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 of the 
 
 Death of the Roly father 
 
 pope Leo xxxL 
 
 <Saork of OliUiani C. JVIartincau 
 
 of Hlbatiy, New York 
 
 by whom published 
 
 1903 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1903, 
 
 BY WILLIAM C. MARTINEAU, 
 
 ALBANY, N. Y. 
 
 lOm STACK 
 
 HALF TONE PLATES MADE BY 
 
 EMPIRE ENGRAVING CO., 
 
 ALBANY, N. Y. 
 

 CONTENTS 
 
 Frontispiece — THE LATE HOLY FATHER POPE LEO XHL 
 
 THE DEATH OF LEO XHL By Fev. John Walsh, . . - . 7-14 
 
 " THE CATHOLIC CHURCH." By Rev. John Spensley, D. D., - 15-1 8 
 
 THE PAPACY IN THE NEW CENTURY. 
 
 By Rev. John Talbot Smith, 19-21 
 
 LEO XIIL, HIS WORK AND INFLUENCE, 
 
 By Most Rev. John Ireland, D. D., 
 
 Archbishop of St. Paul, Minn., 22-35 
 
 (Reprinted by special permission from The North American Review. Copyrighted.) 
 
 A REMINISCENCE OF POPE LEO. By Rev. John Spensley, D.D., 36-39 
 
 Illustrations — 
 
 THE HIERARCHY OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE 
 TIME OF THE DEATH OF THE HOLY FATHER POPE 
 LEO XIIL, ---.-.--..- 41-67 
 
 THE SACRED COLLEGE OF CARDINALS AT THE TIME 
 OF THE DEATH OF THE HOLY FATHER POPE LEO 
 XIIL, 69-87 
 
 201 
 
vi:n^cenzo gioacchino pecci, 
 
 His Holiness Pope L/EO XFII. 
 
 BoHN March 3d, 1810. 
 
 Ordained Priest December 31st, 183T. 
 
 Consecrated Archbishop February 17th, 1 843. 
 
 Phocl,aimed Cardinal 1853. 
 
 Crowned Pope March 3d, 1878. 
 
 Died .Tttly 50th, 1903. 
 
THE LATE HOLY FATHER POPE LEO XIII. 
 
THE DEATH OF LEO XHI. 
 
 BY 
 
 RBV. JOHN WALSH. 
 
 ''PHE death of Pope Leo XII [. is an event which may be observed from a 
 i- double view-point — that of the Papacy in general, and as marking the 
 close of his own individual life. In this sense it is the end of a volume 
 and of a chapter. It registers an epoch and an event. In the wider horizon 
 of the Papacy its significancy is his- 
 
 toric. In the narrow- er range of his own 
 
 career, prolonged ex- ceptionally as that 
 
 career was, and un- usually fruitful, and 
 
 viewed solely in rela- ,^^^ ^^^^ to his individual 
 
 qualities and achieve- fVlPH^^^S ments, his death falls 
 
 into the category of •% ^■■P untoward and con- 
 
 spicuous current jSk^^^m events, in which the 
 
 personal significancy ^^H^Hi is more marked than 
 
 the historic, though 'taf^M^^mPB^^^^ no matter how ob- 
 
 served, the historic ^^^^^^v^^g^^^^ element is never en- 
 
 The Papacy is ^^^^^^^^^^^^^W not only a fact, but 
 
 a dynasty. Not only ^^^^^^^^^^^^ does it guide and 
 
 rule — it bears a ^^^^^^^^^ charmed life. Its 
 
 continuity has no parallel in modern 
 
 government or civic ^^^- J°^,^ walsh, machinery. The 
 
 ^ . . ST. PETBR'S CHURCH, -^ 
 
 reigning royalties, troy, n. y. despots and democ- 
 
 racies are only mush- rooms of yesterday 
 
 contrasted with the indestructible vitality of the Papacy. In the whole 
 range of history, ancient and modern, the only dynasty that approaches it is 
 the unique record of Pharaonic rule in Egypt. When judged by the standards 
 of human institutions both the permanency and personnel of the Papacj' 
 provoke wonderment and admiration. If studied and accepted as an essen- 
 tial element of a divine Church on which it is built and with which it blends 
 as the living voice and principle of authority, it is hard to conceive how it 
 can be less stable and indestructible than the Church itself. 
 
When Leo XIII. by the voice of the Conclave was chosen the successor 
 of Pius IX., he became invested with the dignity and authority of a 
 member of this Papal dynasty. His death forges another link in the un- 
 broken Papal chain, wedding the present to the past of Hildebrand, Leo the 
 Great, and on through each wearer of the tiara, distinguished and undis- 
 tinguished to the Prince of the Apostles and to Christ. His pontificate of 
 five and twenty years carries the whole weight— the hopes and prospects, 
 triumphs and failures of the Catholic Church. He is its chief Spokesman — 
 its only recognized ruler. About his throne gather the enthusiasms, the 
 energies, the hopes and prayers of Catholic devotion and loyalty and the 
 bitterness and contention of opposing forces. He must inspire and direct 
 the one ; he will join issue with the other with the weapons of patience and 
 courage and wise diplomacy. In his brief reign — for brief it is as compared 
 with the endless life of the Church — he is an epitome of the Church's 
 history. He inaugurates a new phase of Papal sovereignty and is re- 
 vealed to the world with the features of a novel kind of Pope. After 
 many centuries his is the first pontificate in its entirety w^hich is bereft of 
 temporal dominion and burdened with the prerogative of papal infallibility. 
 In the latter years of his reign Pius IX. was made to feel the lawless hand 
 of the despoiler and the Vatican Council declared his infallibility; but be- 
 tween 1846 and 1870 he commanded all the prestige and anxieties of a 
 temporal ruler and his infallibility was an open question. To Leo XIII. 
 has been reserved the fate of a Pope w^ho from his election to his death has 
 had no subjects except spiritual ones — has exercised no power save the 
 spiritual and moral, and to whom to deny inerrancy in the domain of faith 
 and morals was a sin involving the shipwreck of faith. In his case abridg- 
 ment in civic sovereignty is offset by enlargement in spiritual endowment. 
 This statement of fact emphasizes Leo XIIL as a new type of Pope in our 
 modern years, reproducing only some of the lineaments of his predecessors 
 and in special conditions creating a peculiar Papal personality unique and 
 definite. 
 
 If he is the pioneer of a series, the question how long the type must 
 serve the norma of other Popes can only be answered by the continuance of 
 present conditions. Pending the removal or adjustment of these obstructive 
 agencies the Papal cause does not seem so hopeless after the death of Leo 
 XIIL as it was at the death of Pius IX. Wider and wider, deeper and 
 deeper is the conviction growing that as a religious and economic force the 
 Catholic Church is needed to save the social fabric from rent or strain. 
 Against skepticism on the one hand and socialism on the other it builds the 
 sanest and least assailable barriers. 
 
 These are the thoughts that come to the surface from a brief sur- 
 vey of the death of Leo XIIL as it impinges on the Papacy and is related 
 to it. 
 
 8 
 
II. 
 
 In the more restricted view of the finish and close of a personal career " 
 the suggestions are of a different order and tinged with the combined hues 
 of the man and his labors. 
 
 An expressive and condensed summary of the life of Leo XIII. would 
 embody two activities— labor and prayer. His morning hours were divi- 
 ded between religious exercises and the duties of Church administration. 
 From his daily mass and meditation he imbibed the wisdom and courage 
 to face and solve the multitudinous issues streaming into him from his vast 
 worldwide spiritual kingdom. His only recreation was a walk or drive 
 in the gardens of the Vatican. For a quarter of a century his feet never 
 crossed the threshold of his palace except to enter his great Cathedral or 
 pass into the adjacent park. From his living apartments his vision could 
 look across his own city and gather into its sweep Quirinal, Colosseum and 
 Pincian hills, with the Tiber and the Castle of San Angelo, but foot never 
 essayed to follow the daring of his eye. His successor's verdict on his in- 
 voluntary isolation from the world of Rome and Italy is expressed tersely 
 by the remark, "Now I know how Samson must have felt." Leo XIIL 
 chafed endlessly within the limitations of his enforced seclusion. To his 
 brother Guiseppe, who asked him if in accepting the Papacy he were not 
 consigning himself to a living tomb, he replied, " I am climbing Calvary." 
 The head that bore the triple tiara found that it was built on a crown of 
 thorns. 
 
 It is no exaggeration to record that the most pathetic and tenderlv 
 appealing phase of the dead Pope and his living successor is voiced by the 
 epithet, "august Prisoner of the Vatican." Contemporary sovereignty or 
 lack of it furnishes no parallel to this abnormal condition. Whilst it is the 
 result of unjustifiable invasion and spoliation it is also the only practical 
 protest against it. Special correspondents and political pamphleteers seek 
 amusement in designating this Papal imprisonment within Vatican pre- 
 cincts as senile pique with inevitable political movements and national 
 aspirations, or a fiction and trick of petty hatred to the Italian govern- 
 ment. The hollowness and pretense of this declaration is evidenced by the 
 studied unwillingness of its promoters to approach the whole subject of 
 Papal and Italian sovereignty with decent candor and intelligence, and their 
 insincerity is further supplemented by the hostile attitude of official Italy 
 toward the Holy See and its feebleness to preserve order in the streets of its 
 own capital whenever it pleases anti-papaliststo assert their right to havoc 
 or rowdyism. 
 
 From the date of his accession to the end of his life Leo XIII. was a 
 strenuous, untiring advocate of the need of territorial sovereignty as a 
 guarantee of the independence of the Holy See. He was frequent and em- 
 phatic in this assertion. Within one year of his coronation he thus threw 
 
 9 
 
down the gage of battle : " That no occasion of error may arise, it is of the 
 utmost importance to remind Catholics that the supreme authority of the 
 Church which was divinely conferred on Peter and his successors to keep 
 the whole family of Christ in the faith and conduct them to the eternal 
 happiness of Heaven must, according to the appointment of Christ himself, 
 be exercised with the fullest freedom; and to insure this freedom in every 
 part of the world, an all- wise Providence ordained that after the dangers 
 and troubles of the early period of the Church, a civil princedom should be 
 attached to the Roman Church and preserved intact through a long series 
 of ages amidst the changes of revolutions and the wreck of kingdoms. For 
 this weighty reason and not as we have often said, impelled by ambition 
 or the lust of power the Roman Pontiffs have ever felt it their sacred duty 
 to defend this civic sovereignty from violation or disturbance and to pre- 
 serve intact the rights of the Roman Church ; and we ourselves, following 
 the example of our predecessors, have not failed, nor will we ever fail, to 
 assert and vindicate those rights." 
 
 In all the current speculations touching the probabilities of a new 
 modus Vivendi between the Holy See and the Italian government, some 
 light may be shed on the vexed problem by calm reflection on the tone and 
 accents of this battle cry of Leo XIII. Courtesies and cordialities are de- 
 sirable in their way, but when they spell nominal or real spiritual servitude 
 they are not mispelled when labelled treasons. 
 
 III. 
 
 A transcendant attribute of the dead Pope was his vivid, deep-seated 
 conviction of the reality of the Church and of the successor of St. Peter as 
 its head and mouth-piece. If the Church is real it must have a work to do, 
 and if the Pope is its voice and brain, on him lies the duty of applying and 
 directing its influence. Leo XIII, appreciated to the fullest measure the 
 quality of the Church's activity and he never flinched from the labor of 
 making it efiective and fruit-bearing. His manhood was reached in the 
 revolution of 1848, when the Italian freebooters had betrayed Pius IX. and 
 forced him into exile and then into a reactionary policy to checkmate their 
 subversive schemes. From that day to this the heirs of those conspirators 
 have continued with most obstinate pertinacity the quest after a vague, 
 crude liberalism, which, in simplest phrase is synonomous with a supression 
 of authority, civic and spiritual. The crying sin of the clique is their ignor- 
 ance of the purpose and nature of authority. To restrain their excesses 
 and prompt sane thinking Leo XIII. made the divine authority of the 
 Church the burden of his oft-repeated messages. 
 
