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TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIUN

A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS

BULLETIN NO. 461 NOVEMBER, 1932

SUPERSEDED BY“

N)L\lv,§v=\‘> i";
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY i‘

The Composition and Utilization of Texas
Feeding Stuffs

 

AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS
T. O. WALTON, President

STATION STAFFT

Administration: Veterinary Science:

A. B. Conner, M. S., Director *M. Francis, D. V. M., Chief

R. E. Karper, M. S., Vice-Director H. Schmidt, D. V. M., eterinarian
Clarice Mixson, B. A., Secretary I. B. Boughton, D. V. M., Veterinarian
M. P. Holleman, Chief Clerk **F. P. Mathews, D. V. M., M. S., Veterinarian
J. K. Francklow, Asst. Chief Clerk W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian
Chester Higgs, Executive Assistant R. A. Goodman, D. V. M., Veterinarian
Howard Berry, B. S., Technical Asst. Plant Pathology and Physiology:

Chemistry: J. J. Taubenuhaus, Ph. D., Chief

G. S. Fraps, Ph. D., Chief; State Chemist W. N. Ezekiel, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist
S. E. Asbury, M. S., Chemist W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist
J. F. Fudge, Ph. D., Chemist C. H. Rogers, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist
E. C. Carlyle, M. S., Asst. Chemist Farm and Ranch Economics:

T. L. Ogier, B. S., Asst. Chemist L. P. Gabbard, M. S., Chief

A. J. Sterges, M. S., Asst. Chemist W. E. Paulson, Ph. D., Marketng

Ray Treichler, M. S., Asst. Chemist C. A. Bonnen, M. S., Farm Management
W. H. Walker, Asst. Chemist “W. R. Nisbet, B. S., Ranch Management
Velma Graham, Asst. Chemist A. C. Magee, M. S., Farm Management
Jeanne F. DeMottier, Asst. Chemist Rural Home Research: ‘

R. L. Schwartz, B. S., Asst. Chemist Jesse Whitacre, Ph. D., Chief

C. M. Pounders, B. S., Asst. Chemist Mary Anna Grimes, M. S., Textiles

Horticulture: Elizabeth D. Terrill, M. A., Nutrition
S. H. Yarnell, Sc. D., Chief Soil Survey:
"L. R. Hawthorn, M. S., Horticulturist **W. T. Carter, B. S., Chief

H. M. Reed, B. S., Horticulturist E. H. Templin, B. S., Soil Surveyor

J. F. Wood, B. S.,,Horticulturist A. H. Bean, B. S.,Soil Surveyor

L. E. Brooks, B. S., Horticulturist R. M. Marshall, B. S., Soil Surveyor

Range Animal Husbandry: Botany:

J. M. Jones, A. M., Chief V. L. Cory, M. S., Acting Chief

B. L. Warwick, Ph. D., Breeding Investa. S. E. Wolff, M. S., Botanist

S. P. Davis, Wool Grader Swine Husbandry:

Entomology: Fred Hale, M. S., Chief
F. L. Thomas, Ph. D., Chief; State Dairy Husbandry:
Entomologist O. C. Copeland, M. S., Dairy Husbandry

H. J. Reinhard, B. S., Entomologist Poultry Husbandry:

R. K. Fletcher, Ph. D., Entomologist R. M. Sherwood, M. S., Chief

W. L. Owen, Jr., M. S., Entomologist J. R. Couch, B. S., Asst. Poultry Husbandman
J. N. Roney, M. S., Entomologist Agricultural Engineering:

J. C. Gaines, Jr., M. S., Entomologist H. P. Smith, M. S., Chief

S. E. Jones, M. S., Entomologist Main Station Farm:

F. F. Bibby, B. S., Entomologist G. T. McNess, Superintendent

S. W. Clark, B. S., Entomologist Apiculture (San Antonio):

"E. W. Dunnam, Ph. D., Entomologist H. B. Parks, B. S., Chief
"R. W. Moreland, B. S., Asst. Entomologist A. H. Alex, B. S., Queen Breeder

C. E. Heard, B. S., Chief Inspector Feed Control Service:

C. Siddall, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector F. D. Fuller, M. S., Chief

S. E. McGregor, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector James Sullivan. Asst. Chief

Agronomy: S. D. Pearce, Secretary

E. B. Reynolds, Ph. D., Chief J. H. Rodgers, Feed Inspector

R. E. Karper, M. S., Agronomist K. L. Kirkland, B. S., Feed Inspector
P. C. Mangelsdorf, Sc. D., Agronomist S. D. Reynolds, Jr., Feed Inspector

D. T. Killough, M. S., Agronomist P. A. Moore, Feed Inspector

H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist E. J. Wilson, B. S., Feed Inspector

B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist H. G. Wickes, B. S., Feed Inspector

Publications:
A. D. Jackson, Chief

SUBSTATIONS
No. 1, Beeville County: No.‘ 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County:
R. A. Hall, B. S., Superintendent J. J. Bayles, B. S., Superintendent
No. 2, Lindale, Smith County: No. 10, College Station, Brazos County:
P. R. Johnson, M. S., Superintendent R. M. Sherwood, M. S., In Charge
"B. H. Hendrickson, B. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion L. J. McCall, Farm Superintendent
"R. W. Baird, B. S., Assoc. Agr. Engineer No. 11, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County:
No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: H. F. Morris, M. S., Superintendent
R. H. Stansel, M. S., Superintendent **No. 12, Chillicothe, Hardeman County
H. M. Reed, M. S., Horticulturist "J. R. Quinby, B. S., Superintendent
No. 4, Beaumont, Jefferson County: *_J. C. Stephens, M. A., Asst. Agronomist
R. H. Wyche, B. S., Superintendent No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties:
"H. M. Beachell, B. S., Jr., Agronomist W. H. Dameron, Superintendent
No. 5, Temple, Bell County: I. B. Boughton. D. V. M., Veterinarian
Henry Dunlavy, M. S., Superintendent W. T. Hardy, D. V. M., Veterinarian
C. H. Rodgers, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist O. L. Carpenter, shepherd
H. E. Rea, B. S., Agronomist "O. G. Babcock, B. S., Asst. Entomologist
S. E. Wolff, M. S., Botanist No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County:
"ILV. Geib, M. S., Sci. in Soil Erosion W. H. Friend, B. S., Superintendent
"H. O. Hill, B. S., Jr. Civil Engineer S. W. Clark, B. S., Entomologist
No. 6, Denton, Denton County: W. J. Bach, M. S., Plant Pathologist
P. B. Dunkle, B. S., Superintendent J. F. Wood, B. S.. Horticulturist
"I. M. Atkins. B. S., Jr. Agronomist No. 16. Iowa Park, Wichita County:
No. 7. Spur. Dickens County: C. H. McDowell. B. S., Superintendent
R. E. Dickson, B. S., Superintendent ' L. E. Brooks. B. S., Horticulturist
B. C. Langley, M. S., Agronomist No. 19. Winterhaven. Dimmit County:
No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: E. Mortensen, B. S., Superintendent
D. L. Jones, Superintendent . "L. R. Hawthorn, M. S., Horticulturist

Frank Gaines, Irrig. and Forest Nurs.
Teachers in the School of Agriculture Carry'ng Cooperative Projects on the Station:
G. W. Adriance. Ph. D., Horticulture J. Mogford, M. S., Agronomy
S. W. Bilsing, Ph. D., Entomology F. '
V. P. Lee, Ph. D., Marketing and Finance W. _
i. Knox, M. S., Animal Husbandry

A. K. Mackey, M. S., Animal Husbandry L. Darnell, M. A., Dairy Husbandry

‘Dean School of Veterinary Medicine. tAs of November 1, 1932.
"In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture.

S.
R. Brison, B. S.. Horticulture
HR. Horlacher. Ph. D., Genetics

This Bulletin contains a discussion of the constituents
of feeding stuffs, their digestion, utilization, and compo-
sition. Variations in composition of the feeds are dis-
cussed. The averages of the composition of over 600

kinds or classes of feeding stulfs are given, based on ,

over 22,000 analyses, in turn taken from over 55,000 analy-
ses made in this laboratory. The average productive ener-
gy and digestible protein are also given for a large num-
ber of feeds. Suggested standards for feeding are given,
together with methods for calculating the cost of protein,
productive energy, and bulk, for calculating constituents
of a ration and for reducing the cost of a ration.

CONTENTS

Introduction

What animals require in feeds .-
Definitions of terms

Composition of Texas feeding stuffs

Digestion of feeds -_
Utilization of feeds 
Productive energy of feeds
Calculating the productive energy of a feed ...................................... --
Variations in the composition of feeds
Mathematical Expression of variation in composition of feeds ....... ._

Variations in the composition of Texas feeds as
shown by the standard deviation

Causes of the variations in the composition of feeds ....................... _-

Effects of variation in composition of the feed
upon its feeding value

Differences due to variation in production coefficients .................... ..
Cost of digestible protein, productive energy, and bulk in feeds .............. -.

Prices of feeds as related to prices of digestible
protein and productive energy, and to bulk ______________________________________ __

Mineral matter _.

Maintenance ration -_

The fattening ration ____ n

Working Animals
Growing animals . . . . _ _ _ , . _ _ _ _ U
Milk cows

Feeding standards and feeding 

Exact calculation of a ration 

Improving a ration

Reducing the cost of a ration ..... _.
Discussion of feeding stuffs 
Moisture in corn chops
U. S. Standard grades for hay, grain, etc ______________________________________ __
Observations on composition of feeds

Summary and conclusions
References

0000610101

1O

13
14
15

15
16

22

25
25

2'7
29
30
3]
33
33
34
35
37
38
39
40

40
40
40

61
62

BULLETIN NO. 461 NOVEMBER, 1932

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS
I FEEDING STUFFS

G. S. FRAPS

It is the purpose of this Bulletin to discuss the composition and utili-
zation of Texas feeds, and to give the average composition of feeds used
in Texas, based upon many analyses. Analyses of several thousand feeds
of various kinds were made by this Division in the course of investigations
of the composition and properties of feeds. Many of these have been
published (5, '7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16). Also analyses have been made
for other Divisions of the Experiment Station, especially in connection
with feeding experiments. Since the law controlling commercial feeding
stuffs was passed in 1905, this Division of the Experiment Station has
made analyses of over 53,000 samples of commercial feeds for the Division
of Feed Control Service. It was of course not advisable to use all of
the analyses referred to for the purposes of this Bulletin; manufacturing
processes of commercial feeds have been improved or changed, making
it necessary to disregard some older analyses, especially of commercial
feeds. Many of the analyses were of feed mixtures, which are not dis-
cussed in this Bulletin. However, the number averaged is large, being
about 22,355.

WHAT ANIMALS REQUIRE IN FEEDS

Feeding stuffs, when combined to furnish a ration that keeps animals
healthy and productive, must furnish sufficient protein, sufficient material
to produce energy, sufficient minerals such as lime, phosphoric acid,
magnesia and iron, and sufficient vitamins such as vitamins A, B, C, D,
E, and G. If the ration provides only enough material and energy to
sustain the body, without gain or loss of Weight, the animal is said to
be on a maintenance ration. If the animal is expected to Work or to
produce milk or eggs, or to put on flesh and fat, a productive ration
must be furnished. The excess of the ration over maintenance require-
ments may be used for productive purposes.

This Bulletin deals only with the ordinary chemical constituents of
feeds, namely, the protein, fat or ether extract, nitrogen-free extract,
crude fiber, water, and ash. The fat, nitrogen-free extract, and crude
fiber, as well as the protein, furnish energy. The minerals and vitamins
will not be discussed here but are left to subsequent Bulletins.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Proteins are the constituents of the feed which, when digested and
assimilated, can be used to form flesh, muscle, hair, ligments, blood,
1nd other portions of the animal body. Protein furnishes material to re-
place Wear and tear of the animal body, for additional flesh, and for

6 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

other nitrogenous constituents. It is an important constituent of eggs
and milk. Protein can also be burned in the body to produce heat or
energy, or it may be used by the animal for the production of fat, but
it is usually a more expensive source of heat or fat than some of the
other constituents of feeds. When proteins are digested, they are split
up into a number of chemical compounds, called amino acids, which
are united again in the animal to produce animal protein or other
needed substances. Some proteins are deﬁcient in one or the other of
the amino - acids necessary for the building of the animal proteids,
and require supplementing by other proteins which supply these neces-
sary constituents. Other proteins furnish more of one particular amino
acid than is needed, and in such case the excess can be used only for
heat or energy. For this reason, pure proteins differ in their feeding
value, but as most of the proteins in feeds are mixtures of several
proteins, and as different kinds of feeds are usually fed in mixtures,
these differences in proteins tend to be equalized in the daily ration
of the animal. The matter is one which still needs extensive study.

Protein is usually the most expensive portion of a feed, so that feeds
high in protein usually sell for a higher price than feed low in protein.
However, there are times when cottonseed meal, which is high in protein,
sells at such a low price that no money value can be assigned to the
protein (17). When protein is high in price it is more economical to
feed as little protein as is consistent with good results, but when protein
feeds such as cottonseed meal are low in price, it is economical to feed
as much protein as the animal can utilize without harmful results.
Normally, protein costs more than energy, and the values of different
lots of the same feeds high in protein are related to their protein content.

Fats, or ether extract, are that group of constituents of the feed soluble
in ether. The ether extract is ordinarily referred to as fats and oils,
and this is substantially correct for concentrated feeding stuffs, such
as cottonseed meal, corn, rice bran, etc. Although some other substances
are present, the ether extract in these feeds is composed mainly of fats
and oils. The ether extracts of hays and fodders, however, contain
large proportions of waxes, coloring matters, and other substances (23,
24), so that it is not strictly correct to apply the names fats and oils
to the ether extract of these roughages. Fat, after it is digested, is
used by the animal as a source of body fat and to furnish heat and
energy. It is a more concentrated source of energy than the other
constituents of feeds, one pound of fat being approximately equal to
2.25 pounds of starch, sugar, or other carbohydrate. Feeds of the same
kind containing high percentages of fats are thus likely to have a
higher productive value for feeding than those containing lower per-
centages of fat. An excess of fat is likely to impair digestion.

Crude fiber is that portion of a feed which resistsjthewalctiophof hot
1.25 per cent sulphuric acid and hot 1.25 per cent caustic soda solution,
a “purely arbitrary method of analysis. It consists chiefly of the cell Walls
and woody material of the plants. Crude fiber is digested and utilized

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 7

to some extent by ruminants, such as cows, sheep and goats, and also
by horses. Crude fiber is poorly digested by pigs, chickens, and humans,
and has little value to them. Crude fiber usually consists chiefly of
cellulose, which, although a carbohydrate, is difficult to digest and utilize.

Crude fiber not only has a low value in itself, but is usually ac-
companied by other materials which also have low feeding values. Crude
fiber in cottonseed meal above about 4 per cent (9) comes from cotton-
seed hulls, which have a much lower feeding value than the kernel.
Crude fiber, above a certain minimum, in rice bran or rice polish,
comes from rice hulls (10). A high crude fiber content of a hay
indicates the presence of a high percentage of woody material. A high
crude fiber content of alfalfa hay indicates a high proportion of stems
and a low percentage of leaves, and a low feeding value. A low con-
tent of crude fiber indicates a high content of leaves, with consequently
higher feeding value. Other feeds could be cited in which a high content
of crude fiber indicates a high content of less valuable material. Thus,
as was said above, the crude fiber not only has a low feeding value
in itself, but is an indicator of the quality of the feed.

Nitrogen-free extract is a group of substances consisting of starches,
sugars, dextroses, pentosans, organic acids, phytin, lignin, and other sub-
stances. Sugars, starches, and pentosans are carbohydrates. The nitro-
gen-free extract of many concentrated feeding stuffs consists chiefly
of carbohydrates, that is, of compounds which, in addition to carbon,
contain hydrogen and oxygen -in the'proportions to form water. The
nitrogen-free extract of hays, fodder, cottonseed hulls, oat hulls, and
similar materials high in crude fiber, contains large percentages of
lignin and other substances which are not carbohydrates. The nitro-
gen-free extract when digested and assimilated, can be used by the
animal to produce fat or carbohydrates, or it can be used for the pro-
duction of heat or other forms of energy. Animals need large quanti-
ties of materials which furnish energy, for the uses of the body or
for productive purposes.

