 262.6 
 
 280 
 
 
 28 
 
 1.3 
 
 300. 
 
 16 
 
 240. 
 
 256. 
 
 225.4 
 
 242.8 
 
 260. 
 
 27T.4 
 
 261.4 
 
 280.' 
 
 298.8 
 
 300. 
 
 120. 
 
 17' 
 
 255. 
 
 272. 
 
 23 
 
 ).5 
 
 2 
 
 7.10 
 
 276.3 
 
 294.8 
 
 277.8 
 
 297.6 
 
 317 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 3.9 340. 
 
 18 
 
 270. 
 
 288. 
 
 243.6 
 
 273. 
 
 292.6 
 
 312. 
 
 290. 
 
 314. 
 
 336. 
 
 337.6 360. 
 
 IS 
 
 285. 
 
 304. 
 
 25 
 
 7.7 
 
 2S 
 
 8.2 
 
 308.9 
 
 329.4 
 
 310.4 
 
 332.6 
 
 354 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 1.3 380. 
 
 '21) 
 
 300. 
 
 320. 
 
 2.71.8 . 
 
 303.4 
 
 325. 
 
 346.8 
 
 326.8 
 
 350. 
 
 373.4 
 
 375. 
 
 100. 
 
 21 
 
 315. 
 
 33!i. 
 
 28 
 
 "i !) 
 
 318.6 
 
 341.3 
 
 364. 
 
 343. 
 
 367.6 
 
 392. 
 
 
 393.9 
 
 J20. 
 
 20 
 
 :{(). 
 
 352. 
 
 29 
 
 JJO 
 
 ai 
 
 3.8 
 
 357.6 
 
 381.4 
 
 359.4 
 
 385. 
 
 410. 
 
 8 
 
 41- 
 
 >.6 440. 
 
 23 
 
 315. 
 
 368. 
 
 31 
 
 
 34 
 
 8.10 
 
 373.9 
 
 39&.-S 
 
 375.8 
 
 "402.6 
 
 429. 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 L.3 ;460.. 
 
 24 
 
 360. 
 
 384. 
 
 338. 
 
 364. 
 
 
 416. 392. 
 
 420. 
 
 448. 
 
 450. i 480. 
 
 BMA 
 
 8*
 
 90 
 
 BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT. 
 
 BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 
 
 This Table gives the Square Feet and Inches in Boards from 6 to 25 inches wide and 
 from 8 to 30 feet long. If a board be longer than ;!t) feet, unite two numbers. For 
 instance, if a Board is 40 feet long and 16 inches wide add ) and 10 and you have 53 ft. 
 4 in. For -2 inch Plank double the PRODUCT. See also Board Table, p. 84. 
 
 g-J 
 
 . o 
 
 6inW7in\V 
 
 BinW 
 
 9inW 
 
 IDinW.llinW 
 
 12inW 
 
 13inW 
 
 Ifoff 
 
 ibinW 
 
 Sj 
 
 ft. in. ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 //. in. 
 
 ~~ 8 
 
 4043 
 
 5 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 4 
 
 b 
 
 8 8 
 
 9 4 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 4653 
 
 6 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 6 
 
 S 3 
 
 9 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 6 
 
 11 3 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 10 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 10 
 
 11 S 
 
 12 6 
 
 11 
 
 5 3 
 
 6 5 
 
 7 4 
 
 8 3 
 
 9 2 
 
 10 1 
 
 11 
 
 11 11 
 
 12 10 
 
 13 9 
 
 lil 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 ' 9 
 
 10 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 i3 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 S 
 
 9 i) 
 
 10 10i 11 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 1 
 
 15 2 
 
 16 3 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 8 2 
 
 9 4 
 
 10 6 
 
 11 8 
 
 12 10 
 
 14 
 
 15 2 
 
 16 4 
 
 17 6 
 
 15 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 6 
 
 13 9 
 
 15 
 
 1C 3 
 
 17 6 
 
 18 9 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 9 4 
 
 10 8 
 
 12 
 
 13 4 
 
 14 8 
 
 16 
 
 17 4 
 
 13 8 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 8 6 
 
 9 11 
 
 11 4 
 
 12 9 
 
 14 2 
 
 15 7 
 
 17 
 
 IS 5 
 
 19 10 
 
 21 3 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 10 6 
 
 12 
 
 13 6 
 
 15 
 
 16 6 
 
 18 
 
 19 6 
 
 21 
 
 22 6 
 
 19 
 
 9 6 
 
 11 1 
 
 12 8 
 
 14 3 
 
 15 10 
 
 17 5 
 
 19 
 
 20 7 
 
 22 2 
 
 23 9 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 11 8 
 
 13 4 
 
 15 
 
 16 8 
 
 13 4 
 
 20 
 
 21 8 
 
 23 4 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 10 6 
 
 12 3 
 
 14 
 
 15 9 
 
 17 6 
 
 19 3 
 
 21 
 
 22 9 
 
 24 6 
 
 26 3 
 
 22 
 
 1.1 
 
 12 10 
 
 14 8 
 
 16 6 
 
 IS 4 
 
 20 2 
 
 22 
 
 23 10 
 
 25 8 
 
 27 6 
 
 83 
 
 11 6 
 
 13 5 
 
 15 4 
 
 17 3 
 
 19 2 
 
 21 1 
 
 23 
 
 24 11 
 
 2> 10 
 
 23 9 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 12 6 
 
 14 7 
 
 16. 8 
 
 18 9 
 
 20 10 
 
 22 11 
 
 25 
 
 27 1 
 
 29 2 
 
 31 3 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 15 2 
 
 17 4 
 
 19 6 
 
 21. 8 
 
 23 10 
 
 28 
 
 28 2 
 
 30 4 
 
 32 6 
 
 27 
 
 13 6 
 
 15 9 
 
 18 
 
 20 3 
 
 22 6 
 
 24 9 
 
 27 
 
 29 3 
 
 31 6 33 9 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 16 4 
 
 18 8 
 
 21 
 
 23 4 
 
 25 8 
 
 23 
 
 30 4 
 
 32 8) 35 
 
 29 
 
 14 6 
 
 16 11 
 
 19 4 
 
 21 9 
 
 21 2 
 
 26 7 
 
 29 
 
 31 5 
 
 33 10 
 
 36 3 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 17 6 
 
 20 
 
 22 6 
 
 25 
 
 27 6 
 
 30 
 
 32 6 
 
 35 
 
 37 6 
 
 31 
 
 15 6 
 
 IS 1 
 
 20 8 
 
 23 3 
 
 25 10 
 
 28 5 
 
 31 
 
 33 7 
 
 36 2 
 
 38 9 
 
 3-2 
 
 16 
 
 18 8 
 
 21 4 
 
 24 
 
 26 8 
 
 29 4 
 
 32 
 
 34 8 
 
 37 4 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 16 6 
 
 19 3 
 
 2'2 
 
 24 9 
 
 27 6 
 
 30 3 
 
 33 
 
 35 9 
 
 33 6 
 
 41 3 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 19 10 
 
 22 8 
 
 25 6 
 
 23 4 
 
 31 2 
 
 34 
 
 36 10 
 
 39 8 
 
 42 6 
 
 33 
 
 17 6 
 
 20 5 
 
 23 4 
 
 26 3 
 
 29 2 
 
 32 1 
 
 35 
 
 37 11 
 
 40 10 
 
 43 9 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 BOARD TABLE MEASUREMENT CONTINUED. 
 
 4* 
 
 ! 
 
 16inW 
 
 17inW 
 
 18inW 
 
 19inW 
 
 fflinW 
 
 21inW 
 
 fflinW 
 
 23inW 
 
 2M|25inW 
 
 Pi 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 " 
 
 10 8 
 
 11 4 
 
 12 
 
 12 8 
 
 13 4 
 
 14 
 
 14 8 
 
 15 4 
 
 16.0 
 
 16 8 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 12 9 
 
 13 6 
 
 14 3 
 
 15 
 
 15 9 
 
 1C> 6 
 
 17 3 
 
 18 
 
 18 9 
 
 10 
 
 13 4 
 
 14 2 
 
 15 
 
 15 10 
 
 16 8 
 
 17 6 
 
 18 4 
 
 19 2 
 
 20 
 
 20 10 
 
 11 
 
 14 8 
 
 15 7 
 
 16 6 
 
 17 5 
 
 18 4 
 
 19 3 
 
 20 2 
 
 21 1 
 
 22 
 
 2-2 11 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 17 1 
 
 18 5 
 
 19 6 
 
 20 7 
 
 21 8 
 
 22 9 
 
 23 10 
 
 24 11 
 
 26 
 
 27 1 
 
 14 
 
 18 8 
 
 19 10 
 
 21 
 
 22 2 
 
 23 4 
 
 24 6 
 
 25 8 
 
 26 10 
 
 23 
 
 29 2 
 
 15 
 
 20- 
 
 21 3 
 
 22 6 
 
 23 9 
 
 25 
 
 26 3 
 
 27 6 
 
 23 9 
 
 30 
 
 31 3 
 
 16 
 
 21 4 
 
 22 8 
 
 24 
 
 25 4 
 
 26 8 
 
 23 
 
 29 4 
 
 30 8 
 
 32 
 
 33 4 
 
 17 
 
 22 8 
 
 24 1 
 
 25 6 
 
 26 11 
 
 28 4 
 
 29 9 
 
 31 2 
 
 32 7 
 
 34 
 
 35 5 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 25 6 
 
 27 
 
 23 6 
 
 30 
 
 31 6 
 
 33 
 
 34 6 
 
 36 
 
 37 6 
 
 19 
 
 25 4 
 
 26 11 
 
 28 6 
 
 30 1 
 
 31 8 
 
 33 3 
 
 34 10 
 
 36 5 
 
 33 
 
 39 7 
 
 20 
 
 26 8 
 
 28 4 
 
 30 
 
 31 8 
 
 33 4 
 
 35 
 
 36 8 
 
 38 4 
 
 40 
 
 41 9 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 29 9 
 
 31 6 
 
 33 3 
 
 35 
 
 36 9 
 
 38 6 
 
 40 3 
 
 42 
 
 43 9 
 
 2-2 
 
 29 4 
 
 31 2 
 
 33 01 34 10 
 
 36- 8 
 
 33 6 
 
 40 4 
 
 42 2 
 
 44 
 
 45 10 
 
 23 
 
 30 8 
 
 32 7 
 
 34 6 36 5 
 
 38 4 
 
 40 3 
 
 42 2 
 
 44 1 
 
 46 
 
 47 11 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 36 Ol 38 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 33 4 
 
 35 5 
 
 37 6 
 
 39 7 
 
 41 8 
 
 43 9 
 
 45 10 
 
 47 11 
 
 50 
 
 52 1 
 
 26 
 
 34 8 
 
 36 10 
 
 39 
 
 41 2 
 
 43 4 
 
 45 6 
 
 47 8 
 
 49 10 
 
 52 
 
 54 2 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 38 3 
 
 40 6 
 
 42 9 
 
 45 u 
 
 47 3 
 
 49 6 
 
 51 9 
 
 54 
 
 56 3 
 
 es 
 
 37 4 
 
 39 8 
 
 42 
 
 44 4 
 
 46 8 
 
 49 
 
 51 4 
 
 53 8 
 
 56 
 
 53 4 
 
 29 
 
 38 8 
 
 41 1 
 
 43 6 
 
 45 11 
 
 43 4 
 
 50 9 
 
 53 2 
 
 55 7! 58 
 
 60 5 
 
 80 
 
 40 (1 
 
 42 6 
 
 45 
 
 47 6 
 
 50 
 
 5'2 6 
 
 55 
 
 57 6 60 
 
 62 6
 
 LOGS REDUCED TO RUNNING BOARD MEASURE. 91 
 
 LOGS REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. 
 
 If the log is longer than is contained in the table, take any two lengths. 
 
 The first column on the left gives the length of the Log in feet. The figures 
 under D deuoie the diameters of the Logs in inches. Fractional parts of inches 
 are not given. 
 
 The diameter of timber is usually taken 211 feet from the butt. All logs 
 short of 20 feet, take the diameter at the top, or small end. 
 
 To find the number of feet of boards which a log will produce when sawed, 
 take ihe length of feet in the first column on the left hand, and the diameter at 
 the top of ihe page in inches 
 
 Suppose a log 12 feel long and 24 inches diameter. In the left hand column 
 is the leiuih, and opposite 12 and under 24 is 300, the number of feet of boards 
 in a log of that lengih and diameter. 
 
 c^ 
 
 D. 
 
 13. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. : D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 4^ 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 93 
 
 104 
 
 170 
 
 137 
 
 154 
 
 179 
 
 194 
 
 210 
 
 237 
 
 256 
 
 11 
 
 59 
 
 72 
 
 83 
 
 102 
 
 114 
 
 131 
 
 151 
 
 169 
 
 196 
 
 213 
 
 231 
 
 261 
 
 270 
 
 12 
 
 G4 
 
 78 
 
 93 
 
 111 
 
 124 
 
 143 
 
 164 
 
 184 
 
 214 
 
 232 
 
 253 
 
 285 
 
 300 
 
 13 
 
 69 
 
 84 
 
 97 
 
 120 
 
 134 
 
 154 
 
 177 
 
 199 
 
 231 
 
 251 
 
 273 
 
 308 
 
 327 
 
 14 
 
 74 
 
 90 
 
 104 
 
 129 
 
 144 
 
 166 
 
 191 
 
 214 
 
 249 
 
 270 
 
 293 
 
 332 
 
 350 
 
 15 
 
 79 
 
 96 
 
 111 
 
 138 
 
 151 
 
 177 
 
 204 
 
 229 
 
 266 
 
 289 
 
 314 
 
 355 
 
 376 
 
 16 
 
 84 
 
 102 
 
 us 
 
 146 
 
 164 
 
 189 
 
 217 
 
 244 
 
 284 
 
 308 
 
 335 
 
 379 
 
 401 
 
 17 
 
 89 
 
 1U3 
 
 126 
 
 155 
 
 173 
 
 200 
 
 231 
 
 259 
 
 301 
 
 327 
 
 356 
 
 402 
 
 426 
 
 13 
 
 94 
 
 114 
 
 133 
 
 164 
 
 183 
 
 212 
 
 244 
 
 274 
 
 319 
 
 346 
 
 377 
 
 426 
 
 451 
 
 19 
 
 99 
 
 121 
 
 140 
 
 173 
 
 193 
 
 223 
 
 257 
 
 289 
 
 336 
 
 365 
 
 398 
 
 449 
 
 477 
 
 2" 
 
 104 
 
 127 
 
 147 
 
 182 
 
 203 
 
 236 
 
 271 
 
 304 
 
 354 
 
 384 
 
 419 
 
 473 
 
 501 
 
 21 
 
 109 
 
 133 
 
 154 
 
 191 
 
 213 
 
 247 
 
 284 
 
 319 
 
 371 
 
 403 
 
 440 
 
 497 
 
 527 
 
 22 
 
 114 
 
 139 
 
 161 
 
 200 
 
 223 
 
 259 
 
 297 
 
 334 
 
 389 
 
 422 
 
 461 
 
 520 
 
 552 
 
 23 
 
 119 
 
 J45 
 
 163 
 
 209 
 
 233 
 
 270 
 
 311 
 
 349 
 
 407 
 
 441 
 
 481 
 
 542 
 
 568 
 
 24 
 
 124 
 
 151 
 
 176 
 
 218 
 
 243 
 
 282 
 
 324 
 
 364 
 
 424 
 
 460 
 
 502 
 
 508 
 
 613 
 
 25 
 
 129 
 
 157 
 
 183 
 
 227 
 
 253 
 
 293 
 
 337 
 
 379 
 
 442 
 
 479 
 
 523 
 
 591 
 
 628 
 
 26 
 
 134 
 
 163 
 
 190 
 
 233 
 
 263 
 
 305 
 
 350 
 
 394 
 
 459 
 
 493 
 
 544 
 
 615 
 
 653 
 
 27 
 
 139 
 
 169 
 
 197 
 
 245 
 
 273 
 
 316 
 
 363 
 
 409 
 
 477 
 
 517 
 
 565 
 
 639 
 
 678 
 
 23 
 
 144 
 
 175 
 
 204 
 
 254 
 
 283 
 
 328 
 
 376 
 
 424 
 
 494 
 
 536 
 
 586 
 
 663 
 
 703 
 
 29 
 
 149 
 
 IS I 
 
 211 
 
 263 
 
 293 
 
 339 
 
 389 
 
 439 
 
 512 
 
 555 
 
 607 
 
 687 
 
 728 
 
 30 
 
 lot 
 
 187 
 
 213 
 
 272 
 
 303 
 
 351 
 
 402 
 
 454 
 
 529 
 
 574 
 
 623 
 
 711 
 
 753 
 
 31 
 
 159 
 
 193 
 
 225 
 
 281 
 
 313 
 
 362 
 
 415 
 
 469 
 
 547 
 
 593 
 
 649 
 
 735 
 
 773 
 
 b *-^ 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 3^ 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 233 
 
 309 
 
 339 
 
 359 
 
 377 
 
 407 
 
 440 
 
 456 
 
 486 
 
 496 
 
 513 
 
 573 
 
 11 
 
 311 
 
 340 
 
 374 
 
 396 
 
 415 
 
 447 
 
 4S4 
 
 502 
 
 535 
 
 546 
 
 593 
 
 -630 
 
 I" 
 
 340 
 
 371 
 
 403 
 
 432 
 
 453 
 
 489 
 
 523 
 
 548 
 
 584 
 
 596 
 
 653 
 
 638 
 
 13 
 
 369 
 
 401 
 
 442 
 
 469 
 
 491 
 
 530 
 
 572 
 
 594 
 
 633 
 
 610 
 
 708 
 
 746 
 
 14 
 
 397 
 
 435 
 
 476 
 
 505 
 
 529 
 
 571 
 
 618 
 
 640 
 
 682 
 
 696 
 
 762 
 
 803 
 
 15 
 
 420 
 
 465 
 
 511 
 
 541 
 
 567 
 
 612 
 
 662 
 
 686 
 
 731 
 
 7-10 
 
 817 
 
 861 
 
 16 
 
 4.".5 
 
 496 
 
 545 
 
 578 
 
 605 
 
 653 
 
 706 
 
 732 
 
 780 
 
 796 
 
 872 
 
 919 
 
 17 
 
 483 
 
 527 
 
 579 
 
 614 
 
 643 
 
 6H4 
 
 751 
 
 778 
 
 829 
 
 846 
 
 927 
 
 976 
 
 18 
 
 512 
 
 558 
 
 613 
 
 650 
 
 631 
 
 735 
 
 795 
 
 824 
 
 873 
 
 896 
 
 981 
 
 1034 
 
 19 
 
 541 
 
 590 
 
 647 
 
 683 
 
 719 
 
 776 
 
 839 
 
 870 
 
 927 
 
 946 
 
 1036 
 
 1092 
 
 20 
 
 5f>9 
 
 621 
 
 631 
 
 724 
 
 757 
 
 817 
 
 884 
 
 916 
 
 976 
 
 996 
 
 1091 
 
 1148 
 
 21 
 
 598 
 
 632 
 
 716 
 
 760 
 
 796 
 
 859 
 
 928 
 
 962 
 
 1025 
 
 1016 
 
 1146 
 
 1206 
 
 22 
 
 627 
 
 634 
 
 750 
 
 796 
 
 SJ4 
 
 900 
 
 972 
 
 1003 
 
 1074 
 
 1096 
 
 1200 
 
 1204 
 
 23 
 
 655 
 
 715 
 
 784 
 
 833 
 
 872 
 
 941 
 
 1017 
 
 1054 
 
 1123 
 
 1146 
 
 1255 
 
 1313 
 
 24 
 
 684 
 
 746 
 
 818 
 
 869 
 
 910 
 
 982 
 
 1061 
 
 1100 
 
 1172 
 
 1196 
 
 1310 
 
 1376 
 
 25 
 
 713 
 
 777 
 
 853 
 
 906 
 
 943 
 
 10-23 
 
 1105 
 
 1146 
 
 1221 
 
 1246 
 
 1365 
 
 1434 
 
 20 
 
 742 
 
 803 
 
 887 
 
 942 
 
 9813 
 
 1064 
 
 1149 
 
 1192 
 
 1270 
 
 1290 
 
 1420 
 
 1492 
 
 27 
 
 771 
 
 830 
 
 921 
 
 979 
 
 1024 
 
 1105 
 
 1193 
 
 123S 
 
 1319 
 
 1346 
 
 1475 
 
 1550 
 
 23 
 
 800 
 
 870 
 
 955 
 
 1015 
 
 1062 
 
 1146 
 
 1237 
 
 1234 
 
 1368 
 
 1396 
 
 1530 
 
 1603 
 
 29 
 
 829 
 
 901 
 
 939 
 
 1052 
 
 1100 
 
 1187 
 
 1231 
 
 1330 
 
 1417 
 
 1446 
 
 1585 
 
 1666 
 
 30 
 
 858 
 
 932 
 
 1023 
 
 1083 
 
 1138 
 
 1228 
 
 1325 
 
 1376 
 
 1466 
 
 1496 
 
 1040 
 
 1724 
 
 31 
 
 837 
 
 903 
 
 IDS' 7 
 
 1125 
 
 1176 
 
 1269 
 
 1309 
 
 1422 
 
 1515 
 
 1546 
 
 1695 
 
 1782
 
 92 EQUAL SIDED TIMBER MEASTTRE. COAL MEASURE. 
 
 SOLID CONTENTS OF EQUAL SIDED TIMBER. 
 
 If the Log U shorter than is contained in the Table, take half or quarter of 
 *ome length, iflonger double some length. The length of the Log is given on 
 the top of the columns, the diameter in the left hand column. To obtain the 
 Cubical Contents of Masts, Spars, Round Logs, &c., subtract one-fourth from 
 Ihe Contents. 
 
 . L. L. If. L 
 
 T< 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15. 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 . 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 9 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 7 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 5 
 
 4 9 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 5 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 10 
 
 S 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 10 
 
 5 4 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 5 
 
 8 10 
 
 9 3 
 
 9 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 2 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 4 
 
 7 11 
 
 8 6 
 
 9 1 
 
 9 8 
 
 10 3 
 
 10 10 
 
 11 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 10 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 8 
 
 10 4 
 
 11 
 
 11 8 
 
 12 4 
 
 13 
 
 13 8 
 
 11 
 
 7 C 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 3 
 
 10 1 
 
 10 11 
 
 11 9 12 7 
 
 13 5 
 
 14 3 
 
 15 1 
 
 15 11 
 
 16 9 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 l:i 
 
 10 4 
 
 11 7 
 
 12 10 
 
 14 1 
 
 15 3 
 
 16 5 17 9 
 
 18 9 
 
 19 11 
 
 21 1 
 
 22 3 
 
 23 5 
 
 n 
 
 12 2 
 
 13 7 
 
 14 11 
 
 16 4 
 
 17 8 
 
 18 11 
 
 20 3 
 
 21 7 
 
 22 11 
 
 24 3 
 
 25 7 
 
 26 11 
 
 is 
 
 14 2 
 
 15 9 
 
 17 2 
 
 18 9 
 
 20 4 
 
 21 10 23 5 
 
 25 
 
 26 7 
 
 23 2 
 
 29 9 
 
 31 4 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 10 
 
 19 6 
 
 21 4 
 
 23 1 
 
 24 1026 7 
 
 23 4 
 
 30 1 
 
 31 10 
 
 33 7 
 
 35 4 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 20 
 
 J2 
 
 24 1 
 
 26 1 
 
 28 1 30 1 
 
 32 1 
 
 34 1 
 
 36 1 
 
 33 1 
 
 4C 1 
 
 f8 
 
 20 3 
 
 22 6 
 
 24 9 
 
 27 
 
 29 3 
 
 31 633 9 
 
 36 
 
 33 3 
 
 40 6 
 
 42 9 
 
 45 
 
 i;i 
 
 2-2 6 
 
 25 027 6 
 
 30 1 
 
 32 7 
 
 35 137 7 
 
 41 1 
 
 43 7 
 
 46 1 
 
 48 7 
 
 52 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 27 1030 10 
 
 33 4 
 
 36 1 
 
 38 10 ! 41 7 
 
 44 4 
 
 47 2 50 
 
 52 9 
 
 55 9 
 
 21 
 
 27 7|30 8i33 9 
 
 36 9 
 
 39 10 
 
 42 11 46 
 
 49 1 
 
 52 2i 55 3 
 
 53 4 
 
 61 5 
 
 99 
 
 30 233 6,36 10 
 
 40 4 
 
 43 8 
 
 47 
 
 50 4 
 
 53 8 
 
 57 
 
 60 4 
 
 63 8 
 
 67 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 33 840 4 
 
 44 1 
 
 47 951 555 1 
 
 58 9 
 
 63 5 
 
 66 I 
 
 69 9 
 
 73 5 
 
 21 
 
 36 
 
 40 044 
 
 48 
 
 52 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 25 
 
 39 
 
 43 4 ! 4S 1 
 
 52 1 
 
 56 5 
 
 60 965 1 
 
 69 5 
 
 73 9 
 
 78 I 
 
 82 5 
 
 86 9 
 
 86 
 
 42 2 46 li;51 7J56 4 
 
 61 
 
 65 8 
 
 70 4 
 
 75 
 
 79 8 
 
 84 4 
 
 S9 
 
 93 8 
 
 27 
 
 45 7150 855 9*60 9 
 
 65 10 
 
 70 11 
 
 76 
 
 81 1 
 
 86 2 
 
 91 7 
 
 06 8 
 
 101 11 
 
 88 
 
 49 54 5 59 10 
 
 65 4 
 
 70 9 
 
 76 2 
 
 81 7 
 
 85 
 
 92 5 
 
 97 10 
 
 103 3 
 
 108 8 
 
 X) 
 
 52 6 
 
 53 4164 2 
 
 70 1 
 
 75 11 
 
 81 9,87 7 
 
 93 5 
 
 99 3 
 
 106 1 
 
 112 11 
 
 117 9 
 
 30 55 9 
 
 62 0|tJS 375 081 387 693 9 
 
 100 0103 3 
 
 112 6 
 
 113 9 
 
 125 
 
 WEIGHT OF HARD COAL PROPORTIONED IN STOWAGE, 
 
 
 
 I*. 
 
 a 
 
 " 2 
 
 ftl 
 
 a 
 
 
 * 
 
 "J3 
 
 g* 
 
 C (D 
 
 B 
 
 B. 
 
 
 '? 
 
 'o 1 
 
 8! O' 13 
 
 i8| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tA 3 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 CD 
 
 Is 
 
 <- ^ 
 
 t- ^ C- 
 
 e 
 
 DESIGNATION. 
 
 1 
 
 1= 
 
 wO 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 c * 
 
 S c SJ 
 
 < " 
 
 S 
 
 
 c. 
 
 *- rt 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 go 
 
 ib- 
 
 "1 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Jj<2 
 
 5 
 
 3 '3 
 
 >< 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Wo< 
 
 0& 
 
 b 
 
 Beaver Meadow, 
 
 1.610 
 
 54.925 
 
 40.780 
 
 36.41 
 
 88.042 
 
 Forest Improvement, 
 Peach Mountain, 
 
 1.477 
 1.464 
 
 53.658 
 53.794 
 
 41.740 
 41.640 
 
 37.27 
 37.20 
 
 90.751 
 80.020 
 
 Lehigh, 
 
 1.500 
 
 55.316 
 
 40.500 
 
 36 15 
 
 80.153 
 
 Lackawana, 
 
 1.421 
 
 43.8SG 
 
 45.820 
 
 40.91 
 
 87.741 
 
 * Walter Johnson's Report to the Navy Department of the U. States. 
 
 To obtain the Cubic feet of a COAL BIN, take the dimensions by measuring 
 the inside reduce the feet to inches, and multiply the length, breadth nnd depth 
 together, and the product multiplied by .00058 gives the number of cubic feet.
 
 VALUE OF WOOD AND BARK. 
 
 93 
 
 5 
 
 O 
 
 
 3 
 
 x = - - =-. ,- ..- ^ o r, o s - =. 
 
 C70 
 
 =-. = 
 
 r-0 
 
 coo 
 
 7, 
 
 g 
 
 c- 
 o 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 c.' 
 
 TI i (NS 
 
 coco 
 
 COTO 
 
 oo 
 
 ,., 
 
 l^GO 
 
 
 I 
 
 = 
 
 ' 
 
 
 i 
 
 t~- T 71 O r- m 71 r. I- -r Ci X CO X 
 
 gg 
 
 T" 
 
 23 
 
 - s 
 
 TCO 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 ^: 
 ~ 
 ^= 
 
 A 
 
 >. 
 ~ 
 
 
 i 
 
 l^T .Xin7>C:OC7OCO O 
 71 71 CO T T 7J SO 1- T I 71 
 
 xco 
 
 O 7) O 
 
 5.5 
 
 SI? 
 
 to -o 
 
 !S 
 
 J 
 
 P 
 
 4J 
 
 
 
 -= 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 71 
 
 S3 
 
 CJCO 
 
 ii x m 
 
 CO ~. CJ 
 
 CO COT 
 
 S5 
 
 !S 
 
 JJ 
 
 a 
 
 | 
 
 r" 
 
 H 
 
 = 
 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 - 2s ""- sgs ;;?j 
 
 ss 
 
 01 CO 
 
 CO 1C = 
 C7 -r 
 
 I, = 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 ss 
 
 o 
 
 70 
 
 i 
 
 X 
 
 '2 
 
 i 
 
 -j 
 
 I* 
 
 25ggg553g3GSS 
 
 s 
 
 wcoeo 
 
 Eg 
 
 
 
 r* co 
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 -3 
 
 
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 c 
 p 
 
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 '^"USScoSToKS -S~ 
 
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 C70 CO 
 OOT 3 
 
 COT 
 
 ino 
 
 J 
 
 s 
 
 t- 
 
 =~ 
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 ~5 
 
 = 
 1- 
 C 
 
 ' 
 
 O '.C 71 t^ CO 00 T O [g 33 55 ^ "5 
 
 J 
 
 y. 1 
 e^Ci o 
 
 11 CO CO 
 
 C7 TJ 
 
 at co 
 
 c; 7t 
 
 O K5 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 s 
 
 E 
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 B 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 "sssassssBzsss 
 
 OT 
 7J Ci 
 
 rj O O 
 O O OJ 
 
 wcoco 
 
 10--= 
 
 
 CO-* 
 
 (- ). 
 
 UO O 
 
 g 
 
 43 
 5 
 
 ^: 
 
 
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 ti 
 
 W 5-2i538STTS2TS 
 
 oo 
 
 C. CO 
 
 5S2 
 
 T 
 
 no 
 
 ST 
 
 7! 
 
 ^ 
 
 e 
 
 i! 
 
 "r. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 ssaasasegssg 
 
 oo m 
 
 001* 
 
 T O 
 CO 0,0 
 
 IN71CO 
 
 coco 
 
 Cl O 
 71 O 
 
 r 
 
 C; O 
 
 TO 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 -r 
 
 'r. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 *SU5;g5s5sgS 
 
 ss 
 
 in x in 
 
 O T 
 
 t- CO 
 
 CO 
 
 COT 
 
 O ^H 
 
 CO 00 
 1' T 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 -s 
 e 
 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 S 
 
 t-3s55coco-T ijiico 
 
 Sr 
 ca 
 
 233 
 
 SBS 
 
 cico 
 
 coco 
 
 sg 
 
 TT 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 > 
 
 r. 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 'ssssaswSftSKsa 
 
 -- 
 
 Cl COO 
 
 l~ 
 
 71 
 
 o t~ 
 
 coco 
 
 OCO 
 COT 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 " 
 
 c: 
 
 T 
 
 "-S32SSSSSSSS2 
 
 T 
 
 71 71 
 
 rras 
 
 71 71 
 
 5S CD 
 
 CO 
 
 con 
 
 eon 
 
 s 
 
 -r 
 
 ? 
 
 tr, 
 5 
 
 S 1 
 
 il 
 
 ^S;27;7i7ic7c?i3 c z 5 
 
 Si 
 
 !-- 
 
 7) 71 
 
 o 
 
 71 CO 
 
 71 7> 
 CO I*- 
 
 C7CO 
 
 a 
 
 71 
 
 S 
 
 .i; 
 
 
 
 
 
 523S8SSS8Sg 
 
 f! 
 
 in xo 
 
 7) 71 
 
 71 CO 
 
 nn 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 r. 
 
 10 coi 
 
 n 
 
 ^222?}7lS5!3S2 
 
 / 
 
 O CO 
 
 X -r O 
 CO -^ 1 - 
 
 52 
 
 11 
 
 CICO 
 
 9 
 
 C7 
 
 ~ 
 
 i- 
 
 C. 
 
 = 
 
 S 
 
 r: 
 
 S322SSa;Sg3 
 
 S8 
 
 7) O 
 
 m co 
 
 I-O 
 
 ?' HI 
 
 717) 
 
 
 
 ev 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 C7 
 
 S32 = 5S:S5gS 
 
 S2 
 
 0000 
 
 -1. 
 to x> 
 
 171 y 
 
 s n 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ta 
 
 | 
 
 ,9 
 
 ^Tt200 = 7J-TXO-i OC.CO 
 
 XT 
 
 <X> t~Ui 
 
 r~ o 
 
 <O X 
 
 o o> 
 
 ? 
 
 = 
 
 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 = 
 
 ^ 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 ctTOc^cA'-<74Tot~ao one 
 
 
 
 CO OCO 
 
 CO 
 
 CC 3i 
 
 o ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 E. 
 
 7J 
 
 
 Ut) 
 
 
 
 
 
 TV 
 
 r. 
 3 
 
 "5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 " 8 COTO 
 
 3S 
 
 s -r o 
 i^ CS O 
 
 s - 
 
 i->O 
 T O 
 
 o 
 
 = 
 
 
 h 
 C 
 
 71 
 
 B 
 
 i 
 
 -.cinTOtor-oocsoo oo 
 
 O 11 
 
 33 
 
 ?.s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 C 
 
 'C 
 C 
 
 
 
 fc- 
 
 
 & 
 
 t!ie Stnt 
 
 
 1 I 
 
 ? 
 
 CO 
 
 t 
 
 fc. 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 I- 
 
 x-
 
 94 
 
 WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT. 
 
 5 - 
 
 ^ ej ^ 
 
 EC * "5 
 C 3 "" 
 
 35 1<- 
 
 <1 o "S-9 
 
 i ',3 .C u 
 
 y "^ -5 
 
 W o- 
 
 " = 
 
 > S 1 ^ 
 
 K .a i 
 
 & 3 , 
 
 . 
 
 T3,r> 
 
 5 , s 3 = 2 
 
 ^ w T3 O 
 
 03 "- 2 O'- O 
 
 ~ o. *^ = ; 
 
 Q .5^^- o 
 
 D -S - "" ?! 
 
 8^3 ~~: 
 ^"S 'l-H > 
 
 O tcyS T3 
 
 = -H to e ^ 
 
 o (^ r: 'X -r o ^: ? cr^ co c: o i* c^ X 1 T -^ o Jj cc ^i 10 
 OJ TT w >--i o --C i~ 1- OD CO O => O Tl -) ^ -r *r m to -c o 1^ 
 
 
 c; T o> -r c-. r o m o 
 
 OOOO OOO 
 
 OO 
 -rO 
 
 c;c-T>f> o oo 
 ci r -r> c? co -^ 
 
 J> T< O O O> f 
 
 o r~ - o 
 
 -. ==<= 
 
 >C CO O CC O T: O C? i.-J CD C TO O 00 C TO IS 00 O 00 5 <B O f? 1ft 
 
 o "-"- 1 s ot o) 01 cc ci f T T * 10 o o o , -o o ts t~ ^ r 
 
 T O O 0? O CD O TO LT t- O Cl r~ O T -- CT) C? 1(3 00 O 
 
 ecu-nMT-vrst^aoo c7-ii^oo'c?oOQOoj '(Nfin 
 S 1 "%_irtrJ ,- ~ ?< ?> ?> ?4 ?> ?> Si c? n r: c- n ttc? v T T v 
 
 Eramplf: How many cords of 
 wood in a pile CO feet long, 6 feet 
 high and 4 feet wide? 
 
 60 
 
 360 
 4 
 
 128)1440 
 
 eon**.
 
 TABLES FOR ENGINEERS AND MACHINISTS. 95 
 
 "WEIGHT OF ONE FOOT OF FLAT BAR IRON, 
 
 If a Bar of Iron be thicker than contained in the table add together the weight of 
 two numbers, or treble the weight of one number. Wanted the weight of 1 loot of 
 Bai Iron, 4 inches broad and 'i 1-4 inches thick. Opposite 4 and -m.ler 1 U '" 
 which doubted is -JH-TM, add the weight ofl-ith, (3-341,) cijual 3r<*<:t .!> 
 
 _B 
 
 5 - 
 
 11 
 P) 
 
 THICKNESS DC PAHTS OF AX INCH. 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 in. 
 
 1 
 
 .835 
 
 1.044 
 
 1.253 
 
 1.461 
 
 1.670 
 
 2.088 
 
 2.506 
 
 2.923 
 
 3.340 
 
 1J 
 
 .939 
 
 1.174 
 
 1.409 
 
 1-644 
 
 1.878 
 
 2.348 
 
 2.818 
 
 3.287 
 
 3.756 
 
 
 1.044 
 
 1.305 
 
 1.566 
 
 1.826 
 
 2.088 
 
 2.609 
 
 3.132 
 
 3.653 
 
 4.176 
 
 l| 
 
 1.148 
 
 1.435 
 
 1.722 
 
 2.009 
 
 2.296 
 
 2.870 
 
 3.444 
 
 4.018 
 
 4.592 
 
 l| 
 
 1.252 
 
 1.566 
 
 1.879 
 
 2.192 
 
 2.504 
 
 3.131 
 
 3.758 
 
 4.384 
 
 5.008 
 
 If 
 
 1.358 
 
 1.696 
 
 2.035 
 
 2.374 
 
 2.716 
 
 3.392 
 
 4.070 
 
 4.749 
 
 5.432 
 
 l| 
 
 1.462 
 
 1.827 
 
 2.192 
 
 2.557 
 
 2.924 
 
 3.653 
 
 4.384 
 
 5.114 
 
 5.848 
 
 il 
 
 1.566 
 
 1.957 
 
 2.348 
 
 2.740 
 
 3.132 
 
 3.914 
 
 4.696 
 
 5.479 
 
 6.264 
 
 2 
 
 1.671 
 
 2.088 
 
 2.505 
 
 2.922 
 
 3.342 
 
 4.175 
 
 5.010 
 
 5.845 
 
 6.684 
 
 2J 
 
 1.775 
 
 2.218 
 
 2.062 
 
 3.105 
 
 3.550 
 
 4.435 
 
 5.324 
 
 6.210 
 
 7.100 
 
 2f 
 
 1.880 
 
 2.348 
 
 2.818 
 
 3.288 
 
 3.760 
 
 4.696 
 
 5.636 
 
 6.575 
 
 7.520 
 
 2} 
 
 1.984 
 
 2.479 
 
 2.975 
 
 3.470 
 
 3.968 
 
 4.957 
 
 5.950 
 
 6.941 
 
 7-936 
 
 2A 
 
 2.088 
 
 2.609 
 
 3.131 
 
 3.653 
 
 4.176 
 
 5.218 
 
 6.262 
 
 7.306 
 
 8.352 
 
 2? 
 
 2.193 
 
 2.740 
 
 3.288 
 
 3.836 
 
 4.386 
 
 5.479 
 
 6.576 
 
 7.671 
 
 8.772 
 
 2 5 
 
 2.297 
 
 2.870 
 
 3.444 
 
 4.018 
 
 4.594 
 
 5.740 
 
 6.888 
 
 8.036 
 
 9.188 
 
 2J 
 
 2.402 
 
 3.001 
 
 3.601 
 
 4.201 
 
 4.804 
 
 6.001 
 
 7.202 
 
 8.402 
 
 9.608 
 
 3 
 
 2.506 
 
 3.131 
 
 3.758 
 
 4.384 
 
 5.012 
 
 6.262 
 
 7.516 
 
 8.767 
 
 10.024 
 
 3J 
 
 2J15 
 
 3.392 
 
 4.071 
 
 4.749 
 
 5.430 
 
 6.784 
 
 8.142 
 
 9.498 
 
 10.860 
 
 34 
 
 2923 
 
 3.653 
 
 4.384 
 
 5.114 
 
 5.846 
 
 7.306 
 
 8.768 
 
 10.228 
 
 11.692 
 
 3| 
 
 3.132 
 
 3.914 
 
 4.697 
 
 5.479 
 
 6.264 
 
 7.828 
 
 9.394 
 
 10.959 
 
 12.528 
 
 4 
 
 3.341 
 
 4.175 
 
 5.010 
 
 5.845 
 
 6.682 
 
 8.3-50 
 
 10.020 
 
 11.690 
 
 13.364 
 
 44 
 
 3.549 
 
 4.436 
 
 5.323 
 
 6.210 
 
 7.098 
 
 8.871 
 
 10.646 
 
 12.421 
 
 14.196 
 
 4A 
 
 3.758 
 
 4.697 
 
 5.636 
 
 6.575 
 
 7.516 
 
 9.393 
 
 11.272 
 
 13.151 
 
 15.032 
 
 4? 
 
 3.966 
 
 4.958 
 
 5.949 
 
 6.941 
 
 7.932 
 
 9.915 
 
 11.898 
 
 13.881 
 
 15.864 
 
 5 
 
 4.175 
 
 5.219 
 
 6.263 
 
 7.306 
 
 8.350 
 
 10.437 
 
 12.526 
 
 14.612 
 
 16.700 
 
 J 
 
 4.384 
 
 5.479 
 
 6.576 
 
 7.671 
 
 8.768 
 
 10.958 
 
 13.152 
 
 15.343 
 
 17.536 
 
 5 
 
 4.593 
 
 5.741 
 
 6.889 
 
 8.037 
 
 9.186 
 
 11.480 
 
 13.778 
 
 16.073 
 
 18.372 
 
 51 
 
 4.801 
 
 6.001 
 
 7.202 
 
 8.402 
 
 9.602 
 
 12.002 
 
 14.404 
 
 16.804 
 
 19.204 
 
 6 
 
 5.010 
 
 6.262 
 
 7.515 
 
 8.767 
 
 10.020 
 
 12.524 
 
 15.030 
 
 17.535 
 
 20.042 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WEIGHT OF ONE SQUARE FOOT OF SHEET IRON, &c. 
 
 z 
 
 p 
 g 
 
 P 
 
 Cop. 
 linu 
 
 Thickness by the Birmingham (Eng.) Wire Gauge. 
 
 1 
 
 12.50 
 14.5',' 
 1375 
 
 J_ 
 13.00 
 13.90 
 13.20 
 
 3 
 
 11.00 
 12.75 
 12.10 
 
 4 
 
 10.00 
 1 1.60 
 I'.OO 
 
 5 
 
 8.74 
 10.10 
 9.61 
 
 6 
 
 8.12 
 9.40 
 8.9:t 
 
 _L 
 
 7.50 
 8.70 
 
 8.2.-, 
 
 8 
 
 6.86 
 7.90 
 7.54 
 
 9 
 
 (-.24 
 
 7.21) 
 
 o.di; 
 
 10 
 
 5.62 
 6L50 
 6.18 
 
 11 
 
 5.00 
 5.80 
 5.50 
 
 12 
 
 4.38 
 5.08 
 4.81 
 
 13 
 
 3.75 
 4.34 
 4.12 
 
 14 
 3.12 
 
 3.ro 
 
 3.43 
 
 15 
 
 2.82 
 3.27 
 3.10 
 
 
 Thickness by the Wire Gauge. 
 
 Op. 
 
 tarn 
 
 16 
 
 2.50 
 2.90 
 2.75 
 
 17 
 
 2.18 
 2.5-2 
 2.40 
 
 :s 
 
 1.86 
 2.15 
 2.04 
 
 19 
 
 1.70 
 1.97 
 
 1.87 
 
 20 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.78 
 1.69 
 
 21 
 
 1.40 
 1.02 
 1.54 
 
 22 
 
 1.25 
 1-45 
 1.37 
 
 23 
 
 1.12 
 L30 
 
 1.23 
 
 24 
 
 l.O'i 
 US 
 
 1.10 
 
 25 
 
 .90 
 1.04 
 .99 
 
 26 
 
 .80 
 .92 
 
 .88 
 
 27 
 
 .72 
 !83 
 79 
 
 28 
 
 .64 
 .74 
 .70 
 
 29 
 
 M 
 
 .64 
 
 .Cl 
 
 30 
 
 .50 
 
 .58 
 .55 
 
 No. 1 Wire Guage is 5-lfiths of an inch ! No. 4 Is 1-tth i No. 11 it 1-3'h ; No. 13 U l-12th | 
 No. 15 is l-14th ; No. 16 is l-16th i No. 17 is l-18th j No. 13 is 1-23 i No. '1 U 1-32.
 
 96 
 
 WEIGHT OF BAR IRON AND OTHER METALS. 
 
 RUSSIA SHEET IRON 
 
 Measures 56 by 28 Inches, and is rated by the weight per sheet. The 
 numbers run from 8 to 18 Russian Ibs. per sheet. 8 Russian uountls equal 
 7-2 English pounds ; 9 = 8-1 Ibs. ; 10 = 9 Ibs. ; 11 = 10 Ibs. ; 12 = 11-2 
 Ibs. &,c. 100 Russian Ibs. equal 90 Ibs. English. 
 
 WEIGHT OF ONE SQUARE FOOT OF PLATE IRON, &c. 
 
 <*-> 
 
 
 c 
 
 n 
 
 
 c ""S 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 o. 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 i 
 
 = s 
 
 "* 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 H = a 
 
 "" 
 
 O 
 
 K 
 
 
 TV 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.7 
 
 3.7 
 
 TV 
 
 17-5 
 
 20.3 
 
 19.0 
 
 2-5.9 
 
 ^ 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.8 
 
 5.5 
 
 7.4 
 
 
 
 20.0 
 
 23.2 
 
 21.8 
 
 29.6 
 
 A 
 
 7.5 
 
 8.7 
 
 8.2 
 
 11.1 
 
 f 
 
 25.0 
 
 28.9 
 
 27.1 
 
 37.0 
 
 i 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.6 
 
 10.9 
 
 14.8 
 
 f 
 
 30.0 
 
 34.7 
 
 32.5 
 
 44.4 
 
 TV 
 
 12.5 
 
 14.5 
 
 13.6 
 
 18.5 
 
 
 
 35.0 
 
 40.4 
 
 37.9 
 
 57.8 
 
 1 
 
 15.0 
 
 17-4. 
 
 16.3 
 
 22.2 
 
 I 
 
 40.0 
 
 46.2 
 
 43.3 
 
 59.2 
 
 WEIGHT ONE FOOT IN LENGTH OF SQUARE AND 
 ROUND BAR IRON. 
 
 || 
 ^ c 
 
 2? S 
 
 Square Iron 
 
 ill U)S. 
 
 1 - 
 
 5" 
 
 r o 
 
 1" 
 
 * 
 
 e 
 o 
 
 
 $ 
 
 e 
 o 
 
 "J 
 
 -z~ 
 
 C s 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 Side and dinm- 
 ettir in inches. 
 
 C 
 
 
 J5 
 
 S B 
 "" 
 
 I| 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 .209 
 
 .164 
 
 14 
 
 8.820 
 
 6.928 
 
 3f 
 
 46.969 
 
 36.895 
 
 
 .326 
 
 .256 
 
 't 
 
 10.229 
 
 8.043 
 
 37- 
 
 50.153 
 
 39.390 
 
 / 
 
 470 
 
 .369 
 
 4 
 
 11.743 
 
 9.224 
 
 4 
 
 53.440 
 
 41.984 
 
 TV 
 
 .640 
 
 .503 
 
 2^ 
 
 13.360 
 
 10.496 
 
 4 i 
 
 56.833 
 
 44.637' 
 
 
 .835 
 
 .656 
 
 2* 
 
 15.083 
 
 11.846 
 
 4 
 
 60.329 
 
 47.385 
 
 T 9 5 
 
 1.057 
 
 .831 
 
 2} 
 
 16.909 
 
 13.283 
 
 4| 
 
 63.930 
 
 50.211 
 
 5 
 
 1.305 
 
 1.02-5 
 
 23- 
 
 18.840 
 
 14.797 
 
 ^i 
 
 67.637 
 
 53.132 
 
 
 
 1.579 
 
 1.241 
 
 21 
 
 20.875 
 
 16.396 
 
 4 I 
 
 71.445 
 
 56.113 
 
 
 1.879 
 
 1.476 
 
 2? 
 
 23.115 
 
 18.146 
 
 4J 
 
 7.5.3,59 
 
 59.187 
 
 if 
 
 2.205 
 
 1.732 
 
 2* 
 
 2-5.259 
 
 19.842 
 
 4 |- 
 
 7 ( ,)..';:s 
 
 62.344 
 
 
 2.558 
 
 2.011 
 
 
 27.608 
 
 21.684 
 
 5 
 
 83.510 
 
 6-5.585 
 
 it 
 
 2.936 
 
 2.306 
 
 3 
 
 30.070 
 
 23.653 
 
 5 i 
 
 92.4.59 
 
 72.618 
 
 1 
 
 3.340 
 
 2.624 
 
 3j 
 
 32.618 
 
 25.620 
 
 5^ 
 
 101.036 
 
 79.370 
 
 14 
 
 4.228 
 
 3.321 
 
 3| 
 
 35.279 
 
 27.709 
 
 5f 
 
 110.429 
 
 86.731 
 
 
 5.219 
 
 4.099 
 
 
 38.045 
 
 29.881 
 
 6 
 
 120.243 
 
 94.610 
 
 lg 
 
 6.315 
 
 4.961 
 
 3^. 
 
 40.916 
 
 32.170 
 
 The weight of E:ir Iron being 1 ; 
 
 1 
 
 7.516 
 
 5.913 
 
 3| 
 
 43.890 
 
 34.472 
 
 " .. .. s el, TO "~ T.03 
 " " " Copper, l.lf
 
 CAST IRON COLUMNS. HOLDER'S TABLE. 
 
 97 
 
 DIMENSIONS OF CYLINDRICAL COLUMNS OF CAST 
 IRON TO SUSTAIN A PRESSURE WITH SAFETY. 
 
 S3 
 
 LENGTH OR HEIGHT Ilf FEET. 
 
 ii 
 
 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 5.5 
 
 WEIGHT OR LOAD IK CWTS. 
 
 2 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 119 
 
 105 
 
 91 
 
 77 
 
 65 
 
 55 
 
 47 
 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 178 
 
 163 
 
 145 
 
 128 
 
 111 
 
 97 
 
 84 
 
 73 
 
 64 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 3* 
 
 247 
 
 232 
 
 214 
 
 191 
 
 172 
 
 156 
 
 135 
 
 119 
 
 106 
 
 94 
 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 326 
 
 310 
 
 288 
 
 266 
 
 242 
 
 9.->0 
 
 198 
 
 178 
 
 160 
 
 144 
 
 130 
 
 <i 
 
 418 
 
 400 
 
 379 
 
 354 
 
 327 
 
 301 
 
 275 
 
 251 
 
 229 
 
 208 
 
 189 
 
 5 
 
 522 
 
 501 
 
 479 
 
 452 
 
 427 
 
 394 
 
 365 
 
 337 
 
 310 
 
 285 
 
 262 
 
 6 
 
 607 
 
 592 
 
 573 
 
 550 
 
 525 
 
 497 
 
 409 
 
 440 
 
 413 
 
 386 
 
 360 
 
 7 
 
 10;i2 
 
 1013 
 
 989 
 
 959 
 
 924 
 
 887 
 
 848 
 
 808 
 
 765 
 
 725 
 
 686 
 
 8 
 
 1333 
 
 1315 
 
 1289 
 
 1259 
 
 1224 
 
 1185 
 
 1142 
 
 1097 
 
 1052 
 
 1005 
 
 9:>9 
 
 9 
 
 1716 
 
 1697 
 
 1672 
 
 1640 
 
 1603 
 
 1561 
 
 1515 
 
 1467 
 
 1416 
 
 1364 
 
 1311 
 
 10 
 
 2119 
 
 2100 
 
 2077 
 
 2045 
 
 2007 
 
 1904 
 
 1916 
 
 1865 
 
 1811 
 
 1755 
 
 1097 
 
 11 
 
 2570 
 
 2550 
 
 2520 
 
 2-190 
 
 2450 
 
 2410 
 
 2358 
 
 2305 
 
 2248 
 
 2189 
 
 2127 
 
 12 
 
 3050 
 
 3040 
 
 3020 
 
 2970 
 
 2930 
 
 2900 
 
 2830 
 
 2780 
 
 2730 
 
 2670 
 
 2600 
 
 Practical utility of the Table. 
 
 JVote. Wanting to support the front of a building with cast iron columns 18 
 feet in length, 8 inches in diameter, and the metal 1 inch in thickness ; what 
 weight may I confidently expect each column capable of supporting without ten- 
 dency to deflection ? 
 
 Opposite 8 inches diameter and under 18 feet = 1097 
 * Also opposite 6 in. diameter and under 18 feet = 440 
 
 * This deduction is on account of the core. 
 MOLDER'S TABLE. 
 
 = 657 cwt. 
 
 Bar Iron being 1, 
 Cast Iron equal .95 
 Steel " 1 02 
 Copper " 1.16 
 Brass 1 09 
 Lead " 1.48 
 
 Cast Iron being 1, 
 Bar Iron equal 1.07 
 Steel " 1 OS 
 Brass " 1.16 
 Copper " 1.21 
 Lead " 1.56 
 
 Yellow Pine being 1 , 
 Cast Iron equal 12. 
 Brass " 12.7 
 Copper " 13 3 
 Lead 18.1 
 Zinc " 11.5 
 
 1. Suppose I have an article of plate iron, the weight of which 
 is 72$ Ibs., but want the same of copper, and of similar dimensions, 
 what will be its weight ? 
 
 728 X 1.16 = 844.48 Ibs. 
 
 2. A model of Dry Pine weighing 3 Ibs., and in which the 
 iron for its construction forms no material portion of the weight, 
 what mav I anticipate its weight to be in cast iron. 
 
 3 X 12 = 36 pounds. 
 
 It frequently occurs, in the construction of models, that neither 
 he quality or condition of the wood can be properly estimated ; 
 an'i in such cases, it may be a near enough approximation to reckon 
 13 Ibs. ot cast iron to each pound of model. 
 
 BMA
 
 98 
 
 BOLTS CISTERNS SCREWS LEAD PIPE. 
 
 HEXAGONAL NUTS FOR WROUGHT IRON BOLTS. 
 Diameter of bolts,'f | | 1 l 1 If l 1| If 
 Breadth of nuts, 1J 1-ft 1 1 lj| 2^ 2| 2-^ 2 3 
 
 CAPACITY OF CISTERNS AND RESERVOIRS IN GALLONS. 
 
 Depth, 10 Indies : Diameter from 2 to 25 Feet. 
 
 9 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 *i 
 
 feet 
 
 19-5 
 
 30-6 
 
 44-06 
 
 59-97 
 
 78-33 
 
 99-14 
 
 74 
 
 feet 122-40 
 " 148-10 
 " 176-25 
 " 206-85 
 " 23988 
 " 2/5-40 
 
 8 
 
 8jJ 
 
 9 
 
 94 
 10 
 11 
 
 feet 313-33 
 53-72 
 396-56 
 461-40 
 489-20 
 592-40 
 
 feet 
 
 705- 
 827-4 
 959-6 
 1101-6 
 1958-4 
 3059.9 
 
 NUMBER OF THREADS IN V-THREAD SCREWS. 
 
 Diam. in inches, . . 
 No. of threads, . . 
 
 ! 20 
 
 ft 
 
 16 
 
 14 12 11 
 
 f t 1 
 
 10 9 8 
 
 I* 
 
 5* 
 
 J 3 
 
 Diam. in inches, . . 
 No. of threads, . . 
 
 : J 4 
 
 y 
 
 ? 
 
 J 5 
 4| 
 
 2 2i 
 44 4 
 
 24 2| 
 4 3, 
 
 i 3 
 1 34 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Diam. in inches, . . 
 No. of threads, . . 
 
 :? 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 <M 
 
 i 
 
 ! 4.1 
 
 5 51 
 21 2f 
 
 54 
 2f 
 
 ? 
 
 6 
 24 
 
 The depth of the threads should be half their pitch. The diameter 
 of a screw, to work in the teeth of a wheel, should be such, that the 
 angle of the threads does not exceed 10. 
 
 WEIGHT OF LEAD PIPE PER FOOT 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Ibs. oz. 
 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Ibs. oz. 
 
 | inch 
 
 . medium 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 14 inch 
 
 extra light 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 strong 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 " " 
 
 light 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 light 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 medium 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 ' 
 
 medium 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 i 
 
 strong 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 " 
 
 strong 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 if ; 
 
 medium 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 " 
 
 extra strong 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 strong 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 light 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 ' 
 
 light 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 <t 
 
 medium 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 < 
 
 medium 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 strong 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 " 
 
 strong 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 * 
 
 extra strong 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 24 
 
 light 
 
 .8 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 " light 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 It !< 
 
 medium 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 light 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1C < 
 
 strong 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 medium 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 3 
 
 light 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 strong 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 medium 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 M 
 
 extra strong 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 i 
 
 strong 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 " light 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 34 ; 
 
 medium 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 light 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 strong 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 medium 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 " ' 
 
 extra strong 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 tf 
 
 strong 
 extra light 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 
 4 
 it < 
 
 waste light 
 medium 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 light 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 < 
 
 strong 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 medium 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 
 44 ; 
 
 light 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 i. 14 
 
 strong 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 medium 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 extra strong 
 
 4 
 
 1- S 
 
 
 " ' 
 
 strong 
 
 9 
 
 11
 
 WEIGHT OF CAST IRON PIPES. 
 
 99 
 
 WEIGHT OF ONE FOOT OF CAST IRON PIPES. 
 
 Di;im. of 
 bore. 
 
 tf in. 
 thick. 
 
 %m 
 thick. 
 
 y z iu. 
 
 thick. 
 
 Kin. 
 
 thick. 
 
 K in. 
 thick. 
 
 Kin. 
 
 thick. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 thick. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 11). 
 
 Ib. 
 
 Ib. 
 
 Ib. 
 
 Ib. 
 
 Ib. 
 
 Ib. 
 
 I 
 
 3-06 
 
 5-06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 3-68 
 
 598 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 4-29 
 
 6-9 
 
 9-82 
 
 
 
 
 
 1* 
 
 491 
 
 7-83 
 
 11-05 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 553 
 
 8-75 
 
 12-27 
 
 16-11 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 6 14 
 
 9-66 
 
 13-5 
 
 17-64 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 6-74 
 
 10-53' 
 
 14-72 
 
 19 17 
 
 23-92 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 7-36 
 
 11 5 
 
 15-95 
 
 2u7 
 
 2571 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7-98 
 
 12-43 
 
 17-18 
 
 22 19 
 
 27-62 
 
 3329 
 
 39-28 
 
 3| 
 
 859 
 
 1334 
 
 18-35 
 
 23-78 
 
 2945 
 
 35-44 
 
 41 72 
 
 4 
 
 9-2 
 
 14-21 
 
 19-64 
 
 2531 
 
 31 3 
 
 37-58 
 
 44 18 
 
 3| 
 
 9-76 
 
 15 19 
 
 20-86 
 
 2685 
 
 33-13 
 
 39-73 
 
 4663 
 
 4 
 
 10 44 
 
 16-11 
 
 22-1 
 
 2838 
 
 34-98 
 
 41-88 
 
 49 1 
 
 44 
 
 11-1 
 
 17-08 
 
 2337 
 
 2997 
 
 36-87 
 
 44 08 
 
 51-6 
 
 44 
 
 11-66 
 
 17-94 
 
 24-54 
 
 31-44 
 
 3865 
 
 46 17 
 
 54- 
 
 4| 
 
 1227 
 
 18-87 
 
 2577 
 
 3298 
 
 40-5 
 
 4832 
 
 56-45 
 
 5 
 
 12-80 
 
 19-78 
 
 26-99 
 
 34-51 
 
 42-33 
 
 50-46 
 
 59- 
 
 5i 
 
 13-5 
 
 20-71 
 
 28-23 
 
 3605 
 
 44-18 
 
 5262 
 
 61-36 
 
 54 
 
 14-11 
 
 21-63 
 
 29-45 
 
 3758 
 
 46-02 
 
 54 76 
 
 63-81 
 
 5^ 
 
 14-73 
 
 22-55 
 
 30-68 
 
 39-12 
 
 47-86 
 
 56-91 
 
 66-27 
 
 6 
 
 1534 
 
 23-47 
 
 31 91 
 
 40-65 
 
 49-7 
 
 59-06 
 
 6873 
 
 64 
 
 
 2531 
 
 34-36 
 
 43-72 
 
 53-39 
 
 63-36 
 
 7341 
 
 ; 
 
 
 27-15 
 
 36-82 
 
 4679 
 
 56-84 
 
 67-65 
 
 78-53 
 
 74 
 
 
 29- 
 
 39-05 
 
 49-86 
 
 60-74 
 
 71 95 
 
 83-45 
 
 8 
 
 
 30-83 
 
 41-71 
 
 5292 
 
 64-42 
 
 7623 
 
 88-35 
 
 84 
 
 
 329 
 
 44-4 
 
 56-21 
 
 68 33 
 
 80-76 
 
 93-49 
 
 9 
 
 
 3452 
 
 46-64 
 
 59-07 
 
 71-8 
 
 84-84 
 
 98-18 
 
 94 
 
 
 36-36 
 
 49-09 
 
 62 13 
 
 75-47 
 
 S9-13 
 
 103-1 
 
 10 
 
 
 38-2 
 
 51.54 
 
 65-2 
 
 79-16 
 
 93.42 
 
 108- 
 
 104 
 
 
 40-04 
 
 54- 
 
 68-26 
 
 82-84 
 
 9771 
 
 113- 
 
 11 
 
 
 41-88 
 
 56-46 
 
 71-33 
 
 86-52 
 
 102-01 
 
 11781 
 
 H4 
 
 
 4371 
 
 58-9 
 
 74-39 
 
 90 19 
 
 106-3 
 
 122-71 
 
 12 
 
 
 45-55 
 
 61-35 
 
 77-46 
 
 93-6 
 
 110.6 
 
 127-6 
 
 bore. 
 
 124 
 13 
 
 134 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 154 
 16 
 164 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 y% in. i '4 in 
 
 % in. 
 
 1 in 1 % in. 1) in. 
 
 W, in 
 
 1% in 
 
 2 in. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. i Ibs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 IDs. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 63-5 
 
 97-3 
 
 114 
 
 1H2 
 
 149 
 
 167 
 
 205 
 
 243 
 
 285 
 
 66- 
 
 Mil- 
 
 118 
 
 137. 
 
 154 
 
 173-5 
 
 212 
 
 252 
 
 294 
 
 63-4 
 
 1048 
 
 122 
 
 141 5 
 
 160 
 
 179 
 
 219 
 
 260 
 
 3>4 
 
 71- 
 
 108-2 
 
 126 
 
 146- 
 
 165 
 
 185 
 
 227 
 
 269 
 
 314 
 
 73-4 
 
 112-3 
 
 130 
 
 151- 
 
 170 
 
 192 
 
 234 
 
 277 
 
 324 
 
 75-8 
 
 115-7 
 
 135 
 
 156- 
 
 176 
 
 193 
 
 242 
 
 286 
 
 334 
 
 73 1 
 
 119- 
 
 139 
 
 161- 
 
 181 
 
 204 
 
 250 
 
 295 
 
 344 
 
 807 
 
 123- 
 
 143 
 
 166 
 
 187 
 
 211 
 
 257 
 
 303 
 
 355 
 
 83-1 
 
 126-5 
 
 147 
 
 170-1 
 
 192 
 
 217 
 
 264 
 
 312 
 
 363 
 
 85-5 
 
 130- 
 
 152 
 
 17S.5 
 
 198 
 
 223 
 
 271 
 
 322 
 
 376 
 
 9,')5 
 
 137- 
 
 161 
 
 185- 
 
 209 
 
 235 
 
 285 
 
 338 
 
 393 
 
 95-5 
 
 1448 
 
 169 
 
 195- 
 
 222 
 
 247 
 
 300 
 
 354 
 
 412 
 
 100- 
 
 152- 
 
 178 
 
 205 
 
 233 
 
 259 
 
 315 
 
 372 
 
 432
 
 100 
 
 AREAS OP CIRCLES. 
 
 AREAS OF CIKCLES. 
 
 gg^^ScSSbiQs 00 *^^ 
 
 aorr-t-t-r-t^-co i cj o r? o r < 
 
 * io o tfi o irf o in j o '.f ~ " <M" r^ ci i^ ; 
 o o c - $J $< SSsSXSSSaS in S i 
 
 ^rrtcocoG'^^XJ "^I'docTJ'-^ 
 
 
 -^ x 2> c^ ci o o ' ' ^7* C( T* ri r7 ~f T i ^~ *o t^- r- oo oc 
 
 ar"-i 
 
 Ci C"3 t iC O T Cl 
 
 
 jr. g5~ = 5o = 
 
 t^ 7J OO O 00 -V (71 
 
 ci*nr*oroiood 
 
 PS^PO^'^t'^'TiC 
 
 """ ^ c ~ ; s t ^i 5; ci oi c! 4) i> 
 
 O iO '^ O O ? O 
 -T v 3> tc -^ 
 
 --~ 
 
 ri .5 i-: =5 = <?i -.r -o 
 totosotct-r-r-r- 
 
 
 -^ .3 i -- oo i 
 
 
 C! i! Cl 
 
 two S 
 
 rr^cs ^r^--^ -^ oc f? h; ^ r^CJX-rof'-?; oq 
 
 I ~ 
 
 
 iOoor dr^TJ <n*Jrt itc^'-crt^couj 
 --. 01 - r ~ b^ ^ ?> ~ = i^-' .7: H B 5 x r- -3 
 ; ci ^; = <-. ci => -. -: ,j _; ?< H -rin in 15 f-' 06 
 j m o t^ r- oo oo 
 
 USE OF THE TABLE: To find the Capacity of any Cylindrical Measure, 
 from 1 Inch Diameter to 30 Inches, take the inside Diameter of the Measure 
 in Inches, and Multiply the Area in the Table, which corresponds to the 
 Diameter, by the depth in Inches, and divide the Products, if Gill* are required, 
 by 7-2170, if Pints by 23.875, if Quarts by 57.75, and if Gallons by 231. If bushelt 
 are required, (say in a Tierce or Barrel, alter the mean diameter is obtained), 
 multiply as above, and divide the product by i'150.42, the quotient is the num- 
 ber of bushels. Calling the Diameters Feet the Areas are Feet. ilien, if a 
 Ship's Water Tank, Steam Boiler, &c., is5J, or any number of Feet aud 
 parts of Feet in Diameter, find the Area in the Table which correspond* in 
 Inches, multiply it by the length in Feet, and multiply this result by a Cubio 
 Foot, (7.4805). and the product U the answer in Gallons. If, in any case, then 
 re more figures in the divisor than in the dividend, add ciphers.
 
 DECIMAL PARTS OF POUNDS. 
 
 101 
 
 WEIGHT OF ONE FOOT OF CQPPER PIPES. 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weight 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weight 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weight 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weight 
 
 of bore. 
 
 in Llis. 
 
 of bore. 
 
 in Lbs. 
 
 of bore. 
 
 in Lbs. 
 
 of bore. 
 
 in Lbi. 
 
 Kin. 
 
 94 
 
 IX in. 
 
 208 
 
 iy t \n. 
 
 303 
 
 2^i. 
 
 3-97 
 
 % 
 
 1-33 
 
 1% 
 
 2-23 
 
 2 
 
 3-21 
 
 2% 
 
 4-12 
 
 % 
 
 1-51 
 
 1> 
 
 2-42 
 
 8* 
 
 3-39 
 
 *X 
 
 4-34 
 
 
 1-69 
 
 I'A 
 
 2-67 
 
 2# 
 
 3-58 
 
 VA 
 
 4-56 
 
 IX 
 
 189 
 
 1% 
 
 2-87 
 
 2% 
 
 3-78 
 
 3 
 
 4-78 
 
 WEIGHT OF PLATE COPPER. 
 
 The great variety of thicknesses into which copper is manufactured, cnuse 
 the weight to be named whereby to determine the thickness required, the unit 
 being that of a common sheet, so designated , viz., 4 feet by 2 feet, in Ibs., th us : 
 
 A 70 lb. plate is f\ths of an inch in thickness ; 46 do. 
 I do. ; 23 do. T ' 5 do. ; 11 do. -fa do - '> 6 do. -fo do. 
 
 WEIGHT OF SHEET LEAD. 
 
 The thickness of lead is also in common determined or understood bjr Use 
 weight ; the unit being that of a square or superficial foot ; thus: 
 
 4 Ibs. lead is T J B th of an inch in thickness ; 6 do. -^ do. ; 
 74 do. do. ; 1 1 do. ft do.; 15 do. do. 
 
 DECIMAL TABLES. 
 
 Decimals equivalent to the fractional parts of a Pound. See Tablet 
 of Metals, Weights and Measures, 4*C. 
 
 .03125 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 .28125 
 
 lAo/,, 
 
 .53125 
 
 S^oz. 
 
 .78125 
 
 12oz 
 
 .0625 
 
 1 
 
 .3125 
 
 5 
 
 .5625 
 
 9 
 
 .8125 
 
 13 
 
 .09375 
 
 14 
 
 ! .34375 
 
 54 
 
 .59375 
 
 94 
 
 .84375 
 
 134 
 
 .125 
 
 2 
 
 .375 
 
 6 
 
 .625 
 
 10 
 
 .875 
 
 14 
 
 .15625 
 
 24 
 
 .40625 
 
 64 
 
 .65625 
 
 104 
 
 .90625 
 
 144 
 
 .1875 
 
 3 
 
 .4375 
 
 7 
 
 .6875 
 
 11 
 
 .9375 
 
 15 
 
 .21875 
 
 34 
 
 .46375 
 
 74 
 
 .71875 
 
 1H 
 
 .96875 
 
 154 
 
 .25 
 
 4 
 
 ; .5 
 
 3 
 
 .75 
 
 12 
 
 1.000 
 
 16 
 
 APPLICATION. Required the weight of one foot of Flat Bar Iron, 
 3-4 I hs of an inch in thickness, and 1 7-8 ths inches breadth. Refer to the 
 Table of Flat Bar Iron, and you will find the weight of 1 foot of the above 
 dimensions, to be 4-696, that is, 4 pounds and 696 thousandth parts of a 
 pound ; and to ascertain this decimal in ounces, refer to the above Table 
 for the decimal that is nearest, and 3*ou will find it to be '6875, opposite to 
 which is 11 ounces, the weight of the decimal required, consequently the 
 weight of 1 foot length of the flat bar in question, will be 4 pounds 11 ounces 
 
 APPLICATION. Required the weight of Tire Bar Iron, 1-2 an inch 
 thick, and 15-8 ths of an inch broad, 16 feet long. 
 
 See Table of Bar Iron, where 1 foot length is 2-716 Ibs., then 
 2-716 X 1<5 = 43-450, (or 43 Ibs. 7j oz. being the mean between -437 * -468). 
 BMA 9*
 
 102 
 
 DECIMAL PARTS OF FEET AND INCHES. 
 
 APPLICATION. Required the weight of 35 Bars, Round Iron, 1 1-4 
 inch diameter, 12 feet loflg, each. 
 
 See Table of Round Iron, where 1 foot in length is 4-09 Ibs., then 
 
 4-09 X 12 X 35 = 1717-80 (or 1717 Ibs. 13 oz. being the nearest equivalent). 
 
 APPLICATION. Required the weight of 64 Square Feet of Boiler 
 Plate Iron, 3-16 ths of an inch thick. See Tables of weight and thickness 
 of Plate Iron, Copper, Brass and Lead. 
 
 As 1 Square Foot weighs 7-5 Ibs., then 7-5 X 64 = 480-0 Ibs. 
 
 APPLICATION. Required the weight of 22 Square, or superficial, 
 Feet of Sheet Iron, No. 9 Wire Gauge thickness. See Tables Sheet Iron, 
 Copper, and Brass, from No. 1 to No. 30 Wire Gauge thickness. 
 As 1 square foot weighs 6-24 Ibs., then 
 
 6-24 X 22 = 137-28 (137 Ibs. 4 oz.) 
 
 Decimals equivalent to the fractional parts of an Inch ichen divided into 
 
 tliirtii-tico parts ; likewise the Decimals equivalent to the fractional parts 
 
 of a Foot. 
 
 Decimals. 
 
 Parts of an 
 Inch. 
 
 Decimals. 
 
 Parts of an 
 Inch. 
 
 Decimals. 
 
 Parts of 
 a Foot. 
 
 .03125 
 
 1-32 
 
 .53125 
 
 i & 1-32 | .01041 
 
 i 
 
 .0625 
 
 1-16 
 
 .5625 
 
 & 1-16 I .02083 
 
 i 
 
 .09375 
 
 3-32 
 
 .59375 
 
 I&3-32 .03125 
 
 
 .125 
 
 1 
 
 .625 
 
 I 
 
 .04166 
 
 | 
 
 .15625 
 
 J & 1-32 
 
 .65625 
 
 I&132 
 
 .05208 
 
 | 
 
 .1875 
 
 i & 1-16 
 
 .6875 
 
 | & 1-16 
 
 .0625 
 
 I 
 
 .21875 
 
 i & 3-32 
 
 .71875 
 
 I & 3-32 
 
 .07291 
 
 I 
 
 .25 
 
 I 
 
 .75 
 
 i .0833 
 
 1 
 
 .28125 
 
 i & 1-32 
 
 .78125 
 
 | & 1-32 
 
 .1666 
 
 2 
 
 .3125 
 
 i& 1-16 
 
 .8125 \ & 1-16 
 
 .25 
 
 3 
 
 .34375 
 
 1 & 3-32 
 
 .84375 1 & 3-32 
 
 .3333 
 
 4 
 
 .375 
 
 1 
 
 .875 
 
 g 
 
 .4166 
 
 5 
 
 40625 
 
 i & 1-32 
 
 .90625 
 
 1 & 1-32 
 
 K 
 
 6 
 
 .4375 
 
 f &. 1-16 
 
 .9375 
 
 1 & 1-16 
 
 .5833 
 
 7 
 
 .46875 
 
 f & 3-32 
 
 .96875 
 
 | & 3-32 
 
 .6666 
 
 8 
 
 .5 
 
 i 
 
 1.000 
 
 1 inch. 
 
 .75 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 .8333 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 .9166 
 
 11 
 
 APPLICATION. 1. Required the number of Square Yards in a floor 
 whose length is 13, and breadth 9| feet. 
 
 13-5 X 9-75 = 131 625 -7- 9 = 14 625 square yards. 
 
 2. Required the Area of a Fire Grate, under the boiler of a Steam Engine, 
 whose length is 4 feet 7 inches, and width 3 feet 6 inches. 
 
 7 inches equal -5833 and 6 inches equal -5 (see table), then 
 4-5833 X 3-5 = 16 04155 square feet. 
 
 3. Required the Area of the side of a square piece of Board, 8 3-16 in- 
 ches in length. 1-8 &. 1-16 = 3-16 equal -1875 (see table), 
 
 8-1875 X 8-1875 = 67-03515625 square inches. 
 
 4. Required the Cubic Contents in Inches of a Plate 30 inches in length, 
 8 7-8 inches in breadth, and 5-8 inches thick. 
 
 30 50 X 8-875 = 270-68750 X '625 = 169-17 + cubic inches. 
 
 5. Required the Register Tonnage of a single decked vessel, length 
 101 feet and 9 inches, breadth 26 feet 3 inches, and depth 9 feet 2 inches. 
 Opposite 9 and inch, is -75 and -04166, which added together equal -79166: 
 Then, 101-79166 3-5 of 26-25 X 2625 X 9-1666 -r- 95 = 21T88-95ths tons.
 
 INTEREST TABLES. 103 
 
 INTEREST TABLES 
 
 AT 6, 7, 8, 9 AND 1O PER CENT. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES. 
 
 In the following Tables the interest on any sum of money and for any length 
 of lime, may be. obtained, by adding to or doubling any certain sum, or length 
 of time, in the Tables, viz: 
 
 If the interest of $44 is required, double the amount opposite $22. 
 If the interest of $300 is required, take three times the amount opposite $100 ; 
 and so for any larger amount. 
 
 If the interest of $94 is required, add the amount opposite $4 to the amount 
 opposite $90, and so for any other amount. 
 
 If the time is 54 days, double the sum under 27 days. 
 
 If 3 months and 3 days, add the sum under 3 days to the sum under 3 months. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Required the interest of $107 for 4 months and 7 days at 8 per cent. 
 
 Interest of $100 for 4 months equal 267 
 
 " 7 " " .19 
 
 " 100 7 days " .15 
 
 " 7 " " .(H_ 
 
 Interest of $107 for 4 months and 7 days equal $3.02 
 
 Required the interest of $42 for 29 days at 8 per cent. 
 
 Interest of $21 for 29 days equal $0.13 
 Multiplied by 2 
 
 Interest of $42 for 29 days equal $0.26 
 
 Required the interest of $94 for 27 days at 7 per cent. 
 
 Interest of $90 for 27 days equal $0.46 
 " 4 " " .02 
 
 Interest of $94 for 27 days equal $0.48 
 
 Required the interest of $350 for 54 days at 6 per cent. 
 
 Interest of $100 for 27 days equal $0 45 
 Multiplied by 3 
 
 Interest of S300 for 27 days equal $1.35 
 " 50 " " .23 
 
 Interest of $350 for 27 days equal $1.58 
 Multiplied by 2 
 
 Interest of $350 for 54 days equal $3.16 
 
 These Tables are computed on the principle, that there are only 360 days in a 
 year; a rule adopted by banks and all mercantile houses, in this country. 
 
 If a note be written for calendar months, calendar months are understood, 
 whether the months have 2S or 31 days ; so that 30 days is one month ; 60 days 
 two months ; 90 days three months, &c. 
 
 FRACTION OF INTEREST. 
 
 When the fraction of interest is half a cent, or more, a whole cent is taken ; 
 but when it is less than half a cent, nothing is charged. The same rule is ob- 
 served, with respect to cents forming a part of the principal ; if they amount to 
 half a dollar, or upwards, the discount is taken as for a whole dollar; when they 
 do not amount to half a dollar, ihey are disregarded. This is the rule generally 
 pursued by banks and mercantile nouses. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year I860, by I. R. BUTTS, in the Clerk'i 
 Office of the District Cuur; of the District of Massachusetts.
 
 104 
 
 SIX PER CENT INTEREST. 
 
 TABLES OF INTEREST AT SIX PER CENT. 
 
 Days-1 I 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 6 7 8 
 
 9 1011 
 
 121314 
 
 15 
 
 16 17 
 
 18jl9 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 I) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 000 
 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 le 
 
 
 
 
 
 [) 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 in 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 ) 
 ) 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 .) 
 2 
 2 
 
 .) 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 fc) 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 1U 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 ) 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 1 
 01 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 2 
 
 19 O 
 
 2 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 222 
 
 i 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 (i 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 222 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 G 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 222 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 G 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2| 2 3 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 G 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 (J 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 223 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 (i 
 
 6 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 223 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 G 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 233 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 : 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 333 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 
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 EIGHT PER CENT INTEREST. 
 
 TABLES OF INTEREST AT EIGHT PER CENT. 
 
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 40 
 
 25 20 
 
 27 2- 29 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 90 
 
 1-20 1.50 1.80 2.10 240 
 
 2.70 3.00 
 
 K30 
 
 50 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 34 35 30 
 
 38 
 
 75 1 
 
 .13 
 
 15011.88 2.25 
 
 2.03 300 
 
 
 1.13 
 
 tiO 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 42 i 44 
 
 45 
 
 90! 1 
 
 .35 
 
 1 
 
 80,225 2.70 
 
 3.15 3.60 4.05 4.50 
 
 .95 
 
 70 
 
 44 
 
 45 47 
 
 49 51 
 
 53 
 
 1.05 1 
 
 .5- 
 
 2 
 
 10 2.03 3.15 
 
 3.08 4.20 4.735.25 , 
 
 >7S 
 
 Ml .->! 
 
 52 54 5r, :,- 
 
 00 1 20 1 80 
 
 240 3.00 3.00 4.20 4 80 5.40 0.00 
 
 ; .oo 
 
 90 
 
 56 59 01 03 05 
 
 08 135i2 
 
 .03 
 
 2 
 
 70,3.38 405 4.73 5.406.08:6.75 
 
 -.43 
 
 100 
 
 02:05 68,70;72 75 1.50 2.25 1 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00.6.757.50 -.25
 
 108 
 
 TEN PER CENT INTEREST. 
 
 TABLES OF INTEREST AT TEN PER CENT. 
 
 Days-1 5 
 
 J 
 
 4 5 
 
 6 7 
 
 S 
 
 9 Kill 12 
 
 1314 
 
 15 16 
 
 17 18,19 
 
 20|21 
 
 22|23 
 
 21 
 
 1 It U 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 (I 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 9 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 i 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 ) 
 
 ) 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 2 
 
 2| 2 
 2 2 
 
 ; 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 2 z 
 2 2 
 3 3 
 31 3 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 A 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 ) 1 
 1 I 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 122 
 
 222 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 3 
 3 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ,5 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 
 
 G 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 B 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 I 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 2 3 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4j 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 g 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 333 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 g 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 U 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 334 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 8 
 
 S 
 
 t 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 (1 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 5 
 
 5 C 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 344 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 
 
 1C 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 1223 
 
 344 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 10 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 1223 
 
 344 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 10 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 1 3J 2 3 
 
 4455 
 
 6 
 
 6 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9! 9 
 
 10 11 11 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 2i 
 
 1 
 
 1223 
 
 4456 
 
 6 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 10 
 
 10 11 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 1233 
 
 4 5 G G 
 
 7 
 
 8! 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 11 12 13 13 14 
 
 15 
 
 1.5 
 
 1C 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 2334 
 
 5J 6; 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 10 
 
 11 12 
 
 13 13 j 14 15 16 17 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 1!) 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 2 3 
 
 4 6 
 
 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 18 IS) 20 21 22 '23 
 
 24| 26 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 6 7 
 
 8 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 
 
 19 21 22 24 25 26 '28 29 
 
 31 3-2 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 3578 
 
 10 12 13 15 17 18 20! 22 23 25 27 28 30 32.33 35 
 
 37 3- 
 
 40 
 
 70 
 
 > 
 
 468 1012 14 16 IS 1921 232527 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 8" 
 
 9 
 
 4 7 !) 11 
 
 13 16 18 20 -2-2 24 '27 '29 31 33 36 38 40 4-2 44 17 
 
 49 
 
 .51 
 
 53 
 
 9i 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 8 10 13 15 IS 20 23 25 23 30 33 35 j 38 40 43 45 48 50 53 
 
 6 8 11 14 17 19 22 25 28 31 33 36 39 142 44 47 ! 50 53 -56 58 
 
 55 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 67 
 
 Days-2") 
 
 2'i 
 
 11 
 
 23,29 
 
 IHo. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 $1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 L> 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 1-2 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3; 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 20 23 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 o5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 "21 
 
 25 29 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 4-2 
 
 45 
 
 fe 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 B 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 q7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 .5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 29 35 
 
 41 
 
 47 
 
 5-2 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 (i 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 33 40 
 
 47 
 
 53 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 9 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 38 45 53 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 75 
 
 82 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 42 50 58 
 
 67 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 92 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 IS 
 
 28 37 
 
 46 
 
 55 
 
 G4 
 
 73 
 
 82 
 
 92 
 
 1.00 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 !) 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 1.00 
 
 1 10 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 U 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 
 43 
 
 54 
 
 65 
 
 76 
 
 87 
 
 97 
 
 1.0? 
 
 1 18 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 l-i 
 
 23 
 
 35 
 
 47 
 
 58 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 93 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.17 
 
 1 '2^ 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 fi3 
 
 75 
 
 88 1.00 
 
 1.12 
 
 125 
 
 137 
 
 16 
 
 n 
 
 U 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 40 
 
 
 53 
 
 67 
 
 80 93 1.07 
 
 1 -20 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.47 
 
 17 
 
 W 
 
 ia 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 71 
 
 85 i 99 
 
 i.n 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.55 
 
 IS 
 
 I-' 1 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 
 It 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 
 iO 
 
 75 90 1 05 
 
 120 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.50 
 
 1 65 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 43 
 
 63 
 
 79! 95 111 
 
 127 
 
 142 
 
 1 58 
 
 1.73 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 1.5 
 
 ir 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 
 >>7 
 
 83 1 00 117 1.33 
 
 1 50 
 
 167 
 
 1.83 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 35 
 
 53 
 
 70 
 
 8S 1.05 1.23 140 
 
 157 
 
 1 75 
 
 1.92 
 
 22 
 
 1.5 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 IS IS 
 
 37 
 
 55 
 
 73 92 1 10 , 1.28 i 1.47 
 
 1.65 
 
 1 P3 
 
 2.02 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 18 19 
 
 1(1 
 
 20 21 
 
 42 
 
 63 
 
 
 -13 1.04 1.25 1 46<1 67 
 
 187 
 
 2.0? 
 
 228 
 
 30 
 
 21 2-2 2! 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 75 I- 
 
 1)0 1.25 1.50 1.751200 
 
 225 
 
 2.5(1 
 
 275 
 
 40 
 
 2-i 2i> 30 
 
 31 3-2 33 
 
 67 1 00 '1-33 1-67 2 00 2 33 "2 67 
 
 3.00 
 
 3-33 
 
 167 
 
 50 3.5 36 33 
 
 39 40 4-2 
 
 83 1 25 1 
 
 67 2.08 2 50 2.92 3 33 3.75 
 
 4.17 
 
 4.5S 
 
 60 |42 n I') 
 
 47 43 50 
 
 1.00 1 50 2 00 2 50 3.00 3 50 4.00 4 50 
 
 5.00 i 5.50 
 
 70 
 
 49 51 
 
 53 54 56 5S 
 
 1.17 1.75 2. 
 
 33 2 9-2 3 50 4 0* 4 67 5.25 
 
 5.83 
 
 64'2 
 
 60 
 
 56 
 
 59 
 
 60 62 61 67 
 
 1.33 200 2 
 
 67 3.33 4 00 4 67 5.33 6.00 
 
 G.G7 
 
 7.33 
 
 90 
 
 61 
 
 65 (i- 
 
 7C 
 
 73 75 
 
 1.50 2.25 3 
 
 00 3.75 4.50 5 '25 6 00 6 75 
 
 7.5'i 825 
 
 100 69 
 
 72 75 
 
 n 
 
 81 ' i S3 
 
 1.67 2.50 3. 
 
 33 4.17 5.00 5.8316.67 : 7.50 
 
 S.a3 9.17
 
 EQUATING, OR AVERAGING PAYMENTS. 
 
 109 
 
 a 
 
 t 
 
 8 .* 5. 
 B^O 2 
 
 TABLE 
 lay, 1 
 any o 
 | the 2.1 
 at the 
 
 1355. 
 
 for Ranlii.ig in.l Equation, showing UK nun Lei cl 
 rorn any Dale In one Month, to the stime Date in 
 her Month. Example. How many clay, from 
 ol February to the 2d ot August I Look for February 
 lelt hand, and Auguat at, the lop, in ll.e angle b 18 1. 
 
 Example. A Bill drawn March 29, al 
 3 months, is due June 29, but nddiiiLr 2 
 days' frrnce, it is not payable till July 2. 
 Find the number of days by the Table, 
 
 4 J 1 1 1 
 
 J; 
 
 1 
 
 = i 
 
 273304 
 242 273 
 214 245 
 183214 
 153184 
 122 153 
 92123 
 61 92 
 30 61 
 365 31 
 334365 
 304335 
 
 C 
 
 Jin. 
 
 Mar'. 
 
 April. 
 May. 
 June. 
 July. 
 Aug. 
 .Sop 
 Oct.- 
 Nov. 
 
 j Dee. 
 
 3iio 31 59 90 120 
 33-1305 2-* 5.) f'j 
 30U337365 31 61 
 275 30(3 334 3C,5 30 
 M5-J7ii3'4 335 3C5 
 211245273304334 
 184215243274'3!)4 
 153 184 212243273 
 122 153 181 212242 
 92 123 151 182-212 
 Gl 92 120 151 HI 
 31 1 62 9) 12J 151 
 
 151 
 120 
 9-> 
 61 
 31 
 
 3!;5 
 335 
 :i04 
 273 
 243 
 212 
 182 
 
 181212243 
 150 181 21-2 
 122 153 184 
 91 122 153 
 611 92 123 
 30 61 92 
 365 31 62 
 334365 31 
 303334 :'.(', 
 273 304 335 
 242 273 304 
 212243274 
 
 :34 
 ?03 
 
 -.'75 
 2-1-1 
 214 
 1W 
 loll 
 122 
 <J} 
 Cl 
 
 :;i 
 
 36! 
 
 NOTE. If Leap- Year, add one Day if February be included. 
 
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 
 
 RULE. Multiply each Debt by the time in which it is Payable, and 
 divide the Sum of the Products by the Sum of the Debts as follows : 
 Bought at 4 months' credit. When is the equated time of payment 1 
 1855. Ain't. Days. Products. 
 
 March 1. S 50.00 
 
 " 7. 67.00 Multiplied by 6 equal 402.00 
 
 " 12. 3-2 .00 " 11 " 352.00 
 
 ' 19. 62.00 " " IS " 1476.00 
 
 $231.00 
 
 ) 2230.00 ( 9 day*. 
 2079.00 
 
 2230.00 beine divided by 231.00 gives 9 days and 151.00 as the re- 
 
 mainder, which latter being more than half of 231.00, counts a whole day. 
 
 The column of days represents tlie number of days after July 1 (4 months 
 afier March 1.) at which time the several debt* become payable. The quotient 
 9 days (and the remainder) added to July 1 gives July 11 for the equated lime. 
 ANOTHER METHOD FOR FINDING THE AVERAGE PAYMENT OF 
 
 DIFFERENT PAYMENTS. 
 
 RULE. Find the interest, by Interest Tables, on each item from the 
 date of each charge to the date of the last charge. Add up the interest of 
 these several charges, and then ascertain how long a time it will take for 
 the total of the account to make that amount of Interest then deduct this 
 time from the date of the last charge in the account, and this will give you 
 the month and day of the average. Cents may be disregarded unless over 
 60, and counting them as an additional dollar if they are 50 or more. 
 Bought at 4 months. When is the average time of payment, f 
 March 1, $200. From March 1 to July I is 122 days. Interest $ 4 07 
 April 2, 70. " April 2 to July 1 is 90 days. " 105 
 
 May 4, 30. " May 4 to July 1 is 53 days. 29 
 
 June 6, 50. " June 6 to July 1 is 25 days. " 21 
 
 July 1, 50. 
 
 8400. 85 61 
 
 The Interest on 8400, for 2 months and 24 days is S5 60. Now deduct the 
 mount of time (2 months and 24 days) from the dale of the last charge, (JulJ 
 1,) and this will give April 6, as the month and day for the average* and Aug 
 6th as the day of payment. 
 
 B3IA 10
 
 110 GOLD COINS, WITH THEIR WEIGHT AND VALUE. 
 
 GOLD COINS WITH THEIR WEIGHT AND VALUE, 
 
 [24 grains equal 1 pennyweight, 20 pennyweights ] ounce, 12 ounces ] pound. 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 | lfciffkt.\ Vol. Denomination. I Weight.^ Vcd. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Eagio before 1834, .... 
 (i & | in proportion.) 
 
 Eagles, after 1834, 
 
 DouMe Eagle, 
 
 HalfEagln, 
 
 Three Dollar piece, 
 
 Quarter Kagle, 
 
 Gold Dollar, 
 
 270 
 
 258 
 
 516 
 
 129 
 77.4 
 64.5 
 25.8 
 
 1/J 66 
 
 10 on 
 
 JO 00 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 2 50 
 1 00 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 Quadruple Ducat, 
 
 Ducat, 
 
 Souverain (for Lorabardv) 
 
 dt.ffr.gc. 
 9 00 I 9 12 
 2 53 2 28 
 7 7 6 75 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 Ciirolin, 6 
 
 Ducat, 2 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Twenty Franc pieces, . . 4 
 Forty Franc piecea, ..... 
 
 87 
 
 4 93 
 2 27 
 
 3 82 
 
 767 
 
 BOLIVIA. 
 Doubloon, (17 8i|1558 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 Johannes, (J in prop.)... 1800 17 4 
 
 Dobroan, 3412 3271 
 
 Dobra, 1816 1731 
 
 Moidore, (f in prop.)... 6 22 6 56 
 
 Piece of 6,400 reis, |9 6 872 
 
 BRUNSWICK & MECKLENGBURGH. 
 
 Ten Thaler, 1813 to 1838, | 8 13 | 7 89 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 Doubloon, 1 17 9 1 14 96 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 Doubloon, |17 8i|15 62 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 Doubloon, (before 1835.) 117 911557 
 " (after 1835,).. |17 9 |15 66 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 Ten Thaler, 8131788 
 
 Fred. D'or, 1813 to 1839, 4 6 | 3 93 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Guinea, (\ in prop.) 58 505 
 
 Sovereigns, ( in prop.) . 5 3* 4 85 
 
 " (Double) . 10 6j 9 70 
 
 EAST INDIES. 
 
 Rupee, Bombay, 
 Rupee, Madras, 
 Pagoda,Star, 
 
 711 
 7 12 
 2 4| 
 SAXONY 
 
 Double Aug. D'or, 1837, . I 8 13 
 Ducat .................. | 2 6 
 
 7 09 
 7 11 
 
 1 79 
 
 7 94 
 
 2 26 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 D'bleLouis, (before 1786) 
 Louis, do ..... 
 
 D'blo Louis, (since 1730). 
 
 \dt.gr.\t.t. 
 
 10 11 
 54 
 211 
 4 22 
 
 971 
 4 79 
 916 
 4 52 
 
 Louis, do 
 
 Double Napoleon, or 40 
 
 Francs, ............. 187 7 68 
 
 Napoleon, or 2 J Francs, . | 4 3J 3 84 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 Double Ryder, .......... 122111220 
 
 Ryder, ................ 6 9 f 6 04 
 
 Ducat, ................. 2 5J | 2 y 
 
 HAMBURGH. 
 
 Ducat, (double in prop.) .| 2 5J| 2 27 
 HANOVER. 
 
 Ten Thaler, George II. . 
 Do. Wm. IV. & Ernest,. 
 Fine Thaler ............. 
 
 8 13 
 813 
 4 6 
 
 HINDUSTAN. 
 Mohur, E. I. Co .......... | 7 12 
 
 NETHERLANDS. 
 
 5j 
 73 
 
 7 84 
 789 
 3 91 
 2 28 
 
 7 10 
 
 2 27 
 4 00 
 
 Ducat, 
 
 Ten Gilders, (\ in prop.) . 
 
 NEW GRENADA. 
 Doubloon, (of various fine- 
 
 ness)from $15,31 to$!5,- 
 
 71, generally weigh the 
 
 same as a dollar, average |17 8J|15 53 
 
 MEXICO. 
 Doubloon, (shares in prop.) 
 
 various dates coincil at 
 
 different mints, varying 
 
 in value from $15 44 to 
 
 $15 67,.. ..average,.... |17 8i|15 53 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 Frederick D'or 46 395 
 
 Double do, 1831, 8 13 7 97 
 
 Do. do.tolSll 813 792 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Five Rubles,. 
 Ducat, 179fi. 
 
 Imperial, 1801, (J in prop.) 
 
 4 4 
 2 18 
 8 7 
 
 3 95 
 
 9 76 
 7 84 
 
 SARDINIA. 
 Twenty Lire, ........... |4 3 | 3 83 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 Ducat, .................. | 2 5 | 223 
 
 SPAIN. 
 Quadruple Pistole, or Doub- 
 
 loon, (J in prop.) 1772, .. 1 17 81|16 03 
 Doubloon, 1801, ......... 117 9 15 54 
 
 Pistole (I Doubloon) ..... (4 8.} 3 90
 
 VALUE OF SILVER COIN & FOREIGN CURRENCY. Ill 
 
 RATES OF SILVER MONEY AND FOREIGN CURRENCY 
 
 (Established by Law. Custom House Value.) 
 
 $c. ra. 
 DOLLAR of U. S. (J & j in prop.) 1.00 
 
 of Austria, --'---- 97 
 
 of Sweden, (species daler,) - 1.04 
 of Norway, ( Rigsbank daler) 1 05 
 of Netherlands, - - - - 1.00 
 
 of Denmark, (Species daler,) 1.04 
 of Bremen, ...... 73 7 
 
 of Bolivia, Peru At Chili, - 1000 
 of Central Am. uncertain, - 97 
 >f Mexico, 8 reals, (varying 
 from 95 to 100,) - - - - 1.00 
 
 of New Grenada, (usual wl.) 1.02 
 
 PODXD Sterling of Or. Britain, 4.84 
 
 HALF CROWN of do. - - 54 
 
 SHILLING of do. - - 22 
 
 FOURPESCE of do. - - 7 
 
 FRANC of France and Belgium, IS 5 
 
 F<VE FRANC of France, - 93 
 
 Rix DOLLAR of Austria, - - 97 
 
 of Berlin & Saxony, - - - 69 
 
 of Italavia, ------ 75 
 
 THALER of Prussia, Saxony, 
 
 Brunswick, & Hesse Cassel, 68 
 of Leipsic and Hanover, - 69 
 FLORINS and GUILDERS of Nu- 
 remburg, St. Gall, Frank- 
 fort, Netherlands, Bavaria, 
 Brazil, Baden, Amsterdam, 
 and Rotlenlatn, - - - - 40 
 
 of Austria, Trieste, Bohemia 
 
 Liepsic, and Augsburg, - 485 
 of Prussia, ------ 23 
 
 of Tuscany, ...... 20 
 
 GUILDER of \Vurtemberg, 
 
 395 
 
 $ c. ra. 
 
 DOUBLE THALER of Prussia, 1.39 
 REAL VELLON of Spain, - - 5 
 
 of Plate, 10 
 
 PISTAREEN (4 Real Vellons of 
 
 Spain,) 19 S 
 
 POUND of British Provinces, - 4.00 
 
 of Jamaica, Turks Island, and 
 Honduras, 3.00 
 
 of Nassau, 2.50 
 
 DUCAT of Naples, - - - - 80 
 OUNCE of Sicily, - - - - 2.40 
 SCDDO of Malta, ----- 40 
 
 of Naples, - - . - - 94 
 
 of Rome, 1.00 5 
 
 PEZZO of Leghorn, - ... 907 
 MILL REA of Azores, - - - 83 3 
 
 of Madeira, 1.00 
 
 of Portugal, ------ 1.12 
 
 MARC BANCO of Hamburg, - 35 
 ROUBLE of Russia, silver, - 75 
 
 of Russia, paper, - - - - 21 4 
 PIASTRE of Turkey, - - - 5 
 TWENTY PIASTRES of Turkey, 82 
 LIRA, (for Lombardy & Tuscany,) 16 
 TWENTY KREUTZERS, - - 
 LIRA of Sardinia, -.- - 
 FIVE LIRA of Sardinia, - - 
 LIVRE of Genoa, - - - - 
 
 of Catalonia & Barcelona, - 
 
 of Neufchatel, - - - - - 
 TALE of China, - - - - - 
 PAGODA of Madras, - - - 
 CROWS of Tuscany, ... 
 PAGODA of Jndia 
 
 RUPEE of British India, 
 
 16 
 
 18 5 
 93 2 
 18 5 
 53 5 
 26 5 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.84 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.84 
 44 5 
 
 Most foreign Silver Coins possess a higher standard value than the present 
 United Slates coinage. 
 
 VALUE, WEIGHT AM) LAW REGULATING THE TENDER 
 OF U. STATES COINS. 
 
 N'tmts of the Coint. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Value. 
 
 One Dollar, or ten Dimes, (No change in Law.) - 
 
 
 100 
 
 Half Dollar, or five Dimes, ...... 
 
 192. 
 
 50 
 
 Quarter Dojlar, or two and a half Dimes, 
 
 96. 
 
 25 
 
 One Dime, -..-_-.. 
 
 3S.4 
 
 10 
 
 Half Dime, ......... 
 
 19.2 
 
 5 
 
 Tli ret- Cent piece, ........ 
 
 11.52 
 
 3 
 
 The laws of the United Slates make one cent pieces a legal tender for 
 ar.i'iui'U not exceeding 10 cents, three cent pieces for amounts not exceed- 
 ing 30 cents U. States Silver Coins for amounts not exceeding 5 dollars, 
 and Gold Coins at their reipective values. 
 
 Foreign Gold and Silver Coins are no longer legal tender. Law of 1857. 
 
 The Standard fineness of U. States Gold and Silver Coins is one wdght of 
 alloy to nine weights of pure metal. The alloy for Gold Coin is Silver and 
 Copper, and Copper for Silver Coin. 
 
 The silver coins of Great Britain are not legal tender in that country in 
 sums exceeding 2.
 
 112 REDUCTION OF FOREIGN MONEY TO U. STATES. 
 
 REDUCTION OF FOREIGN MONEY. 
 
 s. 
 
 c. m. 
 
 3. 
 
 e. wi. 
 
 
 
 $ c. 
 
 
 
 a c. 
 
 
 
 $ e. 
 
 
 
 $ c. 
 
 
 
 e. 
 
 1 
 
 24-2 
 
 11 
 
 2662 
 
 1 
 
 484 
 
 11 
 
 5324 
 
 91 
 
 101 64 
 
 31 
 
 15004 
 
 41 
 
 19844 
 
 '.! 
 
 484 
 
 19 
 
 2904 
 
 2 
 
 968 
 
 12 
 
 5808 
 
 22 
 
 10648 
 
 39 
 
 15488 
 
 19 
 
 20328 
 
 3 
 
 726 
 
 13 
 
 314 6 
 
 3 
 
 14 52 
 
 13 
 
 6292 
 
 93 
 
 11132 
 
 33 
 
 15972 
 
 43 
 
 20612 
 
 4 
 
 968 
 
 14 
 
 3388 
 
 4 
 
 1936 
 
 M 
 
 6776 
 
 21 
 
 11616 
 
 34 
 
 16456 
 
 44 
 
 21296 
 
 S 
 
 1210 
 
 IS 
 
 3630 
 
 5 
 
 2420 
 
 15 
 
 7260 
 
 99 
 
 12100 
 
 35 
 
 16940 
 
 45 
 
 217 80 
 
 (i 
 
 1452 
 
 16 
 
 387 2 
 
 (i 
 
 2904 
 
 Iti 
 
 7741 
 
 36 
 
 12584 
 
 96 
 
 17424 
 
 til 
 
 222 64 
 
 7 
 
 1694 
 
 17 
 
 411 4 
 
 7 
 
 3388 
 
 17 
 
 8228 
 
 97 
 
 13068 
 
 37 
 
 17908 
 
 47 
 
 227 48 
 
 e 
 
 193G 
 
 IS 
 
 4356 
 
 8 
 
 3872 
 
 18 
 
 8712 
 
 96 
 
 13552 
 
 36 
 
 18392 
 
 48 
 
 23232 
 
 9 
 
 2178 
 
 19 
 
 4598 
 
 9 
 
 4356 
 
 19 
 
 9196 
 
 99 
 
 140 36 
 
 39 
 
 18876 
 
 49 
 
 237 16 
 
 1012420 
 
 9U 
 
 484 
 
 10 
 
 4840 
 
 90 
 
 9680 
 
 3d 
 
 14520 
 
 401 19360 
 
 50 24200 
 
 FRENCH FRANCS REDUCED TO DOLLARS AND CENTS. 
 As fixed by Law. 
 
 ft 
 
 $cts 
 
 fr 
 
 $cts 
 
 fr 
 
 $et* 
 
 fr 
 
 $ cts 
 
 fr 
 
 $cM 
 
 fr 
 
 S cts 
 
 fr* 
 
 $ cts 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 293 
 
 31 
 
 577 
 
 46 
 
 856 
 
 (il 
 
 1135 
 
 7(i 
 
 14 14 
 
 91 
 
 1693 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 17 
 
 3 16 
 
 33 
 
 595 
 
 47 
 
 874 
 
 69 
 
 11 53 
 
 77 
 
 14 32 
 
 92 
 
 17 11 
 
 3 
 
 56 
 
 18 
 
 335 
 
 33 
 
 614 
 
 48 
 
 893 
 
 S3 
 
 1172 
 
 78 
 
 1451 
 
 9:i 
 
 173;) 
 
 4 
 
 74 
 
 111 
 
 35t 
 
 34 
 
 632 
 
 411 
 
 911 
 
 64 
 
 11 90 
 
 78 
 
 14 09 
 
 94 
 
 1748 
 
 B 
 
 93 
 
 2i I 
 
 372 
 
 35 
 
 651 
 
 50 
 
 930 
 
 65 
 
 1209 
 
 8(1 
 
 1488 
 
 95 
 
 1767 
 
 ii 
 
 112 
 
 91 
 
 391 
 
 36 
 
 670 
 
 51 
 
 949 
 
 66 
 
 1228 
 
 81 
 
 15 07 
 
 96 
 
 17 86 
 
 7 
 
 130 
 
 JO 
 
 409 
 
 ;n 
 
 688 
 
 53 
 
 967 
 
 67 
 
 1246 
 
 82 
 
 1525 
 
 97 
 
 1804 
 
 B 
 
 149 
 
 93 
 
 428 
 
 38, 
 
 707 
 
 53 
 
 986 
 
 68 
 
 1265 
 
 83 
 
 1544 
 
 98 
 
 1823 
 
 
 
 167 
 
 94 
 
 4 46 
 
 39 
 
 725 
 
 54 
 
 1004 
 
 B9 
 
 1283 
 
 84 
 
 15 62 
 
 99 
 
 1841 
 
 lil 
 
 186 
 
 95 
 
 4 65 
 
 4!) 
 