 Would the world but recognize the Holy See the world might legiti- 
 mately settle its disputes on dynastic and economic questions. To reject 
 the Holy See was to inject into the social ferment an additional element of 
 
 10 
 
discord and apprehension. His first Encyclical of Easter Day, 1878, a few 
 weeks after his enthronement, contained a dignified and calm assertion of 
 the claim of the Church as a teacher demanding the obedience of all 
 Christians. Civil society, he teaches, can neither exist long nor prosper- 
 ously unless it acknowledges the eternal principles of truth and the immut- 
 able laws of justice and rectitude. Twenty years later, aroused by the 
 aggressive activity of Italian socialism, he assures his countrymen that the 
 papacy, as it was in the past, the guide, defence and safety of Catholics, so 
 in the future it will not betray them but will continue "to defend and assist 
 you in your difficulties and to love you in your trial and oppression." In 
 the letter to the people of England he speaks of "the centre of Christian 
 unity divinely constituted in the Roman Bishops." With suggestive itera- 
 tion in his published utterances he implores " nations and their rulers," for 
 the sake of their own safety and that of the state, to " welcome and obey " 
 the teaching of that Church which has served so well in furthering the pros- 
 perity of nations. 
 
 Whether in sympathy or in opposition to this attitude, it is due his 
 memory to spread it on the minutes. No estimate of his character or 
 career is possible without a knowledge of it. Much of the undeserved 
 obloquy heaped on the name of Pius IX. by Whittier's poems, "To Pius 
 IX." and "The Dream of Pio Nono" had no better justification than this 
 same paternal solicitude adjuring the Italian revolutionists to return to 
 the fold and guidance of the Church. Whatever the verdict of the non- 
 Catholic world on the administrative reforms and checks of Pius IX. the 
 same should be meted out to Leo XIII. And yet in all sincerity and fair 
 dealing there is not a scrap of evidence to prove that Pio Nono's successor 
 in any year of his Pontificate was arrayed against modern liberties or 
 attempted to enslave the consciences of men. 
 
 Every sane man with a scintilla of reason and religious feeling, no 
 matter his denominational affinities, recognizes that a line is traced some- 
 where in the divine law beyond which reasonable liberty becomes license. 
 The late Pope felt with the keenest intensity that the Catholic Church had 
 the right to define such a limit, and if the world were wise it would acknow- 
 ledge this right. In the exercise of his supervision over men and their 
 affairs whilst there is abundant evidence of firm grasp and brave denuncia- 
 tion and honest protestation, there is the most charming absence of 
 pettiness, of merely personal traits, of ill- temper and wounded pride. In 
 offering the hand of fellowship to non-Catholic nations it was this same 
 abiding faith in a divine church as an illumination and saviour that 
 prompted the courtesy. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Strangely blending with this stern, uncompromising exercise of his 
 Pontifical authority in condemning false teachings and unsound theories, 
 
 11 
 
whether of speculative or practical import, was another phase which sought 
 to conciliate and pacify the enemies of the Church. This feature of his 
 administration was a wonder and an anxiety to many narrow-minded, 
 ultra conservative members of the Church. They looked on with a trem- 
 bling concern and wondered what the next move of this fertile, audacious 
 mind would be. It is matter of record that in certain quarters lamps were 
 lighted and novenas devoutly recited to preserve the infallible Pope from a 
 calamitous blunder. To these simple souls he seemed walking perilously 
 near the verge of official errancy. 
 
 The innocent and tremulous suspicion was the offspring of narrow 
 piety and ignorance of the resourcefulness and wondrous mental horizon of 
 this exceptionally gifted Pope. Because he sailed under the compass of 
 truth he was always sure of his bearings. Although his published letters 
 demonstrate a mental equipment keenly analytic they betoken more con- 
 vincingly a synthetic capacity. He had no merely fragmentary apprehen- 
 sions of truth. The whole field of truth and church polity lay under his 
 vision glorified with the radiance of a summer sun, and every detail of his 
 great spiritual inheritance was photographed in the superlatively sensitive 
 camera of his intellect and memory. Its points of contact with political 
 systems, with the world and worldliness, with error, with misdirected zeal, 
 with questionable habits of compromise, with every aspect of the lives of 
 its subjects, were seen not merely in profile and perspective but grasped as 
 a solid, compacted totality. 
 
 When after many tortuous w^anderings Prince Bismarck reached his 
 Canossa and the Pope had his triumph, in the exultant hour of his victory 
 he won the good will of a vanquished enemy and secured the fruits of a 
 battle won by making concessions. When the superb Cardinal of the White 
 Fathers, Lavigerie, gave the cue, he proclaimed in France, to the dismay of 
 many, the Church's acquiescence in a form of government inseparably 
 linked in that country with revolution and religious persecution. In the 
 recent onslaught on French religious he was content with a word of 
 sympathy and an exhortation to courage, but by an unexampled restraint 
 he held aloof from the close grapple of anathema and excommunication with 
 the obvious hope that socialistic France would refrain from extremes. 
 Monastic and conventual rights are undebatable. An energetic assertion 
 of them might result in wholesale confiscation and national apostacy. 
 These were contingencies clearly possible to him. With a firm and unerring 
 hand has he indicated the boundaries, resources and points of exposure of 
 the commanding issue of education and its relations to the unreligious State 
 and how to make concessions to avoid a clash. 
 
 When dealing with science or biblical criticism, labor or social democ- 
 racy, non-Catholic error or economics, he has avoided one-sided, partisan 
 views, and besides the consummate tact of his address, he has expressed 
 
 12 
 
himself on each with surprising candor and freely admitted truths and half 
 truths wherever he found them. Each situation was so adroitly met — 
 each question was so aptly answered — there was so much tact and con- 
 sistency, cleverness and sureness in this statesman-Pontiff that the Italians 
 coined a sobriquet for him and called him Papa-Machiavelli to express their 
 appreciation of the diplomatic address which he combined with the sub- 
 limest unselfishness and the highest spiritual ideals. All the time, however, 
 it was his exalted character more than his consummate ability that gave 
 his word weight in the counsels of men. The ** Papa ," prefix more than the 
 " Machiavelli " suflfix determines his place in the nobility of diplomacy. 
 
 To those fortunate enough to have seen him in his Papal years his 
 memory will be for ever present. The preternaturally pale face, dark eyes, 
 high tenor voice in speech, a countenance of combined intellect and sweet- 
 ness and slender, erect form, presented him in his earlier years as an im- 
 pressive personage. Later, his bowed form and shuffling gait, with the 
 extreme attenuation of body and face showed too clearly the ravages of age, 
 though mind and voice retained their intelligence and resonance. "The 
 alabaster vase lighted from within" had with the passing years acquired a 
 more ethereal transparency, until to those admitted to the audiences in the 
 Vatican, and more effectively, to those who witnessed him in 'Papal cere- 
 monies in St. Peter's, he seemed almost spectral or like a being more 
 spiritual than material, whose vital functions were subject more to the 
 laws of soul than the limitations of flesh. So prolonged was his life and 
 undiminished his intellectual vigor for all the exacting demands of his great 
 office that the last years of his Pontificate assumed a miraculous character, 
 as if Providence by a special custody gave him length of years and capacity 
 for work for some hidden purpose. 
 
 In the wide sweep of his official life — the life at every moment exposed 
 to the burning sun-glass of public criticism and observation, demanding the 
 most versatile accomplishments and the most elastic and pliable capacity 
 to discharge its bewildering variety of duties, Leo XIIL was vigilant, 
 industrious and eminently satisfying, when judged by the most exacting 
 standards. Because this aspect of his career was always so conspicuous 
 any fair and true measurement of him must include a comprehensive com- 
 ment on his official and Papal achievements as distinct from his pureh' 
 personal endowments. 
 
 In the more circumscribed survey of his individual character the unpre- 
 judiced verdict is equally favorable and edifying. Not only was he con- 
 fessedly great but unequivocally good. Greatness without goodness in a 
 Pope is a hollow, pretentious quality. The Head of a Church that is holy 
 and always making for holiness in body and members must be command- 
 ingly, conspicuously virtuous. Mere place, mere power, mere ceremonial 
 pageantry, mere intellect would be beggarly equipment for a Pope unless 
 
 13 
 
engrafted on faith, hope and personal virtue. The members of other 
 dynasties may cultivate greed, ambition and power at the expense of virtue 
 and still claim the bauble of greatness. The very substance and essence of 
 papal supremacy lies in papal integrity and uprightness, and where these 
 requisites are wanting to the wearers of the tiara they may be acclaimed 
 and exploited as notable earthly rulers — never deserving Popes. It is the 
 glory of Leo. XIII. and our encouragement and comfort that he was a 
 consistent Pope who sought his ideals and inspirations in the highest, 
 widest reaches of exalted virtue and the serenest, truest piety. 
 
 He not only ruled and guided, he also prayed and fasted. He not 
 only warned his subjects against dangers to their faith and rectitude, 
 he also himself profited by the same warnings. In the sphere of human 
 frailty he relied for strength on the same sources of power and re- 
 sistance as the humblest of his flock and pretended to no immunity from 
 sin except as he was protected by his own vigilance and the grace of God. 
 Not on\j did he command, he knew also how to obey. When he taught and 
 interpreted the divine commands, he applied them also to his own conduct. 
 
 It comforts and consoles us all to know that our deceased Pontifl" or 
 Father was known and esteemed by the non-Catholic world. Praise for 
 him has been world-wide. No Pope's death was ever before so universally 
 mourned. On no Pope's bier have so many garlands of sympathy and 
 admiration been placed by non-Catholic hands. All the nations have united 
 in calling him good. The effiect of this gracious courtesy cannot be exag- 
 gerated. It will allay prejudice, increase respect for the Church, focus a 
 juster standard of research and observation on the whole question of the 
 papacy and reflect on the position and standing of Catholics everywhere. 
 Whilst ourPontiff"'s death is a prophecy of the future, it is also a touchstone 
 of Catholic behavior. As our deceased Father lifted us up to a place of 
 honor before men by his peerless intellect and simple piety, the most fitting 
 tribute to his memory will be to make good title to our place b}-- an in- 
 telligent study of divine truths and an earnest, brave application of divine 
 commands to every detail of personal behavior. 
 
 14 
 
"THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.' 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. JOHN SFBNSLEY, D. D. 
 
 w 
 
 'HAT is the Catholic Church? An exhaustive reply to that question, 
 with the analysis of her attributes, would require a work consisting 
 of several volumes. Ignatius calls the Church, "The multitude or 
 congregation that is in God." Origen says : "The Church is the Body of 
 
 Christ, animated by 
 members being all 
 Cyprian calls the 
 of all the children of 
 with the ark of Noah 
 would be saved 
 Irenaeus says: "This 
 God, which God the 
 by Himself* * * * 
 out the world, sown 
 their followers, hold 
 faith in the Trinity, 
 demption and Gene- 
 head is Christ. It is 
 mated by one spirit, 
 ing one and the same 
 same way of salva- 
 When we desire 
 of an individual, 
 
 REV. JOHN SPENSLEY, D. D. 
 
 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 the Son of God, the 
 who believe in Him." 
 Church the Mother 
 God ; compares it 
 in which all who 
 should take refuge, 
 is the synagogue of 
 Son has assembled 
 It is spread through- 
 by the Apostles and 
 ing from them one 
 Incarnation, Re- 
 ral Judgment. Its 
 a visible body ani- 
 e very where preach- 
 faith, one and the 
 tion." 
 
 to know the identity 
 when we wish to 
 
 know with what right he comes amongst us, we look up his ancestry. 
 
 And as we have a way of measuring all things, both human and divine, 
 by finite rules, we may apply the same criterion to the Church. 
 