Ash is the residue left when the feed is burned. It represents chief-
ly the mineral part of the feed, though much of the sulphur and
chlorin and part of the other constituents may have been volatilized
and lost during the burning. The lime and phosphoric acid of the ash
are used by the animal for production of bones and for other purposes.
Salt is also required by animals. An excess of minerals, however, is
of no advantage to the animal but it decreases the feeding value of
the feed. An excessive amount of ash may indicate contamination with
earth or sand or other useless material, but when the ash of tankage
or other animal by-products is high, it is chiefly due to bone.

Water is unavoidably present in all feeds, as moisture. The higher
the water content, the lower the percentage of materials of feeding
value. Thus, a feed containing 12 per cent water would contain about
4 per cent less feeding value than a similar feed containing 8 per cent.
Over 12 per cent water in corn chops or similar feeds may cause heating

8 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

and spoiling (6), especially in warm weather, unless special precautions
are taken. Excess of Water in hay may cause spontaneous combustion,
and burning of the hay, if precautions are not taken to avoid it. Feeds
high in water may be preserved by special methods, such as those
which are used for the production of silage. Texas feeds, as a rule,
contain less water than those in some of the other sections of the
country, probably on account of the somewhat drier climate.

Nutritive ratio: The nutritive ratio is the proportion of digestible
protein to digestible non-protein, chiefly carbohydrates. In calculating
the nutritive ratio of a feed or a ration, the percentage of digestible
fat (ether extract) is multiplied by 2.25, the product is added to the
percentage of digestible nitrogen-free extract and digestible crude fiber,
and the sum is divided by the percentage of digestible protein. The
quotient is the nutritive ratio. If the nutritive ratio of a feed is said to
be 1:8, it means that the feed contains one part digestible protein to
eight parts digestible non-proteid organic matter.

The fat is multiplied by 2.25, for the reason that it is a more con-
centrated form of nourishment than nitrogen-free extract or crude ﬁber,
and has 2.25 times as much value .to the animal.

If the ration contains sufficient protein and sufficient energy, the
nutritive ratio is automatically correct and need not be considered sepa-
rately.

COMPOSITION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

Table 11, near the end of this Bulletin, gives the average compo-
sition of about 625 Texas feeding stuffs, based upon our best present
knowledge. The figures for the concentrated feeds are, to a large ex-
tent, based upon the analyses made for the Texas Feed Control Service
for several years past. The figures for hays, roughages, and all other
materials are based upon Texas analyses of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. The number of analyses averaged is about 22,355.

DIGESTION OF FEEDS

, Digestion converts food into forms which, dissolved or emulsified
in water, pass through the walls of the digestive organs, and can be
utilized by the animal body. Digestive organs of different animals have
different sizes and capacities and are adapted to varied kinds of food.
The digestive organs of cows, sheep, goats, and other ruminants are
comparatively large and are suited for the utilization of large quantities
of feeds containing comparatively small quantities of nourishment. The
digestion organs of the dog, pig, chicken, and similar animals, are much
smaller and are not suited to utilize bulky feeds, such as hays, fod-
ders, or straws. The digestive organs of the horse, although of large
capacity, do not have the capacity of that of the ruminants such as
the cow; and, for this reason, the horse has a lower digestive power
and is less well suited for the utilization of the coarser feeding stuffs.

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 9

The horse is also unable to chew his food over again. The difference
between the digestive power of the horse and ruminant is more marked
for crude fiber, for which the horse has only a low digestive power.

A number of losses occur in the process of digestion.

In the first place, that part of the food that is not digested passes
through the body and is eliminated in the solid excreta.

In the second place, a portion of the food is\_cT)nverted into gases,
such as marsh gas and carbon dioxide. Since the food converted into
gases disappears during the process of digestion, it obviously has no
value to the animal organism. Some energy is excreted in the liquid
excrement.

In the third place, there is a loss due to the work required for the
digestion. The chewing of the food, movements of the body, secretion
of the digestive juices, and the various operations involved in digestion,
use up a portion of the energy of the food.

After all these losses have been deducted, what remains is the net
value of the food to the animals. As stated above, animals vary some-
what in their ability to digest food. There are also diﬁerences in indi-
viduals, due to the conditions of the teeth, the condition of the digestive
organs, etc. The composition of the ration also has some effect on
the digestion.

If the proportion of non-protein to protein is excessive, the digesti-
bility of the ration is decreased. With pigs, the nutritive ratio may
be 1:12 with no decrease in digestibility, but, with other animals, an
increase in non-proteids which increases the nutritive ratio beyond 1:10,
results in decreased digestibility of the ration. The addition of feed
rich in digestible protein, increases the digestibility of such a ration,
until the nutritive ratio becomes 1:10, or, in the case of pigs, 1:12,
after which additional quantities of protein are of no advantage in in-
creasing digestibility.

Digestible protein is the protein which disappears during the passage
of the feed through the animal. The animal is fed a known quantity
of feed, and the solid excrement from this quantity of feed is collected.
Both feed and excrement are analyzed. The difference between the
quantity of protein fed and the quantity of protein in the excrement
is defined as the quantity digested. It is less thanthe protein actually
absorbed by the animal, for the reason that some of the protein in the
excrement is waste body material. However, the digestible protein is
a good measure of the protein which an animal can take from a feed.
Coefficients of digestibility for protein by sheep (18), chickens (19),
and pigs (22), have been published by the Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station.

Digestibility of other constituents. The digestibility of other consti-
tuents of feeds is measured in the same way as that of protein, and
tables giving the average coefficients of digestibility are available. A
summary of digestion coefficients for ruminants is given in Bulletin 329
(18), and a supplement in Bulletin 402 (20), While a summary for chickens

10 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

is given in Bulletin 372 (19), and for pigs in Bulletin 454 (22). Vari-
ations occur in the coefficients of digestibility secured in various tests,
so that there is some variation for the average digestibility shown in
the tables, in individual cases. This is especially likely to be true when
only a few experiments are averaged. -

UTILIZATION OF FEEDS

As stated above, when food is digested, there are considerable losses,
due to undigested food, to gases, and to the work involved in digestion
or metabolic processes consequent on the digestion. After these losses
are deducted, the remainder of the food represents the net value of the
food to the animal. The net food value may be defined as the nourish-
ment that is secured from, the food after deducting all losses involved
in the digestive processes of digestive metabolism, including the work
of digestion. _

This net nutriment must, first pf all, be used for taking care of the
bodily needs of the animal, and then the excess, if any, may be used
for productive purposes.

As already stated, the animal must have a certain amount of food with
which to build up the muscular tissues which are wasted away through
the processes of life. The animal must also have food supplies to keep
the body warm and to maintain heat. The quantity of heat required will
depend to some extent upon the temperature of the surroundings. In
cool surroundings some of the energy liberated in digestion, may be
used to heat the animal body. The animal must also have food to take
care of the various bodily movements of the lungs and the beating of
the heart, movements of other body organs, and movements of the
body which are essential to the life and well-being of the animal.

The needs of the animal may be grouped into two classes:

First, tissue-building materials or food needed for the building of tissue
or for the repair of tissue consumed during the life processes of the
animal. '

Second, energy-forming materials, which may be used for heat or energy,
or stored up as fat, or in thenon-protein constituents of milk, eggs, or
other animal product's.

The protein of food is its only constituent which can be used either
for the repair of the animal tissue or for the building of lean meat.
It is, however, required only in comparatively small amounts by full-grown
animals. Growing animals, that are building tissues rapidly, require
relatively large quantities of protein. Animals giving milk or fowls
laying eggs, also require large quantities of protein, on account of the
protein contained in these products. ,

The other constituents of the food provide energy for heating the
animal, for digestion, for bodily movements,_or for the production of
milk or fat. The nitrogen-free extract, the fat, and the crude fiber,

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 11

may all be used for energy, fat, etc., in this way. If an excess of
protein is fed beyond the needs of the body for the other purposes
mentioned above, the protein may also be used for production of energy.
Protein, including the tissues of the body, may also be used for energy
when the ration fed does not supply a sufficient quantity of energy.
The animal then loses flesh.

It is usually not economical to feed protein to be used for energy
purposes, since protein is ordinarily somewhat more expensive. than the
other forms of feed. There are, however, conditions under which it is
profitable to feed protein for energy purposes. This is particularly
the case in some parts of the South, including Texas, where cottonseed
meal may at times be cheap enough to be fed for its productive value
or value for producing fat or energy, rather than for its content of protein.
In fact, the price of cottonseed meal is at times so low that its protein
value may be disregarded.

PRODUCTIVE ENERGY OF FEEDS

The value of a feed for building or repair of flesh, is measured to
a certain extent by its content of digestible protein. However, the di-
gestible protein of different feeds may have different biological values,
and the biological value of the digestible protein of a ration depends upon
the biological values of the constituents of the mixture and of their
supplemental value.

The value of a feed for heat, bodily movements, or energy, or for
productive purposes, is not so easily measured. The best measure that
we have at present is the quantity of fat that it will produce upon a
fattening animal. This, expressed in terms of energy, we call the pro-
ductive energy of the food, or its fat-producing value, and it indicates
not only the quantity of a fat that the food may be able to produce,
but the relative value of the food for other purposes, such as for
work, for energy, for uses of the animal body, etc.

The productive value of a food is experimentally ascertained by first
feeding an animal a ration which should produce a little fat and estimating
by respiration experiments exactly how much fat is produced with this
ration. Then to this ration the food to be tested is added, and the quanti-
ty of fat produced is again estimated exactly. This cannot be done by
weighing the animal, as such a method is too crude for exact work.
The difference between the first quantity of fat produced and the second
quantity of fat produced, shows how much fat the food is capable of
producing, when it is fed to an animal that is already receiving enough
food to take care of its bodily needs. It is then a simple matter to
calculate the fat-producing value or productive energy of the feed ‘tested.
The productive energy of feeds has also been compared by means of
feeding experiments (25). The productive value for work, for milk,
or for other purposes, can also be measured. For practical purposes,
it is convenient to use only one of these values.

12 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

The productive energy, stated in terms of therms, is the most ad-
vanced method of measuring the value of a feed stuff. In the calcu-
lation of rations for animals, it was formerly assumed that the di-
gestible nutrients of one food are equally as good as the digestible
nutrients of any other food. As a matter of fact, this is not true.
Different feeds vary considerably in the value 0f the digested nutrients
contained in them, due to differences in losses and in the work involved
in chewing and digestion. The use of the productive value is a decided
step forward in the calculation of rations for feeding animals.

According to Kellner, 100 pounds of ether extract of roughages will
produce 47.4 pounds of fat on a fattening animal; 100 pounds of starch
will produce 24.8 pounds of fat; 100 pounds of protein will produce
24.8 pounds of fat; 100 pounds of crude fiber will produce 24.8 pounds of
fat. These, then, are measures of the productive values of the consti-
tuents of feeds, and may be converted to therms, the measure used here.

If we assume that the digestible nutrients of all feeds have an equal
value, we can calculate, from the above figures, that 100 pounds of
a certain wheat straw should produce 10.4 pounds of fat. But by ex-
periment, it was found that 100 pounds of this particular wheat straw
produced only 2.1 pounds of fat. Hence the value calculated merely from
the productive value of the nutrients without correction is utterly in-
correct. On the other hand, the fat produced from cottonseed meal was
found to be equal to that calculated. For this reason, it is plain that
the digested constituents of wheat straw are quite different in productive
value from the digested constituents of cottonseed meal, and correction
must be made for the nature of the feed.

Other tests have given similar results, and proven conclusively that
the digested nutrients of one feed may have a different value to the
animal, pound for pound, from the digested nutrients of another feed.

It is quite possible that different animals may have different powers
of utilizing the digested net nutrients of feeds, and that some ani-
mals may put on a different quantity of fat from that put on by the
steers used by Kellner in ascertaining the productive values. This
has indeed been found to be the case with pigs, which ‘produce a larger
amount of fat than the steers from the same digested nutrients; but
the quantities of fat produced were in proportion to the productive values
as determined on steers.

It is also possible that, for uses other than fattening, the value
of a feed may not be the same as to its productive value, but the value
would probably be in proportion to it. That is to say, the quantity
of fat that the feed may produce on a fattening animal, may not repre-
sent the absolute value of the feed to animals for all other purposes,
but its value for other purposes may be in proportion to the productive
energy, or fat formed.

The productive value of a feed is the net energy for fattening ex-
pressed in therms per 100 pounds of feed. A therm is 1000 large calories.
The productive energy is the measure of the value of that feed for sup-

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 13

plying energy for productive purposes, such as the production of work,
flesh, milk,‘ eggs, or for maintenance of the animal body. After a
feed is eaten, there are losses of energy in undigested food, and in
fermentation. The process of digestion and assimilation also uses some
energy, and there are some losses in the urine. The energy remaining
after all these losses have been deducted, can be used by the animal for
maintenance or for productive purposes if the amount fed is large
enough. There are losses in utilizing the available energy, and these
losses differ according to the use made of it. A larger proportion of
the available energy can probably be used for maintenance than for fat-
tening, so that the net energy of a feed for fattening is less than
the net energy of the same feed for maintenance. It is desirable to
adopt a single definite measure of the productive value of a feed, for
use in comparing different feeds, for formulating feeding standards,
and for other practical purposes. Kellner used as a measure the energy
which is stored up in a fattening animal when the feed to be tested
is added to a ration which exceeds slightly the maintenance require-

ments. The productive energy is thus the available energy measured_

in terms of energy and fat and flesh stored up by a fattening animal.
The net energy measured by maintenance, by work, by milk, or by
other methods, may be different from the net energy (or productive
energy) measured by fattening, but should be in proportion to it. The
distinction is necessary on account of the confusion caused by different
values for net energy for different uses of the animal body. The pro-
ductive energy, then, is the net energy for fattening when the feed
is fed in a balanced ration.

Calculating the Productive Energy of a Feed

Coefficients for calculating the productive energy of various feeds
are given in various bulletins of this Experiment Station (18, 19, 20,
22, 25). A table for the most important feeds is also given in this
Bulletin (Table 10).

The calculation of the productive energy of a feed from its chemical
composition and production coefficients is a simple matter. If percentage
of each constituent of the feed is multiplied by the corresponding pro-
duction coefficient, and the products totaled, the sum is approximately
the productive energy in therms for 100 pounds of feed. The following
is an example:

Alfalfa hay (below 30% crude fiber)

Analysis Coefficient Product

Protein 14.8 .755 11.17
Fat 2.0 . 812 1.62
N itrogen-free extract ........................ -- 37.4 .7 76 29- 02

Total ______________________________________________ _. 41. 81
Fiber I 29.1 —.152 -—4.42
Productive value ________________________________  37.39

The calculated productive energy of a number of feeds is given in
Table 11.

14 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

VARIATIONS -IN THE COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

It is well known that feeding stuffs vary in their content of protein,
crude fiber, water, and other constituents, due to a number of conditions.
On account of the impossibility of making chemical analyses of samples
of every lot of feeding stuffs, it is frequently necessary to use an
assumed composition. The average composition is frequently used for
this purpose. For the purpose of making guaranties under feed laws,
figures lower than the average are used, so as to allow a margin for
variation in a feed. These are termed minimum guaranties. Such mini-
mum guaranties are also used in calculating the composition to be guaran-
teed for mixtures, when the ingredients are of average quality and when
chemical analyses are not frequently made of them. Average analyses
are frequently used in discussing feeds or for formulating rations used
in feeding experiments.

In connection with all these uses of average analyses, it is important
to keep in mind the fact that the composition of the feed may vary
from the average, sometimes to a considerable extent. The difference
between therms of productive value secured for alfalfa hay in one
laboratory from that secured in another may be partly due to differences
in the composition of the hay used.