 744 
 
 55 
 
 1023 
 
 70 
 
 1302 
 
 85 
 
 1581 
 
 100 
 
 1860 
 
 11 
 
 2ii5 
 
 96 
 
 484 
 
 11 
 
 763 
 
 56 
 
 1042 
 
 71 
 
 1321 
 
 86 
 
 16 00 
 
 200 
 
 3720 
 
 12 
 
 223 
 
 27 
 
 502 
 
 42 
 
 781 
 
 57 
 
 1060 
 
 72 
 
 1339 
 
 87 
 
 16 18 
 
 300 
 
 5580 
 
 i:i 
 
 242 
 
 as 
 
 521 
 
 43 
 
 800 
 
 58 
 
 10 79 
 
 73 
 
 1358 
 
 88 
 
 1637 
 
 400 
 
 7440 
 
 M 
 
 260 
 
 29 
 
 539 
 
 44 
 
 818 
 
 59 
 
 1097 
 
 74 
 
 1376 
 
 89 
 
 1655 
 
 500 
 
 9300 
 
 15 
 
 279 
 
 30 
 
 558 
 
 45 
 
 837 
 
 BO 
 
 11 16 
 
 75 
 
 13 95 
 
 90 
 
 1674 
 
 GOO 
 
 1 J 1 60 
 
 THALERS REDUCED TO DOLLARS AND CENTS. 
 
 As fixed by Law. 
 
 T 
 
 $ c. 
 
 T 
 
 e. $ 
 
 T 
 
 $ c. 
 
 T 
 
 $c. 
 
 7' 
 
 S c. 
 
 T 
 
 a c. 
 
 T 
 
 $ c. 
 
 I 
 
 69 
 
 8 
 
 5 52 
 
 15 
 
 1035 
 
 00 
 
 15 18 
 
 99 
 
 20 1 
 
 36 
 
 24 84 
 
 43 
 
 2967 
 
 9 
 
 138 
 
 9 
 
 6 21 
 
 16 
 
 11 4 
 
 93 
 
 1587 
 
 30 
 
 2070 
 
 37 
 
 25 53 
 
 44 
 
 3036 
 
 3 
 
 207 
 
 10 
 
 6 90 
 
 17 
 
 11 73 
 
 94 
 
 1656 
 
 31 
 
 21 39 
 
 38 
 
 26 92 
 
 15 
 
 31 5 
 
 4 
 
 276 
 
 11 
 
 7 59 
 
 18 
 
 1242 
 
 95 
 
 1725 
 
 32 
 
 22 8 
 
 39 
 
 20 91 
 
 46 
 
 31 74 
 
 5 
 
 345 
 
 19 
 
 8 28 
 
 19 
 
 13 11 
 
 96 
 
 1794 
 
 33 
 
 2277 
 
 40 
 
 2760 
 
 47 
 
 3243 
 
 6 
 
 414 
 
 13 
 
 8 97 
 
 90 
 
 1380 
 
 27 
 
 1863 
 
 34 
 
 23 46 
 
 41 
 
 2829 
 
 48 
 
 33 12 
 
 7 
 
 483 
 
 14 
 
 9 t;r, 
 
 91 
 
 14 49 
 
 ! >8 
 
 1932 
 
 35| 24 15 
 
 42 
 
 2898 
 
 49 
 
 33 81 
 
 BREMEN R1X DOLLARS REDUCED TO DOLLARS AND CENTS. 
 A* fixed by Lau. 
 
 r.d. 
 
 $ e. 
 
 r-.d. 
 
 $e. 
 
 r. d. 
 
 $ c. 
 
 r. d. 
 
 & c - 
 
 r.d. 
 
 S e. 
 
 r.d. 
 
 $ c. 
 
 1 
 
 78| 
 
 9 
 
 709 
 
 17 
 
 1339 
 
 25 
 
 1969 
 
 33 
 
 2599 
 
 41 
 
 3229 
 
 2 
 
 153 
 
 10 
 
 788 
 
 18 
 
 1418 
 
 26 
 
 2048 
 
 34 
 
 JO 78 
 
 42 
 
 3303 
 
 3 
 
 236 
 
 11 
 
 866 
 
 19 
 
 1496 
 
 27 
 
 2126 
 
 25 
 
 27 50 
 
 43 
 
 3386 
 
 4 
 
 315 
 
 12 
 
 945 
 
 20 
 
 1375 
 
 as 
 
 22 05 
 
 'M 
 
 2835 
 
 44 
 
 3165 
 
 5 
 
 391 
 
 13 
 
 1024 
 
 21 
 
 1654 
 
 29 
 
 2284 
 
 37 
 
 2914 
 
 45 
 
 35 14 
 
 6 
 
 473 
 
 14 
 
 1103 
 
 2-J 
 
 17*3 
 
 30 
 
 23 63 
 
 33 
 
 29 93 
 
 46 
 
 3623 
 
 7 
 
 551 
 
 15 
 
 1181 
 
 23 
 
 1811 
 
 31 
 
 2441 
 
 39 
 
 3071 
 
 47 
 
 3701 
 
 8 
 
 630 
 
 16 il2<!0 
 
 24 
 
 1390 
 
 39 
 
 25 20 
 
 40 
 
 3159 
 
 43 
 
 3780
 
 COMPOUND INTEREST TABLE FOR SAVINGS BANKS. 113 
 
 COMPOUND INTEREST, FOR SAVINGS BANKS, &c. 
 
 This Table contains the amount of $1 or 1 at different rates of per 
 centage. 
 
 Example. What will be the amount, at 5 per cent, compound interest, 
 of.S20n, for 5 years? 
 
 $1 in 5 years at 5 per cent, interest, is (by table) $1.27628 which sum 
 multiplied 'by 200 equals #255 25. 
 
 T'rs. 
 
 3 per Cent. 3 1-2 per Ct. 
 
 4 per Cent 
 
 4 1-2 per Ct 
 
 S per Cent 
 
 6 per Cent. 
 
 7 per Cent. 
 
 1 
 
 1.03000 
 
 1.03500 
 
 1.04000 
 
 1.04500 
 
 1.05000 
 
 1.06000 
 
 1.070000 
 
 2 
 
 L08090 
 
 J. 07122 
 
 1.08160 
 
 1.09202 
 
 1.10250 
 
 1.12360 
 
 1.144900 
 
 3 
 
 .09273 
 
 1.K.872 
 
 1 12460 
 
 1.14117 
 
 1.15762 
 
 1.19102 
 
 1.225043 
 
 4 
 
 .12551 
 
 1.14752 
 
 1.1G986 
 
 1.19252 
 
 1.21551 
 
 1.26248 
 
 1.310796 
 
 5 
 
 .15927 
 
 1.18769 
 
 1.21665 
 
 1.24618 
 
 1.27628 
 
 1.33823 
 
 1.41.2552 
 
 6 
 
 .194(15 
 
 1.22925 
 
 1 26532 
 
 1.30226 
 
 1.34010 
 
 1.41852 
 
 1.500730 
 
 7 
 
 .22967 
 
 1.2722? 
 
 1.31593 
 
 1.36066 
 
 1.40710 
 
 1.50363 
 
 1.605781 
 
 8 
 
 .2(i077 
 
 L31681 
 
 1.36S57 
 
 1.42210 
 
 1.47745 
 
 1.59385 
 
 1.718186 
 
 9 
 
 1.30477 
 
 1.36290 
 
 1.42331 
 
 1.48609 
 
 1.55133 
 
 1.68948 
 
 1.836459 
 
 10 
 
 1.34392 
 
 1.41060 
 
 1.48024 
 
 1.55297 
 
 1.628S9 
 
 1.79085 
 
 1.967151 
 
 11 
 
 1.38423 
 
 1.45997 
 
 1.53945 
 
 1.62285 
 
 1.71034 
 
 J. 69630 
 
 2.104852 
 
 12 
 
 1.42o7(3 
 
 1.51107 
 
 1.60103 
 
 1.69588 
 
 1.79586 
 
 2.01220 
 
 2.252192 
 
 13 
 
 1.46853 
 
 1.56396 
 
 1.66507 
 
 1.77220 
 
 1.88565 
 
 2.13293 
 
 2.409845 
 
 14 
 
 1.51259 
 
 1.61869 
 
 1.73168 
 
 1.85194 
 
 197993 
 
 2.26090 
 
 2.576534 
 
 15 
 
 1.55797 
 
 1.67535 
 
 1.60094 
 
 1.93528 
 
 2.07S93 
 
 2.39656 
 
 2.759031 
 
 - 16 
 
 140471 
 
 1.73399 
 
 1.87298 
 
 2.02237 
 
 2.18287 
 
 2.54035 
 
 2.952164 
 
 17 
 
 1 .ijJ-J-o 
 
 1.79467 
 
 1 94790 
 
 2.11338 
 
 2.29202 
 
 2.69277 
 
 3.158615 
 
 18 
 
 1.70243 
 
 1.85749 
 
 2.02562 
 
 2.20848 
 
 2 40662 
 
 2.85434 
 
 3.379931 
 
 19 
 
 1.75351 
 
 1.92250 
 
 2.10685 
 
 2.3076 
 
 2.52695 
 
 3.02560 
 
 3.616526 
 
 20 
 
 1.60611 
 
 1.98979 
 
 2.19112 
 
 2.41171 
 
 2.65330 
 
 3.20713 
 
 3.860663 
 
 21 
 
 1.86029 
 
 2.05943 
 
 2.27877 
 
 252024 
 
 2.78596 
 
 3.39956 
 
 4.140561 
 
 22 
 
 1.9JG10 
 
 2.13151 
 
 2.36992 
 
 2.633G5 
 
 2.92526 
 
 3.60354 
 
 4.430400 
 
 23 
 
 1.97359 
 
 2.20611 
 
 2.46471 
 
 2.75217 
 
 3.07152 
 
 3.81975 
 
 4.740528 
 
 24 
 
 2.1 13279 
 
 2.28333 
 
 2 5i 330 
 
 2.87601 
 
 3.22510 
 
 4.04893 
 
 5.072365 
 
 25 
 
 2.037- 
 
 2.36324 
 
 2.66584 
 
 3.00543 
 
 3.38635 
 
 4.29187 
 
 5.427431 
 
 26 
 
 2.15659 
 
 2.44596 
 
 2.77247 
 
 3.14068 
 
 3.55567 
 
 4.54938 
 
 5.607351 
 
 27 
 
 2.22129 
 
 2.53157 
 
 2.88337 
 
 3.26201 
 
 3.73346 
 
 4.822?5 
 
 6.213866 
 
 28 
 
 2.28793 
 
 262018 
 
 2.99870 
 
 3.42970 
 
 3.92013 
 
 5.11169 
 
 6.646836 
 
 29 
 
 2.3505G 
 
 2.71183 
 
 3.11865 
 
 3.5S404 
 
 4.11614 
 
 5.41839 
 
 7.114255 
 
 30 
 
 2 4-J7-J() 
 
 280679 
 
 3.24340 
 
 3.74532 
 
 4.32194 
 
 5.74349 
 
 7.612253 
 
 31 
 
 2 50003 
 
 2.90503 
 
 3.37313 
 
 3.91386 
 
 4.53804 
 
 6.08810 
 
 8.145110 
 
 32 
 
 2.57508 
 
 3.00671 
 
 3.")OMI6 
 
 4.0S998 
 
 4.76494 
 
 6.45339 
 
 6.715208 
 
 33 
 
 2.65233 
 
 3.11194 
 
 3.64638 
 
 4.27403 
 
 5.00319 
 
 6.84059 
 
 9.325337 
 
 34 
 
 2.73190 
 
 3.22086 
 
 3.79432 
 
 4.46636 
 
 5.25335 
 
 7.25102 
 
 9.978110 
 
 35 
 
 2.81386 
 
 3.33359 
 
 3.94609 
 
 4.66735 
 
 5.51601 
 
 7.68609 
 
 10.676578 
 
 36 
 
 3.89828 
 
 3.45027 
 
 4.10393 
 
 4.87738 
 
 5.79162 
 
 8.14725 
 
 11.423939 
 
 37 
 
 2.98523 
 
 3.57102 
 
 4.26809 
 
 5.09686 
 
 6.08141 
 
 8.63609 
 
 12.223614 
 
 33 
 
 3.0747* 
 
 3.69601 
 
 4.43881 
 
 5.32622 
 
 6.38548 
 
 9.15425 
 
 13.079277 
 
 39 
 
 3.16703 
 
 3.82537 
 
 4.61637 
 
 5.56590 
 
 6.70475 
 
 9.70351 
 
 13.994627 
 
 40 
 
 3-26^04 
 
 3.95926 
 
 4. SO 102 
 
 5.61036 
 
 7.03999 
 
 10.2:572 
 
 14.974465 
 
 SHOWING THE TIME IN WHICH A SUM WILL DOUBLE ITSELF, WHEN 
 LENT AT THE FOLLOWING RATES OF INTEREST. 
 
 Ba ' c - Time in which a Sum will double. 
 
 Rate 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 Time in which a Sum will double. 
 
 cent. Simple Interest. 
 
 Compound Int. 
 
 Simple Interest. 
 
 Compound Int. 
 
 2 SO years. 
 2 1-240 years. 
 3 33 years 4 months. 
 ." 1-2 2S years 208 days. 
 4 25 years. 
 4 1-2 22 vcars .*! days. 
 
 35 years 1 day. 
 28 years 20 davs. 
 23 years 104 days. 
 20 years .>4 davs. 
 17 years 240 days. 
 15 years 27.'! iln> *. 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 20 years. 
 16 years 8 months. 
 14 years 104 days. 
 12 1-2 years. 
 11 years 40 days. 
 10 vcars. 
 
 14 years 75 days. 
 11 years 327 days. 
 10 years 89 days. 
 9 years 2 days. 
 8 years 16 days. 
 7 vcars IWdavg. 
 
 10*
 
 114 READY RECKONER, 2000 LBS. TO THE TON. 
 
 PRODUCE AND MERCHANDISE READY RECKONERS 
 
 HAY, BUTTER, CHEESE, LARD, AND OTHER PRODUCE. 
 
 
 rtj 
 
 cts cts 
 
 $ ct $ ct $ c 
 
 t $ ct $ ct S ct S ct S ct 8 ct 8 cts $ cts S cts 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 as 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 1-00 
 
 8-00 
 
 3-0 
 
 ) 4-00,5-00 
 
 6-00 
 
 7-00 
 
 8-00 , 9-OC 
 
 10-00 
 
 11-00 12-00 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 l 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 s 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i i 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 'i 
 
 1 
 
 '. 
 
 > 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 
 "l 
 
 'l 
 
 i 
 
 -2 
 
 
 1 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1C 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 t 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 "i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 ( 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 U 
 
 2C 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 50 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 . c 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 flj 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 a 
 
 30 
 
 a? 
 
 36 
 
 70 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 a 
 
 35 
 
 39 
 
 49 
 
 80 
 
 i 
 
 '2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 90 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 1-1 
 
 IS 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 100 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 K 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 200 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 90 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 a 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-10 
 
 1-20 
 
 300 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 4: 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 1-05 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-3; 
 
 1-50 
 
 1 65 
 
 1-SO 
 
 400 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 61 
 
 80 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-40 
 
 1-60 
 
 !&( 
 
 2-00 
 
 2-20 
 
 2-40 
 
 500 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 7;" 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-75 
 
 2-00 
 
 2-2.3 
 
 2-50 
 
 2-75 
 
 3-00 
 
 600 
 
 3 
 
 i.) 
 
 93 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 91 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-80 
 
 2-10 
 
 2-40 
 
 2-71 
 
 3'00 
 
 3-31 
 
 3-60 
 
 700 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 90 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 i-o; 
 
 1-40 
 
 1-75 
 
 2-10 
 
 2-45 
 
 2-80 
 
 3-ia 
 
 3-50 
 
 3-85 
 
 4-20 
 
 800 
 
 10 
 
 90 
 
 -.')() 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 l-2( 
 
 1-60 
 
 2-00 
 
 2-40 
 
 2-80 
 
 3-20 
 
 3-tit 
 
 4-(0 
 
 4-40 
 
 4-80 
 
 900 
 
 11 
 
 93 
 
 34 
 
 45 
 
 90 
 
 !:{" 
 
 1-80 
 
 2-25 
 
 2-70 
 
 3-15 
 
 3-60 
 
 4-00 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-95 
 
 5-40 
 
 1000 
 
 13 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 '50 
 
 00 
 
 151 
 
 2-00 
 
 2-50 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-50 
 
 4-00 
 
 4-51 
 
 5-00 
 
 550 
 
 6-00 
 
 1100 
 
 11 
 
 88 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 l-io 
 
 1-6.: 
 
 2-20 
 
 2-75 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-85 
 
 4-40 
 
 !!>.) 
 
 550 
 
 G-05 
 
 6-60 
 
 12(K) 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 1-20 
 
 !( 
 
 2-40 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-60 
 
 4-20 
 
 4 -SO 
 
 5-4< 
 
 6-00 
 
 6-60 
 
 7-20 
 
 1300 
 
 Hi 
 
 33 
 
 4') 
 
 65 
 
 .30 
 
 !!!.' 
 
 260 
 
 325 
 
 390 
 
 4-55 
 
 5-20 
 
 5->j 
 
 6-50 
 
 7-15 
 
 7-SO 
 
 1400 
 
 18 
 
 35 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 40 
 
 2-11 
 
 2-80 
 
 350 
 
 4-20 
 
 4-90 
 
 5-60 
 
 (): 
 
 7-00 
 
 7-70 
 
 840 
 
 1500 
 
 1!) 
 
 88 
 
 06 
 
 75 
 
 1-50 
 
 >"2:i 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-75 
 
 450 
 
 5-25 
 
 6-00 
 
 6-75 
 
 7-50 
 
 8-25 
 
 9-00 
 
 1600 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 1-60 
 
 2-l( 
 
 320 
 
 4-00 
 
 480 
 
 5-60 
 
 6-40 
 
 7-31 
 
 800 
 
 S-80 
 
 9-60 
 
 1700 
 
 .21 
 
 43 
 
 64 
 
 85 
 
 70 2-55 13-40 
 
 4-25 
 
 5-10 
 
 5-95 
 
 6-80 
 
 7-65 
 
 8-50 
 
 935 
 
 10 20 
 
 1800 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 68 
 
 90 
 
 L-80 2-70 3 60 
 
 4-50 
 
 5-40 
 
 5-30 
 
 7-20 
 
 6-K 
 
 9-00 
 
 9-90 
 
 1080 
 
 1900 
 
 21 1 -48 
 
 71 
 
 95 
 
 [-90 2-S5 3-80 
 
 4-75 
 
 5-70 
 
 
 7-60 
 
 "55 
 
 0-50 10-45! 11-40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 13-00 
 
 14-00 
 
 15-00 
 
 16-00 
 
 17-00 
 
 18-00 
 
 19-OC 
 
 20-00 
 
 25-00 j 30-00 
 
 40-00 
 
 50-00 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 C 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 It 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 1C 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 2S 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 40 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 1-00 
 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 75 
 
 1-00 
 
 t-35 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-50 
 
 70 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 
 ss 
 
 105 
 
 1-40 
 
 1-75 
 
 80 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-60 
 
 2-00 
 
 90 
 
 59 
 
 63 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 SI 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 1-13 
 
 1-35 
 
 ISO 
 
 2-25 
 
 100 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-50 
 
 2-00 
 
 2-50 
 
 200 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-40 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-60 
 
 1-70 
 
 160 
 
 190 
 
 2-00 
 
 250 
 
 3-00 
 
 4-00 
 
 5-00 
 
 300 
 
 1-95 
 
 2-10 
 
 2-25 
 
 2-40 
 
 2-55 
 
 2-70 
 
 2-85 
 
 3-00 
 
 375 
 
 4-50 
 
 6-00 
 
 7-50 
 
 400 
 
 2-60 
 
 2-80 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-20 
 
 340 
 
 3-60 
 
 3-80 
 
 4-00 
 
 5-00 
 
 6-00 
 
 8-00 
 
 1000 
 
 500 
 
 3-25 
 
 3-50 
 
 3-75 
 
 4-00 
 
 4-25 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-75 
 
 5-00 
 
 6-25 
 
 7-50 
 
 10-00 12-50 
 
 600 
 
 3-90 
 
 4-20 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-80 
 
 5-10 
 
 5-40 
 
 5-70 
 
 6-00 
 
 7-50 
 
 9-00 
 
 1-JOfl 1500 
 
 700 
 
 4-55 
 
 4-90 
 
 5"25 
 
 5-60 
 
 5-95 
 
 6-30 
 
 6-65 
 
 7-00 
 
 8-75 
 
 0-50 1 14-00 
 
 17-50 
 
 600 
 
 5-20 
 
 500 
 
 6-00 
 
 6-40 
 
 6-SO 
 
 7-20 
 
 7-60 
 
 8-00 
 
 10-00 1 
 
 2-00 16-00 
 
 JO 00 
 
 900 
 
 5-85 
 
 6-30 
 
 6-75 
 
 7-20 
 
 7-65 
 
 8-10 
 
 8-55 
 
 9-00 
 
 11-25 1 
 
 3-50 
 
 8-00 
 
 >>-50 
 
 loo:t 
 
 6-50 
 
 7-00 
 
 7-50 
 
 8-00 
 
 8-50 
 
 9-00 
 
 9-50 
 
 10-00 
 
 12-50 1 
 
 5-00 ' 
 
 .'ii-oo ->5 00 
 
 1100 
 
 7-15 
 
 7-70 
 
 S-25 
 
 8-80 
 
 9-35 
 
 9-90 
 
 10-45 
 
 11 00 
 
 13-75 1 
 
 6-50 ' 
 
 82-00 
 
 27-50 
 
 1200 
 
 7-80 
 
 8-40 
 
 900 960 
 
 10-20 
 
 10-80 
 
 11-40 
 
 12-00 
 
 15-00 ] 
 
 3-00 ' 
 
 M-00 , 
 
 JO-00 
 
 1300 
 
 8-45 
 
 9-10 
 
 9-75 10-40 
 
 1-05 
 
 11-70 1235 
 
 1300 
 
 16-25 1 
 
 9-50 ' 
 
 JO-00 . 
 
 J2-50 
 
 1400 
 
 9-10 
 
 980 
 
 10-50 11-20 
 
 11-90 
 
 12-60 
 
 13-30 
 
 14-00 
 
 1750 21-00 ! 
 
 '-00 35-00 
 
 1.500 
 
 9-75 
 
 10-50 
 
 11-25 1200 
 
 12-75 
 
 13-50 
 
 14-25 
 
 15-00 
 
 1S-75 2 
 
 2-50 .' 
 
 10-00 | 37-50 
 
 1600 
 
 10-40 
 
 11-20 
 
 12-00 12-SO 13-60 
 
 1440 
 
 15-20 
 
 16-00 20-00 - 
 
 4-00 ; 
 
 (2-00 i 40-00 
 
 1700 
 
 11-05 
 
 11-90 
 
 12-75 13-60 
 
 14-15 
 
 15-30 16-15 
 
 17-00 21-25 25-50 .' 
 
 1-00:42-50 
 
 1800 
 
 11-70 
 
 1260 
 
 J3'30 14-40 
 
 5-30 
 
 16-20 17-10 
 
 18-00 22-50 27.00 36-00 ! 45-00 
 
 1900 
 
 l->35 13-30 
 
 14-25 15-20 16-15 i 17-10 18-05 1000 2375 2850 38-00 47-50
 
 READY RECKONER, 2240 LES. TO THE TON. 115 
 
 If the Xo. required is not in the Tables, add the amounts of two numbers together. 
 
 
 ct; ct* cts 8 ct S ct 
 
 g 
 
 ct Set Set Set S ct -S ct 
 
 S ct S cts 9 cts S cts 
 
 Lb*. 
 
 25 
 
 SO 
 
 75 1-00 2-00 ,3-00, 4-00 5'00 
 
 6-00 
 
 7-00 8-00 9-OC 
 
 10-00 
 
 11-00 1 12-00 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 -2 
 
 2 
 
 """3 
 
 ~^3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 4 
 
 !g 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 f- 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 r: 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 50 
 
 
 'i 
 
 > 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 60 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 70 
 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 2- 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 SO 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 3S 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 90 
 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 SB 
 
 3f 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 too 
 
 '1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 200 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1- 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 45 
 
 54 
 
 63 
 
 71 
 
 3( 
 
 89 
 
 98 
 
 1-07 
 
 300 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 67 
 
 80 
 
 94 
 
 1-07 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-47 
 
 1-61 
 
 400 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 54 
 
 -71 
 
 89 
 
 1-07 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-43 
 
 Mil 
 
 1-79 
 
 1-96 
 
 2-14 
 
 500 
 
 (i 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 c 
 
 7 
 
 -89 
 
 1-12 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-56 
 
 1-79 
 
 2-01 
 
 2-23 
 
 2-46 
 
 2-68 
 
 GOO 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 51 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 1-07 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-61 
 
 1-68 
 
 2-14 
 
 2-11 
 
 2-68 
 
 2-95 
 
 321 
 
 700 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 <;:; 
 
 94 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-56 1-37 
 
 2-19 
 
 2-50J 2-81 
 
 3-12 
 
 3-44 
 
 3-75 
 
 BOO 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 71 
 
 1-07 
 
 1-43 
 
 1-79 
 
 2-14 
 
 2-50 
 
 2-30 3-21 
 
 3-57 
 
 3-93 
 
 4-29 
 
 900 
 
 10 
 
 SO 
 
 -.'{0 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 1-2 
 
 1 
 
 1-01 
 
 2-01 
 
 2-41 
 
 2-81 
 
 3-21 
 
 3-C2 
 
 4-02 
 
 4-42 
 
 4-S2 
 
 1000 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 45 
 
 89 
 
 i-g 
 
 4 1-79 2-23 
 
 2-i)3 
 
 3-13 
 
 -57 
 
 4-02 
 
 4-40 
 
 4-91 
 
 5-36 
 
 1100 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 49 
 
 
 1-47 1-90 2-46 
 
 2-95 
 
 3-44 3-93 
 
 4-42 
 
 4-91 
 
 5-40 
 
 589 
 
 1200 
 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 40 
 
 54 1-07 
 
 1.C 
 
 1 
 
 2-14 2-68 [3-21 
 
 3-75 4-29 
 
 4-2 
 
 5-36 
 
 5-89 
 
 6-43 
 
 13IM) 
 
 M 
 
 29 
 
 41 
 
 5~ 1-10 
 
 1-7 
 
 1 
 
 2-32 2-90 
 
 3-48 
 
 4-06 4-64 
 
 5-22 
 
 5-80 
 
 6-33 
 
 6-96 
 
 1400 
 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 47 
 
 02 1-25 
 
 1-6 
 
 7 
 
 2-50 3.12 3 75 
 
 4-33 5-00 
 
 5-63 
 
 6-25 
 
 6-87 
 
 7-50 
 
 1500 
 
 17 
 
 33 
 
 fie 
 
 07 1-34 
 
 2-01 
 
 2-68 
 
 3-35 4-02 
 
 4-69 
 
 5-36 6-03 
 
 6-70 
 
 7-37 
 
 8-04 
 
 1000 
 
 la 
 
 36 
 
 51 
 
 71 1-43 
 
 2-14 
 
 2-80 
 
 3.57 
 
 4-23 5-00 
 
 5-71 
 
 0- 13 
 
 7-14 
 
 7-86 
 
 8-57 
 
 1700 
 
 19 
 
 38 
 
 57 
 
 70 1-52 
 
 2-2 
 
 - 
 
 3-03 
 
 3-79 4-56 I 5-31 
 
 i'07 
 
 (>-.'{ 
 
 7-59 
 
 8-35 
 
 9-11 
 
 1600 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 GO 
 
 30 l-(il 
 
 2-4 
 
 1 
 
 3-21 
 
 4-02 4-62 5-63 
 
 M3 
 
 7-2.J 
 
 8-04 
 
 8-84 
 
 9-64 
 
 1900 
 
 21 
 
 42 -64 -65 1-70 
 
 2-54 3-39 
 
 4-24 i 5-09 1 5-94 
 
 J-78 
 
 7-03 
 
 8-48 
 
 9-J3 10-18 
 
 2000 
 
 22 
 
 45 -67 -69 1-78 
 
 2-0 
 
 3 3-57 4-40 5-30 -0-25 
 
 "11 
 
 8-03 
 
 8-93 
 
 9-S2!10-71 
 
 2100 
 
 23 -47 -70 <)! 1-7 
 
 2\SI 13-75 : 4-09 ! 5-02 10-50 7-508-44 9-37 10-31 11-25 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 13-00 
 
 14-00 
 
 15-00 
 
 9 cts 
 16-00 
 
 S cts 
 17-00 
 
 $ cts 
 18-00 
 
 $eu 
 
 19-00 
 
 S cts 9 cts \ 
 20-00 21-00 
 
 8 cts 
 22-00 
 
 9 cts 
 23-00 
 
 24-00 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 ( 
 
 > 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 1C 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 K 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 2' 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 3( 
 
 
 3- 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 50 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 l>8 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 {3 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 
 5<i 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 53 
 
 56 
 
 59 
 
 6i 
 
 
 M 
 
 69 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 
 31 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 8C 
 
 
 at 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 loo 
 
 53 
 
 03 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 8S 
 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 1-03 
 
 1-07 
 
 200 
 
 1-16 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-34 
 
 1- 
 
 12 
 
 1-52 
 
 1-61 
 
 1-70 
 
 1-7S 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 1-96 
 
 2-05 
 
 2-14 
 
 300 
 
 1-74 
 
 1-88 
 
 2-01 
 
 2-14 
 
 2-28 
 
 2-41 
 
 2-54 
 
 2-OS 
 
 2-81 
 
 2-95 
 
 3-08 
 
 3-21 
 
 400 
 
 2-32 
 
 2-50 
 
 2-63 
 
 2- 
 
 36 
 
 3-04 
 
 3-21 
 
 3-39 
 
 3-57 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 3-93 
 
 4-11 
 
 4-29 
 
 500 
 
 2-90 
 
 3-13 
 
 3-35 
 
 3-57. 
 
 3-79 
 
 4-02 
 
 4-24 
 
 4-46 
 
 4-69 
 
 4-91 
 
 5-13 
 
 5-36 
 
 600 
 
 3-48 
 
 3-75 
 
 4-02 
 
 4-29| 4-55 
 
 4-82 
 
 5-09 
 
 5-3G 
 
 5-63 
 
 5-S9 
 
 6-16 
 
 6-43 
 
 700 
 
 4-00 
 
 4-38 
 
 4-69 
 
 5- 
 
 10 
 
 5-31 
 
 5-62 
 
 5-94 
 
 6-25 
 
 6 
 
 56 
 
 6-87 
 
 7-19 
 
 7-50 
 
 800 
 
 4-64 
 
 5-00 
 
 5-36 
 
 571 
 
 6-07 
 
 6-43 
 
 6-79 
 
 7-14 
 
 7-50 
 
 7-66 
 
 8-21 
 
 8-57 
 
 900 
 
 5-22 
 
 5-63 
 
 6-03 
 
 6-43 
 
 6-83 
 
 7-23 
 
 7-63 
 
 S-04 
 
 8-44 
 
 8-84 
 
 9-24 
 
 9-64 
 
 1000 
 
 5-80 
 
 6-25 
 
 6-70 7-14 
 
 7-59 
 
 8-04 
 
 8-48 
 
 8-93 
 
 9-38 
 
 9-82 
 
 10-27 
 
 10-71 
 
 1100 
 
 6-38 
 
 6-88 
 
 7-37 7-f 
 
 -o 
 
 8-35 
 
 8-84 
 
 9-33 9-82 10 
 
 31 1 
 
 0-0 
 
 11-29 11-79 
 
 1200 
 
 6-96 
 
 7-50 
 
 8-04 
 
 8-, 
 
 57 
 
 9-11 9-64 10-19 10-71 11 
 
 25 11-79 12-32 12-SC 
 
 1300 
 
 7-54 
 
 8-13 
 
 8-70 
 
 9-23 
 
 9-87 10-45 11-03 11-61 12-19 12-77 13-35 13-93 
 
 1400 
 
 8-12 
 
 8-75 
 
 9-37 : 10-1 
 
 X) 
 
 10-02 
 
 11-25 11-87 12-50 13 
 
 13 13-75 14-37 15-00 
 
 1500 
 
 8-70 
 
 9-38 10-04 10-71 
 
 11-33 
 
 12-05 12-72 13-39 14-00 14-73 15-40 1 16-07 
 
 1000 
 
 9-28 
 
 10-00 
 
 10-71 llv 
 
 
 12-14 112-86 13-57 14-23 15 
 
 00 15-71 10-43 17-14 
 
 1700 
 
 9-86 
 
 10-03 11-33 12- 
 
 4 
 
 l-J-90 13-06 14-42 15-13 15 
 
 94 10-70 17-45 18-21 
 
 1300 
 
 10-44 
 
 11-25 12-0.3 12-.- 
 
 6 
 
 13-66 14-40 15-27 10-07 10-33 17-03 18-4'3 19-29 
 
 1900 
 
 11-03 
 
 11 12-72 13-. 
 
 7 
 
 14-42 15-27 1(3-12 10-90 17 
 
 SI 18-60 19-51 20-36 
 
 2000 
 
 11-01 12-50 13-39 14-, 
 
 9 
 
 15-13 10-07 10-96 17-66 18' 
 
 75 19-64 ; 20-53 21 43 
 
 2100 
 
 12-19 13-13 14-00 15-00 
 
 15-94 10-87 17-81 : 18-75 19-09 20-02 21 -5 i 22-50
 
 116 READY RECKONER, 2240 LBS. TO THE TON. 
 
 If the article cost $12-50 per ton, add the amounts under $12. and 50 cents icgetner. 
 
 
 $ ets 
 
 8 cts 
 
 $ cts 
 
 S cts 
 
 $ cts 
 
 $ cts $ ets 
 
 $ CM 
 
 S ets $ cts 
 
 $ cts 
 
 $ eta 
 
 u>$. 
 
 25-00 
 
 26-00 
 
 27-00 
 
 23-00 
 
 29-00 
 
 30-00 
 
 31-00 
 
 32-00 
 
 33-00 
 
 34-00 
 
 35-00 
 
 36-00 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 84 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 .63 
 
 65 
 
 67 
 
 69 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 94 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 94 
 
 97 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-03 
 
 1-06 
 
 109 
 
 1-12 
 
 80 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 96 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-04 
 
 1-07 
 
 Ml 
 
 M4 
 
 MB 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-29 
 
 90 
 
 roe 
 
 1-04 
 
 1-03 
 
 1-13 
 
 1-16 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-29 
 
 1-33 
 
 1-37 
 
 1-41 
 
 1-45 
 
 100 
 
 1-12 
 
 1-16 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-29 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-38 
 
 1-43 
 
 1-47 
 
 1-52 
 
 1-56 
 
 1-61 
 
 200 
 
 2-23 
 
 2-32 
 
 2-41 
 
 2-50 
 
 2-59 
 
 2-68 
 
 2-77 
 
 2-86 
 
 2-94 
 
 3-04 
 
 3-12 
 
 3-21 
 
 300 
 
 3-35 
 
 3-48 
 
 3-62 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-88 
 
 4-02 
 
 4-15 
 
 4-29 
 
 4-41 
 
 4-55 
 
 4-69 
 
 4-88 
 
 400 
 
 446 
 
 4-64 
 
 4-82 
 
 5-00 
 
 5-18 
 
 5-36 
 
 5-54 
 
 5-71 
 
 5-89 
 
 6-07 
 
 6-25 
 
 S-43 
 
 500 
 
 5-58 
 
 5-80 
 
 6-03 
 
 6-25 
 
 6-47 
 
 6-70 
 
 6-92 
 
 7-14 
 
 7-37 
 
 7-59 
 
 7-81 
 
 8-04 
 
 600 
 
 670 
 
 6-96 
 
 7-23 
 
 7-50 
 
 7-77 
 
 8-04 
 
 8-30 
 
 8-57 
 
 8-84 
 
 9-11 
 
 9-33 
 
 9-04 
 
 700 
 
 7-81 
 
 8-12 
 
 8-44 
 
 8-75 
 
 9-06 
 
 J-37 
 
 9-69 
 
 10-00 
 
 10-31 
 
 10-62 
 
 10-94 
 
 11 25 
 
 800 
 
 8-93 
 
 9-29 
 
 964 
 
 10-00 
 
 10-36 
 
 10-71 
 
 11-07 
 
 11-43 
 
 11-79 
 
 12-14 
 
 12-50 
 
 12- S6 
 
 900 
 
 10-04 
 
 10-45 
 
 10-85 
 
 11-25 
 
 11-65 
 
 12-05 
 
 12-46 
 
 12-86 
 
 13-26 
 
 13-66 
 
 14-06 
 
 11-46 
 
 1000 
 
 11-16 
 
 11-61 
 
 12-05 
 
 12-50 
 
 12-95 
 
 13-39 
 
 13-84 
 
 14-29 
 
 14-73 
 
 15-13 
 
 15-63 
 
 16-07 
 
 1100 
 
 12-28 
 
 12-77 
 
 13-26 
 
 13-75 
 
 14-24 
 
 14-73 
 
 15-22 
 
 15-71 
 
 16-21 
 
 16-70 
 
 17-19 
 
 17-68 
 
 1200 
 
 13-39 
 
 13-93 
 
 14-46 
 
 15-00 
 
 15-54 
 
 16-07 
 
 16-61 
 
 17-14 
 
 17-68 
 
 18-21 
 
 1375 
 
 1929 
 
 1300 
 
 14-51 
 
 15-09 
 
 15-67 
 
 16-25 
 
 16-83 
 
 17-41 
 
 17-99 
 
 18-57 
 
 19-15 
 
 19-73 
 
 20-31 
 
 2089 
 
 1400 
 
 16-62 
 
 16-25 
 
 16-87 
 
 17-50 
 
 18-12 
 
 13-75 
 
 19-37 
 
 20-00 
 
 20-62 
 
 21-25 
 
 21-88 
 
 22-50 
 
 1500 
 
 16-74 
 
 17-41 
 
 18-03 
 
 18-75 
 
 19-42 20-09 
 
 20-76 
 
 21-43 
 
 22-10 
 
 2-2-77 
 
 2344 
 
 24-11 
 
 1600 
 
 17-86 
 
 18-57 
 
 19-23 
 
 20-00 
 
 20-71 21 43 1 22-14 
 
 22-86 
 
 23-57 
 
 21-2-i 
 
 2500 
 
 25-71 
 
 1700 
 
 1897 
 
 19-73 
 
 20-49 
 
 21-25 22-00 22-77 
 
 23-53 
 
 24-23 
 
 25-04 
 
 25-80 
 
 26-56 273-, 
 
 1800 
 
 20-03 
 
 20-89 
 
 21-70 
 
 22-50 
 
 23-30 
 
 24-11 
 
 24-91 
 
 25-71 
 
 26-52 27-32 
 
 23-13 
 
 2S-93 
 
 1900 
 
 21-20 
 
 22-05 
 
 22-90 
 
 23-75 
 
 24-60 
 
 25-44 26-29 
 
 27-14 
 
 27-99 ! 28-84 
 
 2969 
 
 30-53 
 
 2000 
 
 22-32 123-21 21-10 
 
 25-00 
 
 25-9 
 
 26-78 ; 27-67 : 28-57 j 29-46 30-36 
 
 31-25 
 
 3214 
 
 2100 
 
 23-44 24-37 1 25-31 
 
 26-25 27-19 28-12 29-06 30-00 30-93 31-87 
 
 3-2-81 
 
 33-75 
 
 
 8 cts 
 
 $ cts 
 
 $ cts 
 
 9 cts 
 
 $ cts 
 
 $ ctt $ cts | $ cts $ cts 
 
 S cts 
 
 S cts 
 
 S cts 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 37-00 
 
 38-UO 
 
 39-00 
 
 40-00 
 
 41-00 
 
 42-00 
 
 43-00 
 
 44-00 
 
 45-00 
 
 SO'OO 
 
 5500 
 
 60-00 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 ~2~7 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 25 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 61 
 
 67 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 89 
 
 98 
 
 1-07 
 
 50 
 
 83 
 
 85 
 
 87 
 
 89 
 
 92 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-12 
 
 1-23 
 
 1-34 
 
 60 
 
 99 
 
 1-02 
 
 1-04 
 
 1-07 
 
 1-10 
 
 1-13 
 
 MS 
 
 1-18 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-47 
 
 1-61 
 
 70 
 
 116 
 
 1-19 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-28 
 
 1-31 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-37 
 
 1-41 
 
 1-56 
 
 1-72 
 
 1-87 
 
 80 
 
 1-32 
 
 1-36 
 
 1-39 
 
 1-43 
 
 1-46 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-54 
 
 1-57 
 
 1-61 
 
 1-79 
 
 1-96 
 
 2-14 
 
 90 
 
 1-49 
 
 1-53 
 
 1-57 
 
 1-61 
 
 1-65 
 
 1-69 
 
 1-73 
 
 1-77 
 
 1-81 
 
 2-01 
 
 2-21 
 
 2-41 
 
 100 
 
 1-65 
 
 1-70 
 
 1-74 
 
 1-79 
 
 1-33 
 
 1-88 
 
 1-92 
 
 1-96 
 
 2-01 
 
 2-23 
 
 2-46 
 
 2-63 
 
 200 
 
 330 
 
 339 
 
 3-43 
 
 3-57 
 
 3-66 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-84 
 
 3-93 
 
 4-02 
 
 4-46 
 
 491 
 
 5-36 
 
 300 
 
 4-96 
 
 5-09 
 
 5-22 
 
 5-36 
 
 5-49 
 
 5-63 
 
 576 
 
 5-89 
 
 6-03 
 
 6-70 
 
 7-37 
 
 8-04 
 
 100 
 
 6-61 
 
 6-79 
 
 6-96 
 
 7-14 
 
 7-32 
 
 7-50 
 
 7-63 
 
 7-86 
 
 8-04 
 
 8-93 
 
 9-8-2 
 
 10-71 
 
 500 
 
 826 
 
 8-48 
 
 8-71 
 
 8-93 
 
 9-15 
 
 9-38 
 
 9-60 
 
 9-82 
 
 10-04 
 
 11-16 
 
 1223 
 
 13-39 
 
 600 
 
 9-91 
 
 10-18 
 
 10-45 
 
 10-71 
 
 10-98 
 
 11-25 
 
 11-52 
 
 11-79 
 
 12-05 
 
 13-39 
 
 14-73 
 
 16-07 
 
 700 
 
 11-56 
 
 11-87 
 
 12-19 
 
 12-50 
 
 12-81 
 
 13-13 
 
 13-44 
 
 13-75 
 
 14-06 
 
 15-62 
 
 17-19 
 
 18-75 
 
 800 
 
 13-21 
 
 13-57 
 
 13-93 
 
 14-29 
 
 14-64 
 
 15-00 
 
 15-36 
 
 15-71 
 
 1607 
 
 17-6611964 
 
 21-43 
 
 900 
 
 14-87 
 
 1527 
 
 15-67 
 
 16-07 
 
 16-47 
 
 16-88 
 
 17-28 
 
 17-68 
 
 18-08 
 
 20-09 
 
 22-10 
 
 2-1-11 
 
 1000 
 
 16-52 
 
 16-96 
 
 17-41 
 
 17-86 
 
 18-30 
 
 1875 
 
 1920 
 
 19-64 
 
 2009 
 
 2232 
 
 24-55 
 
 26-79 
 
 IKK) 
 1200 
 
 18-17 
 19-82 
 
 18-66 
 20-36 
 
 19-15 
 
 20-8!) 
 
 19-64 20-13 20-63 
 21-43 21-96 22-50 
 
 21-12 
 23-04 
 
 21-61 
 2357 
 
 22-10 
 24-11 
 
 24-55 
 26-79 
 
 27-01 
 2946 
 
 29-46 
 32-14 
 
 1300 
 
 21-47 
 
 2205 
 
 22-63 
 
 23-21 23-79 124-33 
 
 24-95 
 
 25-53 
 
 26-12 
 
 29-02 3192 
 
 34 2 
 
 1400 
 
 23-12 
 
 23-75 
 
 24-37 
 
 25-00 25-02 126 -25 '26-87 
 
 27-50 
 
 28-12 
 
 31-25 34-37 
 
 37-50 
 
 1500 
 
 2478 
 
 25-45 
 
 26-12 
 
 26-79 27-45 
 
 28-13 
 
 28-79 
 
 29-46 
 
 30-13 
 
 33-48 3683 
 
 40-18 
 
 1600 
 
 26-43 
 
 27-14 27-86 
 
 28-57 29-23 
 
 30-00 
 
 30-71 
 
 31-43 
 
 32-14 
 
 35-71 39-28 
 
 42-86 
 
 170(1 
 1800 
 
 28-08 
 29-73 
 
 28-84 29-60 130-36 |31-12 31-88 
 30-54 31-31 32-14 32-95 33-75 
 
 32-63 
 34-55 
 
 33-39 34-15 
 35-36 36-16 
 
 37-95 
 40-18 
 
 41-74 
 44-20 
 
 45-53 
 48-21 
 
 1000 
 
 31-38 
 
 3-2-23 33-08 33-93 31-73 35-63 30-47 i 37-32 3S-17 
 
 4-2-41 
 
 40-65 50-89 
 
 21100 
 
 33-03 33-93 31-82 .15-71 36 -61 37-50 38-39 39-28 40-18 
 
 44-iil 49-11 53-57 
 
 21(10 
 
 34-63! 35-03 36-56 37-50.3- 14 39 33 -10-31 41-25 42-19146-87 5156:56-25
 
 READY RECKONER, BY THE PIECE, BUSHEL, &C. 117 
 
 READY RECKONER, to find the Price of any Number of Pounds, Yards, 
 
 Pieces, or Bushels, from 2 cents to $3-00. 
 The first column contain* the NUMBER, the top columns the PRICES. 
 
 Nos2ct.3ct |4 ct. 5 c.|6 ct. 
 
 61 c. 
 
 let. Set. : 9ct. \lOct. llct. 
 
 2cM24cM3ct. 
 
 14 ct. 
 
 ~2 
 
 4 
 
 6l 
 
 8 -1C 
 
 ) -12 
 
 "124 
 
 "HI 
 
 16 
 
 IS 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 ~S 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 91 
 
 12 -11 
 
 . -18 
 
 133 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 374 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 -2< 
 
 ) -24 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 -20 -2; 
 
 30 
 
 3]i 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 624 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 21 -3( 
 
 36 
 
 37i 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 21 -23 
 
 42 
 
 43| 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 03 
 
 70 
 
 -77 
 
 84 
 
 87J 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 8 
 
 l(i 
 
 24 
 
 32 -4( 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-04 
 
 i-I2 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 27 -36 -4i 
 
 54 
 
 561 
 
 03 
 
 72 
 
 81 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
 1-08 
 
 1-124 
 
 1-17 
 
 1-26 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 10 -5( 
 
 60 
 
 624 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 1)0 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-10 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-40 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 14 -5, 
 
 66 
 
 68' 
 
 77 
 
 88 
 
 99 
 
 MO 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-32 
 
 1-374 
 
 1-43 
 
 1-54 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 36 -48 -6( 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 84 
 
 96 
 
 03 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-32 
 
 1-44 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-56 
 
 1-68 
 
 13 
 
 26 -3!) -52 -C; 
 
 78 
 
 811 
 
 91 
 
 1-04 
 
 17 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-43 
 
 1-56 
 
 1-624 
 
 1-69 
 
 1-82 
 
 14 
 
 28 -42 
 
 36 -71 
 
 .84 
 
 874 
 
 98 
 
 M2 
 
 20 
 
 1-40 
 
 1-54 
 
 1-68 
 
 1-75 
 
 1-82 
 
 1-96 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 SO! -7 
 
 90 
 
 93| 
 
 1-05 
 
 1-20 
 
 35 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-65 
 
 1-80 
 
 1-874 
 
 1-95 
 
 2-10 
 
 1G 
 
 32 
 
 48 -64 j -8( 
 
 96 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-12 1-28 
 
 44 
 
 160 
 
 1-70 
 
 1-92 
 
 2-00 
 
 208 
 
 2-24 
 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 51 
 
 58 -Si 
 
 1-02 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-19 1-36 1-53 
 
 1-70 
 
 1-87 
 
 2-04 
 
 2-124 
 
 2-21 
 
 2-38 
 
 13 
 
 3fl 
 
 54 
 
 72 -9( 
 
 1-OS 
 
 1-12J 
 
 1-26 
 
 1-44 1 1-62 
 
 1-80 
 
 1-98 
 
 216 
 
 2-25 
 
 2-34 
 
 2-52 
 
 19 
 
 38 
 
 57 
 
 76 -K 
 
 1-14 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-33 
 
 1-52 1-71 
 
 1-90 
 
 2-09 
 
 2-28 
 
 2-374 
 
 2-47 
 
 2-66 
 
 21) 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 30 1-0( 
 
 11-20 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-40 
 
 1-60 j 1-80 
 
 2-00 
 
 2-20 
 
 240 
 
 2-50 
 
 2.60 
 
 2-80 
 
 21 
 
 42 
 
 63 -84 1-K 
 
 >l-26 
 
 1-311 
 
 1-47 
 
 1-68 1-89 
 
 2-10 
 
 2-31 
 
 2-52 
 
 2-624 
 
 2-73 
 
 2-94 
 
 2-2 
 
 41 
 
 66 
 
 B81-H 
 
 ) 1-32 
 
 l-37i 
 
 1-54 
 
 1-76 1-98 
 
 2-20 
 
 2-42 
 
 264 
 
 2-75 
 
 2-86 
 
 3-08 
 
 S3 
 
 48 
 
 69 -92 1-K 
 
 )1-3S 
 
 1-43 f 
 
 1-61 
 
 1-84 2-07 
 
 2-30 
 
 2-53 
 
 2-76 
 
 2-874 
 
 2-99 
 
 3-22 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 72 
 
 90 l-2( 
 
 ) 1-44 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-68 
 
 1-92 2-16 
 
 2-40 
 
 2-04 
 
 2-88 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-12 
 
 3.36 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 751- 
 
 00 1-2, 
 
 il-50 
 
 1-561 
 
 1-75 
 
 2-00,2:25 
 
 2-50 
 
 2-75 
 
 3-00 3-124 
 
 3-25 
 
 3-50 
 
 30 
 
 GO 
 
 90' 1-20 !l-5( 
 
 11-80 
 
 1-S7| 
 
 2-10 
 
 2-40 2-70 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-30 
 
 360 3-75 
 
 3-90 
 
 4-20 
 
 40 
 
 SO 1-20 1- 
 
 (HV2-002-40 
 
 2-50 
 
 2-80 
 
 3-20 !3-60 
 
 4-00 
 
 4-40 
 
 480 5-00 
 
 5-20 
 
 5-60 
 
 50 
 
 1.00 1-50 2-00 2-5( 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-124 
 
 3-50 
 
 4-00 :4-50 
 
 5-00 5-50 
 
 6-00 6-25 
 
 6-50 
 
 7-00 
 
 GO 
 
 1-20 1-80 2- 
 
 40 3- 
 
 3-60 
 
 3-75 
 
 4-20 
 
 4-80 5-40 
 
 6-00 6-60 
 
 7-20 7-50 
 
 7-80 
 
 8-40 
 
 70 
 
 1-40 2-10 2-80 3-5(1 4-20 
 
 4-374 
 
 4-90 
 
 5-60 6-30 
 
 7-00 
 
 7-70 
 
 8'40 8-75 
 
 9-10 
 
 9-80 
 
 SO 
 
 1-60 2-40 3- 
 
 20 4-00 4 -SO 
 
 5-00 
 
 5-60 
 
 6-40 7-20 
 
 8-00 
 
 8-80 
 
 9-60 10-00 
 
 10-40 
 
 11-20 
 
 90 
 
 1. SO 2-70 3-00 4'50 5-40 
 
 5-621 
 
 6-30 7'20!S-10 
 
 9-00 9-90 
 
 LO-80I1-25 
 
 11-70 
 
 12-60 
 
 100 
 
 2-00 3-0(1 4-0(1 5-00 (i-00 G-25" 
 
 7-00 8-00 9.00 
 
 10-00 ! 11-00 
 
 2-00 12-50 13-00 
 
 14-00 
 
 Jfoi 
 
 15 ct. Wet. 
 
 17 ct. IS ct. 
 
 18J ct. 
 
 19 ct.Wct. 21 ct. 22 ct. 23 ct 
 
 24 ct. 25 ct. 
 
 26 ct. 
 
 27 ct. 
 
 2 
 
 30 -32 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 374 
 
 38 -41 
 
 42 -4 
 
 I -4( 
 
 > -48 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 48 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 so 
 
 5' 
 
 C( 
 
 63 -fi 
 
 5 -61 
 
 > -TS 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 4 
 
 00 -64 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 70 -8C 
 
 84 -Si 
 
 3 -95 
 
 ' -9C 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-04 
 
 1-08 
 
 5 
 
 75 -SO 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 93| 
 
 05j 1-OC 
 
 1-05 1-K 
 
 ) 1-1 
 
 1-2C 
 
 123 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-35 
 
 6 
 
 90 -90 
 
 1-02 
 
 1-08 
 
 1-123 
 
 1-14 1-2C 
 
 1-26; 1-3! 
 
 1-35 
 
 1-44 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-56 
 
 1-69 
 
 7 
 
 1-05 1-12 
 
 1-19 
 
 1-26 
 
 1-31J 
 
 1-33! 1-4C 
 
 1-47 l-# 
 
 1-61 
 
 1-QS 
 
 1-75 
 
 1-88 
 
 1-89 
 
 8 
 
 1-20 1-28 
 
 1-3G 
 
 1-44 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-52 1-6C 
 
 1-68 l-7( 
 
 , 1-S4 
 
 19S 
 
 2-00 
 
 2-08 
 
 2-16 
 
 9 
 
 1-35 1-44 
 
 1-53 
 
 1-62 
 
 1-68? 
 
 1-71 
 
 1-8C 
 
 1-89 1-9J 
 
 ! 2-07 
 
 2-Ifi 
 
 2-25 
 
 2-34 
 
 2-43 
 
 10 
 
 1-50 1-00 
 
 1-70 
 
 1-80 
 
 1-87J 
 
 1-9C 
 
 2-OC 
 
 2-10 2'2( 
 
 ) 2-3C 
 
 2-4C 
 
 2-50 
 
 a-oo 
 
 2-70 
 
 11 
 
 1-65 1-76 1-87 
 
 198 
 
 2-OOj 
 
 2-0 
 
 2-2(1 
 
 2-31 2-4'< 
 
 2-53 
 
 2-64 
 
 2-75 
 
 2 SO 
 
 2-97 
 
 12 
 
 1--H 1-92 
 
 2-04 
 
 9-16 
 
 2-35 
 
 2-2S 
 
 2-4C 
 
 2-52 2-04 
 
 2-76 
 
 2-8S 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-12 
 
 3-24 
 
 13 
 
 1-95 2-08 
 
 231 
 
 2-34 
 
 2-433 
 
 2-47 
 
 2-60 
 
 2-73 2-8( 
 
 9-91 
 
 3-12 
 
 3-25 
 
 3-38 
 
 3-51 
 
 14 
 
 2-10 2-24 
 
 2-38 
 
 2-52 
 
 2-624 
 
 2-6C 
 
 2-80 
 
 2-94 3-Of 
 
 S-i'2 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-50 
 
 3-64 
 
 3-78 
 
 15 
 
 2-25 2-40 
 
 2-55 
 
 2-70 
 
 2-811 
 
 2-85 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-15 3-3( 
 
 3-45 
 
 3-6( 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-90 
 
 4-05 
 
 Ifi 
 
 2-40 2-56 
 
 2-72 
 
 2-88 
 
 3-00 
 
 3-04 
 
 3-20 
 
 3-36 3-51 
 
 3-OS 
 
 3-S4 
 
 4-00 
 
 4-16 
 
 4-32 
 
 17 
 
 2-5, 
 
 i 2-72 
 
 2-89 
 
 306 
 
 3-183 
 
 3-23 
 
 3-40 
 
 3-57 3-74 
 
 3-91 
 
 4-09 
 
 4-25 
 
 4-42 4-59 
 
 IS 
 
 2-71 
 
 ) 2-88 
 
 300 
 
 3-24 
 
 3-3/4 
 
 3-42 
 
 3-60 
 
 3-78 3-9C 
 
 4-14 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-68 
 
 4-86 
 
 19 
 
 2-K 
 
 i 3-04 
 
 3-23 
 
 3-42 
 
 3-561 
 
 3-61 
 
 3-80 
 
 3-99 4-15 
 
 4-37 
 
 4-56 
 
 4-751 4-94 
 
 5-13 
 
 90 
 
 3-00 3-20 
 
 3-40 
 
 3-60 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-80 4-00 
 
 4-90 4-4C 
 
 4-Gf 
 
 4-80 
 
 5-00! 5-20 5-40 
 
 21 
 
 3-15 3-36 
 
 3-57 
 
 3-78 
 
 3-933 
 
 3-99 4-80 
 
 4-41 ! 4-6i 
 
 4-83 
 
 5-04 
 
 5-25 5-46 
 
 5 67 
 
 23 
 
 3-30! 3-52 
 
 3-74 
 
 3-96 
 
 4-12i 
 
 4-18 4-40 
 
 4-62 4-84 
 
 s-oe 
 
 5-1S 
 
 5-50 
 
 5-72 5-94 
 
 23 
 
 3-45 3-GS 
 
 3-91 
 
 4-14 
 
 4-31J 
 
 4-37 4-60 
 
 4-S3 1 5-00 5-20 
 
 5-521 5-75 
 
 5-98 6-21 
 
 24 
 
 3'GO 3-84 
 
 4-08 
 
 4-32 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-56! 4-80 
 
 5-04. 5 23 5-5-, 
 
 5-76 0-00 6-24! 6-49 
 
 25 
 
 3-75; 4-00 
 
 425 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-683 
 
 4-75! 5-00 
 
 5-25 5-50i 5-75 
 
 6-00 6'25 6-50 6-75 
 
 3(1 
 
 4-50! 4-80 
 
 5-10 
 
 5-40 
 
 5-624 
 
 5-70 6-00 
 
 6-30 6.00! (i.OOl 7.20, 7-50 
 
 7-80 8-10 
 
 4(1 
 
 6-00 6-40 
 
 6-80 
 
 7-20 
 
 7-50 
 
 7-60, 8-1 
 
 8-40! 8.30! 9.20 9.60 10-00 
 
 10-40 10-80 
 
 50 
 
 7-50 8-00 
 
 8-50 
 
 9-00 
 
 9-37i 9-50 10-00 10-50 11-00 11-50 12-00 12-50 13 00 13-50 
 
 GO 
 
 9-00 9-60 
 
 10 20 10-80 11-25' 11-40 12-00 12-60 13-20 13-80 14-40 15-00 13 60 10-20 
 
 70 
 
 10-50 11-20 11-90 12 60 13-124 13-30 14-00 14-70 15-40 1G-10 16-80 17-50 18 20 18-90 
 
 80 
 
 12-00 12-80 
 
 13'00 14-40 15 00 15-20 Ifl-Oil 10-SO 17-60 13-40 lfl-20 20-00 20-80 21-60 
 
 90 
 
 13-50 14-40 15-30 10-20 10-874 17-10 18-00' 18-90 19-80 20-70 21-6(1 22-5(1 23-40 24-30 
 
 100 
 
 15-00 10-00 17 00 IS'OO 1S-75 19-00 20-00 21-00 22-00 23-00 24-00 25-00 20-00 27-00
 
 118 
 
 READY RECKONER, BY THE PIECE, BUSHEL, &C. 
 
 The first column on ihe left contains the NUMBER of the Article, and the column 
 on the tops of the Tables, the PRICE. 
 
 A'o* 
 
 2.9 ct. 29 ct 30 ct. 
 
 31 ct 311 ct.3-2 ct. 33 ct. 
 
 33ct.j34c*. 35 ct. 
 
 36 ct. 37 ct. 37J ct. 
 
 2 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 .60 
 
 62 
 
 624 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 66} 
 
 68 
 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 -84 
 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 93 
 
 93] 
 
 96 
 
 99 
 
 1.00 
 
 1-02 
 
 1-05 
 
 1-03 
 
 Ml 
 
 1-124 
 
 4 
 
 1-12 
 
 1-16 
 
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 READY RECKONER, BY THE PIECE, BUSHEL, &C. 
 
 119 
 
 The first column on the left contains the NUMBER of the Article, and the column 
 on the tops of the Tables, the PRICE. 
 
 Kos 52 ct. 53 ct. ; 54 ct. 55 ct. 
 
 56 ct. 57 ct. 
 
 53 ct. 59 ct. 60 ct. 
 
 61 ct 62ct. i 62jct. 
 
 63 ct. 
 
 2 
 
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 1-08 1-10 
 
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 37-20 37-50 
 
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 36 40 37-10 
 
 37-80 38-50 139-20 
 
 39-90 40-60 41-30 
 
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 42-70 43-40 43 75 
 
 44-10 
 
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 41-60 42-40 
 
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 61-00 62-0062-50 
 
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 64 ct. 
 
 65 . 
 
 66 ct. 66| ct. 67 ct. 68 ct. 
 
 69 ct. ;70 ct. 71 ct. 
 
 72 ct. 73 ci. 
 
 74 ct 
 
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 9-90 
 
 10-00 
 
 10-05 
 
 10-20 
 
 10-35 110-50 
 
 10-65 
 
 10-80 
 
 10-95 
 
 11-1011-25 
 
 16 
 
 10-24 
 
 10-40 
 
 10-56 
 
 10-66i 
 
 10-72 
 
 10-88 
 
 11-04 11-20 
 
 11-36 
 
 11-52 
 
 11-68 
 
 11-84 
 
 12-00 
 
 17 
 
 10-88 
 
 11-05 
 
 11-22 
 
 ll-33i 
 
 11-39 
 
 11-56 
 
 11-73 11-90 
 
 12-07 
 
 12-24 
 
 12-41 
 
 12-53 
 
 12-75 
 
 18 
 
 11-52 
 
 11-70 
 
 11-88 
 
 12-00 
 
 12-06 
 
 12-24 
 
 12-42 12-60 
 
 12-78 
 
 12-96 
 
 13-14 
 
 13-32 
 
 13-50 
 
 19 
 
 12-16 
 
 12-35 
 
 12-54 
 
 12-661 
 
 12-73 
 
 12-92 
 
 13-11 13-30 
 
 13-49 
 
 f-'JS 13-87 
 
 14-06 
 
 14-25 
 
 20 
 
 12-80 
 
 13-00 
 
 13-20 
 
 13-33i 
 
 13-40 
 
 13-60 
 
 13-60 14-00 14-20 14--.0 14-60 
 
 14-60 
 
 1500 
 
 21 
 
 13-44 
 
 13-65 
 
 13-86 
 
 14-00 
 
 14-07 
 
 14-28 
 
 14-49 J14-70 14-91 15-12 15-33 
 
 15-54 15-75 
 
 22 
 
 14-08 
 
 14-30 
 
 14-52 14-66f 14-74 
 
 14-96 
 
 15-18 15-40 15-62 15-84 16-06 
 
 16-28 
 
 16-50 
 
 23 
 
 14-72 
 
 14-95 
 
 15-18 15-33} 15-41 
 
 15-64 
 
 15-87 16-10 16-33 16-56 1679 
 
 17-02 
 
 17-25 
 
 24 
 
 15-36 
 
 15-60 
 
 15-84 
 
 16-00 16-08 
 
 16-32 
 
 16-56 16-80 ; 17-04 17-28 1752 
 
 17-76 
 
 18-00 
 
 25 
 
 16-00 
 
 16-25 
 
 16-50 
 
 16-663 10-75 
 
 17-00 
 
 17-25 17-50 17-75 18-00 18-25 
 
 18-5018-75 
 
 30 
 
 19-20 
 
 19-50 
 
 19-80 20-00" 20-10 
 
 20-40 20-70 21-00 21-30 21-60 21-90 22-2022-50 
 
 40 
 
 25-60 
 
 26-00 26-40 <26-66| 26-80 
 
 27-20 27-60 28-00 28-40 28-30 29-20 29-60 
 
 30-00 
 
 50 
 
 32-00 
 
 32-50 33-00 33-33} a3-50 
 
 34-00 34-50 35-00 35-50 36-00 36-50 37-00 
 
 37-50 
 
 60 
 
 38-40 J39-00 39-60 
 
 40-00 40-20 
 
 40-80 
 
 41-40 42-00 |42-60 43-20 43-30 44-40 45-00 
 
 70 
 
 44-80 145-50 46-20 46-66| 46-90 
 
 47-60 43-30 49-00 411-70 50-JO 51-10 51-f-O 
 
 52 50 
 
 80 
 90 
 
 51-20 52-00 52-80 53-33f 53-00 54-40 55-20 56-00 56-PO 57-60 58-40 '59-20 60-00 
 57-60 58-50 59-40 60-00 60-30 61-20 62-10 63-00 63-90 64-SO 15-70 06-6067-50 
 
 100 
 
 64-00 65-00 00-00 00-663 07-00 63-00 69-00 70-00 71-00 72-00 /3-00 7-1-00 
 
 75-OUJ
 
 120 
 
 READY RECKONER, BY THE PIECE, BUSHEL, &C. 
 
 If the Number required is not found in the Tables, add two Numbers together; for 
 instance, if 35 bushels are required, add the prices opposite 30 and 5 together ; 
 and so for 305 bushels treble the value of 100, and add 00 and 5 together. 
 
 
 76 ct. 
 
 77 ct. 78 ct. 79 ct. 
 
 80 ct. SI rt. 
 
 82c/.'S3cl.84et. 85 ef. 8 
 
 Get. 67 . 87$ ct. Ssct. 
 
 2 
 
 1-5-2 
 
 1-54 
 
 1-50 
 
 1-58 
 
 1-60 
 
 1-02 
 
 1-64' 
 
 1-00 1-63 1-70 
 
 1-72! 1-74 1-7:3 1-76 
 
 3 
 
 2-28 
 
 2-31 
 
 2-34 
 
 2-37 
 
 2-40! 
 
 2-43 
 
 2-46 1 
 
 2-49 2-52 2-55 2-53 2-61 2-024 2-04 
 
 4 
 
 3-04 
 
 3-03, 
 
 3-12 
 
 3-10 
 
 3-20 
 
 3-24 
 
 3-23 
 
 3-32 3-30 3-40 
 
 344; 3-46 3-50 3-52 
 
 5 
 
 3-80 
 
 3-85 
 
 3-90 
 
 3-95 
 
 4-00 
 
 4-05 
 
 4-10 
 
 4-15 4-20 4-25 
 
 4-30 4-35! 4 -37 A 4-40 
 
 6 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-62 
 
 4-08 
 
 4-74 
 
 4-60 
 
 4-86 
 
 4-92 
 
 4-98 5-04 5-10 5-10 5-22 5-25* 5-2- 
 
 r 
 
 5-32 
 
 539 
 
 5-40 
 
 5-53 
 
 5-60 
 
 5-67 
 
 5-74 
 
 5-81 
 
 5-88 5-95 0-02 6-09: 6-12$ 6-16 
 
 8 
 
 6-08 
 
 6-16 
 
 6-24 
 
 6-32 
 
 6-40 
 
 6-48 
 
 6-56 
 
 0-01 0-7-2 0--0 
 
 5-83 6-96 7.00 
 
 7-04 
 
 9 
 
 G-84 
 
 0-93 
 
 7-02 
 
 7-11 
 
 7-20 
 
 7-29 
 
 7-38 
 
 7-47 
 
 7-50 7-05 7-71 7-83 7-7\ 
 
 7-02 
 
 10 
 
 7-00 
 
 7-70 
 
 7-80 
 
 7-90 
 
 8-00 
 
 810 
 
 8-20 
 
 8-30 8-40 8-50 
 
 3-60 8-70, 8-75 
 
 11 
 
 8-30 
 
 8-47 
 
 8-53 
 
 8-09 
 
 6-80 
 
 8-91 
 
 9-0-2! 
 
 9-13 9-24 9-35 1 9-40 9-57! 9-02$ 9'OS 
 
 12 
 
 912 
 
 9-24 
 
 9-36 
 
 9-48 
 
 9-60 
 
 9-72 
 
 9-84| 
 
 9-90 10-03 10-20 1 
 
 0-32 1(1-44 10-50 10-50 
 
 13 
 
 9-88 10-01 10-14 
 
 10-27 
 
 10-40 10-53 10-66 10- 79 10-92 11-05 11-18 11-31 11 -37 A 11-44 
 
 14 
 
 10-01 
 
 10-78 
 
 10-S)2 11-06 
 
 1 1-20 1 1-34 11-48,11-62 11-76 11-90 12-04 12-18 12-25 12-32 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 11-40 11 -55 11 -70 11 -85 
 12-10 1-2-32 12-43 12 04 
 
 12-00 12-15 12-30 12-45 12-60 12-75 12-90 13-05 13-12$ 13-20 
 12-80 12-96 13-1-2 13-2- 13-44 13-00 13-70 13-92 14-00 14-08 
 
 17 
 
 12-92 
 
 13-0913-20 13-4:3 
 
 13-00 13-77 
 
 13-94 14-11 14-28 14-4.3 14-02 14-79 14-.-7} 14-96 
 
 18 
 
 1:3-68 
 
 13-SO 
 
 14-04 
 
 14-22 
 
 14-40 
 
 14-58 
 
 14-70 
 
 14-9415-12 15-30 1 
 
 3-!- 15-06 15-75 15-84 
 
 19 
 
 1 1-44 1 1-03 14-82 15-01 
 
 15-20 1.3-39:15-53 15-77:15-90 16'15 16-34 10-5:3 10-02$ 10-72 
 
 20 
 
 15-20 
 
 15-40 
 
 15-60 
 
 15-80 
 
 10-00 
 
 10-20 
 
 16-40 
 
 16-60 10-80 17-00 1 
 
 7-20 17-40 17-50 17-00 
 
 21 
 2-2 
 
 15-90 10-17 10-33 16-59 
 10-72 10-94 17-16 17-38 
 
 llr-0 17-01 17-2-2 17-43 17-04 17-8.3 18'00 18-27 18-37A 18-48 
 17-OOI17-8-2 1-01 1-20 18-43 18-70 1S-92 19-1 1 19-25 19-36 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 17-48 
 18-24 
 19-00 
 
 17-71 17-94 18-17 
 18-48. 18-72 18-96 
 19-2.3 19-50 19-75 
 
 18-40 18-03 18-80 19-09 19-32 19-55 19-7820-01 20-12$ 20-24 
 19-20(19-44 19-GS, 19-92 20- 10 20-40 20-04 20-88 21-00 21-12 
 20-00 20-25 20-50 20-75 21-00 21-25 21-50 21-75 21-87$ 22-00 
 
 30 
 
 22-80 
 
 23-10 
 
 23-40 
 
 23-70 
 
 24-00 
 
 24-30 
 
 24-60 
 
 24-90)25-20 25-50 2 
 
 5-50 26- 10 26-25 26-40 
 
 40 
 
 30-40 
 
 30-80 
 
 31-20 
 
 31-60 
 
 32-00 
 
 32-40 
 
 32-80 
 
 3:3-20 33-00 34-00 3 
 
 1-40 34-80 35-00 35-20 
 
 50 
 
 :-ini 38-50.39-00 39-50 
 
 40-00 40-50 41-00 41-5042-00 42-50 43-00 '-I3-50 43-75 44-00 
 
 GO 
 70 
 
 45-60 46-20 46-80 47-40 
 53-20 53-90 54-60 55-30 
 
 48-00 48-00 49-20 49-8050-40 51-00 51-00 52-20 52-50 52-80 
 56-00 56-70 57-10 58-1053-80 59-50 60-20 60-90 61-25 61-00 
 
 SO 
 
 60-80 
 
 01-00 
 
 02-40 
 
 03-20 
 
 04-00 
 
 04-80 
 
 65-60 
 
 30- 40 67-20 68-00 6 
 
 -8069-6070-00 7(1-4(1 
 
 90 
 
 68-40 69-30 70-20 71-10 
 
 72-00 72-90 73-30 
 
 M-70 75-60 76-50 77-40 78-30 78-75 79-20 
 
 100 
 
 76- no 
 
 77-00 
 
 s-IIO 79-00 
 
 80-00 81 -00 82-00 8-3-00 84-00 85-00 86-00 87-00 87-50 88-00 
 
 ffos 
 
 39 ct. 
 
 90 ct. 
 
 91 ct. 
 
 92 ct. 93 ct. 
 
 94c*..95et. 
 
 96 ct. 
 
 97 ct. 98 ct. 
 
 99 ct. 
 
 81- $2. 
 
 S3. 
 
 2 
 
 1-78 
 
 1-SO 
 
 1-82 
 
 1-84 1-86 
 
 1-88 1-90 
 
 1-92 
 
 1-94 1-96 
 
 1-98 
 
 2 
 
 4- 
 
 6- 
 
 3 
 
 2-67 
 
 2-70 
 
 2-73 
 
 2-76 2-79 
 
 2-82 2-85 
 
 2-88 
 
 2-91 2-94 
 
 2-97 
 
 3- 
 
 6- 
 
 9- 
 
 4 
 
 3-56 
 
 3-60 
 
 3-64 
 
 3-68 3-72 
 
 3-76 3-80 
 
 3-84 
 
 3-88 3-92 
 
 3-96 
 
 4- 
 
 8- 
 
 IS- 
 
 5 
 
 4-45 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-55 
 
 4-60 4-65 
 
 4-70 
 
 4-75 
 
 4-80 
 
 4-85 4-90 
 
 4-95 
 
 5- 
 
 10- 
 
 IS- 
 
 6 
 
 5-34 
 
 5-40 
 
 5-40 
 
 5-5-2 5-5S 
 
 5-04 5-70 
 
 5-76 
 
 5-32 5-88 
 
 5-94 
 
 6- 
 
 12- 
 
 18- 
 
 7 
 
 6-23 
 
 6-30 
 
 6-37 
 
 6-44 6-51 
 
 6-59 
 
 6-6.3 
 
 6-72 
 
 6-79 6-86 
 
 6-93 
 
 7- 
 
 14- 
 
 21- 
 
 8 
 
 7-12 
 
 7-20 
 
 7-28 
 
 7-36, 7-44 
 
 7-52 7-60 
 
 7-68 
 
 7-76 7-84 
 
 7-92 
 
 8- 
 
 16- 
 
 24- 
 
 9 
 
 8-01 
 
 8-10 
 
 8-19 
 
 8-23 8-37 
 
 8-46 
 
 3-5,5 
 
 8-64 
 
 8-73 8-82 
 
 8-91 
 
 9- 
 
 18- 
 
 27- 
 
 10 
 
 8-90 
 
 9-00 
 
 9-10 
 
 9-20 9-30 
 
 9-40 9-50 
 
 9-60 
 
 9-70 9-80 
 
 9-90 
 
 10- 
 
 20- 
 
 30- 
 
 11 
 
 9-79 
 
 9-90 
 
 10-01 
 
 10-12 10-23 
 
 10-34 
 
 10-45 
 
 10-56 
 
 10-67 10-78 
 
 10-89 
 
 Il- 
 
 22- 
 
 33- 
 
 12 
 
 10-68 
 
 10-80 
 
 10-92 
 
 11-04 11-16 
 
 11-88 
 
 11-40 
 
 11-52 
 
 11-64 11-76 
 
 11-88 
 
 ia- 
 
 24- 
 
 36- 
 
 13 
 
 11-57 11-70 
 
 11-83 
 
 11-G6 12-09 12-2-2 12-35 12-4* 
 
 12-61 12-74 
 
 12-87 
 
 13- 
 
 20- 
 
 39- 
 
 14 
 
 12-46 
 
 12-60 
 
 12-74 
 
 12-88 13-02 
 
 13-16 
 
 13-30 
 
 13-44 
 
 13-53 13-72 
 
 13-86 
 
 14- 
 
 28- 
 
 42- 
 
 15 
 
 13-35 
 
 13-50 
 
 13-05 
 
 13-80 13-95 
 
 14-10 
 
 14-25 
 
 14-40 
 
 14-55 14-70 
 
 14-85 
 
 15- 
 
 30- 
 
 45 
 
 16 
 
 14-24 14-40 
 
 14-56 
 
 14-72 14-88' 15-04 15-20 15-36 
 
 15-52 15-68 
 
 15-84 
 
 16- 
 
 32- 
 
 43- 
 
 17 
 
 15-13 
 
 15-30 
 
 15-47 
 
 15-64 15-81 
 
 15-98 
 
 16-15 
 
 16-32 
 
 16-49 16-66 
 
 16-, S3 
 
 17- 
 
 34- 
 
 51 
 
 18 
 
 16-02 
 
 16-20 
 
 16-38 
 
 16-56 16-74 
 
 16-92 
 
 17.10 
 
 17-23 
 
 17-46 17-64 
 
 17-82 
 
 18- 
 
 36- 
 
 54 
 
 19 
 
 16-91 
 
 17-10 
 
 17-29 
 
 17-43 17-67 
 
 17-80 
 
 18-05 
 
 121 
 
 18-43 18-62 
 
 18-81 
 
 19- 
 
 38- 
 
 57 
 
 20 
 
 17-80 18-00 
 
 18-20 18-40 18-60 13-80 19-00 19-20 
 
 19-40 19-60 
 
 19-80 
 
 20- 
 
 40- 
 
 GO 
 
 21 
 
 18-69 
 
 18-90 
 
 19-11 
 
 19-32 19-53 
 
 19-74 
 
 19-95 
 
 20-16 20-37 20-53 
 
 20-79 
 
 21- 
 
 42- 
 
 63 
 
 22 
 
 19-58 
 
 19-80 
 
 20-02 
 
 20-24 20-40 
 
 20-68 
 
 20-90 
 
 21-1-2 21-3421-56 
 
 21-78 
 
 22- 
 
 44- 
 
 66 
 
 23 
 
 20-47 20-70 20-93 21-16 21-39 21-62 21-85 22-08 22-31 22-54 
 
 22-77 
 
 23- 
 
 46- 
 
 69- 
 
 24 
 
 21-36 
 
 21-60 
 
 21-84 
 
 22-03 22-32 
 
 22-50 
 
 22-80 
 
 23-04 23-23 23-52 
 
 23-76 
 
 24- 
 
 48- 
 
 72 
 
 25 
 
 22-25 
 
 22-50 
 
 22-75 
 
 23-00 23-25 
 
 23-50 
 
 23-75 
 
 *!4-00 24-25 24-50 
 
 24-75 
 
 25- 
 
 50- 
 
 75 
 
 30 
 
 26-70 
 
 27-00 
 
 27-30 
 
 27-60 27-90 
 
 23-20 
 
 23-50 
 
 28-80 29-10 29-40 
 
 29-70 
 
 30- 
 
 60- 
 
 90 
 
 40 
 
 35-60 36-00 36-40 36-80 37-20 37-60 38-00 38-40 
 
 38-80 39-20 39-60 
 
 40- 
 
 80- 
 
 120 
 
 50 
 
 44-50 
 
 45-00 
 
 45-50 
 
 46-00 46-50 
 
 47-00 
 
 47-50 
 
 43-00 48-50 49-00 
 
 49-50 50- 100- 150- 
 
 60 
 
 53-40 54-00 54-60 55-20 55-80 56-40 57-00 57-60 58-20 58-80 59-40 60' 120- 180- 
 
 70 
 
 82-30 
 
 63-00 
 
 03-70 
 
 64-40 65-10 
 
 65-80 
 
 06-50 
 
 67-20 67-90 03-00 
 
 69-30 70- 140- 210- 
 
 80 
 
 71-20 
 
 72-00 
 
 72-80 
 
 73-60 74-40 
 
 75-20 
 
 70-00 
 
 76-0 77-00 78-40 
 
 79-20 80- 160- 240- 
 
 90 
 
 30-10 
 
 81-00 
 
 81-90 
 
 82-80 83-70 
 
 84-60 
 
 85-50 
 
 86-40 '87-30 88-20 
 
 89-10 90- 180- 270- 
 
 too 
 
 ^9-00 90-00 91-00 192-00 93-00 94-00 95-00 96-00 97-00 98-00 99.00 100- 200- 300-
 
 WAGES TABLE, BY THE DAY AND MONTH. 
 
 121 
 
 i^!X)ocf}-rht"--Ci Ci^'iQbc) 'C'jiftod 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 '' 
 
 oocooooc^oooocp i c*Su5< 
 ' JL "Z* i !: .. I ? 55 < 
 
 
 
 oooooooooooooo 
 
 ooooooooooooooocooooooo 
 -- 
 
 ooooooooooooo 
 -^Tr-ofO ocMOQO'-^rr- 
 
 SSo 
 
 ooooooooooooooooooo 
 Sif^QOOC'jTr^ooocj'r^aoocM^'coX' 
 
 12 ?? 
 
 oooooooooooooooo 
 
 ' 
 
 D OO O 
 
 r* ? T 7* 
 
 9?? 
 
 S -^SS8rt^^55i88Sr*r^S*8S8o-^S5lS I ton a 
 
 * (AiM^inir^ciimo " r-3 f^ -rf 'lir^/^.rrici * Ai ^ ^ nt?5i^. I G^^h 1 
 
 
 ^c. 
 
 I OOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOO~OOOOOOOO 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 I CTT ^t- 2Z^ .!-: .-^^c^cjcjQi!7jSo* 
 
 5^000000000000000000000000 I 
 ioot > -too^ < coC'<-HociQOi^- iO"<j'r7d- i ^ociQor*-cctf3'^ [ cotoc 
 
 )cio-g 'T'? 1 ? 
 
 ' T) CM CN I 
 
 0000000000000000000000000 
 ^vrNOGp'-O-^CiOOpO-'TtytOap'O-TCIOOp^'TCTtOGp OOO 
 
 " <jin4 < ^'>/)5i-obdbdso- ; '(f!<f)co^roiii : -coc35O 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 o i^y--opipct3i-or50h-YT c P'?^'? : ? c ?9TTT?'{ :! J 1 
 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 ''- 
 
 ? 
 % 
 
 "3U> 
 
 rt O 
 
 23 
 JSS 
 3 
 
 J^ 
 
 Is 
 
 3 
 
 ll 
 
 BMA 
 
 11
 
 122 WAGES BY DAY AND WEEK FROM 50 CTS. TO $3 '25. 
 
 Days. 
 
 50 cts. 60 rt.'62J cM70 cts. 
 
 75 cts. 
 
 80 cts. 
 
 fc7iel. 
 
 SO cts. 
 
 Sl-00 
 
 SM2*S125 
 
 \ 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 64 
 
 '11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 -5} 
 
 83 
 
 3 
 
 64 
 9} 
 
 3; 
 6, 
 
 9; 
 
 71 
 
 102 
 
 a 
 
 11} 
 
 4 
 81 
 12* 
 
 % 
 
 14 
 
 51 
 
 10* 
 15* 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 81 
 16} 
 25 
 334 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 20 
 30 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 
 10, 
 20- 
 31. 
 41, 
 52 
 62* 
 
 111 
 23} 
 35 
 461 
 58} 
 70 
 
 12* 
 25 
 37* 
 50 
 62* 
 75 
 
 131 
 26* 
 40 
 531 
 66l 
 60 
 
 14* 
 29 
 433 
 
 58} 
 73 
 
 87* 
 
 15 
 30 
 45 
 60 
 75 
 90 
 
 16* 
 33} 
 50 
 66* 
 -83} 
 1-00 
 
 182 
 374 
 56} 
 75 
 932 
 1-12* 
 
 2(J| 
 41* 
 62* 
 S3} 
 1-04 
 1-25 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 1C 
 11 
 12 
 
 534 
 661 
 75 
 |34 
 
 i-oo 4 
 
 70 
 80 
 90 
 1-00 
 1-10 
 1-20 
 
 73 
 834 
 .932 
 1-04 
 1-14* 
 1-25 
 
 : 8 4 
 
 1-05 
 1-164 
 1-281 
 1-40 
 
 37* 
 1-00 
 1-12* 
 1-25 
 1-37* 
 1-50 
 
 931 
 1-06* 
 1-20 
 1-331 
 
 1-60 
 
 102 
 
 1-3U 
 1-452 
 
 1-75 
 
 1-05 
 1-20 
 1-35 
 1-50 
 1-65 
 1.80 
 
 1.16* 
 133} 
 1-50 
 1-66* 
 1-83} 
 200 
 
 1-311 
 1-50 
 1-682 
 1-874 
 2-Ofi} 
 2-25 
 
 1 45} 
 1-66* 
 
 2-084 
 2-29 
 2-50 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 13 
 
 1-084 
 1-16* 
 125 
 1-331 
 1-411 
 1-50 
 
 1-30 
 140 
 1-50 
 1-60 
 1-70 
 1-80 
 
 1-351 
 145J 
 1-56 
 1-66* 
 177 
 1.87J 
 
 1-51* 
 1-631 
 175 
 1-96* 
 198} 
 2-10 
 
 1-02* 
 1-75 
 1-87* 
 2-00 
 2-12* 
 2-25 
 
 1.731 
 1-86* 
 2-00 
 2-131 
 
 2-40 
 
 1-S9J 
 2-04 
 2-182 
 2331 
 2-48 
 262* 
 
 1-95 
 2-10 
 225 
 240 
 255 
 2-70 
 
 216* 
 233} 
 2-50 
 266* 
 2-83} 
 3-00 
 
 2-432 
 2-62] 
 2-81 } 
 3-00 
 3-1S3 
 3-37* 
 
 2-703 
 2-91* 
 3-12* 
 3-33} 
 3-54 
 3-75 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 1-581 
 1-66* 
 175 
 1-831 
 1-91* 
 200 
 
 190 
 200 
 2-10 
 2-20 
 230 
 240 
 
 1.972 
 2084 
 2 ISA 
 229 
 2-39* 
 2-50 
 
 2-214 
 2-33} 
 2-45 
 2-56* 
 268} 
 280 
 
 2-37* 
 250 
 2-62* 
 275 
 2 87* 
 3-00 
 
 2-531 
 2-66* 
 280 
 2931 
 3-06* 
 3-20 
 
 277 
 2-91* 
 3C6} 
 3-2C| 
 3-35} 
 3-50 
 
 2-85 
 3-00 
 3-15 
 330 
 345 
 3-60 
 
 3-161 
 3-33} 
 3-50 
 3-66* 
 3-83} 
 4-00 
 
 3-561 
 3-75 
 3-933 
 4-12* 
 4-31} 
 4-50 
 
 3-952 
 4-164 
 4-371 
 4-58} 
 4-79 
 5-00 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 2081 
 2-16* 
 2-25 
 2-331 
 
 250 
 2.60 
 270 
 2-80 
 
 2601 
 270| 
 2-81 
 291* 
 
 291* 
 303} 
 3-15 
 
 326* 
 
 3-12* 
 325 
 3-37* 
 3-50 
 
 3331 
 346* 
 3-60 
 3-731 
 
 3-64* 
 3-79 
 
 4-08} 
 
 3-75 
 3-90 
 4-05 
 4-20 
 
 4-16* 
 4-331 
 4-50 
 
 4-66* 
 
 4-6S2 
 4-874 
 5-06J 
 5-25 
 
 5-203 
 5-42 
 5-621 
 5-63} 
 
 Days. 
 
 SI -37* 81-50 
 
 $1-62* 81-75 
 
 $l-S7*i$2-00 IS2-25 
 
 S2-50 
 
 $2-75 .*3-dO 
 
 $3-25 
 
 27 
 
 40* 
 
 11; 
 
 /64 
 
 &' 
 13 
 201 
 
 14' 
 21; 
 
 .75 
 15, 
 233 
 
 81 
 25 
 
 2S" 
 
 10* 
 20| 
 31} 
 
 11* 
 23 
 341 
 
 12* 
 25 
 37* 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 23 
 46 
 682 
 91* 
 1-14* 
 1-37* 
 
 25 
 50 
 75 
 1-00 
 1-25 
 1-50 
 
 27 
 54 
 
 814 
 I-08J 
 V35J 
 1-62J 
 
 29 
 581 
 87* 
 1-161 
 1-453 
 1-75 
 
 314 
 62J 
 93J 
 1-25 
 1-564 
 1-87* 
 
 664 
 1-00 
 1-334 
 1-661 
 2-00" 
 
 37j 
 75 
 1-12* 
 1-50 
 
 1-87* 
 2-25 
 
 414 
 83} 
 1-25 
 1-66* 
 2-08} 
 2-50 
 
 453 
 914 
 1-37J 
 
 1-83} 
 2-29 
 2-75 
 
 50 
 1-00 
 1-50 
 2-00 
 2-50 
 3-00 
 
 54 
 
 1-081 
 1-624 
 2-16* 
 2-703 
 325 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 1-60, 
 l-83i 
 2-06; 
 2-29 
 2-52 
 2-75 
 
 1-75 
 2-00 
 2-25 
 2-50 
 2-75 
 3-00 
 
 1-89* 
 2-l<>; 
 
 2-70: 
 2-98 
 3-25 
 
 2-04 
 2-331 
 2-62* 
 2-91* 
 3-202 
 3-50 
 
 2-182 
 2-50 
 2-811 
 3-124 
 3-432 
 3-75 
 
 2-331 
 2-66* 
 3-00 
 3-334 
 3-66* 
 4-00 
 
 2-62* 
 3-00 
 3-37* 
 3-75 
 4-12* 
 4-50 
 
 2-91* 
 3-334 
 3-75 
 4-16J 
 4-581 
 5-00 
 
 3-202 
 3-664 
 4-12* 
 4-58} 
 5-04 
 5-50 
 
 4-00 
 4-50 
 5-00 
 5-50 
 6-00 
 
 3-79 
 4-334 
 4-S71 
 5-411 
 5-953 
 6-50 
 7-0-1 
 7-581 
 8-12i 
 S-Glii 
 9-203 
 9-75 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 
 2-98 
 3.21 
 3-433 
 3-66, 
 
 3-89; 
 
 4-12: 
 
 3-25 
 3-50 
 3-75 
 4-00 
 4-25 
 4-50 
 
 3-52 
 3-79 
 4-001 
 4-i3; 
 4-60. 
 4-87, 
 
 3-79 
 4-081 
 4-37J 
 4-66* 
 4-952 
 5-25 
 
 4-061 
 4-371 
 4-6S| 
 5-00 
 5-311 
 5-62* 
 
 4-331 
 4-664 
 5-00 
 
 5-66* 
 6-00 
 
 4-87* 
 5-25 
 5-62* 
 6-00 
 6-37* 
 6-75 
 
 5-4 W 
 
 6-25 
 6-661 
 7-08} 
 7-50 
 
 5-95J 
 6-414 
 
 6-871 
 
 7-79* 
 
 8-25 
 8-70J 
 9-16* 
 9-62* 
 10-03} 
 10-54 
 11-00 
 
 6-50 
 7-00 
 7-50 
 8-00 
 8-50 
 9-00 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 ~25~ 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 4-351 
 4.58} 
 4-814 
 5-04 
 5-27 
 5-50 
 
 4-75 
 5-00 
 5-25 
 5-50 
 5-75 
 6-00 
 
 5-14, 
 
 5-4 1; 
 
 5-GSl 
 5-95- 
 6-22i 
 6-50 
 
 5-54 
 5-831 
 6-12* 
 6-411 
 6-70] 
 7-00 
 
 5-933 
 6-25 
 6-561 
 6-87* 
 7-18? 
 7-50 
 
 6-334 
 6-66* 
 7-00 
 7-334 
 766J 
 8-00 
 
 7-12* 
 7-50 
 
 7-87* 
 8-25 
 8-621 
 9-00 
 
 7-914 
 8-33} 
 
 8-75 
 9-16* 
 
 10-00 
 
 9.50 10-20 
 10-00 10-831 
 10-50 11-37J 
 11-00 11-91I 
 11-50 I2-45| 
 12 00 13-00 
 
 13-00 14-0t>l 
 13-50 14-6:>L 
 11-0(1 15-lfi^ 
 
 5-73 
 5-96 
 618? 
 6-41] 
 
 6-25 
 6-50 
 6-75 
 700 
 
 6-77 7-29 
 7-04 7-53} 
 7-3U 7-87J 
 7-584 8-16J 
 
 7-81, 
 
 8-12-: 
 
 8-433 
 
 S-75 
 
 8-334 9 '37* 10-41* 
 8-66J 9-75 10-83} 
 900 (10-12J 11-25 
 9-331:10-50 ill-OGj 
 
 11-453 
 11-914 
 12-371 
 12.83}
 
 WAGES BY DAY AND WEEK FROM $3 50 TO $12'00. 123 
 
 Days. 3-50 .*3-75 $4-00 $4-25 
 
 S4-50 $4-75 $5-00 $5-25 $5-50 
 
 $5-75 $6-00 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 144 
 29 
 43J 
 
 154 
 3ll : 
 
 46], 
 
 164 
 -33} 
 50 
 
 17? 
 35| 
 53 
 
 182 
 374 
 56} 
 
 19J 
 39i 
 59} 
 
 20J 
 41i 
 62| 
 
 21| 
 43| 
 65| 
 
 23 
 453 
 681 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 71? 
 
 25 
 50 
 75 
 
 53} 
 l-lfij 
 1-75 
 2-33| 
 *9lJ 
 3-50 
 
 4-08} 
 
 4-00.1 
 5-25 
 5-83} 
 6-414 
 7-00 
 
 624 
 1-25 
 1874 
 2-50 
 3-124 
 3-75 
 
 4-374 
 5-00 
 5-624 
 6-25 
 6-874 
 7-50 
 
 064 
 1-33.1 
 2.0(1 
 2-6G4 
 3-33} 
 4-00 
 
 70S 
 1-414 
 2-m 
 2-83} 
 3-54} 
 4-25 
 
 75 
 1-50 
 2-25 
 3-00 
 3-75 
 4-50 
 
 79 
 1-5S} 
 2-374 
 3-164 
 3-95J 
 4-75 
 
 831 
 1-664 
 2-50 
 3-33} 
 4-164 
 5-00 
 
 874 
 1-75 
 2-624 
 3-50 
 4-374 
 5-25 
 
 914 
 1-83} 
 2-75 
 3-661 
 4-58} 
 5-50 
 
 95J 
 
 i-oii 
 
 2-874 
 3-83} 
 4-79 
 5-75 
 
 1-00 
 2-00 
 3-00 
 4-00 
 5-00 
 6-00 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 4-664 
 5-33} 
 6-00 
 6-664 
 7-33| 
 8.00 
 
 4-95J 
 5-664 
 0-374 
 7-08} 
 7-79 
 S-50 
 
 5-25 
 6-00 
 6-75 
 7-50 
 8-25 
 9-00 
 
 5-54 
 6-33} 
 7-124 
 
 7-914 
 8-70| 
 9-50 
 
 5-83} 
 j 6-c4 
 7-50 
 8-33} 
 9-164 
 10-00 
 
 6-124 
 7-00 
 7-874 
 8-75 
 9-624 
 10-50 
 
 6-4 It 
 7-33} 
 8-25 
 9-16J 
 10-08} 
 11-00 
 
 670J 
 7-661 
 8-624 
 9-58J 
 10-54 
 11-50 
 
 7-00 
 8-00 
 9-00 
 10-00 
 11-00 
 12-00 
 
 : 13-00 
 
 1 14-00 
 15-00 
 16-00 
 17-00 
 18-00 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 7-53} 
 8-WJ 
 
 8-75" 
 9-33,1 
 9-914 
 10-50 
 
 11-03} 
 
 11-004 
 
 12-25 
 
 12-83J 
 13-4 14 
 14-00 
 
 ?!?* 
 
 8-7o 
 9-374 
 10-00 
 
 10-024 
 
 11-25 
 
 8-664 9-20' 9-75 
 9-3:3ii 9-914 10 - 50 
 10-00 10-624 11-25 
 10-664:11-33} 12-00 
 11-33} jo-ot 12-75 
 12-00 |12-75 13-50 
 
 10-29 
 
 11-03} 
 11-374 
 12-661 
 13-453 
 14-25 
 
 1 10-83} 
 11-664 
 12-50 
 13-331 
 14-16) 
 15-00 
 
 1 1-374 
 12-25 
 13-124 
 14-00 
 14-674 
 15-75 
 
 11-91J 
 12-83} 
 13-75 
 14-66i 
 15-58} 
 16-50 
 
 12-45J 
 13-41J 
 14-37| 
 15-33J 
 16-29 
 17-25 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 11-874 
 12-50 
 13-121 
 13-75 
 14-374 
 15-00 
 
 12-664 
 13-33} 
 14-00 
 11-6GJ 
 15-331 
 16-00 
 
 13-45| 
 H-l(>4 
 14-874 
 15-58} 
 16-29 
 17-00 
 
 l/^TOf 
 18-414 
 19-124 
 1 19-83} 
 
 14-2.5 
 15-00 
 15-75 
 16-50 
 17-25 
 18-00 
 
 15-04 
 15-83} 
 16-624 
 17-411 
 18-20J 
 19-00 
 
 15-83} 
 16-66J 
 17-50 
 18-33} 
 19-164 
 20-00 
 
 16-624 17-414 
 17-50 18.33} 
 18-37J 19-25 
 19-25 20-164 
 20-124 21-08} 
 21-00 22-00 
 
 18-20J 19-00 
 19-164 20-00 
 20-121 21-00 
 21-08} ,22-00 
 22-04 23-00 
 23-00 !24-00 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 14-53} 15-624 
 15- Kit 10-25 
 15-75 16-874 
 16-33} -17-50 
 
 16-664 
 17-33} 
 18-00 
 18-664 
 
 18-75 
 19-50 
 20-25 
 21-00 
 
 19-79 20-33},21-S74 22-914 
 20-58} 21-G64 : 22-75 23-83} 
 21-371 22-50 23-624 24-75 
 22-164 23-33}l24-50 25.664 
 
 23-95J 25-00 
 24-9U 26-00 
 25-87J 27-00 
 26-83} 28-00 
 
 Diys. 
 
 $6-501 
 
 $7-00 
 
 S7-50 $3-00 
 
 $8-50 |$9-00 
 
 $9-50 $10-00 
 
 810-50 Sll'OO $12-00 
 
 T~ 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 27 
 51 
 
 811 
 
 29 
 581 
 87l 
 
 311; -331 
 G'4 -664 
 93 Ji 1-00 
 
 354 
 70J 
 1-061 
 
 374 
 75 
 1-124 
 
 394 
 79 
 1-181 
 
 414 
 
 831 
 1-25 
 
 43j 
 87i 
 l-3l| 
 
 45j 
 914 
 1-374 
 
 50 
 1-00 
 1-50 
 
 i-osi 
 
 2-l(>4 
 3-2.5 
 4-331 
 5-414 
 6-50 
 
 1-104 
 
 2-331 
 3-50 
 4-664 
 S-S31 
 7-00 
 
 1 4)5 
 
 2-50 
 3-75 
 5-00 
 
 (i-25 
 7-50 
 
 1-33V 
 
 2-604 
 4-00 
 5-331 
 6-004 
 8-00 
 
 1-414 
 2-831 
 4-25 
 
 5-664 
 7-081 
 8-50 
 
 1-50 
 3-00 
 4-50 
 6-00 
 7-50 
 9-00 
 
 1-53} 
 3-164 
 4-75 
 6-a3l 
 7-9H 
 9-50" 
 
 1-664 
 3-331 
 5-00 
 6664 
 8-33$ 
 10-00 
 
 1-75 
 3-50 
 5-25 
 7-00 
 
 8-75 
 10-50 
 
 1-83} 
 3-664 
 5-50 
 7-331 
 9-164 
 11-00 
 
 2-00 
 400 
 6-00 
 8-00 
 10-00 
 12-00 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 7-531 
 8-664 
 9-75 
 10-63', 
 11-914 
 13-00 
 
 8-104 
 9-331 
 10-50 
 11-6H4 
 12-83J 
 14-00 
 
 8 75 
 10-00 
 11-25 
 12-50 
 13-75 
 15-00 
 
 9-33i 9-914J10-50 
 10 664 11-33V12-00 
 12-00 12-75 13-50 
 13-331 14-16*15-00 
 14-664 15-531116.50 
 16-00 17-00 18-00 
 
 11-08} 
 12-604 
 14-25 
 15-831 
 17-414 
 19-00 
 
 11-664 12-25 
 13-a31 14-00 
 15-00 115-75 
 16-66i 17-50 
 18-33| 19-25 
 20-00 21-00 
 
 12-831 
 14-664 
 16-50 
 18-331 
 20-164 
 22-00 
 
 14-00 
 16-00 
 18-00 
 20-00 
 22-00 
 24-00 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 14-031 
 15-Ki! 
 16-25 
 17-331 
 18-411 
 19-50 
 
 15-lGi 
 16-33| 
 17-50 
 18664 
 19-831 
 21-00 
 
 16-25 [17-331 
 17-50 118-664 
 18-75 20-00 
 20-00 21-331 
 21-25 !22-664 
 22-50 ;24-00 
 
 18-414 
 19-&31 
 21-25 
 22-661 
 24-085 
 25-50 
 
 19-50 
 21-00 
 22-50 
 24-00 
 25-50 
 27-00 
 
 20-531 21-664 22-75 
 22-16J 23-33$ 24-50 
 2:3-75 25-00 26-25 
 25-33 J 26-6fii 28-00 
 26-914 28-331 29'75 
 28-50 30-00 31-50 
 
 23-831 
 25-664 
 27-50 
 29-331 
 31-164 
 33-00 
 
 26-00 
 23-00 
 30-00 
 32-00 
 34-00 
 36-00 
 
 38-00' 
 40-00 
 42-00 
 44-00 
 46-00 
 48-00 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 20-5SJ 
 21-fiG.' 
 22-75 
 23-a31 
 M-81J 
 26-00 
 
 22-164 *3-73 '25-3.31 20-9H 28-50 
 23-331 25-00 26-661 28-331 30-00 
 24-50 2(>-25 i28-00 29-75 31-50 
 25-66427-50 20-33 \ 31 16433-00 
 26-S3J 23-75 ;30-66i 32-58134-50 
 28-00 [30-00 32-00' 3-1-00 J36-00 
 
 30-081 31-664 33-25 
 31-664 33-33135-00 
 33-25 i 35-00 36-75 
 34-831I38-86* 38-50 
 36414I38-33J 40-25 
 38-00 1 40-00 42-00 
 
 34-83} 
 36-664 
 38-50 
 40-331 
 42-164 
 44-00 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 27-08' 
 28-16: 
 29-25 
 30-33J 
 
 29-164I31-25 ;33-331 
 30-331 32-50 34-604 
 31-50 J33-75 ,36-00 
 32-66435-00 37-331 
 
 35-414 
 36-831 
 38-25 
 
 39-6<iJ 
 
 37-50 
 39-00 
 40-50 
 42-00 
 
 39-531 4 1-664 43-75 
 41-164 43-33145-50 
 42-75 45-00 47-25 
 44-331 46-664 49-00 
 
 45-83} 
 47-664 
 49-50 
 51-33} 
 
 50-00 
 52-00 
 54-00 
 56-00
 
 124 WAGES BY THE MONTH FROM $5'00 TO $30' 00. 
 
 teo o 
 
 Pi 
 
 f'5'3 
 
 MI 
 
 o^ , 
 
 * s 
 spfe-fl 
 
 f|8 
 
 12 
 
 s3 
 
 ~ u *O 
 
 5 = "O >A 
 
 ted 
 
 3 
 SS u S 
 *J= a 
 
 !" 
 