 The process does not consume much time. In following up a genealogy 
 of human beings after an apparently endless succession we would 
 finally come to :" * * * * * and Seth was of Adam and Adam was of 
 God." In tracing the genealogy of the Church, however, we come directly 
 
 15 
 
to : The Church was of Christ, and Christ was of God. Therefore we 
 might say, even more briefly: " The Church was of God." For Christ was 
 God, begotten by the Father. The Church, then, comes to us with the 
 power and authority of a royal pedigree. And while she was conceived in 
 time, being therefore temporal, she is but one degree removed from the 
 eternal. 
 
 The Second Person of the Blessed Trinity came from Heaven to save 
 mankind. He came with the authority and the power of God, although he 
 came in the shape and nature of mortal man. For three and thirty years 
 he dwelt upon earth. Only three of those years were spent in public preach- 
 ing. Was the gospel of peace and reconciliation to be heard merely by those 
 who were fortunate enough to be within reach of this divine teacher ? That 
 were hardly just in a God who loves all His creatures. But even if others 
 were to be reached by this message from on high, was it to come to them 
 by hearsay, by report subject to the changes of time, as might come detailed 
 accounts of the Mithradatic wars ? No, indeed ! The "faith once delivered 
 to the saints" was to be the definite heritage of all who should turn to 
 Christ. 
 
 They were not to be left in doubt as to whether the doctrines they 
 heard were the same as those to which their spiritual forefathers gave 
 assent when preached in the land of Juda. Christ did not live for that 
 period alone ; He lived for all time. The process of time, however, tends to 
 the incrustation of original truths with layers of fiction. If, then, He 
 wished His doctrine to persevere in its pristine purity. He must either 
 remain on earth Himself or else leave a teaching power which should speak 
 in His name and with His voice. He Himself did not remain. Did He leave 
 such a teaching power ? He did. 
 
 There were twelve men whom He chose to be, in an especial manner. 
 His representatives. And to these he said : "As the Father hath sent me, 
 I also send you." "Going, therefore, teach all nations, teaching them to 
 observe all things, whatsoever I have commanded you." "Preach the 
 gospel to every creature." "Ye shall be witnesses unto me in Jerusalem, 
 and in all Judea and Samaria, and even to the uttermost parts of the 
 earth." " Whosoever will not receive you nor hearyour words, going forth 
 from that house or city, shake the dust from your feet. Amen, I say to 
 you, it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrha in the 
 day of judgment than for that city." "He that believeth shall be saved; 
 he that believeth not shall be condemned." "He that heareth you heareth 
 Me ; he that despisethyou despiseth Me, and he that despiseth Medespiseth 
 Him that sent Me." 
 
 Strong words, these I Yet the New Testament is filled with such. But, 
 you may say, granting the force of these expressions, it only proves that 
 power and authority were given to those who carried on the work of 
 
 16 
 
Christ immediately after Him. No, for in the twenty-eighth chapter of St. 
 Matthew we find these words in their commission: "And behold I am 
 with yon all days, even to the consummation of the world." With the 
 death of the Apostles the world was not consummated, so that the obvious 
 meaning is that this presence and assistance of Christ should be with the 
 Apostles — and their successors— till time should be no more. 
 
 ** Cast me not away from Thy face ; and take not Thy holy spirit from 
 me." And He said : " My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee 
 rest." In the New Testament is the fulfilling thereof : "And behold I am 
 with you all days, even to the consummation of the world." 
 
 The Church, then, is the mouthpiece of God, speaking with the authority 
 and under the infallible direction of God. This, to be sure, does not prevent 
 individual members or even leaders of the Church from falling into sin or 
 doctrinal error, but it means that when the Church speaks as representing 
 Christ on questions of faith and morals, she speaks "as one having power," 
 and with infallible truth. 
 
 There is a bluntness and directness in her speech, when treating of the 
 things of God, which means something. She does not temporize or use the 
 arts of diplomacy in dealing with questions of faith; she lays down the law 
 and speaks with the confidence of authority. She is at home with her 
 subject ; and while in affairs of merely human law she may conform with 
 existing circumstances, when the domain of divine law is entered she is 
 regardless of consequences and cares only to present the truth as God pre- 
 sented it of old by the mouth of His prophets. 
 
 It is a pity that expression "the thunders of the Vatican" has become 
 so trite, for when the voice of the Church, on questions of faith, is heard 
 from the Vatican Hill, its tones might be compared, not inaptly, with those 
 which proclaimed the law in the majesty of Mount Sinai. 
 
 God does things in a magnificent manner. He does not conform with 
 our standards of prudence or expediency. He usually acts in ways contrary 
 to our laws and points of view. He even calls upon Himself the ridicule of 
 the unwise, by allowing the blasphemer and the unrighteous to flourish, 
 while the just man is undone by his own perfection. 
 
 God deals not merely with time and localities but with eternity and 
 infinity, and works out the decrees of justice in harmony with the universe 
 rather than with the mind of man. He recks not of temporal, earthly 
 consequences. 
 
 And so with His Church. When teaching mankind the truths of 
 eternity she is not deterred by the hazards of time. She enunciates a divine 
 revelation with magnificent recklessness and cares not tho' a kingdom maj- 
 fall. She goes into exile proclaiming the truth, and from the free air of the 
 wilderness her voice rings out with a clearness not dulled by the atmos- 
 phere of courts. 
 
 17 
 
God be praised, that in this world of ceaseless doubt and questioning 
 He has left something to which the mind can cling with certitude ! Science, 
 the handmaid of religion, although a great uplifter of the human race, 
 blunders woefully at times. She accomplishes much, but she commits us, 
 occasionally, to ludicrous absurdities. The discoveries of to-day make us 
 smile at the sage of yesterday, with explanations that we did not seriously 
 agree with him. Substances are just coming to light that upset the theories 
 of generations — " but the truth of the Lord endureth forever." 
 
 Since the heart has its postulates as well as the head ; the will, as well 
 as the intellect, the Creator speaks to us in a general way through the 
 wonders of the soul, and of the natural world around us. The Good, the 
 Beautiful, and the True lead us by a process of analogy to Eternal Good- 
 ness and Beauty and Truth. We travel by pleasant, tho' indirect, paths 
 "through nature to nature's God." But when we look for a direct road, 
 when we ask for a definite teaching on a particular question, the author- 
 itative word of God, we turn to that Church to which was given the 
 promise : " I will ask the Father and He shall give you another Paraclete. 
 ***** But when He the Spirit of Truth shall come, He shall teach 
 you all truth." " He that heareth you, heareth Me." 
 
 In questions of civil law the citizen of our great country goes for the 
 final decision, to the Supreme Court of the United States. So, in questions 
 of divine law, the citizen of the Kingdom of God goes to the Church, as to 
 the court of last appeal; and he knows, above and beyond all, that the 
 decision given there will be ratified in Heaven. " What you shall bind on 
 earth, shall be bound also in Heaven ; what you shall loose on earth, shall 
 be loosed also in Heaven." 
 
 Christ is with His Church now, spiritually — a foreshadowing of the 
 blessed union of the hereafter. The Church is on earth, but keeps her eyes 
 fixed on Heaven. And when the ages shall have run their allotted course, 
 when the universe shall roll up like a scroll and be no more, then will all 
 the followers of Christ be gathered together in Paradise ; and the union 
 begun in time will be continued in eternity. 
 
 18 
 
THE PAPACY IN THE NEW CENTURY. 
 
 BY 
 
 RBV. JOHN TALBOT SMITH. 
 
 WHEN Pius IX. died in 1878, the disciples of the so-called free thought 
 announced the death of the Papacy, and considered it as the crowning 
 triumph of the nineteenth century that the strongest superstition of 
 history had fallen before the blows of the Voltairean philosophy. Even 
 
 statesmen as acute 
 Bismarck believed 
 great institution had 
 effacing of the Cath- 
 cial and religious 
 easy matter. Bis- 
 that efface me nt in 
 sage of laws which 
 sand priests from the 
 suppressed the Cat li- 
 tem ; but his persecu- 
 his own humiliation 
 ance of the Pope as 
 Bismarck indirectly 
 Party in the Reich- 
 everlasting renown 
 ing the famous road 
 words by abolishing 
 tion, restoring the 
 
 REV. JOHN TAI^BOT SMITH, 
 OF NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 and far-seeing as 
 that the end of a 
 come, and that the 
 olic Church as a so- 
 factor would be an 
 marck undertook 
 Germany by the pas- 
 banished eight thou- 
 Kaiser's domain and 
 olic educational sys- 
 tion resulted only in 
 and the re-appear- 
 a factor in politics, 
 created the Catholic 
 stag, and conferred 
 on Leo XIII. by tak- 
 toCanossa; in other 
 the laws of persecu- 
 banished priests and 
 
 the suppressed schools, and making an alliance with the Pope against the 
 common enemy. Socialism. The victory over Bismarck w^as a victory over 
 the world: or, to put it more truly and more mildly, the triumphant reign 
 of Leo XIII. stripped the veil of illusion from men's eyes, and proved that 
 the Papacy was as potent a factor in the right ruling of society as it had 
 ever been in the past. 
 
 19 
 
Leo XIII. made the Papacy very real to modern minds, and palpably 
 present to the common man as well as to the practical statesmen. Hardly 
 a Cabinet of Europe escaped his influence, and the press made him a touch- 
 ing intimate of the workingman's household. I can well recall my own 
 astonishment at the first illustration of this intimacy of the Pope with the 
 poor. Camping out on Lake Champlain in the summer of 1887, I had for 
 a daily visitor the oldest inhabitant from the nearest farm, whose autumn 
 days were passing in perfect health and profound interest in the affairs of 
 the world. He asked for the loan of our New York papers, which by their 
 number and freshness must have been a treat to the old man, on the ground 
 of following up the doings "o' that Pope o' yours, who seems to be a 
 mighty smart old man, an' jest says an' does what he likes in the peartest 
 an' cutest kind of a way." In consequence of this nearness to rulers and 
 ruled, Leo XIII. passed to his eternal reward amid the respectful grief of all 
 men. Pius X. succeeded him with universal acclaim, and the Papacy stands 
 forth at the beginning of the twentieth century with the glories of the past 
 illumined by the success of the present hour. The ship, having weathered 
 the storms of a century, sails on with strength renewed to the distant 
 harbor. 
 
 Glory of this sort is not factitious, its foundations are deep in the earth, 
 its sources are neither remote nor incomprehensible. If one examines the 
 Papacy at this moment studiously and fairly, it will be found that the 
 Roman institution stands for many important things that now interest the 
 serious part of the world, and will always interest it. First, it has the one 
 quality without which the best government amounts to little, namely, 
 endurance, stability. Macaulay's eulogy is none too lofty. All the 
 dynasties have come and gone, most of them have left no history : this one 
 remains, living, active, powerful : and men study its past with energy and 
 watch its passing life eagerly, to discover the secret of its endurance, its 
 flexibility, its swift adaptation to the demands of the hour. 
 
 In religion the Papacy represents that idea of unity which for a time 
 seemed lost to the Christian multitude outside the Church. Since the 
 moment of secession, the Protestant sects have gone on multiplying to the 
 point of nausea and absurdity; this century promises further subdivisions 
 whose ugliness no plausible theory of variety in unity can conceal ; and in 
 full view stands the wonderful unity of the Catholic Church, with one 
 Baptism, one Belief, and one Head, a unity maintained in the face of the 
 fiercest opposition from the world. Small wonder that so many have 
 turned to the Papacy in these days of discord. In politics the Papacy 
 stands for the safe progress of the race along tried and well-known lines, as 
 against the bloody ideas of the French Terrorists, the decadence of absolut- 
 ism, and the follies of Socialism. It holds to the main truth that any 
 government is better than none, and that change must be from one form to 
 
 20 
 
:another without such interregnums as Robespierre's. It maintains the 
 theory that the family is the unit of society, not the individual, and it 
 would surround marriage with every safeguard, abolishing divorce as con- 
 trary to the natural law. Therefore, it stands for that true liberty of man, 
 which rejects license and binds the individual to the service of God, of 
 family, of neighbor, and of country: a very different liberty from the 
 immoral ideal of modern atheism. 
 