Variations in natural feeds may be due to the stage of growth at
which they were gathered, the kind of seed planted, the soil, the season-
al conditions, the method of preparation, the conditions under which
the feeds were prepared, and other factors. Manufactured feeds, in-
cluding by-products, are affected by the composition of the materials
from which they are made, and by the details of the process by which
they are secured. Many by-products are mixtures from several machines,
and their composition may be modified not only by changes in the
operation of the machine, but also by the proportions of the products
of the various machines which are mixed by the person in charge of
the operation.

Some of the variations will be referred to in connection with the
discussion of particular feeds.

Variations in particular constituents may be brought out by grouping
the feeds according to their content of the constituent in question. Thus,
in Table 1, are given the grouping of 586 samples of cottonseed meal
collected from Sept. 1, 1930 to Sept. 1, 1931. The middle point of each
group is given; thus, the group designated as 43.0 includes meals con-
taining 42.76 to 43.25 per cent protein. It is noted that the protein
in the 586 samples varies from 36.8 to 48.8 per cent with an average
of 48.4 per cent. The greatest number of samples is in the protein
group 43.26——43.75 with the mean 43.5 From this point the number
decreases both ways. The same kind of distribution is observed with
the other constituents. The percentage of ‘samples in each group is also
given. ’

Table 2 shows the grouping by various constituents of samples of
wheat gray shorts, collected from Sept., 1930 to Sept., 1931. Only the

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 15

middle points of these groups are given. A variation in the compo-
sition of the samples is to be observed similar to that of cottonseed meal.
The percentage of protein varies from 14.8 to 20.2 per cent, the fat
from 3.2 to 5.8, the crude fiber from 3.6 to 7.6, the nitrogen-free extract
from 53.6 to 65.1, the Water from 7.1 to 12.3, and the ash from 2.3
to 5.1. Wheat gray shorts containing more than 6.0 per cent crude fiber
is considered to be misbranded, and t0 be really Wheat brown shorts,
but each season some samples of this kind appear on the market under
the name of wheat gray shorts and for this reason are here included.
Similar tables could be prepared for other feeds but a mathematical
expression of the variation is simpler and probably more accurate.

Mathematical Expression of Variation in Composition of Feeds -

Tables similar to No. 1 and No. 2 would show the actual grouping
of feeds according to their constituents but would take up considerable
space and apply only to the samples listed. A condensed mathematical
expression for variation is the standard deviation of the mean and of
the percentile variation. The standard deviation was calculated by sub-
tracting the average from the analyses, squaring the differences, dividing
by the number of samples, and extracting the square root. It is assumed
that a large number of samples, when grouped and plotted, would fall
into a certain type of curve, the area of which represents the number
of samples. This seems to be actually the case in many instances,
but not always. From the calculated standard deviation and the aver-
age, or mean, of the analyses it is possible to calculate the proportion
of samples which should fall into any part of the curve. In order to
do this it is merely necessary to subtract the figure desired from the
mean, divide the difference by the standard deviation, and read the
desired proportion or percentage from a suitable table, giving the de-
sired relative area of the portion of the curve.

Table 3 shows the percentage of samples which could be calculated
to be in various groups by the use of the standard deviation and the
average or mean. For example, the standard deviation of protein of
cottonseed meal for 1930-31 (Table 4) is 1.36, and the average protein
is 43.49 (Table 11). One per cent of the samples would be above
1.36 times 2.34 (Table 3) plus 43.49, and one per cent would be below
43.49 minus this product. Five per cent of the samples would be above
1.65 times 1.36 plus 43.49 per cent protein and five per cent would
be below 43.49 - (1.65 times 1.36). The calculated number of samples in
each group as given in the next to the last column, can be compared
with the actual number found in the distribution of cottonseed meal ac-
cording to its protein content, as given in the last column, and calculated
from Table 1.

Variations in the Composition of Texas Feeds as Shown by the
Standard Deviation

The standard deviations for some of the constituents of a number
of feeds are given in Table 4 and the corresponding coefficients of varia-

16 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

tion in Table 5. No attempt was made to calculate the standard varia-
tion for all the feeds or all the constituents, but it is believed that the
figures will give an idea of the variation in the different types of feeds.

As shown in Table 3, 67 per cent of the samples should come within
the amount of the standard deviation of the average, while 33 per cent
should come outside this limit. Thus, with the protein of alfalfa meal,
67 per cent of the samples should come within 1.50 per cent of the
average (14.63%) per cent of protein and 33 per cent should contain
either less than (14.63 - 1.50:13.13) per cent protein or more than
(14.63+1.50:_-16.13) per cent protein. The crude fiber of alfalfa meal
is more variable, as 33 per cent of the samples should deviate 3.76
above or below the average for crude fiber (29.38).

The standard deviations in Table 4 for protein and crude fiber usually
range between 1 and 2 per cent but are of course low with feed low
in these particular ingredients. The nitrogen-free extract is somewhat
more variable.

In the period from 1924 to 1931, there is manifest a decided decrease
in the standard deviation of the protein in cottonseed meal. from 2.28
to 1.36. This means that there is a decided decrease in the variation
of the protein content of the samples on the market. This is evidently
due to the success of the efforts of the manufacturers to make a more
uniform product.

The standard deviation, expressed in percentage of the total feed, is
necessarily low if the percentage of the ingredient in the feed is low.
Somewhat diﬂerent results are secured if the results are expressed in
percentage of the ingredient present, as is done with the coefficients
of variation in Table 5. From 1924 to 1931, the coefficient of variation
of the protein in cottonseed meal is seen to decrease from 5.3 to 3.1
per cent. It is also much lower for protein in cottonseed meal in 1931 than
for protein in any other feed.

The protein content of corn bran, corn silage, sorghum silage, and
sudan grass hay is quite variable. The ether extract is more variable
than the protein, but this is largely due to the much smaller percentages
of ether extract generally present.

Crude fiber also has a high variability in many of the feeds. Nitro-
gen-free extract is usually the least variable in most feed though its
variability is high for corn silage and sorghum silage.

Causes of the Variations in the Composition of Feeds

Some of the causes of the variations in the composition of feeds
are discussed below.

Stage of growth. Young plants are soft and tender, and high in
protein; as they become older, the fiber content of the stems and
leaves increases and the content of protein decreases. Old plants have
woody stems and leaves. There are thus great diﬁerences between
the feeding value of the same plant at different stages of growth.
This is shown by the series of analyses of bur clover at different

17

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

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l8 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAST AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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19

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

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20 BVLLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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21

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

 

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22 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

stages of growth given in Table 11, and also by the analyses of prairie
grass from Harris county, also given in Table 11.

Plants such as corn, milo, or kafir near maturity develop a large pro-
portion of grain 10w in crude fiber. If the entire plant is considered,
there would be a decrease in crude fiber near maturity. The crude fiber
increases in the stalks and leaves if they are taken separately.

Soil and Season. Soil and season affect the composition of feeding
stuffs. As shown with corn (21), the protein content of the corn varies
with different localities. There is a correlation coefficient of —.576i.072
between the percentage of protein in the grain and the rainfall, January
to July. The composition of cottonseed varies with the locality in which
it is grown, and also, apparently, with the variety(9). Different selec-
tions of seed of the same variety of cotton also vary (19), so that it is
possible to breed varieties of cotton seed high in fat. The soil and season
cause variations in the composition of other plants.

Method of preparation. The preparation or storage of feeds affects
their chemical composition. The amount of water left in the feed decreases
the constituents in direct proportion to the quantity of water. A decrease
in water content increases the feeding value of the same feed. Loss of
leaves of alfalfa or other plants in drying results in a lower content of
protein and a higher content of crude fiber, with a lower feeding value,
compared with the feed containing all the leaves. When a feed heats,
some of the easily-digested materials are oxidized and partly lost. Expo-
sure to rain may allow some of the soluble constituents of the feed to be
washed out.

Methods of manufacturing. Many commercial feeds are by-products
from the manufacture of more valuable foods or feed. For example,
wheat bran, wheat gray shorts, and wheat brown shorts are by-products
from the manufacture of wheat flour. Cottonseed meal is a by-product
from the manufacture of oil from cottonseed. Variations in the procedure
followed by the manufacturer affect the composition of the by-product.
Improvements in methods for the extraction of oil from cottonseed have
decreased the average content of oil in Texas cottonseed meal from 9.73
per cent in 1907 to 7.5 per cent in 1931. Wheat millers who take out
part of the floury material, or who increase the bran particles, will pro-
duce wheat brown shorts instead of wheat gray shorts. The composition
of the wheat brown shorts will also depend upon the proportion of the
wheat which goes into flour. Other processes in the control of the manu-
facturer affect the composition of the by-product. The composition of the
raw material also affects the composition of the by-product.

Effect of Variation in Composition of the Feed upon its Feeding Value

The composition of feeds as discussed in this Bulletin is related more
closely to productive energy and digestible protein than to the minerals
or vitamins, which are not discussed. The digestible protein of a given
feed is almost in direct proportion to the protein content, though the per-

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 23

centage of protein digested is usually somewhat higher for the feed high
in protein and somewhat lower for the feed 10w in protein. The diges-
tion coefﬁcients also vary from the average, as already shown (18,19).
That is, the feed high in protein is likely to be of higher quality than the
average. Consequently, a greater percentage of the protein is digested
from it than from an average feed. On the other hand, a feed much
lower than the average in protein is likely to be of inferior quality to

the average; consequently the percentage of protein digested from it is
less than the average.

Increases in the water and in the ash of feeds tend to decrease both the
digestible protein and the productive energy ‘of the feed. » A given con-
centrate high in protein may or may not have a higher productive energy
than another lot of the same feed low in protein. However, a roughage
high in protein is likely also to have a higher productive energy than
the same kind of feed low in protein. A feed high in crude fiber is
likely to have a lower content of protein and to furnish less productive
energy, than the same kind of feed low in crude fiber.

In order to secure some information regarding variations in productive
energy, the productive energy of a number of samples of feeds is calculated
from the chemical composition and the average production coefﬁcients.
The analyses used for corn chop, wheat bran and screenings, and cotton-
seed meal were selected at random from large numbers of recent analyses.
The other analyses represent all the analyses of a group. '

The results of the calculations are given in Table 6. Decidedly wide
variations are found to occur in the calculated productive energy of var-
ious samples of alfalfa hay, corn silage, rice bran, and sorghum fodder.
The poorest samples of alfalfa hay and the poorest sorghum fodder have
less than two-thirds the productive energy of the best samples. The
coefﬁcients of variation is 22.0 per cent for the productive energy of
corn silage, and about 12.5 for alfalfa hay and sorghum hay or fodder.

The samples of Bermuda hay, cottonseed meal, corn chops, and wheat
bran examined were much less variable in productive energy than alfalfa
hay, corn silage, rice bran, and sorghum fodder. The coefﬁcient of varia-
tion varies from 1.2 for corn chops and wheat bran to 5.48 for rice bran.
It is quite possible that the samples of Bermuda hay did not represent
a sufﬁciently wide range of conditions and that Bermuda hay is much
more variable than here shown.

The standard deviations and coefﬁcients of variation of some of the
constituents which, it was thought, might be most closely related to the
productive energy, are given in Table 6. The standard deviations of
crude fiber and of productive energy are quite close together in alfalfa
hay, Bermuda hay, and wheat bran, and are related in sorghum fodder,
tho less closely than with the other feeds. The productive energy in
corn chops has a higher standard deviation than the protein and a lower
standard deviation than dry matter in corn silage. The coefﬁcients of
variation of the productive energy are less closely related to those of the
other constituents, than are the standard deviations.

24 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

. . . . . . , . . . . . . -- v4.  Wm»   Esﬁmmmg
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aiﬁscunoo nonpo we gang. A33 uoywmﬁoo mwwmm mo >225 wiuoswonn mo comawiw> 6 mznwn.

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 25

By using the standard deviations for similar feeds in Table 4, and
comparing with Table 6, it is possible to make an estimate of the varia-
bility of the productive energy of various feeds given in the table. The
standard deviation of the crude fiber in alfalfa meal in Table 4 is less
than that of the group of alfalfa hay used for calculating productive
energy in Table 6. It may therefore be assumed that the productive energy
of alfalfa meal is less variable than that of this particular group of alfalfa
hays. The crude fiber (Table 4), of barley chops has a higher standard
deviation than the crude fiber of wheat bran in Table 6; we assume that
barley chops are more variable in productive energy than the group of
wheat brans used in this table. Similar comparisons would make possible
the statement that Wheat bran and screenings are more variable in pro-
ductive energy than the wheat bran of Table 6; so also is corn chops.

Diﬁerences Due to Variation in Production Coelficients

The foregoing discussion was based upon energy productive values
calculated from the energy production coefﬁcients. Since these are aver-
ages based upon average digestion coefﬁcients, and since the individual
digestion coefﬁcients also vary from this average, sometimes to a con-
siderable extent (18, 19, 22), it is seen that the actual variations in pro-
ductive energy are somewhat larger than was found in the preceding
section. These variations are intimately connected with the chemical com-
position of the feed. Thus chemical analyses, to show the exact chemical
character of the feed used, are essential in any work dealing with the
feeding values of feed stuffs.

Cost of Digestible Protein, Productive Energy, and Bulk in Feeds

The three most important things purchased in feed are the digestible
protein, the productive energy, and the bulk, or volume. While minerals
and vitamins in the feed are valuable and cannot be disregarded, it is
not at the present time practical to calculate their price or money value.
Digestible protein and productive energy are important in all feeds. Bulk
is important only in bulky feeds; it acts to depress the price paid for
nutrients in bulky feeds when purchased. This effect is due chiefly to
the high cost of transportation per unit of feeding value in bulky feeds.

A method sometimes used for calculating the cost of protein is simply
to divide the price per ton by the number of pounds of protein in a ton.
This procedure is incorrect, as it ignores the value of the productive energy
contained in the constituents other than protein. The cost of the total
digestible nutrients is sometimes calculated in the same way, the protein
being ignored. If the cost of protein and of digestible nutrients in cotton-
seed meal is calculated in this way, and then calculated back to the value
of cottonseed meal, it naturally comes out twice the original cost. If 12
oranges and 20 apples cost $1.20, the oranges would not cost $1.20 divided
by 12 or 10c each and the apples $1.20 divided by 20 or 6c each (which
would be the method of calculation for the cost of protein mentioned

J

26 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

above), but the oranges might cost 5c each and the apples 3c each. With
two equations, the cost of protein and of productive energy can be calcu-
lated by elementary methods of algebra.

In the case of concentrates, the cost ofdigestible protein and of pro-
ductive energy can be calculated for pairs of feeds, one high in protein,
the other low in protein, by the method given in Bulletin 323 of this Sta-
tion (17). If the following are assumed:

xzcost of digestible protein in cents per pound

yzcost of productive energy in cents per therm

azprice of concentrated feed (A) low in protein, in cents per 100 pounds

bzprice of concentrated feed (B) high in protein, in cents per 100 pounds

pzpounds digestible protein in 100 pounds of feed A

nzpounds digestible protein in 100 pounds of feed B

tztherms of productive energy in 100 pounds of feed A

cztherms of productive energy in 100 pounds of feed B

then -

pX-I-tyza (Equation 1)
nx-i-cyzb (Equation 2)
Solving for x and y, we have

tb -- ca

x: -j-- (Equation 3)
nt -—- pc
na — pb

y: ii (Equation 4)
nt — pc

1

In the above equations, the fraction is a constant for any two
nt-pc
feeds of a given composition. It may be designated by k.
1

k: -?—-— (Equation 5)

nt -— pc

The calculation may be then simplified if it is calculated for these feeds.
The equations for x and y then become
x:(tb — ca)k (Equation 6)
y:(na -- pb)k (Equation 7)

Since corn and cottonseed meal are two of the most easily secured
well-known feeds in the South, their prices may be used in calculating
the cost of digestible protein and of productive energy. Similarly,
corn and cottonseed meal or corn and linseed meal may be used in the
North.

Using the average composition given in Table 11 for Texas corn
chops (p : 6.4, t —_- 85.8) and 43 per cent protein cottonseed meal
(n _—_- 35.9, c : 74.9), the value of k would be .000384.