 ^ M - 
 
 *-Ov, 
 
 S ro 'T 
 n - 
 ^?S 
 
 - "^ 
 
 WJ,! W 
 
 S-QO 
 0^ 
 
 a 
 S c g 
 
 ta " 1 
 
 rHrlCJOSCTWiafflOt^XOOOlC: O'-|'-^O;l!NO!^"a;lO5D 
 03 S t^ 
 
 Si* 
 
 2J 
 
 liii 
 
 ^< * 1 => TPGO'N O 
 
 *> TT 3 O O *-" 
 
 S'S^S 
 fc fco"* 
 jM?,-a o 
 
 T: te s 
 
 "i" - 
 lj| 
 
 g.go^ 
 
 73 S ' O 
 
 c a * 
 
 BS-n 
 
 11 g 
 f.*+ <&j~ 
 
 Isli 
 2 - > 
 
 ^s!,? 
 H ?,; 
 
 a-M* 
 
 i&e 
 
 s.-TS 
 
 The Mechanics' and Farmer 
 oa> 8 for a month, from $5 to 30, 
 can be added together, as follow 
 $13'50for 13 days, which is at the
 
 NEW RATES OF POSTAGE. 125 
 
 NEW RATES OF POSTAGE. 
 
 No. 1. LETTER POSTAGE TO AND FROM ANY PART OF THE U. S. 
 
 For each \ ounce, under SQQQmilet, PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS, 3 cents. 
 For each 3 ounce over 3000 miles, PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS, 10 cents. 
 Fractions over a single rate are charged as one rate. Letters dropped for 
 delivery are charged one cent. Letters advertised are charged one cent extra. 
 
 NO. 2. LETTER POSTAGE TO AND FROM BRITISH NORTH 
 
 AMERICAN PROVINCES, (PREPAID OH HOT.) 
 
 For each \ ounce, when not over 3000 miles from ihe line of crossing, 10 cents. 
 For each J ounce when distance exceeds 3000 miles do 15 cents. 
 
 Newspapers and Periodicals are chargeable with United Slates postage to 
 and from the lines. To be prepaid when Sent and collected when received. 
 
 NO. 3. POSTAGE ON PRINTED MATTER, TRANSIENT OR 
 OTHERWISE, IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 New Law Prepayment on all Transient Printed Matter Compulsory. 
 Unsealed circulars, advertisements, business cards, transient news- 
 papers, and every other article of transient printed matter, (except books,) 
 not weighing over three ounces, sent in ihe mail to any part of the 
 United Slates, are chargeable with ONK CENT postage EACH, to be prepaid by 
 postage stamps. Where more than on^ circular is printed on a sheet, or a 
 circular and letter, each must be charged with a single rate. This applies to 
 lottery and other kindred sheets assuming the form and name of newspapers ; 
 and the miscellaneous matter in such sheets must also be charged with one 
 rate. A business card on an unsealed envelope of a circular subjects the en- 
 tire package to letter posiage. Any transient matter, like a circular or hand- 
 bill, enclosed in or with a periodical or newspaper sent to a subscriber, or to 
 any other person, subjects the whole package to letter postage ; and when- 
 ever subject to letter posiage, from being sealed, or from any cause whatever, all 
 printed matter, wilhout exception, must be pi epaid, or excluded from the mail. 
 
 Three ounces, or less PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS, 1 cent. 
 
 For each additional ounce PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS, 1 cent. 
 
 No. 2. Small Newspapers and Periodicals, published monthly or oftener, 
 and Pamphlets not containing more than 16 octavo pages, when sent in 
 single packages to one address, and weighing at least 8 ounces 
 
 For eight ounces PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS, 4 cents. 
 
 For each additional ovnce PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS. J cent. 
 
 No. 3. Maps, engravings, lithographic or photographic prints on rollers or 
 in paper cover* ; books, bound or unbound ; phonographic paper and letter en- 
 velopes, shall be charged postage by the weight of the package, not in any 
 case to exceed four pounds. Cards, blank or printed ; blanks in packages, 
 and seeds and cuttings in packages not exceeding eight ounces in weight. 
 
 To be put up in a cover or wrapper, or packed and marked, so that their 
 true character may be seen. 
 
 For each ounce under 1500 miles PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS, 1 cts. 
 
 For each ounce ov er 1500 miles PREPAID BY POSTAGE STAMPS, 2 cents. 
 Fractions over a single rate are charged as one rate. 
 
 An avoirdupois | ounce is 213J grains. 1 Wafer weighs 1 grain. Sealing 
 wax 5 gr. A sheet of foolscap weighs 172 grains; letter-paper, 135. Small en- 
 velope, 42 grains ; large, 52. You can send a letter 3000 miles for 3 cents, pre- 
 paid, containing ihe sheet of letter-paper, wilh five bank-notes, sealed wilh 
 wax ; or the letter with three bank-notes in an envelope. Haifa sheet of let- 
 ter-paper, wilh a half-eagle enclosed under wax. A sheet with one and a half 
 dimes enclosed, secured by wafers. A single sheet of letter-paper, with a quar- 
 ter-eagle enclosed, secured by wax. 
 
 BMA 11*
 
 126 PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 Book-keeping is the art of recording, in a regular set of books, every 
 business and transaction where money or property of any sort passes to or 
 from, in such a manner, that the true state of sales, receipts, and debts, 
 may be known by inspecting the books. 
 
 Without keeping books regularly, no person in any business can know 
 the true state of his affairs. 
 
 Two methods have been generally adopted, viz. : 
 
 1. Single Entry. 2. Double Entry. 
 
 In order to know his situation perfectly, it is necessary from time to time 
 for a man in trade to take an account of stock, and when that is done, the 
 use of double entry is nearly done away, as the intention of double entry is 
 principally to let one know the stock on hand by the books, as well as the 
 profits upon each separate transaction. 
 
 Those who trust to double entry, and who have no goods actually in their 
 possession, may rely on its being a complete and perfect system ; but there 
 have been instances where those who have many goods on hand, trusting to 
 this method, and neglecting to take account of slock, have been robbed to 
 a considerable amount before they knew anything of it. 
 
 The method by single entry is used principally by traders in retail busi- 
 ness, and is calculated to answer all the purposes of the Mechanic and 
 Farmer, that a just and exact state of their less extensive pecuniary con- 
 cerns may at any time be known. 
 
 DAY BOOK. 
 
 This Book commences with an inventory of the Tradesman's effects, viz : 
 his Cash, Merchandise, Real Estate, Notes, and obligations payable to him, 
 and sums due him, &c.,and also all the Debtsdueby him to others, on Notes, 
 Book Accounts, fyc. This book contains the entry of every transaction 
 made at the time it occurs, in plain and concise language. The Day Book 
 should be kept with great care and accuracy, for it contains the original 
 entries, and is the principal book relied on as evidence in litigated cases. 
 It should be regularly paged throughout. 
 
 When an entry is made in the Day Book which is settled by cash before 
 it is posted in the Leger, the posting may be omitted, and " Paid " written 
 against the charge, and the amount entered in the Cash Book. 
 
 LEGER. 
 
 This is the Book into which the entries from the Day Book are so posted 
 under Dr. and CV.,that the amount of each account is immediately appar- 
 ent. The Leger should be regularly paged throughout, and should contain 
 an alphabetical list of the names of persons with whom accounts are opened, 
 with the number of the folio on which they can be found. The requisite 
 number of pages, at the beginning of the Leger. can be taken for (his Index. 
 
 When the place assigned for any person's account is filled with items, 
 the account may be transferred to another page in the following manner, 
 viz. : add up the columns on both sides, and against the sum write," Amount 
 transferred to folio -" inserting the number of the folio where the new 
 account is opened. After titling the new account and entering the number 
 of the folio in the index, write on the Dr. side of the new account, " To 
 amount brought from folio " inserting the number of the folio from which 
 the old account was brought, and on the Cr. side " By amount brought from 
 folio " inserting also the folio where the old account was ; and place the 
 sums in the proper columns.
 
 PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF BOOK-KEEPING. 127 
 
 Although merchants, doing a large business, keep their books by double 
 entry, the retailer, from the smallness of his sales, seldom does so. He 
 may, however, find it expedient to open the following accounts : 
 
 STOCK Is made Dr. for the amount you owe, and Cr. for your effects. 
 
 CASH Is Dr. for all money on hand at the commencement of business, and 
 for all sums received afterwards, and Cr. for all paid out. 
 
 NOTES RECEIVABLE Are Dr. for notes received, and Cr. for all disposed of. 
 
 NOTES PAYABLE Are Dr. for all notes paid or taken up that you have given, 
 and Cr. for all you give. 
 
 INTEREST Is Dr. for amounts allowed on discounts, accounts current, and in- 
 terest on notes payable, and Cr. for balances of interest in your favor. 
 
 EXPENSE This account is Dr. for all charges, such as workmen, laborers, 
 freight, truckage, postage, rent, &c., &c. 
 
 SUSPENSE In this account are entered nil amounts which remain in doubt ; 
 and also, all deficiencies of merchandise, &c. j and is credited for whatever is 
 received on the same accounts, 
 
 PBOFIT AND Loss Is Dr. for every article delivered for which nothing is ex- 
 pected to be received as an equivalent ; also for all losses, and Cr. for all gain 
 upon bargains or goods. 
 
 These accounts should be opened in the Leger in the same manner as with 
 individuals, the Dr. always being on the left hand, and the Cr. on the right. 
 
 CORRECTION OF ERRORS. 
 
 If the entry of an article be omitted in the Day Book, enter it in the next 
 vacant place, writing the word " omitted." If a wrong name be entered 
 draw a line underneath, and write the right name above. If an error be 
 made in an account, write the word " error" against it (omitting to post,) 
 and make a correct entry. 
 
 In the Leger, if an item has been posted to a wrong account, post on the 
 opposite side, " By or To Error" and mark both by a star; when posted 
 on the wrong side of an account balance it by posting " To or By Error" 
 on the opposite, and then post on the right side. Erasures should not be made. 
 
 CASH BOOK. 
 
 In this Book the daily receipts and payments of money are recorded, with 
 the date and other particulars. The account should be balanced monthly, 
 or at shorter intervals, and the totals transferred to the Dr. and Cr. side of 
 the Leger. See Cask Book. 
 
 BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 At the close of each year, or oftener, it will be found useful to form a 
 balance account. 
 
 When all the transactions are correctly posted into the Leger, each ac- 
 count is balanced by subtracting the less side from the greater, entering the 
 balance on the less side, by which both sides will be made equal. The bal- 
 ances being added to the cash on hand and the value of the goods unsold, 
 the sum is the net of the estate, which compared with the stock at com- 
 mencing business exhibits the profit and loss. 
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT BOOK. 
 
 This Book shows the method of keeping accounts with only cne book, 
 and is adapted to the business of Farmers, Mechanics, and those whose 
 business is too limited to require a set of books. This book is ruled like 
 the Leger; but the accounts are entered in full, as in the Day Book. If an 
 account occupies more space than is allotted to it. it may be transferred to a 
 new page. See Example.
 
 128 
 
 DAY BOOK. 
 
 DAY BOOK. 
 
 Boston, November 1, 1857. 
 
 [11 
 
 Inventory of Effects on commencing business : 
 
 By cash on hand 300 00 
 
 Merchandise in store, 20000 
 
 t* I am indebted 
 
 Net Capital 
 
 2 
 
 CHARLES FREEMAN, Dr. 
 
 To Slbs. H. Tea a 50 250 
 
 3 " 20 Ibs. Sugar, " 8 1 00 
 
 " (5 Ibs. Raisins, "12 72 
 
 " 20 Ibs. No. 2 Soap " 7 140 
 
 JOHN SMITH, Dr. 
 
 To 1 ps. bleached Sheeting, 32yds. a 7 224 
 
 3 ' 4 Linen Cambric Hdkfe., " 50 200 
 
 " G yds. blue Cassimeres, "2.00 1200 
 
 "12" Calico " 20 240 
 
 " 4 pairs Footings, " 25 100 
 
 5 
 
 D. EGGERT & Son, New York, Dr. 
 
 To 1 Law Cabmet-(en!arged edition) o 2.25 225 
 
 " 2 Masters' and Mates' Manual, " .75 1 50 
 
 " 1 Art of Sailmaking, " .75 75 
 
 " 5 Laws of the Sea, " .25 125 
 
 " 4 Merchants' and Common Carriers' Assistant,.. ." .25 1 00 
 
 7 
 
 MAYO & BROWN, Cr. 
 
 By 1 bbl. brown Havana Sugar, net 240 Ibs. a 5 1200 
 
 1 bag Cuba Coffee " 100" "9 900 
 
 3 " 1 chest Ningyong Tea, " 62" ' 25 1550 
 
 " 1 bbl. Sperm Oil, " 32gals." 1.00 3200 
 
 D. EGGERT & SON, New York, Cr. 
 By Cash on account, 
 
 3 8 
 
 D. EGGERT k SON, New York, Dr. 
 
 To 20 Merchants' and Mechanics' Assistants including 
 
 the Art of Sailmaking, Book-keeping, &c a 2.00 40 oo 
 
 ;< 3 Law Cabinets, enlarged edition, " 2.25 675 
 
 " 3 Art of Sailmaking, " .75 235 
 
 . MAYO & BROWN, Dr. 
 To Cash on account. 
 
 GRANT, WARHEN & Co., Cr 
 
 3 By 1 ream Cap Paper, a 200 
 
 1 Letter Paper, "200 
 
 1 " Pot Paper, "1.75 
 
 1 " Demy Paper, " 1.25
 
 DAY BOOK. 
 
 129 
 
 [21 
 
 Boston, November 12, 1857. 
 
 P. of U 
 
 Piid 
 
 Enter in To 10 Merchants' and Mechanics' Assistants in- 
 rash eluding the Art of Sailmaking a 2.00 2000 
 
 Book. 2 Masters' and Mates' Manuals, " .75 150 
 
 12 
 
 MRS. HORACE SMITH, Dr. 
 
 PmM. TO 10 I bs. Raisins a 10 160 
 
 " 80 Ibs. white Havana Sugar, "10 800 
 
 15 
 
 p :, CARTER & BROTHER, Cr. 
 
 V B ' By 1 firkin Butter net401bs.a20 800 
 
 ' 1 bbl. Sperm Oil, net 32 galls, o 1.00 3200 
 
 16 
 
 ; WM. B. LITTLE, Druggist, San Francisco, Cr. 
 
 By 7 Ibs. Turkey Rhubarb, a 3.75 2625 
 
 " 10 " Opium, "3.50 35 00 
 
 " 1 bbl. Cream Tartar, pulv., 2251bs.net." 19 4275 
 
 17 
 
 Pakl. CHARLES CHASE, Cr. 
 
 C. B. By Mdse., as per bill, 
 
 t< 
 
 THAXTER & PON, Dr. 
 Paid. TO 12 Merchants' and Mechanics' Assistants, in- 
 cluding the Art of Sailmaking, o 2.00 
 
 _________ " 
 
 _ NEGUS fc Co., New York, Dr. 
 To 5 Merchants' and Mechanics' Assistant, in- 
 cluding the An of Sailmaking, a 2.00 
 
 18 
 
 CHARLES FREEMAN, Cr. 
 
 |By cash paid in full on settlement, 
 
 30 
 
 D. EGGERT & Sox, Cr. 
 3 By their note at 00 days in full on settlement, 
 ________ - 
 
 MAYO & BROWN, Dr. 
 3 To my note at 30 days from date in full on settlement, 
 
 
 JOHN SMITH, Cr. 
 
 3 By Cash on account 
 
 ^__ ii ____________ 
 
 WM. B. LITTLE, Dr. 
 
 3 To my note at 4 months,
 
 130 
 
 LEGER. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 LEGER. 
 
 D. EGGERT & SON. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 [3! 
 
 1857. 
 Nov. 1 
 
 To Mde 
 
 P i 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 c. 
 
 75 
 
 1857. 
 
 Nov 7 
 
 
 P 1 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 no 
 
 " 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 00 
 
 " 30 
 
 " balance,.... 
 
 
 51 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 75 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 " Balance, . . . 
 
 
 51 
 
 75 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 " Note 
 
 2 
 
 51 
 
 75 
 
 Dr. 
 
 CHARLES FREEMAN. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1S57. 
 Nov. 2 
 
 ToMdse 
 
 P- 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 c. 
 
 '21 
 
 1857. 
 Nov. 18 
 
 By Cash, in full, 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 $ 
 G 
 
 c. 
 
 X 
 
 
 Not*. While the ba- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 is closed untesa payment 
 a made in full. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1857. 
 Nov 5 
 
 To Mdse 
 
 P- 
 
 19 
 
 c. 
 f>1 
 
 1857. 
 Nov. 30 
 
 By Cash 
 
 P .-> 
 
 S 
 10 
 
 c. 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 ~19 
 
 (it 
 
 " 30 
 
 " Balance,... 
 
 
 9 
 ~19 
 
 64 
 04 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 To Balance, 
 
 
 9 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 MAYO & BROWN. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1857. 
 Nov. 10 
 
 To Cash, 
 
 P i 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 c. 
 
 00 
 
 1S57. 
 Nov 7 
 
 By Mdse., 
 
 P i 
 
 $ 
 (58 
 
 c. 
 
 50 
 
 " 30 
 
 " Balance, . . . 
 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 To ray Note, . . . 
 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 By Balance 
 
 
 57 
 
 SO 
 
 Dr. 
 
 GRANT, W.JRREN & Co. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1SS7. 
 Nov. 11 
 
 By Sundries,.. . 
 
 P- 
 
 $ 
 7 
 
 c. 
 
 00 
 
 Dr. 
 
 WILLIAM ]J. LITTLE. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1857. 
 Nov. 30 
 
 To my Note, . . 
 
 P- 
 
 9 
 104 
 
 c. 
 
 00 
 
 1857. 
 Nov. 1C 
 
 By Mdse., 
 
 P 8 
 
 $ 
 104 
 
 c. 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 NEGUS &. Co., New York. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1357. 
 
 
 P- 
 
 $ 
 
 c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 17 
 
 To Mdse., 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 
 When one side of an 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 apace than another, place 
 the footling of toth col 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trim* on parallel lines. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and draw a diagonal line 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 across the vacant space. 
 
 
 
 
 NOTK. An account should be closed when you receive or pay in full. -"When you close 
 an account " By Balance," the balance is brought down, and is the beginning of a new ac- 
 count. If closed "To Balance," Credit the new accomnt by that balance, if closed " By 
 Balance," Debit the new account to that balance.
 
 CASH BOOK. 
 
 131 
 
 Nov. 1. 
 
 CASH BOOK. 
 
 Dr. Cr. 
 
 1857. 
 Nov: 1 
 " l 
 7 
 
 10 
 ' 12 
 ' 12 
 ' 15 
 17 
 
 <t t 
 
 < 
 
 ' IS 
 
 ' 21 
 ' 25 
 ' 26 
 ' 28 
 ' 30 
 
 To Cash on hand, per Inventory, 
 
 $ 
 300 
 4 
 
 21 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 379 
 
 c. 
 00 
 00 
 
 50 
 WJ 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 >2 
 
 " 
 
 00 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 40 
 45 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 24 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 189 
 
 379 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 GO 
 
 75 
 00 
 50 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 07 
 
 3J 
 
 
 Received of D. Eggert & Son, on acct., 
 
 
 Received of F. W. Lincoln, Jr., tc Co., 
 
 " " " " Mrs. Smith, 
 
 Paid Carter k Brother, for .Mdse 
 
 
 Received of Thaxter & Son, 
 
 Paid lor Insurance on Stock, 
 
 " ' Postage, 
 
 Received of John Jones, for drawing Mortgage, 
 Paid discount on D. Eggert &. Son's Note, 
 
 " truckage and cooperage for Mdse., 
 
 Received of Charles Freeman, 
 
 Paid for Rent 
 
 " " Clerk's Hire. 
 
 
 Paul for Personal Expenses, this month, 
 
 
 
 
 Balance of Cash on hand, brought down, 
 
 Dec. 1 
 
 189 07 
 
 
 
 NOTE. Retailers allow the money received during the day to remain until 
 evening then count it, and enter it in the Cash Book, as the amount of sales 
 for the day. Some Retailers enter on a slate all cash received during the day 
 from sales and enter it in the Cash Book in the evening. Sometimes it is more 
 convenient for the cash account to occupy two pages. 
 
 BALANCE SH33ET. 
 
 The object of a balance sheet is to exhibit at one view the result of the Leg- 
 er, and the state of your affairs. 
 
 RESOURCES. November 31, 1857. LIABILITIES. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 C. i 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 c. 
 
 John Smith, on acct.,'. . 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 04 
 
 Grant, Warren & Co. on 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 
 T 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 7 r ) 
 
 Notes 
 
 1 
 
 161 
 
 ">0 
 
 
 
 ri 
 
 39 
 
 % 
 
 
 168 
 
 50 
 
 Goods on hand, as per 
 
 
 
 
 Amt. of Capital, Nov. 1, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1957, $500 00 
 
 
 
 
 date 
 
 
 450 
 
 00 
 
 Gain .... 40 GO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cash as per bal. in Cash 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 Present net Cap'l, Nov. 
 
 
 
 
 Book, 
 
 
 189 
 
 07 
 
 31 1857 
 
 
 541 
 
 'Ifi 
 
 
 
 710 
 
 T) 
 
 
 
 ' 710 
 
 40 
 
 An Atcovnt Current is a transcript from both sides of a Leger, with the par- 
 ticular dates and explanations from the original entries. 
 
 Whenever a Bill is settled by Cash, or otherwise, write the day of the month 
 and year it is paid, or settled, in the bill. 
 
 Whenever you enter into an agreement or contract, make duplicates in 
 writing, and lot them be signed and witnessed. t 
 
 When you lend money, always take a note for the amount. 
 
 When you pay a person either in part or in full, always take a receipt.
 
 132 
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT BOOK. 
 
 6~3 
 
 
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 NOTE. Where only one book is kept, an' account had better occupy two 
 passes, like the above, that there may be sufficient room to note down the name, 
 quality, price, &c., of the articles.
 
 THE 
 
 TINMAN'S MANUAL 
 
 AND 
 
 BUILDEH'S 
 
 AND 
 
 MECHANIC'S HANDBOOK, 
 
 DESIGNED FOE 
 
 Tinmen, Japanners, Coppersmiths, Engineers, Mechanics, Builders, Mill- 
 wrights, Smiths, Masons, Carpenters, Joiners, Slaters, Plasterers, 
 Painters, Glaziers, Pavers, Plumbers, Surveyors, Gaugers, &c, &c.; with 
 Compositions and Receipts for other useful and important purposes in 
 the Practical Arts. 
 
 BY I. R. BUTTS, 
 
 Author of the " United States Business Man's Law Cabinet," " Business Man's 
 Law Library ;" " Merchant's and Shipmaster's Manual and Shipbuild- 
 er's and Sailmaker's Assistant," &c., &c. 
 
 O O 1ST 3D E3J3ITIO3ST. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY I. R. BUTTS & CO. 
 
 CORNER OF SCHOOL AND WASHINGTON" STREET, 
 Over T'iclmor <fe fields' Bookstore. 
 
 1861.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year I860, by I. R. BUTTS, in the 
 Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE present work is offered to Tinm%p, Builders, Mechanics, and 
 Engineers, as a useful manual of reference, and information. 
 
 The first part of the work containing RULES, DIAGRAMS and TABLES, 
 will be found very useful to Tinmen. 
 
 Mr. Truesdell who has, for many years, used the Diagrams pre^ 
 pared by him for this work, now offers them to the public with every 
 confidence. 
 
 The Receipts- for Japans, Varnishes, Cements, fyc., were taken 
 from "Ure's Dictionary," " Cooley's Cyclopedia," "Muspratt's 
 Chemistry," and other valuable publications. 
 
 The sources from which most of the materials relating to Building, 
 Mechanics, and Engineering have been derived, are " Grier'a 
 Mechanic's Calculator," "Templeton's Workshop Companion," 
 " The Engineer's and Contractor's Pocket-book," " Adcock's En- 
 gineer," " Smeaton's Builder's Companion," and " Lowndes's 
 Engineer's Handbook," which renders this portion of the work 
 deserving of the utmost confidence. 
 
 LETTER FROM L. W. TRUESDELL. 
 
 Mr. Butts, 
 
 DEAK Sm, If I may be permitted to comment upon 
 the first part of your book, I would like to point out to Tinmen the 
 value of the Diagrams which, a few years ago, could not have been 
 purchased at any price ; but as they are now to be published, and 
 sold at a low price, I am confident they will be bought by every Tin-
 
 4 PREFACE. 
 
 man, for I know, bj^experience, the perplexities to which they are 
 often subjected from the want of them. 
 
 With these Directions and Diagrams, the Tinman will be enabled 
 to cut a Right-Angled or Circular Elbow of any size, in a few min- 
 utes, and produce as perfect a mitre joint as can be made ; also, 
 patterns for Flaring vessels, of any size or flare, Envelopes for Cones, 
 Pyramid Cakes, Covers for Oval Dishes and Boilers, Funnel-shaped 
 Covers for Pails, Breasts for Cans, Lips for Measures of any size, &c.* 
 
 When about to make a copy from these diagrams the person should 
 provide himself with a sheet of paper or tin-plate, and strictly follow 
 the directions given. 
 
 Suppose, for example, that he is about to copy Fig. 1, the directions 
 are, first, from the centre C Describe a circle AB. Having described 
 the circle AB, next, place the corner of the square on the centre C, and 
 draw the lines CD and CE ; then draw the chord DE. 
 
 When the Tinman has become familiar with the diagrams, he will 
 find them simple and convenient, and be better qualified to undertake 
 work of a difficult character. If an Elbow at right-angles, of ten or 
 fifteen inches diameter, should be required, with the directions and 
 diagrams before him, he could cut it out in a few minutes ; and so 
 with a curved elbow of any diameter, a semicircle, or an ellipses- 
 shaped dish of any size. But without a rule or pattern it would be 
 a difficult and troublesome undertaking. 
 
 Having by experience proved the correctness and usefulness of 
 these Diagrams, I can confidently recommend them to all persons 
 engaged in the manufacture of Tin Ware. 
 
 L. W. TRUESDELL. 
 OWEGO, N. Y. SEPT. 28, 1860. 
 
 EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM A TINMAN. 
 Mr. Butts, 
 
 DEAR SIR, "Your Tinman's Manual' strikes 
 me as being nearer what we want in our business, than anything I 
 have ever seen, and I have examined every thing of the kind I have 
 been able to find. The best we have been able to do has been to pick 
 up what ideas we could from works on Geometry and Building, and 
 work out what rules we could from them. I have often wondered 
 why some person did not undertake just what you have done. This 
 work of yours supplies just the want that every thinking man who 
 works at the business has felt, even from his first start ; and the want 
 is still more sensibly felt as he grows older, and finds how much there 
 is to learn." 
 
 ' In Tinman's Diagrams the allowance for locks is always omitted.
 
 ADDITION TO TINMAN'S MANUAL. 
 
 TINMAN'S TWELVE POUND BILL, 
 
 OR BILL OF DAY'S WORK 
 OF F3L.-A.I3ST TIUXT "W .A. E, E 
 
 No. of Articles for Day's Work. 12 Ib. 
 
 16 Sixteen quart Large Dish 
 
 Kettles 84 
 
 10 Water Pots, 75 
 
 18 Twelve quart Pails, 67 
 
 18 Large Dish Kettles, 67 
 
 20 Foot Stoves, 67 
 
 24 Ten quart Pails, 58 
 
 24 Ten quart Pans, 68 
 
 18 Gallon Coffee Pots, 58 
 
 18 Six quart Covered Pails,. 58 
 
 18 Large Sauce Pans, 58 
 
 24 Gallon Measures, 39 
 
 30 Six quart Pails, 39 
 
 36 Common Size Milk Pans, . 39 
 
 20 Large Wash Bowls, 39 
 
 20 Lanterns, 39 
 
 24 Small Dish Kettles, six qt. 39 
 
 20 Cullenders, 39 
 
 24 Three quart Coffee Pots,. 39 
 
 24 Large Pudding Bags, ... 39 
 
 24 Roasters, 39 
 
 40 Lantern Pans, 36 
 
 24 Two quart Coffee Pots, . . 34 
 
 20 Three qt. Covered Pails, . 34 
 
 24 Small Wash Bowls, 34 
 
 24 Small Sauce Pans 34 
 
 30 Half gallon Measures, ... 25 
 
 48 Half gallon Pans, 25 
 
 24 Half gallon Dippers, .... 25 
 
 36 Half gallon Funnels, 25 
 
 30 Three pint Coffee Pots, . . 25 
 
 24 Two quart Covered Pails, 25 
 
 86 Large Blow Horns, 25 
 
 36 Three quart Pails, 25 
 
 48 Round Pans, 18 
 
 100 Square Pans, 18 
 
 108 Scollop Pie Pans, 18 
 
 48 Sausage Horns, 18 
 
 86 Quart Coffee Pots, 18 
 
 48 Square Toast Pans, 18 
 
 No. of Articles for Day's Work. 12 Ib. 
 
 36 Round Toast Pans 18 
 
 40 Quart Covered Pails 18 
 
 36 Round Flat Bottom Tea 
 
 Pots, 18 
 
 72 Second Size Horn 18 
 
 48 Sailor Pots, 18 
 
 36 Quart Lamp Fillers, 18 
 
 36 Water Ladles, 18 
 
 36 Sugar Scoops, 18 
 
 36 Milk Strainers, 18 
 
 72 Quart Measures, 14 
 
 48 Large Skimmers, 14 
 
 72 Quart Funnels, 14 
 
 72 Small Horns, 14 
 
 72 Basins, 12 
 
 144 Quart Scollops, 12 
 
 144 Quart Grease Pans, 12 
 
 60 Round Handled Dippers, 12 
 
 120 Half Square Pans, 10 
 
 84 Half Sheet Funnels, 10 
 
 72 Half Sheet Dippers 10 
 
 120 Half Sheet Scollops, 10 
 
 96 Pint Funnels, 8 
 
 84 Pint Measures, 8 
 
 96 Pint Cups, 8 
 
 168 Pint Scollops, 8 
 
 48 Flour Boxes, 8 
 
 96 Half Pint Measures, 5 
 
 108 Half Pint Cups, 5 
 
 96 Half Pint Dippers, 5 
 
 120 Half Pint Funnels, 5 
 
 96 Gill Measures 5 
 
 48 Basters, 5 
 
 96 Small Skimmers, 5 
 
 124 Flat Candlesticks, 5 
 
 120 Needle Cases, 5 
 
 84 Pepper Boxes, 5 
 
 120 Hearts, 3 
 
 144 Rounds, 3 
 
 98 Rattle Boxes, 3 
 
 [The 6 Pound BUI is one-half of the 12 Pound BUI.]
 
 ADDITION TO TINMAN'S MANUAL. 
 
 No. of Articles for Day's Work. 12 Ib. 
 
 12 Six quart Coffee Boilers, 1.00 
 12 Five quart Coffee Boilers, 83 
 12 Four quart Coffee Boilers, 67 
 12 Three qt. Coffee Boilers, 50 
 12 Two quart Coffee Boilers, 42 
 12 Six quart Coffee Pots, ... 83 
 
 12 Fire quart Pots, 75 
 
 12 Large Dutch Buckets,. . . 
 12 Small Dutch Buckets,. . . 
 
 12 Small Water Pots, 
 
 12 Ten quart Covered Pails, 84 
 18 Five quart Covered Pails, 5Q 
 26 Three pint Covered Pails, 20 
 30 One pint Covered Pails,. . 14 
 30 Five quart Open Pails, . . 50 
 
 32 Gall. Open Pails, 
 
 40 Three Pint Open Pails,. . 
 
 No. of Articles for Day's "Work. 12 Ib. 
 
 24 Nine quart Pans, 
 
 16 Twelve qt. Pans, handles, 80 
 20 Seven qt. Pans, handles, 50 
 36 Five quart Straight Pans, 
 40 Two quart Straight Pans, 
 48 Three pint Straight Pans, 
 20 Handled Wash Boards, . . 39 
 18 Twelve qt. Dish Kettles,. 67 
 
 18 Ten qt. Dish Kettles, 58 
 
 24 Four qt. Dish Kettles, ... 39 
 
 40 Three pint Dish Kettles,. 18 
 
 Twelve qt. Cov. Buckets, 1.00 
 
 Oak Leaf Cake Cutters, . . 10 
 
 One quart Tea Pots, 34 
 
 One gallon Fluid Cans, . . 
 Half gallon Fluid Cans, . . 
 
 1. WEIGHTS OF IRON WIRE PER 20 FEET. 
 Manufactured by ICHABOD WASHBURN & MOEN, Worcester, Mass. 
 
 No. 0. . 
 
 .51bs. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 6.. 
 
 .1 
 
 Ib. 
 
 14 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 12. 
 
 .9 
 
 ozs. 
 
 No. 1. . 
 
 .41bs. 
 
 2 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 7.. 
 
 .1 
 
 Ib. 
 
 10 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 13. 
 
 .6 
 
 ozs. 
 
 No. 2. . 
 
 .31bs. 
 
 8 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 8.. 
 
 .1 
 
 Ib. 
 
 7 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 14. 
 
 .5 
 
 ozs. 
 
 No. 3. . 
 
 .2 Ibs. 15 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 9.. 
 
 .1 
 
 Ib. 
 
 2 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 15. 
 
 .44 
 
 ozs. 
 
 No. 4. . 
 
 .21bs. 
 
 8 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 10.. 
 
 . 
 
 
 14 ozs. 
 
 No 
 
 16. 
 
 .3^ 
 
 ozs. 
 
 No. 5. . 
 
 .2 Ibs. 
 
 5 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 11.. 
 
 
 
 10 ozs. 
 
 No. 
 
 17. 
 
 .3 
 
 ozs. 
 
 2. WEIGHT OF IRON WIRE PER LINEAL ROD. 
 
 
 Diameter In 1-100 
 
 Weight per 
 
 
 Diameter in 1-100 
 
 Wcisht per 
 
 Nos. 
 
 of an Inch. 
 
 Lineal Rod. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 of an Inch. 
 
 Lineal Rod. 
 
 1 
 
 .32 
 
 4 Ibs. 2 ozs. 
 
 8 
 
 .18 
 
 1 Ib. 4 ozs 
 
 2 
 
 .30 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 .16 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .27 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 10 
 
 .15 
 
 0' 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 .25 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 11 
 
 .13 
 
 0' 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 .24 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 12 
 
 .12 0' 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 .22 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 13 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 .20 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Page 35. To FIND THE SOLIDITY OF A PYRAMID OR CONE. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the area of the base by the height, and one-third of the 
 product will be the solid content. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Required the solid content in inches of a Cone or Pyramid, the 
 diameter of the base being 8 inches, and perpendicular height 18 inches ? 
 
 8X8 = 64 X .7854X13 = 904 .7808 ---3 = 301 .5936 inches -=-231 = 1 gall. ]i qts. 
 Page 92 No. 38. For Tin 64 Ibs. Copper 1 Ib. read Copper 64 Ibs. Tin 1 Ib.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 RULES AND DIAGRAMS FOR WORKERS IN TIN, SHEET 
 IRON AND COPPER. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Manufacture of Tin Plate 12 
 
 Quality of Tin Plate 14 
 
 CIRCLES. 
 
 To find the Circumference "of any 
 Diameter 15 
 
 To find the Area of a Sector of a 
 Circle 15 
 
 Proportion of Circles lo enable ma- 
 chinists to enlarge or reduce 
 wheels without changing their 
 motion 16 
 
 The Circle and its Sections 27 
 
 To find the centre of a Circle from 
 a part of the Circumference 33 
 
 Diameters. Circumferences, and 
 Areas of Circles 41 
 
 CYLINDERS. 
 
 To find the Contents in Gallons of 
 any Cylindrical Vessel 38 
 
 Tables giving ihe Content in Gal- 
 lons of Cylinders from 1 inch to 
 30 feet Diameter 42 
 
 Table giving the Content in Gal- 
 lons of Cans from 3 inches to 40 
 inches Diameter. . . . .* 43 
 
 BEVEL COTEES. 
 
 To describe Bevel Covers for Ves- 
 sels, or Breasts for Cans 25 
 
 To describe Bevel Covers for Ves- 
 sels, or Breasts for Cans, (another 
 mode) 32 
 
 To describe Covers for Pails 25 
 
 ELLIPSES OB OVALS. 
 
 To describe an Ellipse 17 
 
 Definition of an Oval, note 17 
 
 To describe an Ellipse (another 
 
 mode) 18 
 
 To find the Circumference of an 
 
 Ellipse 19 
 
 To find the Area of an Ellipse 19 
 
 To describe an Oval Boiler Cover 26 
 To draw an Ellipse, the transverse 
 
 and conjugate Diameters being 
 
 given, i. e. the length and width 116 
 To draw an Ellipse by means of 
 
 two concentric_circles 117 
 
 1* 
 
 Page. 
 ELBOWS. 
 
 To describe a Right Angled Elbow 20 
 To describe a Straight Elbow (old 
 
 method) 21 
 
 To describe a Curved Elbow 22 
 
 To describe a Straight Elbow 
 (another mode) 24 
 
 FLARIXG VESSELS. 
 
 To describe a Flaring Vessel Pat- 
 tern, a Set of Patterns for a Py- 
 ramid Cake, or an Envelope for 
 
 a Cone 28 
 
 To describe a Cone or Frustum.. . 29 
 To strike the Side of a Flaring 
 
 Vessel 31 
 
 To construct the Frustum of a Cone 34 
 To strike out a Cone or Frustum. . 35 
 To find the content of a Cone . . 35 
 To find the Angles of a Frustum of 
 an inverted Pyramid, such as a 
 
 Mill Hopper, &c 36 
 
 To find the content of the Frustum 
 of a Cone, such as a Coffee-pot, 
 Bowl, Ax; 36 
 
 MISCELLAJTEOUS. 
 
 To joint Lead Plates 23 
 
 Soldering for Lead, Zinc, Tin, and 
 
 Pewter 23 
 
 To joint Lead Pipes, 24 
 
 Soldering for Copper 160 
 
 To describe a Lip to a Measure. . 27 
 
 To describe a Cycloid, or Curve. . 30 
 
 To describe a Heart 30 
 
 Tinning Iron 31 
 
 A good Solder 32 
 
 Sector, for obtaining Angles 34 
 
 Sector, definition of. 34 
 
 Rule to find the Content in Gallons 
 
 of Frustums of Cones 37 
 
 Rule to find the Content in Gallons 
 
 of any Cylindrical Vessel 38 
 
 Table to ascertain .the weight of 
 Pipes of various metals, and any 
 
 Diameter required 38 
 
 Table of Tin Plates, size and 
 
 weight per box 39 
 
 Table of Cans, quantity and qual- 
 ity of Tin required for 2J to 125 
 
 gallons 39
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Weight of a cylindrical and cubic 
 inch, cubic foot and gallon of 
 Water 40 
 
 Decimal Equivalents to the frac- 
 tional parts of a Gallon or an Inch 40 
 
 Tables containing the Diameters, 
 Circumferences and Areas of 
 Circles 42 
 
 Tables giving the Diameters and 
 Circumferences of Circles 171 
 
 Tables to ascertain the weight of 
 Lead Pipes 139 
 
 Capacity of Cans in Gallons from 
 3 inches to 40 inches in Diameter 45 
 
 New Tinning Process 46 
 
 Page. 
 
 Crystallizing Tin Plate, how per- 
 formed 46 
 
 Tinning Vessels of Brass or Copper 46 
 
 Kustitien's Metal for Tinning 46 
 
 Instruments used in Drawing. . . . 101 
 Composition of Britannia Metal for 
 
 Spouts, Registers, Spoons, &c. . 91 
 Composition of Britannia Metal for 
 Lamps, Pillars, Handles, and 
 
 Castings 92 
 
 Solder for Britannia Ware 91 
 
 Lacker for Tin Plate 73 & 94 
 
 Solder, Tinman's 96 
 
 Definitions of Arithmetical Signs 
 ' used in this work 110 
 
 JAPANNING AND VARNISHING. 
 
 Directions for Japanning 49 
 
 White Japan Grounds Gum Copal 50 
 Black Grounds Black Japan. ... 51 
 
 RECEIPTS FOR THE USE OF JAPANNERS, VARNISHERS, 
 BUILDERS, MECHANICS, &c. 
 
 Soft Brilliant Varnish 62 
 
 Brown Hard Spirit Varnishes To 
 
 Srepare a Varnish for Coaling 
 Totals Varnish for Iron and 
 Steel, for Iron Work, Black for 
 Iron Work, Bronze for Statuary 63 
 
 Amber Varnishes, Black, Pale, 
 Hard Black Varnish 64 
 
 Varnish for certain parts of Car- 
 riages, Coaches, Mahogany, for 
 Cabinet Makers Cement Var- 
 nish for water-tight Luiing The 
 Varnish of Wai in for Gilded Ar- 
 ticles Oak Varnish Varnish 
 for Wood-work Dark Varnish 
 for light Wood-work 65 
 
 Varnish for Instruments, for Wood 
 Toys of Spa, for Furniture To 
 French PolisU 66 
 
 Furniture Polishes, Gloss, Cream, 
 Oils, Pastes Etching Varnishes 67 
 
 Varnish for Engravings, Maps, to 
 fix Engravings or Lithographs on 
 Wood, [for Oil Paintings and 
 Lithographs, for Paintings and 
 Pictures Milk of Wax 63 
 
 Crystal Varnishes, Italian Water 
 Varnish for Oil Paintings Var- 
 nish for Paper-hangings, Book- 
 binders, Cardwork 69 
 
 Varnish for Printers for Brick 
 walls Mastic Varnishes.s-lndia 
 Rubber Varnishes 70 
 
 Black Varnish for Harness Boil- 
 ed Oil or Linseed Oil Varnish- 
 Dammar Varnish 71 
 
 Common Varnish Waterproof 
 Varnishes Varnishes for Bal- 
 loons, Gas Bags, &c. Gold Var- 
 nish Wainscot Varnish for 
 House Painting and Japanning 72 
 
 Varnish ......... , .............. 
 
 Tortoise Shell Japan Painting 
 Japan Work Japanning Old 
 Tea-traysJapan Finishing. . . . 
 
 VARNISHES MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 "Substances employed for making 
 Varnishes ...................... 55 
 
 Choice of Linseed Oil ........... 56 
 
 CHIEF RESINS EMPLOYED IN 
 MAKING VARNISH. 
 
 Amber Anime Benzoin Colo- 
 phony Copal .................. 56 
 
 Dammara Elimi Lac Mastic 
 Sandarach ..................... 57 
 
 Turpentine Alcohol Naphtha 
 and Methylated Spirit of Wine- 
 Spirit Varnishes ................ 53 
 
 Essence Varnishes Oil Varnishes 
 Lacker ....................... 59 
 
 VARNISHES. 
 
 Copal Varnishes (six kinds) ....... 60 
 
 Copal Varnishes (three kinds) Cab- 
 inet Varnish Table Varnish 
 Common Table Varnish Copal 
 Varnish for Inside Work ........ 61 
 
 Copal Polish White Spirit Var- 
 nishWhite Hard Spirit Var- 
 nishes White Varnish ........ 62 
 
 Gold Lacker Red Spirit Lacker 
 Pale Brass Lacker Lacker for
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Tin Lacker Varnish Deep 
 Gold Colored Lacker Lackers 
 for Pictures, Meial, Wood, or 
 Leather 73 
 
 CEMENTS. 
 
 Armenian, or Diamond Cement. . 74 
 Cements for mending Glass Ware 74 
 Cement for Stone-ware Iron-Rust 
 Cement for making Architectu- 
 ral Ornaments Varley's Mastic 
 Electrical and Chemical Appa- 
 ratus Cement 75 
 
 Cements for Iron Tubes, Boilers, 
 Ivory, Mother of Pearl, Holes in 
 Castings, Coppersmiths and En- 
 gineers, Plumbers, Bottle corks, 
 
 China and Leather 76 
 
 Cements for Marble, Marble-work- 
 ers, Coppersmiths, Glass, mend- 
 ing Iron Pots and Pans, Cisterns 
 
 and Casks 77 
 
 Cements for mending Fractured 
 Bodies of all kinds, for Cracks in 
 Wood, joining Metals and Wood, 
 for fastening Brass to Glass Ves- 
 sels, Blades, and Files Gas- Fit- 
 ter's Cement Cement Paint 78 
 
 BTJILDEES' CEMENTS. 
 
 Cements for Terraces, Roofs, Re- 
 servoirs, Fronts of Houses, &c.. . 79 
 
 Cements for Brick Walls, Seams, 
 and Tile roofs 80 
 
 Coarse Sluff. 80 
 
 Parker's Cement Hamelein's Ce- 
 mentPlaster in imitation of 
 Marble Scagliola 81 
 
 Maliha, or Greek Mastic Fine 
 Stuff Stucco for Inside Walls 82 
 
 Higgins's Stucco Gauge Stuff- 
 
 Page. 
 Composition Foundations of 
 
 Buildings 83 
 
 Concrete Floors Fire-proof Com- 
 position 84 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 To Polish Wainscot and Mahoga- 
 any Imitation of Mahogany 
 Furniture Varnish To make 
 Glass and Stone Paper 85 
 
 Whitewash Paint for Coating 
 Wire Work To Bleach Sponge 
 Lac Varnish for Vines Razor 
 Paste Leather Varnish To 
 keep Tires Tight on Wheels 86 
 
 To Cut Glass Prepared Liquid 
 Glue Marine Glue Paste for 
 Envelopes Dextrine, or British 
 Gum Gum Mucilage 87 
 
 Flour Paste Sealing Wax for 
 Fruit Cans Fusible Metal Me- 
 tallic Cement 88 
 
 Artificial Gold Or-mulo Blanch- 
 ed Copper Browning Gun Bar- 
 rels Silvering Powder for Coat- 
 ing Copper 89 
 
 Alloys for Journal Boxes Bells 
 of Clocks Tools Cymbals and 
 Gongs Solder for Steel Joints 
 Files To prevent Tools from 
 Rusting Axle-Grease to Gal- 
 vanizeSoft Gold Solder 90 
 
 RECEIPTS AND COMPOSITIONS. 
 
 Nearly 200 Compositions for Me- 
 chanists, Iron and Brass Found- 
 ers, Turners, Tinmen. Copper- 
 smiths, Dentists, Finishers of 
 Brass, German Silver, Britan- 
 nia, and other useful purposes in 
 the Practical Arts 91 
 
 Instruments used ia Drawing 101 
 
 The Sector 103 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 Mechanical Drawing and Perspec- 
 
 10,3 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 Definition of Arithmetical Signs. . 110 
 PROBLEMS. 
 
 To find the Circumference of a Di- 
 ameter 15 
 
 To find the area of a Sector 15 
 
 To find the Proportion of Circles 
 by which to enlarge or reduce 
 Wheel* \vithout changing their 
 motion 16 
 
 To find the various and proper Di- 
 mensions of Materials whereby 
 to construct Hipped Roofs,&c.. . 36 
 
 To find the Centre of a Circle from 
 a part of the Circumference 33 
 
 The Circle and its Sections 27 
 
 Sector, for obtaining Angles 34 
 
 To inscribe an Equilateral Trian- 
 gle within a given Circle Ill 
 
 Within a given Circle to inscribe a 
 Square 112 
 
 Within a given Circle to inscribe a 
 regular Pentagon 112 
 
 Within a given Circle to describe 
 a regular Hexagon 113 
 
 To cut off the Corners of a given
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Square, so as to form a regular 
 Octagon 113 
 
 To divide a given Line into any 
 Number of Parts, which Parts 
 shall be in the same Proportion 
 to each other as the Parts of 
 some other given line, whether 
 those parts are equal or unequal 114 
 
 On a given Line to draw a Poly- 
 gon of any Number of Sides, so 
 that that Line shall be one side 
 of a Polygon 114 
 
 OF DRAWING CURVED LINES. 
 
 To draw an Ellipse with the Rule 
 and Compasses, the transverse 
 and conjugate Diameters being 
 given ; i. e. the length and width 116 
 
 To draw an Ellipse by means of 
 
 Page, 
 two Concentric Circles 116 
 
 To draw an Ellipse of any length 
 and width 18 
 
 To find the Circumference &. Area 
 of an Ellipse 19 
 
 Other methods for describing an 
 Ellipse 117 
 
 To find the Centre and the two 
 Axes of an Ellipse 118 
 
 To draw a flat Arch by the inter- 
 section of Lilies, having the 
 Opening and Spring or Rise 
 given 119 
 
 To find the Form or Curvature of 
 a raking Moulding that shall 
 unite correctly with a level one 119 
 
 To find the Form or Curvature of 
 the Return in an open or broken 
 Pediment 120 
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 
 
 Of the Circle, Cylinder, Sphere, 
 
 Zone, &c 122 
 
 Of the Square, Rectangle, Cube 123 
 Surfaces and solidities of Bodies 124 
 
 Of Triangles, Polygons, &c 124 
 
 Of Ellipses, Cones, Frustums, &c. 125 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL ARITHMETIC. 
 
 Utility of the Slide Rule . . . . 125 
 
 Numeration 126 
 
 To Multiply Numbers by the Rule 126 
 To divide Numbers upon the Rule 120 
 Proportion or Rule of Three Direct 127 
 Square & Cube Roots of Numbers 127 
 
 Rule of Three Inverse 127 
 
 Mensuration of Surface 128 
 
 Mensuration of Solidity and Ca- 
 pacity 129 
 
 Power of Steam Engines 130 
 
 OfEngine Boilers 130 
 
 RULES AND TABLES FOR ARTIFICERS AND ENGINEERS. 
 
 Measurement of Bricklayer's work 132 
 Table to find the number of Bricks 
 
 in any given Wall 133 
 
 Measurement of Wells & Cisterns 133 
 Measurement of Mason's "Work.. 133 
 Measurement of Carpenter's and 
 
 Joiner's Work 134 
 
 Table of different sized Nails to a Ib 135 
 Table of different sized Sashes, &c 136 
 Measurement of Slater's Work.. . 136 
 
 Table of American Slates 136 
 
 Table of Imported Slates 137 
 
 Measurement of Plasterer's Work 137 
 Measurement of Payer's Work. . . . 137 
 Measurement of Painter's Work... 137 
 Measurement of Glazier's Work. . 138 
 Table of Size and Number of 
 
 Lights to the 100 Square Feet.. . 138 
 Measurement of Plumber's Work 138 
 Table of Sizes and Weight of Pa- 
 tent Lead Pipe 139 
 
 Table of Boston Lead Pipe 139 
 
 Table of Comparative Strength and 
 Weight of Ropes and Chains .. . 339 
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 
 
 Definitions 140 
 
 Table of Tenacities, Resistance to 
 
 Compression, &c., of various 
 Bodies 140 
 
 Resistance to Lateral Pressure. .. 140 
 
 Table of Practical Data 141 
 
 To find the dimensions of a beam 
 of Timber to sustain a given 
 
 Weight 141 
 
 To determine the absolute strength 
 of a Rectangular Beam of Tim- 
 ber 141 
 
 To determine the dimensions of a 
 Beam with a given degree of de- 
 flection 142 
 
 Cast-iron Beams of strongest sec- 
 tion 142 
 
 Of Wooden Beams, Trussed 142 
 
 Absolute Strength of Cast-iron 
 
 Beams 142 
 
 Dimensions for Cast-iron Beams. . 143 
 To find the Weight of a Cast-iron 
 
 Beam- 143 
 
 Resistance to flexure by vertical 
 
 pressure 143 
 
 To determine the dimensions for a 
 
 Column of Timber 144 
 
 Resistance of Bodies to Twisting 144 
 Relative strength of Metals to re- 
 sist Torsion 144
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Breaking strength of a Bar of 
 Wi uughi Iron 145 
 
 Lateral strength of Wrought Iron 
 as compared with Cast-iron 145 
 
 Load on Bridges, Floors, Roofs, 
 and Beams .' 145 
 
 Strength of Beams, Bar of Wood, 
 Stone, Metal, Ropes, Tubes, or 
 Hollow Cylinders 146 
 
 Models proportioned to Machines 140 
 
 Metals arranged according to their 
 Strength 147 
 
 Woods arranged according to do. 147 
 
 Strength of Cords, &c 147 
 
 Strength of Rectangular and Round 
 Timber 148 
 
 Table of the Cohesive Power of 
 Bars of Metal 148 
 
 Relative Strength of Cast and Mal- 
 leable Iron 148 
 
 STRENGTH OP BEAMS. 
 
 Solid, Rectangular. Round, Hollow 149 
 To find the breaking Weight in Ibs. 149 
 To find the proper Size for any giv- 
 en purpose 150 
 
 Strength of Cast-iron with Feath- 
 ers or Flanges 150 
 
 Wrought Iron Beams and Girders 151 
 
 Hollow Girders 152 
 
 To find the Strength of a Round 
 
 Girder- 152 
 
 To find the Strength of any Beam 152 
 
 SOLID COLUMNS. 
 
 To find the Strength of any Wro't 
 Iron Column with Square ends 153 
 
 To find the Strength of Round Col- 
 umns exceeding 25 diameters in 
 Length 154 
 
 Tables of Powers for the Diame- 
 ters and Lengths of Columns. . . 154 
 
 HOLLOW COLUMNS. 
 
 Square Columns of Plate Iron riv- 
 etted 155 
 
 To find the Slrength of any Hol- 
 low Wrought Iron Column .... ]55 
 
 Round Columns of Plate Iron .... 156 
 
 CBANE. 
 To find the Strain on the Post. ... 156 
 
 COLD WATER PUMP. 
 To find tne proper Size, under any 
 circumstances, capable of sup- 
 plying twice the quantity ordina- 
 rily used in injection 156 
 
 FANS. 
 
 Velocity of Fans 157 
 
 The best Velocity of Circumfer- 
 ence for different Densities.... 157 
 
 Page. 
 To find the Horse Power required 
 
 for any Fan 157 
 
 To find the Density to be aliained 
 
 with any given Fan 157 
 
 To find the Quantity of Air that 
 
 will be delivered by any Fan, 
 
 the Density being known 158 
 
 FRICTION. 
 From Mr. Rennie's Experiments.. 158 
 
 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 
 In terms of Weight 158 
 
 PEDESTAL AND BRACKET. 
 
 Thickness of cover, diameter, dis- 
 tance, solid metal, &c 159 
 
 TEMPERING. 
 
 For Lancets, Razors, Penknives, 
 Scissors, Hatchets, Saws, Chis- 
 els, Springs, &c 159 
 
 CASE HARDENING 
 Articles, how Case Hardened. ... 159 
 To Case Harden Cast Iron 160 
 
 HEAT. 
 
 Effects of Heat on Metals, &c., at 
 certain Temperatures 160 
 
 SOLDERING. 
 For Joints, Copper, Iron and Brass 160 
 
 The best speed for boring Iron, 
 drilling, and turning 161 
 
 BRASS. 
 
 Compositions of Brass 161 
 
 Brass Castings, mode of Casting.. 161 
 
 ROPE. 
 To find the Breaking Weight of 
 
 Tarred Hemp Rope 162 
 
 To find the Weight per Fathom of 
 
 Rope or Tarred Cordage 163 
 
 To find the Weight per Fathom of 
 
 Tarred Hawser or Manilla Rope 163 
 To find the Weight per Fathom of 
 
 Hawser laid Manilla 163 
 
 WEIGHT OF CASTINGS. 
 To find the Weight of any Casting 163 
 To find the Weight from the Areas 163 
 
 To find the Weight in cwts 163 
 
 Weight of Boiler Plates 163 
 
 To find the Weight of Boiler Plates 164 
 
 CONTINUOUS CIRCULAR MOTION. 
 
 When Time is not taken into Ac- 
 count 164
 
 10 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 To find the number of Revolutions 
 of the last to one of the first, in a 
 train of Wheels and Pinions. ... 164 
 
 When Time must be regarded.... 165 
 
 The distance between the Centres 
 and Velocities of two Wheels be- 
 inggiven, to find their Diameters 165 
 
 To determine the Proportion of 
 Wheels for Screw-cutting by a 
 Lathe 166 
 
 Table of Change Wheels for Screw 
 cutting ; the leading Screw be- 
 ing half inch pitch, or contain- 
 ing 2 threads in an inch 167 
 
 Table by which to determine the 
 Number of Teeth, or Pitch of 
 Small Wheels, or what is called 
 the Manchester Principle 167 
 
 Strength of the Teeth of Cast Iron 
 Wheels at a given Velocity 163 
 
 WHEELS AND GUDGEONS. 
 
 To find size of Teeth necessary to 
 transmit a given Horse Power. . 168 
 
 To find the Horse Power that any 
 Wheel will transmit 169 
 
 Page. 
 Tofind the multiplying Number for 
 
 any Wheel 169 
 
 To find ihe Size of Teeth to carry 
 
 a given Load in Ibs 169 
 
 WATEK. 
 
 To find the Quantity of Water that 
 will be discharged through an 
 Orifice, or Pipe, in the side or 
 bottom of a Vessel 169 
 
 To find the size of Hole necessary 
 to discharge a given Quantity of 
 Water under a given Head ]70 
 
 To find the Height necessary to 
 discharge a "iven Quantity thro' 
 a given Orifice 170 
 
 The Velocity of Water issuing 
 from an Orifice in the side or bot- 
 tom of a Vessel ascertained. . . . 170 
 
 To find the Quantity of Water that 
 will run through any Orifice, the 
 top of which is level with the 
 Surface of Water, as over a 
 Sluice or Dam 170 
 
 To find the Time in which a Vessel 
 will empty itself through a given 
 Orifice 170 
 
 MECHANICAL TABLES FOR THE USE OF OPERATIVE 
 SMITHS, MILLWRIGHTS, AND ENGINEERS. 
 
 Tables of the Diameters and Cir- 
 cumferences of Circles 171 
 
 Observations on do 177 
 
 Circumferences of Angled Iron 
 
 Hoops outside 179 
 
 Circumferences of Angled Iron 
 
 Hoops inside 180 
 
 Observations on the above Tables 181 
 Tables of the Weight of 100 Ibs. of 
 Ship Spikes, Hatch Nails, Hook 
 Heads, Deck Nails, Boat Spikes, 
 Railroad Spikes & Horse Shoes 182 
 Coppers, dimensions and weight of 183 
 
 Copper Tubing, weight of. 183 
 
 Brass, Copper, Steel and Lead, 
 weight of a Foot from J to 3 inch- 
 es Round or Square 183 
 
 Flat Cast Iron, weight of a Foot.. . 184 
 Cast Iron, Weight of a Superficial 
 
 Foot, from to 2 inches thick. . 184 
 Table giving the Weight of Cast 
 Iron, Copper, Brass, and Lead 
 Balls, from 1 to 12 inch diameter 184 
 Cast Iron, weight of a Foot in 
 length of Square and Round. . . . 185 
 
 Steel, weight of a Foot of Flat 185 
 
 Parallel Angle Iron, of equal sides 186 
 
 Parallel Angle Iron, unequal sides 186 
 Taper Angle Iron, of equal sides. . 186 
 Parallel T Iron, unequal width and 
 
 depth 187 
 
 Parallel T Iron, of equal depth and 
 
 width 187 
 
 Taper T Icon 1S7 
 
 Table of Weight of Sash Iron 188 
 
 Table of Weight of Rails, top and 
 
 bottom Tables 188 
 
 Table of Weight of Temporary do. 1S8 
 Tables showing the Weight of a 
 lineal Foot of Malleable Rectan- 
 gular, or Flat Iron, from > to 3 
 inches in thickness 189 
 
 ELASTIC FOKCE OF STEAM. 
 
 Table of the Elastic Properties of 
 Steam and corresponding tempe- 
 rature of Water 194 
 
 Production & Properties of Steam IDS 
 
 Table of the Elastic Force of Steam 
 the Pressure of the Atmosphere 
 not being included 195 
 
 Table of the Consumption of Coal 
 per hour in Steamers 196 
 
 Evaporative Power of Coal 190 
 
 G AUGER'S RULES AND TABLES. 
 
 To Gauge Casks, U. States Gallons 201 Tables of the Comparative Value 
 
 To Gauge Casks, Imperial Gallons 202 of Imperial and United States 
 
 To Ullage, or find the contents of Measures.... 203 
 
 Casks partly filled 203 Miscellaneous Tables 204
 
 RULES WITH DIAGRAMS 
 
 FOR WORKERS IN 
 
 TIN, SHEET IRON AND COPPER, 
 
 AND 
 
 TABLES GIVING THE DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES, 
 AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, 
 
 THE CONTENTS OF EACH IN GALLONS.
 
 MANUFACTURE OF TIN PLATE. 
 
 " The different processes of the manufacture of tin plate may be de- 
 scribed most properly in seven distinct stages. The first begins with 
 the bars of iron which form the plate ; the last terminates with an 
 account of the process of tinning their surface. The description is 
 somewhat technical ; but a glance at the following heads will enable 
 the reader to comprehend the whole process : 
 
 " 1. Rolling is the first and most important point requisite to the 
 production of the latten, or plates of iron, previous to the operation 
 of tinning them. For this pui'pose the finest quality of charcoal iron 
 is invariably employed, which, in its commercial state, generally 
 consists of long flat bars. These are cut into small squares averaging 
 one-half an inch in thickness, which are heated repeatedly in a fur- 
 nace, and are repeatedly passing through iron rollers. A convenient 
 degree of thinness having been obtained, the now extended plates are 
 "doubled up," heated, rolled, opened-out, heated and rolled again, 
 until, at length, the standard thickness of the plate has been reached. 
 
 " 2. Shearing. A pair of massive shears worked by machinery, is 
 now applied to the rugged edges of this lamellar formation of iron- 
 plate. It is cut into oblong squares, 14 inches by 10, and presents the 
 appearance of a single plate of iron, beautifully smooth on its surface. 
 A juvenile with a knife soon destroys the appearance, however, and 
 eight plates are produced from the slightly coherent mass. 
 
 " 3. Scaling. This process consists in freeing the iron surface from 
 its oxyd and scoriae. After an application of sulphuric acid, a number 
 of plates, to the extent, we shall say, of GOO or 800, are packed in a 
 cast-iron box, which is exposed for some hours to the heat of a furnace. 
 On being opened the plates are found to have acquired a bright blue 
 steel tint, and to be free from surface impurities. 
 
 " 4. Cold Rolling. It is impossible that the plates could pass 
 through the last fiery ordeal without becoming disfigured. The cold 
 rolling process corrects this. Each plate is separately passed through 
 a pair of hard polished rollers, screwed tightly together. Not only do 
 the plates acquire from this operation a high degree of smoothness
 
 MANUFACTURE Of TIN PLATES. 13 
 
 and regularity, but they likewise acquire the peculiar elasticity of 
 hammered metal. One man will cold roll 225,000 plates in a week, 
 and each of them is, on an average, three times passed through the 
 rollers. 
 
 " 5. Annealing. This process is also a modern improvement on the 
 manufacture : 600 plates are again packed into cast iron boxes and 
 exposed to the furnace. There is this difference in the present pro- 
 cess from that of scaling that the boxes must be preserved air-tight, 
 otherwise the contained plates would inevitably weld together and 
 produce a solid mass. The infinitessimal portion of confined air 
 prevents this. 
 
 " 6. Pickling. The plates are again consigned to a bath of diluted 
 acid, till the surface becomes uniformly bright and clean. Some 
 nice manipulation belongs to this process. Each plate is, on its re- 
 moval from the acid, subjected to a rigid scrutiny by women, whose 
 vocation it is to detect any remaining impurity, and scour it from 
 the surface. These multifarious operations, it will be seen, are all 
 preliminary to the last, and the most important of all that of tinning. 
 Theoretically simple, this process is practically difficult ; and to do 
 it full justice would carry us beyond our limits. We shall however, 
 mention the principal features. 
 
 " 7. Tinning. A rectangular cast iron bath, heated from below, 
 and calculated to contain 200 or 300 sheets, and about a tun of pure 
 block tin, is now put in request. A stratum of pyreumatic fat floats 
 upon its surface. Close to the side of this tin pot stands another re- 
 ceptacle, which is filled with melted grease, and contains the prepared 
 plates. On the other side is an empty pot, with a grating ; and last 
 of all there is yet another pot, containing a small stratum of melted 
 tin. Let us follow the progress of a single plate. A functionary 
 known as the " washerman," armed with tongs and a hempen brush, 
 withdraws the plate from the bath of tin wherein it has been soaking ; 
 and, with a degree of dexterity only to be acquired by long practice, 
 sweeps one side of the plate clean, and then reversing it, repeats the 
 operation. In an instant it is again submerged in the liquid tin, and 
 is then as quickly transferred to the liquid grease. The peculiar use 
 of the hot grease consists in the property it possesses of equalizing 
 the distribution of the tin, of retaining the superfluous metal, and of 
 spreading the remainder equally on the surface of the iron. Still 
 there is left on the plate what we may term a salvage ; and this is 
 2
 
 14 MANUFACTURE OF TIN PLATES. 
 
 finally removed by means of the last tin pot, which just contains the 
 necessary quantity of fluid metal to melt it off a smart blow being 
 given at the same moment to assist the disengagement. The " list- 
 mark," may be observed upon every tin plate without exception. 
 We may add here, that an expert washerman will finish 6000 metal- 
 lic plates in twelve hours, notwithstanding that each plate is twice 
 washed on both sides, and twice dipped into the melted tin. After 
 some intermediate operations for we need not continue the consec- 
 utive description the plates are sent to the final operation of clean- 
 ing. For this purpose they are rubbed with bran, and dusted upon 
 tables ; after which they present the beautiful silvery appearance so 
 characteristic of the best English tin plate. Last of all they reach 
 an individual called the "sorter," who subjects every plate to a 
 strict examination, rejects those which are found to be defective, and 
 sends those which are approved to be packed, 300 at a time, in the 
 rough wooden boxes, with the cabalistic signs with which the most of 
 us have been familiar since the days of our adventures in the back- 
 shop of the tinsmith." [From the Builder.'] 
 
 QUALITY OF TIN PLATE. 
 
 The tests for tin plates are ductility, strength, and color ; and to 
 possess these, the iron used must be of the best quality, and all the 
 process be conducted with care and skill. The following conditions 
 are inserted in some specifications, and will serve to indicate the 
 strength and ductility of first-class tin plates : 
 
 1st, They must bear cutting into strips of a width equal to ten 
 times the thickness of the plate, both with and across the fibre, with- 
 out splitting ; the strips must bear, while hot, being bent upon a 
 mould, to a sweep equal to four times the width of the strip. 
 
 2nd, While cold, the plates must bear bending in a heading ma- 
 chine, in such a manner as to form a cylinder, the diameter of which 
 shall at most be equal to sixty times the thickness of the plate. In 
 these tests, the plate must show neither flaw nor crack of any kind.
 
 TO FIND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF ANY DIAMETER. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TBCESDZLL, Tinman, Ovrcgo, N. Y.] 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 From the centre C describe a circle AB, having the required diam- 
 eter ; then place the corner of the square at the centre C, and draw 
 the lines CD and CE ; then draw the chord DE : three times the diam- 
 eter added to the distance from the middle of the chord DFE to the 
 middle of the subtending arc DGE, will be the circumference sought. 
 
 TO FIND THE AREA OF THE SECTOR OF A CIRCLE. 
 RULE. Multiply the length of the arc DGE by its radius DC, 
 and half the product is the area. 
 
 The length of the arc DGE equal 9 feet, and the radii CD, CE, 
 equal 7 feet required the area. 
 
 9-5x7 = 66-5 -r- 2 = 33-25 the area.
 
 16 
 
 PROPORTION OF CIRCLES. 
 
 PROPORTION OF CIRCLES. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TKUKSDELL, Tinman, Owcgo, N. Y. 
 
 Or-igrln.a,l. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 To enable machinists to enlarge or reduce machinery wheels with- 
 out changing their respective motion. 
 
 First, describe two circles AB and CD the size of the largest wheels 
 which you wish to change to a large or small machine, with the 
 gentre P of the smaller circle CD on the circumference of the large 
 one AB ; then draw two lines LM and NO tangent to the circles AB 
 and CD, and a line IK passing through their centres P and R ; then 
 if you wish to reduce the machine, describe a circle the size you wish 
 to reduce it to ; if one-half, for example, have the centre Q one-half
 
 TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE. 
 
 17 
 
 the distance from R to S and describe the circle EF, and on its cir- 
 cumference T as a centre, describe a circle GH, allowing their cir- 
 cumferences to touch the tangent lines LM and NO, which will make 
 the circle EF one-half the size of the circle AB, and GH one-half the 1 
 size of CD ; therefore EF and GH are in the same proportion to each 
 other as AB and CD. 
 
 If you wish to reduce one-third, have the centre Q one-third the 
 distance from R to S ; if one-fourth have the centre Q one-fourth the 
 distance from R to S, and so on. This calculation may be applied 
 beyond the centre R for enlarging machine wheels, which will enable 
 you to make the alteration without changing their respective motion. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE, OR OVAL. 
 
 [Simple Method.] 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 At a given distance, equal to the required eccentricity of the ellipse, 
 place two pins, A and B, and pass a string, ACB, round them ; 
 keep the string stretched by a pencil or tracer, C, and move the pencil 
 along, keeping the string all the while equally tense, then will the 
 ellipse CGLFH be described. A and B are the foci of the ellipse, 
 D the centre, DA or DB the eccentricity, EF the principal axis or 
 longer diameter, G H the shorter diameter, and if from any point L in 
 the curve a line be drawn perpendicular to the axis, then will LK 
 be an ordinate to the axis corresponding to the point L, and the parts 
 of the axis EK, KF into which LK divides it are said to be the ab- 
 scissEE corresponding to that ordinate. 
 
 NOTE. OVAL. A curve line, the two diameters of which are of unequal 
 length, and is allied in form to the ellipse. An ellipse is that figure which is 
 produced by cutting a cone or cylinder in a direction oblique to its axis, and 
 passing through its sides. An oval maybe formed by joining different seg- 
 ments of circles, so that their meeting shall not be perceived, but form a contin- 
 uous curve line. All ellipses are ovals, but all ovals are not ellipses ; for the 
 term oval may be applied to all egg-shaped figures, those which are broader at 
 one end than the other, as well as those whose ends are equally curved. 
 
 2*
 
 18 
 
 TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSEi 
 
 TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE. 
 
 [Drawn forthis workby L.W. TKUESDELL, Tinman, Owcgo, N. Y.] 
 Oi-iglna.1. 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 A l4 
 
 G B 
 
 To describe an ellipse of any length and width, and by it to describe 
 a pattern for the sides of a vessel of any flare. 
 
 First draw an indefinite line DE perpendicular to the line AB, and 
 from C, the point of intersection, as a centre, describe a circle FG, 
 having the diameter equal to the length of the ellipse ; from the
 
 TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE. 19 
 
 same centre C describe a circle HJ equal to the width ; then describe 
 the end circles LK' and LK, as much less than the width as the width 
 is less than the length ; then draw the lines MN and MN tangent to 
 the circles K'L, HJ and KL ; from the middle of the line MN at erect 
 a perpendicular produced until it intersects the indefinite line DE ; 
 from the point of intersection P as a centre, describe the arc K'HK, 
 and with the same sweep of the dividers mark the point R on the line 
 DE ; from the point R draw the lines RU and RV through the points 
 K' and K where the arc K'HK touches the end circles K'L and KL ; 
 then place one foot of the dividers on the point R and span them to 
 the point H, and describe the arc Q'HQ, which will be equal in length 
 to the arc K'HK ; from the same centre R describe the arc UWV the 
 width of the pattern ; then span the dividers the diameter of the end 
 circle KL ; place one foot of the dividers on the line RV, at point Q, 
 and the other at Y as a centre, describe the arc QT the length of 
 the curve line KG, and with the same sweep of the dividers describe 
 the arc T'Q' from the centre Y' on the line RU ; then span the dividers 
 from Y' to U, and from Y' as a centre, describe the arc UX, and from 
 Y as a centre, describe the arc VX, which completes the description of 
 the pattern. 
 
 The more flare you wish the pattern to have, the nearer the centre 
 point R must be to H ; and the less flare, the further the centre point 
 R must be from H ; in the same proportion as you move the centre 
 R towards, or from H, you must move the centre Y towards, or from 
 Q, or which would be the same as spanning the dividers less, or greater, 
 than the diameter of the end circle KL. 
 
 TO FIND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF AN ELLIPSE. 
 RULE. Multiply half the sum of the two diameters by 3-1416, and 
 the product will be the circumference. 
 
 Example. Suppose the longer diameter 6 inches and the shorter 
 diameter 4 inches, then 6 added to 4 equal 10, divided by 2 equal 5, 
 multiplied by 3-1416 equal 15-7080 inches circumference. 
 
 TO FIND THE AREA OF AN ELLIPSE. 
 RULE. Multiply the longer diameter by the shorter diameter, and 
 by -7854, and the product will be the area. 
 
 Example. Required the area of an ellipse whose longer diameter 
 is 6 inches and shccter diameter 4 inches? 
 
 6 X 4 X '7854 = 18-8496, the area.
 
 TO DESCRIBE A RIGHT ANGLED ELBOW. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A RIGHT ANGLED ELBOW. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TRUESDELL, Tinman, Owego, N. Y.] 
 Original. 
 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 First construct a rectangle ADEB equal in width to the diameter 
 of the elbow, and the length equal to the circumference; then from 
 the point J, the middle of the line AB, draw the line JH, and from 
 the point F, the middle of the line AD, draw the line FG ; from the 
 point J draw two diagonal lines JD and JE ; then span the dividers 
 so as to divide one of these diagonal lines into six equal parts, viz. 
 J, L, 0, T, 0, V, E ; from the point L erect a perpendicular, pro- 
 duced to the line JH ; from the point of contact M, as a centre, 
 describe the arc NJO for the top of the elbow, and from the points
 
 TO DESCRIBE A STRAIGHT ELBOW. 
 
 21 
 
 M' and M' as centres, with the same sweep of the dividers, describe 
 the arcs NO and NO ; then draw an indefinite straight line PQ tan- 
 gent to the arcs NO and NJ, having the points of contact at S and 
 S ; on this tangent line erect a perpendicular passing through the 
 point N produced until it intersects the line BE produced ; then place 
 one foot of the dividers on the point of intersection R and span them 
 over the dotted line to the point T, and with the dividers thus spanned 
 describe the arcs TS, TS, TS, and TS ; these arcs and the arcs NO, 
 NJO, and ON will be the right angled elbow required. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A STRAIGHT ELBOW. 
 
 [Old Method.] 
 
 Fia. 6. 
 
 "--. 
 
 N, 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 t^~ 
 
 =5 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~z_ 
 
 i 
 
 
 2 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 J. 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 / 
 
 ~C 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 // 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 X 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s; 
 
 7 
 
 Mark out the length and depth of the elbow, ABCD ; draw a semi- 
 circle at each end, as from AB and CD ; divide each semicircle 
 into eight parts ; draw horizontal lines as shown from 1 to 1, 2 
 to 2, &c. ; divide the circumference or length, ACBD, into sixteen 
 equal parts, and draw perpendicular lines as in figure ; draw a line 
 from a to b and from b to c, and on the opposite side from d to e 
 and e to/; for the top sweep set the dividers on fourth line from 
 top and sweep two of the spaces ; the same at the corner ; on 
 space for the remaining sweeps set the dividers so to intersect in 
 the three corners of the spaces marked X . The seams must be 
 added to drawing.
 
 22 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A CURVED ELBOW. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A CURVED ELBOW. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L.W. TEUESDELL, Tinman, Owego, N. T.] 
 Original. 
 
 FIG. 7. 
 
 Fia. 8.
 
 TO DESCRIBE A CURVED ELBOW. 23 
 
 Describe two circles UX and V'S, the curves desired for the elbow, 
 having the distance from U to V equal to the diameter ; then divide 
 the circle V, W, R and S, into as many sections as desired ; then 
 construct a rectangle, Fig. 8, ADEB, the width equal to the width of 
 one section V'W, Fig. 7, and the length equal to the circumference of 
 the elbow ; then span the dividers from the point R to the point P at 
 the dotted line, Fig. 7, and with the dividers thus spanned mark the 
 points FF' Fig. 8, from points A and D, and draw the lines FG and 
 F'G' ; from point I draw the two diagonal lines IF and IG, span the 
 dividers so as to divide one of these diagonal lines into six equal parts, 
 viz. I, L, 0, T, 0, V, G ; from the point L erect a perpendicular 
 line produced until it intersects the line IH produced ; from the 
 point of intersection M, as a centre, describe the arc NIO for the top 
 of the elbow ; with the same sweep ot the dividers describe the arcs NO 
 and NO ; then draw an indefinite straight line PQ tangent to the 
 arcs NO and NT, having the points of contact at S and S ; on this 
 tangent line erect a perpendicular line passing through the point N 
 (same as in Fig. 5), produced until it intersects the line BE pro- 
 duced ; then place one foot of the dividers on the point of intersection 
 and span them over the dotted line to the point T, (same as in Fig. 5), 
 and with the dividers spanned describe the arcs TS, TS, TS, and TS ; 
 these arcs and the arcs NO, NIO and ON, will be one side of the 
 section, and by the same rule the other side of the section may be 
 described at the same time, which will be a pattern to cut the other 
 sections by. 
 
 SOLDERING. 
 
 For Lead the solder is 1 part tin, 1 to 2 of lead; for Tin 1 to 
 2 parts tin to 1 of lead ; for Zinc 1 part tin to 1 to 2 of lead ; 
 for Pewter 1 part tin to 1 of lead, and 1 to 2 parts of bismuth. 
 
 The surfaces to be joined are made perfectly clean and smooth, and 
 then covered with sal-ammoniac, or resin, or both ; the solder is then 
 applied, being melted in, and smoothed over by the soldering iron. 
 
 To Joint Lead Plates. The joints of lead plates for some purposes 
 are made as follows : The edges are brought together, hammered 
 down into a sort of channel cut out of wood, and secured with a few. v 
 tacks. The hollow is then scraped clean with a scraper, rubbed over 
 with candle grease, and a stream of hot lead is poured into it, the 
 surface being afterwards smoothed with a red-hot plumber's iron.
 
 24 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A STRAIGHT ELBOW. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A STRAIGHT ELBOW. 
 
 [Another Method for describing a Straight Elbow.] 
 
 FIGS. 9 & 10. 
 Fig. 10. Fig. 9. 
 
 Fia. 9. Draw a profile of half of the elbow wanted, and mark 
 a semicircle on the line representing the diameter, divide the semi- 
 circle into six equal parts, draw perpendicular lines from each divi- 
 sion on the circle to the angle line as on figure. 
 
 FIG. 10. Draw the circumference and depth of elbow wanted, 
 and divide into twelve equal parts, mark the height of perpendic- 
 ular lines of Fig. 9 on Fig. 10 a b c &c. ; set your dividers the 
 same as for the semicircle and sweep from e to e intersecting with / 
 and the same from c to the corner, then set the dividers one-third 
 the circumference and sweep from e to d each side, and from a to b 
 each side at bottom ; then set your dividers three-fourths of the cir- 
 cumference and sweep from c to d each side on top, and from c to 
 b at bottom, and you obtain a more correct pattern than is gen- 
 erally used. Allow for the lap or seam outside of your drawing, 
 and lay out the elbow deep enough to put together by swedge or 
 machine. Be careful in dividing and mar-king out, and the large 
 end will be true without trimming. The seams must be added to 
 drawing. 
 
 To Joint Lead Pipes. Widen out the end of one pipe with a taper 
 wood drift, and scrape it clean inside ; scrape the end of the other pipe 
 outside a little tapered, and insert it in the former : then solder it with 
 common lead solder as before described ; or if required to be strong, 
 rub a little tallow over, and cover the joint with a ball of melted 
 lead, holding a cloth (2 or 3 plies of greased bed-tick) on the under 
 side ; and smoothing over with it and the plumber's iron.
 
 TO DESCRIBE BEVEL COVERS. 23 
 
 TO DESCRIBE BEVEL COVERS FOR VESSELS, OR 
 BREASTS FOR CANS. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TEUESDELL, Tinman, Owego, N. Y.] 
 
 FIG. 11. 
 
 From as a centre, describe a circle DE larger than the vessel ; 
 and from C as a centre, describe a circle AB the size of the vessel, then 
 with the dividers the same as you described the circle the size of the 
 vessel, apply them six times on the circumference of the circle larger 
 than the vessel ; for can-breasts describe the circle FG the size you 
 wish for the opening of the breast. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE PITCHED COVERS FOR PAILS, &c. 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 .To cut for pitched covers, draw a circle one inch larger than the 
 hoop is in diameter after burring, then draw a line from the centre to 
 3
 
 2C 
 
 OVAL BOILER COVER. 
 
 the circumference as in the figure, and one inch from the centre and 
 connecting with this line draw two more lines the ends of which shall 
 be one inch on either side of the line first drawn, and then cut out 
 the piece. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE AN OVAL BOILER COVER. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TKUESDELL, Tinman, Owego, N. Y.J 
 
 FIG. 13. 
 
 F 
 
 J 
 
 From C as a centre, describe a circle whose diameter will be equal 
 to the width of the boiler outside of the wire, and draw the line AB 
 perpendicular to the line EF, having it pass through the point D, which 
 is one-half of the length of the boiler ; then mark the point J one 
 quarter of an inch or more as you wish, for the pitch of the cover, and 
 apply the corner of the square on the line AB, allowing the blade to 
 fall on the circle at II, and the tongue at the point J ; then draw the 
 lines HB, BJ, GA and AJ, which completes the description.
 
 * 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A LIP TO A MEASURE. 27 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A LIP TO A MEASURE. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TBUESDELL, Tinman, Owego, N. Y.J 
 Original. 
 
 FIG. 14. 
 
 Let the circle AB represent the size of the measure ; span the divi- 
 ders from K to F three-quarters of the diameter ; describe the semi- 
 circle DKE ; move the dividers to G the width of the lip required, and 
 describe the semicircle KPJ, which will be the lip sought. 
 
 THE CIRCLE AND ITS SECTIONS. 
 
 1. The Areas of Circles are to each other as the squares of their 
 diameters ; any circle twice the diameter of another contains four 
 times the area of the other. 
 
 2. The Radius of a circle is a straight line drawn from the centre 
 to the circumference. 
 
 3. The Diameter of a circle is a straight line drawn through the 
 centre, and terminated both ways at the circumference. 
 
 4. A Chord is a straight line joining any two points of the circum- 
 ference. 
 
 5. An Arc is any part of the circumference. 
 
 6. A Semicircle is half the circumference cut off by a diameter. 
 
 7. A Segment is any portion of a circle cut off by a chord. 
 
 8. A Sector is a part of a circle cut off by two radii.
 
 28 
 
 FLARING VESSEL. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A FLARING VESSEL PATTERN, A SET OF 
 
 PATTERNS FOR A PYRAMID CAKE, OR AN 
 
 ENVELOPE FOR A CONE. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TBUESDBLL, Tinman, Owcgo, N. Y.] 
 Oi-iglnal. 
 
 Fia. 15. 
 
 From a point C as a centre, describe a circle AB equal to the large 
 circumference ; with the point F as a centre, the depth of the vessel, 
 describe a circle DE equal to the small circumference ; then draw the 
 lines GH and RS tangent to the circles AB and DE ; from the point 
 of intersection as a centre, describe the arcs ACB and DFE ; then 
 ADEB will be the size of the vessel, and three such pieces will be an 
 envelope for it, and AJBTFU the altitude ; then by dividing the sector
 
 TO DESCRIBE THE FRUSTUM OF A CONE. 29 
 
 SOH into sections AB, DE, PQ, and WX, you will have a set of 
 patterns for a pyramid cake ; and the sector AOB will be one-third of 
 an envelope for a cone. 
 
 In allowing for locks, you must draw the lines parallel to the radii, 
 as represented in the diagram by dotted lines, which will bring the 
 vessel true across the top and bottom. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A CONE OR FRUSTUM. 
 FIG. 16. 
 
 D 
 
 \ \ 
 
 V 
 .A. 
 
 First draw a side elevation of the desired vessel, DE, then from A 
 as a centre describe the arcs CDC and GEG ; after finding the diam- 
 eter of the top or large end, turn to the table of Diameters and Cir- 
 cumferences, where you will find the true circumference, which you 
 will proceed to lay out on the upper or larger arc CDC, making due 
 allowance for the locks, wire and burr. This is for one piece ; if for 
 two pieces you will lay out only one-half the circumference on the 
 plate ; if for three pieces one-third ; if for four pieces one-fourth ; and 
 so on for any number, remembering to make the allowance for locks, 
 wire and burr on the piece you use for a pattern.
 
 30 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A HEART. CYCLOID. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE A HEART. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. \V. TEUESDKLL, Tinman, Owego, N. Y.] 
 
 FIG. 17. 
 
 Draw an indefinite line AB ; then span the dividers one-fourth the 
 width you wish the heart, and describe two semicircumferences AC 
 and CB ; span the dividers from A to B, the width of the heart, and 
 dessribe the lines AD and BD, which completes the description. 
 
 CYCLOID. 
 
 FIG. 18. 
 
 ABA 
 
 Cycloid, a curve much used in mechanics. It is thus formed : 
 
 If the circumference of a circle be rolled on a right line, beginning 
 
 at any point A, and continued till the same point A arrive at the 
 
 line again, making just one revolution, and thereby measuring out 
 
 a straight line ABA equal to the circumference of a circle, while the
 
 TO STRIKE THE SIDE OF A FLARING VESSEL. 31 
 
 point A in the circumference traces out a curve line ACAGA : then 
 this curve is called a cycloid ; and some of its properties are contained 
 in the following lemma. 
 
 If the generating or revolving circle be placed in the middle of the 
 cycloid, its diameter coinciding with the axis AB, and from any point 
 there be drawn the tangent CF, the ordinate CDE perpendicular to 
 the axis, and the chord of the circle AD ; then the chief properties 
 are these : 
 
 The right line CD equal to the circular arc AD ; 
 
 The cycloidal arc AC equal to double the chord AD ; 
 
 The semi-cycloid ACA equal to double the diameter AB, and 
 
 The tangent CF is parallel to the chord AD. 
 
 This curve is the line of swiftest descent, and that best suited for 
 the path of the ball of a pendulum. 
 
 TO STRIKE THE SIDE OF A FLARING VESSEL. 
 FIG. 19. 
 
 12 
 
 D 
 
 To find the radius of a circle for striking the side of a flaring ves- 
 sel having the diameters and depth of side given. 
 
 RULE. As the difference between the large and small diameter 
 is to the depth of the side, so is the small diameter to the radiua 
 of the circle by which it is struck. 
 
 Example. Suppose ABCD to be the desired vessel, with a 
 top diameter of 12 inches, bottom diameter 9 inches, depth of side 
 8 inches. Then as 12 9 = 3 : 8 : : 9 to the radius. 
 
 8x 9 = 72 -f- 3 = 24 inches, answer. 
 
 TINNING IRON. 
 
 Cleanse the metal to be tinned, and rub with a coarse cloth, 
 previously dipped in hydrochloric acid, (muriatic acid) and then rub 
 on French putty with the same clotli. French putty is made by 
 mixing tin filings with mercury.
 
 32 
 
 TO DESCRIBE BREASTS FOR CANS. 
 
 TO DESCRIBE BEVEL COVERS FOR VESSELS, OR 
 
 BREASTS FOR CANS. 
 
 Fia. 20. 
 
 Construct a right angle ADB, and from the point C, the altitude 
 height you wish the breast, erect a perpendicular line F ; then on the 
 line B, mark the point E one-half the diameter of the can ; and on the 
 line F, mark the point G one-half the diameter of the opening in the 
 top of breast ; draw a line N to pass through the points E and G pro- 
 duced until it intersects the line A ; place one foot of the dividers at 
 the point of intersection H, and place the other on the point E, and 
 describe the circle EIK ; span the dividers from the point II to point 
 G, and describe the circle GLM ; then span the dividers from the 
 point D to E, and step them six times on the circle EIK, which gives 
 the size of the breast. Remember to mark the lines for the locks 
 parallel with the radii. 
 
 A GOOD SOLDER. 
 
 Take 1 Ib. of pure Banca tin, and melt it, then add half a pound 
 of clean lead, and when it is melted, stir the mixture gently -with a 
 stick or poker, and pour it out into solder strips.
 
 TO FIND THE CENTRE OF A CIRCLE. 
 
 33 
 
 TO FIND THE CENTRE OF A CIRCLE FROM A PART 
 OF THE CIRCUMFERENCE. 
 
 [Drawn for this work by L. W. TEUESDELL, Tinman, Owego, N. Y.] 
 Original. 
 
 FIG. 21. 
 
 Span the dividers any distance you wish, and place one foot on the 
 circumference AB, and describe the semicircumferences CD, EF, GH, 
 and IK, and through the points of their intersection PQ and RS, 
 draw two indefinite lines LM and NO ; the point of their intersection 
 T, will be the centre desired. 
 
 le
 
 34 
 
 TO CONSTRUCT THE FRUSTUM OF A CONE. 
 
 SECTOR, FOR OBTAINING ANGLES. 
 FIG. 22. 
 
 SECTOR, a portion of a circle comprehended between any two 
 radii and their intercepted arcs. Similar Sectors are those whose 
 radii include equal angles. 
 
 To find the area of a sector. Say as 360 is to the degrees, &c., 
 in the arc of the sector, so is the area of the whole circle to the area 
 of the sector. Or multiply the radius by the length of the arc, and 
 half the product will be the area. 
 
 TO CONSTRUCT THE FRUSTUM OF A CONE. 
 Form of flat Plate by which to construct any Frustum of a Cone. 
 
 Fia. 23. 
 
 Let ABCD represent the required frustum ; continue the lines 
 AD and BC until they meet at E ; then from E as centre, with the 
 radius EC, describe the arc CH ; also from E, with the radius 
 EB, describe the arc BI ; make BI equal in length to twice AGB, 
 draw the line El, and BCIH is the form of the plate as required.
 
 STRIKING OUT A CONE. 35 
 
 RULE FOR STRIKING OUT A CONE OR FRUSTUM. 
 Fio. 24. 
 C 
 
 B 
 
 In a conical surface, there may be economy, sometimes, in having 
 the slant height 6 times the radius of base. For a Circle may be 
 wholly cut into conical surfaces, if the angle is 60, 30, 15, &c. 
 
 But there is a greater simplicity in cutting it, when the angle ia 
 60. For instance, take AC equal to the slant height, describe an 
 indefinite arc AO ; with the same opening of the dividers measure 
 from A to B ; draw BC and we have the required sector. Thia 
 would make the angle C equal 60. This angle may be divided 
 into two or four equal parts, and we should thus have sectors whose 
 angle would be 30 or 15, which would not make the vessel very 
 flaring. The accompanying figure gives about the shape of the flar- 
 
 FIG. 25. 
 
 ing vessel when the angle of the sector is 30. 
 
 TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF A PYRAMID OR CONE. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the diameter of the base by itself, and this pro- 
 duct by the height, then take one-third of this product for the con- 
 tents ; to obtain gallons, divide the last result by 231. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Required the cubic inches of a Cone whose base is 8 
 inches diameter, and height 18 inches. 
 
 8 X 3 = 64 X 18 = 1152 -=- 3 = 3S4 cubic inches, -r- 231 = 1 gall. "2% quarts.
 
 36 CONTENTS IN GALLONS OF A FRUSTUM OF A CONE. 
 
 HIPPED ROOFS, MILL HOPPERS, &c. 
 
 To find the various Angles and proper Dimensions of Materials 
 whereby to construct any figure whose form is the Frustum of a 
 proper or inverted Pyramid, as Hipped Roofs, Mill Hoppers, fyc. 
 
 FIG. 26. 
 D C 
 
 Let ABCD be the given dimensions of plan for a roof, the height 
 RT also being given ; draw the diagonal AR, meeting the top or 
 ridge Rs on plan ; from R, at right angles with AR and equal to 
 the required height, draw the line RT , then TA , equal the length of 
 the struts or corners of the roof ; from A , with the distance AT, 
 describe an arc TZ, continue the diagonal AR until it cuts the arc 
 17, through which, and parallel with the ridge Rs, draw the line 
 m n, which determines the required breadth for each side of the 
 roof: from A, meeting the line m n, draw the line Ao, or proper 
 angle for the end of each board by which the roof might require to 
 be covered ; and the angle at T is what the boards require to be made 
 in the direction of their thickness, when the corners or angles re- 
 quire to be mitred. 
 
 CONTENTS IN GALLONS OF THE FRUSTUM OF A CONE. 
 FIGS. 27, 28, 29. 
 
 To find the Contents in Gallons of a Vessel, whose diameter is 
 larger at one end than the other, such as a Bowl, Pail, Fiskin, 
 Tub, Coflee-pot, &c. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the larger diameter by the smaller, and to the
 
 CONTENTS IN GALLONS OF SQUAKE VESSELS. 37 
 
 product add one-third of the square of their difference, multiply by 
 the height, and multiply that product by .0034 for Wine Gallons, and 
 by .002785 for Beer. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Required the contents of a Coffee-pot 6 inches diameter 
 at the top, 9 inches at the bottom, and 18 inches high. 
 
 large diameter 9 brought up 1026 
 
 small do. 6 .0034 
 
 54 4104 
 
 of the square 3 3078 
 
 57 3.4884 Wine Gallons, 
 
 height 18 or nearly 3 gallons. 
 
 456 
 
 57 
 
 Carried up 1026 
 
 1026 multiplied by .002785 equal 2.8574 Beer Gallons. 
 
 RULE TO FIND THE CONTENTS IN GALLONS OF ANY 
 SQUARE VESSEL. 
 
 RULE. Take the dimensions in inches and decimal parts of an 
 inch, multiply the length, breadth, and height together, and then 
 multiply the product by .004329 for Wine Gallons, and .by .003546 
 for Ale Gallons. 
 
 EXAMPLE. How many Wine Gallons will a box contain that is 10 
 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. 
 
 Length in inches, 120 
 Breadth in do. 60 
 
 brought up 345600 
 .004329 
 
 7200 
 Height in inches, 48 
 
 3110400 
 691200 
 1036800 
 1382400 
 
 57600 
 
 28800 
 
 1496.102400 gallons. 
 or 1496 galls, and 3^ gills. 
 
 Carried up, 345600 
 4
 
 38 CONTENTS IN GALLONS OF CYLINDRICAL VESSELS. 
 
 CONTENTS IN GALLONS OF CYLINDRICAL VESSELS. 
 
 RULE. Take the dimensions, in inches and decimal parts of an 
 inch. Square the diameter, multiply it by the length in inches, and 
 then multiply the product by .0034 for Wine Gallons, or by .002785 
 for Ale Gallons. 
 
 EXAMPLE. How many U. S. Gallons will a Cylindrical Vessel con- 
 tain, whose diameter is 9 inches, and length 9 inches? 
 
 Diameter, 9 brought up 769.5 
 
 9 .0034 
 
 Square Diam. 
 Length, 
 
 81 
 9.5 
 
 405 
 729 
 
 Carried up, 769.5 
 
 30780 
 23085 
 
 2.61630 
 or 2 gallons and 5 pints. 
 
 TO ASCERTAIN THE WEIGHTS OF PIPES OF VARIOUS 
 METALS, AND ANY DIAMETER REQUIRED. 
 
 Thickness in 
 
 
 
 
 parts of an 
 inch. 
 
 Wrought iron. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 1-32 
 
 326 
 
 Hi Ibs. plate -38 
 
 2 Ibs. lead -483 
 
 1-16 
 
 653 
 
 234 
 
 76 
 
 4 
 
 967 
 
 3-32 
 
 976 
 
 35 
 
 1-14 
 
 6J 
 
 1-45 
 
 1-8 
 
 1-3 
 
 46A 
 
 1-52 
 
 8 
 
 1-933 
 
 5-32 
 
 1-627 
 
 58 
 
 1-9 
 
 91 
 
 2-417 
 
 3-16 
 
 1-95 
 
 70 
 
 2-28 
 
 11 
 
 2-9 
 
 7-32 
 
 2-277 
 
 80A_ 
 
 2-66 
 
 13 
 
 3-383 
 
 1-4 
 
 2-6 
 
 93 
 
 3-04 
 
 15 
 
 ' 3.8G7 
 
 Rule. To the interior diameter of the pipe, in inches, add the thickness 
 of the metal ; multiply the sum by the decimal numbers opposite the re- 
 quired thickness and under the metal's name; also by the length of the 
 pipe in feet, and the product is the weight of the pipe in Ibs. 
 
 1. Required the weight of a copper pipe whose interior diameter is 7 
 inches, its length 6| feet, and the metal 1-8 of an inch in thickness. 
 
 7-5 + -125 = 7-625 X 1-52 X G-25 = 72-4 Ibs. 
 
 2. What is the weight of a leaden pipe 18 feet in length, 3 inches in- 
 terior diameter, and the metal of an inch in thickness ? 
 
 3 + -25 = 3-25 X 3-867 X 18-5 = 232-5 Ibs.
 
 TIN PLATES. QUANTITY OF TIN FOR CANS. 
 
 39 
 
 TIN PLATES. 
 
 Size, Lenyih, Breadth, and Weight. 
 
 BRASD-MAKK. 
 
 No. of 
 Sheets 
 in Box. 
 
 Length and 
 Breadth. 
 
 Weight per 
 Box. 
 
 
 
 
 Inches. Inches Cwt.'ar. Ibs 
 
 
 1 C 
 
 225 
 
 14 by 10 
 
 100 
 
 " 
 
 1 x 
 
 225 
 
 14 by 10 
 
 110 
 
 
 1 XX 
 
 1 xxx 
 
 1 xxxx 
 
 225 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 14 by 10 
 14 by 10 
 14 by 10 
 
 1 1 21 
 1 2 14 
 137 
 
 Each Ix advances 
 $1.75 to $2.00 
 
 1 xxxxx 
 
 225 
 
 14 by 10 
 
 200 
 
 
 1 xxxxxx 
 
 225 
 
 14 by 10 
 
 2 21 
 
 J 
 
 DC 
 
 100 
 
 17 by 124 
 
 3 14 
 
 (V> to o 03 
 
 D x 
 
 100 
 
 17 by 124 
 
 1 14 
 
 B V ES 
 
 D xx 
 
 100 
 
 17 by 12| 
 
 117 
 
 <~ P- a 2 
 
 D xxx 
 
 100 
 
 17 by 124 
 
 120 
 
 3 
 
 D xxxx 
 
 100 
 
 17 by 124 
 
 1 2 21 
 
 ~ _ o "o 
 
 D xxxxx 
 
 100 
 
 17 by 124 
 
 1 3 14 
 
 'g!3 s;~ 
 
 D xxxxxx 
 
 100 
 
 17 by 124 
 
 207 
 
 ^ QJ 4) 1? 
 
 S DC 
 
 200 
 
 15 by 11 
 
 1 1 27 
 
 S M S N 
 
 S D x 
 
 200 
 
 15 by 11 
 
 1 2 20 
 
 bb o rt J3 '" 
 
 S D xx 
 
 200 
 
 15 by 11 
 
 1 3 13 
 
 C3 1 *" 'aC*" 
 
 S D xxx 
 
 200 
 
 15 by 11 
 
 206 
 
 = " ~ gf n 
 
 S D xxxx 
 
 200 
 
 15 by 11 
 
 2 27 
 
 ||5? 
 
 S D xxxxx 
 
 200 
 
 15 by 11 
 
 2 1 20 
 
 T3 a > c "9 
 
 S D xxxxxx 
 
 200 
 
 15 by 11 
 
 2 2 13 
 
 3 .5 = o 
 
 
 
 
 about 
 
 <= u 3 '-5 
 
 TTT Taggers, 
 
 225 
 
 14 by 10 
 
 100 
 
 S 3 g,S 
 
 1 C 
 
 225 
 
 12 by 12 
 
 
 
 
 1 x 
 
 225 
 
 12 by 12 
 
 
 
 1 XX 
 
 225 
 
 12 by 12 
 
 
 
 1 xxx 
 
 225 
 
 12 by 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 xxxx 
 
 225 
 
 12 by 12 
 
 
 About the same weight 
 
 1 C 
 
 1 X 
 1 XX 
 
 112 
 112 
 112 
 
 14 by 20 
 14 by 20 
 14 by 20 
 
 
 >per Box, as the plates 
 above of similar brand, 
 J 14 by 10. 
 
 1 xxx 
 
 112 
 
 14 by 20 
 
 
 
 L xxxx 
 
 112 
 
 14 by 20 
 
 - 
 
 
 Leaded or~) I C 
 Ternes l x 
 
 112 
 112 
 
 14 by 20 
 14 by 20 
 
 100 
 110 
 
 > For Roofing. 
 
 OIL CANISTERS, (fromty to 125 galls.) WITH THE QUANTITY 
 AND QUALITY OF TIN REQUIRED FOR CUSTOM WORK. 
 
 Galls. 
 
 Quantity and Quality. 
 
 Galls. 
 
 Quantity and Quality. 
 
 2* 
 34 
 54 
 8 
 10 
 15 
 
 2 Plates, I X in body. 
 2 S DX < 
 2. DX ' 
 4 IX 
 34 DX 
 4 DX ' 
 
 33 
 
 45 
 60 
 90 
 125 
 
 134 Plates, IX in body, 3 
 breadths high. 
 134 Plates, S D X in body. 
 134 " D X " 
 154 DX * 
 20 D X " 
 
 * The bottom tier of plates to be placed lengthwise
 
 40 WEIGHT OF WATER AND DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 WEIGHT OF WATER. 
 
 1 cubic inch 
 
 12 cubic inches 
 
 1 cubic foot 
 
 1 cubic foot 
 
 1.8 cubic feet 
 
 35.84 cubic feet 
 
 1 Cylindrical inch . . 
 
 12 Cylindrical inches . 
 
 1 Cylindrical foot . . 
 
 1 Cylindrical foot . . 
 
 2.282 Cylindrical feet . . 
 
 45.64 Cylindrical feet . . 
 
 11.2 Imperial gallons . . 
 
 224 Imperial gallons . . 
 
 13.44 United States galls. 
 
 268.8 United States galls. 
 
 Centre of pressure is 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 2240.00 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 
 
 is equal to 2240.00 
 
 is equal to 112.00 
 
 is equal to 2240.00 
 
 is equal to 112.00 
 
 is equal to 2240.00 
 
 .03617 pounds. 
 .434 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 U. S. gallons. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 .02842 pounds. 
 .341 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 U. S. Gallons. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 62.5 
 
 .7.50 
 
 112.00 
 
 49.10 
 
 6.00 
 
 112.00 
 
 at two-thirds depth from surface. 
 
 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS TO THE FRACTIONAL PARTS 
 
 OF A GALLON, OR AN INCH. 
 [The Inch, or Gallon, being divided into 32 parts.] 
 
 [In multiplying decimals it is usual to drop all but the two or three first figures.] 
 
 Deci- 
 mals. 
 
 Gallon, 
 or 
 Inch. 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 5 1 
 
 Deci- 
 mals. 
 
