PA 
 
 6383 
 
 E5 
 
 1920 
 
 MAIN 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 B 3 IID 171 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 (Anthologia Latina 83) 
 
 An Edition, with Introduction, Translation, 
 and Notes 
 
 ETHEL LEIGH CHUBB 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OP THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
 PARTLA.L FULFILMENT OP THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
 THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 1920 
 
I 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 (Anthologia Latina 83) 
 
 An Edition, with Introduction, Translation, 
 and Notes 
 
 BY 
 
 ETHEL LEIGH CHUBB 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
 PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
 THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 1920 
 
The writer wishes to express her sincere thanks to Professor 
 John C. Rolfe, Professor Walton B. McDaniel, Professor Ro- 
 land G. Kent, Professor George D. Hadzsits, Professor Harry 
 B. Van Deventer, and Processor Edward H. Heffner for kindly 
 criticism and advice given during the preparation of this thesis. 
 
 EXC«Aif4ttE 
 
U2) 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Editions 
 
 BuRMAN, PiETER. Anthologia Veterum Epigrammatum et Poematum. Am- 
 sterdam, 1759. Vol. 1, Lib. 1, no. 173. (Text with notes.) 
 
 COLLECTIO PISAURENSIS OMNIUM POEMATUM, CARMINUM, FRAGMENTORUM 
 
 LATixoRUM. Pesaro, 1766. Vol. 4, pp. 237 ff. (Text only.) 
 Wernsdorf, J. C. Poetae Latini Minores. Altenburg, 1785. Vol. 4, pp. 
 
 439 ff. (Text with notes.) 
 Lemaire, N. E. Poetae Latini Minores ex Recensione Wernsdorfiana. Paris, 
 
 1824. Vol. 3, pp. 357 ff. 
 Meyer, Heinrich. Anthologia Vetermn Latinorum Epigrammatum et Poe- 
 matum. Editionem Burmannianum digessit et auxit Henricus Meyerus. 
 
 Leipzig, 1835. Vol. 2, no. 1610. (Text with brief critical notes.) 
 Baehrens, Emil. Poetae Latini Minores. Leipzig, 1882. Vol. 4, pp. 271 
 
 ff. (Text with apparatus criticus.) 
 Riese, Alexander. Anthologia Latina. Leipzig, 1869. Second edition, 
 
 1894. Vol. 1, no. 83. (Text with apparatus criticus.) 
 
 Articles dealing with the Text* 
 
 Baehrens, Emil. Jahrbucher fur Philologie und Paedagogik, 107 (1873), 
 
 pp. 60-61. 
 BiRT, Theodor. Ad Historiam Hexametri Latini Symbola. Bonn, 1876, pp. 
 
 61-2. (This discusses the metre also.) 
 Maehly, J. Zeitschrift fur die osterreichischen Gymnasien, 1871, pp. 550 ff. 
 Petschenig, M. Zeitschrift fur die osterreichischen Gymnasien, 1877, pp. 
 
 481 ff. 
 Traube, Ludwig. Philologus 54 (1895), pp. 124 ff. 
 Winterfeld, Paul von. Schedae Criticae in Scriptores et Poetas Romanos. 
 
 Berlin, 1895, p. 46. 
 
 * For the early emendators whose names appear in the apparatus criticus, 
 Heinse, Oudendorp, Schrader, Higt, Hoeufft, and Klotz, I have relied on the 
 statements of other editors. Heinse's conjectures are probably contained 
 in the ms. copy which he made of the Salmasian Codex, cf . Riese, p. XV and 
 footnote 2, Burman Vol. 1, pp. XLIV-XLV. Those of Oudendorp and Schra- 
 der seem to have been communicated directly to Burman, cf. Vol. 1, p. LII: 
 "Franciscus Oudendorpius, cui et eo nomine me haud parum obstrictum gra- 
 tus profiteor, quod specimina huius operis typographum exercentiare censere 
 adiuverit, et praesertim egregiis passim emendationibus suis optime de his 
 Catalectis mereri voluerit; quemadmodum etiam clarissimus Joh. Schraderus, 
 Franequeranae Academiae insigne decus, suas coniecturas, tamquam gemmas 
 interlucentes, hie iUic splendere concessit." Burman gives Higt's emenda- 
 tions in the Mantissa Adnotationum in Vol. 2, pp. 711 ff. Those of Hoeufft 
 are in his Pericula Criiica; see Baehrens' note on verse 14. 
 
 3 
 
 ^^:73342 
 
4 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Works in which Reference is made to the Poem, aside from the Text 
 ScHOELL, F. Histoire abregee de la litterature romaine. Paris, 1815. Vol. 
 
 3, p. 53 note, p. 100. 
 MoNCEAUX, Paul. Les Africains; etude sur la litterature latine d'Afrique; 
 
 les paiens. Paris, 1894, p. 367. 
 ScHANz, Martin. Geschichte der romischen Literatur. Munich, 1896. 
 
 Part 3, p. 37. 
 Teuffel, W. S. Geschichte der romischen Litteratur. 6th edition. Leipzig, 
 
 1913. Vol. 3, § 398.12. 
 Palmer, Arthur. Edition of Ovid's Heroides. Oxford, 1898. Introduc- 
 tion, p. XX, footnote 1. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 Bayard, Louis. Le latin de Saint Cyprien. Paris, 1902. 
 Bechtel, Edward A. Edition of Sanctae Silviae Peregrinatio. Chicago, 
 
 1902. 
 Boissier, Gaston. Roman Africa; Archaeological Walks in Algeria and 
 
 Tunis. EngUsh Translation by A. Ward. New York and London, 1899. 
 Bonnet, Max. Le latin de Gregoire de Tours. Paris, 1890. 
 Dill, Samuel. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire. 
 
 2nd edition, London, 1906. 
 Goelzer, Henri. Etude lexicographique et grammaticale de la latinite de 
 
 Saint Jerome. Paris, 1884. 
 HoppE, Heinrich. Syntax und Stil des Tertullian. Leipzig, 1903. 
 KtJHNER, Raphael. Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache. 
 
 Zweite Aufiage, Hanover, 1912. 
 MtJLLER, LuciAN. De Re Metrica Poetarum Latinorum praeter Plautum 
 
 et Terentium. 2nd edition, Petrograd and Leipzig, 1894. 
 ScHMALZ, J. H. Lateinische Grammatik; Syntax und Stilistik. 4th edition, 
 
 Munich, 1910. (I. von Muller's Handbuch, II.2) 
 Schubert, O. Quaestiones de Anthologia Codicis Salmasiani; Pars I. De 
 
 Luxorio. Vimaria, 1875. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 The Salmasian Codex preserves, in incomplete form, an an- 
 cient anthology compiled at Carthage between the years 532 
 and 534 A. D.^ In this collection is found the anonymous epis- 
 tle of Dido to Aeneas which is here presented. 
 
 Date2 and Authorship 
 The only external evidence for the date of this poem is fur- 
 nished by the known time of the compilation of the Salmasian 
 
 iRiese, Praefatio, pp. XXIV-XXV; Schubert, pp. 17 ff. 
 
 ^Monceaux apparently assigns it to the 3rd century, Schanz to the end of 
 the 3rd century. Teuffel and Palmer think it is probably not earlier than 
 the 4th century. Schoell places it in the 6th century. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 5 
 
 Anthology, according to which it must be earlier than 534 A. D. 
 A further indication may possibly be found in the fact that the 
 poem is anonymous. A number of poems in the Anthology 
 which are given under the names of their authors have in ad- 
 dition to the name the title vir clarissimus, vir inlustris, or some 
 such complimentary expression; from this the conclusion has 
 been drawn that these poets were contemporaries of the com- 
 piler of the Anthology,^ Consequently there is a presumption 
 that the poems which appear without such a title are of earlier 
 date. While some weight may be given to this evidence, it 
 cannot be regarded as conclusive, for there is always the pos- 
 sibility that the name or complimentary title originally attached 
 to any particular poem may have been lost in copying; also, 
 while it is not probable that the work of an author still living 
 would be inserted anonymously in an anthology, it is by no 
 means impossible. 
 
 For further evidence we must examine the poem itself. In 
 two passages^ the author expresses Epicurean views, suggesting 
 that he was not a Christian. This fact leads Teuffel and Schanz 
 to date the poem just before the official triumph of Christian- 
 ity.^ Here again we must beware of attaching too much im- 
 portance to these expressions, for paganism still lived on and 
 flourished side by side with Christianity long after the official 
 recognition of the latter. « There were, too, nominal Christians, 
 like Ausonius, whose religion rested lightly upon them, and did 
 not prevent them from employing the old mythological sub- 
 jects and the language of paganism. Further, it must be re- 
 membered that the opinions which the author attributes to 
 Dido are not necessarily his own. Consequently, while we may 
 conclude that the author was probably a pagan, we are not jus- 
 tified in going so far as to say that the poem must have been 
 written before Christianity became the official rehgion of Rome. 
 
 'Riese, pp. XXVI-XXVIII. 
 
 ^41 and 121-2; cf. also 63 and note. 
 
 "Cf. Teuffel, Vol. 3, §398: " Aus der Zeit vor dem amtlichen Siege des Chris - 
 tentums scheint eine Anzahl von Schriftwerken in gebundener Form zu stam- 
 men, die sich mit Unbefangenheit oder gar Heiterkeit auf dem Boden der 
 alten Gotterwelt bewegen und die uberlieferten Formen meist mit leidlicher 
 Sicherheit handhaben." 
 
 "Dill, pp. 385 ff. 
 
6 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Aside from the foregoing indications, we have only the evi- 
 dence of language and style, an uncertain means of determin- 
 ing the date of a poem so short as this, so imitative, and so full 
 of reminiscences of earlier authors. The writer was conscious- 
 ly using Vergil and Ovid as models; his diction frequently echoes 
 that of other classical poets. Thus the language of his own 
 time is overlaid with that of the writers whom he imitates. We 
 may, however, note the following indications of later date: 
 
 (1) Metre. The metre is correct according to classical stand- 
 ards, except that in three places^ initial h is counted as a con- 
 sonant in making position. This is a peculiarity of Christian 
 poetry, and first appears in the fourth century.* Our author 
 does not follow this rule consistently, for in sixteen places h is 
 treated just as in verse of the classical period. Elision is re- 
 markably rare, occurring only five times. ^ 
 
 (2) Syntax. The following variations from classical usage 
 occur;!" 
 
 Double negative for emphasis (29). 
 
 Fruor with the accusative case (49). 
 
 Licet as a conjunction with the pluperfect subjunctive (115) 
 and with the indicative (148-9). The former is first found in 
 the early imperial period, the latter from the time of Apuleius. 
 
 Perfect infinitive used with the force of the present (115, 128). 
 This is not pecuHar to late Latin, but becomes more frequent 
 in the later period, and according to Schmalz" is a favorite use 
 with Christian writers. 
 
 '98, 119, 132. 8See note on 98. 
 
 «56, 95, 98, 110, 147. 
 
 The infrequency of elision is not of much value in establishing the date; 
 from the time of the Silver Age elision was avoided by some poets, but there 
 is no regular decrease in the frequency of its occurrence; cf. E. H. Sturtevant 
 and R. G. Kent, Transactions of the American Philological Association, 46, 
 pp. 146 ff. 
 
 Birt (pp. 61-2) points out a further peculiarity in the very frequent use 
 of two caesuras, dividing the line into three parts. He finds the same peculi- 
 arity in the short poem of 20 lines on Phaedra, attributed to Vincentius (Anlh. 
 279). On these grounds he concludes that this epistle also is the work of Vin- 
 centius. These metrical peculiarities are not in themselves sufficient reason 
 for attributing the two poems to the same author, in the absence of other 
 marked resemblances; moreover, the poem on Phaedra is much more faulty 
 metrically, containing several mistakes in quantity within its short limits. 
 
 "For fuller discussion see notes on verses cited. "Pp. 435-6. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 7 
 
 Future participle used more frequently than in the classical 
 period (45, 56, 74, 87). ^^ 
 
 Asyndeton (124 and 129) is noted by Teuffel'^ as an indication 
 of late date. 
 
 (3) Vocahulanj. The following words or expressions show 
 certain peculiarities:" 
 
 libenter hahe (2), incole (3), dictare salutem (6), pendet (144) 
 apex (22), sacramenta (33), convincere (37) and resolvere (9), 
 for the corresponding simple verbs, capit (69), fluctus (75), 
 vota queror (87), durum tuli (103-4), vota cupis (137), sidere (141), 
 meus as vocative (144). 
 
 These peculiarities of usage, taken all together, point decided- 
 ly to a date not earlier than the fourth century. The choice of 
 subject and the general treatment lead to the same conclusion. 
 In the time of barren imitation which succeeded the great cre- 
 ative period of Roman literature, admiration for the master- 
 pieces of the past so dominated the minds of educated men that 
 it left little room for originality, or rather whatever originality 
 existed spent itself on mere matters of form and language. The 
 old themes were treated again and again, and ornamented with 
 new rhetorical devices. Among the great poets Vergil was re- 
 vered above all, his works were studied in the schools and used 
 as models for imitation. ^^ The absurd length to which this ven- 
 eration was carried is shown in the Vergilian cento, consisting 
 of phrases from that poet fitted together with much ingenuity 
 so as to make a new poem on a totally different subject. ^^ A 
 regular school exercise was the dictio, an expansion of a line of 
 passage from Vergil. ^^ The works of Macrobius and of Martir 
 
 i^For statistics of the frequency of occurrence of the future participle in dif- 
 ferent writers see E. B. Lease, American Journal of Philology 1919, pp. 262 ff. 
 
 "Vol. 3. §398.12. 
 
 ^^For fuller discussion see notes on verses cited. 
 
 "DiU, pp. 385 S. 
 
 i^Anth. 1.7-18- 
 
 I'Three of these have been preserved in the Anthology (223, 244, 255) under 
 the heading Locus Vergilianiis or Thema Vergilianum. Among the Dic- 
 tiones of Ennodius is one (in prose) entitled Verba Didonis cum abeuntem vi- 
 deret Aenean {Diet. 28). The grammarian was occupied with Vergil to such 
 an extent that to say he knew Vergil was sufficient designation of his caUing, 
 as in the epigram beginning Arma virumque docens atque arma virumque peri- 
 tus, Baehrens Poetae Latini Minores 5, p. 98. 
 
8 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 anus Capella are an indication of the reverence which was paid 
 to him in the fourth century. Of such a period as this our poem 
 is evidently a production. 
 
 In regard to the place of composition we have no indication 
 except the fact that the Salmasian Anthology was compiled at 
 Carthage. Apparently all the contemporary poets included in 
 the collection are African, ^^ and it is natural to suppose that 
 many of the anonymous works also have the same origin. We 
 know that Carthage was a flourishing centre of culture and lit- 
 erary activity during the early centuries of the Christian era." 
 Many minor works must have been produced there by mediocre 
 writers whose names have not survived, and it is much more 
 probable that compositions of slight merit found their way into 
 an anthology put together at the place where they originated, 
 than that they came from other parts of the Empire. The sub- 
 ject of Dido and her sorrows is one that might naturally be ex- 
 pected to appeal particularly to a Carthaginian poet. 
 