With the composition given in Table 11 for corn chops and for 34
per cent protein linseed meal (n : 29.4, c -_: 77.6), the value of k would

be .000494.

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 27

If we assume corn chops to cost $23.00 a ton (or a z 115 cents a
hundred) and 43 per cent protein cottonseed meal to cost $24.00 a ton
(or b z 120 cents a hundred) and the average composition given in

Table 11 be used, the average values of a, b, p, n, t, c would be as given
above. Solving equations 5 and 6 with these values,
x z (85.8 X 120 - 74.9 X 115) .000384
y z (35.9 X 120 - 6.4 X 120) 000384

we find the cost of digestible protein and productive energy for this
pair of feeds to be
x 0.646 cents a pound of digestible protein
y 1.290 cents a therm of productive energy

These prices could then be used in connection with the digestible
protein and productive energy given in Table 11 for the purpose of
calculating the comparative values of other feeds when corn chops and
cottonseed meal are selling at the prices specified. (See Table 7.)
Equation 1 would be used (px + ty z a), in which p would be the
percentage of digestible protein in the feed, t the therms of energy in
100 pounds, X the price of digestible protein, and y the price of therms
energy.

For example, taking rice bran and using the average composition
in Table 11, digestible protein p is equal to 8.9, and therms of productive
energy t is equal to 69.9. -

Equation 1 (8.9 X .646 + 69.9 X 1.290 z 95.92) gives the relative valu
of rice bran in cents per hundred. Calculations for other feeds are given
in Table 7. For other (prices of corn chops and cottonseed meal, the
cost of digestible protein and productive energy would of course be
different.

When Protein Costs Nothing

If protein is assumed to have no money cost, equation 1 becomes
ty z a (Equation 8)
a (Equation 9)
y I —
t
With corn chops at $20.00 a ton, a z 100 and t z 85.8; y then becomes
100 + 85.8 z 1.166 cents a pound for productive energy. The energy
value of cottonseed meal would be cy z b, and since c z 74.9, cottonseed
meal would be worth 74.9 X 1.166 z 84.333 cents a hundred, or $17.47
a ton. Therefore if cottonseed meal sells for $0.87 a hundred or less
when corn is $1.00 a hundred, no price is being secured for the digestible
protein; it is thrown in free with the energy.

Prices of Feeds as Related to Prices of Digestible Protein
and Productive Energy, and to Bulk

It was shown in Bulletin 323 that the selling prices of a number
of concentrated feeds were closely related to the values calculated from
the cost of digestible protein and of productive energy at any particuler

28 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

2.3 2x3 83 5w W: 32 $8.? .5252 $35.»
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3&3 32: M32 3w Ea 3mm owwaw?» Awwﬁ 53m
wwwﬁ 32w 3a T: m; 3x3 wmgwiw £99.? >2§m
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ill ................. .. mam i. 3.3»  Qwﬁswmwv 30% =80
3.30 @250 mvnwv
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THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 29

time. Allowance must of course be made for variations due to local
conditions and to fluctuations in prices. Feed such as oats, wheat bran,
alfalfa meal, cottonseed hulls and prairie hay, and any hay or fodder
had prices higher than the calculated values. This difference may be
due partly to the bulk, or volume, partly to other values. The dif-
ference between the price of the nutrients and the price of the feed
may be taken as the price of the bulk or other items of feeding value.
The purchaser can then decide whether or not the bulk is worth the
difference, and which is the cheapest feed.

In Bulletin 323, we take as a measure of the bulk, or volume, in
100 pounds, the difference between the sum of the productive energy
(E) and moisture (M) in 100 pounds.

Bulk d : 100 — (E + M) (Equation 10

If w is the cost of one pound of bulk, then '

wd : s — p (Equation 11)
s — p

w : (Equation 12)
d

s : price of the bulky feed in cents per hundred, and

p —_- price of the digestible protein and productive energy in cents per
hundred (Equation 1) calculated from concentrates.
~ An illustration of the method used for estimating the price of bulk
is as follows:

If alfalfa hay selling at $16.00 a ton, with corn at $23.00 and cotton-
seed meal at $24.00, is assumed to have the average composition shown
in Table 1'1, it would contain 11.0 per cent digestible protein and 37.4
therms productive energy in 100 pounds. Using the values for digestible
protein and productive energy calculated above for cottonseed meal‘,
the value of these in alfalfa hay would be

p -_: ax + ty
The bulk in 100 pounds would be
d : 100 — 37.4 (productive energy) -— 8.4 (water) : 54.2

Using equation 10, s :: 80 (cents a hundred pounds)

y:1.290 x: .646 p:ax+ty p:37.4X1.29+
11.0 X .646 : 60

s—-p:80—-60_—_20
s -— p 20

w :-_ = i. : 0.369 cents a pound of bulk

d 54.2 -

The approximate cost of bulk in other bulky feeds could be calcu-
lated in-the same way. Other values than bulk might, of course, be
present.

MINERAL MATTER

The full grown animal does not need large amounts of mineral material,
but growing animals require certain quantities of mineral matter for
the production of bone, and also for storing away as part of the con-
stituents of their flesh. Animals giving milk require mineral matter

30 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

for the purpose of milk formation. The most important constituents
of the ash or mineral of plants are phosphoric acid and lime.

Growing animals which do not receive sufficient lime and phosphoric
acid in their food, suffer from the deficiency. The bones become weak,
the limbs and spinal column bend, and the animal does not develop
properly or may have other troubles. Pigs may suffer in this way be-
cause unless tankage is fed, the food ordinarily fed in many cases does
not contain a suﬁicient quantity of lime.

In certain restricted localities, the food usually eaten by animals does
not contain sufficient lime, and the bones of the animal are poorly
developed. In addition, the animals suffer from various diseases, which
diseases, on investigation, have been found due to the deficiency of
lime or phosphoric acid in the feed fed. A deficiency of minerals is
sometimes manifested by a tendency of the animals to gnaw bones, wood,
leather, labels on tin cans, etc.

A deficiency of lime only in the ration may be supplied by the use
of limestone, oyster shell, or air-slaked lime.

Lime and phosphoric acid together may be supplied by means of
ground bone, or other phosphatic materials.

Salt is found in digestive juices, and a certain quantity of salt ap-
pears to be very necessary to the welfare of animals. A moderate
amount of salt increases the retention of protein by the animal body:
which results in an increased production of flesh. Steers of average
weight require about one ounce of salt per day, and horses from one-
half to one ounce. Steers on a fattening ration may require as much
as two ounces of salt per day or even three ounces of salt per day.
An excess of salt is undesirable.

MAINTENANCE RATION

The maintenance ration is a ration which provides for the bodily
needs of the animal, without supplying any excess to be used for fat,
milk, work, or other productive purposes. A ration which maintains
the weight of a full-grown animal may be sufficient for maintenance,
but an animal may maintain weight and be losing fat at the same time.
A ration which maintains the weight of a growing animal is likely not
to be sufficient for maintenance, and the animal is likely to be using
some of its stored fat for maintenance purposes.

Horses may be placed upon a maintenance ration during periods of
idleness. Cattle may be placed upon a maintenance ration between the
end of the fattening period and the time of sale; also during periods
before the fattening period begins, if, for any reason, it is desirable to
delay the fattening process. Breeding stock may at times be placed
on a maintenance ration.

The maintenance requirement is also a basis for the other rations,
since that portion of the ration which may be used for productive
purposes is the excess over maintenance.

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 31

Young animals cannot normally be placed upon maintenance rations,
since growth is a normal condition of the young, and the maintenance
ration does not allow for growth.

The amount of food required for maintenance depends, to a consider-
able extent, upon the temperature. The maintenance ration is usually
based upon a temperature of 64° F. At this temperature, a considerable
portion of the needs of the animal is for heat to keep up the body
temperature. As the temperature of the surroundings rises, less heat
is required, until at 95° F. no heat from the food is needed to keep
up the body temperature. As the temperature becomes lower than 64° F.,
on which the maintenance ration is based, the requirements of the
animal increase, and a decided decrease in ‘the temperature of the
surroundings may cause a great increase in maintenance requirements.

This explains the great suffering which comes among the range ani-
mals when snow decreases available forage, and at the same time in-
creases the requirements of the animal.

The temperature of the drinking water has the same eﬂect. Its tem-
perature must be raised to that of the animal body. If an ox drinks
his usual quantity of water, at a temperature of 41° F., the amount of
feed required to heat this water to body temperature is equal to about
25 per cent of his maintenance ration. That is to say, the needs of the
animal for maintenance are increased 25 per cent. Animals which are
kept'at a comfortable temperature, but drink cold water, thus need
additional food for maintenance, for the purpose of warming this water.

A fat animal requires more food for maintenance, in proportion to
its weight, than a thin animal.

THE FATTENING RATION

The gain in weight during the process of fattening is largely fat
in the chemical sense. The nutritive ratio of the gain of full-grown
animals is about 1:20; that is, there is almost 1 pound of protein
gained for every 20 pounds of non-protein (including fat x 2.25). On
an average, the gain in weight is two-thirds fat, the remainder being
water, protein, ash, etc. Growing animals put on more protein (flesh)
than full-grown animals, and have greater requirements for protein.

Only the excess of food over the quantity necessary for maintenance
can be used for the increase in fat of the fattening animal. Anything
which increases or decreases the quantity of food required for maintenance
will thus decrease or increase the quantity available for gain in fat.

Animals use energy in the processes of digestion, which is finally
liberated as heat. This heat may be used for warming the animal body,
if needed for that purpose. Since fattening animals digest a larger
ration than animals on maintenance, they have a larger excess of heat
resulting from digestion 0f the larger ration, and may be kept in
quarters having a lower temperature, without an increase in main-
tenance requirements or need for extra food.

32 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

In warm weather, fattening animals may have trouble in disposing
of the excess of heat produced in the processes of digestion and assimi-
lation. They then instinctively consume less food, which explains why
the fattening process may not be successful, as a rule, during hot
weather. The high energy ration produces an excess of heat, which
makes the animal uncomfortable and decreases his appetite.

On the other hand, if the fattening animal is exposed to too cold a
temperature, or has too cold drinking water, his requirements for main-
tenance will be increased, less food will be available for fattening
and the result will show in a decrease in the gain of weight. In cold
climates, it has been found desirable to warm the drinking water, es-
pecially for hogs.

The fatter the animal, the more food is required for maintenance,
and the less the proportion of the ration that is available for fat.
Hence the cost of the gain increases with the fatness of the animal.

As has just been said, only the excess of food over that required
for maintenance can be used for fattening. The larger this excess within
the limit of the ability of the animal to utilize it, the larger is the
proportion of the ration which may be used for fattening, and the less
is the cost of the gain in weight per unit of food.

Thus it is usually more economical to feed a heavy ration to a given
animal than a light ration. The production of fat is proportionally
greater. For example, if a steer whose maintenance requirements are
6.0 therms of productive energy, is fed a ration equal to 8 therms of
productive energy, only 2 therms are available for production, and here
only one-fourth of the ration can produce fat. But if this animal is
fed and able to use 12 therms of productive value, the amount in
excess of the maintenance requirement would be 6 therms and thus one-
half of the ration is used in production of fat. Thus the gain in fat
produced by the second ration would be three times the gain by the
first, and the cost of the fat produced by the first ration would be
nearly twice the cost of that produced by the second. In other words,
the cost of fattening may be reduced by feeding a ration which is as
heavy as the animal can profitably utilize. Too heavy a ration, on the
other hand, reduces the production of fat, since the excess interferes
with the normal processes of the animal and makes the fattening pro-
cess less successful.

The nutritive ratio is usually considered to be of considerable im-
portance in calculating rations for feeding. This ratio may vary be-
tween wide limits without affecting the process of fattening. The nutri-
tive ratio should not be wider than 1 to 10 for cattle or 1 to 12 for
swine, because in such a case the digestibility of the food is lowered.
It should not be narrower than 1 to 4, because such excess of protein
1's not good for the Welfare of the body. Between these limits, the nutri-
tive ratio is not of great nutritive importance, though it may be im-
portant in affecting the cost of the feed.

As protein is expensive, it is usually better to figure the ration for
the lowest quantity of protein. In Texas, however, when the price of

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 33

cottonseed meal is low, one should use narrow nutritive rations and
more protein for cattle, sheep, and other ruminants.

When the total quantity of protein fed is correct, the nutritive ratio
is taken care of automatically.

The quantity of fat fed is not of importance, provided that it does
not exceed one pound of fat per thousand pounds of live weight per
day. Any excess over this quantity is liable to cause digestive dis-
turbances and so interfere with fattening. Pigs can use larger quan-
tities of fat than this amount, but even with these animals the quantity
of fat should not exceed one and a half pounds per 1000 pounds of
live weight. This is the reason why it is advisable to feed only moder-
ate quantities of feeds high in fat, such as cotton seed, soy beans,
or peanuts.

WORKING ANIMALS

The energy used for work comes directly or indirectly from the food.
Food or body material is oxidized in the animal whenever work is
done, just as coal is burned in an engine. The working animal should
be fed such quantity of food as will maintain the body, and, in addition,
the quantity that will supply the necessary energy for the quantity
of work required. The ration must, therefore, depend on the amount
and kind of work.

As already stated, only the excess of food over that required for main-
tenance can be used for the production of fat. If insufficient food is
furnished to working animals, they consume the substance of their bodies
for the purpose of producing energy and become thin. Any animal
when working, needs a heavier ration than during periods of idleness.

Animals vary considerably in their capacities to do work. The con-
formation of the animal determines how much energy he will have to
use to do a particular kind of work. One type of animal is better
adapted to a particular kind of work than another type. Those animals
adapted to the work can use the energy of the food to better advantage
than the other types not so well adapted.

GROWING ANIMALS

Growth is a normal condition for a young animal. It is not possible
to put a young animal on such a maintenance diet that it will stop
growing and will neither lose nor gain fat. The growing animal should
secure enough food to provide for the proper growth of the flesh and
enough mineral matter for the bony skeleton. A young animal gains
more weight in proportion than an older animal, even on a fattening ration.
Young animals do not require less food for maintenance, but they eat
more in proportion to their weight, and they are thus able to store a
greater proportion of the food eaten. It follows that the greatest gain
in weight for the quantity of food eaten occurs with the younger ani-

34 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

mal, and the gain requires more food as the animal grows older. This
is shown by the following table, giving the quantity of food required
for 100 pounds of gain at different Weights in certain experiments:

Pigs

Weight Pounds food eaten
per 100 lbs. gain

Below 100 lbs. 300

100 to 150 360

200 to 250 420

250 t0 300 450

Similar results could be given for other animals.

The young animals intended to be fattened should be fed more liberally
than those to be used for milk or work. Young animals are very sensi-
tive to injurious influences and they require careful feeding, good food,
and protection from injurious influences. The food should be furnished
often and regularly, clean vessels should be used for drinking water,
and stalls should be dry and well ventilated. The animal should be
supplied with clean dry bedding. Cold, wet, and drafts should be avoided.

MILK COWS

Milk cows are fed for the purpose of producing milk or butter fat.
As is the case with other animals, only the excess of feed over that
required for maintenance can be used for productive purposes. There-
fore, the greater the quantity of the excess, within the capacity of
the animal to utilize it, the greater is the return per unit of feed stuff
consumed. In other words, heavy rations, within the capacity of the
animal, are more profitable than light rations. Furthermore, animals
that can utilize heavy rations and can work them into milk, are more
profitable than animals that can utilize only a small excess over the
maintenance ration.

There is a great diﬁerence in the capacity of individual cows to utilize
the productive values of feed stuffs. Some cows do not give sufficient
milk or butter fat to pay for the feed which they consume. Other
cows are highly profitable. Both kinds of cows may be found in the
same herd.

The composition and quantity of milk depend on the breed, the indi-
vidual animal, the period of lactation, frequency of milking, and other
conditions. Milk cows may be divided into two groups; the members
of one group give relatively large quantities of milk with a moderate
fat content, and the members of the other group give less milk but
it contains a higher percentage of butter fat. The amount and compo-
sition of milk given by the same cow varies to some extent from day
to day. The amount of milk given decreases with the time that the
animal has been giving milk. With some cows, the decrease is regular
and gradual; while others give the same quantity for a long time and
then fall off rapidly.