 Gallon, 
 or 
 Inch. 
 
 5 
 
 ., 
 
 "5 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Decimals. 
 
 Gallon, 
 or 
 Inch. 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 .03125 
 
 1-32 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 .375 
 
 3-8 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 .71875 
 
 23-32 
 
 23 
 
 -)':' 
 
 2 
 
 .0625 
 
 1-16 
 
 2 
 
 A, 
 
 i 
 
 .40625 
 
 13-32 1334 \l 
 
 .75 
 
 3-4 246 
 
 3 
 
 .09375 
 
 3-32 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 .4375 
 
 7-16 143JM1 .78125 
 
 25-32 25 (ij 31 
 
 .125 
 
 1-8 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 .46875 
 
 15-32 15 32 l| 
 
 .8125 
 
 13-16 2(i 
 
 (iA 
 
 3i 
 
 .15625 
 
 5-32 
 
 5 
 
 U 
 
 s 
 
 .5 
 
 1-2 
 
 164 
 
 2 
 
 .84375 
 
 27-32 27 (i : | 
 
 33 
 
 .1875 
 
 3-16 
 
 6 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 .53125 
 
 17-32 
 
 17 
 
 44 
 
 -s 
 
 .875 
 
 7-8 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 
 .21875 
 
 7-32 
 
 7 
 
 ]] 
 
 J 
 
 .5625 
 
 9-16 
 
 IS 
 
 
 .90625 
 
 29 32 29 74 
 
 3| 
 
 .25 
 
 1-4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 .59375 
 
 19-32 19 
 
 4|2| 
 
 .9375 
 
 15-16 30 
 
 74 
 
 35 
 
 .28125 
 
 9-32 
 
 92.11J 
 
 .625 
 
 5-8 20 5 2* .96875 
 
 31-32 31 
 
 75 
 
 35 
 
 .3125 
 
 5-16 10 2^,14 .65625 
 
 21-32 21 54 2|! 1.000 
 
 1 
 
 328 
 
 4 
 
 .34375 
 
 11-32 11 2| If .6875 
 
 11-16 22 5| 2i| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 APPLICATION. Required the gallons in any Cylindrical Vessel. Sup- 
 pose a vessel 9 1-2 inches deep, 9 inches diameter, and contents 2-6163, 
 that is, 2 gallons and 61 hundredth parts of a gallon, now to ascertain this de- 
 cimal of a gallon refer to the above Table, for the decimal that is nearest, 
 which is -62-5, opposite to which is 5-8ths of a gallon, or 20 gills, or 5 pints, 
 cr 2 1-2 quarts, consequently the vessel contains 2 gallons anil 5 pints. 
 
 INCHES. To find what part of an inch the decimal 708 is. liefer to 
 the above Table for the decimal that is nearest, which is -71875, opposite 
 to which is 23-32 ; or nearly 3-4ths of an inch.
 
 A. TA.BLE 
 
 CONTAINING THE 
 
 DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES, AND AREAS 
 OF CIRCLES, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 CONTEXT OF EACH IN GALLONS AT 1 FOOT IN DEPTH. 
 OF THE 
 
 1. Required the circumference of a circle, the diameter being five 
 inches ? 
 
 In the column of circumferences opposite the given diameter, 
 stands 15-708* inches, the circumference required. 
 
 2. Required the capacity, in gallons, of a can the diameter being 
 6 feet and depth 10 feet ? 
 
 In the fourth column from the given diameter stands 211.4472* 
 being the content of a can 6 feet in diameter and 1 foot in depth, 
 which being multipled by 10 gives the required content, two thou- 
 sand one hundred fourteen and a half gallons. 
 
 3. Any of the areas in feet multiplied by .03704, the product equal 
 the number of cubic yards at 1 foot in depth. 
 
 4. The area of a circle in inches multiplied by the length or thick- 
 ness in inches, and by .263, the product equal the weight in pounds 
 of cast iron. 
 
 * See opposite page (page 40) for Decimal Equivalents to the Fractional parts 
 of a Gallon, and an Inch. 
 
 4*
 
 42 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES, AND 
 
 THE CONTENT IN GALLONS AT 1 FOOT IN DEPTH. 
 
 [j2rea in Inches.] 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. in. 
 
 Area. in. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. in. 
 
 Area. in. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 3-1416 
 
 7854 
 
 04084 
 
 6-1 
 
 20-420 
 
 33-183 
 
 1-72552 
 
 i 
 
 3-5343 
 
 9940 
 
 05169 
 
 | 
 
 20813 
 
 34-471 
 
 1-79249 
 
 
 
 39270 
 
 1-2271 
 
 06380 
 
 \ 
 
 21-205 
 
 35-784 
 
 1-86077 
 
 
 
 4-3197 
 
 1-4848 
 
 07717 
 
 gf 
 
 21-598 
 
 37-122 
 
 1-93034 
 
 I 
 
 4-7124 
 
 1-7671 
 
 09188 
 
 7 in. 
 
 21 991 
 
 38-484 
 
 2-00117 
 
 A 
 
 5-1051 
 
 20739 
 
 10784 
 
 ^ 
 
 22-383 
 
 39-871 
 
 2-07329 
 
 <! 
 
 5-4978 
 
 2-4052 
 
 12506 
 
 ^ 
 
 22-776 
 
 41-282 
 
 214666 
 
 I 
 
 5-8905 
 
 2-7611 
 
 14357 
 
 3. 
 
 23-169 
 
 42-718 
 
 222134 
 
 2 in. 
 
 6-2832 
 
 3-1416 
 
 16333 
 
 | 
 
 23-562 
 
 44-178 
 
 2.29726 
 
 1 
 
 66759 
 
 3-5465 
 
 18439 
 
 A 
 
 23-954 
 
 45-663 
 
 2-37448 
 
 
 
 7-0686 
 
 3-9760 
 
 20675 
 
 | 
 
 24-347 
 
 47-173 
 
 2-45299 
 
 3. 
 
 74613 
 
 4-4302 
 
 23036 
 
 1 
 
 24-740 
 
 48-707 
 
 253276 
 
 | 
 
 7-8540 
 
 4-9087 
 
 25522 
 
 8 in. 
 
 25-132 
 
 50-265 
 
 2-61378 
 
 A 
 
 8-2467 
 
 5-4119 
 
 28142 
 
 1 
 
 25515 
 
 51-848 
 
 2-69609 
 
 1 
 
 8-6394 
 
 5-9395 
 
 30S83 
 
 ^ 
 
 25-918 
 
 53456 
 
 277971 
 
 | 
 
 9-0321 
 
 6-4918 
 
 33753 
 
 3. 
 
 26-310 
 
 55-088 
 
 2-86458 
 
 3 in. 
 
 9-4248 
 
 7-0686 
 
 36754 
 
 | 
 
 26-703 
 
 56-745 
 
 2-95074 
 
 i. 
 
 9-?175 
 
 7-6699 
 
 39879 
 
 A 
 
 27-096 
 
 58 426 
 
 3-03815 
 
 ^ 
 
 10-210 
 
 8.2957 
 
 43134 
 
 
 
 27-489 
 
 60-132 
 
 3-12686 
 
 3. 
 
 10-602 
 
 8-9462 
 
 46519 
 
 7. 
 
 27-881 
 
 61-862 
 
 3-21682 
 
 | 
 
 10995 
 
 9-6211 
 
 50029 
 
 9 in. 
 
 28-274 
 
 63 617 
 
 3-30808 
 
 A 
 
 11-388 
 
 10-320 
 
 53664 
 
 i 
 
 28-667 
 
 (io-396 
 
 3-40059 
 
 1 
 
 11-781 
 
 11-044 
 
 57429 
 
 1 
 
 29-059 
 
 67-200 
 
 3-49440 
 
 I 
 
 12173 
 
 11793 
 
 61324 
 
 3. 
 
 29--152 
 
 69-029 
 
 3-58951 
 
 4 in. 
 
 12-566 
 
 12-566 
 
 65343 
 
 | 
 
 29-845 
 
 70-882 
 
 3-68586 
 
 l 
 
 12959 
 
 13-364 
 
 69493 
 
 A 
 
 30-237 
 
 72-759 
 
 .T7.S347 
 
 1 
 
 13351 
 
 14-186 
 
 73767 
 
 | 
 
 30630 
 
 74-662 
 
 3-88242 
 
 | 
 
 13-744 
 
 15-033 
 
 78172 
 
 
 
 31-023 
 
 76-588 
 
 3-98258 
 
 | 
 
 14-137 
 
 15-904 
 
 8270 1 
 
 10 in 
 
 31-416 
 
 7S 540 
 
 4-08408 
 
 A 
 
 14-529 
 
 16-800 
 
 87360 
 
 i 
 
 31-808 
 
 80-515 
 
 4-18678 
 
 1 
 
 14-922 
 
 17-720 
 
 92144 
 
 1 
 
 32-201 
 
 82 516 
 
 429083 
 
 I 
 
 15-315 
 
 18-665 
 
 97058 
 
 3 
 
 32 594 
 
 84-540 
 
 4-39608 
 
 5 in. 
 
 15-708 
 
 19-635 
 
 1-02102 
 
 | 
 
 32-986 
 
 86-590 
 
 4-50268 
 
 
 
 16-100 
 
 20-629 
 
 1-07271 
 
 A 
 
 33-379 
 
 88-664 
 
 4-61053 
 
 I 
 
 16-493 
 
 21-647 
 
 1-12564 
 
 1 
 
 33-772 
 
 90762 
 
 4-71962 
 
 i 
 
 16-886 
 
 22-690 
 
 1-17988 
 
 7 
 
 K 
 
 34-164 
 
 92885 
 
 4-82846 
 
 1 
 
 17-278 
 
 23-758 
 
 1 23542 
 
 11 in. 
 
 34557 
 
 95-033 
 
 4-94172 
 
 '- 
 
 17-671 
 
 24-850 
 
 1-29220 
 
 
 
 34-950 
 
 97-205 
 
 5-05466 
 
 
 
 18-064 
 
 25-967 
 
 1-35028 
 
 
 35343 
 
 99-402 
 
 5 16890 
 
 '. . 
 
 18-457 
 
 27-108 
 
 1-40962 
 
 j 
 
 35-735 
 
 101-623 
 
 528439 
 
 6 in. 
 
 18-849 
 
 28-274 
 
 1-47025 
 
 I 
 
 36-128 
 
 103 869 
 
 5-40119 
 
 1 
 
 19-242 
 
 29-464 
 
 1-53213 
 
 A 
 
 36-521 
 
 106-139 
 
 5-51923 
 
 I 
 
 19635 
 
 30-679 
 
 1 59531 
 
 1 
 
 36-913 
 
 108434 
 
 5-63857 
 
 I 
 
 20-027 
 
 31-919 
 
 1-65979 
 
 I 
 
 37-306 
 
 110-753 
 
 5-75916
 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 43 
 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES, AND 
 
 THE CONTENT IN GALLONS AT 1 FOOT IN DEPTH. 
 
 [Area in Feet.'} 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Area in ft. Gallons. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Area in ft Gallons. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 
 1 ft. in depth Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 lift, in depth 
 
 1 
 
 3 If 
 
 7854 
 
 5-8735 
 
 4 6 
 
 14 If 
 
 15-9043 118-9386 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 .9217 
 
 6-8928 
 
 4 7 
 
 14 4f 16-4986 123-3830 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 8 
 
 1-0690 7-9944 
 
 4 8 
 
 14 7| 
 
 17-1041 127-9112 
 
 1 3 
 
 3 11 
 
 12271 9-1766 
 
 4 9 
 
 14 11 
 
 17-7205 132-5209 
 
 1 4 
 
 4 2A 
 
 1-3962 
 
 10-4413 
 
 4 10 
 
 15 2A 
 
 183476 137-2105 
 
 1 5 
 
 4 5| 
 
 1 5761 
 
 11-7866 
 
 4 11 
 
 15 5| 
 
 18-9858 
 
 142-0582 
 
 1 6 
 
 4 84 
 
 1-7671 
 
 13 2150 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 7 
 
 4 llf 
 
 1-9689 14 7241 
 
 5 
 
 15 84 
 
 19-6350 
 
 146-8384 
 
 1 8 
 
 5 2| 
 
 2-1816 16-3148 
 
 5 1 
 
 15 llf 
 
 20-2947 151-7718 
 
 1 9 5 51 
 1 10 5 9 
 
 2-4052 17-9870 
 26398 19-7414 
 
 5 2 
 5 3 
 
 16 2| 
 16 5| 
 
 20-9656 
 21-6475 
 
 156-7891 
 161-8886 
 
 1 11 
 
 6 24 
 
 23852 
 
 21-4830 
 
 5 4 
 
 16 9 
 
 223400 
 
 167-0674 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 17 Oi 
 
 230437 
 
 172-3300 
 
 2 
 
 6 3| 
 
 3 1416 
 
 23-4940 
 
 5 6 
 
 17 34 237583 177-6740 
 
 2 1 
 
 6 ''.'. 
 
 3-4087 25-4916 
 
 5 7 
 
 17 6| 24-4835 183-0973 
 
 2 2 
 
 6 94 
 
 36869 i 275720 
 
 5 8 
 
 17 9* 25-2199 188-6045 
 
 2 3 7 Of 
 
 3-9760 
 
 297340 
 
 5 9 
 
 18 
 
 25-9672 
 
 1941930 
 
 2 4 
 
 7 3| 
 
 4-2760 
 
 32-6976 
 
 5 10 
 
 18 3| 
 
 26-7251 
 
 199-8610 
 
 2 5 
 
 7 7 
 
 4-5869 
 
 34-3027 
 
 5 11 
 
 18 7| 
 
 27-4943 
 
 205-6133 
 
 2 6 
 
 7 10 
 
 4-9087 
 
 36-7092 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 7 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 2 10 
 2 11 
 
 8 If 
 
 8 44 
 
 3 7| 
 
 9 l| 
 
 5-2413 
 5-5850 
 5-9395 
 6-3049 
 6-6813 
 
 39-1964 
 41 7668 
 44-4179 
 47-1505 
 49-9654 
 
 6 
 6 3 
 6 6 
 6 9 
 
 18 10i 
 19 74 
 20 4| 
 21 2| 
 
 28-2744 
 30-6796 
 331831 
 
 35-7847 
 
 211-4472 
 229-4342 
 248-1564 
 267-6122 
 
 3 
 3 1 
 3 2 
 3 3 
 
 9 5 
 9 8 
 9 llf 
 
 10 24 
 
 7-0686 
 7-4666 
 
 78757 
 8-2957 
 
 52-8618 
 55-8382 
 58-8976 
 62 0386 
 
 7 
 7 3 
 7 6 
 7 9 
 
 21 111 
 22 94 
 23 6| 
 24 4 
 
 38-4846 
 41 2825 
 44-1787 
 471730 
 
 287-8032 
 308-7270 
 330-3859 
 352-7665 
 
 3 4 
 3 5 
 3 6 
 
 3 7 
 3 8 
 
 10 5f 
 10 8| 
 10 111 
 11 3 
 11 6| 
 
 8-7265 
 9-1683 
 9-6211 
 10-0846 
 10-5591 
 
 65-2602 
 68 5193 
 73-1504 
 75-4166 
 78-9652 
 
 8 
 8 3 
 3 6 
 8 9 
 
 25 14 
 25 11 
 
 26 8| 
 27 5| 
 
 502656 
 534562 
 56-7451 
 60-1321 
 
 375-9062 
 399-7668 
 424-3625 
 449-2118 
 
 3 9 
 3 10 
 3 11 
 
 11 9| 
 12 54 
 12 3f 
 
 11-0446 
 11-5409 
 12-0481 
 
 825959 
 86 3074 
 90-1004 
 
 9 
 
 9 3 
 9 6 
 
 28 3-J 
 
 29 Of 
 
 o 
 
 29 191 
 
 636174 
 67-2007 
 70-8823 
 
 475-7563 
 502-5536 
 530-0861 
 
 4 
 
 12 63 
 
 12-5664 
 
 93 9754 
 
 9 9 
 
 30 74 
 
 74-6620 
 
 558-3522 
 
 4 1 
 
 12 91 13-0952 
 
 97-9310 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 2 13 1 13-6353 
 
 101-9701 
 
 10 
 
 31 5 
 
 78-5400 
 
 5873534 
 
 4 3 13 4^ 14-1862 
 
 103-0300 
 
 10 3 
 
 32 2| 
 
 82-5160 
 
 617-0876 
 
 4 4 13 7| 14-7479 
 
 110 2907 
 
 10 632 111 
 
 86-5903 
 
 647-5568 
 
 4 5 13 104 15-3206 
 
 11! 5735 
 
 10 9 33 94 
 
 90-7627 
 
 678-2797
 
 44 
 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 Diatn. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Area in ft. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Area in ft. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 11 
 11 3 
 11 6 
 11 9 
 
 Ft. In. 
 34 6f 
 35 4| 
 36 Ij 
 36 101 
 
 95-0334 
 99-4021 
 103-8691 
 108-4342 
 
 1 ft. in depth 
 710-6977 
 743-3686 
 776-7746 
 8109143 
 
 Ft. In. 
 21 
 21 3 
 21 6 
 21 9 
 
 Ft. In. 
 65 llf 
 66 9 
 67 6 
 68 3| 
 
 346-3614 
 354-6571 
 363-0511 
 371-5432 
 
 1 ft. in depth 
 2590-2290 
 26522532 
 2715-0413 
 2778-5486 
 
 12 
 12 3 
 12 6 
 12 9 
 
 37 8| 
 38 51 
 39 34 
 40 Of 
 
 113-0976 
 117-8590 
 1227187 
 127-6765 
 
 848-1890 
 881-3966 
 917-7395 
 954-8159 
 
 22 
 
 22 3 
 22 6 
 22 9 
 
 69 If 
 69 10 
 70 84 
 71 5| 
 
 380-1336 
 388-8220 
 397-6087 
 406-4935 
 
 2842-7910 
 2907-7664 
 2973-4889 
 3039-9209 
 
 13 
 13 3 
 13 6 
 13 9 
 
 40 10 
 41 7i 
 
 42 4| 
 43 24 
 
 132-7326 
 137-8867 
 143-1391 
 148-4896 
 
 992-6274 
 1031-1719 
 1070-4514 
 1108-0645 
 
 23 
 23 3 
 23 6 
 23 9 
 
 72 3 
 73 
 73 9| 
 74 7J 
 
 415-4766 
 424-5577 
 433-7371 
 443-0146 
 
 3107-1001 
 3175-0122 
 3243-6595 
 33130403 
 
 14 
 14 3 
 14 6 
 14 9 
 
 43 111 
 44 9J 
 45 6| 
 46 4 
 
 153-9384 
 159-4852 
 165-1303 
 170-8735 
 
 1151-2129 
 1192-6940 
 12349104 
 1277-8615 
 
 24 
 
 24 3 
 24 6 
 24 9 
 
 75 41 
 76 2J 
 76 11| 
 77 9 
 
 452-3904 
 461-8642 
 471-4363 
 481-1065 
 
 3383-1563 
 3454-0051 
 3525-5929 
 3597-9068 
 
 15 
 15 3 
 15 6 
 15 9 
 
 47 1 
 
 47 101 
 48 8| 
 49 51 
 
 176-7150 
 182 6545 
 1886923 
 194-8282 
 
 1321-5454 
 1365-9634 
 1407-5165 
 1457-0032 
 
 25 
 
 25 3 
 25 6 
 25 9 
 
 78 6| 
 79 3| 
 80 l| 
 80 101 
 
 490-8750 
 500-7415 
 510-7063 
 5207692 
 
 3670-9596 
 3744-7452 
 3819-2657 
 3894-5203 
 
 16 
 16 3 
 16 6 
 16 9 
 
 50 3 
 51 
 51 10 
 52 7| 
 
 201-0624 
 207-3946 
 213-8251 
 220-3537 
 
 1503-6250 
 1550-9797 
 1599.0696 
 1647-8930 
 
 26 
 
 26 3 
 26 6 
 26 9 
 
 81 8 
 82 54 
 83 3 
 84 0| 
 
 530-9304 
 541-1896 
 551-5471 
 562-0027 
 
 3970-5098 
 4047-2322 
 4124-6898 
 4202-9610 
 
 17 
 17 3 
 17 6 
 17 9 
 
 53 41 
 54 2] 
 54 111 
 55 9| 
 
 2269806 
 2337055 
 240-5287 
 247-4500 
 
 1697-4516 
 1747-7431 
 
 17987698 
 1850-5301 
 
 27 
 27 3 
 27 6 
 27 9 
 
 84 91 
 85 8| 
 86 4f 
 87 2| 
 
 572-5566 
 5832085 
 593-9587 
 604-8070 
 
 4281-8072 
 4361-4664 
 4441-8607 
 
 4522-9886 
 
 18 
 18 3 
 18 6 
 18 9 
 
 56 6 
 57 4 
 
 58 If 
 58 101 
 
 254-4696 
 261-5872 
 268-8031 
 276-1171 
 
 1903-0254 
 1956-2537 
 2010-2171 
 20649140 
 
 28 
 28 3 
 28 6 
 28 9 
 
 87 ii 
 
 88 9 
 89 6f 
 90 31 
 
 615-7536 
 626-7982 
 637-9411 
 649-1821 
 
 4604-8517 
 4686-4876 
 4770-7787 
 48548434 
 
 19 
 19 3 
 19 6 
 19 9 
 
 59 84 
 60 6| 
 61 3^ 
 
 62 <>.' 
 
 283-5294 
 291-0397 
 298-6483 
 306-3550 
 
 2120-3462 
 21765113 
 22332914 
 2291-0452 
 
 29 
 29 3 
 29 6 
 29 9 
 
 91 14 
 
 91 lOf 
 92 8* 
 93 5| 
 
 660-5214 
 671-9587 
 683-4943 
 695-1280 
 
 4939-6432 
 5025-1759 
 5111-44S7 
 5198-4451 
 
 20 
 20 3 
 20 6 
 20 9 
 
 62 9| 
 63 7| 
 64 4| 
 65 24 
 
 314-1600 
 322 0630 
 330-0643 
 338-1637 
 
 2349-4141 
 
 2408-5159 
 2468-3528 
 2528 9233 
 
 30 
 30 3 
 30 6 
 30 9 
 
 94 21 
 95 Of 
 95 91 
 96 74 
 
 706-8600 
 718-6900 
 730-6183 
 742-6447 
 
 5286-1818 
 5374-6512 
 5463-8558 
 5553-7940
 
 CAPACITY OF CANS IN GALLONS. 
 
 45 
 
 CAPACITY OF CANS ONE INCH DEEP. 
 
 UTILITY OF THE TABLE. 
 
 Required the contents of a vessel, diameter 6 7-10ths inches, depth 10 inches? 
 
 By the table a vessel 1 inch deep and 6 and ~-10ths inches diameter contains 
 .15 (hundredths) of a gallon, then .15 X 10 = 1.50 or 1 gallon and 2 quarts. 
 
 Required tlia contents of a can, diameter 19 8-lOlhs inches, depth 30 inches ? 
 
 By the table a vessel 1 inch deep and 19 and S-lWhs inches diameter contains 
 1 gallon and .33 (hundredths), then 1.33 X 30 = 39.90 or nearly 40 gallons. 
 
 Required the depth of a can whose diameter is 12 and '2-lOths inches, to con- 
 tain 16 gallons. 
 
 By the (able a vessel 1 inch deep and 12 and 2-Wths inches diameter contains 
 .50 {hundredths of a gallon), then 16 -=- .50 = 32 inches the depth required, viz : 
 .50 ) 16 { 32 X -50 = 16 gallons. 
 
 Diam- 
 eter. 
 
 
 TV 
 
 2 1 3 
 
 TO- ! Ttr 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 6 TT 
 
 A 
 
 T 8 TT 
 
 T 9 * 
 
 3~ 
 
 .03 
 
 .03 
 
 .03 
 
 .03 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .04 
 
 .04 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 4 
 
 .05 
 
 .05 
 
 .05 
 
 .05 
 
 .06 
 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 
 .07 
 
 .07 
 
 .08 
 
 5 
 
 .08 
 
 .08 
 
 .08 
 
 .09 
 
 .09 
 
 .10 
 
 .10 
 
 .11 
 
 .11 
 
 .11 
 
 6 
 
 .12 
 
 .12 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 
 .13 
 
 .14 
 
 .14 
 
 .15 
 
 .15 
 
 .16 
 
 7 
 
 .16 
 
 .17 
 
 .17 
 
 .18 
 
 ' .18 
 
 .19 
 
 .19 
 
 .20 
 
 .20 
 
 .21 
 
 8 
 
 .21 
 
 .22 
 
 .22 
 
 .23 
 
 .23 
 
 .24 
 
 .25 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .26 
 
 9 
 
 .27 
 
 .2,8 
 
 .28 
 
 .29 
 
 .30 
 
 .30 
 
 .31 
 
 .31 
 
 .32 
 
 .33 
 
 10 
 
 .34 
 
 .34 
 
 .35 
 
 .36 
 
 .36 
 
 .37 
 
 .38 
 
 .38 
 
 .39 
 
 .40 
 
 11 
 
 .41 
 
 .41 
 
 .42 
 
 .43 
 
 .44 
 
 .44 
 
 .45 
 
 .46 
 
 .47 
 
 .48 
 
 12 
 
 .48 
 
 .49 
 
 .50 
 
 .51 
 
 .52 
 
 .53 
 
 .53 
 
 .54 
 
 .55 
 
 .56 
 
 13 
 
 .57 
 
 .58 
 
 .59 
 
 .60 
 
 .60 
 
 .61 
 
 .62 
 
 .63 
 
 .64 
 
 .65 
 
 14 
 
 .66 
 
 .67 
 
 .68 
 
 .69 
 
 .70 
 
 .71 
 
 .72 
 
 .73 
 
 .74 
 
 .75 
 
 15 
 
 .76 
 
 .77 
 
 .78 
 
 .79 
 
 .80 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 .83 
 
 .84 
 
 .85 
 
 16 
 
 .87 
 
 .88 
 
 .89 
 
 .90 
 
 .91 
 
 .92 
 
 .93 
 
 .94 
 
 .95 
 
 .97 
 
 17 
 
 .98 
 
 .99 
 
 .005 
 
 1.017 
 
 1.023 
 
 1.040 
 
 .051 
 
 1.063 
 
 .075 
 
 1.086 
 
 18 
 
 1.101 
 
 1.113 
 
 .125 
 
 1.138 
 
 1.150 1.162 
 
 .170 
 
 1.187 
 
 .200 
 
 1.211 
 
 19 
 
 1.227 
 
 1.240 
 
 .253 
 
 1266 
 
 1.279 1.292 
 
 .304 
 
 1 317 
 
 .330 
 
 1.343 
 
 20 
 
 1.360 
 
 1.373 
 
 .385 
 
 1.400 
 
 1.414 1.428 
 
 .441 
 
 1.455 
 
 .478 
 
 1.482 
 
 21 
 
 1.499 
 
 1.513 
 
 .527 
 
 1.542 
 
 1.556 1.570 
 
 .585 
 
 1.600 
 
 .612 
 
 1.630 
 
 22 
 
 1.641 
 
 1.660 
 
 .675 
 
 1.696 
 
 1.705 1.720 
 
 .735 
 
 1 750 
 
 1.770 
 
 1.780 
 
 23 
 
 1.798 
 
 1.814 
 
 .830 
 
 1.845 
 
 1.861 1.876 
 
 .892 
 
 1.908 
 
 1.923 
 
 1.940 
 
 24 
 
 1.958 
 
 1.974 
 
 .991 
 
 2.007 
 
 2.023 2.040 
 
 2.056 
 
 2.072 
 
 2.096 
 
 2.105 
 
 25 
 
 2.125 
 
 2.142 
 
 2.159 
 
 2.176 
 
 2.193 2.210 
 
 2227 
 
 2.244 
 
 2.261 
 
 2.280 
 
 2G 
 
 '2.298 
 
 2.316 
 
 2.333 2.351 
 
 2.369 2.386 
 
 2404 
 
 2.422 
 
 2.440 
 
 2.460 
 
 27 2.478 
 
 2.496 2.515 2.533 
 
 2.552 2.570 
 
 2.588 
 
 2.607 
 
 2.625 
 
 2.643 
 
 28 
 
 2.665 
 
 2.68412.703 2.722 
 
 2.741 2.764 
 
 2.780 
 
 2.800 '2.820 
 
 2.836 
 
 29 
 
 2.859 
 
 2.879 
 
 2.898 2.918 
 
 2.938 2.958 
 
 2.977 
 
 2.997 3.017 
 
 3.036 
 
 30 
 
 3.060 
 
 3.080 
 
 3.100 3.121 
 
 3.141 3.162 
 
 3.182 
 
 3.202 3.223 
 
 3.245 
 
 31 
 
 3.267 
 
 3.288 
 
 3.309 3.330 
 
 3.351 3.372 
 
 3.393 
 
 3414 
 
 3.436 
 
 3.457 
 
 32 
 
 3.481 
 
 3.503 
 
 3.524 3.543 
 
 3.568 3.590 
 
 3.612 
 
 3.633 
 
 3.655 
 
 3.689 
 
 33 
 
 3.702 
 
 3.725 
 
 3.747 3.773 
 
 3.795 3.814 
 
 3.837 
 
 386013.882 
 
 3.904 
 
 34 3.930 
 
 3.953 
 
 3.976 
 
 4.003 
 
 4.022 4.046 
 
 4.070 
 
 4.092 
 
 4.115 
 
 4.140 
 
 35 
 
 4.1G5 4.1S8 
 
 4.212 
 
 4.236 
 
 4.260 4.284 
 
 4307 
 
 4.331 
 
 4.355 
 
 4.380 
 
 36 
 
 4.406 4.430 
 
 4.455 
 
 4.483 
 
 4.503 4.528 
 
 4.553 
 
 4577 
 
 4.602 
 
 4.626 
 
 37 
 
 4.654 4.679 
 
 4.704 4.730 
 
 4.755 4.780 
 
 4.805 
 
 4.834 
 
 4.855 
 
 4.880 
 
 38 4.909 .4.935 
 
 4.961 4.987 
 
 5.012 5.038 
 
 5.064 
 
 5.090 5.120 
 
 5.142 
 
 39 
 
 5.171 5.197 
 
 5.224 5.250 
 
 5.277 5.304 
 
 5.330 
 
 5.357 
 
 5.383 
 
 5.410 
 
 40 
 
 5.440 5.467 5.491 5.521 
 
 5.548 5.576 
 
 5.603 
 
 5.630 
 
 5.657 
 
 5.684
 
 46 CRYSTALLIZED TIN-PLATE. 
 
 CRYSTALLIZED TIN-PLATE. 
 
 Crystallized tin-plate, is a variegated primrose appearance, pro- 
 duced upon the surface of tin-plate, by applying to it in a heated state 
 some dilute nitre-muriatic acid for a few seconds, then washing it with 
 water, drying, and coating it with lacker. The figures are more or 
 less beautiful and diversified, according to the degree of heat, and 
 relative dilution of the acid. Place the tin-plate, slightly heated, 
 over a tub of water, and rub its surface with a sponge dipped in a 
 liquor composed of four parts of aquafortis, and two of distilled water, 
 holding one part of common salt or sal ammoniac in solution. When- 
 ever the crystalline spangles seem to be thoroughly brought out, the 
 plate must be immersed in water, washed either with a feather or a 
 little cotton (taking care not to rub off the film of tin that forms the 
 feathering), forthwith dried with a low heat, and coated with a lacker 
 varnish, otherwise it loses its lustre in the air. If the whole surface 
 is not plunged at once in cold water, but if it be partially cooled by 
 sprinkling water on it, the crystallization will be finely variegated 
 with large and small figures. Similar results will be obtained by 
 blowing cold air through a pipe on the tinned surface, while it is just 
 passing from the fused to the solid state. 
 
 TINNING. 
 
 1. Plates or vessels of brass or copper, boiled with a solution of 
 stannate of potassa, mixed with turnings of tin, become, in the 
 course of a few minutes, covered with a firmly attached layer of pure 
 tin. 2. A similar effect is produced by boiling the articles with tin 
 filings and caustic alkali, or cream of tartar. In the above way, 
 chemical vessels made of copper or brass may be easily and perfectly 
 tinned. 
 
 NEW TINNING PROCESS. 
 
 The articles to be tinned are first covered with dilute sulphuric 
 acid, and when quite clean are placed in warm water, then dipped 
 in a solution of muriatic acid, copper and zinc, and then plunged into 
 a tin bath to which a small quantity of zinc has been added. When 
 the tinning is finished, the articles are taken out and plunged into 
 boiling water. The operation is completed by placing them in a very 
 warm sand bath. This last process softens the iron. 
 
 KUSTITIEN'S METAL FOR TINNING. 
 
 Malleable iron I pound, heat to whiteness ; add 5 ounces regulus 
 of antimony, and Molucca tin 24 pounds.
 
 RECEIPTS 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 JAPANNERS, VARNISHERS, 
 
 BUILDERS AND MECHANICS, 
 
 i 
 
 AND FOR 
 OTHER USEFUL AND IMPORTANT PURPOSES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 PRACTICAL ARTS.
 
 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. 
 
 [TKs following Receipts are selected from " Ure's Dictionary," " Cooley's Cy- 
 clopedia," " Muspratt's Chemistry," and other valuable sources.] 
 
 JAPANNING AND VARNISHING. 
 
 Japanning is the art of covering bodies by grounds of opaque 
 colors in varnish, which may be afterwards decorated by printing 
 or gilding, or left in a plain state. It is also to be looked upon in 
 another sense, as that of ornamenting coaches, snuff boxes, screens, 
 &c. All surfaces to be japanned must be perfectly clean, and 
 leather should be stretched on frames. Paper should be stiff for 
 japanning. 
 
 The French prime all their japanned articles, the English do 
 not. This priming is generally of common size. Those articles 
 that are primed thus, never endure as well as those that receive the 
 japan coating on the first operation, and thus it is that those 
 articles of japan work that arc primed with size when they are used 
 for sonic time, crack, and the coats of japan fly off in flakes. 
 
 A solution of strong isinglass size and honey, or sugar candy, 
 makes a good japan varnish to cover water colors on gold grounds. 
 
 A pure white priming for japanning, for the cheap method, is 
 made with parchment size, and one-third of isinglass, laid on very 
 thin and smooth. It is the better for three coats, and when the last 
 coat is dry, it is prepared to receive the painting or figures. Pre- 
 vious to the last coat, however, the work should be smoothly polish- 
 ed. When wood or leather is to be japanned, and no priming used, 
 the best plan is to lay on two or three coats of varnish made of 
 seed-lac and resin, two ounces each, dissolved in alcohol and 
 strained through a cloth. This varnish should be put on in a warm 
 place, and the work to be varnished should, if possible, be warm 
 also, and all dampness should be avoided, to prevent the varnish 
 from being chilled. When the work is prepared Avith the above 
 composition and dry, it is fit for the proper japan to be laid on. If 
 the ground is not to be white the best varnish now to be used is made 
 of shellac, as it is the best vehicle for all kind of colors. This is 
 made in the proportions of the best shellac, five ounces, made into 
 powder, steeped in a quart of alcohol, and kept at a gentle heat for 
 two or three days and shaken frequently, after which the solution 
 5
 
 50 JAPANNING AND VARNISHING. 
 
 must be filtered through a flannel bag, and kept in a well corked bot- 
 tle for use. This varnish for hard japanning on copper or tin will 
 Stand for ever, unless fire or hammer be used to burn or beetle it off. 
 The color to be used with shellac varnish may be of any pigments 
 whatever to give the desired shade, as this varnish will mix with 
 any color. 
 
 WHITE JAPAN GROUNDS. 
 
 To form a hard, perfect white ground is no easy matter, as the 
 substances which are generally used to make the japan hard, have a 
 tendency, by a number of coats, to look or become dull in bright- 
 ness. One white ground is made by the following composition : 
 white flake or lead washed over and ground up with a sixth of its 
 weight of starch, then dried and mixed with the finest gum, ground 
 up in parts of one ounce gum, to half an ounce of rectified turpentine 
 mixed and ground thoroughly together. This is to be finely laid on 
 the article to be japanned, dried, and then varnished with five or six 
 coats of the following : two ounces of the whitest seed-lac to three 
 ounces of gum-anima reduced to a fine powder and dissolved in a 
 quart of alcohol. This lao must be carefully picked. For a softer 
 varnish than this, a little turpentine should be added, and less of the 
 gum. A very good varnish and not brittle, may be made by dis- 
 solving gum-anima in nut oil, boiling it gently as the gum is added, 
 and giving the oil as much gum as it will take up. The ground of 
 white varnish may of itself be made of this varnish, by giving two 
 or three coats of it, but when used it should be diluted with pure 
 turpentine. Although this varnish is not brittle it is liable to be in- 
 dented with strokes, and it will not bear to be polished, but if well 
 laid on it will not need polishing afterwards ; it also takes some time 
 to dry. Heat applied to all oils, however, darkens their color, 
 and oil varnishes for white grow very yellow if not exposed to a full 
 clear light. 
 
 GUM COPAL. 
 
 Copal varnish is one of the very finest varnishes for japanning 
 purposes. It can be dissolved by linseed oil, rendered dry by adding 
 some quicklime at a heat somewhat less than will boil or decompose 
 the oil by it. 
 
 This solution, with the addition of a little turpentine, forms a 
 very transparent varnish, which, when properly applied and slowly 
 dried is very hard and durable. This varnish is applied to snuff 
 boxes, tea boards and other utensils. It also preserves paintings 
 and renders their surfaces capable of reflecting light more uniformly. 
 
 If powdered copal be mixed in a mortar with camphor, it softens 
 and becomes a coherent mass, and if camphor be added to alcohol it 
 becomes an excellent solvent of copal by adding the copal well 
 ground, and employing a tolerable degree of heat, having the 
 vessel well corked which must have a long neck for the allowance of 
 expansion, and the vessel must only be about one-fourth filled with 
 the mixture. Copal can also be incorporated with turpentine, with 
 one part of powdered copal to twelve parts of pure turpentine, sub-
 
 JAFANNJNG AND VARNISHING. 51 
 
 jected to the heat of a sand-bath for several days in a long necked 
 mattress, shaking it frequently. 
 
 Copal is a good varnish for metals, such as tin; the varnish 
 must be dried in an oven, each coat, and it can be colored with some 
 substances, but alcohol varnish will mix with any coloring matter. 
 For white japans or varnishes, we have already shown that fine 
 chalk or white lead was used as a basis, and the varnishes coated 
 over it. 
 
 To japan or varnish white leather, so that it may be elastic, is 
 altogether a different work from varnishing or japanning wood or 
 metal, or papier mache. 
 
 For white leather oil is the principal ingredient, as it is well 
 known that chalk is extensively used to give white leather its pure 
 color, or speaking more philosophically, its fair colorless whiteness. 
 White leather having already the basis of white varnish, it should 
 get a light coat of the pure varnish, before mentioned, and dried 
 well in the oven, or a coat of the oil copal will answer very well. This 
 being well dried, boiled nut oil nicely coated and successively dried, 
 will make a most beautiful white varnish for leather, not liable to 
 crack. This quality takes a long time to dry, and of course is more 
 expensive. Coarse varnish may be made of boiled linseed oil, into 
 which is added gradually the acetate of lead as a drier. This addi- 
 tion must be done very cautiously as the oil will be apt to foam over. 
 
 A better and more safe drying mixture than the mere acetate of 
 lead, is, to dissolve the acetate of lead in a small quantity of water, 
 neutralize the acid with the addition of pipe clay, evaporate the 
 sediment to perfect dryness, and feed the oil when gently boiling 
 gradually with it. 
 
 These varnishes or japans, as far as described, have only ref- 
 erence to white grounds. 
 
 There is some nice work to be observed, and there is much in 
 applying the varnishes at the right time, knowing by the eye the 
 proper moment when the mixture is perfect, or when to add any in- 
 gredient. These things require practice. 
 
 BLACK GROUNDS. 
 
 Black grounds for japans may be made by mixing ivory black 
 with shellac varnish ; or for coarse work, lamp black and the top 
 coating of common seedlac varnish. A common black japan may 
 be made by painting a piece of work with drying oil, (oil mixed 
 with lead,) and putting the work into a stove, not too hot, but 
 of such a degree, gradually raising the heat and keeping it up 
 for a long time, so as not to burn the oil and make it blister. 
 This process makes very fair japan and requires no polishing. 
 
 BLACK JAPAN. 
 
 Naples asphaltum fifty pounds, dark gum-anime eight pounds, fuse, 
 add linseed oil twelve gallons, boil, add dark gum amber ten pounds, 
 previously fused and boiled with linseed oil two gallons, add the 
 driers, and proceed as last. Used for wood or metals.
 
 52 JAPANNING AND VARJtlSHING. 
 
 BRUNSWICK BLACK. 
 
 1. Foreign asphaltum forty-five pounds, drying oil six gallons, 
 litharge six pounds, boil as last, and thin with twenty-five gallons 
 of oil of turpentine. Used for ironwork, &c. 2. Black pitch and 
 gas tar asphaltum, of each twenty-five pounds, boil gently for five 
 hours, then add linseed oil eight gallons, litharge and red lead, of 
 each ten pounds, boil as before, and thin with oil of turpentine twen- 
 ty gallons. Inferior to the last, but cheaper. 
 
 BLUE JAPAN GROUNDS. 
 
 Blue japan grounds may be formed of bright Prussian blue. 
 The color may be mixed with shellac varnish, and brought to a pol- 
 ishing state by five or six coats of varnish of seed-lac. The varnish, 
 however, is apt to give a greenish tinge to the blue, as the varnish 
 has a yellowish tinge, and blue and yellow form a green. Whenever 
 a light blue is desired, the purest varnish must always be used. 
 
 SCARLET JAPAN. 
 
 Ground vermilion may be used for this, but being so glaring it 
 is not beautiful unless covered over with rose-pink, or lake, which 
 have a good effect when thus used. For a very bright crimson 
 ground, safflower or Indian lake should be used, always dissolved in 
 the alcohol of which the varnish is made. In place of this lake, 
 carmine may be used, as it is more common. The top coat of var- 
 nish must always be of the white seed-lac, which has been before 
 described, and as many coats given as will be thought proper ; it is 
 easy to judge of this. 
 
 TELLOW GROUNDS. 
 
 If turmeric be dissolved in the spirit of wine and strained 
 through a cloth, and then mixed with pure seed-lac varnish, it makes 
 a good yellow japan. Saffron will answer for the same purpose in 
 the same way, but the brightest yellow ground is made by a primary 
 coat of pure crome yellow, and coated successively with the varnish. 
 
 Dutch pink is used for a kind of cheap yellow japan ground. If 
 a little dragon's blood be added to the varnish for yellow japan, a 
 most beautiful and rich salmon-colored varnish is the result, and by 
 these two mixtures all the shades of flesh-colored japans arc produced. 
 
 GREEN JAPAN GROUNDS. 
 
 A good green may be made by mixing Prussian blue along with 
 the cremate of lead, or with turmeric, or orpiment, (sulphuret of 
 arsenic) or ochre, only the two should be ground together and dis- 
 solved in alcohol and applied as a ground, then coated with four or 
 five coats of shellac varnish, in the manner already described. A 
 very bright green is made by laying on a ground of Dutch metal, or 
 leaf of gold, and then coating it over with distilled verdigris dissolved 
 in alcohol, then the varnishes on the top. This is a splendid green, 
 brilliant and glowing.
 
 JAPANNING AND VARNISHING. 53 
 
 OEANQE COLORED GROUNDS. 
 
 Orange grounds may be made of yellow mixed with vermilion 
 or carmine, just as a bright or rather inferior color is wanted. The 
 yellow should always be in quantity to make a good full color, and 
 the red added in proportion to the depth of shade. If there is 
 not a good full body of yellow, the color will look watery, or bare, as 
 it is technically termed. 
 
 PURPLE JAPAN GROUNDS. 
 
 This is made by a mixture of lake and Prussian blue, or Car- 
 mine, or for an inferior color vermilion, and treated as the foregoing. 
 When the ground is laid on and perfectly dried, a fine coat of pure 
 boiled nut oil then laid on and perfectly dried, is a good method to 
 have a japan, not liable to crack. But a better plan is to use 
 this oil in the varnish given, the first coat, after the ground is laid 
 on, and which should contain considerable of pure turpentine. In 
 every case where oil is used for any purpose for varnish, it is all the 
 better if turpentine is mixed with it. Turpentine enables oils to 
 mix with either alcohol or water. Alkalies have this property also. 
 
 BLACK JAPAN. 
 
 1. Asphaltum three ounces, boiled oil four quarts, burnt umber 
 eight ounces. Mix by heat, and when cooling thin with turpentine. 
 2. Amber twelve ounces, asphaltum two ounces ; fuse by heat, add 
 boiled oil half a pint, resiu two ounces ; when cooling add sixteen 
 ounces oil of turpentine. Both are used to varnish metals. 
 
 JAPAN BLACK FOR LEATHER. 
 
 1. Burnt umber four ounces, true asphaltum two ounces, boiled 
 oil two quarts. Dissolve the asphaltum by heat in a little of the oil, 
 add the burnt umber ground in oil, and the remainder of the oil, 
 mix, cool, and thin with turpentine. Flexible. 2. Shellac one part, 
 wood naphtha four parts, dissolve, and color with lampblack. In- 
 flexible. 
 
 TRANSPARENT JAPAN. 
 
 Oil of turpentine four ounces, oil of lavender three ounces, cam- 
 phor one-half drachm, copal one ounce ; dissolve. Used to japan 
 tin, but quick copal varnish is mostly used instead. 
 
 JAPANNERS' COPAL VARNISH. 
 
 Pale African copal seven pounds, fuse, add clarified linseed oil one 
 half gallon, boil for five minutes, remove it into the open air, add 
 boiling oil of turpentine three gallons, mix well, strain it into the cis- 
 tern, and cover it up immediately. Used to varnish furniture, and 
 by japanners, coachmakers, &c. Dries in 15 minutes, and may be 
 polished as soon as hard. 
 5*
 
 54 JAPANNING AND VARNISHING. 
 
 TORTOISE SHELL JAPAN. 
 
 This varnish is prepared by taking of good linseed oil one gal- 
 lon, and of umber half a pound, arid boiling them together until 
 the oil becomes very brown and thick, when they are strained 
 through a cloth and boiled again until the composition is about 
 the consistence of pitch, when it is fit for use. Having pi-cpared 
 this varnish, clean well the copper or iron plate or vessel that is 
 to be varnished, (japanned,) and then lay vermillion, mixed with 
 shellac varnish, or with drying oil, diluted with turpentine, very 
 thinly on the places intended to imitate the clean parts of the 
 tortoise shell. ' When the vermillion is dry brush over the whole with 
 the above umber varnish diluted to a due consistence with tur- 
 pentine, and when it is set and firm, it must be put into a stove 
 and undergo a strong heat for a long time, even two weeks will 
 not hurt it. This is the ground for those beautiful snuff boxes 
 and tea boards which are so much admired, and those grounds can 
 be decorated with all kinds of paintings that fancy may suggest, 
 and the work is all the better to be finished in an annealing 
 oven. 
 
 PAINTING JAPAN WORK. 
 
 The colors to be painted are tempered, generally, in oil, which 
 should have at least one-fourth of its weight of gum sandarach, or 
 mastic dissolved in it, and it should be well diluted with turpen- 
 tine, that the colors may be laid on -thin and evenly. In some 
 instances it does well to put on water colors or grounds of gold, 
 which a skilful hand can do and manage so as to make the work 
 appear as if it was embossed. These water colors are best pre- 
 pared by means of isinglass size, mixed with honey, or sugar candy. 
 These colors when laid on must receive a number of upper coats 
 of the varnish we have described before. 
 
 JAPANNING OLD TEA-TRAYS. 
 
 First clean them thoroughly with soap and water and a little rotten 
 stone ; then dry them by wiping and exposure at the fire. Now, get 
 some good copal varnish, mix with it some bronze powder, and apply 
 with a brush to the denuded parts. After which set the tea-tray in 
 an oven at a heat of 212 or 300 until the varnish is dry. Two coats 
 Will make it equal to new. 
 
 JAPAN FINISHING. 
 
 The finishing part of japanning lies in laying on and polishing the 
 outer coats of varnish, which is necessary in all painted or simply 
 ground colored japan work. When brightness and clearness are 
 wanted, the white kind of varnish is necessary, for seed-lac varnish, 
 which is the hardest and most tenacious, imparts a yellow tinge. 
 A mixed varnish, we believe, is the best for this purpose, that is, for 
 combining hardness and purity. Take then three ounces of seed-lac,
 
 VARNISHES. 55 
 
 picked very carefully from all sticks and dirt and washing it well 
 with cold water, stirring it up, pouring it off, and continuing the 
 process until the water runs off perfectly pure. Dry it and then 
 reduce it to powder, and put it with a pint of pure alcohol into a 
 bottle, of which it must occupy only two-thirds of its space. This 
 mixture must be shaken well together and the bottle kept at a gentle 
 heat (being corked) until the lac be dissolved. When this is the 
 case, the clear must be poured off, and the remainder strained through 
 a cloth, and all the clear, strained and poured, must be kept in a well 
 stopped bottle. The manner of using this seed-lac varnish is the 
 same as that before described, and a fine polishing varnish is 
 made by mixing this with the pure white varnish. The pieces 
 of work to be varnished for finishing should be placed neara 
 stove, or in a warm, dry room, and one coat should be perfectly 
 dry before the other is applied. The varnish is applied by proper 
 brushes, beginning at the middle, passing the stroke to one end and 
 with the other stroke from the middle to the other end. Great skill 
 is displayed in laying on these coats of varnish. If possible the skill 
 of hand should never cross, or twice pass over in giving one coat. 
 When one coat is dry another must be laid over it, and so on succes- 
 sively for a number of coats, so that the coating should be sufficiently 
 thick to stand fully all the polishing, so as not to bare the surface of 
 the colored work. When a sufficient number of coats are thus laid 
 on, the work is fit to be polished, which, in common cases, is com- 
 menced with a rag dipped in finely powdered rotten stone, and 
 towards the end of the rubbing a little oil should be used along with 
 the powder, and when the work appears fine and glossy a little oil 
 should be used alone to clean off the powder and give the work a 
 still brighter hue. In very fine work, French whiting should be used, 
 which should be washed in water to remove any sand that might be 
 in it. Pumice stone ground to a very fine powder is used for the 
 first part of polishing, and the finishing done with whiting. It is 
 always best to dry the varnish of all japan work by heat. 'For 
 wood work, heat must be sparingly used, but for metals the varnish 
 should be dried in an oven, also for papier mache and leather. The 
 metal will stand the greatest heat, and care must be taken not to 
 darken by too high a temperature. When gold size is used in gild- 
 ing for japan work, where it is desired not to have the gold shine, 
 or appear burnished, the gold size should be used with a little of the 
 spirits of turpentine and a little oil, but when a considerable degree 
 of lustre is wanted without burnishing and the preparation neces- 
 sary for it, a little of the size along with oil alone should be used. 
 
 VARNISHES, MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Different substances are employed for making varnish, the object 
 being to produce a liquid easily applied to the surface of cloth, 
 paper or metal, which, when dry, wUl protect it with a fine skin.
 
 56 VARNISHES. 
 
 Gums and resins are the substances employed for making varnishes; 
 they are dissolved either in turpentine, alcohol, or oil, in a close 
 stone ware, glass or metal vessel, exposed to a low heat, as the case 
 may require, or cold. The alcohol or turpentine dissolves the gum 
 or resin, and holds them in solution, and after the application of 
 the varnish, this mixture being mechanical, the moisture of the 
 liquid evaporates, and the gum adheres to the article to which it is 
 applied. 
 
 The choice of linseed oil is of peculiar consequence to the varnish- 
 maker. Oil from fine full-grown ripe seed, when viewed in a vial, 
 will appear limpid, pale, and brilliant ; it is mellow and sweet to the 
 taste, has very little smell, is specifically lighter than impure oil, and, 
 when clarified, dries quickly and firmly, and does not materially 
 change the color of the varnish when made, but appears limpid and 
 brilliant 
 
 The following are the chief Resins employed in the manufacture of 
 Varnishes. 
 
 This resin is most distinguished for durability. It is usually of 
 some shade of yellow, transparent, hard, and moderately tough. 
 Heated in air, it fuses at about 549 ; it burns with a clear flame, 
 emitting a pleasant odor. 
 
 ANIMK 
 
 This is imported from the East Indies. The large, transparent, 
 pale-yellow pieces, with vitreous fracture, are best suited for var- 
 nish. Inferior qualities are employed for manufacturing gold-size or 
 japan-black. Although superior to amber in its capacity for drying, 
 and- equal in hardness, varnish made from anime deepens in color on 
 exposure to air, and is very liable to crack. It is, however, much 
 used for mixing with copal varnish. 
 
 This is a gum-resin but little used in varnishes, on account of its 
 costliness. 
 
 COLOPHONY. 
 
 This resin is synonymous with arcanson and rosin. When the 
 resinous juice of Pinus sylvestris and other varieties is distilled, 
 colophony remains in the retort. Its dark color is due to the action 
 of the fire. Dissolved in linseed oil, or in turpentine by the aid ol 
 heat, colophony forms a brilliant, hard, but brittle varnish. 
 
 This is a gum-resin of immense importance to the varnish-maker. 
 It consists of several minor resins of different degrees of solubility.
 
 VARNISHES* 57 
 
 In durability, it is only second to amber. When made into varnish, 
 the better sorts become lighter in color by exposure to air. 
 
 Copal is generally imported in large lumps about the size of pota- 
 toes. The clearest and palest are selected for what is called body- 
 gum ; the second best forms carriage-gum ; whilst the residue, freed 
 from the many impurities with which it is associated, constitutes 
 worst quality, fitted only for japan-black or gold-size. 
 
 In alcohol, copal is but little soluble ; but it is said to become 
 more so by reducing it to a fine powder, and exposing it to atmos- 
 pheric influences for twelve months, foiling alcohol or spirit of 
 turpentine, when poured upon fused copal, accomplishes its complete 
 solution, provided the solvent be not added in too large proportions 
 at a time. The addition of camphor also promotes the solubility of 
 copal ; so likewise does oil of rosemary. 
 
 This is a tasteless, inodorous, whitish resin, easily soluble in oils. 
 It is not so hard as mastic, with which it forms a good admixture. 
 
 This is a resin of a yellow color, semi-transparent, and of faint 
 fragrance. Of the two resins which it contains, one is crystallizable 
 and soluble in cold alcohol. 
 
 This constitutes the basis of spirit-varnish. The resin is soluble 
 in strong alcohol aided by heat. Its solution in ammonia may be 
 used as a varnish, when the articles coated with it are not exposed 
 more than an hour or two at a time to water. 
 
 This is a soft resin of considerable lustre. The two sorts in com- 
 merce are, in tears and the common mastic ; the former is the purer 
 of the two. It consists of two resins, one of which is soluble in di- 
 lute alcohol. With oil of turpentine, it forms a very pale varnish, 
 of great lustre, which flows readily, and works easily. Moreover, it 
 can be readily removed by friction with the hand ; hence its use for 
 delicate work of every description. 
 
 SANDARACH. 
 
 This is a pale, odorous resin, less hard than lac, with which it is 
 often associated as a spirit-varnish. It consists of three resins differ- 
 ing as to solubility in alcohol, ether, and turpentine. It forms a 
 good pale varnish for light-colored woods ; when required to be 
 polished, Venice turpentine is added to give it body. 
 
 Of the solvents of these various resins, little need be said. In the 
 manufacture of varnishes, great care, as well as cleanliness, are re- 
 quired. The resins should be washed in hot water, to free them from 
 particles of dust and dirt ; they should be dried and assorted accord-
 
 58 VARNISHES. 
 
 ing to their color, reserving the lightest shades for the best kinds of 
 varnish. 
 
 The linseed-oil should be as pale colored, and as well clarified as 
 possible. New oil always contains mucilage, and more or less of 
 foreign matters ; as these prevent the regular absorption of oxygen, 
 the oil requires preliminary treatment. The common plan is to boil 
 it with litharge ; but such oil varnish is inferior to that prepared 
 with sulphate of lead. 
 
 The best method is to rub up linseed-oil with dry sulphate of lead, 
 in sufficient quantity to form a milky mixture. After a week's 
 exposure to the light, and frequent shaking, the mucus deposits with 
 the sulphate of lead, and leaves the oil perfectly clear. The precipi- 
 tated slime forms a compact membrane over the lead, hardening to 
 such an extent that the clarified oil may be readily poured off. 
 
 TURPENTINE. 
 
 This is of very extensive use. The older it is, the more ozonized, 
 the better it is. Turpentine varnishes dry much more readily than 
 oil varnishes, are of a lighter color, more flexible and cheap. They 
 are, however, neither so tough nor so durable. 
 
 ALCOHOL. 
 
 This is employed as the solvent of sandarach and of lac. The 
 Stronger, cateris paribus, the better. 
 
 NAPHTHA AND METHYLATED SPIRIT OF WINE. 
 
 These are used for the cheaper varnishes. Their smell is disagree- 
 able. The former is, however, a better solvent of resins than alcohol. 
 
 SPIRIT VARNISHES. 
 
 These varnishes may be readily colored red, by dragon's blood ; 
 yellow, by gamboge. If a colored varnish is required, clearly no 
 account need be taken of the color of the resins. Lac varnish may 
 be bleached by Mr. Lemming's process : Dissolve five ounces of shel- 
 lac in a quart of spirit of wine ; boil for a few minutes with ten 
 ounces of well-burnt and recently-heated animal charcoal, when a 
 small quantity of the solution should be drawn off and filtered : if not 
 colorless, a little more charcoal should be added. When all tinge is 
 removed, press the liquor through silk, as linen absorbs more var- 
 nish ; and afterwards filter it through fine blotting-paper. Dr. Hare 
 proceeds as follows : Dissolve in an iron kettle about one part of 
 pearlash in about eight parts of water, add one part of shell or seed 
 lac, and heat the whole to ebullition. When the lac is dissolved, cool 
 the solution, and impregnate it with chlorine gas till the lac is all 
 precipitated. The precipitate is white, but the color deepens by 
 washing and consolidation. Dissolved in alcohol, lac bleached by 
 this process yields a varnish which is as free from color as any copal 
 varnish. 
 
 One word in conclusion with reference to all spirit varnishes. A
 
 VAENISHES. 59 
 
 damp atmosphere is sufficient to occasion a milky deposit of resin, 
 owing to the diluted spirit depositing a portion : in such case the 
 varnish is said to be chilled. 
 
 ESSENCE VARNISHES. 
 
 They do not differ essentially in their manufacture from spirit 
 varnishes. The polish produced by them is more durable, although 
 they take a longer time to dry. 
 
 OIL VARNISHES. 
 
 The most durable and lustrous of -varnishes are composed of a mix- 
 ture of resin, oil, and spirit of turpentine. The oils most frequently 
 employed are linseed and walnut ; the resins chiefly copal and 
 amber. 
 
 The drying power of the oil having been increased by litharge, 
 red-lead, or by sulphate of lead, and a judicious selection of copal 
 having been made, it is necessary, according to Booth, to bear in 
 mind the following precautions before proceeding to the manufacture 
 of varnish : 1. That oil varnish is not a solution, but an intimate 
 mixture of resin in boiled oil and spirit of turpentine. 2. That the 
 resin must be completely fused previous to the addition of the boiled 
 or prepared oil. 3. That the oil must be heated from 250 to 300. 
 4. That the spirit of turpentine must be added gradually, and in a 
 thin stream, while the mixture of oil and resin is still hot. 5. That 
 the varnish be made in dry weather, otherwise moisture is absorbed, 
 and its transparency and drying quality impaired. 
 
 The heating vessel must be of copper, with a riveted and not a 
 soldered bottom. To promote the admixture of the copal with the 
 hot oil, the copal carefully selected, and of nearly uniform fusibility 
 is separately heated with continuous stirring over a charcoal fire. 
 Good management is required to prevent the copal from burning or 
 becoming even high colored. When completely fused, the heated 
 oil should be gradually poured in with constant stirring. The exact 
 amount of oil required must be determined by experiment. If a drop 
 upon a plate, on cooling, assumes such a consistency as to be pene- 
 trated by the nail without cracking, the mixture is complete ; but if 
 it cracks, more oil must be added. 
 
 The spirit of turpentine previously heated is added in a thin stream 
 to the former mixture, care being taken to keep up the heat of all 
 the parts. 
 
 LACKER. 
 
 This is used for wood or brass work, and is also a varnish. For 
 brass, the proportions are half a pound of pale shell-lac to one gallon 
 of spirit of wine. It is better prepared without the aid of heat, by 
 simple and repeated agitation. It should then be left to clear itself, 
 and separated from the thicker portions and from all impurities by 
 decantation. As it darkens on exposure to light, the latter should be 
 excluded. It need scarcely be said that the color will be also modified 
 by that of the lao employed.
 
 60 VARNISHES. 
 
 1. COPAL VARNISHES. 
 
 1. Oil of turpentine one pint, set the bottle in a water bath, and 
 add in small portions at a time, three ounces of powdered copal that 
 has been previously melted by a gentle heat, and dropped into water ; 
 in a few days decant the clear. Dries slowly, but is very pale and 
 durable. Used for pictures, &c. 2. Pale hard copal two pounds ; 
 fuse, add hot drying oil one pint, boil as before directed, and thin 
 with oil of turpentine three pints, or as much as sufficient. Very 
 pale. Dries hard in 12 to 24 hours. 8. Clearest and palest African 
 copal eight pounds ; fuse, add hot and pale drying oil two gallons, 
 boil till it strings strongly, cool a little, and thin with hot rectified 
 oil of turpentine three gallons, and immediately strain into the store 
 can. Very fine. Both the above are used for pictures. 4. Coarsely- 
 powdered copal and glass, of each four ounces, alcohol of 90 per cent 
 one pint, camphor one-half ounce ; heat it in a water-bath so that the 
 bubbles may be counted as they rise, observing frequently to stir the 
 mixture ; when cold decant the clear. Used for pictures. 5. Copal 
 melted and dropped into water three ounces, gum sandarach six 
 ounces, mastic and Chio turpentine of each two and one-half ounces, 
 powdered glass four ounces, alcohol of 85 per cent, one quart ; dis- 
 solve by a gentle heat. Used for metal, chairs, &c. 
 
 All copal varnishes are hard and durable, though less so than 
 those made of amber, but they have the advantage over the latter of 
 being paler. They are applied on coaches, pictures, polished metal, 
 wood, and other objects requiring good durable varnish. 
 
 2. COPAL VAENISH. 
 
 Hard copal, 800 parts ; drying linseed or nut oil, from 125 to 250 
 parts ; oil of turpentine, 500 ; these three substances are to be put 
 into three separate vessels ; the copal is to be fused by a somewhat 
 sudden application of heat; the drying oil is to be heated to a tem- 
 perature a little under ebullition, and is to be added by small 
 portions at a time to the melted copal. When this combination is 
 made, and the heat a little abated, the essence of turpentine, likewise 
 previously heated, is to be introduced by degrees ; some of the vola- 
 tile oil will be dissipated at first, but more being added, the union 
 will take place. Great care must be taken to prevent the turpentine 
 vapor from catching fire, which might occasion serious accidents to 
 the operator. When the varnish is made and has cooled down to 
 about 130 degrees of Fah., it may be strained through a filter, to 
 separate the impurities and undissolved copal. Almost all varnish 
 makers think it indispensable to combine the drying oil with the 
 copal before adding the oil of turpentine, but in this they are mis- 
 taken. Boiling oil of turpentine combines very readily with fused 
 copal; and, in some cases, it would probably be preferable to com- 
 mence the operation with it, adding it in successive small quantities. 
 Indeed, the whitest copal varnish can be made only in this way ; for 
 if the drying oil has been heated to nearly its boiling point, it 
 becomes colored, and darkens the varnish.
 
 VARNISHES. 61 
 
 This varnish improves in clearness by keeping. Its consistence 
 may be varied by varying the proportions of the ingredients within 
 moderate limits. Good varnish, applied in summer, should become 
 so dry in twenty-four hours that the dust will not stick to it nor re- 
 ceive an impression from the fingers. To render it sufficiently dry 
 and hard for polishing, it must be subjected for several days to the 
 heat of a stove. 
 
 3. COPAL VARNISHES. 
 
 1. Melt in an iron pan at a slow heat, copal gum, powdered, eight 
 parts, and add balsam copaiva, previously warmed, two parts. Then 
 remove from the fire, and add spirits of turpentine, also warmed be- 
 forehand, ten parts, to give the necessary consistence. 2. Prepared 
 gum copal ten parts, gum mastic two parts, finely powdered, are 
 mixed with white turpentine and boiled linseed oil, of each one part, 
 at a slow heat, and with spirits of turpentine twenty parts. 3. Pre- 
 pared gum-copal ten parts, white turpentine two parts, dissolve in 
 spirits of turpentine. 
 
 Gum-copal is prepared or made more soluble in spirits of turpentine, 
 by melting the powdered crude gum, afterwards again powdering, 
 and allowing to stand for some time loosely covered. 
 
 CABINET VARNISH. 
 
 Copal, fused, fourteen pounds ; linseed oil, hot, one gallon ; tur- 
 pentine, hot, three gallons. Properly boiled, such a varnish will dry 
 in ten minutes. 
 
 TABLE VARHISH. 
 
 Damma resin, one pound ; spirits of turpentine, two pounds ; 
 camphor, two hundred grains. Digest the mixture for twenty-four 
 hours. The decanted portion is fit for immediate use. 
 
 COMMON TABLE VABNISH. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, one pound; bees' wax, two ounces ; colophony, 
 one drachm. 
 
 COPAL VARNISH FOB INSIDE WORK. 
 
 1. Pounded and oxidixed copal, twenty-four parts ; spirit of tur- 
 pentine, forty parts ; camphor, one part. 2. Flexible Copal Var- 
 nish. Copal in powder, sixteen parts ; camphor, two parts ; oil of 
 lavender, ninety parts, 
 
 Dissolve the camphor in the oil, heat the latter, and stir in the co- 
 pal in successive portions until complete solution takes place. Thin 
 with sufficient turpentine to make it of proper consistence. 
 
 BEST BODY COPAL VARNISH FOR COACH MAKERS, &C. 
 
 This is intended for the body parts of coaches and other similar 
 
 vehicles, intended for polishing. Fuse eight Ibs. of fine African 
 
 gum copal, and two gallons of clarified oil, boil it very slowly for 
 
 four or five hours, until quite stringy, mi* with three gallons and a 
 
 6
 
 62 VARNISHES. 
 
 half of turpentine ; strain off and pour it into a cistern. If this is 
 too slow in drying, coach-makers, painters and varnish-makers have 
 introduced to two pots of the preceding varnish, one made as follows : 
 eight Ibs. of fine pale gum-anime, two gallons of clarified oil and 
 three and a half gallons of turpentine. To be boiled four hours. 
 
 COPAL POLISH. 
 
 Digest or shake finely powdered gum copal four parts, and gum 
 camphor one part, with ether to form a semi-fluid mass, and then 
 digest with a sufficient quantity of alcohol. 
 
 WHITE SPIRIT VAKNISH. 
 
 Sandarach, 250 parts ; mastic, in tears, 64 ; elemi resin, 32 ; 
 turpentine, 64 ; alcohol of 85 per cent, 1000 parts, by measure. 
 The turpentine is to be added after the resins are dissolved. This is 
 a brilliant varnish, but not so hard as to bear polishing. 
 
 WHITE HARD SPIRIT VARNISHES. 
 
 1. Gum sandarach five pounds, camphor one ounce, rectified spirit 
 (65 over proof) two gallons, washed and dried coarsely-pounded glass 
 two pounds ; proceed as in making mastic varnish ; when strained 
 add one quart of very pale turpentine varnish. Very fine. 2. Picked 
 mastic and coarsely-ground glass, of each, four ounces, sandarach 
 and pale clear Venice turpentine, of each three ounces, alcohol two 
 pounds ; as last. 3. Gum sandarach one pound, clear Strasburgh 
 turpentine six ounces, rectified spirit (65 over proof ) three pints; 
 dissolve. 4. Mastic in tears two ounces, sandarach eight ounces, gum 
 elemi one ounce, Strasburgh or Scio turpentine (genuine) four ounces, 
 rectified spirit (65 over proof) one quart. Used on metals, &c. 
 Polishes -well. 
 
 WHITE VARNISH. 
 
 1. Tender copal seven and one-half ounces, camphor one ounce, 
 alcohol of 95 per cent, one quart ; dissolve, then add mastic two 
 ounces, Venice turpentine one ounce ; dissolve and strain. Very 
 white, drying, and capable of being polished when hard. Used for 
 toys. 2. Sandarach eight ounces, mastic two ounces , Canada balsam 
 four ounces, alcohol one quart. Used on paper, wood, or linen. 
 
 SOFT BRILLIANT VARNISH. 
 
 Sandarach six ounces, elemi (genuine) four ounces, anime one 
 ounce, camphor one-half ounce, rectified spi-it one quart ; as before. 
 
 The above spirit varnishes are chiefly applied to objects of the toil- 
 ette, as work-boxes, card-cases, &c., but are also suitable to other 
 articles, whether of paper, wood, linen, or metal, that require a bril- 
 liant and quick-drying varnish. They mostly dry almost as soon as 
 applied, and are usually hard enough to polish in 24 hours. Spirit 
 varnishes are less durable and more liable to crack than oil varnishes.
 
 VARNISHES. 63 
 
 BROWN HARD SPIBIT VARNISHES. 
 
 1. Sandarach four ounces, pale seed-lac two ounces, elemi (true) 
 one ounce, alcohol one quart ; digest with agitation till dissolved, then 
 add Venice turpentine two ounces. 2. Gum sandarach three pounds, 
 shellac two pounds, rectified spirit, (65 over proof,) two gallons ; dis- 
 solve, add turpentine varnish one quart ; agitate well and strain. 
 Very fine. 3. Seed-lac and yellow resin, of each one and one-half 
 pounds, rectified spirit two gallons. 
 
 TO PREPARE A TARNISH FOR COATING METALS. 
 
 Digest one part of bruised copal in two parts of absolute alcohol ; 
 but as this varnish dries too quickly it is preferable to take one part 
 of copal, one part of oil of rosemary, and two or three parts of ab- 
 solute alcohol. This gives a clear varnish as limped as water. It 
 should be applied hot, and when dry it will be found hard and 
 durable. 
 
 TO VARNISH ARTICLES OF IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 Dissolve 10 parts of clear grains of mastic, 5 parts of camphor, 15 
 parts of sandarach, and 5 of elemi, in a sufficient quantity of alcohol, 
 and apply this varnish without heat. The articles will not only be 
 preserved from rust, but the varnish will retain its transparency 
 and the metallic brilliancy of the articles will not be obscured. 
 
 VARNISH FOR IRON WORK. 
 
 Dissolve, in about two Ibs. of tar oil, half a pound of asphaltum, 
 and a like quantity of pounded resin , mix hot in an iron kettle, care 
 being taken to prevent any contact with the flame. When cold the 
 varnish is ready for use. This varnish is for out-door wood and iron 
 work, not for japanning leather or cloth. 
 
 BLACK VARNISH FOR IRON WORK. 
 
 Asphaltum forty-eight pounds, fuse, add boiled oil ten gallons, red 
 lead and litharge, of each seven pounds, dried and powdered white 
 copperas three pounds, boil for two hours, then add dark gum amber 
 (fused) eight pounds, hot linseed oil two gallons, boil for two hours 
 longer, or till a little of the mass, when cooled, may be rolled into 
 pills, then withdraw the heat, and afterwards thin down with oil of 
 turpentine thirty gallons. Used for the ironwork of carriages, and 
 other nice purposes. 
 
 BRONZE VARNISH FOR STATUARY. 
 
 Cut best hard soap fifty parts, into fine shavings, dissolve in boil- 
 ing water two parts, to which add the solution of blue vitriol fifteen 
 parts, in pure water sixty parts. Wash the copper-soap with water, 
 dry it at a very slow heat, and dissolve it in spirits of turpentine.
 
 64 VARNISHES. 
 
 AMBER VARNISHES. 
 
 1. Amber one pound, pale boiled oil ten ounces, turpentine one 
 pint. Render the amber, placed in an iron pot, semiliquid by heat ; 
 then add the oil, mix, remove it from the fire, and when cooled a 
 a little, stir in the turpentine. 2. To the amber, melted as above, 
 add two ounces of shellac, and proceed as before. 
 
 This varnish is rather dark, but remarkably tough. The first form 
 is the best. It is used for the same purposes as copal varnish, and 
 forms an excellent article for covering wood, or any other substance 
 not of a white or very pale color. It dries well, and is very hard 
 and durable. 
 
 AMBER VARNISH, BLACK. 
 
 Amber one pound, boiled oil one-half pint, powdered asphaltum 
 six ounces, oil of turpentine one pint. Melt the amber, as before 
 described, then add the asphaltum, previously mixed with the cold 
 oil, and afterwards heated very hot, mix well, remove the vessel from 
 the fire, and when cooled a little add the turpentine, also made warm. 
 
 Each of the above varnishes should be reduced to a proper con- 
 sistence with more turpentine if required. The last form produces 
 the beautiful black 'varnish used by the coachmakers. Some manu- 
 facturers omit the whole or part of the asphaltum, and use the same 
 quantity of clear black rosin instead, in which case the color is 
 brought up by lampblack reduced to an impalpable powder, or pre- 
 viously ground very fine with a little boiled oil. The varnish made 
 in this way, lacks, however, that richness, brilliancy, and depth of 
 blackness imparted by asphaltum. 
 
 AMBER VARNISHES. 
 
 1. (Pale.) Amber pale and transparent six pounds, fuse, add hot 
 clarified linseed oil two gallons, boil till it strings strongly, cool a 
 little, and add oil of turpentine four gallons. Pale as copal varnish ; 
 Boon becomes very hard, and is the most durable of oil varnishes ; 
 but requires time before it is fit for polishing. When wanted to dry 
 and harden quicker, " drying " oil maybe substituted for linseed, 
 or " driers " may be added during the boiling. 2. Amber one pound ; 
 melt, add Scio turpentine one-half pound, transparent white resin 
 two ounces, hot linseed oil one pint, and afterwards oil of turpentine 
 as much as sufficient ; as above. Very tough. 3. (Hard.) Melted 
 amber four ounces, hot boiled oil one quart ; as before. 4. (Pale.) 
 Very pale and transparent amber four ounces, clarified linseed oil and 
 oil of turpentine, of each one pint ; as before. 
 
 Amber varnish is suited for all purposes, where a very hard and 
 durable oil varnish is required. The paler kind is superior to copal 
 varnish, and is often mixed with the latter to increase its hardness 
 and durability. 
 
 BLACK VARNISH. 
 
 Heat to boiling linseed oil varnish ten parts, with burnt umber 
 two parts, and powdered asphaltum one part, and when cooled dilute 
 with spirits of turpentine to the required consistence.
 
 VARNISHES. 65 
 
 VAENISH FOB CERTAIN PARTS OF CARRIAGES. 
 
 Sandarach, 190 parts ; pale shellac, 95 ; resin, 125 ; turpentine, 
 190 ; alcohol, at 85 per cent, 1000 parts, by measure. 
 
 COACH VARNISH. 
 
 Mix shellac sixteen parts, white turpentine three parts, lamp- 
 black sufficient quantity, and digest with alcohol ninety parts, oil 
 of lavender four parts. 
 
 MAHOGANY VARNISH. 
 
 Sorted gum-anime eight pounds, clarified oil three gallons, litharge 
 and powdered dried sugar of lead, of each one-fourth pound ; boil till 
 it strings well, then cool a little, thin with oil of turpentine five and 
 one-half gallons, and strain. 
 
 VARNISH FOR CABINET MAKERS. 
 
 Pale shellac, 750 parts ; mastic, 64 ; alcohol, of 90 per cent, 
 1000 parts by measure. The solution is made in the cold, with the 
 aid of frequent stirring. It is always muddy, and is employed 
 without being filtered. With the same resins and proof spirit a var- 
 nish is made for the bookbinders to do over their morocco leather. 
 
 CEMENT VARNISH FOR WATER-TIGHT LUTING. 
 
 _ White turpentine fourteen parts, shellac eighteen parts, resin six 
 parts, digest with alcohol eighty parts. 
 
 THE VARNISH OF WATIN FOR GILDED ARTICLES. 
 
 Gum-lac, in grain, 125 parts ; gamboge, 125 ; dragon's blood, 
 125 ; annotto, 125 ; saffron, 32. Each resin must be dissolved in 
 1000 parts by measure, of alcohol of 90 per cent ; two separate tinc- 
 tures must be made with the dragon's blood and aunotto, in 1000 
 parts of such alcohol ; and a proper proportion of each should be added 
 to the varnish, according to the shade of golden color wanted. 
 
 CHEAP OAK VARNISH. 
 
 Clear pale resin three and one-half pounds, oil of turpentine one 
 gallon ; dissolve. It may be colored darker by adding a little fine 
 lampblack. 
 
 VARNISH FOR WOOD-WORK. 
 
 Powdered gum sandarach eight parts, gum mastic two parts, 
 seed-lac eight parts, and digest in a warm place for some days with 
 alcohol twenty-four parts, and finally, dilute with sufficient alcohol 
 to the required consistence. 
 
 DARK VARNISH FOR LIGHT WOOD-WORK. 
 
 Pound up and digest shellac sixteen parts, gum sandarach thirty- 
 two parts, gum mastic (juniper) eight parts, gum elemi eight 
 6*
 
 DO VARNISHES. 
 
 parts, dragon's blood four parts, annotto one part, with white tur- 
 pentine sixteen parts, and alcohol two hundred and fifty-six. Di- 
 lute with alcohol if required. 
 
 VARNISH FOR INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Digest seed-lac one part, with alcohol seven parts, and filter. 
 
 VARNISH FOR THE WOOD TOYS OF SPA. 
 
 Tender copal, 75 parts ; mastic, 12.5 ; Venice turpentine, 6.5 ; 
 alcohol, of 95 per cent, 100 parts by measure ; water ounces, for 
 example, if the other parts be taken in ounces. The alcohol must 
 be first made to act upon the copal, with the aid of a little oil of lav- 
 ender or camphor, if thought fit ; and the solution being passed 
 through a linen cloth, the mastic must be introduced. After it is 
 dissolved, the Venice turpentine, previously melted in a water-bath, 
 should be added ; the lower the temperature at which these operations 
 are carried on, the more beautiful will the varnish be. This varnish 
 ought to be very white, very drying, and capable of being smoothed 
 with pumice-stone and polished. 
 
 VARNISHES FOR FURNITURE. 
 
 The simplest, and perhaps the best, is the solution of shellac only, 
 but many add gums sandarach, mastic, copal, arabic, benjamin, &c., 
 from the idea that they contribute to the effect. Gum arabic is cer- 
 tainly never required if the solvent be pure, because it is insoluble in 
 either rectified spirit or rectified wood naphtha, the menstrua em- 
 ployed in dissolving the gums. As spirit is seldom used on account 
 of its expense, most of the following are mentioned as solutions in 
 naphtha, but spirit can be substituted when thought proper. 
 
 1. Shellac one and a half pounds, naphtha one gallon ; dissolve, 
 and it is ready without filtering. 2. Shellac twelve ounces, copal 
 three ounces, (or an equivalent of varnish) ; dissolve in one gallon of 
 naphtha. 3. Shellac one and a half pounds, seed-lac and sandarach 
 each four ounces, mastic two ounces, rectified spirit one gallon ; dis- 
 solve. 4. Shellac two pounds, benzoin four ounces, spirit one gal- 
 lon. 5. Shellac ten ounces, seed-lac, sandarach, and copal varnish 
 of each, six ounces, benzoin three ounces, naphtha one gallon. 
 
 To darken polish, benzoin and dragon's-blood are used, turmeric 
 and other coloring matters are also added ; and to make it lighter it 
 is necessary to use bleached lac, though some endeavor to give 
 this effect by adding oxalic acid to the ingredients, it, like gum 
 arabic, is insoluble in good spirit or naphtha. For all ordinary pur- 
 poses the first form is best and least troublesome, while its appearance 
 is equal to any other. 
 
 TO FRENCH POLISH. 
 
 The wood must be placed level, and sand-papered until it is quite 
 smooth, otherwise it will not polish. Then provide a rubber of cloth, 
 list, or sponge, wrap it in a soft rag, so as to leave a handle at the 
 back for your hand, shake the bottle against the rubber, and in the
 
 VARNISHES. 67 
 
 middle of the varnish on the rag place with your finger a little raw 
 linseed oil. Now commence rubbing, in small circular strokes, and 
 continue until the pores are filled, charging the rubber with varnish 
 and oil as required, until the whole wood has had one coat. When 
 dry repeat the process once or twice until the surface appears even 
 and fine, between each coat using fine sand-paper to smooth down all 
 irregularities. Lastly, use a clean rubber with a little strong alcohol 
 only, which will remove the oil and the cloudiness it causes ; when 
 the work will be complete. 
 
 FURNITURE POLISHES. 
 
 New wood is often French-polished. Or the following may be tried : 
 Melt three or four pieces of sandarach, each the size of a walnut, 
 add one pint of boiled oil, and boil together for one hour. While cool- 
 ing add one drachm of venice turpentine, and if too thick a little oil 
 of turpentine also. Apply this all over the furniture , and after some 
 hours rub it off ; rub the furniture daily, without applying fresh var- 
 nish, except about once in two months. Water does not injure this 
 polish, and any stain or scratch may be again covered, which cannot 
 be done with French-polish. 
 
 FURNITURE GLOSS. 
 
 To give a gloss to household furniture, various compositions are 
 used, known as wax, polish, creams, pastes, oils, &c. The following 
 are some of the forms used : 
 
 FURNITURE CREAM. 
 
 Bees-wax one pound, soap four ounces, pearlash two ounces, soft 
 water one gallon ; boil together until mixed. 
 
 FURNITURE OILS. 
 
 1. Acetic acid two drachms, oil of lavender one-half drachm, 
 rectified spirit one drachm, linseed oil four ounces. 2. Linseed oil 
 one pint, alkanet root two ounces ; heat, strain, and add lac varnish 
 one ounce. 3. Linseed oil one pint, rectified spirit two ounces, 
 butter of antimony four ounces. 
 
 FURNITURE PASTES. 
 
 1. Bees-wax, spirit of turpentine, and linseed oil, equal parts ; 
 melt and cool. 2. Bees-wax four ounces, turpentine ten ounces, 
 alkanet root to color ; melt and strain. 3. Bees-wax one pound, 
 linseed oil five ounces, alkanet root one-half ounce ; melt, add five 
 ounces of turpentine, strain and cool. 4. Bees-wax four ounces, 
 resin one ounce, oil of turpentine two ounces, Venetian red to color. 
 
 ETCHING VARNISHES. 
 
 1. White wax, two ounces ; black and Burgundy pitch, of each 
 one-half ounce ; melt together, add by degrees powdered asphaltum 
 two ounces, and boil till a drop taken out on a plate will break 
 when cold by being bent double two or three times between the fin-
 
 68 VARNISHES. 
 
 gers ; it must then be poured into warm water and made into small 
 balls for use. 2. (Hard Varnish.) Linseed oil and mastic, of each 
 four ounces ; melt together. 3. (Soft Varnish.) Soft linseed oil, 
 four ounces ; gum benzoin and white wax, of each one-half ounce ; 
 boil to two-thirds. 
 
 VARNISH FOR ENGRAVINGS, MAPS, ETC. 
 
 Digest gum sandarach twenty parts, gum mastic eight parts, 
 camphor one part, with alcohol forty-eight parts. The map or en- 
 graving must previously receive one or two coats of gelatine. 
 
 VARNISH TO FIX ENGRAVINGS OR LITHOGRAPHS ON WOOD. 
 
 For fixing engravings or lithographs upon wood, a varnish called 
 mordant is used in France, which differs from others chiefly in contain- 
 ing more Venice turpentine, to make it sticky ; it consists of sanda- 
 rach, 250 parts ; mastic in tears, 64 ; rosin, 125 ; Venice turpentine, 
 250 ; alcohol, 1000 parts by measure. 
 
 VARNISHES FOR OIL PAINTINGS AND LITHOGRAPHS. 
 
 1. Dextrine 2 parts, alcohol 1 part, water 6 parts. 2. Varnish 
 for drawings and lithographs : dextrine 2 parts, alcohol i part, 
 water 2 parts. These should be prepared previously with two or 
 three coats of thin starch or rice boiled and strained through a cloth. 
 
 VAKNISH FOR OIL PAINTINGS. 
 
 Digest at a slow heat gum sandarach two parts, gum mastic four 
 parts, balsam copaiva two parts, white turpentine three parts, with 
 spirits of turpentine four parts, alcohol (95 per cent) 50-56 parts. 
 
 BEAUTIFUL VARNISH FOR PAINTINGS AND PICTURES. 
 
 Honey, 1 pint; the whites of two dozen fresh hen's eggs; 1 ounce 
 of good clean isinglass, 20 grains of hydrate of potassium, ounce 
 of chloride of sodium ; mix together over a gentle heat of 80 or 90 
 degrees Fah. ; be careful not to let the mixture remain long enough 
 to coagulate the albumen of the eggs ; stir the mixture thoroughly, 
 then bottle. It is to be applied as follows : one table spoonful of the 
 varnish added to half a table spoonful of good oil of turpentine, 
 then spread on the picture as soon as mixed. 
 
 MILK OF WAX. 
 
 Milk of wax is a valuable varnish, which may be prepared as fol- 
 lows : Melt in a porcelain capsule a certain quantity of white wax, 
 and add to it, while in fusion, an equal quantity of spirit of wine, of 
 sp. grav. 0-830 ; stir the mixture, and pour it upon a large porphyry 
 slab. The granular mass is to be converted into a paste by the mul- 
 ler, with the addition, from time to time, of a little alcohol ; and as 
 Boon as it appears to be smooth and homogeneous, water is to be in- 
 troduced in small quantities successively, to the amount of four times 
 the weight of the wax. This emulsion is to be then passed through
 
 VARNISHES. 69 
 
 canvas, in order to separate such particles as may be imperfectly in- 
 corporated. The milk of wax, thus prepared, may be spread with a 
 smooth brush upon the surface of a painting, allowed to dry, and then 
 fused by passing a hot iron (salamander) over its surface. When 
 cold, it is to be rubbed with a linen cloth to bring out the lustre. It 
 is to the unchangeable quality of an encaustic of this nature, that the 
 ancient paintings upon the walls of Herculaneum and Pompeii owe 
 their freshness at the present day. 
 
 CRYSTAL VARNISHES. 
 
 1. Genuine pale Canada balsam and rectified oil of turpentine, 
 equal parts ; mix, place the bottle in warm water, agitate well, set it 
 aside, in a moderately warm place, and in a week pour off the clear. 
 Used for maps, prints, drawings, and other articles of paper, and 
 also to prepare tracing paper, and to transfer engravings. 2. Mastic 
 three ounces, alcohol one pint ; dissolve. Used to fix pencil drawings. 
 
 ITALIAN VARNISHE3. 
 
 1. Boil Scio turpentine till brittle, powder, and dissolve in oil of 
 turpentine. 2. Canada balsam and clear white resin, of each six 
 ounces, oil of turpentine one quart ; dissolve. Used for prints, &c. 
 
 WATER VARNISH FOR OIL-PAINTINGS. 
 
 Boil bitter-apple, freed from the seeds and cut five parts, with rain- 
 water fifty parts, down to one-half. Strain and dissolve in the liquor 
 gum arabic eight parts, and rock-candy four parts, and lastly, add 
 one part of alcohol. Let it stand for some days, and filter. 
 
 VARNISH FOR PAPER-HANGINGS. 
 
 Sandarach, four parts, mastic, seed-lac, white turpentine, of each 
 two parts, gum elemi one part, alcohol twenty-eight parts. Digest 
 with frequent shaking, and filter. Before applying this varnish, the 
 paper must be twice painted over with a solution of white gelatine, 
 and dried. 
 
 BOOK-BINDERS' VARNISH. 
 
 Shellac eight parts, gum benzoin three parts, gum mastic two 
 parts, bruise, and digest in alcohol forty-eight parts, oil of lavender 
 one-half part. Or, digest shellac four parts, gum mastic two parts, 
 gum dammar and white turpentine of each one part, with alcohol 
 (95 per cent) twenty-eight parts. 
 
 TO VARNISH CARDWORK. 
 
 Before varnishing cardwork, it must receive two or three coats of 
 size, to prevent the absorption of the varnish, and any injury to the 
 design. The size may be made by dissolving a little isinglass in hot 
 water, or by boiling some parchment cuttings until dissolved. In 
 either case the solution must be strained through a piece of clean 
 muslin, and for very nice purposes, should be clarified with a littlo
 
 70 VARNISHES. 
 
 White of egg. A small clean brush, called by painters a sash tool, ia 
 the best for applying the size, as well as the varnish. A light deli- 
 cate touch must be adopted, especially for the first coat, least the 
 ink or colors be started, or smothered. 
 
 SIZE, OK VAENISH, FOB, PRIMERS, ETC. 
 
 Best pale glue and white curd soap, of each 4 ounces ; hot water 3 
 pints ; dissolve, then add powdered alum 2 ounces. Used to size 
 prints and pictures before coloring them. 
 
 TARNISH FOR BRICK WALLS. 
 
 A varnish made with one pound of sulphur boiled for half an hour 
 in an iron vessel is a perfect protection from damp to brick walls. It 
 ehould be applied with a brush, while warm. 
 
 MASTIC VARNISHES. 
 
 1. (Fine.) Very pale and picked gum mastic five pounds, glass 
 pounded as small as barley, and well washed and dried two and one- 
 half pounds, rectified turpentine two gallons ; put them into a clean 
 four gallon stone or tin bottle, bung down securely, and keep rolling 
 it backwards and forwards pretty smartly on a counter or any other 
 solid place for at least four hours ; when, if the gum is all dissolved, 
 the varnish may be decanted, strained through muslin into another 
 bottle, and allowed to settle. It should be kept for six or nine months 
 before use, as it thereby gets both tougher and clearer. 2. (Second 
 Quality.) Mastic eight pounds, turpentine four gallons ; dissolve by 
 a gentle heat, and add pale turpentine varnish one-half gallon. 
 3. Gum mastic six ounces, oil of turpentine one quart ; dissolve. 
 
 Mastic varnish is used for pictures, &c. ; when good, it is tough, 
 hard, brilliant, and colorless. Should it get " chilled," one pound 
 of well-washed silicious sand should be made moderately hot, and 
 added to each gallon, which must then be well agitated for five min- 
 utes, and afterwards allowed to settle. 
 
 INDIA-RUBBER VARNISHES. 
 
 1. Cut up one pound of India rubber into small pieces and diffuse 
 in half a pound of sulphuric ether, which is done by digesting in a 
 glass flask on a sand bath. Then add one pound pale linseed oil var- 
 nish, previously heated, and after settling, one pound of oil of tur- 
 pentine, also heated beforehand. Filter, while yet warm, into bottles. 
 Dries slowly. 
 
 2. Two ounces India rubber finely divided and digested in the same 
 way, with a quarter of a pound of camphene, and half an ounce of 
 naphtha or benzole. "When dissolved add one ounce of copal varnish, 
 which renders it more durable. Principally for gilding. 
 
 3. In a wide mouthed glass bottle, digest two ounces of India rub- 
 ber in fine shavings, with one pound of oil of turpentine, during two 
 days, without shaking, then stir up with a wooden spatula. Add
 
 VAKNISHES. 71 
 
 another pound of oil of turpentine, and digest, with frequent agitation, 
 until all is dissolved. Then mix a pound and a half of this solution 
 with two pounds of very white copal-oil varnish, and a pound and a 
 half of well boiled linseed oil, shake and digest in a sand bath, until 
 they have united into a good varnish. For morocco leather. 
 
 4. Four ounces India rubber in fine shavings are dissolved in a 
 covered jar by means of a sand bath, in two pounds of crude benzole, 
 and then mixed with four pounds of hot linseed oil varnish, and a 
 half pound of oil of turpentine. Dries very well. 
 
 5. Flexible Varnish. Melt one pound of rosin, and add gradually 
 half a pound of India rubber in very fine shavings, and stir until cold. 
 Then heat again, slowly, add one pound of linseed oil varnish, heated, 
 and filter. 
 
 6. Another. Dissolve one pound of gum dammar, and a half 
 pound of India rubber, in very small pieces, in one pound of oil of 
 turpentine, by means of a water bath. Add one pound of hot oil 
 varnish and filter. 
 
 7. India rubber in small pieces, washed and dried, are fused for 
 three hours in a close vessel, on a gradually heated sand bath. On 
 removing from the sand bath, open the vessel and stir for ten minutes, 
 then close again, and repeat the fusion on the following day, until 
 small globules appear on the surface. Strain through a wire sieve. 
 
 8. Varnish for Waterproof Goods. Let a quarter of a pound of 
 India rubber, in small pieces, soften in a half pound of oil of turpen- 
 tine, then add two pounds of boiled oil, and let the whole boil for two 
 hours over a slow coal fire. When dissolved, add again six pounds of 
 boiled linseed oil and one pound of Htharge, and boil until an even 
 liquid is obtained. It is applied warm. 
 
 9. Gutta Percha Varnish. Clean a quarter of a pound of Gutta 
 Percha in warm water from adhering impurities, dry well, dissolve in 
 one 'pound of rectified rosin oil, and add two pounds of linseed oil 
 varnish, boiling hot. Very suitable to prevent metals from oxidation. 
 
 BLACK VARNISH FOR HARNESS. 
 
 Digest shellac twelve parts, white turpentine five parts, gum 
 Bandarach two parts, lampblack one part, with spirits of turpentine 
 four parts, alcohol ninety-six parts. 
 
 BOILED OIL OR LINSEED-OIL VARNISH. 
 
 Boil linseed oil sixty parts, with litharge two parts, and white 
 vitriol one part, each finely powdered, until all water is evaporated. 
 Then set by. Or, rub up borate of manganese four parts, with some 
 of the oil, then add linseed oil three thousand parts, and heat to 
 boiling. 
 
 DAMMAR VARNISH. 
 
 Gum dammar ten parts, gum sandarach five parts, gum mastio 
 one part, digest at a low heat, occasionally shaking, with spirits of
 
 72 VAHNISHES. 
 
 turpentine twenty parts. Finally, add more spirits of turpentine 
 to give the consistence of syrup. 
 
 COMMON VARNISH. 
 
 Digest shellac one part, with alcohol seven or eight parts. 
 
 WATEEPEOOF VAENISHES. 
 
 Take one pound of flowers of sulphur and one gallon of linseed oil, 
 and boil them together until they are thoroughly combined. This 
 forms a good varnish for waterproof textile fabrics. Another is made 
 with four pounds oxyde of lead, twopounds of lampblack, five ounces 
 of sulphur, and ten pounds of India rubber dissolved in turpentine. 
 These substances, in such proportions, are boiled together until they 
 are thoroughly combined. Coloring matters may be mixed with them. 
 Twilled cotton may be rendered waterproof by the application of the 
 oil sulphur varnish. It should be applied at two or three different 
 times, and dried after each operation. 
 
 VARNISHES FOR BALLOONS, GAS BAGS, ETC. 
 
 1. India rubber in shavings one ounce ; mineral naphtha two Ibs. ; 
 digest at a gentle heat in a close vessel till dissolved, and strain. 2. 
 Digest one pound of Indian rubber, cut small, in six pounds oil of 
 turpentine for 7 days, in a warm place. Put the mixture in a water 
 bath, heat until thoroughly mixed, add one gallon of warm boiled 
 drying oil, mix, and strain when cold. 3. Linseed oil one gallon ; 
 dried white copperas and sugar of lead, each three ounces; litharge 
 eight ounces ; boil with constant agitation till it strings well, then 
 oool slowly and decant the clear. If too thick, thin it with quicker 
 drying linseed oil. 
 
 GOLD VAENISH. 
 
 Digest shellac sixteen parts, gum sandarach, mastic, of each three 
 parts, crocus one part, gum gamboge two parts, all bruised, with 
 alcohol one hundred forty-four parts. Or, digest seed-lac, sanda- 
 rach, mastic, of each eight parts, gamboge two parts, dragon's blood 
 one part, white turpentine six parts, turmeric four parts, bruised, 
 with alcohol one hundred twenty parts. 
 
 WAINSCOT VARNISH FOR HOUSE PAINTING AND JAPANNING. 
 
 Anime eight pouuds ; clarified linseed oil three gallons ; litharge 
 one-fourth pound ; acetate of lead one-half pound ; sulphate of copper 
 one-fourth pound. 
 
 All these materials must be carefully but thoroughly boiled together 
 until the mixture becomes quite stringy, and then five and a half 
 gallons of heated turpentine stirred in. It can be easily deepened in 
 color by the addition of a little gold-size.
 
 LACKERS. 73 
 
 LACKERS. 
 
 GOLD LACKER. 
 
 Put info a clean four gallon tin, one pound of ground turmeric, 
 one and a half ounces of gamboge, three and a half pounds of pow- 
 dered gum sandarach, three quarters of a pound of shellac, and two 
 gallons of spirits of wine. When shaken, dissolved, and strained, 
 add one pint of turpentine varnish, well mixed. 
 
 RED SPIRIT LACKER. 
 
 Made exactly as the gold lacker with these ingredients : two gal- 
 lons of spirits of wine, one pound of dragon's blood, three pounds of 
 Spanish aunotto, three and a quarter pounds of gum sandarach, and 
 two pints of turpentine. 
 
 PALE BRASS LACKER. 
 
 Two gallons of spirits of wine, one pound of fine pale shellac, 
 three ounces of Cape aloes, cut small : one ounce of gamboge, cut 
 small. 
 
 LACKER FOR TIN. 
 
 Any good lacker laid upon tin gives it the appearance of copper 
 or brass. It is made by coloring lac-varnish with turmeric to impart 
 the cftlor of brass to it, and with annotto, to give it the color of cop- 
 per. If a tin plate is dipped into molten brass, the latter metal will 
 adhere to it in a coat. 
 
 LACKER VARNISH. 
 
 A good lacker is made by coloring lac-varnish with turmeric and 
 annotto. Add as much of these two coloring substances to the varnish 
 as will give it the proper color ; then squeeze the varnish through a 
 cotton cloth, when it forms lacker. 
 
 DEEP GOLD COLORED LACKER. 
 
 Seed-lac three ounces, turmeric one ounce, dragon's blood one- 
 fourth ounce, alcohol one pint ; digest for a week, frequently shaking, 
 decant and filter. 
 
 Lackers are used upon polished metals and wood to impart the ap- 
 pearance of gold. If yellow is required, use turmeric, aloes, saffron, 
 or gamboge ; for red, use annotto, or dragon's blood, to color. Tur- 
 meric, gamboge, and dragon's blood, generally afford a sufficient 
 range of colors. 
 
 LACKERS FOR PICTURES, METAL, WOOD OR LEATHER. 
 
 1. Seed-lac eight ounces, alcohol one quart ; digest in a close vessel 
 in a warm situation for three or four days, then decant and strain. 
 2. Substitute lac bleached by chlorine for seed-lac. Both are very 
 tough, hard, and durable ; the last almost colorless. 
 
 7
 
 74 MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS 
 
 ARMENIAN OK DIAMOND CEMENT. 
 
 This article, so much esteemed for uniting pieces of broken glass, 
 for repairing precious stones, and for cementing them to watch cases 
 and other ornaments, is made by soaking isinglass in water until it 
 becomes quite soft, and then mixing it with spirit in which a little 
 gum mastic and ammoniacum have been dissolved. 
 
 The jewellers of Turkey, who are mostly Armenians, have a singular 
 method of ornamenting watch cases, &c., with diamonds and other 
 precious stones, by simply glueing or cementing them on. The stone 
 is set in silver or gold, and the lower part of the metal made flat, or 
 to correspond with the part to which it is to be fixed ; it is then 
 Avarmed gently, and has the glue applied, which is so very string 
 that the parts so cemented never separate ; this glue, which will 
 strongly unite bits of glass, and even polished steel, and may be ap- 
 plied to a variety of useful purposes, is thus made in Turkey : Dis- 
 solve five or six bits of gum mastic, each the size of a large pea, in as 
 much spirits of wine as will suffice to render it liquid ; and in another 
 vessel, dissolve as much isinglass, previously a little softened in water, 
 (though none of the water must be used,) in French brandy or good 
 rum, as will make a two-ounce vial of very strong glue, adding two 
 small bits of gum albanum, or ammoniacum, which must be rubbed 
 or ground till they are dissolved. Then mix the whole with a suffi- 
 cient heat. Keep the glue in a vial closely stopped, and when it is 
 to be used, set the vial in boiling water. Some persons have sold a 
 composition under the name of Armenian cement, in England ; but 
 this composition is badly made ; it is much too thin, and the quantity 
 of mastic is much too small. 
 
 The following are good proportions : isinglass, soaked in water and 
 dissolved in spirit, two ounces, (thick) ; dissolve in this ten grains of 
 very pale gum ammoniac, (in tears,) by rubbing them together ; 
 then add six large tears of gum mastic, dissolved in the least possible 
 quantity of rectified spirit. 
 
 Isinglass, dissolved in proof spirit, as above, three ounces ; bottoms 
 of mastic varnish (thick but clear) one and a half ounces ; mix well. 
 
 When carefully made, this cement resists moisture, and dries col- 
 orless. As usually met with, it is not only of very bad quality, but 
 sold at exorbitant prices. 
 
 CEMENTS FOE MENDING EARTHERN AND GLASS WARE. 
 
 1. Heat the article to be mended, a little above boiling water heat, 
 then apply a thin coating of gum shellac, on both surfaces of the 
 broken vessel, and when cold it will be as strong as it was originally. 
 2. Dissolve gum shellac in alcohol, apply the solution, and bind the 
 parts firmly together until the cement is perfectly dry.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS. 75 
 
 CEMENT FOR STONEWARE. 
 
 Another cement in which an analogous substance, the curd or ca- 
 seutn of milk is employed, is made by boiling slices of skim-milk cheese 
 into a gluey consistence in a great quantity of water, and then incor- 
 porating it with quicklime on a slab with a rnuller, or in a marble 
 mortar. When this compound is applied warm to broken edges of 
 stoneware, it unites them very firmly after it is cold. 
 
 IRON-REST CEMENT. 
 
 The iron-rust cement is made of from fifty to one hundred parts of 
 iron borings, pounded and sifted, mixed with one part of sal-ammo- 
 niac, and when it is to be applied moistened with as much water as 
 will give it a pasty consistency. Formerly flowers of sulphur were 
 used, and much more sal-ammoniac in making this cement, but with 
 decided disadvantage, as the union is effected by oxidizement, conse- 
 quent expansion and solidification of the iron powder, and any hetero- 
 geneous matter obstructs the effect. The best proportion of sal-ammo- 
 niac is, I believe, one per cent of the iron borings. Another compo- 
 sition of the same kind is made by mixing four parts of fine borings or 
 filings of iron, two parts of potter's clay, and one part of pounded 
 potsherds, and making them into a paste with salt and water. When 
 this cement is allowed to concrete slowly on iron joints, it becomes 
 very hard. 
 
 FOR MAKING ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS IN RELIEF. 
 
 For making architectural ornaments in relief, a moulding compo- 
 sition is formed of chalk, glue, and paper paste. Even statues have 
 been made with it, the paper aiding the cohesion of the mass. 
 
 Mastics of a resinous or bituminous nature, which must be softened 
 or fused by heat, are the following : 
 
 VARLET'S MASTIC. 
 
 Mr. S. Varley's consists of sixteen parts of whiting sifted and thor- 
 oughly dried by a red heat, adding when cold a melted mixture of 
 sixteen parts of black rosin and one of bees'-wax, and stirring well 
 during the cooling. 
 
 ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL APPARATUS CEMENT. 
 
 Electrical and chemical apparatus cement consists of 5 Ibs. of rosin, 
 1 of bees'-wax, 1 of red ochre, and two table-spoonsful of Paris plas- 
 ter, all melted together. A cheaper one for cementing voltaic plates 
 into wooden troughs is made with 6 pounds of rosin, 1 pound of red 
 ochre, of a pound of plaster of Paris, and ^ of a pound of linseed 
 oil. The ochre and the plaster of Paris should be calcined beforehand, 
 and added to the other ingredients in their melted state. The thinner 
 the stratum of cement that is interposed, the stronger, generally speak- 
 ing, is the junction.
 
