THE NEW CHIVALRY HENRY E. JACKSON THE NEW CHIVALRY MEDAL OF HONOR THE NEW CHIVALRY THE STATEMENT OF A MOVEMENT AMONG MEN AND YOUNG MEN IN THE DEFENSE OF HOME AND COUNTRY BY HENRY E. JACKSON Author of "Great Pictures as Moral Teachers," "Ben- jamin West, his life and work," "The Legend of the Christmas Rose,** etc. HODDER & STOUGHTON NEW YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY Copyright, 1914, BY GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY : PREFACE I desire to express here my deep sense of obligation to many friends for the constant stimulation they gave me in the performance of a most difficult task, for their care in revis- ing proofs, and for their many kindly criticisms and helpful suggestions. 3GI179 " THE Problems of sex will never be solved until the sacredness of sex is recognized, for sex is vitally and indissolubly bound up with the two greatest facts that you and I know. The greatest fact of the organized world around us is life, the greatest fact of the spiritual world into which we lift our souls is love, and the beginnings of life and the beginnings of love are in sex. No boy or girl will readily understand what life means except as he has some clear, wise teaching about sex; no boy or girl will fully understand what love means except through recognition of the dignity and worth and purity of the fundamental facts and powers of sex." NORMAN F. COLEMAN. CONTENTS PART I I PAGE THE AWAKENING OF SPRING 17 OUR GROUND OF HOPE 19 SEX A KEY-FACT 21 MENTAL ATTITUDE TO SEX 22 SEX EDUCATION 23 II REFORM THE MEN 24 WEAKNESS OF THE LAW 25 No APPEAL TO FEAR 26 III AN APPEAL TO HONOR 27 TRAFFIC IN WOMEN 29 A CRIME AGAINST LOVE 31 TURN OFF THE SPIGOT 33 CRIPPLED SOLDIERS 34 IV BUILDING BATTLEMENTS AROUND YOUNG MEN . . .35 THE GRIP OF HABIT 36 FREEDOM THROUGH KNOWLEDGE 37 JESUS ON THE SUBJECT OF SEX 39 THE SANCTITY OF THE FAMILY 39 A CHALLENGE TO THE CHURCH 40 CHANGE YOUR NAME OR HONOR IT 41 THE PROSTITUTE A PATRIOT 42 THINKING BEFORE AND NOT AFTER 44 WHEN CHIVALRY FAILS 46 CONTENTS V PAGE WHAT THE NEW CHIVALRY MEANS 51 THE SINGLE MORAL STANDARD 53 IGNORANCE Is SIN 54 A BETTER CROP OF CHILDREN 56 RACE BETTERMENT 59 KNIGHTS AGAINST "PIMPS" 62 COMPROMISE OF PRINCIPLE IMPOSSIBLE 63 WAGES AND VICE 64 THE MEDAL OF HONOR 66 A BULL'S-EYE LANTERN 66 A WORK OF ART 67 A BOY'S PUBLIC OPINION 69 THE HIGHEST HEROISM 70 TEN TIMES ONE Is TEN 72 A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 73 VI A PATRIOTIC SERVICE 74 THE COUNTRY'S FLAG 75 THE COUNTRY'S GREAT SEAL 75 "OLD GLORY" 76 THE NEW CHIVALRY'S MOTTO 78 LINCOLN'S BOYS 79 A KNIGHT'S GUARDIAN ANGEL 80 THE BREATH OF VIOLETS 81 To BE ALIVE HONORABLY 83 PART II I ARE PARENTS Too SHY? 87 CAN EUGENICS BE TAUGHT? 88 WHO ARE THE BEST TEACHERS? 90 PUBLIC SCHOOL INSTRUCTION 91 II PRIVATE INSTRUCTION 92 CONTENTS PAGB SIMPLICITY IN ORGANIZATION 94 START FROM WHERE You ARE 95 PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS 97 MARRIAGE AND THE HOME 100 THE ART OF LIVING 101 THE RELIGION OF SEX 101 POSITIVE EUGENICS 103 APPENDICES I "THE NAME OF OLD GLORY" 107 II A CLASSIFIED LIST OF BOOKS no III BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING 112 IV BOOKS OF ROMANCE 114 V How TO BECOME A KNIGHT 118 VI THE NEW JERSEY SOCIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION . 121 REVERSE SIDE OF THE NEW CHIVALRY MEDAL OF HONOR INTRODUCTION DURING the winter of 1912-13 I gave to the young men and women of my church and com- munity a series of lectures on Dante's love story, " The New Life/' the subjects of which were " Love as an Ideal," " Love and Chiv- alry," " Love and Marriage," " Can Love Sur- vive Marriage? " My aim was to state some constructive and helpful ideals in regard to love and marriage. The lectures aroused the young people to such enthusiasm that they expressed a strong desire to make some practical application of their newly-awakened ideals. I realized that to stir their emotions and then give them no outlet in action would result in a real injury, for, as Mazzini says, " An unacted thought is a sin." To meet this need we devised a movement called " The New Chivalry." The immediate response of thirty-five of my boys and young men gave me an unexpected shock. Their sin- cere desire to carry out these ideals and their hunger for information concerning sex questions H INTRODUCTION revealed the neglect from which they were suffering. Their eager response to and sincere reverence for the subject pleased but humiliated me. It made me feel guilty for my previous failure to inform them about a question which almost more than any other concerns their happi- ness and welfare. The need which the New Chivalry attempts to meet seems so real and universal, and requests for information about the movement have been so numerous, that the following brief account of it is now published in the hope that it may enlist an even larger number of young men than those who have already volun- teered. There are some educational methods, whose value can be discovered only by experi- ment. This is one of them. My firm faith in the natural nobility of all normal young men leads me to think they will respond to the call of the New Chivalry. At least the experience with my own young men seems abundantly to justify this expectation. The New Chivalry makes its appeal to older men as well as to young men; for it is difficult to say who need it most, the fathers or the sons. It seeks to enlist both father and son as comrades in the same cause, which vitally concerns both. INTRODUCTION 13 In dealing with the " Social Evil " the methods of direct attack through force and law have so often and so long proved futile that I am fully persuaded the time has come for us to go deeper in our treatment so as to touch and purify the central springs of human action. To use a figure of Havelock Ellis, we have been working to cleanse the banks of the stream, but have made little or no attempt to purify the stream itself. Right thinking seems to me to be the proper means for purifying the " stream itself." Un- til there be correct thought there cannot be right action, and when there is correct thought right action will naturally follow. Freedom of any kind can be acquired only through knowledge. Right thinking is the citadel of the sex question and it is useless to defend the outposts while the citadel itself is in danger. The New Chivalry is a movement for educa- tion in correct thinking about sex matters. With respect to eugenic ideals, it is becoming increasingly clear that information alone is in- sufficient and may prove harmful, and that fear as a deterrent is a weak and not altogether a worthy motive. It seems apparent that until the sense of chivalry is awakened in the heart i 4 INTRODUCTION of a man, and his internal resources are de- veloped, he is not much of a man, and that any dependence placed upon him is doomed to disappointment. The virtue which needs al- ways to be guarded is scarcely worth the senti- nel. A nation's walls of defense are built of her chivalrous sons. The aim of the New Chivalry is to strengthen America's defenses. HENRY E. JACKSON. Upper Montclair, N. J., October, 1914. GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES PART I ADDRESSED TO YOUNG MEN "Let true hands pass on an unextinguished torch from sire to son." THE NEW CHIVALRY i The Awakening of Spring. IN Robert E. Knowles' novel, "St. Cuth- bert's," a beautiful young girl makes to her father the following confession; " Angus and I had wandered far farther than we thought. We were resting on a grassy knoll. Angus had been speaking of his mother, and he said that the beauty of nature always made his heart ache. Surely, father, there is nothing so lonesome as beauty when the heart's lonesome ! Angus and I were still a long time till it was growing dusk ; and then at last he said, * How lonely all this is if no one loves you ! ' And I started at his tone, and when my eyes met his I went down before them, for they caressed me so. Father dear, I need not tell you all. I could not if I would no girl could. I know, I remember, oh, I remember what he said, and no one else knows but me, and my soul trusted him and he 17 1 8 THE NEW CHIVALRY took me into the sheltering place where nobody but God could see my soul's surrender. Father, he kissed me on the lips and I did not believe it; for just a moment before we had been listening to the crickets and looking at the sun, and my whole soul surged hot and my eyes were closed for I felt him coming and I could not speak or move. And I don't know why, but I thought of the sacrament and the holy wine, and everything was holy not like music, but like a bell, a great cathedral bell with its unstained voice. And father (I shall feel purer when I tell you this) father, that very moment I felt a strange new life in my breast and the old girlish life was gone and there came before my closed eyes a vision of another just like Angus, white and soft and helpless and I heard its cry and my heart melted in me with the great compassion. And I knew that what I called love was really life, just life. And I felt no shame at all, but a great pride that it was all so holy for it is holy, father, and no one prompted it but God." What does this statement mean ? Is it dream or reality? Is it poetry or fact? The true an- swer seems to me to be that it is both. It is poetic fact. Poetry, as the scientific Aristotle THE NEW CHIVALRY 19 long ago said, is more true than history. His- tory is only the ordered record of external facts, but poetry is their inner meaning. This confes- sion states the inner meaning of the sex-impulse. It makes impressive its natural beauty and cre- ative power. It makes clear the fact, that the physical and romantic sides of love are riveted together; that they are two sides of one and the same shield; that it is as impossible for one to exist without the other, as it is for a shield to have only one side, although their union is not mechanical, as in a shield, but far more intimate and vital, as in a living thing. Our Ground of Hope. The awakening of young men and women to a consciousness of the fact of sex is like the awakening of spring on an April morning. It is the time when new hope is born; when the fires of new ambition are lighted up ; when na- ture is clothed with a new garment of beauty and wonder; when a tender and chivalrous re- gard for women dominates a young man's heart; when his admiration for heroic men moulds his ideals. He demands an epic life. He dreams of himself starting on an open road towards his new goal, with the dew of early morning on his 20 THE NEW CHIVALRY brow, his warm blood surging with living fire through his veins, and his heart beating to the music of a new desire for high and difficult deeds. The man, who has outgrown and forgotten his youth, will, no doubt, think that the language, used in the fore-going statement, is over-en- thusiastic. But every normal young man knows well enough that no other kind of language would suggest the nature of his newly-awakened springtime emotions. His dreams, of course, he keeps, as a carefully-guarded secret, in his own heart, and would never dare to put them into words at all. The only youth, so far as I know, who ever ventured to make a complete confession of them, is Dante. He called his confession, " The New Life," because to him the awakening of spring meant a completely new life both for mind and heart. The re-birth of the world through love is an old but ever-new story, repeated afresh in the heart of every boy and girl, just as if it had never occurred in the world before. This fact is our guiding principle in all the discussions which follow. For I am fully persuaded that the starting point in all questions relating to sex, and our ground of hope in every effort to direct its use, safeguard it from abuse and fix its proper place in our THE NEW CHIVALRY 21 thought and life, is the significant fact that, for every normal boy and girl, the awakening of sex-life is associated, not with anything degrad- ing, but with everything pure, beautiful, and chivalrous. It puts a new window into a young man's heart, throws open to him the gates of a new life, and makes of him a poet and a hero. To keep these gates open is the aim of the New Chivalry movement. Sex a Key-fact. It seems obvious that one of the most beautiful and most significant of all the facts of life is the fact of sex. Like the fact of hunger, it is one of the earliest, latest, and strongest of passions in human nature. Doubt- less they are right who believe that sex is the explanation of the love of beauty, and the in- spiration of its expression in art. It is a mas- ter passion. God made it to be so in order to serve a high purpose. If it were used only for its designed purpose, it would constitute no prob- lem and cause no trouble. It occasions no dif- ficulty among dumb animals. It is because men are not dumb animals, that they have diverted the sex impulse from its evident design to cruel and selfish ends. Since man is rational, sex 22 THE NEW CHIVALRY can never be an exclusively natural impulse in him as it is in the animal. His sex desire, when his relation to a woman ceases to be general and becomes particular, must always originate in either love or lust. Mental Attitude to Sex. It is because man can never be on a level, but must be either above or below the innocent brute, that he should take a conscious attitude in regard to the fact of sex. A man's mental atti- tude to sex is the key to his right or wrong use of it. The first essential step for progress, is to replace the very general mental attitude of secrecy, disrespect, shame, and irreverence to- wards sex and procreation, and to substitute for it a mental attitude, which regards all aspects of sex as inherently noble and beautiful; which esteems fatherhood to be as worthy as mother- hood; which believes the birth of every child conceived in love to be an immaculate birth; which appreciates the profound truth in Thoreau's saying that " for him to whom sex is impure there are no flowers in Nature." Each man must decide for himself whether he will be better or worse than a brute. The fact that men are constantly falling below the level THE NEW CHIVALRY 23 of the brute is what creates the " social evil." The design of the New Chivalry is to create a mental attitude which will prevent men from falling below this level and assist them to rise above it. Its desire is to replace cruelty and selfishness by a spirit of chivalry. Its design is to assist the handsome side of a man to domi- nate. Sex Education. The New Chivalry makes its appeal to all men and to all boys after they become fourteen years old, the average age for the beginning of adolescence. When the Roman boy arrived at fourteen he assumed the distinctive garment of the Roman citizen, the toga virilis, in token of manhood and citizenship. Of course a great deal of instruction is needed long before the age of fourteen. But this can best be given in the home and the school. Such instruction will be in the nature of partial information and warning. It need only be partial, but it ought never to be false, as it so often is. In the home it can be given better by the mother than by the