The milk-secreting organs are closely related to the nervous system.
Thus rough treatment, insufficient bedding, exposure to cold tempera-

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 35

tures, and other unfavorable conditions, will decrease both the quantity
and the quality of the milk. '

The quantity of milk and its composition depend on the individual
capacity of the animal, but they also depend on the quantity and quality
of the food fed. It is not possible to push the production beyond the
limits conditioned by the nature of the animal, but a deficiency of food
will decrease the quantity of milk, shorten the period of lactation, and
may permanently injure the productiveness of the animal. When an animal
is fed on a sufficient ration, and is changed to a ration containing
insufficient food, there will be a reduction in the quantity and the quali-
ty of the milk.

Feeding standards for milk cows are based on the quantity of milk
given and the maintenance requirements of the animal. The usual plan
is to feed a certain amount of roughage, and then to feed a mixture of
concentrates in proportion to the quantity of milk given.

FEEDING STANDARDS AND FEEDING

Table No. 8 gives the standards which seem advisable for use for
various feeding purposes, based on 1,000 pounds of live weight. Standards
are calculated: first, upon the basis of exact experiments to ascertain
the needs of the animal; secondly, on feeding experiments with various
rations, carried on in large number and in various parts of the world
in which the effects of the rations were determined; and, thirdly, on
the experience of practical feeders of large numbers of rations. In
preparing the feeding standards here suggested, those of Armsby (1),
and Henry and Morrison (28) have been consulted, as well as the work
of Joseph (29), Kellner (30), Kriss (31), Savage (32), and Stiles and
Morrison (33).

The standards represent the rations which should, as a rule, give the
best results. The ration may need to be changed or modified according
to the individuality of the animal. The standards must not be re-
garded as fixed rules but are merely intended to enable a feeder to
start with a well-balanced average ration. He should then modify or
change the ration to suit the requirement of his animals. This is par-
ticularly necessary in view of the fact that the feeding stuff used may
differ materially from the average given in the table of analyses, and
used in the feeding standards. As already shown, there is a considerable
variation in the composition and feeding values of different feeding stuffs
of the same kind, and the feeder must take this fact most carefully into
consideration.

The suitability of the feed to the animal to which it is given must
also be considered. Some animals are only able to utilize small quantities
of certain feeding stuffs, but large quantities do not agree with them.
The palatability of the feed is also to be considered.

Every change in the food, whether it is a new food or a change in
quantity, should be gradual, covering a period of four to seven days.

36 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

The feeding standards and the tables of analyses may also be used
to great advantage in studying the rations which are being fed to animals,
and to ascertain whether they cannot be improved in feeding value, or
lowered in cost. This is a very important and significant use of the

Table 8. Tentative standards for feeding per day per 1000 lbs. live weight.

 

 

Per day per 1000 lbs. live weight
Animal Digestible Productive
Dry matter crude protein value
Pounds Pounds therms
Growing dairy cattle
Weight 100-200 pounds __ _____ .. 22.0-24.0 2.8 -3.1 15.6 —17.5
Weight 200-300 pounds __. ..... -. 23.0-25.0 2.5 -2.8 15.1 -17.0
Weight 300-400 pounds -_--_-___-- 24.0-26.0 2.2 -2.5 14.2 -16.0
Weight 400-500 pounds .___.._..--_ 22.0-25.0 1.9 -2.2 13.3 -15.0
Weight 500-600 pounds -----...._._ 21.5-24.5 1.7 -1.9 12.6 -14.5
Weight 600-700 pounds _._ ....... -. 21.0-24.0 1.6 -1.8 12.0 -13.8
Weight 700-800 pounds ----- 20.5-23.5 1.5 -1.7 11.0 -13.0
Weight 800-900 pounds _______ _.. 20.0-23.0 1.4 -1.6 10.4 '—12.3
Weight 900-1,000 pounds .... -__.._ 20.0-23.0 1.2 -1.9 9.7 -11.4
Growing steers with some fattening
Weight 100-200 pounds __.._-1..._. 22.0-24.0 2.8 -3.1 15.8 -17.7
_ Weight 200-300 pounds 23.0-25.0 2.5 -2.8 15.6 -17.5
Weight 300-400 pounds 24.0-26.0 2.2 -2.5 14.5 -16.4
Weight 400-500 pounds _.._. 24.0-26.0 2.0 -2.2 14.0 -15.9
Weight 500-600 pounds 23.0-25.0 1.9 —2.1 13.7 -15.5
Weight 600-700 pounds ______ -_ 22.0-24.0 1.8 -2.0 13.3 -15'.2
Weight 700-800 pounds __________ ._ 21.0-—23.0 1.7 -1.9 13.0 -14.9
Weight 800-900 pounds --...___.__.. 20.5-22.5 1.6 -1.8 12.6 -14.5
Weight 900-1,000 pounds _____- 20.0-22.0 1.5 -1.7 12.3 -14.1
Weight 1,000-1,100 pounds __--. 19.5-21.5 1.4 —1.6 11.8 -13.7
Weight 1,100-1,200 pounds ..... -. 19.0-21.0 1.3 -1.5 11.4 -13.3
Fattening 2-year-old steers on
full feed
First 40-60 days .__.-_.__..._._.__.-___.... 22.0-28.0 1.7 -2.0 14.3 -16.2
Second 40-60 days .....__.__--..-_--__..__ 20.0-30.0 1.6 -1.9 13.2 -15.7
Third 40-60 days _- __---__..----...--- 18.0-28.0 1.5 -1.8 13.0 -15.3
0x at rest in stall __.__...--__-.......--.. 13.0—21.0 0.5 -0.7 6.8 - 7.8
Wintering beef cows and calves.-. 14.0-25.0 0.7 —-0.8 8.0 -10.0
Horses
e _ 13.0-19.0 0.8 -1.0 6.5 - 8.4
At light work ___________________, 15.0-21.0 1.0 -1.2 8.4 -10.5
At medium work - __...._. 16.0-22.0 1.2 -1.5 10.0 -13.0
At heavy work ....... _.~__ _____ .. 18.0—24.0 1.5 -2.0 13.0 —16.0
Brood mares suckling foals, but
not at work __ .................... .. 15.0-22.0 1.2 —1.4 8.4 -11.2
Growing colts, over 6 months .... __ 18.0—22.0 1.6 -1.8 10.0 -12.0
Fattening lambs
Weight 50-'70 pounds ._ ......... -_ 27.0-30.0 2.6 -3.0 18.0 -20.5
Weight 70-90 pounds ______________ __ 28.0-31.0 2.4 -2.7 18.0 —21.4
Weight 90-110 pounds ___ ........ ._ 27.0-31.0 2.2 -2.4 18.0 -21.4
Fattening sheep ___._-._.__-_-.____..__.___._ 24.0-32.0 1.6 -2.0 15.0 -16.0
Dairy cows
For maintenance of 1000-lb. cow .60 6.0
To allowance for maintenance add:
For each pound of 3.0% milk --.- .045- .055 .25
For each pound of 4.0% milk  .053- .065 .30
For each pound of 5.0% milk -.-. .060- .070 .35
For each pound of 6.0% milk __-. .065- .080 .40
For each pound of 7.0% milk __-_ .070- .085 .45
Sheep maintaining, mature
Coarse wool  18.0—23.0 1.0 -1.3 9.5 -12.0
Fine wool 20.0-26.0 1.1 —1.4 10.5-13.0
Breeding ewes, with lambs  23.0-—27.0 2.5 -2.8 16.7 -18.6

table. As has been pointed out in other parts of this Bulletin, it is
very often of advantage to feed higher quantities of protein than are
called for in the standards on account of the comparatively low cost
of cottonseed meal at various times in this State. That is to say, the pro-
tein could be fed for its productive value, and not for its value as material
for forming flesh only.

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 37

EXACT CALCULATION OF A RATION

Before beginning to calculate a ration, it is necessary to decide on
the ration desired, the feeds available, and their probable composition.
In calculating the ration we must consider:

1. The desired productive energy.
2. The desired bulk.
3. The desired protein content.

All these vary somewhat, especially the bulk and the protein.

We will term the method of calculation given below, the method of
substitution. It is best given by an example. Suppose we desire a
ration with a bulk of about 24 pounds 1.6 pounds of digestible protein,
and productive value of 13.0 therms, and wish to use corn chop, 43
per cent protein cottonseed meal, and cottonseed hulls, having the average
composition given in Table 11. As these feeds all contain about ten
per cent water, for which allowance has been made in considering the
total bulk to be fed, it is not necessary to calculate to dry matter.

First, let us assume that the 24 pounds fed is entirely cottonseed
hulls. This quantity of cottonseed hulls has a productive value of
24 X .179 —_- 4.30 therms. The value desired is 13.0 therms, leaving a
deficiency of 8.7 therms. If now We replace cottonseed hulls having
a productive value of .179 a pound by corn chop having a productive
value of .858 therms per pound, for every pound of cottonseed hulls

replaced, we gain .858 —— .179 : .679 therms of productive energy.
Dividing 8.7 by .679 We have 12.8 pounds of corn chops, which should
replace an equal amount of cottonseed hulls leaving 24.0 — 12.8 :-_ 11.2

pounds of cottonseed hulls.

11.2 pounds of cottonseed hulls and 12.8 pounds of corn chops contain
11.2><.004+12.8><.064:0.86 pounds protein While 1.6 pounds is desired,
a deficiency of .74 pound protein. Since cottonseed meal has nearly
the same productive value as corn chops, it can replace corn chop
without materially altering the productive value of the ration. If one
pound of average 43 per cent protein cottonseed meal containing 0.359
pounds of digestible protein replaces one pound of corn chops contain-
ing 0.064 pound digestible protein, the digestible protein increases 0.359 —
0.064 —_— 0.295 pounds; hence to increase the ration .74 pound, we re-
quire .74 divided by .295 : 2.5 pounds cottonseed meal in place of
an equal quantity of corn chops. The ration would then consist of 11.2
pounds of cottonseed hulls, 10.3 pounds of corn chop, and 2.5 pounds of
cottonseed meal. The substitution of 1 pound of cottonseed meal for
1 pound of corn- chops decreases the productive value .858 — .749 : .109 or
0.25 therm for the 2.5 pounds substituted; and this can be adjusted by
adding .30 pound of corn chops, making a total of 10.6 pounds of corn
chops in the ration“ This finally gives the ration desired, consisting of
10.3 pounds corn chops, 2.5 pounds cottonseed meal, and 10.9 pounds

cottonseed hulls.
1  5

38 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

The method of calculation used above may be stated as follows:

1. Assume that all the bulk desired is composed of the roughage to
be used and calculate its productive energy.

2. Calculate the quantity of concentrate which would give the desired
productive energy if it replaced a portion of the roughage.

3. Calculate the protein in the mixture having the compositionascer-
tained above, and then calculate the quantity of a concentrate rich in
protein which must replace a portion of the other concentrate in order
to give the desired quantity of protein. The calculation is easier if the
two concentrates have nearly the same productive energy.

4. Adjust the ration by increasing or decreasing the quantity of one
of the concentrates slightly, so that the change in the productive energy
caused by the change in the amount of the second concentrate may be
allowed for.

With three feeds, only one combination is possible to secure a given
mixture, but if more than three feeds are used, a large number of
combinations is possible. A fourth feed may be substituted for the
feed which it most closely resembles in any proportion, and the excess
or deficiency in digestible protein or productive energy may be ad-
justed by changes in the amounts of the other feeds. Other feeds may
be introduced in a similar way.

The calculation can also be made by the aid of algebraic equations.

IMPROVING A RATION

Suppose a horse weighing 1,000 pounds is at hard work, plowing for
example, and is receiving 4 pounds corn, 4 pounds wheat bran, and 14
pounds Bermuda hay. How does this ration compare with the standard
and how can it be improved? First, calculate the digestible protein
and productive energy of the ration, using the average values of Table
11. (See Table 9.)

Table 9. Starting point for calculation of horse ration.

Per cent Pounds Therms
Feed digestible digestible productive Therms
Feed pounds protein protein energy in in
in feed in ration 100 pounds ration
feed

Corn chops ..............................  4 6.4 .26 85.8 3.43

Wheat bran ....................... -_  4 12.9 .52 56.8 2.27

Bermuda hay ................. -- -.f 14 3.0 .42 31.3 4.38

Total ................................. -. 22 1.20 10.08
Horse at heavy work, stan-

dard (18-24 lbs. dry matter)  ._--- 1.5-2.0  13—16

Desired ration .......................... __ 22  1.70 ____ __ 14.00

Deficiency .................................. _-  .... _- .50 ____ __ 3.92

the productive energy .858—.313:.545; so to gain the 3.92 pounds
desired would take 3.92 -:— .545 —_—. 7.2 pounds of corn chops. Each pound

The ration is lower than is desired in protein and in productive energy.
Productive energy may be increased by substituting corn for part of
the Bermuda hay. One pound of corn substituted for hay increases

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 39

of corn chops substituted would increase the protein in the ration .064 —
.030 : .034 pound, or 7.2 pounds would increase it .24 pound. This

(would increase the total protein to 1.44, but would still leave a defici-

ency of 0.26 pound protein. If we replace corn by wheat bran to sup-
ply this protein, we require .26 + (.129 —— .064) z 4 pounds wheat bran.
This, however, would cause a deficiency in productive energy of 4><.858—
.58:1.11 therms. This deficiency could be made up by replacing Ber-
muda hay by corn, 1.11+.545:2.0.
The calculated ration would then be as follows:

Pounds

Corn 4 + 7.2 — 6 +2.1 : 7.3
Wheat bran d, 4 6 :. 10.0
Bermuda hay 14 ——7.2—2.1 :2 4.7
Total 22.0

REDUCING THE COST OF A RATION

The commercial prices of feeding stuffs are often not in proportion
to their feeding values, and rations may often be modified so as to
reduce the cost of the ration. There are four things to be considered
in reducing the cost of a ration: (1) the suitability of the feed to the
animal; (2) the cost of the productive value; (3) the cost of the
digestible protein per pound; (4) the cost of the bulk or volume of
the feed.

The three last factors can be calculated from the known selling price,
the protein content, and productive energy, as already shown. The
bulk of the feed may be measured by the total amount of dry matter.
It often happens that some hays cost more per unit of feeding value
than concentrated feeds. In such cases, the other cheaper bulky feeds
should be used, and the difference in nutritive value compensated for
by increasing the concentrates. i”

Suppose a feeder who is using 6 pounds of wheat bran at a cost of
$16.00‘ a ton, can secure corn at $23.00 and cottonseed meal at $24.00.
Would it pay to substitute? Using average values of Table 11, six
pounds of wheat bran contains 0.77 pound of protein and 3.48 pounds of
productive energy. The weight of corn containing 3.48 pounds of pro-
ductive energy would be 3.41 -:— .858 : 4.0 pounds of corn, which would
contain 4 X .064 _—_ .256 pound of protein, or a deficiency of 0.51 pound
of protein. Replacing sufficient corn by cottonseed meal to balance the
protein, 0.51 -:— (.359 — .064) : 1.7 lpounds. That is, 1.7 pounds of
cottonseed meal and 2.6 pounds of corn are equivalent to 6 pounds of
wheat bran. The cost would be 6 X .8 : 4.8 cents for wheat bran; and
for the mixture, 1.7 >< 1.2 : 1.93 for the cottonseed meal, and for
the corn 2.6 >< 1.1 : 2.86 cents, a total of 4.79 cents for the mixture
or practically the same thing. It does not always follow that a change
like this should be made, as the use of the wheat bran may be preferable
for other reasons.

The preceding illustration shows the method which may-be followed
in reducing the cost of a ration. In substituting for protein, a suitable

40 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

feed providing the protein at the lowest cost per unit should» be used.
In substituting for productive energy, a suitable feed providing the
most productive energy for the money should be used, and the same
remark applies to substituting for bulk.

The calculations could also be made by the method of algebra.