 The Pope rules in the Name of Jesus Christ, as his Vicar on earth, and 
 therefore the Papacy stands for the Divinity of Christ, sworn enemy of that 
 futile faction which lauds Renan and dreams of salvation through the 
 teachings of a philosopher called Jesus; a philosopher whose existence 
 does not really concern mankind any longer, since his teaching has been 
 preserved. It is also the powerful custodian of the Sacred Scriptures, 
 against its friends and its enemies alike, maintaining that to the Church 
 alone belongs the right of final judgment on its difficulties and problems. 
 As it protected the Bible from the wild misuse of the sects, so it will protect 
 it from the vicious and hateful assault of the atheistic scientists. It sup- 
 ports the inspiration of the Bible as a dogma of the faith, and the last word 
 in the long discussion, if that controversy ever comes to an end, will be 
 uttered by a Pope. 
 
 As a matter of fact the Papacy stands before the human race to-day as 
 the Executive of the best organized form of Christianity. In the struggle 
 between the materialists and the Christians, it must lead the way because 
 it alone has equipment for the field ; it alone is sure of the issues, owns a 
 plan of campaign, knows the enemy, understands the violence of the conflict, 
 cherishes no illusions about immediate victory, but holds a sublime confi- 
 dence in the ultimate triumph of the truth. Naturally the Protestant 
 Christian world will rejoice in its strength over the common enemy, as 
 indeed it rejoices to-day in the confusion with which atheists, materialists 
 and agnostics regard this reviving form of belief in the Son of God. 
 
 Now that the Papacy has the good will of so many Christian millions, 
 made clear in the congratulations extended to Pius X., the hope may be 
 entertained that the wandering of the nations has taken the homeward 
 curve of the circle, and that the next century may see again the spectacle of 
 the civilized world united in the one fold under the one shepherd. 
 
 21 
 
Reprinted bj' special permission from the North American Review for September, 
 1903. Copyright, 1903, by the North American Review Publishing Company. 
 
 LEO XIII., HIS WORK AND INFLUENCE 
 
 • BY THE 
 
 MOST REV. JOHN IRELAND, ARCHBISHOP OF ST. PAUL. 
 
 TWO Atnerican papers the Pioneer Press, of St. Paul, and the Tribune of 
 Chicago, both bearing the date, July 20th, 1903, the day follov^ing the 
 
 death of Leo XIII., are upon my table. They are, each in its manner, 
 illustrations of the spirit and the tone of the whole American press of the 
 same date. The Pioneer Press places over its editorial article on Leo the 
 caption, "The World's Loss." The Tribune honors his memory by wearing 
 upon its first page a symbolical impress — the globe cinctured in mourning. 
 The American press voiced the thoughts and the sentiments of the American 
 people. 
 
 We have witnessed an extraordinary, unparalleled occurrence. He who 
 was. dead had lived and wrought in a foreign and remote land. He had 
 been the head of a Church to which the very large majority of the popula- 
 tion refuse allegiance, to which the great number professed in the near past, 
 if they do not profess to-day, positive opposition. Yet, as the electric flash 
 speeds across the continent announcing that Leo XIII. is no longer among 
 the living, all are startled and break forth into a universal chorus of sorrow 
 and praise. The President of the Republic wires across the Atlantic noble 
 words of condolence. A former President of the Republic, judges of the 
 Supreme Court, statesmen, scholars, men of affairs, speak reverent eulogy. 
 Cities and universities lower their flags to half-mast. Protestant ministers 
 in their temples and Jewish rabbis in their synagogues give out tribute of 
 speech and heart. America mourns Leo. 
 
 And what we have witnessed in our land, other peoples were witnessing 
 in theirs. Tzars and Kaisers, rulers of monarchies and presidents of 
 republics, told their regrets, and the multitudes responded in sincere and 
 sorrowful echo. It was not a country mourning an illustrious represent- 
 ative : it was not a Church mourning a Supreme Pontiff: it was humanitA- 
 mourning a great and good man. 
 
 22 
 
For humanity's sake, note must be taken, and remembrance kept, of 
 what occurred on the death of Leo XIII. The universal tribute of sorrow 
 and praise which this death evoked, honors our common humanity and our 
 common civilization. It was a wondrous manifestation of humanity's 
 high-mindedness and generosity, of the exalted elevation of soul to which 
 it attains more particularly in these modern days. Differ men do, differ 
 they will, in many of the matters affecting their manner of thinking and of 
 living. Differ they do, assuredly, in religious belief and conduct. Neverthe- 
 less they are mindful of their mutual brotherhood, of their mutual member- 
 ship in the great human family ; and they are capable of rising above lines 
 of separateness to acknowledge that richness of gifts in one is the inherit- 
 ance of all, to be cherished and admired by all. 
 
 The third day of March, 1878, Joachim Pecci, until then Archbishop of 
 Perugia, was elected into the Roman Pontificate. Leo XIII. was before 
 the world, upon the highest pedestal, from which, for the next twenty -five 
 years, he was to teach and work for the Church and htimanity. 
 
 It is, indeed, a sublime position into which the Roman Pontiff is lifted. 
 There is given to greatness no other such opportunity. The field opened to 
 the Roman Pontiff is the world. His immediate subjects, the soldiers of 
 his cause, approach in numbers three hundred millions. His interests and 
 duties of office draw to him nearh- all human interests. Nearly all the 
 innumerable intellectual and social problems vexing men are before him for 
 thought and solution. Arms of power the most potent, the most far- 
 reaching, are in his hands, the immortal arms of truth, justice, and charity. 
 And around him, such as nowhere else, there surge inspirations making for 
 greater things — whether it be from the faith within him that he has in hand 
 the keys of Christ's Kingdom, whether it be from the memories of illustrious 
 predecessors, .who in one age or another so wrought that the history of 
 their times was knitted into their history and their names set ineffaceabh' 
 on humanity's scroll of glory. 
 
 Let it not be said, however, that the position creates greatness : it 
 reveals greatness, if greatness is there, as it reveals littleness — and with a 
 vengeance — if littleness is there. 
 
 Then, in the lifetime of the Roman Pontificate, periods do occur when 
 he who guides for the moment its destinies is tested to the inmost chords 
 of the soul, and menaced with signal failure, unless there belong to him 
 vision of mind and force of character, wisdom, and power, such as are 
 rarely accorded to the workers of history. And one of these crucial periods 
 stood out, in exacting fury, before Leo as he stepped upon the pontifical 
 throne. 
 
 The nineteenth century, humanity's new age, had risen high on the 
 horizon. We know the bold promises of the age, and the bolder menaces. 
 The past was to be no more; a new world was to be born. Everywhere 
 
 23 
 
there was revolution — in science and in history, in civil society and in 
 religious creeds. Not all, of course, was wrong in the age. There were 
 worthiest discoveries and inventions, due to its audacious industry : there 
 were ambitions and aspirations most legitimate, awakened by its strug- 
 glings and its dreams. But it had its excesses and extravagances. It was 
 impatient of measure : it courted extremes. It declared the past to be its 
 special enemy. The Catholic Church represented the past, as no other 
 existing institution wished to do, or could pretend to do : and so the age 
 in malicious intent turned its search-light upon the Church, wishing to find 
 in it an incurable to be relegated into obscurity, if not removed altogether 
 from the living world. There was war to the death between the age and 
 the Church. 
 
 The early action of the Church, as is natural in a conservative organism 
 conscious of its inborn strength, had been to recoil upon itself, and gather 
 its energies more closely around its olden land-marks, sternly refusing a 
 parley, under flag of truce, with the advancing enemy. In the encyclicals of 
 Gregory and of Pius, notably in the "Syllabus," it hurled against the age 
 its doctrinal definitions: but showed no willingness to discuss its pro- 
 gramme, and inquire what the age really sought — whether it held in all 
 cases for new principles, as for new forms, or whether in some at least it 
 demanded only new forms, which, perhaps, might be but the normal 
 vesture of olden principles in new seasons and situations. Those tactics of 
 the Church had stirred the age into fresher anger, and infused into the 
 battle fiercer passion. 
 
 In its hatred of the Church, the age was reinforced in non-Catholic 
 countries by sectarian prejudices, survivors of animosities of former genera- 
 tions. In those countries, to the minds of the many, the Church was still 
 the foe and perverter of the Scriptures, and its Pope, if not the anti-Christ, 
 was at least a fair image of the apocalyptic monster. 
 
 There was, too, the war of nations against the Church, at the time of 
 Leo's election. For one reason or another, the relations between Rome 
 and the governments of Europe were most unfriendly. It was mistrust 
 and aversion, when it was not open warfare. In Germany, the Kultur- 
 Aampf was raging; and the conqueror of Sedan, it was proclaimed, was 
 not a Henry IV. to betake himself to " Canossa." Russia was driving with 
 the bayonet its Uniate subjects into its jails or its schism. In France, 
 Catholics were in discord with the Republic, and the Republic in discord 
 with Catholics. In Spain, the Church, the ally now of Carlists, now of 
 Alphonsists, was rent in pieces, and in serious danger of losing its peace 
 and vigor. Little Switzerland had to be in the fashion, and, in defence of a 
 new schism draping itself in the name of " Old-Catholicism," was, in its 
 way, hurling defiance across the Alps. Austria, even, however loyal to 
 Rome its Emperor might be, was permitting the virus of Josephism to per- 
 
 24 
 
tneate its parliaments, and what at any moment it might say or do against 
 its historic Church, no one could tell. In Italy, the soldiers of Victor 
 Emmanuel had crossed the Tiber, and shattered with cannons Rome's 
 imperial wall. The Pontiff had been declared by Italian law the subject ot 
 the Italian government. 
 
 The loss of the temporal sovereignty of the Papacy seemed the climax 
 of tendencies and events hastening the Church to its doom. It was taken 
 to indicate that Heaven, no less than earth, was abandoning the Church. 
 The temporal power, it had been thought and said, was the one prop that 
 still upheld the tottering columns of the Papacy, the one mantle that 
 shielded from the world's gaze its decrepit bastions; and now the temporal 
 power was gone! 
 
 Catholics were dismayed. Their faith taught them that, however high 
 ocean's billows rise, Peter's bark can never be sunken beyond recovery. 
 But, for the moment, the storm raged so violently, they stood aghast ; 
 what to do, whither to turn, they knew not. Patient inactivity was the 
 doctrine of many ; these simply folded their hands and waited. To others, 
 the combat was still the duty of the hour: but it was the combat that 
 fastened them to the enclosures of their citadels, and forbade incursions into 
 the territory of the enemy ; it was the combat with affirmations and 
 anathemas, rather than arguments and conciliation. The times were 
 solemn. A French writer, Vicomte de Vogue, with the full import of the 
 times upon his mind, assisted in the Sistine Chapel at the ceremonies 
 attending the coronation of Leo, He wrote : 
 
 "The darkness of the place, the limited company, the air of eflfacement and 
 almost mystery — everything led our thoughts back to the first enthronement of 
 Popes in the Catacombs. Pius IX. had left an abounding fame and a great void : 
 the despoiled Papacy seemed to have been engulfed with him. The heir without a 
 heritage who was shown to us had a look of weakness, and his title to renown 
 was still discussed. His coronation seemed a simulacrum of vanished realties, the 
 elevation of a phantom. And these were the years when the shadow of the cross 
 on the world was growing less." 
 
 Such the Church, such the world, when Leo became Pontiff. To have 
 been a great Pontiff, he must needs have had within him the elements of 
 greatness; he must needs have accomplished great things during his 
 pontificate. 
 