 76 MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS. 
 
 CEMENT FOR IRON TUBES, BOILERS, ETC. 
 
 Finely powdered iron sixty-six parts, sal-ammoniac one part, water 
 a sufficient quantity to form into paste. 
 
 CEMENT FOR IVORY, MOTHER OF PEARL, ETC. 
 
 Dissolve one part of isinglass and two of white glue in thirty of wa- 
 ter, strain and evaporate to six parts. Add one-thirtieth part of 
 gum mastic, dissolved in half a part of alcohol, and one part of 
 white zinc. When required for use, warm and shake up. 
 
 CEMENT FOR HOLES IN CASTINGS. 
 
 The best cement for this purpose is made by mixing one part of 
 sulphur in powder, two parts of sal-ammoniac, and eighty parts of 
 clean powdered iron turnings. Sufficient water must be added to 
 make it into a thick paste, which should be pressed into the holes or 
 seams which are to be filled up. The ingredients composing this ce- 
 ment should be kept separate, and not mixed until required for use. 
 It is to be applied cold, and the casting should not be used for two or 
 three days afterwards. 
 
 CEMENT FOR COPPERSMITHS AND ENGINEERS. 
 
 Boiled linseed oil and. red lead mixed together into a putty are often 
 used by coppersmiths and engineers, to secure joints. The washers of 
 leather or cloth are smeared with this mixture in a pasty state. 
 
 A CHEAP CEMENT. 
 
 Melted brimstone, either alone, or mixed with rosin and brick dust, 
 forms a tolerably good and very cheap cement. 
 
 PLUMBER'S CEMENT. 
 
 Plumber's cement consists of black rosin one part, brick dust two 
 parts, well incorporated by a melting heat. 
 
 CEMENT FOR BOTTLE-CORKS. 
 
 The bituminous or black cement for bottle-corks consists of pitch 
 hardened by the addition of rosin and brick-dust. 
 
 CHINA CEMENT. 
 
 Take the curd of milk, dried and powdered, ten ounces ; quicklime 
 one ounce ; camphor two drachms. Mix, and keep in closely stopped 
 bottles. When used, a portion is to be mixed with a little water into 
 a paste, to be applied quickly. 
 
 CEMENT FOR LEATHER. 
 
 A mixture of India-rubber and shell-lac varnish makes a very ad- 
 hesive leather cement. A strong solution of common isinglass, with 
 a little diluted alcohol added to it, makes an excellent cement for 
 leather.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS. 77 
 
 MARBLE CEMENT. 
 
 Take plaster of paris, and soak it in a saturated solution of alum, 
 then bake the two in an oven, the same as gypsum is baked to make 
 it plaster of paris ; after which they are ground to powder. It is 
 then used as wanted, being mixed up with water like plaster and ap- 
 plied. It sets into a very hard composition capable of taking a very 
 high polish. It may be mixed with various coloring minerals to pro- 
 duce a cement of any color capable of imitating marble. 
 
 A GOOD CEMENT. 
 
 Shellac dissolved in alcohol, or in a solution of borax, forms a pretty 
 good cement. 
 
 CEMENT FOR MARBLE WORKERS AND COPPERSMITHS. 
 
 White of egg alone, or mixed with finely sifted quicklime, will 
 answer for uniting objects which are not exposed to moisture. The 
 latter combination is very strong, and is much employed for joining 
 pieces of spar and marble ornaments. A similar composition is used 
 by coppersmiths to secure the edges and rivets of boilers ; only bul- 
 lock's blood is the albuminous matter used instead of white of egg. 
 
 TEANSPARENT CEMENT FOR GLASS. 
 
 Dissolve one part of India-rubber in 64 of chloroform, then add 
 gum mastic in powder 16 to 24 parts, and digest for two days with 
 frequent shaking. Apply with a camels-hairbrush. 
 
 CEMENT TO MEND IRON POTS AND PANS. 
 
 Take two parts of sulphur, and one part, by weight, of fine black 
 lead ; put the sulphur in an old iron pan, holding it over the fire 
 until it begins to melt, then add the lead ; stir well until all is mixed 
 and melted ; then pour out on an iron plate, or smooth stone. When 
 cool, break into small pieces. A sufficient quantity of this compound 
 being placed upon the crack of the iron pot to be mended, can be 
 soldered by a hot iron in the same way a tinsmith solders his sheets. 
 If there is a small hole in the pot, drive a copper rivet in it and then 
 solder over it with this cement. 
 
 CEMENT TO RENDER CISTERNS AND CASKS WATER TIGHT. 
 
 An excellent cement for resisting moisture is made by incorporating 
 thoroughly eight parts of melted glue, of the consistence used by car- 
 penters, with four parts of linseed oil, boiled into varnish with lith- 
 arge. This cement hardens in about forty -eight hours, and renders 
 the joints of wooden cisterns and casks air and water tight. A com- 
 pound of glue with one-fourth its weight of Venice turpentine, made 
 as above, serves to cement glass, metal and wood, to one another 
 Fresh-made cheese curd, and old skim-milk cheese, boiled in water to 
 a slimy consistence, dissolved in a solution of bicarbonate of potash 
 
 7*
 
 78 MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS. 
 
 are said to form a good cement for glass and porcelain. The gluten of 
 wheat, well prepared, is also a good cement. White of eggs, with 
 flour and water well-mixed, and smeared over linen cloth, forms a 
 ready lute for steam joints in small apparatus. 
 
 CEMENT FOE REPAIRING FRACTURED BODIES OF ALL KINDS. 
 
 White lead ground upon a slab with linseed oil varnish, and kept 
 out of contact of air, affords a cement capable of repairing fractured 
 bodies of all kinds. It requires a few weeks to harden. When stone 
 or iron are to be cemented together, a compound of equal parts of sul- 
 phur with pitch answers very well. 
 
 CEMENTS FOR CRACKS IN WOOD. 
 
 Make a paste of slacked lime one part, rye-meal two parts, with a 
 sufficient quantity of linseed oil. Or, dissolve one part of glue in six- 
 teen parts of water, and when almost cool stir in sawdust and pre- 
 pared chalk a sufficient quantity. Or, oil-varnish thickened with a 
 mixture of equal parts of white-lead, red-lead, litharge, and chalk. 
 
 CEMENT FOR JOINING METALS AND WOOD. 
 
 Melt rosin and stir in calcined plaster until reduced to a paste, 
 to which add boiled oil a sufficient quantity, to bring it to the con- 
 sistence of honey ; apply warm. Or, melt rosin 180 parts, and stir 
 in burnt umber 30, calcined plaster 15, and boiled oil 8 parts. 
 
 GAS FITTERS' CEMENT. 
 
 Mix together, resin four and one-half parts, wax one part, and 
 Venetian red three parts. 
 
 IMPERVIOUS CEMENT FOR APPARATUS, CORKS, ETC. 
 
 Zinc-white rubbed up with copal varnish to fill up the indentures; 
 when dry, to be covered with the same mass, somewhat thinner, and 
 lastly with copal varnish alone. 
 
 CEMENT FOR FASTENING BRASS TO GLASS VESSELS. 
 
 Melt rosin 150 parts, wax 30, and add burnt ochre 30, and cal- 
 cined plaster 2 parts. Apply warm. 
 
 CEMENT FOR FASTENING BLADES, FILES, ETC. 
 
 Shellac two parts, prepared chalk one, powdered and mixed. The 
 opening for the blade is tilled with this powder, the lower end of the 
 iron heated and pressed in. 
 
 HYDRAULIC CEMENT TAINT. 
 
 If hydraulic cement be mixed with oil, it forms a first-rate anti- 
 combustible and excellent water-proof paint for roofs of buildings, 
 outhouses, walls, &c.
 
 BUILDERS' CEMENTS. 79 
 
 BUILDERS' CEMENTS. 
 
 CEMENT FOR TEBBACE9, FLOORS, ROOFS, RESERVOIRS, ETC. 
 
 In certain localities where a limestone impregnated with bitumen 
 occurs, it is dried, ground, sifted, and then mixed with about its own 
 weight of melted pitch, either mineral, vegetable, or that of cold tar. 
 When this mixture is getting semifluid, it may be moulded into large 
 slabs or tiles in wooden frames lined with sheet iron, previously 
 smeared over with common lime mortar, in order to prevent adhesion 
 to the moulds, which, being in moveable pieces, are easily dismounted 
 so as to turn out the cake of artificial bituminous stone. This cement 
 is manufactured upon a great scale in many places, and used for 
 making Italian terraces, covering the floors of balconies, flat roofs, 
 water reservoirs, water conduits, &c. When laid down, the joints 
 must be well run together with hot irons. The floor of the terrace 
 should be previously covered with a layer of Paris plaster or common 
 mortar, nearly an inch thick, with a regular slope of one inch to the 
 yard. Such bituminous cement weighs 144 pounds the cubic foot ; or 
 a foot of square surface, one inch thick, weighs 12 pounds. Some- 
 times a second layer of these slabs or tiles is applied over the first, 
 with the precaution of making the seams or joints of the upper corres- 
 pond with the middle of the under ones. Occasionally a bottom bed, 
 of coarse cloth or gray paper, is applied. The larger the slabs are 
 made, as far as they can be conveniently tsansported and laid down, 
 so much the better. 
 
 MASTIC CEMENT FOR COVKRING THE FRONTS OF HOUSES. 
 
 Fifty parts, by measure, of clean dry sand, fifty of limestone (not 
 burned) reduced to grains like sand, or marble dust, and 10 parts of 
 red lead, mixed with as much boiled linseed oil, as will make it 
 slightly moist. The brick, to receive it, should be covered with three 
 coats of boiled oil, laid on with a brush, and suffered to dry, before 
 the mastic is put on. It is laid on with a trowel like plaster, but it 
 is not so moist. It becomes hard as stone in a few months. Care 
 must be exercised not to use too much oil. 
 
 CEMENT FOR OUTSIDE BRICK WALLS. 
 
 Cement for the outside of brick walls, to imitate stone, is made of 
 clean sand 90 parts, litharge 5 parts, plaster of Paris 5 parts, moist- 
 ened with boiled linseed oil. The bricks should receive two or three 
 coats of oil before the cement is applied. 
 
 CEMENT FOR COATING THE FRONTS OF BUILDINGS. 
 
 The cement of dihl for coating the fronts of buildings consists of lin- 
 seed oil, rendered dry by boiling with litharge, and mixed with por- 
 celain clay in fine powder, to give it the consistence of stiff mortar.
 
 80 BUILDERS' CEMENTS. 
 
 Pipe-clay would answer equally well if well dried, and any color might 
 be given with ground bricks, or pottery. A little oil of turpentine to 
 thin this cement aids its cohesion upon stone, brick or wood. It has 
 been applied to sheets of wire cloth, and in this state laid upon ter- 
 races, in order to make them water tight ; but it is a little less ex- 
 pensive than lead. 
 
 CEMENT FOR STEPS AND BRICK WALLS. 
 
 A cement which gradually indurates to a stony consistence, may be 
 made by mixing twenty parts of clean river sand, two of litharge, and 
 one of quicklime, into a thin putty with linseed oil. The quicklime 
 may be replaced with litharge. When this cement is applied to mend 
 broken pieces of stone, as steps of stairs, it acquires after some time a 
 stony hardness. A similar composition has been applied to coat over 
 brick walls, under the name of mastic. 
 
 A HARD CEMENT FOR SEAMS. 
 
 An excellent cement for seams in the roofs of houses, or for any 
 other exposed places, is made with white lead, dry white sand, and 
 as much oil as will make it into the consistency of putty. This cement 
 gets as hard as stone in a few weeks. It is a good cement for filling 
 up cracks in exposed parts of brick buildings ; and for pointing up 
 the base of chimneys, where they project through the roofs of shingled 
 houses. 
 
 ANOTHER GOOD CEMENT. 
 
 Dissolve one pound of alum, in boiling water, and while it is boiling 
 add five pounds of brown soap, cut into small pieces ; boil the mixture 
 about fifteen minutes. It then becomes sticky like shoemaker's wax. 
 Now mix it with whiting to a proper consistency for filling up seams, 
 &c. It becomes partially hard after a few months, and strongly ad- 
 heres to wood. The wood should be perfectly dry. To make it ad- 
 here it must be well pressed down. When dry it is impervious to 
 water, and is slightly elastic. 
 
 CEMENT FOR TILE-ROOFS, 
 
 The best cement for closing up seams in tile-roofs is composed of 
 equal parts of whiting and dry sand and 25 per cent of litharge, made 
 into the consistency of putty with linseed oil. It is not liable to crack 
 when cold, nor melt, like coal-tar and asphalt, with the heat of the 
 MSB. 
 
 COARSE STUFF. 
 
 Coarse stuff, or lime and hair, as it is sometimes called, is pre- 
 pared in the same way as common mortar, with the addition of hair 
 procured from the tanner, which must be well mixed with the mortar 
 by means of a three-pronged rake, until the hair is equally distribu- 
 ted throughout the composition. The mortar should be first formed, 
 and when the lime and sand have been thoroughly mixed, the hair 
 should be added by degrees, and the whole so thoroughly united, that 
 the hair shall appear to be equally distributed throughout.
 
 BUILDERS' CEMENTS. 81 
 
 PARKER'S CEMENT. 
 
 This cement, which is perhaps the best of all others for stucco, as 
 it is not subject to crack or flake off, is now very commonly used, 
 and is formed by burning argillaceous clay in the same manner that 
 lime is made. It is then reduced to powder. The cement, as used 
 by the plasterer, is sometimes employed alone, and sometimes it is 
 mixed with sharp sand ; and it has then the appearance, and almost 
 the strength, of stone. As it is impervious to water, it is very 
 proper for lining tanks and cisterns. 
 
 HAMELEIN'S CEMENT. 
 
 This cement consists of earthy and other substances insoluble in 
 water, or nearly so ; and these may be either those which are in 
 their natural state, or have bean manufactured, such as earthen- 
 ware and china ; those being always preferred which are least 
 soluble in water, and have the least color. When these are pul- 
 verized, some oxide of lead is added, such as litharge, gray oxide, 
 or minium, reduced to a fine powder ; and to the compound is 
 added a quantity of pulverized glass or flint stones, the whole 
 being thoroughly mixed and made into a proper consistence with 
 some vegetable oil, as that of linseed. This makes a durabfe stucco 
 or plaster, that is impervious to wet, and has the appearance of 
 etone. 
 
 The proportion of the several ingredients is as follows : to every 
 five hundred and sixty pounds of earth, or earths, such as pit sand, 
 river sand, rock sand, pulverized earthenware or porcelain, add 
 forty pounds of litharge, two pounds of pulverized glass or flint, 
 one pound of minium, and two pounds of gray oxide of lead. Mix 
 the whole together, and sift it through sieves of different degrees 
 of fineness, according to the purposes to which the cement is to be 
 applied. 
 
 The following is the method of using it : To every thirty pounds 
 weight of the cement in powder, add about one quart of oil, either 
 linseed, walnut, or some other vegetable oil, and mix it in the same 
 manner as any other mortar, pressing it gently together, either by 
 treading on it, or with the trowel ; it has then the appearance of 
 moistened sand. Care must also be taken that no more is mixed at 
 one time than is required for use, as it soon hardens into a solid 
 mass. Before the cement is applied, the face of the wall to be plas- 
 tered should be brushed over with oil, particularly if it be applied 
 to brick, or any other substance that quickly imbibes the oil ; if to 
 wood, lead, or any substance of a similar nature, less oil may be 
 used. 
 
 PLASTER IN IMITATION OF MARBLE SCAGLIOLA. 
 
 This species of work is exquisitely beautiful when done with taste 
 and judgment, and is so like marble to the touch, as well as appear- 
 ance, that it is scarcely possible to distinguish the one from the 
 other. We shall endeavor to explain its composition, and the man-
 
 82 BUILDERS' CEMENTS. 
 
 ner in which it is applied ; but so much depends upon the workman's 
 execution, that it is impossible for any one to succeed in an attempt 
 to work with it without some practical experience. 
 
 Procure some of. the purest gypsum, and calcine it until the large 
 masses have lost the brilliant, sparkling appearance by which they 
 are characterized, and the whole mass appears uniformly opaque. 
 This calcined gypsum is reduced to powder, and passed throu-rh a 
 very fine sieve, and mixed up, as it is wanted for use, with glue, 
 isinglass, or some other material of the same kind. This solu- 
 tion is colored with the tint required for the scagliola ; but when a 
 marble of various colors is to be imitated, the several colored compo- 
 sitions required by the artist must be placed in separate vessels, and 
 they are then mingled together in nearly the same manner that the 
 painter mixes his color on the pallet. Having the wall or column 
 prepared with rough plaster, it is covered with the composition, and 
 the colors intended to imitate the marble, of whatever kind it may 
 be, are applied when the floating is going on. 
 
 It now only remains to polish the work, which, as soon as the com- 
 position is hard enough, is done by rubbing it with pumice-stone, the 
 work being kept wet with water applied by a sponge. It is then 
 polished with Tripoli and charcoal, with a piece of fine linen, and 
 finished with a piece of felt, dipped in a mixture of oil and Tripoli, 
 and afterwards with pure oil. 
 
 MALTHA, OR GEEEK MASTIC. 
 
 This is made by mixing lime and sand in the manner of mortar, 
 and making it into a proper consistency with milk or size, instead of 
 water. 
 
 FINE STUFF. 
 
 This is made by slaking lime with a small portion of water, after 
 which so much water is added as to give it the consistence of cream. 
 It is then allowed to settle for some time, and the superfluous water 
 is poured off, and the sediment is suffered to remain till evaporation 
 reduces it to a proper thickness for use. For some kinds of work, it 
 is necessary to add a small portion of hair. 
 
 STUCCO FOB INSIDE OF WALLS. 
 
 This stucco consists of fine stuff already described, and a portion 
 of fine washed sand, in the proportion of one of sand to three of fine 
 stuff. Those parts of interior walls are finished with this stucco 
 which are intended to be painted. In using this material, great care 
 must be taken that the surface be perfectly level, and to secure this 
 it must be well worked with a floating tool or wooden trowel. This 
 is done by sprinkling a little water occasionally on the stucco, and 
 rubbing it in a circular direction with the float, till the surface has 
 attained a high gloss. The durability of the work very much de- 
 pends upon the care with which this process is done ; for if it be not 
 thoroughly worked, it is apt to crack.
 
 BUILDERS' CEMENT. 83 
 
 HIGGINS' STUCCO. 
 
 To fifteen pounds of the best stone lime, add fourteen pounds of 
 bone ashes, finely powdered, and about ninety-five pounds of clean, 
 washed sand, quite dry, either coarse or fine, according to the 
 nature of the woi'k in hand. These ingredients must be intimately 
 mixed, and kept from the air till wanted. When required for use, 
 it must be mixed up into a proper consistence for working with 
 lime water, and used as speedily as possible. 
 
 GAUGE STUFF. 
 
 This is chiefly used for mouldings and cornices which are run or 
 formed with a wooden mould. It consists of about one-fifth of plas- 
 ter of Paris, mixed gradually with four-fifths of fine stuff. When 
 the work is required to set very expeditiously, the proportion of 
 plaster of Paris is increased. It is often necessary that the plaster 
 to be used should have the property of setting immediately it is laid 
 on, and in all such cases gauge stuff is used, and consequently it is 
 extensively employed for cementing ornaments to walls or ceilings, 
 as well as for casting the ornaments themselves. 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 This is frequently used, instead of plaster of Paris, for the orna- 
 mental parts of buildings, as it is more durable, and becomes in time 
 as hard as stone itself. It is of great use in the execution of the 
 decorative parts of architecture, and also in the finishings of picture 
 frames, being a cheaper method than carving by nearly eighty per 
 cent. 
 
 It is made as follows : Two pounds of the best whitening, one 
 pound of glue, and half a pound of linseed oil are heated together, 
 the composition being continually stirred until the different substan- 
 ces are thoroughly incorporated. Let the compound cool, and then 
 lay it on a stone covered with powdered whitening, and heat it well 
 until it becomes of a tough and firm consistence. It may then be 
 put by for use, covered with wet cloths to keep it fresh. When 
 wanted for use, it must be cut into pieces, adapted to the size of the 
 mould, into which it is forced by a screw press. The ornament, 
 or cornice, is fixed to the frame or wall with glue or with white 
 lead. 
 
 FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS. 
 
 The nature and condition of the soil upon which houses are to be 
 built should receive far more attention than is usually bestowed upon 
 such subjects. A soil which is spongy and damp, or contains much 
 loose organic matter, is generally unhealthy ; whereas a dry, porus 
 soil affords a healthy site for buildings. Wherever we find a soil de- 
 ficient in gravel or sand, or where gravel and sand-beds are underlaid 
 with clay, there should be a thorough sub-soil drainage, because the 
 clay retains the water, and a house built in such a spot would other- 
 wise always be damp and unhealthy.
 
 84 BUILDERS' CEMENTS. 
 
 When the sub-soil is swampy, which is the case with many portions 
 of various cities that have been filled in with what is called made 
 earth, fever is liable to prevail in houses built in such localities, 
 owing to the decay of organic matter underneath, and its ascension 
 in the form of gas through the soil. When good drainage cannot be 
 effected in such situations, and it is found necessary to build houses 
 on them, they should all have solid floors of concrete, laid from the 
 outside of the foundations and covering the whole area over which 
 the structure is erected. These floors tend to prevent dampness in 
 houses, consequently they are more comfortable and healthy than 
 they otherwise would be. Such floors also tend to prevent the crack- 
 ing of the walls, owing to the solidity and firmness imparted to their 
 foundations. 
 
 CONCRETE FLOORS. 
 
 The lower floors of all the cellars of houses should be composed of a 
 bed of concrete about three inches thick. This would tend to render 
 them dry, and more healthy, and at the same time prevent rats from 
 burrowing under the walls from the outside, and coming up under 
 the floor the method pursued by these vermin where houses are 
 erected on a sandy soil. This concrete should be made of washed 
 gravel and hydraulic cement. Common mortar mixed with pounded 
 brick and washed gravel, makes a concrete for floors nearly as good 
 as that formed with hydraulic cement. Such floors become very hard, 
 and are much cheaper than those of brick or flagstones. 
 
 FIRE-PROOF COMPOSITION TO RESIST FIRE FOR FIVE HOURS. 
 
 Dissolve, in cold water, as much pearlash as it is capable of holding 
 in solution, and wash or daub with it all the boards, wainscoting, 
 timber, &c. Then diluting the same liquid with a little water, add to 
 it such a portion of fine yellow clay as will make the mixture the same 
 consistence as common paint ; stir in a small quantity of paperhang- 
 er's flour paste to combine both the other substances. Give three 
 coats of this mixture. When dry, apply the following mixture : 
 Put into a pot equal quantities of finely pulverized iron filings, brick 
 dust, and ashes : pour over them size or glue water ; set the whole 
 near a fire, and when warm stir them well together. With this liquid 
 composition, or size, give the wood one coat ; and on its getting dry, 
 give it a second coat. It resists fire for five hours, and prevents the 
 wood from ever bursting into flames. It resists the ravages of fire, 
 BO as only to be reduced to coal or embers, without spreading the con- 
 flagration by additional flames ; by which five clear hours are gained 
 in removing valuable effects to a place of safety, as well as rescuing 
 the lives of all the family from danger ! Furniture, chairs, tables, 
 &c., particularly staircases, may be so protected. Twenty pounds of 
 finely sifted yellow clay, a pound and a half of flour for making the 
 paste, and one pound of pearlash, are sufficient to prepare a square 
 rood of deal-boards.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 85 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 
 
 TO POLISH WAINSCOT AND MAHOGANY. 
 
 A very good polish for wainscot may be made in the following 
 manner : Take as much beeswax as required, and, placing it in a 
 glazed earthen pan, add as much spirits of wine as will cover it, and 
 let it dissolve without heat. Add either one ingredient as is required, 
 to reduce it to the consistence of butter. When this mixture is well 
 rubbed into the grain of the wood, and cleaned off with clean linen, 
 it gives a good gloss to the work. 
 
 IMITATION OF MAHOGANY. 
 
 Plane the surface smooth , and rub with a solution of nitrous acid. 
 Then apply with a soft brush one ounce of dragon's blood, dissolved 
 in about a pint of alcohol, and with a third of an ounce of carbonate of 
 soda, mixed and filtered. When the brilliancy of the polish dimin- 
 ishes, it may be restored by the use of a little cold drawn linseed oil. 
 
 FURNITURE VARNISH. 
 
 White wax six ounces, oil of turpentine one pint ; dissolve by a 
 gentle heat. Used to polish wood by friction. 
 
 TO MAKE GLASS PAPER. 
 
 Take any quantity of broken glass (that with a greenish hue is 
 the best), and pound ty in an iron mortar. Then take severel sheets 
 of paper, and cover them evenly with a thin coat of glue, and, hold- 
 ing them to the fire, or placing them upon a hot piece of wood or 
 plate of iron, sift the pounded glass over them. Let the several 
 sheets remain till the glue is set, and shake off the superfluous pow- 
 der, which will do again. Then hang up the papers to dry and 
 harden. Paper made in this manner is much superior to that gene- 
 rally purchased at the shops, which chiefly consists of fine sand. To 
 obtain different degrees of fineness, sieves of different degrees of fine- 
 ness must be used. Use thick paper. 
 
 TO MAKE STONE PAPEB. 
 
 As, in cleaning wood- work, particularly deal and other soft 
 woods, one process is sometimes found to answer better than another, 
 we may describe the manner of manufacturing a stone paper, which, 
 in some cases, will be preferred to sand paper, as it produces a good 
 face, and is less liable to scratch the work. Having prepared the 
 paper as already described, take any quantity of powdered pumice- 
 stone, and sift it over the paper through a sieve of moderate fineness. 
 When the surface has hardened, repeat the process till a tolerably 
 thick coat has been formed upon the paper, which, when dry, will 
 be fit for use. 
 
 8
 
 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 
 
 WHITEWASH. 
 
 The best method of making a whitewash for outside exposure is to 
 slack half a bushel of lime in a barrel, add one pound of common 
 salt, half a pound of the sulphate of zinc, and a gallon of sweet milk. 
 
 PAINT FOR COATING WIRE WORK. 
 
 Boil good linseed oil with as much litharge as will make it of the 
 consistency to be laid on with the brush ; add lampblack at the rate 
 of one part to every ten , by weight of the litharge ; boil three hours 
 over a gentle fire. The first coat should be thinner than the follow- 
 ing coats. 
 
 TO BLEACH SPONGE. 
 
 Soak it well in dilute muriatic acid for twelve hours. Wash well 
 with water, to remove the lime, then immerse it in a solution of hypo- 
 sulphite of soda, to which dilute muriatic acid has been added a mo- 
 ment before. After it is bleached sufficiently remove it, wash again, 
 and dry it. It may thus be bleached almost snow white. 
 
 LAC VARNISH FOR VINES. 
 
 Grape vines may be pruned at any period without danger from 
 loss of bleeding, by simply covering the cut parts with varnish made 
 by dissolving stick-lac in alcohol. The lac varnish soon dries, and 
 forms an impenetrable coat to rain ; it may also be applied with ad- 
 vantage in coating the wounds of young trees. 
 
 BAZOR PASTE. 
 
 1. Levigated oxide of tin (prepared putty -.powder) 1 oz. ; pow- 
 dered oxalic acid 1-4 oz. ; powdered gum 20 grs. ; make it into a 
 stiff paste with water, and evenly and thinly spread it over the strop. 
 With very little friction, this paste gives a fine edge to the razor, and 
 its efficiency is still further increased by moistening it. 
 
 2. Emery reduced to an impalpable powder 2 parts ; spermaceti 
 ointment 1 part ; mix together, and rub it over the strop. 
 
 3. Jewellers' rouge, blacklead, and suet, equal parts ; mix. 
 
 LEATHER VARNISH. 
 
 Durable leather varnish is composed of boiled linseed oil, in which 
 a drier, such as litharge, has been boiled. It is colored with lamp- 
 black. This varnish is used for making enamelled leather. Common 
 leather varnish, which is used as a substitute for blacking, is made 
 of thin lac-varnish colored with ivory black. 
 
 TO KEEP TIRES TIGHT ON WHEELS. 
 
 Before putting on the tires fill the felloes with linseed oil, which ia 
 done by heating the oil in a trough to a boiling he.it, and keeping 
 the wheel, with a stick through the hub, in the oil, for an hour The 
 wheel is turned round until every felloe is kept in the oil one hour.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 87 
 
 CUTTING GLASS. 
 
 To cut bottles, shades, or other glass vessels neatly, heat a rod of 
 iron to redness, and having filled your vessel the exact height you 
 wish it to be cut, with oil of any kind, you proceed very gradually to 
 dip the red hot iron into the oil, which, heating all along the surface, 
 suddenly the glass chips and cracks right round, when you can lift 
 off the upper portion clean by the surface of the oil. 
 
 PREPARED LIQUID GLUE. 
 
 Take of best white glue 16 ounces ; white lead, dry, 4 ounces ; 
 rain water 2 pints ; alcohol 4 ounces. With constant stirring dis- 
 solve the glue and lead in the water by means of a water-bath. Add 
 the alcohol, and continue the heat for a few minutes. Lastly pour 
 into bottles while it is still hot. 
 
 LIQUID GLUES. 
 
 Dissolve 33 parts of best (Buffalo) glue on the steam bath in a 
 porcelain vessel, in 36 parts of water. Then add gradually, stirring 
 constantly, 3 parts of aqua fortis, or as much as is sufficient to pre- 
 vent the glue from hardening when cool. Or, dissolve one part of 
 powdered alum in 120 of water, add 120 parts of glue, 10 of acetic 
 acid and 40 of alcohol, and digest. 
 
 MARINE GLUE. 
 
 Dissolve 4 parts of india rubber in 34 parts of coal tar naphtha 
 aiding the solution with heat and agitation, add to it 64 parts of 
 powdered shellac, which must be heated in the mixture, till the 
 whole is dissolved. While the mixture is hot it is poured upon metal 
 plates in sheets like leather. When required for use, it is heated in 
 a pot, till soft, and then applied with a brush to the surfaces to be 
 joined. Two pieces of wood joined with this glue can scarcely be 
 sundered. 
 
 AN EXCELLENT PASTE FOR ENVELOPES. 
 
 Mix in equal quantities gum-arabic (substitute dextrine) and 
 water in a phial, place it near a stove, or on a furnace register, and 
 stir or shake it well, until it dissolves. Add a little alcohol to pre- 
 vent its souring. 
 
 DEXTRINE, OR BRITISH GUM. 
 
 Dry potato-starch heated from 300 to 600 until it becomes brown, 
 soluble in cold water, and ceases to turn blue with iodine. Used by 
 calico printers and others, instead of gum arabic. 
 
 GCM MUCILAGE. 
 
 A little oil of cloves poured into a bottle containing gum mucilage 
 prevents the latter from becoming sour and putrid ; this essential oil 
 possesses great antiseptic powers.
 
 88 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 
 
 FLOUR PASTE. 
 
 Too numerous to mention are the little conveniences of having a 
 little flour paste always at hand, as those made of any of the gums 
 impart a glaze to printed matter, and make it rather difficult to read. 
 Dissolve a tablespoonful of alum in a quart of warm water, ami when 
 cold, stir in as much flour as will give it the consistency of thick 
 cream, being particular to beat up all the lumps, then stir in as 
 much powdered resin as will stand on a dime, then throw in half a 
 dozen cloves, merely to give a pleasant odor. Next, have a vessel on 
 the fire which has a teacupful or more of boiling water, pour the 
 flour mixture on the boiling water, stir it well all the time ; in a very 
 few minutes it will be of the consistence of mush ; pour it out in an 
 earthen or china vessel ; let^ it cool ; lay a cover on it, and put it 
 in a cool place. It will keep for months. When needed for use, take 
 out a portion and soften it with warm water. Keep it covered an 
 inch or two in water to prevent the surface from drying up. 
 
 SEALING-WAX FOR FRUIT-CANS. 
 
 Beeswax, oz. ; English vermillion, 1 ozs. ; gum shellac, 1\ ozs. ; 
 rosin, 8 ozs. Take some cheap iron vessel that you can always keep 
 for the purpose, and put in the rosin and melt it, and stir in the ver- 
 million. Then add the shellac, slowly, and stir that in, and afterward 
 the beeswax. When wanted for use at any after time, set it upon a 
 slow fire and melt it so you can dip bottle-nozzles in. For any pur- 
 pose, such as an application to trees, where you want it tougher than 
 the above preparation will make it, add a little more beeswax, and 
 leave out the vermillion. 
 
 If the vermillion is left out in the above, the wax 'will be all the 
 better for it, as it is merely used for coloring purposes. 
 
 FUSIBLE METAL. 
 
 1. Bismuth 8 parts ; lead 5 parts ; tin 3 parts ; melt together, 
 Melts below 212 degrees Fahr. 2. Bisrmith 2 parts ; lead 5 parts ; 
 tin 3 parts. Melts in boiling water. 3. Lead 3 parts; tin 2 parts; 
 bismuth 5 parts ; mix. Melts at 197 deg. Fahr. 
 
 Remarks. The above are used to make toy-spoons, to surprise 
 children by their melting in hot liquors ; and to form pencils for 
 writing on asses' skin, or paper prepared by rubbing burnt harts- 
 horn into it. 
 
 METALLIC CEMENT. 
 
 M. Greshiem states that an alloy of copper and mercury, prepared 
 as follows, is capable of attaching itself firmly to the surfaces of 
 metal, glass, and porcelain. From twenty to thirty parts of finely 
 divided copper, obtained by the reduction of oxide of copper with 
 hydrogen, or by precipitation from solution of its sulphate with 
 zinc, are made into a paste with oil of vitrol and seventy parts of 
 mercury added, the whole being well triturated. When the amal- 
 gamation is complete, the acid is removed by washing with boiling
 
 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 89 
 
 water, and the compound allowed to cool. In ten or twelve hours, 
 it becomes sufficiently hard to receive a brilliant polish, and to 
 scratch the surface of tin or gold. By heat it assumes the consis- 
 tence of wax ; and, as it does not contract on cooling, M. Greshiem 
 recommends its use by dentists for stopping teeth. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL GOLD. 
 
 This is a new metallic alloy which is now very extensively used in 
 France as a substitute for gold. Pure copper 100 parts, zinc, or 
 preferably tin 17 parts, magnesia 6 parts, sal ammoniac 3'6 parts, 
 quick lime 1'8 parts, tartar of commerce 9 parts, are mixed as fol- 
 lows : The copper is first melted, then the magnesia, sal ammoniac, 
 lime, and tartar, are then added, separately and by degrees, in the 
 form of powder ; the whole is now briskly stirred for about half an 
 hour, so as to mix thoroughly ; and then the zinc is added in small 
 grains by throwing it on the surface and stirring till it is entirely 
 fused ; the crucible is then covered and the fusion maintained for 
 about 35 minutes. The surface is then skimmed and the alloy ia 
 ready for casting. 
 
 It has a fine grain, is malleable and takes a splendid polish. It 
 does not corrode readily, and for many purposes is an excellent sub- 
 stitute for gold. When tarnished, its brilliancy can be restored by 
 a little acidulated water. If tin be employed instead of zinc the alloy 
 will be more brilliant. It is very much used in France, and must 
 ultimately attain equal popularity here. 
 
 The or-molu of the brass founder, popularly known as an imitation 
 of red gold, is extensively used by the French workmen in metals. 
 It is generally found in combination with grate and stove work. It 
 is composed of a greater portion of copper and less zinc than ordi- 
 nary brass, is cleaned readily by means of acid, and is burnished with 
 facility. To give this material the rich appearance, it is not unfre- 
 quently brightened up after " dipping " (that is cleaning in acid) by 
 means of a scratch brush (a brush made of fine brass wire), the 
 action of which helps to produce a very brilliant gold-like surface. 
 It is protected from tarnish by the application of lacker. 
 
 BLANCHED COPPEB. 
 
 Fuse 8 ounces of copper and & ounce of neutral arsenical salt, with 
 a flux made of calcined borax, charcoal dust and powdered glass. 
 
 BROWNING GUN BARRELS. 
 
 The tincture of iodine diluted with one-half its bulk of water, is a 
 superior liquid for browning gun barrels. 
 
 SILVERING POWDER FOR COATING COPPER. 
 
 Nitrate of silver 30 grains, common salt 30 grains , cream of tar- 
 ar 3-i drachms ; mix, moisten with water, and apply. 
 
 8*
 
 90 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 
 
 ALLOT FOR JOURNAL BOXES. 
 
 The best alloy for journal boxes is composed of copper, 24 Ibs. ; tin, 
 24 Ibs. ; and antimony, 8 Ibs. Melt the copper first, then add the 
 tin, and lastly the antimony. It should be first run into ingots, then 
 melted and cast in the form required for the boxes. 
 
 ALLOY FOR BELLS OF CLOCKS. 
 
 The bells of the pendules, or ornamental clocks, made in Paris, are 
 composed of copper 72.00, tin 26.56, iron 1.44, in 100 parts. 
 
 AN ALLOY FOR TOOLS. 
 
 An alloy of 1000 parts of copper and 14 of tin is said to furnish 
 tools, which hardened and sharpened in the manner of the ancients, 
 afford an edge nearly equal to that of steel. 
 
 ALLOY FOR CYMBALS AND GONGS. 
 
 An alloy for cymbals and gongs is made of 100 parts of copper with 
 about 25 of tin. To give this compound the sonorous property in 
 the highest degree, the piece should be ignited after it is cast, and 
 then plunged immediately into cold water. 
 
 SOLDER FOR STEEL JOINTS. 
 
 Silver 19 pennyweights, copper 1 pennyweight, brass 2 penny- 
 weights. Melt under a coat of charcoal dust. 
 
 SOFT GOLD SOLDER. 
 
 Is composed of four parts gold, one of silver, and one of copper. 
 It can be made softer by adding brass, but the solder becomes more 
 liable to oxidize. 
 
 FILES. 
 
 Allow dull files to lay in diluted sulphuric acid until they are bit 
 deep enough. 
 
 TO PREVENT RUSTING. 
 
 Boiled linseed oil will keep polished tools from rusting if it is 
 allowed to dry on them. Common sperm oil will prevent them from 
 rusting for a short period. A coat of copal varnish is frequently 
 applied to polished tools exposed to the weather. 
 
 ANTI-ATTRITION, AND AXLE-GREASE. 
 
 One part of fine black lead, ground perfectly smooth, with four 
 parts of lard. 
 
 TO GALVANIZE. 
 
 Take a solution of nitro-muriate of gold (gold dissolved in a mix- 
 ture of aquafortis and muriatic acid) and add to a gill of it a pint 
 of ether or alcohol, then immerse your copper chain in it for about 
 15 minutes, when it will be coated with a film of gold. The copper 
 must be perfectly clean and free from oxyd, grease, or dirt, or it will 
 not take on the gold.
 
 BRASS, BRONZE, BELL AND BRITANNIA METAL. 91 
 
 RAPvE AND VALUABLE COMPOSITIONS. 
 
 Receipts for the use of Mechanists, Iron and Brass Founders, 
 Tinmen, Coppersmiths, Turners, Dentists, Finishers of Brass, 
 Britannia, and German Silver, and for other useful and im- 
 portant purposes in the Practical Arts. 
 
 The larger number of the following Receipts are the result of 
 inquiries and experiments by a practical operative. Most of those 
 which relate to trie mixing of metals and to the finishing ol' manufac- 
 tured articles, have been thoroughly tested by him, and will be found 
 to produce the results desired and expected. The others have been 
 collected from eminent scientific works. 
 
 No. 1. YELLOW BRASS, for Turning. (Common article.) Copper, 
 20 Ibs.; Zinc, 10 Ibs.; Lead from 1 to 5 ozs. 
 Put in the Lead last before pouring off. 
 
 Wo. 2. RED BRASS, for Turning. Copper, 24 Ibs. 3 Zinc, 5 Ibs.; 
 Lead, 8 ozs. 
 
 Put in the Lead tot before pouring off. 
 
 No. 3. RKD BKASS,/ree, for Turning. Copper, 160 Ibs.; Zinc, 50 
 Ibs.; Lead, 10 Ibs.; Antimony, 44 ozs. 
 
 No. 4. ANOTHER BRASS, fur Turning. Copper, 32 Ibs.; Zinc, 10 
 Ibs.; Lead, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 5. BEST RED BRASS, for Fine Castings. Copper, 24 Ibs.; 
 Zinc, 5 Ibs.; Bismuth, 1 oz. 
 
 Put in the Bismuth last before ponring off. 
 
 No. 6. BRONZE METAL. Copper, 7 Ibs.; Zinc, 3 Ibs.; Tin, 2 Ibs. 
 
 No. 7. BRONZE METAL. Copper, 1 Ib.; Zinc, 12 Ibs.; Tin, 8 Ibs. 
 
 No. 8. BELL METAL, for large Bells. Copper, 100 Ibs.; Tin, from 
 20 to 25 Ibs. 
 
 No. 9. BELL METAL, for small Bells. Copper, 3 Ibs.; Tin, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 10. COCK METAL. Copper, 20 Ibs.; Lead, 8 Ibs.; Litharge, 1 oz.; 
 Antimony, 3 ozs. 
 
 No. 11. HARDENING FOR BRITANNIA. (To be mixed separately 
 from the oilier ingredients.) Copper, 2 Ibs.; Tin, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 12. GOOD BRITANNIA METAL. Tin, 150 Ibs.; Copper, 3 Ibs.; 
 Antimony, 10 Ibs. 
 
 No. 13. BRITANNIA METAL, 2d quality. Tin, 140 Ibs.; Copper, 3 Ibs.j 
 Antimony, 9 Ibs. 
 
 No. 14. BRITANNIA METAL, for Casting. Tin, 210 Ibs.; Copper, 
 4 Ibs.; Antimony, 12 Ibs. 
 
 No. 15. BRITANNIA METAL, for Spinning. Tin, 100 Ibs. ; Britannia 
 Hardening, 4 Ibs.; Antimony, 4 Ibs. 
 
 No. 1G. BRITANNIA METAL,/or Registers. Tin, 100 Ibs. ; Harden- 
 ing, 8 Ibs.; Antimony, 8 Ibs. 
 
 No. 17. BKST BRITANNIA, for Spouts. Tin, 140 Ibs.; Copper, 3 Ihs ; 
 Antimony. G Ibs. 
 
 No. 18. BEST BRITANNIA, for Spoons. Tin, 100 Ibs. ; Hardening, 
 6 Ibs.; Antimony, 10 Ibs.
 
 92 GERMAN SILVER, TOMBAC, TUTANIA, AND SOLDERS. 
 
 No. 19. BEST BRITANNIA, for Handles. Tin, HO Ibs. ; Copper, 2 
 Ibs.; Antimony, 5 Ibs. 
 
 No. 20. BEST BRITANNIA, for Lamps, Pillars, and Spouts. Tiu, 
 800 Ibs.; Copper, 4 Ibs.; Antimony, 15 Ibs. 
 
 No. 21. CASTING Tin, 100 Ibs; Hardening, 5 Ibs.; Antimony, 5 Ibs. 
 
 No. 22. LINING METAL, for Boxes of Railroad Cars. Mix Tin, 24 
 Ibs.; Copper, 4 Ibs.; Antimony, 8 Ibs. (for a hardening); then add Tin, 72 Ibs. 
 
 No. 23. FINE SILVER COLORED METAL. Tin, 100 Ibs.; Antimony, 
 8 Ibs.; Copper, 4 Ibs.; Bismuth, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 24. GERMAN SILVER, First Quality for Casting. Copper, 50 
 Ibs.; Zinc, 25 Ibs.; Nickel, 25 Ibs. 
 
 No. 25. GERMAN SILVER, Second Qualify for Casting. Copper, 50 
 Ibs.; Zinc, 20 Ibs.; Nickel, (best pulverized,) 10 Ibs. 
 
 No. 26. GERMAN SILVER, /or Rolling. Copper, 60 Ibs.; Zinc, 20 Ibs.: 
 Nickel, 25 Ibs. 
 
 No. 27. GERMAN SILVER, for Bells and other Castings. Copper, 
 60 Ibs.; Zinc, 20 Ibs.; Nickel, 20 Ibs.; Lead, 3 Ibs.; Iron, (that of tin plate 
 being best,) 2 Ibs. 
 
 No. 28 IMITATION OF SILVER. Tin, 3 ozs.; Copper, 4 Ibs. 
 
 No. 29. PINCHBECK. Copper, 6 Ibs.; Zinc, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 30. TOMBAC. Copper, 16 Ibs.; Tin, 1 Ib.; Zinc, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 31. RED TOMBAC. Copper, 10 Ibs.; Zinc, 1 Ib. 
 
 No 32. HARD WHITE METAL. Sheet Brass, 32 ozs.; Lead,2ozs.j 
 Tin, 2 ozs.; Zinc, 1 oz. 
 
 No. 33. MKTAL FOR TAKING IMPRESSIONS. Lead, 3 Ibs.; Tin, 2 
 Ibs.; Bismuth, 5 Ibs. 
 
 No. 34. SPANISH TUTANIA. Iron orSteel,8 ozs.; Antimony, 16 ozs; 
 Nitre. 3 ozs. 
 
 Melt and harden 8 ozs. Tin with 1 oz. of the above compound. 
 
 No. 35. ANOTHER TDTANIA. Antimony, 4 ozs.; Arsenic, 1 oz.; Tin, 
 2 Ibs. . 
 
 No. 36. GUN METAL. Bristol Brass, 112 Ibs.; Zinc, 14 Ibs.; Tin, 7 Ibs. 
 
 Ng. 37. RIVET METAL. Copper, 32 ozs.; Tin, 2 ozs.; Zinc, 1 oz. 
 
 No. 38. RIVET METAL, for Hose. Tin, 64 Ibs.; Copper, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 39. FUSIBLE ALLOY, (which melts in boiling water.) Bismuth, 
 8 ozs.; Tin, 3 ozs.; Lead, 5 ozs. 
 
 No. 40. FUSIBLE ALLOY, for Silvering Glass. Tin, 6 ozs.; Lead, 
 10 ozs.; Bismuth, 21 ozs.; Mercury, a small quantity. 
 
 No. 41. SOLDER, for Gold. Gold, 6pwts.; Silver, 1 pwt.; Copper, 2 
 pwts. 
 
 No 42. SoLDER,/br Silver. (For theuse of Jeweller.s) Fine Silver, 
 19 pwts ; Copper, 1 pwt.; Sheet Brass, 10 pwts. 
 
 No. 43 WHITE SOLDER, for Sih-er. Silver, I oz.; Tin, 1 oz. 
 
 No. 44. WHITK SOLDER, /or raised Britannia Ware. Tin, 100 Ibs., 
 Copper. 3 ozs.; to make it free, add Lead, 3 oza. 
 
 No 45. BEST SOFT SOLDER, for Cast Britannia Ware. Tin, 8 Ibs.; 
 Lead, 5 Ibs. 
 
 No. 46. YELLOW SOLDER, for Brass or Copper. Copper, 1 Ib.j 
 Zinc, 1 Ib.
 
 GOLD, SILVER & COPPER SOLDERS, & DIPPING ACIDS. 93 
 
 No; 47. YELLOW SOLDER, for Brass or Copper. (Stronger than 
 the last.) Copper, 32 Ibs.; Zinc, 29 Ibs.; Tin, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 48. SOLDER, for Copper. Copper, 10 Ibs.; Zinc, 9 Ibsi 
 
 No. 49. BLACK SOLDER. Copper, 2 Ibs.; Zinc, 3 Ibs; Tin, 2 ozi, 
 
 No. 50. BLACK SOLDER. Sheet Brass, 20 Ibs.; Tin, 6 Ibs.; Zinc, 1 Ib. 
 
 No. 51. SOFT SOLDER. Tin, 15 Ibs.; Lead, 15 Ibs. 
 
 No. 52. SILVER SOLDER, for Plated Metal. Fine Silver, 1 oz.j 
 Brass, 10 pwts. 
 
 No. 53. YELLOW DIPPING METAL Copper, 32 Ibs.; Zinc, 2 Ibs.) 
 SoftSolder,2 ozs. 
 
 No. 54. QUICK BRIGHT DIPPING ACID, for Brass which has been 
 crtnoloud. Sulphuric Acid, 1 gall.; Nitric Acid, 1 gall. 
 
 No. 55. DIPPING ACID. Sulphuric Acid, 12 Ibs.; Nitric Acid, 1 pint; 
 Nitre, 4 Ibs.; Soot, 2 handfuls ; Brimstone, 2 ozs. 
 
 Pulverize the Brimstone and soak it in water an hour. Add the Nitric Acid last. 
 
 No. 56. GOOD DIPPING ACID, for Cast Brass. Sulphuric Acid, 
 
 1 qt., Nitre, 1 qt.; Water, 1 qt. 
 
 A little Muriatic Acid may be added or omitted. 
 
 No. 57. DIPPING ACID. Sulphuric Acid, 4 galls.; Nitric Acid, 2 galls.; 
 Saturated solution of Sulphate of Iron (Copperas), 1 pint; Solution of 
 Sulphate of Copper, 1 qt. 
 
 No. 58. ORMOLU DIPPING ACID, for Sheet Brass. Sulphuric Acid, 
 
 2 galls ; Nitric Acid, 1 pt.; Muriatic Acid, 1 pt.; Water, 1 pt.; Nitre, 12 Ibs. 
 Put in the Muriatic Acid last, a little at a time and stir the mixture with a stick. 
 
 No. 59. ORMOLU DIPPING ACID, ./or Sheet or Cast Brass. Sulphu- 
 ric Acid, I gall ; Sal Ammoniac, 1 oz.; Sulphur, (in flour,) 1 oz.; Blue Vitriol, 
 1 oz. ; Saturated Solution of Zinc in Nitric Acid, mixed with an equal 
 qaantity of Sulphuric Acid, 1 gall. 
 
 No. 60. To PREPARE BRASS WORK FOR ORMOLU DIPPING. If 
 the work is oily, boil it in lye ; and if it is finished work, filed or turned, dip 
 it in old acid, and it is then ready to be ormeloecl ; but if it is unfinished, 
 and free from oil, pickle it in strong sulphuric acid, dip in pure nitric acid, 
 and then in the old acid, after which it will be ready for ormcloing. 
 
 No. 61. To REPAIR OLD .NITRIC ACID ORMOLU DIPS. If the 
 work after dipping appears coarse and spotted, add vitriol till it answers 
 the purpose. If the work afler dipping appears too smooth, add muriatic 
 acid and nitre till it gives the right appearance. 
 
 The other ormolu dips should be repaired according to the receipts, 
 putting in rtie proper ingredients to strengthen them. They should not be 
 allowed to settle, but should be stirred often while using. 
 
 No. 62. TINNIKG Aciv,for Brass or Zinc. Muriatic Acid, 1 qt., 
 Zinc, 6 ozs. To a solution of this add, Water, 1 qt.; Sal Ammoniac, 2 ozs. 
 
 No. 63. VINEGAR BRONZE, for Brass. Vinegar, 10 galls.; Blue 
 Vitriol, 3 Ibs.; Muriatic Acid. 3 Ibs.; Corrosive Sublimate, 4 grs.; Sal Am- 
 monia, 2 Ibs.; Alum, 8 ozs. 
 
 No. 64. DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING LACQ.UER. Mix the ingredients 
 and let the vessel containing them stand in the sun, or in a place slightly 
 warmed three or four days, snaking it frequently till the gum is dissolved, 
 after which let it settle from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, when the 
 clear liquor may be poured off for use. Pulverized glass is sometimes 
 used in making Lacquer, to carry down the impurities. 
 
 No. 65. LACO.UER, for Dipped Brass. Alcohol, proof specific gravity
 
 94 LACQUERS VARIOUS KINDS BRONZES, &C. 
 
 not less than 95-IOOths, 2 galls.; Seed Lac, 1 Jh.; Gum Copal, 1 oz.; English 
 Saffron, 1 oz.; Annotto, 1 oz. 
 
 No. 66. LACQUER, for Bronzed Brass. To one pint of the above 
 Lacquer, add. Gamboge, 1 oz.; and after mixing it add an equal quantity of 
 the first Lacquer. 
 
 No. 68. GOLD COLOBED LACQUER, for Brass not Dipped. Alcohol, 
 4 galls.; Turmeric, 3 Ibs.; Gamboge, 3 ozs.; Gum Sanderach, 7 Ibs. ; Shell 
 Lac, 1 lb.; Turpentine Varnish, 1 pint. 
 
 No. 69. GOLD COLORED LACQUER, for Dipped Brass. Alcohol, 36 
 ozs.; Seed Lac, 6 ozs.; Amber, 2 ozs.; Gum Gutta, 2 ozs.; Red Sandal 
 Wood, 24 grs, ; Dragon's Blood, 60 grs. ; Oriental Saffron, 36 grs.; Pulver- 
 ized Glass, 4 ozs. 
 
 No. 70. GOOD LACQUER, for Brass. Seed Lac, 6 ozs.; Amber or 
 Copal, 2 ozs.; Best Alcohol, 4 galls.; Pulverized Glass, 4 ozs.; Dragon's 
 Blood, 40 grs.; Extract of Red Sandal Wood obtained by water, 30 grs. 
 
 No. 71. LACQUER, for Dipped Brass. Alcohol, 12 galls.; Seed Lac, 
 9 Ibs.; Turmeric, 1 lb. to a gallon of the above mixture ; Spanish Saffron, 
 4 ozs. 
 
 The Saffron is to be added for Bronze work. 
 
 No. 72. GOOD LACQUER. Alcohol, 8 ozs.; Gamboge, 1 oz.; Shell 
 Lac, 3 ozs.; Annotto, 1 oz.; solution of 3 ozs. of Seed Lac in 1 pint of Al- 
 cohol ; when dissolved add ij oz. Venice Turpentine, 4 oz. Dragon's Blood, 
 will make it dark ; keep it in a warm place four or five days. 
 
 No. 73. PALE LACQUER, for Tin Plate. Best Alcohol, 8 ozs. ; Tur- 
 meric, 4 drs.; Hay Saffron, 2 scs.; Dragon Blood, 4 scs.; Red Sanders. 1 sc.; 
 Shell Lac, 1 oz.; Gum Sanderach, 2 drs.; Gum Mastic, 2 drs.; Canada Bal- 
 sam, ~ drs.; when dissolved add Spirits of Turpentine, 80 drops. 
 
 No. 74. RED LACQUER, for Brass. Alcohol, 8 galls.; Dragon's 
 Blood, 4 Ibs. ; Spanish Annotto, 12 Ibs. , Gum Sanderach, 13 Ibs. ; Turpen- 
 tine, 1 gall. 
 
 , No. 75. PALE LACQUER, for Brass. Alcohol, 2 galls.; Cape Aloes 
 cut small, 3 ozs.; Pale Shell Lac, 1 lb.; Gamboge, 1 oz. 
 
 No. 76. BEST LACQUER, for Brass. Alcohol, 4 galls.; Shell Lac, 
 2 Ibs. ; Amber Gum, 1 lb. ; Copal, 20 ozs. j Seed Lac, 3 Ibs.; Saffron, to 
 Color ; Pulverized Glass, 8 ozs. 
 
 No. 77. COLOR FOR LACQUER. Alcohol, 1 qt.; Annotto, 4 ozs. 
 
 No. 78. LACQUER, for Pilpsophical Instruments Alcohol, 80 ozs.} 
 Gum Gutta, 3 ozs.; Gum Sandarac,' 8 ozs. ; Gum Elemi, 8 ozs.; Dragon's 
 Blood, 4 ozs ; Seed Lac, 4 ozs.; Te'rra Merita, 3 ozs.; Saffron, 8 grs.; Pul. 
 verized Glass, 12 ozs. 
 
 No. 79. BROWN BRONZE DIP. Iron Scales, I lb. ; Arsenic, 1 oz. 
 Muriatic Acid, 1 lb.; Zinc, (solid,) 1 oz. 
 
 Let the Zinc be kept in only while it is in uie. 
 
 No. 80. GREEN BRONZE DIP. Wine Vinegar, 2 qts.; Verditer Green, 
 2 ozs.; Sal Ammoniac, 1 oz.; Salt, 2 ozs.; Alum, oz.; French Berries, 
 8 ozs.; boil the ingredients together. 
 
 ^No.81. AQUAFORTIS BRONZE DIP. Nitric Acid, 3 ozs.; Muriatic 
 Acid, 1 qt; Sal Ammoniac, 2 ozs.; Alum, 1 oz.; Salt, 2 ozs.j Water, 2 galls. 
 Add the Salt after boiling the other ingredients, and me it hot.
 
 BRONZES, SILVERING, AND VARNISHES. 95 
 
 No. 82. OI.IVK BRONZE DIP, for Brass. Nitric Acid, 3 cis ; Muri 
 atic Acid, 2 ozs.; add Titanium or Palladium ; when the metal is dissolveo 
 add 2 galls, pure soft water to each pint of the solution. 
 
 No. 83. BROWS BRONZE PAINT, for Copper Vessels. Tincture ot 
 Steel, 4 ozs. ; Spirits of Nitre, 4 ozs. ; Essence of Dcndi, 4 ozs. ; Blue 
 Vitriol, 1 oz.; Water, j pint. 
 
 Mix in a bottle. Apply it with a fine brush, the Tessel being lull of boiling water 
 Varnish after the application of the bronze. 
 
 No. 8V. BRONZE, /or all kinds of Metal. Muriate of Ammonia 'Sal 
 Ammoniac), 4drs.; Oxalic Acid, 1 dr.; Vinegar, 1 pint. 
 
 Dissolve the Oxalic Acid first. Let the work be clean.' Put on the bronze with a 
 brush, repeating the operation as many times as may be necessary. 
 
 No. 85 BRONZE PAINT, for Iron or Brass Chrome Green, 2 Ihs.; 
 Ivory Black, 1 oz. ; Chrome Yellow, 1 oz. j Good Japan, 1 gill ; grind all 
 together and mix with Linseed Oil. 
 
 No. 86. To BRONZE GUN BARRELS. Dilute Nitric Acid wish Water 
 and rub the gun barrels with it ; lay them by for a few days, then rub them 
 with Oil and polish them with bees-wax. 
 
 No. 87. FOR TINNING BRASS. Water, 2 pails full; Cream of Tar- 
 tar, 1-2 lb.; Salt, 1-2 pint. 
 
 Shaved or Grained Tin. Boil the work in the mixture, keeping it in motion during 
 the time of boiling. 
 
 No. 88. SILVERING BT HEAT. Dissolve 1 oz. of Silver in Nitric 
 Acid ; add a small quantity of Salt ; then wash it and add Sal Ammoniac, 
 or 6 ozs. of Salt and White Vitriol ; also i oz. of Corrosive Sublimate, rub 
 them together till they form a paste, rub the piece which is to be Silvered 
 with the paste, heat it till the Silver runs, after which dip it in a weak vitriol 
 pickle to clean it. 
 
 No. 89. MIXTURE FOR SILVERING. Dissolve 2 ozs. of Silver with 
 3 grains of Corrosive Sublimate ; add Tartaric Acid, 4 Ibs.; Salt, 8 qts. 
 
 No. 90. SEPARATE SILVER FROM COPPER. Mix Sulphuric Acid, 
 1 part; Nitric Acid, 1 part; Water, 1 part; boil the metal in the mixture 
 till it is dissolved, and throw in a little Salt to cause the Silver to subside. 
 
 No. 91. SOLVENT FOR GOLD. Mix equal quantities of Nitric and 
 Muriatic Acids. 
 
 No. 92. VARNISH, for Smooth Moulding Patterns. Alcoho., 1 galLj 
 Shell Lac, 1 lb.; Lamp or Ivory Black, sufficient to color it. 
 
 No 93. FINE BLACK VARNISH, for Coaches. Melt in an Iron pot, 
 Amber, 32 ozs.; Resin, 6 ozs.; Asphaltum, 6 ozs.; Drying Linseed Oil, L pt.j 
 when partly cooled add Oil of Turpentine, wormed, 1 pt. 
 
 No. 94. CHINESE WHITE COPPER. Copper, 40.4; Nickel, 31.6; 
 Zinc, 25.4; and Iron, 2.6 parts. 
 
 No. 95. MANHEIM GOLD. Copper, 3; Zinc, 1 part; and a small 
 quantity of Tin. 
 
 No. 96. ALLOT OF THE STANDARD MEASURES USED BY THB 
 BRITISH GOVERNMENT. Copper, 576 ; Tin, 59 ; and Brass, 48 parts. 
 
 No. 97. BATH METAL. Brass, 32 ; and Zinc, 9 parts. 
 
 No. 98. SPECULUM METAL. Copper, 6; Tin, 2; and Arsenic, 1 part 
 Or, Copper, 7 ; Zinc, 3 ; and Tin, 4 parts. 
 
 No. 99. HARD SOLDKR. Copper, 2; Zinc, 1 part. 
 
 No. 100. BLANCHED COPPER. Copper, 8; and Arsenic, part. 
 
 No. 101. BRITANNIA METAL. Brass, 4; Tin, 4 parts; when fused, 
 add Bismuth, 4 ; and Antimony, 4 parts. 
 
 Thii composition is added at discretion to melted Tin.
 
 96 SOLDERS AND CEMENTS. 
 
 No. 102. PLUMBER'S SOLDER. Lead, 2; Tin, 1 part. 
 
 No. 103. TINMAN'S SOLDER. Lead, i ; Tin, 1 part. 
 
 No. 104. PEWTERER'S SOLDEII. Tin, 2; Lead, 1 part. 
 
 No. 105. COMMON PEWTER. Tin, 4; Lead, 1 part. 
 
 No. 106. BEST PEWTER. Tin, 100; Antimony, 17 parts. 
 
 No. 107. A METAL THAT EXPANDS IN COOLING. Lead, 9 ; Anti- 
 mony, 2 ; Bismuth, 1 part. 
 
 This Metal is very useful in filling small defects in Iron castings, &c. 
 
 No. 108. QUEEN'S METAL. Tin, 9j Antimony, 1; Bismuth, 1} 
 Lead, 1 part. 
 
 No. 109. MOCK PLATINUM. Brass, 8; Zinc, 5 parts. 
 No. 110. SILVER COIN OF THE UNITED STATES. Pure Silver, 
 9 ; Alloy, 1 part ; the alloy of silver is fine copper. 
 
 No. 111. GOLD COIN OF THE UNITED STATES. Pure Gold, 9 ; 
 Alloy. 1 part ; the alloy of gold is silver and copper, (not to exceed 
 silver). 
 
 No. 112. SILVER COIN OF GREAT BRITAIN. Pure Silver, 11.1 ; 
 Copper, 9.9 parts. 
 
 No. U3. GOLD COIN OF GREAT BRITAIN. Pure Gold, 11 j Copper, 
 1 part. 
 
 Previous to 1826. Silver formed part of the alloy of Gold coin ; hence the different color 
 of English Gold money. 
 
 No. 114. RING GOLD. Pure Copper, 6 pwts.; Fine Silver, Sfpwts.; 
 Pure Gold, 1 oz. and 5 pwts. 
 
 No. 115. MOCK GOLD. Fuse together Copper, 16; Platinum,7j 
 Zinc, 1 part. 
 
 When Steel is alloyed with 1-500 part of Platinum, or with 1-500 part of Silver, it If 
 rendered much harder, more malleable, and better adapted for every kind of cutting 
 Instrument. 
 
 NOTE. In making alloys, care must be taken to have the more infusible metals melted 
 first, and afterwards add the others. 
 
 No. 116. COMPOSITION USED IN WELDING CAST STEEL. Borax, 
 10; Sal Ammoniac, 1 part ; grind or pound them roughly together ; then 
 fuse them in a metal pot over a clear fire, taking care to continue the heat 
 until all spume has disappeared from the surface. When ihe liquid appears 
 clear, the composition is ready to be poured out to cool and concrete} 
 afterwards being ground to a fine powder, it is ready for use. 
 
 To use this composition, the Steel to be welded is raised to a heat which may be 
 expressed by "bright yellow;" it is then dipped among the welding powder, and again 
 placed in the fire until it attains the same degree of heat as before, it is then ready to be 
 placed under the hammer. 
 
 No. 117. CAST IRON CEMENT. Clean borings, or turnings, of Cast 
 Iron, 16; Sal Ammoniac, 2; Flour of Sulphur, 1 part; mix them well to- 
 gether in a mortar and keep them dry. When reouired for use, take of the 
 mixture, 1 ; clean borings, 20 parts ; mix thoroughly, and add a sufficient 
 quantity of water. 
 
 A little grindstone dust added improves the cement. 
 
 No. 118. BOOTH'S PATENT GREASE, for Railway Axles. Water, 1 
 call. ; Clean Tallow, 3 Ibs. ; Palm Oil, 6 Ibs.; Common Soda, A Ib. Or, 
 Tallow. 8 Ibs.; Palm Oil. 10. 
 
 The mixture to be heated to about 210" F., and well stirred till it cools down to about 
 70, when it is ready for use. 
 
 No. 119. CEMENT, for Steam-pipe Joints, SfC., witJi Faced Flanges. 
 White Lead, mixed, 2; Red Lead, dry, 1 part; grind or otherwise mix them 
 to a consistence of thin putty, apply interposed layers with one or two 
 thicknesses of canvas or gauze wire, as the necessity of the case may be.
 
 ALLOYS OF COPPER, ZINC, AND TIN. 
 
 97 
 
 No. 120. SOFT CEMENT, for Steam-boilers, Steam-pipes, SfC. Red 
 or White Lead, in oil, 4 ; Iron borings, 2 to 3 parts. 
 
 No. 121. HARD CEMENT. Iron Borings and Salt Water, and a small 
 quantity of Sal Ammoniac with Fresh Water. 
 
 No. 122. STAINING WOOD AND IVOKY. Yellow. Dilute Nitric Acid 
 will produce it on wood. 
 
 Red. An infusion of Brazil Wood in stale urine, in the proportion of a 
 pound to a gallon for wood ; to be laid on when boiling hot, and should be 
 laid over with alum water before it dries. Or, a solution of Dragon's Blood 
 in spirits of wine, may be used. 
 
 Black. Strong solution of Nitric Acid, for wood or ivory. 
 
 Mahogany. Brazil, Madder, and Logwood, dissolved in water and put 
 on hot. 
 
 Blue Ivory may be stained thus : Soak it in a solution of Verdigris in 
 
 Nitric Acid, which will turn it green ; then dip it into a solution of Pearlash 
 boiling hot. 
 
 Purple. Soak ivory in a solution of Sal Ammoniac into four times its 
 weight of Nitrous Acid. 
 
 TABLE OF ALLOYS. 
 
 Alloys having a density greater than the 
 Mean of their Constituents. 
 
 AUors having a density less than the Mean 
 of their Constituents. 
 
 Gold and zinc. 
 Gold and tin. 
 Gold aird bismuth. 
 Gold and antimony. 
 Gold and ccbalt. 
 Silver and zinc. 
 Silver and lead. 
 Silver and tin. 
 Silverand bismuth. 
 
 Silver & antimony. 
 Copper and zinc. 
 Copper and tin.fum 
 Copper and palladi- 
 Copper & bismuth. 
 Lead and antimony 
 Platinum & molyb- 
 denum, [muth. 
 Palladium and bis- 
 
 Gold and silver. ; Iron and bismuth. 
 Gold and iron. i Iron and antimony. 
 Gold and lead. |lron and lead. 
 Gold and copper, j Tin and lead. 
 Gold and iridium. j Tin and palladium. 
 Gold and nickel. I Tin and antimony. 
 Silver and popper. , Nickel and nrsenic. 
 Silver and lead. ; Zinc and antimony. 
 
 ALLOYS OF COPPER AND ZINC, AND OF COPPER AND TIN. 
 
 Composition by 
 Weight per cent. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Colour. 
 
 f ||^.5 
 
 Characteristic Properties, ic. 
 
 
 
 
 PuHl 
 
 
 Copper 
 
 8667 
 
 Tile red. 
 
 24.6 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 10000 Zinc 
 
 6895 
 
 Bluish grey. 
 
 15.2 
 
 Briule. 
 
 83.02+16.98 
 
 8415 
 
 Yellowish red. 
 
 13.7 
 
 Bath metal. 
 
 79.05+20.35 
 
 8448 
 
 do. do. 
 
 14.7 
 
 Dutch brass. 
 
 74.53+25.42 
 
 8397 
 
 Pale yellow. 
 
 13.1 
 
 Rolled sheet brass. 
 
 66.18+33.82 
 
 6299 
 
 Full yellow. 
 
 12.5 
 
 British brass. 
 
 49.47+50.53 
 
 8230 
 
 do. do. 
 
 9.2 
 
 German brass. 
 
 32.85+67.15 
 
 8283 
 
 Deep yellow. 
 
 19.3 
 
 Watchmakers' brass. 
 
 3030+69.70 
 
 7836 
 
 Silver white. 
 
 2.2 
 
 Very brittle. 
 
 24.50+75.50 
 
 7449 
 
 Ash grey. 
 
 3.1 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 19.65+80.35 
 
 7371 
 
 do. 
 
 1.9 
 
 White button metal. 
 
 Tin 
 
 7291 
 
 White. 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 84.29+15.71 
 
 8561 
 
 Reddish yellow. 
 
 16.1 
 
 Gun metal. 
 
 81.10+18.90 
 
 8459 
 
 Yellowish red. 
 
 17.7 
 
 Gun metal and bronze. 
 
 73.97+21.03 
 
 8728 
 
 do. do. 
 
 13.6 
 
 Hard, mill brasses. 
 
 34.92+65.08 
 
 8065 
 
 White. 
 
 1.4 
 
 Small bells. 
 
 15.17+84 .83 
 
 7447 
 
 Very white. 
 
 3.1 
 
 Speculum metal. 
 
 11.82+88.18 
 
 7472 
 
 do. do. 
 
 3.1 
 
 Files, toush. 
 
 NOTE. No simple binary alloy of copper and zinc, orofcopper and tin, works 
 as pleasantly in turning, planing, or filing, as if combined with a small propor- 
 tion of a third fusible metal ; generally lead is added to copper and zinc, and 
 zinc to copper and tin. 
 
 /
 
 98 ALLOYS FOR BRONZE. VALUABLE ALLOYS. 
 
 To POLISH BRASS. When the Brass is made smooth by turning or 
 filing with a very fine file, it may be rubbed with a smooth fine grained 
 stone, or with charcoal and water. When it is made quite smooth and free 
 from scratches it may be polished with rotten stone and oil, alcohol or spirits 
 *>f turpentine. 
 
 To CLEAN BRASS. If there is any oily substance on the Brass boil 
 it in a solution of potash, or strong lye. Mix equal quantities of Nitric 
 and Sulphuric Acids in a stone or earthern vessel, let it stand a few hours, 
 stirring it occasionally with a stick, then dip the Brass in the solution, 
 but take it out immediately and rinse it in soft water, and wipe it in saw 
 dust till it is dry. 
 
 GLUE. Powdered Chalk added to common Glue strengthens it. A 
 Glue which will resist the action of water is made by boiling 1 pound of 
 Glue in 2 quarts of skimmecf Milk. 
 
 ALLOYS FOR BRONZE. 
 
 Professor Hoffman, of the Prussian artillery, has made experiments with 
 the view of obtaining a good statuary bronze, and recommends the alloys 
 ranging between the two following admixtures : 
 1st. To produce the reddest bronze. 
 
 88.75 COPPER ZINC (7 atoms copper, 1 atom zinc). 
 11.25 COPPER TIN (3 atoms copper, 1 atom tin). 
 
 100-00 
 
 2nd. To produce a cheap bronze, with a bright yellow color, almost 
 
 f olden. 
 5 COPPER ZINC (2 atoms copper, 1 atom zinc). 
 6.5 COPPER TIN (3 atoms copper, 1 atom tin). 
 
 100.0 
 
 VALUABLE ALLOTS. 
 
 The " Paris Scientific Review" has published, for the benefit of the 
 industrious workers in metals, the best receipts for composing all the various 
 factitious metals used in the arts ; the following are a few : 
 
 STATUARY BRONZE. Darcet has discovered that this is composed of 
 copper, 91.4; zinc, 5.5 ; lead, 1.7; tin, 1.4. 
 
 BRONZE FOR CANNON OF LARGE CALIBRE. Copper, 90; tin, 7. 
 
 PINCHBECK. Copper, 5 ; zinc, 1. 
 
 BRONZE FOR CANNON OF SMALL CALIBRE. Copper, 93; tin, 7- 
 
 BRONZE FOR MEPALS. Copper, 100; tin. 8. 
 
 ALLOY FOR CYMBALS. Copper, 80 ; tin, 20. 
 
 METAL FOR THE MIRRORS or REFLECTING TELESCOPES. Copper, 
 100 ; tin, 50. 
 
 WHITE ARGENTAN. Copper, 8; nickel, 3; zinc, 35; this beautiful 
 composition is in imitation of silver. 
 
 CHINESE SILVER. M. Mairer discovered the following proportions : 
 Silver, 2.5; copper, 65.24 ; zinc, 19.52; nickel, 13 j cobalt of iron, 0.12. 
 
 TUTENAG. Copper, 8 ; nickel, 3 ; zinc, 5. 
 
 PRINTING CHARACTERS. Lead, 4; antimony, 1. For stereotype 
 plates Lead, 9 ; antimony, 2 ; bismuth, 2.
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING 
 
 AND 
 
 INSTRUMENTS USED IN DRAWING.
 
 INSTRUMENTS USED IN DRAWING. 101 
 
 INSTRUMENTS USED IN DRAWING. 
 
 To facilitate the construction of geometrical figures, we add a short de- 
 scription of a few useful instruments which do not belong to the common 
 pocket-case. 
 
 Let there be a flat ruler, AB, from one to two feet in g a 
 length, for which the common Guntcr's scale may be sub- 
 stituted; and, secondly, *a triangular piece of wood, a, b, e, 
 flat, and about the same thickness as the ruler : the sides, 
 ab and be, of which are equal to one another, and form a 
 right angle at b. For the convenience of sliding, there is * 
 usually a hole in the middle of the triangle, as may be seen in the figure. 
 
 By means of these simple instruments many very useful geometrical 
 problems may be performed. Thus, to draw a line through a given point 
 parallel to a given line. Lay the triangle on the paper so that one of its 
 sides will coincide with the given line to which the parallel is to be drawn ; 
 then, keeping the triangle steady, lay the ruler on the paper, with its edge 
 applied to either of the other sides of the triangle ; then, keeping the ruler 
 firm, move the triangle along its edge, up or down, to the given point ; the 
 side of the triangle which was placed on the given line will always keep 
 parallel to itself, and hence a parallel may be drawn through the given point. 
 
 To erect a perpendicular on a given line, and from any given point in 
 that line, we have only to apply the ruler to the given line, and place the 
 triangle so, that its right angle shall touch the given point in the line, and 
 one of the sides about the right angle, placed to the edge of the ruler the 
 other side will give the perpendicular required. 
 
 If the given point be either above or below the line, the process is equally 
 easy. Place one of the sides of the triangle about the right angle on the 
 given line, and the ruler on the side opposite the right angle, then slide the 
 triangle on the edge of the ruler till the given point from which the perpen- 
 dicular is to be drawn is on the other side, then this side will give the per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 Other problems may be performed with these instruments, the method of 
 doing which it will be easy for the reader to contrive for himself. 
 
 When arcs of circles of great diameter are to be drawn, the use of a 
 compass may be substituted by a very simple contrivance. Draw the chord 
 of the arc to be described, and place a pin at each 
 extremity, A and B, then place two rulers jointed 
 at C, and forming an angle, ACB equal to the sup- 
 plement of half the given number of degrees ; that 
 is to say, the number ot degrees which the arc 
 
 whose chord given is to contain, is to be halved, and this half being sub- 
 tracted from 180 degrees, will give the degrees which form the angle at 
 which the rulers are placed, that is, the angle ACB. This being done, the 
 9*
 
 102 INSTRUMENTS USED IN DRAWING. 
 
 edges of the rulers are moved along against the pins, and a pencil at C will 
 describe the arc required. 
 
 Large circles may be described by a contrivance equally simple. On 
 an axle, a foot or a foot and a half long, there are placed two 
 wheels, M and F, of which one is fixed to the axle, namely F, 
 and the other is capable of being shifted to different parts of : 
 the axle, and, by means of a thumb-screw, made capable of 
 being fixed at any point on the axle. These wheels are of dif- 
 ferent diameters, say of 3 and 6 inches, the fixed wheel F being the largest. 
 This instrument being moved on the paper, the circles M and F will roll, 
 and describe circles of different radii : the axle will always point to the 
 centre of these circles, and there will be this proportion : 
 
 As the diameter of the large wheel is to the difference of the diameters 
 of the two wheels, so is the radius of the circle to be described by the large 
 wheel to the distance of the two wheels on the axle. 
 
 If the diameters of the wheels are as above stated, and it is required to 
 describe a circle of 3 feet radius, then from the above proportion we have 
 6:6 3 : : 3 feet or 36 inches : 18 inches = the distance of the two wheels, 
 to describe a circle 6 feet in diameter. 
 
 It may be observed, that it will be bes"l to make the difference of the 
 wheels greater if large circles are to be described, as then a shorter instru- 
 ment will serve the purpose. 
 
 We will conclude these instructions, by making a few remarks on the 
 Diagonal Scale and Sector, the great use of the latter of which, especially, 
 is seldom explained to the young mechanic. 
 
 The diagonal scale to be found on the plain scale in common pocket- 
 cases of instruments, is a contrivance for measuring very small divisions of 
 lines; as, for instance, hundredth parts of an inch. 
 
 Suppose the accompanying cut to represent an enlarged 
 view of two divisions of the diagonal scale, and the bottom and 
 top lines to be divided into two parts, each representing the 
 tenth part of an inch. Now, the perpendicular lines BC, AD, 
 are each divided into ten equal parts, which are joined by the 
 crossing lines, 1, 2, 3, 4, &.C., and the diagonals BF, DE, are 
 
 drawn as in the figure. Now, as the division FC is the tenth 9 1 - 
 
 part of an inch, and as the line FB continually approaches C F D 
 nearer and nearer to BC, till it meets it in B, it will follow, that the part of 
 the line 1 cut off by this diagonal will be a tenth part of FC, because Bl is 
 only one-tenth part of BC ; so, likewise, 2 will represent two-tenth parts, 
 3 three-tenth parts, and so on to 9, which is nine-tenth parts, and 10, ten- 
 tenth parts, or the whole tenth of an inch ; so that, by means of this diago- 
 nal, we arrive at divisions equal to tenth parts of tenth parts of an inch, or 
 hundredths of an inch. With this consideration, an examination of the 
 scale itself will easily show the whole matter. It may be observed,
 
 THE SECTOR. 103 
 
 that if half an inch and the quarter of an inch be divided, in the same man- 
 ner, into tenths and tenths of tenths, we may get thus two-hundredth and 
 four-hundredth parts of an inch. 
 
 THE SECTOR. 
 
 This very useful instrument consists of two equal rulers each six inches 
 long, joined tog-ether by a brass folding joint. These rulers are generally 
 made of boxwood or ivory; and on the face of the instrument, several lines 
 or scales are engraven. Some of these lines or scales proceed from the 
 centre of the joint, and are called sectorial lines, to distinguish them from 
 others which are drawn parallel to the edge of the instrument, similar to 
 those on the common Gunter's scale. 
 
 The sectorial lines are drawn twice on the same face of the instrument ; 
 that is to say, each line is drawn on both legs. Those on each face are, 
 
 A scale of equal parts, marked L, 
 
 A line of chords, marked C, 
 
 A line of secants, marked S, 
 
 A line of polygons, marked P, or Pol. 
 
 These sectorial lines are marked on one face of the instrument ; and on the 
 other there are the following ; 
 
 A line of sines, marked S, 
 
 A line of tangents, marked T, 
 
 A line of tangents to a less radius, marked I. 
 
 This last line is intended to supply the defect of the former, and extends 
 from about 45 to 75 degrees. 
 
 The lines of chords, sines, tangents, and secants, but not the line of poly- 
 gons, are numbered from the centre, and are so disposed as to form equal 
 angles at the centre 5 and it follows from this, that at^whatever distance the 
 sector is opened, the angles which the lines form, will always be respectively 
 equal. The distance, therefore, between 10 and 10, on the two lines marked 
 L, will be equal to the distance of 60 and 60 on the two lines of chords, and 
 also to 90 and 90 on the two lines of sines, &c. at any particular opening of 
 the sector. 
 
 Any extent measured with a pair of compasses, from the centre of the 
 joint to any division on the sectorial lines, is called a lateral distance ; and 
 any extent taken from a point in a line on the one leg, to the like point on 
 the similar line on the other leg, is called a transverse or parallel distance. 
 
 With these remarks, we shall now proceed to explain the use of the sec- 
 tor, in so far as it is likely to be serviceable to mechanics. 
 
 USE OF THE LINE OF LINES. 
 
 This line, as was before observed, is marked L, and its uses are, 
 To Divide a line into any number of equal parts : Take the length of the 
 line by the compasses, and placing one of the points on that numbe? in the
 
 104 THE SECTOR. 
 
 line of lines which denotes the number of parts into which the given line ia 
 to be divided, open the sector till the other point of the compasses touches 
 the same division on the line of lines marked on the oilier leg ; then, the 
 sector being kept at the same width, the distance from 1 on the line L on 
 the one leg, to 1 on the line L on the other, will give the length of one of 
 the equal divisions of the given line to be divided. Thus, to divide a given 
 line into seven equal parts : take the length of the given line with the com- 
 passes, and setting one point on 7, on the line L of one of the legs, move 
 the other leg out until the other point of the compasses touch 7 on the line 
 L of that leg; this may be called the transverse distance of 7 on the line of 
 lines. Now, keeping the sector at the same opening, the transverse distance 
 of 1 will be the length of one of the 7 equal divisions of the given line} the 
 transverse distance of 2 will be two of these divisions, &c. 
 
 It will sometimes happen, that the line to be divided will be too long for 
 the largest opening of the sector ; and in this case we take the half, or third, 
 or fourth of the line, as the case may be ; then the transverse distance of 1 to 
 1, will be a half, a third, or a fourth of the required equal part. 
 
 To divide a given line into any number of parts that shall have a certain 
 relation or proportion to each other : Take the length of the whole line to be 
 divided, and placing one point of the compasses at that division on the line 
 of lines on one leg of the instrument which expresses the sum of all the 
 parts into which the given line is to be divided, and open the sector till the 
 other point of the compasses is on the corresponding division on the line of 
 lines of the other leg. This is evidently making the sum of the parts into 
 which the given line is to be divided a transverse distance ; and when this 
 is done, the proportional parts will be found by taking, with the same open- 
 ing of the sector, the transverse distances of the parts required. To divide 
 a given line into three parts, in the proportion of 2, 3, 4: The sum of these 
 is 9 ; make the given line a transverse distance between 9 and 9 on the two 
 lines of lines ; then the transverse distances of the several numbers 2, 3, 4, 
 will give the proportional parts required. 
 
 To find a fourth proportional to three given lines : take the lateral distance 
 of ihe second, and make it the transverse distance of the first, then will the 
 transverse distance of the third be the lateral distance of the fourth; then, 
 let there be given 6:3:: 8, make the lateral distance of 3 the transverse 
 distance of 6 ; then will the transverse distance of 8 be the lateral distance 
 of 4, the fourth proportional required. 
 
 This sector will be found highly serviceable in drawing plans. For in- 
 stance, if it is wished to reduce the drawing of a steam engine from a scale 
 of 1 J inches to the foot, to another of five-eighths to the foot. Now, in 1 J 
 inches there are 12 eighth parts ; so tliat the drawing will be reduced in the 
 proportion of 12 to 5. Take the lateral distance of 5, and keep the com- 
 passes at this opening; then open the sector till the points of the compasses 
 mark the transverse distance of 12} keep now the sector at this opening,
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING AND PERSPECTIVE. 105 
 
 and any measure taken on the drawing, to be copied and laid off on the 
 sector as a lateral distance, ihe transverse distance taken from that point 
 will give the corresponding measure to be laid down in the new drawing, 
 
 If the length of the side of a triangle, of which we have the drawing, is 
 to be reckoned 45 ; what are the lengths of the other two sides ? Take the 
 length of the side given, by the compasses, and open the sector till the meas- 
 ure be the transverse distance of 45 to 45 ; then the lengths of the other 
 sides being applied transversely, will give their numerical lengths. 
 
 0SE OF THE LINE OF CHORDS. 
 
 By means of the sector, we may dispense with the protractor. Thus, to 
 lay down an angle of any number of degrees : take the radius of the circle 
 on the compasses, and open the sector till this becomes the transverse dis- 
 tance of 60 on the line of chords; then take the transverse distance of the 
 required number of degrees, keeping the sector at the same opening ; and 
 this transverse distance being marked off on an arc of the circle whose ra- 
 dius was taken, will be the required number of degrees. 
 
 We will not enter farther on the use of the sectorial lines, as what 
 we have said will, we hope, be found sufficient for the purposes of the 
 practical mechanic. 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING AND PERSPECTIVE. 
 
 A FLAT rectangular board is first to be provided, of any convenient size, 
 as from 18 to 30 inches, and from 16 to 24 inches broad. It may be made 
 of fir, plane tree, or mahogany ; its face must be planed smooth and flat, 
 and the sides and ends as nearly as possible at right angles to each other 
 Ihe bottom of the board and the left side should be made perfectly so ; and 
 this corner should be marked, so that the stock of the square ma}- be always 
 applied to the bottom and left hand side of the board. To prevent the 
 board from casting, it is usual to pannel it on the back or on the sides. 
 
 A T square must also be provided, which by means of a thumb-screw 
 fixed in the stock, may be made to answer cither the purposes of a com- 
 mon square, or bevel, the one-half of the stock being movable about the 
 screw, and the other fixed at right angles on the blade. The blade ought 
 to be somewhat flexible, and equal in length to the length of the board. 
 
 Besides these, there will be required a case of mathematical instruments; 
 in the selection of which it should be observed, that the bow compass is 
 more frequently defective than any of the other instruments. After using 
 any of the ink feet, they should be dried ; and if they do not draw properly, 
 they ought to be sharpened and brought to an equal length in the blade, by 
 grinding on a hone. 
 
 The colors most useful are, Indian ink, gamboge, Prussian blue, vermil- 
 ion, and lake. With these, all colors necessary for drawing machinery or 
 buildings may be made ; so that, instead of purchasing a box of colors, we
 
 106 MECHANICAL DRAWING AND PERSPECTIVE. 
 
 would advise that those for whom this book is intended should procure 
 these cakes separately : the gamboge may be bought from an apothecary 
 a pennyworth will serve a lifetime. In choosing the rest, they should be 
 rubbed against the teeth, and those which feel smoothest are of the best 
 quality. 
 
 Hair pencils will also be necessary, made of camel's hair, and of various 
 sizes. They ought to taper gradually to a point when wet in the mouth, 
 and should, after being pressed against the finger, spring back. 
 
 Black-lead pencils will also be necessary. They ought not to be very 
 soft, nor so hard that their traces cannot be easily erased by the Indian 
 rubber. In choosing paper, that which will best suit this kind of drawing 
 is thick, and has a hardish feel, not very smooth on the surface, yet free 
 from knots. 
 
 The paper on which the drawing is to be made, must be chosen of a 
 good quality and convenient size. It is then to be wet with a sponge and 
 clean water, on the opposite side from that on which the drawing is to be 
 made. When the paper absorbs the water, which may be seen by the wet- 
 ted side becoming dim, as its surface is viewed slantwise against the light, 
 it is to be laid on the drawing board with the wetted side next the board. 
 About half an inch must be turned up on a straight edge all round ihe 
 paper, and then fastened on the board. This is done because the paper 
 when wet is enlarged, and the edges being fixed on the board, act as stretch- 
 ers when the paper contracts by drying. To prevent the paper from con- 
 tracting before the paste has been sufficiently fastened by drying, the paper 
 is usually wet on the upper surface, to within half an inch of the paste mark. 
 When the paper is thoroughly dried, it will be found to lie firmly and equally 
 on the board, and is then fit for use. 
 
 If the drawing is to be made from a copy, we ought first to consider what 
 scale it is to be drawn -to. If it is to be equal in size to. or larger than the 
 copy, a scale should be made accordingly, by which the dimensions of 
 the several parts of the drawing are to be regulated. The diagonal scale, 
 a simple and beautiful contrivance, will be here found of great use for the 
 more minute divisions ; and whenever the drawing is to be made to a scale 
 of 1 inch, jj inch, | inch to the foot, a scale should be drawn of 20 or 30 
 equal parts ; the last of which should be subdivided into 12, and a diagonal 
 scale formed on the same principles as the common one, but with eight 
 parallels and 12 diagonals, to express inches and eighths of an inch. For 
 making such scales to any proportion, the line L on the sector will be found 
 very convenient. 
 
 Great care should be taken in the penciling, that an accurate outline be 
 drawn, for on this much of the value of the picture will depend. The pen- 
 cil marks should be distinct, yet not heavy, and the use of the rubber avoided 
 as much as possible, as its frequent application ruffles the surface of the 
 paper. The methods already given for constructing geometrical figures
 
 MECHANICAL DBAWING AND PERSPECTIVE. 107 
 
 will be here found applicable, and the use of the T square, parallel ruler, 
 &c., will suggest themselves whenever they require to be employed. 
 
 The drawing thus made of any machine or building is called a plan. 
 Plans arc of three kinds a ground plan, or bird's-eye view, an elevation or 
 front view, and a perspective plan. 
 
 When a view is taken of the teeth of a wheel, with the circumference 
 towards the eye, the teeth appear to be nearer as they are removed from 
 the middle point of the circumference opposite the eye, and it may not be 
 out of place here to give the method of representing them on paper : If 
 AB be the circumference of a wheel as viewed by 
 the eye, and it is required to represent the teeth as 
 they appear on it, only half of the circumference can 
 
 be seen in this way at one time, consequently we can AjJ 
 
 only represent the half of the teeth. On AB describe 
 a semicircle, which divide into half as many equal parts as the wheel has 
 teeth; then from each of these points of division draw perpendiculars to the 
 wheel AB, then will these perpendiculars mark the relative places of the 
 teeth. 
 
 ' When the outline is completed in pencil, it is next to be carefully gone 
 over with Indian ink, which is to be rubbed down with a little water, on a 
 plate of glass or eathernware so as to be sufficiently fluid to flow easily 
 out of the pen, and at the same time have a sufficient body of color. While 
 drawing the ink lines, the measurements should be repeated, so as to cor- 
 rect any error that may have occurred during the penciling. The screw in 
 the drawing pen will regulate the breadth of the strokes ; which should not 
 be alike heavy; those strokes being the heaviest which bound the dark part 
 of the shades. Should any line be wrong drawn with the ink, it may be 
 taken out by means of a sponge and water, which could not be done if 
 common writing ink were employed. 
 
 In preparing for coloring it is to be observed, that a hair pencil is to be 
 fixed at each end of a small piece of wood, made in the form of a common 
 pencil, one of which is to be used with color, and the other with water only. 
 If the color is to be laid on, so as to represent a flat surface, it ought to be 
 spread on equally, and there is here no use for the water brush 5 but if it is 
 to represent a curved surface, then the color is to be laid on the part in- 
 tended to be shaded, and softened towards the light by washing with the 
 water brush. In all cases it should be borne in mind, that the color ought 
 to be laid on very thin, otherwise it will be more difficult to manage, and 
 will never make so fine a drawing. 
 
 In colors even of the best quality, we sometimes meet with gritty particles, 
 which it is desirable to avoid. Instead of rubbing the color on a plate with 
 a little water, as is usual, it will be belter to wet the color, and rub it on the 
 point of the forefinger, letting the dissolved part drop off the finger on to 
 the plate.
 
 108 MECHANICAL DRAWING AND PERSPECTIVE. 
 
 In using the Indian ink, it will be found advantageous to mix it with a 
 little blue and a small quantity of lake, which renders it much more easily 
 wrought with, and this is the more desirable as it is the most frequently used 
 of all the other colors in Mechanical Drawing, the shades being all made 
 with this color. 
 
 The depth and extent of the shades will depend on various circumstan- 
 ces on the figure of the object to be shaded, the position of the eye of the 
 observer, and the direction in which the light comes, &c. The position of 
 the eye will vary the proportionate size of any object in a picture when 
 drawn in perspective. Thus, if a perspective view of a steam engine is 
 given, the eye being supposed to be placed opposite the end nearest the 
 nozzles, an inch of the nozzle rod will appear much larger than an inch of 
 the pump rod which feeds the cistern ; but if the eye is supposed to be placed 
 opposite the other end of the engine, the reverse will be the case. But in 
 drawing elevations and ground plans of machinery, every part of the ma- 
 chine is drawn to the proper scale an inch or foot in one part of the ma- 
 chine, being just the same size as an inch or foot in any other part of the 
 machine. So that by measuring the dimensions of any part of the drawing, 
 and then applying the compass to the scale, we determine the real size of 
 the part so measured. Whereas, if the view were given in perspective, we 
 would be obliged to make allowance for the effect of distance, &c. 
 
 The light is always supposed to fall on the picture at an angle of forty- 
 five degrees, from which it follows, that the shade of any object, which is 
 intended to rise from the plane of the picture, or appear prominent, will just 
 be equal in length to the prominence of the object. 
 
 The shades, therefore, should be as exactly measured as any other part 
 of the drawing, and care should be taken that they all fall in the proper di- 
 rection, as the light is supposed to come from one point only. 
 
 It is frequently of great use for the mechanic to take a hasty copy of a 
 drawing, and many methods have been given for this purpose by machines, 
 tracing, &c. We give the following as easy, accurate, and convenient. 
 
 Mix equal parts of turpentine and drying oil, and with a rag lay it on a 
 sheet of good silk paper, allowing the paper to lie by for two or three days 
 to dry, and when it is so it will be fit for use. To use it, lay it on the draw- 
 ing to be copied, and the prepared paper being nearly transparent, the lines 
 of the drawing will be seen through it, and may be easily traced with a 
 black-lead pencil. The lines on the oiled paper will be quite distinct when 
 it is laid on white paper. Thus, if the mechanic has little time to spare, he 
 may take a copy and lay it by to be recopied at his leisure. 
 
 Care and perseverance are the chief requisites for attaining perfection in 
 this species of drawing. Every mechanic should know something of it, so 
 that he may the better understand how to execute plans that may be sub- 
 mitted to him, or make intelligible to others any invention he himself may 
 make.
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 Geometry is the science which investigates and demonstrates the 
 properties of lines on surfaces and solids : hence, PRACTICAL GE- 
 OMETRY is the method of applying the rules of the science to practical 
 purposes. 
 
 10
 
 110 DEFINITIONS OF ARITHMETICAL SIGNS. 
 
 DEFINITION OF ARITHMETICAL SIGNS USED IN 
 THE WORK. 
 
 = When we wish to state that one quantity or number, is equal to 
 another quantity or number, the sign of equality is employed. Thus 
 3 added to 2 = 5, or 3 added to 2 is equal to 5. 
 
 -f- When the sum of two quantities or numbers is to be taken, the sign 
 plus -\- is placed between them. Thus 3 + 2 = 5 5 that is, the sum of 3 
 and 2 is 5. This is the sign of Addition. 
 
 When the difference of two numbers or quantities is to be taken, the 
 sign minus is used, and shows that the latter number or quantity is to be 
 taken from the former. Thus 5 2 = 3. This is the sign of Subtraction, 
 
 X When the product of any two numbers or quantities is to be taken, 
 the sign into x is placed between them. Thus 3x2 = 6. This is the 
 sign of Multiplication. 
 
 -f- When we are to take the quotient of two quantities, the sign by -* is 
 placed between them, and shows that the former is to be divided by the 
 latter. Thus 6-5-2 = 3. This is the sign of Division. But in some cases 
 in this work, the mode of division has been, to place the dividend above a 
 horizontal line, and the divisor below it, in the form of a vulgar fraction, 
 thus : 
 
 Dividend 6 
 
 = Quotient. = 3. 
 
 Divisor 1i 
 
 When the square of any number "or quantity is to be taken, this is de- 
 noted by placing a small figure 2 above it to the right. Thus 6 2 shows that 
 the square of 6 is to be taken, and therefore 6 2 = b X 6 = 36. 
 
 When we wish to show that the square root of any number or quantity is 
 to be taken, this is denoted by placing the radical sign V before it. Thus 
 x/36 shows that the square root of 36 ought to be taken, hence V36 = 6. 
 
 The common marks of proportion are also used, viz., : : : : as 
 3:6 : : 4 : 8, being read 3 is to 6 as 4 is to 8. 
 
 The application of these signs to the expression of rules is exceedingly 
 simple. Thus, connected with the circle we have the following rules : 
 
 1st. The circumference of a circle will be found by multiplying the di- 
 ameter by 3-1416. 
 
 2d. The diameter of a circle may be found by dividing the circumfer- 
 ence by 3-1416. 
 
 3d. The area of a circle may be found by multiplying the half of the di- 
 ameter, by the 'half of the circumference, or by multiplying together the 
 diameter and circumference, and dividing the product by 4, or by squaring 
 the diameter and multiplying by 7854. 
 
 Now all these rules may be thus expressed : 
 
 1st. diameter X 3-1416 = circumference, 
 
 circumference 
 
 M ' ~3~1416~ 
 
 diameter circumference 
 3d. X - = area. 
 
 diameter X circumference 
 or, j = area. 
 
 or, diameter 2 X -7854 = area.
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 Practical Geometry is an important branch of knowledge to all who 
 are in any way engaged in the art of building. The workman, as well 
 as the designer, requires its aid ; and unless he is acquainted with 
 some of the leading principles of the science, he will frequently feel 
 an uncertainty as to the results he may deduce from the problems 
 which are presented to his notice. 
 
 PROBLEM I. 
 
 To inscribe an Equilateral Triangle within a given Circle. 
 Let A B c be a circle ; it is required to draw within it a triangle 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 whose sides are equal to one another. Commencing from any point 
 A, mark on the circumference of the circle a series of spaces equal 
 to the radius of the circle, of which there will be six, and draw the 
 arcs ADDS, &c. Then join every alternate point as A B, B c, c A, 
 and the several lines will together form an equilateral triangle.
 
 112 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 PROBLEM II. 
 
 Within a given Circle to inscribe a Square. 
 
 Let A B c D be the given circle, it is required to draw a square 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 within it. Draw the diameters A B, CD, at right angles to each 
 other ; or, in other words, draw the diameter A B, and form a per- 
 pendicular bisecting it. Then join the points A c, c B, B D, D A, and 
 the figure A B c D is a square formed within a given circle. 
 
 PROBLEM III. 
 
 Within a given Circle to inscribe a regular Pentagon ; that is, a 
 Polygon of five Sides. 
 
 Let A B c D be a circle in which it is required to draw a pentagon. 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 Draw a diameter A D, and perpendicular to it another diameter. 
 Then divide o B into two equal parts in the point E, and join c E ; and 
 with E as a centre, and the radius c E, draw the arc c F, cutting A o 
 in F : and, with c as a centre, and the same radius, describe the arc 
 F G ; the arcs c F, G F intersect each other in the point F, and the 
 arc G F intersects the circumference of the circle in the point G. 
 Join the points c and G, and that line will be a side of the pentagon 
 to be drawn. Mark off within the circumference the same space, 
 and join the points A it, H i, i K, K c, and the figure that is formed 
 is a pentagon.
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 113 
 
 PROBLEM IV. 
 
 Within a given Circle to describe a regular Hexagon ; that is to 
 say, a Polygon of six equal Sides. 
 
 Let A B c be the given circle, and o the centre. With the radius 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 of the circle divide it inte parts, of which there will be six, and con- 
 nect the points A D, D B, &c., and the figure A D B E c F will be a 
 regular hexagon. 
 
 PROBLEM V. 
 
 To cut off the Corners of a given Square, so as to form a regular 
 Octagon, 
 
 Let A B c D be the given square. Draw the two diagonal lines 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 A c, and B D, crossing each other in o. Then, with the radius A o, 
 that is, half the diagonal, and with A as a centre, describe the arc 
 E F, cutting the sides of the square in E and F; then, from B as a 
 centre, describe the arc G H ; and in like manner from c and D de- 
 scribe the arcs i K and L M. Draw the lines L G, F i, H M, and 
 K E, and these, with the parts of the given square G F, i H, M K, 
 and E L, form the octagon required. 
 
 10*
 
 114 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 PROBLEM VI. 
 
 To divide a given Line, into any Number of Parts, which Parts 
 shall be in the same Proportion to each other as the Parts of some 
 other given Line, whether those Parts are equal or unequal. 
 
 Let A B be the given line which it is required to divide in the same 
 FIG. 6. 
 
 C H 
 
 manner and proportion as the line c D, whether the parts are equal 
 or unequal. On the base line c D, form an equilateral triangle in the 
 manner already described in a former problem. Then take the dis- 
 tance A B, and with E as a centre, describe the arc F G, and join the 
 points F and G, and F G shall be equal to A B. Now, if from the 
 points H i K, which are the divisions of the line c, we draw lines to 
 E, as H E, i E, and K E, these lines will cut F G in the points a b c, 
 which will divide the line F G into parts proportionate to the divisions 
 of the line c D. 
 
 PROBLEM VII. 
 
 On a given Line to draw a Polygon of any Number of Sides, so 
 that that Line shall be one Side of a Polygon ; or, in other words, 
 to find the Centre of a Circle which shall circumscribe any Poly- 
 gon, the Length of the Side of the Polygon being given. 
 
 We shall here show, in a tabular form, the length of the radius of 
 a circle, which shall contain the given line, as a side of the required 
 polygon ; and here we will suppose the line to be divided into one 
 thousand equal parts, and the radius into a certain number of like 
 parts. The radius of the circle for different figures will be as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 For an inscribed Triangle 577 
 
 Square 701 
 
 Pentagon 850 
 
 Hexagon 1000 
 
 Heptagon 1152 
 
 Octagon 1306^ 
 
 Enneagon 1462
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 115 
 
 Decagon ...... 1618 
 
 Endecagon ..... 1775 
 
 Dodecagon ..... 1932 
 
 By this table, the workman may, with a simple proportion, find the 
 radius of a circle which shall contain a polygon, one side being given : 
 thus, if it be required to draw a pentagon, the side given being fifteen 
 inches, we may say as 1000 is to 15, so is 850, the tabular number for 
 a pentagon, to 12 inches and seventy-five hundredth parts of an inch, 
 or seven-tenths and a half of a tenth of an inch. 
 
 We may here give another table for the construction of polygons, 
 one in which the radius of the circumscribing circle is given. If it 
 be required to find the side of the inscribed polygon, the radius being 
 one thousand parts, the sides of the different polygons will be accord- 
 ing to the following scale : 
 
 The Triangle ....... 1732 
 
 Square ........ 1414 
 
 Pentagon ....... 1175 
 
 Hexagon ....... 1000 
 
 Heptagon ....... 867 
 
 Octagon ....... 765 
 
 Enneagon ....... 684 
 
 Decagon ....... 618 
 
 Endecagon ...... 
 
 Dodecagon 
 
 Here, as in the case already mentioned, the law of proportion ap- 
 plies, and the statement may be thus made : as one thousand is to the 
 number of inches contained in the radius of the given circle, so is the 
 tabular number for the required polygon to the length of one of its 
 sides in inches. Thus, let it be supposed that we have a circle whose 
 radius in inches is 30, and that we wish to inscribe an octagon within 
 it ; then say as 1000 is to 30 inches, so is 765 to 22 inches and 95-100 
 parts of an inch, the length of the side of the required octagon. 
 
 METHOD OF DRAWING CURVED LINES. 
 
 We will now introduce a few remarks upon the method of drawing 
 curved lines, and also give some rules for finding the forms of mould- 
 ings when they are to mitre together, that is to say, of raking 
 mouldings, and of bevel work in general. It will also be necessary 
 to make a few remarks upon the form of ribs for domes and groins, a 
 knowledge of which is so necessary to the builder, that without it the 
 workman cannot correctly execute his task. It is hardly necessary 
 to state, that all these mechanical operations are founded upon geo- 
 metrical principles; and, unless he is acquainted with these, the 
 workman cannot hope to succeed in his attempt to excel in his art, 
 one which is necessary for the comfort and convenience of all com- 
 munities.
 
