f 2 ■- (? A SUPPLEMENT TO Internationa/ Commerce /^ 1 1 * Colombia A U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PUBLICATION A SUPPLEMENT TO International Commerce ... the weekly news magazine for world traders published by the Bureau of International Commerce and sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C. 20402, and by Department of Commerce Field Offices for $16 a year. a market for U.S. products Colombia OF C O M M U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. Under Secretary Jack N. Behrman Assistant Secretary for Domestic and International Business Thomas G. Wyman Deputy Assistant Secretary for Domestic and International Business Eugene M. Braderman Director, Bureau of International Commerce For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 50 cents By Herbert A. Lindow Bureau of International Commerce Acknowledgment The author wishes to express his appreciation for the cooperation and assistance he received in writing this report from the U.S. Commercial Attache, George A. Ellsworth, and his staff at Bogota, as well as that of Foreign Service Officers at Medellin, Cali, and Barranquilla. The author also wishes to convey special credit to Alonzo Stanford of the U.S. Department of State for his valuable assistance in writing the section dealing with marketing channels and to Mrs. Irene Johnson of the Department of Commerce for her untiring efforts in preparing U.S. export statistics and other data for this report. Foreword r T^HE republic of Colombia is our fifth largest market in Latin America and has -"• had traditionally close and friendly trade relations with the United States. Despite Colombia's economic difficulties and strict import controls, the Colombian market deserves the serious attention of the U.S. business community. Current efforts to accelerate economic growth should provide ample opportunities for U.S. manufacturers and exporters, as well as for investors, who can supply the goods, services, or capital needed in Colombia's development. This study is part of the continuing effort of the U.S. Department of Com- merce to stimulate increased U.S. exports. Its aim is to guide the U.S. businessman by pointing to export opportunities, by providing marketing data, and by presenting pertinent background information on Colombia. EUGENE M. BRADERMAN Director, Bureau of International Commerce Hi COLOMBIAN MARKET INDICATORS POPULATION: Estimated at 14.76 million in 1962; growth rate: 2.9 percent annually; half of popu- lation is under 18; 34 persons per square mile with concentrations of 52 to 466 persons per square mile in the western half of the country; literacy is estimated at 60 percent. AREA: 440,505 square miles or slightly larger than the combined area of Texas and California; cul- tivated area, 2.6 percent; nonarable land, for pasture, 23.6 percent; woods and forests, 53.8 percent; all others, 20 percent. INCOME, PER CAPITA: $262 in 1961. MOTOR VEHICLES REGISTERED: 211,030 at the end of 1962, as follows — 105,942 passenger cars and jeeps, 25,942 buses, and 79,146 trucks. TELEPHONES: 19 per 1,000. RADIOS: About 300 per 1,000. TV SETS: About 50 per 1,000. ELECTRICITY: Private and public generating capacity, about 1 million kilowatts; per capita an- nual consumption, 370 kilowatt -hours. MANUFACTURING INDEX (WITH 1953 Equals 100): 312 in 1960. COST-OF-LIVING INDEX, with June 1954 to June 1955 equal to 100, 233.8 and 240.1 for em- ployees and workers, respectively, in September 1963. 7962 i 540 282 284 3 283 FOREIGN TRADE: Imports, total, c.i.f. I960 1961 millions of US$ . . 519 557 Imports from the United States, c.i.f. millions of US$ . Imports from the United States percent of total imports . . 54 51 52 Exports, total, f.o.b. millions of US$ . Exports to the United States, f.o.b Exports to the United States percent of total exports . . 64 60 58 1 Preliminary. 2 10 months of 1963, preliminary. 3 Country of purchase. 1963 2 401 203 465 435 464 298 260 267 50 394 211 54 GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: Approximately $4.5 billion in 1961. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS: airplanes; apparatus used in petrochemical industry; automotive vehicle parts, components, and engines; equipment, oil drilling, earth -moving, electricity -generating and materials-handling; oils, lubricating, pulp, chemi- cal; fertilizers, chemical; insecticides and dis- infectants; machine tools, metalworking; news- print, other paper, and paper products; sheet, hot-rolled; iron and steel; tinplate; tractors. PRINCIPAL EXPORTS: bananas; cement, port- land; coffee; cotton, raw; fuel oil; lumber, rough; platinum; petroleum, crude; shrimp, other Crus- tacea; sugar; tobacco, leaf; wool tops. PRINCIPAL CITIES: Barranquilla . . . Bogota . . . Bucaramanga . . . Cali . . . Cartagena . . . Cu- cuta . . . Ibague . . . Manizales . . . Medellin . . . Monteria . . . Palmira . . . Pereira. IV Contents Page Acknowledgment ii Foreword iii Colombian Market Indicators iv CHAPTERS I. Scope and Nature of the Market 1 Consumption Trends 1 Population and Income 2 Industrial Development 2 Government Import Policy 3 Alliance for Progress 4 Development Plan 4 Other Factors in Imports 5 Balance of Pay ments 5 LAFTA 5 Local Manufacturing 8 Development Assistance 8 Agency for International Development — World Bank — Inter-American Develop- ment Bank — Export-Import Bank — International Consultative Group. II. Goods and Services 10 Intermediate Goods 11 Primary Agricultural Goods 11 Semifinished and Finished Goods 11 Capital Goods 12 Consumer Goods 12 Imports, Projections 13 U.S. Goods Sold 13 U.S. Professional Services 13 III Market Analysis 14 Agricultural Products 14 Marketing Tips 15 Beverages and Spirits 16 Cigarettes and Tobacco 17 Food Processing 17 Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals 17 Textiles 19 Minerals and Petroleum Products 19 Basic Metal Products 20 Manufactured Metal Products 20 Transportation Equipment 21 Electrical Power Equipment 21 Telecommunications Equipment 21 Agricultural Machinery 22 Lumber Mill Equipment 22 Pulp and Paper Products 23 Building Materials 23 Glass Products 21 Page Office Equipment , 24 Instruments and Equipment 24 Printing and Graphic Arts 25 Books 25 IV. Distribution Facilities and Services 26 Marketing Channels 27 Import Houses 27 Commission Agents 27 Direct Consumer Purchases 27 Branch Houses or Subsidiaries 27 Government Purchasing 28 Aids to Marketing 28 Market Research 28 Advertising 28 Trade Associations 28 Exhibitions and Fairs 29 U.S. Marketing Aids 29 Commercial Centers — Barranquilla, Bogota, Cali and Cauca Valley, Medellin. ... 29 Ports and Port Facilities — Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Buenaventura. . 31 Railroads 32 Highways 33 Inland Waterways 33 Air Carriers 34 Ocean Shipping 34 Free Ports and Zones 35 V. Trade Regulations and Practices 36 Import Controls 36 Exchange Controls 37 Trade Procedures 38 Quotations and Payment Terms 38 Shipping Documents 38 Credit Facilities 38 Eximbank Insurance and Guarantees 38 Established Trade Customs 39 Commercial Language 39 Business Correspondence 39 Office Hours 39 Holidays 39 Weights and Measures 39 TABLES 1. Value of Colombian Imports, Total, c.i.f., From the United States, and Percent United States of Total, 1936-38 and 1950-62 and First 10 Months of 1963 41 2. Manufacturing Industries by Number of Both Establishments and Employees, Value of Production, and Value Added, 1961 41 3. Gross Domestic Product, by Sector, Various Years 42 4. Value of Selected Imports, by Economic Class, and Percent of Total, 1961-62 and First 9 Months of 1963 42 5. U.S. Exports to Colombia by Commodity Groups and Principal Commodities, 1960-62 . 43 6. Imports of Principal Semimanufactures and Manufactures, Total and U.S. Share, 1959-62 44 7. Imports of Principal Capital Goods, Total and U.S. Share, 1959-62 49 8. Imports of Principal Nondurable Consumer Goods, 1961-62 and First 9 Months of 1963 53 9. Imports of Principal Durable Consumer Goods, 1961-62 and First 9 Months of 1963 .... 53 10. Imported Goods, Projections, 1963-65 54 11. Imports of Manufactured Products, Projections 1964 and 1970 54 12. Imports of Agricultural Products From the United States, by Groups, 1961-62 54 vi Pare 13. [mporti of Principal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Product*, 1961 62 ~>i 14. (iroHH Value <>f Chemical and Pharmaceutical Production, 1958 59, and Pr ojec ti ons, L964 and L970 15. Imports of Principal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Products, Projections, 1964 and 1970 55 16. Sled Products, Imports and Production, 1959-60 56 17. [mporti »f Transportation Equipment, 1961-62 56 18. Electric Power Projects of Empress de Energfa Electrica de Bogota, Colombia, 1963. . . 56 19. Electric Power Projects of [nstitUtO de Aprovechamicnlo de Aguaw y Fomenlo Flectrico and Affiliaied Companies and Subsidiaries, 1963 56 20. Electric Power Project* of Corporation Autonoma Hcgioual del Cauca CVC, 1963 . 57 21. I v i i .ill Sales in Principal Cities by Value and Percent of Total Sales, 1959-61 .18 22. Colombian Port Calls by Merchant Ships Carrying U.S. Cargo, 1957-61 58 APPENDIXES Colombian National Government Departmental and Semiofficial Organizations in Charge of Development Programs 59 Notes for Business Travelers 61 Government . . . Climatic Conditions . . . Hotel Accommodations . . . Food and Clothing . . . Passports and Visas . . . Samples and Advertising Matter . . . Government Representation. Selected Sources of Further Information 63 PIE CHART Value of Imports, by Country of Origin, 1962 17 MAPS Location Map iv Political Map viii Physical Features 6 Projects of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — June 1963 7 vii CHAPTER I Scope and Nature of the Market FN doing business with Colombians, the U.S. -*- businessman will often deal in a sophisticated and expansion-minded atmosphere. Colombian busi- nessmen are accustomed to trade and to refer to themselves sometimes as having an "import men- tality." They have traditionally looked towards the United States as a source for more than half of their import needs. (See table 1.) They respect the high quality of U.S. goods. Firmly committed to the Alliance for Progress, Colombia is now undertaking an ambitious 10-year economic and social development plan calling for large private and public investment. These invest- ments should be a primary factor in stimulating greater imports into Colombia in the years ahead. There should be a growing market for most types of machinery and equipment, industrial raw materials, and technical services. U.S. exporters of goods and services will, however, encounter increasing foreign competition and import controls. Barter-type arrangements with a number of European countries and Japan, as well as long- term supplier credits available in those countries, may also narrow the markets available to U.S. suppliers. To meet foreign competition, flexible credit terms are of vital importance. This is especially true when U.S. goods happen to be higher priced than com- petitive imports. Government import controls aimed at attaining greater self-sufficiency and at protecting the balance of payments may reduce the market for certain types of manufactures. However, other types of I .S. goods and services needed for the establishment of new manufacturing operations, the expansion of present facilities, and the building of development projects should have very favorable sales possibilities. CONSUMPTION TRENDS The trend to import goods needed for economic and industrial development rather than final con- sumer goods should continue in the foreseeable fu- ture. Several groups will probably account for the bulk of imported goods. These groups are: 1. The well-developed manufacturing industries, which are dependent on imported materials and capital goods. 2. The petroleum companies, which must import machinery and equipment. 3. The manv Government agencies. which import goods for development projects or for their enter- prises in petroleum, transportation, public utilities. or agriculture. 719 623 O 64 2 4. The private agricultural sector, which is be- coming more mechanized. 5. The metal fabricating industries. POPULATION AND INCOME The population of Colombia was estimated at 14.76 million in 1962, or the fourth largest in Latin America. 1 By 1970, the population may number 19.7 million. 2 Half of the population is under 18 years of age. Illiteracy is still widespread and affects about 40 per- cent of the population. Migration to the cities has accounted for about 40 percent of urban growth be- tween 1950 and 1960. Greater economic oppor- tunities in urban areas and violence in rural areas are two main reasons for the migration. Twelve cities now have a population of over 100,000 persons, as follows: Bogota, Federal District 1,329,230 Cali 693,120 Medellin 690, 710 Barranquilla 474, 040 Bucaramanga . . . . 221,770 Cartagena 185, 160 Manizales 176,080 Ibague 148,990 Ciicuta 147, 970 Pereira 141, 000 Palmira 106,000 Monteria 104, 310 Sources: Departamento Nacional de Estadistica in the daily, El Tiempo* Bogota, June 15, 1963, except for figures on Pereira and Palmira which are from Consejo Nacional de Politica, Economica y Planeaci6n, Departamento Administrativo de Planeacion y Servicios Tecnicos, Colombia, Plan General de Desarrollo Econ6mico y Social, part I, p. 56, Bogota, 1962 (hereafter referred to as the Development Plan). Per capita income is estimated at $262 per year in 1961, or approximately equal to that of Brazil. Purchasing power continues to be concentrated largely among about 500,000 persons, but there is increasing evidence of an emerging middle class of some 3 million persons. They tend to consume goods having a high import content. The arrival of the new city dwellers has created a great unfilled demand for such facilities as housing, schools, sewers, sanitation facilities, and transporta- tion. Loans have been made from abroad to provide some of these facilities to ameliorate living con- ditions; nevertheless, much remains to be done before the deficit in these facilities is substantially lowered. Despite urban growth, however, about one-half of the economically active population is still en- 1 Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica in the daily, E Tiempo, Bogota, June 15, 1963. 