 A man Leo was, rare among men. With Leo on her scroll, Italy may 
 well resume her Virgilian boast : "The mighty mother of men ! " Knowing 
 Leo, the poet of Avon would have sung: "The senate-house of planets all 
 did sit, to knit in (him) their best perfections." 
 
 What dominated in Leo was mind. Such a mind as Leo's was — so 
 lofty, so far-reaching in range, so piercing in its glance through details, so 
 rapid in its flight to the kernel of the problem, and thence at once to its 
 
 25 
 
solution ! I marvel now, as I recall my audiences with Leo. He would 
 talk : he would give free current to the floods of light within him. And, as 
 he talked, as he discoursed of Church and nations, of present and future 
 ages, of high destinies and ambitions, I felt like one sitting at the feet of a 
 Scriptural prophet, and in wonderment I would exclaim to myself: What 
 a great thing a great mind is ! Once, elsewhere in Europe, I was in 
 presence of a mind that seemed an image of Leo's — not resplendent as 
 Leo's mind, but yet an image of it: it was when I sat near Manning at 
 Westminster. 
 
 The quick, piercing penetration of Leo's mind ! This was of immense 
 value in his work ; it explains how he was able to accomplish so much in 
 his quarter-century. I have in my memory questions most complicated — 
 hopelessly so, it would have seemed, for one forced to view them from a 
 distance and outside their local circumstances. Officials of high renown 
 had been struggling over them — and in vain. A brief exposition was made 
 to Leo : soon the matter was clear, and the answer given in terse, compre- 
 hensive formula. " You wish your matter to be quickly understood," said 
 to me once Cardinal Satolli ; " then speak with Leo." 
 
 It was a mind stored with knowledge, refined and elevated by careful 
 culture. The long years of retirement amid the hills and vales of Umbria 
 had been put to profit. Not only had Leo, as was demanded of him by his 
 sacred profession, given deep and continuous attention to philosophy and 
 theology : he had, also, roamed long and extensively through fields of 
 history and literature, of science and sociology, of law and diplomatics, 
 His reading, too, had kept full pace with the movements of modern thought 
 and investigation. Privileged to converse with Leo, the prelate and the 
 diplomat, the traveller and the scholar, found him awaiting them on their 
 ground, familiar with their studies. His encyclicals are evidences of deep 
 learning, as they are of exquisite literary form. And Leo's innocent sports 
 of his leisure hours, pursued into the very shadows of death, his Latin 
 poems, are revelations of his beauty of expression and richness of thought, 
 as they are of his sweetness of soul and the rythmic melodies of his whole 
 career. Leo loved poetry and poets : noble minds are poetic by nature. 
 One of the last books, the wires told us, upon wrhich he rested his fingers, 
 wan already and cold from deathly illness, was the Ars Poetica of Horace. 
 During his lifetime his favorite poet had been Dante. He ordered to be 
 printed, under his personal supervision, a magnificent edition of the Italian 
 master of song. Charles A. Dana told how he had prepared himself for an 
 audience with Leo by an attentive rehearsal of someDantean passages. As 
 occasion offered during the audience, Dana gave voice, now to one, now to 
 another, of those passages: but, to his surprise and discomfiture, whenever 
 his memory brought him to a pause, Leo would repeat the subsequent 
 verses, with manifest readiness for continuous indefinite c|Uotation. With 
 
 26 
 
all he knew, Leo sought to know more. He was a reader and a student 
 amid the onorous occupations of the Pontificate. I heard from his lips 
 that, in the preparation of his encyclical on Labor, he had read extensively 
 books, reviews, and reports of congresses. And I love at this moment to 
 conjure up his figure, as once I saw it, an evening after dark, before a small 
 square table, over which rose the glimmering rays of two waxen tapers, 
 elbows resting heavily on the table, head sunken into the outstretched 
 palms, eyes unspectacled, burying his gaze into Italian and French papers 
 of latest date. He learned much from those whom he admitted to audi- 
 ences. He was inquisitive; he put leading questions, and he soon knew 
 what his visitors knew. It was no trifling task to satisfy him. One of my 
 hardest experiences with Leo was when I was asked to tell him in brief 
 summary the exact radical difference between our two American political 
 parties, the Republican and the Democratic. What Leo once knew, he 
 always knew. His memory was marvellous in its retentiveness. In one of 
 my audiences with him I was astounded to hear him recall with startling 
 vividness incidents of a previous audience seven years past — incidents that 
 I had totally forgotten, until reminded of them, in this manner. 
 
 With a great mind there was in Leo a great heart. His office was that 
 of the shepherd, the father: in it there was needed that tenderness of soul 
 w^hich responds to every human suffering, and pours into every human 
 wound the balm of its unction. It was plainly to be remarked in Leo, that 
 heart was subservient to mind, and was ever held under the control of the 
 superior faculty : otherwise, his heart was as wide of range as was the 
 mind, and as quick to throb as the mind was quick to see. It was with a 
 genuine feeling of compassion, and a deep joyousness begotten of his sense 
 of power to bring succor, that he stepped into the field of action, whenever 
 an ill of humanity was to be relieved. An appeal to him, in the name of 
 human woe, virhencesoever it came, obtained an attentive ear. Lines of 
 social class or religious communion, frontiers of race or nationality, never 
 limited the flow of his love. His writings in behalf of labor, his fruitful 
 intervention in Brazil for the abolition of slavery, his tenacious co-operation 
 with Lavigerie to protect the blacks of Africa were the native effusions of 
 his broad humanitarianism of heart, as, also, his thousand and one smaller 
 acts of kindness and amiability reflected its quieter and softer beatings. 
 Those who had at any time the privilege of an audience, private or public, 
 with Leo, can tell of his sweetness of temper and graciousness of manner, 
 as of his exquisite tact an^ practical judgment. On one occasion, I obtained 
 an audience for a well-known Presbyterian minister and his wife. The 
 audience over, they hurried to my hotel, faces suffused with abundant tears, 
 to tell me that the delight of their visit to the Vatican was unforgetful. I 
 heard of another Protestant clergyman saying that his remembrance of 
 Leo was as the remembrance of a living image of Christ. 
 
Leo' s wonderful tact ! It was mind and heart combined. It showed 
 itself in smaller realms of action. It showed itself in larger realms. In 
 these latter, tact is statesmanship. Leo was the statesman of the last half- 
 century, a period by no means poor in statesmanship. It was the time of 
 Crispi, Thiers, Gladstone, Bismarck. Leo surpassed all of them in mental 
 grandeur, as he surpassed them in the magnitude of his sphere of action, 
 and the success following upon his labors. Leo studied men and situations. 
 He bided his time ; the opportunity at hand, he never failed to grasp it. 
 He had long watched the growth of conditions, fostering them meanwhile 
 with consummate prudence. The psychological moment arriving, he acted 
 instantly. It was the publication of an encyclical, or the establishment of 
 an apostolic delegation ; it was the institution of a religious work, or an 
 appeal to sovereigns and potentates ; w^hatever it was, Leo had chosen for 
 it the propitious time and place, and success was assured. The statesman 
 had been at work. Little in Leo's career happened by accident ; nothing 
 from the impulse of the moment. He was not the man to move with 
 currents, and grasp only the fortunes that passing events or self-made 
 conditions cast into his hands. He was the far-seeing, patient worker : his 
 pontificate was the creation of his genius. 
 
 It is a true and significant definition of Leo, as Pontiff, to say that in a 
 marked manner he was a conscious worker. This was one of his very 
 singular characteristics. It goes far to explain Leo's career. He was con- 
 scious throughout — conscious of the gifts within him, conscious of the 
 grandeur of the mission confided to him, conscious of the power wrapt up 
 in his office, conscious of the opportunities brought to him. And conscious 
 thus, he was nobly ambitious. He had resolved that his should be a great 
 pontificate. The pontificates of history — those of Leo I., Gregory VII, ^ 
 Innocent III., Pius V., were before his mind : his own, so far as it depended 
 on him, was to be as theirs. They had served the Church with exceptional 
 glory : he would serve it in like manner. The picture of his pontificate, as 
 he desired it to be, tempted ever his pencil. The occasion present, he colored 
 deliberately the canvas : the occasion absent, he as deliberately wrought to 
 draw it nigh. He kept his energies in persistent play. The canvas he had 
 placed on the easel was to be filled out: and filled out it was when he was 
 bidden to his rest. 
 
 It is impossible to have studied Leo, or conversed long with him, with- 
 out realizing how completely he was identified with his office. He grew into 
 his attributes and prerogatives. The man Leo scarcely existed : it was the 
 Pontiff" of Rome. The sense of the immensity of his office was upon him : 
 its hopes and its darings were his hopes and darings : its powers, he felt,, 
 had passed into his soul : he partook, as it were, of its eternity. To the 
 last, Leo would propose and plan, as one buoyant of youth, as if years did 
 not count. It was the office that was proposing and planning — that office 
 
 28 
 
whose views are long, very long, extending into the far generations ot the 
 future. Surprise has been expressed that, during his last illness, Leo 
 delighted in reading and hearing what the world was saving about him. 
 In this he was Leo. He had had a work to do : he wished to see how it 
 had been done. He was reviewing, not himself, but his pontificate. 
 
 Only a rapid review is here possible of Leo's work. 
 
 He made peace with governments. He brought to a close the Kultur- 
 kampf in Germany. The manifest fair-mindedness of his proposals, the 
 sweetness with which they were made, the skilled handling of the Catholic 
 forces in Germany so as to strengthen the government in its battlings with 
 internal perils, made captive Emperor and minister, and secured the repeal 
 of the Falk laws and the generous restoration to the Church of its liberties 
 and prerogatives. He opened the way for reconciliation between the 
 Church and the Republic in France. Catholics in France held so fast to the 
 traditional doctrine of "the throne and the altar," and sought so zealously 
 to make religion a shield for their loyalty to monarchy, that pretext was 
 given to the government to treat the Church as an enemy. Leo startled 
 the country with the proclamation of the doctrine, apparently new to 
 France, however old it was to Catholic theology, that forms of govern- 
 ment are matters of indifference to the Church, that the legitimate form to 
 which respect and obedience are due is that which is willed by the people. 
 Henceforward, whatever happens in France, the Church, as such, cannot 
 be traduced as the enemy of the country or of republican liberties. Action 
 somewhat similar to that taken in France was taken also in Spain. There 
 the Carlists were forbidden to claim as their own the support of Catholics, 
 and peace was won to country and to Church. Prudent and long-con- 
 tinued negotiations obtained liberty for Catholics in Russia. The gratitude 
 of England was secured by Leo's settlement of perplexing questions in 
 Malta. His tactful interference in Ireland, condemning measures that went 
 clearly beyond the bounds of justice and charity, while recognizing the 
 substantial justice of Irish claims, gave comfort and satisfaction both to 
 England and to Ireland. The skill of Leo's nuncios smoothed away diffi- 
 culties in Austria, Switzerland, and Holland, Even Mohammedan Turkey 
 and pagan China were drawn into relations with Leo, and made under his 
 gentle pressure to grant serious advantages to the Church. Meanwhile, 
 Leo's encyclicals, rapidly following one upon another, had brought out the 
 Church as the stable support of civil society, of legitimate authority in 
 rulers, of legitimate liberty in subjects ; and governments and peoples who 
 hitherto had held it in suspicion, now looked to it for help in their battlings 
 for social order. Nations learned that their truest friend and supporter was 
 the Pontiff of Rome : rulers sought his friendship and alliance. The pres- 
 ence in the Vatican of Germany's Emperor and of England's King, a few 
 months ago, spoke volumes in praise of Leo, as the Pontiff of peace. 
 
 29 
 
Peace with civil governments was Leo's settled policy. Nothing, save 
 the peril of violating principle, could stop him short in his efforts to make 
 or to preserv^e peace. Compromise, conciliation, silent patience — all this, he 
 thought, was better far than war, and would in the end secure to the 
 Church advantages which war never could have yielded. Experience 
 proves that Leo was right. And as he did on the throne of Peter, so he 
 taught Catholics to do in their several countries, in their relations with 
 their several governments, to love and foster peace. "The Church," he said 
 to myself, on a memorable occasion, " will not flourish where Catholics are 
 in discord with the country and its institutions. Teach your people to be 
 faithful Americans." 
 
