IC-NRLF 
 
 Ml 
 
 
TH 
 
 UNIYGRSITY Of CALIFORNIA 
 LIBRARY 
 

 
THE 
 
 MOUNTAINS 
 
 OF OREgON 
 
 BY 
 
 W. G. STEEL, 
 
 Fellow of the American Geographical Society. 
 
 PORTLAND, OREGON: 
 
 DAVID STEEL, SUCCESSOR TO HIMES THE PRINTER, 
 
 169% Second Street. 
 1890. 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY W. G. STEEL. 
 
 r e e 
 
 
 
 ... /r *. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This little volume has not been written with the 
 expectation of accomplishing a mission, or even attract- 
 ing general attention, but simply to put into permanent 
 form a small portion of information that is constantly 
 appearing in newspaper articles. Such information 
 usually comes from abler pens than mine, but it is all the 
 more pity that it is not in proper shape for future use. 
 If it amuses, entertains or instructs those who peruse it, 
 its aim will be accomplished, and its author satisfied. 
 
 There is, however, a word of explanation due for the 
 manner in which it is arranged. It was not begun with 
 the intention of publishing a book, but in response to 
 numerous requests received for descriptions of Crater 
 Lake and Mt. Hood. As it was impossible at the time to 
 answer them satisfactorily, it was decided to print a letter 
 on each subject, and issue as a small pamphlet. Before 
 this was accomplished the discovery was made that the 
 space allotted was entirely inadequate, so, acting on the 
 advice of friends, this form was adopted ; too late, how- 
 ever, to prevent the present arrangement. 
 
 W. G. S. 
 
 396414 
 
PAGE 
 
 Crater Lake 12 - 
 
 Exploration Department, Oregon Alpine Club 73 
 
 Game Protective Department, Oregon Alpine Club.. 77 
 
 Illumination of Mount Hood 3 
 
 Josephine County Caves : >4 
 
 Mount Rainier -~>5 t 
 
 Night on the Summit of Mount Rainier 43 
 
 Oregon Alpine Club >7 
 
 Oregon Alpine Club, Constitution <J9 
 
 Oregon Bibliography. 85 
 
 Our Mountains in War 40 
 
 Photographic Department, Oregon Alpine Club 79 
 
 Preface I 
 
 Presidents of the Oregon Alpine Club 82 
 
 Statement of Rev. Peter Stanup 57 
 
 Thoughts on the name Tacoma 59 
 
 Topical Index , 109 
 
 What They Signify 52 
 
OF 
 
 OUNT Hood is Iccated in the Cascade range 
 in Oregon, twenty-five miles south of the Co- 
 lumbia river. It is about twelve thousand feet high, 
 and is visible over a large part of the State. Above an 
 elevation of five thousand feet it is covered with per- 
 petual snow. It stands sixty miles east of Portland, a 
 monument of beauty, and the pride of Oregon. In the 
 spring of 1885 the idea originated of illuminating it 
 with red fire. An effort was made to carry this into 
 effect on the following 4th of July, but failed for the 
 reason that, instead of staying with it over night, a 
 system of clock work and acids was devised, which was 
 perfectly willing to do the work assigned, but an ugly 
 avalanche came along at four o'clock in the afternoon, 
 broke the bottles of acid and set the whole thing 
 ablaze. In 1887, the Celebration Committee of Port- 
 land, decided to make the trial, and placed the matter 
 in charge of the writer, who was accompanied by 
 N. W. Durham, correspondent of the Oregonian, O. 
 C. Yocum, photographer, Dr. J. M. Keene, J. M. 
 Breck, Jr., C. H. Gove and Chas. F. Adams. More 
 agreeable, determined and competent associates I never 
 met. Breck was a cripple, finding it necessary at all 
 times to walk with a ciutch, yet, a better mountain 
 climber is hard to find. 
 
4 
 
 Everything being placed in readiness, we left Port- 
 land at 6 o'clock A. M., Friday July 1st, and reached 
 Government Camp at 5 o'clock in the afternoon of 
 the second. From this point, the mountain rises to 
 the north in all its beauty and grandeur, with timber 
 line apparently within a few rods, instead of four 
 miles, the actual distance. Here the wagons were left, 
 and two horses were packed with blankets and provi- 
 sions, and our journey was resumed as soon as possible. 
 It was necessary to cross two small streams, over both 
 of which the bridges had fallen, so we were compelled 
 to carry logs and fill in until it was possible to get the 
 horses over. About nine o'clock, finding that we 
 could not reach timber line, it was decided to camp on 
 some friendly rocks near at hand. Here we found 
 the trees thickly covered with a long, dry moss, which 
 afforded excitement for the evening, for, no sooner 
 had the inner man's longings been supplied, than 
 lighted matches were applied to the moss, which 
 blazed furiously until it died out in the distance, sim- 
 ply for the want of material. The scene, while it lasted, 
 was indeed brilliant, and accompanied by a roar that 
 seemed but the echo of thunder. Already exhausted, 
 after three hours plodding through snow knee deep, 
 we sank to rest and slept soundly until four o'clock. 
 At five we were on our way, somewhat surprised to see 
 that the snow remained as soft as on the evening before. 
 In addition to the difficulty of sinking each step nearly 
 to our knees, each man was loaded with fifty pounds of 
 blankets, provisions or red fire, while three tugged sav- 
 
5 
 
 agely at a heavily loaded toboggan. At noon we 
 lunched at timber line. It was hardly a sumptuous 
 repast, but answered every requirement, there being 
 canned Boston brown bread and beef tea, mixed \* ith 
 snow and seasoned with smoke. Not a dainty dish, 
 to be sure, but " the best the market afforded." After 
 lunch we dragged our weary way along, among other 
 difficulties encountering a bitter cold wind,, blowing 
 directly from the summit with fearful velocity. Slower 
 and slower we moved, until three o'clock, when two 
 men fell in their tracks utterly exhausted. Here 
 was a " pretty kettle of fish." Barely seven thousand 
 feet up, with five thousand feet more above, and 
 only one day in which to climb. It was finally decided 
 to make camp on the nearest rocks, abandon all idea 
 of reaching the summit, then, on the day following, 
 find the best place possible for the illumination. Two 
 thousand feet above timber line we camped on rocks, 
 over which the cold wind swept, penetrating to the 
 very marrow. Of course it was impossible to have a 
 fire, and at night it was necessary to pile large stones 
 on our blankets to keep them from sailing down the 
 mountain. Hats and a few other things were anchored 
 in like manner. 
 
 The " Glorious Fourth " was ushered in, clear and 
 cold, while a patriot in the party, not to be outdone 
 by Uncle Sam, saluted the rising sun with a deafening 
 round of fire cracker artillery. At five o'clock we 
 started on our upward march. Every thing was left 
 behind except one hundred pounds of red fire, three 
 
6 
 
 overcoats and a few crackers. At 11:30 A. M., bare 
 rocks were found to the west of the summit, in what 
 was considered a good location, and at an altitude of 
 about ten thousand feet. Here our burdens were cast 
 at the foot of the cliff, and all hands, except Keene 
 and myself, returned to Government Camp. By noon 
 the wind had died down entirely, and the day becime 
 very pleasant. While waiting at this lonely station 
 for the appointed hour of illumination, a panorama 
 was spread before us, of a scope and magnificence that 
 cannot be appropriately described, but must be seen 
 to be appreciated. Yes, and it remains for those who 
 love the beautiful and grand sufficiently to scale moun- 
 tains, to toil on day after day, patiently waiting for 
 the time that is sure to come, when the glorious pages 
 of Nature will be unrolled before them. Then, 
 
 "It seems by the pain of ascending the height, 
 We had conquered a claim to that wonderful sight." 
 
 The scene embraces millions of acres of land in 
 Eastern Oregon, extending from the Cascades to the 
 Blue mountains, a distance of over one hundred and 
 fifty miles. The entire range of the Cascades lies be- 
 fore us, showing the foothills of both Eastern and 
 Western Oregon, and the increase in height toward 
 the center. For miles upon miles to the south, cross 
 ranges, running from east to west seem piled one upon 
 the other, and to their tops is added a covering of snow, 
 changing the solemn, otherwise unbroken, dark green, 
 to a variegated picture, not only of grandeur, but 
 beauty. To the left of the centre stands Jefferson, 
 
7 
 
 similar to Hood as seen from Portland. Next come 
 the Three Bisters to the left of Jefferson, while still 
 further stands Snow Butte. Almost in front of Jeffer- 
 son is Washington, while to the right McLaughlin 
 looms up in southern Oregon, two hundred and fifty 
 miles distant. Changing the view to western Ore- 
 gon, we see Mary's Peak over one hundred miles south- 
 west. The Willamette valley can be seen through its 
 entire extent of many miles, while here and there we 
 catch glimpses of the river flowing on to the lordly Co- 
 lumbia. Along the western horizon extends the Coast 
 Range, while in one little spot the mountains break 
 way and give us a vista of the ocean. In the imme- 
 diate foreground lies the base of old Hood, white with 
 snow for five thousand feet below us. To witness a 
 scene like this many a man would circle the globe ; 
 and yet, imagine a sunset upon it. At 5 :30 p. M. clouds 
 drifted from the north and hung on the points of 
 the range a mile below. Slowly the sun sank to rest, 
 while the clouds hovering over the western horizon 
 became brighter and brighter, until it seemed that 
 the very gates of heaven were thrown wide open, and 
 over a scene of unrivaled grandeur was spread another 
 of marvelous magnificence. As if Nature was not even 
 yet satisfied with such dazzling beauty, suddenly the 
 smoke that had gathered far below us, shutting out 
 the great Columbia, was drawn aside and the waters 
 of that river seemed, through the thin smoke re- 
 maining, like a stream of molten gold, visible in an 
 unbroken line, winding from the mountain to the sea 
 
8 
 
 a distance of one hundred and fifty miles. Then, too, 
 as we looked, just beneath the setting sun, the Pacific 
 ocean came to view, while the sun was setting in the 
 mouth of the Columbia, reflecting its ruddy glare in 
 the ocean and river at one and the same time. To 
 the right could be seen Cape Disappointment, while 
 to the left Point Adams showed with equal clear- 
 ness. So closed the day and the night came on. 
 
 Far above the few clouds that lurked beneath us, 
 threatening the success of our experiment, the atmos- 
 phere was so perfectly clear that we thought its equal 
 had never been seen. Promptly with the departing 
 day the full moon arose in all its beauty, changing 
 the day's brilliance to a subdued halo of glory. About 
 seven o'clock the wind blew furiously, almost carry- 
 ing us from the rocks to the snow beneath. Although 
 clad for a land of wintry blasts, it was necessary to 
 pace back and forth, swinging our arms and jumping 
 to keep warm. At eight o'clock the wind died down, 
 and we became comfortable without exercise. Our 
 spirits were low, however, for it seemed that the entire 
 country was covered with a thick veil of smoke, and 
 our labor was to be in vain. Suddenly at 9:30 we saw 
 a red light in the direction of Portland. It was the 
 signal for a complete revolution in our feelings. We 
 danced for joy. Yes, we screamed and halloed until 
 we were hoarse. Did all sorts of silly things, for 
 now we knew our fire would be seen. Following the 
 first light came another, and still others, and in our 
 mad excitement we took a handful of red fire and 
 burned it on a rock. " Thereby hangs a tale." 
 
9 
 
 The members of our party at Government camp 
 were gathered around a cheerful fire telling bear 
 stories and waiting patiently for the appointed time, 
 when they were startled by a brilliant light from the 
 mountain, showing through the trees in front of them. 
 Instantly they scattered, every member forgetting 
 his companions in a w T ild scramble for a good view. 
 In this sudden stampede, one member, who is hard 
 of hearing, climbed a tree, where he remained until 
 the others began to assemble. As one of the drivers, 
 a hardy son of Erin, passed the tree and heard a rust- 
 ling in the branches, he glanced up, saw a large, dark 
 object, took it for a bear and gave the alarm. In- 
 stantly all hands gathered around the tree, every one 
 armed with a club, which he swung like the arms of 
 a windmill, at the same time shouting for some one 
 else to get a gun. The man up a tree, not understand- 
 ing why the commotion should extend so long after 
 the burning of red fire, started to go down, but, was 
 met with such a lively rain of clubs that he beat a 
 precipitate retreat. At this point, a gun arrived and 
 every fellow wanted to shoot the bear. Bruin, at last 
 comprehending the situation, chimed in with: " You 
 fellows let up with your durned foolishness, will you." 
 
 Soon after the red fire and rockets at Portland 
 were noticed, others were seen at Prineville, seventy- 
 five miles to the southeast, and also at Vancouver, 
 W. T. These were watched with the most intense 
 interest, until the time arrived to make our own novel 
 show. The red fire was placed in a narrow ridge 
 
10 
 
 about ten feet long, and at right angles with Portland. 
 Holding my watch before me, promptly at 11:30 we 
 applied the match with the result as shown by the 
 following account in the Oregonian of the next day : 
 
 "The celebration closed with the illumination of 
 Mount Hood, the grandest and most unique event of 
 the day. Precisely at 11:30, the time appointed, just as 
 the fireworks display was over, a bright red light shone 
 away up in the clouds above the eastern horizon, 
 which was greeted with cheers from the thousands 
 congregated on the bridge, wharves, roofs, boats on the 
 river and on the hills back of town, and with vigorous 
 and long-continued whistling from every steamboat 
 on the river. 
 
 " The mountain had been plainly visible all day, 
 but toward evening a curtain of mist and smoke shut 
 off the view at the base, and as twilight fell, the cur- 
 tain rose higher till at last only the very peak could 
 be seen, and as night came on, even that disappeared 
 from view. Many gave up all hope of seeing any 
 sign from the mountain. But many thought that the 
 obstructions to a view of the summit were very slight, 
 and if the party had reached the peak, the light from 
 one hundred pounds of red fire would be able to pierce 
 through them, and so it proved. It lasted exactly 
 fifty-eight seconds. This was the most novel and 
 the highest illumination ever made, and was seen 
 the farthest and formed a fitting close to the celebra- 
 tion of 1887." 
 
 Immediately after the illumination we started 
 
11 
 
 down the mountain, following our previous trail in 
 the snow. Just after midnight, while lunging through 
 the snow, we suddenly lost our footing and were no 
 little astonished to find that we had fallen into a cre- 
 vasse. It proved narrow and shallow, however, and 
 all things considered, we extricated ourselves with re- 
 markable celerity and passed on down the mountain 
 side, only to get lost in the timber below, and wander 
 around until daylight, when we found camp and soon 
 after were homeward bound. 
 
ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT NATURAL WONDERS. 
 
 (JV TRIP to Crater Lake is, to a lover of the grand 
 ^^ and beautiful in nature, an important event, 
 around which will ever cluster memories of unal- 
 loyed happiness, thoughts of little adventures and 
 weird experiences that go to make life worth living. 
 It is situated in the northwest portion of Klamath 
 county, Oregon, twenty-two miles west of north of 
 Fort Klamath, and about eighty miles northeast of 
 Medford, which is the best point to leave the Oregon & 
 California railroad. The Jack sonville and Fort Klam- 
 ath military road passes the lake within three miles, 
 and the road to the very walls of it is an exceptionally 
 good one for a mountainous country, while in near 
 proximity may be found remarkably fine camping 
 grounds. 
 
 The Indians of Southern Oregon have known 
 of it for ages, but until recently none have seen it, for 
 the reason that a tradition, handed down from gen- 
 eration to generation, described it as the home of 
 myriads of sea-devils, or, as they were called, Llaos ; 
 and it was considered oertain death for any brave 
 even to look upon it. This superstition still haunts 
 the Klamaths. While a few of the tribe have visited 
 
13 
 
 it, they do so with a sort of mysterious dread of the 
 consequences. It was discovered by a party of twelve 
 prospectors on June 12th, 1853, among whom were J. 
 W. Hillman, George Ross, James Louden, Pat He- 
 Man us, Isaac Skeeters and a Mr. Dodd. These had 
 left the main party, and were not looking for gold, hut 
 having run short of provisions, were seeking where- 
 withal to stay the gnawing sensations that had seized 
 upon their stomachs. For a time hunger forsook thenij 
 as they stood in silent amazement upon the cliffs, 
 and drank in the awe of the scene stretched before 
 them. After partaking of the inspiration fostered 
 by such weird grandeur, they decided to call it Mys- 
 terious, or Deep Blue Lake. It was subsequently called 
 Lake Majesty, and by being constantly referred to 
 as a crater lake, it gradually assumed that name, which 
 is within itself so descriptive. 
 
 At times when gazing from the surrounding wall, ^ ..A 
 the skies and cliffs are seen perfectly mirrored in the 
 smooth and glassy surface over which the mountain 
 breeze creates scarce a ripple, and it is with great 
 difficulty the eye can distinguish the line dividing 
 the cliffs from their reflected counterfeits. The lake 
 is almost egg-shaped, ranging northeast by southwest 
 and is seven miles long by six in width. The water's 
 surface is six thousand two hundred and fifty-one feet 
 above sea level, and is completely surrounded by 
 cliffs, or walls, from one thousand to over two thous- 
 and feet high, which are scantily covered with conifer- 
 ous trees. To the southwest is Wizard Island, eight 
 
14 
 
 hundred and forty-five feet high, circular in shape, 
 and slightly covered with timber. In the top is a 
 depression, or crater the Witches' Cauldron one 
 hundred feet deep and four hundred and seventy- 
 five feet in diameter. This was evidently the last 
 smoking chimney of a once mighty volcano. The base 
 of the island is covered with very heavy and hard 
 rocks, with sharp and unworn edges, over which 
 scarcely a score of human feet have trod. Farther up 
 are deep beds of ashes, and light, spongy rocks and 
 cinders, giving evidence of intense heat. Within the 
 crater, as without, the surface is entirely covered with 
 volcanic rocks, but here it forms one of the hottest 
 places on a clear day in August, it has ever been 
 my lot to witness. Not a breath of air seems to enter, 
 and the hot sun pours down upon thousands of rocks 
 and stones that reflect his rays with an intensity that 
 stems to multiply beyond conception. Here, however, 
 we determined to lunch and did but one such exper- 
 ience will last a long time. Directly north of the 
 island is Llao Rock, a grand old sentinel, standing 
 boldly out on the west side of the lake and reaching 
 up over two thousand feet perpendicular. From the 
 top of it you can drop a stone and it will pass down 
 and grow smaller and smaller, until your head begins 
 to swim and you see the stone become a mere speck, 
 and fade entirely from view; and at last, nearly half a 
 mile below, it strikes the unruffled surface of the water 
 and sinks forever from sight in the depth of a bottom- 
 less lake. 
 
15 
 
 There is probably no point of interest in America 
 that so completely overcomes the ordinary Indian 
 with fear as Crater Lake. From time immemorial, 
 no power has been strong enough to induce him to 
 approach within sight of it. For a paltry sum he will 
 engage to guide you thither, but, before you reach the 
 mountain top, will leave you to proceed alone. To the 
 savage mind it is clothed with a deep veil of mys- 
 tery, and is the abode of all manner of demons and 
 unshapely monsters. Once inhabited by the Great 
 Spirit, it has now become the sheol of modern times, 
 and it is certain death for any proud savage to be- 
 hold it. This feeling has, to a certain extent, instilled 
 itself in the mind of such whites as have made it 
 their Mecca, until eveiy stray log that floats upon 
 the water is imagined to possess life, and may possibly 
 be a monster. Exaggerated accounts of different 
 points have been given and implicitly believed without 
 a question or reflection. It has been claimed that the 
 crater was eight hundred feet deep, while by actual 
 measurement we found it to be scarcely a hundred. 
 The island was said to be fifteen hundred feet high, 
 but an accurate measurement placed it at just eight 
 hundred and forty-five feet. 
 