2 Consejo Nacional de Politica, Economica y Planeacion, Departamento Administrativo de Planeaci6n y Servicios Tecnicos, Colombia, Plan General de Desarrollo Econ6mico y Social, part I, p. 244, 1962 (hereafter referred to as the Development Plan). gaged in agriculture, livestock farming, and fishing. A breakdown by occupation following: Agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing 2, 269, 000 Mining Trade Transportation and communi- cations Other forestry, shows the 69, 000 329, 000 192, 000 781, 000 Total 4,574,000 Construction .... 209, 000 Electricity, gas, and water 18,000 Manufacturing : Fabricating . . . 234, 000 Artisan 473, 000 Note: Data are an average for 1957-59 of the population that was then economically active. Source: Development Plan, part I, 1962, p. 66. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Among developing countries, Colombia is well advanced industrially. Industrial growth, which began to gain momentum in the late twenties, led to well-established industries prior to World War II. These included textiles, beverages, foodstuffs, air transport, and building materials. Since that time, industrial growth has accelerated. Colombia now assembles or manufactures the vast majority of its consumer goods from imported materials or inter- mediate products. See table 2. Basic iron and steel products are now being pro- duced by the country's steel mill, Acerias Paz del Rio. Metal parts will be forged at a new plant being built at Bucaramanga. The petroleum industry of Colombia ranks fourth in Latin America. Production amounted to 53.2 million barrels a day in 1961 and output should increase substantially in view of recent new oil field discoveries. A new refinery with a capacity of 40,000 to 50,000 barrels a day will probably be built in 1964. Petrochemical and other chemical production should be expanded in the next few years with the production of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, fertilizers, caustic soda, and many other products. Between 1950 and 1960, total annual growth of industry averaged an estimated 6.8 percent with annual growth rates in key sectors as follows, in percent: Basic metals 26. 3 Paper, pulp, and Metalworking P a P er products .... 12. 7 . , . , o Food products 5.0 industries la. o r Wood and wood Petroleum, coal, and products 6. 5 derivatives 13. 1 Chemicals and Rubber products 11.3 pharmaceuticals 8.2 HIGH WATER: Pipes conduct Guadalupe Falls to powerhouse. In spite of industrial growth, coffee and other agri- cultural activities still contribute close to one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP) but their relative share of GDP is steadily receding (see table 3). Nevertheless, the agricultural sector should expand considerably in the next few years in view of current programs to increase both output and exports of bananas, cotton, tobacco, and sugar. GOVERNMENT IMPORT POLICIES Government trade policy is highly protectionists- and aims at substituting domestic pro du cts for im- [M>rtH. Licensing restrictions or outright prohibi- tion of certain imports as well as generally bigfa duties and advance import deposits tend to limit imports to those that the Colombian Government considers essential to the development of the Colombian economy (see section, "Import Con- trols"). Current Colombian Government trade policy also tends to reduce imports from the United States through bilateral coffee compensation agreements with third countries. 3 To substitute for imports, the Government has encouraged local production through investments bv its Industrial Development Institute, which is now a government lending agency. The institute con- tributed its capital to establish the Acerias Paz del Rio iron and steel plant as well as facilities to pro- duce caustic soda, sulfuric acid, rayon fiber, tires, and other products. To stimulate the production of local parts and components for certain assembly industries, the Gov- ernment requires assemblers to incorporate local parts and components to the extent of 70 to 75 per- cent of the total value of the finished goods. 4 De- pending on the industry, these percentage require- ments must be met by times varying from the end of 1963 to the end of 1968. Despite these policies, the volume of imports has risen from $518 million in 1960 to an estimated $555 million in 1963. Imports are expected to reach $620 million in 1964. 3 Compensation is a type of barter defined by Colombian trade official* as trade pursuant to formal agreements between the Colombian Government or semiofficial entities and foreign counterpart groups. Under these agreements, the proceeds of Colombian exports, usually coffee, are used to purchase goods in the country of sale as specified in the compensation agreement. In 1962. Colombian exports under this type of trade were estimated at $25 million. Agreements exist with Denmark, Finland. Spain. Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Zone of Germany. Hungary, Poland. Rumania, and the t .S.S.R. * Electric accounting and statistical machines, fluid measuring meters, pens and pencils, automotive vehicles, photograph cameras and projectors, alarm clocks and mechanical and electric wall clocks; electric motors; diesel and stationary combustion engines; elevators; water sprinkling equipment; meas- uring apparatus and electricity meters; radio transmitters and receivers, and sound amplifiers; electric signaling devices, oil drums, helicopters and gyro- scopes, hair dryers, steam generators, radio and television receivers, domestic phonographs, and sound amplifiers; motorcycles, motorbikes, and motorcars; airplanes for agricultural spraying; electric apparatus for shaving and cutting hair; manual and electrical typewriters; beaters. Hquefiers, and toasters for domestic use; electric adding machines, calculating machines, and cash registers; locks, vacuum cleaners, waxers. and polishers; domestic sewing machines. %*?■ Ml*m COLOMBIAN METROPOLIS: Medellin has a long industrial tradition that spurs its enterprising businessmen to efficient operations. ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS Colombia may be described as being in the van- guard of the Alliance for Progress. Both the private and the public sectors have given the Alliance con- siderable support. Some encouraging results were produced in the first 2 years of the program despite difficult economic problems. In meeting its commitments under the Alliance, Colombia was the first nation to produce a 10-year development plan. Widespread international in- terest in the plan ensued. By the end of August 1963, members of an international consultative group of industrialized nations had financed projects cost- ing $144 million and were studying additional proj- ects requiring financing of $317 million. U.S. exporters of machinery and equipment as well as suppliers of technical services have good op- portunities to increase their sales whenever they are eligible to participate in these projects. For specific and more detailed information on individual projects, U.S. citizens and firms may wish to contact the agencies in Washington, D.C., mentioned in the sec- tions, Foreign Development Assistance as well as the Bureau of International Commerce, and the Colombian Government agencies in charge of devel- opment programs. Colombia has also taken steps to reform its tax laws and in August 1963 enacted new measures which will provide revenue needed for the Govern- ment's investment program. Using proceeds from loan and grant authorizations from abroad totaling $550 million, including about $225 million from the U.S. Government, Colombia is making con- siderable progress in a number of areas. A total of 30,000 low-cost housing units is being built yearly and 22,000 schoolrooms are to be constructed over the 1962-65 period. Colombian funds as well as a great deal of self-help has gone into these projects. Municipal sewage and sanitary facilities are being constructed or improved. Agrarian reform is being gradually implemented and has resulted so far in the distribution of 301,500 hectares of land to 6,681 families. Electrical-power-generating capacity is being swiftly boosted to meet the demands of the country's dynamic manufacturing industries. To help the private sector, a private investment fund has been established to lend funds for approved in- dustrial projects. In addition, there are programs for industrial education, improvements in agriculture and livestock breeding, reforestation, health, and technical assistance in public administration. Colombia has also been selected as a pilot country to demonstrate the contribution that private par- ticipation can make to economic development. The project, a joint U.S. Department of Commerce/ AID effort, pinpoints five industries — metal process- ing, meatpacking, lumber, and wood products as "ripe" for development. The U.S. investor inter- ested in going into joint ventures with Colombians in these industries and wishing to obtain more information about this project should write to the Office of International Investment Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. Department of Com- merce, Washington, D.C., 20230. DEVELOPMENT PLAN By announcing a General Plan for Economic and Social Development, Colombia met one of the primary requisites for obtaining aid under the Alliance for Progress. The plan calls for an invest- ment of 70 billion pesos, 5 or $10.4 billion, through the end of the sixties. The plan contemplates US$980 million in foreign investments during the 1962-65 period, according to the Inter-American Development Bank. 6 This s The official certiScate rate when the plan was issued was 6.70 pesos per US$1. This rate in February 1964 was 9 pesos per US$1. 6 Inter-American Development Bank, Social Progress Trust Fund, Second Annual Report, 1962, Washington, D.C., 1963, p. 224. amounts to IS percent of total planned investment. The plan calls, between 1902 65, lor an annual growth of 5.6 percent in the economy as a whole and of 2.S percent per capita, according i<» thai bank. In order to achieve lhe.se goals, the hank adds, growth per year will need to he as follows, in percent: I mill I i V 7. 6 Construction 10. 2 TraiiHporl 6. 2 Communications 7.4 Klectric power genera lion 13. 8 Both imports and exports will have to increase if the plan is to succeed. The plan calls for imports to rise to $675 million by 1965. The Committee of Nine, Alliance for Progress, has projected an even higher figure, $743 million. 7 At the same time, exports are to increase to $609 million according to the plan and to $550 million in the committee's projections. 8 Further comments on Colombia's future imports are found in the section, "Import Projections." In view of the increasingly significant role that the Colombian Government and its agencies are playing in planning development projects, the Government at all levels should be a significant importer of many types of goods. See Appendix A for list of Govern- ment organizations in charge of development programs. OTHER FACTORS IN IMPORTS Balance of Payments Any expansion of Colombia's imports depends on how well Colombia combats its deficits in the balance of payments. Deficits have occurred since 7 Committee of Nino. Alliance for Progress. Evaluation of tin' Central Economic anil Social Development Program of Colombia, RepOTI preiented to the Government of Colombia by the ad boo committee. July 1962, p. 100. 8 Op. cit., p. 89. 1060 and will probably OCCUT again in 1001. \\ |,i|.- so-called minor exports, mm h ft| bananas Sugar, and tobacco, will probably continue to increase and the chances are good that the Government will continue its conservative liheal policies, foreign exchange receipts from coffee exports will not he sufficient to give Colombia the capacity to import the \olume of goods and services needed for her growing economy. Foreign financial assistance in the form of short- and long-term credits and loans will be required as in the past. The prospects for 6uch assistance are gen- erally good in view of Colombia's ability to impose austerity measures and to carry out Stabilization programs with some success. It is also hoped that the International Coffee Agreement 9 signed by Colombia in 1062 and ratified in 1963 will have a stabilizing effect on coffee prices. In late 1963, there were indications that higher prices for Colombian coffee might provide an additional $50 million in foreign exchange in 1964. LA FT A To develop its trade with its Latin American neighbors, Colombia joined the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) in October 1961. 10 LAFTA member countries intend to eliminate customs duties, quotas, and other restrictions on substantially all intraregional trade by 1972. L.S. exports do not receive these benefits. Although trade with what are now LAFTA countries amounted to only 2 percent of Colombia's total import trade, a steady expansion is expected as trade barriers 9 Till* agreement aims al achieving a reasonable balance between demand and supply, increasing buying power in the coffee. exporting countries, raising OoffeC consumption, and alleviating hardsbips caused In surpluses and sharp price fluctuations. These goals are to be achio ed partly through self-im|K>sed export restrictions of the producing Countries. 10 Member countries of the Latin American free Trade Association — LAFTA — arc Argentina, Brazil. Chile. Colombia. Ecuador. Mexico. Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. CEMBNT PLANT KILN: Two of 16 sections of o 450-roof cemenf plant kiln leave a U.S. steel fabricating plant tor Barranquilla. S Rio Mocho/^ fy—^ Sonta Morta/C "* — . ' L^ M \ ^/ BARRANQUILla'JSIc*-. /%Cienago J ^f \ ^r CARTAGENA^* jL *-ndoe.on JM 1 1 1 *v # ((5 \ 1 a \ ) V Sinu Valley/ \j / I ^\*-* I /^^^N ^"^ >_ y^MonteriqA / j^ )I / 1 ? 