 The epistle itself shows that the author was some one who 
 was familiar with the early poets, especially with Vergil, Ovid, 
 Horace, and Lucretius, for it abounds in verbal reminiscences 
 of their works. The correctness of the versification, too, proves 
 that he was well trained in the schools. On the other hand it 
 shows little originality, and there is an entire absence of poetic 
 inspiration or deep feehng. Such a writer might naturally be 
 found among those whose profession was the study and teaching 
 of literature, and it seems reasonable to conclude that the au- 
 thor may have been a Carthaginian rhetorician or grammarian 
 of the latter part of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth cen- 
 tury. The poem is valuable in showing what were the interests 
 and literary activities of educated men of this period, and in in- 
 dicating the strength of the influence which was still exercised 
 by Vergil and Ovid. 
 
 isRiese, p. XXIX. "Boissier, pp. 238 flf.; Monceaux, pp. 459 ff. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 9 
 
 Style and Literary Characteristics 
 
 By the majority of those who mention it, the poem is briefly 
 dismissed as a mere rhetorical exercise. Palmer^" is the only 
 one of its critics who allows it any merit. The choice of a theme 
 already treated by Vergil and Ovid inevitably challenges com- 
 parison with the works of those poets, and such comparison is 
 not to the advantage of our poem. Yet if we accept the au- 
 thor's own estimate of himself as modicus poeta,^^ and keep in 
 mind the narrow limits within which he confines his work, it 
 is not altogether without charm and interest. While in a sense 
 it is nothing more than a rhetorical exercise, a comparison with 
 the dictiones referred to above shows that it is of much greater 
 length than they, and much more original in its treatment of 
 the subject chosen. 
 
 The poet doubtless had Ovid's epistle of Dido^^ before him 
 as his model. The setting in the story is the same as Ovid's, 
 namely the time when Dido asks her sister Anna to carry her 
 appeals to Aeneas. -^ The conception of Dido's character also 
 is Ovid's rather than Vergil's — she is gentle and forgiving, re- 
 signed to death. She reproaches Aeneas, it is true, after the 
 manner of Vergil's heroine, but her remonstrances are only a 
 mild echo of Vergil's passionate words, and her brief anger is 
 soon suceeded by gentler emotion. Her last wish is for Aeneas' 
 safety. The language, as well as the general treatment, is more 
 suggestive of Ovid than of Vergil, as might be expected; for the 
 former could be imitated much more easily by a writer of medi- 
 ocre ability. Again and again phrases occur which echo those 
 of Ovid, 2^ showing that the author must have been sufficiently 
 familiar with his works to reproduce his language unconsciously. 
 
 Yet at the same time he altogether lacks the smooth, easy 
 flow of Ovid's verse. The thought is frequently diflacult to 
 follow, partly because the language is condensed to the point of 
 obscurity. A noticeable characteristic is a certain poverty of 
 vocabulary, which shows itself in the repetition of the same 
 words and phrases, e. g. vota nocentis (39, 99), honesta pericula 
 (97, 136), peritura (74, 87), perfide (35, 119, 124). Nocens in 
 
 ^op. XX, footnote 1. 215 ^^Epist. 7. 
 23Verg. Aen. 4.437-8; cf. Palmer p. 339. 
 ^See notes passim. 
 
10 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 different forms occurs six times, and vota eleven times. Quite 
 striking is a tendency to repeat a word three or four lines after 
 its first occurrence, e. g. ipse dolor (11), dolor ipse (16), cf. ipse 
 dolor {S9) ; ligavit (17), ligat (20) ;conscia (29 and 32);pendet (14), 
 pependet (18); alitura (56), alit (59); reparare (69), reparant 
 (73); miser am (90 and 92); manus (92), manu (94); nefas (97 
 and 99). 
 
 The most original and the best part of the poem is the long 
 passage" contrasting the constant changes in nature with the 
 enduring grief of unhappy love. The idea is by no means new, 
 but it is developed here to an unusual length and with consider- 
 able skill. As we should expect, the details are of literary ori- 
 gin, not drawn directly from nature. The passage is divided 
 into stanzas of equal length by the refrain Sua taedia solus fal- 
 lere nescit amor. Less effective is the second refrain, 2« Cui dig- 
 na rependes, si mihi dura paras? It does not mark off a dis- 
 tinct division of the poem, as does the first one, the stanzas are 
 not so clearly separated in thought, and one of them is longer 
 by a line than the others. 
 
 A marked feature of the poem is the use that is made of allit- 
 eration. The following lines show striking instances of this: 
 
 8. modo, me magis, mortis 78-9. roscida, rident, rosis 
 
 15. calamus celerare querellas 87. rota, vellem 
 
 17. vias et verba 92. membra manus, miseram 
 
 27-8. conuhium, crimen, credula, 95. morte, mersum, figere ferrum 
 
 cuncta 96. pectore pulsum 
 
 40. verba, voco, vulnera 97. pericula passus 
 
 2^42-82. 26100 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 11 
 
 SIGLA* 
 
 A= Codex Parisinus 10318, commonly known as Salmasianus, 
 from its former owner Salmasius (Claude de Saumaise), into 
 whose possession it came between the years 1609 and 1620. 
 This is the only original ms. authority. It is written in uncials, 
 and belongs to the seventh, or perhaps the beginning of the 
 eighth century. A description of it, with an account of its his- 
 tory, is given by Riese (pp. XII ff .) ; see also Traube, Philologus 
 54, p. 124. It is reproduced in facsimile under the title: Bih- 
 liotheque Naiionale: departement des manuscrits: Anthologie de 
 Poetes Latins dite de Saumaise; reproduction reduite du manu- 
 scrit en onciale, Latin 10318, de la Bihliotheque Nationale; Paris, 
 1903. 
 
 A' = Corrections of A in the original hand. 
 
 a = Emendations of Salmasius, written in the margin of A. 
 
 a = Emendations made by the writer of the Schedae Di- 
 vionenses, a copy of A made at Divio (Dijon) between the years 
 1651 and 1756, and now at Heidelberg. This ms. was used by 
 Burman, who regarded it as of great value. 
 
 C = Codex Parisinus 8069, containing selections which were 
 probably intended for use in schools; see Riese pp. XLI-XLII. 
 It contains only two verses of this poem, 4 and 6. 
 
 The apparatus criticus is based on that of Riese's second 
 edition, but for the sake of the completeness which seems de- 
 sirable, a number of proposed conjectures are included which 
 Riese does not note. 
 
 The text represents the reading of A when not otherwise noted. 
 
 The abbreviations used in the notes are those of the The- 
 saurus Linguae Latinae. 
 
 *Those used in Riese's edition; see Riese p. 33. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 13 
 
 ANALYSIS 
 1-5 Preface, in which the author asks the reader's indul- 
 gence. 
 
 6-26. Pride should have kept me from appealing to you, 
 but love has overcome my pride. Let this confession be my 
 excuse. 
 
 27-41. My only fault was that I trusted you too much; is 
 this the reward I deserve? The reasons that you give for going 
 are only excuses to hide your faithlessness. 
 
 42-82. Everything in nature changes; love alone is unchang- 
 ing: 
 
 43-47. The moon and the sun alternately prevail. 
 48-52. Quiet night succeeds the day. 
 53-57. The nightingale through the influence of the 
 night forgets her grief for a time. 
 
 58-62. Night brings joy to the happily married husband 
 and wife. 
 
 63-67. Spring brings the renewal of vegetation on the 
 earth. 
 
 68-72. Sleep restores the strength of the weary husband- 
 man. 
 
 73-77. The tides of the sea rise again after their ebb. 
 78-81. After winter the flowers reappear. 
 82-86. But the changing times and seasons bring me no 
 peace. 
 
 87-91. Grief and love do not allow me to remain silent. 
 91-99. My thoughts of vengeance were overcome by love. 
 100-144. I sympathized with Creusa's fate, I showed kind- 
 ness to lulus, I welcomed you when you were a shipwrecked 
 stranger, and even gave up my throne to you, but for all this 
 you show no gratitude. 
 
 144-150. Yet love is stronger than anger, and my last wish 
 is for your welfare. 
 
14 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido. to Aeneas 
 
 DIDO AENEAE 
 
 Praefatio 
 
 Sic tua semper ames, quisquis pia vota requiris, 
 Nostra libenter habe; quid carminis otia ludant, 
 Cerne bonus, mentisque fidem probus incole iudex. 
 Dulce sonat quod cantat amor; cui grata voluptas 
 5 Esse potest, modicum dignetur amare poetam. 
 
 Dido Aeneae om. A 2. abe A carmininis ocia A 3. incole A, indue Baeh- 
 rens, indole Higt 4: et Q in C fol. 1 u. et Vaticano 639 s. XI extant 4. gratia 
 A, grata C a uoluntas C 5. amore a. 
 
 Sic: i. e. on condition that you grant your favor to my work. Sic is fre- 
 quently used to introduce a wish which is made conditional upon some- 
 thing else; e. g. 
 
 Verg. Eel. 9. 30-32 Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos, 
 Sic cytiso pastae distendant uhera vaccae, 
 Incipe, si quid habes. 
 
 Hor. Carm. 1.3. 1-8 Sic te diva potens Cypri, 
 
 Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, 
 Ventorumque regat pater 
 
 Reddas incolumem precor, 
 Et serves animae dimidium meae. 
 Ov. Epist. 3. 135-7 Nunc quoque, sic omnes Peleus pater inpleat annos, 
 Sic eat auspiciis Pyrrhus ad arma tuis, 
 Respice sollicitam Briseida, fortis Achille. 
 pia vota: This expression is used several times by Ovid, e. g. Atn. 2. 6. 
 43 Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae? Met. 1. 221 Irridet 
 prima pia vota Lycaon. See also Met. 8. ^199, Fast. 1.722, Rem. 813. Cf. 
 Auson. 390. 27-8 Nesciat hos natus, numeret properantior heres, Tes- 
 tamenta magis quam pia vota fovens and 391.8 Solus eram, profugae- 
 que dabam pia vota carinae. Vota is accusative of inner object. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 15 
 
 DIDO TO AENEAS 
 
 Preface 
 
 As you wish to be ever pleased with your lot, whoever you 
 may be who seek what piety may ask, grant your favor to my, 
 work; with kindness look upon the verses that leisure composes 
 for a pastime, and, as an upright judge, cultivate an impartial, 
 spirit. Sweet is the sound of what love sings; let anyone who 
 can find delight in pleasure deign to love even a humble poet. 
 
 2. libenter habe: this expression is used twice in Sanctae Silviae Peregrit 
 natio, Bechtel p. 24. 26 itaque ergo, si libenter habes, quaecumque loca sun- 
 hie grata ad videndum christianis, ostendimus tibi, and p. 32.9 quia libenter 
 haberetis haec cognoscere. It does not seem to occur elsewhere, though 
 habeo is found with other similar adverbs, e. g. Sail. Catil. 51. 11 rnulti 
 eas (sc. iniurias) gravius aequo habuere. Liv. 7. 5.7 Ita aegre habuitfilium 
 id pro parente ausum. Tac. Ann. 4. 21.2 quae in praesens Tiberius civiliter 
 habuit. The use of this expression, which occurs apparently only in 
 one Latin work, is of some importance for dating the poem. The Pere- 
 grinatio of S. Silvia belongs probably to the last quarter of the fourth 
 century, though some scholars attribute the work to a certain Aetheria, 
 and place it about the middle of the sixth century. 
 
 ludant: of the composition of light or playful verses. Cf. 
 CatuU. 50. 2-5 Multum lusimus in meis tabellis, 
 
 Ut convenerat esse delicatos. 
 
 Scribens versiculos uterque nostrum 
 
 Ludebat numero modo hoc modo illoc. 
 Verg. Eel. 1. 9-10 Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum 
 
 Ludere quae vellem calamo permisit agresti. 
 Hor. Carm. 4. 9. 9-10 Nee, si quid olim lusit Anacreon, 
 
 Delevit aetas. 
 
 3. incole, the ms. reading, is kept by Wernsdorf, and explained as the use 
 of a compound for simple verb, characteristic of late Latin. All the 
 other editors change to indue or indole. The dictionaries give one in- 
 stance of incolo for colo, Codex Theodos. 13. 1. 3. (361 A. D.) si ea homines 
 vestri ac rusticani etiam in vestris possessionibus commorantes distrahant, 
 quae in his terris quas incolunt adque in eodem rure gignuntur. There is 
 a peculiar use of the word in Tert. Sped. 10 Videmus igitur etiam artes 
 eorum honoribus dicatas esse qui nomina incolunt auctorum earum. (Cf. 
 Hoppe p. 189, who tran.slates "welche die Namen der Urheber tragen.") 
 On the whole it seems best to retain the ms. reading, although no exact 
 parallel can be quoted. 
 
16 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 CARMEN 
 
 Debuit ingrato nullam dictare salutem 
 Laesus amor. Sed nulla iuvant convitia fientem — 
 Si modo flere vacet! Nam me magis inproba mortis 
 Fata vocant. Troiane nocens, haec dona remittis? 
 10 Quamvis saepe gravi conponam carmine fletus, 
 Plus habet ipse dolor; nee conplent verba dolorem 
 Quem sensus patientis habet, vel egena requiro 
 
 6. ingrado nulla A mandare C 7. Lqsos A iubant A 8. inprobe Riese 
 10. graues conponant carmina Higt 11. Plus ualet iste Higt dolores Higt 
 12. pangentis Baehrens uel regna A, nee regna Higt, uel recta Wernsdorf, 
 uel penna recusat Baehrens, vertenda Riese, vel egcna Traube. 
 
 6. salutem refers to the usual beginning of a letter, salutem dicit. Cf. Ov 
 Epist. 13. 1 Mittit, et optat arnans quo mittitur ire salutem. 
 
 dictare salutem means merely "write a letter." Owing to the fact that 
 dictation was the usual custom, dictare came to mean nothing more than 
 write. Cf. Juv. 6. 218 
 
 Non unus tibi rivalis dictabitur heres. 
 Suet. Tit. 6. 1 Cum patris nomine et epistulas ipse dictaret et edicta con- 
 scriberet. Sidon. Epist. 1. 7 dominum dictasse profitebatur, se dictasse pro- 
 clamat, quod ipse didasset. Numerous other examples are cited in the 
 Thesaurus. This use became very common in the Middle Ages; see W. 
 Wattenbach, Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, pp. 266 flf. 
 
 7. convitia: a late spelling for convicia. 
 
 8. Si vacet: the si clause expresses a wish. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 
 
 187-8 Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus 
 
 Ostendat nemore in tanio. 
 flere vacet: cf. Ov. Met. 10. 387 Tum denique flere vacavit. 
 Nam: the connection of thought is: (But there is no time to weep,) 
 for the cruel fate, etc. 
 
 magis: potius, or some expression meaning "on the other hand" might 
 be expected here. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 17 
 
 POEM 
 
 Injured love should have written no word of greeting to one 
 who is ungrateful. But reproaches are no remedy for tears — 
 if only there were time for tears! Instead the cruel fate of 
 death summons me. Guilty Trojan, is this the gift you send 
 me in return? However often I try to still my weeping by 
 writing bitter verses, my verj'" grief proves stronger; no 
 words can satisfy the grief that my too patient heart endures, 
 
 inproba: Riese changes the ms. reading to inprobe, apparently because 
 the vocative occurs in 34 and 124. There is no reason for any change; 
 inproba is an appropriate epithet to apply to fata. 
 
 mortis fata: cf. Cic. Tim. 40 Jieque vos ulla mortis fata periment; also 
 the Homeric Kripeq Oavaioto, II. 2. 302, 834; 12. 326, etc. 
 9. fata vacant : cf. Verg. Aen. 10. 471-2 
 
 et iam sua Turnum 
 Fata vacant. 
 Ov. Epist. 6. 28 me quoque fata vacant. 
 