DISCUSSION OF FEEDING STUFFS

The average composition of Texas feeding stuffs is given in Table
No. 11. The feeding values of the various feeding stuffs are also
given in Table No. 11. There is a considerable variation in the com-
position of feeds, and it is necessary to recognize this fact in applying
the tables to feeding conditions.

Definitions of feeding stuffs have been adopted by the Association
of American Feed Control Officials. They are published in Bulletins
of the Division of Feed Control Service of this Experiment Station.

Moisture in Corn Chops

It has been pointed out in Bulletin No. 152 of this Station that corn chops
may heat under Texas conditions and the consumption of such heated corn
or corn chop is dangerous to horses or mules. If corn chop contains over 14
per cent moisture, it is almost certain to spoil in Texas during the
warm months. All grades of corn lower than No. 1 may contain over
14 per cent water. Lower grades should be dried, or so stored that they
will dry out before being manufactured into corn chops or exposed to
warm temperatures. Corn chops containing over 10 per cent of moisture
should be well ventilated, or handled, if in bulk, so that it can dry out,
especially during warm periods; otherwise, it is likely to heat.

U. S. Standard Grades for Hay, Grain, etc.

Descriptions of the U. S. Standards for grain, hay, and straw» may
be secured from the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Observations on Composition of Feeds

Fodder and stover. The term “fodder” refers to the entire corn or
grain sorghum with the grain. The term “stover” refers to the plant
from which the heads or grain have been removed.

Alfalfa hay. The feeding value depends to a considerable extent upon
the percentage of leaves present. The leafy hay contains more digestible
protein and has a higher productive value than the stemmy hay. The
feeding value is not necessarily closely related to the grade.

Bur clover. This series of analyses shows the relation of stage of
growth to feeding value. The young bur clover has a high feeding value,
which decreases as the clover becomes older.

41

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

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43

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xxx xx. x2 xx 2.x xxx x2 0....  x .25 05.20 .0 .5 .52. 2.22.
5.x. xx. 2.x. 5.x xxx xxx x5 x25  w.--  x dz 05.20 .0 .5 .52 x522

6.26 P6 2..2. 66 666 2.6m 6.x 6.62 ...................... z H .072 06x50 .0 ..D .222 x2x24
6.2.6 6.2.2 6.m xx 6.2% 2.6m 6.m 76.62 .................................................. .. 0Mx50>x 02x52 x2x24
xxx xx . . . . . . . . . . : 66m 66m 6.2 6.62 ................................ .. 25555525253 2.0550520 .x2x24
2.6m m.m .2 6.6 H6 6.2.6 6.66 6.m n62 ................................................. -- 2.0252. .0Mx220.2 0025M4
2.6m 6 6 xx x... 6.66 6.6 6.2.m 66 .................. .. 5505M 52.00-2005 .2022. 2055002 55004
666 6 6 6.m m6 6.62. m.m 6.2. H6 .................... .. 5505M 02x0-0>22 2.252. 62055002 55004
6.66 6 2. 2..2 66m 6.2.6 66 66m m6 .................. .- 5505M 02x0-605. 2005.2 62055002 55004
xxx 6 2. 2..2 6.66 6.2.6 m.m 6.6 6.6 .................. .- 5505M 0253-032 22005.2 62055052 55004
2.mm x. 62 6.m m6 6.26 M66 6.2 xx 2.0252. .2252 55004
2.2m m. 6 6.2 xxx xxx 2..2m 2.2 xx 52005.2 .2252 55004
6.66 6 2. xx 2.6 2.2.6 2.62 2.6m 26 ................................. n- 5505M v2xo-2.05 60252. £55004
6.66 6 2. 6.m 66 m.2.0 x.x2 66 66 .................................. -- 5505M 2.8-5.85 .2252. £55004
2.x... 6 2. m.2 0.0x 66m 6.6 2.62 xx .................................. .. 5505M 02x0-2.05 120055 655004
2.6m 6 2. 6.2 6.6m 66m m6 6.m 6.m .................................. ..5505M 2.3-0.80 520052 £55004

2.5505 662
52 255220. 0.500 505 2.0M... 00.055020
mM5050 520.2052 |50>x .204 502x226. 005m|50M 52222 2.0.0.5020 5202052
035 252 .0 Z 05222 02.550 50522.22
052.0552 |22m0M2n2

0550525555 50.2 >M5050 032052.055 2.5x 5200055 0222220022. 00.022.20.555... 2.5x 62.002 .20 5o22m0555000Mx5500505 0Mx50>4 .22 03x2.

46 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

000 0.00 00 0..HH 0.0 0.3. 0.. 0.0 0.00 .................................................... .- 000.00 .0=0E..0000m
000 0 0. H 0.0 H.» 0x00 0.00 0H 0.HH .............................................. .. $000000 00o 000050
. . . . 0>0HH 0.050. 050 00>00H 00 0005 ..H0>0H0 50m
0 00 0 HH H 0 0. 0 0 S; 0.00 00 EH ...... .... ........................... -. H0050 to 000.0080 05.0
. . . . 0E0 00>00H 0500 .005.Ho0 00000 =0 ..H0>0H0 50m
0 00. 0 0H H 0 w H0 0 0.3. 0.00 .00 10H ......................................................... .. H0053 05.020
H000 $5000 m0>00H m0 0.000 .5000? 55m
0.00 00H H 0.0 0.0 0.00. mHm 0.0 HHw ......................... .. 000.000 5003 E 2B0 ..~0>0H0 00m
0.00 00H H 00H 0.0 0.HH. 0H0 0.0 0.0m \\\\\\\\\\ .. $000000 005.80 #050 0o 0005 ..H0>0H0 50m
0.5. 0.5 H 00H 0Q 0.0m 0.5 0.0 0.0.0 ................... .. H0050
. 00550.0 00000 m0 050.» .5003 HHHG ..H0>oH0 55m
 H00 H H.HH 0.0 0.00 H.H.H N4. Hém ........................ 1 2000500 50000. 50 003. ..H0>0H0 50m
.... 1 H 0.0 0.0 0.0H 0H0 0.0m 0.0m   000m 0H0b05 50m
H00 0.0 0H 00H H.w 0.00 wém 0H us. ............................................................. 1 000.00 00.03am
0.00 0.0 0 0H 0.0 0.00 00H 0.0 0.HH ..................................................... .- $00000 000AB0H0H0m
000 0.0 ...... .. .   0.00 0.0H 0.0 00H ......................................... .. 25555050 000HH>5H00m
0.00 00H 0 00H 0.0 0.00 00H 0.0 00H .................................. .. 2.000500 500000000 335m
0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.0. H100 0H0 Haw 00H ; 3000mm 0.0.H000HH0 .00H0ﬁm:0n0 03005000 0030.5
0.00 0.0. 0 H.0 0.0. 0H0 00H 0.0 0.0 ..................................................... .. £00000 0.80 505m
000 00H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. 0.00 00H 0.0 0.0m ...................... .. 900055050 00000 £5000 .w.H0>>0.Hm
w H0 05H 0H H.H. . 0.00. 00H 0.0 0H0 ............................................ .. 00000 050.00 .m.H0>>0.Hm
0.0. NH. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .- 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .............. .. 20055050 0050000 H0350 .H005 050m
~..HH Hi0 m 0.0m 0.0 0.0 Nam 0. 0.0 ...................................... .. 0050000 $00000 4005 050m
N00 H.0H . . . . . . . . . . . . z  0 0.0 0.0 0.0m .................................. 1 H5050c050 B0» .0005 050m
H.00 0H0 0N 0A0 0.0 0.0 NH 0.0 0.0m .......................................................... .- 30» A005 000m
0.00 N80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. 0.0 0d 0.H 0.0m ............................................ .. H55505050 H005 000Hm
0.00 R00 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.H NH 0.00. ................................................................... .- H005 002m
0.3 00 WH; 0.0 0.0. 0.00 0.00 0.H 0.0 ........................ .. >00 0008.05
0.0.0 0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 0.00 00m 0. 0.w ................................... .. A555H5050 00000 .35 000m
H 0w 0.0 NH. 0.0 0.0 0.00 00H 0. 0.0 ....................................................... a 00000 .015 000m
0% m.H H NH 0.5 0.0 o.H H. Ham ...................................................... .. £0000 .3009 xuoum
0.00 w..0 H 0.0 v.0 0.00 0.0 0. 00H ...................................................... .. 00050 .3000 033m
0.0m 0 H H H.0 0.0 0.00. 0.00 m4. 0.0 .......................................... -- 00000 00000 000.00 000m
0.0 H0. H Hi0 0.4.0 00H 00H 0.H H0 .......................................... -. £00.00 000mm 00000 000m
0.00 0H H. 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0m 0.0 H0. ...................................................... .. 200300 000.00 000m
00H 0m w 0.0. 00H. 0H0 0.0m H.H 0.0  500.00 .00HH0H0 000s? .0005. 000m
0 Hm 0 0w H. 0.0 0.0 H00 HA. 0H 00m ...................................................... .. 200000 055 500m
0.00 H.H.H H 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.HH m. 00H ....................................... .. H000 0:0 00000 505 500m
040 00H H 0.HH 0.0 0.0m 0.0m 0H 00H .......................................................... : 0000 50.05 500m
0 H00 00H H 0.0 HS 0.00 0.0 NH 0.Hm ........................................................... .. 00050000 500m
005005 00H
5 05505 0500 000 0000 000.300
055050 50000.5 |.H0>0 HHwHw 00000? 003-500 50:00 000.503 =000o~m
0Z0 03 .0 Z uohﬁz 00:00 090m
6000mm 5000mm _

H.00H05.H0.:000i!.w..0:0:H50.H no“ 030050 03000095 050 0000.05 0000000000 000550.500 00.0 .0000“ m0 003300500 0M00H00000HH 0005030. .HH 030m.

 

47

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

S; w.w ww w.H 6.: H.H.w H.H. H..w m.m 690:6 F86 Hui
w.mH m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9ww 9ww w. 9m .................................................. .. HEsSEHEw n66 FHOD
66H w. mH H.m 9H. 9ww 6.66 w. H.w 6.8 F80
w.ww w.w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9ww 9mH 9w 9w .............................................. .. HEHHEEHEV :65 F80
6.66 w.w wwm 9m H..w 6.6 9w 9w 9H.H   :65 F80
9ww 9w . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9wH. 9w w.w 9w .............................................. ,. ASsEHcHEV 8:6 :80
w w.w Hwwm w.H m.HH 9HH. w.m 9w 9H.H .  6.8.6 F80
.ww w.w wwH 9H H.w w.mH. 9m w.w wdH 5.66m F80
www H.w H w.mH w.w 9ww 6.66 w.H H..w .... .. 6666.6 666.860
9wHH mww H w.m 9H. H.wH 9 H.H.m H.mw ...................................................... .. 66.16648 83H H80
wwH. H..wH mH w.w 9w w.H.w 9wH w.m w.Hm .............................. .. 666693 86c .H66E-:o 666266600
www 9H.H mw 9w w.w 9ww m.HH 6.2 wwH H6818 6:26.660
H..ww H..H.H w 9w w.H. 66w 9mH 9wH m.wm 66166-36 62666660
H.wH. 6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z 9ww 9mH 9w 9wm .............................. .. ASHHSHEEV 66E mo 65:86.60
w.H.w H..H m w.w 9w 9ww 9wH H..w 9H.H 6:26 666w 66660
9wH w.w H w.w w.H. H.ww 9ww H.H 9w ................................................. .- 86.36 .6686 £6.85
w.mw w.wH H 9H. w.w wmw mdm w.m 9H.H ......................................... x v2.8 San $66.86 ..H6>oH0
w.mm 9H. H 9w H..w www m.ww H.H w.w .............................. .. H6326 6.60 >6: .6636 £9620
w.mwH w.H. H 9H 9w H..w Haww w.mw H.w .......................................... .. H666 66.5 B626» 6665.5
9H.w 6.2 H w.w 9w w.wH w.ww 9wm 9H.H . H666 666566 =65
9ww w.m H H.w 9w H.ww wmw m.H H.w ................................................. .- 2663 6666.6 66980
9wH H.w H m.H. w.ww H.oH 9HH H.. w.w ................................................. .- 6.66:6 H663 6626660
m.w m.H H H..w www 9w m.m w. w.w ........................... .. c6666 Q66? 6H5 H66? 6626.80
6.66 9H.H m 9mm H..H. Haww 9wH 9H w.wH ............................. z H63. £668 6H3 H66? 6666.80
. . . . . . . . . . .. w m.H H..wH. 96H H..H. w. w.  H6666 6.6680 66>66H 6w 66:66 .666EE6H. .6560
. . . . . . . . . . .. m w. w.w» 9wH H.w m. w.  H663 666.5 666.8669 .6666 6:60
. . . . . . . . . . .. m 9w 9Hw 9mm 9H.H H.H w.m  666w 66650 666.562. .6662 6:60
6.66 9H w H..w H..w 9H.w Hdm w..H H.w ....66>.w6H Him 6x136 A6662 HHHH; .666H§HH.6H. .6560
. . . . . . . . . . .. m w.w w.w w.Hw H..wm 9H w.m  66:36 A666: .23 666666969 .6560
. . . . . . . . . . .. m 66m w.w 95 w.wm w. Ham  683 666w .83 666.3369 .6560
w.ww 9m m w.w w.w w.ww H..ww H.m w.w ....................... .. 66>66H 666a .663 666666969 .6560
w.ww H.w H 6.2 9w 9ww 9H.H w.w w.w ................................................... .. H666 666mm 6:66.60
9w w H 9m wdw 9w H..H w. w. ................................................ .- £666“ .6926 636.60
9w w. m H.H 6.26 w.w w. H. H.H £63m JHFG 656.60
Haww m.w w m.wH 9mm w.Hw 93 9H w.w H666 JHFG 636.60
www w.m H w.H.m w.w 66w 9mH 9H w.w . H66H. .66>w6H 665660
w.wH w. H. H..w 9ww 9H.H H..w w. 9H = c6666 636.60
w.ww w.H H. 9H.H H..wH 9Hw w.w H.H w.w H66H. .6:66.60
w.wm 6.2 w m.m. w.m... H.HH w 9m 9wH ................................................ -- UIOwLF-Hwm JHHHQFHRBBMH
9ww Hww . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96w 9H 9w 9mm ............................... .. HEHHEHEEV H628 JHHHEBﬁEm
mwqnoﬂ 00H
CH mHHHHmHHH 866a HoQ H.666 uodnﬁao
698:6 5669a 18>.» n64 n36? ovum-HEM 666mm 66.6.3666 ﬂmowoanH
6.5 63 67H 1653A 6350 636E
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fwwnzHuconvwllmwnwH-Hﬁsn now 666666 6363.666 was

H5306» 6366666 363660.236 was .6H.66m we 6666666866 QMSHHQQHQQ 6M6u6>< .HH wHnwu...