1 \ \ V -iT / II ^*\ A A 1 \^ J ^j 1 rfcj) Gomorroli 1 % A V. VTurbO \o/ 1 [ \ Ji \ *\ ] V D n v 1 r£i2^ V t \ ^^ V X^^ V \ X F V/ \ I /I w 1 L / 1 Be )l \ >0 KUCUTA 'uertoj I \ y. 1 ^^. l°y N. 1 v r ^^ Porn Plo na r'oncal t *^A ^^^ \ ^^ ^^mt^ rme i%r^ eb^i j < ^pUCARAMANGA^■^*^ , ^^*^^^^ W\ \\ I Puerto.^' 1 f N >V Guadalupe r \ # VT MEDELLINJp>y / V J J \ vTI /?\ 1? Borbosojf /^ J nl lSonson * jr \ S^£*ii~ — *■*/ |\ fj Puerto r ^§7 Sogomoto \ ~&4 Bl \ ip Tun l° \ La EsmeraldayZ ft t 1/7 1 »r ££ S ^ a M.)_ v^ o 0<> fjS(i ,:a ^^ avanna ' 1 °^ Bogota and \ „ 'JlW Z InsulaT/^-SfcL X <3 ^ 7 Highland Area J CortagoM"/ - ! 5^ /Y X^V\ I Cauca Valley la vjtfrmenio / / J" ^^^ypoGOTA r ^^-Ha^^ IbogueA v£ ^V^ \ . /OyTolirna &NP)F/ Buenaventura //# • s- ^ » / / ^^ _ Potrto ~ Oi_op«i yjj!^^ /jCf Area A/ / \ fCi vV >0 ' mir0 J5y COLOMBIA j.jr / Vl Prod«ro /Lr ^Acolombio X -y^~|Jomundi \£ *S vuLuniuin 2J Electric power projects J . , ' \ f Sontondtr fl' V^ Anchicayal v 1 /JNeivo «^ Yumbc/ ll Z/ Popgygny i/^ 1 Florencio / TumocoV C \Bucheli (including IDA credit) . Principal areas where Bank- ^r\3 financed farm machinery is being used » i t 1 1 » 1 1 i i t » Other railroads APRIL 1963 A^^lpiolti 50 100 ISO 20OKm Local Manufacturing ACERIAS PAS DEL RIO, S.A.: Sleel plant output increases. come down. Colombia has already granted duty concessions to LAFTA members on about 600 items. In addition to removal of trade barriers, LAFTA is discussing the establishment of a complementary system under which each member would make those products or parts in which it has a relative cost advantage. The principal items which Colombia hopes to export to LAFTA are textiles, chemicals, and petrochemicals. With a few exceptions, LAFTA is not expected to change the pattern of U.S. trade with Colombia in the near future. Total imports into Colombia from LAFTA were valued at $12.5 million in 1962. 11 Source: Boletin Mensual de Estadistica, Bogota, April 1963. Since most consumer goods exports to Colombia have limited prospects, many U.S. firms since World War II have set up businesses to produce these goods in Colombia. Such firms usually receive protection against competing imports through Government im- port controls. The trend seems to be toward more joint ventures with Colombians. Licensing arrangements as well as technical assistance contracts have also become popular in recent years. U.S. private investment is welcomed by the Gov- ernment and by private interests, especially in those activities which contribute to economic development and do not compete with established local industries. U.S. and other foreign investments are found in virtually all the industrial sectors, and relations with Colombians have been excellent. Confiscatory ex- propriation has never occurred, and foreign investors are accorded equitable treatment. Basic informa- tion on investment in Colombia is found in Establish- ing a Business in Colombia, OBR 63-107, July 1963. Development Assistance Foreign financing is considered indispensable for the success of the development plan. Direct foreign investment credits and loans from abroad are pro- jected at an annual average of $200 million over the 1962-65 period. About $47 million a year, partly in direct private foreign investment and partly in loans and credits, is to go to the private sector, which is to account for over two-thirds of total domestic invest- ment through 1965. Loan and grant authorizations from abroad already totaled $550 million for the period June 30, 1961, to June 30, 1963. Of this total, more than $225 million was committed by the U.S. Government. Agency For International Development. — The Agency for International Development (AID) has authority to make dollar loans to private as well as public enterprise, both United States and foreign. It is AID policy to make dollar loans only for those projects for which adequate financing from other free-world sources is not available on reasonable terms. Proceeds of these loans are used to purchase equipment and services from U.S. suppliers. Under a new program of encouraging feasibility studies to identify specific investment opportunities, AID may pay up to 50 percent of the cost of surveys. Inquiries regarding All) loan facilities as well as the feasibility Btud) program should be addressed to Office of Development Finance and Private Enter* prise, AM), Washington, D.C., 20523. World Bank. The International Hank lor Kecon- structioii and Development of Washington, D.C (The World Hank), continues its close relations with Colombia. The hank has now established a resident mission in Colombia to advise on the development program and to help in the coordination of external financial assistance. The bank's current projects in Colombia include a study of coal resources in the Cauca Valley; the development of electric power in the cities of Cali, Hogota, Manizales, and Medellin; rehabilitation of railroad equipment; highway construction and maintenance; and a loan to the nation's steel plant for expansion and diversification of steel products. Colombia calls for international bidding when making purchases for these projects. The Hank was also instrumental in organizing a consultative group of 12 nations to provide coordination of external assistance for Colombia's economic development program. Inter-American Development Bank. — The Inter- American Development Bank, Washington, D.C, also has several current projects in Colombia. These include loans for studies of the Sinu River watershed; specialized studies of economic develop- ment projects; home construction; water supply in Cartagena, Medellin, and Cali; and both water supply and sewerage in Ciicuta plus more than 300 other places in Colombia; development of small- and medium-sized industries; a woodpulp mill near Cali: a caustic soda plant near Cartagena: and develop- ment of port facilities at Buenaventura and perhaps at other major ports. Still other projects of a kind similar to the current ones may also be generated by the Bank. U.S. suppliers as well as other suppliers are eligible to bid on these projects. Export -Import Bank. — The Export -Import Bank of Washington has already contributed to the de- velopment of Colombia through loans to public and private entities. Its latest project loan is for $2.5 million and was extended to the Caja de Credito Agrario for the financing of agricultural machinery imports. International Consultative Croup. — In Januarv 1963, an international consultative group of gov- ernments and international lending agencies met at the World Hank to consider the possibility of multi- lateral financing of some 34 Colombian public and private projects requiring 8461 million. ,? Some fund- have alread) been committed and all of the stol million arc to he committed hv June 1964. About 70 percent ol tlii- amount i- to go to finance pablk projects in the held-, of electric power generation, telecommunications, bousing, transportation, agri- culture, water and sewage, education, and indu-trv : the remainder i* to he used t<> expand -teel produc- tion and to provide funds for Colombian financial institutions for relendine and investment. I' Mfin!i«TH of tin- group of nffTffHntrifH ■*■ Vuiilria, II. -Igium. I.iiTrmtMHirir. Canada, Denmark. Kranrc, the 1'Vdrral Republic of (,ermany, Italy. Japan, tin- Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the 1 sited suir,. The international tending agencies are the World Hank, the Inlernaiioti.il Monetary Fund, and the Inter- American Development Hank. REEL ON WHEELS: Forklifl moves reefs at Borranquilla. 719-623 O 64— 3 CHAPTER II Goods and Services BAGASSE PAPER: PROPAL paper plant at Cali produces fcroff paper and several lightweight papers from a residue of svgorcone. 10 Colombia i* primarily a market lor intermediate and captial goods. The market for these goods will increase. Some consumer goods are imported, but their share in total imports has shown a de- clining trend because of increased domestic manufacturing and import restrictions. See tahle 4, showing imports by economic class. The goods included in these classes are those designated hi the Colombian classification. U.S. exports to Colombia by commodity groups and principal commodities are presented in table 5, while tables 6 and 7 give the U.S. share of principal Colombian imports of semimanufactures, manufac- factures, and capital goods. INTERMEDIATE GOODS More than half the total value of Colombia's imports is estimated to be allocated to intermediate goods, according to the sample of imports reported in table 4. The class called intermediate goods in Colombian data includes primary agricultural goods and both semifinished and finished manufactures. Primary Agricultural Goods The main primer) agricultural products imported from the I niled States are hops for the br C W CM industry, soybean oil for the food industry, and wheat to supplement inadequate local production. Imports from other countries include cacao from Ecuador and Costa Rica for the well-developed chocolate industry; natural rubber from Malaya and Indonesia for the manufacture of tires, footwear, and commercial and industrial hose; and copra from the Philippines for vegetable oil. Semifinished and Finished Goods A wide variety of semifinished and finished prod- ucts must be imported, primarily for Colombia's growing manufacturing industries. See table 6 for the U.S. share of principal items. In 1961, U.S. firms supplied 80 percent or more of total Colombian imports of the following: carbon black, auto bodies, automobile parts and com- ponents, cellulose derivatives, tire cord, lubricating CONSUMER GOODS. The Colombian Government has announced that it will allow imports ot passenger automobiles and trucks in 1964. 11 HHUH ^Bs^ flU vb^R tr ^B ^^^B Ha ^KaHhl P^ /' ^BLJ wrjjk^ \ WsgSHfc 1 - H . ■*' jP^' ; ' Wit PRODUCTIVITY: Mechanization requires additional machines. oils, airplane parts, tractor parts, synthetic rubber, denatured tallow, seamless iron, and steel tubes. At the same time, U.S. exporters filled 70 to 80 percent of all Colombian import requirements for antibiotics, chemicals for making disinfectants, refrigeration equipment and parts, and aluminum ingots and billets. Increasing price competition from European and Japanese suppliers is in evidence. These countries were principal suppliers of such items as galvanized iron or steel sheets, and hot-rolled sheet of }8-inch thickness and 2 to 24 inches in width (Japan); oil and gas pipes and other pipes up to a diameter of 6 inches processed for fittings only (France); tubes and pipes, varnished, enameled, or with other protective coating (United Kingdom); certain types of heavy electrical apparatus and polyvinyl de- rivatives (the Federal Republic of Germany). CAPITAL GOODS One-third of the total value of Colombia's imports is represented by capital goods. See table 4. Capital imports will have to about double in the coming years if Colombia is going to carry out many of its projects under the Development Plan. The United States remains the principal supplier for many types of capital goods. In 1961, U.S. ex- porters had 80 percent or more of the market for such major imports as electric ignition equipment for internal combustion engines, heating and cooling equipment, airplanes including helicopters, earth- moving and excavating equipment, electric and diesel locomotives, pumps, trucks and station wagons, bus and truck chassis, and non agricultural tractors. Furthermore, the United States supplied 70 to 80 percent of the apparatus needed for the new petro- chemical industry — compressors, tractors, and ma- chinery for making paper, pulp, and cardboard. See table 7 for imports of principal capital goods and U.S. shares. European and Japanese exporters are also giving strong competition in many types of capital goods. For example, looms and spinning machines have been imported in large amounts from Belgium and Swit- zerland, respectively. Sweden is by far the largest supplier of telephone apparatus. In addition, metal- working machine tools are imported from many European countries. Other types of capital goods imported more often than not from U.S. competitors are hoists and conveyors, milk pasteurization equip- ment, steam boilers, industrial furnaces, and electric transformers. CONSUMER GOODS Consumer goods face only very limited sales pos- sibilities in Colombia. Most consumer goods sold are produced locally and imports are prohibited entry. The decline in value of consumer goods imported by Colombia shows up in the sample presented in table 4. The value of consumer goods is estimated at less than one -tenth total value of imports. Among nondurable goods imported by Colombia are disinfectants, insecticides, cigarettes, and anti- biotics. See table 8. These goods accounted for $9 million of the $14.2 million worth of selected nondurables imported in 1962. 1 i Boletln Mensual de Estadistic Bogotd, April 1963. THE U.S. EMBA SSY AT BOGOTA REPORTS THAT THESE 25 PRODUCTS OFFER THE BEST POSSIBILITIES FOR U.S. EXPORTS TO COLOMBIA Chassis, bus Repair parts for tractors, Equipment, dental trucks, and cars Fertilizers, chemical Sheets, cold-rolled, iron or Fibers, synthetic steel Generators, electrical Sheets, hot-rolled, iron or Insecticides steel Iron and steel pipes, tubes, Supplies, hospital and tubing Synthetic rubber Locomotives and equipment Tinplate Machinery, agricultural Tools, machine and metal- Machinery, roadbuilding working equipment Motors, internal combustion Tractors Oil, lubricating Trucks Oil, soybean Wheat Pumps Wool tops 12 Durable consumer goods arc being produced in increasing quantity and variety owing to the exclu- sion or restriction of imports that compete with domestic manufactures. An estimated 50-percent decline from 1961 to 1962 in value of durable con- sumer goods resulted primarily from a prohibition on imports of automobiles for private use. See table 9. close to that of the I nited State-, the principal supplier. The Federal Republic of German) with 10 percent, the United Kingdom with (> perce n t, ami three other countries -Italy, Canada, and Japan each with 3 [>ereent are the other pr in c ip al suppliers, followed closely by I'rame, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. IMPORTS, PROJECTIONS Projections for 1963-65 on the market in Colombia indicate that imports will tend to increase in value and that the demand for the present groups of goods will continue. See table 10. In those projections, the percentage of total imports allocated to capital goods is increasing. Projections on the value of im- ports of manufactured products also indicate in- creases. See table 11. Imports of automobile passenger cars are projected to rise to an estimated $1 1 million in 1964, as com- pared to the .