 7. 1 Sic ubi fata vacant. 
 Sil. 16. 698-9 Talibiis adcensi patres, fataqua vacante, 
 
 Consulis adnuerunt dictis. 
 Voca and KCtXIco are used especially of the summons of death or of the 
 dead; see Peerlkamp's note on Hor. Carm. 2. 20. 6, where examples are 
 cited. 
 
 nocens is a favorite word of our author, cf. 24, 39, 99, 124, 132. 
 dona refers to Dido's death {mortis fata), as Wernsdorf points out, not 
 to the sword with which she killed herself, as Barman took it. The 
 same idea is repeated in 31 Hanc reddis, Troiane, vicem? 
 remittis: i. e. as a return for the kindness that I have shown you. 
 10. For the thought cf . Hor. Carm. 4.11. 3.5-36 Minuentur atrae carmine curae, 
 and Ov. Trist. 4. 10. 111-2 Hie ega, finitwyiis quamvis circumsoner armis, 
 
 Tristia quo possum carmine fata levo. 
 gravi applied to poetry generally means serious, or on a serious theme. 
 Here it refers rather to the bitterness of Dido's feeling toward Aeneas. 
 12. patientis suggests too patient endurance. Cf. Bell. Afr. 31. 8 pali- 
 entem se timidumque hostium apiniani praebebat. Nep. Epam. 7 fuisse 
 patierdem suarumque iniurias ferentem civium. 
 
18 An Anotiymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Quae maledicta dedi, miseris circumdata fatis. 
 
 Pendet amore domus, castus dolor auget amorem. 
 15 Dum studet iratas calamus celerare querellas, 
 
 Continuit dolor ipse manus, nee plura loquentem 
 
 Fassus amor, mentisque vias et verba ligavit. 
 
 A, quotiens revocata manus dubiumque pependit! 
 
 Quid factura fuit trepidanti pollice? Dextram 
 20 Torpor et ora ligat, dum dura vocabula formant, 
 
 Et minus explicitam condemnat littera vocem. 
 
 13. quQ A male victa Higt miseri A 14. Pendit A, Perdita Maehly do- 
 mus A, dolor Hoeufft castus A, vastus Baehrens, clausus Hoeufft, cassum 
 Riese augit A 15. studit iratuS ^ animus i^wrman collorareA, celerare 
 Higt, celare Burman, cumulare Maehly 16. manu A 17. meritisque A, 
 mentisque Higt, metrisque Wernsdorf 18. quotiens A dubitansque Maehly 
 20. ira A, ora Riese firmat A, format Schrader, formant scripsi 21. comendat 
 A, condemnat Schrader vocq A 
 
 12-13. The ms. reading is clearly corrupt. The emendation adopted in 
 the text, that of Traube, is palaeographically easy, involving only one 
 change, regna to egena. The thought (10-13) is: "I ought to feel only 
 anger, but when I try to reproach you, grief overcomes me; I cannot now, 
 even though I wish, bring myself to utter such bitter reproaches as I 
 used at first, when my wrong was still fresh in my mind." The substi- 
 tution of reg7ia may be explained on the supposition that the scribe may 
 have looked ahead to domus in 14, or that he was influenced by the re 
 in requiro. 
 
 13. maledicta: such as those which Vergil makes her utter, Aen. 4. 365-387; 
 and her dying prayer, 612-629. 
 
 14. This line has been generally regarded as corrupt, and has called forth a 
 great variety of emendations. The ms. reading, however, may be explain- 
 ed so as to make good sense, and should therefore be retained. The diffi- 
 culty is in pendet. Wernsdorf explains it as equivalent to in ruinarn pen- 
 det, pessum data est. This is not an unnatural extension of the usual 
 meaning of the word, and is paralleled by Lucan. 1. 24 At nunc semirutis 
 pendent quod moenia tectis. It is used with the meaning which labor has 
 in Verg. Aen. 4. 318 juiserere domus labentis, which the poet doubtless 
 had in mind. It is also supported by the couplet on Venus, Anth. 56 
 
 Uritur igne suo fumantibus Aetna cavernis. 
 Pendet amore Venus: uritur igne suo. 
 In the latter Riese explains pendet as = suspensa est. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 19 
 
 or in my need I seek in vain the imprecations that I uttered when 
 encompassed by an evil destiny. Because of love my house is 
 tottering to its fall, my guiltless sorrow but increases my love. 
 While my pen in eager haste was striving to give expression to 
 angry complaints, grief itself stayed my hand, and love, per- 
 mitting me to say no more, checked both the course of my 
 thoughts and my words. Ah, how often was my hand recalled 
 from its task, how often was it poised in doubt! What could 
 it do with thumb atremble? Numbness binds fast hand and 
 lips, while they are forming the harsh words, and what I write 
 condemns the thought not yet expressed. The pen, guided 
 
 castus dolor: i. e. grief for the ruin of her house, which is a pure and hon- 
 orable grief. 
 16. nee plura etc.: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 385-6 
 
 nee plura querentem 
 Passu Venus medio sie interfata dolore est. 
 
 18. A quotiens: cf. Ov. Trist. 1. 3. 51-4 
 
 Ah, quotiens aliquo dixi proper ante, quid urges? 
 
 Vet quo festines ire, vel unde, vide. 
 Ah, quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere 
 Horam, praepositae quaeforet apta viae, 
 dubium: adverbial; the adjective dubia might have been expected. 
 
 19. trepidanti polliee: cf. Ov. Met. 9. 520 
 
 Et meditata manu componit verba tremenli. 
 pollex may be used for the fingers in general, as in Ov. Aynor. 3. 6. 71 
 Sera tamen seindens inimico polliee erinem. 
 
 20. Torpor . . . ligat: cf. Ov. Met. 1. 548 
 
 Vix prece finita, torpor gravis alligat artus. 
 era: the ms. ira gives a meaning exactly the opposite of what is requir- 
 ed. It is ira that urges her to write the harsh words, dolor that checks 
 her. Ora is supported by Ov. Met. 9. 514-5 
 Coget amor, potero; vel si pudor ora tenebit, 
 Littera celatos areana fatebitur ignes. 
 Riese's change to ora necessitates the further change of the verb to for- 
 mant. 
 
 21. condemnat: the ms. commendat cannot be justified. Schrader's cor- 
 
 rection is generally accepted. For the thought cf. 
 Ov. Epist. 13. 13 Linguaque mandantis verba imperfecta reliquit. 
 21. 25 Sicut erant properans verba imperfecta relinquo. 
 Met. 1. 526 Fugit, cumque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit. 
 
20 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Torsit iter male tractus apex, dubiaque remissus 
 Mente pudor, dum verba notat, dum nomina mandat 
 Flamma nocens, iram taedens; penitusque cucurrit 
 25 Sopitus per membra calor duroque medullas 
 
 Igne vorat. Nullus confessam culpet amantem. 
 Conubium nunc crimen erat? Male credula votis 
 Cuncta dedi (nee mira fides) sub lege mariti 
 
 22. sapex A remissos A,repressus Maehly2^. irata redens A , iramM irae) 
 taedens McDaniel, ridens Wernsdorf, furens vel uirens Burman, ardens Birt, 
 redit Klotz, iterata redit Petschenig, iram Hoeufft, iram ridet Baehrens, iram 
 tardens Riese poenitusq; A 25. duro A, diro Baehrens 26. forat A, uorat 
 Burman confessus A, confessam Burman 27. conuuiu A nunc A, tunc a, 
 non Maehly erit Baehrens 28. fide A, fides Higt 
 
 22. Torsit seems to indicate a wavering, unsteady line. The phrase occurs 
 in Stat. Theb. 11. 312-3 
 
 paulum si devius hostis 
 
 Torsit iter. 
 but in a different sense, meaning merely "turned aside." 
 iter: accusative of inner object. 
 male: owing to the trembling of her fingers. 
 
 apex: the Thesaurus gives no instance of the use of apex to mean pen. 
 The word, however, indicates any pointed top or end, e. g. of a spear, 
 cf. Sil. 1. 466-7 
 
 iacit igneus hastae 
 
 Dirum lumen apex. 
 Hence it might easily be applied to the stilus. Apex was also the name 
 given to the sign placed over a long vowel to indicate its quantity, and 
 from this in late Latin it came to mean a letter, then writing or any- 
 thing written. The latter is probably the meaning in Anth. 107. 5 
 apicum dat felle figuras, though possibly it may there mean pen. 
 
 23. no<a<: Ovid frequently uses nofo to mean write; cf. 
 
 Met. 9. 522-3 Incipit, et dubitat; scribit, damnatque tabellas; 
 Et notat el delet; mutat, culpatque, probatque. 
 Epist. 1. 62 digitis charta notata meis. 
 
 3. 2 {litter a) Vix bene barbarica Graeca notata manu. 
 
 5. 22 Et legor "Oenone" falce notata tua. 
 mandat: cf. Ov. Epist. 17. 143-4 
 
 Nunc quoque, quod tacito mando mea verba libello, 
 Fungitur officio litter a nostra novo. 
 and 13. 13 Linguaque mandantis (see note on 21). 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 21 
 
 with difficulty, traced its crooked way, and shame was ban- 
 ished from my doubtful heart, while love's baleful flame, grow- 
 ing weary of anger, wrote the words and dictated the expressions. 
 The slumbering fire has sped through my inmost being, and 
 with pitiless flame is consuming my very marrow. Let no one 
 reproach one who admits her love. 
 
 Was marriage then my sin? Too ready to believe your prom- 
 ises (nor is my trust surprising), I gave all, as the right of the 
 
 24. iram taedens: I am indebted to Professor McDaniel for this reading. 
 It requires only a very slight change (the omission of one letter) in the 
 ms. reading; the unfamiliar and unclassical use of taedens may have been 
 the cause of the corruption. The noun taedium is a favorite word with 
 the author, cf. the refrain, 42, etc. In late Latin taedeo was used person- 
 ally, and is found with the accusative as well as the genitive. Cf. Hier. 
 Vita Malchi 7 Coepi taedere captivitatis et monasterii cellulas quaerere. 
 Lact. Ijist. 4. 19. 4 Exterrita est quae parit et taeduit animam. 
 
 Ale. Avit. Carm. 4. 328-9 
 
 Nonne piger quisquam lucri taedensque laboris 
 Insanire putet? 
 
 25. Cf. CatuU. 35. 14-5 ex eo misellae Ignes interiorem edunt medullam. 
 Verg. Aen. 4. 66-7 Est mollis flaynma medullas 
 
 Interea, et taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus. 
 Sen. Phaed. 281-2 Non habet latam data plaga frontem, 
 
 Sed vorat tectas penitus medullas (of the wound 
 of love). 
 
 26. Nullus etc. : this idea occurs repeatedly in Ovid, cf. 
 Epist. 4. 156 Da veniamfassae duraque corda doma. 
 
 16. 11-12 Parce precor fasso, nee vultu cetera duro 
 
 Perlege. 
 19. 4 Da veniamfassae, non patienter amo. 
 
 Pont. 4. 2. 23-4 Da veniam fasso; studiis quoquefrena remisi, 
 
 Ducitur et digitis littera rara meis. 
 Met. 9. 560-1 miserere fatentis amorem, 
 
 Et non fassurae, nisi cogeret ultimus ardor. 
 Am. 2. 4. 3 Confiteor — si quid prodest delictafateri. 
 
 27. Conubium: trisyllabic as in Verg. Aen. 1.73; cf. also Verg Aen. 4. 316 
 
 Per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos. 
 nunc has here a weakened force, merely indicating a transition; cf. 
 Plant. Stick. 171 Nunc si ridiculum hnminem quaerat quispiam. 
 Prop. 2. 3. 33 Hac ego nunc mirer si fiagret nostra iuventus? 
 
 2. 26. 21-2 Nunc admirentur quod tarn mihi pulchra puella 
 Serviat et tola dicar in urbe potens. 
 Hot. Epist. 1. 6. 17 and 2. 2. 76 / nunc. 
 
22 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Cuius et ipsa fui, numquam nee conscia reddent 
 30 Vota fidem, si talis erit non digna marito. 
 
 Hanc reddis, Troiane, vicem? Meus ista meretur 
 Affectus? Non ille torus, non conscia lecti 
 Sacramenta tenent? Totum pro crimine perdo 
 Quidquid amore dedi? Fatis licet, inprobe, tendas 
 35 Aemula regna meis, nihil est quod, perfide, iactes; 
 Fraude perit, non sorte, fides. Sed regna petebas 
 Debita, nee rerum poteras convincere sortem? 
 
 30. erat Maehly 31. iste A, ista a 33. tent A, tenent a totum, pro- 
 crimine Higt perdi A, perdo Higt 34. Quid A; quid supra scripsit m. 
 altera satis antiqua tentes Maehly. 35. Aemula A, Romula a 37. con- 
 uertere Baehrens, mecum poteras coniungere Riese 
 
 crimen: cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 164 Quod crimen dicis praeter amasse meumf 
 
 Male credula: "believing to my sorrow." Cf. 
 
 Ov. Rem. 451-2 At iibi, qui dominae fueris male credila uni, 
 
 Nunc saltem novus est inveniendus amor. 
 Fast. 2. 225 male creditur hosti. 
 
 Epist. 7. 54 Expertae totiens tam male credis aquae? 
 
 See Palmer's note on the latter passage: "Male credere is of ten used of 
 trusting anybody or anything with untoward result." 
 
 29. et= too, i. e. in addition to all that I gave. 
 
 numquam nee: double negative for emphasis, which is found in early 
 Latin, and quite frequently in later Latin from the time of Gellius and 
 Apuleius. Instances of it occur even in classical writers; cf. Schmalz 
 pp. 637-8. 
 Cf. Enn. Trag. 130 Lapideo sunt corde multi, quos non miseret neminis. 
 
 Cic. Verr. 2. 60 Debebat Epicrates nummum nullum nemini. 
 
 Catull. 48. 4 Nee numquam videar satur futurus. 
 
 76. 3-4 Nee sanctum violasse fidem nee foedere nulla 
 
 Divom ad fallendos numine abusum homines. 
 
 Petron. 42 Neminem nihil boni facere oportet. (This probably 
 
 represents the language of the uneducated.) 
 For further examples see G. Friedrich on Catull. 48. 4. 
 conscia vota are vows that lovers know along with each other, the know- 
 ledge of which they share, i. e. mutual. 
 
 reddent . . . fidem: cf. Cic. Cat. 3. 2. 4 auribus vestris . . . minorem 
 fidem faceret oratio mea. 
 
 30. talis: sc. fides. Or possibly it means " a woman such as I." 
 
 31. Cf. Ov. Am. 1. 6. 23 Redde vicem meriiis. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 23 
 
 husband to whom I too belonged. Never will mutual vows gain 
 credence, if such faith as mine is not worthy of a husband's love. 
 Trojan, is this the return you make? Is this what my love de- 
 serves? Does the remembrance of our marriage couch not hold 
 you, nor the oaths of fidelity that we there exchanged? As if 
 guilty of crime do I lose all that I gave for love? 
 
 Grant that it is by the decrees of fate, base wretch, that you 
 are seeking a kingdom that will rival mine, there is no reason, 
 traitor, for your reiterating this; by treachery, not by fate, 
 is your honor lost. But (you say) you were seeking the 
 kingdom that was rightfully yours, you could not overcome 
 
 32. conscia ledi: cf. Yerg. Aen. 4. 167-8 conscius aether conubii {or conubiis 
 according to another reading). 
 
 Mart. 14. 39 Dulcis conscia lectuli lucerna, 
 
 Quidquid vis facias licet, tacebo. 
 32-33. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 307-8 
 
 Nee te noster amor, nee te data dextera quondam. 
 Nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido? 
 The whole series of questions in this passage is modeled on Dido's ap- 
 peal to Aeneas in Verg. Aen. 4. 305-330. 
 