father, at least for the present, because a woman's mental attitude to sex facts gives her a better equipment for the task. In the school 24 THE NEW CHIVALRY the instruction will be along the line of nature studies, and will show the child how natural and necessary is the sex fact in birds, flowers and animals. This is a fine preparation but it is only a preparation. When a boy reaches fourteen and the creative power of sex becomes alive in his own body, causing him many kinds of mental and physical disturbances, then the problem becomes a different matter. He needs a new kind of information, and still more a new kind of self-control, which calls for a newer and larger set of motives. It is to meet the larger need of boys over fourteen that the New Chivalry was planned. II Reform the Men. THE New Chivalry is addressed especially to men because men are the great offenders against sex chivalry. Man is the defendant in this " great law-suit," as Margaret Fuller called it. No one will attempt to deny that the larger part of sex immorality is due to man's initiative. Most of the shame and suffering falls upon the woman, most of the responsibility rests with the man. Adam set an unchivalrous example in THE NEW CHIVALRY 25 this respect which has been faithfully followed ever since. Man makes the trouble and woman is made the victim. If man did not create the demand, there would be no need for traffic in women. The only real cure therefore for the social evil is to decrease the demand. There can never be any escape from the position of Dr. Napheys, that the key to the problem lies in three words " Reform the men." It may be a difficult key to operate, but no other fits the lock. Weakness of the Law. What needs to be done seems apparent. How to do it is the difficult question. How can man be reformed in this respect? Certainly not by law. While the effort to enact a good law is a form of education and renders a needed service, it is far wiser to spend our main strength in making good men than in making good laws. Laws can do much to protect a community, but it needs to be clearly seen that laws can never create anything. They can regulate abuses, but can never create the good. It is not possible to eradicate selfish indulgence from men's hearts by law. If a law suppresses the operation of greed in one place to-day, it 26 THE NEW CHIVALRY will break out in another place to-morrow wherever and whenever greed exists in the heart. Moreover the partial or negative regu- lation of an evil by law becomes at once a dead letter unless supported by public senti- ment. At its best a law is only an attempt at the temporary suppression of an evil, never a cure for it. Law treats only the symptoms, not the disease. The disease lies far back of the overt act. It lies in the mind and heart. No Appeal to Fear. Can the reform be effected by an appeal to fear? It never has been. The obvious reason is that it is essentially a weak appeal. A young man is not afraid. Threaten him with punish- ment or with a disease which he may or may not catch, and he will answer that he is willing to take risks. He is more afraid of being thought afraid than he is of punishment. It is the testi- mony of history that a threat of punishment lacks the power to reform human life. It is most significant that the ages which have been marked by the greatest severity in their penal codes have always been the ages when crime was most rampant. The appeal to fear is an THE NEW CHIVALRY 27 appeal to the weakest of all motives. It is weak because it is a low motive. To ask a young man to avoid sexual immorality merely to avoid suffering from a venereal disease, is a motive too small and too selfish to have much weight with him. It is like saying " Don't steal, because if you do you may get caught." Sexual immorality is a sin whether a disease follows it or not. The fear of disease reduces the question to a merely physical basis, which is not a big enough platform to ask any young man to stand upon. It has, therefore, been ineffective to move him. Prudential warnings are weak safeguards against commanding ap- petites. Ill An Appeal to Honor. IT seems clear that the only sure and perma- nent cure for the " social evil " is the living spirit of chivalry in the heart. The only power strong enough to conquer sexual temptations is the expulsive power of a new affection, such as a boy's love for his mother, or his reverence for the laws of life, which are the laws of God. Considered as expulsive new affections, athletics, 28 THE NEW CHIVALRY friendships, good books, intellectual interests, render invaluable services. The reason why men commit sex sins is be- cause it gives them pleasure, or because they think it does. The sufficient reason for not committing them is because there is a higher pleasure which they thereby miss. They are be- ing cheated and don't know it. This is doubt- less the only sufficient reason, for unless such a man is persuaded that virtue yields more pleas- ure than does vice, our prohibitions will be futile. One of the great elements of wisdom in the teaching of Jesus lies in the fact that he substi- tuted " thou shalts " for " thou shalt nots." In his " Call of the Twentieth Century " to young men, David Starr Jordan makes effective use of Kipling's fable of Parenness, in which the demon appears before the clerk in the Indian service. It asks him to surrender three things in succession; his trust in man, his faith in woman, and the hopes and ambitions of his childhood. When these are given up, in his life of dissipation, the demon leaves him in ex- change a little crust of dry bread. As soon as a young man learns, not from experience but from observation, that a crust of dry bread that is, bare existence without joy is a pitiably THE NEW CHIVALRY 29 poor substitute for the rich pleasures of virtue, he will be in no need of external prohibitions to regulate his conduct. He knows where the real values lie and he will never prefer the lower to the higher. The spirit of chivalry means that a man will measure and judge his sexual immorality in terms of the sorrow it brings upon others. Charles W. Eliot spoke from a large knowledge of life when he said that his experience at Har- vard taught him that the only way to save a bad young man is to bring to bear on him the influence of some one whom he loves, and make him face his evil deeds in terms of what they mean in sorrow to the loved one. Is not this the key-principle to any effective reform? How is it possible to understand any act until we see it in its relation to other people? Can there be any such thing as individual goodness or badness? To look at every act in its rela- tionship to others, in the terms of what it means in joy or sorrow to others, is the only way to see goodness or badness as they actually are. Traffic in Women. What are some of the terms in which sexual immorality ought to be stated? One of the 30 THE NEW CHIVALRY terms that is familiar in the present agitation is " traffic in women." It is said by responsible men, who have special opportunities for ac- curate knowledge, that 250,000 women and girls are engaged in the business of prostitution in the United States, and that 25,000 young women and girls are annually procured for this traffic. And that in New York City alone there are 26,000 prostitutes, who support 6,100 men by their earnings, and that $57,000,000 is the annual income from this business. This consti- tutes a slavery far more degrading than the sale of negro labor which brought on the Civil War. The average time a white slave lasts after be- ginning her ruinous career is ten years. Her life is one of such shame, cruelty, suffering, disease and corroding degradation that it can- not be described in spoken words. If one would know something of its nature let him read such books as " Peach Bloom " by North- rup Morse, and " My Little Sister " by Eliza- beth Robins. Lecky says, " She is the most mournful and most fearful figure in history." Over her life are written the words which Dante saw written over the gate of Hell " Abandon hope all ye who enter here." Any man who contributes directly or indirectly to THE NEW CHIVALRY 31 such slavery is responsible for the blackest stain upon our Christian civilization. Every pros- titute is somebody's sister or somebody's daugh- ter, and the man who views his act of lawless sexual indulgence in the light of the untold tragedy to somebody else's sister or daughter must recoil from his act in horror, if he has any spark of chivalry in his heart. A Crime Against Love. Another term in which to state sexual immor- ality is the cruel injustice which it frequently works to a man's own wife and children. A man who communicates to his wife one of the two venereal diseases, Syphilis or Gonorrhea, often causes her life-long suffering, and very often a sterility which robs her of her natural right to the joys of motherhood. He also in- flicts upon his own child the possibilities of weakness and disease, or early death, and sometimes of blindness and insanity. The ex- tent to which the innocent are made to suffer through such infection is truly terrible. Prince Morrow, of the New York Hospital, states that three-fifths of the married women who come to the hospital for pelvic troubles have been in- fected by their husbands. By a careful calcula- 32 THE NEW CHIVALRY tion it is estimated that one man in every seven is himself infected by a venereal disease. This is a very frightful fact, if true. I do not stand for any of the preceding figures which of course are not verifiable. Some investigations, how- ever, indicate that they are too low. A recent investigation in one of our western institutions disclosed the fact that among 332 students, only 13 failed to admit impurity of life, either per- sonal or social. I have quoted figures to indi- cate a condition which seriously threatens the welfare of the republic. The American Medi- cal Journal recalls the fact that a Yale man left $100,000 for the discovery of a cure for tuber- culosis; Rockefeller donated a million to ex- terminate the hook-worm; George Crocker left one and a half million for any one who would find a cure for cancer. Then the medical journal adds that tuberculosis, hook-worm and cancer combined do not cause half the suffering due to the two venereal diseases of syphilis and gonorrhea. If anyone wants vividly to realize the tragedy of this cruel injustice let him read Brieux's drama " Damaged Goods." Dante says the rivers of the Inferno are made of the tears we cause others to shed. A man who in- THE NEW CHIVALRY 33 fects an innocent child or his wife not only com- pels her to increase the volume of the infernal rivers of tears, but is himself drowned in the same bitter waters. Any man with a living con- science, who faces the fact of a possible child of his own, born to disease or blindness or early death by his own act of folly and selfishness, must suffer the torments of a present Hell, than which there will be no worse hell hereafter. Turn Off the Spigot. That the average community has done so little to protect itself against these enemies at its gate seems little short of a kind of insanity. The test of sanity used in some asylums is to take the patient to a trough partially filled with water, and into which an open spigot pours new supplies of water. The patient is asked to bail the water out of the trough. If he attempts to do so without first turning off the flow, he is re- garded as insane, and properly so. That a civilized community which regards itself as sane should spend enormous sums of money in caring for its insane and degenerates, and yet make little effort to turn off the supply of preventable insanity and degeneracy, is hard to understand. 34 THE NEW CHIVALRY That those who attempt to close the spigot should be blocked in their efforts is still harder to understand. Crippled Soldiers. Another term in which to realize the results of sexual immorality is unfitness for life's work. I do not here refer to the diseases which weaken and corrupt a man's body. That these crip- ple him for effective work is too obvious to need stating. I mean that the man who squan- ders his manhood and wastes his strength at at every way-side inn unfits himself to be an efficient citizen of the Republic and to play the part that is expected of him. Every man ought to keep himself well, not for his own sake alone, but for the sake of his country. There is a com- mon and persistent heresy to the effect that fre- quent sexual indulgence is necessary to a man's health. If the issues involved in this position were not so serious, it would be most amusing. The only answer that needs to be made to it is that men believe this because they want to be- lieve it. This is their only honest excuse for self-indulgence, when they find it embarrassing to excuse themselves on more self-evident grounds. It seems that men would try to prove THE NEW CHIVALRY 35 that two and two make five, if it were to their selfish interest to do so. Any man who has enough sense of humor to laugh at himself could never believe that frequent sexual indulgence is good for his health, when that position has been scientifically demonstrated to be untrue. Vigor of body, strength of mind, and sane spirituality are not possible for those who exhaust them- selves through sex dissipation. But, granting for the moment that it is good for his health, has man sunk so low that he regards physical com- fort as the chief issue of his life to be considered ? Does he value a physical pleasure so highly that he is willing to buy it at the price of chains and slavery for some one else? Who gave to him the right to secure his personal advantage by destroying the bodies and souls of others? IV Building Battlements around Young Men. THESE then are some of the terms in which sexual immorality must be stated, if we want to state it as it is. The essence of Christian Chivalry is to view every deed in the light of its relations to other people. But does not the knowledge of the effects of sexual immorality 36 THE NEW CHIVALRY come to all men sooner or later? Why should we present these facts to young men ? Why not let men in middle life find them out for them- selves? It is undoubtedly true that married men of middle life are most guilty of unchiv- alrous conduct, and that young unmarried men are naturally more chaste and chivalrous. This is the very reason why these facts ought to be given to young men. The facts come to men in middle life when it is too late for the facts to be of much value. Their minds are already fixed and their conduct is dictated by selfishness. It is an appalling fact that a group of men in London, who subscribed hundreds of thousands of pounds for the relief of starvation in India, would not give a sixpence to relieve the anguish of 80,000 outcast women and girls of the middle and lower classes in London. They were generous men in other respects, but brutally cruel in this one relationship of life. The Grip of Habit. The only explanation of this strange indiffer- ence is the fact that men's minds have become so hardened that they regard the tragedy of ruined women from a selfish standpoint. To try to change that fixed