$3.5 million in 1962 imported under special permission of the Government. Substantial increases are also called for in imports of other transportation equipment, agricultural ma- chinery, certain types of metal machinery, chemicals, petroleum derivatives, and newsprint. U.S. GOODS SOLD Imports of goods from the United States were valued at $283 million, c.i.f., or 52 percent of the Colombian import market in 1962. Only three South American countries imported more from the United States. See the chart, "Value of Imports by Country of Origin, 1962." However, the U.S. share of total Colombian imports in 1958 was valued at $218 million and came to 64 percent. Kuropean suppliers are making inroads into this traditionally U.S. market. In 1962, they provided 35 percent of total imports as against 22 percent in 1952. Yet, no single country has a share anywhere U.S. PROFESSIONAL SERVICES U.S. firms which provide technical, engineering, and other professional services face excellent oppor- tunities today and in the future for increasing their business in Colombia. Strong emphasis is being given by the Colombian Government to the develop- ment of electric power generation facilities, telecom- munications, health and sanitary facilities, trans- portation, and agriculture. U.S. firms that wish to contract for engineering, architectural, and management services overseas, in- cluding Colombia, are listed, on request, by (1) the Agency for International Development — AID, (2) the International Bank for Reconstruction and De- velopment — World Bank, and (3) the Inter-American Development Bank, all in Washington, D.C. The list of contracting firms maintained bv AID contains names of U.S. firms, while the lists main- tained by the two banks include U.S. firms among worldwide contracting firms. The AID list also includes names of U.S. firms that are construction contractors as well as of U.S. educational institutions. The list kept by the Inter-American Development Bank contains names of worldwide contracting firms in any field related to economic development. Among the U.S. firms now practicing their pro- fessions in Colombia are those on these several lists. Some of these firms are also engaged in feasibility studies. Choice of a contracting firm is made by the country receiving a bank or AID loan. A list of Colombian Government development agencies appears in ap- pendix A. Ratification or approval of the choice i- given by the banks and by AID. 13 *y ' '. \m -^±. T" wmt 32 ^rawg ■lj m i ■ ■ ■■ ■ *WjW*WPay r ► ill .4 -ariiar'. ."^ii .4 If J \> # I ** V A READYING SALT FOR SHIPMENT: Materials-handling equipment needed tor operations like this is high on Colombia's import list. CHAPTER III Market Analysis A brief analysis follows of the present market in Colombia for some commodities. This analysis is not to be considered exhaustive nor all-inclusive. Trade promotion in Colombia, as in most coun- tries, is primarily based on knowledge of local condi- tions. A preliminary, on -the -scene investigation of the feasibility of doing business in the market is desirable wherever possible. Information on duty rates, import restrictions, and other regulations affecting imports into Colom- bia may be obtained free of charge from the American Republics Division, Bureau of International Com- merce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 20230. Detailed reports on specific commodi- ties, whenever available, will also be forwarded upon request. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Agricultural products are imported by Colombia only when domestic supplies are considered insuffi- cient or when the Government considers domestic prices unreasonable. Colombia does import, however, substantial quan- tities of agricultural commodities, such as wheat, 14 malt, barley, fallow, copra, vegetable oils, hops, cacao, and wool. Breeding and beef cattle and breeding stock for poultry are also imported. Total agricultural imports in 1963 were expected to reacb about $39 million. Imports in 1964 w ill probably be at approximately the same level, mainh because of increased wheat imports. Most agricultural com- modities arc imported by a semiautonomous (Govern- ment agency, Instituto Nacional de Abastccimientos, Bogota, which invites bids to supply a wide range of commodities. Agricultural imports from the United States, which account for about 70 percent of total agricultural imports, are noted in table 12. Imports of wheat in 1963 were estimated at 100,000 metric tons, of which the United States supplied 86 percent. Since low yields caused by poor weather conditions resulted in low production in 1963, there will be a significant demand for imported wheat in the first half of 1964. Preliminary estimates place imports of wheat in 1964 at 170,000 metric tons. Imports of barley will be substantially lower in 1964 than the estimated 26,000 metric tons imported in 1963. Barley is now grown locally, largely through the efforts of the brewery industry. Tallow is imported from the United States for use in soap manufacture. Requirements for soap manu- facture have been increasing largely due to the sanitation programs of the Ministry of Health. Between 1958 and 1962, imports of tallow increased from 4,500 metric tons to 13,500 metric tons. In 1964, an estimated 15,000 metric tons of tallow may be imported. .. MARKETING TIPS 1. Offer flexible credit terms. Consider possi- bility of deferred payment terms on sales of capital equipment. 2. Adapt your product to the needs of the market. 3. Establish strong local agent representation and keep in close touch with him by frequent visits. 4. Supply your agent with well-written brochures, other sales literature, and price data. 5. Use Spanish language in advertising litera- ture and in correspondence. 6. Familiarize yourself with the customs and tradi- tions of the market. 7. Avail yourself of the services offered by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Sales leads in Colombia are published in INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE. Oft TO REFINE: New $50 million oil refinery to be built. 15 Although imports of meat and meat preparations are prohibited, Colombia does buy breeding and beef cattle from both the United States and the United Kingdom. Strong demand has been evident recently for baby chicks for improvement of domestic stock. In 1962, a total of 187,606 baby chicks worth $85,095 were imported from the United States. Imports of hops in 1962 were valued at $981,000, and the United States supplied about 90 percent of that amount. Although research is being done in the local production of hops, no local production of significance is anticipated for a number of years. Corn and rice have also been imported recently by Colombia because of insufficient domestic supplies. Expansion of the feed industry and the production of corn flakes accounted for imports of corn in 1961. Rice has been imported from the United States usually as milled rice but also as paddy rice. Imports of edible oils were estimated at 31,900 metric tons in 1963. Imports of this item in 1964 will depend on whether a Public Law 480 agreement is signed with the Colombian Government. It is estimated Colombia will need 28,000 metric tons of edible oils in 1964. Greater oleaginous seed produc- tion and large stocks of oils has caused some reduc- tion in imports. Cacao is imported in large quantities — in raw form from Costa Rica and Ecuador and in powdered form from the United States. Powdered milk and related products continue to be popular in Colombia and have been imported in recent years primarily under the Public Law 480 program. Butter and cheese are not usually im- ported except for noncommercial purposes. Hatch- ing eggs may be imported, but since the poultry industry is located around Bogota where the altitude is 8,000 to 9,000 feet, supplementary oxygen for hatching is required. Furthermore, customs duties on hatching eggs are high compared with those on baby chicks. BEVERAGES AND SPIRITS With the exception of beer and wines, all alcoholic beverages made in Colombia are produced in distill- eries owned or controlled by the various Depart- ments, i.e., political subdivisions. In addition to making rum from local sugarcane, these distilleries turn out gin, vodka, Scotch-type whisky, and brandy. Some of these spirits are produced under licensing agreements with foreign manufacturers. Whisky, which is consumed by the upper income groups, is the BOGOTA: Colombia's capital, chief financial center, and single largest market. Many important firms' head offices are in Bogota. 16 VALUE OF IMPORTS, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, 1962 (THOUSAND! OF U 1 DOLLARS. 'II JAPAN JIS.OOT !/l..i b < Jroouoy, P./u, and Uiuaui ,.uol a. E.tad/.hco Mar< principal alcoholic beverage imported, and the United Kingdom is the main supplier. Colombia's beer industry has been well established for over half a century. Colombia is self-sufficient in beer. The Consorcio de Cerveceria Bavaria, which is the second largest private firm in Colombia in terms of capital assets, accounts for 70 percent of all beer output. Very little beer is imported. Soft drinks are produced in sufficient quantities to meet local demand. One-fourth of all raw materials and intermediate goods used in the beverage industries must be im- ported. Most important of these is hops. The soft drink industries are dependent on imports for citric acid, essences, and concentrates. Cork for metal caps is also imported. CIGARETTES AND TOBACCO Leaf tobacco production in 1963 was estimated at 39.4 metric tons and consisted of dark air cured, light air cured, and cigar tobacco. Imports of leaf tobacco are not prohibited, but high duties limit those imports to fine grade wrapper for use in the manufacture of top grade cigars. Cigarettes worth $1,018,000 were imported from the United States in 1962 under Public Law 480. The value of these imports will decline substantially in the absence of a Public Law 480 agreement and with continued increase in down -in |.r<..lu- lion of tobacco. FOOD PROCESSING A fourth of the raw materials and intermediate goods used by the food -processing industry must be imported. These imports include wheat, cacao, copra, hydrogenated oils, cellulose, and tinplate for metal containers. There is wide interest in Colombia in I .S. canning equipment as well as technical assistance. Colombians are eager to expand thcircliick.cn farms and to acquire U.S. know-how on feed formulation. The fishing industry is expanding, and there is interest in the Atlantic coast cities in fish-canning. refrigeration, and freezing equipment. CHEMICALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS The Colombian chemical industry has grown very substantially in recent years. It has required an ever-increasing volume of imports. Imports of chemicals and chemical products rose from $77 million in 1958 to $100 million in 1962. Among the more important imports of chemicals and chemical products are chemical fertilizer^, agricultural chemicals, artificial resins, synthetic rubber, paraffin, pharmaceutical chemicals, caustic soda, organic products, titanium white, viscose, disinfectant and insecticide preparations, cellulose in powder form, lampblack and other mineral and vegetable blacks, unprocessed, and calcium carbide. Large amounts of animal and vegetable fats are imported for chemical processing. Detailed static- ties on the composition and value of principal chemicals and pharmaceuticals imports as well as Development Plan projections of production and imports of these goods are found in tables 13. 14. and 15. The most important chemical products made in Colombia are pharmaceuticals, soap, candles, waxes and polishes: basic chemicals, including fertilisers; paints and d\es: matches: industrial g.^es: water- proofing materials: adheshes. and protective coating mordants: and inedible animal ad \negetahle oih and fats. 719 6'.