 116 
 
 PKACTICAL GOEMETRY. 
 
 PROBLEM VIII. 
 
 To draw on Ellipse with the Rule and Compasses, the transverse and 
 conjugate Diameters being given ; that is, the Length and Width. 
 
 Let A B be the transverse or longest diameter ; c D the conjugate 
 FIG. 7. 
 
 or shortest diameter ; and o the point of their intersection, that is, 
 the centre of the ellipse. Take the distance o c or o D ; and, taking 
 A as one point, mark that distance A E upon the line A o. Divide 
 o E into three equal parts, and take from A F, a distance E F, equal 
 to one of those parts. Make o G equal to o F. With the radius F G, 
 and F and G as centres, strike arcs which shall intersect each other 
 in the points i and H. Then draw the lines H F K, H G M, and i F L, 
 ION. With F as a centre, and the radius A F, describe the arc 
 L A K ; and, from G as a centre, with the same radius, describe the 
 arc M B if . With the radius H c, and H as a centre, describe the arc 
 K c M ; and, from the point i, with the radius i D, describe the arc 
 L D M. The figure A c B D is an ellipse, formed of four arcs of cir- 
 cles. 
 
 PROBLEM IX. 
 
 To draw an Ellipse by means of two Concentric Circles. 
 FIG. 8.
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 117 
 
 Let A B be the transverse, and E F the conjugate diameter, and o 
 the centre of an ellipse to be drawn. From o with the radius o A, 
 describe the circle A c B D, and from the same centre describe another 
 circle G E H F. Divide the outer circle into any number of equal 
 parts ; the greater the number, the more exact will be the ellipse : 
 and they should not be less than twelve. From each of these divi- 
 sions draw lines to the centre o, 33 a o, b o, c o. Then, from a, 6, c, 
 &c., draw lines perpendicular to A B, and from the corresponding 
 points in the inner circle, that is, from the points marked 1, 2, 3, &c., 
 draw lines parallel to A B. Draw a curve through the points where 
 these lines intersect each other, and it will be an ellipse. 
 
 In the diagram to which this demonstration refers, only one quar- 
 ter of the ellipse is lettered, but the process described in relation to 
 that must be carried round the circles, as is shown in the dotted and 
 other lines. 
 
 PROBLEM X. 
 
 To describe an Ellipse by Means of a Carpenter's Square, or a 
 piece of notched Lath. 
 
 Having drawn two lines to represent the diameters of the ellipse 
 required, fasten the square so that the internal angle or meeting of 
 the blade and stock shall be at the centre of the ellipse. Then take 
 a piece of wood or a lath, and cut it to the length of half the longest 
 diameter, and from one end cut out a piece equal to half the shortest 
 diameter, and there will then be a piece remaining at one end equal 
 to the difference of the half of the two diameters. Place this project- 
 ing piece of the lath in such a manner that it may rest against the 
 square, on the edge which corresponds to the two diameters ; then, 
 turning it round horizontally, the two ends of the projection will 
 slide along the two internal edges of the square, and if a pencil be 
 fixed at the other end of the lath, it will describe one quarter of an 
 ellipse. The square must then be moved for the successive quarters 
 of the ellipse, and the whole figure will thus be easily formed. 
 
 This method of forming an ellipse is a good substitute for the usual 
 plan, and the figure thus produced is more accurate than that made 
 by passing a pencil round a string moving upon two pins or nails 
 fixed in the foci, for the string is apt to stretch, and the pencil cannot 
 be guided with the accuracy required. 
 
 There are many other methods of drawing ellipses, or more prop- 
 erly ovals, but we can only notice two of those in common use. 
 
 1. By ordinates, or lines drawn perpendicular to the axis. Having 
 formed the two diameters, divide the axis, or larger diameter, into 
 any number of equal parts, and erect lines perpendicular to the 
 several points. Next draw a semicircle, and divide its diameter into 
 the like number of equal parts; that is, if the larger diameter or axis 
 of the intended ellipse be divided into twenty equal parts, then the
 
 118 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETKY. 
 
 semicircle must be divided into the like number. As the diameter of 
 the semicircle is equal to the shorter diameter of the ellipse, or con- 
 jugate axis, perpendiculars maybe raised from these divisions of the 
 diameter, or the semicircle, till they meet the circumference ; and 
 the different perpendiculars, which are called ordinates, may be 
 erected like perpendiculars, on the axis of ellipse. Joining the sev- 
 eral points together, the ellipse is described; and the more accurately 
 the perpendiculars are formed the more exact will be the ellipse. 
 
 2. By intersecting arches. Take any point in the axis, and with a 
 radius equal to the distance of that point from one extremity of the 
 axis, and with one of the foci as a centre, describe an arc ; then with 
 the distance of the assumed point in the axis from the other end of it, 
 and with the other focus as a centre, describe another arc intersect- 
 ing the former, and the point of intersection will be a point in the 
 ellipse. By assuming any number of points in the axis, any number 
 of points on the curve may be found, and these united will give the 
 ellipse. This process is founded on the property of the ellipse ; that 
 if any two lines are drawn from the foci to any point in the curve, the 
 length of these lines added together will be a constant quantity, that 
 is, always the same in the same ellipse. 
 
 PROBLEM XI. 
 
 To find the Centre and the two Axes of an Ellipse. 
 Let A B c D be an ellipse, it is required to find its centre. Draw 
 FIG. 9. 
 
 any two lines, as E F and G H, parallel and equal to each other. Bi- 
 sect these lines as in the points i and K, and bisect IK as in L, 
 From L, as a centre, draw a circle cutting the ellipse in four points, 
 1, 2, 3, 4. Now L is the centre of the ellipse. But join the points 
 1, 3, and 2, 4; and bisect these lines as in M and N. Draw the line 
 M N, and produce it to A and B, and it will be the transverse axis. 
 Draw c D through L, and perpendicular to AB, and it will be the 
 conjugate or shorter axis.
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 119 
 
 PROBLEM XII. 
 
 To draw aflat Arch by the intersection of Lines, having the Open- 
 ing and Spring or Rise given. 
 
 Let A D B be the opening, and c D its spring or rise. In the mid- 
 FIG. 10. 
 
 die of A B, at D, erect a perpendicular D E, equal to twice c D, its 
 rise ; and from E draw E A and E B, and divide A E and B E into any 
 number or equal parts, as a, b, c, and 1, 2, 3. Join B a, 3 c, 2 b } and 
 1 A, and it will form the arch required. 
 
 The more parts A E and B E are divided into, the greater will be 
 the accuracy of the curve. 
 
 Many curves may be made in the same manner, according to the 
 position of the lines A E and E B ; and if instead of two lines drawn 
 from A and B, meeting in E, a perpendicular be erected at the same 
 points, and two lines be then drawn from the ends of these perpendic- 
 ulars meeting in an angle, and these lines be divided into any num- 
 ber of equal parts, the points of the adjacent lines may be joined, and 
 a curve will beJbrmed resembling a golhic arch. The demonstration 
 already given R therefore very useful to the workman, as he may 
 vary the form of the curve by altering the position of the lines, either 
 with respect to the angles which they make with each other, or their 
 proportional lengths. 
 
 PROBLEM XIII. 
 
 To find the Form or Curvature of a raking Moulding that shall 
 unite correctly with a level one. 
 
 Let A B c D be part of the level moulding, which we will here 
 FIG. 11. 
 
 suppose to be an ovolo, or quarter round ; A and c, the points where 
 the raking moulding takes its rise on the angle ; F c G, the angle the
 
 120 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 raking moulding makes with the horizontal one. Draw c F at the 
 given angle, and from A draw A E parallel to it ; continue B A to H, 
 and from c make c H perpendicular to A H. Divide c H into any 
 number of equal parts, as 1, 2, 3, and draw lines parallel to H A, as 1 
 a, 2 6, 3 c ; and then in any part of the raking moulding, as i, draw 
 i K perpendicular to E A, and divide i K into the same number of 
 equal parts H c is divided into ; and draw 1 a, 2 b, 3 c, parallel to E A. 
 Then transfer the distances la, 26, 3 c, and a curve drawn through 
 these points will be the form of the curve required for the raking 
 moulding 
 
 We have here shown the method to be employed for an ovolo ; but 
 it is just the same for any other formed moulding, as a cavetto, semi- 
 recta, &c. It may be worthy remark, that, after the moulding is 
 worked, and the mitre is cut in the mitre-box for the level moulding, 
 the raking moulding must be cut, either by the means of a wedge 
 formed to the required angle of the rake, or a box made to correspond 
 to that angle: and if this be accurately done, the mitre will be true, 
 and the moulding in all its members correspond to the level moulding. 
 The plane in which the raking moulding is situated is square to that 
 of the level one. This is always the case in a pediment, the mould- 
 ings of which correspond with the return. 
 
 PROBLEM XIV. 
 
 To find the Form or Curvature of the Return in an open or broken 
 
 Pediment. 
 
 
 Let A B c be the angle which the pediment makes with the cor- 
 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 nice, and let the form and size of the moulding be as in the last pro- 
 blem, and as shown at D A B H. From D drop a perpendicular on 
 c B, and draw D E perpendicular to D c, or parallel to c B; and let 
 D E be equal to E i (Fig. 11). Then from E draw E F, parallel to 
 D A, and divide E F into the same number of parts as i K (Fi<j 11), 
 at la, 2b, Be, and transfer the distances 1 a, 2 b, 3 c, as in Fig. 11. 
 Then a curve line drawn through the points a, b, c, will be the form 
 of the return for the moulding of the open pediment. 
 
 The mitre for the return is cut in the usual manner, hut that of 
 the pediment is cut to the proper angle of its inclination, as in the 
 last problem. In fixing the mitre, the portion E D G of the return 
 must be cut away, to make it come (lush with the top of the pediment 
 moulding.
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION 
 
 AND 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL ARITHMETIC. 
 
 11
 
 122 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 
 
 OF THE CIRCLE, CYLINDER, SPHERE, &C. 
 
 1. The circle contains a greater area than any other plane figure bounded 
 by an equal perimeter or outline. 
 
 2. The areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diametersi 
 
 3. The diameter of a circle being 1, its circumference equals 3.1416. 
 
 4. The diameter of a circle is equal to .31831 of its circumference. 
 
 5. The square of the diameter of a circle being 1, its area equals .7854. 
 
 6. The square root of the area of a circle, multiplied by 1.12837, equals 
 its diameter. 
 
 7. The diameter of a circle multiplied by .8862, or the circumference 
 multiplied by .2821, equals the side of a square of equal area. 
 
 8. The sum of the squares of half the chord and versed sine divided by 
 the versed sine, the quotient equals the diameter of corresponding circle. 
 
 9. The chord of the whole arc of a circle taken from eight times the chord 
 of half the arc, one-third of the remainder equals the length of the arc 5 or, 
 
 10. The number of degrees contained in the arc of a circle, multiplied by 
 the diameter of the circle and by .008727, the product equals the length of 
 the arc in equal terms of unity. 
 
 11. The length of the arc of a sector of a circle multiplied by its radius, 
 equals twice the area of the sector. 
 
 12. The area of the segment of a circle equals the area of the sector, 
 minus the area of a triangle whose vertex is the centre, and whose base 
 equals the chord of the segment, or, 
 
 13. The area of a segment may be obtained by dividing the height of the 
 segment by the diameter of the circle, and multiplying the corresponding 
 tabular area by the square of the diameter. 
 
 14. The sum of the diameters of two concentric circles multiplied by 
 their difference and by .7854, equals the area of the ring or space contained 
 between them. 
 
 15. The sum of the thickness and internal diameter of a cylindric ring, 
 multiplied by the square of its thickness and by 2.4674, equals its solidity. 
 
 16. The circumference of a cylinder, multiplied by its length or height, 
 equals its convex surface. 
 
 17. The area of the end of a cylinder, multiplied by its length, equals its 
 solid contents, 
 
 18. The area of the internal diameter of a cylinder, multiplied by its 
 depth, equals its cubical capacity. 
 
 19. The square of the diameter of a cylinder multiplied by its length and 
 divided by any other required length, the square root of the quotient equals 
 the diameter of the other cylinder of equal contents or capacity.
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 123 
 
 20. The square of the diameter of a sphere, multiplied by 3.1416, equals 
 its convex surface. 
 
 21. The cul>e of the diameter of a sphere, multiplied by .5236,- equals its 
 Solid contents. 
 
 22. The height of any spherical segment or zone multiplied by the diam- 
 eter of the sphere of which it is a part, and by 3.1416, equals the area or 
 convex surface of the segment; or, 
 
 23. The height of the segment, multiplied by the circumference of the 
 sphere of which it is a part, equals the area. 
 
 24. The solidity of any spherical segment is equal to three times the 
 square of the radius of its base, plus the square of its height, and multiplied 
 by its height and by 5236. 
 
 25. The solidity of a spherical zone equals the sum of the squares of the 
 radii of its two ends, and one-third the square of hs height, multiplied by 
 the height, and by 1.5708. 
 
 26. The capacity of a cylinder, 1 foot in diameter and 1 foot in length, 
 equals 5875 of a United States gallon. 
 
 27. The capacity of a cylinder 1 inchf in diameter and 1 foot in length, 
 equals .0408 of a Un:led States gallon. 
 
 28. The capacity of a cylinder, 1 inch in diameter and 1 inch in length, 
 equals .0034 of a United States gallon. 
 
 29. The capacity of a sphere 1 foot in diameter equals 3.9156 United 
 States gallons. 
 
 30. The capacity of a sphere 1 inch in diameter equals .002165 of a 
 United Slates gallon : hence, 
 
 31. The capacity of any other cylinder in United. Stales gallons is ob- 
 tained by multiplying the square of ils diameter by its length, or the capaci- 
 ty of any other sphere by the cube of ils diameter, and by the number of 
 United States gallons contained as above in ihe unity of its measurement. 
 
 OF THE SQUARE, RECTANGLE, CDBE, &C. 
 
 1. The side of a square equals the square root of us area. 
 
 2. The area of a square equals ihe square of one of its sides. 
 
 3. The diagonal of a square equals ihe square root of twice the square of 
 its side. 
 
 4. The side of a square is equal to the square root of half ihe square of 
 its diagonal. 
 
 5. The side of a square equal to the diagonal of a given square contains 
 double the area of the given square. 
 
 6. The area of a rectangle equals its length multiplied by ils breadth. 
 
 7- The lengih of a reclangle equals the area divided by the breadth 5 or, 
 the breadth equals the area divided*by the length. 
 
 8. .The side or end of a rectangle equals the square roolof ihe sum of ihe 
 diagonal and opposite side to that required, multiplied by their difference.
 
 124 
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 
 
 9. The diagonal in a rectangle equals the square root of the sum of the 
 squares of the base and perpendicular. 
 
 10. The solidity of a cube equals the area of one of its sides multiplied 
 by the length or breadth of one of its sides. 
 
 11. The length or breadth of a side of a cube equals the cube root of its 
 solidity. 
 
 12. The capacity of a 12-inch cube equals 7-4784 United States gallons. 
 
 SURFACES AND SOLIDITIES OP THE REGULAR BODIES, EACH OF WHOSE 
 BOUNDARY LINES IS 1. 
 
 No. of sides. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Solids. 
 
 4 
 
 Tetrahedron 
 
 1.7321 
 
 0.1179 
 
 6 
 
 Hexahedron 
 
 6. 
 
 1. 
 
 8 
 
 Octahedron 
 
 3.4641 
 
 0.4714 
 
 12 
 
 Dodecahedron 
 
 20.6458 
 
 7.6631 
 
 20 
 
 Icosahedron 
 
 8.6603 
 
 2.1817 
 
 The tabular surface multiplied by the square of one of the boundary lines 
 equals the surface required ; or, 
 
 The tabular solidity multiplied by the cube of one of the boundary lines 
 equals the solidity required. 
 
 OF TRIANGLES, POLYGONS, &C. 
 
 1. The complement of an angle is its defect from a right angle. 
 
 2. The supplement of an angle is its defect from two right angles. 
 
 3. The sine, tangent, and secant of an angle, are the cosine, cotangent, 
 and cosecant of the complement of that angle. 
 
 4. The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle being made radii, its sides 
 become the sines of the opposite angles, or the cosines of the adjacent angles. 
 
 5. The three angles of every triangle are equal to two right angles : 
 hence the oblique angles of a right-angled triangle are each others comple- 
 ments. 
 
 6. The sum of the squares of the two given sides 01 a right-angled trian- 
 gle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. 
 
 7. The difference between the squares of the hypotenuse and given side 
 of a right-angled triangle is equal to the square of the required side. 
 
 8. The area of a triangle equals half the product of the base multiplied 
 by the perpendicular height ; or, 
 
 9. The area of a triangle equals half the product of the two sides and the 
 natural sine of the contained angle. 
 
 10. The side of any regular polygon multiplied by its apothem or perpen- 
 dicular, and by the number of its sides, equals twice the area.
 
 EPITOME OF MENSURATION. 
 
 125 
 
 TABLE OF THE AREAS OF REGULAR POLYGONS EACH OF WHOSE 
 SIDES IS UNITY. 
 
 Name of 
 Polygon. 
 
 No of 
 Sides 
 
 Apothem or 
 Perpend'lar. 
 
 Area when 
 Side is Unity 
 
 Interior 
 Angle. 
 
 Central 
 Angle. 
 
 Triangle 
 
 3 
 
 0.2887 
 
 0.4330 
 
 60 0' 
 
 120 0' 
 
 Square 
 
 4 
 
 0.5 
 
 1. 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 Pentagon 
 
 5 
 
 0.6882 
 
 1.7205 
 
 108 
 
 72 
 
 Hexagon 
 
 6 
 
 0.8660 
 
 2.5981 
 
 120 
 
 60 
 
 Heptagon 
 
 7 
 
 1.0386 
 
 3.6339 
 
 128 34f 
 
 51 25^ 
 
 Octagon 
 
 8 
 
 1.2071 
 
 4.8284 
 
 135 
 
 45 
 
 Nonagon 
 
 9 
 
 1.3737 
 
 6.1818 
 
 140 
 
 40 
 
 Decagon 
 
 10 
 
 1.5388 
 
 7.6942 
 
 144 
 
 36 
 
 Undecagon 
 
 11 
 
 1.7028 
 
 9.3656 
 
 147 16/j 
 
 32 43j? T 
 
 Dodecagon 
 
 12 
 
 1.8660 
 
 11.1962 
 
 150 
 
 30 
 
 The tabular area of the corresponding polygon multiplied by the square 
 of the side of the given polygon equals the area of the given polygon. 
 
 OF ELLIPSES, CONES, FRUSTUMS, &0. 
 
 1. The square root of half the sum of the squares of the two diameters of 
 an ellipse multiplied by 3.1416 equals its circumference. 
 
 2. The product of the two axes of an ellipse multiplied by .7854 equals 
 its area. 
 
 3. The curve surface of a cone is equal to half the product of the circum- 
 ference of its base multiplied by its slant side, to which, if the area of the 
 base be added, the sum is the whole surface. 
 
 4. The solidity of a cone equals one third of the product of its base mul- 
 tiplied by its altitude or height. 
 
 5. The squares of the diameters of the two ends of the frustum of a cone 
 added to the product of the two diameters, and that sum multiplied by its 
 height and by .2618, equals its solidity. 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL ARITHMETIC, 
 
 OR UTILITY OF THE SLIDE RULE. 
 
 THE slide rule is an instrument by which the greater portion of operations 
 in arithmetic and mensuration may be advantageously performed, provided 
 the lines of division and gauge- points be made properly correct, and their 
 several values familiarly understood. 
 
 The lines of division are distinguished by the letters A B c D ; A B and c 
 being each divided alike, and containing what is termed a double radius, 
 11*
 
 126 
 
 UTILITY OF THE SLIDE RULE. 
 
 or double series of logarithmic numbers, each series being supposed to be 
 divided into 1000 equal parts, and distributed along the radius in the fol- 
 lowing manner : 
 
 From 1 to 2 contains 301 of those parts, being the log. of 2. 
 
 3 477 " 3. 
 
 4 602 " 4. 
 
 5 699 ' 5. 
 
 6 778 " 6. 
 
 7 845 " 7- 
 
 8 903 " 8. 
 
 9 954 " 9. 
 1000 being the whole number. 
 
 The line D on the improved rules consists of only a single radius ; and 
 although of larger radius, the logarithmic series is the same, and disposed 
 of along the line in a similar proportion, forming exactly a line of square 
 roots to the numbers on the lines B c. 
 
 NUMERATION. 
 
 Numeration teaches us to estimate or properly value the numbers and 
 divisions on the rule in an arithmetical form. 
 
 Their values are all entirely governed by the value set upon the first 
 figure, and being decimally reckoned, advance tenfold from the commence- 
 ment to the termination of each radius : thus, suppose 1 at the joint be one, 
 the 1 in the middle of the rule is ten, and 1 at the end, one hundred : again, 
 suppose 1 at the joint ten, 1 in the middle is 100, and 1 or 10 at the end is 
 1000, Sic., the intermediate divisions on which complete the whole system 
 oi'its notation. 
 
 TO MULTIPLY NUMBERS BY THE RULE. 
 
 Set 1 on B opposite to the multiplier on A 5 and against the number to be 
 multiplied on B is the product on A. 
 
 Multiply 6 by 4. 
 
 Set 1 on B to 4 on A ; and against 6 on B is 24 on A. 
 
 The slide thus set. against 7 on B is 28 on A. 
 
 8 32 
 
 9 36 
 10 40 
 12 48 
 15 60 
 
 25 100 ' &.c. 
 
 TO DIVIDE NUMBERS UPON THE RULE. 
 
 Set the divisor on B to 1. on A ; and against the number to be divided on 
 B is the quotient on A. 
 Divide 63 by 3. 
 
 Set 3 on B to 1 on A : and against 63 on B is 21 on A.
 
 UTILITY OF THE SLIDE RULE. 127 
 
 PROPORTION, OR RULE OF THREE DIRECT 
 
 RULE. Set the first term on B to the second on A j and against the third 
 upon B is the fourth upon A. 
 
 1. If 4 yards of cloth cost 38 cents, what will 30 yards cost at the same 
 rate? 
 
 Set 4 on B to 38 on A 5 and against 30 on B is 283 cents on A. 
 
 2. Suppose I pay 31 dollars 50 cents for 3 cwt. of copper, at what rate is 
 that per ton ? 1 ton = 20 not. 
 
 Set 3 upon B to 31.5 upon A3 and against 20 upon B is 210 upon A. 
 
 RULE OF THREE INVERSE. 
 
 RULE. Invert the slide, and the operation is the same as direct propor- 
 tion. 
 
 1. I know that six men are capable of performing a certain given por- 
 tion of work in eight days, but I want the same performed in three j how 
 many men must there be employed 1 
 
 Set 6 upon c to 8 upon A ; and against 3 upon c is 16 upon A. 
 
 2. The lever of a safety-valve is 20 inches in length, and 5 inches between 
 the fixed end and centre of the valve; what weight must there be placed on 
 the end of the lever to equipoise a force or pressure of 40 Ibs. tending to 
 raise the valve ? 
 
 Set 5 upon c to 40 upon A ; and against 20 upon c is 10 upon A. 
 
 3. If 8| yards of cloth, 1 yard in width, be a sufficient quantity, how 
 much will be required of that which is only 7-8ths in width, to effect the 
 same purpose ? 
 
 Set 1.5 upon c to 8.75 upon A ; and against .875 upon c is 15 yards upon A. 
 
 SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS OF NUMBERS. 
 
 On the engineer's rule, when the lines c and D are equal at both ends, C 
 is a table of squares, and D a table of roots, as 
 
 Squares 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 on c. 
 Roots 1234 5 6 7 8 9onD. 
 
 To find the geometrical mean proportion between two numbers. 
 Set one of the numbers upon c to the same number upon D ; and against 
 the other number upon c is the mean number or side of an equal square 
 upon D. 
 
 Required the mean proportion between 20 and 45. 
 
 Set 20 upon c to 20 upon D ; and against 45 upon c is 30 upon D. 
 To cube any number, set the number upon c to 1 or 10 upon D ; and 
 against the same number up in D is the cube number upon c.
 
 128 UTILITY OF THE SLIDE RULE. 
 
 Required the cube of 4. 
 Set 4 upon c to 1 or 10 upon D ; and against 4 upon D is 64 upon c. 
 
 To extract the cube root of any number, invert the slide, and set the 
 number upon B to 1 or 10 upon D ; and where two numbers of equal value 
 coincide on the lines B D, is the root of the given number. 
 
 Required the cube root of 64. 
 
 Set 64 upon B to 1 or 10 upon D ; and against 4 upon B is 4 upon D, or root 
 of the given number. 
 
 On the common rule, when 1 in the middle of the line c is set opposite to 
 10 on D, then c is a table of squares, and D a table of roots. 
 
 To cube any number by this rule, set the number upon c to 10 upcn D 
 and against the same number upon D is the cube upon c. 
 
 MENSURATION OF SURFACE. 
 
 1. Squares, Rectangles, fyc. 
 
 RULE. When the length is given in feet and the breadth in inches, set 
 the breadlh on B to 12 on A ; and against the length on A is the content in 
 square feet on B. 
 
 If the dimensions are all inches, set the breadth on B to 144 upon A ; and 
 against the length upon A is the number of square feet on B. 
 
 Required the content of a board 15 inches broad and 14 feet long. 
 Set 15 upon B to 12 upon A ; and against 14 upon A is 17.5 square feet on B. 
 
 2. Circles, Polygons, fyc. 
 
 RULE. Set .7854 upon c to 1 or 10 upon D ; then will the lines c and D 
 be a table of areas and diameters. 
 
 Areas 3,14 7.06 12.56 19.63 28.27 38.48 50.26 63.61 upon c: 
 Diam. 23456789 upon D. 
 In the common rule, set .7854 on c to 10 on D ; then c is a line or table 
 of areas, and D of diameters, as before. 
 
 Set 7 upon B to 22 upon A ; then B and A form or become a table of di- 
 ameters and circumferences of circles. 
 
 Cir. 3.14 6 28 9.42 12.56 15.7 18.85 22 25.13 28.27 upon A. 
 Dia. 123 4 56 78 9 upon B. 
 Poh/gons from 3 to 12 sides. Set the gauge-point upon c to 1 or 10 
 upon D ; and against the length of one side upon i is the area upon c. 
 Sides 3567 8 9 10 11 12 
 
 Gauge-points .433 1.7 2.6 3.63 4.82 6.18 7.69 9.37 11.17 
 Required the area of an equilateral triangle, each side 12 inches in length. 
 Set .433 upon c to 1 upon D 5 and against 12 upon D are 62.5 square 
 inches upon c.
 
 UTILITY OF THE SLIDE RULE. 
 
 129 
 
 TABLE OP GAUGE-POINTS FOR THE ENGINEER'S RULE. 
 
 Names. 
 
 F, F,K. 
 
 F, I, I. 
 
 1,1,1. 
 
 F, I. 
 
 ,. 
 
 , 
 
 i. 
 
 Cubic inches 
 
 578 
 
 83 
 
 1728 
 
 106 
 
 1273 
 
 105 
 
 121 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 1 
 
 144 
 
 I 
 
 1833 
 
 22 
 
 121 
 
 33 
 
 Imp. Gallons 
 Water in Ibs. 
 
 163 
 16 
 
 231 
 23 
 
 277 ! 
 276 
 
 294 
 293 
 
 353 
 
 352 
 
 306 
 305 
 
 529 
 528 
 
 Gold 
 
 814 
 
 1175 
 
 141 
 
 149 
 
 178 
 
 155 
 
 269 
 
 Silver ' 
 
 15 
 
 216 
 
 261 
 
 276 
 
 334 
 
 286 
 
 5 
 
 Mercury ' 
 Brass ' 
 
 118 
 193 
 
 169 
 177 
 
 203 
 333 
 
 216 
 354 
 
 258 
 424 
 
 225 
 
 369 
 
 389 
 637 
 
 Copper ' 
 Lead 
 
 18 
 141 
 
 26 
 
 203 
 
 319 
 243 
 
 331 
 
 253 
 
 397 
 31 
 
 345 
 27 
 
 596 
 465 
 
 Wrot iron ' 
 
 207 
 
 297 
 
 357 
 
 338 
 
 453 
 
 394 
 
 682 
 
 Cast iron " 
 
 222 
 
 32 
 
 384 
 
 407 
 
 489 
 
 424 
 
 733 
 
 Tin " 
 
 219 
 
 315 
 
 378 
 
 401 
 
 481 
 
 419 
 
 728 
 
 Steel " 
 
 202 
 
 292 
 
 352 
 
 372 
 
 448 
 
 385 
 
 671 
 
 Coal " 
 
 127 
 
 183 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 242 
 
 42 
 
 Marble " 
 
 591 
 
 85 
 
 102 
 
 116 
 
 13 
 
 113 
 
 195 
 
 Freestone " 
 
 632 
 
 915 
 
 11 
 
 1162 
 
 14 
 
 141 
 
 21 
 
 FOR THE COMMON SLIDE RULE. 
 
 Names. 
 
 
 
 
 F,I. 
 
 i, i. 
 
 F. 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cubic inches 
 
 36 
 
 518 
 
 624 
 
 660 
 
 799 
 
 625 
 
 113 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 625 
 
 9 
 
 108 
 
 114 
 
 138 
 
 119 
 
 206 
 
 Water in Ibs. 
 
 10 
 
 144 
 
 174 
 
 184 
 
 22 
 
 191 
 
 329 
 
 Gold ' 
 
 507 
 
 735 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 118 
 
 939 
 
 180 
 
 Silver ' 
 
 938 
 
 136 
 
 157 
 
 173 
 
 208 
 
 173 
 
 354 
 
 Mercury ' 
 
 738 
 
 122 
 
 127 
 
 132 
 
 162 
 
 141 
 
 242 
 
 Brass 
 
 12 
 
 174 
 
 207 
 
 221 
 
 265 
 
 23 
 
 397 
 
 Copper 
 
 112 
 
 163 
 
 196 
 
 207 
 
 247 
 
 214 
 
 371 
 
 Lead 
 
 880 
 
 126 
 
 152 
 
 162 
 
 194 
 
 169 
 
 289 
 
 Wrot iron 
 
 129 
 
 186 
 
 222 
 
 235 
 
 283 
 
 247 
 
 423 
 
 Cast iron 
 
 139 
 
 2 
 
 241 
 
 254 
 
 3)4 
 
 I 265 
 
 458 
 
 Tin 
 
 137 
 
 135 
 
 235 
 
 25 
 
 300 
 
 261 
 
 454 
 
 Steel 
 
 136 
 
 183 
 
 22 
 
 233 
 
 278 
 
 239 
 
 418 
 
 Coal 
 
 795 
 
 114 
 
 138 
 
 146 
 
 176 
 
 151 
 
 262 
 
 Marble 
 
 370 
 
 53 
 
 637 
 
 725 
 
 81 
 
 72 
 
 121 
 
 Freestone 
 
 394 
 
 57 
 
 69 
 
 728 
 
 873 
 
 755 
 
 132 
 
 MENSURATION OF SOLIDITY AND CAPACITY. 
 
 General Rule. Set the length upon B to the gauge point upon A ; and 
 against the side of the square, or diameter on D, are the cubic contents, or 
 weight in Ibs. on c. 
 
 1. Required the cubic contents of a tree 30 feet..;!! length, and 10 inches 
 quarter girt. 
 
 Set 30 upon B to 144 (the gauge-point) upon A ; and against 10 upon D is 
 20.75 feet upon c.
 
 130 UTILITY OF THE SLIDE RULE. 
 
 2. In a cylinder 9 inches in length, and 7 inches diameter, how many cubic 
 inches ? 
 
 Set 9 upon B to 1273 (the gauge-point) upon A ; and against 7 on D is 3-16 
 inches on c. 
 
 3. What is the weight of a bar of cast iron 3 in. square, and 6 ft. long ? 
 Set 6 upon B to 32 (the gauge-point) upon A ; and against 3 upon D is 168 
 
 pounds upon c. 
 By the common ride. 
 
 4. Required the weight of a cylinder of wrought iron 10 inches long, and 
 5^ diameter. 
 
 Set 10 upon B to 283 (the gauge-point) upon A ; and against 5^ upon fi is 
 66.65 pounds on c. 
 
 5. What is the weight of a dry rope 25 yards long, and 4 inches circum- 
 ference ? 
 
 Set 25 upon B to 47 (the gauge-point) upon A j and against 4 on D is 53 16 
 pounds on c. 
 
 6. What is the weight of a short-linked chain 30 yards in length, and 
 6-16ths of an inch in diameter? 
 
 Set 30 upon B to 52 (the gauge-point) upon A 5 and against 6 on D is 129.5 
 pounds on c. 
 
 POWER OF STEAM ENGINES. 
 
 Condensing Engines. RULE. Set 3.5 on c to 10 on D ; then D is a line 
 of diameters for cylinders, and c the corresponding number of horses' 
 power ; thus, 
 
 H. Pr. 3 4568 10 12 16 20 25 30 40 50 on c. 
 
 C. D. 10 in. 10| 12 13| 154 17 18| 21 24 26| 29 33| 37| on D. 
 
 The same is effected on the common rule by setting 5 on c to 12 on D. 
 
 Non-condensing Engines. RULE. Set the pressure of steam in pounds 
 per square inch on B to 4 upon A ; and against the cylinder's diameter on D 
 is the number of horses' power upon c. 
 
 Required the power of an engine, when the cylinder is 20 inches diameter 
 and steam 30 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Set 30 on B to 4 on A ; and against 20 on D is 30 horses' power on c. 
 
 The same is effected on the common rule by setting the force of the steam 
 on B to 250 on A. 
 
 OF ENGINE BOILERS. 
 
 How many superficial feet are contained in a boiler 23 feet in length and 
 S^ feet in width ? 
 Set 1 on B to 23 on A ; and against 5.5 upon B is 126.5 square feet upon A. 
 
 If 5 square feet of boiler surface be sufficient for each horse-power, how 
 many horses' power of engine is the boiler equal to ? 
 
 Set 5 upon B to 126.5 upon A ; and against 1 upon B is 25.5 upon A.
 
 RULES AND TABLES 
 
 FOR 
 
 ARTIFICERS AND ENGINEERS.
 
 132 MEASUREMENT OF BRICKLAYERS* WORK. 
 
 ARTIFICERS' RULES AND TABLES 
 
 FOR COMPUTING THE WORK OF BRICKLAYERS, WELL DIG- 
 GERS, MASONS, CARPENTERS AND JOINERS, SLATERS, PLAS- 
 TERERS, PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, PAVERS, AND PLUMBERS. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF BRICKLAYERS' WORK. 
 
 Brickwork is estimated at the rate of a number of bricks in thickness, estimat- 
 ing a brick at 4 inches thick. The dimensions of a building are usually taken 
 by measuring half round on the outside, and half round on the inside ; the sum 
 of these two gives the compass of the wall, to be multiplied by the height, for 
 the content of the materials. Chimneys are by some measured as if they were 
 solid, deducting only the vacuity from the hearth to the mantel, on account of the 
 trouble of them. And by others they are girt or measured round for their breadth, 
 and the height of the story is their height, taking the depth of the jambs for their 
 thickness. And in this case, no deduction is made for the vacuity from the floor 
 to the mantel- tree, because of the gathering of the breast and wings, to make room 
 for the hearth in the next story. To measure the chimney shafts, which appear 
 above the building, gird them about with aline for the breadth, to multiply by 
 their height. And account their thickness half a brick more than it really is, in 
 consideration of the plastering and scaffolding. All windows, doors, &c., are to 
 be deducted out of the contents of the walls in which they are placed. But this 
 deduction is made only with regard ip materials ; for-the whole measure is taken 
 for workmanship, and that all outside measure too, namely, measuring quite 
 round the outside of the building, being in consideration of the trouble of the 
 returns or angles. There are also some other allowances, such as double meas- 
 ure for feathered gable ends, &c. 
 
 EXAMPLE. The end wall of a house is 28 feet long, and 37 feet high to the 
 eaves: 15 feet high is four bricks or 16 inches thick, other 12 feet is three bricks 
 or 12 inches thick, and the remaining 10 feet is two bricks or 8 inches thick; 
 above which is a triangular gable 12 feet high and one brick or 4 inches in 
 thickness. What number of bricks are there in the said wall? Ans, 25,620. 
 
 thickness. 
 
 28 X 15 = 420 x 4 = 1680 contents of 1st story. 
 28 x 12 = 336 X 3 = 1003 " " 2d " 
 28X10 = 280X2= 560 " " 3d " 
 12-5-2= 6x2ri = l68Xl = 168 " " gable. 
 
 3416 square feet area of whole wall. 
 7 bricks to square foot. 
 
 By the table 
 
 SOOOsuprfi. ft. = 22,500 bricks, 
 400 " " = 3,000 " 
 
 Answer, 25,620 bricks. 10 " " = 75 
 
 6 " " = 45 " 
 
 3416 " " = 25,620 bricks 
 
 Jt Table by which to ascertain the number of Bricks necessary to construct any 
 Piece of Building, from a four-inch Wall to twtnty-four inches in Thickness. 
 
 The utility of the Table (on next page) can be seen by the following Ex- 
 ample. Required the number of bricks to build a wall of 12 inches thickness, 
 and containing an area of 6,437 square feet. 
 Square feet 1000 22,500 bricks See table. 
 X 6 6 
 
 6000= 135.000 NOTE. 7J bricks. 
 
 400 = 9,000 equal one superficial foot. 
 
 30 = 675 
 
 7 = 158 
 
 6,437= 144,833 bricks.
 
 MEASUREMENT OF BRICKWORK, WELLS & CISTERNS. 133 
 
 Superficial 
 feel of 
 Wall. 
 
 Numbet of Ericks to Thicknem of 
 
 4-inch | 8-inch. | 12-inch. | 16-Inch. 
 
 20-inch. 
 
 24. inch. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 68 
 
 90 
 
 113 
 
 135 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 90 
 
 120 
 
 150 
 
 180 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 75 
 
 113 
 
 150 
 
 188 
 
 225 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 90 
 
 135 
 
 180 
 
 225 
 
 270 
 
 7 
 
 53 
 
 105 
 
 158 
 
 210 
 
 263 
 
 315 
 
 8 
 
 60 
 
 120 
 
 180 
 
 240 
 
 300 
 
 360 
 
 9 
 
 68 
 
 135 
 
 203 
 
 270 
 
 338 
 
 405 
 
 10 
 
 75 
 
 150 
 
 225 
 
 300 
 
 375 
 
 450 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 300 
 
 450 
 
 600 
 
 750 
 
 900 
 
 30 
 
 2-25 
 
 450 
 
 675 
 
 900 
 
 1125 
 
 1350 
 
 40 
 
 300 
 
 COO 
 
 900 
 
 1200 
 
 1500 
 
 1800 
 
 50 
 
 375 
 
 750 
 
 1125 
 
 1500 
 
 1875 
 
 2250 
 
 60 
 
 450 
 
 900 
 
 1350 
 
 1800 
 
 2250 
 
 2700 
 
 70 
 
 525 
 
 1050 
 
 1575 
 
 2100 
 
 2625 
 
 3150 
 
 80 
 
 600 
 
 1200 
 
 1800 
 
 2400 
 
 3000 
 
 3600 
 
 90 
 
 675 
 
 1350 
 
 2025 
 
 2700 
 
 3375 
 
 4050 
 
 100 
 
 750 
 
 1500 
 
 2250 
 
 3000 
 
 3750 
 
 4500 
 
 200 
 
 1500 
 
 3000 
 
 4500 
 
 6000 
 
 7500 
 
 9000 
 
 300 
 
 2250 
 
 4500 
 
 6750 
 
 9000 
 
 11250 
 
 13500 
 
 400 
 
 3000 
 
 6000 
 
 9000 
 
 12000 
 
 15000 
 
 18000 
 
 500 
 
 3750 
 
 7500 
 
 11250 
 
 15000 
 
 18750 
 
 22500 
 
 600 
 
 4500 
 
 9000 
 
 1U500 
 
 18000 
 
 22500 
 
 27000 
 
 700 
 
 5250 
 
 10500 
 
 15750 
 
 21000 
 
 26250 
 
 31500 
 
 800 
 
 6000 
 
 12000 
 
 18000 
 
 24000 
 
 30000 
 
 36000 
 
 900 
 
 6750 
 
 13500 
 
 20250 
 
 27000 
 
 33750 
 
 40500 
 
 1000 
 
 7500 
 
 15000 
 
 22.500 
 
 30000 
 
 37500 
 
 45000 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF WELLS AND CISTERNS. 
 
 There are two methods of estimating the value of excavating. It may be 
 done by allowing so much a day for every man's work, or so much per cubic 
 foot, or yard, for all that is excavated. 
 
 Well Digging. Suppose a Well is 40 feet deep, and 5 feet in diameter, 
 required the number of cubic feet, or yards? 
 
 5 X 5 = 25 X .7854 = 19.635 X 40 = 7S3.4 cubic feet. 
 
 Suppose a well .o be 4 feet 9 inches diameter, and 16 feet from the bottom to 
 the surface of the water ; how many gallons are therein contained? 
 4.752 x 16.5 X 5.875 = 2187.152 gallons. 
 
 Again, suppose the well's diameter the same, and its entire depth 35 feet; re- 
 quired the quantity in cubic yards of material excavated in its formation. 
 4.75* X 35 X -02909 = 22.972 cubic yards. 
 
 A cylindrical piece of lead is required 7J inches diameter, and 168 Ibs. in 
 weight; what must be its length in inches? 
 
 7.5* X -3223 = 18, and 168 -=- 18 = 9.3 inches. 
 
 Digging for Foundations, fyc. To find the cubical quantity in a trench, or 
 an excavated area, the length, width, and depth must be multiplied together. 
 These are usually given in feet, and therefore, to reduce the amount into cubic 
 yards it must be divided by 27. 
 
 Suppose a trench is 40 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, required the 
 number of cubic feet, or yards ? 
 
 40 X 3 = 120 X 3 =360 feet -f- 27 = 13J yards. 
 
 24 cubic feet of sand, 17 ditto clay, 18 ditto earth, equal one ton. 
 
 1 cubic yard of earth or gravel, before digging, will occupy about 1J cubic 
 yards when dug. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF MASONS' WORK. 
 
 To masonry belong all sorts of stone-work ; and the measure made use of is 
 a foot, either superficial or solid. 
 Walls, columns, blocks of stone or marble, &c., are measured by the cubic 
 
 12
 
 134 MEASUREMENT OF MASONS* & CARPENTERS' WORK. 
 
 foot ; and pavements, slabs, chimney-pieces, &c., by the superficial or square 
 foot. Cubic or solid measure is used for the materials, and square measure for 
 the workmanship. In the solid measure, the true length, breadth and thickness, 
 are taken, and multiplied continually together. In the superficial, there must be 
 taken the length and breadth of every part of the projection, which is seen with- 
 out the general upright face of the building. 
 
 EXAMPLE. In a chimney-piece, suppose the length of the mantel and slab 
 each 4 feet 6 inches ; breadth of both together 3 feet 2 inches ; lenmh of each 
 jamb 4 feet 4 inches ; breadth of both together 1 foot 9 inches. Required the 
 superficial content. Ans. 21 feet 10 inches. 
 
 4 ft. 6 in. X 3 ft. 2 in. = 14 ft. 3 in. 7 21 , 10 - , 
 4" 4 if X 1" 9 " = 7" 7" \ Jllt 
 
 Rubble Walls (unhewn stone) are commonly measured by the perch, which is 
 16i feet long, 1 foot deep, and 1 fool thick, equivalent to 24J cubic feel. 25 cu- 
 bic feet is sometimes allowed to the perch, in measuring stone before it is laid, and 
 22 after it is laid in the -wall. This species of work is of two kinds, coursed 
 and uncoursed ; in ihe former the stones are gauged and dressed by the hammer, 
 and the masonry laid in horizontal courses, but nol necessarily confined. to the 
 same height. The uncoursed rubble wall is formed by laying ihe stones in the 
 wall as they come to hand, withoul any previous gauging or working. 
 
 27 cubic feet of mortar require for its preparation, 9 bushels of lime and 1 
 cubic fool of sand. 
 
 Lime and sand lessen about one-third in bulk when made into mortar ; like- 
 wise cement and sand. 
 
 Lime, or cement and sand, lo make mortar, require as much water as is equal 
 to one-third of their bulk. . 
 
 All sandstones ought to be placed on their natural beds ; from inattention to 
 this circumstance, the slones often split off at the joints, and the position of the 
 lamina much sooner admits of the destructive action of air and water. 
 
 The heaviest stones are most suited for docks and harbors, breakwaters to 
 bridges, &c. 
 
 Granite is the most durable species of stone yet known for the purposes of 
 building. It varies in weight according to quality ; the heaviest is the most 
 durable. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF CARPENTERS' AND JOINERS' WORK. 
 
 To this branch belongs all the wood work of a house, such as flooring, parti- 
 tioning, roofing, &c. Large and plain articles are usually measured by the square 
 foot or yard, &c., but enriched mouldings, and some other articles, are often esli- 
 tnaied by running or lineal measures, and some ihings are rated by the piece. 
 
 All joints, girders, and in fact all the parts of naked flooring, are measured by 
 the cube, and their quantities are found by multiplying ihe length by the breadth, 
 and the product by the depth. The same rule appplies to the measurement of 
 all the limbers of a roof, and also the framed timbers used in the construction of 
 partitions. 
 
 Flooring, that is to say, the boards which cover ihe naked flooring, is meas- 
 ured by ihe square. The dimensions are laken from \vall to wall, and the pro- 
 duct is divided by 100, which gives ihe number of squares ; bul deductions must 
 be made for staircases and chimneys. 
 
 In measuring of joists, it is to be observed, that only one of their dimensions 
 is the same with thai of the floor ; for the other exceeds the length of ihe room by 
 the thickness ol-the wall, and one-lhird of the same, because each end is let into 
 the wall about iwo-ihirds of its thickness. 
 
 No deductions are made for hearths, on account of the additional trouble and 
 .wasle of materials. 
 
 Partitions are measured from wall to wall for one dimension, and from floor to 
 floor, as far as they extend, for ihe other. 
 
 No deduction is made for door- ways, on account of the trouble of framing them. 
 
 In measuring of joiners' work, the string is made to ply close to every part of 
 the work over which it passes. 
 
 The measure for centering for CELLARS is found by making a string pass over 
 the surface of the arch for the breadth, and taking the length of the cellar for
 
 MEASUREMENT OF CARPENTERS* & JOINERS* WORK. 135 
 
 the length ; but in groin centering, it is usual to allow double measure, on ac- 
 count of their extraordinary trouble. 
 
 In roofing, the length of the house in the inside, together with two-thirds of the 
 thickness of one gable, is to lie considered as the length i and the breadlh is equal 
 to douhle the lenglWof a string which is stretched from the ridge down the rafter, 
 and along the eaves-board, till it meets with the top of the wall. 
 
 For staircases, take the breadth of all the steps, by making a line ply close 
 overlhem, from the top to the bottom, and multiply the length of this line by the 
 length of a step, for the whole area. By the length of a step is meant the length 
 of the front and the returns at the two ends ; and by the breadlh, is to be under- 
 stood the girth of its two outer surfaces, or the tread and riser. 
 
 For the balustrade, take the whole length of the upper part of the handrail, 
 and girt over its end till it meet the top of the newel post, for the lengih ; and 
 twice the length of the baluster upon the landing, with the girth of the hand- 
 rail fur the breadth. 
 
 For wainscoting, take the compass of the room for the length : and the height 
 from the floor to the ceiling, making the string ply close into all the mouldings 
 for the breadlh. Out of this must be made deductions for windows, doors, and 
 chimneys, &c., but workmanship is counted for the whole, on acco'uat of the 
 extraordinary troBble. 
 
 For doors, it is usual to allow for their thickness, by adding it to both dimen- 
 sions of length and breadth, and then to multiply them together for the area. 
 If the door be paneled on both sides, take double its measure for the workman- 
 ship ; but if the one side only be paneled, take the area and its half for the 
 workmanship. For the surrounding architrave, gird it about the outermost parts 
 for its length ; and measure over it, as far as it can be seen when the door is 
 open, for the breadlh. 
 
 Window-shutters, bases, ifc., are measured in the same manner. 
 
 In the measuring of roofing for workmanship alone, holes for chimney-shafts 
 and sky-lights are generally deducted. But in measuring for work and male- 
 rials, they commonly measure in all sky-lights, lutheran- lights, and holes for 
 the chimney-shafts, on account of their trouble and waste of materials. 
 
 The doors and shutters, being worked on both sides, are reckoned work and 
 half work. 
 
 Hemlock and Pine Shingles are generally 18 inches long, and of the average 
 width of 4 inches. When nailed to the roof 6 inches are generally left out to 
 the weather, and 6 shingles are therefore required to a square foot. Cedar and 
 Cypress Shingles are generally 20 inches long, and 6 inches wide, and therefore 
 a less number are required fora "square." On account of waste and defects,. 
 1000 shingles should be allowed to a square. 
 
 Two 4- penny nails are allowed to each shingle, equal to 1200 to a square. 
 
 The weight of a square of partitioning may be estimated at from 1500 to 
 2000 Ibs.; a square of single-joisted flooring, at from 1200 to 2000 Ibs.; a square of 
 framed flooring, at from 2700 to 4500 Ibs; a square of deafening,at about 1500 Ibs. 
 100 superficial feet make one square of boarding, flooring, &c. 
 
 In selecting Timber, avoid spongy heart, porous grain, and dead knots; 
 choose the brightest in color, and where the strong red grain appears to rise on 
 the surface. 
 
 The Carpenter will find in the " Business Man's Assistant " TABLES giving the 
 solid contents of Timber and Logs ; the square feet in Scantling from 2.2 to IS.lfi in- 
 ches ; the square feet in Boards and Planks ; the contents of Logs in standard 
 Board measure ; the strength and weight of Iron Cylinders, Trusses, Plates. 
 Cast Iron for Beams, and Hoop Iron. 
 
 Number of American Iron Machine Cut Nails, in a pound, (by count.) 
 
 Size. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Number. 
 
 3 penny 
 
 . . 408 
 
 6 penny . . 156 
 
 12 penny ... 52 
 
 4 " . 
 
 . . 275 
 
 8 " 
 
 , . . 100 
 
 20 " 
 
 . ... 32 
 
 5 " 
 
 . . 227 
 
 10 
 
 . . . 66 
 
 30 " 
 
 . ... 25
 
 136 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF SLATERS* WORK. 
 
 SASH TABLE. Size and Prices of Sashes, Shutters, $c. Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Size of Lights. 
 
 1, 
 
 Size of Sash 
 for 12 light Windows. 
 
 "X 
 
 Q, . 
 
 gxx 
 
 e; 
 
 WCOM 
 
 Ifli 
 
 c g 2 * 
 
 <>-Si 0, v 
 
 Price of Window 
 Frames. 
 
 Width. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Box. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 In. 
 
 feet. in. 
 
 feet. in. 
 
 cts. 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 8 by 10 
 
 li 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 10 
 
 4 
 
 1 374 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 20 
 
 8 by 10 
 
 1| 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 624 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 20 
 
 9 by 12 
 
 n 
 
 2 74 
 
 4 64 
 
 5 
 
 1 624 
 
 2 50 
 
 ] 30 
 
 9 by 12 
 
 if 
 
 2 74 
 
 4 64 
 
 6 
 
 1 75 
 
 2 50 
 
 1 30 
 
 10 by 12 
 
 n 
 
 2 104 
 
 4 64 
 
 5 
 
 1 624 
 
 2 50 
 
 1 30 
 
 10 by 12 
 
 if 
 
 ? 104 
 
 4 64 
 
 6 
 
 1 75 
 
 2 50 
 
 1 30 
 
 10 by 14 
 
 if 
 
 2 104 
 
 5 24 
 
 7 
 
 2 124 
 
 2 75 
 
 1 40 
 
 10 by 15 
 
 if 
 
 2 104 
 
 5 64 
 
 71 
 
 2 25 
 
 2 75 
 
 1 40 
 
 10 by 16 
 
 if 
 
 2 10J 
 
 5 10| 
 
 8 
 
 2 374 
 
 3 20 
 
 1 50 
 
 11 by 15 
 
 if 
 
 3 2 
 
 5 64 
 
 8 
 
 2 374 
 
 3 20 
 
 1 50 
 
 11 by 16 
 
 if 
 
 3 2 
 
 5 104 
 
 84 
 
 2 50 
 
 3 35 
 
 1 60 
 
 11 by 17 
 
 if 
 
 3 2 
 
 6 24 
 
 84 
 
 2 624 
 
 3 50 
 
 1 70 
 
 12 by 16 
 
 if 
 
 3 5 
 
 5 104 
 
 84 
 
 2 624 
 
 3 75 
 
 1 80 
 
 12 by 18 
 
 if 
 
 3 5 
 
 6 64 
 
 9 
 
 2 874 
 
 4 00 
 
 1 90 
 
 12 by 20 
 
 M 
 
 3 5 
 
 7 24 
 
 10 
 
 3 124 
 
 4 25 
 
 2 124 
 
 12 by 22 
 
 if 
 
 3 5 
 
 7 104 
 
 11 
 
 3 374 
 
 4 50 
 
 2 30 
 
 12 by 24 
 
 if 
 
 3 5 
 
 8 64 
 
 12 
 
 3 624 
 
 4 75 
 
 2 50 
 
 Sash 1 1-2 or 1 3-4 inches thick, add 1 1-2 cents per liaht, to 1 3-8 inch prices ; for Plough- 
 ing and Boring sash, add 1-2 cent per light j all 1 3-8 sash are made with hook rails. 
 
 Venitian Shutters, 1 1-2 or 1 3-4 inches thick, add 50 cents per pair to 1 3-8 inch prices. 
 Shutters are made 1 1-4 inches longer than sash. Pivot or Boiling Shutters, extra price. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF SLATERS' WORK. 
 
 In these article.s, the content of a roof is found by multiplying the length of the 
 ridge by the girth over from eaves to eaves ; making allowance in this girth for 
 the double row of slates at the bottom, or for how much one row of slates is laid 
 over another. When the roof is of a> true pitch, that is, forming a right angle at 
 lop, then the breadth of the building with its half added, is the girlh over both 
 sides. In angles formed m a roof, running from the ridge to the eaves, when the 
 angle bends inwards, it is called a valley ; but when outwards, it is called a hip. 
 It is not usual to make deductions for chimney-shafts, sky-lights or other openings. 
 
 SLATES. [From the Quarries of Rutland County, Vermont. ~\ 
 
 3 inch Cover. 
 
 2 inch Cover. 
 
 3 inch Cover. 
 
 2 inch Cover. 
 
 
 No. of Slates 
 
 No. of slates 
 
 
 No. of Slates 
 
 No. of slates 
 
 Sizes of Slates. 
 
 to the Square 
 
 to the square 
 
 Sizes of Slates. 
 
 to the Square 
 
 to the square 
 
 
 or 100 Feet. 
 
 or 100 Feet. 
 
 
 or 100 Feet. 
 
 or 100 Feet. 
 
 24 by 16 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 18 by 11 
 
 1744 
 
 1634 
 
 24 by 14 
 
 93 
 
 934 
 
 18 by 10 
 
 192 
 
 180 
 
 24 by 12 
 
 114 
 
 109 
 
 18 by 9 
 
 213 
 
 200 
 
 22 by 14 
 
 108 
 
 H)2i 
 
 16 by 12 
 
 184 
 
 1714 
 
 22 by 12 
 
 126 
 
 120 
 
 16 by 10 
 
 2214 
 
 205| 
 
 22 by 10 
 
 152 
 
 144 
 
 16 by 9 
 
 246 
 
 2284 
 
 20 by 14 
 
 129 
 
 114 
 
 16 by 8 
 
 277 
 
 257 
 
 20 by 12 
 
 143 
 
 133J 
 
 14 by 10 
 
 262 
 
 240 
 
 20 by 11 
 
 146 
 
 1454 
 
 14 by 9 
 
 293 
 
 2664 
 
 20 by 10 
 
 169^ 
 
 160 
 
 14 by 8 
 
 327 
 
 300 
 
 18 by 12 
 
 160 
 
 150 
 
 14 by 7 
 
 374 
 
 343 
 
 " Each Slate is 3 inches BOND or COVER. The rule for measuring Slating is, to add one 
 foot for all hips and valleys. No deduction is made for Lutheran windows, skylights or 
 chimneys, except they are of unusual size ; then one half is deducted."
 
 PLASTERERS', PAVERS', AND PAINTERS' WORK. 137 
 
 IMPORTED SLATES. 
 
 Names of Slates. 
 
 Sizes. 
 
 Number of Super- 
 ficial Feet each M 
 of 1200 will cover. 
 
 Weight of 
 each M of 
 1200 Slates. 
 
 Duchesses. 
 
 Inches. Inches. 
 
 24 by 12 
 22 " 12 
 20 " 10 
 18 " 10 
 16 " 10 
 16 " 8 
 14 " 8 
 12 " 8 
 14 " 12 
 13 " 10 
 12 " 10 
 13 " 7 
 11 " 7 
 5 ft. by 2 1-2 ft 
 5 feet by 3 feet. 
 
 1100 
 1000 
 750 
 666 2-3 
 583 1-3 - 
 466 2-3 
 400 
 333 1-3 
 600 
 458 1-3 
 416 2-3 
 320 5-6 
 262 1-2 
 
 60 cwt. 
 55 " 
 40 " 
 36 ' " 
 31 " 
 25 
 22 " 
 18 1-2 " 
 33 " 
 25 " 
 23 " 
 17 1-2 " 
 14 1-2 " 
 
 Marchionesses, . . . 
 Countesses, . . . . 
 
 Viscountesses, . . . 
 
 do 
 
 do . 
 
 do 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Doubles, 
 
 do. small, . . . 
 School Slates for 
 Blackboards, . . . . 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF PLASTERERS' WORK. 
 
 Plasterers' work is of two kinds, namely, ceiling which is plastering upon laths 
 and rendering, which is plastering upon walls, which are measured separately. 
 
 The contents are estimated either by the foot or yard, or square of 100 feet. 
 Enriched mouldings, &c., are rated by running or lineal measure. One foot extra 
 is allowed for each mitre. 
 
 One half of the openings, windows, doors, &c., allowed to compensale for 
 trouble of finishing returns at top and sides. 
 
 Cornices and mouldings, if 12 inches or more in girt, are sometimes estimated 
 by the sq ft. ; if less than 12 inches they are usually measured by the lineal foot. 
 
 1 bushel of cement will cover 1 1-7 square yards at 1 inch in thickness, 
 do. do. do. 14 do. do. 3 do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 2} do. do. $ dp. dp. 
 
 1 bushel of cement and 1 of sand will caver 2J sq. yds. at 1 inch in thickness, 
 do. do. do. do. 3 do. J do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. do. 4J do. J dp. dp. 
 
 1 bushel of cement and 2 of sand will cover 3* square yds. at I inch in thickness, 
 do. do. do. do. 4| do. f do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. do. 6| do. f do. do. 
 
 1 cwt. of mastic and 1 gallon of oil will cover 1J yards at J, or 2 at inch, 
 1 cubic yard of lime, 2 yards of road or drift sand, and 3 bushels of hair. 
 will cover 75 yards of render and set on brick, and 70 yards on lath, or65 yards 
 plastfr, or remler, 2 coats and set on brick, and 60 yards on lath j floated work 
 will require about the same as 2 coats and set. 
 
 Lnths are 1| to 1J inches by 4 feet in length, and are usually set |th of an inch 
 apart. A bundle contains 100. 1 bundle of laths and 500 nails cover about 4 yds. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF PAVERS' WORK. 
 
 Pavers' work is done by the square yard. And the content is found by multi- 
 plying the length by the breadth. Grading for paving is charged by the day. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF PAINTERS' WORK. 
 
 Painters' work is computed in square yards. Every part is measured where 
 the color lies ; the measuring line is forced into all the mouldings and corners. 
 
 12*
 
 138 PAINTERS', GLAZIERS', AND PLUMBERS' WORK. 
 
 Cornices, mouldings, narrow skirtings, reveals to doors and windows, and 
 generally all work not more than nine inches wide, are valued by their length. 
 Sash-frames are charged so much each according to their size, and the squares 
 eo much a dozen. Mouldings, cut in, are charged by the foot run, and the work- 
 man always receives an extra price for party-colors. Writing is charged by the 
 inch, and the price given is regulated by the skill and manner in which the work 
 is executed ; the same is true of imitations and marbling. The price of painting 
 varies exceedingly, some colors being more expensive and requiring much more 
 labor than others. In measuring open railing, it is customary to take il as flat 
 work, which pays for the extra labor ; and as the rails are painted on all sides, 
 the two surfaces are taken. It is customary to allow all edges and sinkings. 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF GLAZIERS' WORK. 
 
 Glaziers' work is sometimes measured by the sq. ft., sometimes by the piece, 
 oral so much per light ; except where the glass is set in metallic frames, when 
 the charge is by the foot In estimating by the sq. ft., it is customary to include 
 the whole sash. Circular or oval windows are measured as if they were square. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE SIZE AND NUMBER OF LIGHTS 
 TO THE 100 SQUARE FEET. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Lights. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Lights. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Lights. Size. 
 
 Lights 
 
 6 by 8 
 
 300 
 
 12 by 14 
 
 86 
 
 14 by 22 
 
 47 
 
 20 by 20 
 
 36 
 
 7 by 9 
 
 229 
 
 12 by 15 
 
 80 
 
 14 by 24 
 
 43 
 
 20 by 22 
 
 33 
 
 8 by 10 
 
 180 
 
 12 by 16 
 
 75 
 
 15 by 15 
 
 64 
 
 20 by 24 
 
 30 
 
 8 by 11 
 
 164 
 
 12 by 17 
 
 71 
 
 15 by 16 
 
 60 
 
 20 by 25 
 
 29 
 
 8 by 12 
 
 150 
 
 12 by 18 
 
 67 
 
 15 by 18 
 
 53 
 
 20 by 26 
 
 28 
 
 9 by 10 
 
 160 
 
 12 by 19 
 
 63 
 
 15 by 20 
 
 48 
 
 20 by 28 
 
 26 
 
 9 by 11 
 
 146 
 
 12 by 20 
 
 60 
 
 15 by 21 
 
 46 
 
 21 by 27 
 
 25 
 
 9 by 12 
 
 133 
 
 12 by 21 
 
 57 
 
 15 by 22 
 
 44 
 
 22 by 24 
 
 27 
 
 9 by 13 
 
 123 
 
 12 by 22 
 
 55 
 
 15 by 24 
 
 40 
 
 22 by 26 
 
 25 
 
 9 by 14 
 
 114 
 
 12 by 23 
 
 52 
 
 16 by 16 
 
 56 
 
 22 by 28 
 
 23 
 
 9 by 16 
 
 100 
 
 12 by 24 
 
 50 
 
 16 by 17 
 
 53 
 
 24 by 28 
 
 21 
 
 10 by 10 
 
 144 
 
 13 by 14 
 
 79 
 
 16 by 18 
 
 50 
 
 24 by 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 by 12 
 
 120 
 
 13 by 15 
 
 74 
 
 16 by 20 
 
 45 
 
 24 by 32 
 
 19 
 
 10 by 13 
 
 111 
 
 13 by 16 
 
 69 
 
 16 by 21 
 
 43 
 
 25 by 30 
 
 19 
 
 10 by 14 
 
 103 
 
 13 by 17 
 
 65 
 
 16 by 22 
 
 41 
 
 26 by 36 
 
 15 
 
 10 by 15 
 
 96 
 
 13 by 18 
 
 61 
 
 16 by 24 
 
 38 
 
 28 by 34 
 
 15 
 
 10 by 16 
 
 90 
 
 13 by 19 
 
 58 
 
 17 by 17 
 
 50 
 
 30 by 40 
 
 12 
 
 10 by 17 
 
 85 
 
 13 by 20 
 
 55 
 
 17 by 18 
 
 47 
 
 31 by 36 
 
 13 
 
 10 by 18 
 
 80 
 
 13 by 21 
 
 53 
 
 17 by 20 
 
 42 
 
 31 by 40 
 
 12 
 
 11 by 11 
 
 119 
 
 13 by 22 
 
 50 
 
 17 by 22 
 
 38 
 
 31 by 42 
 
 12 
 
 11 by 12 
 
 109 
 
 13 by 24 
 
 46 
 
 17 by 24 
 
 35 
 
 32 by 42 
 
 10 
 
 11 by 13 
 
 101 
 
 14 bv 14 
 
 73 
 
 18 by 18 
 
 44 
 
 32 by 44 
 
 10 
 
 11 by 14 
 
 94 
 
 14 by 15 
 
 68 
 
 18 by 20 
 
 40 
 
 33 by 45 
 
 10 
 
 11 by 15 
 
 87 
 
 14 by 16 
 
 64 
 
 18 by 22 
 
 36 
 
 34 by 46 
 
 9 
 
 11 by 16 
 
 82 
 
 14 by 17 
 
 60 
 
 18 by 24 
 
 33 
 
 30 by 52 
 
 9 
 
 11 by 17 
 
 77 
 
 14 by 18 
 
 57 
 
 19 by 19 
 
 40 
 
 32 by 56 
 
 8 
 
 11 by 18 
 
 73 
 
 14 by 19 
 
 54 
 
 19 by 20 
 
 38 
 
 33 by 56 
 
 8 
 
 12 by 12 
 
 100 
 
 14 by 20 
 
 51 
 
 19 by 22 
 
 34 
 
 36 by 58 
 
 7 
 
 12 by 13 
 
 92 
 
 14 by 21 
 
 49 
 
 19 by 24 
 
 32 
 
 38 by 58 
 
 7 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF PLUMBERS' WORK.
 
 SIZE & WEIGHT OF LEAD PIPES, ROPES & CHAINS. 139 
 
 PATENT IMPROVED LEAD PIPE, SIZES AND WEIGHT 
 PER FOOT. 
 
 Calibre. 
 
 Weight 
 per foot. 
 
 Calibre 
 
 Weight 
 per foot. 
 
 Calibre 1 Wei e h ' 
 .per foot. 
 
 Calibre 
 
 Weight 
 per foot. 
 
 Calibre. 
 
 Weight 
 per foot. 
 
 Inches. Ibs. ozs. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 In hes. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 If 
 
 6 
 
 $ 
 
 1 4 
 
 X 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 it 
 
 10 
 
 ( 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 \K 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 it 
 
 6 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 13 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 8 
 
 it 
 
 7 
 
 (C 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 CI 
 
 4 
 
 2^-g 
 
 11 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 ' 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 3 | 
 
 13 
 
 
 10 
 
 ' 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 12 
 
 \y* 
 
 3 
 
 3 n1 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 2 12 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 8 
 
 4 -5 
 
 18 
 
 1C 
 
 14 
 
 x 
 
 12 
 
 
 2 8 
 
 it 
 
 4 
 
 *J3 
 
 20 
 
 " 
 
 1 
 
 >i 
 
 14 
 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 4 8 ' 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 SHEET LEAD Weight of a Square Foot, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 
 , 9, 10 Ibs. and upwards. 
 
 BOSTON LEAD PIPE, SIZES AND WEIGHT PER FOOT. 
 
 1-2 Inch. 
 
 5-8 Inch. 
 
 3-4 Inch. 
 
 1 Inch. 
 
 11-4 Inch. 
 
 11-2 Inch. 
 
 1 3-4 Inch. 
 
 2 Inch. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Ibs. | oz. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 #>S. 
 
 0*. 
 
 Ibf. 
 
 oz. 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COMPARATIVE STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF ROPES 
 AND CHAINS. 
 
 3* 
 4i 
 
 15 
 19 
 21 
 
 1 1 
 
 TB" 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 If 
 
 8 
 
 H' 
 
 18 
 22 
 27 
 32 
 37 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 16f 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 5 
 
 4 3J- 
 
 5 2 
 
 6 4J- 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 134- 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 36" 
 
 39 
 
 45 
 
 56 
 60 
 
 lin. 
 
 43 
 49 
 56 
 63 
 71 
 79 
 87 
 96 
 106 
 
 10 
 
 11 11 
 
 13 8 
 
 14 18 
 16 14 
 18 11 
 20 8 
 22 13 
 24 18 
 
 NOTE. It must bn understood and also borne in mind, that, in estimating tha 
 amount of tensile strain to which a body is subjected, the weight of the body 
 itself must also be taken in'to account; for according to its position so may it 
 approximate to us whole weijrht in tending to produce extension within itself; 
 as in the almost constant application of ropes and chains to great depths, con- 
 siderable heights, &c.
 
 140 
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 [From Templeton's Workshop Companion.'] 
 
 MATERIALS of construction are liable to four different kinds of strain; 
 viz., stretching, crushing, transverse action, and torsion or twisting : the 
 first of which depends upon the body's tenacity alone ; the second, on its 
 resistance to compression ; the third, sn its tenacity and compression com- 
 bined ; and the fourth, on that property by which it opposes any acting force 
 tending to change from a straight line, to that of a spiral direction, the 
 fibres of which the body is composed. 
 
 In bodies, the power of tenacity and resistance to compression, in the di- 
 rection of their length, is as the cross section of their area multiplied by the 
 results of experiments on similar bodies, as exhibited in the following tables. 
 
 Table showing the Tenacities, Resistances to Compression, and other Prop- 
 erties of the common Materials of Construction. 
 
 Names of Bodies. 
 
 Absolute. 
 
 Compared with Cast Iron. 
 
 Tenacity 
 in Ibs. per 
 sq. inch. 
 
 Resistance 
 to compres- 
 sion in Ibs. 
 per sq. inch. 
 
 Its 
 strength 
 is 
 
 Its ex- 
 tensibility 
 is 
 
 Its 
 stiffness 
 is 
 
 Ash, 
 
 14130 
 
 
 0.23 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.089 
 
 Beech, . 
 
 12225 
 
 8548 
 
 0.15 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.073 
 
 Brass, 
 
 17968 
 
 10304 
 
 0.435 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.49 
 
 Brick, . 
 
 275 
 
 562 
 
 
 
 
 Cast Iron, 
 
 134.34 
 
 86397 
 
 1.000 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.000 
 
 Copper (wrought), . 
 
 33000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elm, . 
 
 9720 
 
 1033 
 
 0.21 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.073 
 
 Fir, or Pine, white, 
 
 12346 
 
 2028 
 
 0.23 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 " Red, . 
 
 11800 
 
 5375 
 
 0.3 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 " " Yellow, 
 
 11835 
 
 5445 
 
 0.25 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.087 
 
 Granite (Aberdeen), 
 
 
 10910 
 
 
 
 
 Gun- metal (copper 8, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and tin 1). . 
 
 35838 
 
 
 0.65 
 
 1.25 
 
 0.535 
 
 Malleable Iron, 
 
 56000 
 
 
 1.12 
 
 0.86 
 
 1.3 
 
 Larch, 
 
 12240 
 
 5568 
 
 0.136 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.0585 
 
 Lead, 
 
 1824 
 
 
 0.096 
 
 25 
 
 0.038 
 
 Mahogany, Honduras, 
 
 11475 
 
 8000 
 
 024 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.487 
 
 Marble, . 
 
 551 
 
 6060 
 
 
 
 
 Oak, 
 
 11880 
 
 9504 
 
 0.25 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.093 
 
 Rope (1 in. in circum.) 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 Steel, 
 
 128000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stone, Bath, . 
 
 478 
 
 
 
 
 
 " Craigleith, , 
 
 772 
 
 5490 
 
 
 
 
 " Dundee, 
 
 2661 
 
 6630 
 
 
 
 
 " Portland, 
 
 857 
 
 3729 
 
 
 
 
 Tin (cast) 
 
 4736 
 
 
 0182 
 
 0.75 
 
 025 
 
 Zinc (sheet) 
 
 9120 
 
 
 0365 
 
 05 
 
 0.76 
 
 RESISTANCE TO LATERAL PRESSURE, OR TRANSVERSE ACTION. 
 
 The strength of a square or rectangular beam to resist lateral pressure, 
 acting in a perpendicular direction to its length, is as the breadth and square 
 of the depth, and inversely as the length 3 thus, a beam twice the breadth
 
 ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH OF TIMBER. 
 
 141 
 
 of another, all other circumstances being alike, equal twice the strength of 
 the other ; or twice the depth, equal four times the strength, and twice the 
 length, equal only half the strength, &c., according to the rule. 
 
 Table of Data, containing the Results of Experiments on the Elasticity 
 and Strength of various Species of Timber, by Mr. Barlow. 
 
 Species of 
 
 Value of Value of 
 
 Species of 
 
 Value of Value of 
 
 Timber. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 Timber. 
 
 E. 
 
 s. 
 
 Teak, 
 
 174.7 
 
 2462 
 
 Elm, . 
 
 50.64 
 
 1013 
 
 Poona, 
 
 122.26 
 
 2221 
 
 Pitch pine, 
 
 88.68 
 
 1632 
 
 English Oak, 
 
 105. 
 
 1672 
 
 Red pine, . 
 
 133. 
 
 1341 
 
 Canadian do. 
 
 155.5 
 
 1766 
 
 New England Fir. 158.5 
 
 1102 
 
 Dantzic do. 
 
 86.2 
 
 1457 
 
 Riga Fir, . 
 
 90. 
 
 1100 
 
 Adriatic do. 
 
 70.5 
 
 1383 
 
 Mar Forest do. 
 
 63. 
 
 1200 
 
 Ash, . 
 
 119. 
 
 2026 ! 
 
 Larch, 
 
 76. 
 
 900 
 
 Beech, 
 
 98. 
 
 1556 
 
 Norway Spruce. 
 
 105.47 
 
 1474 
 
 To find the dimensions of a beam capable of sustaining a given weight, with a giv- 
 
 en degree of deflection, when supported at both ends. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the weight to be supported in Ibs. by the cube of the length 
 in feet ; divide the product by 32 times the tabular value of E. multiplied into the 
 given deflection in inches ; and the quotient is the breadth multiplied by the cube 
 of the depth in inches. 
 
 NOTE 1. When the beam is intended to be square, then the fourth root of the quotient 
 is the breadth and depth required. 
 
 NOTE 2. If the beam is to be cylindrical, multiply the quotient by 1.7, and the fourth 
 root of the product is the diameter. 
 
 Ex. The distance between the supports of a beam of Riga fir is )6 feet, and 
 the weight it must be capable of sustaining in the middle of its length is 8000 Ibs, 
 with a deflection of not more than | of an inch ; what must be the depth of the 
 beam, supposing the breadth 8 inches? 
 
 16 ^ ^000 
 
 _ 
 = 15175 *- 8 = V1697 = 12.35 in., the depth. 
 
 strength of the beam in Ibs. 
 
 NOTE 1. If the beam be not laid horizontally, the distance between the supports, for 
 Calculation, must be the horizontal distance. 
 
 NOTE 2. One fourth of the weight obtained by the rule, is the greatest weight that ought 
 to be applied in practice as permanent load. 
 
 pieces of red pine, ly incnes oy o, wnicn l can lay across tne two walls for the 
 purpose of slinging it at each end, may I with sufficient confidence apply them, 
 so as to effect this object ? 
 
 2240X5.5 -f- 2 = 6160 Ibs. to carry at each end. 
 
 And 18 feet 7 = 11, double each, or 14 and 22, then 14X22 -f- 18 = 17 feet, 
 or 204 inches, effective length of beam. 
 
 Tabular value of S, red pine, =1341X4X1X<>0 -f- 201 = 15776 Ibs. the abso- 
 lute strength of each piece of timber at that point.
 
 142 STRENGTH OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS. 
 
 To determine the dimensions of a. rectangular beam capable of supporting a required 
 weight, with a given degree of deflection, when fixed at one end. 
 
 ROLE. Divide the weight to be supported, in Ibs., by the tabular value of E, 
 mulnplied by the breadth and deflection, both in inches ; and the cube root of the 
 quotient, multiplied by the length in feet, equal the depth required in inches. 
 
 Ex. A beam of ash is intended to bear a load of 700 Ibs. at its extremity j its 
 length being 5 feet, breadth 4 inches, and the deflection not to exceed J an inch. 
 
 Tabular value of E = 119X4X- 5 = 238 the divisor ; 
 then 700 -^ 238 = 3, V /2^94~X 5 = 7.25 inches, depth of the beam. 
 
 To find the absolute strength of a rectangular beam, when fixed at one end, and load' 
 ed at the other 
 
 RULE Multiply the value of S by the depth of the beam, and by the area of 
 its section, both in inches ; divide the product by the leverage in inches, and the 
 quotient equal the absolute strength ot the beam in Ibs. 
 
 Ex. A beam of Riga fir, 12 inches by 4 J, and projecting 6J feet from the wall ; 
 what is the greatest weight it will support at the extremity of its length ? 
 
 Tabular value of S = 1100. 12X4.5 = 54 sectional area. 
 Then, 1100X12X54 -5- 78 = 9138.4 Ibs. 
 
 When fracture of a beam is produced by vertical pressure, the fibres of the 
 lower section of fracture are separated by extension, whilst at the same time 
 those of the upper portion are destroyed by compression ; hence exists a point in 
 section where neither the one nor the other takes place, and which is distinguished 
 as the point of neutral axis. Therefore, by the law of fracture thus established, 
 and proper data of tenacity and compression given, as in the preceding table, 
 we are enabled to form metal beams of strongest section with the least possible 
 material. Thus, in cast iron, the resistance to compression is nearly as 6J to 1 
 of tenacity, consequently a beam of cast iron, to be of strongest section, mast be 
 of the following form, and aparabola in the direction ofits length, 
 the quantity otmatenal in the bottom flange being about 6j times 
 that of the upper. But such is not the case with beams of tim- 
 ber ; for although the tenacity of timber be on an average twice 
 that of its resistance to compression, its flexibility is so great, 
 that any considerable length of beam, where columns cannot be 
 situated to its support, requires to be strengthened or trussed by 
 iron rods, as in the following manner. 
 
 And these applications ofprinciple not only tend to diminish deflection, but the 
 required purpose is also more effectively attained, and that by lighter pieces of 
 timber. 
 
 To ascertain the absolute strength of a cast iron beam of the preceding form, or that 
 of strongest section. 
 
 Rtn.K. Multiply the sectional area of the bottom flange in inches by the depth 
 of the beam in inches, and divide the product by the distance between the sup- 
 ports, also in inches ; and 514 times the quotient equal the absolute strength of 
 the beam in cwts. 
 
 The strongest form in which any given quantity of matter can be disposed is 
 that of a hollow cylinder; and it has been demonstrated that the maximum of 
 strength is obtained in cast iron, when the thickness of the annulus, or ring, 
 amounts to one-fifth of the cylinder's external diameter ; the relative strength of 
 a solid to that of a hollow cylinder being as the diameters of their sections. (See 
 Tables.)
 
 WEIGHT CAST IRON BEAMS WILL SUSTAIN. 
 
 143 
 
 A Table showing the Weight or Pressure a beam of Cast Iron, 1 inch in 
 breadth, will sustain, with out destroying its elastic force, when it is sup- 
 ported at each end, and loaded in the middle of its length, and also the 
 deflection in the middle which that weight will produce. By Mr. 
 Hodgkinson, Manchester. 
 
 Length. 
 
 G feet. 
 
 7 feet. 
 
 8 feet. 
 
 9 feet. 
 
 10 feet. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Weight 
 
 Defl. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Defl. 
 
 Weight Defl. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Defl. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Defl. 
 
 in in. 
 
 in IBs. 
 
 in in- 
 
 in Ibs. 
 
 in in. 
 
 in li)s. in in. 
 
 in Ibs. 
 
 in in. 
 
 in Ibs. 
 
 in in 
 
 3 
 
 1278 
 
 .24 
 
 1089 
 
 .33 
 
 954 
 
 .42 
 
 855 
 
 .54 
 
 765 
 
 .66 
 
 3* 
 
 1739 
 
 .205 
 
 1482 
 
 .28 
 
 1298 
 
 .365 
 
 1164 
 
 .46 
 
 1041 
 
 .57 
 
 4 
 
 2272 
 
 .18 
 
 1936 
 
 .245 
 
 1700 
 
 .32 
 
 1520 
 
 .405 
 
 1360 
 
 .5 
 
 44 
 
 2875 
 
 .16 
 
 2450 
 
 .217 
 
 2146 
 
 .284 
 
 1924 
 
 36 
 
 1721 
 
 .443 
 
 5 
 
 3560 
 
 .144 
 
 3050 
 
 .196 
 
 2650 
 
 .256 
 
 2375 
 
 .32 
 
 2125 
 
 .4 
 
 6 
 
 5112 
 
 .12 
 
 4356 
 
 .163 
 
 3816 
 
 .213 
 
 3420 
 
 .27 
 
 3060 
 
 .33 
 
 7 
 
 6958 
 
 .103 
 
 5929 
 
 .14 
 
 5194 
 
 .183 
 
 4655 
 
 .23 
 
 4165 
 
 .29 
 
 8 
 
 9088 
 
 .09 
 
 7744 
 
 .123 
 
 6784 
 
 .16 
 
 6080 
 
 203 
 
 5440 
 
 .25 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9801 
 
 .109 
 
 8586 
 
 .142 
 
 7695 
 
 .18 
 
 6885 
 
 .22 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 12100 
 
 .098 
 
 10600 
 
 .128 
 
 9500 
 
 .162 
 
 8500 
 
 .2 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 12826 
 
 .117 
 
 11495 
 
 .15 
 
 10285 
 
 .182 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 15264 
 
 .107 
 
 13680 
 
 .135 
 
 12240 
 
 .17 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16100 
 
 .125 
 
 14400 
 
 .154 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18600 
 
 .115 
 
 16700 
 
 .143 
 
 
 12 feet. 
 
 14 feet. 
 
 16 feet. 
 
 18 feet. 
 
 '20 feet. 
 
 6 
 
 2548 
 
 48 
 
 2184 
 
 .65 
 
 1912 
 
 .85 
 
 1699 
 
 1.08 
 
 1530 
 
 1.34 
 
 7 
 
 3471 
 
 .41 
 
 2975 
 
 .58 
 
 2603 
 
 .73 
 
 2314 
 
 .93 
 
 2082 
 
 1.14 
 
 8 
 
 4532 
 
 .36 
 
 3884 
 
 .49 
 
 3396 
 
 .64 
 
 3020 
 
 .81 
 
 2720 
 
 1.00 
 
 9 
 
 5733 
 
 .32 
 
 4914 
 
 .44 
 
 4302 
 
 .57 
 
 3825 
 
 .72 
 
 3438 
 
 .89 
 
 10 
 
 7083 
 
 .28 
 
 6071 
 
 .39 
 
 5312 
 
 .51 
 
 4722 
 
 .64 
 
 4250 
 
 .8 
 
 11 
 
 8570 
 
 .26 
 
 7346 
 
 .36 
 
 6428 
 
 .47 
 
 5714 
 
 .59 
 
 5142 
 
 .73 
 
 12 
 
 10192 
 
 .24 
 
 8736 
 
 .33 
 
 7648 
 
 .43 
 
 6796 
 
 .54 
 
 6120 
 
 .67 
 
 13 
 
 11971 
 
 .22 
 
 10260 
 
 .31 
 
 8978 
 
 .39 
 
 7980 
 
 .49 
 
 7182 
 
 .61 
 
 14 
 
 13883 
 
 .21 
 
 11900 
 
 .28 
 
 10412 
 
 .36 
 
 9255 
 
 .46 
 
 8330 
 
 .57 
 
 15 
 
 15937 
 
 .19 
 
 13660 
 
 .26 
 
 11952 
 
 .34 
 
 10624 
 
 .43 
 
 9562 
 
 .53 
 
 16 
 
 18128 
 
 .18 
 
 15536 
 
 .24 
 
 13584 
 
 .32 
 
 12080 
 
 .40 
 
 10880 
 
 .5 
 
 17 
 
 20500 
 
 .17 
 
 17500 
 
 .23 
 
 15353 
 
 .30 
 
 13647 
 
 .38 
 
 12282 
 
 .47 
 
 18 
 
 22932 
 
 .16 
 
 19656 
 
 .21 
 
 17208 
 
 .28 
 
 15700 
 
 .36 
 
 13752 
 
 .44 
 
 NOTE. This Table shows the greatest weight that ever ought to be laid upon 
 abeam for permanent load ; and, if there be any liability to jerks, &c., ample 
 allowance must be made ; also, the weight of the beam itself must be included. 
 (See Tables of Cast Iron.) 
 
 To find the weight of a cast iron beam of given dimensions. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the sectional area in inches by the length in feet, and by 3.2, 
 the product equal the weight in Ibs. 
 
 Ex. Required the weight of a uniform rectangular beam of cast iron, 16 feet 
 in length, 11 inches in breadth, and 1-| inch in thickness. 
 
 11 X 1-5 X 16 X 3.2 = 844.8 Ibs. 
 RESISTANCE OF BODIES TO FLEXURE BY VERTICAL PRESSURE. 
 
 When a piece of timber is employed as a column or support, its tendency to 
 yielding by compression is different according to the proportion between its 
 length and area of its cross section; and supposing the form that of a cylinder 
 whose length is less than seven or eight times its diameter, it is impossible to 
 bend it by any force applied longitudinally, as it will be destroyed by splitting 
 before that bending can take place ; but when the length exceeds this, the col- 
 umn will bend under a certain load, and be ultimately destroyed by a similar
 
 144 ELASTICITY OF TOESION. 
 
 kind of action to that which has place in the transverse strain. Columns of cast 
 iron and of other bodies are also similarly circumstanced. 
 
 When the length of a cast iron column with flat ends equals about thirty times 
 its diameter, fracture will be produced wholly by bending of the material. When 
 of less length, fracture takes place partly by crushing and partly by bending. 
 But, when the column is enlarged in the middle of its length from one and a half 
 to twice its diameter at the ends, by being cast hollow, the strength is greater by 
 one-seventh than in a solid column containing the same quantity of material. 
 To determine the dimensions of a. support or column to bear, without sensible curva- 
 ture, a given pressure in the direction of its axis. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the pressure to be supported in Ibs. by the square of the col- 
 umn's length in feet, and divide the product by twenty times the tabular value of 
 E ; and the quotient will be equal to the breadth multiplied by the cube of the* 
 least thickness, both being expressed in inches. 
 
 NOTE 1. When the pillar or support is a square, its side will be the fourth root of the 
 quotient. 
 
 NOTE 2.- If the pillar or column be a cylinder, multiply the tabular value of E by 12, 
 and the fourth root of the quotient equal the diameter. 
 
 Ex. 1. What shonld be the least dimensions of an oak support, to bear a 
 weight of 2210 Ibs, without sensible flexure, its breadth being 3 inches, and its 
 Iengtb.5 feet? 
 
 Tabular value of E = 105, 
 
 ! = 2.05 inches. 
 
 Ex. 2 Required the side of a square piece of Riga fir, 9 feet in length, to bear 
 a permanent weight of 6000 Ibs. 
 
 Tabular value of E = 96, 
 
 - >/ 92 
 
 o,. xx7S~ = 4 V253 = 4 inches nearly. 
 
 **> X " 
 
 ELASTICITY OF TORSION, OR RESISTANCE OF BODIES TO TWISTING. 
 
 The angle of flexure by torsion is as the lengih and extensibility of the body- 
 directly and inversely as the diameter; hence, the length of a bar or shaft being 
 given, the power, and the leverage the power acts with, being known, and also 
 the number of degrees of torsion that will not affect the action of the machine, to 
 determine the diameter in cast iron with a given angle of flexure. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the power in Ibs. by the length of the shaft in feet, and by the 
 leverage in feet ; divide the product by fifty-five times the number of de.grees in 
 the angle of torsion ; and the fourth root of the quotient equal the shaft's diame- 
 ter in inches. 
 
 Ex. Required the diameters fora series of shafts 35 feet in length, and to 
 transmit a power equal to 1245 Ibs., acting at the circumference ot a wheel 2J 
 feet radius, so that the twist of the shafts on the application of the po\rer may not 
 exceed one degree. 
 
 3215X35X 2 - 5 
 
 - = V19S1 = 6.67 inches in diameter. 
 
 To determine the side of a square shaft to resist torsion with a given flexure. 
 RULE. Multiply the power in pounds by the leverage it acts with in feet, and 
 also by the length of the shaft in feet; divide tins product by 92.5 times ihe angle 
 of flexure in degrees, and the square root of the quotient equals the area of the 
 shaft in inches. 
 
 Ex. Suppose the length of a shaft to be 12 feet, and to be driven by a power 
 equal to 700 Ibs., acting at 1 foot from the centre of the shaft required the area 
 of cross section, so that it may not exceed 1 degree of flexure. 
 
 700 V 1 X 12 - 
 
 ~~ = V90.8 .i 9.53 inches. 
 
 Relative strength of Sadies to resist Torsion, Lead being 1. 
 Tin ................. 1.411 Gun Metal ......... 5.011 English Iron ...... 10.1 
 
 Copper ............. 4.3 Cast Iron .......... 9.0 Blistered Steel ..... 166 
 
 Yellow Brass ....... 4.6 II Swedish Iron ...... 9.5 II Shear Steel ........ 17.0
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS GRIER, AND OTHERS. 145 
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 
 
 [From Grier's Mechanic's Calculator, ^-c.] 
 
 BAR OF IIION. The average breaking weight of a Bar of Wrought Iron, 
 1 inch square, is 25 tons ; its elasticity is destroyed, however, by about two- 
 fifths of that weight, or 10 tons. It is extended, within the limits ot its elas- 
 ticity, .000096, or one-tenthousandth part of an inch for every ton of strain 
 per square inch of sectional area. Hence, the greatest constant load should 
 never exceed one-fifth of it's breaking weight, or 5 tons for every square 
 inch of sectional area. 
 
 The lateral strength of wrought iron, as compared with cast iron, is as 14 
 to 9. Mr. Barlow finds that wrought iron bars, 3 inches deep, 1 1-2 inches 
 thick, and 33 inches between the supports, will carry 4 1-2 tons. 
 
 BRIDGES. The greatest extraneous load on a square foot is about 120 
 pounds. 
 
 FLOORS. The least load on a square foot is about 160 pounds. 
 ROOFS. Covered with slate, on a square foot, 51 1-2 pounds. 
 
 BEAMS. When a beam is supported in the middle and loaded at each 
 end, it will bear the same weight as when supported at both ends and load- 
 ed in the middle ; that is, each end will bear half the weight. 
 
 Cast Iron Beams should not be loaded to more than one-fifth of their 
 ultimate strength. 
 
 The strength of similar beams varies inversely as their lengths ; that is, 
 if a bea*m 10 feet long will support 1000 pounds, a similar beam 20 feet long 
 would support only 500 pounds. 
 
 A beam supported at one end will sustain only one-fourth part the weight 
 which it would if supported at both ends. 
 
 When a beam is fixed at both ends, and loaded in the middle, it will bear 
 one-half more than it will when loose at both ends. When the beam is load- 
 ed uniformly throughout it will bear double. When the beam is fixed at 
 both ends, and loaded uniformly, it will bear triple the weight. 
 
 In any beam standing obliquely, or in a sloping direction, its strength or 
 strain will be equal to that of a beam of the same breadth, thickness, and 
 material, but only of the length of the horizontal distance between the points 
 of support. 
 
 In the construction of beams, it is necessary that their form should be 
 such that they will be equally strong throughout. If abeam be fixed at one 
 end, and loaded at the other, and the breadth uniform throughout its length, 
 then, that the beam may be equally strong throughout, its form must be that 
 of a parabola. This form is generally used in the beams of steam engines. 
 
 When a beam is regularly diminished towards the points that are least 
 strained, so that all the sections are similar figures, whether it be supported 
 at each end and loaded in the middle, or supported in the middle and load- 
 ed at each end, the outline should be a cubic parabola. 
 
 When a beam is supported at both ends, and is of the same breadth 
 throughout, then, if the load be uniformly distributed throughout the length 
 of the beam, the line bounding the compressed side should be a semi-ellipse. 
 
 The same form should be made use of for the rails of a wagon-way, 
 where they have to resist the pressure of a load rolling over them. 
 
 Similar plates of the same thickness, either supported at the ends or all 
 round, will carry the same weight either uniformly distributed or laid on 
 similar points, whatever be.their extent. 
 
 13
 
 146 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS GRIER. 
 
 The lateral strength of any beam, or bar of viood : stone, metal, &.C., is tn 
 proportion to its breadth multiplied by its depth 2 . In square beams the 
 lateral strengths are in proportion to the cubes of the sides, and in general 
 of like-sided beams as the cubes of the similar sides of the section. 
 
 The lateral strength of any beam or bar, one end being fixed in the wall 
 and the other projecting, is inversely as the distance of the weight from the 
 section acted upon ; and the strain upon any section is directly as the dis- 
 tance of the weight from that section. 
 
 The absolute strength of ropes or bars, pulled lengthwise, is in proportion 
 to the squares of their diameters. All cylindrical or prismatic rods are 
 equally strong in every part, if they are equally thick, but if not they will 
 break where the thickness is least. 
 
 The strength of a tube, or hollow cylinder, is to the strength of a solid 
 one as the difference between the fourth powers of the exterior and interior 
 diameters of tho tube, divided by the exterior diameter, is to the cube of 
 the diameter of a solid cylinder, the quantity of matter in each being the 
 game. Hence, from this it will be found, that a hollow cylinder is one-half 
 stronger than a solid one having the same weight of material. 
 
 The strength of a column to resist being crushed is directly as the square 
 of the diameter, provided it is not so long as to have a chance of bending. 
 This is true in metals or stone, but in timber the proportion is rather greater 
 than the square. 
 
 MODELS PROPORTIONED TO MACHINES. 
 
 The relation of models to machines, as to strength, deserves the particu 
 lar attention of the mechanic. A model may be perfectly proportioned in 
 all its parts as a model, yet the machine, if constructed in the same proper-, 
 tion, will not be sufficiently strong in every part; hence, particular attention 
 should be paid to the kind of strain the different parts are exposed to ; and 
 from the statements which follow, the proper dimensions of the structure 
 may be determined. 
 
 If the strain to draw asunder in the model be 1, and if the structure is 8 
 times larger than the model, then the stress in the structure will be 8 3 equa 1 
 612. If the structure is 6 times as large as the model, then the stress 01. 
 the structure will be 6 s equal 216, and so on ; therefore, the structure will be 
 much less firm than the model ; and this the more, as the structure is cube 
 times greater than the model. If we wish to determine the greatest size 
 we ean make a machine of which we have a model, we have, 
 
 The greatest weight which the beam of the model can bear, divided by 
 the weight which it actually sustains equal a quotient which, when multi- 
 plied by the size of the beam in the model, will give the greatest possible 
 size of the same beam in the structure. 
 
 Ex. If a beam in the model be 7 inches long, and bear a weight of 4 Ibs. 
 but is capable of bearing a weight of 26 Ibs. ; what is the greatest length 
 which we can make the corresponding beam in the structure ? Here 
 26 -r- 4 = 6-5, therefore, 6-5x7= 45-5 inches. 
 
 The strength to resist crushing, increases from a model to a structure in 
 proportion to their size, but, as above, the strain increases as the cubes; 
 wherefore, in this case, also, the model will be stronger than the machine, 
 and the greatest size of the structure will be found by employing the square 
 root of the quotient in the last rule, instead of the quotient itself; thus, 
 
 If the greatest weight which the column in a model can bear is 3 cwt., 
 and if it actually bears 28 Ibs., then, if the column be 18 inches high, we have 
 
 V/(-^ ) = 3-464 ; wherefore 3-464 X 18 = 62-352 
 inches, the length of the column in the structure.
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ADCOCK. 147 
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 
 
 [From Adcock's Engineer.] 
 
 List of metals, arranged according to their strength. Steel, wrought- 
 iron, cast-iron, platinum, silver, copper, brass, gold, tin, bismuth, zinc, anti- 
 mony, lead. 
 
 According to Tredgold's and Duleau's experiments, a piece of the best 
 bar-iron 1 square inch across the end would bear a weight of about 77,373 
 Ibs., while a similar piece of cast-iron would be torn asunder by a weight 
 of from 16,243 to 19,464 Ibs. Thin iron wires, arranged parallel to each 
 other, and presenting a surface at their extremity of 1 square inch, will 
 carry a mean weight of 126,340 Ibs. 
 
 List of woods, arranged according to their strength. Oak, alder, lime, 
 box, pine (sylv.), ash, elm, yellow pine, fir. 
 
 A piece of well-dried pine wood, presenting a section of 1 square inch, ia 
 able, according to Eytelwein, to support a weight of from 15,6?6 Ibs. to 
 20,408 Ibs., whilst a similar piece of oak will carry as much as 25,850 Ibs. 
 
 Hempen cords, twisted, will support the following weights to the square 
 inch of their section} 
 
 i-inch to 1 inch thick, 8,746 Ibs.; 1 to 3 inches thick, 6,800 Ibs.; 3 to 5 
 incnes thick, 5,345 Ibs.; 5 to 7 inches thick, 4,860 Ibs. 
 
 Tredgold gives the following rule for finding the weight in Ibs. which a 
 hempen rope will be capable of supporting : Multiply the square of the 
 circumference in inches by 200, and the product will be the quantity sought. 
 
 In the practical application of these measures of absolute strength, that 
 of metals should be reckoned at one-half, and that of woods and cords at 
 one-third of their estimated value. 
 
 In a parallelopipedon of uniform thickness, supported on two points and 
 loaded in the middle, the lateral strength is directly as the product of the 
 breadth into the square of the depth, and inversely as the length. Let W 
 represent the lateral strength of any material, estimated by the weight, b the 
 breadth, and d the depth of its end, and / the distance between the points of 
 support; then VV = fd-b-i- I. 
 
 If the parallelopipedon be fastened only at one end in a horizontal posi- 
 tion, and the load be applied at the opposite end, W = fd?b -f- 4/. 
 
 It is to be observed that the three dimensions, 6, d, and /, are to be taken 
 in the same measure, and that b be so great that no lateral curvature arise 
 from the weight; fin each formula represents the lateral strength, which 
 varies in different materials, and which must be learnt experimentally. 
 
 A beam having a rectangular end, whose breadth is two or three times 
 greater than the breadth of another beam, has a power of suspension re- 
 spectively two or three times greater than it ; if the end be two or three 
 times deeper than the end of the other, the suspension power of that which 
 has the greater depth exceeds the suspension power of the other, four or 
 nine times ; if its length be two or three times greater than the length of 
 another beam, its power of suspension will be or 1-3 respectively that of 
 the other ; provided that in each case the mode of suspension, the position 
 of the weight, and other circumstances be similar. Hence it follows that a 
 beam, one of whose sides tapers, has a greater power of suspension if 
 placed on the slant than on the broad side, and that the powers of suspen- 
 sion in both cases are in the ratio of their sides ; so, for instance, a beam, 
 one of whose sides is double the width of the other, will carry twice as 
 much if placed on the narrow side, as it would if laid on the wide one. 
 
 In a piece of round timber (a cylinder) the power of suspension is in 
 proportion to the diameters cubed, and inversely as the length; thus a 
 beam with a diameter two or three times longer than that of another, will 
 carry a weight 8 or 27 times heavier respectively than that whose diameter 
 is unity, the mode of fastening and loading it being similar in both cases.
 
 148 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ADCOCK. 
 
 The lateral strength of square timber is to that of a tree whence it is 
 hewn as 10 : 17 nearly. 
 
 A considerable advantage is frequently secured by using 1 hollow cylinders 
 instead of solid ones, whicn, with an equal expenditure of materials, have 
 far greater strength, provided only that the solid part of the cylinder be of 
 a sufficient thickness, and that the workmanship be good ; especially that 
 in cast metal beams the thickness be uniform, and the metal free from 
 flaws. According to Eytelwein, such hollow cylinders are to solid ones of 
 equal weight of metal as 1.212 : 1, when the inner semi-diameter is to the 
 outer as 1 : 2 ; according to Tredgold as 17 : 10, when the two semi-diame- 
 ters are to each other as 15 : 25, and as 2 : 1, when they are to each other as 
 7:10. 
 
 A method of increasing the suspensive power of timber supported at 
 both ends, is, to saw down from J to J of its depth, and forcibly drive in a 
 wedge ofjnetal or hard wood, until the timber is slightly raised at the mid- 
 dle out of the horizontal line. By experiment it was found that the suspen- 
 sive power of a beam thus cut 1-3 of its depth was increased l-19th, when 
 cut i it was increased l-29th, and when cut 3-4th through it was increased 
 l-87th. 
 
 The force required to crush a body increases as the section of the body 
 increases ; and this quantity being constant, the resistance of the body 
 diminishes as the height increases. 
 
 According to Eytelwein's experiments, the strength of celumns or tim- 
 bers of rectangular form in resisting compression is, as 
 
 1. The cube of their thickness (the lesser dimension of their section). 
 2. As the breadth (the greater dimension of their section). 3. inversely as 
 the square of their length. 
 
 Cohesive power of Bars of Metal one inch square, in Tons. 
 
 Iron. Swedish bar 29.20 
 
 Do., Russian bar 26.70 
 
 Do., English bar 25.00 
 
 Steel, cast 59.93 
 
 Do., blistered 59.43 
 
 Do., sheer 56.97 
 
 Copper, wrought . . . 15.08 
 
 Gun metal 16.23 
 
 Copper, cast 8.51 
 
 Brass, cast, yellow . . . 8.01 
 
 Iron, cast 7-87 
 
 Tin, cast 2.11 
 
 RELATIVE STRENGTH OF CAST AND MALLEABLE IRON. 
 
 It has been found, in the course of the experiments made by Mr. Hodg- 
 kinson and Mr. Fairbairn, that the average strain that cast iron will bear in 
 the way of tension, before breaking, is about seven tons and a half per 
 square inch ; the weakest, in the course of 16 trials on various descriptions, 
 bearing 6 tons, and the strongest 9 3-4 tons. The experiments of Telford 
 and Brown show that malleable iron will bear, on an average, 27 tons ; the 
 weakest bearing 2i, and the strongest 29 tons. On approaching the break- 
 ing point, cast iron may snap in an instant, without any previous symptom, 
 while wrought iron begins to stretch, with half its breaking weight, and so 
 continues to stretch till it breaks. The experiments of Hodgkinson and 
 Fairbairn show also that cast iron is capable of sustaining compression to 
 the extent of nearly 50 tons on the square inch ; the weakest bearing 36^ 
 tons, and the strongest 60 tons. In this respect, malleable iron is much in- 
 ferior to cast iron. With 12 tons on the square inch it yields, contracts in 
 length, and expands laterally j though it will bear 27 tons, or more, without 
 actual fracture. 
 
 Rcnnie states that cast iron may be crushed with a weight of 93,000 Ibs., 
 and brick with one of 562 Ibs. on the square inch.
 
 STRENGTH OF BEAMS. 
 
 149 
 
 X Tabular No. = Breaking weight, tons. 
 
 STRENGTH OF BEAMS. 
 [From Lowndes' Engineer's Hand-book, Liverpool, I860.] 
 
 SOLID, RECTANGULAR, AND ROUND : TO FIND THEIR STRENGTH. 
 
 Square and rectangular. 
 (Depth ins.) 2 X Thickness ins. 
 Length, ft. 
 
 Round. 
 
 (Diameter ins.) 3 . 
 
 ,.. , X 1 abular No. = Breaking weight, tons. 
 
 Length in ft. 
 
 Hollow. 
 
 (Outside dia. ins.) 3 (Inside dia. ins.) 
 
 '- X Tabular No. = Breaking weight 
 Length, ft. 
 tons. 
 
 Thickness not exceeding < 
 
 1 inch for iron. 
 3 ins. for wood. 
 
 2 ins. for iron. 
 6 ins.. for wood. 
 
 3 ins. for iron. 
 12 ins. for wood. 
 
 Square and Rectangular. 
 
 Cast and Wrought Iron 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 7 
 
 Teak and greenheart 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 Pitch pine, and Cana- 
 
 
 
 
 dian oak .... 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 Fir, red pine, and Eng- 
 
 
 
 
 lish oak .... 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 Round. 
 