48 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

 

#3. Q5 ow Qm m.» QmN QN Qw Q5. ................................ .. “E385 $3. .318 Héwwsoﬁoo
.36 5a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 9mm QNH Qw QNH. .......... .. Aisﬁmcmc: smﬁopn 88$. .313 8889x580
ma» Ham NwNN 1m H.» ﬁwN Q3 >6 Q9. .................................. = E395 $3 .388 wwwmceﬁoo
QB HwNN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. QNN QmN Qw QwN HEEEEEEV
wwwmouQ-QHQH?» imwaoan $3. ﬁwomcouboU
N8 QoN . . . . . . . . . . . . ..  QmN QmN Qo QmN ibiEcmﬁv
.............. .- uwmmwnméHoHHkr Emwaona QxQmN Axwwmcoﬁonv
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N.Hw H.NN mNm N.H. H; Q3 N.H.N H4. HéN .......... .- c8005 gmN .H.owww§H-w_o.HB .H.www:o3o0
mmwm. wwHwH N3 Wm 3. QwN QNN Q3 QcN . 83308.80
N. N.H. 3. :5 NHH. b. pd ................................................ .. Hwﬂhwv 823w noﬂoo
H. H. N Hm N6 Q3 Q3. YH Qw ............................................. 1 H8823 $83 E580
HQH w. w 8.2 Him QmN QHN HxN Qm .............. .. HEM Baht d8 w~sm 53.3. Em aoﬁco
c 8 8 YH E HI. 8.3 w. QH pa: c380
Q3. QHH NH Q3 Nd QNE‘ .2... HQ. Q3 @952 c0580
8.3 H.N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Q3. Q3 QN Qw .......................................... .. Hﬁsﬁwmﬁv 25 ccﬁoo
HMN H.N NN >5 ﬁw w? N.H...“ QN Qw .......... .. P25 c380
m 3. Qw w. Nd 5 QHH. H.Hm QM H.HH ....................................... .. 26$ 5T5 mzon coﬁoo
N.NH .3 ...... .. Qw W3 QHN >3 H.H w.» ...... ., .883 E
ENE 6.5m mEamgnwHH uoﬁw $2 .823». EH00
Q3 H.H S H.N Q2. Q3 ms b. QN ......................................... .. Ewan 88E 68mm F80
QNm HQ 3 Qw HE. QHm QHN QN m.» v3.8 6min. n80
QHN w. N m.» ms Q3 Q3 p. N.H" @822 F80
Q2. H43 w ﬁN m; Q3 N.HH in QNN 18E @8888 F80
Q3 m6 ._.N N.H Q3 H42. N.H m..." H.3 H35 F80
Q2. Qmm . . . . . . . . . . . . ..  Q3. QH. QH Q3. ................................ .. AEEEEEEV 13S 553w F80
Q2. 8.3 m QN HQ. 8.8. w.” QH N.H“. 13E .882»... F80
Q3 Q3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- Q3 Q» md QmN .................................. .. AEEEEEEV H63 553m F80
Hi. QNN 3 H...“ H.w is 5 ~..N QwN H88“ nmzzw F80
N8 N.NH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- Q3 QN Q» o.wH .............................. .. Ainﬁmcmﬁv E8848 8.8m F80
E8 Q3 HH Q» N4. mam QH. H; m.wH .................................................. .. QNwE-mo 5.8m F80
H33 H.3 H 2 Qw QB. >4. 3a Q3 88.8w F80
3N m.N ...... .. ~..N N.NH. 5.» Q3 w.H ma. .................. .. £83 8:28 69:6 30¢ .8388 =80
QHH N.H ...... .. N.H Q3 N.NH Qm m. N.H :33 Q83...“ F80
N8 m.» 3 N.H N.NH .023 w. QH. Qm .... .. 86G F80
m2. Ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Q5 QM Qm Qw .................................... .. Hissmcmﬁv H.888 H63 F80
Qww i. wmN QH v.3 Q2. Qw 3. Qm E2: H63 :80
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49

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

 

 

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ddﬂnn QH H QH. v.88 H88 8.3 v. v.8 8.88:8 328.88%
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H48 H8 8 v.8 88H 8.88 H.vH 8H 8.8 ...................... .. H888£8£ 8888.: 888888 88888888
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8.88 QHH HH Q8 H6 Q88 Q8 QN Q3 8.8%. .8860
QH8 H.8H H v.H Q8 Q88 Q8 v.H QmH v888 i820 .8805.
8.0m QNH H v.2 8v Q88 QNH QH Q8H .................................................. .. 880v 58.8w 8388mm
8.88 QM m Q8 Q8 Q3 Q3 QH 8.8 .............................................. .- $02.88 88.888 808.385
.................................. .. A3138 888v 888:8 zﬁpnzwm
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8.88 8.88 ...... .- 8.8 QHH 8.88 H8 QH 8.88 $8888 8880300
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0.8m 8 88 Qm 8.8 v.88 8.88 Q Qm .......................................... .. 888H8nHH .820: v888:08800
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8H8 v.5 Q8 Qv 8.8m Q3 Q8 Qvm .................. .. 350.08 588.3 8088 888.8 v888=08800
Q88 8.3 . . . . . . . . . . -- 8.8m Q3 Q8 H.HH. ...... -. AS58828: 0880.8 8.83.3 6888 v888co880
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88v 0.8m 8 Qv 8.8m wdH 8v 8.88 ...................................... z 88508888 8x88 v888c08800
.- 8.8.81 v.88 . . . . . . . . . . . . .- Qmm RNIH Q8 8.88. .......... .. 8:88.088 888888 8888 .888 v888=8880
184v, 8.88 H85 8.8 Q88 88H 3 8.88 .................................. .. 5.888 88$ JNQE 88.888.08.888
8.88 8.5 ...... ..  .... .. QNN Q8H Q8 8.88 .......... .. AS00050: 5880.3 8888 £608 888.8880
86v Qvm 88H Q8 Q8 Qmm mdH 3. 8.3 ................................ .. 088080 808v JGQHHH v888c0300
8.88 8.5 . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Qmm Q8H Q8 8.88 .......... .. 38888880 0888.8 8088 .8013 v88888800
8vE8n ooH
cm 85.8.3 ammo .80 080.0 80.8.5880
88.8888 58880.5 |.H8>.w A84 .8883 8888-088 noﬁw 808.583 ﬂmouoam
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50 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

  

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51

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

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52 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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9E. 9m 0H m... w v $3 m5 w... HtHH .- . . . . . . . . .- . .......... : 00.0.5 H. dZ .300 03H
adv 90 0H w... Ww w... v.2 9m 9HH .............................. .. 005w m .02 .300 03H
0.2. v.w HH w...“ Wm 0.3 0...: H.m NHH ................................... .. 000mm u .02 .0000 HEM
vdv m... 0H 9m 9w w... H.mH 0.... NNH ..................................... .. 000.5 H .02 .300 03H
w... i. a. 2 m... m... 2. S. i. ................................................. .. ............=. .8. .0...
0.0.. 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . 93 9H 0.0 90H ............................................. -. H5s5Em5v .3005 0.00
9Hv 90 2.. w... H m 9mm HiHH 9H. 90H ...................................... .. 60.00500 H5005 0H5? .000
0.2. mﬁH H 9H  v.2. 9w m6 0.3 > 500G ~00
9mm Hd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z 9mm 90H 9H. 9HH .................................. .. H5:5EH5v 30A? £0050 300
m...“ c m. m... H.v 9Hm ~50 9m 9w 5E... £0203 x00
a. o 2 w... Him H.vH. 5N 9m m6 03H 62,03 x00
gm Him 3 WHH v6 93. 0.3 HwH v.0 @230 02.002
ma” N6 m Nd w... 0...... 0.3 9H w... @920 5.03.02
5.0 m. m. 9v 9w 9% 2w 9H H4. .............................................. .. 5005M Asﬂcmam. wmoH>H
wdH N. H. 9m 3E Hdw H.mH 9 9N ................................................ .. M003 55.50am. mw0H>H
9H0 m. mm m... 5N Hdw . . . . . . . . . . .- m..." 950000 53.00505
00.500 00H
5 05.65.. 05.0 .50 00w.» 00.0.5.3
.3300 55000.5 13>.» 50¢ n30?» 00.6-50 505G 300M050 500.55%
03p 0H5 .02.. |QHIZ 3.5.50 35m
03.05% .3350

H.00ncw.5000||.3505M5:.H now .585 02.2.00... H50 55000.3 05516050 30533.59» H50 .5003 mo 5050300500 omwpcgpun 0m50>< .HH 050m.

55

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

3x63 3.3mm

WQQW 03303331333
ﬁNQE 33233.33 838mm

.. 36mm 3.3330

3333333033333 3.30

_............_.=.... 8o
.. .83 8o

3.333 v.3 3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q33 3.3 3.33 ........................... .. c3283 :3 38883 c8. 3.38.8.1...
v.33 Q33 3 v.3 Q3 Q33 Q3 Qv3 Qv3 ...................... .. 33333.3 =3 333.332 .83 833.385.
v.333 v.33 3 3.3 v.3 3.33 3.33 3.33 Q3 .............................. .. .8333 E .8382 =3 333.83»
Q33 Q33 3 v.3 3.3 v.33 Q3 3.3.3 3.3.3 .......................... .. .383 =3 3.8.3333 =8. 333.83..
Q33 Q33 3 3.3 v.3 Q33 Q33 Q33 Q3 ................................ = 83 E 339.83 E8. 333.83..
3.3.33 3.3 3 3.3 Q3 v.3 Q3 Q33 3.3 .....................  ..... 1 33 E 383332 :3 333.833
3.333 Q3 v3 Q3 v.3 3.33 Qv3 Q3 3.33 .............................. .. 3838 353.32: .2833... 83283.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Q3 Q3 Q3 Q33  AE=E3EEV 33E 33332 .833 33.833
Q3 Q3 33 3.33 3.3 v.33 3.33 Q3 3.3 .....................................  33E .3338 .83 32:83
3.33 3.v 3.3 Q3 3.3 Q33. 3.33 Q3 Q3 .............................................. .. 333E >63 .3333 33583
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Q3. 3.3.3 Q3 Q3  38353535 .83 3335.83
3.v3 Q3 3 3.3 v.33 3.3 Q3 v. 3.v  ......................................... < 3:33.33: 23B .238 $3
. . . . . . . . . . .. .3 3.3 Qw 3.3. 3.33 3.3 v.33  3.3.33; 3.333 65> 33m
Q3 Q3 -.i& . . . . . . . . . . .. Q33 Q3 3.3 3.3.3 .................................... .. 3.3583535 33.333.33.30 .3393
. . . . . . . . . . -. 3 3.3 3.33 3.33 3.3 3.3 3.33 

3.3... v.3 3 3.v 3.3 Q3. 3.33 3. 3.3 . $3.33 3.33m
. . . . . . . . . . .. 3 Q3 3.3 Q3v 3.3.3 3.3 3.v

.... -- l.-- 3 3.3. 3.v 3.33 Q3 Q3 3.3

Q3 Q3 .... .1 . . . . . . . . . . .. Q33. Q3 Q3 Q33 ............. .... .................... .. AEEEEEV .223 3E3 3338.3
3.33 3.v 3 3.33 3.3 3.33 3.33 3.3 v.33  333.33 3533.3 3333383
3.3 3.3 3 3.3 3.3 v.v3 3.3 Q3 3.3 .............................. .. 33883 83.3 3E3 .383 833.330
v.33 v3.3 3 3.3. Q3 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 

3.33 3.33 .... .i . . . . . . . . . . -- 3.33 Q3 Q3 Q3 .................. .. AS88338: 333333.36 .8 .3838 8Q
3.33 Q 3 3.v 3.3 v.3 Q33 Q3 Q3 .................................................... = 

3.33. 3.3 3 3.3 3.3 Q33 3.v3 Q3. Q33 ....................... .. 33:23 333E 3833.83-33 333E 338E 8o
Q33 Q3 .... I . . . . . . . . . . -- Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 ................. .. AE3EE3EV 38.33.833-333 333E 88E 8o
Q33 v.3 33 Q3 v.3 3.3 3.33 Q3 3.3 ......................................... .. 383.38.33-33 333E 88E 8o
3.33 v.33 3 Q3 Q3 3.33 3.3 3.3 3.3.3 ............................................. .. 353833 3E3 .3323. 8o
v.33 Q33 v3 Q3 3.3 v.33 3.3 Q3 3.3 ..................  ....... .. 3.283 .3823 33.8 .8 333933 8o
3.33 3.3 3 3.3 3.3 Q33 Q3 3.3 3.3.3 ............................................... .. 333333 338 .8 35E 8o
Q33 Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Q33 Q3 Q3 Q3 ............................................... .. 383383583 33323 8o
3.33 Q m3 Q3 Q3 v.3 33 3.3 Q3.

v3.3 Q3. 3 v.3 3.3 3.33. v.3 v.3 3.3

v.33 Q3 3 3.3. 3.33 3.33 3.3 Q3 Q3 .......................... .. 38E .3833: .533 3833.83 8o
Q3 v.3 3 3.3 3.3v 3.33 Q3 3. 3.3 .................. .. 88E .3332 .5 3 532w v3.3.3.8 8o
Q3 3.3 3 3.3 3.33 Q3 v.3 Q Q3 .................. .. 338E .3332 d3 v3 .523 383.383 8o
Q3 Q3 3 3.3 Qv3 3.3 3.3 Q 3.3. .......... .- 88E .3332 3.23233 3. .5933 .8388 8o
Qv3 Q3. 3 Q3 3.3 Qv3. Q3 Q3 v.v .......................... .. 383823 .3833. E333 3.83.8.3 8o
Q33 Q3 3 Q3 3.v v.33. v.3 3.3 Q3 .................. .. 3883. .3335 .5 3 .3833 .8388 8o
Q33 3.v 3 Q3 3.3 Q33. Q3 Q3. v.33 .......................... .. 333E 3232.33 v3 .3823 .333.3.o3 8o

333333033 o3
c3 33.835 ammo .333 3833 33.3.3336
.3325 33859333 1.33.3.3 3334 33.3.33 mam-cam 333$ 3333.383 333330.333
v33 3333 63,3 -9332 33.33.30 323333
-8385 8.83333

A.vo3333$coOv.|.m333d33i3333.3 HOH hN-AOGU 033033333533 3333a QWQHOHQ 3333:3633. BNEmNOHQQQ UCN .3363 HO 33033303333300 QWSQUOMQQ UNNHQ><

.33 2.3.8.3.

56 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

 

95m 5w H QNH o.» H.H.» Ndm H.N oNH NEH wbHnH
9E w.N N H.HN H.H. Haw... H.H“ H..H NH. HEEH. dpuwm Niuim
QNN 9N H H.H: 9m wNN NHN Ne N.N .......................................... 1 H63. ..$.soHHE.w QEHEHH
9mm 9H. N H.H. 9w N.N.» H.H” o.» HNH .................................................. .. HEEH. £55m @255.»
Him H..H H N.H 9mm Na 9N w. HtN ................................................ .. nwwpm 6mm...» minnow
HNH. oNH H 9m 9H. 93. mdN 9N 93 ...................................................... r EH. dwwB Minnow
.92. N.N H 9N 9... QNH. N.HN 93 93 ................. .. 352$ £52m AHEQCSHHHH HSEEEEHH
5:. o.NH H 9m 9m i: i; o.mN o.H.H Eco iwwm 553m
a Q H. N.N H.N 9NN 93 9 9H 2:5 58mm
98H Nd NH 9H N.N mdH H..N NHH. wdH HwwE $5.3m
H..H.N 9w m N.N 9H. 9E. HxNN H..N 9NH mEwHw $5.8m
m.» o.» H N.m H...“ 3:. mdm N.N o.NH wEvHw HHEwwnH
NHE 9N w H.H. 9H. 9mm HxmN N.N 9H; ...................................... .. 55.8% awﬁcwﬁow Hscwwm
m3 93. H 9m 9H. N.NN HB 9w 9S ...................................... .- HHEHPHQ $8. .52: Hsnawm
Hmmw 5a H NH. Na H.H._N H..¢H H..H. H..H.H. ...................................... .- 553.3 $2. .33: Hscwwm
9% mam wH w... 9m 9H.N N.N H6 93.  cHwHoﬁH w»? .HH..@E $5.8m
Nww o.NH. NH 9m N6 HamN 9H. 9a 95. . Human mo Hscwmm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .- QNN 9NH 9w 9.2.  AS5555: HHEHPHQ N»? .32: HEEQHH
. . . . . . . . . . --    o.mN 92 i. 92.  AS5555 55.8.5 9.2. H85 HEERH
H? 95 NH 9m H.H. m.H.N mHH m6 mNH. 3H8 no H.555
RHN N.HH w 9m 9m H..HHH 9H.N 9w 9.2 2:6 Hscmwm
92. 93. ...... --  .... .. 9NN 9QH 9w 9E. ................ .. HEHHEEHEV cHwHoHHH $2. 6x3 Hscwwm
1w H.H...“ H 9m 9H. HawN 9N 9w v.3. . ............................... -- aHwHoﬁH $3. s53 HHHHidwnH
N43. Nwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. QNN o.NH 9w 92.  .......... .. HEHHEHEEV cHwHoHHH 9...“... 6x3 558m
9H.w us” N H.H. 9m NNN N.wH 9HH NNH. ..................................... .. HHHQHQE $3 .813 556m
HdH. 1H. H 9H. 9... HNH. wdN 9m HﬂcH 25> mo: .m£5$m
c .... .- H NH. 9m H..NH. 9H5 w. 9H. 2H2? mo: 528mm
3% mdH H H.” H.H. Ndw 9m S. H..H.H 35E mo: dHHEwPH
9cm w.H.N HH. 9H. 9H. m.NN NdN H.¢H H3 .............................. .- HximwHHHéHosB .9595 5555mm
Ndm 9H.N . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..  odN 3N 9w 9% HEHHEHHHHEV wwmMQHHHKQHoHHE HHEHPHQ 55H...“ dHHEwwnH
93. 9H.N NN 9H. H.w 9NN 9NN 9w odm .................... .. wwmwwﬁizos? 563.5 Hxém iHHHcwwnH
NHH. HNN . . . . . . . . . . . . .-  odN o.NN 9w H99." AEHHEEHEV wwwmminéqzrs 5x395 $3 aﬁimwm
NNm m...» NH H.H. 9w 95 9NH Haw HEN  ................ .. wwwwwﬁvmzos? cHwHoﬁH $3 dHscwwm
   . . , . . . . . . . .. o.H.H 9N 93. oéN ...................................... .. AS5555 225i udnwwm
NHBH 9NN .3 HwN H6 93 9N N.H.HH 9S ......................................... -. wpwwﬁ .8 22.5mm HHHHHHwonH
c H.H. H.H H.w Haw H.NN 9Nm 9N 9m ...................... .. HEPHQEEQQ i=2? .8 21E 555mm
Q .... -- oH 9m 9H. w.HN 9mm 9N 9H. .............................. .- H85 5 H382 58. wwwaw><

a  cH 9N 9H. 93 95 9 9m .......................... .- 55G E 5.55: 58. $303..