 33. Sacramenta seems to be used, as Wernsdorf says, with special reference 
 to marriage, as in late and ecclesiastical Latin. Cf. Mart. Cap. 2. 117 
 sonus . . . quern, Musarum convenientium chorus impendens nup- 
 tialihus sacramentis concinebat. The word properly means something 
 which is set apart as sacred, also, in the active sense, something 
 which sets apart; the latter gives its commonest meaning in classical 
 Lati'i, the oath of allegiance taken by a soldier. From this it may be 
 used to mean any solemn oath or pledge. By Christian writers it is used 
 to translate the Greek (xuaTiQptov, and applied to the sacraments of the 
 church. 
 
 34. inprobe: Vergil makes Dido address Aeneas with this epithet (Aen. 4. 
 386), also with perfide {Aen. 4. 366). 
 
 tendfs with accusative of limit of motion = "make your way to," "go 
 to," as in Verg. Aen. 1. 553-4 
 
 Si datur Italiam sociis et rege recepto 
 
 Tendere 
 and 6. 696 haec limina tendere adegit. 
 
 35. nihil est quod occurs again in 39 and 117. In 39 it is used in a somewhat 
 different sense, and is followed by the indicative. 
 
 36-37. Sed regna etc.: this refers to Aeneas' defense of his conduct, end- 
 ing with Ilaliam non sponte sequor (Verg. Aen. 4. 333-361) and Dido's 
 scornful reply (376-380). Cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 139 
 
 "Sed iubet ire deus". Vellem vetuisset adire. 
 
24 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Si datur ire, placet; nam quod fugis unde recursus, 
 Vota nocentis habes. Nihil est quod dura querellis 
 40 Verba fidemque voco. Quisquis mea vulnera deflet, 
 Invidiam fecisse neget; trahit omnia casus. 
 Dum sortem natura rapit, sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor. Reparatum Cynthia format 
 
 38. quod A, quo a, quonam vel iam quo Higt, quid Petschenig 41. necat 
 corr. ex. necant A, neget Schroder, negat Wernsdorf trai A 42. sorte A 
 capit Petschenig, parit Baehrens sua . . . amor rubris litteris, ut intercalaria 
 plerumque, A 43. Reparato Baehrens quintia A, corr. a 
 
 37. convincere: cf. Anth. 118. 3 
 
 Sed quia fas nulli humanam vincere sortem. 
 Ov. Met. 2. 617-8 seraque ope vincere fata Nititur. 
 
 Ad Liv. 234 Non tibi, non ullis, vincere fata datur. 
 The compound has the sense of the simple verb vincere, a use which is 
 one of the characteristics of late Latin. There is no reason for Baehrens' 
 change of convincere to convertere, nor for Riese's reading mecum . . . 
 coniungere. 
 
 38. placet: sc. mihi. 
 
 38-41. A difficult passage. Wernsdorf explains vota nocentis as propositum 
 nocendi. Nam quod . . . habes is interpreted by Baehrens thus: 
 "Quod eo fugis unde facile hue redire potes, ideo fraudem adhibes;" and 
 by Reise: "Quod ad me redire poteris, ego 'nocens' votis meis te ire 
 iubeo." The latter gives the most satisfactory sense, and is adopted in 
 the translation above. Nocentis refers to Dido; she is "nocens^' as a re- 
 sult of her wrongs. The vota nocentis are wishes such as those given by 
 Vergil Aen. 4. 381-4 
 
 /, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas; 
 
 Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, 
 
 Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido 
 
 Saepe vocaturum. 
 The phrase vota nocentis occurs again in 99. 
 
 The general sense of the passage is as follows: "If your departure 
 were really the will of the gods, I would offer no objection; but you are 
 only making their commands an excuse; the fact that return is possible 
 shows that the separation need not be final unless you wish it. But my 
 reproaches are useless; after all it is not your guilt that is the cause of 
 my suffering, but chance, which controls everything." 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 25 
 
 the destiny that controls all things. If it is fated that you go, 
 I acquiesce; for it is because you flee to a place from which re- 
 turn is possible, that you carry with you the curses of one who 
 would do you harm. But it is of no avail that in my complaints 
 I call your words and your faithlessness cruel. Let all who weep 
 for my wrongs deny that hatred was their cause; chance draws 
 all things in its train. 
 
 While nature hastens on its appointed course, love alone can- 
 not beguile its own weariness. Cynthia renews her splendor 
 
 39 . Nihil est etc. : the abrupt change of thought represents the sudden var- 
 iation of Dido's mood as she wavers between anger and resignation; cf. 
 6-26 and 125. 
 
 dura: predicate adjective with both verba and fidem. Hence fidem = 
 lack of faith. 
 querellis: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 360 
 
 Desine meque tuis incendere teque querellis. 
 
 41. Invidiam: subject of fecisse. 
 
 trahit omnia casus: cf. Cic. Epist. 4. 12. 1 quoniam casus et natura in 
 
 nobis dominatur. 
 
 Verg. Aen. 9. 723 qui casus agit res. 
 
 Ov. Met. 7. 815 and Trist. 2. 341 me meafata trahebant. 
 
 Ars S. 425 Casus ubique valel. 
 Anth. 38. 1 Omnia casus agit. 
 For the Epicurean sentiment cf. 121-2. 
 
 42. taedia: cf. Ov. Epist. 3. 139 
 
 Aut si versus amor tuus est in taedia noslri. 
 42-43. sua ... amor: this refrain is repeated nine times, marking 
 off the different aspects of nature whose changes are contrasted with 
 the imchanging grief of love. The refrain probably originated among 
 the artificialities of Alexandrian poetry. It was used by Theocritus (1 
 and 2), and from him was adopted by Vergil in Eel. 8. Catullus em- 
 ploys it in three poems (61, 62, 64), and Ovid twice makes use of it {Epist. 
 9, Am. 1.6). It is also found in the Pervigilium Veneris, in Nemesianus 
 {Eel. 4), and in Calpurnius Siculus {Eel. 11). None of these shows the 
 refrain divided between two lines, as here. 
 
 43. Fallere: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 85 infandum si fallere possit a7norem. 
 Ov. Trist. 3. 2. 16 Fallebat curas aegraque corda labor. 
 Reparatum: cf. Hor. Caryn. 4. 7. 13 
 
 Damna tanien celeres reparant caelestia lunae. 
 Ov. Met. 1. 11 Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe. 
 The participle is used proleptically — "forms so that it is renewed." 
 
26 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Lucis honore iubar curvatis cornibus arcus, 
 45. Quod de fratre rubet; cessurus lege sorori 
 Consumit sua iura dies; sic continet orbem. 
 Dum recipit natura vicem, sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor. Mersum pallentibus umbris 
 Circumdat nox atra diem fruiturque tenebras 
 
 44. arcus A, ardens Maehly, altum Baehrens 45. Quod A, Quum Higt 
 47. Du A 49. tenebras A, tenebris a, tenebrans Baehrens 
 
 44. arcus: Riese marks this word with a dagger as not genuine, and emen- 
 dations are proposed by Maehly and Baehrens. Its use, however, can 
 be justified. Though arcus is apparently not elsewhere used of the 
 moon, cornua is regularly applied both to the moon and to a bow. 
 Cynthia, the moon goddess, was represented as a huntress armed with 
 the bow; thus we have here a confusion between the goddess drawing her 
 bow, and the moon itself gradually forming a complete circle as it 
 reaches its fulness. Cf. Sen. Med. 97-8 
 
 Cum Phoebe solidum lurnine non suo 
 Orbem circuitis cornibus alligal. 
 
 45. Quod refers to iubar. 
 
 rubet: a general term for brightness, not referring to the special redness 
 of the moon at certain seasons; so also in Prop. 1. 10. 8 Et mediis caelo 
 Luna ruber et equis. Hor. Carm. 2. 11. 10-11 Neque una Luna rubens 
 nitet Voltu. 
 45-46. cessurus . . , dies: cf. Catull. 5. 4-6 
 
 Soles occidere et redire possunt; 
 
 Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux, 
 
 Nox est perpetua una dormienda. 
 
 46. sic: "on this condition," referring to cessurus lege sorori. 
 continet: "encloses, surrounds"; cf. Enn. Trag. 237-8 
 
 luppiter, tuque summe Sol, qui res omnis spicis, 
 Quique tuo cum lumine mare, terram. caelum contines. 
 The word is similarly used with reference to aether by Pacuv. Trag. 86 
 quod complexu continet terram, and by Lucr. 5. 318-9 qux)d omnem Continet 
 amplexu terram. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 27 
 
 ^vith the glory of light, and curves the horns of her bow, 
 glowing with brightness borrowed from her brother. The god 
 of day, destined by law to yield in turn to his sister, uses up his 
 privileges; thus he encompasses the earth with light. While 
 nature renews her changes, love alone cannot beguile its own 
 weariness. 
 
 Black night envelopes the day, plunging it in dim shadows, 
 and enjoys the darkness in accordance with the law of the 
 
 46-47. Riese and other editors punctuate with a period after dies, making 
 sic . . . vicem one sentence. The dum clause, however, gives bet- 
 ter sense if taken with what follows, and the introduction of the refrain 
 in this way is parallel with 42. 
 
 48. Mersum: proleptic, cf. reparatum, v. 43. Mergo is used of the sun dis- 
 appearing beneath the horizon. Cf. Sen. Thyest. 776-7 
 
 Phoebe patiens, fugeris retro licet, 
 
 Medioque ruptum merseris caelo diem. 
 Lucan. 4. 282 Substituit merso dum nox sua Inmina Phoebo. 
 pallentibus umbris suggests the pale shades of the dead, cf. Verg. Aen. 
 4. 26 pallentes umbras Erebi. Possibly the writer has in mind the voy- 
 age of the sun-god through the realm of the dead beneath the earth. 
 
 49 . tenebras, the ms. reading, has been changed to the ablative by most ed- 
 itors. The accusative should be kept, for the deponent verbs which take 
 the ablative in classical Latin are found with the accusative in early and 
 late Latin. (See Lane, Lat. Gram. § 1380, Schmalz p. 382.) E. g. 
 
 Cato Agr. 149. 1 pabulum frui occipito. 
 
 Lucr. 3. 940 ea quae fructu^ cumque es, periere profusa. 
 
 Ter. Haut. 401 meo mode ingenium frui. 
 
 Apul.iWe^. 8. 12 nuptias non frueris. 
 
 Apol. 72 prospectum maris me esse fruiturum. 
 Tert. Virg. Vel. 17 dimidiam frui lucem. 
 
 Patient. 1 super eo quod frui non datur. 
 
28 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 50 Lege poli, peraguntque micantia sidera cursus. 
 Navifragi tacet unda salis, nee murmurat auster, 
 Nee flexum quatit aura nemus. Sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor. Pinnis modo garrula pendens 
 lam philomela tacet damno male victa pudoris, 
 
 51. Nauifrage A, corr. a sali Burman 52. Ne A 53. pinnis (primis a) 
 garula mane pendens A, modo scripsi, ramis male garrula pendens Burman, 
 pinnis ad germina tendens Baehrens, pinnas curvamine pandens Traube 
 
 50. Riese supposes a lacuna between 50 and 51, containing the end of the 
 comparison between day and night, and the beginning of one between 
 calm and storm. There is no necessity for this; peace and quiet are 
 regarded as an essential element of night, as in Vergil's description (Aen. 
 4. 522-8) which this passage imitates. Other aspects of night are 
 dealt with in the next two "stanzas." 
 
 micantia is regularly used of the stars, e. g. Lucr. 5. 1205, Hor. Carrn. 1. 
 12. 46, Sen. Here. Fur. 125, Oed. 46, etc. 
 
 51. Navifragi: cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 553 navifragum Scylaceum, and Ov. Met. 
 14. 6. navifragum f return. 
 
 52. flexum: proleptic, cf. reparatum, 43, and mersum, 48. 
 
 53. The unmetrical ms. reading has caused great difficulty. Riese adopts 
 the change due to Burman, explaining male garrula as = iam non ga- 
 rula. It is true that male with certain adjectives practically = non, but 
 only with adjectives whose meaning is such that the quaUfying adverb 
 "badly" would negative their meaning, as is the case with sanus, gratus, 
 fidus. "Badly garrulous," however, is not equivalent to "silent." 
 Further, pinnis has to be changed to ramis to fit the context. Other 
 emendations proposed by Baehrens and Traube have still less probabil- 
 ity. 
 
 It seems possible to correct the line with a slighter change than any 
 of the above. The translation of the line offers no difficulty as the ms. 
 reads; some adverb of time is expected in contrast with iam in the next 
 line. When mane and garrula are transposed, the only difficulty remain- 
 ing is the scansion of mane. I would substitute modo for the unmetrical 
 mane. Modo is found in 112 and 135 in the sense of lately. Mane may 
 have found its way into the text as a gloss; this would account for its 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 29 
 
 heavens; the twinkhng stars complete their courses. The waves 
 of the shipwrecking sea are still, the south wind makes no 
 murmur, no breeze bends and sways the woods. Love alone 
 cannot beguile its own weariness. 
 
 The nightingale, but lately singing, poised on her wings, now 
 is silent, utterly overcome by the loss of her chastity; shelter- 
 ing in her embrace her twittering nesthngs near the tree-top, 
 
 being misplaced in the line. 
 
 Another way of solving the difficulty is to keep mane, scanning it with 
 the a short, and assuming that the poet has made a mistake in the quan- 
 tity. This explanation is by no means impossible in a work as late as 
 this; it would be, however, the only wrong quantity in the poem. 
 pinnis pendere occurs also in Ovid, cf. 
 Met. 6. 667-8 Corpora Cecropidum pinnis pendere putares; 
 
 Pendebant pinnis. 
 Met. 7. 379 Factus olor niveis pendebat in aera pinnis. 
 
 garrulus is frequently used of birds, e. g. (of the nightingale) Mart. 14. 
 75 
 
 Flet Philomela nefas incesli Tereos, et quae 
 Muta puella fuit, garrula fertur avis. 
 Plin. Nat. 10. 43. 81 Lusciniis diebus ac noctibus continuis quindecim 
 garrulus sine intermissu cantus. 
 
 The nightingale was regarded by the Greeks and Romans as a har- 
 binger of dawn and a singer by day as well as by night. For complete 
 discussion, with many quotations, see E. W. Martin, Birds of the Latin 
 Poets, pp. 125-142 and 236-244; E. W. Fay, Class. Rev. 1904 pp. 303 ff., 
 and a series of articles by E. H. Barker, Class. Jour. 27. p. 92, 29. p. 255, 
 30. pp. 180 and 341. 
 54. damno pudoris: cf. 
 
 Ov. Ars 1. 100 Ille locus casti damna pudoris habet. 
 Claud. 15. 188 damna pudoris turpia. 
 Apu\. Met. 9. 27 damno pudicitiae commotus. 
 
30 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 55 Amplexuque fovens querulos sub culmine nidos 
 Pensat amore nefas, miserasque alitura querellas 
 Nocte premit quod luce dolet. Sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor. Nunc iam bene iunctus amantem 
 Ardor alit thalamique fidem sua pignera conplent, 
 
 60 Coniunx laeta viro, felix uxore maritus. 
 
 Vota recenset amor secretaque dulcia; somnus 
 Concordat cum nocte torum. Sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor. Fecundo semine rerum 
 
 55. Amplexusque A, corr. a nidi Burman, natos Maehly 57. fortasse, 
 Nocte gemit Riese 58. amantes Maehly 59. talamiq; A pigne? A 
 m. pr. 60. uxores maritos A, corr. a 61. recens et m. rec. in A disiunxit, 
 repensat Petschenig 62. Consociat Maehly 63. Fallerere A 
 
 55. nidos: nestlings. Cf. 
 