attitude in older men is like THE NEW CHIVALRY 37 trying to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen. It is too late. After the spirit of selfish- ness has ruled a man for ten years, it is difficult to replace it with the spirit of chivalry. The only sane plan seems to be to instill in the mind of the young man the spirit of chivalry before his mind becomes closed to it. The only wise and effective method is education in right ideals, and if we want to win a man to them, we must catch him young. The remedy must be preventive if it is to be fundamental. (A fine statement of the necessity for preventive education is found in the book, " Training of the Young in Laws of Sex," by Rev. The Hon. E. Lyttleton, Head Master of Eton College.) Freedom through Knowledge. Our salvation along all lines comes through knowledge. " Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free." Under the term knowledge, I include not only the facts but also the motives strong enough to make the facts ef- fective. No fact is really known until it is a felt fact that is, until it operates. There is no doubt every boy will sooner or later acquire in some way a knowledge of sex usually in the wrong way. Therefore, it seems too obvious 38 THE NEW CHIVALRY to need stating that he ought to be given this knowledge in the right way, at a time when it will be of most value to him. Therefore in starting the New Chivalry I make my appeal to young men and boys fourteen years old and over. The largest results are to be expected from them. The strength of youth lies in the purity of its ideals and the warmth of its en- thusiasm. It is not without significance that the Knight of Arthur's Court who succeeded in finding the Holy Grail was Galahad, the youngest Knight of the Round Table. // is an illuminating fact that it is not to the cautious, calculating men of experience, but to the vision- seeing, chivalrous youth, who have not yet ex- changed their ideals for their comforts, that the great moral movements of history owe their greatest debt. If older men can be touched by a spirit of chivalry, they can doubtless best 1 be reached through their sons. The sense of honor will lead a father to see that he himself ought to do what he wants his son to do. If sons can persuade their fathers to espouse the New Chivalry it will be a fresh demonstration of the truth of a favorite principle of Jesus, that " a little child shall lead them." THE NEW CHIVALRY 39 Jesus on the Subject of Sex. The New Chivalry reduces to practice one of the chief and obvious principles of the Chris- tian religion. The conception of mankind as one, the conception of love for one's fellows, is one of the two pillars on which Jesus built the Christian religion. The social evil is a cruel violation of this principle. Jesus dwelt upon it with reiterated emphasis. There were some questions he intentionally avoided, but this was not one of them. He recognized no double moral standard. When the Pharisees brought to him a fallen woman, he asked, where is the fallen man. He applied the same principle to men and women alike, although he placed the chief responsibility on the man. The Sanctity of the Family. To Jesus the social evil is the most unsocial of sins, for it not only injures the individual, but strikes a blow at the divinest of social institu- tions, the family, which is older than the church or state and more important than either. Jesus goes so far as to say that the man of impure thought commits adultery in his heart. This is not a sentimental ideal but a scientific fact. 4 o THE NEW CHIVALRY He saw with keen insight that love's arch-enemy is lust. He also saw that the seat of lust is not in the body, but in the mind. Indeed the body sets limits to lust, for self-indulgence soon ex- hausts physical strength, but there is no limit to the imagination. Dante accurately repre- sented the thought of Jesus when, in his In- ferno, he made the punishment of the lustful to consist in the continuance of their bodily lust in their disembodied state and the resultant double distress of their spirits unaccompanied by bodies through which to give it vent. With Jesus the impure thought is the primary sin. He maintains this position because the impure thought is the cause of the overt act and leads to it, and because nothing so corrodes the char- acter as impure sexual thoughts. A Challenge to the Church. It is evident that the position of Jesus was two thousand years ahead of his day. The world is only beginning to see the wisdom and sanity of his teaching on social purity. The Church for the most part has been silent about it. She al- most never preaches on it. The double stand- ard of morality, and the term " abandoned women,'* are a crowning disgrace to the Chris- THE NEW CHIVALRY 41 tian religion and represent an attitude among Christian men and women which is diametri- cally opposed to the principles of Christianity. The social evil violates so many of its funda- mental principles the law of kindness, the law of justice, the law of respect for another's person that for the church to be silent about it is not a compromise on a doubtful question, but the betrayal of a cause. If the Christian laws of chastity and self-control are intended only to be polite ornaments instead of guiding principles, it would be more honorable for the church frankly to say so. Her silence on the most puzzling of all difficulties to a boy has led thousands of boys later in li'fe to conclude that the teachings of Jesus were intended only to be ornamental and to treat them as such. Change Your Name or Honor It. Investigators maintain that ninety-five per cent, of all men have violated the single moral standard. It may be that this figure cannot be estimated accurately, and is too high, but no > one will deny that it is appalling. There are fourteen and a quarter millions of male mem- bers over twelve years of age in all the Chris- tian churches of the United States, a num- 42 THE NEW CHIVALRY ber equal to all the votes cast in the last presi- dential election. If it is only approximately true that ninety-five per cent, of the men are guilty of sexual immorality, then a very large proportion of male church members must be in- cluded among this number. A man is not to be blamed if he cannot honestly believe in the Christian religion, but he is to be blamed if he professes to believe in a principle, and then vio- lates it. A man ought either to honor the Christian name or give it up. Any man who deliberately and regularly violates the Chris- tian principle of sex morality, which Jesus re- garded as fundamental, has a very doubtful right to the name Christian. Certainly the church would be stronger if he were out- side its membership. Let us either lower the Christian ideal of sex purity or try to fulfill it. If the principles of Jesus are intended only to be a polite fringe to this ideal, let us frankly avow it. By such an avowal the church would gain at least something. It would save the only thing left to be saved from the failure of its ideal ; that is, its own honesty. The Prostitute a Patriot. A man can not always reach his ideal, but THE NEW CHIVALRY 4 3 he can at least be honest. If the prostitute protects good women from attack, if she is the high priestess of humanity, as Lecky calls her, sacrificing herself for the good of the commu- nity, then in honest recognition of her difficult service, we ought to hold her in honor, deco- rate her with the American flag, treat her as a patriot, and reverence her as a martyr in a good cause. If we cannot go so far as this we might at least give her decent protection in her work, as we do other workers, since we consider her work necessary for the country's good. The time has come for us to be honest on this vital question. It was because, as a public teacher of the church, I felt a sense of shame for the church's silence on this question, that I started the movement of the New Chivalry in my own church, hoping that I might assist it to remove this blot from its own escutcheon. The awak- ened conscience on the social evil will soon com- pel the church to take sides on a question which is more important for the welfare of the home and the country than almost any other. The church cannot afford to side-step it. Unless she helps bear some of the burden of battle, she can have no share in the victory. When God's great cause of justice and love, as applied to the 44 THE NEW CHIVALRY social evil, shall have triumphed, the church can- not afford to expose herself to an indictment from the noble band of men and women who shall have made such a triumph possible ! Thinking Before and Not After. When a young man learns to think before, and not after he breaks the law of chivalry, he has acquired the secret of successful knighthood. Here lies the crux of the whole question. Crush the egg and you need not fear the flight of the bird. The difference between victory and de- feat is largely the difference between foresight and hindsight. It is foresight which distin- guishes a man from the ordinary. Hindsight is as common as cobblestones and is a sure sign of mediocrity and weakness. After a young man has indulged in an unchivalrous act with a girl, and the force of his passion has been spent and he has come to himself; after he discovers how his heart has been corroded, how his self-respect has vanished; how the memory of his mother has been dimmed; how a barrier has been erected between himself and his ideals; how he has cheated and deceived himself; after all this dawns on him, he says to himself, " If I had THE NEW CHIVALRY 45 only thought beforehand what this act entailed, I never would have done it." " If he had only thought beforehand/' the whole philosophy of the world's tragedy lies in this cry of regret. If Judas had only thought beforehand as he did after his deed, it never would have occurred. If Benedict Arnold had only thought beforehand as he did after his deed, it never would have occurred. The chief aim of the New Chivalry is to build a battlement around a young man, at the point of his greatest danger, by inducing him to do his thinking beforehand. Inasmuch as the thought about women occupies a commanding position in a young man's consciousness, when it is not delib- erately devoted to other interests, it becomes imperative that his thought be rightly directed and rigidly controlled. The one person in all the world most in need of forethought is a youth. Dr. Holmes once said that it made no difference if a man is spoiled after he is eighty ! The idea cannot be over-stressed, that the time to become alarmed over a preventable tragedy is before and not after it occurs. It would be well, therefore, for every young man to engrave on his memory in letters of gold Ruskin's burning words to the youth of his day. 46 THE NEW CHIVALRY :t In general I have no patience with people, who talk of the thoughtlessness of youth indulgently. I had infinitely rather hear of thoughtless old age, and of the indulgence due to that. When a man has done his work, and nothing can in any way be materially altered in his fate, let him forget his toil, and jest with his fate, if he will; but what excuse can you find for wilfulness of thought, at the very time when every crisis of future fortune hangs on your decisions? A youth thoughtless! when the course of all his days depends on the opportunity of a moment ! A youth thoughtless ! when his every act is as a torch to the laid train of future conduct, and every imagination a fountain of life or death! Be thoughtless in any after years, rather than now though, indeed there is only one place where a man may be nobly thoughtless his death bed. No thinking should ever be left to be done there." When Chivalry Fails. In order to stimulate young men to do their thinking beforehand, I quote a concrete experi- ence, contained in the following correspondence between an unnamed person and Mrs. Jessie D. Hodder, of the Massachusetts General Hos- THE NEW CHIVALRY 4 7 pital, Boston. It only suggests a few of the tragic and far-reaching results of one thought- less and unchivalrous act, but they are sufficient to enable the imagination to reconstruct vividly the tragedy that lies back of the external facts. The first letter is as follows : " My dear Mrs. Hodder : The last of March I wrote to Miss C about a girl here. She was preg- nant, and you advised her to marry the man responsible for her condition, because they loved each other. This seemed to me reasonable at the time, as I thought it was X to whom she was engaged. It turns out that he is not the man. The man is a young fellow, who was never in love with her, with whom she was never in love, and whom she now loathes. Under the circumstances, marriage between them would seem to add only another wrong to those already committed. The girl went away, and by the advice of some one, went to a Home in Boston, where her baby was born, three weeks ago. She wants to leave there now. She does not want to take her baby. She cannot support it, and she does not feel that she can take it and bring it up without any father. " My appeal to you is to tell me where the child can go, and what can be done with it ? The 48 THE NEW CHIVALRY girl is a very interesting country girl, used to working out of doors on a farm. She is musical, sings very well, plays the piano well, played the violin in an orchestra and the organ in her church. She is a high school graduate. I do not want her to come back here. The father is a Harvard graduate, who has worked his way through college, and is in debt. He cannot take care of the child, nor take the responsibility of its support. Will you not tell me the name of some institution where the child can be put? Do you know of any place where the mother can go? " The answer to this letter is as follows : >l I remember the case very well, and am glad to try to answer your questions. Every situation of this kind is difficult to solve, because we lose our dispassionate point of view. I do not agree with you that the girl cannot keep her baby. Think of the widows you know who are bringing up their children, who had no education, nothing but their hands to earn with, and untrained hands at that. Disposing of a baby does not leave either its mother or father where they were before and what of the baby ? Go look at the wards of the state; they are children who have not asked to come into this world, and THE NEW CHIVALRY 4 9 many of them have been shuffled off by selfish parents. This mother can take care of her baby. And she will be a bigger, braver woman if she does, as you realize. I can imagine no more horrible fate than to feel that my baby was somewhere around in the world, I knew not where. Take this girl's life so far, add the experience of carrying and giving birth to her baby, plus the care she will have had of it so far, then subtract the baby, put it selfishly, bru- tally out of her life, and what is there left? . . . You see we stop being twenty, and we come to be forty, and we care a lot, if our feelings are worth having. Life ceases to mean existence, and comes to mean soul and all that goes to make it richer and more worth while. Can there be anything more awful than to wake