c 9N w» NH. 9H. 93 93 H.H w... .......... .. 35H. 8.3 wmwhzé .5520 .215 Hsnwwm
ii .... --  .... ..  o.mN 9E H.H 9w ...................................... .. AS5555»: 2:5 Hscwwm

£5509 60H
HHH @555 viva MQQ cums HHowHﬁHw
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9.5 o3 62 éHHHZ @576 HwHHHH
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57

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

 

H23‘ 9H m 9m H..m m.mm 9HH m.m m.HH wmﬁﬁmﬁw
9mm m6 H 9m m.m Hmm 9mm 9N H..HH wmwHw HHPEE Hﬁm
9HN H.. mH H..m N6 HNw m.mm m.N . 9m .............................................. .. HQQHHH. dwanm uﬁnswowm
N.mm 66H H 9m N.m 9Hm H..m m.mH 9HH .......................... .. HHwHHo H55 63m .353 wamcmﬁww
Himm m.NH H m.m 9m 93H 9mH m.N H..mN 3H5 wisﬁsww
N.mH. m.H.H H. 9H. m.m H..mm m6 H..m m6H 5.3.? HHQHM wmHH
9mH. H..: NH m.H“ m.m Hdm N6 9m 9H.H mMEHHGHE 93H
mmm H.m H H.H H.6H N.mH. m.H 9N mdH HsoHH 93H
H..»; H6H N N.m H..m 66m m6 9m 9oN n95 93H
m.mH. N.HH N N.N m.oH 9mm m.N m.H mmH HEHHPHM 63H
9Hm H..m . \ \ . . 1 . . . . . . . K . . . . -. 9NH. 9N m.H 9oH N‘ ............................................. n AEHHEHEEV 3% 93H
9Hm N.NH N m.N mdH m.H.6 m.N m.H m.H.H 3% 93H
m.HN m. H. 66H H.H. HdH. 9Hm m.H H..m 3.95m 33H
NmH. m6 NN N.mH H..m H_6m mdN H..H. mm ca»... 25mm 3$H
. . . . . . . . , . x H. m6H mdH mdm 96 9m 9m  3.3m HHBHQHHHQV mwcHcownow 3i HHMHSmH
Htmm m6 . . , . . . . . . ‘ \ . . \ . . . . .. 9mm _ 96 9m _ 9m ................................... .. AEHHEHHHHEV ﬁwﬁnwwnum 3$H
Nmm m6 H.H H.. HxHH H.H.H. m. 9H m.m  @2520 am=i$bm 3$H
9Hm N.m mH N.m m.m mHm H.N H.m m.NH .......................................... .. mwiuﬁ EPHH HHwHHoQ 33H
m.mH. m.H. . . , . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . .. 9mm 9w 96 9HH ............................................. .. AEHHEHHHHEV HHmHHoQ 35H
H..; 9m mHN N6 H..m m6m m.m HxHH H..NH ., HHwHHoQ 33H
o H. , \ \ . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . .. 9mm 9mm m. 9m .............................................. .- AEHHEHHHHEV mHHHHHH 35H
o H. 6N m.mH H.m m.mN HdH. m. H.m c mHHHHHH 3HmH
9NN N.N N H.mH 9H. m.mm 9Hm H.H H..m ma: 33H
mwmzm m.m H H.. m.m N.Hm H.. m. m.H. 56G 35H

.... .- m 6.H.N H.m 9Hm m.mN 9m N6 . .56 33H
. . . . . . . , . , .- H. m.H. H.m m.mH. H.m 96H m.H..H  HHaHHwH. :39, H215 35H
m.mH. mm oH HwH. H..m mdw m.m m.mH m.mH .................................... 1 33H wsHm 69E. Hons: 33H
m.mH. mdH m HQ. wdH m.mH. H.6 H.mH 9HH .................................... .. mszaﬁm 53m H215 3H~H
N.Hm 6.3 m H.H. mm m.mH. H..m 93 H..mH .............................. .. $55 32.525 89G =36 35H
9N6 9H. . . . . , , < . . . \ \ . . , \ , \ .. 9NHH 9mH 96H 9HH .......................................... .. AEHHEHHHHEV can: 35H
9mm 9m 6Hm H..oH 9m H..HH. H..NH H.mH m.NH n32 .3$H
. . . . , . . . . . .- HH H.. H..NH m.mH. 6. m. mm HwHHHE EPHH 33H
6.H.6 m.m . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . \ , . .. 6mm 9oH m.H 9H. .......................................... .- AEHHEHEEV HHMHHPH .3H~H
w? H6 H.H m.H. H..HH 9mm mm H.H 9m ................................................................ .. n32. 63m
H.mm H..m . . . . . . . . , N \ N , . . . . . .. 9HH. 9H 9H H..m ........................................ m. QHHHHEHQHEV wwcwwHu 62m
3m N6 NH m. mNH m.H.H. H.. H.. mm .......................................... .. 8E 55¢ .8 H53 63m
 .... .. mH m. m.NH 96> m. m. 9m ................................ -. HBHHHHH viﬁm H533 EPHH 33H
H.mm m6 6H H.H N.NH mi. H.H 9N H.m HHBPSH .3$H
NdH. m.m HH 9m m.HH 9H6 N.m m.H m.H. .20.? 958w .3$H
H6m m.N mH 9m H.m HmH. 9mm m.H 9m 52H mmaHw mwwaﬁH

355a ooH
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58 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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2.222. 2.222 2. w.2. 2.22 w.Nw w.w 2w w.w2 ............................. .. 222222222 2222B .222... 22.2w 222.5
w.ww w.22 N .222 w.w 2..ww w.2 w.w 2.222 ...............................  ...222222w 2.22 .2622 22.2w 22222.5
www 22.2. wN 2w w.w 2.52. 222w 22.2 w.w . .322 2222M 22222.25
22.2w 2..2 N N.22 w.w www 22.2w 2..2. 2..2N .................. .. 222222.22 .2222. .2623 226 52.2w 22222.5
2..w w.N N 22.2 22w w.w w.w 2.. 2..w ..................................... .. 222.222.. .2522 532w 22222.5
w.2w w.w N w.22 22.2. www w.22w w.N 22.N2 .......................................... .. 2.2.22. .223 232w 22222.25
w.2. w.2 w w.2 w.2.w w.w 22.w 2.. N.N ........................................... .. 223 .2282» 532w. 22222.25
2..ww 22.22 2 2.22 22.22 2.2.w w.NN 2.2 22.222 2.2222222 532w 22w
2.2. N.2.w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22.wN 22.w 22.w 22.22. .............................. .. 22222262222222 2222.222 222. 222222 .25
22.2w N.2.w N 22.22 22.2 NdN 2.22 N.2. 22.2.2. 222222 22o 222222 .25
Nww 2..N2 2 N.w N222 22.22N 2.222 w.w 2..2.2 222.222 2:22.22 225
2.2.22 www N 2..2. N.w w.NN N.2. w.2.2 22.22.22 2.2.22 522.822 225
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w.wN w. 2 2.2. www www 22.w2 w.2 22.2. ....................................... .. 2.22222. 2228 2.222.. 222222295
w.22 w. wN w.N 222w w.22. Q2. w. 2.N 2.22222. 222222225
N.2.w 2.w w 22.w w.w w.2.w 22.222 w.w 2.222 ........................................... .. 2.2222222 52.22222 22222222225
2..N2. 22.2.  . . . . . . . . . . .. 22.ww 22.w w.N 22.w ........................... .. 22222222222222 222.222 2.2.22 222222295
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2..ww w.2 2.N 22.w w.w2 w.w2. 22.222 N.N 2..w ............................................. .. 22.2.2.2 .8 .322 E2222w2ow
N.Nw 2.2.2 2.. 22.22 w.2.N 2..w2. 2.222 22.N w.2. .......................................... .. 22B 2.2.2 .2238 2222.22.35
2..Nw 2..2 N2 22.2 wwN 22.222. 22.2.2 22.N 2..2 .......................................... .. 22.222222 .22.2.2.2.2 2222222225
2.w2 2.. w 2..N w.Nw wwN w.w 22.2 w.N ................................... .. 2.2222 2.222.222 2.2222 2222222225
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..  22.2222 22w w.N 22.22  28222222222222 222. 2222222225
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2.222 2.6 N2 N.w 2.22 22.2.22 w.2. w.N w.22 2.3m .2222.22w22.w
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59

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS

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60 BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS 61

Grasses. The number of analyses and digestion experiments made with
most of the grasses is not sufficient to overcome the variations in the
samples due to soil, season, stage of growth and other conditions. The
analyses cannot, therefore, be taken to represent accurately the composi-
tion and feeding values of the different varieties of grasses.

The analyses of grasses of Harris county show the composition at
different periods of the year. It is noted that the protein content is very
low during the winter months, probably insufficient for the animals.

Hays. The number of samples of the different kinds of hay is not
sufficient to compensate for differences due to stage of growth, soil,
and season, and the analyses cannot be taken to represent accurately
the differences in the various kinds of hays listed. The same applies to
the digestible protein and productive energy.

Oats. The average composition of red and white oats is given for
U. S. Grades and for different bushel weights. With the red oats,
there is a slight increase of crude fiber as the grade becomes poorer,
and a decrease as the bushel weight becomes heavier. With the white
oats, there is little relation betwen the grade and composition or the
bushel weight and composition.

S UMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Animals require food that contains suﬁicient protein, that produces
sufficient energy, that contains sufficient minerals such as lime, mag-
nesia, phosphoric acid and iron, and sufficient vitamines.

Definitions are given of protein, fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract,
ash, nutritive ratio, and other terms used in connection with feeds.

The digestion and utilization of feeds is discussed briefly.

The productive energy of feed is defined and discussed.

The calculated productive energy for ruminants, of a large number
of feeds,_is given.

The variations in the composition of a number of feeds are discussed
and shown by the standard deviation. Some feeds are quite variable.

The protein of cottonseed meal has decreased in variability from
1924 to 1931, and is less variable than many other feeds.

Wide variations are found to occur in the feeding value, as measured
by the calculated productive energy, of alfalfa hay, corn silage, and
sorghum fodder. Bermuda hay, cottonseed meal, corn chops, and wheat
bran are less variable than the feeds mentioned above.

Methods of calculating the cost of digestible protein, productive energy,
and bulk, are given.

Requirements for maintenance, fattening, working animals, growing
animals, and milk cows are briefly discussed, with feeding standards.

Methods for calculating a ration and reducing the cost of a ration
are outlined.

62

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1s.
19.

20.

BULLETIN NO. 461, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

REFERENCES

Armsby, H. P., 1917. The Nutrition of Farm Animals. The Mac-
millan Company, New York.

Christensen, F. W., 1932. The protein requirements of beef cattle.
Amer. Soc. of Ani. Prod., 1931, 26.

Fitch, J. B., and Lush, R. H., 1931. An interpretation of the feeding
standards for growing cattle. Jour. Dairy Sci., 14:116.

Forbes, E. B. and Kriss, M., 1932. The nutritive requirements of
the dairy cow expressed in accord with a new method of application
of the net energy conception. Amer. Soc. Ani. Prod., 1931, 113.
Fraps, G. S., 1904. The composition of rice by-products. Texas
Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 73.

Fraps, G. S., 1912. The heating of corn chops.
Sta., Bul. 152.

Fraps, G. S., 1914. Texas feeding stuffs; their composition and
utilization. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 170.

Fraps, G. S., 1916. The production coefficients of feeds. Texas Agr.
Expt. Sta., Bul. 185.

Fraps, G. S., 1916. The composition of cottonseed meal and cotton
seed. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 189.

Fraps, G. S., 1916. The composition of rice and its by-products.
Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 191.

Fraps, G. S., 1916. The productive values of some Texas feeding
stuffs. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 203.

Fraps, G. S., 1917. The composition of peanuts and peanut by-
products. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 222.

Fraps, G. S., 1919. Feeding values of certain feeding stuffs.
Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 245.

Fraps, G. S., 1919. The chemical composition of the cotton plant.
Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 247.

Fraps, G. S., 1921.
by-products. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 282.

Fraps, G. S., 1924. Digestion experiments with oat by-products
and other feeds. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 315.
Fraps, G. S., 1924. The price of feed utilities.
Sta., Bul. 323.

Fraps, G. S., 1925. Energy-production coefficients of American feed-
ing stuffs for ruminants. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 329.

Fraps, G. S., 1928. Digestibility and production coefficients of
poultry feeds. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul.. 372.

Fraps, G. S., 1928. Supplementary energy-production coefficients
of American feeding stuffs fed ruminants. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta.,
Bul. 402.

Texas Agr. Expt.

Texas

Texas Agr. Expt.

The composition and feeding value of wheat-

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF TEXAS FEEDING STUFFS I 63

Fraps, G. S., 1931. Variations in vitamin A and chemical composition
of corn. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 422.

Fraps, G. S., 1932. Digestibility and production coefficients of pig
feeds. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 454.

Fraps, G. S., and Rather, J. B., 1912. Composition and digestibility
of ether extract of hays and fodders. Original communications,
8th International Cong. Applied Chem. 15:105.

Fraps, G. S., and Rather, J. B., 1912. Composition and digestibility
of ether extract of hays and fodders. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 150.
Fraps, G. S., 1931. Productive energy of feeds calculated from
feeding experiments with sheep. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 436.
Fuller, F. D. and Fraps, G. S., 1919. Cottonseed meal. Texas Agr.
Expt. Sta., Bul. 241.

Harrington, H. H. and Fraps, G. S., 1904. The composition of Texas
cottonseed meal. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., Bul. 70.

Henry, W. A. and Morrison, F. B., 1923. Feeds and Feeding. The
Henry-Morrison Co., Madison, Wis.

Joseph, W. E., 1932. The protein requirements of sheep.
American Society of Animal Production, 1931, 37.

Kellner, D., 1924. Die Ernahrung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere.
Tenth Edition, 1924. Paul Parey, Berlin.

Kriss, Max, 1931. A comparison of feeding standards for dairy
cows, withespecial reference to energy requirements. J our. Nutrition,
4:141.

Savage, E. S., 1932. The protein requirement of dairy cattle. Amer.
Soc. Ani. Prod., 1931, 33.

Stiles, W. C. and Morrison, F. B., 1932. Protein and other nutrients
required by fattening cattle. Amer. Ani. Prod. 1931, 162.

The