 From Allen Davey, Chief of the Klamath tribe, I 
 gleaned the following in reference to the discovery of 
 Crater Lake : 
 
 A long time ago, long before the white man ap- 
 peared in this region to vex and drive the proud native 
 out, a band of Klamaths, while out hunting, came 
 
16 
 
 suddenly upon the lake and were startled by its re- 
 markable walls and awed by its majestic proportions. 
 With spirits subdued and trembling with fear, they 
 silently approached and gazed upon its face ; some- 
 thing within told them the Great Spirit dwelt there, 
 and they dared not remain, but passed silently down 
 the side of the mountain and camped far away. By 
 some unaccountable influence, however, one brave was 
 induced to return. He went up to the very brink of 
 the precipice and started his camp fire. Here he laid 
 down to rest; here he slept till morn slept till the 
 sun was high in air, then arose and joined his tribe 
 far down the mountain. At night he came again ; 
 again he slept till morn. Each visit bore a charm that 
 drew him back again. Each night found him sleeping 
 above the rocks ; each night strange voices arose from 
 the waters ; mysterious noises filled the air. At last, 
 after a great many moons, he climbed down to the 
 lake and there he bathed and spent the night. Often 
 he climbed down in like manner, and frequently 
 saw wonderful animals, similar in all respects to a 
 Klamath Indian, except that they seemed to exist 
 entirely in the water. He suddenly became hardier 
 and stronger than any Indian of his tribe because 
 of his many visits to the mysterious waters. Others 
 then began to seek its influence. Old warriors sent 
 their sons for strength and courage to meet the 
 conflicts awaiting them. First, they slept on the 
 rocks above, then ventured to the water's edge, but 
 last of all they plunged beneath the flood and the 
 
17 
 
 coveted strength was theirs. On one occasion, the 
 brave who first visited the lake, killed a monster, or 
 fish, and was at once set upon by untold numbers of 
 excited Llaos (for such they were called), who carried 
 him to the top of the cliffs, cut his throat with a 
 stone knife, then tore his body in small pieces, 
 which were thrown down to the waters far beneath, 
 where he was devoured by the angry Llaos and such 
 shall be the fate of every Klamath brave, who, from 
 that day to this, dares to look upon the lake. 
 
 My first visit to Crater Lake was in 1885, at 
 which time the thought was suggested by Capt. C. E. 
 Dutton, of having the lake and environs drawn from 
 the market. Promptly acting on the suggestion, my 
 friend, Hon. Binger Hermann, was sought and a 
 movement started looking to the formation of a Na- 
 tional Park. In response to a petition forwarded to 
 Washington and ably advocated by Congressman 
 Hermann, the United States Geological Survey, under 
 Capt. Dutton, was ordered to examine the lake and sur- 
 roundings during ths summer of 1886. In this expedi- 
 tion it was my good fortune to have charge of the 
 sounding, which afforded me a pleasure unsurpassed 
 in all my mountain experience. 
 
 That an idea may be had of the difficulties to be 
 overcome, suffice it to say, boats had to be built for 
 the purpose in Portland, transported to Ashland, 
 three hundred* and forty-one miles by rail, and carried 
 from there to the lake on wagons, one hundred miles 
 
18 
 
 into the inouo tains, where they were launched over 
 cliffs one thousand feet high. 
 
 On the first day of July, I boarded the train for 
 Ashland, where I met Capt. Button, and we were 
 joined immediately afterward by Capt. Geo. W. Davis, 
 one of the most eminent engineers of America, and ten 
 soldiers. On the 7th, we started for the lake, preceded 
 by Capts. Button and Bavis, who were followed by 
 a four mule team, bearing a first-class lap streak 
 boat, which in turn was followed by three double 
 teams, horsemen and pack train. Of our largest boat, 
 the Cleetwood, we all felt justly proud, as it was cer- 
 tainly a beautiful model, four-oared, twenty -six feet 
 long and competent to ride almost any sea. 
 
 When passing through Phcenix, the typical and 
 irrepressible critic came to the surface, in the shape of 
 a lean, lank, awkward, ignorant country boy of, say, 
 eighteen summers. With hands in his pockets, he 
 aided the single suspender delegated to hold his 
 breeches in place, and when shifting a monstrous chew 
 of tobacco over his tongue, informed his audience 
 (of half a dozen small urchins) that "That 'ere boat 
 won't live in Crater Lake half an hour if a storm 
 comes up. It ain't shaped right. Jist see for yourself 
 how sway-backed it is. It must have been made by 
 some feller as never seed a boat afore." This brings 
 to mind the fact that a critic is a person who finds 
 fault with something of which he is densely ignorant. 
 
 The entire distance from Ashland ninety-seven 
 miles was accomplished by slow, easy marches, every 
 
19 
 
 precaution being taken to provide against a mishap, 
 and no incident occurred of special importance. Soon 
 after reaching the foothills, we encountered sliding 
 places and short turns in the road. As the wagon 
 containing the Cleetwood was top heavy and coupled 
 twenty feet long, it was impossible to turn on an 
 ordinary curve, hence it became necessary at times 
 to drive as far as possible, then let ten or fifteen men 
 lift the hind end of the wagon around by main 
 strength. When a sidling place was reached, the 
 men would hang on the upper side, or attach ropes 
 to the top and hold it, thus preventing an upset. 
 On Tuesday we succeeded in reaching the foot of the 
 last grade, and on Wednesday morning began the 
 ascent. Here was the rub. The hill is about a mile 
 and a half long, very steep, sideling, rocky, and filled 
 with roots and stones, added to which were great 
 banks of snow, packed solid by constant thawing. 
 Progress was slow and tedious, a roadway having to be 
 cut in places, while men with picks, axes and shovels 
 dug up rocks, cut down trees and shoveled snow, be- 
 sides building up or cutting down one side of the road- 
 way. At 10 o'clock on Wednesday the 14th, the boats 
 were landed on the walls of the lake, having trav- 
 eled four hundred and forty miles from Portland, 
 with scarcely a scratch to mar the paint. 
 
 Thursday morning the work of launching was 
 commenced by covering the bottom of each skiff with 
 inch boards, firmly secured, as also a shield in front 
 of the bow. They were carried to the lowest phice 
 
20 
 
 to be found in the cliffs, probably about nine hundred 
 feet, vertical measurement, where a canyon descends 
 at an angle of thirty-five or forty degrees, when a three- 
 quarter inch rope was attached and in turn passed 
 around a tree on the summit, where a man was sta- 
 tioned to manage it, directed by signals below. One 
 was lowered at a time, accompanied by four men 
 to guide and handle it. Besides this, men were sta- 
 tioned at different points to signal to the top, and thus 
 regulate the paying out of rope. Every effort was 
 made to send all loqse stones on ahead, to prevent acci- 
 dent from above, yet, before the first boat had pro- 
 ceeded three hundred feet in its descent, a boulder 
 came rolling from near the summit with increasing 
 velocity, and before any one realized the danger, had 
 struck a rock in near proximity and bounded over 
 the skiff, passed between the men and within an inch 
 of one fellow's head. Before the descent was com- 
 pleted, the boards were torn from the first boat ; but 
 extra precaution was taken with the second one. 
 About two-thirds of the way down a perfect shower 
 of rocks came tumbling from a cliff to the left, but, 
 strange as it may seem, they either bounded over or 
 around the men and boat, so that no damage resulted. 
 At three o'clock the first skiff reached bottom some- 
 what scratched, but not injured in any manner. The 
 second one was placed in the lake entirely uninjured 
 at six o'clock p. M. 
 
 Our tents were pitched in a beautiful spot. In the 
 immediate foreground to the north lies the lake with 
 
21 
 
 its twenty odd miles of rugged cliffd standing abruptly 
 from the water's edge. To the left is Wizard Island, 
 on the top of which rests the Witch's Cauldron, or 
 crater, like a great flat top ; beyond stands Llao Bock, 
 solemn, grim and grand, over two thousand feet 
 perpendicular, while still beyond stands Mt. Thielsen, 
 the lightning rod of the Cascades. Just to the east 
 of the lake is Mt. Scott, partly covered with snow, 
 while close to the camp on the east, is a high cliff 
 known as Cathedral Rock, running far down to the 
 right and at last disappearing below the tree tops. 
 To the south the scene was varied by a wide range of 
 mountain tops, stretching far away to California, chief 
 among which is snow-capped 'and beautiful Pitt. 
 Just to the left the rough mountain view is changed 
 to a charming plain, in the midst of which is a broad 
 expanse of water, which proves to be Klamath Lake, 
 about thirty miles distant. Thursday evening, dark 
 and threatening clouds were suddenly seen to approach 
 from this point, accompanied by vivid flashes of light- 
 ning and loud peals of thunder. A few large drops of 
 rain had fallen, when there was a sudden outburst of 
 joy in camp, as every one glanced at the sides of 
 Cathedral Rock, which were suddenly illuminated by 
 a light of deep orange. To the west, the sun was 
 slowly sinking to rest, when a glowing light spread 
 itself over the dark clouds, which became brighter 
 and still brighter. Looking beyond a scene of un- 
 paralleled magnificence was spread before us. Through 
 the center hung long fleecy clouds lighted to a deep 
 
22 
 
 orange, while above, like a great curtain, was spread a 
 belt of olive green. Here and there were tints of crim- 
 son, the delicacy of which no artist could approach. 
 Above and parallel with the horizon stretched a long 
 rift, in clouds rendered marvelously rich in gold and 
 garnet, through which the blue sky beyond was vis- 
 ible, slightly obscured by light, fleecy clouds of silver. 
 During all this magnificent sight the electric storm 
 raged in the south with unabated fury, flashes of 
 lightning and peals of thunder adding solemnity to a 
 scene of wonderful brilliance. 
 
 The 16th was spent in preparing the Cleet- 
 wood for her final plunge over the cliffs in search of 
 water. A sled was made of very heavy timbers, on 
 which she was placed, keel up, then lashed and 
 braced in every conceivable manner until, in fact, she 
 seemed a part of the sled itself. Guy ropes were 
 placed on each corner to guide it, in connection with 
 a heavy handspike. Saturday morning the actual 
 work of launching began, by sliding the boat over a 
 snowdrift in a canyon that slopes to the lake at about 
 an angle of fifty degrees. The cliff is probably one 
 thousand feet high at this point. The sled was at- 
 tached by block and tackle to a tree on the summit 
 and lowered nearly half way, when jbhe bearing was 
 shifted as far down as possible and a new start taken. 
 Leaving the summit at 7:30 A. M., it required the most 
 persistent work and constant care of fifteen men 
 eight hours to reach the lake. In the bottom of the 
 canyon flows a stream of water that contributes very 
 
23 
 
 materially to the danger of such an undertaking, as 
 constant slides of rocks are thus caused. When the 
 bottom seemed to be reached it was found that there 
 still remained a sort of jump-off', or slide, . into the 
 water, perpendicular and about fifteen feet high. The 
 water, at this point is very deep, and the question 
 arose, " How shall we launch the boat now that we 
 have got it here ?" It was simply turned right side 
 up again, lashed to the sled and let partially down 
 with the bow thrown out as far as possible. It was 
 held securely in this position while one of the men 
 climbed aboard, cut the lines and she shot forward 
 in fine style, not shipping a gallon of water, although 
 the bow was almost submerged to start with. The 
 moment the launching was complete there was a cry 
 of unrestrained joy sent up from all present, and our 
 shouts were answered from the cliffs by waving of 
 hats and blowing of fog horns. With one impulse 
 the cry was raised, " Now for the island ! " and in an 
 incredibly short space of time both skiffs and the 
 Cleetwood were headed that way. With four men 
 at the oars we soon reached our destination, and then 
 returned to camp, where a bountiful repastawaited us. 
 Every precaution was taken to clear the canyon of 
 loose rocks, nevertheless a few rolled down, but were 
 successfully dodged until the boat was actually in the 
 water, immediately after which a small bowlder came 
 down with terrific force. Capt. Davis stood directly 
 in its course, and not seeing it the other members of 
 the party shouted to him to " lookout." It being irn- 
 
24 
 
 possible for him to run, he jumped under the frame- 
 work, or sled, hanging where the boat left it, and laid 
 flat on the ground, just as the stone struck a rock and 
 the upper end of the frame. It then struck Capt. Davis 
 in the back, but its force had been so broken that it 
 did no harm further than to make the spot feel sore. 
 The day after launching the Cleetwood, nine mem- 
 bers of our party made the circuit of the lake on a 
 sort of casual observation, or tour of inspection. The 
 scenery was grand to a degree far beyond our most 
 sanguine expectations. Four strong oarsmen soon 
 brought us to Llao Rock, and as we gazed in silent 
 wonder at its rugged sides, reaching nearly half a 
 mile above us, for the first time did we realize the 
 immensity of such a spectacle. Never before did I 
 fully understand the meaning of figures when they 
 run up into the thousands of feet, vertical measure- 
 ment. Beyond Llao rock we found a beautiful little 
 bay, and beyond it a larger one, probably one mile 
 long by a quarter of a mile deep. Here we stopped for 
 lunch, and when landing were surprised to find a long 
 line of dead moths, of large variety, washed up by the 
 waves, arid in such numbers that the air was laden 
 with an unpleasant odor, apparently about a first 
 cousin to a slaughter house. We also found here a nar- 
 row beach of small gravel running almost the entire 
 length of the bay, while further out in the lake, the 
 bottom is composed of sand. As this point had not 
 only never been named, but probably was never before 
 visited by human beings, we decided to christen it 
 
25 
 
 Cleetwood Cove. Passing on our journey, it was soon 
 seen that the cliffs on the north side are not so high as 
 those to the south. In several places it appeared that 
 good trails could easily be made to the water's edge, 
 over which a person might almost ride horseback, 
 and in one place, without any grading whatever, a 
 good pack train could descend with comparative ease. 
 About 2 o'clock a thunder shower came suddenly 
 upon us just as two beautiful grottos appeared in view. 
 Into one of these the boat was run, where we were en- 
 tirely beyond the reach of rain. It proved to be about 
 thirty feet deep and twenty wide, with an arched 
 roof probably eight feet above the water, while the 
 rocky bottom could be distinctly seen ten feet below 
 the surface. So perfect was its form that it almost 
 seemed the hand of man had hewn it from the solid 
 rock. Beyond it towered an immense cliff, very high, 
 with broken, rugged sides, picturesque and sublime, 
 which I insist on naming Button Cliff, in honor of 
 Capt. Button, who has done and is doing so much to 
 make Crater Lake justly famous. This point may be 
 known from the fact that it lies directly opposite 
 Llao Rock, and between the two lowest places in the 
 lake's walls. Immediately north of Button Cliff, the 
 elements have worn the sides of the mountain, leaving 
 a harder substance, alternately colored red and yellow, 
 resembling the mansard roof of a cottage, while in 
 one place, tall red chimneys stand aloft, making, all in 
 all, such a scene that Cottage Rock could scarcely be 
 improved on for a name. Lying between the two 
 
26 
 
 points above referred to, a break in the wall was 
 found, that is almost perpendicular, but certainly 
 does not exceed five hundred feet in height. This is 
 by far the lowest point in the walls. 
 
 No time was lost in getting our soundings under 
 way. The first was made about one hundred yards 
 from shore. It was supposed that we might possibly 
 find as much as one hundred feet of water, but, as the 
 lead ran out, our excitement grew with each succeed- 
 ing hundred feet, until over one thousand two hun- 
 dred feet were out. At one thousand two hundred 
 feet the machine stopped, aud our pent-up feelings ex- 
 ploded in one wild yell of delight. For a number of 
 days the soundings were continued. The greatest 
 depth recorded was one thousand nine hundred and 
 ninety-six feet, which, making allowance for stretch 
 of wire, would give two thousand and eight feet. Of 
 the whole number made, eighteen are over one thou- 
 sand nine hundred, thirteen over one thousand eight 
 hundred, eleven over one thousand seven hundred, 
 fifteen over one thousand six hundred, and nineteen 
 over one thousand five hundred. It was found that at 
 the bottom of the northeastern end lies a plain of 
 several square miles, almost perfectly level, while 
 south of the center is a cliff' about nine hundred feet 
 high, and west of the center seems to be cinder cone, 
 nearly one thousand two hundred feet in height, with 
 a crater in the center two hundred and fifty feet deep. 
 Its summit is six hundred feet below the surface of 
 the water. 
 
27 
 
 On one occasion our party took five pounds of red 
 fire, which we intended to burn on the summit of 
 Wizard Island, but owing to the fact that the air was 
 so filled with smoke as to destroy the effect, our plan 
 was changed, and we took it to Rogue River Falls on 
 our return. Here we met quite a number of hardy 
 mountaineers, and at 9 o'clock left camp for the falls, 
 about one mile distant. The night was very dark, and 
 a weird sort of a scene it was as we climbed over logs 
 and rocks, lighting our way by tallow candles and a 
 lantern that flickered dimly. At last the bank of the 
 stream was reached, and while the noise of the rushing 
 waters was intense, nothing could be seen but the dim 
 outline of something white far down below us. At this 
 point, the walls are perpendicular, and one hundred 
 and eighty feet high. They are also solid rock from top 
 to bottom. Directly opposite where we stood, Mill 
 Creek falls into Rogue River (one hundred and eighty 
 feet), and this is what we came to see. In order to get 
 the benefit of the red light, it was necessary for some 
 one to climb down to the water. This duty fell to a 
 stranger in the party, who made the descent during 
 the day, and myself. He led the way carrying a dim 
 lantern, and I followed as best I could. The rocks 
 are covered with a remarkably thick layer of moss, 
 which is kept very wet by the rising mist. The path, 
 if such it might be termed, led along the sides of 
 the cliff at an angle of about 45 degrees. As we cau- 
 tiously climbed from rock to rock, it was a sort of 
 feeling of intensified interest that overcame us, when 
 
28 
 
 we realized that a single misstep would precipitate us 
 to the rocks below and, worst of all, possibly we 
 "never would be missed." The bed of the stream was 
 reached at last, and the fire ignited close to the falls. 
 Ye gods! What a transformation ! Suddenly, the can. 
 yon, which could not be seen before, was as bright as 
 day, lighted by a fire so brilliant that we could not 
 look upon it. Crimson air and crimson water, crimson 
 walls and crimson everywhere. No magician of the 
 Arabians ever conjured up by a stroke of his wand a 
 spectacle more sublime. It was one of transcendent 
 beauty, upon which the human eye seldom rests, and 
 when it does its possessor is spellbound by the be- 
 wildering vision. One almost loses the power of 
 speech in the desperate struggle to see and compre- 
 hend the scene, and before it is realized the light dies 
 away and darkness reigns supreme, rendered ten-fold 
 more dense by the splendor of so magnificent a tableau. 
 Near the base of Duttoii Cliff stands a solitary rock, 
 probably one hundred feet high, by two hundred in 
 length and nearly the same breadth, that, while not 
 seen by the present generation of Indians, is never- 
 theless known to them, and is a special object of super- 
 stitious dread. They consider it as a peculiarly 
 ferocious monster, Hut are unable to describe its char- 
 acteristics. It stands in the lake entirely alone and 
 about fifty yards from shore. Standing on the cliffs, 
 five miles to the west and looking across the lake, 
 this strange rock is plainly visible in the sunlight 
 its rugged peaks reaching aloft, giving it the ap- 
 
29 
 
 pearanee of a full rigged ship at anchor. Should a 
 cloud pass before the sun, as the shadow strikes the 
 rock it will pass from view as effectually as though it 
 had ceased to exist. While sounding the lake in 1886, 
 I caused a party of topographical engineers to be 
 landed here for observations, but it was so rugged that 
 the most diligent search failed to reveal a level pla'ce 
 large enough to accommodate the tripod attached to 
 their instruments, and we were compelled to resort to 
 a point on shore for the purpose. I have never 
 learned its Indian name, but among the whites it is 
 known as the Phantom Ship. 
 
 To those who enjoy the noble sport of hunting, the 
 vicinity of Crater Lake is especially attractive. Great 
 numbers of deer, bear and panther roam through the 
 timber in fancied security, inviting the keen eye and 
 steady nerve of the sportsman. Although passion- 
 ately fond of such sport myself, the grandeur and 
 sublimity of the surroundings so overcame me with 
 desire to see and prosecute our explorations, thait I 
 forgot my love fora running shot, in an inordinate 
 desire to climb over the cliffs and view the wonderful 
 place from every conceivable point. My companions 
 were no less affected, and the result was that we ran 
 out of meat and applied to a native sheep herder for 
 mutton chops. He scowled upon us for a moment, 
 then informed our spokesman that "when he butch- 
 ered he never saved the heads." 
 