 Leo was the Pontiff of the age. ** Hands off" had been the cry of the 
 age to the Church and of the Church to the age. To the age, the Church 
 was the crystallized and immovable past ; to the Church, the age stood for 
 revolution and ruin, for the^iemolition of all structures bearing on their 
 frontispiece marks of other times. There was no room for explanation, 
 none for negotiation, so wildly did war rage. Leo understood the Church, 
 and he understood the age. He had the poise of mind — so rare in men — to 
 make distinctions, to see in the age what was good, no less than what was 
 evil, to see in the Church what was contingent and accidental, no less than 
 what was necessary and permanent. He had, too, the good-will and 
 practical wisdom which make for so much in efforts towards pacification. 
 And, so armed, he faced the age. He entered intrepidly into its own arenas, 
 spoke its language, and grasped in hand its fetiches. What did it demand ? 
 New forms of civil government, the recognition of political rights of the 
 people ? In those matters his letter to French Catholics was a sweeping 
 concession. Freedom from servitude for the weak and the oppressed ? 11 is 
 encyclicals on labor put Leo in the fore-front of social reformers and phil- 
 anthropists. The betterment of physical and material conditions, progress 
 in all that elevates humanity to higher planes of comfort and social happi- 
 ness ? For all this Leo gives unstinted praise to the age. To him the age 
 is "the noble trurse of all the arts ; " and with its most fervent admirers he 
 chants "its contributions to the public weal, its rich discoveries of nature's 
 secrets." The growth of intelligence, the diffusion of learning? The schools 
 and universities founded or blessed by Leo, his multiplied epistles on educa- 
 tion, give irrecusable proof that the Church is the foe of ignorance, the 
 friend of science and of research. The Church had been accused of cowardice 
 in the presence of the age. The reproach was loudly made that it hid itself 
 in darkness, dreading the glare of modern search-lights. Leo unlocked the 
 doors of the Vatican Library, and delivered to all comers the whole story 
 of the Church, fearing nothing, proclaiming that if the Church is not founded 
 on truth, it has no right to the allegiance of men. With similar courage 
 and confidence he summoned into counsel, at a later date, his expert Scrip- 
 
 30 
 
tural scholars, and ordered them to look straight into the face of all dis- 
 coveries, of all argumentations, upon which unbelieving criticism was 
 upbuilding itself, and vindicate the Bible on the chosen ground of its 
 opponents. 
 
 The age was startled. Leo had won its attention. He was now in a 
 position to speak boldly of its errors, of the excesses and extravagancies to 
 which it was prone to lend itself, and in the name of its cherished revindica- 
 tions to bid it look carefully to its movements, lest wreckage and ruin 
 overtake it. 
 
 Leo loved to write encyclicals. He was a teacher : and as such he was 
 not to be faithless to his mandate. The several volumes into which his 
 encyclicals have been collected form a complete exposition of the questions 
 of the day from the standpoint of historic Christianity and sane philoso- 
 phy. They are delightfully free from all tone of bitterness, from all exag- 
 geration in thought and word, and are models of purest and classical 
 Latinity. Not alone the dogmas of the Church and the fundamental facts 
 of Christianity form the subject matter: the vital principles which assure 
 the security of the family and of society, the laws of justice and of charity 
 which render possible the relations of men with men, of nations w^ith 
 nations, are treated there, no less with the skill of the trained student of 
 sociology and political economy, than with the authority of the Christian 
 teacher. 
 
 Leo was too modern to confine himself as a teacher to the more oflicial 
 methods of the Roman Pontificate. He was too modern not to value the 
 power of the newspaper. The Moniteur de Rome was of his own founda- 
 tion. For a long time, it was owned, controlled, and inspired by him. 
 At one time or another of his pontificate, several other papers were brought 
 more or less into his personal service. The first public announcement of his 
 French policy was made in a historic ''interview " with a reporter from the 
 Petit Journal oi Paris. 
 
 Leo's labors on behalf of the Catholic Church were varied and abundant. 
 The spiritual and devotional life of the faithful was fostered : the working 
 organism of the Pontificate, invigorated and freshened ; the missionary 
 expansion of the Church, stimulated and directed ; the education of lait^- 
 and of clergy, developed and raised to the requirements of the times. There 
 is not a single country of the globe which, now or again, did not receive his 
 particular attention according to its special needs and workings. He could 
 not let himself be at rest. The intervals were brief when he was not heard 
 from. His continued effort was to speed life through the whole body of the 
 Church. He had imperial views regarding the government of the Church , 
 in sequence of which he scattered over the several countries his apostolic 
 delegates, through whose agency he was to be better informed of happen- 
 ings, better enabled to hold in his hands the reins of direction. 
 
 31 
 
But the frontiers of the Church never limited Leo's action. Wherever 
 there was good to be done, wherever humanity was to be advanced, there 
 he saw work to be done for the Master, and at once he set himself to do it. 
 Slaves were to be liberated in Brazil. Leo wrote urgently to the hierarchy 
 and to the Emperor, Dom Pedro : and in special tribute to Leo, on one of 
 his jubilee days, universal emancipation was proclaimed. The cruel trade 
 in black men by the Mohammedans of Africa was to be repressed. Leo set 
 Lavigerie to work: all Europe was awakened; and, if the trade was not 
 forever ended, it was immensely minimized. Soldiers of Italy were prison- 
 ers of war in Abyssinia : Leo's intercession with King Menelik saved them 
 from being massacred. He corresponded with William of Germany regard- 
 ing the Berlin Congress on labor, with Nicholas of Russia regarding the 
 Hague Conference on arbitration and peace. His letter to Mr. Bryan and 
 to Mrs. Honore Palmer in favor of the Chicago World's Fair, and the rich 
 historic exhibit sent to it from the Vatican, proved his interest in all such 
 matters as World's Fairs are made of. How beneficial to learning, secular 
 as well as sacred, was his opening of the archives of the Vatican Library, 
 scholars never tire of telling. 
 
 As an example of Leo's ever-willing philanthropy, I quote an incident 
 known but to a few outside myself. I was in Rome in 1887. At that time 
 in Russia an imperial ukase was compelling the hasty withdrawal of Jews 
 from provinces of the empire outside what was known as the Jewish zone. 
 It was very important for those Russian Jews to obtain a delay in the en- 
 forcement of the ukase, so that they might have time to make better 
 preparation for their removal to new homes. Jewish leaders in England 
 and America took the question in hand. It was decided that Mr. Jesse 
 Seligman, of New York, should in his own name and that of Baron Hirsch 
 seek the intercession of Leo with the government of the Tzar. Mr. Selig- 
 man arrived in Rome, but knew not how he could see the Pope. He called 
 on me at the American College. I consulted with Cardinal Rampolla. The 
 Cardinal brought the matter before the Holy Father, and received the order 
 to see Mr. Seligman and enter, as far as it was possible, into his views. 
 Mr. Seligman was delighted with his visit to the Cardinal, as was the 
 Cardinal with his interview with Mr. Seligman. I heard directly from the 
 Cardinal that the Holy Father had given his most gracious consideration 
 to Mr. Seligman's request, and had so far acceded to it as to petition the 
 Russian government through its charge d'affaires in Rome for the desired 
 delay in the enforcement of the ukase. Leo was the Pontiff of humanity. 
 
 Some day a long chapter will be written on Leo and America— his 
 appreciative understanding of our institutions and liberties, his genial love 
 of the country audits people, his wise and large-minded directions to the 
 Church in America, his friendliness of attitude, in more than one instance, 
 towards national affairs. Better pass over such matters than give of them 
 
 32 
 
a too brief account. Suffice it to say that in all his relations with America 
 or Americans, Leo was Leo throughout — the large-minded, the large- 
 hearted pontifif; and that the very special esteem he always had for 
 America and its institutions arose from his deep comprehension of the mod- 
 ern age, exemplified he believed to a degree in America. Speaking of 
 America, he would say with manifest admiration, " Uavvenire'^ — "The 
 Future." 
 
 As Leo was passing away, affairs of Church and state in France were 
 in such turbulent condition that the question is raised, whether his French 
 policy had been wisely formulated, whether in this at least he had not 
 failed in conspicuous statesmanship. The answer is easy. In his letter to 
 the Catholics of France, Leo obeyed the duty of the hour. He decided a 
 moral question. The Republic was the established form of government: it 
 was the result of the will of the majority of the nation. Therefore it was 
 the moral duty of the Catholics to accept the Republic, and work loyally 
 with it for the weal of the country. Again, religion was suffering in France, 
 because the anti-republican elements in the population were so bent on 
 covering their monarchistic and imperialistic sentiments and hopes with 
 the mantle of the Church, that the government of the Republic was led to 
 see in the Church a political enemy. It was Leo's part to speak for the 
 Church, to make clear that it linked itself to no one form of government, 
 but left altogether to the people to choose the form that pleased them best. 
 The duty of the hour for Leo was to proclaim the principles of truth and 
 justice. What might follow, what did follow, was then, as it now is, a 
 secondary question. Leo did his duty : history will vindicate him. As to 
 what has, in fact, followed. Catholics in France must take to themselves 
 their share of the blame. To his last day, Leo exhorted them by voice and 
 by letter to obey his injunctions. A large number did obey : but it is un- 
 deniable history, a very large number did not obey. What would have 
 happened if the rally to Leo's policy had been more general ? In that case, 
 I believe, the allies of religion in France would not to-day be excluded, as 
 they are, from the management of public affairs: in that case, even if 
 iniquitious laws were still put on the statute-books, the framers of such 
 laws w^ould not dare appeal, as they do, to the popular vote in the name of 
 an imperilled Republic. Leo's French policy was both statesmanship and 
 religion : it still points the road to religion and social peace in France. 
 
 Nor did Leo before his death see peace established between the Church 
 and the Italian government. Is this a failure for Leo ? The old question 
 of the political independence of the Holy See confronts us. Leo believed in 
 this independence. His overpowering sense of the majesty of his office, and 
 of its w^orld-wide supernational range of duty, forbade him to admit that 
 he, the World-Pontiff, was the subject of one of the potentates over whom 
 his spiritual authority rose in equal proportion. To be the subject of Italy 
 
 33 
 
while he was dealing, for instance, with France, he could not endure. He 
 held to a principle; and he would hold to it, he said, unto martyrdom. 
 It is asserted at times that the absence of temporal independence con- 
 tributed to the prestige of the Pontificate under Leo. He himself did not 
 believe this. If success attended his pontificate, he would say, it was 
 despite the loss of temporal independence. Indeed, he would add, practi- 
 cally the Holy See had not lost its independence, as through his continuous 
 protests against the Italian government, he had, in the eyes of the world, 
 retained it intact. But a situation sustained only through protests is ab- 
 normal and not made to endure. 
 
 The momentous question remains, though Leo is gone. Italy, the 
 historic home of the Papacy, owes to the Church and to the world a solu- 
 tion of this question. In what precise form the solution might come, we need 
 not discuss. A solution is required. But it was no fault in Leo that the 
 question is unsettled. 
 
 Leo's pontificate is before the world. The world's mourning, at Leo's 
 death, is the world's judgment upon his pontificate. 
 