up and realize that one has thrown away an oppor- tunity ? " How about the chance to develop the man morally? What bigger debt has he contracted in this world than his debt to his own child? Why cannot he deny himself and spend $10 a month towards its support? Say that to him. Make him feel that his child, illegitimately born, is just as human a being, just as sensitive, just as ambitious as a child born in wedlock, or 50 THE NEW CHIVALRY as he was when he struggled and worked his way through college. I cannot feel that there is any growth in a community so long as its members are shirkers. This, I am not saying to you. I am saying it to all who turn and run from an illegitimate baby, or any other evidence of our own self-indulgence or wrongdoing. If we do not hold the man up to the mark in these cases, he is justified in feeling that, by some perversion or twist of the social order, which does not apply to women, he has no obligation to his offspring. What is he on earth for, then? To whom does he owe his obligations? To so- ciety? His child is society. To his neighbor? His child is his nearest neighbor. His child is both, and closer than both. For the sake of his moral welfare; for the sake of his child; for the sake of the next girl he may know; for the sake of the community in which he lives; and upon which these two would throw the care of their child, he must be made to share the responsibil- ity of the child's support and care. Let the girl go back to her community. Let her support her child, and let the best that is in her shine forth and force all to respect her. Please spend all of your energy in boosting her up on the side of earning her living, facing her community, loving THE NEW CHIVALRY 51 her baby, and then, if the love of her betrothed is real, he will find, added to it that deep respect that comes from seeing a strong person suffer bravely, nay, gladly. The Harvard father, too, will have been made a co-sufferer, and therefore a richer, better man." These letters need no comment. They tell their own story. It is the old story of the failure to think beforehand and the lifelong tragedy which often follows such failure. What the New Chivalry Means. THE New Chivalry then is a challenge to all patriotic men to align themselves in behalf of a cause, which is vital to the welfare of the coun- try. It is a simple, definite, constructive plan by which each man and boy can serve the cause and begin operations at once. He can begin with himself and then with the comrade next to him. The New Chivalry is not a new organization but a new movement. It has no constitution, no by-laws, no stated meetings, no officers, no annual dues, no banquets, no deficits to pay. Each man and boy becomes a Knight of the New Chivalry and then begins to work at it 52 THE NEW CHIVALRY wherever he may be. He becomes a Knight just as the Knight of old became one, by declar- ing his allegiance to the cause. Inasmuch as the New Chivalry enrolls both men and boys in the same Knighthood, it will be noticed that some articles in the Declaration apply to one period of life and some to another. It is in- tended to cover the whole of a man's life. The Declaration of Principles that each man and boy is asked to make is as follows : " As a Knight of the New Chivalry I hereby declare my loyalty to the following prin- ciples and my purpose to follow them, God help- ing me : To a personal observance of the single moral standard for both sexes ; to seek informa- tion from right sources concerning ithe high value of the fact of sex and the danger of its abuse; to marry no woman until I am assured of my physical fitness for marriage; to observe the laws of heredity in the divine function of parenthood for the sake of building a bet- ter race; to use every legitimate means for the suppression of the traffic in the bodies and souls of women; to cast my vote and influence in favor of all laws looking towards the final abolition of commercialized vice; to assist in relieving economic pressure as a source of pros- THE NEW CHIVALRY 53 titution; to make known my loyalty to the New Chivalry and create sentiment in its behalf by using its medal of honor; and strive to per- suade at least one comrade to enter the same Christian Knighthood." The Single Moral Standard. Since this Declaration of Principles is the heart of the New Chivalry, it is important that we examine its articles briefly. i. " To a personal observance of the single moral standard for both sexes." This means that the Knight recognizes the moral law as one; that he will treat every other man's sister as he would have every other man treat his sister; that it is a simple matter of justice and honor for a man to demand the same sex morality from himself, that he demands from a woman; that it is neither just nor necessary that there should be a " golden standard " for women and a " leaden standard " for men; that in his thought and conduct he will put the same stigma on a " fallen man " as on a " fallen woman." His sense of honor forbids him to assent to a condition of things which regards the very existence of a " fallen woman " as il- legal, so that she can be arrested, fined and im- 54 THE NEW CHIVALRY prisoned at any time, while the " fallen man," who supports and uses her for his pleasure, is not even considered to be a law-breaker. The twentieth century will doubtless see the triumph of this single moral standard and the Knightly man naturally desires the honor of taking some part in making it prevail. He can at least make it the rule of his own life. Ignorance Is Sin. 2. " To seek information from right sources concerning the high value of the fact of sex and the danger of its abuse" This means that un- less a boy learns these facts from right sources he knows he will learn them from wrong sources in the wrong way, which may perma- nently stain his imagination. He prefers the right to the wrong way. It means that the Knight recognizes the fact that he is endowed with one of the most sacred prerogatives of Al- mighty God, the power of body and soul crea- tion, and that therefore it becomes his duty to acquire adequate knowledge about sex and repro- duction. Thring of Uppingham once said, " the foremost fact of all the world as regards human nature to me is that the life of the human race THE NEW CHIVALRY 55 is entrusted to sexual union." The Knight be- lieves this to be a true and courageous state- ment, and therefore he thinks that no elemental passion in a man's body is wrong in itself. He does not think it necessary to go through a long technical course in biology before he can see the meaning of the very wonderful but very common facts of sex and procreation. He thinks that scientific knowledge, if he has any, needs to be vitalized by a great unselfish motive, in order to safeguard these facts for the sake of other people in the present and the future. He will keep his power of body and soul creation sound and clean for the sacramental hour of love. That he may do so, he will learn the facts. He believes there is nothing degrading about the truth. He agrees with Browning that, in regard to this and many other facts of life, " ignorance is not innocence, but sin." He will never make the question of sex the subject of jest or of common talk, because he understands that it is far more harmful to defile the mind than the body. If a Knight is a father, he will teach sex facts to his son. If he is a son, and his father, on account of shyness hesitates or fails to inform him, he will inform himself by con- sulting some right minded man, or by reading 56 THE NEW CHIVALRY such books as David Starr Jordan's " The Heredity of Richard Roe " ; Hall's " Instead of Wild Oats"; Mary Wood Allen's "Almost a Man " ; Dr. W. S. Hall's " Reproduction and Sexual Hygienics "; Oppenheim's novel, " Wild Oats"; "Youth and Sex," by Scharlieb and Sibley. A Better Crop of Children. 3. " To marry no woman until I am assured of my physical fitness for marriage." The prin- ciple here stated is designed, of course, to apply only to the two venereal diseases. Stated in general terms, it ought to apply to any disease, which we definitely know would produce perma- nently evil results in one's offspring. A man can be assured of his physical fitness for mar- riage only by a physician's examination. He ought to secure a certificate from his family physician, or, better still, from his bride's family physician. A few years ago I reached the de- cision, and publicly announced it, that I would not perform the marriage ceremony for any man, unless he furnished such a certificate. As an officer of the state, as well as a minister, I could not bring myself to assume any part of the re- sponsibility for the establishment of a new THE NEW CHIVALRY 57 family, without this safeguard. The cheerful compliance with the requirement, which I uni- formly met, seems to indicate that the normal groom realizes that it concerns his own welfare far more than it does the minister's conscience. This fact furnishes our ground of hope in the attempt to make it a universal custom. As to the method of securing a health certificate, some freedom must be allowed. The examina- tion for Life Insurance in some Companies may be sufficient. I remember that one young man, for whom I performed the ceremony, had just returned from an Arctic expedition. The exam- ination necessary for acceptance on this trip had to be most rigid, and it completely answered the purpose. While the method of securing the knowledge of one's fitness for marriage may vary, the neces- sity of knowing the fact does not seem to me to be open to reasonable doubt. Is it not a simple question of honor and common sense? If a man buys a horse he examines its physical condition; why should he acquire a life-partner for his daughter, and inquire carefully as to his social standing and financial prospects, and then omit the one factor that has more to do with his daughter's health and happiness than almost any 58 THE NEW CHIVALRY other? Is it not common sense to take precau- tion against one of the worst forms of leprosy? It is true that one cannot be absolutely sure of the presence of venereal diseases without the Wassermann test, and it seems probable that the States will some day find it necessary, as a pro- tection against feeble-minded and insane cit- izens, to enforce this test before issuing marriage licenses. But it is far more honorable for young men to furnish such a certificate before the law compels them to do so. The ordinary examination will do much and will besides put a bridegroom on his honor. If he is honorable, he will be proud to furnish this guarantee and it will be a satisfaction to his bride's family to receive it. If he refuses to do so, it may be regarded as the confession of his fear of the results. In that case he ought not to be allowed to commit a crime against a pure woman and his own children, and no minister ought to be a party to it. When a Knight considers that infinite pains have been taken to produce a better crop of pigs, sheep and horses, and that Government experts have written bulletins on every phase of stock breed- ing, he feels he would be glaringly inconsist- ent, if he did not believe it was vastly more THE NEW CHIVALRY 59 important for the country to produce a better crop of boys and girls. He is therefore, will- ing to do what he can to eliminate disease from the breed of boys and girls. Race Betterment. 4. " To observe the laws of heredity in the divine function of parenthood for the sake of building a better race" This means that the Knight feels personal responsibility for his un- born children. His chivalry includes little children and the mothers of little children. If he is willing to undergo physical training and self-denial to help win a foot-ball victory, he feels it is more important to do the same thing for a still higher victory in the game of life the prize of a strong and healthy child. He will therefore endeavor to make himself physi- cally, mentally and morally fit to be the father of a fit child. The spark of immortal life which every man receives as a free gift, should be regarded by him as a debt of honor to pass on unsullied and undishonored. " Let true hands pass on an unextinguished torch from Sire to Son." Aside from his own common-sense instinct that, in general, like tends to produce like, two 60 THE NEW CHIVALRY special facts force the consideration of heredity upon his attention. One fact is the present ap- parent deterioration of the race. Among the signs of it, which are multiplying rapidly, one may be noted. In 1813 the English standard for admission to the army was 6 feet; in 1845 it was lowered to 5 feet 6 inches; in 1883 to 5 feet 3 inches and in 1901 to 5 feet. Our standard of civilization and " The Great Red Plague " are destroying not only the physical, but also the mental and moral vigor of men and women. The other fact is the recent discovery of Mendel's law concerning the dominance of in- herited characteristics, which some think is as great a discovery as those of Copernicus and Newton. When a man observes the marvelous results produced by heredity in plants and ani- mals, he cannot help desiring the same results for his own children. He cannot escape the conviction that well-bred children are as im- portant as well-bred animals. Percy Mac- kaye's drama, " To-Morrow," is a play of ab- sorbing interest, which seeks to apply to man the same principles which he applies to plants and animals. The national conference on THE NEW CHIVALRY 61 Race Betterment, held at Battle Creek, Mich- igan, in 1914, strikingly shows that the leading educators of the country have come to realize that race degeneracy is one of the serious evils of modern civilization. Nor do the improve- ments of the human breed through positive Eugenics mean that we need in any way inter- fere with romantic love. It has to do rather with a young man's ideals. It asks him to con- sider not only his immediate pleasure, but also the welfare of his children, which will be his pleasure in the long run. It urges upon him the sanity of considering all the factors in- volved in marriage. It raises the question as to whether he will choose a wife on the ground of her capacity to minister to his vanity and his sensuality, or choose her on the ground of her capacity to be a good mother. If the home-building ideal is in his heart he will in- stinctively fall in love with the right sort of girl. By regulating his ideals we determine his choice without interfering with love's natural freedom of selection. Education in right ideals, for which the New Chivalry stands, seems to be the only way by which to build a better race. 62 THE NEW CHIVALRY Knights against " Pimps." 