 Verg. Aen. 5. 214 Cui domus et dulces latebroso in puinice nidi. 
 12.475 Pabula parva legens, nidisque loquacibus escas. 
 Georg. 4.17 Ore ferunt dulcem nidis immitibus escam. 
 Ov. Medic. 77 Addita de querulo volucrum medicamina nido. 
 Sen. Here. Fur. 148-9 querulos inter nidos 
 
 Thracia paelex. 
 culmine: the top of a tree. Cf. Stat. Theb. 7. 800 iam frondea nuiant 
 culmina and Sil. 5. 514 (Vulcanus aesculi) culmina torret. 
 
 56. Pensat: d. Ov. Epist. 2. 14:3 Slat nece maiura tenerum pensare pudorem. 
 amore: i. e. her love for her young. 
 
 alitura: the author shows marked fondness for the future participle, 
 cf. cessurus, 45, and peritura, 74 and 87. 
 
 querellas: used here with reference to the story of Philomela's meta- 
 morphosis, as also in 
 Verg. Georg. 4. 511-2 Qualis populea maerens Philomela sub umbra 
 
 Amissos queritur fetus. 
 Hor. Carm. 4. 12. 5-6 Nidum ponit Ityn flebiliter gemens 
 
 Infelix avis. 
 Ov. Fast. 4. 481-2 Quaecumque ingreditur miseris loca cuncta querellis 
 
 Implet, ut amissum cum gemit ales Ityn. 
 Querella and the related words, however, are often used of the song of 
 birds in general. Cf. querulos, 55, and 
 Hor. Epod. 2. 26 Queruntur in silvis aves. 
 Ov. Am. 3. 1. 4 Et latere ex omni dulce querunter aves. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 31 
 
 she finds in love the compensation for her wrong, and though 
 she will again cherish her sorrowful complaints, she now at 
 night represses the laments which she utters in the day. 
 Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 
 
 Now the ardor of well-mated love fosters the lover's affection, 
 and the fidelity of the marriage chamber is made perfect by 
 those who pledge it, the wife rejoicing in her husband, the hus- 
 band happy in his wife. Love reviews its desires and secret 
 joys; sleep and night complete their wedded harmony. Love 
 alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 
 
 Cf. Porphyrio's scholium on Hor. Epod. 2. 26 "Queruntur," inquit, 
 quoniam veleres omnium animalium voces praeterquam hominum "que- 
 rellas" dicehant. For a discussion of this use of queror see T. Frank, 
 American Journal of Philology 34, p. 322. 
 
 58. iunctus: transferred epithet. Cf. Ov. Epist. 13. 117 Quando erit ut 
 lecto mecum bene iunctus in uno. 
 
 amantem: there is no need of Maehly's somewhat prosaic change to the 
 plural. 
 
 59. pignera: cf. 109, where the form pignore is used. 
 
 60. Cf. Ov. Met. 7. 799 Coniuge eramfelix, felix erat ilia marito. Coniunx 
 and maritus are in apposition with pignora. The emphasis is on the ad- 
 jectives laeta a,nd felix rather than on the nouns, i. e. the fact that hus- 
 band and wife rejoice in each other is a pledge that they will be faithful 
 to each other. 
 
 62. Concordat: cf. Pervig. Ven. 3 Vere concordant amores. 
 Papin. Dig. 48. 5. 12 bene concordatum matrimonium. 
 
 Concordo is more commonly intransitive, but the Thesaurus cites a num- 
 ber of instances of its transitive use, as here. 
 
 63. semine rerum: cf. Lucr. 1. 58-60 
 
 Quae (primordia) nos materiem et genitalia corpora rebus 
 
 Reddunda in ratione vocare et semine rerum 
 
 Appellare suemus. 
 Ov. Met. 1. 419 fecundaque semina rerum. 
 
 This is one of the expressions that show the influence of Epicureanism 
 on our author; cf. 41 and 121-2. 
 
32 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Mutat terra vices et alumni temporis auras 
 65 Laeta vocat; spisso revirescit gramine campus 
 Et vitreas ligat herba comas nee fallit aristas 
 Proventu meliore dies. Sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor. Fessus iuga solvit arator 
 Et noctem per vota capit; reparare labores 
 70 Novit grata quies, nee cessat reddere vires 
 Infusus per membra sopor rurisque ministram 
 Ruricolis dat semper opem. Sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor, Reparant sua litora ponti 
 
 64. autumni A, alumni Baehrens, uerni Heinse 65. reuiuescit A, reuiuiscit 
 a a, reuirescit Burman capos A, corr. a 66. uirides Burman liga* erba 
 A, leuat (vel rigat) Higt, agit Maehly fallid A aristas A, aristae Wernsdorf, 
 arista Baehrens 67. Prouentum ... die ^, Prouentu . . . dies 
 Burman, Prouentus ... die Wernsdorf, Prouentum . . . fide Baeh- 
 rens 68. Fallerere A soluet A 69. capit A, rapit Burman, cupit Maehly 
 labori Schrader 70. Non uibrata quies A, corr. a necessat A 71. rurisq; 
 A, noctisque volgo, lucisque Baehrens ministra Oudendorp, noctique minis- 
 trans Maehly 73. sua A, sub Baehrens litura A 
 
 64. Mutat terra vices: taken from Hor. Carm. 4. 7. 3. Cf. also 65-66 with 
 1-2 of the same ode: 
 
 Diffugere nives, redeunt iam gramina cam-pis, 
 Arboribusque comae. 
 See note on 43, where this ode of Horace was imitated. 
 alumni temporis = spring. According to the Thesaurus, alumnus with 
 
 active meaning is quite common, e. g. 
 Mart. 12. 60 .1 Martis alumne dies. 
 
 Auson. 381. 7-8 Hoc numero mensisque Numae redit, autumnique 
 Principium referens Bacchi September alumnus. 
 Isid. Orig. 10. 3 et qui alit et alitur alumnus did potest, 
 alumni . . . auras: cf. Lucr. 1. 10-11 
 
 Nam simul ac species patefactast verna diei, 
 Et reserata viget genitalibus aura favoni. 
 66. vitreas . . . comas: of the grain bound into sheaves. Vitreas refers 
 to the brilliant semi-transparent appearance of the ripe grain. This ad- 
 jective is frequently applied to water, in the sense of clear or shining. 
 Both herba and coma are often used of grain, e. g. 
 Verg. Georg. 1. 134 sulcis frumenti quaereret herbani. 
 Prop. 4. 2. 14 Et coma lactenti spicea fruge tumet. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 33 
 
 By the life-giving principle of nature earth brings her changes 
 and gladly summons the breezes of the fostering season; the 
 fields are clothed again with the thick verdure of grass, the grain 
 binds its shining tresses, and the advancing season does not 
 cheat the ears of grain of their promise of a better harvest. Love 
 alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 
 
 The weary plowman unfastens the yoke, and welcomes the 
 night in answer to his prayers ; grateful rest has power to refresh 
 his toil, sleep, pervading his limbs, is not slow to restore his en- 
 ergy, and at all times brings to husbandmen strength to care 
 for their fields. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 
 
 The seas by their incoming tides restore their shores 
 
 Ov. Fast. 3. 854 Sustulerat nullas, ut solet, herba comas. 
 
 Am. 3. 10. 11-12 Prima Ceres docuit turgescere semen in agris, 
 
 Falce coloratas subsecuitque comas. 
 Met. 5. 482 Primis segetes moriuntur in herbis. 
 
 67. Proventu: ablative of separation, as with verbs of depriving. 
 dies: in the general sense of a period of time. 
 
 68. Fessus etc.: cf. Verg. Eel. 4. 41 
 
 Robuslus quoque iam tauris iuga solret arator. 
 
 69. noctem capit seems to be a reminiscence of Verg. Aen. 4. 529-31 
 
 neque umquam 
 
 Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem 
 
 Accipit. 
 Here capit is somewhat stronger than receives or accepts, having rather 
 the force of captat; literally, "grasps at the night through prayers." 
 reparare labores: cf. Ov. Met. 11. 623-5 
 
 Somne, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, deorum, 
 
 Pax animi, quern cura fugit, qui cor da diurnis 
 
 Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori. 
 71. ruris: objective genitive with the adjective ministram: "ministering to 
 the country"; Riese translates it " ackerpflegende Kraft" {Jahrbucher 
 jiir Philologie und Paedagogik 121, p. 262). 
 
34 An Anomjmous Episile of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Successu post damna suo, perituraque ludunt 
 75 Incrementa maris dubii, regit aequora fluctus 
 Lite sua, vicibusque suis quod deperit auget. 
 Officiis natura vacat. Sua taedia solus 
 
 Fallere nescit amor 
 
 gemmatis roscida verni 
 
 Rident prata rosis et floribus arva tumescunt. 
 80 Pictus ager sub flore latet, dat fronde coronas 
 Lascivis natura rosis. Sua taedia solus 
 Fallere nescit amor. Nee grata silentia noctis 
 Nee somni pia dona placent, nee munera lucis 
 
 74. Successus per damna suos A, post Burman, Successu et suo Riese 75. 
 regunt §quara A, corr. a fluxus Higt 76. Lite A, Lege Wernsdorf augens 
 Baehrens 77. uacans Higt 78. Discussis imbribus atra Cum requievit 
 hiems add. L. Mueller inter amor et gemmatis uesui A, verni Riese, Vesbi Bur- 
 man, uisu vel ubiuis Wernsdorf, veris Birt 79. tumescit A 80. fronte a 
 coron§ A, coronas a 82. ne grada A, corr. a 
 
 74. Riese's emendation has been adopted in the text as the best correction of 
 this corrupt line. 
 
 Successu = "the rising tide." The word is used, though not very 
 commonly, in its Uteral sense of "advance" or "approach," therefore 
 may naturally be appUed to the tide. Accessus is used of the tide, cf. 
 Cic. Div. 2. 34 aestibus . . . quorum accessus et recessus lunae motu 
 gubernantur. 
 
 For damna and incrementa referring to the tide cf. Sen. Dial. 12. 9. 6 
 modo allevans nos subitis incrementis, modo maioribus damnis deferens. 
 
 75. fluctus must here mean "tide." 
 
 76. Lite: most editors have adopted Wernsdorf 's emendation, Ze^e. It seems 
 quite possible, however, to keep the ms. reading, making it refer to the 
 conflict of the alternate ebb and flow; cf. Ov. Fast. 1. 107-8 
 
 Ut semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum, 
 Inque novas abiit massa soluta domos. 
 
 77. Officiis: dative. 
 
 78. One line is lacking to the number elsewhere found between the refrains; 
 also as the text stands in the ms., this "stanza" lacks the contrast which 
 is brought out in all the others. The hne suppUed by L. MiiUer (p. 584) 
 gives the sense that is evidently required. Wernsdorf and Baehrena 
 place the lacuna after 80, and Birt after 79. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 35 
 
 again after their losses, the rising waves of the ever changing 
 ocean play along the shore, though destined to recede, the tide 
 rules the deep by its own alternation, and in due succession re- 
 stores all that is lost. Nature has time to fufill her tasks. Love 
 
 alone cannot beguile its own weariness 
 
 the dewy meadows in springtime smile with jewelled roses, and 
 the fields burst into bloom. The ground is hidden beneath an 
 embroidery of flowers, and nature, with a riotous abundance of 
 roses, provides leafy garlands. Love alone cannot beguile its 
 own weariness. 
 
 But neither the welcome silence of night nor the blessed boon 
 of sleep brings any relief, nor does love enjoy the gifts of 
 
 gemmatis: bejewelled with drops of dew; suggested by roscida. 
 Cf. Lucr. 2. 319 Invitant herbae gemmantes rore recenti. 
 Culex 70-71 Florida cum tellus gemmantes picta per herbas 
 
 Vere notat dubiis distinda coloribus arva. 
 verni: the ms. reading Vesui (for Vesuvi) is hardly possible. Aside 
 from the anachronism of making Dido mention a place in Italy, as Werns- 
 dorf points out, there is no reason for the choice of this particular local- 
 ity. Wernsdorf's change to visu is easy palaeographically, but there ia 
 no point in the use of this word. Riese's verni or Birt's veris makes much 
 better sense. 
 
 79. For rideo used metaphorically cf. 
 
 CatuU. 64. 284 Quo permulsa domus iucundo visit odore. 
 
 Verg. Eel. 4. 20 Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. 
 Ov. Met. 15. 204-5 ftorumque coloribus almus Ridet ager. 
 
 80. Pictus: cf. Lucr. 5. 1395-6 
 
 Praesertim cum tempestas ridebat et anni 
 Tempora pingebant viridantis floribus herbas. 
 
 and Culex 70-71, cited on 78. 
 
 fronde coronas: cf. Lucr. 1. 118 perenni fronde coronam. 
 
 fronde is ablative of material, which is rare without a limiting adjective; 
 
 see Lane § 1313; but cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 663 pictas abiete puppis. 
 
 81. Lascivis: "luxuriant;" cf. Hor. Carm. 1. 36. 18-20 
 
 nee Damalis novo 
 Divelletur adultero 
 Lascivis hederis ambiliosior. 
 This passage is not quite parallel, for lascivis has a more figurative mean- 
 ing than in the text. 
 83. pia: because sleep is a gift of the gods; cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 269 (quies) dono 
 divom gratissima serpit. 
 
36 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Carpit et indutias fugientis non capit anni; 
 85 Sed sua victus amor tantummodo vulnera pascit 
 
 Inter mille dolos totidemque piacula fraudis. 
 
 Vota queror: vellem tacitis peritura querellis 
 
 Flere domo, vellem tacitos consumers fletus. 
 
 Sed negat ipse dolor quod iam pudor ante negavit; 
 90 Scribere iussit amor miseram me, cuius honestam 
 
 Fecit culpa fidem. Poteram dispergere ponto 
 
 85. poscit A, corr. a 86. toditemq; A piacula A, pericula *Sc/imder 87. 
 Yota A, 'Nota.volgo tacitis A, placidis a, placitis Oudendorp, tacita Traube 
 88. tacituS umere A, consumere Burman, tacitos profundere a, iam 
 tabida fundere Riese, Cocyto fundere Traube 91. culpam A, culpam idem 
 Winterfeld 
 
 84. Carpit: sc. amor, from the refrain, 82. Cf. 
 
 Verg. Aen. 4. 522-3 placidum carpebant fessa soporem 
 
 Corpora. 
 
 4. 555 carpebat somnos. 
 
 7. 414 Iam mediam nigra carpebat node quietem. 
 indutias: trisyllabic; unless u is regarded as short; see note on mane, 53. 
 
 85. sua: equivalent to subjective genitive — "inflicted by itself." 
 vulnera pascit: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 2 vulnus alit venis. 
 
 86. piacula has generally been changed to pericula; but it may be explained 
 as sufferings that are an expiation of Dido's faithlessness to her husband's 
 memory, though this aspect of her grief is not brought out elsewhere in 
 the poem. 
 
 87. Vota seems to be used as accusative of inner object with queror, though 
 it is a striking instance of that construction. Cf . 137 mala rota cupis 
 and Ov. Met. 9. 303-4 moturaque duras 
 
 Verba queror silices. 
 
 88. domo: at home", i.e. in private, to myself. Domo for domi, though rare, 
 is found even in classical writers, e. g. Cic. Clu. 27, Varro Rust. 1. 8. 2, 
 Nep. Epam. 10. 3, Suet. Caes. 20. 1, Apul. Apol. 541. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 37 
 
 light nor take any respite throughout the fleeting year; but 
 baffled in its hopes it only keeps alive its own wounds, in the 
 midst of a thousand deceits and as many atonements for faith- 
 lessness. 
 