 While running a line of soundings from Llao rock 
 to Vidae cliff* across the lake one day, a strong wind 
 
30 
 
 sprung up from the south accompanied by black 
 clouds and a storm seemed imminent. We had pro- 
 ceeded about three miles across, when we were sud- 
 denly startled by a loud noise, as though a multitude 
 of men were savagely beating tin pans. In a very few 
 minutes the southwestern cliffs became white and we 
 could plainly see the "color line" advancing to the 
 north, until all the cliffs to the west seemed covered 
 with snow. To add to so strange a sight, a good-sized 
 water-fall began pouring over Llao rock, and falling to 
 the lake two thousand feet below. Within half an 
 hour from the beginning of the storm, the water-fall 
 ceased, the cliffs became dark again, the wind shifted 
 to the northwest and drove millions of hailstones 
 upon us, sufficiently large to make us wince when 
 struck especially when struck all over with no pos- 
 sible means of escape. 
 
 The only accident to any of our party during the 
 sojourn, befel a highly respected mule attached to the 
 Topographical Engineers Corps. One day as the party 
 passed along the east side of Button Cliff, progress 
 seemed almost blocked by high precipices. A point 
 was found overlooking a yawning chasm, where a 
 large tree had fallen and lodged. By throwing in 
 stones and brush, a sort of trail was made to terra 
 firma beyond the backbone of the mountain. Over 
 this the pack train was passed safely, except a mule 
 that was blind in one eye. He bore a reputation for 
 dignity and sobriety that any well-to-do mule might 
 envy. However, when just at the point which, above 
 
31 
 
 all others, should have received his undivided atten- 
 tion, he became gay and festive, and as a consequence, 
 fell part way over the precipice. By dint of hard 
 labor, he was drawn back, but little the worse for 
 wear, his pack was removed and he again started 
 across. Again, however, he became frisky, and pitched 
 head-long over a rocky precipice five hundred feet 
 high. As his limbs mixed with those of the trees be- 
 low, the thoughts of the spectators above were: " There 
 goes all that is mortal of Croppy, who climbed to the 
 top of Mt. Shasta, but died in a lonely canyon, by his 
 own hand in a fit of temporary insan^. Let him 
 R.I.P." 
 
 One day while at work on the lake, my attention 
 was called to what seemed to be a tall, full-bearded 
 man standing on the southern portion of Llao Rock's 
 summit. One foot was placed a little forward of the 
 other and the knee bent slightly but naturally, while 
 before him stood a gun. His hands were clasped 
 over the muzzle as he gazed intently to the north. 
 Just behind him stood a boy, apparently about fifteen 
 years of age. They seemed entirely too natural not 
 to be flesh and blood, and yet, persons at that dis- 
 tance would not be visible to the naked eye, as we 
 were two miles out on the lake. Day after day, as our 
 work progressed, their position remained the same, 
 and, in the absence of a better explanation, we decided 
 them to be trees. 
 
 Crater Lake is but a striking memento of a dread 
 past. Imagine a vast mountain, six by seven miles 
 
32 
 
 through, at an elevation of eight thousand feet, with 
 the top removed and the inside hollowed out, then 
 filled with the clearest water in the world, to within 
 two thousand feet of the top, then place a round island 
 in one end eight hundred and forty-five feet high, 
 then dig a circular hole tapering to the center, like a 
 a funnel, one hundred feet deep and four hundred and 
 seventy-five feet in diameter, and you have a perfect 
 representation of Crater Lake. 
 
 It is hard to comprehend what an immense affair 
 it is. To those living in New York City, I would say, 
 Crater Lake is large enough to have Manhattan, 
 Randall's, Ward's and Blackwell's Islands dropped 
 into it, side by side without touching the walls, or, 
 Chicago or Washington City might do the same. 
 Our own fair city of Portland with all her suburbs, 
 from the City Park to Mount Tabor, and from Albina 
 to Sellwood inclusive, could find ample room on the 
 bottom of the lake. On the other hand, if it were 
 possible to place the lake, at its present elevation, 
 above either of these cities, it would be over a mile up 
 to the surface of the water, and a mile and three- 
 quarters to the top of Llao Rock. Of this distance, 
 the ascent would he through water for two thousand 
 feet. To those living in New Hampshire, it might be 
 said, the surface of the water is twenty-three feet 
 higher than the summit of Mt. Washington. 
 
 What an immense affair it must have been, ages 
 upon ages ago, when, long before the hot breath of a 
 volcano soiled its hoary head, standing as a proud 
 
/It 
 
 1. Rogue River Falls, ISO feet high. 
 
 2. Vidae Cliff, Crater Lake, over 2,OOO feet high. 
 
 3. A point on Virlae Cliff. 
 
33 
 
 monarch, with its feet upon earth and its head in 
 the heavens, it towered far, far above the mountain 
 ranges, aye, looked far down upon the snowy peaks 
 of Hood and Shasta, and snuffed the air beyond the 
 reach of Everest. Then streams of fire began to shoot 
 forth, great seas of lava were hurled upon the earth 
 beneath. The elements seemed bent upon establish- 
 ing hell upon earth and fixing its throne upon this 
 great mountain. At last its foundation gave way 
 and it sank forever from sight. Down, down, down 
 deep into the bowels of the earth, leaving a great, 
 black, smoking chasm, which succeeding ages filled 
 with pure, fresh water, giving to our day and gener- 
 ation one of the most beautiful lakes within the vision 
 of man. 
 
 In conclusion I will say, Crater Lake is one of 
 the grandest points of interest on earth. Here all the 
 ingenuity of nature seems to have been exerted to the 
 fullest capacity, to build one grand, awe-inspiring 
 temple, within which to live and from which to gaze 
 upon the surrounding world and say : " Here would 
 I dwell and live forever. Here would I make my home 
 from choice; the universe is my kingdom, and this 
 my throne." 
 
COUNTY CAVES. 
 
 0N Friday evening, August 24, 1888, S. S. Nicolini 
 of Ragusa, Austria, E. D. Dewert of Portland, and 
 the writer boarded the south-bound train for Grant's 
 Pass, intent on a few days' outing. This town of 
 Grant's Pass was so named for a pass in the moun- 
 tains several miles south, where, in early days, the si- 
 lent hero camped for the night. 
 
 Early Saturday morning my head was banged up 
 against one end of our sleeping car, an instant after 
 hearing the shrill whistle sounding down brakes. As 
 soon as possible I got on the outside and found the 
 engines standing within a few feet of a yawning chasm 
 where a bridge had been. Now, however, seven bents 
 had been burned away and a terrible railroad accident 
 was averted by the quick eye of Engineer Elliott, 
 who saw the fire as we turned the curve and stopped 
 the train almost instantly. 
 
 At Grant's Pass, H. D., M. M. and F. M. Harkuess 
 joined us, and we started for the Josephine County 
 Caves, about thirty miles due south, in the Siskiyou 
 mountains. For twenty miles the trip was made over 
 a very good road by wagon. At this point it became 
 necessary to pack our things on two horses and walk 
 over a trail into the mountains. On a hot day, this 
 
35 
 
 1 ortion of the trip is very laborious, owing to the fact 
 that it is up the steep mountain side about two-thirds 
 of the way, and down an equally steep incline the 
 remainder. We arrived at our destination a little be- 
 fore noon on the 27th, and found two openings, one 
 above the other, and about one hundred yards apart, 
 on the south side of a deep canyon. When out hunt- 
 ing a few years since, Elijah Davidson, of Williams 
 Creek, found a bear and chased it into the lower en- 
 trance, thus discovering the caves. 
 
 Each entrance is high enough to admit a per- 
 son without stooping, and is probably about eight feet 
 wide. At noon we entered the upper cave. For a 
 few feet the floor inclined inward ; we then descended 
 a ladder for about six feet, and found ourselves in a 
 passage way eight feet wide by an equal height, which 
 changed, however, at every step. Now it would be 
 wider, and now narrower, now higher, and now lower. 
 Walls, ceiling and floor were composed of solid rock. 
 To describe them, appropriately would simply be to 
 use a gift made divine by inspiration. No man can 
 behold them, then impart to others an accurate idea 
 of their appearance. Soon after entering we were 
 compelled to progress on hands and knees, then stoo.I 
 upright in chambers ten feet high, the walls of which 
 were white. Stalactites were first seen here, and in- 
 voluntarily we cast sly glances around to discover the 
 bodies of kings preserved beneath such droppings in 
 "King Solomon's Mines." We wandered from place 
 to place, from chamber to chamber, dragging ourselves 
 
through passage ways barely large enough to admit 
 a human body, while with toes and fingers we worked 
 along, or stood in the midst of rooms that reached far 
 above us. Now we see a beautiful pool of clearest 
 water, surrounded by a delicate crystal formation in 
 the shape of a bowl. In color it is as white as the 
 driven snow, while each crystal is oblong, projecting 
 at right angles with the main portion for about an 
 eighth of an inch. One peculiarity of these crystals 
 that disappointed us was the fact that they change 
 from white to a dull, yellowish color, immediately 
 after being removed from the caves. 
 
 We were extremely anxious to try a new process 
 for taking photographs in the dark, so Dewert took 
 his camera and acted as photographer for the party. 
 Owing to the limited space at times and cramped 
 manner of locomotion it required the services of four 
 men to carry the camera and acompanying necessi- 
 ties. Having reached a suitable place for a picture, 
 the camera was first put in position, a board was laid 
 on the top of it on which a tin reflector was placed, 
 and a little powder called the lightning flash w T as 
 then poured on the board in front of the reflector. At 
 this point the order was given, "Douse the glim," and 
 all lights were extinguished. The plate was exposed 
 in perfect darkness, the powder was ignited, and in- 
 stantly there was a flash of the most intense light. 
 This light was so brilliant that, for several minutes, it 
 caused in the eyes a glimmering sensation of light. 
 Several photographs were taken in this way, which 
 
37 
 
 will doubtless prove excellent examples of what ingen- 
 uity can do in the dark. 
 
 It would require days of constant work to explore 
 all the passages we found, whereas our time was lim- 
 ited to that portion of one day after 12 o'clock noon. 
 For this reason we remained in the caves from noon 
 to midnight, first examining the upper, then the lower 
 one. This difference exists between them : The one 
 above is possessed of fine stalactite formations, while 
 below none appear. Instead, however, immense rocks 
 are piled indiscriminately one upon the other, with 
 great cracks between. Long ladders were used to 
 climb to the top of the rocks, over the sides of which 
 yawning pits could be seen that seemed to possess 
 no bottom. Lack of time alone prevented us from 
 making a thorough investigation, but I could not resist 
 the temptation to climb over the side of one friendly 
 rock for a few feet to see how it looked. Down for 
 twenty feet the space remained unchanged, so that I 
 could easily reach from rock to rock. It then widened 
 out and I could proceed no farther without ropes, so I 
 returned to the party. A fine stream of clear cold 
 water flows from this cave and a strong breeze of 
 cool air rushed forth also. At times in both upper 
 and lower cave, the wind blew toward the entrance so 
 that it was impossible to keep the lights burning. No 
 traces of foul air have been found in either cave. 
 
 Before our visit, visions of square chambers filled 
 my mind, only to be dashed aside when real ones pre- 
 sented themselves, the irregular shape of which could 
 
38 
 
 not well be surpassed. .There are no parallel walls, 
 few straight ones, but corners everywhere The floor 
 will pitch in all directions, likewise ceiling and walls. 
 Beautiful views of stalactites and stalagmites stand 
 out in bold relief against snow white walls. At the 
 farthest extremity of the upper cave in one direction 
 an immense chamber presents itself, and should be 
 known as the devil's banquet hall. It is probably 
 75x150 feet and sixty in height. Great blocks of rock 
 hang as by a thread from the ceiling, while on every 
 side rocks of equal size lie in all conceivable shapes. 
 Standing at the point of entry one looks at the oppo- 
 site side and sees great cracks, yawning cavities with 
 open mouths of blackness, dismal shadows, to which 
 flickering lights give a ghoulish, dance-like appear- 
 ance. Yes, the devil seems to be holding high carni- 
 val, while his imps would dance the night away. They 
 bob up and down and swing their arms in fiendish 
 glee, while the dance goes on forever. None can look 
 therein without seeing these imps and their antics. 
 The floor recedes rapidly from the entrance, and is 
 composed of great rocks scattered in confusion. We 
 placed a number of lighted candles in different places, 
 then climbed to the opposite side to view them. The 
 shadows had partially disappeared, crevices and holes 
 in the walls not before seen became suddenly black 
 and excited our curiosity, so we climbed over high 
 rocks into unknown passages. In a small chamber 
 on one side we found a beautiful stream of water, 
 falling several feet into a crystal basin. The walls 
 
of the chamber are white, and the effect by candh- 
 light is very fine. 
 
 Midnight found us still employed, but we reluc- 
 tantly ceased our labors and withdrew. Without un- 
 necessary ceremony we wrapped our blankets about us, 
 laid down beneath the stars, and slept the sleep of the 
 just until 3 o'clock, when the dulcet notes of a coyote 
 called us to the business of the day. Preparations 
 were quickly made for the journey, and at daylight 
 we were on our way to Grant's Pass, where we arrived 
 at 9 o'clock P. M. 
 
Ifi 
 
 3T IS a curious fact that the home of Liberty has 
 always been in the mountains The reason for 
 this is, that Nature intervenes every barrier to pre- 
 vent conquests, and shields the native mountaineer 
 from onslaughts of a foreign foe. The ringing words, 
 "Make way for Liberty/' could never have become 
 immortal had it not been for a mountain pass. The 
 memory of William Tell would not now be cherished 
 by liberty-loving Swiss, were it not for the friendly 
 crags of the Alps that sheltered him. Here in the 
 Northwest we are blessed with a wonderful mountain 
 range, extending from California through Oregon 
 and Washington to British Columbia. 
 
 For beauty, grandeur and extent it has no supe- 
 rior; while as a field of defense, it simply stands un- 
 paralleled, and is rich in minerals, agriculture and 
 commerce. Located at from forty to a hundred miles 
 apart are the following mountain peaks, covered with 
 perpetual snow: Baker, Rainier, Adams, St. Helens, 
 Hood, Jefferson, Three Sisters, Pitt and Shasta. From 
 each of these, convenient points of prominence are 
 visible in the Coast Range, one or more of which in 
 turn are visible from every harbor and city as far 
 south as San Francisco. In case of a foreign war it is 
 one of the possibilities of the Oregon Alpine Club to 
 
41 
 
 organize a sort of Signal Corps, say five hundred men, 
 each of whom would be thoroughly familiar with 
 every pass, crevasse and crag in the mountains where 
 detailed for service. With a liberal supply of pro- 
 visions and ammunition on each peak, scarcely any- 
 thing short of a pestilence could dislodge them. What 
 could a foreign army do around Mt. Hood, for 
 instance, with fifty resolute men well armed and 
 equipped on the summit. 
 
 It has been but a few years since the entire force 
 of the United States Army was successfully defied by 
 Captain Jack and a dozen Indians in the Lava Beds; 
 and yet we have here every advantage of the Lava 
 Beds, to which is added precipices to the north, east 
 and west, while to the south a narrow passage would 
 permit men to ascend, but it is necessary to cut every 
 step in the ice; while directly across the base of this 
 precipitous glacier, a crevasse extends, of unknown 
 depth, which varies in width from three to forty feet, 
 according to the season. It is needless to say that 
 every wounded member of the assaulting party would 
 pay the penalty with his life, for the slightest mis- 
 step would hurl him into the crevasse where " moth 
 doth not corrupt and where thieves do not break 
 through and steal." Now for the point of this article. 
 Give to the corps a liberal supply of heliographs and 
 instruct the men how to use them. In this way a per- 
 fect system of communication can be established by 
 which messages can be sent from point to point in an 
 instant. Say, for instance, that a hostile fleet was 
 
42 
 
 lying at Victoria and a descent on San Francisco was 
 planned. From a spy \\ithin the enemy's lines, the 
 party on Mt. Baker gathers full particulars, and im- 
 immediately informs San Francisco of the contem- 
 plated attack, giving full particulars, including num- 
 ber of ships, men and guns. 
 
OH THE SUJVIIVUT OF 
 
 O\T7ONDAY, August 14, 1889, Mr. J. Nichols, of 
 +-/ P V Tacoma, and the writer, left Tacoma for Mt. 
 Rainier, determined, if possible, to reach its' highest 
 point. 
 
 The provisions, blankets, alpine stocks (a hickory 
 staff seven feet long with a steel point at one end), 
 alpine ax and all that was necessary in making the 
 ascent easy, were taken from Tacoma, while pack 
 horses were procured at Yelm, a station twenty-five 
 miles south of Tacoma, and from which the trail leads 
 east ward ly to Mount Rainier. It first follows river 
 bottoms, then mountains, ridges and river bottoms 
 again, while an occasional fording of the glacial 
 stream, lends interest to the ever-changing scenes. 
 We aimed at the end of each day to camp where feed 
 could be obtained for hard working horses. Darkness 
 coming on as we reached the first ford, left in some 
 doubt the exact location of the crossing, so camp was 
 made on the bank of the river with nothing but oats 
 for our tired horses. Daylight found us fording the 
 river, which had risen during the night about ten 
 inches, making it quite exciting as the foaming water 
 splashed the horses' sides, and wet our feet and ankles. 
 Stopping at the first place where hay could be 
 had, a stay of nearly two hours was made for break- 
 fast for ourselves and horses. 
 
44 
 
 From our last night's experience, we decided to 
 carry hay with us and camp wherever night should 
 overtake us, which was at the foot of a high moun- 
 tain our trail led over, and on the bank of the river as 
 before. The day was uneventful, if we omit men- 
 tion of the many hornets' nests we passed through 
 and the four pheasanls which fell before the unerring 
 aim of Nichol's rifle. The pheasants led us to a fitting 
 close of the day in the shape of pheasants and dump- 
 lings, prepared by the writer and pronounced by 
 Nichols (who, by the way, is an epicure) to be simply 
 par excellence. And here I might add that the writer 
 is a single man. 
 
 The end of the third day found us at the Hotel 
 Longmire at Hot Springs, located on the southwest 
 slope of Mt. Rainier, at an altitude of three thousand 
 feet, and some five miles from the perpetual snow 
 limit. And no finer people ever lived than Mr. and 
 Mrs. Longmire, who own and preside over the hotel 
 and springs. The hotel material was cut by hand out 
 of the finest grained cedar that ever grew boards 
 twelve inches wide and fifteen feet long as perfect as 
 though sawed. 
 
 As a matter of information for those interested, it 
 might be well to say here that the waters of the 
 springs are positively life-giving. The writer has 
 visited many mineral springs, and has never seen any- 
 thing that will compare with the stimulating and 
 health-giving qualities of these spring.s. 
 
45 
 
 But, to resume : we left the springs next morning, 
 with a single pack horse, expecting to leave the horse 
 at the top of the ridge (eight thousand feet altitude) 
 overlooking Paradise valley, and, with blankets on 
 our backs, to make our way to Ewing's camp, ten 
 thousand five hundred feet above sea level. We 
 reached Paradise valley, and, finding the same had 
 been so well and truly named, decided to stop till next 
 day and enjoy some of its beauties. Accordingly, 
 camp was pitched, fire- wood gathered, and a camp 
 fire built, and a pot of beans placed thereon. After a 
 light lunch we strolled, enjoying the alpine beauties 
 of the valley, well named Paradise. 
 
 During the afternoon the wind changed to the 
 southwest, and clouds gradually spread over the fir- 
 mament. From our experience a year ago on Mount 
 Hood in a storm, at no higher altitude than we now 
 were, no thought was given to ascending higher till 
 fair weather and a northwest wind prevailed. Morn- 
 ing dawned and no indications of good weather. Our 
 spirits were accordingly depressed. Observing the 
 barometer, we found it moving quite rapidly in the 
 direction of storm. By noon the sky was heavily 
 overcast, and an hour later uudercast as well. 
 