>:s 0-64 — 4 17 TEXTILE MILL INTERIOR: The United States has supplied much of Colombia's requirements for textile machinery and equipment. Among the more important inorganic industrial chemicals being produced in Colombia are soda, alkalies, chlorine, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid 50 percent, ammonia, nitric acid, urea, ammonium nitrate, superphosphate, aluminum sulfate, sodium silicate, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide. Among the organic chemicals produced locally are benzols, aromatic solvents, naphthalene, acetylene, formaldehyde, and glycerin. In addition, alkyd resins, phenolicresins, and polyvinyl acetate are now being produced in Colombia. Nylon, rayon, acetate fibers, and cellophane are also manufactured locally, all from imported pulps and stocks. Pro- duction of herbicides and the mixing of insecticides has also begun. Almost all companies import most of their raw materials. For example, the formaldehyde plants are dependent on imported methyl alcohol, the fertilizer mixers on imported phosphoric and potas- sium products, and the soap manufacturers on im- ported animal and vegetable fats. The manufactur- ers of plastics, chemical fibers, insecticides, deter- gents, and pharmaceuticals import almost all of their raw material. One of the most notable advances made in recent years in the chemical industry occurred in early 1963 when two fertilizer plants went into operation. At Barrancabermeja, the Industria Colombiana de Fertilizantes, a Colombian company owned largely by several semiautonomous governmental agencies, began production of ammonium nitrate, urea, and mixed fertilizer. At about the same time, Amoniaco del Caribe, S.A., Cartagena, started production of nitric acid and ammonia. An adjacent company, Abonos Colombianos (ABOCOL), is utilizing most of the ammonia to produce ureas and mixed or complex fertilizers. It is understood, however, that produc- tion from the two fertilizer complexes will not be sufficient at least in 1964 to meet local demand and that substantial imports will be required. Petrochemical production will be stepped up as the Empresa Colombiana de Petroleos, the Govern- ment-owned petroleum company, undertakes the production of ethylene. Production of 17% million pounds annually is to begin in 1965, and the company is currently looking for a partner to produce poly- ethylene. Dow Chemical Co. has decided to set up a plant to make polystyrene from imported sytrene. Another American company is considering production of urea resins and melamine. In other 1963 developments, two Colombian com- panies will import equipment to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) while another plans to make this product by polymerizing the imported raw materials. Carbon black is to be produced near Cartagena by an American firm. Sodium hydrosulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium bisulfate, and zinc oxide are to be manufactured by Quimica Sudamericana of Man- izales. The Bank of the Republic has received a loan of $12 million from the Inter-American Develop- ment Bank to set up a new soda plant near Carta- gena; production is scheduled to supplant all imports of caustic soda and sodium carbonate. Sulfacidos of Medellin is presently completing in Barrancaber- meja a plant to mix" chemical fertilizers; imported phosphorus and potassium will be mixed with 12,000 tons of nitrogen to produce 120,000 to 140,000 tons annually of complex fertilizer. ABOCOL plans to erect a new plant near Cartagena to produce phos- 18 phoric arid while Cnmpania Onfmica Industrial of Cali {>lanncd production of phosphoric acirl in }{.')- percent concentration. Both Sulfacidos and ( •-. One firm's requirements of plain looms are reported at 10,000 and of box looms at 4.000. In addition, this company is replacing 300,000 existing spindle* while adding 500,000 new ones. Much of the textile machinery and equipment is of U.S. origin and may continue to be so if price and finance charges remain competitive. MINERALS AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Minerals and mineral products imported from the United States include bentonite, kaolin, certain abrasives, mica, gypsum, refractory brick, and luminous cement. Self-sufficient in most petroleum products, Colom- bia now expects to import less lubricating oil. Paraffin wax is imported in large quantities from the United States as well as from the Federal Republic of Germany, the Soviet Zone of Germany, and Indonesia. The main source of diesel fuel and aviation gasoline is the Netherlands West Indies. Refining capacity must be increased if demand for petroleum products, which is growing at 9 percent annually, is to be met. The Kmpresa Colombiana de Petroleos and a foreign petroleum company may jointly establish a new 850 million refinery near Bogota. Machinery and equipment worth an estimated $1 million are to be imported. PETROLEUM REFINERY AT BARRANCA: Colombia's refining capacity must be increased fo meef rising demand tor petroleum products. 19 STRENGTH IN MOUNTAINS: Falling water makes electricity. from domestic deposits. Production of steel and tinplate would begin in 1966 if a loan can be obtained. A new forging plant is Reing built at Bucaramanga, financed by joint United States-Colombian-German capital. It is anticipated that within 3 years this mill will supply practically the entire need of Colombia in pieces from 5 to 50 kilograms. Forgings outside these limits will need to be imported. Two aluminum companies are processing imported aluminum ingots. Two-thirds of aluminum imports come from the United States in the form of un- wrought aluminum or aluminum in bars, wire, plates, sheets, foil, tubes, and pipes. MANUFACTURED METAL PRODUCTS BASIC METAL PRODUCTS The demand for metal products far exceeds supply, and substantial quantities of imports will be neces- sary to meet rising demand. By 1965, requirements for bars, structural, rails, wire, and plates should total 415,000 metric tons; by 1970, 514,000 metric tons; and by 1975, 643,000 metric tons. In 1962, production of steel products — rails, struc- tural, bars, rods, and wire — totaled 150,000 metric tons, of which 126,700 were produced at the nation's main steel plant, Acerias Paz del Rio, S.A. The plant received a $30 million loan from the World Bank in June 1963 to boost annual production to 220,000 metric tons by 1968. This will include 67,000 metric tons of flat products not now produced in Colombia. However, local production will still fall short of total demand and a sizable market will continue to exist in this field. The quantity of imports of steel products, 1959-60, is reported in table 16. Iron and steel sheets worth $16.4 million were imported in 1962. This included $5.7 million worth of tinplate. The United States was the principal supplier, but European countries have become in- creasingly competitive. Iron and steel pipes and tubes of various types and forms were also imported. The steel industry obtains some of its raw materials locally but must import others, such as calcined dolo- mite, ferromanganese, and magnesite bricks. Plans were recently announced by a group of Colombian and foreign investors to establish a steel- plate mill at Barranquilla. Ores and scrap would be imported from foreign sources rather than mined A wide variety of manufactured metal products must be imported. Demand should continue to increase in such areas as transportation equipment, electric power generation equipment, telecommunica- tions equipment, agricultural machinery, and per- haps equipment for sawmills and plywood mills. Machine tools and many other types of tools are also in great demand and must be imported. Metallic structures, such as bridges, hangars, tanks, small boats, tubing, sewers, and drains, are manufactured in Colombia but production does not satisfy local requirements. Greater self-sufficiency is evident in electrical household appliances and radio receivers. Refrig- erators, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, dryers, electric ranges, lamps, and fight bulbs are being assembled or manufactured. Other electric products being made in Colombia are distribution trans- formers, insulated wire, automobile batteries, metal fixtures, and fluorescent lights. Nonelectric metal products apparently manufactured in sufficient quantities include steel and aluminum furniture, simple agricultural processing machinery, bicycles, razor blades, plumbing accessories, metal containers, and nails. One aluminum company, Reynolds International, operates at Barranquilla a rolling mill and extrusion plant that makes aluminum siding, extrusions for window frames, sheets, and aluminum foil. Aluminio Alcan de Colombia, at Cali, a subsidiary of Aluminium, Ltd., of Canada, is producing construc- tion materials, such as aluminum wire, conduits, pipe, and both corrugated and plain aluminum sheet. 20 Transportation Equipment There is a very largo unfilled demand for all types of transportation equipment, Imports are projected at .$81.8 million in L964. Sec tables II and 17 for projections and past imports, respectively. The Colombian National Railroads, which received a loan of $30 million from the World Hank in mid - 1 963, is using the proceeds to purchase I, ISO new freight cars; 37 diesel locomotives; components of another 200 freight cars; spare parts for the diesels; rails and accessories for renewal of 130 miles of track of former regional roads; steel for hridges; and other railroad material. Automotive vehicles of all types must be imported. Imports of vehicles are projected to be liberalized in 1964, if suppliers grant credits of at least 5 years for trucks and buses and 7 years for passenger cars. Colombia projects imports worth $1 1 million in 1964. Nearly 100 percent of the aircraft used in Colombia are of U.S. manufacture. Imports amounted to $1.9 million in 1962. Aircraft are used by 6 regularly scheduled commercial lines, by 20 non- scheduled lines, by about 12 business firms for carrying personnel and cargo, and by various agricultural firms and associations. Aircraft are also used in crop dusting, aerial surveying, and mapping. Except for small coastal and river patrol vessels that are produced in Colombia, oceangoing vessels, such as those used by Colombia's merchant marine, the Flota Grancolombiana, must be purchased abroad. The United States is the main source for parts and components. With the discovery of new oil and gas deposits, more pipelines to transport these commodities are to be constructed. Currently, a pipeline of more than 300 miles is planned to link the Rio Zulia concession with the port of Santa Marta. The city of Bucaramanga also has plans for the laying of gas and oil pipelines between that city and Barrancabermeja. Electrical Power Equipment Development of electric power is one of Colombia's main objectives under its Development Plan. Many new electric power projects are being studied or are being undertaken. See tables 18, 19, and 20 for further details. Present installed generating capac- ity of approximately 1 million kw. is to increase to 1,700,000 kw. by 1965 and to 3 million kw. by 1970 The electrical generation and distribution system of Colombia includes several major entities. Overall responsibilit) for planning and general coordination is the responsibility of the Institute de i p r ove diami- ento fie Aguas y Fomento Elect rico Electroaguas, a Government agency. Master plans are prepared by Electroaguas covering generation, distribution, financing, and hydraulic resources. In addition to the operating units of Elect roa»ua-. there are three independent, public, regional oimt- ating companies. These are Ernprcsas I'ublicas de Medellin, Empresas de Energia Elect ricidad de Bogota, and Corporation Autonoma Regional de Cauca at Cali. Municipal power companies are publicly owned and most of them are affiliated with or subsidiaries of Electroaguas. Telecommunications Equipment U.S. manufacturers of telecommunications equip- ment face strong competition in Colombia. The major contracts signed by Government entities in the past have been for Swedish and German equip- ment. Nevertheless, it is believed that I .S. producers could compete successfully for telecom- munications projects and equipment orders in Colombia. To achieve success, however, U.S. firms must expect to assign a sufficient number of engineers well trained in their individual products to assisl Colombian officials in finding solutions to the CEMENT PLANT, BOGOTA: Industry develops at Capital city 21 SUGAR PLANT: A number of tractors and other equipment will be needed for the Cauca Valley program to increase sugar output. country's telecommunications problems. Immediate profits may not result from this approach, but long- range results are almost certain when confidence has been built. At present, the Empresa Nacional de Telecom - municaciones (ENT) plans partial development of the National and Departmental inner connection systems together with the growth of urban and rural telephone systems. These plans will require a for- eign loan of $75 million and 10 million pesos from local resources. If these funds are received, they will be used to pay for microwave surveys, installa- tion work, construction, and freight and insurance C08tS. The municipal telephone companies of Bogota, Medellin, and Cali also have expansion plans. Although ENT employs on a full-time basis a team of English telecommunications consultants, Colombian authorities have expressed interest in receiving technical assistance from U.S. firms. Agricultural Machinery Tractors and their complementary implements have the best sales opportunities. Other prospects among agricultural machines are combines, haying machines, mechanical pickers, sprayers and dusters, dairy equipment, and poultry equipment. U.S. machinery accounts for 60 percent of total imports, or about $17 million annually. However, price competition from Great Britain is intensifying and has already caused a shift in imports of light and medium tractors. Tractors are to be imported at the rate of 6,000 a year by 1971, or 3 times present annual needs, according to the Federacion Metal- urgica Colombiana — Trade Association of Metal Fabricators. In addition, replacement needs for tractors will be substantial. While the normal trend of the Colombian market would appear to be toward larger, more efficient agricultural equipment for use in the larger, more economical farming operations, the present agrarian reform may modify this trend somewhat. In addi- tion, the Caja de Credito Agrario, a Government- owned bank making loans and selling equipment to farmers, apparently prefers to buy and distribute smaller, less expensive equipment for reasons of economy. Since the Caja controls a substantial portion of the market for farm equipment, its pref- erences are bound to affect the market. In addition to the Caja, the principal users of agricultural ma- chinery are the growers of sugar, rice, and cotton. One of the most promising areas for future sales appears to be the Cauca Valley where a vast pro- gram to increase sugar output is planned. Sub- stantial numbers of tractors and other equipment will be needed. Lumber Mill Equipment Increasing interest is being shown by investors in developing Colombia's timber resources. If the 22 timber should find additional use, new sawmills and plywood mill* will be required. The wood processing ami furniture industries are relatively well developed. There are over 900 firm- employing about I 1,000 workers. The products are furniture, boxen and crates, doors and windows, flooring and molding, plywood and other construc- tion materials, and toys. Thus, these items are not ordinarily imported. PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTS Colombia depends on imported pulp. Imports amounted to 48,000 short tons in 196 1. 