 I break forth into complaining wishes: I would rather weep at 
 home, doomed to perish with complaints unuttered, I would 
 rather exhaust my sorrow in silence. But grief itself denies me 
 what shame before denied. Love has bidden me write, hapless 
 that I am, who by my own fault have made an honorable compact. 
 
 tacitos consumere: Burman's correction, to which the ms. seems to point. 
 For consumere of. Cic. Phil. 2. 64 Consumptis enim lacrimis tamen in- 
 fixus animo haeret dolor. 
 
 Sen. Dial. 6. 8. 1 Dolorem dies longa consumit. 
 
 89. quod pudor negavit: i. e. the comfort of the free expression of her feel- 
 ings, cf. 6 and 22-3. Pudor at first kept her from making any appeal; 
 now dolor does not allow her the solace of keeping her suffering to her- 
 self. 
 
 90. Scribere iussit amor: cf. Ov. Epist. 4. 10 
 
 Dicere quae puduit, scribere iussit amor, 
 and 20. 230 Haec tibi me vigilem scribere iussit amor. 
 
 For pudor and amor opposed to each other cf . 
 Ov. Am. 3. 10. 28-9 Hinc pudor, ex ilia parte trahebat amor; 
 Victus amore pudor. 
 Met. 9. 514-5 Coget amor, potero; vel si pudor ora tenebit, 
 
 Litter a celatos arcana fatebitur ignes. 
 miser am me: a common expression in Vergil, e. g. 
 Georg. 4. 494 "Quis et me" inquit "miseram et te perdidit?" 
 Eel. 2. 58 Quid volui misero mihif 
 Aen. 2. 70 Quid iam misero mihi denique restat? 
 See also Aen. 4. 315, 420; 9. 285; 10. 849. 
 
 91. culpa: nominative; literally "whose fault has made," etc. The word 
 refers to Dido's love, which restrains her from doing Aeneas any harm. 
 The expression is thus interpreted by Wernsdorf: "Miseram me, quae 
 mea culpa honestum hospitii et coniugii foedus cum Aenea feci, cuius 
 fide nunc impedior quominus nefas aliquod in eum cogitare et me ul- 
 cisci possim." 
 
 Poteram: i. e. "I was angry enough to." Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 600-602 
 Non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis 
 Spargere, non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro 
 Ascanium patriisque epulandum ponere mensis? 
 
38 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Membra manusque tuas miseramque tumentibus undis 
 Praecipitare diem, poteram crescentis luli 
 Rumpere fata manu parvumque resolvere corpus 
 
 95 Morte gravi mersumque in viscera figere ferrum 
 Vel dare membra feris; sed nostro pectore pulsum 
 Cessit amore nefas, et honesta pericula passus 
 Corda ligavit amor. Quis tantum in hospite vellet 
 Hoc audere nefas? Quis vota nocentis habere? 
 
 100 Nullus amor sub fraude latet. Cui digna rependes, 
 
 92. seramque Burman 94. fata A 95. Moxte A, corr. Heinse 96. 
 mensa j4., membra a 97. Crescit A, Cessit Schroder, Higt honestas A, corr. 
 a 98. ligat A, ligavit vulgo, liquauit Maehly, fatigat Baehrens hospide 
 uellit A 99. audire A 100. laude A, corde a, labe Baehrens, fraude 
 Riese 100, 105, 111, 116. digne A, corr. a 
 
 92 . manus seems to be added to membra only to make an alliterative phrase 
 though it may have been suggested by Ovid's account of the killing o 
 Absyrtus by Medea, where the hands are mentioned particularly; cf 
 Trist. 3. 9. 27-30 
 
 Atque ita divellit, divulsaque membra per agros 
 
 Dissipat, in multis invenienda locis; 
 Neu pater ignoret, scopulo proponit in alto 
 
 Pallentesque manus, sanguineumque caput, 
 miseram diem: day of death. Miser is found in inscriptions referring 
 to the dead. Cf. Isid. Orig. 10. 173 Miser — secundum autem Cicer- 
 onem proprie mortuus, qui in Tusculanis miseros mortuos vocat, propter 
 quod iam amiserunt vitam. Cf. Cic. Tusc. 1. 9. 
 
 93. Praecipitare: cf. Quint. Decl. 4. 10 Miraris quod suprema mea ipse prae- 
 cipitem. 
 
 Lucan. 7. 51-2 sua quisque ac publico fata Praecipitare cupit. 
 crescentis: cf. Verg. Eel. 7. 25 hedera crescentem ornate poetam. 
 Verg. Aen 4. 274 Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis luli. 
 Ov. Met. 14. 583 opibu^ crescentis luli. 
 
 94 . Rumpere fata: break off the thread of life spun by the Fates. 
 
 Cf . Verg. Aen. 4. 631 Invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. 
 Sil. 6. 510-11 vel si stat rumpere vitam 
 
 In patria moriamur. 
 7. 33 Hie ardens extrema malis et rumpere vitam. 
 
 2. 597-8 abrumpere vitam .... quaerunt. 
 (In Verg. Aen. 6. 882 siquafataasperarumpas the expression has a 
 different sense.) 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 39 
 
 I could have scattered your limbs and your hands over the sea, 
 and hastened your evil day of death in the swelling waves; I 
 could have snapped the thread of life of the growing boy lulus 
 with my own hand, and destroyed his little body by a cruel 
 death; I could have fixed the steel deep in his flesh, or given his 
 limbs to wild beasts; but the evil impulse has departed, driven 
 from my heart by love, and love, having endured honorable 
 dangers, has restrained my angry feelings. Who would dare to 
 commit so great a wrong as this against a guest? Who would 
 wish to have the curses of one who would do him harm? 
 No love is hidden beneath treachery. Whom will you 
 
 resolvere: destroy or kill; the simple verb solvo is generally used in this 
 
 sense. Cf. 
 
 Sen. Epist. 66. 43 alius inter cenandum solutus est. 
 
 Tro. 600-601 me fata maturo exitu 
 
 Facilique solvant. 
 Curt. 8.9. 32 corporibus quae senectus solvit. 
 
 Flor Epit. 2.21. 11 sic morte quasi sotnno soluta est. 
 
 97. honesta pericula: the phrase occurs again in 136. 
 
 98. Corda: "anger"; cf. 
 
 Verg. Aen. 1. 303 ponuntque ferocia Poeni corda. 
 
 6. 407 tumida ex ira turn corda residunt. 
 
 Val. Flac. 6. 2 (Mars) acri corde tumet. 
 
 Sil. 10. 490 mansuescere corda nescia. 
 
 in hospite: in two other places in the poem (119 and 132) initial h is 
 counted as a consonant and makes position. This was the rule in Chris- 
 tian poets, cf. Miiller pp. 14, 382, 391. It is first found in Porphyrins 
 (early 4th century), it appears also in Juvencus, Ausonius, Dracontius, 
 Venantius Fortunatus, Luxorius. Our author is not consistent in his 
 treatment of initial h, for there are 16 places where, as in classical poetry, 
 it fails to make position. 
 
 99. Hoc nefas: the cruelty which her imagination suggested in 91-96. 
 vota nocentis: cf. 39. 
 
 100. fraude is the easiest emendation for the ms. laude. It is to be taken 
 closely with the preceding sentences. Fraude here is violation of the 
 obUgations of hospitality ; it is because of her love that she cannot harm 
 Aeneas. 
 
40 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Si mihi dura paras? Miserandae fata Creusae 
 Lamentis gemituque trahens infanda peregi 
 Vota deis durumque nefas sortemque malorum 
 Te narrante tuli, gemitus mentisque dolorem 
 
 105 Et lacrimas prior ipsa dedi, Cui digna rependes, 
 Si mihi dura paras? Dulcis mea coUa fovebat 
 Ascanius miserumque puer figebat amorem, 
 Cui modo nostra fides amissam reddere matrem 
 Dum cupit, hoc verum mentito pignore nomen 
 
 110 Format amor, gemitusque graves atque oscula figit 
 Confessus pietate dolor. Cui digna rependes, 
 Si mihi dura paras? Nostri modo litoris hospes 
 
 102. Lamenta A, corr. a, lamentans genitusque Maehly Peregit A, corr. 
 Wernsdorf 103. Voto dies A, corr. a 104. tulit Oudendorp 105. lacrimis 
 A 107 delet Birt fouebat A, figebat Oudendorp, fallebat Burman 108. 
 nostram fidem A 110. gemitusue A adq; A 111. Concessus MaeWy 
 112. nostro A, nostri yu/go hospis A nostro . . . litore sospes fioe/irens 
 
 101. fata Creusae: related by Vergil {Aen. 2. 738-795). Cf. 
 Ov. Epist. 7. 83-6 Si quaeras ubi sit formosi mater luli, 
 Ocddit, a duro sola relicta viro. 
 Haec mihi narraras; at me movere; merentem 
 Ure; minor culpa poena futura mea est. 
 102. Lamentis gemituque: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 667-8 
 
 Lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu 
 Tecta fremunt. 
 peregi vota: cf. Ov. Met. 6. 468 agit sua vota sub illis. 
 Auson. 426. 4 {Hecuba) per agit vota cum matribus. 
 103. durum . . . tuli: Wernsdorf explains tuli as equivalent to moleste 
 tuli, but cites no parallels to support his interpretation. Tuli without 
 a modifier can hardly have this meaning, but durum may be taken as 
 predicate adjective with nefas and sortem: "I bore or felt her wrong 
 and evil destiny as cruel." Hence the meaning is about the same as 
 that of moleste or gravitur tuli. Cf. the use of dura in 39. 
 104:. gemitus mentisque dolorem: hendiadys. 
 lOQ. Dulcis Ascanius: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 659 pro dulci Ascanio. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 41 
 
 worthily repay, if you desire cruelty for me? 
 
 While prolonging with laments and sighs the story of un- 
 happy Creusa's fate, I offered unutterable prayers to the gods, 
 and I grieved for her wrong and her evil destiny as you told the 
 tale; I was myself the first to give way to the sighs and tears of 
 an anguished mind. Whom will you worthily repay, if you de- 
 sire cruelty for me?- 
 
 Sweet Ascanius caressed my neck, and the boy pierced my 
 heart with a hapless passion; while my sense of duty desired 
 merely to restore to him his lost mother, love, with lying prom- 
 ise, made the name a true one, and grief, shown in sympathy, 
 uttered deep sighs and imprinted kisses. Whom will you worth- 
 ily repay, if you desire cruelty for me? 
 
 But lately you were a stranger on our shore, destitute 
 
 106-7. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 685-8 
 
 Ut, cum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido, 
 Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, 
 Cum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, 
 Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno. 
 and 1. 717-9 Haec oculis, haec pedore tolo 
 
 Haeret, et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido 
 Insidat quantus miserae deus. 
 107.Birt rejects this line because this "stanza" is longer by a line than the 
 others. He thinks it was added by an interpolator who felt that the 
 name of Ascanius was required. But with the line omitted the sense is 
 not clear. It seems better to attribute the extra line to the writer's care- 
 lessness or lack of skill than to interpolation. Birt objects to Ouden- 
 dorp's conjecture figebat on account of the recurrence of the word in 
 110; but this may be really an argument in its favor; see Introduction 
 p. 10. 
 108. fides: faithfulness to the requirements of hospitality. Dido's kindness 
 to Ascanius was at first prompted merely by a sense of duty to the 
 motherless boy. 
 109. mentito pignore: i. e. the false hopes of happiness which love aroused- 
 The juxtaposition of verum and mentito is no doubt intentional. 
 nomen: i. e. of "mother." 
 110. ^^ii governs gemitus as well as oscula — zeugma. 
 
 oscula figit: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 687 oscula dulcia figet. 
 111. Confessus: passive meaning. 
 
42 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Nudus et exul eras, dispersa classe per undas, 
 Naufragus, ut taceam clades quascumque videbas 
 
 115 Inpendisse tibi; licet haec tibi cuncta fuissent, 
 
 Regna tamen Carthago dedit. Cui digna rependes, 
 Si mihi dura paras? Nihil est quod dura reposcam. 
 Nequiquam donasse velim! Quae perdere possem 
 Numquam damna voco. Vel hoc mihi, prefide, redde, 
 
 120 Quod sibi debet amor, si nil pia facta merentur. 
 Esse deos natura docet, non esse timendos 
 Rerum facta probant. Quid enim non credere possum? 
 
 113. Nudos distuleras A, corr. Maehly dispersas classes A, clade a 114. 
 clades A, classes a uidebor A, uidebar a, uidebas Baehrens 116. char- 
 t&go A 117. reposcent ^, reposcam //i^i 118. Nee quidquid A, quidquam 
 A', Hoc quidquid Baehrens, Nequiquam Riese, Nee quod non Maehly qu§ A, 
 quod a 119. uoco A, uolo Burman 121. esset timendos A 122. enim 
 credere non A, nunc credere Higt 
 
 113. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 373-5 Eiectum liiore, egentem, 
 
 Except et regni demens in parte locavi, 
 Amissam classem, socios a morte reduxi. 
 Ov. Epist. 7. 89-90 Fluctihus eiectum tuta statione recepi, 
 
 Vixque bene audita nomine regna dedi. 
 
 115. Inpendisse: the perfect infinitive has here the force of the present, as was 
 often the case in late Latin, cf. Schmalz pp. 435-6. It is not, however, 
 pecuhar to late Latin, but was common in poetry, especially elegiac 
 poetry of the classical period, where it was often used for metrical con- 
 venience; hence it came to be used in all poetry with merely present force. 
 See A. A. Howard, Harvard Studies 1. p. 111. 
 
 fuissent: licet should properly be followed only by present or perfect 
 subjimctive, but in late Latin it is often found with secondary tenses, 
 and even with the indicative (cf. 149). The earliest instance of its use with 
 a secondary tense of the subjunctive is in Bell. Hisp. 16. 3 quod factum 
 licet necopinantibus nostris esset gestum; cf. also Juv. 13. 56, Mart. 5. 39. 
 8, 9. 91. 3, etc. It occurs three times in S. Silvia (see Bechtel p. 124). 
 For discussion and further examples see Schmalz, Neu£ Jahrbucher 1891. 
 p. 216; E. B. Lease, Archiv fiir Lat. Lexicog. 1900. p. 25, and American 
 Journal of Philology 1900, p. 453. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 43 
 
 and exiled, shipwrecked, your fleet scattered over the waves, 
 to say nothing of all the disasters that you saw threatening you. 
 Although all this had been your lot, yet Carthage offered you a 
 throne. Whom will you worthily repay, if you desire cruelty 
 for me? 
 
 There is no reason for my demanding a cruel requital. I 
 should wish rather to have given in vain! What I could lose, 
 I never count as loss. But, traitor, grant me at least what 
 love owes itself, if deeds of kindness deserve no reward. 
 
 Nature teaches that there are gods, experience proves that 
 they are not to be feared. How can I not believe it? 
 
 117. Nihil est quod: used as in 35, with the subjunctive of characteristic, if 
 
 the reading reposcam is accepted. 
 118. Nequiquam etc.: i. e. "I gave without expectation of return, consequent- 
 ly I do not desire to exact vengeance because my kindness has been 
 wasted." 
 119. Vel hoc: for scansion see note on 98. Vet is here intensive, empha- 
 sizing hoc. 
 perfide: cf. 35. 
 121-2. This Epicurean doctrine is the whole theme of Lucretius. Cf. also 
 Enn. Trag. 269-71 
 
 Ego deuvi genus esse semper dixi et dicam caelitum, 
 
 Sed eos non curare opinor quid agat humanum genus, 
 
 Nam si curent, bene bonis sit, male malis, quod nunc abest. 
 