5. " To use every legitimate means for the suppression of the traffic in the bodies and souls of women." This means that the Knight will first inform himself on this traffic by reading such a sane and strong book as " A New Con- science and an Ancient Evil " by Jane Addams. Then he will lend his aid in whatever way his sit- uation permits. He can always play the part of a Knight whenever opportunity offers. There are in New York City alone about 2000 young men who at every corner ply the trade of cap- turing young girls and selling them into white slavery. The astonishing extent of this busi- ness is revealed in such books as Clifford G. Roe's "Panders and Their White Slaves." The presence of placards in public places warn- ing fathers and mothers of this danger is a soul- stirring call to the chivalry of the young men of twentieth-century America to come to the rescue, and defeat the barbarous efforts of the white slavers. These young men are known as " procurers of women." People commonly speak of them in derision as " pimps." They are a blot on the face of manhood. They call themselves " cadets." They are trying to spoil THE NEW CHIVALRY 63 a good word, but their use of it is the tribute which hypocrisy always pays to virtue. It is an arrow pointing to the truth, that evil is es- sentially weak and goodness is essentially strong. For this reason the New Chivalry may be expected to win the day, when the valor of her Knights wages war on the unmanly treachery of the " pimps." Compromise of Principle Impossible. 6. "To cast my vote and influence in favor of all laws looking towards the abolition of commercialized vice" This means that the Knight recognizes the fact that the backbone of one's enthusiasm for any cause is broken unless he can believe in its final triumph. Be- lieving that the regulation and segregation of vice is a confession of weakness and a com- promise of principle usually ending in failure, the Knight will work for its final abolition. Regarding prostitution as a crime and not only a vice, he does not believe in setting aside a district in which it can be carried on, any more than he would believe in setting aside a district in which murder or robbery could be carried on with immunity. Knowing the deep and wide-spread connections between the " so- 64 THE NEW CHIVALRY cial evil/' saloons, dance halls and property rights, he will try to give commercialized vice its logical setting by making it a political issue, and he will expose any man who directly or indirectly receives financial gain from a sys- tem that values a dollar more than a woman's soul. He will also try to dissuade other men from the stupid fallacy that it is possible to purchase a semblance of love for a dollar or two, and will try to persuade them that the men who try it are cheated. They are buying trouble under the disguise of pleasure, and cultivating a dangerous and growing appetite under the dis- guise of the beautiful and sacred satisfaction of love. Wages and Vice. 7. " To assist in relieving economic pressure as a source of prostitution." This means that the Knight understands that prostitution is part of the general problem of poverty, that ever since Saint Nicholas with his three gifts of gold saved a broken-hearted father from selling his three daughters into sin in order to buy bread, poverty and vice have walked hand in hand. While, undoubtedly, there is as much vice in the upper as in the lower classes, and sometimes THE NEW CHIVALRY 65 more, yet it seems evident that, between poverty and vice, there is a natural causal connection. A friend of the poor, therefore, will recognize the economic factor in the " social evil," and make his protest against those industrial and business conditions which permit hunger and physical weariness to push young girls along the road to ruin, and in which the lack of a living- wage compels them to choose between hunger and vice. The Knight recognizes the fact that a bare living-wage, which denies to a girl natural pleasures and comforts, and which leads her into an irregular life, likewise prevents a young man from getting married as early as he should and leads him also into the same irregularity. A very common and preventable economic factor in the moral breakdown of girls is the failure of our public schools to provide vocational train- ing, which would enable them to secure a better living. To work for better living conditions, both for young women and young men, becomes the obvious duty of any who would work for bet- ter sex morality. O. Henry's little story, " Brick-dust Row," makes this sufficiently clear by showing the relation of dividends to a girl's safety. 66 THE NEW CHIVALRY The Medal of Honor. 8. " To make known my loyalty to the New Chivalry and create sentiment in its behalf by using its medal of honor" The use of a symbol has always been an effective means of creating sentiment for a cause. The strength of any cause at any time depends on the number of men who are willing to show their colors and express their loyalty to them. If there are thou- sands of young men who are working to ruin women by concealing their colors, there ought to be thousands of young men who are willing to help rescue them by showing their colors. There is enough of the spirit of chivalry in American youth to induce them to do so. On examination the world will be found to be much better than we sometimes think it is. A Bull's-eye Lantern. But there is a factor involved in the use of an emblem, which cannot be disregarded. Every young man of the right sort has an instinctive feeling against any display of his virtue. He wants to be the thing itself without parading it by means of words or badges. He dislikes any exhibition of the " I am holier than THE NEW CHIVALRY 67 thou " spirit. He hates cant. Every normal young man feels like the boys in Stevenson's very suggestive story, called "The Lantern Bearers," each one of whom walked about at night with a lighted bull's-eye lantern at his belt, but kept it carefully concealed under his top coat. He was happily conscious of it him- self, but displayed his inner light only on cer- tain occasions to his own comrades. It is be- cause of this natural and modest feeling among young men that the New Chivalry's medal of honor has been made in the form of a watch- fob, an article which almost every young man and boy uses. If anyone prefers to wear it on a watch-chain, instead of a fob, he may do so. It is designed to be used either with a fob or with a chain. Its use on a fob or chain makes it visible yet not conspicuous. It is the happy mean be- tween two extremes. The medal of honor is each Knight's bull's-eye lantern, of which he may be privately conscious and proud, and which he may display as occasion and good taste sug- gest. A Work of Art. The medal of honor has on one side of it the figure of Sir Galahad, taken from the painting 68 THE NEW CHIVALRY by George Frederick Watts, which hangs in the Chapel of Eton College. Galahad is the Knight whose " strength was as the strength of ten because his heart was pure." He repre- sents perfectly the ideal of the New Chivalry, standing (there) by his white horse, equipped with armor for defense and looking out on life as if fascinated with his vision of pure man- hood. Sir Galahad makes goodness fascinat- ing. The die for the Medal of Honor was made by the well-known medalist of New York, Victor D. Brenner, who is among the leaders of his profession in America. He is generally known as the maker of the die for the Lincoln cent, but he has made many other medals of equal or superior merit, like that of John Hay, and " The Open Door in the Far East." The generosity of a friend and neighbor in Mont- clair made it possible for me to secure the serv- ices of such an artist. The watch fob is a work of art of the highest order, simple and chaste, and well worth having for its own sake. It is struck from a die in three forms: bronze, ster- ling silver and solid 1 8 karat gold. THE NEW CHIVALRY 69 A Boy's Public Opinion. The medal of honor, then, serves several dis- tinct purposes. It is the tangible sign that a man has enlisted as a Knight; it furnishes be- sides a natural opening for a conversation on the cause of the New Chivalry, during which he may win recruits. Its presence gives needed strength in the hour of sudden temptation by reminding him of his Knighthood. On the re- verse side is a place where he can engrave his name and address. This makes it his per- sonal emblem in a special and significant sense. By far the most important function of the medal is to create a correct public sentiment among boys and young men. Before a boy is 12 years old, he is influenced most by his parents; after he is 12 or 14 years old, the influence of the parent is replaced by that of his comrades. The sentiment of his own group of boys is his public opinion and is most potent in shaping his conduct. The fear of the ridicule of his comrades outweighs all other considerations. The immense educational value of a boy's com- panions is well stated in Puffer's " The Boy and his Gang." If, therefore, we want to influence a boy effectively for good, it must be done 70 THE NEW CHIVALRY through the public sentiment of his own group. This the medal seeks to do by representing the idea that chivalry and not self-indulgence is the mark of manliness. It ought to be carefully noted that the medal is not the symbol of a crime which its wearer does not commit. No man ought to wear a badge for not lying or not stealing or not com- mitting murder. If the average man wore a medal for every wrong he did not do, his clothes would be completely covered with them. The medal of honor stands for what a man does, and not for what he refrains from doing. The Dec- laration of Principles which secures the medal contains not a single negative prohibition. It is composed entirely of " Thou shalts." Like the badge of the Red Cross, the New Chivalry's medal indicates that a man is engaged in a con- structive work of positive helpfulness. As the symbol of an ideal, it furnishes inspiration for work in its behalf. As an agent of the ideal, it helps to make the ideal contagious. The Highest Heroism. It is primarily a medal of honor, like a medal given in recognition of a heroic deed or an THE NEW CHIVALRY 7,1 achievement in an athletic contest, only it is given at the beginning, instead of at the end of the process. The reverse side of the medal contains the motto and the palm of victory. It is given to him when he enlists, because we be- lieve that no battle is ever won unless a man takes victory with him into the battle before it begins. The medal gives each man the gift of expectancy we expect him to win. Being a question of honor, the man who violates his principles will of course discontinue the use of the medal, or resume its use only with an earnest desire to try again. The young man who, through self-control, succeeds in deserving the medal is one of the greatest of heroes. " He that ruleth his spirit is better than he that taketh a city." The hero on a field of battle is stimu- lated to high deeds through martial music, flying flags and the inspiring tonic of comrade- ship. But the Knight of the New Chivalry marches by himself, hailed by no spectators, cheered by no plaudits, unaided except by his own internal resources. To be a hero in a war without witnesses is a higher achievement and therefore worthy of greater honor. 72 THE NEW CHIVALRY Ten Times One Is Ten. 9. " And strive to persuade at least one com- rade to enter the same Christian Knighthood" This means that the cause is intended to grow by its own inherent merit. It does not waste so much strength in organization that it has little left with which to do the work itself. It asks each man and boy to begin at once, to begin with himself, and then win the man or boy next to him, because one of the strongest influences on a man or boy is the public opinion of his own group of comrades. Senator Hoar, speaking once of Edward Everett Hale's book, " Ten Times One is Ten," said that Dr. Hale " taught us the truth, very simple, but which somehow nobody ever got hold of till he did, that virtue and brave living and helping other men can be made to grow by geometrical progression." The Christian religion itself started with a little band of twelve average men, which George Matheson has called " The League of Pity," and it grew into millions through the contagious influence of one man upon another. We can see that any cause grows most rapidly by each man winning his comrade, when we remember that ten times one is ten, and ten times ten is a THE NEW CHIVALRY 73 hundred. It may seem to be a slower method at the first, but it is far bigger in permanent results. A Declaration of Independence. The above principles constitute a real Decla- ration of Independence. It will be noticed that the man who joins the New Chivalry move- ment is not required to take any oath, but is asked merely to make a declaration of his al- legiance. The objection to an oath is that it requires a man to give away the control of his future actions. It is true that an oath or pledge is required of a man when he marries or joins a church or becomes a Government official, but these actions are civil contracts as well as pledges. After all, so far as the real significance of any relationship of life is con- cerned, an oath or the lack of it matters very little. If a man's word isn't any good, his oath isn't either. The real difference lies in the kind of spirit back of the action. That is why Jesus objected to the use of oaths. He thought a good man's word was sufficient. He thought the best way to educate a man is to trust him. If the right spirit is present, an oath is useless; if the right spirit is absent, an oath is a failure. 