1 The principal sources of supply are Canada, the United States, and Scandinavia. To develop local pulp production, the Industrial Development Institute together with private inter- ests is now making pulp from tropical hardwoods. This pulp can, however, be used only in mixtures with imported long fiber pulp. A plant located at Yumbo, Valle del Cauca, is now in operation and is supplying the papermaking firms in that vicinity i United. States Pulp Producers Association, 122 East 42d St., New York, N.Y. CAPITAL'S NEEDS: Bogota imports U.S. goods and services. with kraft paper pulp. If i In- country should need extra capacity for making kraft end cardboard, an integrated pulp and paper plant will be established at Barrancabenneja using woods from the forests <>f Rio Opon. Nevertheless, iriqiorts of pulp "ill still be required and are projected at 27,300 metric tons for I964. 2 It is estimated that the demand for printing and writing papers in Colombia will increase from 18,800 metric tons in I960 to 54,200 metric tons bj I ''TO. Productores de Papel, S. A.,— PROPAL *, which went into operation in 1961, is to meet most of this demand. If it does, Colombia's development plan calls for imports of only 3,600 metric tons of print- ing, writing, and various types of fine and specialty papers in 1964 compared to 18,800 metric tons in 1960. The demand for other types of paper and paper- board is estimated to rise from 72,400 metric tons in 1960 to 92,200 metric tons in 1964 and to 141,600 metric tons by 1970. Imports of 2,000 metric tons per year are planned through the remainder of the decade, a considerable decline from 1960 when 17,100 metric tons were imported. Although there is an increasing demand for both domestic and imported paper of all grades, especially printing paper, fine and tissue papers, import licensing restrictions and customs duties ranging from 15 centavos to 2 pesos per gross kilogram plus 20 to 50 percent ad valorem tend to make the importation of certain grades of paper into Colombia very difficult. The principal sources of foreign supply of paper except newsprint are Sweden, Finland, United States, Norway, and Canada. The reasons for such pref- erence appear to be prices, delivery time, and quality. Although the price of paper imported from European countries is lower than that of paper imported from the United States, the quality of American paper is considered to be superior and is generally preferred. BUILDING MATERIALS The rapid increase in construction of new housing that is both publicly and privately sponsored has put a heavy strain upon the building supply industry. J Dnvlopment Han. pari 1, 1962. p. MO. 5 Advisory Group of die UNESCO Economic Commission for Latin America in Colombia. Plan General c/>- DemrrvBe Emnimico y Seceet, n 1 This company also produces bleached and unbleached light sulfite,; another company. Carton de Colombia, produce, kraft paper, paper bag,, and cardboard boxes. 23 1,329,230 PERSONS: Bogota, Federal District, Columbia. Although construction materials are generally not imported, some imports may be required if local suppliers cannot increase their production to meet higher demand. Shortages in the production of cement, gravel, and brick are occurring in various localities, and demand exceeds supply for asphalt and clay pipes as well as for a variety of building materials. GLASS PRODUCTS Cristalleria Peldar, S.A., and Owens Illinois International, S.A., merged early in 1963. They account for most of the glass products manufactured in Colombia. These products include glass con- tainers and bottles, glass tableware, simple plate products, and window glass. Glass for light bulbs is now made by Phillips de Colombia, S.A., at Barranquilla. Glass construction blocks, fiber glass for the auto- mobile industry, and opal glass tableware are among the latest products that may soon be manufactured in Colombia. Raw materials, such as sand, limestone, and soda, are practically all obtained locally. Glass bottles, window glass, and safety glass are imported. The value in 1962 of safety glass imports alone was $489,000. OFFICE EQUIPMENT Standard, portable, and electric typewriters are now assembled from imported and local parts. Few completed typewriters are imported. Adding ma- chines, cash registers, and bookkeeping machines are imported. Office furniture and file cabinets are made in Colombia and are not generally imported. The use of electronic computers and similar equipment is very limited. INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT There is no production in Colombia of scientific or laboratory instruments, such as drafting and optical instruments, flight, navigation and meteorological instruments, geological and nuclear radiation detec- tion devices, horological instruments and timers, microscopes, laboratory apparatus or supplies. Colombia must import its requirements of these items. However, some equipment, such as serologi- cal baths and sterilizers, is manufactured locally. 24 PRINTING AND GRAPHIC ARTS The printing and graphic arts industries are well developed in Colombia, l»ut are highly dependent on imported raw materials and intermediate goods. INmety percent of these materials must he imported. Imports include newsprint and hond paper. Al- though some printing papers are being produced, Colombia will have to purchase abroad almost all of its requirements of high-quality printing paper. Other imports include inks and various types of paper. BOOKS The publishing industry in Colombia is still in an early stage of development. Imports of books are encouraged. No customs duties are collected on imports of books, and there are no quantitative re- strictions limiting the volume of such imports. In 1962, total imports of books amounted to $345,000. The United States was the principal supplier. The number of persons who buy books other than texts, technical, law, and children's books has been estimated at from 14,000 to a maximum of 50,000. In the past few years, a book fair in Bogota has offered a wide variety of books, including many imported books. Books of fiction, technical books, and books of an encyclopedic nature appear to be most popular. FERTILE FIELD: For exporters of earthmoving equipment. 714 h'."i (> (vl ', 25 4 w I CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY: Milwaukee tractor loaders on way to Bogota for use in the building and maintaining of Colombian highways. CHAPTER IV Distribution Facilities and Services American salesmen need to be as aggressive and energetic as those who represent firms from other countries. Like their competitors from other coun- tries, U.S. salesmen ought not to overlook the need for providing labels and packages with text in Spanish. Operating and assembly instructions in Spanish also help promote a sale. Salesmen do well when they consider buyer tastes and specifications. Acceptance of a small first order may lead to a good account. The U.S. businessman will need to appoint reliable and aggressive agents. He should give his agent or representative sufficient authority to make decisions on the scene. When bidding on Government tenders, the agent should have a certain freedom with respect to equipment offered and prices quoted. In the selection of a representative, the exporter ought first determine the type of distribution system most suitable for his firm and product. He must seek a representative with experience, character, aggressiveness, and financial solvency. Before mak- ing a final decision, the exporter should make a personal visit to Colombia for firsthand observation of local conditions and for discussions with the 26 Couplings click as number 637 gets the export signal. prospective representative. Much of the success of the product will depend on the ability of the exporter to make friends with his agents and clients and to understand and to work, under local condi- tions. Subsequent periodic visits by the exporter or his representative — someone preferably with a good knowledge of Spanish — usually are valuable in assisting the agent and in evaluating the market. During his visits, the exporter may find helpful a personal call on the U.S. Commercial Attache at the American Embassy, Bogota. See appendix B, "Notes for Business Travelers." Because much trade is on a regional basis, the exporter may wish to appoint distributing agents in the four principal cities — Bogota, Medellin, Bar- ranquilla, and Cali — to serve the surrounding trade areas. MARKETING CHANNELS Import Houses Import houses frequently are so large and well financed that they import on their own account although they will agree to represent a U.S. exporter on a commission basis. Many of these firms have head offices in Bogota 1 and maintain branch bouaei < accommodate only vessels of up to 10.000 ton- Larger ships had been loaded and unloaded 13 mile, northwest at Puerto Colombia. facilities at the port include 16 cranes, ranging from 2.5 tons to one of 20 tons' capacity; 52 forklift trucks; 60 tractors with 932 trailers having capaci- ties of up to 30 tons; and 2,000 pallets. Three tugs, one each of 800 hp., 320 hp., and 170 bp., are main- tained at the port, together with three floating cranes, a 300-ton lighter, and a 50-ton floating derrick. The terminal is not served by a railroad. At least 10 years may elapse before a spur of the Atlan- tic Railroad enters from Santa Marta. Freight is moved to the interior over the Magdalena River or by air. Some shipments are made by highway to Santa Marta before they are transported to the interior by railroad. In 1961, the four berths at Barranquilla handled 316,875 tons of inbound, general international cargo. ^?rr "" «JT« -_-'. - r~ -^.--j - '. ' ^-i ^^■■1 ■uff = 5a3 k« *ar"2 •l , WT^ - .' -> m """'-— M 1 ' 1 • ■ W^ ir - ■Baaa^" ■ ar^T ' ~ ^^ i V - I IJH EH3 L— ,u,, '|""j fe£sl"'i " B tj : l ■•'.-1 i: me: *^^^^^^ ** ^^^ ; ~- W* hi I K^T" - J ? % 1 r I R5; ;s^ i^fcM" 13 ^^ at^ fe^ - ^ 1 i •' lioletln Mensuat, Bogota, Apr. l%3, p. 71. POP. 693, J 20: Cali manufacturers import U.S. products. 31 Cartagena Cartagena, also on the Caribbean, has one of the best harbors in South America with a depth of 35 feet. It ranks with Baranquilla in terms of incom- ing cargo volume. The Canal del Dique and a railway line provide connection with the river port of Calamar on the Magdalena. Goods unloaded at Cartagena are frequently transported to Medellin by truck. The port has two 590-foot-long by 130-foot-wide finger piers provided with transit sheds. Port- handling equipment consists of six electric gantry cranes of 2 tons' capacity and seven other cranes of various types ranging to 12 tons' capacity. There are also 25 forklift trucks and 35 tractors with 639 trailers of 1.5, 3, 8, and 30 tons' capacity. Floating equipment includes one 50-ton derrick, two tugs of 420 hp., one of 150 hp., and a 200-ton lighter. Eight miles to the south of Cartagena is the rapidly growing suburb of Mamonal. It is the terminus of the longest crude oil pipeline in the country. Its port is capable of loading 9,000 bar- rels of oil per hour. Mamonal has one of the coun- try's two important oil refineries, a newly established fertilizer plant, and a growing petrochemical complex. Santa Marta Santa Marta, on the north coast, is a small banana port. It should grow substantially during the next decade in response to increasing demands on its facilities now that it is the northern terminal of the new Atlantic Railroad. Berthing space is divided between a 790 -foot marginal wharf for banana load- ing and a 1,080 -foot marginal wharf for general cargo vessels. Cargo -handling equipment consists of 3 cranes up to 15 tons' capacity, 8 forklift trucks, 8 tractors, and 30 trailers. Two tugs, one of 600 hp. and the other of 150 hp., are available at the port. Buenaventura Buenaventura is located on the Pacific coast and is the most active port in Colombia. Through Buenaventura pass 65 percent of all exports — mostly coffee — and 45 percent of all imports. Most freight is trucked between Buenaventura and the interior. Its terminal suffers from a serious shortage of adequately maintained cargo-handling facilities. Poor maintenance and the tropical climate cause rapid deterioration of existing equipment not only at Buenaventura but at the other ports as well. Of 22 cranes at Buenaventura, 6 reportedly have been abandoned and 2 are considered unusable. The 14 remaining range in capacity from 6 units of 3 tons to a fixed derrick of 20 tons. Three mobile cranes of from 25 to 40 tons' capacity are also in service. Although there are 102 forklifts, 22 trac- tors, and 45 trailers, much of this equipment is out of order at any given time. Floating equipment consists of one tugboat of 240 hp. and another tug- boat of 600 hp., two lighters, and a 25-ton floating derrick. Port facilities are being improved with the assist- ance of a $100 million loan from the Inter-Amer- ican Development Bank. RAILROADS The Colombian National Railroads continues to improve the National system under the 10-year development plan. In June 1963, the CNR re- ceived a loan for $30 million from the World Bank COFFEE REFINERY: Reduction of man-hours per operation not only in coffee refining but other industries requires new machinery. 