 Cast and Wrought Iron 
 
 8 
 
 68 
 
 56 
 
 Teak and greenheart . 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 Fir and English oak . 
 
 14 
 
 125 
 
 1 
 
 To find the Breaking Weight in Ibs. use the Tabular No. below. 
 
 Thickness not exceeding J 
 
 1 inch for iron. 
 3 ins. for wood. 
 
 2 ins. for iron. 
 6 ins. for wood. 
 
 3 ins. for iron. 
 12 ins. for wood. 
 
 Square and Rectangular. 
 
 Iron 
 
 2240 
 
 1900 
 
 1570 
 
 Teak 
 
 800 
 
 710 
 
 570 
 
 Fir and oak .... 
 
 400 
 
 355 
 
 285 
 
 13*
 
 150 BEAMS CAST IRON FLANGED. 
 
 Round. 
 
 Iron 
 
 1800 
 
 1570 
 
 1260 
 
 Teak 
 
 640 
 
 570 
 
 460 
 
 Fir and oak .... 
 
 320 
 
 285 
 
 230 
 
 Though wrought and cast iron are represented in these rules as of equal 
 strength, it should be observed that while a cast iron bar 1 inch X 1 inch X 
 1 foot inch long, of average quality, will break with one ton, a similar bar 
 of wrought iron only loses its elasticity, and deflects l-16th of an inch, yet 
 as it can only carry a further weight by destroying its shape and increasing 
 the deflection, it is best to calculate on the above basis : 
 
 A wrought iron bar 1 in. X 1 in. X 1 ft. in. lone deflects 1-8 " It " 
 
 - - - n GJl It 
 
 1-16 with 1 ton. 
 1-8 
 2 1-2 
 
 The above rule gives the weight that will break the beam if put on the 
 middle. If the weight is laid equally all over, it would require double 
 the weight to break it. 
 
 A beam should not be loaded with more than 1-3 of the breaking weight 
 in any case, and as a general rule not with more than 1-4, for purposes of 
 machinery not with more than 1-6 to 1-10 depending on circumstances. 
 
 To find the proper size for any given purpose. 
 Rectangular. 
 
 Weight X Length ft. 
 
 SET i sr^ X 3 or 4 or 6, &c. according to circumstances = 
 
 Tabular No. 
 
 B D 2 ins. 
 
 Round. 
 
 V/ Weight X Length, ft, 
 
 V STTT sr 5 : X 3 or 4 or 6, &c. according to 
 
 Tabular No. 
 
 = diam. ins. 
 
 circumstances 
 
 CAST IRON WITH FEATHERS OR FLANGES : TO FIND THEIR STRENGTH. 
 
 Sec. area, bottom flange ins. X depth ins. . . . . , 
 
 A-? X 2 = Breaking weight, tons. 
 
 Length in feet. 
 
 If the metal exceeds 1 inch in thickness deduct l-8th. 
 
 If above 2 inches deduct l-4th. 
 
 This description of beam is of the strongest form, when the sectional area 
 of the bottom flange is six times that of the top flange. 
 
 In designing this description of beam, the bottom flange may be from 1-2 
 to 1 1-2 the depth of beam; the top flange from 1-4 to 1-3 the width of 
 the bottom one, and 2-3 to 1-2 the thickness of it; the feather being made 
 at the top a little thicker than the top flange, increasing to the bottom to 
 nearly the thickness of the bottom flange ; in this way avoiding any sud- 
 den variation in the thickness and saving weight ; many engineers, however, 
 prefer keeping the same thickness throughout in every part. The verti- 
 cal brackets for stiffening the girder should not be made straight, but hol- 
 lowed out something like the sketch, as thus they are much less liable to 
 crack, and all the corners should be well filled in. 
 
 In most cases it is necessary that the beam should be of uniform
 
 STRENGTH OF BEAMS. 
 
 151 
 
 depth throughout ; it will, however, save weight, without diminishing the 
 strength of the beam, if the width of the bottom flange be reduced very 
 considerably towards the ends ; 1-2 of the width of the middle being quite 
 sufficient; care being taken to maintain a sufficient surface for bearing, if 
 the beam has to be carried on a wall, 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 WROUGHT IRON BEAM3. 
 
 Girders. The sketch shows a very strong form for this description of 
 girder, when rolled solid. The top 
 flange being condensed and square is j ^^ |*J 
 
 in a good form to resist compression ; g^^^^*^^.-^-^*........ J ~.' 
 
 the bottom flange has a wider surface |T M 
 
 to rest on, and the middle rib is light ; 
 
 an experimental beam of this description 8 ins. deep and 11 feet long re- 
 quiring 5 tons to break it. 
 
 The top flange should have a sectional area 1 1-2 times that of the bottom. 
 
 When thus proportioned : 
 
 Sec. area top flange, ins- X depth ins. n .. 
 
 ' ' , - X 5 = Breaking weight in tons. 
 
 Length feet. 
 
 This is an inferior shape. Fig. 4. 
 
 In such a beam the top flange should have an area 
 1 3-4 that of the bottom flange. 
 
 When thus proportioned : 
 
 Sec, area top flange ins. X depth ins. . , . 
 
 Length feet. 
 weight, tons. 
 
 Beams of the above forms, made of plates and of L iron, are of equal 
 strength with the above ; care being taken to make the bottom flange of 
 double plates, with joint plates over the butts, allowing a little extra area 
 in the bottom to compensate for the rivet holes, though this is not necessary 
 if they are rivetted up by steam.
 
 152 
 
 STRENGTH OF BEAMS. 
 
 Ftg. 5. 
 
 WROUGHT IRON BEAMS. 
 
 Hollow Girders. The sketch represents the form 
 for hollow girders combining the greatest strength 
 with the least weight, the top being in the best form 
 for resisting compression. 
 
 The proportion of the bottom sectional area to that 
 of the top should be as 11 to 12, or 4-5 ; and the sides 
 should be well stiffened with angle iron, to keep them 
 from buckling ; the sectional area of the top and bot- 
 tom may be reduced at the extremities to 1-3 of the 
 area at the middle, without diminishing the strength of 
 the beam. 
 
 When thus proportioned : 
 Section, area top, ins. X depth ins. 
 
 Length feet, 
 weight, tons. 
 
 An experimental beam of this form, 75 feet long between supports, 4 feet 
 6 inches deep, with 6 cells at the top, about 6 inches square each, with a 
 sectional area 24 sq. ins., the sides stiffened with 1 1-2 L irons, 2 feet apart, 
 required 86 tons to break it. 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 In the plain hollow girder the top should have a sectional 
 area 1 3-4 that of the bottom. 
 
 Thus proportioned : 
 
 Section, area top, ins. X depth ins. , . 
 
 i H ? X 4 = Breaking weight 
 
 Length feet. 
 
 tons. 
 
 X 5 = Breaking 
 
 To find the strength of a round girder. 
 
 Sec. area, ins. X dia. ins. . . . , A 
 
 . , . = Breaking weight, tons. 
 
 Length feet. 
 
 To find the strength of any beam. 
 
 If the top flange is the weakest, find the compressive breaking strain in 
 tons per square inch due toils shape, thickness, and length. (See Columns.) 
 
 If the bottom is the weakest, find the tensional breaking strain of the 
 material in tons per square inch. 
 
 Then, 
 
 weaker fTange x breakin g strain > tons P er in - x de P th of beam ft< x 4 
 
 Length between supports, feet. 
 = Breaking weight, tons. 
 
 This rule will be found useful, either to confirm the results obtained from 
 the previous rules, or to find the strength of any beams of irregular shape 
 not included in them. 
 
 The mode of ascertaining the compression and tension on the top and 
 bottom flanges of beams is sufficiently simple. 
 
 Take the case of a beam, 20 feet long, 2 feet deep, with a weight of 20 
 tons on the middle} the force counteracting this weight will be 10 tons on
 
 SOLID COLUMNS. 
 
 153 
 
 each end; the force of compression at the top in the middle of the beam, 
 and that of tension at the bottom, taking the central weight as the fulcrum, 
 will be just in proportion to the leverage; in this case, as 10 to 2, or 5 to 1. 
 The force of 10 tons applied to the end will thus result in a force of 50 tons 
 of compression and tension on the flanges in the middle of the beam. Or 
 in a simple form, 
 
 Weight, tons X length, feet 
 
 - = Strain on top and bottom flanges, tons. 
 Depth, feet X 4 
 
 The ultimate compressive strength of boiler plate iron may be taken at 
 16 tons per square inch, the tensile strength at 20 tons per square inch; and 
 this is the reason why, in all wrought iron beams, the top requires to be the 
 strongest. 
 
 But as in cast iron the compressive strength is about 48 tons, while the 
 tensile strength is only about 7 tons per square inch, the bottom flange in 
 cast iron girders requires to be much the strongest. 
 
 The fullest information on this subject, and the experiments in detail, 
 will be found in Mr. Eaton Hodgkinson's experiments on the strength of 
 cast iron beams, and in Mr. Edwin Clark's work on the Britannia and Con- 
 way tubular bridges. 
 
 SOLID COLUMNS. 
 
 Fail by crushing with length under - - - 
 Principally by crushing from ----.. 
 Partly by crushing, partly by bending, from. 
 Altogether by bending above - - - - 
 
 ----- 5 diameters- 
 
 - - - 5 to 15 
 
 - - - 15 to 25 ' " 
 25 " 
 
 Cast iron of average quality is crushed with - - 49 tons per square inch. 
 
 Wrought iron of average quality is crushed with 16 " " 
 
 Wrought iron is permanently injured with - - - 12 " " 
 
 Oak wrought is crushed with ------- 4 " " '"' 
 
 Deal wrought is crushed with ------- 2 " " " 
 
 The comparative strength of different columns, of different lengths, will 
 be seen very clearly from the following table derived from experiments by 
 Mr. Hodgkinson : 
 
 Wrought Iron Bars. 
 
 Proportion of Length 
 to Thickness. 
 
 Gave way with 
 
 Square. 
 
 Length. 
 
 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 * 
 
 
 IX 1 
 
 u 
 
 7 to! 
 
 21-7 tons per sq. inch 
 
 It 
 
 I 3 
 
 15 to 1 
 
 15-4 
 
 a 
 
 2 6 
 
 30 to 1 
 
 113 
 
 ii 
 
 5 
 
 60 to 1 
 
 7-5 
 
 < 
 
 7 6 
 
 90 to 1 
 
 4-3 
 
 ixi 
 
 5 
 
 120 tol 
 
 25 
 
 " 
 
 7 6 
 
 180 to 1 
 
 1- 
 
 To find the strength of any wrought Iron column with square ends. 
 
 Area of column sq. inches x tons per inch corresponding to proportion of 
 length, as per table above = Breaking weight, tons.
 
 154 
 
 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS. 
 
 If the ends are rounded, divide the final result by 3 to find the breaking 
 weight. 
 
 In columns of oblong section, the narrowest side must always be taken in 
 calculating the proportion of height to width. 
 
 To find the strength of round columns exceeding 25 diameters in length. 
 Mr. Hodgkinson's rule. 
 
 (Diameter, ins.) 3 - 6 
 (Length, ft.) 1 - 7 
 
 X Tabular No. = Breaking weight, tons. 
 
 
 Square Ends. 
 
 Rounded or Moveable 
 Ends. 
 
 Wrought iron ----- 
 
 77 
 44 
 
 26 
 15 
 
 r * L- 
 
 4-5 
 
 1 7 
 
 RpH rfpal 
 
 3-3 
 
 1-2 
 
 A column should not be loaded with more than 1-3 of the breaking weight 
 in any case, and as a general rule, not with more than 1-4 ; for purposes o 
 machinery not with more than 1-6 to 1-10, according to circumstances. 
 
 Tables of Powers for the Diameters and Lengths of Columns. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 3-6 Power. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 36 Power. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 1- 
 
 7 in. 
 
 1102-4 
 
 4 
 
 2-23 
 
 
 
 1251- 
 
 i 
 
 4-3 
 
 I 
 
 1413-3 
 
 i 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 1590-3 
 
 2 
 
 12-1 
 
 8 
 
 1782-9 
 
 | 
 
 18-5 
 
 4 
 
 1991-7 
 
 I 
 
 27- 
 
 
 2217-7 
 
 1 
 
 38-16 
 
 i 
 
 2461-7 
 
 3 
 
 522 
 
 9 
 
 2724-4 
 
 
 
 69-63 
 
 1 
 
 3006-85 
 
 I 
 
 90-9 
 
 1 
 
 3309-8 
 
 1 
 
 116-55 
 
 i 
 
 3634-3 
 
 4 
 
 147- 
 
 10 
 
 398107 
 
 1 
 
 182-9 
 22468 
 
 4 
 
 43512 
 
 4745-5 
 
 i 
 
 272-96 
 
 1 
 
 5165- 
 
 5 
 
 328-3 
 
 11 
 
 56107 
 
 i 
 
 391-36 
 
 -j 
 
 6083-4 
 
 i : 462-71 
 
 | 
 
 6584-3 
 
 | ! 543-01 
 
 1 
 
 7114-4 
 
 6 
 
 63291 
 
 12 
 
 7674-5 
 
 i 
 
 733-11 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 844-28 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 967-15 
 
 
 
 Length. 
 
 1-7 Power. 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
 2 
 
 325 
 
 3 
 
 6-47 
 
 4 
 
 10 556 
 
 5 
 
 15-426 
 
 6 
 
 21-031 
 
 7 
 
 27-332 
 
 8 
 
 34-297 
 
 9 
 
 41-9 
 
 10 
 
 50-119 
 
 11 
 
 58-934 
 
 12 
 
 68-329 
 
 13 
 
 78289 
 
 14 
 
 88-8 
 
 15 
 
 9985 
 
 16 
 
 111-43 
 
 17 
 
 123-53 
 
 18 
 
 136-13 
 
 19 
 
 149-24 
 
 20 
 
 162-84 
 
 21 
 
 176-92 
 
 22 
 
 191-48 
 
 23 
 
 206-51 
 
 24 
 
 222-
 
 HOLLOW COLUMNS. 
 
 155 
 
 HOLLOW COLUMNS. 
 
 Hollow columns fail principally by crushing, provided the length does 
 not exceed 25 diameters; indeed, the length does not appear to affect the 
 strength much till it exceeds 50 diameters. 
 
 The comparative strength of different forms and of different thicknesses 
 will appear so distinctly from the experiments below, made by Mr. Hodg- 
 kinson, that no difficulty will be found in ascertaining the strength due to 
 any size or form of column that may be required. 
 
 Square Columns of Plate Iron Rivetted 
 Columns \Qft. in. long. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness. 
 
 Proportion of 
 Thickness to Width. 
 
 Proportion of 
 Length 
 to Width. 
 
 Break'g weight 
 Tons per sq. in. 
 of section. 
 
 4 in. X 4 in. 
 
 03 
 
 _1 
 
 30 to 1 
 
 4-9 
 
 " 
 
 06 
 
 F6" 
 
 '* 
 
 8-6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 wV 
 
 " 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2TT 
 
 " 
 
 12- 
 
 8 in. X 8;in. 
 
 06 
 
 i-kis 
 
 15 to 1 
 
 6- 
 
 " 
 
 14 
 
 ~SV 
 
 11 
 
 9- 
 
 u 
 
 22 
 
 A 
 
 " 
 
 11-5 
 
 " 
 
 25 
 
 THT 
 
 <( 
 
 12- 
 
 Column Sfeet inches long. 
 
 18 X 
 
 18 ! 
 
 5 
 
 Tj 1 ^- practically 
 
 5-4 to 1 
 
 13-6 
 
 Column Wfeet inches long, with Cells. 
 
 8 in. X 8 in. 
 
 06 
 
 jjg. of width of cells 
 
 15 to 1 
 
 8-6 
 
 To find the strength of any Hollow Wrought Iron Column. 
 
 o . Tons per inch, corresponding to the proportions of 
 
 lns- x length and thickness to width as per tables 
 Breaking weight, tons. 
 
 Columns of Oblong Section. 
 
 The strength of these may be ascertained by the same rule as that of 
 square columns. The smallest width being taken in calculating the pro- 
 portion of height to width, while the longest side must be taken into consid- 
 eration in calculating the proportion of thickness to width. 
 
 Column 10 feet inches long. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness. 
 
 Proportion of 
 Thickness 10 
 greatest Width. 
 
 Proportion of 
 Length to least 
 Width. 
 
 Actual Breaking 
 Weight Tons per 
 sq. in. of Section. 
 
 8 in. X4in. 
 
 06 
 
 "snnr 
 
 30 to 1 
 
 6-78
 
 156 
 
 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS. CRANE. PUMP. 
 
 Round Columns of Plate Iron Rivelted. 
 
 Columns 10 ft. in. Ions. 
 
 Same Columns 
 Reduced in Length. 
 
 Dia- 
 meter. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness. 
 
 Proportion 
 of thick- 
 ness to 
 Diameter. 
 
 Proportion 
 of length to 
 Diameter. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 Tons per 
 sq. inch. 
 
 Brc-iking Weights. 
 Tons per square inch. 
 
 5 ft. in. long. 
 
 "2 ft. C in. long. 
 
 1* 
 
 1 
 
 TV 
 
 SOtol 
 
 6-5 
 
 13-9 
 
 5-8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 sV 
 
 60 to 1 
 
 10-35 
 
 14-8 
 
 16-5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 48tol 
 
 13'3 
 
 15-6 
 
 16-3 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 TT 
 
 48 to 1 
 
 9-6 
 
 15-6 
 
 16- 
 
 2* 
 
 21 
 
 TV 
 
 48 to 1 
 
 9-9 
 
 IS- 
 
 17' 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 A 
 
 40tol 
 
 12-36 
 
 IS- 
 
 ' 16-5 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 
 30tol 
 
 12-34 
 
 13- 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 20tol 
 
 15- 
 
 17- 
 
 18-6 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 X 
 
 20 tol 
 
 18-6 
 
 
 
 It would seem from this that a thickness of 1-48, or 1-4 inch in thickness 
 for every foot in diameter is a good proportion for this kind of column. 
 
 It will be seen from these experiments, that it is the proportion of thick- 
 ness to the width of cell which regulates the strength within certain limits 
 of height. 
 
 And that a thickness of 1-30 or 1-8 inch for every 4 inches in width will 
 give the highest result practicable for square columns. 
 
 CRANE. 
 
 The strains on the principal parts can be ascertained with great ease in 
 the following manner the strength being proportioned accordingly. 
 
 To find the strain on the post. 
 
 Weight suspended, tons x Projection, feet 
 
 u iT e '3 ? r = Strain on top of post, tons. 
 
 Height of post above ground, feet 
 
 The post can then be calculated as a beam, twice as long as this height 
 from ground, with twice the weight on the middle. [See Beams.] 
 
 COLD WATER PUMP. 
 
 Usually 1-4 of cylinder diameter when the stroke is 1-2 that of piston. 
 1-3 1-4 
 
 Tojind the proper size, under any circumstances, capable of supplying twice 
 
 the quantity ordinarily used for injection. 
 Cub, ft. water per hour used in cylinder in form of steam _ 
 
 Stroke of pump, ft. X strokes peFHhnlte^ ~ Area of P um P 
 in square feet.
 
 VELOCITY OF FANS. 157 
 
 FAN. 
 
 Case should be strong and heavy. Bearings long. 
 Blades and arms as light and well balanced as possible. 
 Good proportions 
 
 Inlet = i diameter of fan, 
 
 Blades = | diameter of fan each way, 
 
 Outlet = area of blades. 
 
 The area of tuyeres is most advantageous when made 
 area of blades 
 
 density of blast, oz. per sq. inch, 
 and it should not exceed double this size. 
 
 VELOCITY OF FANS. 
 
 The best Velocity of Circumference for different Densitiet. 
 
 Velocity of Circumference. 
 Feet per Second. 
 
 Density of Blast. 
 Oz. per inch. 
 
 170 
 
 3 
 
 180 
 
 4 
 
 195 
 
 5 
 
 205 
 
 6 
 
 215 
 
 7 
 
 A speed of 180 to 200 feet per second, giving a density of 4 or 5 
 oz., is very suitable for smithy fires. 
 
 250 to 300 feet per second is a proper .speed for cupolas. 
 
 A fan 4 feet inch diameter, blade 1 foot inch square, will sup- 
 ply 40 fires with 1| tuyeres at a density of 4 oz. 
 
 To find the Horse Power required for any fan, 
 
 Let D = density of blast in oz. per inch. 
 
 A = area of discharge at tuyeres in square inches. 
 V = velocity of circumference in feet per second. 
 
 V 2 
 X D X A 
 
 Then 1UU " = Effective Horse Power required. 
 
 963 
 
 To find the density to be attained with any given fan. 
 Let D = diameter of fan in feet. 
 
 Then \ 4 / = Density of blast in oz. per inch. 
 
 120 X d. 
 
 Or the density may be found by comparison with the following 
 table : 
 
 14
 
 158 
 
 FRICTION. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. 
 
 Velocity of Circumference. 
 Feet per Second. 
 
 Area of Nozzles. 
 
 Density of Blast. 
 Oz. per inch. 
 
 150 
 
 Twice area of blades 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 Equal ditto 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 1-2 ditto 
 
 3 
 
 170 
 
 1-4 ditto 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 1-2 ditto 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 1-6 ditto 
 
 6 
 
 220 
 
 1-3 ditto 
 
 6 
 
 To find the quantity of air that will be delivered by any Fan, the 
 density being known. 
 
 Total area nozzles, sq. ft. X velocity, ft. per minute corresponding 
 to density (as per table) = Air delivered, cubic ft. per minute. 
 
 Density. 
 Oz. per Sq. Inch. 
 
 Velocity. 
 Feet per Minute. 
 
 Density. 
 Lbs. per Sq. Inch 
 
 Velocity. 
 Feet per Minute. 
 
 1 
 
 5,000 
 
 1 
 
 20,000 
 
 2 
 
 7,000 
 
 1* 
 
 24,500 
 
 3 
 
 8,600 
 
 2 
 
 28,300 
 
 4 
 
 10,000 
 
 2i 
 
 31,600 
 
 5 
 
 11,000 
 
 3 
 
 44,640 
 
 6 
 
 12,250 
 
 4 
 
 40,000 
 
 7 
 
 13,200 
 
 6 
 
 49,000 
 
 8 
 
 14,150 
 
 8 
 
 56.600 
 
 9 
 
 15,000 
 
 10 
 
 63,200 
 
 10 
 
 15800 
 
 12 
 
 69,280 
 
 11 
 
 16,500 
 
 15 
 
 78,000 
 
 12 
 
 17,300 
 
 20 
 
 89,400 
 
 FRICTION. 
 
 From Mr. Rennie's Experiments. 
 
 The friction of metal on metal, without unguents, 
 May be taken at 1-6 of the weight up to 40 Ibs. per sq. in. 
 
 100 
 
 " 800 " 
 
 500 " 
 
 1-10 of the weight. 
 1-13 " 
 
 800 Ibs. per inch forces out the oil. 
 
 Friction of journals under ordinary circumstances 1-30 of weight. 
 " well oiled, sometimes only 1-60 " 
 
 1-5 
 
 Brass on cast iron 1-4 " 
 Wrought on cast iron 1-3 " 
 With tallow at 
 " olive oil at 
 
 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. 
 (Revolutions per min.) 2 X dia. in ft. X weight 
 
 in terms of weight. 
 
 5870 
 
 = Centrifugal force
 
 PEDESTAL, BRACKET. TEMPERING. 159 
 
 PEDESTAL BRACKET. 
 
 PEDESTAL. 
 
 Good proportions. 
 Thickness of cover -4 of diameter of bearing, 
 
 of sole plate *3 " " 
 
 Diameter of bolts -25 " " if 2. 
 
 " " -18 " " if there are 4. 
 
 Distance between bolts twice diameter of bearing. 
 
 BRACKET. 
 
 Solid. Metal round brass equal to 1-2 diameter of bearing. 
 
 General thickness web, &.c. equal to 1-4 diameter of bearing. 
 With feathers. Width at lightest equal to diameter of bearing. 
 Thickness equal to 1-6 " " 
 
 TEMPERING. 
 
 The article after being completed, is hardened by being heated 
 gradually to a bright red, and then plunged into cold water; it is then 
 tempered by being warmed gradually and equably, either over a fire, 
 or on a piece of heated metal till of the color corresponding to the 
 purpose for which it is required, as per table below, when it is again 
 plunged into water. 
 
 Corresponding Temperature. 
 A very pale straw . 430 Lancets ) 
 Straw ... 450* Razors $ 
 
 Darker straw - - 470 Penknives ) All kinds of wood tools 
 Yellow - 490 Scissors $ Screw taps. 
 
 Brown yellow - 500 1 Hatchets, Chipping Chisels, 
 Slightly tinged purple 520 > Saws. 
 Purple - 530 } All kinds of percussive tools. 
 
 Dark purple - - 550^ > c . 
 Blue - - - 570" \ S P rm S 3 ' 
 Dark blue - - 600"? Soft for saws. 
 
 To Temper by the Thermometer. 
 
 Put the articles to be tempered into a vessel containing a sufficient 
 quantity to cover them, of Oil or Tallow ; Sand; or a mixture of 8 
 parts bismuth, 5 of lead, and 3 of tin, the whole to be brought up to, 
 and kept up at the heat corresponding to the hardness required, by 
 means of a suitable thermometer, tilt heated equally throughout; the 
 articles are then withdrawn and plunged into cold water. 
 
 If no thermometer is available, it may be observed that oil or tallow 
 begins to smoke at 430 a or straw color, and that it takes fire on a light 
 being presented, and goes out when the light is withdrawn, at 570 
 or blue. 
 
 CASE HARDENING. 
 
 Put the articles requiring (o be hardened, after being finished but 
 not polished, into an iron box in layers with animal carbon, that is,
 
 160 HEAT. SOLDERING. BORING AND TURNING. 
 
 horns, hoofs, skins, or leather, partly burned so as to be capable of 
 being reduced to powder, taking care that every part of the iron is 
 completely surrounded ; make the box tight with a lute of sand and 
 clay in equal parts, put the whole into the fire, and keep it at a light 
 red heat for half an hour to two hours, according to the depth of har- 
 dened surface required, then empty the contents of the box into 
 water, care being taken that any articles liable to buckle be put in 
 separately and carefully, end in first. 
 
 Cast iron may be case hardened as follows : 
 
 Bring to a red heat, and roll it in a mixture of powdered prussiate 
 of potash, saltpetre and sal-ammoniac in equal parts, then plunge, it 
 into a bath containing 2 oz. prussiate of potash, and 4 oz. sal-aimno- 
 niac per gallon of water. 
 
 HEAT. 
 
 EFFECTS OF HEAT AT CERTAIN TEMPERATURES. GRIER. 
 
 Tin and Bismuth, equal parts, melt at 283 degrees, Fahrenheit ; 
 tin melts at 442 ; polished steel acquires straw color at 460 ; bismuth 
 melts at 476 ; sulphur burns, at 560; oil of turpentine boils at 560; 
 polished steel acquires deep blue color at 580 ; lead melts at 594 ; lin- 
 seed oil boils at 600; quicksilver boils at 660 ; zinc melts at 700; iron, 
 bright red in the dark at 752 ; iron, red-hot in twilight at 884; red 
 heat fully visible in daylight at 1077 ; brass melts at 3807 ; copper 
 melts at 4587 ; silver melts at 4717 ; gold melts at 5237 ; welding heat 
 of iron, from 12777 ; welding heat of iron, to 13427 ; greatest heat of 
 smith's forge 17327; cast iron begins to melt at 17977; cast iron 
 thoroughly melted at 20577. 
 
 SOLDERING. 
 
 The solder for joints requires to be of some metal more fusible than 
 that of the substances to be joined. 
 
 For Copper, usual solder 6 to 8 parts brass to 1 of zinc ; 1 of tin 
 sometimes added. 
 
 A still stronger solder, 3 parts brass, 1 of zinc. 
 
 To prepare this .solder. Melt the brass in a crucible, when 
 melted add in the zinc, and cover over for 2 or 3 minutes till the 
 combination is effected, then pour it out, over a bundle of twigs, into 
 a vessel of water, or into a mould composed of a number of little 
 channels, so that the solder may be in long strips convenient for use. 
 
 Brass filings alone will answer very well. 
 
 To braze with this solder. Scrape the surfaces perfectly clean, 
 and secure the flange or joint carefully ; cover the surfaces to be 
 brazed with borax powder moistened ; apply the solder, and melt it 
 in with the flame of a clear coke fire from ;i smith's hearth ; partic- 
 ular care being taken not to burn the copper.
 
 BORING AND TURNING. BRASS CASTINGS. 
 
 161 
 
 Iron and brass are soldered with spelter, which is brass and zinc in 
 equal parts ; the process being performed in a manner similar to the 
 above. For ironwork, however, sometimes rather differently ; the 
 articles are fixed in their position, and the solder applied, a covering 
 of loam is then put over all to exclude the air, the work thus prepared 
 is then put into the fire a sufficient time to melt the solder in. 
 
 BORING AND TURNING. 
 
 The best speed for boring cast iron is about 7| feet per minute. 
 
 For drilling about 10 or 11 feet per minute is a good speed for the 
 circumference of the tool. For a 1 inch drill 40 revolutions = 11 
 feet per minute, other sizes in proportion 
 
 For turning, the proper speed for the circumference is about 15 
 feet per minute. 
 
 BRASS. 
 
 * COMPOSITIONS OF BRASS. 
 
 Watch-makers brass 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 IP 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 6 tc 
 9 ' 
 
 irt 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 lp; 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 rt 
 
 2 parts 
 1 " 
 1 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 
 Speculum metal 
 
 Bell metal 
 
 Light castings and small bearings . . . 
 Ditto a little harder .... 
 Heavy castings 
 
 Gun metal 
 
 The addition of a little lead makes the metal more easily wrought, 
 and is advantageous when the work is not intended for exposure to 
 heat. 
 
 BRASS CASTING. 
 
 As it is often useful to engineers, especially abroad, to be able to 
 cast brass, a slight description of the process may not be out of place. 
 
 The ordinary furnace used is of very simple construction. 
 
 After lighting the fire, put the pot intended for use bottom upwards 
 over it, so as to warm gradually through. As soon as the fire is 
 burned well through, put the pot into its place, resting the bottom on 
 a fire brick to keep it off the bars, and filling round with lumps of 
 coke to steady it; then put in the copper, either blocks cut up into 
 pieces of convenient size, or if this is not to be had, sheet copper 
 doubled up ; as the metal sinks down add more copper or old brass 
 till the pot is nearly full of melted metal ; now add the tin, and when 
 tins is melted and mixed, put in a piece or two of zinc; if this begins 
 to flare add the rest of the zinc in, stir it well in, lift the pot ou at 
 
 14*
 
 162 BRASS CASTINGS. WEIGHT OF ROPE. 
 
 once, skim the rubbish off the top, and pour into the mould. If, 
 however, it does not flare up, put a little coal on to excite the fire, 
 and cover over till it comes to a proper heat. As soon as the zinc 
 begins to flare, add in the rest, and take the pot off the fire. If old 
 brass alone is melted down no tin is required, but a small quantity of 
 zinc. If part copper and part brass, add tin and zinc in proportion to 
 the new copper, with a little extra zinc for the brass. 
 
 As soon as the boxes are run, it is the usual custom to open them 
 at once, and to sprinkle the castings with water from the rose of a 
 watering can, this has the effect of making them softer than they 
 would otherwise be ; the boxes are then emptied, and fresh moulds 
 made while fresh metal is being melted. 
 
 When the casting is completed, draw the bearer forward, and let 
 the bars all drop, so that the furnace can be effectually cleared from 
 the clinkers, and put the pot among the ashes to cool gradually. 
 
 The moulding boxes may be of hard wood, well secured at the 
 corners, either by dovetailing or by strong nails and iron corner 
 plates, with guides to keep the boxes fair with one another. A few 
 cross bars in the top box help to carry the sand. 
 
 Fresh green sand, the same as used for iron founding, mixed with 
 a small quantity of coal dust, about one-twelfth part, should be silted 
 over the patterns on all sides to the thickness of about an inch, the 
 box then filled up with old sand, and properly rammed up, and well 
 pricked to let the air and gas escape, then remove the patterns, and 
 dust over the mould with a little charcoal powder from a bag, or with 
 a little flour, cover over the box again, and the mould is ready for 
 pouring. 
 
 For long articles, spindles, bars, &c., make a good airhole at the 
 opposite end from where the metal is poured, incline the box slightly, 
 and pour the metal at the lower end ; for flat, thin and straggling ar- 
 ticles it is necessary to have two or more pouring holes, and to fill 
 them all at the same time. 
 
 The pots generally used are the Stourbridge clay pots, and black 
 lead pots, both kinds being made of various sizes up to 60 Ibs. ; the 
 former are less durable, but much cheaper than the latter, they re- 
 quire to be carefully hardenpd by gradual exposure to the fire. 
 
 Clay pots are made of 2 parts raw Stourbridge clay to 1 of gas coke 
 pulverized ; well mixed up together with water, dried gently, and 
 slightly baked in a kiln. 
 
 Black lead pots of 2 parts graphite, and 1 of fireclay, mixed with 
 water, baked slightly in a kiln, but not completely until required for 
 use. 
 
 The pots are made on a wood mould, the shape and size of the in- 
 side of the pot, the clay being plastered round it to the thickness 
 desired. 
 
 ROPE. 
 
 To find the breaking Weight of an ordinary Tarred Hemp Rope. 
 (Circumference, ins.) 2 -j- 5 = Breaking weight, tons. 
 A rope should not be loaded with more than 1-3 its breaking weight.
 
 WEIGHT OF ROPE. WEIGHT OF CASTINGS. 163 
 
 To find Weight of Rope or Tarred Cordage. 
 
 (Circumference ins.) 2 X Length, ft. -5- 24 = Weight, Ibs. 
 Or, 
 
 (Circumference ins.) 2 -5- 4 = Weight, Ibs. per fathom. 
 
 To find Weight of Tarred Hawser or Manilla Rope. 
 (Circumference ins.) 2 -5- 5 = Weight, Ibs. per fathom. 
 
 To find Weight of Hawser-Laid Manilla. 
 (Circumference ins.) 2 -f- 6 = Weight, Ibs. per fathom. 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 
 To find the Weight of any Casting. 
 
 Width in | ins. X Thickness in ins., or vice versa, -f- 10 X 
 Length, ft. = Weight, Ibs. cast iron. 
 
 For instance ; to find the weight of a casting 3^ ins. X l ins. X 
 2 ft. 6 ins. long. 
 
 13 x 9 -f- 10 = 11-7 X 2-5 == 29-25 Ibs. 
 
 This rule is very useful, and can easily be remembered in the fol- 
 lowing form. 
 
 Width in ins. X Thickness in ins. or vice versa, cut offl figure 
 for decimal, the result is Ibs. per foot of length. 
 
 For wrought iron add l-20th to the result; for lead add 1-2 ; for 
 brass add l-7th; for copper add l-5th. 
 
 To find the Weight from the Areas. 
 
 Area, sq. ins. X Length, ft. X 3 1-7 = Weight, Ibs. cast iron. 
 Multiplier for Cast iron 3-156 or 3 1-7. 
 
 " Wrought iron 3-312 or 3 1-3. 
 
 " Lead 4-854 
 
 " Brass 3644 
 
 Copper 3-87 
 
 Or, Area, sq. ins. X 10 = Ibs. per yard for wrought iron. 
 
 To find the Weight in cwts. 
 
 Area, sq. ins. X Length, ft. -4- 31-9 = Weight, cwts. cast iron. 
 For wrought iron, divide by 33.6. 
 
 WEIGHT OF BOILER PLATES. 
 
 Thickness, ins. 
 
 Weight, Ibs. per 
 sq. ft. 
 
 TV 
 
 2-5 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 A 
 
 7-5 
 
 i 
 10 
 
 TV 
 
 12-5 
 
 I 
 15 
 
 A 
 
 17-5 
 
 I 
 20 
 
 o 
 
 25 
 
 
 30 
 
 * 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 For cast iron deduct l-20th.
 
 164 
 
 CONTINUOUS CIRCULAR MOTION. 
 
 To find Weight of Boiler Plates in cwts. 
 Area sq. ft. 
 
 No. corresponding to thickness 
 in table below. 
 
 = Weight, cwts. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Divisor. 
 
 Thickness. Divisor. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Divisor. 
 
 In. 
 
 
 In. 
 
 
 In 
 
 
 1 
 
 22-4 
 
 I 
 
 7-5 
 
 f 
 
 4-48 
 
 A 
 
 15- 
 
 TV 
 
 6-3 
 
 
 
 3-73 
 
 i 
 
 11-2 
 
 * 
 
 5-6 
 
 i 
 
 3-2 
 
 TV 
 
 9- 
 
 A 
 
 5- 
 
 i 
 
 2-8 
 
 CONTINUOUS CIRCULAR MOTION. 
 
 
 
 IN mechanics, circular motion is transmitted by means of wheels, 
 drums, or pulleys; and accordingly as the driving and driven are of 
 equal or unequal diameters, so are equal or unequal velocities pro- 
 duced. Hence the principle on which the following rules are founded. 
 
 1. When time is not taken into Account. 
 
 RULE. Divide the greater diameter, or number of teeth, by the 
 lesser diameter or number of teeth ; and the quotient is the number 
 of revolutions the lesser will make, for one of the greater. 
 
 EXAMPLE. How many revolutions will a pinion of 20 teeth make, 
 for 1 of a wheel with 125 ? 
 
 125 H- 20 = 6.25 or 6| revolutions. 
 
 To find the number of revolutions of the last, to one of the first, 
 in a train of wheels and pinions. 
 
 RULE, Divide the product of all the teeth in the driving by the 
 product of all the teeth in the driven ; and the quotient equal the 
 ratio of velocity required. 
 
 EXAMPLE 1. Required the ratio of velocity of the last, to 1 of 
 the first, in the following 1 train of wheels and pinions ; viz., pinions 
 driving the first of which contains 10 teeth, the second 15, and 
 third 18. Wheels driven first, 15 teeth, second, 25, and third, 32. 
 
 10 X 15 X 18 
 
 ~ 57j = -225 of a revolution the wheel will make to one of the 
 
 lo X ^o X o^ 
 
 pinion. 
 
 EXAMPLE 2. A wheel of 42 teeth giving motion to one of 12, on 
 which shaft is a pulley of 21 inches diameter driving one of 6 ; required 
 the number of revolutions of the last pulley to one of the first wheel. 
 
 42 x 21 
 
 = 12.25 or 12.J revolutions. 
 
 \L X o 
 
 NOTE. Where increase or decrease of velocity is required to be communi- 
 cated by wheel-work, it has been demonstrated that the number of teeth on each 
 pinion should not be less than 1 to 6 of its wheel, unless there be some other im- 
 portant reason for a higher ratio.
 
 CONTINUOUS CIRCULAR MOTION. 165 
 
 2. When Time mu.it be regarded. 
 
 RULE. Multiply the diameter or number of teeth in the driver, 
 by its velocity in any given time, and divide the product by the re- 
 quired velocity of the driven; the quotient equal the number of teeth 
 or diameter of the driven, to produce the velocity required. 
 
 EXAMPLE 1. If a wheel, containing 84 teeth, makes 20 revolu- 
 tions per minute, how many must another contain, to work in contact, 
 and make 60 revolutions in the same time ? 
 
 84 X 20 -f- 60 = 28 teeth. 
 
 EXAMPLE 2. From a shaft making 45 revolutions per minute, 
 and with a pinion 9 inches diameter at the pitch line, I wish to trans- 
 mit motion at 15 revolutions per minute ; what, at the pitch line, must 
 be the diameter of the wheel ? 
 
 45 X 9 -f- 15 = 27 inches. 
 
 EXAMPLE 3. Required the diameter of a pulley to make 16 rev- 
 olutions in the same time as one of 24 inches making 36. 
 24 X 36 -f- 16 = 54 inches. 
 
 The distance between the centres and velocities of two wheels 
 being given, to find their proper diameters. 
 
 RULE. Divide the greatest velocity by the least; the quotient is 
 the ratio of diameter the wheels must hear to each other. 
 
 Hence, divide the distance between the centres by the ratio -f- 1 ; 
 the quotient equal the radius of the smaller wheel; and subtract the 
 radius thus obtained from the distance between the centres; the re- 
 mainder equal the radius of the other. 
 
 EXAMPLE. The distance of two shafts from centre to centre is 
 50 inches, and the velocity of the one 25 revolutions per minute, the 
 other is to make 80 in the same time ; the proper diameters of the 
 wheels at the pitch lines are required. 
 
 80 -H 25 = 3.2, ratio of velocity, and 50 -*- 3.2 + 1 = 11.9 the radius of 
 the smaller wheel; then 50 11.9 = 38.1, radius of larger; their diame- 
 ters are 11.9 X 2 = 23.8 and 38.1 X 2 = 76.2 inches. 
 
 To obtain or diminish an accumulated velocity by means of wheels, 
 pinions, or wheels, pinions, and pulleys, it is necessary that a propor- 
 tional ratio of velocity should exist, and which is thus attained : mul- 
 tiply the given and required velocities together; and the square root 
 of the product is the mean or proportionate velocity. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Let the given velocity of a wheel containing 54 teeth 
 equal 16 revolutions per minute, and the given diameter of an inter- 
 mediate pulley equal 25 inches, to obtain a velocity of 81 revolutions 
 in a machine ; required the number of teeth in the intermediate 
 wheel and diameter of the last pulley. 
 
 VSl X 16 36 mean velocity. 
 
 54 X 16 -T- 36 = 24 teeth and 25 x 36 -r- 81 = 11.1 inches, diam. of pulley.
 
 1GG CONTINUOUS CIRCULAR MOTION. 
 
 To determine the proportion of wheels for screw-cutting by a 
 Lathe. 
 
 In a lathe properly adapted, screws to any degree of pitch, or 
 number of threads in a given length, may be cut by means of a lead- 
 ing screw of any given pitch, accompanied with change wheels and 
 pinions; coarse pitches being effected generally by means of one 
 wheel and one pinion with a carrier, or intermediate wheel, which 
 cause no variation or change of motion to take place. Hence the 
 following 
 
 RULE. Divide the number of threads in a given length of the 
 screw which is to be cut, by the number of threads in the same 
 length of the leading screw attached to the lathe ; and the quotient 
 is the ratio that the wheel on the end of the screw must bear to that 
 on the end of the lathe spindle. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Let it be required to cut a screw with 5 threads in 
 an inch, the leading screw being of ^ inch pitch, or containing 2 
 threads in an inch ; what must be the ratio of wheels applied ? 
 
 5 -5- 2 = 2.5, the ratio they must bear to each other. 
 Then suppose a pinion of 40 teeth be fixed upon for the spindle, 
 40 x 2.5 = 100 teeth for the wheel on the end of the screw. 
 
 But screws of a greater degree of fineness than about 8 threads in 
 an inch are more conveniently cut by an additional wheel and pinion, 
 because of the proper degree of velocity being more effectively at- 
 tained ; and these, on account of revolving upon a stud, are commonly 
 designated the stud-wheels, or stud-wheel and pinion ; but the mode 
 of calculation and ratio of screw are the same as in the preceding 
 rule. Hence, all that is further necessary is to fix upon any 3 
 wheels at pleasure, as those for the spindle and stud-wheels; then 
 multiply the number of teeth in the spindle-wheel by the ratio of the 
 screw, and by the number of teeth in that wheel or pinion which is 
 in contact with the wheel on the end of the screw; divide the product 
 by the stud-wheel in contact with the spindle-wheel; and the quotient 
 is the number of teeth required in the wheel on the end of the lead- 
 ing screw. 
 
 EXAMPLE. - Suppose a screw is required to be cut containing 25 
 threads in an inch, and the leading screw, as before, having two 
 threads in an inch, and that a wheel of 60 teeth is fixed upon for the 
 end of the spindle, 20 for the pinion in contact with the screw-wheel, 
 and 100 for that in contact with the wheel on the end of the spindle; 
 required the number of teeth in the wheel for the end of the leading 
 ecrcw. 
 
 fiO x 12.5 x 20 
 25 -f- 2 = 12,5, and = 150 tneth. 
 
 Or suppose the spindle and screw-wheels to be those fixed upon, 
 also any one of the stud-wheels, to find the number of teeth in the 
 Other. 
 
 60 x 12.5 60 x 12.5 x 20 
 
 = 20 teetl) ' or - -- - = 10 leeth -
 
 CONTINUOUS CIRCULAR MOTION. 
 
 167 
 
 Table of Change Wheels for Screw-cutting ; the leading Screw 
 being 4 inch pitch, or containing 2 threads in an inch. 
 
 
 Numb, of 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 g 
 
 teeth in 
 
 .2 
 
 teeth in 
 
 .S 
 
 teeth in 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 "S 
 
 -; 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 t-4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 J3> 
 
 
 H 
 
 ajz 
 
 t 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 s| 
 
 || 
 
 j 
 
 < o 
 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 g 
 
 o o 
 
 3 
 
 || 
 
 S !f 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 >n "" 
 
 _i 
 
 -3 
 
 a ? 
 8* 
 
 T3 
 
 is 
 
 8 
 
 B 
 
 $> 
 
 'S. 
 
 to 
 
 
 '3. 
 
 S.I 
 
 .5 
 
 bo 
 
 i-, m 
 
 'S. 
 
 S.S 
 
 S 
 
 bo 
 
 .0 O 
 
 J3 S 
 
 S 
 
 0)<~ 
 f, 
 
 rt CJ 
 
 ~v 
 
 -~ 
 
 . 'B. 
 
 (O W 
 
 -5 
 
 l-s 
 
 '31 
 
 || 
 
 <o 13 
 
 "3 "> 
 
 2-5 
 
 ^ o 
 
 II 
 
 K 
 '3 g 
 
 fc.5 
 
 j 
 
 j 
 
 fc.S 
 
 ,31 
 
 $ 
 
 st 
 
 jl 
 
 fcl 
 
 3* 
 
 t 
 
 si 
 
 J^ 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 84 
 
 40 
 
 55 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 95 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 1* 
 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 85 
 
 20 
 
 90 
 
 194 
 
 80 
 
 120 
 
 20 
 
 130 
 
 14 
 
 80 
 
 60 
 
 8| 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 11 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 94 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 95 
 
 20^ 
 
 40 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 65 
 
 21 
 
 80 
 
 120 
 
 20 
 
 140 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 22 
 
 60 
 
 110 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 24 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 104 
 
 50 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 75 
 
 224 
 
 80 
 
 120 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 2| 
 
 80 
 
 110 
 
 11 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 22| 
 
 80 
 
 130 
 
 20 
 
 140 
 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 120 
 
 12 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 23| 
 
 40 
 
 95 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 H 
 
 80 
 
 130 
 
 12i| 
 
 60 
 
 85 
 
 20 
 
 90 
 
 24 
 
 65 
 
 120 
 
 20 
 
 130 
 
 34 
 
 80 
 
 140 
 
 13 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 130 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 3ii 
 
 80 
 
 150 
 
 134 
 
 60 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 90 
 
 254 
 
 30 
 
 85 
 
 20 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 13| 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 110 
 
 26 
 
 70 
 
 130 
 
 20 
 
 140 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 85 
 
 14 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 140 
 
 27 
 
 40 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 90 
 
 14^ 
 
 60 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 95 
 
 274 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 110 
 
 4| 
 
 40 
 
 95 
 
 15 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 28 
 
 75 
 
 140 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 16 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 284 
 
 30 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 95 
 
 54 
 
 40 
 
 110 
 
 16* 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 20 130 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 140 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 120 
 
 164 
 
 80 
 
 110 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 64 
 
 40 
 
 130 
 
 17 
 
 45 
 
 85 
 
 20 
 
 90 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 110 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 140 
 
 174 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 140 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 85 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 74 
 
 40 
 
 150 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 35 
 
 60 
 
 140 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 120 
 
 ISf 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 20 150 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 Table by which to determine the Number of Teeth, or Pitch of 
 Small Wheels, by what is commonly called the Manchester 
 Principle. 
 
 Diametral 
 Pitch. 
 
 Circular 
 Pitch. 
 
 Diametral 
 Pitch. 
 
 Circular 
 Pitch. 
 
 3 
 
 1.047 
 
 9 
 
 .349 
 
 4 
 
 .785 
 
 10 
 
 .314 
 
 5 
 
 .623 
 
 12 
 
 .262 
 
 6 
 
 .524 
 
 14 
 
 .224 
 
 7 
 
 .449 
 
 16 
 
 .196 
 
 8 
 
 .393 
 
 20 
 
 .157
 
 168 
 
 WHEELS AND GUDGEONS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 1. Required the number of teeth that a wheel of 16 
 inches diameter will contain of a 10 pitch. 
 
 16 X 10 = 160 teeth, and the circular pitch = .314 inch. 
 
 EXAMPLE 2. What must be the diameter of a wheel for a 9 pitch 
 of 126 teeth ? 
 
 126 -r- 9 = 14 inches diameter, circular pitch .349 inch. 
 
 NOTE. The pitch U reckoned on the diameter of the wheel instead of the cir- 
 cumference, and designated wheels of 8 pitch, 12 pitch, &c. 
 
 Strength of the Teeth of Cast Iron Wheels at a given Velocity. 
 
 Pitch 
 of teeth 
 in inches. 
 
 Thickness 
 of teeth 
 in inches. 
 
 Brradth 
 
 of teeth 
 in inches. 
 
 Strength of teeth in horse -power at 
 
 3 feet per 
 second. 
 
 4 feet per 
 second. 
 
 feet per 
 second. 
 
 8 feet per 
 second. 
 
 3.99 
 
 1.9 
 
 7.6 
 
 20.57 
 
 27.43 
 
 41.14 
 
 54.85 
 
 3.78 
 
 1.8 
 
 7.2 
 
 17.49 
 
 23.32 
 
 34.98 
 
 46.64 
 
 3.57 
 
 1.7 
 
 6.8 
 
 14.73 
 
 19.65 
 
 29.46 
 
 39.28 
 
 3.36 
 
 1.6 
 
 6.4 
 
 12.28 
 
 16.38 
 
 24.56 
 
 3274 
 
 3.15 
 
 1.5 
 
 6. 
 
 10.12 
 
 13.50 
 
 20.24 
 
 26.98 
 
 2.94 
 
 1.4 
 
 5.6 
 
 8.22 
 
 10.97 
 
 16.44 
 
 21.92 
 
 2.73 
 
 1.3 
 
 5.2 
 
 6.58 
 
 8.78 
 
 13.16 
 
 17.54 
 
 2.52 
 
 1.2 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.18 
 
 6.91 
 
 10.36 
 
 13.81 
 
 231 
 
 1.1 
 
 4.4 
 
 3.99 
 
 5.32 
 
 7.98 
 
 10.64 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 4. 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 .89 
 
 .9 
 
 3.6 
 
 2.18 
 
 2.91 
 
 436 
 
 5.81 
 
 .68 
 
 .8 
 
 3.2 
 
 1.53 
 
 2.04 
 
 .06 
 
 3.08 
 
 .47 
 
 .7 
 
 2.8 
 
 1.027 
 
 1.37 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.72 
 
 .26 
 
 .6 
 
 2.4 
 
 .64 
 
 .86 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.84 
 
 .05 
 
 .5 
 
 2. 
 
 .375 
 
 .50 
 
 .75 
 
 1.00 
 
 WHEELS AND GUDGEONS. 
 
 To find size of Teeth necessary to transmit a given Horse Power. 
 
 (Tredgold.) 
 Horse power X 240 
 
 Diameter of wheel, ft. X Revs, per min. 
 
 = Strength of tooth. 
 
 / Strength Strength 
 
 V =5 = Pitch, ins. -j = Breadth, ins. 
 
 Breadth, ins. (Pitch, ins.) 2 
 
 The above rule will be found very suitable for a speed of circum- 
 ference of about 240 feet per minute. For speeds above, add to 240 
 half the difference, for speeds below, deduct half the difference, be- 
 tween 240 and the actual speed, the result being a suitable multiplier. 
 
 For instance ; at 300 ft. per minute, 60 being the difference, 240 -f- 
 30 = 270 multiplier. 
 
 At 160 ft. per minute, 80 being the difference, 240 40 = 200 
 multiplier.
 
 WATER. 
 
 169 
 
 The reason being, that with higher spe.eds, the friction, wear, and 
 liability to shocks is increased, at lower speeds decreased, and the 
 teetli may advantageously be proportioned accordingly. 
 
 To find the Horse Power that any Wheel will transmit. 
 (Pitch, in.) 2 X Breadth, ins. X Diameter ft. X Revs, per minute 
 
 Appropriate No. according to speed, as above. 
 = Horse Power. 
 
 To find the multiplying number for any Wheel. 
 (Pitch, ins.) 2 X Breadth, ins. X Diameter ft. X Revs, per minute 
 
 Horse Power 
 = Multiplying No. as above. 
 
 To find the size of Teeth to carry a given load in Ibs. 
 Load, Ibs. ~ 1120 = Breaking strength of teeth. 
 Load, Ibs. -f- 280 = Strength for very low speeds, and for steady 
 
 work; being 4 times the breaking strength. 
 Load, Ibs. -=- 140 = Strength for ordinary purposes of machinery ; 
 
 being 8 times the breaking strength. 
 Load, Ibs. -H 100 = Strength for high speeds, and irregular work ; 
 
 or when the teeth are exposed to shocks. 
 As before, 
 
 Strength ./~StrengtiT~ 
 
 /n-. i .,= Breadth, ins. V ,, -- = Pitch, ins. 
 
 (Pitch, ins.) 2 Breadth, ins. 
 
 WATER. 
 
 To find the quantity of Water that will be discharged through an 
 orifice, or pipe, in the side or bottom of a Vessel. 
 
 Area of orifice, sq. in. xP- corr s P ond l& to height of surface 
 
 above orifice, as per table 
 
 = Cubic feet discharged per minute. 
 
 Height of 
 Surface above 
 Orifice. 
 
 Multiplier. 
 
 Height of 
 
 Surface above 
 OriBce. 
 
 Multiplier. 
 
 Height of 
 Surface above 
 Orifice. 
 
 Multiplier. 
 
 1 
 
 2-25 
 
 Ft. 
 
 18 
 
 9-5 
 
 Ft. 
 
 40 
 
 14-2 
 
 2 
 
 3-2 
 
 20 
 
 10- 
 
 45 
 
 15-1 
 
 4 
 
 4-5 
 
 22 
 
 10-5 
 
 50 
 
 16- 
 
 6 
 
 5-44 
 
 24 
 
 11- 
 
 60 
 
 17-4 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 26 
 
 11-5 
 
 70 
 
 18-8 
 
 10 
 
 71 
 
 28 
 
 12- 
 
 80 
 
 20-1 
 
 12 
 
 7-8 
 
 30 
 
 12-3 
 
 90 
 
 21-3 
 
 14 
 
 84' 
 
 32 
 
 12-7 
 
 100 
 
 22-5 
 
 16 
 
 9- 
 
 35 
 
 13-3 
 
 
 
 15
 
 170 WATER. 
 
 To find the size of hole necessary to discharge' a given quantity of 
 Water under a given head. 
 
 Cubic ft. water discharged 
 
 T: -. u . , . . . . = Area of orifice, so. in. 
 
 o. corresponding to height, as per table 
 
 To find the height necessary to discharge a given quantity through 
 a given orifice. 
 
 Cubic ft. water discharged 
 
 = No. corresp. to height, as per table. 
 Area orifice, sq. inches. 
 
 The velocity of Water issuing from an orifice in the side or bottom 
 of a vessel being ascertained to be as follows : 
 
 ^Height ft. surface above orifice X 5-4 = \ Velocity of water, ft. 
 
 { per second. 
 
 ^Height ft. X Area orifice, ft. X 324 = j Cubic ^^^^ PCr 
 
 ./Height ft. X Area orifice, ins. X 2-2 = Do. Do. 
 
 It may be observed, that the above rules represent the actual 
 quantities that will be delivered through a hole cut in the plate ; if a 
 short pipe be attached, the quantity will be increased, the greatest 
 delivery with a straight pipe being attained with a length equal to 4 
 diameters, and being 1-3 more than the delivery through the plain 
 hole ; the quantity gradually decreasing as the length of pipe is in- 
 creased, till, with a length e'qual to 60 diameters the discharge again 
 equals the discharge through the plain orifice. If a taper pipe be 
 attached the delivery will be still greater, being l times the deliv- 
 ery through the plain orifice ; and it is probable that if a pipe with 
 curved decreasing taper were to be tried, the delivery through it 
 would be equal to the theoretical discharge, which is about 1-65 the 
 actual discharge through a plain hole. 
 
 To find the quantity of Water that will run through any orifice, 
 the top of which is level with the surface ofivater as over a sluice 
 or dam. 
 
 /Height, ft. from water surface to bot- ? .. Area of water ) ., nig 
 ' totn of orifice or top of dam $ passage, sq. ft. ) 
 = Cub. ft. discharged per minute. 
 
 Or, 
 Two-thirds Area of water passage, sq. ins. X No. corresponding to 
 
 height as per table, = Cub. ft. discharged per minute. 
 
 To find the time in which a Vessel will empty itself through a 
 given orifice. 
 
 "/Height ft. surfaee above orifice X Area water surface, sq. ins. 
 
 Area orifice, sq. in. X 3-7 
 = Time required, seconds. 
 
 The above rules are founded on Bank's experiments.
 
 MECHANICAL TABLES 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 OPERATIVE SMITHS, MILLWRIGHTS, 
 
 AND 
 
 ENGINEERS
 
 172 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 MECHANICAL TABLES 
 
 FOR THE USE OF OPERATIVE SMITHS, MILLWRIGHTS, AND 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 The following Tables, originally dedicated to ' the National Asso- 
 ciation of the Forgers of Iron Work,' England, by JAMES Fo- 
 DEIT, will be found extremely useful to Smiths, generally, and 
 are accompanied by Practical Examples. TEMPLETON. 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 .Circ. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circ. 
 
 In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 In. 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 1 
 
 3} 
 
 54 
 
 1 54 
 
 10 
 
 2 7| 
 
 1 2| 
 
 3 9J 
 
 1 61 
 
 4 114 
 
 U 
 
 34 
 
 Bf 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 1 2J 
 
 3 9^ 
 
 1 7 
 
 4 11| 
 
 u 
 
 3J 
 
 51 
 
 1 6 
 
 10| 
 
 2 7| 
 
 1 2g 
 
 3 91 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 4| 
 
 51 
 
 1 6f 
 
 o 104 
 
 2 8^ 
 
 1 21 
 
 3 lO^ 
 
 1 7i 
 
 5 
 
 li 
 
 4| 
 
 6 
 
 1 6| 
 
 lOf 
 
 2 8J 
 
 1 21 
 
 3 10 
 
 1 7^ 
 
 5 Of 
 
 if 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 8J 
 
 1 3 
 
 3 11 
 
 1 ?! 
 
 5 0| 
 
 1| 
 
 5fi 
 
 81 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 lOf 
 
 2 9f 
 
 
 
 1 7i 
 
 5 14 
 
 1| 
 
 51 
 
 i 
 
 1 7| 
 
 10| 
 
 2 91 
 
 1 3| 
 
 3 114 
 
 1 7| 
 
 5 l| 
 
 2 
 
 o 64 
 
 6| 
 
 1 8 
 
 o 101 
 
 2 10J 
 
 1 3^ 
 
 3 111 
 
 1 7| 
 
 5 2 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 1 8f 
 
 11 
 
 2 10^ 
 
 1 3f 
 
 4 04 
 
 1 7 
 
 5 2| 
 
 2J 
 
 6| 
 
 6| 
 
 1 8| 
 
 
 
 1 34 
 
 4 0| 
 
 1 8 
 
 5 2| 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 9J 
 
 11J 
 
 2 101 
 
 1 8| 
 
 4 1 
 
 
 
 2| 
 
 7f 
 
 l 
 
 1 94 
 
 o 114 
 
 2 11^ 
 
 1 31 
 
 4 1} 
 
 1 8J 
 
 5 3J 
 
 2i 
 
 71 
 
 7 
 
 1 91 
 
 llf 
 
 2 Hi 
 
 1 31 
 
 4 11 
 
 1 84 
 
 5 3f 
 
 2 I 
 
 8} 
 
 
 
 o 114 
 
 3 
 
 1 4 
 
 4 24 
 
 1 8| 
 
 5 4 
 
 2| 
 
 8| 
 
 l 
 
 1 lOf 
 
 11| 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 Si 
 
 5 4f 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 7J 
 
 1 10| 
 
 lia 
 
 3 01 
 
 1 4J 
 
 4 2f 
 
 1 8| 
 
 5 4| 
 
 3 
 
 9| 
 
 71 
 
 1 11J 
 
 111 
 
 3 14 
 
 1 44 
 
 4 3 
 
 1 81 
 
 5 5i 
 
 
 
 rl 
 
 1 Hi 
 
 1 
 
 3 if 
 
 1 4f 
 
 4 31 
 
 1 81 
 
 5 54 
 
 31 
 
 9| 
 
 7* 
 
 1 ill 
 
 
 
 1 44 
 
 4 31 
 
 1 9 
 
 5 51 
 
 34 
 
 10J 
 
 7| 
 
 2 04 
 
 1 OJ 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 4| 
 
 4 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 104 
 
 7* 
 
 2 0| 
 
 1 04 
 
 3 2| 
 
 1 41 
 
 4 4i 
 
 1 9} 
 
 5 6| 
 
 3i 
 
 o 105 
 
 8 
 
 IS 
 
 1 Of 
 
 3 21 
 
 1 41 
 
 4 5 
 
 1 94 
 
 5 61 
 
 3f 
 
 llf 
 
 
 
 1 Oi 
 
 3 34 
 
 1 5 
 
 4 5f 
 
 1 9| 
 
 5 7J 
 
 31 
 
 11| 
 
 8J 
 
 2 14 
 
 i of 
 
 3 3| 
 
 
 
 1 9 
 
 5 7| 
 
 31 
 
 1 OJ 
 
 84 
 
 2 11 
 
 1 0| 
 
 3 4 
 
 1 5J 
 
 4 5| 
 
 1 9| 
 
 5 8 
 
 4 
 
 1 Oh 
 
 81 
 
 2 24 
 
 1 01 
 
 3 4| 
 
 1 54 
 
 4 6J 
 
 1 91 
 
 5 8| 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 2 2| 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 41 
 
 1 51 
 
 4 6i 
 
 1 91 
 
 5 8| 
 
 4J 
 
 1 01 
 
 if 
 
 2 3 
 
 
 
 1 5| 
 
 4 61 
 
 1 10 
 
 5 9 
 
 41 
 
 1 14 
 
 8| 
 
 2 3| 
 
 1 11 
 
 3 5J 
 
 1 5| 
 
 4 7J 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 1 If 
 
 81 
 
 2 31 
 
 1 14 
 
 3 5| 
 
 1 51 
 
 4 71 
 
 1 10J 
 
 5 94 
 
 4* 
 
 1 2J 
 
 9 
 
 2 44 
 
 1 If 
 
 3 6 
 
 1 51 
 
 4 SJ 
 
 1 104 
 
 5 91 
 
 4 I 
 
 1 24 
 
 
 
 1 1* 
 
 3 61 
 
 1 6 
 
 4 8i 
 
 1 101 
 
 5 104 
 
 4f 
 
 1 21 
 
 9J 
 
 2 4| 
 
 1 15 
 
 3 61 
 
 
 
 i io| 
 
 5 10* 
 
 41 
 
 1 34 
 
 94 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 li 
 
 3 7J 
 
 1 6} 
 
 4 81 
 
 1 104 
 
 5 11 
 
 5 
 
 1 3| 
 
 9| 
 
 2 51 
 
 ] 11! 3 7A 
 
 1 64 
 
 4 94 
 
 1 lOf 
 
 5 llf 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 2 5| 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 71 
 
 I 61 
 
 4 9| 
 
 1 101 
 
 5 ll| 
 
 5| 
 
 1 4 
 
 91 
 
 2 6J 
 
 
 
 1 6i 
 
 4 10 
 
 1 11 
 
 6 04 
 
 64 
 
 1 4| 
 
 9| 
 
 2 6ft 
 
 1 2J 3 8| 
 
 1 6| 
 
 4 10| 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 1 41 
 
 91 2 7 
 
 1 24 3 8i| 
 
 1 61 
 
 4 101 
 
 i iij 
 
 6
 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 173 
 
 Diain. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. in. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. hi. 
 
 Ft In 
 
 1 Hi 
 
 6 1 
 
 2 41 
 
 7 6$ 
 
 2 lOf 
 
 8 llf 
 
 3 4 
 
 10 5f 
 
 3 9* 
 
 n 10; 
 
 1 llf 
 
 6 1| 
 
 2 5 
 
 7 7 
 
 2 10j 
 
 9 Of 
 
 
 
 3 9 
 
 11 11; 
 
 1 Hi 
 
 6 if 
 
 
 
 2 10$ 
 
 9 01 
 
 3 41 
 
 10 6 
 
 3 91 
 
 11 111 
 
 1 llf 
 
 6 21 
 
 2 5A 
 
 7 7$ 
 
 2 103 
 
 9 li 
 
 3 4| 
 
 10 6| 
 
 3 91 
 
 12 
 
 1 111 
 
 6 24 
 
 2 5| 
 
 7 7| 
 
 2 101 
 
 9 14 
 
 3 4| 
 
 10 61 
 
 3 10 
 
 12 Oj 
 
 1 111 
 
 6 3 
 
 2 5| 
 
 7 8j 
 
 2 11 
 
 9 1| 
 
 3 44 
 
 10 71 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 3f 
 
 2 54 
 
 7 8$ 
 
 
 
 3 4$ 
 
 10 7* 
 
 3 1012 0^ 
 
 2 01 
 
 6 3| 
 
 2 54 
 2 5| 
 
 7 9 
 7 9| 
 
 2 111 
 2 111 
 
 9 2| 
 9 2$ 
 
 3 41 
 
 3 41 
 
 10 8 
 10 8| 
 
 3 I0|!l2 1* 
 3 10| i 12 Ij 
 
 2 Oi 
 
 6 41 
 
 2 51 
 
 7 91 
 
 2 11| 
 
 9 3 
 
 3 5 
 
 10 81 
 
 3 10* 12 2 
 
 2 Of 
 
 6 44 
 
 2 6 
 
 7 10| 
 
 2 111 
 
 9 34 
 
 
 
 3 10$ 12 2| 
 
 2 04 
 
 6 4| 
 
 
 
 2 11$ 
 
 9 31 
 
 3 5 
 
 10 9A 
 
 3 10| 12 2^ 
 
 2 Of 
 
 6 6| 
 
 2 61 
 
 7 104 
 
 2 ll| 
 
 9 4| 
 
 3 6i 
 
 10 94 
 
 3 10112 3- 
 
 2 01 
 
 6 53 
 
 2 el 
 
 7 II 8 
 
 2 Hi 
 
 9 4 
 
 3 5| 
 
 10 9| 
 
 3 11 
 
 12 3| 
 
 2 
 
 6 61 
 
 2 4 
 
 7 111 
 
 3 
 
 9 5 
 
 3 54 
 
 10 10} 
 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 6 64 
 
 2 el 
 
 7 111 
 
 
 
 3 5* 
 
 10 10| 
 
 3 11^ 
 
 12 4 
 
 
 
 2 6* 
 
 8 0| 
 
 3 OA 
 
 9 5f 
 
 3 5110 Hi 
 
 3 ll| 12 4j 
 
 2 1J 
 
 6 6| 
 
 2 ef 
 
 8 04 
 
 3 0| 
 
 9 5* 
 
 3 5110 111 
 
 3 11|12 4\ 
 
 2 li 
 
 6 li 
 
 2 6| 
 
 8 01 
 
 3 Of 9 6i 
 
 3 6 
 
 10 111 
 
 3 11412 5J 
 
 2 If 
 
 6 7$ 
 
 2 7 
 
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 3 14 9 10| 
 
 3 7A 
 
 11 3f 
 
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 2 2* 
 
 6 llf 
 
 2 8i 
 
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 3 1| 9 104 
 
 3 7| 
 
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 4 01 12 95 
 
 2 21 
 
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 3 7f 
 
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 4 1 
 
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 2 25 
 
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 2 3 B 
 
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 3 7$ 
 
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 2 3J 
 
 7 14 
 
 2 81 
 
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 3 8 
 
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 4 14 12 ll/ 
 
 2 3| 
 
 7 2 
 
 2 9 
 
 8 7$ 
 
 3 2J 10 01 
 
 
 
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 2 34 
 
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 3 24 10 ll 
 
 3 8A 
 
 11 64 
 
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 2Q5. 
 8 
 
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 2 .4 8 
 
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 3 3110 2| 
 
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 3 8111 81 
 
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 2 91 
 
 8 lOf 
 
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 2 4|i 7 51 
 
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 2 10| 8 11$ 
 
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 11 104 
 
 4 3 13 4j 
 
 15*
 
 174 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 Diam. Circ. Diam. Circ. Diam. Circ. Diam. Circ. Diam. Circ. 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. 
 4 3 13 
 4 3413 
 4 3|13 
 4 3413 
 4 3413 
 
 ">! 20 3 
 
 20 Sf 
 
 20 3| 
 
 n : <20 44 
 
 5 s 20 44 
 
 G 20 5 
 
 6' 20 
 
 64 20 5: 
 
 (-^ 20 6 
 
 6-3. 20 6i 
 
 f20 7 
 
 6? 20 7 
 
 61 20 7
 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 175 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Cire. 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 6 7 
 
 20 8^ 
 
 7 0422 If 
 
 7 61 
 
 23 7 H 
 
 7 11425 04 
 
 8 54 26 6 
 
 
 
 7 Of 
 
 22 Ij, 
 
 7 6423 74 
 
 7 llf 25 1 
 
 8 5| 
 
 26 6f 
 
 6 71 
 
 20 84 
 
 7 04 
 
 22 2; 
 
 7 6f23 71 
 
 8 
 
 25 14 
 
 8 5.J 
 
 26 6| 
 
 6 -,1 
 
 20 81 
 
 7 01 
 
 ;22 2f 
 
 7 64 23 8 ; 
 
 
 
 8 5| 
 
 26 74 
 
 6 7f 20 94 
 
 7 1 
 
 22 3 
 
 7 6f|23 84 
 
 8 Of 25 If 
 
 8 54 
 
 26 74 
 
 6 74!20_ 9:j 
 
 
 
 7 64 
 
 23 9 
 
 8 04 25 2| 
 
 8 51 26 8" 
 
 6 7f|20 10J 
 
 7 1* 
 
 22 3j 
 
 7 6| 
 
 23 9f 
 
 8 Of 25 2| 
 
 8 6 
 
 26 8f 
 
 6 1\ 
 
 20 104 
 
 7 li 
 
 22 3'i 
 
 7 7 
 
 23 9] 
 
 8 04 25 31 
 
 
 
 6 71 
 6 8 
 
 20 101 
 20 11. -j 
 
 7 J| 
 
 22 4J 
 22 4J 
 
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 23 104 
 
 8 Of ! 25 34 
 8 04 25 3f 
 
 8 6126 8| 
 8 6426 9*. 
 
 
 
 7 ]4 
 
 22 5 
 
 7 74 
 
 23 10^ 
 
 8 0125 44 
 
 S 6f 
 
 26 94 
 
 6 8i 
 
 20 llf 
 
 7 if 
 
 22 5f 
 
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 8 1 
 
 25 4| 
 
 8 64 ; 26 10 
 
 6 84 
 
 21 
 
 7 1122 5.1 
 
 7 7.J23 llf 
 
 
 
 8 6f 
 
 26 10* 
 
 6 8f 
 
 21 04 
 
 7 2 
 
 22 61 
 
 7 74 23 llf 
 
 8 1125 5 
 
 8 6|!26 101 
 
 6 84 
 
 21 01 
 
 
 
 7 7:1 
 
 24 01 
 
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 8 6126 Hi 
 
 6 84 
 
 21 14 
 
 7 21 
 
 22 64 
 
 7 7| 
 
 24 OJ 
 
 8 If 
 
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 26 114 
 
 6 8*| 
 
 21 U 
 
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 22 61 
 
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 S 14 
 
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 26 11^ 
 
 6 9 
 
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 8 if 
 
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 7 24-22 81 
 
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 21 34 
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 7 3 
 
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 8 7427 11 
 
 6 94 
 
 21 4 
 
 
 
 7 84 
 
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 27 2l 
 
 6 9| 
 
 21 4f 
 
 7 31 
 
 22 94 
 
 7 8f 
 
 24 34 
 
 8 2f 25 9 
 
 
 27 2| 
 
 6 94 
 
 21 44 
 
 7 s| 
 
 22 10 
 
 7 9 
 
 24 4| 
 
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 6 91 
 
 21 51 
 
 
 22 lOf 
 
 
 
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 8 8* 
 
 27 3 
 
 6 10 
 
 21 54 
 
 7 34 
 
 22 101 
 
 7 924 44 
 
 8 2425 10A 
 
 8 84 27 3^ 
 
 
 
 7 3422 111 
 
 7 9424 41 
 
 8 2f25 104 
 
 8 8f 
 
 27 31 
 
 6 10J. 
 
 21 6 
 
 7 3 
 
 22 114 
 
 7 9f 24 54 
 
 8 3 
 
 25 11 
 
 8 84 
 
 27 4| 
 
 6 io 
 
 21 6f 
 
 7 3123 0" 
 
 
 
 
 8 84 
 
 27 44 
 
 6 10| 
 
 21 64 
 
 7 4 
 
 23 Of 
 
 - -H-- -ft 
 
 8 3125 llf 
 
 8 i 
 
 27 5 
 
 6 104 
 
 21 71 
 
 
 
 7 94 24 64 
 
 8 3425 114 
 
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 7 4i, 
 
 23 04 
 
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 8 3f 26 01 
 
 8 9 
 
 27 51 
 
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 23 U 
 
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 S 3f 26 01 8 9J 
 
 27 6} 
 
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 7 4 
 
 23 2 
 
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 8 34126 If 8 94;27 6l 
 
 
 
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 8 9f 
 
 27 7' 
 
 6 11121 9i 
 
 7 4 
 
 23 24 
 
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 8 4 
 
 26 21 
 
 8 9|; 
 
 27 73. 
 
 6 ll|21 94 
 
 7 41 
 
 23 31 
 
 7 10424 81 
 
 
 
 8 94 
 
 27 7| 
 
 6 llf 
 
 21 91 
 
 7 5 8 
 
 23 34 
 
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 8 426 2^8 9f: 
 
 27 8A 
 
 6 H| 
 
 21 104 
 
 
 
 7 104 24 94 
 
 8 4i 26 21 8 9f 27 8| 
 
 6 114 
 
 21 10| 
 
 7 51 23 3| 
 
 7 10*24 10 
 
 8 4f 26 34 8 10 27 9 
 
 6 ll| 
 
 21 11 
 
 7 5423 4 
 
 7 11 24 10| 
 
 8 4426 34 
 
 
 
 6 111 
 
 21 114 
 
 7 5f 23 43 
 
 
 
 8 4426 44 8 10127 9f 
 
 7 O 8 
 
 21 111 
 
 7 54 
 
 23 51 
 
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 8 4 26 4i'8 10427 9| 
 
 
 
 7 5| 
 
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 8 4126 41'8 lOf 27 101 
 
 7 
 
 22 04 
 
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 23 51 
 
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 8 5 '26 5f'8 10427 10| 
 
 7 0| 
 
 22 Of 
 
 7 5123 b'i 
 
 7 HA 25 
 
 8 10427 101 
 
 7 0||22 l" 
 
 7 6 23 6fj7 llf 25 Of 
 
 8 5126 5| 8 10427 ll|
 
 176 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Cue. 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam. Circ. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circ. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 F. I. 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In. 'Ft. In 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. Iii 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 8 101 
 
 27 115 
 
 9 44 
 
 29 5 
 
 9 10 
 
 30 Wl 
 
 10 3^ 
 
 32 31 
 
 10 91 
 
 33 9| 
 
 8 11 
 
 28 
 
 9 4 
 9 44 
 
 29 5| 
 29 5.^ 
 
 9 101 
 
 30 11 
 
 10 3f 32 4| 
 10 3j|32 4i 
 
 10 9^ 
 10 9f 
 
 33 10 
 33 lOj 
 
 811* 
 
 28 Oi 
 
 9 4| 
 
 29 6} 
 
 9 10|30 11| 
 
 10 31 
 
 32 5 ? 
 
 10 9| 
 
 33 10s 
 
 8 114 
 8 llf 
 
 28 01 
 28 ll 
 
 9 41 
 9 5 
 
 29 6) 
 29 7 
 
 9 lOf 30 ll| 
 9 10^31 0^ 
 
 10 4 
 
 32 51 
 
 10 9 
 10 9 
 
 33 11, 
 33 113 
 
 8 ll 
 
 28 If 
 
 
 
 9 10431 0^ 
 
 10 41 
 
 32 51 
 
 10 91 
 
 34 
 
 8 114 
 
 28 2 
 
 9 51 
 
 29 7| 
 
 9 10^31 1 
 
 10 4| 
 
 32 6- 
 
 10 10 
 
 34 0| 
 
 8 111 
 
 28 2i 
 
 9 5|!29 71 
 
 9 10131 1 
 
 10 4f 32 6| 
 
 
 
 8 III 
 
 28 21 
 
 9 54 
 
 29 8J 
 
 9 11 
 
 31 ll 
 
 10 4^,32 7 
 
 10 10 
 
 34 0| 
 
 9 
 
 28 3JJ 
 
 9 5l 
 
 29 83 
 
 
 
 10 4f 32 7 
 
 10 104 
 
 34 1 
 
 
 
 9 5f 
 
 29 81 
 
 9 111 
 
 31 24 
 
 10 4| 
 
 {2 7| 
 
 10 lOf 
 
 34 1^ 
 
 9 01 
 9 04 
 
 28 3* 
 
 28 4 
 
 9 54 
 
 9 51 
 
 29 9J 
 
 29 9| 
 
 9 ll|31 24 
 9 llf 31 3 
 
 10 4| 
 10 5 
 
 32 8* 
 32 8j 
 
 10 ioi 
 
 10 104 
 
 34 \\ 
 34 2| 
 
 9 Of 
 
 28 4| 
 
 9 8 
 
 29 lOjl 
 
 9 Hi 
 
 31 3f 
 
 
 
 10 10| 
 
 34 2< 
 
 9 
 
 28 44 
 
 
 
 9 114 
 
 31 33 
 
 10 51 
 
 32 9 
 
 10 10 
 
 34 3^ 
 
 9 Of 
 
 28 5i 
 
 9 6 
 
 29 10J 
 
 9 111 
 
 31 44 
 
 10 5} 
 
 32 9f 
 
 10 11 
 
 34 3l 
 
 9 OJ 
 
 28 5| 
 
 9 64 
 
 29 10'' 
 
 9 111 
 
 31 4^ 
 
 10 5f 
 
 32 9| 
 
 
 
 9 0| 
 
 28 6 
 
 9 6| 
 
 29 11J 
 
 
 
 10 5|i32 10' 
 
 10 111 
 
 34 33 
 
 9 1 
 
 28 6| 
 
 9 iA 
 
 29 ll| 
 
 10 
 
 31 4| 
 
 10 5f 
 
 32 10| 
 
 10 11J 
 
 34 4;j 
 
 
 
 9 64 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 31 5| 
 
 10 5| 
 
 32 11 
 
 10 111 
 
 34 4| 
 
 9 11 
 
 28 6| 
 
 9 6-J 
 
 30 
 
 10 04 
 
 31 5| 
 
 10 5^ 
 
 32 llf 
 
 10 ll| 
 
 34 5 
 
 9 14 
 
 28 7| 
 
 9 6| 
 
 30 0\ 
 
 10 Of 
 
 31 6J 
 
 10 6 
 
 32 iq 
 
 10 114 
 
 34 51 
 
 9 1| 
 
 28 74 
 
 9 7 
 
 30 1J 
 
 10 O.i 
 
 31 6| 
 
 
 
 10 11| 
 
 34 5\ 
 
 9 1^ 
 
 28 8 
 
 
 
 10 Of 
 
 31 61 
 
 10 6 
 
 33 OJ 
 
 10 11J 
 
 34 6-j 
 
 9 If 
 
 28 8| 
 
 9 7| 
 
 30 1| 
 
 10 03 
 
 31 7^ 
 
 10 6^ 
 
 33 01 
 
 11 
 
 34 6| 
 
 9 14 
 
 28 84 
 
 9 74 
 
 30 2 
 
 10 01 
 
 31 7| 
 
 10 6f 
 
 33 1 
 
 
 
 9 11 
 
 28 91 9 7| 
 
 30 2| 
 
 10 1 
 
 31 8^ 
 
 10 6i 
 
 33 If 
 
 11 
 
 34 7 
 
 9 2 
 
 28 9J'9 7J 
 
 30 21 
 
 
 
 10 6| 
 
 33 1| 
 
 11 0^ 
 
 34 7| 
 
 
 
 9 74 
 
 30 3<! 
 
 10 11 
 
 31 Si 
 
 10 6| 
 
 33 2J 
 
 11 Of 
 
 34 7| 
 
 9 2 
 
 28 91 
 
 9 7f-30 3l 
 
 10 \i 
 
 31 81 
 
 10 61 
 
 33 2<l 
 
 11 OA 
 
 34 8J 
 
 9 24. 
 
 28 104 9 71 
 
 30 4 
 
 10 If 
 
 31 9.^ 
 
 10 7 
 
 33 21 
 
 11 04 
 
 34 8f 
 
 9 2| 
 
 28 10| 
 
 9 8 
 
 30 4f 
 
 10 u 
 
 31 9f 
 
 
 
 11 0| 
 
 34 9 
 
 9 2 
 
 28 111 
 
 
 
 10 14 
 
 31 10 
 
 10 7 
 
 33 3| 
 
 11 01 
 
 34 9f 
 
 9 24 
 
 28 11J 
 
 9 81 
 
 30 4| 
 
 10 15 
 
 31 lOf 
 
 10 7! 
 
 33 3^ 
 
 11 1 
 
 34 9 
 
 9 2$ 
 
 g 2 ^ 
 
 28 111 
 29 0] 
 
 981 
 9 8| 
 
 30 51 
 30 5A 
 
 10 11 
 10 2 
 
 31 101 
 31 111 
 
 10 7f 
 10 7i 
 
 33 4| 
 33 4A 
 
 11 11 
 
 34 101 
 
 9 3 
 
 29 Of 
 
 9 830 6 
 
 
 
 10 7433 41 
 
 11 1^34 10i 
 
 
 
 9 8430 6f 
 
 10 21 
 
 31 114 
 
 10 7|33 54 
 
 11 If 34 11 
 
 9 3| 29 1 
 
 9 8| 30 64 
 
 10 2l 32 
 
 10 71 
 
 33 5f 
 
 11 134 llj 
 
 9 3 [29 1^ 
 
 9 8130 71 
 
 10 2^32 Of 
 
 10 8 
 
 33 6 
 
 11 1434 Hi 
 
 9 3f 29 11 
 
 9 9 
 
 30 ll 
 
 10 2$ 32 OJ 
 
 
 
 11 1435 o r 
 
 9 Si 29 24. 
 
 
 
 10 2f32 11 
 
 10 8 
 
 33 6^ 
 
 11 Ii35 OJ 
 
 9 34 
 
 29 2$ 
 
 9 930 71 
 
 10 2^32 l| 
 
 10 8^33 GJ 
 
 11 2 
 
 35 0| 
 
 9 34 
 
 29 3 
 
 9 9^30 81 
 
 10 2132 2 
 
 10 8f 33 7| 
 
 
 
 9 31 
 
 29 3| 
 
 9 9f 30 8| 
 
 10 3 
 
 32 2f 
 
 10 8^ 33 7| 
 
 11 21 
 
 35 14 
 
 9 4 
 
 29 3.1 
 
 9 9| 30 91 
 
 
 
 10 84'33 8 
 
 11 2| 
 
 35 1{ 
 
 
 
 9 9430 9| 
 
 10 31 
 
 32 2| 
 
 10 8| 33 8f 
 
 11 2f35 2 r 
 
 g 4| 
 
 29 44 
 
 9 9| 30 91 
 
 10 3|32 31 
 
 10 8|;33 8i 
 
 11 2| 
 
 35 2. 
 
 9 44 
 
 29 4ft 
 
 9 9^30 10| 
 
 10 8|32 3i 
 
 10 9 33 9| 
 
 11 2f 
 
 35 2j
 
 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 177 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. I Diam. j Circum. I Diam. CSrcum. j Diam. | Circum 
 
 Ft In. | Ft. In. 
 
 11 21 
 
 11 21 
 
 11 3 
 
 11 
 
 35 3f 
 35 4 
 
 35 4J 
 
 35 4f 
 
 11 Bf 35 54 
 
 11 34 35 5f 
 
 11 3|, 35 6 
 
 35 6f 
 
 11 31; 35 61 
 
 11 4 35 7| 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 4| 
 
 11 41 
 11 5 8 
 
 o, 35 7f 
 
 4 35 8 
 
 4| 35 Sf 
 
 35 81 
 
 35 
 
 35 9 
 
 35 10 
 35 lOf 
 
 Ft. In.; Ft. In. 
 
 11 51 36 01 
 
 11 51 36 l| 
 
 11 6 36 lit 
 
 11 6 36 11 
 
 11 64i 36 24 
 
 11 6| 36 2f 
 
 11 64 36 3 
 
 11 6f 36 34 
 
 11 61 | 36 31 
 
 11 61' 36 44 
 
 11 7 36 4f 
 
 36 5 
 
 11 74! 36 5| 
 
 11 7|! 36 o| 
 
 11 74! 36 6| 
 
 11 7 i 36 6f 
 
 11 71 i 36 7 
 
 11 71 36 7| 
 
 11 8 36 7f 
 
 11 
 
 11 8f| 36 9 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 
 11 81 36 1 
 
 11 8 36 1Q 
 
 11 9 36 10J 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 
 11 111 37 74 
 
 11 11| 37 ll 
 
 12 37 S 
 
 * 
 
 12 37 8f 
 
 12 04 37 9| 
 
 12 Of 37 9i 
 
 12 0| 37 9| 
 
 12 Of 37 104 
 
 12 01 37 lOf 
 
 12 Ol[ 37 111 
 
 12 1 37 11J 
 
 12 1^ 37 111 
 
 12 14 38 
 
 I 
 
 14! 38 
 
 lf ! 38 
 Hi 38 
 
 38 0| 
 1 
 
 12 11 38 2J 
 12 2 38 2f 
 
 12 2 38 3 
 
 12 2| 38 3| 
 
 12 2| l 38 3: 
 
 12 24 38 
 
 12 2f 38 
 
 If a Hoop of larger diameter than 12 feet is required, double some number. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON TABLES RELATING TO THE DIAMETERS AND 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 I do not intend to enter into any labored argument to prove the general 
 utility of these Tables, as their simplicity and clearness are sufficient to 
 stamp their value to the artist and mechanic. It will be clearly perceived, 
 on inspection, that the Table commences with as small a diameter as is gen- 
 erally used in hoops and rings, viz. one inch, and increases by the regular 
 gradation of one-eighth of an inch, to upwards of twelve feet ; and in the 
 column marked Circumference, against each Diameter stand the respective 
 circumferences : hence all that is necessary on inspecting these Tables is to 
 enter into them with any proposed diameter or circumference, and an answer 
 to the inquiry is immediately obtained. 
 
 Example. Required the circumference of a circle, the diameter being 8 
 feet 7 7-8 inches ? 
 
 In the column of circumferences, opposite the given diameter, stands 27 
 feet 24 inches, the circumference required. 
 
 But it will be necessary to observe, that in the formation of hoops and 
 rings a contraction of the metal takes place. Now, the just allowance for 
 this contraction is the exact thickness of the melal, which must be added to 
 the diameter. 
 
 Ex. In making a hoop whose diameter inside is 6 feet 9 1-8 inches, the 
 thickness of the iron being 4 inch, this 4 inch must be added to the given 
 diameter, which will make it 6 feet 9 5-8 inches} this will allow 1 5-8 inch
 
 178 DIAMETERS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 for the contraction in bending in a hoo,j of the above diameter, giving the 
 circumference or length of iron required for the hoop, 21 feet 4 3-8 inches. 
 
 The foregoing example appertains to the formation of hoops or iron bent 
 on the flat; but in the formation of rings or iron bent on the edge, the same 
 rule must also be followed, only taking care to add the breadth instead of 
 the thickness. As for example : 
 
 To make a ring whose inside diameter is 8 feet 2^ inches, the breadth of 
 the iron being 2^ inches ; by adding the 2^ inches to the given diameter, 
 will increase it to 8 feet 4f inches ; opposite to this diameter in the column 
 of circumferences stands 26 feet 4 inches, being the length of iron necessary 
 for the ring. 
 
 The foregoing observations relate more particularly to plain hoops and 
 rings ; but as respects the hoops that are on the wheels of railway carriages, 
 a difference must be observed, which is as follows : These hoops having 
 a flange projecting on the one edge of the surface, it will be necessary, in 
 addition to the thickness of the metal, to add two-thirds of the thickness of the 
 flange to the diameter, as the flange side would contract considerably more 
 than the plain surface ; this is supposing the tires are in a straight form, but, 
 in general, they come from the iron-works in a curved state. In the latter 
 case, it will be only necessary to add the thickness of the bare metal, as the 
 aforesaid portion of the thickness of the flange is allowed for in the curve. 
 It has been found that the curve may be exactly obtained, by using four 
 times the circumference of the hoop as a radius. 
 
 If the tire has not been previously curved, it may easily be done in the 
 operation of bending ; the smith must pay particular attention to this, or he 
 will have his hoop bent in an angle. 
 
 But the practical utility of this Table is not confined to smiths alone ; to 
 the millwright it will be found equally useful and expeditious, as on a bare 
 inspection of the Table he may ascertain the diameter of any wheel thai 
 may be required to be made, the pitch and number of teeth being giveni 
 
 Ex. Suppose a wheel were ordered to be made to contain sixty teeth, 
 the pitch of the teeth to be 3 7-8 inches, the dimensions of the wheel may be 
 ascertained simply as follows : 
 
 Multiply the pitch of the tooth by the number of teeth the wheel is to 
 contain, and the product will be the circumference of the wheel : thus 
 
 31 inches pitch of the tooth, 
 10 X 6 = 60 the number of teeth, 
 
 Feet 19 4 the circumference of the wheel. 
 
 However, by inspecting the column marked Circumference, I find the 
 nearest number to this is 19 feet 4 3-8 inches, which is the eighth of an inch 
 less than the true circumference ; but if this 1-8 were divided into CO equal 
 parts, it would not make the difference of a single hair's -breadtn in the size 
 of each tooth ; so that it is sufficiently near for any practical purpose. The 
 diameter answering to this circumference is 6 feet 2 inches ; consequently, 
 with one-half of this number as a radius, the circumference of the wheel 
 will be described. 
 
 The manner in which the foregoing Table of Circumferences is found is 
 as follows : Taking the diameter at unity, we have by decimal proportion 
 
 in. in. 
 
 As 1 : 3-1416 : : 1- : 3-1416, 
 
 and the decimal 1416 multiplied by 8, gives the circumference for 1 inch 
 of diameter 3 1-8 inches. 
 
 In these Tables the number 3-1416 is divided by 8, which gives -3927 
 This decimal proportion has been used as a constant, and the sum multiplied 
 by 8 gives the excess above the decimal value in eighths of an inch
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ANGLED IRON HOOPS. 
 
 179 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ANGLED IRON HOOPS. 
 
 ANGLE OUTSIDE. 
 
 Ft fa. Ft 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 5 
 
 Hi 
 
 34 
 
 Ft. In 
 1 6 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 10 
 
 i ii 
 
 2 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 5 
 
 Diam.l Circ. Diam. I Circ. Diam. Circ. Diam. Circ. Diam. Citr. 
 
 Ft. In 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 2 10 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 5 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 7 6 
 
 |10 
 
 Fl. In. 
 
 3 7 
 
 3 8 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 10 
 
 11 21 
 
 11 7| 
 11 71 
 11 8[ 
 11 9 
 11 I0j 
 
 12 If 
 12 24 
 
 12 
 
 12 8 
 
 12 
 13 0" 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 13 24 
 
 -.13 3 
 
 AJ13 3f 
 
 113 4t 
 
 4 7 13 5 r 
 
 4 13 5 
 
 i 13 6 
 
 13 7 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 9 
 
 4 10 
 
 s 
 
 13 
 13 
 13 9| 
 13 lOi 
 13 11 
 
 13 11| 
 
 14 Oh 
 U 14 
 14 2 
 
 4 11 
 
 
 
 5 2 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 14 7^ 
 14 
 414 8l 
 14 94 
 14 10 
 14 ]0| 
 
 14 ni 
 
 15 04 
 15 1 
 15 1 
 15 2 
 15 3 
 15 3 
 15 4 
 15 5 
 15 6^- 
 
 5 4 15 
 
 15 
 
 115 5>| 
 
 i 15 10| 
 
 415 114 
 
 H6 
 
 |JI6 Of
 
 180 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ANGLED IRON HOOPS. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ANGLED IRON HOOPS. 
 
 ANGLE INSIDE. 
 
 118 9$
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES FOR ANGLED IRON HOOPS. 181 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON TABLE CONTAINING THE CIRCUMFERENCES FOI 
 ANGLED IRON HOOPS. ANGLE OUTSIDE. 
 
 As this Table will be useful to those smiths who chiefly work angled 
 iron, it will be necessary to remark, that the observation made on Tables 
 relating to the Diameters and Circumferences of Circles, respecting adding 
 the thickness of the iron to the diameter, must be attended to in this, with 
 this difference, the breadth of the angle must be added to the diameter. 
 
 Example. Suppose a hoop is wanted to be made of 2^ inch angled iron, 
 whose diameter inside must be 12 inches. Here the 2 inches must be add- 
 ed to the 12 inches, which raises the number to 1 foot 2J inches. Looking 
 into the Table, I find the circumference, or length of iron requisite for the 
 hoop, is 3 feet 6 inches. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON TABLE CONTAINING THE CIRCUMFERENCES FOR 
 ANGLED IRON HOOPS. ANGLE INSIDE. 
 
 The observations respecting this Table are the reverse to those on the 
 preceding one, viz. the breadth of the angle must be taken from the diam- 
 eter, for this reason, that the diameter is taken from outside to outside of 
 the ring. 
 
 Suppose a ring is to be made of angled iron, whose diameter outside is to 
 be 12 inches, the breadth of the angle 2 inches; then, by taking 2^ inches 
 from 12 inches, we have left 9 inches. Looking into the Table in the col- 
 umn of diameters, I find in the circumference column, opposite 9^ inches, 
 2 feet 8 inches, which is the length of iron necessary for the ring. 
 
 It has been already observed, that between angled and plain iron a con- 
 siderable difference exists with regard to the proportion of the circumference 
 to the diameter : this is owing to the angle or flange on one side of the bar, 
 and when the iron is formea into a hoop : it contracts more or less, as the 
 angle or flange may be inside or outside of the hoop. From repeated ex 
 periments on this subject, I have ascertained that the proportions of the 
 diameters to the circumferences are as follows: For the angle inside as 
 1 : 3-4248, and for the angle outside the hoop, as 1 : 2-9312 : : Diam : Circ'f. 
 
 Problem. To find the circumference of an ellipse, or an oval hoop or ring. 
 
 Rule. Add the length of the two axes together, and multiply the sum by 
 1-5708 for the circumference ; or as it may be used in the Table of Circum- 
 ferences, take half the sum of the axes as a diameter, with the breadth ol 
 the iron added, and enter the Table of Circumferences where it will be found. 
 
 Ex. Required the circumference of an elliptical hoop, whose axes are 
 18^ and 13 inches, the thickness of the iron being 2 inches. 
 
 18 J -f 13 = 31 i -=- 2 = 15 J + 2 = 18 J inches the diameter. 
 
 Entering into the Table of Diameter with 18 inches, the circumference 
 will be found to be 4 feet 9 inches. 
 
 In constructing elliptical hoops of angled iron, with the angle outside, 
 reference must be made to the Tables for hoops of angled iron ; the opera- 
 tion will be similar to the above example. But in hoops where the angle is 
 inside, the thickness of the iron must be taken from half the sum of the axes. 
 
 Note. It must be observed, that in the examples given in the Observa- 
 tions on Table relating to the Diameters and Circumferences of Circles, 
 and also on hoops formed of angled iron, that those ^circumferences are 
 nothing more than the ends of the iron meeting together; therefore, every 
 smith must allow for the thickening of the ends of the metal previous to 
 scarving the same in order to weld it 
 
 16
 
 182 SHIP AND RAILROAD SPIKES, AND HORSE SHOES. 
 
 SHIP AND RAILROAD SPIKES. 
 
 NUMBER OF IRON SPIKES PER 100 POUNDS. 
 
 Manufactured by PHILIP C. PAGE, Mass., and Sold by PAGE, BRIGGS & 
 BABBITT, Boston. 
 
 g 2 o ' * 2. ^ 
 
 a r= ?> 
 
 3 u 
 
 S g i! S s 
 
 08 03 
 
 .M d-^^! rtw ^A a 
 
 3 S 
 
 S < 
 
 a s 
 
 -^ 3 
 
 O. <5 of C_ J5 _S Mo. SE Si 
 
 c. eo S 
 
 c, -, a 
 
 a. o si 
 
 
 
 8_- -a s 
 
 02 7 Sf 
 
 
 M 1 Sf 
 
 M S S" 
 
 D.S -S 
 
 B. s 2 ; c.^.S 
 
 & *~ JS 
 
 . 
 
 0,^2 
 
 . -^ 
 
 
 C3 'jj 4> 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 K ^ 
 
 ( B "> c O n 
 
 en .3 
 
 53 .S 
 
 w .5 
 
 CQ .S 
 
 size No. 
 
 size 
 
 No. 
 
 size 
 
 No. 
 
 size 
 
 No. 
 
 size 
 
 No. 
 
 size 
 
 No. 
 
 size 
 
 No. 
 
 in 
 
 100 
 
 in 
 
 100 
 
 in 
 
 100 
 
 HI 
 
 100 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 inc 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 inc. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 inc. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 inc. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 inc. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 inc. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 inc. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 3 
 
 1900 
 
 3 
 
 1000 
 
 4 
 
 540 
 
 5 
 
 340 
 
 6 
 
 220 
 
 8 
 
 140 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 34 
 
 1580 
 
 34 
 
 960 
 
 44 
 
 500 
 
 54 
 
 310 
 
 64 
 
 200 
 
 9 
 
 120 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 1320 
 
 4 
 
 800 
 
 5 
 
 460 
 
 6 
 
 300 
 
 7 
 
 190 
 
 10 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1220 
 
 4* 
 
 600 
 
 54 
 
 420 
 
 64 
 
 280 
 
 74 
 
 180 
 
 1] 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1020 
 
 5 
 
 680 
 
 6 
 
 400 
 
 7 260 
 
 8 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 520 
 
 64 
 
 320 
 
 74 240 
 
 84 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 j 220 
 
 9 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rail Road Spikes 9-16ths square 54 inches 160 per 100 pounds. 
 Rail Road Spikes 1-2 inch ' 54 " 200 per 100 pounds. 
 
 BURDEN'S PATENT SPIKES AND HORSE SHOES. 
 
 Manufactured at the Troy Iron and Nail Factory, Troy, New YorJi. 
 
 Boat Spikes. 
 
 Ship Spikes. 
 
 Hook Head. > j Horse Shoes. 
 
 Size in 
 inches. 
 
 No. in 
 100 Ibs. 
 
 Size in 
 inches. 
 
 No. in 
 100 Ibs. 
 
 Size in 
 inches. 
 
 No. in 
 100 Ibs. 
 
 Size in 
 inches. 
 
 No. in 
 100 Ibs. 
 
 3 
 
 1750 
 
 4 
 
 800 
 
 4 X| 
 
 555 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 34 
 
 1468 
 
 44 
 
 650 
 
 44X7-16 
 
 414 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 1257 
 
 5 
 
 437 
 
 5 X4 
 
 252 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 44 
 
 920 
 
 54 
 
 430 
 
 54x4 
 
 241 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 720 
 
 6 
 
 420 
 
 54X9-16 
 
 187 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 54 
 
 630 
 
 64 
 
 377 
 
 6 X9-16 
 
 172 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 497 
 
 7 
 
 275 
 
 6 Xf 
 
 138 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 478 
 
 74 
 
 250 
 
 7 X9-16 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 362 
 
 8 
 
 174 
 
 8 Xf 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 337 
 
 84 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 295 
 
 9 
 
 155 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 290 
 
 10 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 210 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 198 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 COPPERS, TUBING, CAST IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 183 
 
 COPPERS. Dimensions and Weight from 1 to 208 Gallons. 
 
 Inches 
 lag 
 to brim. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Weight 
 in 
 pounds. 
 
 Inches 
 lag 
 to brim. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Weight 
 in 
 pounds. 
 
 Inches 
 lag 
 to brim. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Weight 
 pounds. 
 
 l| 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 224 
 
 294 
 
 29 
 
 434 
 
 12| 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 244 
 
 16 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 254 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 54 
 
 154 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 254 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 34 
 
 43 
 
 644 
 
 164 
 
 5 
 
 74 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 284 
 
 35 
 
 48 
 
 72 
 
 m 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 264 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 53 
 
 794 
 
 is4 
 
 7 
 
 104 
 
 26| 
 
 21 
 
 314 
 
 37 
 
 58 
 
 87 
 
 194 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 63 
 
 944 
 
 20| 
 
 9 
 
 134 
 
 27| 
 
 23 
 
 344 
 
 39 
 
 67 
 
 1004 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 274 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 71 
 
 1064 
 
 214 
 
 11 
 
 164- 
 
 27| 
 
 25 
 
 374 
 
 45 
 
 104 
 
 156 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 146 
 
 219 
 
 224 
 
 13 
 
 194 
 
 284 
 
 27 
 
 404 
 
 55 
 
 208 
 
 312 
 
 234 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 COPPER TUBING. Weight of the usual Thickness. 
 When the inside diameter, is 4 of an inch, 3 ozs. ; f do., 5 ozs. ; 4 do 
 6 ozs. ; | do., 8 ozs. ; J do., 10 ozs. per foot. 
 
 BRASS, COPPER, STEEL AND LEAD. Weight of a Foot. 
 
 
 BRASS. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 STEEL. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Diam'ter 
 and Side 
 of Sq're. 
 
 Weight 
 Round. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Square. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Round. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Square. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Round. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Square. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Round. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Square. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 * 
 
 .17 
 
 .22 
 
 .19 
 
 .24 
 
 .17 
 
 .21 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 .39 
 
 .50 
 
 .42 
 
 .54 
 
 .38 
 
 .48 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 .70 
 
 .90 
 
 .75 
 
 .96 
 
 .67 
 
 .85 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.33 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 1.59 
 
 2.02 
 
 1.69 
 
 2.16 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.91 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.31 
 
 2,94 
 
 2.05 
 
 2.61 
 
 
 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.02 
 
 3.84 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.87 
 
 4.93 
 
 ll 
 
 3.58 
 
 4.56 
 
 3.82 
 
 4.86 
 
 3.38 
 
 4.34 
 
 4.90 
 
 6.25 
 
 U 
 
 4.42 
 
 5.63 
 
 4.71 
 
 6. 
 
 4.18 
 
 5.32 
 
 6.06 
 
 7.71 
 
 IS 
 
 5.35 
 
 6.81 
 
 5.71 
 
 7.27 
 
 5.06 
 
 6.44 
 
 7.33 
 
 9.33 
 
 14 
 
 6.36 
 
 8.10 
 
 6.79 
 
 8.65 
 
 6.02 
 
 7.67 
 
 8.72 
 
 11.11 
 
 H 
 
 7.47 
 
 9.51 
 
 7.94 
 
 10.15 
 
 7.07 
 
 9. 
 