74 THE NEW CHIVALRY The New Chivalry trusts every Knight on his word alone. It asks young men to espouse its principles not for the sake of any oath, but out of love for the principles themselves. It be- lieves it is every young man's privilege to begin life by making a declaration of independence from every influence which may lead him to ultimate wreckage. It calls for volunteers animated not so much by a sense of solemn obligation, but rather by a sense of the joyous opportunity it affords them to serve their own highest interests, their family welfare, their country's honor. VI A Patriotic Service. THIS, then, is the New Chivalry. It is not a new organization, but a new movement for the protection of the family fireside and to further the welfare of the nation. The " Walls of Sparta are made of Spartans," sang an old ppet. The walls of America are made of Americans. The function of the home is to make good citi- zens for the Republic. How can it perform its function well, with an insidious blight at its heart? The purpose of the New Chivalry is THE NEW CHIVALRY 75 to provide a defense both for the home and the nation. The Country's Flag. The flag is the emblem of an unseen spiritual ideal. What the flag of any country sym- bolizes depends on the motives and conduct of her citizens. The colors of our flag were chosen because White signifies purity; Red, valour; Blue, justice. Nothing could better embody the spirit of Chivalry. The flag, which floats over blighted and desecrated womanhood, is far more dishonored, than it would be, if it drooped in defeat on the field of battle, because the moral fiber of the family depends on the in- tegrity of woman, and because the family is the unit out of which the nation is built. An American can be true to his country's flag, only in so far as he helps to make the spirit of Chiv- alry dominant. The Country's Great Seal. The same lofty ideal is embodied in the sym- bols of our great seal. The escutcheon is borne on the breast of an American Eagle without any other supporters. This denotes that the only support which the country needs is her y6 THE NEW CHIVALRY own virtue. In the eagle's beak is a scroll with a motto to indicate the strength which comes from union. The idea was suggested to Jeffer- son by one of ^Esop's fables. A father called his family of discordant sons about him, and taking a bundle of rods bound compactly to- gether bade each one try to break it, which none could accomplish. He then gave each one a single rod from the bundle, which was of course easily broken. On the reverse of the seal is a pyramid, to signify strength; it is un- finished. In the zenith is an eye in a triangle, an adoption of an ancient symbol of the oversee- ing God, and over it a motto, " annuit coeptis," adapted from a statement in Virgil's ^Eneid. It expresses the conviction that God has favored the nation's undertakings. It suggests the hand of God in American History. On the pyramid is the date of the Declaration of Independence and under it a motto, " novus ordo seculorum," also from Virgil, indicating the New American Era. " Old Glory." The ideals suggested by the seal and flag are so exalted and have already been realized to such a degree that the flag has been baptized THE NEW CHIVALRY 77 "Old Glory " Why is the flag so called? In his poem on it, which is printed in an appendix of this book, Whitcomb Riley explains its meaning. The scene is a bright October morning in one of our American cities. The occasion is a reunion of old soldiers. As the procession of bronzed patriots marches up the broad avenue, their flag fluttering in the morn- ing breeze at the head of the column, on the sidewalk stands an old soldier too crippled to march with his comrades. The sight of the flag moves him to inquire what he has long wanted to know, how it got its name " Old Glory." After repeated questions, and sug- gested answers which recall the wars, the scars and the sorrows endured in its behalf, the real reason becomes clear. It is because the flag stands for ideals and for causes as old as the Glory of God. Emblems and ideals like these form a great national tradition for the youth of our land and ought to inspire them with the spirit of chivalry. To apply the same ideals to family life, to leave unstained a noble heritage, to finish the incomplete pyramid, not by the addition of more land, but by the building of a better race, that is the task awaiting us. 78; THE NEW CHIVALRY The New Chivalry's Motto. The New Chivalry, by its very nature, must depend on the loyalty of individual men and of individual boys. It is because the movement has no organization that the motto chosen for it is the motto of the Field Marshal von Moltke " March apart strike together." In social purity, we must march apart, each man loyal to his principles in his own life, but we strike together with the unity and force of impact for the defense of the American home and of our Republic. The declaration of principles which every Knight of the New Chivalry is asked to make is like the Ephebic oath taken by every free-born youth in Ancient Greece, when his name was entered on the list of his tribe. He bound himself by solemn oath to the service and defense of his country. The original idea of Knighthood has long been buried underneath cheap notions of dis- play, military honors and personal advance- ment. The root meaning of Knight is not warrior but servant. The Anglo-Saxon Cniht, the Dutch and German Knecht, mean one who serves. In the day of the Old Chivalry every soldier was not a Knight. What made him a THE NEW CHIVALRY 79 Knight was the fact that he served. The aim of the New Chivalry is to assist in restoring to Knighthood its primal meaning of devoted serv- ice, and to make it clear that true Knighthood is the only order to which it is worth while to belong, that real distinction can be achieved only through unselfish service, that the service a Knight renders his country is too great to be repaid save by the joy of serving his country's ideals. Lincoln's Boys. The young manhood of our nation responded most nobly to the call for the freedom of the black slave. Of Lincoln's enlistment of two and a half million soldiers, two million were under the age of twenty-one, one million un- der the age of eighteen, and one hundred thousand under the age of fifteen. No one re- sponded to the Country's call as did the boys, so the great soul of Lincoln yearned over them, and he frequently refused to issue orders to shoot the sentinels, who slept at their post of duty, because he knew that it was often the sleep of childhood. They were mere boys but they saved the country. The young manhood of the country is summoned to respond once 8o THE NEW CHIVALRY more to the call of chivalry, this time not to save the black, but white slaves, and to build battle- ments of virtue around the American home at the point of its greatest danger. A Knight's Guardian Angel. Just as women played a large part and bore a heavy burden in the war of '61, so will they take their share in this new war in which we are now engaged. The part which girls and women are to play in the New Chivalry may indeed be decisive, for they would suffer most by its defeat and they will gain most by its triumph. They will also cover the subject with a particular sanctity, because there is little hope for any pronounced progress in per- sonal purity until their influence becomes felt and we begin to regard the topic as one worthy to be spoken of with pride and not with shame. It is woman's part to become the Knight's guardian angel, as she did in the days of the old Chivalry. In accepting her as guardian let the Knight present his wife or sweetheart with his medal of honor, that she may wear it as a locket, or let him carry a bronze medal giving her one made of silver or gold. He would thus be pledging his word of honor both THE NEW CHIVALRY 81 to himself and to one whom he loves. It is my hope that the medal's meaning may be so conscientiously safe-guarded that its possession will be a satisfactory guarantee to the young woman whose love he seeks to win, and to whom he presents his medal. By regarding it as such a token she would help him to keep his honor. The most potent inspiration of heroism has always been the admiration of a good woman. The Breath of Violets. The inspiration woman furnishes to man is one of the strongest of motives to keep him loyal. Her part in the New Chivalry can be stated most briefly by an illustration. One of the most terribly dramatic scenes of the Civil War was Pickett's charge on the third day of Gettysburg. The moments of anticipation were awful in their intensity. They are thus recorded in a recent volume, " Pickett and his Men." Pickett had received a note from headquar- ters. He handed it to Longstreet. " General Longstreet, shall I go forward?" he asked. Longstreet looked at him with an expression which seldom comes into any face. He held out his hand and bowed his head in assent. Not a 82 THE NEW CHIVALRY word did he speak. " Then I shall lead my division forward, sir," said Pickett, and gal- loped off. He had gone only a few yards when he came back and took a letter from his pocket. On it he wrote in pencil: " If old Peter's nod means death, good-bye and God bless you, lit- tle one!" He gave the letter to Longstreet and rode back. That letter, with its faintly pencilled words, reached its destination, far down in Virginia. Pickett gave orders to his brigade command- ers, and rode along the line, his men spring- ing to their feet with a shout of delight as he told them what was expected of them. He was sitting on his horse when Wilcox rode up. Taking a flask from his pocket, Wilcox said: " Pickett, take a drink with me. In an hour you'll be in hell or glory." Pickett declined to drink, saying, " I promised the little girl who is waiting and praying for me down in Vir- ginia that I would keep fresh upon my lips, un- til we shall meet again, the breath of the violets she gave me when we parted. Whatever my fate, Wilcox, I shall try to do my duty like a man, and I hope that, by that little girl's pray- ers, I shall reach either glory or Glory." Touched by inspirations like these from the THE NEW CHIVALRY 83 angel who presides at man's fireside, the men and boys of our nation will respond again to a call more urgent than that of '61. They will bear a valiant part in a conquest which means not the destruction, but the conservation of hu- man life. To be Alive Honorably. The hearts of large numbers are already moved by the same impulse that spoke to the young heart of Gareth when he was first touched by an ambition to do Christly service under King Arthur. His mother pleaded with him to remain at home in the castle, to live a self-indulgent life and follow the deer. With a fine touch of scorn he made answer to his mother, Man am I grown; a man's work must do, Follow the deer? Follow the Christ, the King, Live pure, speak true, right wrong, follow the King, Else wherefore born? Else wherefore born indeed! To follow the white King who calls for volunteers in the no- blest of all wars, to assist in making our liege Lord the dominant Lord of life, to believe that his principles are practicable, to feel personal shame when his ideals are abandoned, to be a 84 THE NEW CHIVALRY Knight of true chivalry, this is the only rea- son for being alive honorably. Every true Knight believes that there is no war so brilliant as a war against wrong and no victory so worthy to be sung as a victory for virtue. REVERSE SIDE OF THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES PART II ADDRESSED TO FRIENDS OF YOUNG MEN "The utmost for the highest." Motto of Georee Frederick Watts Are Parents Too Shy? THE need of some present reform to safe- guard the nation against sexual abuses and dis- eases is apparent to all thoughtful people. We know what needs to be done. How to do it is the difficult thing. Whether children can be reached better through their parents, or parents through their children, is an open question. My own conviction is that, so far as new ideas are concerned, there is far more chance of suc- cess if we start with the children. The hope of reform has ever been the spirit of youth. A widely-held theory is that the parents ought to do this work. The condition, however, which confronts us is that the parents are not doing it. I asked my group of thirty-five young men how many of them had been spoken to by their fathers, and I was shocked to learn that only one out of thirty-five had ever had a word on the subject from his father and then, he said, it was ten years too late, although he was only eighteen 87 88 THE NEW CHIVALRY when he made the statement. My impression is that this represents a condition of things, not at all uncommon, but rather generally true of most parents. Whatever is almost universal, while not always true, is always significant. Having earnestly sought the reasons for this apparently strange silence, I am not disposed to make a sweeping condemnation of fathers for this neglect. The personal and subtle bond between father and son is a fundamental barrier, which, for reasons difficult and unnec- essary to analyze here, may cause embarrass- ment to them both. For this reason, and also because of greater fitness for the task, some other man may be a better guide for a boy than his own father. Can Eugenics Be Taught? Who shall give this instruction? Before an- swering this question it is highly important to understand clearly what we mean by instruction in Eugenics. Physiology bears the same rela- tion to eugenics that theology does to religion. We can teach physiology and theology but not eugenics and religion. While they rest on a knowledge of facts, essentially they are ideals to be practiced. It avoids endless confusion when THE NEW CHIVALRY 89 we perceive that Eugenics cannot be taught as we teach arithmetic and geography. In other words we must expand our term, " sex educa- tion," to include both biology and religion. A mere knowledge of the facts of biology is never sufficient to inspire eugenic ideals of life. Medi- cal students have special knowledge of biology, but as a class they are notoriously lax in eu- genic ideals. Biological facts, without control- ling motives, are like cut flowers, beautiful to- day, withered to-morrow. Education in Eugenics therefore must in- clude not merely instructions in the facts of sex but also a training of the will and development of the sense of responsibility. It only adds to our difficulty and defeats our own purpose if we acquaint boys with knowledge which fires their imagination, unless we also put into their hearts the key to self-control. Self-knowledge without self-control is dangerous. To self- knowledge, the New Chivalry aims to add self- reverence and self-control. These three, taken together as Tennyson said, lead to sovereign power. It takes all three to crown a young man King over himself. To help crown men Kings over themselves is the aim of The New Chivalry. 