32 for use in rehabilitating equipment and supplying engineering and technical services. The loan marks another mileHtone in improving rail transportation in Colombia. In L961, a link was established between the previously isolated western network serving the Bucnaventura-Cali- Medellin area and I he eastern network serving Bogota-La Dorada-Ibague. With Santa Marta on the Caribbean as its northern terminal, the Atlantic Railroad now makes possible travel from Santa Marta via Medellin to the port on Buenaventura on the Pacific coast. Merchandise landed at Santa Marta has reached Bogota and Medellin in 12 hours. The Atlantic Railroad runs parallel to the Mag- dalena River and carries much freight which previ- ously moved by river barges. Attractive rates and one-time handling account for the shift of freight from the river to the railroad. Nevertheless, the railroads face greater competi- tion — from the growing trucking industry for short- haul, quick deliveries and from the airlines for many types of raw materials and manufactures. HIGHWAYS Highways are being used increasingly while they are being improved and extended. There are 22,000 miles of roads of all types, but only 1,300 are paved. While the road network reaches 90 percent of all municipalities in the country, interconnections be- tween the principal population centers often follow circuitous routes. For example, there is no direct highway connection between Medellin and Bucara- manga, and the trip must be made via Bogota. Thus, long-haul traffic is often handled by air carriers, while short hauls are made by truck to the local airport, railyard, or water head as well as within the trade area of the principal cities. The Pan American, or Inter-American, Highway through the Darien Gap of Panama, and through the northwest Choco region of Colombia is now in the planning stage. A route survey has begun and will probably be complete in 1966. The World Bank and the International Develop- ment Association joined in 1961 to provide $19.5 million each to the Colombian Government for the completion of 450 miles of roads, for the construction of another 300 miles, and for the importation of equipment. When this project is completed, Colom- bia will have an all-weather highway system inter- connecting most of her important cities. BULLDOZER: U.S. trucks and tractors do well in Colombia. INLAND WATERWAYS The Magdalena River has been an important medium of transport for cargo since colonial times. Rising in the Central Cordillera some 40 miles south of Popayan, the Magdalena flows 960 miles to its mouth a short distance from the city of Barranquilla. Commercial navigation on the river, however, is largely restricted to the lower 578 miles, those below the Honda Rapids. The river cannot be navigated without difficulty above Puerto Wilches in Santander during the two dry seasons. The river is plied by a fleet consisting of 350 towboats and 500 barges that have a total capacitv of 175,000 tons. Freight carried on the river in 1960 amounted to 853.800,000 ton kilometers. Points of distribution are located along the river and include Puerto Berrio. Cargo from Puerto Berrio is transported to Medellin and other interior cities by railway. In addition, there are rail con- nections to the Bogota area from Puerto Salgar and La Dorada and to the Cauca Valley from La Dorada. Puerto Salgar and La Dorada are located in the Magdalena Valley just west of Bogota. Passenger traffic has fallen off noticeably in recent years on the .Magdalena. On the Cauca and other rivers, neither passengers nor freight move in significant quantity or value. 33 The following U.S. -flag carriers provide services to Colombia: Braniff International Airlines, which has jet service to Bogota via New York, Miami, and Panama; Pan American-Grace Airways, which serves Cali alone in Colombia; Pan American World Airlines, which serves Barranquilla only. Foreign-flag carriers operating flights to Colombia include Varig, Ecuatoriana de Aviaci6n, British Overseas Airways Corporation, Air France, Guest Airlines, Aerovias Panama, Aerolineas Peruanas, Iberia, and Venezolana Internacional de Aviacion, S.A. A total of 3.1 million kilograms of air cargo entered Colombia in 1962 while 1.4 million kilograms were exported. Incoming air cargo consisted primarily of spare and repair parts for machinery and equipment, pharmaceutical products, newspapers and periodi- cals, and certain household goods. Domestic air freight shipments include frozen shrimp, fish, livestock and products, foodstuffs, and manufactured products, such as textiles and small European automobiles. FLYING AMERICAN EQUIPMENT: A principal import, airplanes. OCEAN SHIPPING AIR CARRIERS Air transport services began in Colombia in 1919 with the founding of the Western Hemisphere's first commercial airline. Both international and local services have been increasing in Colombia ever since. In 1962, about 92,000 passengers arrived in Colombia while 96,000 passengers departed. The most im- portant airport in number of passengers is Bogota, while the most important in tons of air cargo is Barranquilla. Cali and Medellin are also important international airports for both passengers and freight. In addition, airports are found throughout the country. Many of the airports are located in areas that are inaccessible by other means of transpor- tation. Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia — Avianca is un- questionably Colombia's largest national and inter- national air carrier. It operates modern jets on its international routes to Miami, New York, Paris, and Lima. Avianca also provides domestic services. Twenty -five other Colombian lines also provide domestic services. Avianca owns the helicopter line, Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, which dusts crops, explores for oil, and carries passengers. Colombia is well served by various U.S. shipping lines as well as by her own merchant marine, Flota Mercante Grancolombiana, and several foreign lines. From the U.S. Atlantic coast, freight and passenger services are provided by the Grace Line whose ships depart from New York every Friday for Cartagena and Buenaventura. The trips are made in 5 days to Cartagena and in 8 days to Buenaventura. Ships docking at Buenaventura continue on to other west coast South American destinations. Departing from principal ports on the North American Pacific coast, Grace has freighter service to Buenaventura. Since freighters stop at numer- ous ports along the Pacific coast, the trip to Buena- ventura from the Pacific Northwest may take anywhere from 12 to 22 days. Services are also provided on the North American Pacific coast by Moore-McCormack which operates between points on the Pacific coast and Cartagena. Transit time is 12 days. These ships continue on to Venezuela and east coast South American ports. The Gulf and South America line operates between Gulf ports and Buenaventura. This line also carries freight to other ports on the west coast of South America. Another line, Lykes Brothers, provides services from gulf ports to Barranquilla and Car- 34 tagena every 3 weekH. It also carries freight between Colombia and Venezuela. r riie Michigan Ocean Line has services from Chicago, Milwaukee, and Duluth to Barranquilla. The Flota Mercante Grancolombiana, which in owned 80 percent by the Colombian Coffee Federa- tion and 20 percent by the Ecuadorian Development Bank, owns 26 ships and charters another 19. The Flota accounts for 70 percent of all Colombian Government imports. Intensely proud of their mer- chant marine, some Colombians are asking that the Flota carry all Government imports and at least 50 percent of private imports. Other lines providing services from the United States in June 1963 include Coldemar, West Coast lines, Westfal Larsen l\YK line, K line, and United Fruit. At present, half of the goods destined for Bogota enter the country through Buenaventura, while the other half passes through the Atlantic ports. More and more shipments are expected to he made to the port of Santa Marta. If it expands its facilities, Santa Marta may benefit importers by lower freight rates and lower insurance costs. Moreover, since sbips require 8 to 12 days to sail from New York to Buenaventura via the Panama Canal, those going by Santa Marta would arrive in about 6 days. The Santa Marta-Bogota route should be particularly suitable for shipments of heavy machinery and cased goods. FREE PORTS AND ZONES San Andres Island is located about 130 miles east of the Nicaraguan coast. Through its free port and transit zone pass all types of duty-exempt goods which are subject only t<» ;m excise taa <»f 6 percenl of the c.i.f. value. \o| Subject to tlie l.i\ ,m- imports of foodstuffs, animal*. Construction ma- terials, machinery and implements lor public utilities, and vessels for maritime transport. The bee |>ort provides an opportunity lor cons u mer goods ex- porters whose products are prohibited eutn into continental Colombia under normal commercial transactions. Colombian visitors to the ihland are permitted to bring back to the mainland limited quantities of consumer goods without payment of duties, provided they stay at the island at leant ."> days. San Andres Island also has a transit zone where foreign merchandise may be unloaded, stored, and reexported to other destinations. The prospects for free trade zone operations at Barranquilla improved in July 1963 when a sandbar sloughed off at the mouth of the Magdalena River. Deep-draft vessels are now able to dock at Barran- quilla. Essentially, the zone is an area to house future manufacturing facilities for export or to ware- house imported raw materials for domestic industries until needed. The following operations are author- ized: storing, sampling, exhibiting, manufacturing, assembling, refining, blending, repacking, and. in general, manipulating in any way all kinds of mer- chandise and raw materials, except firearms, explo- sives, and flammable materials. There are 900,000 square meters available for open storage and miscel- laneous operations. Persons wishing to enter mer- chandise and raw materials into this free trade zone or to carry on authorized operations there require previous approval from the Zona Franca Industrial y Comercial de Barranquilla. Edificio del Banco Comercial Antioqueno, Barranquilla, Colombia. PORTS ON TWO OCEANS: Merchant ships carrying U.S. cargo call at Colombian ports on both the Caribbean and West Coast ports. 35 jfr£ FOOD AND SHELTER: After a business day that usually ends at 6:30 p.m., businessmen find accommodation in convenient hotels. CHAPTER V Trade Regulations and Practices IMPORT CONTROLS The Colombian Government controls imports primarily to conserve foreign exchange and to protect domestic industries. All imports except books and those items worth $20 f.o.b. or less and not on the prohibited list require a prior registration with the Exchange Registry Office of the Bank of the Re- public. Applications for import registrations must be accompanied by proof that a prior deposit has been made with the bank. The amount of the deposit in January 1964 ranged in practice from 1 percent to 120 percent of the f.o.b. value of the article to be imported. Silver and gold coins re- quire a prior deposit of 500 percent. Imports are classified in three lists: (1) free, (2) prior license, and (3) prohibited. So-called free imports are those which may be imported without quantitative restriction. These items are considered essential necessities. They include generators and transformers, roller and ball bearings, cutting tools, locomotives, freight cars, hormones, serums, and vitamins. 36 The prior license list includes a vast number of items which may be imported oidy upon issuance of a license from the Superinlendeney of Imports. Such items include iron and steel products, most machines and equipment, tractors, certain automotive vehicles, lubricating oils, fertilizers, many chemicals and pharmaceuticals, tallow, and hops. Items not made in the country or which are in insufficient sup- ply form this list. During times of foreign exchange scarcities, the Superintendency may issue licenses only for the importation of those items which it considers vital to the economy. Prohibited imports are those that are considered luxuries and nonessentials or those that are produced in Colombia and in quantities sufficient to meet de- mand. Among the items on the current list are passenger automobiles, clothing and footwear, most foods and beverages, and many consumer goods. Items are often shifted from one list to another, depending on economic conditions. In July 1963, 20 percent of all tariff positions in the Colombian tariff schedule were on the free list; 65 percent on the prior license list; and 15 percent on the prohibited list. Most items in these lists are subject to import duties. Duties are stated in specific or in ad valorem terms and, in many cases, in a combination of the two. The ad valorem rate is a percentage of the c.i.f. value while the specific rate is a fixed amount of pesos per gross kilogram. Exporters may obtain information on duty rates as well as on controls applicable to specific goods by calling on the American Republics Division, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., or on any Department of Commerce field office. Rulings on tariff classifications and on tariff laws may be obtained from the Colombian Bureau of Customs, Sub-Division Arancel de la Division de Aduanas, Carrera 9, No. 11-45, Bogota. EXCHANGE CONTROLS There is no restriction on the free flow of capital into or out of Colombia. All merchandise imports are paid for at the certificate rate of exchange of 9 pesos per U.S. dollar. Eighty percent of ocean freight charges can be paid with exchange certificates, the remainder with exchange bought in the free market. Tn Eebruary 1964, the free market exchange was 9.99 pesos to the U.S. dollar. Payments for insurance on shipments to Colombia are also made through the free exchange market. COFFEE SKY HIGH: What bean makes Colombia's economy hum. 37 TRADE PROCEDURES Quotations and Payment Terms Quotations are usually f.o.b. port of shipment, plus freight, insurance, and other charges. Price is a very important factor, for Colombians are quite price conscious. Since dollars are scarce, Colombians sometimes purchase from sources offer- ing the most favorable price even if quality and other factors are more advantageous in the United States. Import duties and advance prior deposits tend to magnify any differential between prices from other sources of supply such as West Germany and Japan. Exporters should, therefore, give particular attention to extending flexible credit