 Catholics, surely, have reason to acclaim Leo. They remember the 
 situation of the Church and the Papacy in 1878 ; they see what it is in 
 1903. They need not hold that no other elements, outside Leo's person- 
 ality, were at work, contributing to the change. There were the co-laborers 
 of Leo in Rome, and in the world at large. There was the age itself — its 
 earnestness in research of causes leading to the weal of mankind, and its 
 willingness, in the midst of many aberrations, to recognize facts and prin- 
 ciples, when properly presented to its gaze. But Leo rose above all co- 
 laborers to an eminence that leaves them at his feet, while he touches the 
 skies: and, more than can be easily told, they were debtors to Leo for 
 their ideas and their purposes. Whatever the help given to him from the 
 age, Leo himself had provoked it ; whatever the fair-mindedness and spirit 
 of justice in the age, Leo himself had done much to stimulate and develop 
 it. There was, too, with Leo, Catholics believe, the assistance of Provi- 
 dence. But here, again. Providence, in taking human agents into its 
 employ, leaves in full play their will and talents, and usually measures its 
 own graces to their disposition and action. As never before in modern 
 times, the Church has the friendliness of the world, and is known in its 
 proper stature and power, and recognized as the promoter of personal 
 righteousness, the support of the family and of society, the defender of 
 Christ and His Gospel. For this. Catholics must thank Leo. 
 
 But great humanity outside the Catholic Church — why its love and 
 admiration for Leo ? Leo was pre-eminently a great and good man. 
 Greatness and goodness anywhere, our whole humanity is graced with 
 beauty and dignity ; our whole humanity is elevated in its possibilities and 
 its aspirations. Leo worked for his Church. But he worked for it with 
 
 34 
 
methods that honor and teach humanity. Only with the arms of truth, 
 justice, and love did Leo seek to serve it. If such arms did not lead it to 
 victory, Leo sought no victory: if they did, humanity would not complain. 
 Leo worked for the Church: but in doing so, he believed that he was 
 working for humanity. He held that the Church does not deserve the 
 Master's smile, unless it serves humanity. His unrelenting effort was to 
 bring into plainest perspective the power born within the Church to purify 
 and uplift humanity, to cure its ills, to sweeten its passage across earth, 
 while drawing it toward Heaven, its final home. As we have seen, Leo 
 loved humanity for its own sake, and worked for it outside the frontiers of 
 his Church. A brother-man was his Master's child. Black, yellow, or 
 white — heathen, Jew, Christian, non-Catholic, or Catholic — Leo recognized 
 the brother and served him. The world is the better, the richer, the 
 happier: men are drawn nearer to one another; they are prompted to 
 higher flights of righteousness and charity, because Leo has lived. The 
 world in mourning at his death was a well-merited tribute — an honor to 
 Leo, an honor to the world. 
 \ 
 
 35 
 
A REMINISCENCE OF POPE LEO. 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. JOHN SPENSLEY, D. D: 
 
 THE twenty-five years of Pope Leo's reign brought into the world's 
 history one of its most remarkable figures. His character would 
 always have been forceful, even if he had remained in the obscurity of 
 his hilltop episcopal city in the Abruzzi. But the world at large would not 
 have known him. As the governor of a province, as the firm ruler of local 
 ecclesiastical affairs, his influence would always have been strong for good, 
 but he would not have caught the eye of one who surveys the field of uni- 
 versal activity. 
 
 His elevation to the throne of Peter, in 1878, made him at once a 
 cynosure ; and as the years rolled on the mind of mankind began to appre- 
 ciate him, not only as one who was worthily occupying an exalted position, 
 but also as a most interesting personal character. 
 
 The widespread interest which attached to his splendid fight for life, at 
 a time when he had more than passed the average of years allotted to man, 
 brought out such numerous estimates of the great pontiff" that even the 
 casual reader became familiar with his qualities as a statesman and a man 
 of letters. But there was another side to his character which could only be 
 studied at short range — his individuality. 
 
 To the writer was given the opportunity of studying Leo XHl [on 
 many different occasions. There are various ways of seeing the Pope, but 
 owing to the great number of applications and to the possibility also, of 
 admitting dangerous cranks to his presence, certain precautions are taken 
 and there is thrown around the formality what is sometimes impatiently 
 thought to be mere "red tape." But this only makes one's pleasure the 
 more keen, when all the barriers are passed. 
 
 What impressed the writer throughout his different experiences of con- 
 tact with the Head of the Church was the fact that, whether walking in the 
 garden or pontificating in all the splendor of the Roman ritual, the Pope 
 w^as always the same — simplicity itself. And yet his manner was always 
 in harmony with his environment. 
 
 36 
 
As is well known, Leo was very fond of his garden. Now, by the term 
 garden must not be understood a half acre of plants and shrubs. The 
 Vatican gardens form a good sized park, with groves and fountains and 
 lawns, and even with different residences, to be used, for example, in Sum- 
 mer, when the Holy Father would exchange the sometimes oppressive 
 grandeur of the palace for the rustic simplicity of a villa. 
 
 In these gardens Pope Leo would pass the time on pleasant days, when 
 free from the cares of state, and one would occasionally be allowed to meet 
 him on his walks. This was, perhaps, the most informal manner of being 
 admitted to his presence and to many it was the most pleasant, for there 
 was a certain intimacy about it which was lacking in the throne room. 
 Down the path would come a detachment of guards, in splendid uniforms, 
 and a small group of ecclesiastics, surrounding a fragile old man w^ith a 
 thin mobile face lighted by a pleasant smile, and an eye that beamed with 
 kindliness, although it could pierce like a dart. 
 
 In spite of the years which bowed his frame he would move along w^ith 
 an agile step that would decidedly inconvenience some portly attendant. 
 Approaching the favored one who was waiting with respectful unobtru- 
 siveness by the wayside, he would lay a hand affectionately on his head and 
 give him a blessing. And he would stop to ask questions in a genial inter- 
 ested way that put one completely at his ease. Perhaps you had mastered 
 a stately phrase or two, with which to salute this great man who was the 
 friend of emperors and the head of the worldwide church. Yet before you 
 knew it you were answering his questions about yourself and your country 
 with an easy familiarity which made you forget the well worded Italian 
 you had taken such pains to prepare. And Leo would nod approvingly and 
 say : "God bless you, my son ! Coraggio e perseveranza ! " Occasions like 
 this made you have a personal affection for him. You felt that he was not 
 merely the Father of all the faithful, but in a particular manner of yourself 
 And you felt a special pride in the fact that you had been enabled to speak 
 in this simple colloquial style with one such as he. 
 
 It w^as marvelous how^ this aged man could endure the tedium of his 
 office, the long routine of audiences, the receptions of pilgrims, the demands 
 and petitions of ambassadors, each trying to circumvent the other, the 
 lengthy ceremonials of the church, which sometimes required a fast till after- 
 noon. And yet he would never succumb to fatigue. He kept Dr. Lapponi, 
 his physician, in a constant state of exasperation by refusing to take rest 
 and the precautions upon which the good doctor insisted as necessary to 
 preserve his life. Lapponi w^ould solemnly predict the most dire consequen- 
 ces if his august charge took part in a certain ceremonial, and the playful 
 malice with which Pope Leo would carry the function through, without ful- 
 filling the cheerful prediction, would drive the medico to desperation. And he 
 would splutter to himself: "Questa volta, si, ma verra un giorno * * *! " 
 
 37 
 
Receptions in the throne room must have been most trying to the 
 venerable pontiff. For example: It was the custom, on Candlemas Day, 
 for the churches, colleges and communities of Rome each to present the 
 Holy Father with a huge ornamented candle. This meant that delegations 
 from the different institutions would be presented to him in a steady stream 
 for hours. They would approach the throne and kneel before him while he 
 bent forward to receive the offering and exchange a few pleasantries with 
 each one. The continual leaning forward and what must have been the 
 painful monotony, to an intellect like his, of hours of small talk, would 
 have tried a giant. Yet he would persevere to the end, smiling and cordial, 
 with the calm dignity of one who was above considerations of mere petty 
 fatigue. 
 
 Then, too, he could always say something that was of personal 
 interest to his hearer, or he could touch happily on some topic of 
 national moment. Once, while waiting his turn for a few words, the 
 writer could not help overhearing the Pope's conversation with the 
 rector of a certain pontifical college. The rector had recently given a 
 banquet at which the guests of honor were two cardinals, primates 
 respectively of England and Ireland. "I am glad to see," remarked 
 Leo with a twinkle in his eye, "that you are bringing about the harmony 
 of nations." 
 
 The most impressive spectacle in Rome since the Vatican Council was 
 the recent cannonization of two "beati." The interior of St. Peter's was 
 gorgeously adorned with rich tapestries, while thousands and thousands 
 of lighted candles, describing stupendous designs in lines of fire from dome 
 to altar, from transept to transept, from tribune to portal, made a fairyland 
 of bewildering beauty. Pope Leo appeared on this occasion with a mag- 
 nificence of church ritual such as is rarely one's privilege to behold. Nearly 
 seventy thousand people spent hours in the great basilica, waiting for the 
 procession. But those hours were passed without weariness, in the interest 
 of studying the miracles of decoration which transformed the already mag- 
 nificent outlines of the stately fane. 
 
 Finally a blast from silver trumpets announced the approach of the 
 Pope. A long cortege came slowly into view : the Palatine and Swiss 
 Guards, the little army of the Vatican; the brilliant array of the Guardia 
 Nobile, composed of princes and nobles of old Italian families ; canons and 
 dignitaries, and finally nearly four hundred bishops, archbishops and 
 cardinals. As the Pope himself emerged from the archway of the Vatican 
 entrance, borne aloft in the sedia gestatoria, a murmur of voices arose, 
 mingling with the triumphant march of the trumpeteers and the glorious 
 canticle of the Sistine choir. It swelled rapidly into a roar, till great billows 
 of sound rolled through the vast edifice from end to end, " Viva il Papa-Re ! 
 Viva Leone decimo-terzo I Viva ! Viva ! ! 
 
 38 
 
And the saints of marble and the popes of bronze gazed from altar and 
 sarcophagus, across the sea of upturned faces and fluttering kerchiefs, as 
 though in wonder at this unusual commotion. 
 
 And the man who was causing all this enthusiasm ? As you looked 
 upon him did you see a figure in the attitude of Jove ? Did you behold one 
 who seemed to realize that he was on the pinnacle of earthly dignity ? No. 
 You saw the same mild old man who had greeted you so kindly in the garden. 
 His smile was the same, and as he bestowed his blessing on the multitudes 
 that beautifal spirit of fatherly love seemed to animate him which made 
 him ask you so gently about the dear ones you had left at home, far off 
 across the sea. 
 
 As one reflects, how much more of real grandeur there was in this con- 
 stant attitude of Pope Leo than there would have been in that proud 
 realization of dignity and power which marks .the ruler of a kingdom that 
 is of this world. Talleyrand once said that the love of glory sometimes 
 makes a great hero ; indifference to it, a great man. Leo was a great 
 man. Inferior men love display and ostentation. They love to be seen 
 receiving the homage of men. To Leo, the affectionate reverence of a child 
 seemed to give as much pleasure as the rapturous burst of universal acclaim 
 beneath the dome of the world's cathedral. 
 
 He realized well this truth : the glory of this world passeth away ; that 
 only is real, which is eternal. And so, a lesson to be drawn from the dead 
 pope's personality might be 
 
 THE SIMPLICITY OF TRUE GREATNESS. 
 
 39 
 
THE 
 
 Venerable ♦ Hierarchy 
 
 U 
 
 NITED OTATES 
 
 TIME OF THE DEATH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Holy Father Pope Leo XIII 
 
HIS EXCELLENCY 
 MOST REVEREND DIOMEDE FALCONIO, D. D. 
 DELEGATE APOSTOLIC, 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 42 
 
11^ 
 
 ^jj^ JBI 
 
 i^^ ^ 
 
 hI^^^H 
 
 
 k^ 
 
 
 - ,.,, 
 
 
 KP^ 
 
 (Copyriglit 1893, by S. T,. Stein, Milwaukoc, Wis. 
 
 Most Reverend Frederic X Katzer, D. D. 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 (Died same day as Pope Leo.) 
 