 By 3 o'clock rain began to fall. The wind had 
 already risen to quite a gale. Re-staking our tent, 
 digging a ditch around the head and sides, and piling 
 wood and rocks along the edges to keep out the wind 
 and rain, we crawled into our blankets and awaited 
 developments. Soon the storm broke upon us with 
 
all its alpine fury, and raged during the entire night- 
 By morning the rain had turned into sleet and snow, 
 the thermometer, at daylight registering 34 degrees. 
 Shortly the storm ceased. After some difficulty a fire 
 was started and coffee made. Sampling our pot of beans, 
 which had boiled at least four hours, we found them still 
 hard; after an hour more boiling we emptied them on 
 the ground, having learned that beans are hard to 
 cook at an eight thousand foot altitude. Our barome- 
 ter still indicating foul weather, we decided to start at 
 once for a more congenial climate. Accordingly our 
 shivering horses (which we had blanketed) were packed 
 and four hours later we were at the Springs hotel, in a 
 rather moody frame of mind. Tuesday morning all 
 was clear, the barometer indicated fair weather, and 
 we started early, reaching the 8500-foot ridge at 1 P. M. 
 Turning our horses loose to feed upon the succulent 
 grass, we bound our blankets upon our backs and 
 started for Ewing's camp, altitude 11,000 feet. Evening 
 coming on, we made camp at 10,500. Clearing away 
 the rocks, leaving a sandy bottom, we stretched our 
 light, small tent, banking wet sand around the edges 
 to keep out the piercing wind, which almost invari- 
 ably blows at high altitudes. Placing our oilcloth 
 over the damp, cool sand, we soon had a comfortable 
 bed. For tent poles we used our alpine stocks, one of 
 which was seven and one-half feet long. Our bed be- 
 ing satisfactorily arranged, we took notes on the 
 scenery, temperature, etc. A haze hung over the 
 valleys; in fact, it rose to a height of nine thousand 
 
47 
 
 feet. The rosy-tinted summits of Hood, Adams and 
 St. Helens towered away above it, however, reflecting 
 the rays of the declining sun. 
 
 The chilliness of the temperature, 28 degrees, pre- 
 vented us from remaining long outside our tent. 
 Crawling in, we tightly fastened the flaps and really 
 passed a comfortable night. Twenty minutes after 4 
 A. M. found us astir, and at five o'clock we were under 
 way. 
 
 We had scarcely as yet taken time to admire the 
 beauties of the scene, so intent had we been on getting 
 an early start so as to be able to return before sun- 
 down to our blankets and provisions. 
 
 We soon had an opportunity to admire the beauties 
 around and below us, as climbing above eleven thous- 
 and feet altitude is productive of sudden stops for 
 rest and breath. 
 
 We expected to reach the summit by noon, at 
 latest; but on account of the icy condition of portions 
 of the mountain side, it was necessary to cut steps over 
 quite long stretches. This delayed us more than two 
 hours. Twelve o'clock came and went and we were 
 not quite to the top of the " big rock "a large rock 
 on the south side, the top of which is about two thou- 
 sand feet below the summit. 
 
 By 1 o'clock we were past the rock several hundred 
 yards. From here to the summit we crossed eight or 
 nine crevasses. The snow or ice stood in pinnacles 
 often six and seven feet high. 
 
48 
 
 Three o'clock came and the top was still beyond us. 
 Having no blankets or provisions, the question now 
 presented itself: Could we make the summit and back 
 over the dangerous points before dark. Not much 
 talking was done, however, as breath was too precious; 
 but we still pushed on. 
 
 At 4 o'clock we held a council of war and decided 
 that since it was already so late we could not return 
 before dark, and we would make for the summit, 
 where steam caverns were said to exist, and wnere 
 Messrs. Longmire and Van Trump stayed over night 
 in '83. They found themselves in the same predica- 
 ment we were now in, by their determination to reach 
 the summit. This being settled, we pushed on, turned 
 out of our way by first one and then another obstacle, 
 until we found ourselves about one hundred feet, not 
 more, below the summit of the highest western bump 
 or dome. From this we decended about a hundred 
 feet, and thence across a level piece of snow about one- 
 third of a mile, to the foot of the main pinnacle, in 
 which is located the crater. 
 
 Some three hundred feet (in altitude) more climbing, 
 over ashes and fine pumice stone of the outside walls 
 of the crater, and we stood on the apex of one of the 
 highes. mountains in the United States. Mr. Nichols 
 claims the honor of being the first and only Tacomaite 
 who has reached the summit. 
 
 It was now 5:10 p. m., the thermometer registering 
 23 above zero ; and having no blankets, our first 
 
1. Snowballing on Mt. St. Helens, July 22d, 1SS9. 
 
 2. Summit of Mt. Hood, looking West. 
 
 3. Illumination Rock on Alt. Hood. 
 
49 
 
 business was to find a warm place in the steam to pass 
 the night. Steam could be seen issuing from a dozen 
 different places on the inside rim of the crater, say sixty 
 to seventy feet below the crest. 
 
 Writing our names on a card, with a short account 
 of the climb, we placed it inside of a small box, on 
 which was inscribed, "Oregon Alpine Club, Portland." 
 This was left on the top of the ridge. We heaped rocks 
 around it to prevent the wind from blowing it away. 
 We soon found a sort of semi-spherical opening in 
 the rocks, from which the warm steam poured forth. 
 Clearing away the rocks, leaving a sandy bottom, we 
 built a wall of rocks two feet in height to break the 
 wind, and then turned our attention to looking for 
 canned corned beef. 
 
 We were told a can had been left there by Prof. 
 Ingrain's party ten days before. This was soon found, 
 together with a package of French chocolate, a box of 
 sardines and some cheese. We were already the 
 possessors of one lemon. As nothing more was needed 
 we got into our den. Taking a cup found lashed to 
 a rock on the crest of the crater and filling it with 
 snow we placed it in our oven and soon had plenty of 
 water. 
 
 We ate some lunch, but fourteen and fifteen thousand 
 foot altitudes are not productive of strong appetites, so 
 we ate sparingly, and being so completely exhausted 
 soon fell asleep. 
 
 About 8 o'clock p. m., we were rudely awakened by 
 what appeared to be a dash of ice water in our faces 
 
50 
 
 and down our necks. The sky being clear the ice 
 water was explained a few moments later. The wind 
 had arisen and was drifting dry snow (eight inches 
 of which had fallen Sunday) from a bank about fif- 
 teen feet distant, against the sloping roof and walls of 
 our warm den ; thus the snow was turned to water by 
 the time it reached our faces. To prevent being so 
 rudely drenched again we removed our coats, which 
 were then wrapped around our heads. 
 
 The wind having veered to the west, some anxiety 
 was felt that a storm might arise before we could return. 
 However, fortune smiled upon us in our dizzy resting 
 place so far above the clouds, and morning dawned 
 clear, cold and beautiful. 
 
 Upon the first gleams of the sun we made for the 
 ridge for our dry clothes, which were placed there be- 
 fore retiring to our den the night before. We had for- 
 tunately worn two suits of heavy underclothes, two 
 pairs of pants and two coats, so we now had dry clothes, 
 and well it was we took the precaution of removing 
 a suit and placing it out of the way of the wet steam. 
 Before we could return to our den every vestige of 
 clothing, including a soft hat, was frozen stiff. The 
 cold seemed to strike at once clear through. The 
 agility with which we got into our steam chest would 
 have been amusing to an uninitiated observer. We 
 were soon warm again, and by slight assistance from 
 each other, our dripping clothes were soon changed 
 for dry ones. Mounting the ridge of the crater on 
 the highest side, sunrise observations were taken. 
 
51 
 
 The sun appearing above the eastern horizon tinted 
 Rainier's top with molten silver, while the country be- 
 neath was still wrapped in shade Not many mo- 
 ments elapsed till the adjacent mountains, Hood, 
 Adams and St. Helens, one by one in order named, 
 donned their silvery shields like mighty giants in 
 battle attitude, defending themselves against the sun, 
 their common enemy. The effect at this time was 
 grand, indeed, the heavy rains of two days previous 
 having entirely dissipated the smoke. 
 
 Eastward all was clear, while westward, nearly fif- 
 teen thousand feet below, the valleys and lowlands 
 were hidden beneath billowy clouds, which, like the 
 mountain tops, soon turned from gray to shining 
 silver. 
 
 Soon Sol's rays had reached the western horizon. 
 Mountain shadows now appeared reaching , west- 
 ward to the limit of our vision ; the jagged edges 
 resting on hills and plains and valleys contributed to 
 a changing scene, the memory of which will last so 
 long as life is given. 
 
 Our selfish aim more than attained, we were satis- 
 fied and determined at once to descend to earth, from 
 whence we came. Our determination being carried 
 out, we reached Hot Springs at 8 p. m., and Tacoma 
 three days later. 
 
 CHAS. H. GOVE, 
 
 Of Oregon Alpine Club. 
 
THEY SIGNIFY. 
 
 ADAMS, MT. Called by Winthrop, Tacoma the 
 Second (1853). Named for President Adams. 
 
 Indian name Pat-to, signifying high. This name 
 was applied to snow caps generally by the Indians. 
 
 BAKER, MT. Named for Lieut. Baker by Vancou- 
 ver, when discovered April 30, 1792. 
 
 Called by Winthrop (1853), Kulshan; possibly the 
 Indian name. 
 
 Referred to by the Spanish as Montana del Carmelo. 
 Called Mt. Polk by the Americans (1846). 
 
 BITTER ROOT RANGE. Same as the Creur d'Alene 
 mountains. 
 
 COFFIN, MT. Originally used as an Indian bury- 
 ing ground and named by Lieut. Broughton (1792), 
 
 CASTLE ROCK. Referred to by Lewis and Clark as 
 Beacon Rock (1805). Subsequently called Castle 
 Rock, because of its appearance. 
 
 CASCADES. Known as President's Range (1846). 
 The mountains were named for the cascades of the 
 Columbia river. 
 
 CAPE HORN. So named because of the difficulty 
 experienced in doubling it (1812.) 
 
53 
 
 GOAT MOUNTAIN. Called Plas (long sound of a) 
 by the Indians, meaning white. So called because of 
 the white rocks. Mountain goats formerly abounded 
 in that vicinity, hence the present name. 
 
 HOOD, MT. Discovered by Broughton, October 29, 
 1792, and named for Lord Hood of England. General 
 Indian name, Pat-to. An active volcano in 1846. 
 Same as Mt. Washington of the Americans (1846). 
 
 JEFFERSON, MT. Discovered by Lewis and Clark 
 and named for President Jefferson, 1806. Same as Mt. 
 Vancouver of the British (1846). 
 
 MCLAUGHLIN, MT. Lat. 43 3(K Named for John 
 McLaughlin who established Vancouver, introduced 
 live stock, fruit, vegetables and grain. Same as Mt. 
 Madison of the Americans (1846). Sometimes called 
 Diamond Peak. 
 
 OREGON. First used by Capt. Jonathan Carver in a 
 book published in London (1774). The name ap- 
 peared in the following statement: " The river Bour- 
 bon empties itself into Hudson's Bay; the waters of 
 St. Lawrence; the Mississippi and the river Oregon, or 
 the River of the West, that falls into the Pacific ocean 
 at the straits of Anian." Numerous theories are ad- 
 vanced as to the origin of the name with Carver, but 
 nothing conclusive is shown on the subject. The 
 original Oregon embraced an uncertain portion of the 
 entire Northwest (1578), called by the British New Al- 
 bion. One portion of it was called New Georgia (1792), 
 and another (1806), New Caledonia by British traders. 
 
54 
 
 The Spanish government designated the entire coun- 
 try (1790), as "The Coast of California, in the South 
 Sea." 
 
 OLYMPUS, MT. Was discovered by Juan Perez, a 
 Spanish pilot, and called El Cero de la Santa Rosalia. 
 Named Olympus by Capt. Hears, July 4, 1788. Same 
 as Mt. Van Buren (1846). 
 
 PUGET SOUND. Named by Vancouver for his lieu- 
 tenant, Peter Puget, the discoverer, May 19th, 1792. 
 Known among the Indians as Whulge, also as K' uk' 
 lults. 
 
 RAINIER, MT. Discovered by Vancouver in May, 
 1792, and named for Rear Admiral Rainier of the 
 English navy. Sometimes called Mt. Tacoma. Called 
 Mt. Harrison by the Americans (1846). See pages 55, 
 57 and 59. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Named by the Verendrye 
 brothers (1742). First called Stony Mountains. 
 
 SADDLE MT. Called by the Indians, "Swallala- 
 hoost." Named by Wilkes, Saddle Mountain (1842), 
 on account of its shape. 
 
 ST. HELENS, MT. Discovered by Broughton of 
 Vancouver's party, October 20, 1792, and named in 
 honor of His Majesty's ambassador at Madrid. Known 
 among Americans as Mt. Washington (1846), as also 
 Mt. John Adams. Called by the Indians Lou-wala- 
 clough, meaning, smoking mountain. 
 
 TILLAMOOK HEAD. (1806), originally spelled Kil- 
 lamook. Lewis and Clark refer to it as "Clark's 
 Point of View. 
 
 TACOMA, MT. See Rainier, also pages 55, 57 and 59. 
 
U. S. INDIAN SERVICE. 
 
 NlSQUALLY AND SKOKOMISH AGENCY, ) 
 
 TACOMA, W. T., Dec. 8, 1886. j 
 W. G. STEEL, Portland, Oregon : 
 
 DEAR SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge 
 the receipt of your letter of Sept. 21st, making certain 
 inquiries about the change of the name of Mt. Rainier 
 to that of Tacoma. Upon careful and diligent inquiry 
 among the Puyallup Indians, I find the following to 
 be the true condition of things : 
 
 There is a general impression that the name Tacoma 
 was the original name of the mountain among In- 
 dians, and that it signified "nourishing mother," and 
 was so named on account of its being the source of a 
 number of rivers which head there and flow into the 
 waters of Puget Sound. This, I find to be entirely 
 erroneous. The Indian word is Ta-ko-bet or Ta-ke- 
 man, the first being the most general pronunci- 
 ation used among these Indians, but both words are 
 used, being the different pronunciation used by the 
 dialects. It means a white mountain, and is a gen- 
 eral name for any high, snow-covered, or white, tree- 
 less peak. It is applied to this mountain by the 
 Indians of this vicinity, because it is the only, or most 
 prominent one of the kind in the vicinity. They use 
 
56 
 
 the word as we would speak t)f "The White Mount- 
 ain," there being but one near us In the Skadgit 
 language, the word is a little different, and is there 
 called Ko-ma, and is applied by these Indians to Mt. 
 Baker, it being the mountain in that vicinity of the 
 kind. The word Syua-tach, or Squat-letsh, is a gen- 
 eral name for a range of mountains, while Ta-ko-bet 
 or Ta-ko man or Ko-ma is the name of the snow 
 covered or white peaks in the range. 
 
 This information I have gained from inquiry of the 
 Indians with whom I have come in contact and who 
 live near here. I inclose a statement written out by 
 Rev. Peter Stanup, an educated Indian of thePuy- 
 allup tribe, and who is unusually well informed on 
 such matters. 
 
 As to when it was first applied and by whom I am 
 not so well advised; but from what I do know, I un- 
 derstand that it was first applied to the mountains by 
 the whites about twelve years ago, and at the same 
 time that the town of Tacoma was laid out and located 
 by the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, or some of 
 its attaches. I understand that the attempt was made 
 by the N. P. R. R. Co. to have the name changed, 
 and that it still makes strenuous efforts to do so. The 
 people of the town of Tacoma, and the members of the 
 Tacoma Land Company N as well as the R. R. Co., 
 above named, all try hard to have the mountain 
 called by that name; while the residents of the other 
 p art of the Territory, west of the Cascade mountains 
 
57 
 
 and especially of Seattte, are very much opposed to 
 the change, and continue to call it by its first name. I 
 think that the facts are that the name Tacoma is an 
 attempted imitation of an Indian term applied to any 
 high, snow-covered peak, but which was 'supposed to 
 be the special name of this peak, because generally 
 used by the Indians of this vicinity, and that it was 
 applied to this mountain at the time the town of Ta- 
 coma was located and named by the N. P. R. R. Co., 
 for the purpose of bringing into note its western 
 terminus. 
 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 EDWIN EELLS, 
 
 U. S. Indian Agent, 
 
 Statement of t^ev. Pete* Stanup. 
 
 Ta-ko-manis a name used by many different Indian 
 tribes of this Territory, with the same meaning and a 
 slight variation of pronunciation by each different 
 tribe. It is the name or word from which Tacoma 
 was derived. It originated among the inland Indians. 
 The meaning of Ta-ko-man is a high, treeless, white 
 or light colored peak or mound. The name is appli- 
 cable to any peak or mound as described, but is gener- 
 ally used for one that is distinguished, or highly 
 honored. And Squa-tach, to climb, and Sba-date 
 mountain, are mostly used for all mountains and peaks. 
 The individual name of Mt. Tacoma is Twhauk, 
 which was derived from Twheque, snow, and 
 
58 
 
 Swheque ad. Bright, clear, cloudless sky. Ta-ko-man 
 is mostly used for the Mt. Tacoma, as it is held with 
 much respect and esteemed by nearly all the Indians 
 of the Northwest. The reason for conferring the 
 great honor upon Twhauk, is that the second syllable 
 kOj means water, corresponding with the water, or 
 little lake on top of the mountain, and also in that 
 lake is a great abundance of valuable shells, from 
 which the Indians made their nose and ear-rings, and 
 other valuable jewelry. 
 
Of* THE riflJKE " TflCOJVIA. 
 
 beautiful name of the city whose rapid and 
 x^/ marvellous growth and development have been 
 unparalleled even in our Western civilization, is a 
 pure invention. Its very euphony divests it of all 
 claim as the Indian nomination of Old Mount Rain- 
 ier, the name conferred by the illustrious circum- 
 navigator, George Vancouver, borne for a century 
 upon the map of the world. 
 
 Tacoma is a word of extremely modern origin, 
 invented, or used first by Lieut. Theodore Winthrop, 
 U. S. Army, in his readable book "Canoe and Sad- 
 dle." The writer of these thoughts first heard it late 
 in the "sixties," when Capt. D. B. Finch, among the 
 pioneers of steam navigation on Puget Sound, pre- 
 sented a building in Olympia to the Good Templars, 
 and his gift was christened "Tacoma Hall." Cotem- 
 poraneously Tacoma City, now the first ward of Ta- 
 coma, was thus named by some Portland town-build- 
 ers Gen. McCarver, Lewis M. Starr and James Steel. 
 The then leading hotel of Olympia, about the same 
 time, assumed that title and wore it for several years; 
 but a whole decade passed before the attempt was 
 made to obliterate the time-honored name of the great 
 mountain peak of Northwest America, conferred at 
 the first visit of white men to Commencement Bay in 
 
1792. Late in 1878, a lithograph map and bird's-eye 
 view of the embryo city of New Tacoma was pub- 
 lished under the patronage of the Tacoma Land Com- 
 pany, entitled "New Tacoma and Mount Rainier" 
 issued in 1880. At that date the name " Tacoma " ex- 
 isted, but it was not applied to the mountain; nor 
 was it even dreamed that the town was named from 
 the Indian name of the mountain. The fact is that 
 the name, " Mount Tacoma," has been recently con- 
 ferred on the mountain by white men. A decade 
 back, the name will not be found on the maps of 
 Washington Territory, and it is to be hoped that the 
 attempt to obliterate from the map of the world the 
 name conferred by that Illustrious contributor to ge- 
 ographic science, Captain George Vancouver, R. N., 
 will prove unsuccessful. 
 
 When. Gen. Hazard Stevens, and that splendid 
 scholar and writer, P. B. Van Trump, Esq., ascended 
 the grand old mountain, the pronunciation and spell- 
 ing of the name which Gen. Stevens, in his narrative, 
 ascribed to the mountain, was still unsettled. . He 
 spelt the word Te-ho-ma. The "h" being aspirated 
 really represents an Indian guttural grunt without 
 beauty or even resolving itself into a well-defined con- 
 sonant. 
 