90 THE NEW CHIVALRY Who Are the Best Teachers? Our question as to who should give sex in- struction has answered itself. No man is fitted to give it unless he has the right spirit, no mat- ter what his equipment in technical knowledge may be. The New Chivalry by its very name puts its emphasis on the right spirit. It sug- gests an attitude of mind. It dwells not so much on the facts as on the use we shall make of them. The amount of knowledge such a teacher needs to have is simple and easily ac- quired. To say that a man needs a scientific course in biology before he can tell a boy what to do and what not to do to keep certain parts of his body normal, is like saying that a mother needs a professional course in ethics and sys- tematic theology before she attempts to per- suade her boy that he ought not to lie or steal or commit murder. To give sex instruction properly a man needs two things, he needs the right spirit and a knowledge of the simple facts of sex and of its dangers. The men best fitted will be found chiefly among ministers, pub- lic school teachers and Sunday School teach- ers. THE NEW CHIVALRY 91 Public School Instruction. There is special reason why such men should volunteer for this service. At present it is difficult to include it in the Public School cur- riculum. To give it in the regular course of instruction forces it upon all the students when the parents of some of them are opposed to it. This arouses public antagonism and heated dis- cussion, which often beclouds the issue and hurts the cause. It seems apparent that the wise course at present, and the one adopted by the New Chivalry, is to give the instruction in private volunteer groups of boys under the guidance of any minister, physician or teacher fitted for the task. Any public school teacher, so fitted, ought to be left entirely free to organize such a class. As parents become more awake to the real needs they will urge their boys to enter such groups. They ought to know that it is not at all a ques- tion between giving their boys information about sex, and giving them no information, as they suppose. It is a question between the wrong kind and the right kind of information. For them to stand silently by as their boys ac- quire the wrong information in the wrong way, 92 THE NEW CHIVALRY when a little right information would save them from a possible tragedy, is little short of crimi- nal negligence. The vast amount of unneces- sary suffering, which a little information could easily prevent, is indicated by a fact reported by Kirkpatrick in his " Fundamentals of Child Study." He says that " Lancaster found in the possession of one advertising firm, seven hundred and five thousand letters from boys who had thus consulted quacks regarding their perverted habits, and real or supposed diseases. Some had paid hundreds of dollars for treat- ment, when the symptoms described were per- fectly normal (such as sexual dreams). Many of the boys were suffering untold agonies be- cause they supposed they were ruined physi- cally, socially, and morally. They dared not speak to parent, family physician, or adult friend, but poured out their whole souls to these distant and unworthy strangers." ii Private Instruction. WHILE the New Chivalry is not a new organization and has no regular meetings or officers or programmes, yet those who join it THE NEW CHIVALRY 93 will need to hold a few special meetings for instruction and inspiration. In every com- munity, the Sunday School or Public School or young people's society or Boy Scouts or The Home and School Association or some institu- tion concerned in the welfare of the younger generation, ought to select some wise and good man to call together groups of boys and instruct them in social hygiene. Any man of good judgment with average in- telligence and right spirit can equip himself for this task by reading Dr. Robert N. Willson's recent book on " Sex Hygiene for Parents and Teachers" published by the author, 1827 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. " Yourself and Your House Wonderful," by H. A. Guer- ber, is generally considered to be one of the best books for the instruction of younger children. Until entire communities can agree to include such instruction in the public school, it ought to be given in private to groups of boys whose parents desire it. Such meetings need be few in number, no more than are necessary at certain ages of a boy's life to give the necessary instruc- tion and warning suited to the needs of each period. The purpose of such a meeting is " to impart such knowledge of sex at each period of 94 THE NEW CHIVALRY the child's life as may be necessary to preserve health, develop right thinking and control con- duct." Simplicity in Organization. While suggestions, for the operation of the New Chivalry, ought to be as concrete and defi- nite as may be, yet it cannot be over-emphasized, that one of the chief merits of this movement is its simplicity. Having no organization, or offi- cers to support, no annual dues to collect, and no complicated machinery to operate, the move- ment can be used by any existing institution devoted to the welfare of young men. For many years every thoughtful minister has felt special responsibility for the boys under his care, but has been at a loss to know how best to discharge it. It will be a relief and great gain to the cause, when ministers, teachers, and leaders of boys, discover that their equipment for this service is easy to acquire, and that the best use that can be made of such machinery, is to dispense with it. In order to avoid the weakness of too much machinery, it is well to remember the good- natured, but well-deserved, criticism of Louis Agassiz. Dr. Hale reports him as saying that THE NEW CHIVALRY 95 when he first came to America, one of the amaz- ing things which he found here was, " that no set of men could get together to do anything, though there were but five of them, unless they first drew up a constitution." If ten botanists met in a hotel in Switzerland to hear a paper, they would sit down and hear it. But if nine botanists here meet for the same purpose, they have to spend the first day in forming an organ- ization, then in appointing a committee to draw a constitution, then in correcting the draft made by them, then in appointing a committee to nomi- nate officers, and then in choosing a president, vice-president, two secretaries, and a treasurer. This takes all the first day. If any of these people are fools enough, or wise enough (" per- sistent " is the modern word) , to come a second time, all will be well, and they will hear the paper on botany. A right-minded and intelli- gent man, surrounded by a group of uninformed and teachable boys, is all the machinery needed by the New Chivalry movement. Start from Where You Are. It is true that the issues involved in sex in- struction are so profound and far-reaching that it is easy to understand why teachers have felt 96 THE NEW CHIVALRY overwhelmed by the task. It is of the first importance, therefore, that they should frankly recognize the bigness of the subject and their own limitations. Dr. Richard C. Cabot of Boston, after giving a course of lectures on sex, received certain written questions, to which it was impossible to give an answer. The ques- tioners, he said, did not realize that the diffi- culty in answering their questions is the same difficulty as that involved in such questions as these : " What paint shall I use for a ma- donna? " " What are the best words to use in a love sonnet? " " What is the best book on being a millionaire? " " What kind of bread makes you popular and handsome ? " From this experience Dr. Cabot concluded that every lec- turer on sex questions ought to hang up before his audience, a sign reading; "This lecture will not solve fundamental problems. Seek ye the Lord." That a subject is difficult is never a sufficient reason for giving it up in despair, or a good excuse for a ".moral holiday," but is rather an invitation to be humble-minded, and an inspira- tion to do the best we can with it. It is far better to be overwhelmed by a big subject than it is to overwhelm a little one. The fact of sex THE NEW CHIVALRY 97 is as complex as life itself. We do not under- stand life, but we do not, therefore, refuse to live ; we do the best we can at it. Food is nec- essary to life, but it is not necessary to under- stand the processes of digestion, before we see the necessity of eating the right kind of food. We start with what knowledge we have. While the New Chivalry makes no attempt to furnish a complete solution of sex problems, its aim is clear and well-defined. Its aim is to give to young men sufficient information about their bodies, to supply them with efficient motives of self-control, to insure them a fair start, to set their feet on a firm path, and to fix their mental attitude in regard to a question, big with infinite possibilities for success and happiness. I am fully persuaded that the time is coming when boys and girls will not be received into church membership until they have been given enough preliminary instruction, both in the dangers and the right uses of sex, to make their loyalty to the Christian ideal intelligent and practical. Practical Experiments. Every available means ought to be used to impress on a boy's mind the great law of heredity that " like produces like," that if the 98 THE NEW CHIVALRY race is to be physically, mentally and morally fit, the parents must be fit. One of the best means to use is a series of simple experiments conducted by the boys themselves but guided by a leader. Let them breed flowers, vegetables, insects, small animals like guinea pigs or rabbits. Let them breed both good and bad specimens so that they can see the results of good and evil heredity. If a boy will cross a Bantam rooster and a Plymouth Rock hen, he will never forget the impression made on him by the kind of little chickens which come from such a union. An- other experiment easy to make is to breed albino mice to gray mice. Albino mice can be obtained in any animal store and gray mice can be trapped around the house. Then keep the hybrid offspring as well as the pure races, pair them and study the offspring Professor Davenport observes that the offspring of the hy- brids will be white and gray again though the parents themselves be gray. By experiments like these a boy will see the operation of the law of heredity in such a way that he cannot forget it. By comparing results secured by a group of boys a leader has an opportunity to make a lasting impression. By such simple ex- periments a boy will learn always to associate THE NEW CHIVALRY 9 9 in his mind the three factors in reproduction, rooster, hen and chickens; bull, cow and calf; father, mother and child. Every child should witness such experiments as these. They teach their own lesson in the most effective way. In- formation received through the senses is most impressive what a boy handles with his hands and sees with his eyes, makes an impres- sion that words cannot make We say " in at one ear and out of the other," we do not say " in at one eye and out of the other." For this reason I lay particular emphasis on the value of these experiments. Miss Laura B. Garrett, who is a firm believer in their value, reports that Little Jim, a street urchin, after some weeks of nature study said, " it takes two spots of life to make anything grow, don't it, huh? " and then added, " and they'd better both be pretty good spots, too, hadn't they, huh? " This conclusion is the heart of constructive Eugenics. Experi- ments, in the process of reproduction with plant and animal, will help all boys and girls to draw the same conclusion. Leaders of groups of boys could render a real service to each other if they would describe and report their experiments to headquarters so that all could have the benefit of them. ioo THE NEW CHIVALRY Marriage and the Home. As the boy gets older the instruction ought to deal with questions of marriage and the home, including the choice of a wife, the re- sponsibilities involved, and the financial require- ments. He should be encouraged to undergo temporary hardship to establish a home with a modest outfit, and secure all the ethical and social advantages of family life. The far reaching importance of these questions becomes apparent when we remember that within a century the average age at which men are married for the first time has changed from twenty-two to twenty-seven years; when we no- tice also that there are to-day in the United States over 5,000,000 marriageable men who have not assumed the responsibilities and joys of married life, and when we accept the truth of Dr. Gulick's statement, " we believe that the core of race betterment consists in more and better homes." Three small popular books which would help to guide the instruction on these larger home questions are Carlton's " One Way Out"; Goss's " Husband, Wife and Home " and Cock's " Engagement and Mar- riage." THE NEW CHIVALRY 101 The Art of Living. While only a few meetings for private in- struction in social hygiene are necessary, yet they are of the highest possible importance. Next in importance to a young man's rela- tion to God is his relation to a woman. It involves personal, social and ethical conse- quences of untold significance. To carefully instruct our boys in the art of arithmetic and neglect to instruct them in the art of living is a curious illustration of our strange lack of bal- ance, and of a total misunderstanding of the relative values of things. Happily we have be- come ashamed of our neglect. We are coming to agree with Lincoln that, " It is better to make a good life than a good living." The New Chivalry aims to stimulate instruction in the highest relationship of life. The Religion of Sex. It is wisdom, therefore, to avoid an exag- gerated emphasis by giving sex instruction its normal setting, as one among several factors in the art of living. No sex instruction can be either scientific or effective unless it aims to lead a boy to think not only with his head, but with 102 THE NEW CHIVALRY his heart. We must never forget Lowell's dis- tinction that the statements, " Two and two make four," and " The pure in heart shall see God," are not received on the same terms. Sex instruction involves something more than and different from biology. It must deal not only with the facts of the body, but the ideals of the heart. When we deal with ideals we are dealing with religion. Eugenics can dis- pense with religion only at great peril. Facts of biology are not enough. Ethical prudential rules are not enough. By religion I mean the interior purpose, motive, emotion which shall control conduct. If such a real religion, un- sectarian and universal, cannot be treated in Public Schools, then they are not qualified to give sex instruction. It will have to be given by churches and Sunday Schools. It is useless to tell a boy what the danger is unless we equip him to overcome the danger. The chief end of education is not to secure knowledge, but equipment for life. The only force which can control a wrong emotion is a right emotion. The New Chivalry aims to cultivate in a boy the right emotion, so that he may be safely trusted in the temptations he is sure to meet. THE NEW CHIVALRY 103 It aims to supply him with a standard of con- duct to carry with him wherever he goes. Positive Eugenics. The silence of the past has gone to an un- reasonable extreme. Our present danger is doubtless to swing like a pendulum to the other extreme, and destroy that fine delicacy which befits all high and sacred subjects. Our great need is a balanced course of action. Have we not dwelt long enough on negative Eugenics, which centers our attention on sexual abuses and racial poisons? Is it not wise now to turn to positive Eugenics, with which to build a nor- mal and healthy human life? It is wise to face facts as they are, but the true principle of all reform is to replace an ugly fact by putting a beautiful one in its place. Would it not be wise to talk less of sex hygiene and more of race betterment? If we center our attention more on little children, rather than on the means and mechanism by which children are born, it will give us a truer perspective; it will put sex facts in their normal setting; it will avoid an exaggerated emphasis and a morbid imagina- tion which comes from too much thinking 104 THE NEW CHIVALRY about them ; it will constitute also the strongest appeal for clean living. What a man will not do for his own sake, he will gladly do for the sake of his own child. The heart of chivalry is unselfish thought of others. It is always a great gain in any line of activity to get a big and worthy objective and then to keep it stead- ily in view. The true objective in all sex instruction is race betterment, a more virile country, more and better homes, a new and practical spirit of Chivalry. SIZE AND FORM OF THE NEW CHIVALRY MEDAL OF HONOR APPENDICES I " THE NAME OF OLD GLORY " II A CLASSIFIED LIST OF BOOKS III BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING IV BOOKS OF ROMANCE V How TO BECOME A KNIGHT VI THE NEW JERSEY SOCIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION APPENDIX I THE NAME OF OLD GLORY* BY JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY I Old