 Most Reverend 
 
 John J, Kain, D. D., 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 (Cop.Mijclit l<tO-.',F. R. Con 
 
 Most Reverend 
 
 John J. Williams, D. D. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Most Reverend 
 
 William H. Elder, D. D., 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 43 
 
Most Revereii 
 
 John M. Farley, D 
 
 New York. N. Y. 
 
 Most Reverend 
 Placide L. Chapelle, D. 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 Most Reverend 
 Patrick J, Ryan, D. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 D., 
 
 Most Reverend 
 
 John J. Keane, D. D. 
 
 Dubuque, la. 
 
 44 
 
Most Reverend 
 
 Patrick W. Riordan, D. D., 
 
 'San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Most Reverend 
 
 John Ireland. D. D. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 Most Kfvcrt 
 James E. Quigley, D. D 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Most Reverend 
 Alexander Christie, D. 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 45 
 
Most Reverend 
 
 P. Bourgade, D. D. 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M. 
 
 '&.~^'p. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Gustave A. Rouxel, D. D. 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 46 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Richard Phelan, D. D. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Tohn S. Michaud, D. D. 
 
 Burlington, Yt. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Edward J. Dunne, D. D. 
 
 Dallas, Tex. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Eugene A. Garvey. D. D. 
 
 Altoona, Pa. 
 
 47 
 
'^^^^ v^ 
 
 Riijlit Reverend 
 
 Henry J. Richter, D. D. 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thos. M. A. Burke, D. D., 
 
 Albany. N. Y. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Tohn J. Hennessy, D, D., 
 
 Wichita, Kan. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thomas S. Byrne, D. D., 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 48 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Henry P. Northrop, D. D. 
 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John B. Pitaval, D. D. 
 
 Santa Fe, N. Mex, 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Louis M. Fink, o. s. b., D. D. 
 
 Kansas City, Kan. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 H. Granjon, D. D. 
 
 Tucson, Ariz. 
 
 49 
 
Right Reverend 
 Denis M. Bradley, U. 
 Manchester, N. H. 
 
 D., 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Michael Tierney, D, 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 ('(.pyriKht 1901, (Jibsoii Art (iHlUTi.-s, riiicago.) 
 
 Right Reverend 
 P. J. Muldoon, D. D., 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 George Montgomery, D. 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 50 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Philip J. Garrigan, D. D., 
 
 Sioux City, la. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 Joseph B. Cotter, D. 
 Winona. Minn. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 Tames Schwebaeh, D. 
 La Crosse. Wis. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Michael J. Hoban, D. D. 
 
 Scranton, Pa. 
 
 51 
 
Kiyht Reverend 
 
 Bernard J. McQuaid, D. D. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 rCopyrighterl.) 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thomas D. Beaven, D. D., 
 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thomas O'Gorman, D. D. 
 
 Sioux Falls, S. Dak. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 A. J. Glorieux, D. D. 
 
 Boise, Idaho. 
 
 52 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Francis S. Chatard, D. D., 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Richard Scannell, D. D. 
 
 Omaha, Neb. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thomas Bonacum, D. D., 
 
 Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John F. Cunningham. D. D., 
 
 Concordia, Kan. 
 
 53 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Peter Verdaguer, D. D. 
 
 Laredo, Tex. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Tohn B. Brondel, D. D. 
 
 Helena, Mont. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thomas Grace, D. D., 
 
 Sacramento, Cal. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 William G. McCloskey, 
 Louisville. Ky. 
 
 D. I).. 
 
 54 
 
(C.il).vrislit by Brady, Orange, N. J.) 
 
 Right Reverend 
 John J. O'Connor, D. D,, 
 
 South Orange, N. J. 
 
 (Copyright IS9!I, Tlie Haii^lmi-y StiKlio. Pliila., Pi 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 J. W. Shanahan. D. D., 
 
 Harrisbvtrg, Pa. 
 
 (Copyriglit 190.1, Anderson, 402 Colni 
 Right Reverend 
 Chas. E. MeDonnell, D 
 Brooklvn. N. Y. 
 
 D., 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Henry Gabriels, D. D. 
 
 Ogtlensburgh, N. Y. 
 
Right Reverend 
 John Brady, D. D., 
 South Boston, Mass. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Frederick Eis, D. D., 
 
 Marquette, Mich. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John A. Forest, D. D. 
 
 San Antonio, Tex. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 James McGolrick, D. D. 
 
 Duluth, Minn. 
 
 56 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Nicholas C. Matz, D. D. 
 
 Denver, Col. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John L Spalding, D. D. 
 
 Peoria, 111. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thomas Heslin, D. D. 
 
 Natchez, Miss. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 Denis O'Donaghue, D. 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 57 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Henry Cosgrove, D. D., 
 
 Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John S. Foley, D. D., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 John W. Stariha, D. 
 Lead, S. Dak, 
 
 D., 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Camillus P. Maes, D. D. 
 
 Covington, Ky. 
 
 58 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Edward O'Dea, D. D. 
 
 Vancouver, Wash. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John J, Hogan, D. D. 
 
 Kansa.s City, Mo. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 Alexander J. McGavick, D. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Wm. J. Kenny, D. D. 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla. 
 
 59 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Patrick A. Ludden, D. D. 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y, 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Patrick J. Donahue, D, D., 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John E. Fitz-Maurice, D. D. 
 
 Erie, Pa. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Henry Moeller, D. D. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 60 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 W. H. O'Connell, D. D. 
 
 Portland, Me. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Thomas J. Conaty, D, D. 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 James J. Keane, D. D. 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 B. J. Keiley, D. D., 
 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 61 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Herman J. Alerding, D. D. 
 
 Ft. Wayne, Ind. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Charles H. Colton. D, D. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Anthony Durier, D. D. 
 
 Natchitoches, La. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 J. O'Reilly, D. D. 
 Baker Citv, Ore. 
 
 62 
 
Right Reverend 
 John J. Monaghan, D. 
 Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Edward P. Allen, D. D. 
 
 Mobile, Ala. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 Edward FitzGerald, D. 
 Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 [ohn Janssen, D. D. 
 
 Belleville, 111. 
 
 63 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 James Trobec, D D. 
 
 St. Cloud, Minn 
 
 Right Reverend 
 Nicholas A. Gallagher. D. 
 Galveston, Tex. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 ^ames Rvan, D. D., 
 
 Alton. 111. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John J. Glennon, D. D. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 64 
 
Right Reverend 
 Maurice F. Burke, D. 
 St. Joseph, Mo. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Lawrence Scanlan, D. D. 
 
 Salt Lake Citv, Utah. 
 
 (CopyriKlit by The Deckei^Studio, Clevelaint.) 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Ignatius F. Horstmann, D. D., 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 65 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 F. Prendergast. D. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
Right Reverend 
 Sebastian G. Messmer, D. 
 Green Bay, Wis. 
 
 D., 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 Leo Haid. o. s. b., D. D. 
 
 Belmont, N. C. 
 
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 Right Reverend 
 J. O'Reilly. D. D. 
 Peoria, 111. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 James A. McFaul. D. D. 
 
 Trenton, N. J. 
 
 66 
 
Right Reverend 
 
 Matthew Harkins, D. D., 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 A. Van de Vyver, D. D. 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 
 John Shanlej' D. D. 
 
 Fargo, N. Dak. 
 
 Right Reverend 
 Theophile Meerschaert, D. 
 Guthrie, Okla. Ter. 
 
 67 
 
THE 
 
 Sacred College of Cardinals 
 
 TIME OF THE DEATH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Holy Father Pope Leo XIII. 
 
His Eminence 
 Cardinal Anthony J. Gruscha, D. U. 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Felix Cavagnis, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 70 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Andreas Ferrari, D. D. 
 
 Milan, Italv. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Mariano BampoUa del Tindaro,D.D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Francis M. B. Richard, D. D. 
 
 Paris, France. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Alphonsus Capecelatro, D. D. 
 
 Capua, Italy. 
 
 71 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Anthony Agliardi, D, D., 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Francis Satolli, D, D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal George Kopp, D. D. 
 
 Breslau, Prussia. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Salvator C. y Pages, D. D. 
 
 Urgel, Spain. 
 
 72 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Sebastian H. y Espinosa, D. D., 
 
 Valenza, Spain. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Claudius Vaszary, O.S.B., D.D. 
 
 Gran, Hungary. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Joseph M . M. de Herrerayd de la Igle8ia,D.D. 
 
 Santiago di Compostella, Spain. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Alex. Sanminiatelli Zabarella, D.D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 73 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Andrew Aiuti, D. D., 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Peter Hercules Coullie, D. D. 
 
 Lyons, France. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Dominic Ferrata, D. D., 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Francis D. Mathieu, D. D. 
 
 Toulouse. France. 
 
 74 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Francis Delia Volpe, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 \ 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 His Eminence 
 Cardinal Peter L. Goossens 
 Mecheln, Belgium. 
 
 D. 
 
 D., 
 
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 -flHHHHi 
 
 
 
 His Eminence His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Sebastian Martinelli, D. D., Cardinal John K. de K. Puzyna, 1). D. 
 
 Rome. Cracovia. 
 
 75 
 
PUS EMINENCE 
 
 OUR BELOVED CARDINAL GIBBONS, 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 76 
 
HIS EMINENCE 
 
 CARDINAL JOSEPH SARTO, D. D., 
 
 NOW GLORIOUSLY REIGNING POPE PIUS X. 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal William M. J. Laboure, D. D., 
 
 Rennes, France. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Michael Logue, D. D., 
 
 Armagh, Ireland. 
 
 His Eminence 
 Cardinal Humbert A. Fischer, D. 
 Cologne, Germany. 
 
 78 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Cyriacus M. S. y Hervas, D. D. 
 
 Toledo, Spain. 
 
 His Eminence 
 OardinalJoseph Sebastian Netto,O.F.M,,D.D. 
 
 Lisbon, Spain. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Leo Skrbenskv, D. D. 
 
 Prague. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Francis Segna, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Achilles Manara, D. D. 
 
 Ancona, Italy. 
 
 His Eminence 
 Cardinal Serafino Cretoni, D. D. 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Julius Boschi, D. D. 
 
 Ferrara, Italy. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Joseph Vives y Tuto, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 80 
 
His Eminence 
 Cardinal Casimir Gennari, D. 
 Rome. 
 
 D., 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Januarius Portanova, D. D. 
 
 Reggio— Calabria. Italy. 
 
 His Eminence, 
 
 Cardinal Benedict M. Langenieux, D. D. 
 
 Rheinis, France. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Adolphe L. A. Perraud, D. D. 
 
 Autun. France. 
 
 81 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Mario Mocenni, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal John Casali, D. D., 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Raphael Pierotti, O. P., D, D., 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 Cardinal E. Taliani, D, 
 Rome. 
 
 82 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Angelo di Pietro, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Jerome M. Gotti, D. C, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 Cardinal Patrick Francis Moran, D. D., 
 Sidney, N. S W. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Vincent Vannutelli, D D., 
 
 Rome. 
 
 83 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal L. S. Lecot, D. D. 
 
 Bordeaux, France. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Louis Oreglia di Santo Stefano, D.i). 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Augustinus Richelmy, D. D. 
 
 Turin, Italv, 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Peter J. M. A. Celesia, O. S. B., D.D. 
 
 Palermo, Italy. 
 
 84 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Joseph F-N. di Bontife, D. D., 
 
 Catania, Italy. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Peter Respighi, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 85 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Joseph Prisco, D. D., 
 
 Naples, Italy. 
 
 
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 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Andreas Steinhuber, S. J., D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 Cardinal Louis Macchi, D. D. 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Charles Mocella, D. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 86 
 
His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Bartholomew Bacilieri, D. D. 
 
 Verona, Italy. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Aloysius Tripepi, U. D. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal Dominic Svampa. D. I). 
 
 Bologna, Italy. 
 
 His Eminence 
 
 Cardinal John Katschthaler, D. D. 
 
 Salisljiirg, Germany. 
 
 87 
 
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