 10.24 
 
 13.04 
 
 H 
 
 8.66 
 
 11.03 
 
 9.21 
 
 11.77 
 
 8.20 
 
 10.14 
 
 11 87 
 
 15.12 
 
 H 
 
 9.95 
 
 12.66 
 
 10.61 
 
 13.52 
 
 9.41 
 
 11.98 
 
 13.63 
 
 17.36 
 
 2 
 
 11.32 
 
 14.41 
 
 12.08 
 
 15.38 
 
 10.71 
 
 13.63 
 
 15.51 
 
 19.75 
 
 2J 
 
 12.78 
 
 16.27 
 
 13.64 
 
 17.36 
 
 12.05 
 
 15.80 
 
 17.51 
 
 22.29 
 
 24 
 
 14.32 
 
 18.24 
 
 15.29 
 
 19.47 
 
 13.51 
 
 17.20 
 
 19.63 
 
 25. 
 
 2f 
 
 15.96 
 
 20.32 
 
 17.03 
 
 21.69 
 
 1505 
 
 19.17 
 
 21.80 
 
 27.80 
 
 24 
 
 17.68 
 
 22.53 
 
 18.87 
 
 24.03 
 
 16.68 
 
 21.21 
 
 24.24 
 
 30.86 
 
 2| 
 
 19.50 
 
 24.83 
 
 20.81 
 
 26.50 
 
 18.39 
 
 23.41 
 
 26.72 
 
 34.02 
 
 2| 
 
 21.40 
 
 27.25 
 
 22.84 
 
 29.08 
 
 20.18 
 
 25.70 
 
 29.33 
 
 37.34 
 
 2J 
 
 23.39 
 
 29.78 
 
 24.92 
 
 31.79 
 
 22.06 
 
 28.10 
 
 32.05 
 
 40.81 
 
 8 
 
 25.47 
 
 32.43 
 
 27.18 
 
 34.61 
 
 24.23 
 
 30.60 
 
 34.90 
 
 44.44
 
 184 WEIGHT OF CAST IRON & IRON AND BRASS BALLS. 
 
 CAST IRON. 
 
 Weight of a Foot in Length of Flat Cast Iron. 
 
 Width 
 of Iron. 
 
 Thick, 
 l-4th inch. 
 
 Thick, Thick, 
 3-8ths inch 1-2 inch. 
 
 Thick, 
 5-Sths inch 
 
 Thick, 
 3-4ths inch. 
 
 Thick, 
 7-8ths inch. 
 
 Thick, 
 1 inch. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Founds. 
 
 Founds. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Founds. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Founds. 
 
 2 
 
 1-56 
 
 2-34 
 
 3-12 
 
 3-90 
 
 4-68 
 
 5-46 
 
 6-25 
 
 H 
 
 1-75 
 
 2-63 
 
 3-51 
 
 4-39 
 
 5-27 
 
 6-15 
 
 7-03 
 
 24 
 
 1-95 
 
 2-92 
 
 3-90 
 
 4-88 
 
 5-85 
 
 6-83 
 
 7-81 
 
 2\ 
 
 2-14 
 
 3-22 
 
 4-29 
 
 5-37 
 
 6-44 
 
 7-51 
 
 8-59 
 
 3 
 
 2-34 
 
 3-51 
 
 4-68 
 
 5-85 
 
 7-03 
 
 8-20 
 
 9-37 
 
 H 
 
 2-53 
 
 3-80 
 
 5-07 
 
 6-34 
 
 7-61 
 
 8-88 
 
 10-15 
 
 34 
 
 273 
 
 4-10 
 
 5-46 
 
 6-83 
 
 8-20 
 
 9-57 
 
 10-93 
 
 3| 
 
 2-93 
 
 4-39 
 
 5-85 
 
 7-32 
 
 8-78 
 
 10-25 
 
 11-71 
 
 4 
 
 3-12 
 
 4-68 
 
 6-25 
 
 7-81 
 
 9-37 
 
 10-93 
 
 12-50 
 
 44 
 
 3-32 
 
 4-97 
 
 6-64 
 
 8-30 
 
 9-96 
 
 11-62 
 
 13-28 
 
 44 
 
 3-51 
 
 527 
 
 7-03 
 
 8-78 
 
 1054 
 
 12-30 
 
 14-06 
 
 41 
 
 3-71 
 
 5-56 
 
 7-42 
 
 9-27 
 
 11-13 
 
 12-98 
 
 14-84 
 
 5 
 
 3-90 
 
 5-86 
 
 7-81 
 
 9-76 
 
 11 71 
 
 13-67 
 
 15-62 
 
 5i 
 
 4-10 
 
 6-15 
 
 8-20 
 
 10-25 
 
 12-30 
 
 14-35 
 
 16-40 
 
 4 
 
 4-29 
 
 6-44 
 
 8-59 
 
 10-74 
 
 12-89 
 
 15-03 
 
 17-18 
 
 5| 
 
 4-49 
 
 6-73 
 
 8-98 
 
 11-23 
 
 13-46 
 
 15-72 
 
 17-96 
 
 6 
 
 4-68 
 
 7-03 
 
 9-37 
 
 1171 
 
 14-06 
 
 16-40 
 
 18-75 
 
 CAST IRON. 
 
 Weight of a Superficial Foot from \ to 2 inches thicK. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 
 
 9.37 
 
 $ 
 
 23.43 
 
 1 
 
 37.50 
 
 18 
 
 51.56 
 
 H 
 
 65.62 
 
 | 
 
 14.06 
 
 I 
 
 28.12 
 
 1| 
 
 42.18 
 
 U 
 
 56.25 
 
 Ij 
 
 70.31 
 
 4 
 
 18.75 
 
 i 
 
 32.81 
 
 H 
 
 46.87 
 
 it 
 
 60.93 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 CAST IRON, COPPER, BRASS, AND LEAD BALLS. 
 
 Weight of Cast Iron, Copper, Brass, and Lead Balls, from 1 inch to 
 12 inches in Diameter. 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 5% 
 
 | 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 ii 
 
 u 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 fi 
 
 1 
 
 Ins. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 1 
 
 136 
 
 166 
 
 158 
 
 214 
 
 7 
 
 46-76 
 
 57-1 
 
 54-5 
 
 73-7 
 
 14 
 
 46 
 
 562 
 
 537 
 
 727 
 
 74 
 
 57-52 
 
 70-0 
 
 67-11 
 
 90-0 
 
 2 
 
 1-09 
 
 1-3 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-7 
 
 8 
 
 69-81 
 
 85-2 
 
 81-4 
 
 110-1 
 
 24 
 
 2-13 
 
 2-60 
 
 2-50 
 
 3-35 
 
 84 
 
 83-73 
 
 102-3 
 
 100-0 
 
 132-3 
 
 3 
 
 3-68 
 
 4-5 
 
 4-3 
 
 5-8 
 
 9 
 
 99.4 
 
 121-3 
 
 1159 
 
 156-7 
 
 34 
 
 5-S4 
 
 7-14 
 
 6-82 
 
 9-23 
 
 94 
 
 116-9 
 
 143-0 
 
 136-4 
 
 184-7 
 
 4 
 
 8-72 
 
 10-7 
 
 10-2 
 
 138 
 
 10 
 
 136-35 
 
 166-4 
 
 159-0 
 
 2150 
 
 44 
 
 12-42 
 
 15-25 
 
 14-5 
 
 19-6 
 
 104 
 
 J 57-84 
 
 193-0 
 
 184-0 
 
 250-0 
 
 5 
 
 17-04 
 
 20-8 
 
 19-9 
 
 26-9 
 
 11 
 
 181-48 
 
 221-8 
 
 211-8 
 
 286-7 
 
 54 
 
 22-68 
 
 27-74 
 
 26-47 
 
 36-0 
 
 H4 
 
 207-37 
 
 253-5 
 
 242-0 
 
 327-7 
 
 6 
 
 29-45 
 
 35-9 
 
 34-3 
 
 46-4 
 
 12 
 
 235-62 
 
 288-1 
 
 275-0 
 
 372:3 
 
 64 
 
 37-44 
 
 45-76 
 
 43-67 
 
 5913 
 
 
 
 

 
 WEIGHT OF ROUND AND SQUARE CAST IRON. 185 
 
 CAST IRON. Weight of a Foot in Length of Square and Round. 
 
 SQUAKE. 
 
 ROUND. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. _ || Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Incho-; 
 Square 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 \ Inches 
 Square. 
 
 Founds. 
 
 Inches 
 Diara. 
 
 Founds. 
 
 Inches 
 Diam. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 A 
 
 78 
 
 45 
 
 74-26 
 
 i 
 
 61 
 
 4J 
 
 58-32 
 
 1 
 
 1-22 
 
 5 
 
 78-12 
 
 I 
 
 95 
 
 5 
 
 61-35 
 
 I 
 
 1-75 
 
 5* 
 
 82-08 
 
 
 1-38 
 
 5J 
 
 64-46 
 
 % 
 
 2-39 
 
 5i 
 
 86-13 
 
 i 
 
 187 
 
 5i 
 
 67-64 
 
 1 
 
 3-12 
 
 N 
 
 90-28 
 
 1 
 
 2-45 
 
 5| 
 
 70-09 
 
 11 
 
 3-95 
 
 64 
 
 94-53 
 
 li 
 
 310 
 
 N 
 
 74-24 
 
 li 
 
 4-88 
 
 H 
 
 98-87 
 
 li 
 
 383 
 
 5& 
 
 77-65 
 
 If 
 
 5-90 
 
 5| 
 
 103-32 
 
 If 
 
 4-64 
 
 51 
 
 81-14 
 
 14 
 
 7-03 
 
 5 l 
 
 107-86 
 
 14 
 
 5-52 
 
 H 
 
 84-71 
 
 If 
 
 8-25 
 
 6 
 
 112-50 
 
 if 
 
 6-48 
 
 6 
 
 88-35 
 
 H 
 
 9-57 
 
 i 
 
 122-08 
 
 U 
 
 7-51 
 
 6 i 
 
 95-87 
 
 15 
 
 10-98 
 
 H 
 
 132-03 
 
 i 
 
 8-62 
 
 6 4 
 
 103-69 
 
 2 
 
 1250 
 
 64 
 
 142-38 
 
 2 
 
 9-81 
 
 61 
 
 111 82 
 
 2J 
 
 14-11 
 
 7 
 
 153-12 
 
 2J 
 
 11-08 
 
 7 
 
 12026 
 
 2i 
 
 15-81 
 
 74 
 
 164-25 
 
 24 
 
 12-42 
 
 T| 
 
 129- 
 
 2f 
 
 1762 
 
 74 
 
 175-78 
 
 2| 
 
 13-84 
 
 TJ 
 
 138-05 
 
 24 
 
 19-53 
 
 7| 
 
 187-68 
 
 2-i 
 
 1533 
 
 71 
 
 147-41 
 
 2| 
 
 21-53 
 
 8 
 
 200- 
 
 2| 
 
 16-91 
 
 8 
 
 157-08 
 
 2| 
 
 23-63 
 
 8i 
 
 212-56 
 
 2| 
 
 18-56 
 
 8i 
 
 167-05 
 
 25 
 
 25-83 
 
 N 
 
 225-78 
 
 2J 
 
 20-28 
 
 84 
 
 177-10 
 
 3 
 
 28-12 
 
 8} 
 
 239-25 
 
 3 
 
 22-08 
 
 81 
 
 187-91 
 
 3i 
 
 30-51 
 
 9 
 
 253-12 
 
 3J 
 
 23-96 
 
 9 
 
 198-79 
 
 3i 
 
 33- 
 
 9* 
 
 267-38 
 
 a 
 
 25-92 
 
 9i 
 
 210- 
 
 3| 
 
 35-59 
 
 94 
 
 282- 
 
 3| 
 
 27-95 
 
 94 
 
 221-50 
 
 34 
 
 38-28 
 
 9| 
 
 297-07 
 
 H 
 
 30-06 
 
 91 
 
 233-31 
 
 3| 
 
 41-06 
 
 10 
 
 312-50 
 
 3| 
 
 32-25 
 
 10 
 
 245-43 
 
 3| 
 
 4394 
 
 104 
 
 328-32 
 
 3| 
 
 3451 
 
 104 
 
 257-86 
 
 36 
 
 46-92 
 
 10 
 
 344-53 
 
 35 
 
 3685 
 
 104 
 
 270-59 
 
 4 
 
 50- 
 
 101 
 
 361-13 
 
 4 
 
 39-27 
 
 io| 
 
 283-63 
 
 4J 
 
 53-14 
 
 11 
 
 378-12 
 
 4| 
 
 4176 
 
 11 
 
 296-97 
 
 *i 
 
 56-44 
 
 114 
 
 395-50 
 
 4i 
 
 44-27 
 
 i 
 
 310-63 
 
 
 
 59-81 
 
 "4 
 
 413-28 
 
 4| 
 
 46-97 
 
 114 
 
 324-59 
 
 44 
 
 63-28 
 
 11| 
 
 431-44 
 
 4i 
 
 49-70 
 
 ill 
 
 338-85 
 
 4| 
 
 66-84 
 
 12 
 
 450- 
 
 4| 
 
 52-50 
 
 12 
 
 35343 
 
 41 
 
 70-50 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 55-37 
 
 
 
 STEEL. Weight of a Foot in Length of Flat. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Thick, 
 1-4 inch. 
 
 Shick, 
 3-8ths. 
 
 Thick, 
 1-2 inch. 
 
 Thick, I, . 
 
 5-Sths. ;! 8lze ' 
 
 Thick, 
 1-4 inch. 
 
 Thick, 
 S-8ths. 
 
 Thick, 
 ]-2inch. 
 
 Thick, 
 5-8th>. 
 
 Inches 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pound-. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. Inches. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 poundf. 
 
 1 
 
 852 
 
 1-27 
 
 1-70 
 
 2.13 i| 2i 
 
 2 13 
 
 3-20 
 
 4-26- 
 
 5-32 
 
 li 
 
 958 
 
 143 
 
 1-91 
 
 2-39 jj 21 
 
 234 
 
 3-51 
 
 4-68 
 
 5-85 
 
 U 
 
 1-06 
 
 1-59 
 
 213 
 
 2-6 6 } 
 
 3 
 
 2-55 
 
 383 
 
 5 11 
 
 6-39 
 
 If 
 
 1-17 
 
 1-75 
 
 234 
 
 2-92 | 
 
 3i 
 
 2-77 
 
 4-15 
 
 553 
 
 6-92 
 
 14 
 
 127 
 
 1-91 
 
 2-55 
 
 3-19 
 
 34 
 
 2-98 
 
 4-47 
 
 5-98 
 
 7-45 
 
 U 
 
 1-49 
 
 223 
 
 2-98 
 
 3-72 
 
 31 
 
 3-19 
 
 4-79 
 
 6-38 
 
 7-98 
 
 2 
 
 1-70 
 
 2-55 
 
 3-40 
 
 4-26 
 
 4 
 
 .3-40 
 
 5-10 
 
 6-80 
 
 8-52 
 
 2i 
 
 191 
 
 2-87 
 
 3-83 
 
 4-79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16*
 
 186 
 
 PARALLEL, AND TAPER ANGLE IRON. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF ROLLED IRON 
 
 Per lineal foot, in pounds and decimal parts, of sections of Parallel Angle 
 Taper Angle, Parallel T, Taper T, and Sank Iron and Rails. 
 
 Table I. PARALLEL ANGLE IRON, OF EQ.UAL SIDES. 
 
 Length of sides. 
 A B, in inches. 
 
 Uniform thickness 
 throughout. 
 
 Weight of one 
 lineal foot. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 8-0 
 
 2| 
 
 
 70 
 
 2* 
 
 
 575 
 
 24 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 4-5 
 
 2 
 
 i full 
 
 3-75 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 3-0 
 
 lj 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 if 
 
 No. 6 wire guage 
 
 1-75 
 
 u 
 
 8 
 
 1-5 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1 25 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 1-0 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 875 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 625 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 563 
 
 I 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Table II. PARALLEL ANGLE IROH, OF UNEQUAL SIDES. 
 
 L'gth of side 
 A in inches. 
 
 L'gth of side 
 B in inches. 
 
 Uniform 
 thickness 
 throughout. 
 
 Weight of 1 
 lineal foot 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 3* 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 9-75 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 | 
 
 S-75 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 7-5 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 6-75 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5-75 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5-5 
 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4-75 
 
 2 
 
 2* 
 
 4 
 
 3-375 
 
 li 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2-875 
 
 li 
 
 2 
 
 3-16ths 
 
 2-25 
 
 Table III. TAPER ANGLE IRON, OF EQUAL SIDES 
 
 L'gth of sides 
 AA, in inches. 
 
 Thickness of 
 edges at B. 
 
 Thickness of 
 root at c. 
 
 Weight of 1 
 lineal foot. 
 
 in. 
 
 tft. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 4 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 14-0 
 
 3 
 
 k 
 
 I 
 
 10-375 
 
 21 
 
 7-16ths 
 
 9-16ths 
 
 8-25 
 
 2i 
 
 f 
 
 h 
 
 6-5 
 
 24 
 
 5-16ths,full 
 
 7-16ths 
 
 5-0 
 
 2 
 
 4 full 
 
 5-16ths full 
 
 3-875 
 
 It 
 
 4 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 3-25 
 
 li 
 
 4 bare 
 
 5-16th, bare 
 
 2625 
 
 A **
 
 WEIGHT OF PARALLEL AND TAPER T IRON. 
 
 187 
 
 WEIGHTS OF PARALLEL AND TAPER T IRON. 
 
 Table IV. ~ PARALLEL J IKON, OF UNEQUAL WIDTH AND DEPTH. 
 
 Width 
 of top 
 table A. 
 
 Total 
 depth 
 
 B. 
 
 Uniform 
 thickness 
 top table c 
 
 Uniform 
 thickness 
 of rib D. 
 
 Weight of 
 one lineal 
 foot. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 15-75 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 
 i 
 
 9-16ths 
 
 13-25 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 a. 
 
 a. 
 
 8-875 
 
 81 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8-25 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 125 
 
 2* 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 7-0 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 full 
 
 4-5 
 
 2 
 
 li 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 4-0 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 3-125 
 
 li 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 2-875 
 
 14 
 
 1* 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 2-375 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 3-16ths 
 
 3-16ths 
 
 1-5 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 3-16ths 
 
 3-16ths 
 
 1 125 
 
 Table V. PARALLEL T IRON, OF EQUAL DEPTH AND WIDTH. 
 
 Width of top ta- 
 ble, and total 
 depth A, A. 
 
 Uniform 
 thickness 
 throughout 
 
 Weight of 
 one 
 lineal foot. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 
 5 
 
 7-16ths 
 
 13-75 
 
 4 
 
 | 
 
 9-75 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 8-5 
 
 3 
 
 s. 
 
 7-5 
 
 2i 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 4625 
 
 24 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 4-5 
 
 2 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 3-75 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 
 3-0 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 
 2-25 
 
 U 
 
 k 
 
 1-75 
 
 i 
 
 3-16ths 
 
 1-0 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 725 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 625 
 
 Table VL TAPER 
 
 Width 
 of top 
 table A 
 
 Total 
 depth 
 
 B. 
 
 Thickness 
 of top table 
 at root c. 
 
 Thickness 
 of top table 
 at edges D. 
 
 Uniform 
 thicknes of 
 rib E. 
 
 Weight 
 of one 
 lin. foot. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 3 
 
 S| 
 
 k 
 
 5 
 
 7-16ths 
 
 8-0 
 
 3 
 
 a| 
 
 7-16ths 
 
 f 
 
 h 
 
 8-0 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7-16ths 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 5-16th<= 
 
 5-25 
 
 ** 
 
 24 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 4 full 
 
 6-5 
 
 2 
 
 1* 
 
 full 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 1 
 
 3-5 
 
 2 
 
 U 
 
 5-16ths 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 2-875
 
 188 
 
 WEIGHT OF IRON SASHES AND RAILS. 
 
 WEIGHT OF SASHES AND RAILS. 
 Table VII. SASH IRON. 
 
 Total 
 depth 
 
 A. 
 
 Depth 
 of re- 
 bate B. 
 
 Width 
 at edge c. 
 
 greatest 
 width 
 
 D. 
 
 Weight of 
 one lineal 
 foot. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 in. 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 No. 9 w. guage 
 
 5-8ths 
 
 1-75 
 
 1| 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 9-16ths 
 
 1-625 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 9-16ths 
 
 1-25 
 
 If 
 
 
 10 
 
 9-l6ths 
 
 1-125 
 
 11 
 
 
 10 
 
 9-16ths 
 
 1-0 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 75 
 
 Table VIII, RAILS EQ.UAL TOP AND BOTTOM TABLES. 
 
 -B- 
 
 Depth A 
 in inches. 
 
 Width across 
 top and bottom, 
 BB, in inches. 
 
 Thickness 
 of rib c. 
 
 Weight of 
 1 lin.. foot. 
 
 in. 
 5 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 i 
 
 25-0 
 
 4i 
 
 2 I 
 
 
 23-33 
 
 4i 
 
 2i 
 
 * 
 
 21-66 
 
 -c 
 
 Table IX. TEMPORARY RAILS. 
 
 Top width 
 
 A. 
 
 Rib width 
 
 B. 
 
 Bed width 
 c. 
 
 Total 
 depth D. 
 
 Thickness 
 of bed E. 
 
 Weight of 
 1 lin. foot 
 
 in. 
 li 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 8 
 
 in. 
 2 
 
 in. 
 7-16ths 
 
 9-0 
 
 11 
 
 
 3 
 
 2i 
 
 i 
 
 120 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 16-0 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 17-33
 
 WEIGHT OF FLAT IKON. 
 
 189 
 
 WEIGHT OP A LINEAL FOOT OF MALLEABLE 
 TANGULAR OR FLAT IRON. 
 
 From an Eighth of an Inch to Three Inches TJrick. 
 T designates the thickness, B. the breadth. 
 
 REG- 
 
 T 
 
 B. Weight. 
 
 T 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 in. in Ibs. ozs. 
 
 in 
 
 in. Ibs. ozs 
 
 in. in. Ibs. ozs 
 
 in 
 
 in. 
 
 Jbs. ozs. 
 
 i i 
 
 1.6 
 
 | 
 
 10| 
 
 4 7-3 
 
 4 
 
 94 
 
 7 14-1 
 
 i 
 
 8| 
 
 10 13-8 
 
 
 
 
 2-4 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 9-0 
 
 
 93 
 
 8 1-4 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 2.8 
 
 
 4 
 
 3-3 
 
 
 114 
 
 4 10-7 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 4-8 
 
 
 94 
 
 11 7-8 
 
 
 * 
 
 4-1 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 4 12 3 
 
 
 104 
 
 8 8-1 
 
 
 94 
 
 11 127 
 
 
 | 
 
 5-0 
 
 
 113 
 
 4 14-0 
 
 
 104 
 
 8 11-4 
 
 
 9| 
 
 12 1-7 
 
 
 I 
 
 5-8 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 15-6 
 
 
 10| 
 
 8 14-7 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 67 
 
 
 \ 
 
 6-6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jl 
 
 90. A 
 
 
 101 
 
 19 11 fi 
 
 
 14 
 
 8-3 
 
 J 
 
 4 
 
 6-6 
 
 
 114 
 
 ft \J 
 
 9 5-4 
 
 
 1U 3 
 10| 
 
 J 1 JL < 1 
 
 13 0-6 
 
 
 14 
 
 9-9 
 
 
 I 
 
 8-3 
 
 
 H4 
 
 9 8-7 
 
 
 103 
 
 13 56 
 
 
 14 
 
 11-6 
 
 
 1 
 
 10-0 
 
 
 ii| 
 
 9 12 
 
 
 11 
 
 13 10-5 
 
 
 2 
 
 13-2 
 
 
 | 
 
 116 
 
 
 12 
 
 9 15 3 
 
 
 H4 
 
 13 15-5 
 
 
 24 
 
 14-9 
 
 
 1 
 
 13-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 14 4-5 
 
 
 ~4 
 
 24 
 
 1 0-6 
 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 1 0-6 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 14-9 
 
 
 113 
 
 14 94 
 
 
 23 
 
 1 2-2 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 3-9 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1-3 
 
 
 12 
 
 14 14-4 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 3-9 
 
 
 H 
 
 1 7-2 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 3-8 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 34 
 
 1 5-5 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 10.5 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 8-8 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 10-4 
 
 
 34 
 
 1 7-2 
 
 
 24 
 
 1 13-8 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 138 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 1-1 
 
 
 33 
 
 1 8-9 
 
 
 24 
 
 2 1-2 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 2-7 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 7-7 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 10 5 
 
 
 21 
 
 2 4-5 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 7-7 
 
 
 11 
 
 2 14-3 
 
 
 44 
 
 1 12-2 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 7-8 
 
 
 24 
 
 2 12-7 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 4-9 
 
 
 4* 
 
 1 13 8 
 
 
 34 
 
 2 11 1 
 
 
 24 
 
 3 16 
 
 
 24 
 
 3 11-6 
 
 
 43 
 
 1 15-5 
 
 
 34 
 
 2 14-4 
 
 
 23 
 
 3 6-6 
 
 
 24 
 
 4 2-2 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 12 
 
 
 31 
 
 3 1-8 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 11-6 
 
 
 23 
 
 4 8.8 
 
 
 54 
 
 2 2-8 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 5-1 
 
 
 34 
 
 4 0-5 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 15 4 
 
 
 54 
 
 2 4-5 
 
 
 44 
 
 3 8-4 
 
 
 34 
 
 4 5-5 
 
 
 34 
 
 5 6-1 
 
 
 53 
 
 2 6-1 
 
 
 44 
 
 3 11-7 
 
 
 33 
 
 4 10-5 
 
 
 34 
 
 5 12-7 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 78 
 
 
 43 
 
 3 15-0 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 15-4 
 
 
 33 
 
 6 3.3 
 
 
 64 
 
 2 9-5 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 2-4 
 
 
 44 
 
 5 4-4 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 9-9 
 
 
 64 
 
 2 11-1 
 
 
 54 
 
 4 5-7 
 
 
 44 
 
 5 9-4 
 
 
 44 
 
 7 0-6 
 
 
 63 
 
 2 12-8 
 
 
 54 
 
 4 9-0 
 
 
 43 
 
 5 14 3 
 
 
 44 
 
 7 7-2 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 14-4 
 
 
 53 
 
 4 12-3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 3-3 
 
 
 43 
 
 7 138 
 
 
 74 
 
 3 01 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 15-6 
 
 
 54 
 
 6 8-3 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 4-4 
 
 
 74 
 
 3 1-8 
 
 
 64 
 
 5 3-0 
 
 
 54 
 
 6 13-2 
 
 
 54 
 
 8 11-1 
 
 
 73 
 
 3 3-4 
 
 
 64 
 
 5 6-3 
 
 
 53 
 
 7 2-2 
 
 
 54 
 
 9 1-7 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 51 
 
 
 63 
 
 5 96 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 7-2 
 
 
 53 
 
 9 83 
 
 
 84 
 
 3 6-7 
 
 
 7 
 
 5 13-0 
 
 
 64 
 
 7 12-2 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 14-9 
 
 
 84 
 
 3 8-4 
 
 
 74 
 
 6 0-2 
 
 
 64 
 
 8 1-1 
 
 
 64 
 
 10 5-6 
 
 
 83 
 
 3 10 1 
 
 
 74 
 
 6 36 
 
 
 63 
 
 8 6-1 
 
 
 64 10 12-2 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 11-7 
 
 
 73 
 
 6 7-0 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 11-1 
 
 
 63 
 
 11 2-8 
 
 
 94 
 
 3 13 4 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 10-2 
 
 
 74 
 
 9 0-0 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 94 
 
 
 94 
 
 3 15-0 
 
 
 84 
 
 6 13-5 
 
 
 74 
 
 9 5-0 
 
 
 74 
 
 12 0-0 
 
 
 9i 
 
 4 7 
 
 
 84 
 
 7 0-8 
 
 
 73 
 
 9 10-0 
 
 
 74 12 6-7 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 2-4 
 
 
 8| 7 4-2 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 14-9 
 
 
 73 
 
 12 133 
 
 
 i4 
 
 4 4-0 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 7-5 
 
 
 84 
 
 10 3-9 
 
 
 8 
 
 13 3-9 
 
 
 104 
 
 4 5-7 
 
 
 94 
 
 7 10-8 
 
 
 84 
 
 10 S-9 
 
 
 4 
 
 13 10-5
 
 190 
 
 WEIGHT OF FLAT IRON. 
 
 T. designates tne thickness. B. the'breadfh. 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 in. 
 
 Ifos. ozs. 
 
 in 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs 
 
 in 
 
 in. Ibs. ozs 
 
 in 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 84 
 
 14 1-2 
 
 ft 
 
 94 
 
 19 10-6 
 
 S 
 
 10| 26 11-2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 10-0 
 
 84 
 
 14 7-8 
 
 
 91 
 
 20 2.9 
 
 
 11 
 
 27 5-1 
 
 
 24 
 
 7 7-2 
 
 9 
 
 14 14 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 20 11-2 
 
 
 H4 
 
 27 15-1 
 
 
 24 
 
 8 4.4 
 
 94 
 
 15 5-0 
 
 
 IW 
 
 21 3-4 
 
 
 11 28 9-0 
 
 
 24 
 
 9 1-7 
 
 94 
 
 15 11-7 
 
 
 104 
 
 21 11-7 
 
 
 111 
 
 29 3-0 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 14-7 
 
 91 
 
 16 23 
 
 
 105 
 
 22 4-0 
 
 
 12 
 
 29 12-9 
 
 
 34 
 
 10 12-2 
 
 10 
 
 16 8-9 
 
 
 11 
 
 22 12 3 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 11 9-4 
 
 
 104 
 
 16 15-5 
 
 
 H4 
 
 23 4-6 
 
 H" 
 
 11 
 
 5 11 
 
 
 34 
 
 12 6-7 
 
 104 
 
 17 6-2 
 
 
 114 
 
 23 12-8 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 12 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 13 3-9 
 
 104 
 
 17 12 8 
 
 
 111 
 
 24 5-1 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 6 8-3 
 
 
 44 
 
 14 1-2 
 
 11 
 
 18 3-4 
 
 
 12 
 
 24 13-4 
 
 
 24 
 
 7 3.9 
 
 
 44 
 
 14 14-4 
 
 1 14 
 
 18 HHi 
 
 
 
 
 
 2! 
 
 7 15-5 
 
 
 A a 
 
 15 11'7 
 
 n4 
 
 J9 0-7 
 
 ; | 
 
 14 
 
 3 11-6 
 
 
 ? 
 
 8 11.1 
 
 
 *4 
 5 
 
 16 8-9 
 
 ni 
 
 19 7-3 
 
 
 14 
 
 4 5-5 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 9 6-7 
 
 
 54 
 
 17 6-2 
 
 12 
 
 19 13-9 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 154 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 2.2 
 
 
 54 
 
 18 3-4 
 
 
 
 
 2-1 
 
 50.4 
 
 
 33 
 
 in i" v 
 
 
 K3 
 
 19 0-7 
 
 14 
 
 2 9-4 
 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 y 
 
 6 3-3 
 
 
 ? 
 
 l\f AO O 
 
 11 9-4 
 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 19 13-9 
 
 i* 
 
 3 1-6 
 
 
 2| 
 
 6 132 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 12 5-0 
 
 
 64 
 
 20 11-2 
 
 14 
 
 3 9-9 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 7-2 
 
 
 4 
 
 13 0-6 
 
 
 64 
 
 21 8-4 
 
 2 
 
 4 22 
 
 
 34 
 
 8 1-1 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 13 12-2 
 
 
 64 
 
 22 5.7 
 
 2 4 
 
 4 10-5 
 
 
 34 
 
 8 11-1 
 
 
 5 
 
 14 7-8 
 
 
 7 
 
 23 2-9 
 
 2A 
 
 5 2-8 
 
 
 31 
 
 9 5-0 
 
 
 5 4 
 
 15 3-4 
 
 
 74 
 
 24 0-2 
 
 2f 
 
 5 11-0 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 14-9 
 
 
 4 
 
 15 15-0 
 
 
 74 
 
 24 13-4 
 
 3 
 
 6 3.3 
 
 
 44 
 
 10 8-9 
 
 
 5| 
 
 16 10-6 
 
 
 74 
 
 25 10-6 
 
 34 
 
 6 11 6 
 
 
 44 11 2-8 
 
 
 6 
 
 17 62 
 
 
 8 
 
 26 7-9 
 
 3d 
 
 7 3-9 
 
 
 41 
 
 11 12-7 
 
 
 6 4 
 
 18 1-8 
 
 
 84 
 
 27 5-1 
 
 3| 
 
 7 12 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 67 
 
 
 64 
 
 18 13 4 
 
 
 84 
 
 28 2-4 
 
 4 
 
 8 4-4 
 
 
 5\ 13 0-6 
 
 
 64 
 
 19 8-9 
 
 
 81 
 
 28 15 6 
 
 44 
 
 8 12.7 
 
 
 54 13 10-6 
 
 
 7 
 
 20 4-5 
 
 
 9 
 
 29 12-9 
 
 4i 
 
 9 5-0 
 
 
 51 14 4-5 
 
 
 7 4 
 
 21 0-1 
 
 
 9.4 
 
 30 10-1 
 
 44 
 
 9 13-3 
 
 
 6 14 14-4 
 
 
 74 
 
 21 11.7 
 
 
 94 
 
 31 7-4 
 
 5 
 
 10 5-6 
 
 
 64.J15 8-4 
 
 
 7| 
 
 22 7-3 
 
 
 94 
 
 32 4-6 
 
 54 
 
 10 13-8 
 
 
 6 16 2-3 
 
 
 8 
 
 23 2.9 
 
 
 10 
 
 33 1-9 
 
 4 
 
 11 6-1 
 
 
 61 
 
 16 12-2 
 
 
 |i 
 
 23 14-5 
 
 
 i4 
 
 33 15-1 
 
 51 
 
 11 144 
 
 
 7 
 
 17 62 
 
 
 8 4 
 
 24 10-1 
 
 
 ioi 
 
 31 12-4 
 
 6 
 
 12 6-7 
 
 
 74 
 
 18 0-1 
 
 
 3 
 
 25 5-7 
 
 
 104 
 
 35 9.6 
 
 64 
 
 12 15-0 
 
 
 74 
 
 18 10-0 
 
 
 9 
 
 26 1-3 
 
 
 11 
 
 36 69 
 
 64 
 
 13 7-2 
 
 
 71 
 
 19 4-0 
 
 
 9 4 
 
 26 12 9 
 
 
 114 
 
 57 4-1 
 
 6| 
 
 13 15-5 
 
 
 8 
 
 19 13-9 
 
 
 9 4 
 
 27 8.5 
 
 
 114 
 
 38 1-4 
 
 7 
 
 14 7-8 
 
 
 84 
 
 20 7-8 
 
 
 91 
 
 28 4-0 
 
 
 ill 
 
 38 14-6 
 
 74 
 
 15 0.1 
 
 
 84 
 
 21 1-8 
 
 
 10 
 
 28 15-6 
 
 
 12 
 
 39 11-9 
 
 74 
 
 15 8-4 
 
 
 S| 
 
 21 11-7 
 
 
 104 
 
 29 11-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 16 0-6 
 
 
 9 
 
 22 5.7 
 
 
 104 
 
 30 6-8 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 8 6-1 
 
 8 
 
 16 8-9 
 
 
 94 
 
 22 15 6 
 
 
 104 
 
 31 2-4 
 
 
 24 
 
 9 5-0 
 
 84 
 
 17 12 
 
 
 94 
 
 23 9-5 
 
 
 11 
 
 81 140 
 
 
 24 
 
 10 3-9 
 
 84 
 
 17 9-5 
 
 
 91 
 
 24 3.5 
 
 
 n.S 
 
 32 9-6 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 2-8 
 
 8| 
 
 18 1-8 
 
 
 10 
 
 24 13-4 
 
 
 H4 
 
 33 5-2 
 
 
 -I 
 
 12 1-7 
 
 9 
 
 18 10.0 
 
 
 104 25 7-3 
 
 
 ni 
 
 34 0-8 
 
 
 34 
 
 13 0-6 
 
 94 
 
 19 23 
 
 
 10i 26 1-3 
 
 
 12 
 
 34 12.4 
 
 
 34 
 
 13 15-5
 
 WEIGHT OF FLAT IRON. 
 
 191 
 
 T. designates the thickness, B. the breadth. 
 
 T. 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 n. 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 in 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 in. in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 14 14 4 
 
 H 
 
 64 
 
 25 14-0 
 
 If 
 
 81 
 
 39 13-5 
 
 14114 
 
 57 2-1 
 
 
 44 
 
 15 13-3 
 
 
 64 
 
 26 14-5 
 
 
 9 
 
 40 15-7 
 
 
 113 
 
 58 5.9 
 
 
 4| 
 
 16 12 2 
 
 
 63 
 
 27 15-1 
 
 
 94 
 
 42 2-0 
 
 
 12 
 
 59 9-8 
 
 
 4 
 
 17 ll-l 
 
 
 7 
 
 28 15-6 
 
 
 94 
 
 43 4-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 18 10-0 
 
 
 74 
 
 30 0-2 
 
 
 91 
 
 44 6-4 
 
 | 
 
 34 
 
 17 7-8 
 
 
 54 
 
 19 8-9 
 
 
 74 
 
 31 0-8 
 
 
 10 
 
 45 8-6 
 
 
 34 
 
 IS 13-4 
 
 
 54 
 
 20 7-8 
 
 
 7| 
 
 32 1-3 
 
 
 104 
 
 46 10-8 
 
 
 31 
 
 20 2-9 
 
 
 51 
 
 21 6-8 
 
 
 8 
 
 33 1-9 
 
 
 104 
 
 47 13-0 
 
 
 4 
 
 21 8-4 
 
 
 6 
 
 22 5-7 
 
 
 84 
 
 34 2-4 
 
 
 101 
 
 48 15-2 
 
 
 44 
 
 22 ]3-9 
 
 
 64 
 
 23 4-6 
 
 
 84 
 
 35 3-0 
 
 
 11 
 
 50 1-5 
 
 
 44 
 
 24 35 
 
 
 64 
 
 24 35 
 
 
 81 
 
 36 3-6 
 
 
 114 
 
 51 3-7 
 
 
 41 
 
 25 9-0 
 
 
 61 
 
 25 2-4 
 
 
 9 
 
 37 4-1 
 
 
 114 
 
 52 5-9 
 
 
 5 
 
 26 14-5 
 
 
 7 
 
 26 1-3 
 
 
 94 
 
 38 4-7 
 
 
 111 
 
 53 8-1 
 
 
 54 
 
 28 4-0 
 
 
 7| 
 
 27 0-2 
 
 
 94 
 
 39 5-2 
 
 
 12 
 
 54 10-3 
 
 
 54 
 
 29 9-6 
 
 
 7! 
 
 27 15-1 
 
 
 93 
 
 40 5-8 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 30 15-1 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 n 
 
 28 14-0 
 
 
 */5 
 10 
 
 41 6-4 
 
 U 
 
 3 
 
 14 14.4 
 
 
 1/.J 
 
 6 
 
 32 4-6 
 
 
 8 
 
 29 12-9 
 
 
 104 
 
 42 6-9 
 
 
 34 
 
 16 2-3 
 
 
 64 
 
 33 10-2 
 
 
 4 
 
 30 H-8 
 
 
 104 
 
 43 7-5 
 
 
 34 
 
 17 6-2 
 
 
 64 
 
 34 15-7 
 
 
 g| 
 
 31 10-7 
 
 
 10| 
 
 44 C-0 
 
 
 31 
 
 18 10-0 
 
 
 63 
 
 36 5-2 
 
 
 8| 
 
 32 9-6 
 
 
 11 
 
 45 8-6 
 
 
 4 
 
 19 13-9 
 
 
 7 
 
 37 10-7 
 
 
 9 
 
 33 8-5 
 
 
 114 
 
 46 9-2 
 
 
 44 
 
 21 1.8 
 
 
 74 
 
 39 0-3 
 
 
 94 
 
 34 7-4 
 
 
 114 
 
 47 9-7 
 
 
 44 
 
 22 5-7 
 
 
 74 
 
 40 5-8 
 
 
 I 
 
 35 6-3 
 
 
 111 
 
 48 10 3 
 
 
 43 
 
 23 9-5 
 
 
 71 
 
 41 11-3 
 
 
 9| 
 
 36 5-2 
 
 
 12 
 
 49 10-8 
 
 
 5 
 
 24 13.4 
 
 
 8 
 
 43 0-9 
 
 
 10 
 
 37 4.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 9fl 1 .Q 
 
 
 8-L 
 
 44 fi-4 
 
 
 104 
 
 O 1 * A 
 
 38 3-0 
 
 n 
 
 21 
 
 12 8-3 
 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 O JL'o 
 
 27 5-1 
 
 
 u -j 
 
 84 
 
 45 11-9 
 
 
 M>1 
 
 39 1-9 
 
 
 3 
 
 13 10-6 
 
 
 53 
 
 28 9-0 
 
 
 si 
 
 47 1-4 
 
 
 103 
 
 40 0-8 
 
 
 34 
 
 14 12-8 
 
 
 6 
 
 29 12-9 
 
 
 9 
 
 48 7-0 
 
 
 11 
 
 40 15-7 
 
 
 34 
 
 15 15-0 
 
 
 64 
 
 31 0-8 
 
 
 94 
 
 49 12-5 
 
 
 114 
 
 41 14 6 
 
 
 33 
 
 17 1-2 
 
 
 64 
 
 32 4-6 
 
 
 94 
 
 51 2-0 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 42 13-5 
 
 
 4 
 
 18 3-4 
 
 
 63 
 
 33 8-5 
 
 
 93 
 
 52 7-6 
 
 
 111 
 
 43 12-4 
 
 
 44 
 
 19 5-6 
 
 
 7 
 
 34 12-4 
 
 
 10 
 
 53 13-1 
 
 
 12 
 
 44 11-4 
 
 
 44 
 
 20 7-8 
 
 
 74 
 
 36 0-2 
 
 
 104 
 
 55 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 21 10-1 
 
 
 74 
 
 Q7 4.1 
 
 
 1 Ol 
 
 -..: c.| 
 
 14 
 
 2 10 5-6 
 
 
 *4 
 
 5 
 
 1 1 V 1 
 
 22 12-3 
 
 
 'a 
 73 
 
 o I *1 A 
 
 38 8-0 
 
 
 1 wJJ 
 
 10| 
 
 *J\) O X 
 
 57 13-7 
 
 
 21 11 6-1 
 
 
 54 23 14-5 
 
 
 8 
 
 39 11-9 
 
 
 11 
 
 59 3-2 
 
 
 3 12 6-7 
 
 
 54 25 0-7 
 
 
 84 
 
 40 15-7 
 
 
 114 
 
 60 8.7 
 
 
 34 13 7-2 
 
 
 5| 26 2-9 
 
 
 84 
 
 42 3-6 
 
 
 114 
 
 61 14-2 
 
 
 34 14 7-8 
 
 
 6 
 
 27 5-1 
 
 
 81 
 
 43 7-5 
 
 
 113 
 
 63 3-8 
 
 
 31 15 8-4 
 
 
 64 
 
 28 7-4 
 
 
 9 
 
 44 11 4 
 
 
 12 
 
 64 9-3 
 
 
 4 
 
 16 8-9 
 
 
 6A i 9Q 0-fi 
 
 
 9A 
 
 4*1 1H-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 17 9-5 
 
 
 U 2 
 
 63 
 
 30 11-8 
 
 
 ^4 
 
 94 
 
 Its to t 
 
 47 31 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 20 4-5 
 
 
 44 
 
 18 10-0 
 
 
 7 
 
 31 14-0 
 
 
 9| 
 
 48 7-0 
 
 
 33 
 
 21 11-7 
 
 
 43 
 
 19 10-6 
 
 
 74 
 
 33 0-2 
 
 
 10 
 
 49 10-8 
 
 
 4 
 
 23 2-9 
 
 
 5 
 
 20 11-2 
 
 
 74 34 2-4 
 
 
 104 
 
 50 14-7 
 
 
 44 
 
 24 10-1 
 
 
 54 
 
 21 11-7 
 
 
 73 
 
 35 4-7 
 
 
 104 
 
 52 2-6 
 
 
 44 26 1-3 
 
 
 5A 22 12-3 
 
 
 8 
 
 36 6-9 
 
 
 10| 
 
 53 6-5 
 
 
 43 ; 27 8-5 
 
 
 53 23 12-8 
 
 
 84 37 9-1 
 
 
 11 
 
 54 10-3 
 
 
 5 
 
 28 15-6 
 
 
 6 
 
 24 13-4 
 
 
 84 38 11-3 
 
 
 114 
 
 55 142 
 
 
 54 
 
 30 6-8
 
 192 
 
 WEIGHT OF FLAT IRON. 
 
 T. designates the thickness, B. the breadth. 
 
 T. B. 
 
 Weight. IT. B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 in. in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. in. in. Ibs. ozs. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. Ibs. ozs 
 
 in. 
 
 iu. 
 
 |bs. ozs. 
 
 If 54 
 
 31 14-0 
 
 1J 9 55 14-2 
 
 2 44 31 10-7 
 
 24 
 
 si 
 
 65 3-2 
 
 
 51 
 
 33 5-2 
 
 
 9| 57 7-0 
 
 
 4i{ 33 6-8 
 
 
 9 
 
 67 1-0 
 
 
 6 
 
 34 12-4 
 
 
 94 58 15-9 
 
 
 5 35 3-0 
 
 
 94 
 
 GS 14-9 
 
 
 64 
 
 36 3-6 
 
 
 93 60 8-7 
 
 
 54 36 15-2 
 
 
 94 
 
 70 12-7 
 
 
 64 
 
 37 10-7 
 
 
 10 62 1-6 
 
 
 54 38 11 3 
 
 
 91 
 
 72 10-5 
 
 
 61 
 
 39 1-9 
 
 
 104 63 10-4 
 
 
 51 40 7-5 
 
 
 10 
 
 74 8-3 
 
 
 7 
 
 40 9-1 
 
 104 65 3-2 
 
 
 6 
 
 42 36 
 
 
 104 
 
 76 6-1 
 
 
 74 
 
 42 0-3 
 
 101 66 12-1 
 
 
 6j 43 15-8 
 
 
 io| 
 
 78 3-9 
 
 
 74 
 
 43 7-5 
 
 
 11 68 4-9 
 
 
 64 
 
 45 11 9 
 
 
 101 
 
 80 1-7 
 
 
 71 
 
 44 14.7 
 
 
 114 69 13-8 
 
 
 61 
 
 47 8-1 
 
 
 11 
 
 81 15-5 
 
 
 8 
 
 46 5-8 
 
 
 111 71 6-6 
 
 
 7 
 
 49 4-2 
 
 
 114 
 
 83 13-3 
 
 
 84 
 
 47 13-0 
 
 ll| 72 15 4 
 
 
 74 
 
 51 0-4 
 
 
 114 
 
 85 11-1 
 
 
 84 
 
 49 4-2 
 
 
 12 
 
 74 8-3 
 
 
 74 
 
 52 12-5 
 
 
 111 
 
 87 8-9 
 
 
 Q3 
 
 50 11-4 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 : i 54 8-7 
 
 
 12 
 
 89 6*7 
 
 
 05 
 
 9 
 
 52 2-6 
 
 2 4 {26 7-9 
 
 
 8 56 4-8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 53 9-8 
 
 
 44 28 2-4 
 
 
 84 58 1-0 
 
 2f 41 
 
 37 5-8 
 
 
 94 
 
 55 1-0 
 
 
 4-i 29 12-9 
 
 
 84 59 13-1 
 
 
 5 
 
 39 5-2 
 
 
 91 
 
 56 8-1 
 
 
 41 31 7-4 
 
 
 81 
 
 61 9-3 
 
 
 5 * 
 
 41 4-7 
 
 
 10 
 
 57 15-3 
 
 
 5 33 1-9 
 
 
 9 
 
 63 5-4 
 
 
 54 
 
 43 4-2 
 
 
 i4 
 
 59 6-5 
 
 
 54 34 12-4 
 
 
 94 
 
 65 16 
 
 
 6| 
 
 45 3-6 
 
 
 104 
 
 60 13-7 
 
 
 54 36 6-9 
 
 
 94 66 13 7 
 
 
 6 
 
 47 3-1 
 
 
 10j 
 
 62 49 
 
 
 5| 38 1-4 
 
 
 91 68 9-9 
 
 
 64 
 
 49 2-6 
 
 
 11 
 
 63 12-1 
 
 
 6 
 
 39 11-9 
 
 
 10 
 
 70 6-0 
 
 
 64 
 
 51 2-0 
 
 
 114 
 
 65 32 
 
 
 64 
 
 41 6-4 
 
 
 104 72 2-2 
 
 
 61 
 
 53 1-5 
 
 
 114 
 
 66 10-4 
 
 
 64 43 0-9 
 
 
 1(>4 73 14-3 
 
 
 7 
 
 55 1-0 
 
 
 111 
 
 68 1-6 
 
 
 61 
 
 44 11-4 
 
 
 101 
 
 75 10-5 
 
 
 74 
 
 57 0-4 
 
 
 12 
 
 69 8-8 
 
 
 7 
 
 46 5-8 
 
 
 11 
 
 77 66 
 
 
 74 
 
 58 15-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 Aft 0-3 
 
 
 111 
 
 79 2-8 
 
 
 71 
 
 60 15-3 
 
 11 
 
 31 
 
 23 46 
 
 
 74 49 10-8 
 
 
 *4 
 
 Hi 
 
 80 15-0 
 
 
 8 
 
 62 14-3 
 
 
 4 
 
 24 13-4 
 
 
 75 51 5-3 
 
 
 111 82 11-1 
 
 
 8 J 
 
 64 143 
 
 
 44 
 
 26 6-2 
 
 
 8 52 15-8 
 
 
 12 84 7-3 
 
 
 84 
 
 66 13-7 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 9? m i 
 
 
 8J. KM 1A.O 
 
 
 
 
 * : ; 
 
 68 13-2 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 41 
 
 * 19.1 
 
 29 7-9 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 4 
 
 *J-* IV 
 
 56 4-8 
 
 24 44 33 85 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 70 12-7 
 
 
 5 
 
 31 0-8 
 
 
 81 
 
 57 15 3 
 
 
 41 35 63 
 
 
 94 
 
 72 12-1 
 
 
 54 
 
 32 9-6 
 
 
 9 
 
 59 9-0 
 
 
 r, :>,7 4-1 
 
 
 94 
 
 71 116 
 
 
 54 
 
 34 2-4 
 
 
 94 
 
 61 4-3 
 
 
 54 39 1-9 
 
 
 91 
 
 76 11-1 
 
 
 51 
 
 35 11 3 
 
 
 94 
 
 62 14-8 
 
 
 54 40 15-7 
 
 
 10 
 
 78 10-5 
 
 
 6 
 
 37 4-6 
 
 
 91 
 
 64 93 
 
 
 51 42 13-5 
 
 
 104 
 
 80 10-0 
 
 
 64 
 
 38 13-0 
 
 10 
 
 66 38 
 
 
 a 14 n-4 
 
 
 10A 
 
 82 9-4 
 
 
 64 
 
 40 5-8 
 
 104 67 14-3 
 
 
 6\ 46 9-2 
 
 
 10J 
 
 81 8-9 
 
 
 61 
 
 41 14-6 
 
 
 104 
 
 69 8-8 
 
 
 64 48 7-0 
 
 
 ]] 
 
 86 8-4 
 
 
 7 
 
 43 7-5 
 
 
 101 
 
 71 3-3 
 
 
 61 50 4-8 
 
 Hi 
 
 88 7-8 
 
 
 74 
 
 45 0-3 
 
 
 11 
 
 72 13-8 
 
 
 7 52 2-6 
 
 Hi 
 
 90 7-3 
 
 
 74 
 71 
 
 46 9-2 
 
 48 2-0 
 
 
 114 
 
 114 
 
 74 83 
 
 76 2-8 
 
 
 1\ 54 0-4 
 74 55 14-2 
 
 11:1 
 12 
 
 92 6-8 
 94 6-2 
 
 
 8 
 
 49 10-8 
 
 
 ill 
 
 77 13-3 
 
 
 71 57 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 51 3-7 
 
 
 12 
 
 79 7-8 
 
 
 8 59 98 
 
 24 5 
 
 11 6-4 
 
 
 8A 
 
 (59 12-T 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 61 7-6 
 
 KJ 
 
 43 7.5 
 
 
 2 
 
 81 
 
 > I ~ -J 
 
 54 5-4 
 
 2* 44 
 
 29 14 5 
 
 
 84 63 5-4 
 
 ' \ 
 
 54: 
 
 45 8.6
 
 WEIGHT OF FLAT IRON. 
 
 193 
 
 T designates the thickness, B. the breadth. 
 
 T. 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 r 
 
 B. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 T. B. 
 
 "Weight. 
 
 T. 
 
 B. 
 
 Wrisrht. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs ozs. 
 
 in 
 
 in. Ibs. ozs. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 Ibs. ozs. 
 
 24 
 
 
 47 9-7 
 
 7 60 13-7 
 
 25 84 77 6-6 
 
 21 10j 
 
 97 9-6 
 
 
 ti 
 
 49 108 
 
 
 -.3 0-5 
 
 
 8j 79 11 1 
 
 10.J 
 
 99 15 7 
 
 
 64 
 
 51 12-0 
 
 
 7i 
 
 65 3-2 
 
 
 9 
 
 81 15-5 
 
 
 103 
 
 102 5-7 
 
 
 64 
 
 53 13 1 
 
 
 73 
 
 67 6-0 
 
 
 94 
 
 84 39 
 
 
 11 
 
 104 11-8 
 
 
 
 55 14 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 69 8-8 
 
 
 N 
 
 86 8-4 
 
 
 H4 
 
 107 1-9 
 
 
 7 
 
 57 15 3 
 
 84 71 11-6 
 
 
 N 
 
 - 12 - 
 
 
 114 
 
 109 8-0 
 
 
 
 60 0-4 
 62 1-6 
 
 
 84 73 14-3 
 83 76 11 
 
 
 10 
 
 i4 
 
 91 1-2 
 93 5-7 
 
 
 113 
 
 12 
 
 111 14-1 
 114 4-2 
 
 
 
 t)4 2-7 
 
 9 
 
 78 3-9 
 
 
 104 
 
 95 10-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 66 3-8 
 
 
 9 I 
 
 80 6-7 
 
 
 *"4 
 10} 
 
 97 14-5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 59 9S 
 
 
 Bd 
 
 <>S 4-J 
 
 
 N 
 
 82 9-4 
 
 
 11 
 
 100 30 
 
 
 64 
 
 62 16 
 
 
 
 70 6-0 
 
 
 M 1'J-L' 
 
 
 114 102 7.4 
 
 
 64 
 
 64 9-3 
 
 
 8 
 
 72 72 
 
 10 
 
 86 15-0 
 
 
 114 104 11-8 
 
 
 6| 
 
 67 1-0 
 
 
 
 
 10* 
 
 89 1-8 
 
 
 11| 
 
 107 0-3 
 
 
 7 
 
 69 8-8 
 
 
 !S 
 
 76 94 
 
 It! 
 
 91 4-6 
 
 
 12 
 
 109 4-7 
 
 
 fl 
 
 72 0-5 
 
 
 N 
 
 7S 10-5 
 
 
 93 7-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 74 8-3 
 
 
 
 SO 11-6 
 
 11 
 
 95 10-1 
 
 21 51 
 
 54 12-0 
 
 
 73 
 
 77 0-0 
 
 
 10 
 
 vj 12-S 
 
 11-i 
 
 97 12-9 
 
 
 6 
 
 57 21 
 
 
 8 
 
 7i 7-8 
 
 
 I'M 
 
 84 13-9 
 
 111 
 
 99 157 
 
 
 64 
 
 59 8-2 
 
 
 84 
 
 81 15-5 
 
 
 id A 
 
 86 15-0 
 
 111 102 2-4 
 
 
 64 
 
 61 14-2 
 
 
 84 
 
 84 73 
 
 
 
 89 0-1 
 
 12 
 
 104 5-2 
 
 
 63 
 
 64 4-3 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 91 1-2 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 tili 10-1 
 
 
 
 v| K-1 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 93 24 
 
 23 54 
 
 50 1 5 
 
 
 
 WI Aw 4 
 
 69 0-5 
 
 
 94 
 
 oy o / 
 91 14 5 
 
 
 nj 
 
 95 35 
 
 53 
 
 52 5-9 
 
 
 74 
 
 71 6-6 
 
 
 94 
 
 94 6-2 
 
 
 11; 
 
 !>7 I'ti 
 
 
 6 
 
 54 10 3 
 
 
 73 
 
 73 12 7 
 
 
 93 
 
 96 14-0 
 
 
 12 
 
 99 57 
 
 
 64 
 el 
 
 56 14-8 
 
 RQ Q.O 
 
 
 8 
 
 Bl 
 
 76 2S 
 
 fro Q.O 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 f\ I 
 
 99 5-7 
 mi > s 
 
 N 
 
 54 
 
 4-> 10-3 
 
 
 *>5 
 63 
 
 .>.' o & 
 
 61 7-6 
 
 
 | 
 
 ts a y 
 80 15.0 
 
 
 104 
 
 10A 
 
 1.5. a 
 104 5.2 
 
 
 U 
 
 47 1S-0 
 
 
 7 
 
 63 12-1 
 
 
 83 
 
 83 5-0 
 
 
 103 
 
 106 13.0 
 
 
 
 in ivs 
 
 
 74 
 
 66 0-5 
 
 
 9 
 
 85 11 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 109 4.7 
 
 
 t> 
 
 52 26 
 
 
 7A <- 
 
 
 4 
 
 *- 12 
 
 
 114 
 
 111 12.4 
 
 
 "/ 
 
 54 5-4 
 
 
 ro 9-4 
 
 
 94 90 7-3 
 
 
 114 
 
 114 4.2 
 
 
 6* 
 
 56 8-1 
 
 
 8 
 
 72 13-S 
 
 
 9i 
 
 92 13 4 
 
 
 113 
 
 116 11.9 
 
 
 6} 
 
 5S 10-!) 
 
 
 84 
 
 75 2-2 
 
 
 10 
 
 95 3-5 
 
 
 12 
 
 119 3.7 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON TABLE OF FLAT IRON. 
 
 The weights horo ijivcn are in pounds, ounces, and decimal parts, nvoir- 
 ilupiv; ; ;iml u \vill l>o soon, on insportiny tho. Tahlo. that tho first numbers 
 in each pasje arc those which apply to 'nut iron, and that the breadth in- 
 
 !>y j of an inch. The last numbers in each papo show tin 
 of a sijuaro toot; according to the rospoctive thickness of each bar. Honco. 
 tin- \\oii;'l)t at any length of a bar of rectangular iron may be ascertained 
 gimply. as follows : 
 
 Ride. Multiply the tabular weight, according to the thickness and breadth, 
 by the number of loot in the bar, the product will be tne weight required. 
 
 K.ramplf In a bar of iron whose thickness is '_'} indies, the bro.idt.li f>4 
 inches, and the length IS feet, wh.it is the weight thereof !. 
 
 In the Table for '2 \ inches Hark, and opposite 64 inches, stand 4S Ibs. 7 ozs.; 
 being the wwrfat of one lineal foot. Multiply this number by 18 feet, and 
 we h.i\e as follows ; 
 
 48 Ibs. 7 ozs. X IS = 871 Ibs. 14 ozs.
 
 194 
 
 ELASTICITY OF STEAM. 
 
 ELASTIC FORCE OF STEAM. 
 
 Table of the Elastic Force of Steam, and corresponding Tempera- 
 ture of the Water with which it is in Contact. 
 
 Pressure in 
 pounds 
 per sq. in. 
 
 Elastic 
 force in 
 Inches 
 of 
 Mercury. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature 
 Fahren't. 
 
 Volume of) 
 Steam Pressure in 
 compared 1 pounds 
 with Vol. per sq. in. 
 of Water. 
 
 Elastic 
 force in 
 Inches 
 of 
 Mercury. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature 
 Fahren't. 
 
 Volume of 
 Steam 
 compared 
 with Vol 
 of Water' 
 
 14.7 
 
 30.00 
 
 212.0 
 
 1700 
 
 63 
 
 123.5-2 
 
 299.2 
 
 449 
 
 15 
 
 30.60 
 
 212.8 
 
 1069 
 
 64 
 
 130.56 
 
 300.3 
 
 443 
 
 16 
 
 32.64 
 
 216.3 
 
 1573 
 
 65 
 
 13260 
 
 301.3 
 
 437 
 
 17 
 
 34.68 
 
 219.6 
 
 1488 
 
 66 
 
 134.64 
 
 302.4 
 
 431 
 
 18 
 
 36.72 
 
 222.7 
 
 1411 
 
 67 
 
 130.03 
 
 303.4 
 
 425 
 
 19 
 
 33.76 
 
 225.6 
 
 1343 
 
 68 
 
 138.72 
 
 304.4 
 
 419 
 
 20 
 
 40.80 
 
 223.5 
 
 1281 
 
 69 
 
 140.76 
 
 305.4 
 
 414 
 
 21 
 
 4284 
 
 231.2 
 
 1225 
 
 70 
 
 142.80 
 
 306.4 
 
 408 
 
 22 
 
 44.38 
 
 233.8 
 
 1174 
 
 71 
 
 144.84 
 
 307.4 
 
 403 
 
 23 
 
 46.92 
 
 236.3 
 
 1127 
 
 72 
 
 146.38 
 
 308.4 
 
 398 
 
 24 
 
 48.96 
 
 233.7 
 
 IOS'4 
 
 73 
 
 148.92 
 
 309.3 
 
 393 
 
 25 
 
 51JOO 
 
 241.0 
 
 1044 
 
 74 
 
 150.96 
 
 310.3 
 
 388 
 
 26 
 
 53.04 
 
 243.3 
 
 1007 
 
 75 
 
 153.02 
 
 311.2 
 
 383 
 
 27 
 
 55.03 
 
 245.5 
 
 973 
 
 76 
 
 155.06 
 
 312.2 
 
 379 
 
 28 
 
 57.12 
 
 247.6 
 
 941 
 
 77 
 
 157.10 
 
 313.1 
 
 374 
 
 29 
 
 59.16 
 
 249.6 
 
 911 
 
 78 
 
 159.14 
 
 314.0 
 
 370 
 
 30 
 
 61.21 
 
 251.6 
 
 883 
 
 79 
 
 161.18 
 
 314.9 
 
 366 
 
 31 
 
 63.24 
 
 2536 
 
 857 
 
 80 
 
 163.22 
 
 3158 
 
 362 
 
 32 
 
 65.28 
 
 255.5 
 
 333 
 
 81 
 
 165.26 
 
 316.7 
 
 353 
 
 3.3 
 
 67.32 
 
 257.3 
 
 S10 
 
 82 
 
 167.30- 
 
 317.6 
 
 354 
 
 34 
 
 69.36 
 
 259.1 
 
 783 
 
 83 
 
 169.34 
 
 318.4 
 
 350 
 
 35 
 
 71.40 
 
 2609 
 
 767 
 
 84 
 
 171.33 
 
 319.3 
 
 346 
 
 36 
 
 73.44 
 
 262.6 
 
 748 
 
 85 
 
 173.42 
 
 320.1 
 
 342 
 
 37 
 
 75.48 
 
 264.3 
 
 729 
 
 86 
 
 175.46 
 
 321.0 
 
 339 
 
 33 
 
 77.52 
 
 265.9 
 
 712 
 
 87 
 
 177.50 
 
 321.3 
 
 335 
 
 39 
 
 79.5G 
 
 207.5 
 
 695 
 
 83 
 
 179.54 
 
 322.6 
 
 332 
 
 40 
 
 81.60 
 
 269.1 
 
 679 
 
 89 
 
 181.53 
 
 323.5 
 
 323 
 
 41 
 
 83.64 
 
 270.6 
 
 661 
 
 90 
 
 133.62 
 
 324.3 
 
 325 
 
 42 
 
 85.63 
 
 272.1 
 
 649 
 
 91 
 
 195.66 
 
 325.1 
 
 322 
 
 43 
 
 87.72 
 
 273.6 
 
 635 
 
 92 
 
 137.70 
 
 3-25.9 
 
 319 
 
 44 
 
 89.76 
 
 275.0 
 
 622 
 
 93 
 
 189.74 
 
 326.7 
 
 316 
 
 45 
 
 91.80 
 
 276.4 
 
 610 
 
 94 
 
 191.78 
 
 327.5 
 
 313 
 
 46 
 
 93.84 
 
 277.8 
 
 598 
 
 95 
 
 193.82 
 
 328.2 
 
 310 
 
 47 
 
 95.88 
 
 279.2 
 
 536 
 
 9i 
 
 195.86 
 
 329.0 
 
 307 
 
 48 
 
 97.92 
 
 230.5 
 
 575 
 
 97 
 
 107.90 
 
 329.3 
 
 304 
 
 49 
 
 99.96 
 
 281.9 
 
 564 
 
 98 
 
 199.92 
 
 330.5 
 
 301 
 
 50 
 
 102.00 
 
 283.2 
 
 554 
 
 99 
 
 201.96 
 
 331.3 
 
 298 
 
 51 
 
 104.04 
 
 284.4 
 
 544 
 
 100 
 
 204.01 
 
 332.0 
 
 295 
 
 52 
 
 106.03 
 
 285.7 
 
 534 
 
 110 
 
 224.40 
 
 339.2 
 
 271 
 
 53 
 
 108.12 
 
 2869 
 
 525 
 
 120 
 
 244.82 
 
 345.8 
 
 251 
 
 54 
 
 110.16 
 
 2S8.1 
 
 516 
 
 130 
 
 265.23 
 
 352.1 
 
 233 
 
 55 
 
 112.20 
 
 289.3 
 
 503 
 
 140 
 
 285.61 
 
 357.9 
 
 218 
 
 56 
 
 J 14.21 
 
 290.5 
 
 500 
 
 150 
 
 306.03 
 
 303.4 
 
 205 
 
 57 
 
 116.23 
 
 291.7 
 
 492 
 
 160 
 
 326.42 
 
 303.7 
 
 193 
 
 58 
 
 118.32 
 
 292.9 
 
 4*4 
 
 170 
 
 346.80 
 
 373.6 
 
 183 
 
 59 
 
 120.36 
 
 2942 
 
 477 
 
 180 
 
 367.25 
 
 378.4 
 
 174 
 
 60 
 
 132.40 
 
 295.6 
 
 170 
 
 190 
 
 387.61 
 
 382.9 
 
 166 
 
 61 
 
 124.44 
 
 296.9 
 
 463 
 
 200 
 
 403.04 
 
 337.3 
 
 158 
 
 62 
 
 126.43 
 
 298.1 
 
 456 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water holding impurilies in solution tends to retard its attaining the aeriform 
 state, and so impairs the amount of its elastic force at an equal temperature. 
 
 Common water ) boiling point, 212" F. ( elastic force, 30 inches. 
 
 Sea water ( at 212 "\ 23.05 " 
 
 Common water ) boiling point, 216" F. j 32.5 
 
 Seawater J at 216 "1 24.6 "
 
 PROPERTIES OF STEAM. 
 
 195 
 
 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF STEAM. 
 
 When water in a vessel is subjected to the action of fire, it readily im- 
 bibes the heat or fluid principle of which the fire is the immediate cause, 
 and sooner or later, according to the intensity of the heat, attains a tempe- 
 rature of 212 Fahrenheit. If at this point of temperature the water be 
 not enclosed, but exposed to atmospheric pressure, ebullition wil 1 take 
 place, and steam or vapor will ascend through the water, carrying with it 
 the superabundant heat, or that which the water cannot under such circum- 
 stances of pressure absorb, to be retained and to indicate a higher tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Water., in attaining the aeriform state, is thus uniformly confined to the 
 same laws under every degree of pressure ; but as the pressure is augmented, 
 so is the indicated temperature proportionately elevated : hence the various 
 densities of steam, and corresponding degrees of elastic force. 
 
 The preceding Table is peculiarly adapted for estimating the power of 
 steam engines on the condensing principle, because in such the effective 
 force of the steam is the difference between the total force and the resisting 
 vapour retained in the condenser. The following Table is more adapted 
 for estimating the effects of non-condensing engines, as, in such, the atmo- 
 spheric pressure is'not generally taken into account, engines of this principle 
 being supposed to work in a medium ; or, the atmospheric pressure on the 
 boiler, to cause a greater density of steam, is equal to the resisting atmo- 
 sphere which the effluent steam has to contend with on leaving the cylinder. 
 
 Table of the Elastic Force of Steam, the Pressure of the Atmosphere not 
 being included. 
 
 Elastic Force in 
 
 Temperature 
 in degrees of 
 Fuhr. 
 
 Volume of 
 Steam Water 
 being 1, 
 
 Cubic in. of 
 Water in a 
 cubic foot of 
 Steam. 
 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 Ibs. square inch. 
 
 inch, of Mer. 
 
 1.19 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.15 
 
 220 
 
 1496 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.22 
 
 3 
 
 6.18 
 
 222 
 
 1453 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.29 
 
 4 
 
 8.24 
 
 225 
 
 1366 . 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.36 
 
 5 
 
 10.3 
 
 228 
 
 1232 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.70 
 
 10 
 
 20.6 
 
 240 
 
 1044 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.04 
 
 15 
 
 30.9 
 
 251 
 
 8S3 
 
 1-93 
 
 2.38 
 
 20 
 
 412 
 
 2GO 
 
 767 
 
 2.23 
 
 2.72 
 
 25 
 
 51.5 
 
 268 
 
 678 
 
 2.52 
 
 3.06 
 
 30 
 
 61.8 
 
 275 
 
 609 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.40 
 
 35 
 
 72.1 
 
 282 
 
 553 
 
 3.09 
 
 3.74 
 
 40 
 
 82.4 
 
 288 
 
 506 
 
 3.38 
 
 4.08 
 
 45 
 
 92.7 
 
 294 
 
 463 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.42 
 
 50 
 
 103.0 
 
 299 
 
 435 
 
 3.93 
 
 4.76 
 
 55 
 
 113.3 
 
 304 
 
 407 
 
 4.20 
 
 5.10 
 
 60 
 
 123.6 
 
 309 
 
 382 
 
 4.48 
 
 Steam, independent of the heat indicated by an immersed thermometer, 
 also contains heat that cannot be measured by any instrument at present 
 known, and, in consequence of which, is termed latent orjconcealed heat ; the 
 only positive proof we have of its existence being that of incontestable re- 
 sults or effects produced on various bodies. Thus, if one part by weight of 
 steam at 212 be mixed with nine parts of water at 62, the result is water 
 at 178'6 ; therefore, each of the nine parts of water has received from the 
 steam 116'6 of heat, and consequently the steam has diffused or given out 
 116.6 X 9 = 1049-4 33.4 = 1016 of heat which it must have contained. 
 Again, it is ascertained by experiment, that if one gallon of water be trans- 
 formed into steam at 212, and that steam allowed to mix with water at 52, 
 the whole will be raised to the boiling point, or 212. From these and other 
 experiments, it is ascertained that the latent heat in steam varies from 940"
 
 196 
 
 CONSUMPTION OF COAL. 
 
 to 1044, the ratio of accumulation advancing from 212, as the steam be- 
 comes more dense and of greater elastic force j hence the severity of a scald 
 by steam to that by boiling water. 
 
 The rules formed By experimenters as corresponding with the results of 
 their experiments on the elastic force of steam at given temperatures vary, 
 but approximate so closely that the following rule, because of being simple, 
 may in practice be taken in preference to any other. 
 
 Rule. To the temperature of the steam in degrees of Fahrenheit, add 
 100, divide the sum by 177, and the 6th power of the quotient equals the force 
 iu inches of mercury. 
 
 Ex. Required the force of steam corresponding to a temperature of 312. 
 312 + 100 -f- 177 = 2.327 6 = 159 inches of mercury. 
 
 But the Table is much better adapted to practical purposes, as the vari- 
 ous results or effects are obtained simply by inspection. 
 
 CONSUMPTION OF COAL. 
 
 TABLE for finding the CONSUMPTION of COAL per Hourin Steamers 
 either Paddle or Screw (the same Screw being used throughout,) at 
 any Rate of Speed, the Consumption for a particular Rate being known. 
 (At a given Amount of Coal, the Engineer may determine the most pru- 
 dent Rate of Engine for reaching next coaling Port.) Engineer's and 
 Contractor's Pocket Book, London. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Consumption 
 of CoaL 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Consumption 
 of CoaL 
 
 Explanation. 
 
 3 
 
 .216 
 
 9 
 
 5.83 
 
 
 31-2 
 
 .343 
 
 91-2 
 
 6.86 
 
 The speed for the consump- 
 
 4 
 
 .512 
 
 10 
 
 8.00 
 
 tion of a unit of coal is sup- 
 
 4 1-2 
 
 .729 
 
 10 1-2 
 
 9.26 
 
 posed here to be 5, which may 
 
 5 
 
 1.000 
 
 11 
 
 10.65 
 
 be 5 miles or knots, or 5 times 
 
 51-2 
 
 1.331 
 
 11 1-2 
 
 12.15 
 
 any number of miles or knots ; 
 
 6 
 
 1.728 
 
 12 
 
 13.82 
 
 then if 5 of such number of 
 
 61-2 
 
 2.197 
 
 121-2 
 
 15.61 
 
 miles require 1 unit of eoal 
 
 7 
 
 2744 
 
 13 
 
 1758 
 
 per hour, 9 of such units will, 
 
 71-2 
 
 3.375 
 
 131-2 
 
 19.68 
 
 by the table, require 5.83 units 
 
 8 
 
 4.096 
 
 14 
 
 2195 
 
 of coal, and 3 of them .216 
 
 8 1-2 
 
 4.910 
 
 
 
 : units of coal. 
 
 It will be evident that this Table is calculated on the principle that the 
 horse power varies very nearly as the cube of the speed ; the enormous in- 
 crease of consumption at increased velocities is in fact a little greater thart 
 that shown by the Table. 
 
 The advantages indicated above to be obtained at low velocities are 
 evidently independent of those obtained at those velocities by using the 
 steam expansively. 
 
 EVAPORATIVE POWER OF COAL AND RESULTS OF COKING. 
 
 Under the authority of an Act of the American Congress, approved Sept. 
 11, 1841, an extensive series of experiments was conducted by Prof. John- 
 son upon the evaporative power of several kinds of coal. The number of 
 samples tried was 41, including 9 anthracites from Pennsylvania; 12 free- 
 burning or semi-bituminous coals; 11 bituminous from Virginia; 6 foreign 
 bituminous coals, viz. 1 from Sydney, .Nova Scotia, sent by the Cunard Coal 
 Mining Company; 1 of Pictou Coal, sent by the same; 1 of Scotch; 1 of 
 Newcastle ; 1 of Liverpool ; and 1 of Pictou. From one to six trials were
 
 EVAPORATIVE POWER OF COAL. 
 
 197 
 
 made on each sample, the average quantity used per trial being 978 Ibs. The 
 experiments occupied 144. days, during each of which continuous obser- 
 vations were made during 12 or 14 hours. 
 
 The coals were burnt under a steam boiler, fitted with apparatus for com- 
 plete regulation, the supply of water and coals being determined both by 
 weight and measure. 
 
 The standard adopted to measure the heating power of each kind of conl 
 was the weight of water which a given weight of each evaporated from the 
 temperature of 212 Fahr. 
 
 The following Table gives the results of five comparisons in each of which 
 that coal which ranks the highest is stated as 1000, and the others in deci- 
 mal parts of the integer. 
 
 
 Comparison 
 
 Comparison 
 
 Comparison 
 
 Comparison 
 
 Comparison 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 
 
 Ba 
 
 L 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 .S 
 
 | 
 
 |j.S 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 |S 
 
 ?! Is 
 
 p,j 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 sj 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 Kinds of Coal. 
 
 2J3 
 
 ii 
 
 ja 
 
 C 3 
 
 g^ 
 
 3s 
 
 <M 
 
 "* 
 
 .2 
 
 C *" 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 
 fj 
 
 is 1^ 
 
 
 
 *! 
 
 1 
 
 a'S' 
 
 T3 
 
 5 * 
 
 "S 
 
 = 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 *o a 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 "S, 
 
 C QJ 
 
 s . 
 
 o C 
 
 
 <g3 
 
 
 <n- 
 
 "- 
 
 " 
 
 
 '3 
 
 o*_ 
 
 oj 
 
 "si 
 
 - fl 
 
 u .2 
 
 .2 H 
 
 
 3 -3 
 
 .: 3 
 
 sfj 
 
 " 3 
 
 'a f 
 
 "S s 
 
 > 
 
 22 _ 
 
 1 
 
 ^| 
 
 || 
 
 S^g. 
 
 
 iK 
 
 3 2 !?"! 
 
 =2 PH ~ 2 
 
 < 
 
 ll 
 
 "^ 
 
 1 
 
 III 
 
 sg 
 
 ll 
 
 "" 
 
 il 
 
 Anthracites : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Atkinson and ) 
 Templeman's ) 
 
 1070 
 
 1.000 
 
 566.2 
 
 1.000 
 
 7.96 
 
 .633 
 
 0.99 
 
 .505 
 
 5.1 
 
 .725 
 
 52.92 
 
 Beaver Mea- ) 
 dow (No. 5). J 
 
 9.88 
 
 .923 
 
 556.1 
 
 .982 
 
 6.74 
 
 .748 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.07 
 
 6.12 
 
 .060 
 
 56.19 
 
 Bituminous and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 free burning : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Newcastle . 
 
 8.66 
 
 .809 439.6 .776 5.68 
 
 .887 
 
 0.84 
 
 .595 
 
 10.7 
 
 .346 
 
 50.82 
 
 Pietou . . . 
 
 8.49 
 
 .792 417.9 .738 12.06 
 
 .418 
 
 0.85 .588 
 
 3.7 
 
 1.000 
 
 49.25 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 7.84 
 
 .733 375.4 .663 5.04 
 
 1.000 
 
 0.86 .581 
 
 111 
 
 .333 
 
 47.88 
 
 Caunelton, (In) 
 
 7.34 
 
 .686 348.8 .616 5.12 
 
 .984 
 
 0.50 1.000 
 
 6.4 
 
 .578 
 
 47.65 
 
 Scotch . . 
 
 6.95 
 
 .649 353.8 .625 10.10 
 
 .499 
 
 0.96 
 
 .521 
 
 5.7 
 
 .649 
 
 51.05 
 
 Dry pine wood. 
 
 4.69 
 
 .436 98.6 1 .175 0.307 16.417 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The same report states some results of coke-burning, from which it ap- 
 pears that by burning in uncovered heaps, and only covering up the ignited 
 mass when flame ceases to be emitted (as in many of the iron works of 
 Great Britain, France, &c.), the loss in weight at Plymouth has been found 
 to be 17 per cent. ; at Penn-y-darran, 20 per cent. ; and at Dowlais Cwhere 
 it may be presumed the abundance of coal admits of an uneconomical man- 
 agement), 34 per cent. By coking in stacks, or well covered heaps of coal 
 from 10 to 15 ft. diameter, as followed in Staffordshire, highly bituminous 
 coals lose from 50 to 55 pr. ct. weight, and those of a drier nature from 35 to 40. 
 
 By coking in close ovens, a coal which, in an uncovered heap, yields only 
 45 to 50 per cent., yields 69 per cent. In the close oven the gain in bulk is 
 from 22 to SJ3 per cent. ; and while highly bituminous coals yield only 40 to 
 45 per cent, in open heaps, and actually lose in bulk, they yield in close 
 ovens from 65 to 66 per cent., and gain in bulk. By coking in gas retorts, 
 the Deane Coal of Cumberland gains nearly 30 per cent, in bulk, and loses 
 in weight 25 per cent. Carlisle coal nearly the same. Cannel and Cardiff 
 coals gain 30 per cent, in bulk, and lose 36.5 in weight. Bewick's Wallsend 
 loses 30, and Russell's Wallsend, 30.7 per cent, by the same process. 
 
 17*
 
 198 POWER OF STEAM. 
 
 POWER OF STEAM. 
 
 Mr. Tredgold gives the following Table, which will show how the power 
 of the steam as it issues from the boiler, is distributed. 
 
 IS A NON-CONDENSING ENGINE. 
 
 Let the pressure on the boiler be 10.000 
 
 Force required to produce motion of the steam in the cylinder will be O.OH9 
 
 Loss by cooling in the cylinder and pipes 0.100 
 
 Loss by friciion of Jjie piston and waste 2.000 
 
 Force required to expel the steam into the atmosphere 0.069 
 
 Force expended in opening the valves, and friction of the various parts 0.622 
 
 Loss by the steam being cut off before the end ofihe stroke 1.000 
 
 Amount of deductions 3.920 
 
 Effective pressure 6.080 
 
 IN A CONDENSING ENGINE. 
 
 Let the pressure on the boiler be .1 10.000 
 
 Force required to produce motion of the steam in the cylinder 0.070 
 
 Loss by cooling in the cylinder and pipes 0.160 
 
 Loss by friction of the piston and waste 1-250 
 
 Force required to expel the steam through the passages 0.070 
 
 Force required to open and close the valves, raise the injection 
 
 water, and overcome the friction of the axes 0.630 
 
 Loss by the steam being cut off before the end of the stroke 1.000 
 
 Power required to work the air pump 0.500 
 
 Amount of deductions 3.680 
 
 Effective pressure 6.320 
 
 If we now suppose a cylinder whose diameter is 24 inches, the area of this 
 cylinder and consequently the area of the piston in square inches, will be, 
 24 2 X .7854 = 452.39 
 
 Let us also make the supposition that steam is admitted into the cylinder 
 of such power as exerts an effective pressure on the piston of 12 Ibs. to the 
 square inch ; therefore, 452.39X12 = 5*28.68 Ibs., the whole force with 
 which the piston is pressed. If we now suppose that the length of the stroke 
 is five feet, and the engine makes 44 single or 22 double strokes in a minute, 
 then the piston will move through a space of 22 X 5 X 2 = 220 feet in a 
 minute ; the power of the engine being equivalent to a weight of 5428 Ibs. 
 raised through 220 feet in a minute. 
 
 This is the most certain measure of the power of a steam engine. It is 
 usual, however, to estimate the effect as equivalent to the power of so many 
 horses. This method, however simple and natural it may appear, is yet, 
 from differences of opinion as to the power of a horse, not very accurate ; 
 and its employment in calculation can only be accounted for on the ground, 
 that when steam engines were first employed to drive machinery, they were 
 substituted instead of horses ; and it became thus necessary to estimate what 
 size of a steam engine would give a power equal to so many horses. 
 
 There are various opinions as to the power of a horse. According to 
 Smeaton, a horse will raise 22,916 Ibs. one foot high in a minute. Desagu- 
 liers makes the number 27,500 ; and Watt makes it larger still, that is, 33,000. 
 There is reason to believe that even this number is too small, and that we 
 may add at least 11,000 to it, which gives 44,000 Ibs* raised one foot high 
 per minute. Grier.
 
 RULES AND TABLES 
 
 FOR 
 
 GAUGING, ULLAGING, &c.
 
 GAUGING OF CASKS. 201 
 
 GAUGING OF CASKS. 
 
 In taking the dimensions of a Cask it must he carefully observed : 
 1st, That the bung-hole be in the middle of the cask ; 2d, That the 
 bung-stave, and the stave opposite to the bung-hole, are both regular 
 and even within; 3d, That the heads of the Cask are equal, and 
 truly circular; if so, the distance between the inside of the chime to 
 the outside of the opposite stave will be the head diameter within 
 the Cask, very near. 
 
 RULE. Take, in inches, the inside diameters of a Cask at the 
 Head and the Bung, and also the Length ; subtract the head -diameter 
 from the bung-diameter, and note the difference. 
 
 If the measure of the Cask is taken outside, with callipers, from 
 head to head, then a deduction must be made of from 1 to 2 inches 
 for the thickness of the heads, according to the size of the Cask. 
 
 1 If the staves of the Cask, between the bung and the head, are 
 considerably curved, (the shape of a Pipe), multiply the difference 
 between the bung and head, by .7. 
 
 2 If the staves be of a medium curve, (the shape of a Molasses 
 Hogshead), multiply the difference by .65. 
 
 3. JJ the staves curve very little, (less than a Molasses Hogs- 
 head), multiply the difference by .6. 
 
 4. If the staves are nearly straight, (almost a Cylinder), mul- 
 tiply the difference by .55. 
 
 5. Add the product, in each case, to the head-diameter ; the sum 
 will be a mean diameter, and thus the Cask is reduced to a cylinder. 
 
 6. Multiply the mean diameter by itself, and then by the length, 
 and multiply if for Wine gallons, by .0034. The difference of dividing 
 by 294 (the usual method), and multiplying by .0034 (the most ex- 
 peditious method), is less than 500ths of a gallon in 100 gallons. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Supposing the Head-Diameter of a Cask to be 24 inches, the Bung- 
 Diameter 32 inches, and the Length of Cask 40 inches; What is the 
 content in Wine Gallons ? 1st variety. 
 
 Bung-Diameter, 32 brought up 876.16 
 
 Head-Diameter, 24 Length, 40 
 
 Difference, ~~8 35046.40 
 
 Multiplier, .7 .0034 
 
 5^6 14018560 
 
 Head-Diam., 24 10513920 
 
 multiply 29.6 119.157760 
 
 by 29.6 
 carry up Square, 876.16 Jlns. 119 galls. 1 pint. 
 
 To obtain the contents of a similar Cask in Ale Gallons, multiply 
 35046.40 by .002785, and we get 97.6042, (or 97 gallons 5 pints.)
 
 202 
 
 GAUGING OF CASKS. 
 
 GAUGING OF CASKS IN IMPERIAL (BRITISH) GALLONS. 
 
 AND ALSO IN UNITED STATES GALLONS. 
 Having ascertained the, variety of the Cask, and its interior dimen- 
 sions, the following Table will facilitate the calculation of its capacity. 
 
 Table of the Capacities of Casks, whose Bung Diameters and 
 Lengths are 1 or Unity. 
 
 II. 
 
 1st Var. 
 
 2d Var. 
 
 3d Var. ! 4th Var. 
 
 H. 1st Var. 
 
 2d Var. 
 
 3d Var. 
 
 4th Var. 
 
 ."so 
 
 .0021244 
 
 .0020300 
 
 .0017704 .0016523 
 
 ~?76 .0024337 
 
 .0024120 
 
 .0022343 
 
 70022071 
 
 .51 
 
 .0021340 
 
 .0020433 
 
 .0017847 .0016713 
 
 .77 .0024482 
 
 0024282- .0022560 
 
 .0022310 
 
 .52 
 
 .0021437 
 
 .0020567 
 
 .0017993 .0016905 
 
 .78 .0021628 
 
 .0021445 
 
 .0022780 
 
 .0022551 
 
 .53 
 
 .0021536 
 
 .0020702 
 
 .0018141 .0017098 
 
 .79 .0024777 
 
 .0024610 
 
 .0023002 
 
 .0022794 
 
 .54 
 
 .0021637 
 
 .0020&38 
 
 .0018293 .0017294 
 
 .80 .0021927 
 
 .0024776 
 
 .0023227 
 
 .0023038 
 
 .55 
 
 .0021740 
 
 .0020975 
 
 .0018447 .0017491 
 
 .81 .0025079 
 
 .0021942 
 
 .0023455 
 
 .0023285 
 
 .56 
 
 .0021845 
 
 .0021114 
 
 .0018604 .0017690 
 
 .82 .0025233 
 
 .0025110 
 
 .0023086 
 
 .0023533 
 
 .57 
 
 .0021951 
 
 .0021253 
 
 .0018764 .0017891 
 
 .83 .00253SS 
 
 .0025279 
 
 .0023920 
 
 .0023783 
 
 .53 
 
 .0022060 
 
 .0021394 
 
 .0018927 .0018094 
 
 .84 .0025546 
 
 .0025449 
 
 .0024156 
 
 .0024035 
 
 .59 
 
 .0022170 
 
 .0021536 
 
 .0019093 .0018299 
 
 .85 .0025706 
 
 .0025621 
 
 .0024396 
 
 .0024289 
 
 .GO 
 
 .0022233 
 
 .0021679 
 
 .0019261 .0018506 
 
 .86 .0025S67 
 
 .0025793 
 
 .0024638 
 
 .0021515 
 
 .61 .00-22397 
 
 ,0021823 
 
 .0019433 .0018715 
 
 .87 .0026030 
 
 .0025907 
 
 .0024583 
 
 .0024803 
 
 .62 .0022513 
 
 .0021968 
 
 .0019607 .0018925 
 
 .88 .0026196 .0020141 .0025131 .0025063 
 
 .63 .0022631 
 
 .0022114 
 
 .0019784 .0019138 
 
 .89 .0026363 .0026317 .0025381 .0025324 
 
 .61 .0022751 
 
 .0022262 
 
 .0019964 .0019352 
 
 .90 .0026532 
 
 .0020194 
 
 .0025035 
 
 .0025588 
 
 .65 .0022373 
 
 .0022410 
 
 .0020147 .0019568 
 
 .91 .0020703 
 
 .0026672 
 
 0025891 
 
 .0025853 
 
 .66 .0022997 
 
 .0022560 
 
 .0020332 .0019786 
 
 .92 .0026875 
 
 .0020851 
 
 0026150 
 
 .0021)120 
 
 .67 .0023122 
 
 .0022711 .0020521 .0020006 
 
 .93 .0027050 .0027032 
 
 0026412 
 
 .0026389 
 
 .63 .0023250 
 
 .0022863 ' 
 
 .0020712 .0020228 
 
 .94 .0027227 .0027213 ' 
 
 0026677 
 
 .0026660 
 
 .69 .0023379 
 
 .002:3016 
 
 .0020906 .0020452 
 
 .95 .0027405 
 
 .0027396 .0026945 
 
 .0026933 
 
 .70 .0023510 
 
 .0023170 
 
 .0021103:. 0020078 
 
 .96 .0027585 
 
 .0027579 .0027215 
 
 .0027208 
 
 .71 
 
 .0023043 
 
 .0023326 
 
 .0021302 .0020905 
 
 .97 .0007708 
 
 .0027764 
 
 00274S9 
 
 .0027484 
 
 .72 .0023778 
 
 .0023482.00215051.0021135 
 
 .98 .0027952 
 
 .0027950 .0027765 
 
 .0027763 
 
 .73 .0023915 
 
 .0023640 
 
 .0021710 .0021366 
 
 .99 .0028138 
 
 .0028137 .0028044' 
 
 .0028043 
 
 .74 .0021054 
 
 .0023799, 
 
 .0021918.0021599 
 
 .00 .0028320 
 
 0028326 
 
 0028326 
 
 .0028320 
 
 .75 .0024105 
 
 .0023959 
 
 .0022129 .0021834 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Divide the head by the bung diameter, and opposite the quotient 
 in the column H, and under its proper variety, is the tabular number 
 for unity. Multiply the tabular number by the square of the bung 
 diameter of the given cask, and by its length, the product equals its 
 capacity in Imperial gallons. 
 
 Required the number of Gallons in a Cask, (1st variety,} 24 inches 
 head diameter, 32 bung diameter, and 40 inches in length ? 
 32) 24.0 (.75 see Table for tabular No. 
 
 .0024195 tabular No. for unity. 
 32 X 32 is 1024 square of bung diam. 
 
 NOTE. Multiply- 
 ing Imperial gallons by 
 one &. two-tenths (1.2) 
 will convert them into 
 U. S. gallons; and U. S. 
 gallons multiplied by 
 
 2.4775680 
 
 40 Inches long. 
 
 99.1027200 Imperial Gallons. 
 
 1.2 
 
 1982054400 
 991027200 
 
 833 equal 
 gallons. 
 
 Imperial 
 
 118.92326400 United States Gallons.
 
 ULLAGE OF CASKS. 20'3 
 
 TO ULLAGE, OR FIND THE CONTENTS IN GALLONS 
 OF A CASK PARTLY FILLED. 
 
 To find the contents of the occupied part of a lying cask in gallons. 
 
 RULE. Divide the depth of the liquid, or wet inches, by the bung 
 diameter, and if the quotient is under .5 deduct from the quotient one- 
 fourth of what it is less than .5, and multiply the remainder, by the 
 whole capacity of the cask, this product will be the number of gallons 
 in the cask. But if the quotient exceeds .5, add one-fourth of that 
 excess to the quotient, and multiply the sum, by the whole capacity 
 of the cask, this product will be the number of gallons. 
 
 EXAMPLE i. Suppose the bung-diameter of a cask, on its bilge, 
 is 32 inches, and the whole contents of the cask 118.80 U. S. standard 
 gallons ; required the ullage of 15 wet inches. 
 
 32) 15.00 (.46875 .5 .46875= .03125 -=- 4 = .0078125 .46875 
 .0078 125 =.4609375 X 118.80 = 54.759375 U. S. Gallons. 
 
 EXAMPLE ir. Required the ullage of 17 wet inches in a cask of 
 the above capacity ? 
 
 32) 17.00 (.53125 .5 = .03125 -f- 4 = .0078125 -f .53125 =.5390625 
 X 118.80 = 64.040625 U, S. Gallons. 
 
 PROOF 64-040625 -f 54-759375 = 118-80 gallons. 
 
 To find the ullage of a filled part of a standing Cask, in* gallons. 
 
 RULE. Divide the depth of the liquid, or wet inches, by the 
 length of the cask; then, if the quotient is less than .5, deduct from 
 the quotient one-tenth of what it is less than .5 and multiply the re- 
 mainder, by the whole capacity of the cask, this product will be the 
 number of gallons. But if the quotient exceeds .5, add one-tenth of 
 that excess to the quotient, and multiply the sum, by the whole capac- 
 ity of the cask, this product will be the ullage, or contents in U. S. 
 standard gallons. 
 
 EXAMPLE. Suppose a cask, 40 inches in length, and the capacity 
 118.80 gallons, as above: required the ullage of 21 wet inches ? 
 40) 21.000 (.525 .5 = .025 -f- 10 = .0025 + .525 = .5275 X 118.80 
 = 62.667 U. S. Gallons. 
 
 NOTE. Formerly the British Wine and Ale Gallon measures were sim- 
 ilar to those now used in the United States and British Colonies. 
 
 The following Tables exhibit the comparative value between the United 
 States and the present British measures. 
 
 TJ. S. measure for British (Im.) measure, 
 wine, spirits, &e. galls, qts. pts. gills. 
 42 galls. = ! tierce, = 34 313 
 63 = 1 lu>ish. = 52 113 
 126 =1 pipe, =104 3 1 3 
 252 =1 tun, =209 312 
 
 U. S. measure for British (Im.) measure, 
 ale and beer. galls, qts. pts. gills. 
 9 calls. = 1 firkin, = 9011 
 36 =1 barrel, = 36 2 3 
 54 =1 hogsh. = 54 3 1 1 
 108 =1 butt, =109 3 3 
 
 To convert Imperial Gallons into United States Wine Gallons multiply the im- 
 perial by 1-2. To convert U. S. Gallons into Imperial multiply the U. States 
 Wine gallons by -833. 
 
 51 U. S. Ale Gallons equal 60 Imperial Gallons, therefore to convert one into 
 other add or deduct l-60th.
 
 204 PLOUGHING, PLANTING. WEIGHT OF WOOD, &C. 
 
 PLOUGHING. 
 
 Table showing the distance Travelled by a horse in Ploughing an Acre of 
 Land; also, the quantity of Land worked in a Day, at the rate of 16 
 and 18 miles per day of 9 hours. 
 
 B'dth of 
 Furrow 
 slice. 
 
 Space travel- 
 led in Plough- 
 ing an Acre. 
 
 Extent Ploughed 
 per Day. 
 
 B'dth of 
 Furrow 
 slice 
 
 Space travel- 
 led in Plough- 
 ing an Acre. 
 
 Extent Ploughed 
 per Day. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 18 Miles. 
 
 16 Miles. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 IS Miles. 
 
 16 Miles. 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 1-2 
 121-2 
 11 
 99-10 
 9 
 81-4 
 71-2 
 
 11-4 
 11-2 
 13-5 
 14-5 
 2 
 2 1-5 
 21-3 
 
 11-8 
 11-4 
 11-2 
 13-5 
 13-4 
 19-10 
 21-10 
 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 7 
 61-2 
 6 1-6 
 53-4 
 51-2 
 51-4 
 49-10 
 
 21-2 
 23-4 
 29-10 
 3 1-10 
 31-4 
 3 1-2 
 31-5 
 
 21-4 
 225 
 
 23-5 
 23-4 
 
 a 9-10 
 
 3 1-10 
 31-4 
 
 PLANTING. 
 
 Table showing the number of Plants required for one Acre of Land, from 
 one Foot to Twenty-one Feet distance from Plant to Plant. 
 
 Feet 
 Distance 
 
 No. of 
 . Hill?. 
 
 Feet 
 Distance. 
 
 No. of 
 Hills. 
 
 Feet 
 Distance. 
 
 No. of 
 Hills. 
 
 Feet 
 Distance. 
 
 No. of 
 Hills. 
 
 Feet 
 Distance 
 
 No. of 
 Hills 
 
 1 
 
 43,560 
 
 4 
 
 2,722 
 
 7 
 
 889 
 
 10 
 
 436 
 
 17 
 
 151 
 
 1* 
 
 19,360 
 
 4* 
 
 2,151 
 
 u 
 
 775 
 
 10 
 
 361 
 
 18 
 
 135 
 
 2 
 
 10,890 
 
 5 
 
 1,742 
 
 8 
 
 680 
 
 12 
 
 302 
 
 20 
 
 108 
 
 2* 
 
 6,969 
 
 5.4 
 
 1,440 
 
 8J 
 
 602 
 
 14 
 
 223 
 
 21 
 
 99 
 
 3 
 
 4,840 
 
 6 
 
 1,210 
 
 9 
 
 538 
 
 15 
 
 193 
 
 25 
 
 69 
 
 3i 
 
 3,556 
 
 64 
 
 1,031 
 
 9J 
 
 482 
 
 16 
 
 171 
 
 30 
 
 48 
 
 WEIGHT OF A CORD OF WOOD. 
 
 Table of the Weight of a Cord of different kinds of Dry Wood, and the 
 comparative value per Cord. 
 
 A Cord of Hickory, - - 4469 pounds, - - Carbon-- 100 
 
 " Maple, - - - 2863 " - - " - - 54 
 
 " While Birch, - 2369 " - - " - - 48 
 
 " " Beech, - 3236 " - - " - - 65 
 
 " Ash, - - 3450 " - - " - - 77 
 
 " Pitch Pine, - - 1904 " - - " - - 43 
 
 " White Pine, - 1868 " - - " - - 42 
 
 " Lombardy Poplar 1774 " - - " - - 40 
 
 " White Oak - - 3821 " - - " - - 81 
 
 " Yellow Oak, - 2919 " - - " - - 60 
 
 " Red Oak, - - 3254 " - - " - - 69 
 
 NOTE. Nearly one half of the weight of a growing Oak tree consists of 
 sap. Ordinary Dry Wood contains about one-fourth of its weight in water. 
 
 CHARCOAL. 
 
 Oak, Maple, Beech, and Chestnut make the best quality. Be- 
 tween 15 and 17 per cent, of coal can be obtained when the wood is 
 properly burned. A bushel of coal from hard wood weighs between 
 29 and 31 Ibs., and from from pine between 28 and 30 Ibs.
 
 LIST OF USEFUL BOOKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY L R. BUTTS & CO. NO. 2 SCHOOL ST., BOSTON. 
 
 Business Manuals for Business Men and Public Officers, and 
 the, Cheapest Counsellors they can Consult. 
 
 1. "The Business Man's Assistant, and Ready Reckoner." 
 
 A Book comprising ihe best collection of Legal Forms, the Rules of Law which apply to 
 them, and the mode of Executing, with a large number of Practical Tables, READY 
 RECKONERS, the Patent Laws and Forms j Book-keeping, Rates of Postage, &c. 
 
 2. " The Trader's Guide, or, Laws of Trade" in relation to 
 
 Notes, Receipt*, Releases, Bills, Drafis, Sales, Warranties, Contracts, Trustee Process, 
 Limitations. The Laws regulating ihe Collection of Debts in all ihe States. Offsets, 
 Tenders, Replevin, Protests. Mechanic's Lien Laws. Legal Rights of Women, &c. 
 
 3. " The Landlord's and Tenant's Assistant, or, Laws of Ten- 
 ancy " in relation to Hiring, Leasing and Letting Houses and Lands , Forms of Leases, 
 Assignments, and Special Covenants. The Laws respecting Trespass of Cattle, Ease- 
 ments, Highways, Division Fences, Party Wall*, Running Water, Nuisances, ic. 
 
 The Three preceding Books are bound in One Volume (" THE BUSINESS 
 MAN'S ADVISES ' ; )-392 pages muslin $ 1.00- 
 
 4. " The Merchant's Assistant and Carrier's and' Insurer's 
 
 Guide." This Book should be in the possession of every person who is engaged in In- 
 suring, Consigning or Transporting Goods, or traveling by Railroad or Steamer. 
 
 5. " The Sequel to the Business Man's Law Library" con- 
 tains Directions and Forms for the Execution and Acknowledgment of Deeds and other 
 Instruments, to be used or recorded in other States; the Liabilities and Duties of Execu- 
 tors, Administrators, Guardians, Parents, Children, Minors, General and Limited Part- 
 ners, Principals and Agents ; Law of Wills with Forms, and Administrators', Executors' 
 and Limited Partner's Forms, &c. Rates of Interest in all the States, Law respecting 
 Usury, Obtaining Goods by False Pretence, Cheating, Fraud, &c. 
 
 The Five preceding Books comprise one Vol. (" THE BUSINESS MAN'S LAW 
 LIBBAEY with SUPPLEMENT ")-674 pages-muslin $2.00-law $2.25. 
 
 6. " The Laws of the Sea : Rights of Seamen, Coaster's and 
 
 Fishermen's Guide, and Master's and Mate's Manual," and the Emigrant Passenger's 
 Guide. No Seaman should be without this book. 
 
 The Six preceding Books comprise one Vol. (" THE UNITED STATES BUSI- 
 NESS MAN'S LAW CABINET,")-800 pages-muslin $2.25-law $2.50. 
 
 The above Six Books are also sold separately Price 40 cents. 
 
 7. "The Merchant's and Shipmaster's Manual and Ship- 
 builder's and Sailmaker's Assistant" (abridged and altered from the Merchant's and Me- 
 chanic's Assistant) contains the Seaman's and Merchant's Expeditious Measurer, show- 
 ing ihe contents of Packages and Casks according to their lengths, breadths and depihs. 
 The Shipbuilder's Expeditious Measurer, showing at one view the Tonnage of C200 Ves- 
 sels according to their lengths, breadths and depths. Rules for Coppering Vessels, and 
 for ascertaining the numberof Sheets required forany sized Vessel. Size and Weight per 
 Fathom of Cables, Cordage, Manilla, &c. Size and Weight of Chains and Anchors pro- 
 portioned to Tonnage. Freight Tables. Rules for Slowing Goods. 122 Commercial 
 Forms and Tables. Art of Sailmaking, or Rules for Cutting, Making and Repairing Sails. 
 Rules with Examples for Keeping Books and Ship's Accounts, &c. &c. . Price $L50. 
 
 8." The Art of Sailmaking," (separate) - - Price $0.75. 
 9. "The Tinman's Manual and Builder's and Mechanic's 
 
 Handbook." This work contains 50 Diagrams and Patterns, and Rules, Tables, Receipts, 
 Compositions and Varnishes, for Tinmen, Builders, Mechanics, Engineers, Masons, 
 Millwrights, Smiths, and all other persons engaged in the Mechanic Arts, Price $1.00. 
 
 Any book in the List will be sent by mail (free of postage) to any place in the United States 
 on receipt of the price annexed. I. K. BUTTS & CO., PUBLISHERS, BOSTON, Maes.
 
 dj 8 ' Agents are wanted to sell all the Books in the within List. 
 The Publishers would give notice that they send no Books on sale, 
 and have no Agents for whose contracts they are responsible.
 
 UCSB LIBRARY 
 
 University of California 
 
 ,n?2V THERN REG| ONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 Return this material to the library 
 from which it was borrowed. 
 
 MAY 1 20M
 
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