 In the year 1882, the writer was invited to per- 
 form the role of orator on Independence Day at the 
 beautiful settlement called Puyallup. The commit- 
 tee coupled with the invitation the expressed desire 
 that the theme should be Puget Sound reminis- 
 
61 
 
 cences the early settlement of Pierce county. He 
 adopted as a starting theme the thoughts suggested 
 by the words "Tacoma" and " Puyallup," or their 
 origin thus euphonized into household words of sig- 
 nificance and anglicised beauty, bearing but little re- 
 semblance in sound to the half-uttered nasal grunts 
 of the fish-eating natives of Puget Sound, whose syl- 
 lables are " wiihout form and void;" their language, 
 if such it be considered, acquiring meaning or inten- 
 sity of signification when accompanied by panto- 
 mimic motion, speaking far more than all their syl- 
 labic combinations. Through the valued assistance of 
 that veteran Indian student and interlocutor, John 
 Flett, some twenty aged, prominent Indians, who 
 would not deign to talk other than their own dialect, 
 who despised even the Chinook Jargon, but adhered 
 to the grunts and syllabic utterances and the panto- 
 mime of their race for the ages before the advent of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company or American settlers, 
 gathered in the writer's office in New Tacoma, as the 
 city of Tacoma was then called, and seated on the 
 floor for hours discussed what they called the mount- 
 ains and mountain range, its surrounding and at- 
 tributes. About half were of the White river bands, 
 those who originally lived on the sources of the 
 streams issuing from Mount Rainier. The remainder 
 were Puyallups and 'Squallys, whose original haunts 
 were near the Sound. The form was to put the wri- 
 ter's question or wish for information into Chinook 
 Jargon, which was then translated into the Indian 
 
62 
 
 dialect. The old men expressed themselves in their 
 native utterances. It would be the grossest perver- 
 sion to call their answers "words." They were not 
 so couched- at best, strong syllabic utterances mere 
 grunts, at times which, with eloquent pantomime, as- 
 sumed grand and eloquent thought and meaning, 
 when translated, to give just expression arising to 
 poetry of ideas, but as a language, technically so con- 
 sidered, poverty-stricken to the greatest degree, and 
 without its accompanied earnestness of movement, 
 without a single attribute of beauty or euphonism. 
 
 That interesting study and those comparative 
 views, by old men of the mountain and the sea, ex- 
 tended through hours ; and the writer will never forget 
 the eloquence of action required and used by those aged 
 natives, which more than compensated that paucity 
 of syllables or words, which we call language. No 
 such word of beauty as "Tacoma " could possibly be 
 coined by them, nor result from any combination of 
 their uttered but significant grunts, their attempted 
 vocalization of thoughts or ideas. True, there were 
 syllabic emissions of sound which might be resolved 
 into words by toning down grunts and inharmonious 
 belchings of thoughts rather than their legitimate ut- 
 terances. The manner of conducting that ' interview" 
 was the assumption that the word " Tacoma," or some 
 kindred appropriate word identified the grand old 
 mountain in their language; in other words, their at- 
 tention was invited to the fact, that our people had 
 been told that "Tacoma" was the native name of 
 
the mountain. Then began the expression by all, 
 in turn, as to the Indian method of referring to great 
 landmarks, mountains individual and in range, riv- 
 ers', etc., when talking with each other. Their views 
 on the information communicated found expression 
 in several varied, combined characteristic grunts and 
 shrugs, which were interspersed with some analogous 
 syllables or utterances from which Indian philolo- 
 gists have resolved words, some of which have more 
 or less resemblance to some of the syllables em- 
 braced in the word Tacoma, or that word as spelled 
 by different writers. They then detailed their rea- 
 sons for so speaking of the mountain or any of its 
 natural surroundings or physical features. In that 
 colloquy, no two of those Indians pronounced the 
 same word or used that same guttural utterance or 
 combination of syllables. All were especially inter- 
 rogated as to the snow-capped mountain. All gave 
 the meaning or idea that they knew as to the cause 
 for a name, by which any other could identify it, and 
 the significance of the utterances by each adopted 
 in referring to it. 
 
 Each band, not to say each individual, had a pe- 
 culiar reason for his name of it, contingent upon color, 
 shape or function. In that interview, the literal 
 translations of their syllabic combinations appertain- 
 ing more or less in sound to the syllables constituting 
 the name Tacoma Te-ho-ma, Ta-ko-ber, Tak-o-man, 
 etc., as rendered by the venerable John Flett, a truth- 
 ful, skillful and reliable Indian authority was "A 
 
64 
 
 woman's breast that feeds," a "nourishing breast." 
 To one band, the shape of the cone suggested the 
 breast shape for a name ; to another, the milky white- 
 ness was a reminder of the source of nourishment ; to 
 another, the color of the streams which flow down 
 from the mountain in the annual freshets, gave origin 
 to the idea of the generous fountain of the great milk- 
 white breastnshaped tentinel for ages ; while the Puy- 
 allups and 'Squallys, more practical in view, associ- 
 ated the fact that from the mountain rushed the tor- 
 rents of white water, resembling milk, which fertilized 
 the valleys of Puget Sound. While such was the con- 
 versation and speech of those old patriarchs, several of 
 whom had lived to become octogenarians, communi- 
 cated as above stated, the writer is well aware that 
 across the mountain chain, residing in the vicinity of 
 the mountain, that several bands of the Klikitat na- 
 tion attach different meanings for synonymous sylla- 
 bic combinations approximating in sound to the com- 
 binations referred to used by Western Washington 
 bands, with shades of meaning more practical, less 
 figurative, less Indian; but the writer has been con- 
 tent to accept as authority, at all events so far as the 
 Aborigines of Western Washington are concerned, 
 the result of the conference of Indian patriarchs con- 
 vened at his instance in 1882. While that conference 
 
 v 
 
 failed to establish that there was such an Indian word 
 as " Tacoma," or that these Indians had any distinct- 
 ive Indian names for " Mount Rainier," or that there 
 was any recognized Indian name known to the sev- 
 
65 
 
 eral tribes ; yet, the different bands did use such syl- 
 labic utterancts, by which they refejred to the moun- 
 tain chain, to the leading mountain of the chain. 
 That color, shape, and attributed function, suggested 
 such expression, and that the combination of syllables 
 which have been so euphoniously metamorphosed 
 into the beautiiul woid "Tacoma," \\hen pronounced 
 by them in its native utterances, meant as herein ex- 
 pressed. The writer, however, finds no warrant for 
 adopting Tacoma as an Indian word, nor does he be- 
 lieve that such word, or its approximate, was a name 
 conferred by Indians upon the mountain, or exclu- 
 sively recognized as the name of the mountain by the 
 original natives of this region. 
 
 ELWOOD EVANS. 
 
liUB. 
 
 The Oregon Alpine Club was organized iu 1887, 
 and incorporated October 7th of that year. It was 
 originally intended merely as an organization among 
 half a dozen friends who were in the habit of seeking 
 adventure and recreation in the mountains. 
 
 After considering the matter for a time a meet- 
 ing was called, and more persons attended than were 
 expected. A committee was appointed on rules, the 
 adoption of which required several meetings, so that 
 when the organization was completed there were over 
 seventy charter members on the roll. 
 
 The institution grew and its objects increased until 
 a Scientific Staff was formed and a public museum be- 
 came an important object. Hon. H. W. Corbett was 
 elected President, and served until October, 1888, when 
 Hon. D. P. Thompson was chosen. Mr. Thompson 
 served until the close of 1889, when a re organization 
 
68 
 
 was effected, as outlined by the subjoined constitu- 
 tions. Mr. Geo. B. Markle was at this time elected, 
 and is now the very efficient President of the Club. 
 The Alpine Club is a public institution and is dest rv- 
 ing of the liberal support of the city and State. The 
 following is a list of officials, as also the Constitutions 
 of the Club and its various Departments: 
 
CONSTITUTION. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 President, - - GEO. B. MARBLE 
 
 f W. G. STEEL 
 
 Vice Presidents, \ \V. W. BRETHERTON 
 
 i 
 ( JOHN GILL 
 
 Secretary, - GEO. H. HIMES 
 
 Treasurer, C. M. IDLEMAN 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 This Association shall be known as the OREGON 
 ALIINE CLUB, and its subdivisions as the Depart- 
 ments of the same. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 OBJECT. 
 
 The object shall be the foundation and mainte- 
 nance of a Public Museum, and advancement and 
 encouragement of Amateur Photography, Alpine and 
 Aquatic exploration, and the protection of our game, 
 fish, birds and animals. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 SECTIONS. 
 
 There shall be Four Departments, namely, (1) Ex- 
 
70 
 
 ploration Department; (2) Photographic Department; 
 (3) Game Protective Department; and (4) Museum 
 Department. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 SECTION 1. The officers of the Club shall Le a 
 President, four Vice Presidents, Secretary and Treas- 
 urer. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Presidents of the various Departments 
 shall be cx-ojfficio Vice-Presidents of the Club. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 ELECTIONS. 
 
 SECTION 1. The officers shall be elected by ballot 
 on the second Friday of December in each year, a ma- 
 jority of all votes cast being necessary for election; 
 and shall hold their respective offices until their suc- 
 cessors are elected and qualified. 
 
 SEC. 2. Each Department shall elect its own 
 officers. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 The duties of President, Vice-Presidents, Secre- 
 tary and Treasurershall be those usual to such officers. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 SECTION 1. The President, Vice-Presidents and 
 four members shall constitute the Board of Directors, 
 who will be the managing power of the Club. 
 
71 
 
 SEC. 2. They shall employ a Curator and provide 
 for his compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 CURATOR. 
 
 The Curator shall be a taxidermist, and shall have 
 full charge of the Museum and other property of the 
 Club, under the direction of the Board of Directors. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 SECTION 1. There shall be three classes of mem- 
 bers, namely, Active, Associate and Honorary. 
 
 SEC. 2. An active member is one who has signed 
 the Constitution, paid his dues, and been admitted to 
 any of the Departments. 
 
 SEC. 3. An Associate member is one who has not 
 been admitted to any of the Departments. 
 
 SEC. 4. Any person may become an Associate 
 member by signing the Constitution and paying his 
 dues. 
 
 SEC. 5. Honorary members shall be entitled to 
 all the privileges of the Club except voting. Their 
 names shall be proposed at one meeting and voted on 
 at the next, three-fourths of all votes cast being neces- 
 sary for election. 
 
 SEC. 6. Any member may be expelled by a two 
 thirds vote of the members present: Provided, That 
 one week's notice has been given at a regular meeting 
 
72 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 DUES. 
 
 SECTION 1. An initiation fee of two dollars shall 
 be charged all persons joining the Club. 
 
 SEC. 2. The dues shall be six dollars a year, pay- 
 able quarterly, in advance. 
 
 SEC. 3. Any member who shall fail to pay his 
 dues for six consecutive months, shall have his name 
 stricken from the roll, and be considered no longer a 
 member: Provided, always, One month's notice has 
 been given him in writing by the Curator. 
 
 ARTICLE XL 
 
 All questions in dispute between the Departments 
 shall be referred to the Directors for final settlement. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 The Oregon Camera Club is hereby incorporated 
 as the Photographic Department of the Oregon Al- 
 pine Club. All members of the Oregon Camera Club 
 in good standing, becoming members of the Photo- 
 graphic Department of the Oregon Alpine Club, on 
 ratification and acceptance of this article by the 
 Camera Club. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 The Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds 
 vote of members present: Provided, That one month's 
 notice has been given in writing, at a regular meet- 
 ing, and has also been posted in the Club rooms for 
 one month. 
 
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT. 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 President, - W. G. STEEL 
 
 Vice President, - EDWARD CASEY 
 
 Secretary, - - M. W. GORMAN 
 
 Treasurer, - DR. WILLIS I. COTTEL 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 ARTICLE I 
 
 NAME. 
 
 This body shall be called the EXPLORATION DE- 
 PARTMENT OF THE OREGON ALPINE CLUB. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 OBJECT. 
 
 To encourage the exploration of mountains, lakes 
 and rivers, by either scientists or pleasure seekers, to 
 foster pleasure outings by land or water, to award ap- 
 propriate prizes for meritorious outfits for journeys and 
 cruises, and for speedy trips on land, andswitt cruises 
 by water; and to conserve the handling of gun and 
 sail as an accomplishment, and incidentally to en- 
 courage canoeing as a means to reach wide fields for 
 research and pleasure, awarding prizes for the hand- 
 ling of the same. 
 
74 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 OFFICKRS. 
 
 The officers shall be a President, Vice President, 
 Secretary and Treasurer, whose duties shall be those 
 usual to such offices. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 SECTION 1. No one shall be competent for mem- 
 bership, except members of the Oregon Alpine Club. 
 
 SEC. 2. It is understood that when ,the member- 
 ship of any person ceases in the Oregon Alpine Club, 
 such person shall cease to be a member of this 
 Department. 
 
 SEC. 3. All propositions for membership shall be in 
 writing. 
 
 SEC. 4. Every name submitted for membership, 
 shall be proposed at one meeting, and voted on by 
 ballot at the next, two-thirds of all members present 
 being necessary for election. 
 
 SEC. 5. Any member may be expelled*for conduct 
 unbecoming a gentleman, by a two-thirds vote of the 
 members present: Provided, That one month's notice 
 has been given at a regular meeting. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 DUES. 
 
 SECTION 1. An initiation fee of one dollar shall be 
 charged all members, and the monthly dues shall be 
 twenty-five cents each, payable quarterly in advance. 
 
75 
 
 SEC. 2. Any member who shall fail to pay his reg- 
 ular dues for six consecutive months, shall have his 
 name stricken from the roll, due notice having been 
 given him by the Secretary. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 MEETINGS. 
 
 SECTION 1. Regular meetings shall be held on the 
 second Monday evening of each month, at such hour 
 as shall be agreed upon from time to time. 
 
 SEC. 2. Special meetings may be called by the 
 President, or by a call signed by five members: Pro- 
 vided, That such a call shall state the object of the 
 meeting. 
 
 SEC. 3. An annual meeting shall be held on the 
 second Monday in December of each year, for the 
 election of officers, and such other business not pro- 
 vided for herein. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 TRUSTEES. 
 
 A Board of five Trustees shall be chosen at the an- 
 nual meeting each year, who shall have the general 
 management of all the affairs of the Department. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 QUORUM. 
 
 Five members shall constitute a quorum competent 
 to transact business. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds 
 
76 
 
 vote of members present: Provided, That one month's 
 notice has been given in writing at a regular meeting, 
 and a copy of said notice posted in the Club room for 
 one month. 
 
SAME PROTECTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 [Not Organized.] 
 
PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 President, - W. W. BRETHERTON 
 
 Vice President, - H. GOLDSMITH 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer, E. E. NORTON 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 This association shall be known as the PHOTO- 
 GRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF THE OREGON ALPINE 
 
 
 CLUB. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 OBJECT. 
 
 Its object shall be to encourage and promote practi- 
 cal Photography, and to invite and stimulate dis- 
 cussion and investigation of all that pertains to 
 Photographic science and art. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 The Department shall be composed of such mem- 
 bers of the Oregon Alpine Club who practice 
 Photography as amateurs, as shall be elected there 
 and shall be known as active members, and such 
 
80 
 
 Honorary and Associate members as shall be elected 
 by the Department from the members of the Oregon 
 Alpine Club. 
 
 Candidates for election may be proposed for election 
 at one meeting, and voted on at the same meeting. 
 All applications for memb rship shall be voted on by 
 ballot, and it shall require two-thirds of all votes cast 
 to elect any member. 
 
 All professional Photographers who are members of 
 the Oregon Alpine Club shall be eligible as Associate 
 members, and shall enjoy all the privileges of the 
 Department except the right of vote or hold office. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 The officers of the Department shall be a Presideut, 
 Vice- President, one or more, a Secretary, and a 
 Treasurer; the offices of Secretary and Treasurer being 
 held by one member if so desired by the Department. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 QUORUM. 
 
 The attendance of two officers and three or more 
 members shall be necessary to constitute a quorum 
 for the transaction of business, but the constitution or 
 by-laws shall not be changed except at a meeting 
 called for that purpose by the Secretary and by a vote 
 of two-thirds of all votes cast. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 ANNUAL MEETING. 
 
 The Annual Meeting of the Department shall be 
 
81 
 
 held on the third Friday of January in each year, for the 
 election of officers and such other business as may come 
 before the meeting. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 MONTHLY MEETINGS. 
 
 The monthly meeting of the Department shall be held 
 on the third Friday of each month. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 DUES. 
 
 The dues of the Department shall be $3.00 per year, 
 payable to the treasurer of the Department, 
 
OF 
 O^EGOJ* 
 
 HENRY WINSLOW COKBETT, the first president of the 
 Oregon Alpine Club was elected immediately after its 
 organization and served until the close of 1888. He was 
 born at Westborough, Mass., February 18th, 1827, and 
 came to Oregon, via Cape Horn, with a stock of general 
 merchandise, arriving at Portland, March 4th, 1851. In 
 1866, he was elected U. S. Senator and served six years 
 with credit to himself and honor to his State. He is one 
 of the wealthiest and most influential men in Oregon. 
 The following in reference to him is taken from the His- 
 tory of Portland : 
 
 "In person, Mr. Corbett is six feet high, straight and 
 spare in figure, but symmetrically formed. Cautious, 
 cool-headed and decided, he is not an inviting mark for 
 the wiles of the schemer or impostor, but he is thoroughly 
 approachable, respectful and considerate toward those 
 whom he meets, and utterly lacking either in the arro- 
 gance of small greatness, or in the still more objectionable 
 truckling and assumed bonhommie of the small politician. 
 He is thoroughly dignified, and yet his manners are so 
 unassumingly easy that one hardly notices them. Indeed 
 he is a fine type of that well approved manhood in which 
 courtesy, kindness, dignity, culture, honor and charity are 
 most happily blended. To these excellences can be 
 
83 
 
 added unswerving integrity, honesty of purpose, purity of 
 thought and act, and those crowning virtues born of an 
 ever present and controlling moral sentiment. His career 
 shows what can be accomplished by steady and quiet 
 energy, directed by sound judgment and high purpose. 
 His name has been associated with numberless successful 
 enterprises, but not one failure, and he is justly entitled 
 to a foremost place among those who have created, estab- 
 lished and maintained the commercial and industrial 
 supremacy of Portland." 
 
 "DAVID P. THOMPSON, one of the most widely known 
 men in our State, was born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 
 1834. In his nineteenth year he came to Oregon, driving 
 sheep across the plains and walking every rod of the way. 
 Upon his arrival at Oregon City in 1853 he took a job of 
 cutting cordwood, which lasted through the winter. Soon 
 after he entered upon the profession of a surveyor, which 
 he followed during several years. In pursuance of this 
 business he acquired an unequaled knowledge of the 
 northwestern country, and laid the foundation of his pre- 
 sent ample fortune. He lived at Oregon City till 1876, 
 when he removed to Portland. In 1879, and again in 
 1881, he was elected mayor, and gave the city a vigorous 
 and efficient administration. Mr. Thompson, throughout 
 his whole life, has been noted for activity and energy. 
 He is a man of firm and positive character, tenacious of 
 his purposes, active in business and successful in his un- 
 dertakings. By appointment of President Grant he be- 
 came governor of Idaho Territory in 1875, but resigned 
 the office in 1876. He is now engaged in the banking 
 business in Portland." (History of Portland, Scott.) 
 Mr. Thompson served as president of the Alpine Club in 
 1889. 
 
84 
 
 MR. GEORGE B. MARKLE is at the present time serv- 
 ing as president of the Alpine Club. He was born in 
 Hazleton, Lucerne county, Pennsylvania, October 7th, 
 1857, and came to Oregon in 1886. His desire to locate 
 in the west led him to make a tour of inspection, which 
 embraced Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, California, 
 Oregon and Washington. A careful examination of all 
 this region convinced him that Portland offered the best 
 inducements as a business point, combined with all the 
 advantages of an old settled community, and in the fall 
 of 1886 he permanently located in this city. He immed- 
 iately became a factor in the busy life around him, and 
 displayed a business generalship which marked him 
 as a man of unusual power, and gave him a place among 
 the foremost business men ot the city seldom accorded in 
 any community to one of his years. With others he 
 organized the Oregon National Bank, of which he is 
 vice president; also the Ellensburgh National Bank, the 
 Northwest Loan and Trust Company and the Commercial 
 Bank of Vancouver, being president of the last three cor- 
 porations named. He was one of the purchasers of the 
 Multnomah Street Railway; reorganized the company 
 and ever since has been its president. He is also presi- 
 dent of the Portland Mining Company, owning the Sun- 
 set group of mines in the famous Coeur d'Alene district. 
 He was one of the leading spirits in organizing the great 
 enterprise of the North Pacific Industrial Association ; 
 purchased the land upon which to erect the necessary 
 buildings and secured a large number of subscriptions to 
 its capital stock. He was one of the leading spirits in 
 the organization of the Portland Hotel Company and is 
 prominently identified with many other enterprises. 
 (History of Portland, -Scott.) 
 