Glory! say, who, By the ships and the crew, And the long, blended ranks of the Gray and the Blue Who gave you, Old Glory, the name that you bear With such pride everywhere, As you cast yourself free to the rapturous air, And leap out full length, as we're wanting you to ? Who gave you that name, with the ring of the same, And the honor and fame so becoming to you? Your stripes stroked in ripples of white and of red, With your stars at their glittering best overhead By day or by night Their delightfulest light Laughing down from their little square heaven of blue ! Who gave you the name of Old Glory say, who Who gave you the name of Old Glory? The old banner Ujted, and faltering then In vague lisps and whispers fell silent again. * From Home Folks, by James Whitcomb Riley Used by special permission of the publishers The Bobbs-Merrill Company 107 io8 THE NEW CHIVALRY ii Old Glory, speak out ! We are asking about How you happened to " favor " a name, so to say, That sounds so familiar and careless and gay, As we cheer it, and shout in our wild, breezy way We the crowd, every man of us, calling you that We, Tom, Dick and Harry, each swinging his hat And hurrahing " Old Glory! " like you were our kin, When Lord ! we all know we're as common as sin! And yet it just seems like you humor us all And waft us your thanks, as we hail you and fall Into line, with you over us, waving us on Where our glorified, sanctified betters have gone. And this is the reason we're wanting to know (And we're wanting it so! Where our own fathers went we are willing to go) Who gave you the name of Old Glory O-ho ! Who gave you the name of Old Glory ? The old flag unfurled with a billowy thrill For an instant; then wistfully sighed and was still. Ill Old Glory: the story we're wanting to hear Is what the plain facts of your christening were, For your name just to hear it, Repeat it and cheer it, 's a tang to the spirit As salt as a tear: And seeing you fly, and the boys marching by, There's a shout in the throat and a blur in the eye, THE NEW CHIVALRY 109 And an aching to live for you always or die, If, dying, we still keep you waving on high. And so, by our love For you, floating above, And the scars of all wars and the sorrows thereof, Who gave you the name of Old Glory, and why Are we thrilled at the name of Old Glory? Then the old banner leaped, like a sail in the blast, And fluttered an audible answer at last. IV And it spake, with a shake of the voice, and it said : " By the driven snow-white and the living blood-red Of my bars, and their haven of stars overhead By the symbol conjoined of them all, skyward cast, As I float from the steeple or flap on the mast, Or droop o'er the sod where the long grasses nod, My name is as old as the glory of God. ... So I came by the name of Old Glory." APPENDIX II CLASSIFIED LIST OF BOOKS The following list of books is recommended by M. J. Exner, M.D. It is one of the best brief classified list of books on this subject with which I am ac- quainted. I. FOR WORKERS WITH BOYS AND MEN. " Christianity and Sex Problems," by Northcote. " Problems of Sex," by Prof. J. Arthur Thompson. " The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets," by Jane Addams. II. FOR PARENTS AND TEACHERS. "Training the Young in Laws of Sex," by Hon. E. Lyttleton. "How Shall I Tell My Child?" by Mrs. Wood- Allen Chapman. " The Renewal of Life," by Margaret W. Morley. " The Boy Problem," by The Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis. III. FOR BOYS FROM TEN TO FOURTEEN. " Life's Beginnings," by Dr. W. S. Hall. " How My Uncle the Doctor Instructed Me in Sex Matters," by The Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis. no THE NEW CHIVALRY in IV. FOR BOYS FROM THIRTEEN TO SIXTEEN. " From Youth into Manhood," by Dr. W. S. Hall. " Developing into Manhood," by Dr. W. S. Hall. " Almost a Man," by Mary Wood Allen. " Truths," by E. B. Lowry. V. FOR YOUNG MEN. " Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene," by Dr. W. S. Hall. " Instead of Wild Oats," by Dr. W. S. Hall. " The Strength of Being Clean," by David Starr Jor- dan. " Health and Hygiene of Sex," The Society of Sani- tary and Moral Prophylaxis. " Eugenics and Racial Poisons," by The Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis. " Sexual Hygiene," by The Health Education League. APPENDIX III BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING Fourteen men and women, who had large experience in sex education, carefully examined a list of 150 books on the subject, and selected from it those they thought best fitted for the open shelves of libraries. Some books received unanimous approval and all of them at least six votes. The books thus selected are as fol- lows, "A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil," by Jane Addams. " The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets," by Jane Addams. " Sex Instruction as a Phase of Social Education," by Maurice Bigelow. " Training of the Human Plant," by Luther Burbank. " Conservation of the Affections," by Richard C. Cabot. "How Shall I Tell My Child?" by Rose Wood- Allen Chapman. " Engagement and Marriage," by Orrin G. Cocks. " Heredity in Relation to Eugenics," by C. B. Daven- port. " Eugenics," by C. B. Davenport. " The Task of Social Hygiene," by Havelock Ellis. " A Physician's Answer," by M. J. Exner. " Marriage and tlie Sex Problem," by F. W. Foerster. " Essays in Eugenics," by Francis Galton. THE NEW CHIVALRY 113 " The Kallikak Family," by H. H. Goddard. " From Youth Into Manhood," by W. S. Hall. " Life's Problems," by W. S. Hall. " Youth," by G. S. Hall. " A Plea for the Younger Generation," by Cosmo Hamilton. " The Blindness of Virtue," by Cosmo Hamilton. " Education with Reference to Sex," by Chas. R. Hen- derson. " Heredity of Richard Roe," by David Starr Jordan. " Century of the Child," by Ellen Key. " Love and Marriage," by Ellen Key. " Training of the Young in the Laws of Sex," by E. Lyttleton. " Parenthood and Race Culture," by C. W. Saleeby. " Three Gifts of Life," by Nellie M. Smith. " The Problem of Sex," by Thompson and Geddes. " Plant and Animal Children," by Ellen Torelle. " Sex Education," by Ira S. Wile. " Education in Sexual Physiology and Hygiene," by Philip Zenner. APPENDIX IV BOOKS OF ROMANCE It is an axiom which needs no proof fhat the ex- pulsive power of a new affection is the only power strong enough to produce permanently good results in any moral reform. In order therefore that young men may be reminded not to dwell too long on the negative and dangerous side of sex problems, we add a third list of books which portray the beautiful, romantic and spiritual possibilities of the sex impulse. They are de- signed to hang helpful pictures on the walls of a young man's imagination. Sixty of the books here suggested are not only among the best, but are known from ac- tual experience to have the power of reaching young men and women. The Newark Public Library buys more copies of them and lends them far more fre- quently than any other novels. " Pride and Prejudice," Austen. " Sense and Sensibility," Austen. " Cousin Pons," Balzac. " Eugenie Grandet," Balzac. " The Little Minister," Barrie. " Sentimental Tommy," Barrie. " By Right of Purchase," Bendloss. " The Book of Ruth," From the Bible. " The Song of Solomon," From the Bible. 114 THE NEW CHIVALRY 115 " Lorna Doone," Blackmore. "Jane Eyre," Bronte. " By the Fireside," Robert Browning. " Sonnets from the Portuguese," Mrs. Browning. " The Last Days of Pompeii," Bulwer-Lytton. " Rienzi," Bulwer-Lytton. N " The Lass o' Lowrie's," Burnett. " T. Tembarom," Burnett. " Coniston," Churchill. " The Sky Pilot," Connor. " The New Life," Dante. " David Copperfield," Dickens. " Nicholas Nickleby," Dickens. " Our Mutual Friend," Dickens. " A Tale of Two Cities," Dickens. " Adam Bede," Eliot. " Middlemarch," Eliot. " The Mill on the Floss," Eliot. " Romola," Eliot. " The Honorable Peter Sterling," Ford. " Captain of the Gray Horse Troop," Garland. " The Glory of the Conquered," Glaspell. " Unleavened Bread," Grant. " The Scarlet Letter," Hawthorne. " The Prisoner of Zenda," Hope. " A Modern Instance," Howells. " Les Miserables," Hugo. " The Rise of Silas Lapham," Howells. " To Have and to Hold," Johnston. " Hypatia," Kingsley. "Westward HO!" Kingsley. n6 THE NEW CHIVALRY " St. Cuthbert's," Knowles. " Robert Falconer," Macdonald. " Dream Life," Marvel. " Reveries of a Bachelor," Marvel. " Diana of the Crossways," Meredith. " The Egoist," Meredith. " The Ordeal of Richard Feverel," Meredith. " With Edged Tools," Merriman. " Memories," Muller. " A Noble Life," Mulock. " John Halifax, Gentleman," Mulock. " The Scarlet Pimpernel," Baroness Orczy. " The Seats of the Mighty," Parker. "The Harvester," Porter. " The Cloister and the Hearth," Reade. " Guy Mannering," Scott. " The Heart of Mid-Lothian," Scott. " Kenilworth," Scott. " Quentin Durward," Scott. % " The Divine Fire," Sinclair. " Kidnapped," Stevenson. " The Master of Ballantrae," Stevenson. " The Gentleman from Indiana," Tarkington. " Idyls of the King," Tennyson. " The Princess," Tennyson. " Henry Esmond," Thackeray. " The Newcomes," Thackeray. " Pendennis," Thackeray. " Vanity Fair," Thackeray. " Fathers and Sons," Turgenief. " A Gentleman of France," Weyman. THE NEW CHIVALRY 117 " Under the Red Rose," Weyman. " Golden Gossip," Whitney. " The Virginian," Wister. " The Winning of Barbara Worth," Wright. " Their Yesterdays," Wright. " The Eyes of the World," Wright. APPENDIX V HOW TO BECOME A KNIGHT A man joins the New Chivalry movement by mak- ing a declaration of principles. He is asked to sign it in duplicate and mail one card, together with one dollar and a half, to The New Jersey Social Hygiene Association, Madison Building, Montclair, New Jer- sey. In return for the card and money he will receive the emblem of the New Chivalry in bronze, and a copy of this book for his use in winning a comrade for the cause. Copies of the book, apart from the medal, can be had for fifty cents, either from Headquarters, or from the Publishers, George H. Doran Company, 38 West 32nd Street, New York. The medal of honor is not for sale at all and can be secured only by those who sign the Declaration of Princi- ples. Although it is better for each gne to have his own book, yet he can secure the medal alone (at a cost of $1.00) without the book, if he so desires. One book, in the hands of a leader, can be used to serve several young men. If one acquires sufficient information, from a borrowed book, to enable him to sign the Declaration of Principles intelligently, and explain its meaning to a comrade, he can get the medal without buying a copy of the book for himself. The matter of the cost then stands thus : Medal without book, 1x8 THE NEW CHIVALRY 119 $1.00; book without medal, 50 cents; both medal and book, $1.50. In the production of the medal and the book, I have assumed that it isn't the amount one pays for a thing, but what one gets for the amount he pays, which is our true guiding principle, and therefore qual- ity, not cheapness, has been a prime consideration. The charge made merely covers expenses. To secure Knights for the cause is the real aim of the move- ment. Cards for enlistment will be furnished free, in any quantity, to those who desire to secure recruits. (The form of card used) THE NEW CHIVALRY A DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES As a Knight of the New Chivalry, I hereby declare my loyalty to the following principles, and my pur- pose to follow them, God helping me: (i) To a personal observance of the single moral standard for both sexes; (2) To seek information from right sources concerning the high value of the fact of sex and the danger of its abuse; (3) To marry no woman until I am assured of my physical fitness for marriage; (4) To observe the laws of heredity in the divine function of parenthood for the sake of building a better race; (5) To use every legitimate means for the suppression of the traffic in the bodies and souls of women; (6) To cast my vote and influence in favor of all laws looking towards the final abolition of commercialized vice; (7) To assist in relieving economic pressure as a source of prostitution; (8) To make known my loyalty to the New Chivalry and create sentiment in 120 THE NEW CHIVALRY its behalf by using its medal of honor; (9) And strive to persuade at least one comrade to enter the same Christian Knighthood. Signed , Date Motto : " March apart, strike together." (Reverse side of the card) KNIGHTS OF THE NEW CHIVALRY Name A ddress Age Occupation Church member? Denomination? Who or what influenced you to join the New Chivalry movement ? INFORMATION Sign in duplicate and mail one card and $1.50 to The New Jersey Social Hygiene Association, Madison Building, Montclair, N. J., for which you will receive the Medal of Honor in bronze, and a copy of " The New Chivalry " by Henry E. Jackson. If you desire the Medal of Honor in sil- ver, send $1.75; if in gold, $14.50. Copies of the book apart from the medal can be had for fifty cents either from Head- quarters or from the Publishers, George H. Doran Company, 38 West 32nd Street, New York. The Medal of Honor is not for sale at any price. It can be had without the book for $1.00, but it can be secured only by those signing the Declaration of Principles. (Over) APPENDIX VI THE NEW CHIVALRY MOVEMENT is promoted by THE NEW JERSEY SOCIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION ADDRESS THE MADISON BUILDING, MONTCLAIR, NEW JERSEY President REV. HENRY E. JACKSON Secretary H. A. STROHMEYER Executive Committee Mr. Emerson P. Harris Dr. H. Paul Douglass Dr. Elizabeth Mercelis Mrs. Hugh Black Mr. Robert J. Halpin Mrs. W. T. Ropes Mrs. N. H. Patterson Dr. Thomas Travis Mr. Frank T. Gray Mrs. Grover T. Smith Mr. Herbert L. Connelly Rev. Edgar S. Wiers Mr. Lawrence Chamber- Mrs. F. Gordon Smith lain Mr. Arthur L. Peal Mrs. E. W. Goldschmidt Mrs. Robert H. Dodd Dr. Morgan Willcox Ayres Mr. Edwin S. Ives Mr. Charles G. Phillips Dr. Miriam B. Kennedy Miss H. A. Guerber Prof. Will S. Monroe The New Jersey Society is a member of " The Amer- ican Social Hygiene Association " of which Dr. Charles 121 122 THE NEW CHIVALRY W. Eliot is president. The official statement of its purposes, made by Dr. Eliot, is as follows, PURPOSES 11 The purposes of this Association shall be to acquire and diffuse knowledge of the established principles and practices and of any new methods which promote, or give assurance of promoting, social health; to advo- cate the highest standards of private and public moral- ity; to suppress commercialized vice; to organize the defense of the community by every available means, educational, sanitary, or legislative, against the diseases of vice ; to conduct on request inquiries into the present condition of prostitution and the venereal diseases in American towns and cities; and to secure mutual ac- quaintance and sympathy and cooperation among the local societies for these or similar purposes." THE END RETURN TO* MAIN CIRCULATION ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL RENEW BOOKS BY CALLING 642-3405 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW FORM NO. 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