 Cic. Nat. Deor. 3. 83 Diogenes quidem Cynicus dicere solebat Harpalum, 
 
 qui temporibus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium dicere, 
 
 quod in ilia fortuna tarn diu viveret. 
 
 Ov. Met. 9. 203-4 At valet Eurystheus, et sunt qui credere possint 
 Esse deos? 
 Am. 3. 3-1-2 Esse deos i crede. Fidem iurata fefellit, 
 Et fades illi quae fuit ante manet. 
 Am. 3. 9. 35-6 Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, ignoscite fasso, 
 Sollicitor nullos esse putare deos. 
 122. Rerum facta: the facts of the world, that which takes place in the world. 
 enim: explanatory^" I know that the gods are not to be feared, for 
 I have good reason to believe it." 
 
44 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 Tutus fraude manes, et nos pietate perimus! 
 Inprobe, dure, nocens, crudelis, perfide, fallax, 
 
 125 Officiis ingrate meis! Quid verba minantur? 
 Non odit qui vota dolet, nee digna rependit 
 Quidquid laesa gemit. Tibi nempe remissus habetur 
 Lege pudoris amor. Cui tanta dedisse recusem, 
 Sceptra, domum, Tyrios, regnum, Carthaginis arces, 
 
 130 Et quidquid regnantis erat? De coniuge, fallax, 
 Non de iure queror, meritum si non habet ardor, 
 Sed quod hospes eras, nee te magis esse noeentem 
 Quam miserum, Troiane, puto, qui digna repellis 
 Dum non digna cupis — nondum bene siceus ad aequor 
 
 123. Totus frauda A, corr. Burman at nos Oudendorp 126. dicta 5oe/i- 
 ens 127. Quisquis Maehly lexa A, laesa vulgo, plexa Heinse, rixa Baeh- 
 rens me pe remissus A, me permissus vulgo, nempe remissus Baehrens, Tibine 
 rnpermissus Owdendorp 128. podoris A Cui A, Qui {=quomodo) Riese 129. 
 chartaginis A 130. fallis Baehrens 132. Sit Higt 134. Sum A, Dum 
 Oudendorp, Somno digna Heinse sicus A. 
 
 124. For the succession of epithets and asyndeton cf. Auson. 298. 29-30 
 Salve, fons ignote ortu, sacer, alma, perennis 
 Vitree, glauce, profunde, sonore, illimis, apace. 
 and Verg. Aen. 3. 658 monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens. 
 For the asyndeton cf. 129. 
 125. Quid etc.: an abrupt change in Dido's mood, similar to that which is in- 
 dicated in 39. 
 126.A''on odit etc.: cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 29-30 
 
 Non tamen Aenean, quamvis male cogitat, odi, 
 Sed queror infidum, questaque peius amo. 
 digna rependit: cf. digna rependes of the refrain, 100 etc. 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 45 
 
 You remain safe in your treachery, and I die because of loy- 
 alty! Base, ruthless, guilty, cruel, treacherous, false, ungrateful 
 for my kindnesses! But why these threatening words? He does 
 not hate who repents of his wishes, nor does she who is wronged 
 exact a fitting penalty for that for which she grieves. By you 
 doubtless love is thought to be freed from the restraint of honor. 
 To whom could I refuse to give so much — my sceptre, my house, 
 the Tyrian people, my kingdom, the citadels of Carthage, and 
 whatever belonged to a ruler? It is of my husband, false one, 
 that I complain, not of my rights, if my passion has not the re- 
 turn it deserves. But you were my guest, and I think you not 
 more guilty than pitiable, Trojan, you who reject what is 
 worthy while you seek what is worthless — though your garments 
 are as yet scarcely dry you hasten again to the sea, and though 
 
 127. laesa is the simplest of the various emendations proposed, though it is 
 not altogether satisfactory; the change to the feminine after the mascu- 
 Hne qui is very harsh. Riese prints lexa marked with a dagger. 
 12S. dedisse: see note on perfect infinitive, 115. 
 129. Cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 11-12 
 
 Nee nova Carthago, nee te crescentia tangunt 
 Moenia, nee sceptro tradita summa tuol 
 \Z2.quod hospes: for scansion cf. 98 and 119. 
 
 133 . digna : i. e. what Dido offers. The contrast between what Dido has given 
 Aeneas and what awaits him in Italy is developed at greater length by 
 Ovid (Epist. 7. 13-22). 
 
 134. Anacoluthon; the quod clause beginning in 132 is not followed by a prin- 
 cipal clause that logically completes it. 
 
 siccus: i. e. after suffering shipwreck in the storm which drove him to 
 Carthage. 
 
46 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 135 Curris, et extremas modo naufragus arripis undas. 
 Tutior esse times et honesta pericula nescis. 
 Cum mala vota cupis, solus tibi dura profecto 
 Damna paras. Fugis, ecce fugis, nostrosque penates 
 Deseris et miseram linquis Carthaginis aulam, 
 
 140 Quae tibi regna dedit, sacro diademate crines 
 Cinxit, et augustam gemmato sidere frontem 
 Conplevit, nostrumque tibi commisit amorem. 
 Nil puto maius habes et adhuc sine coniuge regnas, 
 Aeneas ingrate meus. Regat ira dolenti 
 
 145 Consilium! Sed praestat amor. Mea vulnera vellem 
 
 136. nescis A, poscis Wernsdorf timens inhonesta Higt 139. cartaginis 
 A 140. Que A 141. gematos. sydere A 142. Conplebit A, Inplicuit 
 Maehly comisit A 143. regnat Wernsdorf 144. negat Higt. 
 
 135. arripis = hasten to, cf. 
 
 Verg. Aen. 3. 477 hanc (Ausoniam) arripe velis. 
 9. 13 turbata arripe castra. 
 
 10. 298 arrepta tellure semel. 
 
 11. 531 arripuit locum. 
 13^. honesta pericula: cf. 97, 
 
 nescis: there is no need of changing to poscis, as has generally been 
 
 done. The emphasis is on honesta — in leaving the safety of Carthage 
 
 Aeneas is seeking dangers, but this is no proof of courage, for they are 
 
 not dangers incurred in pursuing an honorable course of conduct. 
 137. vota: accusative of inner object; cf. vota queror, 87. 
 
 solus: i. e. you have only yourself to blame. 
 
 profecto: perfect participle. 
 140. sacro diademate, etc.: cf. 
 
 Lucan 5. 60 Cingere Pellaeo pressos diademate crines. 
 
 Claud. 7. 84 sacro . . . ornat diademate crines. 
 
 Prud. c. Symm. 2. 430 caput augustum diademate cinxit. 
 
 Pritsc. Anast. 163 Quo caput ipse tuum prima diademate cinxit. 
 
 Thu epithet sacrum is often used with diadema (cf. Thesaurus). 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 47 
 
 lately shipwrecked you are hurrying to distant seas. You are 
 afraid to be safer, and yet you know nothing of dangers that are 
 honorable. While you cherish your evil desires, you alone are 
 preparing cruel disaster for yourself by your departure. You 
 flee, lo! you flee and abandon my household gods, and leave 
 the unhappy court of Carthage, which gave you a throne, 
 which encircled your hair with the sacred diadem, placed on 
 your majestic brow the jewelled constellation, and entrusted 
 you with my love. You have nothing greater, I think, than 
 this, and you still reign without a consort, my ungrateful Aeneass 
 Let anger rule the counsels of one who grieves! But love is. 
 
 The diadema was originally a purple fillet worn by the Persian king 
 around the tiara. Among the Romans it was always regarded as a sym- 
 bol of kingly power. From the time of Constantine it was adopted by 
 the Caesars as a sign of their imperial dignity; it was often adorned with 
 a row of pearls or precious stones, or made of gold and jewels. See 
 Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopddie, and S. M. Stevenson, Dictionary of 
 Roman Coins, s. v. diadema. 
 
 141 . sidere may refer to the form of the diadem, or merely to the brilliance of 
 the jewels of which it is composed. 
 
 14S. maius'. sc. nostro amore from previous line. 
 
 14:4:. mens: vocative. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 835 sanguis mens. 
 
 In early Latin rneus is used as vocative only with a noun having the voc- 
 ative like the nominative; with later writers this rule is not observed. 
 Cf. Kuhner 1. p. 447. 7. 
 ira: contrasted with amor; cf. 15 ff. 
 
 145. vellem: the present subjunctive might have been expected here. 
 
48 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 rietibus augeri, sed iam discrimine mortis 
 Victa feror. Neque enim tantus de funere luctus 
 Quantus erat de fratre. Licet simul inprobus exul 
 Et malus hospes eras et ubique timendus haberis, 
 150 Vive tamen nostrumque nefas post fata memento. 
 
 146. auferri Maehly 147. fessos A, feror a neque erit Maehly fenere A, 
 funere a, foedere Baehrens 148. erit A, erat Wernsdorf 149. mains hos- 
 pis A (hospes A^), malus Baehrens, magis Burman 150. facta A, fata Bur- 
 man. 
 
 HQ.fletibus augeri: Dido here recurs to the same thought as was expressed 
 at the beginning of the epistle (cf . 8) ; she would hke to have the sat- 
 isfaction of dwelling on her wrongs. 
 
 147 .feror: cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 497 feror ingenti circumdata node. 
 Aen. 4. 376 Heu Furiis incensa feror . 
 luctus: sc. erit. 
 
 14:8. fratre: Dido's brother, Pygmalion. 
 
 149. eras, haberis: indicative with licet, which is found from the time of Apul- 
 eius on; see note on 115. 
 
 150. Vive: cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 63-4 
 
 Vive precor, sic ie melius quam funere perdam. 
 Tu potius leti causa ferere mei. 
 and 6. 164 Vivite, devoto nuptaque virque toro. 
 
 Cf . Palmer's note on the latter passage—" There is often some bitterness, 
 almost a curse, in this word." 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 49 
 
 better. I should wish that my wounds might grow through 
 lamentations, but already I hasten on, conquered by my deter- 
 mination to die. Nor indeed will there be such mourning for 
 my death as there was because of my brother's crime. Though 
 you were at once base as an exile and faithless as a guest, and 
 everywhere are regarded as one to be feared, yet live, and after 
 my death remember the wrong that you did to me. 
 
50 
 
 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 INDEX VERBORUM 
 
 * indicates that the word is not in A, but is introduced into the text as an 
 emendation. 
 
 f indicates that the word is found in A, but not accepted in the text. 
 
 a (exclam.) 18 
 ad 134 
 adhuc 143 
 aemula (ace.) *35 
 Aeneas 144 
 aequor (ace.) 134 
 
 aequora (ace.) 75 
 affectus 32 
 agar 80 
 alit 59 
 
 alitura 56 
 alumni (gen.) *64 
 amissam 108 
 amo 
 ames 1 
 amare 5 
 amantem 26 
 
 amantes (ace.) (-em A) 58 
 amor 4, 7, 17, 43, 48, 53, 58, 61, 63, 
 68, 73, 78, 82, 85, 90, 98, 100, 
 110, 120, 128, 145 
 amorem 14, 107, 142 
 amore 14, 34, 56, 97 
 amplexu 55 
 anni (gen.) 84 
 ante (adv.) 89 
 apex 22 
 arator 68 
 arcus (gen.) 44 
 ardor 59, 131 
 aristas 66 
 arripis 135 
 arva (nom.) 79 
 arx 
 
 arces (ace.) 129 
 Ascanius 107 
 ater 
 
 atra (fem.) 49 
 atque 110 
 audere (-ire A) 99 
 auget 14, 76 
 augeri 146 
 augustam 141 
 
 aulam 139 
 aura 52 
 
 auras 64 
 auster 51 
 autumni t64 
 bene 58, 134 
 bonus 3 
 calamus 15 
 calor 25 
 campus 65 
 cantat 4 
 capit 69, 84 
 carminis 2 
 
 carmine 10 
 carpit 84 
 Carthago 116 
 
 Carthaginis 129, 139 
 castus 14 
 casus 41 
 cedo 
 
 cessit *97 
 cessurus 45 
 celerare *15 
 cerne 3 
 cessat 70 
 cinxit 141 
 circumdat 49 
 
 circumdata (fem.) 13 
 clades (ace.) 114 
 classe (-es A) 113 
 eolla (ace.) 106 
 comas 66 
 commendat t21 
 commisit 142 
 concordat 62 
 condemnat *21 
 confessus 111 
 
 eonfessam (-us A) 26 
 coniunx 60 
 
 coniuge 130, 143 
 conplent 11, 59 
 conplevit 142 
 conponam 10 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 51 
 
 conscia (nom. pi.,) 29, 32 
 consumit 46 
 
 consumere *88 
 continet 46 
 
 continuit 16 
 conubium (nom.) 27 
 convincere 37 
 convitia (nom.) 7 
 corda (ace.) 98 
 cornibus (abl.) 44 
 coronas (-ae A) 80 
 corpus (ace.) 94 
 credere 122 
 credula (fem.) 27 
 crescit t97 
 
 crescentis 93 
 Creusae (gen.) 101 
 crimen (nom.) 27 
 
 crimine 33 
 crines (ace.) 140 
 crudelis (voe.) 124 
 culmine 55 
 culpa (-am A) 91 
 culpet 26 
 cum (conj.) 137 
 cum (prep.) 62 
 cuncta (nom. pi.) 115 
 
 cuncta (ace.) 28 
 cupis 134, 137 
 
 cupit 109 
 curris 135 
 
 cueurrit 24 
 cursus (ace.) 50 
 curvatis (abl.) 44 
 Cynthia 43 
 damno (abl.) 54 
 
 damna (ace.) 74, 119, 138 
 de 45, 130, 131, 147, 148 
 debet 120 
 
 debuit 6 
 
 debita (ace.) 37 
 deflet 40 
 deperit 76 
 deseris 139 
 deis (dat.) 103 
 
 deos 121 
 dextram 19 
 diademate 140 
 
 dietare 6 
 
 dies (sing.) 46, (-e A) 67 
 
 diem 49, 93 
 differo 
 
 distuleras tll3 
 dignetur 5 
 digna (fem.) 30 
 
 digna (ace.) 100, 105, 111, 
 
 116, 126, 133, 134 
 discrimine 146 
 dispergere 91 
 
 dispersa (-as A) 113 
 do 
 
 dat 72, 80 
 
 datur 38 
 
 dedi 13, 28, 34, 105 
 
 dedit 116, 140 
 
 dare 96 
 
 dedisse 128 
 docet 121 
 dolet 57, 126 
 
 dolenti 144 
 dolor 11, 14, 16, 89, 111 
 
 dolorem 11, 104 
 dolos 86 
 domus 14 
 domum 129 
 
 domo 88 
 dono 
 
 donasse 118 
 donum 
 
 dona (nom.) 83 
 
 dona (ace.) 9 
 dubii (gen.) 75 
 
 dubium (ace.) 18 
 
 dubia 22 
 duleis 106 
 
 dulee (ace.) 4 
 
 dulcia (aec.) 61 
 dum 15, 20, 13 bis, 42, 47, 109, 
 
 *134 
 durum (ace.) 103 
 
 duro (abl.) 25 
 
 dure 124 
 
 dura (aec.) 20, 39, 101, 106, 
 
 112, 117 bis, 137 
 ecce 138 
 egena *12 
 
52 
 
 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 ego 
 
 mihi 101, 106, 112, 117, 119 
 
 me (ace.) 8, 90, tl27 
 
 nos (nom.) 123 
 enim 122, 147 
 eo 
 
 ire 38 
 et 17, 20, 21, 29, 64, 66, 69, 
 
 79, 84, 97, 105, *113, 123, 130, 
 
 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 149 bis 
 explicitam 21 
 extremas 135 
 exul *113, 148 
 facio 
 