1853 ADAMS, MT. Called by Winthrop, " Tacoma the 
 Second," (Canoe and Saddle, page 48). 
 
 1889 Called by the Indians "Pat-to," which signifies 
 standing up high. With the Indians this was a general 
 term for snow capped mountains. 
 
 Located in latitude 46 12 ' 14.1 /x , longitude 121 31' 
 08.3". 
 
 1775 ADAMS POINT Discovered by Heceta and called 
 Cape Frondoso (Leafy Cape). 
 
 1792 Capt. Gray subsequently entered the river and 
 named it Point Adams. (Life on Puget Sound, Leighton, 
 page 48. Pacific States, vol. 22, page 163). 
 
 1792 ADMIRALTY INLET. Named by Vancouver for 
 the Board of Admiralty. (Life on Puget Sound, p. 155). 
 
 1766-9 ALASKA. Named by Russians. (Willamette 
 Valley, page 62). The name is derived from a Russian 
 corruption of an Aleutian word, "Alakshak," which sig- 
 nifies Continent, or a large country. The Russian version 
 of the term was "Aliaska," and it applied only to the 
 prominent peninsula jutting out from the continent. 
 Made a general term by the United States. (Supplement 
 to Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 1, page 157). 
 
 1507 AMERICA. First applied to the new world in a 
 work entitled " Cosmographies Instructio, etc., in super 
 quatuor Americi Vespucii Navigationes," written by Marti 
 
86 
 
 Waldseemuller, under the assumed name of Hylacomylus 
 and printed at Saint Die, in Lorraine. (History of Ore- 
 gon and California, Greenhow, page 48). 
 
 1808 AMERICAN FUR COMPANY organized. (Bur- 
 rows' Oregon, page 58). 
 
 1846 APPLEGATE, or SOUTHERN EOUTE Constructed 
 by Jesse Applegate. (Pacific States, vol 22, page 642). 
 
 1811 ASTORIA founded by John Jacob Astor, April 
 12. (Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 2, page 737. History 
 of the Willamette Valley, page 153). 
 
 1813 Captured by the English and name changed to 
 St. George. (Burrows' Oregon, page 63). 
 
 1818 Repossessed by the United States. (Burrows 1 
 Oregon, page 65). 
 
 1865 ATMOSPHERIC RIVER OF HEAT. General 
 course, effects, etc. (Miners and Travelers' Guide, Mul- 
 ler, page 61). 
 
 1792 BAKER'S BAY. Named by Broughton for Capt, 
 Baker, of the brig Jenny. (Three Years' Residence in 
 W. T., Swan, page 129). 
 
 1792 BAKER, MT. Named for Lieut. Baker, by Van- 
 couver, April 30. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 56). 
 
 1853 Called by Winthrop, "Kulshan," presumably 
 because of being the Indian name. (Canoe and Saddle, 
 page 47). 
 
 1846-8 Same as Mt.Tolk. (Oregon and California, 
 Thornton, vol. 1, page 256). 
 
 1868 The summit is described and illustrated in Har- 
 per's Monthly for November, page 806, by E. T. Coleman. 
 
 1869 Called by the Spanish, " Montana del Carmelo." 
 (Life on Puget Sound, Leighton, page 160). 
 
87 
 
 1842-6 BARLOW KOAD. See Indian Trail. 
 
 1851 BATTLE ROCK at PORT ORFORD. First trip from 
 here to the Willamette Valley (with notes by a partici- 
 pant). (Oregon and Washington, Armstrong, page 60). 
 
 1792 BELLINGHAM'S BAY. Named by Vancouver. 
 (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 214). 
 
 1728 BEHRING sent out by Russia on a voyage of dis- 
 covery. (Barrows' Oregon, page 22). 
 
 1865 BITTER ROOT RANGE. Same as the Coeur d'Al- 
 ene Mountains. (Miners and Travelers' Guide, Mullan, 
 page 63). 
 
 1841 Blanchet, Father. Visited by Wilkes. (Wilkes' 
 Narrative, vol. 4, page 349). 
 
 1775 BODEGA, DON JUAN DE LA. Sailed north to 58 
 and returning discovered Bodega Bay in 38 18 X . (His- 
 tory of Oregon, Twiss, page 57). 
 
 BONNEVILLE. Named for B. L. E. Bonneville, who 
 explored the Rocky Mountains in 1832 and visited the 
 Columbia in 1834. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 568). 
 
 1792 BROUGHTON, LIEUT. Entered the Columbia 
 River, October 20th, and was surprised to find the brig 
 Jenny, of Bristol, Capt. Baker, lying there at anchor. 
 (Three Years' Residence in W. T., Swan, page 129). 
 
 1792 BULFINCH'S HARBOR. Discovered by Captain 
 Gray. (Oregon and Its Institutions, Hines, page 15) 
 See also, Gray's Harbor. 
 
 1543 CABRILLO. See Viscaino. 
 
 1775 CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT. Discovered by Hec- 
 eta, August 15, and called Cape San Roque. Named Dis- 
 appointment by Mears, because of his not being able to 
 make the entrance of the river. (Life on Puget Sound, 
 Leighton, page 48). 
 
1792 Called Cape Hancock by Gray, but afterwards 
 changed upon hearing that Mears had already named it. 
 (Three Years' Residence in W. T., Swan, page 129). 
 
 1778 CAPE FLATTERY. Named by Captain Cook. 
 (Three Years' Residence in W. T., Swan, page 120). 
 
 1792 CAPE HANCOCK. See Cape Disappointment. 
 
 1812 CAPE HORN. So named because of the difficulty 
 experienced in doubling it. (The Columbia River, Cox 
 vol. 1, page 118). 
 
 1766 CARVER, CAPT. JONATHAN. A resident of Con- 
 necticut and a soldier ot the Canadian war. Left Boston, 
 by way of Detroit, for the waters of the Upper Missis- 
 sippi, and to cross the continent. (The Oregon Terri- 
 tory, Nicolay, page 93). 
 
 CASCADE MOUNTAINS. Named for the Cascades of the 
 Columbia River. (American Cyclopedia, vol. 4, page 511. 
 Fremont, page 189). 
 
 1846-8 Same as President's Range. (Oregon and Cal- 
 ifornia, Thornton, vol 1, page 255). 
 
 1805 CASTLE ROCK, called by Lewis and Clarke, Bea- 
 con Rock. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 47). 
 
 1852 Coal discovered near Seahome by Capt. Pattle. 
 Harpers Magazine for November, 1869, page 795). 
 
 1792 COFFIN, MT. Originally used as an Indian 
 burying ground, and discovered by Lieut. Broughton. 
 (Vancouver, vol. 3, page 98. Wilkes Narrative, vol. 4, 
 page 319). 
 
 1775 COLUMBIA RIVER First discovered by Heceta, 
 Augustl5. 
 
89 
 
 Named by him Emenada de Asuncion, or Assumption 
 Inlet. The north point was called Cape San Roque, and 
 the south, Cape Frondoso, (Leafy Cape). In the chart 
 published in Mexico soon after the conclusion of the 
 voyage, the entrance is, however, called Ensenada de 
 ffeceta, Hecta Inlet; and Rio de San Roque, Eiver of 
 St. Roc. 
 
 While in command of the sloop Washington, in August, 
 Capt. Gray discovered, and attempted to enter this open- 
 ing, but the sloop grounded on the bar and came near 
 being lost ; and was also attacked by Indians, who killed 
 one man and wounded the mate. 
 
 Gray was shortly afterward transferred to the Colum- 
 bia, and on another cruise entered the river; sailed up it 
 about twenty miles, and bestowed the name of his vessel 
 upon it. ("three Years' Residence in W. T., pages 124 
 to 128. Pacific States, vol. 22, page 163. American Cy- 
 clopaedia, vol. 5, page 513). 
 
 Many works published before the discovery refer to a 
 river flowing westward, as "River of the West," "River 
 of Aguilar," "River Thegays." (History oi Oregon and 
 California, Greenhow, pages 144-5). 
 
 180 Called by the Indians "Spocatilicum" Friendly 
 Water. (Life on Puget Sound, Leighton, page 50). 
 The Indians also referred to it as Wahn-na, or Big River. 
 
 1816 The bar was first surveyed by Capt. McClellan, 
 of the Col. Allen. (Pac. States, vol. 23, page 266). 
 
 1846 Was considered accessible for vessels only three 
 months in the year. (The Oregon Territory, Nicolay, 
 page 42). 
 
 1853 COMCOMLI. This Indian Chief is spoken of by 
 Winthrop as one Montgomery. (Canoe and Saddle, page 
 
 77). 
 
90 
 
 1841 COMMENCEMENT BAY. Named by Wilkes. 
 (Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, page 479). 
 
 1778 COOK, CAPT. Sailed along the coast and sighted 
 land at 44, March 7. (Oregon, Moseley, page 8. His- 
 tory of Oregon and California, Greenhow, page 150). 
 
 1779 Murdered by natives in the Sandwich Islands 
 February 16th. (History of Oregon and California, page 
 157). 
 
 CORVALLIS Of Spanish derivation, and signifies Cen- 
 ter of the Valley. Originally, Marysville. (Oregon and 
 Washington, Armstrong, page 18). 
 
 1598 D'AGUILAR, MARTIN See Sebastian Viscanio. 
 
 1805 DBS CHUTES RIVER Called by Lewis, "Towah- 
 nahiooks," and by Gass, "The Kimmooenim.*' (Pacific 
 States, vol. 23, page 41). 
 
 1775 DISAPPOINTMENT, CAPE. See Cape Disap- 
 pointment. 
 
 1786 DIXON AND POSTLOCK were sent out by the 
 King Georges Sound Co. of London and arrived at Cooks 
 River in July. (History of Oregon, Twiss, page 61). 
 
 1824 DOUGLAS, DAVID The botanist who gave his 
 name to the Douglas pine (Abies Douglasii), and named 
 over one thousand plants, was sent out by the Royal 
 Horticultural Society of London, and remained ten years. 
 (Pac. States, vol. 23, pages 507-8). 
 
 1579 DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS Sailed along the coast. 
 (Oregon, Moseley, page 8. History of Oregon and 
 California, Greenhow, page 73). 
 
 FALSE DUNGENESS, see Port Angeles. 
 
91 
 
 1542 FURRELO, BARTOLEME Sailed with two vessels 
 to 41 to 44. (History of Oregon, Twiss, pages 26 and 
 27. History of Oregon and California, Greenhow, page 
 64). 
 
 1576 First voyage made from England to seek a 
 Northwest Passage was made by Martin Frobisher. (His- 
 tory of Oregon and California, Greenhow, page 77). 
 
 1793 First trip to the Pacific, overland, was made by 
 Sir Alex. Mackenzie, who reached the sea at 52 20'. 
 (History of Oregon, Twiss, pages 19 and 20). 
 
 1806 First civilized post, 'or settlement, west of the 
 Eocky Mountains was made by the Northwest Co., on 
 Frazer Lake in 54. (History of Oregon, Twiss, page 21) 
 
 1810 First settlement attempted and first house in 
 Oregon built by Capt. Winship forty miles above the sea 
 on the south bank of the Columbia. (Pac. States, vol. 
 23, page 133. Oregon, Moseley, page 9). 
 
 1814 First European woman on the Columbia Eiver 
 was Miss Jane Barnes, who arrived at Astoria on the Isaac 
 Todd, April 17th. (Pac. States, vol. 23, pages 250). 
 
 1827. First fruit tree in Oregon was planted at Van- 
 couver by John McLaughlin, who also introduced live 
 stock, vegetables and grain. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 
 441). 
 
 1836 First steamer to visit Oregon was the Beaver, 
 from England. (Pac. States, vol. 23, page 600). 
 
 1598 FLOREZ, ANTONIO. See Sebastian Viscanio. 
 
 1812 FRASER KIVER Known among the Indians as 
 Tacoutche-Tesse. 
 
 1793 Supposed by Sir Alex. Mackenzie to be the 
 northern source of the Columbia. (History of Oregon, 
 Twiss, page 19. Pacific Coast, vol. 22, page 205). 
 
92 
 
 Named for Simon Fraser, who established a post in that 
 region in 1805. (History of Portland, Scott, page 16). 
 
 1713 France secretly conveys to Spain all her posses- 
 sions west of the Mississippi River. (Barrows' Oregon, 
 page 19). 
 
 1800 France recovers the western half of Louisiana 
 from Spain. (Barrows' Oregon, page 20). 
 
 1803. France sells her claims to the United States. 
 (Barrows' Oregon, pages 21 and 210). 
 
 1843 Fremont follows Whitman to Oregon, arriving 
 October 23. (Barrows' Oregon, page 250). 
 
 1786 Fur trade opened by British merchants between 
 Oregon and China. (History of Oregon, Twiss, page 18). 
 
 GOAT, MOUNTAIN Known by the Indians as Plas, 
 (white), because of the white rocks. 
 
 1792 GRAY, CAPT. Explored the Columbia river 
 twenty-five miles, and named it. (The Oregon Territory, 
 Nicolay, page 39). 
 
 1792 GRAY'S BAY Named by Broughton for Capt. 
 Gray, of the Columbia. (Vancouver, vol. 3, page 92). 
 
 1789 GRAY'S HARBOR First called Bulfinch Harbor, 
 but changed to Gray's Harbor May 7th. (Pacific States 
 vol. 22, page 259). 
 
 1791 GULF OF GEORGIA Called by Don Francisco 
 Elisa, "Canal de Nuestra Senora del Rosary," or The 
 Channel of our Lady of the Rosary. 
 
 1792 Subsequently named by Vancouver in honor of 
 the king. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 170. Life on Puget 
 Sound, page 154). 
 
 1846-8 HARRISON, MT. See Rainier. 
 
93 
 
 * 
 1771 HEARNE, SAM'L An employee of the Hudson 
 
 Bay Co. succeeded in tracing the Coppermine river to tide 
 water in 72, and his report caused the Lords of Admi- 
 ralty to send Capt. Cook to the Northwest Coast. (His- 
 tory of Oregon, Twiss, page 58). 
 
 1775 HECETA, BRUNO Left San Bias for America 
 March 16th. Passed up the entire coast of Oregon, dis- 
 covered the Columbia river. (History of Oregon, 
 Twiss, page 567. Oregon, Moseley, page 8). 
 
 1792 HOOD, MT. Discovered by Broughton October 
 29th, and named for Lord Hood. (Vancouver, vol. 3, 
 page 107. N. W. Coast of America, Franchere, page 
 112). 
 
 1846-8 Same as Mt. Washington. (Oregon and Cali- 
 fornia, Thornton, vol. 1, page 256). 
 
 1846 Said to be in a state of eruption. (Oregon and 
 California, vol. 1, page 336). 
 
 1854 Belden claimed to have ascended it in October, 
 and reported it as 19,400 feet high. He claimed to have 
 ascended as high as possible with snowshoes, then with 
 ice hooks and spikes. When they reached a point some 
 18,000 feet high respiration became very difficult owing 
 to the rarity of the atmosphere. At length the blood 
 began to ooze through the pores of the skin like drops of 
 sweat ; their eyes began to bleed, then the blood gushed 
 from their ears. Then they commenced their downward 
 march. At the point where they commenced the ascent 
 they had left their pack mules, and two men to guard 
 them. The men went out hunting, and when they re- 
 turned found that the cougars had killed two of their 
 mules. (Oregon and Washington, Armstrong, page 38). 
 
 (Lying seemed to have been reduced to an art in those 
 days). 
 
94 
 
 1864. Ascended by Rev. H. K. Hines and the summit 
 described. (Oregon and its Institutions, Hines, page 
 44). 
 
 Known among Indians as Pat-to, or high mountain. 
 This was a general term for any high snow-capped moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Located in latitude 45 22' 24.3". Longitude 121 42' 
 49.6". 
 
 1792. HOOD'S CANAL. Named by Vancouver for 
 Lord Hood. (Life on Puget Sound, page 155). 
 
 1805. HOOD RIVER. Called by Lewis and Clarke, 
 La Biche. (Pac. States, vol. 23, page 45). 
 
 1670. HUDSON BAY Co. Chartered May 16th. (Bur- 
 rows' Oregon, page 33). 
 
 1842-6. INDIAN TRAIL. The first pass over the Cas- 
 cades used by whites was over the southern flank of 
 Mount Hood. Near it was afterwards made the Barlow 
 Eoad, which was named for Barlow, of Barlow, Palmer 
 and Rector, who were compelled to abandon 'their trains 
 at the summit and were rescued by a relief party from 
 the Willamette Valley. (Pac. States, vol. 22, page 645). 
 
 1846-8. JACKSON, MT. Same as Mt. Pitt of the Eng- 
 lish. In lat. 41 40'. (Oregon and California, Thorn- 
 ton, vol. 1, page 257.) 
 
 1806. JEFFERSON, MT. Named by Lewis and Clarke 
 for President Jefferson. (Pac. States, vol. 23, page 61). 
 
 1846-8. Called by the British, Mt. Vancouver. (Ore- 
 gon and California, Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). 
 
 Located in latitude 44 40' 26.1". Longitude 121 48' 
 59.9". 
 
 1810-12. JOHN DAY. A Virginian, accompanied the 
 Northwest Co. to Astoria. He was 6 feet, 2 inches in 
 height. (Pac. States, vol. 23, page 179). 
 
95 
 
 1805. JOHN DAY RIVER. Called by Lewis and 
 Clarke, the Lepage. (Pac. States, vol. 23. page 41). 
 
 1841. JOHNSON, LIEUT. Explores the Cascades froui 
 Puget Sound. (Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, pages 418 and 
 424). 
 
 1787. JUAN DE FUCA STRAITS. Discovered by Capt. 
 Barclay, of the Imperial Eagle. 
 
 1788. The entrance was explored by Capt. Meares, in 
 the Felice, and named by him. (History of Oregon, 
 Twiss, p. 19. Pac. States, vol. 22, page 197). 
 
 1805 KLICKITAT RIVER Called by Lewis and Clarke, 
 Cataract River. (Pacific Stales, vol. 23, page 45). 
 
 1833 KELLY, HALL J. First called attention to the 
 feasibility of settling the Pacific Coast by overland emi- 
 gration. Arrived at Vancouver this year. (Pacific States, 
 vol. 23, page 549). 
 
 1841 LAVA formation limited to 48 N. (Wilkes' 
 Narrative, vol. 4, page 457). 
 
 1792 LEDYARD leaves Paris for America, under the 
 direction of Jefferson, to discover the River of the West, 
 but is stopped by the Russians. (Miners' and Travelers' 
 Guide, Mullan, page 53). 
 
 1834 LEE, REV. JASON Established the first Mission 
 in the Willamette valley, ten miles below the present 
 Salem. (History of the Willamette Valley, page 208). 
 
 1840 Established a Methodist Mission at the Willa- 
 mette Falls. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 607). 
 
 1805-6 LEWIS AND CLARKE Spent the winter at the 
 mouth of the Columbia. (Oregon, Moseley, page 8). 
 
96 
 
 LEWIS RIVER The North Fork was known among 
 Indians as Wicht, and was considered the main river. 
 The South Fork was known as Wa-co-ko, a Pike, (fish); 
 also Yac-co, for Yac-co prairies, near Mt. St. Helens. 
 