 fecit 91 
 
 fecisse 41 
 
 factura (fem.) 19 
 facta (nom.) 120, 122 
 
 facta (ace.) tl50 
 fallax (voc.) 124, 130 
 fallit 66 
 
 fallere 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 
 73, 78, 82 
 fata (nom.) 9 
 
 fata (ace.) 94, 101, *150 
 
 fatis (abl.) 13, 34 
 fecundo (abl.) 63 
 felix 60 
 feris (dat.) 96 
 feror 147 
 
 tuli 104 
 ferruiQ (ace.) 95 
 fes.sus 68 
 fides (sing.) 28, 36, 108 
 
 fidem3, 30, 40, 59, 91 
 figit 1 10 
 
 figtbat *107 
 
 figere 95 
 firmat t20 
 flamma 24 
 flere 8, 88 
 
 flentem 7 
 fletus (acG.) 10, 88 
 
 fletibus (abl.) 146 
 flexum (aec.) 52 
 fliore 80 
 
 floribus (abl.) 79 
 fluctus 75 
 
 format *20, 43, 110 
 fovebat 106, tl07 
 
 fovens 55 
 fratre 45, 148 
 fraudis 86 
 
 fraude 36, *100, 123 
 fronde 80 
 frontem 141 
 fruitur 49 
 fugis 38, 138 bis 
 
 fugientis 84 
 funere 147 
 garrula (fem.) 53 
 gemitu 102 
 
 gemitus (ace.) 104, 110 
 gemmato (abl.) 141 
 
 gemmatis (abl.) 78 
 gemit 127 
 gramine 65 
 grata (fem.) 4, 70 
 
 grata (nom.pl.) 82 
 gravi (abl.) 10, 95 
 
 graves (aec.) 110 
 habes 39, 143 
 
 habet 11, 12, 131 
 
 haberis 149 
 
 habetur 127 
 
 habe2 
 
 habere 99 
 
 hie 
 
 banc 31 
 
 hoe (ace.) 99, 109, 119 
 
 haee (nom. pi.) 115 
 
 haee (aec.) 9 
 honestam 90 
 
 honesta (aec.) 97, 136 
 honore 44 
 hospes 112, 132, 149 
 
 hospite 98 
 iactes 35 
 
 iam 54, 58, 89, 146 
 igne 26 
 ille 32 
 in (w. ace.) 95 
 
 in (w. abl.) 98 
 ineole 3 
 inerementa (nom.) 75 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 53 
 
 Indutias 84 
 infanda (ace.) 102 
 infusus 71 
 ingrato (dat.) 6 
 
 ingrate 125, 144 
 inpendisse 115 
 inprobus 148 
 
 inproba (nom. pi.) 8 
 
 inprobe 34, 124 
 inter 86 
 invidiam 41 
 ipse 11, 16, 89 
 
 ipsa (fern.) 29, 105 
 ira t20, 144 
 
 iram *24 
 irata t24 
 
 iratas 15 
 ista (ace.) (-e A) 31 
 iter (ace.) 22 
 iubar (ace.) 44 
 iubeo 
 
 iussit 90 
 iudex 3 
 
 iugum (ace.) 68 
 luli 93 
 iunctus 58 
 iura (ace.) 46 
 iuvant 7 
 labores (ace.) 69 
 lacrimas 105 
 laesus 7 
 
 laesa *127 
 laeta (fern.) 60, 65 
 lamentis (abl.) (-a A) 102 
 laseivis (abl.) 81 
 latet 80, 100 
 laude flOO 
 lecti (gen.) 32 
 lege 28, 45, 50, 128 
 libenter 2 
 licet 34, 115, 148 
 ligat 20, 66 
 
 ligavit 17, (-at A) 98 
 linquis 139 
 lite 76 
 littera 21 
 litus 
 
 litoris 112 
 
 litora (ace.) 73 
 loquentem 16 
 luctus 147 
 ludunt 74 
 
 ludant 2 
 lux 
 
 lucis 44, 83 
 
 luce 57 
 magis 8, 132 
 maius (ace.) 143, tl49 
 male 22, 27, 54 
 maledieta (ace.) 13 
 malus *149 
 
 malorum 103 
 
 mala (aee.) 137 
 mandat 23 
 mane t53 
 manes 123 
 manus 18 
 
 manum 16 
 
 manu 94 
 
 manus (ace.) 92 
 maris 75 
 maritus 60 
 
 mariti (gen.) 28 
 
 marito (abl.) 30 
 matrem 108 
 medullas 25 
 meliore 67 
 
 membra (ace.) 25, 71, 92. *96 
 memento 150 
 mens 
 
 mentis 3, *17, 104 
 
 mente 23 
 mensa t96 
 mentito (abl.) 109 
 meretur 31 
 
 merentur 120 
 mergo 
 
 mersum (ace.) 48, 95 
 meritum (ace.) 131 
 
 meritis tl7 
 mens 31, 144 
 
 meis (dat.) 35, 125 
 
 mea (aee.) 40, 106, 145 
 mieantia (nom.) 50 
 mille 86 
 ministram 71 
 
54 
 
 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 minor 
 
 minatur 125 
 minus (adv.) 21 
 mira (fern.) 28 
 miser 
 
 miserum (ace.) 107, 133 
 
 miseram 90, 92, 139 
 
 miseras 56 
 
 miser is (abl.) 13 
 miseror 
 
 miserandae (gen.) 101 
 modicum (ace.) 5 
 modo (adv.) 8, *54 108, 112, 135 
 mortis 8, 146 
 
 morte 95 
 munera (ace.) 83 
 murmurat 51 
 mutat 64 
 nam 8, 38 
 narrante 104 
 natura 42, 47, 77, 81, 121 
 naufragus 114, 135 
 navifragi (gen.) 51 
 
 nee 11, 16, 28, 29, 37, 51, 52, 
 
 66, 70, 82, 83 bis, tll8, 126, 132 
 nefas (nom.) 97 
 
 nefas (ace.) 56, 99, 103, 150 
 negat 89 
 
 negavit 89 
 
 neget 41 
 nempe *127 
 nemus (ace.) 52 
 neque 147 
 nequiquam *118 
 nescis 136 
 
 nescit 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 
 73, 78, 82 
 nidos 55 
 
 nihil (nom.) 35, 39, 117 
 nU (ace.) 120, 143 
 nocens (nom.) 24 
 
 nocentis 39, 99 
 
 nocentem 132 
 
 nocens (voc.) 9, 124 
 nomen (ace.) 109 
 
 nomina (ace.) 23 
 non 20, 32 bis, 36, 84, 121, 122, 
 
 126, 131 bis, 134 
 
 nondum 134 
 nosco 
 
 novit 70 
 nostra (fem.) 108 
 
 nostri (gen.) (-o A) 112 
 
 nostrum (ace.) 142, 150 
 
 nostro (abl.) 96 
 
 nostros 138 
 
 nostra (ace.) 2 
 nox 49 
 
 noctis 82 
 
 noctem 69 
 
 noete 57, 62 
 nudus (-OS A) 113 
 nuUus 26, 100 
 
 nullam 6 
 
 nulla (nom.) 7 
 numquam 29, 119 
 nunc 27, 58 
 odit 126 
 
 officiis (dat.) 77, 125 
 omnia (ace ) 41 
 opem 72 
 orbem 46 
 
 OS 
 
 ora (ace.) *20 
 oscula (ace.) 110 
 otia (nom.) 2 
 pallentibus (abl.) 48 
 paras 101, 106, 112, 117, 138 
 parvum (ace.) 94 
 paseit 55 
 patientis 12 
 
 passus 17, 97 
 pectore 96 
 pello 
 
 pulsum (nom.) 96 
 penates (aec.) 138 
 pendet 14 
 
 pependit 18 
 
 pendens 53 
 penitus 24 
 pensat 56 
 
 per 25, 69, 71, t74, 113 
 peragimt 50 
 
 peregi (-it A) 102 
 perdo 33 
 
 perdere 118 
 
An Anonymous Episile of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 55 
 
 perit 36 
 
 perimus 123 
 
 peritura (fern.) 87, (nom. pi.) 74 
 perfide 35, 119, 124 
 pericula (ace.) 97, 136 
 petebas 36 
 Philomela 54 
 piacula (ace.) 86 
 pietate 111, 123 
 pignore 109 
 
 pignera (ace.) 59 
 pingo 
 
 pictus 80 
 pinnis (abl.) 53 
 plus 
 
 pia (nom. pi.) 83, 120 
 
 pia (ace.) 1 
 placet 38 
 
 placent 83 
 plus (ace.) 11 
 
 plura (ace.) 16 
 poetam 5 
 pollice 19 
 polus 
 
 poll (gen) 50 
 ponto (abl.) 91 
 
 ponti (nom.) 73 
 possum 122 
 
 potest 5 
 
 poteram 91, 93 
 
 poteras 37 
 
 possem 118 
 post *74, 150 
 praecipitare 93 
 praestat 145 
 prata (nom.) 79 
 premit 57 
 prior 105 
 pro 33 
 probant 122 
 probus 3 
 
 profecto (dat.) 137 
 proventu (-um A) 67 
 pudor 23, 89 
 
 pudoris 54, 128 
 puer 107 
 puto 133, 143 
 quam (eonj.) 133 
 
 quamvis (conj.) 10 
 
 quantus 148 
 
 quatit 52 
 
 -que 3, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 40, 49, 
 
 50, 55, 56, 59, 61, 71, 74, 
 
 76, 86, 92 bis, 94, 95, 102, 
 
 103 bis, 104, 107, *110, 138, 
 
 142, 150 
 querellas 15, 56 
 
 querellis (abl.) 39, 87 
 queror 87, 131 
 querulos 55 
 qui 126, 133 
 
 quae 140 
 
 quod 45, 76 
 
 cuius 29, 90 
 
 cui 4, 108, 128 
 
 quern 12 
 
 quod (ace.) 4, 35, 57, 89, 
 117, 120 
 
 quae (ace.) 13, 118 
 quicumque 
 
 quascumque 114 
 quies 70 
 quis (interrog.) 98, 99 
 
 cui 100, 105, 111, 116, tl28 
 
 quid (ace.) 2, 19, 122, 125 
 quisquis 1, 40 
 
 quidquid (nom.) 130 
 
 quidquid (ace.) 34, fUS, 127 
 quod (conj.) 38, 39, 132 
 quotiens 18 
 rapit 42 
 recenset 61 
 recipit 47 
 recursus 38 
 recusem 128 
 reddis 31 
 
 reddent 29 
 
 redde 119 
 
 reddere 70, 108 
 regnas 143 
 
 regnantis 130 
 regnum (ace.) 129 
 
 regna (ace.) tl2, 35, 36, 116, 140 
 rego 
 
 regit 75 
 
 regat 144 
 
56 
 
 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 remittis 9 
 
 remissus 22, *127 
 reparant 73 
 
 reparare 69 
 
 reparatum (ace.) 43 
 repelUs 133 
 rependit 126 
 
 rependes 100, 105, 111, 116 
 reposcam (-ent A) 117 
 require 12 
 
 requiris 1 
 rerum 37, 63, 122 
 resolvere 94 
 revirescit 65 
 revocata (fern.) 18 
 rident 79 
 
 ridens (red-A) t24 
 Romula t35 
 rosa 
 
 rosis (abl.) 79, 81 
 roscida (nom.pl.) 78 
 rubet 45 
 rumpere 94 
 ruricolis (dat.) 72 
 ruris 71 
 sacer 
 
 sacro (abl.) 140 
 sacrament a (nom.) 33 
 saepe 10 
 salis 51 
 salutem 6 
 sceptra (ace.) 129 
 scribere 90 
 secreta (ace.) 61 
 
 sed 7, 36, 85, 89, 96, 132, 145, 146 
 semine 63 
 semper 1, 72 
 sensus 12 
 si 8, 30, 38, 101, 106, 112, 117, 
 
 120, 131 
 sic 1, 46 
 siccus 134 
 sidere 141 
 
 sidera (nom.) 50 
 silentia (nom.) 82 
 simul 148 
 sine (prep.) 143 
 
 solus 42, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72, 
 
 77, 81, 137 
 solvit 68 
 somnus 61 
 
 somni (gen.) 83 
 sonat 4 
 sopitus 25 
 sopor 71 
 sorori 45 
 sortem 37, 42, 103 
 
 sorte 36 
 spisso (abl.) 65 
 studet 15 
 
 sub 28, 55, 80, 100 
 successu (-us A) 74 
 sui 
 
 sibi 120 
 sum tl34 
 
 est 35, 39, 117 
 
 eras *113, 132, 149 
 
 erat 27, 130, *148 
 
 erit 30, tl48 
 
 fui29 
 
 fuit 19 
 
 fuissent 115 
 
 esse 5, 121 bis, 132, 136 
 suo (abl.) (-OS A) 74 
 
 sua 76 
 
 sua (nom.pl.) 59 
 
 sua (ace.) 42, 46, 47, 52, 57, 
 
 62, 67, 72, 73, 77, 81, 85 
 tacet 51, 54 
 
 taceam 114 
 tacitos 88 
 
 tacitis (abl.) 87 
 taedens *24 
 taedia (ace.) 42, 47, 52, 57, 
 
 62, 67. 72. 77, 81 
 talis (nom.) 30 
 tamen 116, 150 
 tantummodo 85 
 tantus 147 
 
 tantum (ace.) 98 
 
 tanta (ae.) 128 
 temporis 64 
 tendas 34 
 tenebras 49 
 
An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 
 
 57 
 
 tenent 33 
 terra 64 
 
 thalami (gen.) 59 
 times 136 
 
 timendus 149 
 
 timendos 121 
 torpor 20 
 torsit 22 
 torus 32 
 
 tor urn 62 
 totidem 86 
 totus tl23 
 
 totum (ace.) 33 
 trahit 41 
 
 trahens 102 
 
 tractus 22 
 trepidanti (abl.) 19 
 Ttoiane 9, 31, 133 
 tu 
 
 tibi 115 bis, 127, 137, 140, 142 
 
 te (ace.) 132 
 
 te (abl.) 104 
 tumentibus (abl.) 92 
 tumescunt (-it A) 79 
 tutus *123 
 
 tutior 136 
 tuus 
 
 tuas 92 
 
 tua (ace.) 1 
 Tyrios 129 
 ubique 149 
 umbris 48 
 unda 51 
 
 undas 113, 135 
 
 undis (abl.) 92 
 unde 38 
 ut 114 
 uxore 60 
 vacat 77 
 
 vacet 8 
 -ve fllO 
 vel 12, 96, 119 
 verba (nom.) 11, 125 
 
 verba (ace.) 17, 23, 40 
 verni (gen.) *78 
 verum face.) 109 
 vesui t78 
 vias 17 
 vicem 31, 47 
 
 vices (ace.) 64 
 
 vieibus (abl.) 76 
 videbas (-bor A) 114 
 vinco 
 
 vietus 85 
 
 victa (fern.) 54, 147 
 viro (abl.) 60 
 vis 
 
 vires (ace.) 70 
 viscera (ace.) 95 
 vitreas 66 
 vive 150 
 
 vocabula (ace.) 20 
 voco 40, 119 
 
 vocant 9 
 volo 
 velim 118 
 
 vellem 87, 88, 145 
 
 vellet 98 
 voluptas 4 
 vorat 26 
 vota (nom.) 30 
 
 votis (dat.) 27 
 
 vota (ace.) 1, 39, 61, 69, 87, 
 
 99, 103, 126, 137 
 vox 
 
 vocem 21 
 vulnera (ace.) 40, 85, 145 
 
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