 1789. MACKENZIE RIVER. Named for Alexander 
 Mackenzie. (ZelFs Encyclopedia, vol. 2, page 264). 
 
 1793. MACKENZIE, SIR ALEX. Reached the Pacific 
 overland, July 22. (Barrows' Oregon, page 34). 
 
 1812. MCKENZIE, DONALD. Explored the Willa- 
 mette Valley one hundred miles or more. (Pac. States, 
 vol. 23, page 195). 
 
 1818. McKenzie established Ft. Walla Walla. (Pac. 
 States, vol. 23, page 273). 
 
 1825. MCLAUGHLIN, JOHN. Established Fort Van- 
 couver, introduced live stock, fruit, vegetables, grain, etc. 
 
 Took possession of Willamette Falls. (Pac. States, vol. 
 23, pages 441 and 505). 
 
 MADISON, MT. Is the Mt. McLaughlin of the British. 
 Lat. 43 30'. (Oregon and California, Thornton, vol. 
 1, page 257). 
 
 MARY'S RIVER Named for an Indian woman, wife of 
 a white man, who had great trouble in making the cross- 
 ing. Afterwards applied to Mary's Peak, because the 
 river rises there. (Oregon and its Institutions, Hines, 
 page 22). 
 
 1788. MEARES, CAPT. Reached the mouth of the 
 Columbia without discovering it, July 6th. (History of 
 Oregon, Twiss, page 95). 
 
 1840. MEEK, JOE. Arrived in the Willamette Val- 
 ley. (Pac. States, vol. 23, page 456). 
 
97 
 
 1846. MODOC LAKES. Discovered by Jesse Apple- 
 gate. (Pac. States, vol. 22, page G42). 
 
 1823.->-MoNROE DOCTRINE proclaimed. (Burrows' 
 Oregon, page 24). 
 
 1-846-8. MONROE, MX. Same as Mt. Shasta. (Ore. 
 and Cal., Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). 
 
 1853. NACHESS PASS. 5000 feet above sea level. 
 (Narrative of 1855, Stevens, vol. 1, page 259). 
 
 1792. NEAH BAY. Called by Vancouver, Poverty 
 Cove, and by the Spaniards, Port Nunez Gaona. (Three 
 Years' Residence in W. T., Swan, page 119). 
 
 1579. NEW ALBION. Named by Drake, who was 
 crowned by the natives as their king. History of Oregon 
 and California, Greenhow, page 73; also, page 53 Moun- 
 tains of Oregon.) 
 
 1792. NEW DUNGENESS, Named by Vancouver for 
 Dungeness, in the British Channel, because ofthe similar 
 appearance. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 55). 
 
 1883. NICKEL DEPOSIT in Douglas County. (Mineral 
 Eesources of the U. S., Williams, page 403). 
 
 1778. NOOTKA SOUND. Discovered by Capt. Cook, 
 and named King George's Sound, then changed by him 
 to Nootka. (Voyages of Capt. Cook, vol. 2, page 270.) 
 
 1790. NOOTKA TREATY. Formed between .Spain and 
 England. (Barrows' Oregon, page 14). 
 
 1818. NORTHERN BOUNDARY of the U. S. located at 
 49 due west to the Kocky Mountains. (Burrow's Ore- 
 gon, page 54.) 
 
 fi 
 
1843. NEZ PERCES. Pierced Nose. (Fremont, page 
 181). 
 
 1834. NUTTALL AND TOWNSEND, scientists, arrived at 
 Fort Vancouver with Wyeth. (Pac. States, vol. 23, page 
 577). 
 
 1792 OAK POINT. Named by Boughton because of 
 finding the first oak trees there. (Vancouver, vol. 3, page 
 100). 
 
 1788 OLYMPUS, MT. Named by Capt. Meares, July 
 4th. Discovered by Juan Perez, a Spanish pilot, and 
 called El Cero de la Santa Rosalia. (Narrative of 1853, 
 vol. 1, page 262). 
 
 1774 OREGON. First used by Capt. Jonathan Caiver. 
 (History of the Willamette Valley, page 73. See also 
 page 53, Mountains of Oregon). 
 
 1846 Bounded on the north by the 49, on the east by 
 the Rocky Mountains, on the south by the 42, and on the 
 west by the Pacific Ocean. (Oregon and California, 
 Thornton, page 251). 
 
 1846 Northern boundary first settled by treaty, July 
 17. (Barrows' Oregon, page 282). 
 
 1871-2 Northern boundary finally settled by arbitra- 
 tion. (Barrows' Oregon, pages 56 and 318). 
 
 1874- -Once inhabited by a great number and variety 
 of pre- Adamite beasts. (The Columbia River and Puget 
 Sound, Nordhoff, Harper's Magazine for February, page 
 344). 
 
 1818 Occupied jointly by the United States and Eng- 
 land for ten years. (Barrows' Oregon, page 55). 
 
 1859 Admitted to the Union with present limits, Feb- 
 ruary 14th. (Zell's Encyclopedia, vol. 2, page 527. Hill's 
 Annotated Laws of Oregon, vol. 1, page 77). 
 
99 
 
 1792 ORFORD, CAPE. Named by Vancouver for Earl 
 (George) Orford. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 23). 
 
 1812-13 PACIFIC FUR COMPANY. The plot to rob 
 Astor shown up by an Englishman. (History of Ore- 
 gon, Twiss, page 24). 
 
 1513 PACIFIC OCEAN. Discovered by Vasco Nunez 
 de Balboa, governor of the Spanish colony of Darien, and 
 named by Fernando Magalhaens, or, Magellan, a Portu- 
 gese in the naval service of Spain, because of being so 
 little disturbed by storms. Spoken of as " Mar del Sur." 
 (History of Oregon and California, Greenhow, pages 
 48 and 78. Barrows' Oregon, page 2). 
 
 1835 PARKER, REV. SAMUEL. Sent to Oregon by the 
 American Board of Foreign Missions. (Oregon and Cal- 
 ifornia, vol. 2, page 22). 
 
 1745 PARLIAMENTARY GRANT. 20,000 voted by 
 the House of Commons for the discovery of a northwest 
 passage by a British vessel. (History of Oregon, Twiss, 
 
 page 58). 
 
 ? 
 
 1774 PEREZ, JUAN. Anchored in Nootka Sound. 
 (History of Oregon, Twiss, page 55). 
 
 1846-8 PITT, MT. Called at one time Mt. Jackson. 
 (Oregon and California, Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). 
 
 1792 POINT ADAMS. See Adams' Point. 
 
 POINT DE LOS REYS. Named by the Spaniards. (Van- 
 couver, vol. 2, page 413). 
 
 1791 PORT ANGELES. Named by Don Francisco 
 Elisa, the Mexican. Called by Vancouver False Dun- 
 geness, because of a similar appearance to New Dun- 
 geness. (Life on Puget Sound, page 153). 
 
100 
 
 1792 PORT DISCOVERY. Named by Vancouver, for 
 one of his ships. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 66). 
 
 1841 PORT GAMBLE. Named by Wilkes for Gamble, 
 a U. S. Naval officer. (Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 
 284). 
 
 1869 Known among Indians as Teekalet. (Life on 
 Puget Sound, page 156). 
 
 1842 PORTLAND. Established by A. L. Lovejoy and 
 F. W. Pettygrove, and name agreed upon by tossing up a 
 cent. (Portland City Directory for 1872, page 10). 
 
 1786 PORTLOCK, CAPT. See Dixon and Portlock. 
 
 1841 PORT LUDLOW. Surveyed by Wilkes, and 
 named for Ludlow, a U. S. Naval officer. (Narrative of 
 1853, vol. 1, page 283). 
 
 1792 PORT To WNSEND. Visited by Vancouver, May 
 8th, and named in honor of the Marquis of Townshend, 
 who signed Vancouver's instructions. The h was subse- 
 quently dropped. (Life on Puget Sound, page 155). 
 Stephens' Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 283. Van- 
 couver, vol. 2, page 76). 
 
 1853 Known among Indians as Kahtai. (Canoe arid 
 Saddle, Winthrop, page 11). 
 
 1854 Surveyed by the U. S. Coast Survey. (Stevens' 
 Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 283. 
 
 1792 POSSESSION SOUND. So named by Vancouver, 
 because he landed there on King George's birthday, and 
 took possession of the country. (The Oregon Territory, 
 Nicolay, page 53. Vancouver, vol. 2, page 170). 
 
 1792 PUGET SOUND. Discovered by Vancouver's 
 lieutenant, Peter Puget, and so named by Vancouver 
 May 19th. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 146. Narrative of 
 1853, vol. 1, page 289). 
 
101 
 
 1853 Known among Indians as Whulge. (Canoe and 
 Saddle, Winthrop, page 11; also among Klalams as 
 K'uk'-luts page 43). 
 
 1792 PROTECTION ISLAND. Named by Vancouver 
 because of its advantageous location with reference to the 
 harbor. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 67). 
 
 1787 QUEEN CHARLOTTE I s L A N D s. Named by 
 Dixon. (Encyclopaedia Brittanica, vol. 20, page 170). 
 
 1789 Capt. Gray sailed round it and named it Wash- 
 ington, for his sloop. (Backwoods of Canada and Oregon 
 Territory, Nicolay, page 38). 
 
 1786 QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND. Named by Wedg- 
 boro in August. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 308.) 
 
 184 1 RAINIER AND ST. HELENS in activity. 
 (Wilkes Narrative, vol. 4, page 440). 
 
 1792 RAINIER, MT. Discovered by Vancouver on 
 May 8th and named for Rear Admiral Rainier of the 
 English Navy. (Vancouver, vol. 2, page 79). 
 
 1843 An active volcano, November 13. (Fremont, 
 page 193). 
 
 1846-8 Also known as Mt. Harrison. (Oregon and 
 California, Thornton, vol. 1, page 257. See pages 54, 
 55 and 59. Also Tacoma). 
 
 ROCK CREEK, near Mt. St. Helens, known among 
 Indians as "Cut-to" (a sort of guttural sound on first 
 syllable), which means "swift stream." 
 
 1742-3 ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Named by Verendrye 
 Brothers. (History of the Willamette Valley, page 70). 
 
 1798 RUSSIAN AMERICAN FUR Co. given exclusive 
 privileges. (Barrows' Oregon, page 23). 
 
102 
 
 1821 RUSSIA claims by public decree all of the Pacific 
 Coast north of latitude 51. This claim was disputed by 
 the U. S. (Barrows' Oregon, page 24). 
 
 1812 Russians established at Bodega Bay. (Barrows' 
 Oregon, page 23). 
 
 1820 Russians establish a fort forty miles north of Bo- 
 dega Bay. (Barrows' Oregon, page 23). 
 
 1766 Russian Fur Companies organized to operate in 
 America. (Barrows' Oregon, page 23). 
 
 1824 Russia withdraws to 54 40'. (Barrows' Oregon, 
 page 25). 
 
 1824 Russia withdraws from California at the request 
 of the U. S. (Barrows' Oregon, page 26). f 
 
 1697 RYSWICK TREATY FORMED. (Barrows' Oregon, 
 page 1. American Cyclopedia, vol. 14, page 245). 
 
 1842 SADDLE MOUNTAIN. Called by the Indians 
 "Swallalahoost." Named by Wilkes, "Saddle Mountain." 
 (Oregon and Its Institutions, Hines, page 21). 
 
 1805 SANDY RIVER. Called by Lewis & Clarke, 
 "Quicksand River." (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 48). 
 
 1741 ST. ELIAS, MT. Discovered by Behring, July 
 18th. (History of the Willamette Valley, page 58). 
 
 1792 ST. HELENS, MT. Named by Vancouver for 
 His Majesty's embassador at Madrid, October 20. (Van- 
 couver, vol. 2, page 399). 
 
 1831 In a state of eruption. (Oregon and California, 
 Thornton, vol. 1, page 256). 
 
 1843 In activity November 13. (Fremont, page 193). 
 
 1846 Known among Americans as Mt. Washington. 
 (The Oregon Territory, Nicolay, page 10 9). 
 
 1843 Described when in a state of eruption. (History 
 of Oregon, Wilkes, page 109). 
 
103 
 
 1846-8 Known also as Mt. John Adams. (Oregon and 
 California, Thornton, vol. 1, page 256). 
 
 1852-4 An active volcano. (Three years' residence in 
 W. T., Swan, page 395. Canoe and Saddle, page 48). 
 
 Known among Indians as a Lou-wala / -clough," meaning 
 Smoking Mountain. 
 
 Located in latitude 46 ll x 52.3". Longitude 122 12' 
 37 /x . 
 
 1805 SATJVIES ISLAND. Called by Lewis and Clarke, 
 Wapato Island, because of an abundance of wapatos found 
 there. It subsequently acquired its name from Jean 
 Baptiste Sauve, a French Canadian, who established a 
 dairy there after the abandonment of Ft. William. 
 (Pacific States, vol. 23, pages 48 and 598). 
 
 SEATTLE. Named for an Indian. (Harper's Monthly 
 for September, 1870, page 490). 
 
 1846 SHASTA, MT. Called Pitt by the English, Jack- 
 son and Monroe by [the Americans, and Shasta by the 
 trappers. (The Oregon Territory, Nicolay, page 109). 
 (Oregon and California, Thornton, vol 1, page 257). 
 
 1788 SHOALWATER I AY. Discovered and named by 
 Captain John Mears, July 5th. (Mears' Voyages, vol. 1, 
 page 263). 
 
 1852 First surveyed by Lieut. Com. Alden. (Narra- 
 tive of 1853, vol. 1, page 263). 
 
 1792 SKAGIT HEAD. Named by Vancouver. (Life 
 on Puget Sound, page 156). 
 
 1836. SLA CUM, WM. A. An agent of the State 
 Department, in the guise of a private citizen, visited the 
 Columbia and Willamette Rivers. (Pacific States, vol. 
 23, page 602). 
 
104 
 
 SPAIN'S FIRST CLAIM TO OREGON. (Barrows' Oregon, 
 page 12). 
 
 1795. Spain withdraws from Oregon. (Barrows' Ore- 
 gon, page 14). 
 
 Spaniards coveted a position in the East Indies, but the 
 Bull of Pope Alexander III precluded them from sailing 
 eastward, round the Cape of Good Hope, hence their 
 attempts to go by way of the Pacific. (History of Ore- 
 gon, Twiss, page 50). 
 
 1800. Spanish territory west of the Mississippi con- 
 veyed to France. (Barrows' Oregon, page 210). 
 
 1814. Spanish claims conceded to the United States 
 through France and acknowledged by Great Britain. 
 (Barrows' Oregon, page 208). 
 
 SPELYAH PRAIRIE. An Indian name, meaning Cayote. 
 
 SPIRIT LAKE. Near Mt. St. Helens. Indian name, 
 Che-wa-tum, meaning Spirit. 
 
 1499-1500. STRAITS OF ANIAN. Supposed to have 
 been discovered by Gaspar Cortereal, who explored the 
 coasts of Labrador, and named by him. The name pos- 
 sibly signifies Brother. Cortereal had two brothers with 
 him. In the earliest maps the northwest part of America 
 is called Ania. Ani, in the Japanese language, signifies 
 Brother. (History of Oregon and California, Green- 
 how, page 47). 
 
 1592. Purchas claimed in the seventeenth century, in 
 his "Pilgrims" a narrative that a Greek pilot, called 
 Juan de Fuca, in the service of the Spaniards, had in- 
 formed Michael Lock, the elder, whilst he was sojourning 
 at Venice, that he had dicovered (1596) the outlet ot the 
 Straits of Anian, in the Pacific Ocean, between 47 and 
 
105 
 
 48, and had sailed through it into the North Sea. (His- 
 tory of Oregon, Tvviss, page 18. History of Oregon 
 and California, Greenhow, page 87). 
 
 1841. SUNKEN FOREST in the Columbia described. 
 (Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, page 381. Burnett's Kecollec- 
 tions of a Pioneer, page 136. The Oregon Territory, 
 Nk'olay, page 137. Fremont, page 195). 
 
 1841. SURVEY OF PUGET SOUND finished. (Wilkes' 
 Narrative, vol. 4, page 479). 
 
 TACOMA, MT. Ta-ho-ma is the Indian name for the 
 Great Spirit who dwells on the mountains. (George 
 Baily. in the Overland Monthly for Sept., 1886, page 268). 
 
 1853 Called by the Indians, Tacoma, a generic term 
 also applied to all snow peaks. (Canoe and Saddle, 
 Winthrop, page 44). 
 
 TACOMA THE SECOND. See Mt. Adams. 
 
 Tamanous is the name of the Great Spirit supposed to 
 dwell on this mountain. (Canoe and Saddle, page 131). 
 Tacoma the Less (Canoe and Saddle, page 280). Each 
 fiery Tacoma. (Canoe and Saddle, page 286). The erup- 
 tions of the Tacomas. (Canoe and Saddle, page 287). 
 Tacoma, the Nourishing Breast. Tahoma, almost to 
 Heaven. (Life on Puget Sound, Leighton, page 39). 
 Red Tamahnous, Love. (Life on Puget Sound, page 41), 
 Black Tamahnous, Hate, Anger. (Life on Puget Sound, 
 page 114). 
 
 1841 TENINO MOUNDS Described. (Wilkes' Nar- 
 rative, vol. 4, page 415). 
 
 i 
 
 1848-9 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. Granted, cov- 
 ering all the original Oregon. (Barrow's Oregon, page 
 335. Encyclopaedia Brittanica, vol. 17, page 825. Gen- 
 eral Laws of Oregon, page 52). 
 
106 
 
 THE DALLES. Stone pavement, or trough, or gutter. 
 (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 44). 
 
 1788 TILLAMOOK BAY. Known as Murderers' Har- 
 bor and Quicksand Bay. (Pacific States, vol. 22, pages 
 188 and 198). 
 
 1806 TILLAMOOK, ORKILLAMOOK HEAD. Called by 
 Clarke, Clarke's Point of View. (Pacific States, vol. 22, 
 page 164, and vol. 23, page 58). 
 
 1792 TONGUE POINT. Named by Broughton. (Van- 
 couver, vol. 3, page 86). 
 
 1805 Called by Lewis and Clarke, William. (Pacific 
 States, vol. 23, page 53). 
 
 1834 TOWNSEND, JOHN K. A member ot the Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Natural Science, arrived at Van- 
 couver with Wyeth, Sept. 16th. (Townsend's Narrative, 
 page 169. Pacific States, vol. 23, page 577). 
 
 TROUT LAKE. Near Mt. St. Helens. Known among 
 Indians as Qual-i'-as, meaning Troul. 
 
 1806 UMATILLA EIVER. Called by the Indians, 
 "Youmalolam." (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 64). Named 
 for the Umatilla tribe of Indians. 
 
 1832 UMPQUA FORT. Built by John McLeod for the 
 Hudson's Bay Co. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 521). 
 
 1792 UNITED STATES' CLAIMS TO OREGON. 1st, right 
 of discovery ; 2d, by the Louisiana purchase ; 3d, by prior 
 explorations ; 4th, by prior settlements. (Barrows' Ore- 
 gon, pages 213, 216, 217 and 219). 
 
 1713 UTRECHT TREATY. Between France and Eng- 
 land. (Barrows' Oregon, page 18). 
 
107 
 
 1846-8 VAN BUREN, MT. Same as Olympus. (Ore- 
 gon and California, Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). 
 
 1826 VANCOUVER, FORT. Established by John Mc- 
 Laughlin, and 
 
 1849 As a United States military post. (Pacific States, 
 vol. 23, pages 437 and 439). 
 
 1792 VANCOUVER ISLAND. Named by Vancouver, 
 Quadra and Vancouver Island. (Vancouver, vol. 2, 
 page 357). 
 
 1598 VJSCAINO, SEBASTIAN. Reached a headland at 
 42 to which he gave name of Cape Sebastian. The 
 smallest of his three vessels, however, conducted by Mar- 
 tin d'Aguilar and Antonio Florez, doubled Cape Mendo- 
 cino and reached 43 where they found the mouth of a 
 
 1543 River which Cabrillo has been supposed to have 
 discovered. (History of Oregon, Twiss, page 53). 
 
 1818 WALLA WALLA, FORT. Established by Mc- 
 Kenzie. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 273). 
 
 1805 WAPATO ISLAND. See Sauvie's Island, also 
 (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 593). 
 WASCO. Horn Basin. (Pacific States, vol. 23. page 44). 
 
 1853 WASHINGTON TERRITORY formed March 2d. 
 (American Cyclopedia, vol. 12, page 560. Zell's Encyclo- 
 paedia, vol. 2, page 527). 
 
 1805 WASHOUGAL RIVER. Called by Lewis and 
 Clarke, Seal River. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 48). 
 
 1792 WHIDBY'S ISLAND. Named by Vancouver for 
 one of his officers who explored it. (Vancouver, vol. 2, 
 page 180). 
 
108 
 
 1805 WHITE SALMON. Called Canoe River by Lewis 
 and Clarke. (Pacific States, vol. 23. page 45). 
 
 1836 WHITMAN, DR. MARCUS, arrived at Vancouver 
 in September. (History of the Willamette Valley, page 
 213). 
 
 1842 Started on his famous ride to Washington, Octo- 
 ber 3d, to prevent our government from abandoning Ore- 
 gon. (Barrow's Oregon, page 166). 
 
 1843 Saved by a mule. (Barrows' Oregon, page 170). 
 
 1843 Returns from Washington, September 4th, accom- 
 panied by 200 wagons and 875 immigrants. (Barrows' 
 Oregon, page 250). 
 
 1847 Murdered by the Indians in November. (Bar- 
 rows' Oregon, page 320). 
 
 1841 WILKES, CHARLES, DRAYTON, R. R. Waldron 
 and two other men visited the Willamette Valley on a 
 scientific campaign. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 673. 
 Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, page 341). 
 
 1829 WILLAMETTE FALLS taken possession of by 
 McLaughlin, and a saw mill established. (Pacific States, 
 vol. 23, page 505). 
 
 1806 WILLAMETTE RIVER. Part of it called by the 
 Indians Multnomah. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 60). 
 
 1843 WINDS, peculiarity of, in the Columbia River. 
 (Fremont, page 190). 
 
 1834 WORK, JOHN. explored the Umpqua region. 
 (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 527). 
 
 1832. WYETH, NATHANIEL J. Arrives at Vancouver. 
 
 1834 Arrives there second time, September 16th. Es- 
 tablished Fort William and a Salmon fishery on Wapato 
 Island on his second trip. 
 
109 
 
 1837 Returns to Oregon again and sells Forts William 
 and Hall to the Hudson's Bay Co. (Pacific States, vol. 
 23, pages 564, 592, 594 and 598). 
 
 YAQUIXA BAY Probably named for Yaquina, a female 
 Indian chief. (Life on Puget Sound, page 174). 
 
 1805 YODNG'S BAY. Called by Lewis and Clarke, 
 Meri wether Bay. (Pacific States, vol. 23, page 54). 
 
 1792 YOUXG'S RIVER. Named by Broughton for Sir 
 
 George Young of the Royal Navy. (Vancouver, vol. 3, 
 page 90). 
 
 IflDEX. 
 
 A Barnes, Miss Jane, 91. 
 
 Adams, C. F., 3-Mt., 40, 47, 51, attle R ck ' 8 J- 
 
 50 85 Beacon Rock, 52, 88. 
 
 Admiralty Inlet, 85. Beaver, Steamer, 91. 
 
 Alaska, 85 Alakshak, 85 Alias- Behrmg, 87, 102. 
 
 ka 85 Belden, 93. 
 
 Alden, Lieut. Com., 103. Bellingham's Bay, 87. 
 
 America, 85, 95. Bitter Root Range, 52, 8 < . 
 
 American Bd. of Frn. Msns., 89- ^"chel, Father 87 o* 
 
 Fur Co 86 Board of Admiralty, 85. 
 
 Ania 104 Bodega, Bay, 87, 102. Don Juan 
 
 Applegatei Jesse, 86, 97, Route, de la ' . 7 ' 
 
 86 s Bonneville, B. L. E-, 87. 
 
 Astoria, 86. Bourbon River, 53. 
 
 Astor, John Jacob, 86. Breck, J. M. Jr., 3. 
 
 Atmospheric, River of Heat, 86. Bretherton W. W. 69 79 
 
 Broughton, Lieut. ,52, 53, 54, 86, 
 B 87, 88, 92, 93, 98, 106, 1O9. 
 
 Baker, Capt., 86, 87. Lieut., 52, Bulfinch's Harbor, 87, 92. 
 86. Mt., 40, 42, 52, 56, 86. 
 
 Baker's Bay, 86.1 c 
 
 Barclay, Capt., 95. Cabrillo, 87. 1O7. 
 
 Barlow, Palmer and Rector, 94. California, 21, 40, 84, 1O2. 
 
 Road. 87. Canal de Nuestra del Rosary, 92. 
 
110 
 
 Cape Disappointment, 87, 90. 
 
 Cape Flatter}', 88. 
 
 Cape Frondoso, 85, 89. 
 
 Cape Hancock, 88. 
 
 Cape Horn, 52, 82, 88. 
 
 Cape Mendocino, 107, 
 
 Cape San Roque, 87. 89. 
 
 Cape Sebastian, 107. 
 
 Canoe River 108. 
 
 Carver, Capt, Jonathan, 53, 88, 
 
 98. 
 Cascade Range, 3, 6, 21, 52, 56, 
 
 88, 94, 95. 
 
 Cascades of the Columbia, 88. 
 Casey, Edw., 73. 
 Castle Rock, 52, 88. 
 Cataract River, 95. 
 Cathedral Rock, 21. 
 Clark's Point of View, 54, 106. 
 Cleetwood, 18, 19, 22, 23 24 
 
 Cove, 25. 
 
 Coast of Cal. in South Sea, 54. 
 Cceur d'Alene Mts., 52. 
 Coffin, Mt., 52, 88. 
 Coleman, E.T., 86. 
 Columbia River, 3, 7, 8, 52, 87, 
 
 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 103 
 Comcomli, 89. 
 Commencement Bay, 59, 90. 
 Cook, Capt., 88, 90, 93, 97. 
 Cooks River, 90. 
 Coppermine River. 93. 
 Corbett, Hon. H. W., 67, 82, 
 Cortereal, Caspar, 104. 
 Corvallis, 90. 
 
 Cosmographiae Instructio, 85. 
 Cottel, Dr. Willis I., 73. 
 Crater Lake, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 
 
 25,29, 31, 32. 33, 
 Cutto, 101. 
 
 D 
 
 d'Aguilar, Martin, 90, 107. 
 Davev, Allen, 15. 
 Davidson. Elijah, 35. 
 Davis, Capt. Geo. W., 17, 18, 25. 
 Day, John, 94. River, 95. 
 de Balboa, Vasco Nunez, 99. 
 Deep Blue Lake, 13. 
 Deschutes River, 90. . 
 
 Dewert, E. D., 34, 36. 
 Diamond Peak, 54. 
 Dixon, 90, 100, 101. 
 Dodd, Mr., 13. 
 Douglas, David, 90. 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 90. 
 Durham, N. W., 3. 
 Dutton, Capt., C. E-, 17, 18, 25. 
 
 Cliff, 25. 28, 30. 
 
 Eels, Edwin, 57. 
 
 El Cero de la Santa Rosalia, 54, 
 
 98. 
 
 Elisa, Don Francisco, 92, 99. 
 Ensenada de Asuncion. 89. 
 
 " Heceta, 89. 
 Evans, Elwood, 65. 
 Exploration Department, 71 - 
 
 False Dungeiiess, 90, 99. 
 Felice, The, 95. 
 Finch, Capt. D. B., 59. 
 Flett, John, 61, 63. 
 Florez Antonio, 91, 107, 
 Fraser River, 91. Simon, 92. 
 Frazer Lake, 91. 
 Fremont, 92. 
 Frobisher, Martin, 91. 
 Furrelo, Bartoleme, 91. 
 
 Game Protective Department, 77. 
 
 Gill, John, 69. 
 
 Goat Mountain, 53, 92. 
 
 Goldsmith, H., 79. 
 
 Gorman, M. W., 73. 
 
 Gove, Chas. H., 3, 51. 
 
 Government Camp, 4, 6, 9. 
 
 Grant's Pass, 34, 39. 
 
 Gray Capt., 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 
 
 101. 
 
 Gray's Bay, 92. Harbor, 92. 
 Gulf of Georgia, 92. 
 
 Hall, Fort, 109. 
 
 Harkness, H. D., M. M., and F. 
 
 M., 34. 
 
 Harrison, Mt., 54, 92, 101. 
 Hearne, Saml., 93. 
 Heceta, 87, 88, 93. 
 Hermann, Hon. Binger, 17. 
 Hillman, j. W., 13. 
 Himes, Geo. H.. 69. 
 Hines, Rev. H. K., 94. 
 Hood, Lord, 53, 93. 94. Mt., 3, 
 
 7, 10, 33, 40, 41, 45, 47, 51, 
 
 53, 93, 94. River, 94. 
 Hood's Canal, 94. 
 Hudson's Bav, 53. Co., 61, 93, 
 
 94, 106, 109. 
 Hylacomylus, 86. 
 
 Idleman, C. M., 69. 
 Imperial Eagle, The, 95. 
 Indian Trail, 94. 
 Ingram, Prof, 49. 
 Isaac Todd, The, 91. 
 
 Jack, Capt., 41. 
 
 Jackson, Mt., 94, 99, 103. 
 
 Jefferson, 95. Mt. 6, 7, 40, 53, 
 
 94. 
 
 John Adams, Mt., 54, 103. 
 Johnson, Lieut. ,95. 
 Josephine County Caves, 34. 
 Juan de Fuca, 95, 104. 
 
 Kahtai, 1OO. 
 Keene, Dr. J. M., 3, 6. 
 Kelly, Hall J., 95. 
 Killamook Head, 54, 106. 
 
Ill 
 
 Kimmooenim, 9O. 
 
 King George's Sound, 97. Co., 
 
 90. 
 Klamath, Ft., 12. Indians, 12, 
 
 15, 16, 17. Lake, 21. 
 Klickitat Indians, 64. River, 95. 
 Koma. 56. 
 Kukluts, 54. 
 Kulshan, 86. 
 
 It 
 
 La Riche. 94. 
 
 Lake Majesty, 13. 
 
 Ledyard, 95. 
 
 J.ee^ Rev. Jason, 95. 
 
 Lepage, The. 95. 
 
 Lewis & Clarke, 52. 53, 54, 88, 
 
 94, 95. 102, 103, 106, 1O7, 
 
 108, 109. 
 Lewis River, 96. 
 Llao Rock, 14, 21. 24, 25, 3O, 
 
 31, 32. 
 
 Lock Michael, 1O4. 
 Longmire, 44, 48. 
 Louden, James, 13. 
 Lords ot Admiralty, 93. 
 Louisiana, 92. 
 Louwalaclough, 54, 103. 
 Lovejoy, A. L-, 1OO. 
 Ludlow, 100. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir Alex., 91, 96. 
 
 River, 96. 
 
 Madison, Mt, 53. 96. 
 Magalhaens, Fernando, 99. 
 Mar del Sur, 99. 
 Markle. Geo. B., 68, 69, 84. 
 Mary's Peak. 7, 96. River, 96. 
 Marysville, 90. 
 McCarver, Genl., 59. 
 McClellan, 89. 
 
 McKenzie, 107, Donald, 96. 
 McLaughlin, John, 53, 91, 96, 
 
 107, 108. Mt., 7, 53, 96. 
 McLeod, John, 106. 
 McMaiius, Pat.. 13. 
 Meares, Capt., 54, 87, 88, 95, 96, 
 
 98, 103. 
 Meek, Joe, 96. 
 Me.riwether Bay, 109. 
 Mill Creek, 27. 
 
 Mississippi River, 53, 92, 104. 
 Modoc Lakes, 97. 
 Monroe Doctrine, 97. Mt. 97, 
 
 103. 
 
 Montana del Carmelo, 52, 86. 
 Montgomery, 89. 
 Murderer's Harbor, 106. 
 Multnomah, 1O8. 
 Mysterious Lake, 13. 
 
 N 
 
 Nachess Pass, 97. 
 
 Nea Bay, 97. 
 
 New Albion, 53, 97. 
 
 " Caledonia 53. 
 
 ' Dungeness. 97, 99. 
 
 ' Georgia, 53. 
 
 New Taconia, 6O, 61. 
 
 Nez Perces, 98. 
 
 Nichols, J., 43, 44, 48. 
 
 Nickel deposit, 97. 
 
 Nicolini, S. S., 34. 
 
 Nootka Sound, 97, 99. Treaty, 
 
 97. 
 
 Northern boundary of U. S., 97. 
 Northwest Co., 91, 94. Passage, 
 
 91, 99. 
 Norton, E. E-, 79. 
 
 Oak Point, 98". 
 
 Olympus, Mt., 54, 98, 107. 
 
 Oregon, 3. 40, 54, 82, 83, 84, 91, 
 
 92, 93, 98. -Alpine Club, 40, 
 
 49. 51. 67, 69, 82. 
 Orford, 99. 
 
 P 
 
 Pacific Fur Co., 99. Ocean, 99. 
 Paradise Valley, 45. 
 Parker, Rev. Saml., 99. 
 Parliamentary Grant, 99. 
 Pattle, Capt., 88. 
 Patto, 52, 85, 94. 
 Perez. Juan, 54, 98. 99. 
 Pettygrove, F. W., 1OO. 
 Phantom Ship. 29. 
 Photographic Department. 79. 
 Pitt. Mt., 21, 40, 94, 99, 103. 
 Plas, 53, 92. 
 Point Adams, 8, 85. 99. 
 
 " de los Reys, 99. 
 Polk, Mt., 52, 86. 
 Pope, Alexander III, 1O4. 
 Port Angeles, 99. 
 
 " Discovery, 100. 
 
 " Gamble. 1OO. 
 Portland, 3, 4, 7, 8. 17. 19, 32, 
 
 34, 49, 59, 82, 83, 1OO. 
 Portlock, Capt., 91. 100. 
 Port Ludlow. 100. 
 ' Nunez Gaona. 97. 
 
 " Townsend, 1OO. 
 Poverty Cove, 97. 
 Possession Sound, 100. 
 President's Range. 52, 88. 
 Protection Island. 101. 
 Puget, Peter 54. 100. -Sound, 
 
 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 64, 95, 
 
 100. 
 
 Purchas, 104. 
 Puvallup, 6O. Indians, 55, 56, 
 
 61, 64. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quadra and Vancouver's Island > 
 
 107. 
 
 Qualias, 106. 
 Queen Charlotte Islands. 101. 
 
 Sound. 1O1. 
 Quicksand Bay, 106, River, 102. 
 
 Rainier, Mt,. 40, 43, 51. 54. 55> 
 59. 60, 61. 64, 101. Rear Ad- 
 miral, 54, 101. 
 
River Aguilar, 89. 
 
 ' ofthe West, 53, 89, 95. 
 " Thegays. s'.). 
 Rio de San Roque, 89. 
 Rock Creek. 1O1. 
 Rocky Mountains, 54, 91, 101. 
 Rogue River, 27. Falls, 27. 
 Ross, Geo., 13. 
 
 Royal Hort. Soc. of London, 90. 
 Russian American Fur Co., 101. 
 Ryswick Treaty, 102. 
 
 Saddle Mountain, 54, 102 
 
 San Bias. 93. 
 
 Sandy River, 102. 
 
 Sauvie, Jean Baptiste, 103. Is- 
 land, 1O3, 107. 
 
 Sba-date, 57. 
 
 Scott, Mt,, 21. 
 
 Seaborne, 88. 
 
 Seal River, 1O7. 
 
 Seattle, 57, 103. 
 
 Shasta, Mt., 31, 33, 40, 97, 103. 
 
 Shoalwater Bay, 103. 
 
 Siskivou Mountains, 34. 
 
 Skaglt, 56, 103. 
 
 Skeeters, Isaac, 13. 
 
 Slacum, Wm. A., 103. 
 
 Spelyah Prairie, 104. 
 
 Spirit Lake, 104. 
 
 Spocatilicum, 89. 
 
 Squallys, 61, 64. 
 
 Squatach, 56, 57. 
 
 Squat-utsh, 56. 
 
 Stanup, Rev. Peter, 56, 57. 
 
 Starr Lewis M., 59. 
 
 Steel, James, 59. 
 
 Steel, W. G., 55, 69, 73. 
 
 St. EHas, Mt., 1O2. 
 
 Stevens, Gen. Hazard, 60. 
 
 St. George, 86. 
 
 St. Helens, Mt.. 4 0, 47, 51, 54, 
 101, 1O2, 1O6. 
 
 St. Lawrence River, 53. 
 
 Stony Mountains, 54. 
 
 Straights of Anian, 53, 104. 
 
 Sunken Forest. 105. 
 
 Survey of Puget Sound, 105. 
 
 Swallalahoost, 54, 102. 
 
 Tacoma. 43, 51, 55, 56, 57, 59, 
 60, 61, 62, 63. 64, 1O5, The 
 Less, 1O5. The Second, 52,85, 
 105. Mt., 54,55. 58, 6O, 105. 
 Land Co., 56, 60. Ta-ho-ma, 
 105. Ta-ke man, 55. Ta ko- 
 ber, 63. Ta-ko-bet, 55, 56. 
 Ta-ko-man, 56, 57, 58, 63. 
 Tamanous, 105. Te-ho-m a 
 6O, 63, 64. Twheque, 57. 
 Twhauk, 57, 58. 
 
 Tacoutche, Tesse, 91 . 
 
 Teekalet, 100. 
 
 Tenino, 1O5. 
 
 The Dalles, 106. 
 
 Thielsen, Mt., 21. 
 
 Thompson, Hon. D P., 67, S3. 
 Three Sisters, 7, 4O. 
 Tillamook Head, 54, 106. 
 Tongue Point, 106. 
 Towahnahiooks, 90. 
 Townsend, John K., 98, 1O6. 
 Tovvnshend, Marquis, 100. 
 Trout Lake, 106. 
 
 U 
 
 Umatilla River, 1O6. 
 Umpqua, 108. Fort, 1O6. 
 U. S. Claims to Oregon, 106. 
 Utrecht Treaty, 106. 
 
 V 
 
 Van Bureii, Mt., 54, 107. 
 
 Vancouver, Capt., 52, 54, 59, 60, 
 85, 86, 89,92, 94, 97, 99, 100, 
 101, 102, 103, 107. Fort, 9, 
 53.91, 95, 96, 98. 107, 108. 
 Island, 107. -Mt., 53, 94. 
 
 Van Trump, P. V.. 48, 60. 
 
 Verendrye Brothers, 54, 101. 
 
 Vidae Cliff 29. 
 
 Viscaiiio, Sebastian, 107. 
 
 W 
 
 Wacoko, 96. 
 
 Wahnna, 89. 
 
 Waldscemuller, Marti, 86. 
 
 Waldron, R. R., 108. 
 
 Walla Walla, Fort. 96, 107. 
 
 Wapato Island, 103, 1O7, 108. 
 
 Wasco, 107. 
 
 Washington, 40, 84, 101, 107. 
 
 Mt., 7, 32, 53, 54, 102. Sloop, 
 
 89. 
 
 Washougal River, 107. 
 Wedgboro, 101. 
 Whidby's Island, 107. 
 White River Indians, 61. 
 Whitman, 92, 108. 
 White Salmon, 108. 
 Whulge, 54, 101. 
 Wicht, 96. 
 
 Wilkes, 54, 90, 100, 102, 108. 
 Willamette, 7, 94, 95, 96, 103, 
 
 108. 
 William, 106. Fort, 103, 108, 
 
 109. 
 
 Williams Creek, 35. 
 Winship, Capt., 91. 
 Winthrop, Theodore, 52, 59, 86. 
 
 89. 
 
 Witches Cauldron, 13, 21. 
 Wizard Island, 13, 21, 27. 
 Work, John, 108. 
 Wyeth, Nathaniel J., 98, 106, 
 
 108. 
 
 Y 
 
 Yacco, 96. 
 Yaquina Bay, 109. 
 Yelm, 43. 
 Yocum, O. C., 3. 
 Youmalolam, 1O6. 
 Young's Bay, 109. River, 109. 
 Young, Sir George, 1O9. 
 
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