terms. Many European competitors automatically give terms of 120 to 180 days for raw materials sales and in some cases even allow the importer to decide on terms. They also sometimes finance advance import deposits at 6 to 8 percent. These deposits usually amount to about 120 percent of the value of the goods and are a Government prerequisite for importing into Colom- bia. For many types of heavy equipment and machinery, terms of up to 5 years or more are re- quired. Failure to offer sufficiently flexible terms may result in the rejection of the importer's license by the Government import authorities with the consequent loss of a U.S. sale. Recent credit ex- perience with Colombian firms has been quite good and remittances have been reasonably prompt. In mid-1963, over 40 percent of imports were being paid on terms of 90 to 180 days after receipt; 30 percent had longer terms; and 30 percent were paid in less than 90 days after receipt. With the greater competition in Colombia, the longer terms may well be offered. Shipping Documents Information on shipping documents may be ob- tained from freight forwarders doing business with Colombia and from the Commerce and Industry Association, New York City. Inquiries may also be sent to the American Republics Division, Bureau of International Commerce, Washington, D.C., 20230. Credit Facilities There are 13 domestic and 5 foreign commercial banks providing international business services in Colombia. Credit is usually very tight. Commer- cial banks charge from 10 to 12 percent on credits up to 90 days for prime credit risks. Private money- lenders may charge 25 percent or more to small importers. Credit information on a Colombian firm may be obtained through U.S. banks that have either inter- national services or correspondents in Colombia. World Trade Directory Reports on specific foreign firms and individuals can be obtained for $1 each from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Washing- ton, D.C., 20230. These reports indicate type of organization, sales territory, size of business, sales volume, and trade and financial reputation. Eximbank Insurance and Guarantees Export credit insurance and guarantees of the Export-Import Bank of Washington (Eximbank) and the Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA) help U.S. exporters extend credit on favor- able commercial terms to their oversea customers. The U.S. facilities in insurance and guarantees are equal if not better than those offered by other coun- tries. These facilities encompass both goods and services and are available to U.S. exporters doing business with Colombia. Credit insurance is supplied for sale of goods on both short and medium term. Short term means up to 180 days, and medium term, 181 days to 5 years. In both short-term and medium-term in- surance, policies are issued for both (1) political and commercial risks, and (2) political risks only. Commercial risks are defined as insolvency and protracted default. Political risks are defined as currency inconvertibility, cancellation or restric- tion of import or export license, expropriation or confiscation, and loss due to war, revolution, or civil disturbance. Risks covered by the insurance policies are shared by Eximbank and FCIA. All the political risks are underwritten by Eximbank, while the commer- cial risks are underwritten equally by Eximbank and FCIA. Credit guarantees are for 181 days to 5 years. Through these guarantees, exporters may seek non- recourse financing from their banks instead of financ- ing with the assistance of FCIA export credit in- surance. The guarantees are made by Eximbank to commercial banks or other financial institutions. The Bank assumes the credit risk on the early maturi- ties of notes. Goods shipped on a lease basis or on consignment awaiting sale or goods on exhibit at trade fairs may now also be covered by guarantees. 38 Guarantees a i>f »ly to !>«>t li goods and services. Sale of U.S. services abroad on credit was recently included in the Fximbank guarantees. These serv- ices are architectural studies, engineering design studies, and economic surveys. ESTABLISHED TRADE CUSTOMS Commercial Language Spanish is the language of Colomhia. While educated Colombians have a knowledge of English, the accepted custom is to transact business in the Spanish language. European exporters use Spanish in providing both directions for product handling and instructions on operation. Failure to do so on the part of U.S. exporters may lose them sales. Business Correspondence Business correspondence other than cablegrams should he conducted by airmail letters. Postage qn airmail letters from the United States is 15 cents per half ounce, while airletter sheets may be sent ;il I I cents each. Airmail letters to Colombia arrive in about 3 days. Postage for articles, such as print-. »;nnpl<-. and small packets, is lo cents for the first 2 ounces and 20 cents for each additional ounce Of fraction of an ounce. Air parcel post costs 81.82 for the fir-l 1 ounces and 31 cents for each additional ounce or fraction of an ounce. Surface mail takes too long to be useful. Office Hours Office hours are generally from 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and from 2:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., \Ionda\ through Friday, and from 9 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. on Saturday. Holidays There are 6 official holidays and 12 religious holidays. The official holidays are: January 1, New Year's Day May 1, Labor Day July 20, Independence Day August 7, the Battle of Boyaca Day Colombia is a Roman Catholic country and reli- gious holidays are numerous. Holidays when busi- nesses are closed are: October 12, Columbus Day November 11, Independence of Cartagena January 6, The Epiphany March 19, St. Joseph's Day Holy Thursday and Good Friday Early in June, Corpus Christi Day June 29, St. Peter and St. Paul Day Second Friday after Corpus Christi Day, Sacred Heart of Jesus Ascension Day August 15, Assumption Day November 1, All Saints Day December 8, Feast of the Immaculate Conception December 25, Christmas. ATLANTIC PORT: Shipments via Santa Maria are increasing. Weights and Measures The metric system of weights and measures is used in Colombia. For length, the meter is used and i- equivalent to 39.37 inches: for weight, the kilogram, which is equal to 2.2046 pounds; for capacity, the liter which is equivalent to 1.0567 liquid quarts; and for area, the hectare which is equivalent to 2.171 acres. Spanish weights used usually in connection with shipments of commodities, such as bananas and coffee, are the quintal of 101.43 pounds, the arroba of 27.5 pounds, and the carga which varies with the product. The gallon is used for gasoline and oil and equals 3.78 liters. Temperatures are stated in decrees centigrade. 39 BUSINESS SCENE: Americans and Colombians do business in cities equipped with the facilities requisite to international trade. % -iefan ■ .Li " TRANSPORTATION: The arrival of many new city dwellers has strained the resources of such public facilities as transportation. TABLES Table 1. — Value of Colombian Imports Total, c.i.f., From the United States and Percent United States of Total, 1936-38 and 1950- 62 and First 10 Months of 1963 [Value in thousands of dollars] Year Total United States ' Percent U.S. of total 1936 1937 1938 76, 752 95, 972 89, 070 364, 673 419, 000 415,363 546, 723 671,779 669,291 657. 193 482. 575 339, 932 415, 588 518, 585 557, 129 540, 330 401, 321 27, 260 44,656 4-1,446 242, 474 251, 190 260, 497 318,578 397,418 399, 904 383,219 266, 832 217,962 236, 823 281,801 283, 528 283, 131 202, 636 35.5 46.5 49.9 1950 66.5 1951 59.9 1952 62.7 1953 58 3 1954 59.2 1955 1956 59.8 58. 3 1957 55.3 1958 64. 1 1959 57. 1960 54.2 1961 50.9 1962 52.4 1963 (first 10 months) 50.4 1 Figures relate to country of origin, 1936-38 and 1950-61; country of purchase, 1962 and 1963. Comparable 1961 country of purchase amounted to 293,177,000, or 52.6 percent of total. Sources: Dcpartamcnto Administrativo Nacional de Estadisticu. Aiiuarioile Camercio Exterior, Bogotfi. 1936-38 and 1950-61, various issues. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Kstadistica, lioletiii A/cnsiio/ (fa Esluilislira. Bogota. February. March, and October, 1963, issues for data on 1962 and 1963. Notk: Data were converted from pesos to dollars as follows: 1936 at 0.5709; 1937 at 0.5656; 1938 at 0.5953. Data on imports from the United States only were converted as follows: 1950 at 0.5128; 1951 at 0.5128; 1952-56 at 0.4000. From 1957 to date, the data are reported in dollars. Table 2. — Manufacturing Industries by Number of Both Establishments and Employees, Value of Production, and Value Added, 1961 Estab- Gross pro- Value added lish- ments, Em- ployees. duction, millions Industry number number of pesos Millions of pesos Percent of total 209 15, 496 1.260.3 793.9 14.7 487 1,983 16.900 30, 547 1.033.5 697.6 542.5 259.0 10.0 Clothing and footwear. . . 4.8 2,727 39,218 3, 440. 3 785.8 14.5 Furniture, wood 402 5, 284 89.3 49. 1 .9 Leather manufactures ex- 256 4,755 199.9 73.3 1.4 Machinery, apparatus. accessories, electric. . . . 196 7.656 341.5 145.5 2.7 Machinery, nonelectric. . . 231 3.709 102. 1 56.3 1.0 Materials, transportation. 561 12.643 244.9 129.0 2.4 Metal products other than machinery and transportation equip- 575 24 16.831 2.959 466.0 677.6 213. 1 212.4 3.9 Metal products, basic. . . . 3.9 Minerals, noninetallic. . . . 982 23. 759 585.9 324.9 6.0 Paper and paper products. 95 4,776 288.8 103.7 1.9 17 2,032 709.9 182.8 3.4 Printing and publishing. . 442 11.200 307. 4 162.6 3.0 Kuhher and rubber 57 453 197 6.662 VI. 006 4. 254 302.8 2.029.3 147.9 783. t 279.9 2 7 14. S 5.2 401 260 5,632 6,903 117.9 232.1 48.6 120.4 .9 2.2 10, 555 265, 222 13.505.0 5, 41 I. 1 100.0 Source: Adapt.-.! from BcJelfn Mrnfual <rts, total ' Exports, U.S. merchandise, total. . . Foodstuffs Win ,n thousands of bushels of 60 |M>unds each Corn, except seed thousands of liushels of 56 pounds each Soybean oil thousands of pounds Animal and animal products, inedible Tallow thousands of pounds. Vegetable products, inedible, except fibers and wood Synthetic rubber thousands of pounds Cigarettes thousands Hops thousands of pounds . Textile fibers and manufactures Synthetic fibers and yarns (including glass fibers, staple, and tow) thousands of pounds Wood and paper Woodpulp »hort tons Paper, except building paper thousands of pounds. Nonmetallic minerals Lubricating oils barrels of 42 gallons Paraffin wax thousands of pounds Glass and products Clay and products Metals and manufactures, except machinery and vehicles Iron and steel mill products short tons. Iron and steel sheets thousands of pounds. • Tinplate do. ■ Iron and steel pipes, tubes, and tubing do. , . Metal manufactures Tools Aluminum ores, concentrates, scrap and semifabricated forms Machinery and vehicles Electrical machinery and apparatus Power generating and distribution apparatus Industrial machinery Power generating machinery Construction, excavating, mining, oilfield, and related machinery Textile machinery and parts Pumping equipment, including parts Agricultural machines, implements, and parts Tractors, parts, and accessories Trucklaying tractors (new ) , . . number . Wheel tractors (new) do. . . Automobiles, trucks, buses, and trailers, parts, accessories, and service equipment. Motortrucks and truck chassis (new) number . Passenger cars and chassis (new) do. . . Automobile parts for replacement, including engines and bodies Commercial and civilian aircraft, new and rebuilt Railway transportation equipment Chemicals and related products Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations Antibiotics Agricultural and household insecticides, fungicides, etc Plastic and resin materials thousands of pounds Pigments do. . Fertilizers and fertilizer materials Miscellaneous Photographic and projection goods Scientific and professional instruments, apparatus, and supplies QniBttl y 1960 3, 443 44,995 22.2111 10,170 269,215 3,250 3,901 17,933 33,975 186, 196 40, 639 79, 285 89,317 43,778 11,535 281 378 7.248 3,019 10, 644 12,716 1961 4.321 1,575 24, 989 7,839 338, 529 1,075 3, 105 23,437 32,044 221,207 37,799 49, 643 36,926 34, 747 15,462 243 290 2,309 6.904 9, 594 12. 698 1962 4,322 16, 543 23,833 12.101 201,052 914 2,680 27. 172 22,385 231,630 28,871 36, 554 24. 036 16, 550 20,314 188 358 3,166 275 8,935 13.667 Value f.s.s. 1960 246, 098 244.056 16,901 6,564 5,461 2,756 1,802 8,767 2,267 1.160 1,993 7,858 4,345 8,694 1,951 4,570 11,177 4.366 2,342 1,055 1.026 25,041 14,312 6,909 4,065 1,685 7,534 1,375 1,550 123,982 12, 989 4,101 45.094 5,002 13,522 7,343 2,683 3.057 9,098 3,945 1.109 47, 270 20, 678 5,454 16, 723 1.188 1.581 27.660 6,527 2.066 4.633 3,179 1.329 1.430 11.220 942 1,792 1961 245.087 243.977 16,042 7.735 2.203 3.122 2,110 8,342 1.834 1.481 652 5,350 2,691 8,375 2.352 4,124 11.852 5,015 2,120 1.300 674 21,527 10. 193 3,245 3,096 2.401 6,912 1,597 2,130 128,207 13.438 3,676 46.075 4,339 14,296 3.245 2.238 2.616 10.003 3.548 1.101 42,788 5,525 12. 574 18.737 6.256 3.187 27.337 6,877 2.400 4.603 2.602 1.490 1,132 13,823 1.088 1.726 1962 226, S66 225. 241 12,512 7,981 2,516 2.853 1.811 7,659 2,637 846 517 6,077 2,308 7,377 3.132 2.890 11.822 5,387 1,657 886 708 20. 597 7.822 2.153 1.417 2.870 8.113 1.550 2.304 111.775 15.364 4,993 48.413 4.301 14. 553 3.302 2.696 2,978 8.200 2.271 1,370 30.985 6.646 612 18.586 1.053 536 26.890 5.348 1.272 I. 601 2.310 1.6U 1.518 17.679 1.098 2.037 1 F^xeludes "special category" commodities. Security restrictions prevent publication of detailed statistics for certain commodities. Source: llasic data of the IKS. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 43 Table 6. — Imports of Principal Semimanufactures and Manufactures, Total and U.S. Share, 1959—62 [Quantity in units indicated; value in pesos, c.i.f.] Import Agents, surface active: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do ... . 1962 do ... . Antibiotics: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do 1961 do ... . 1962 do. . . . Apparatus, electrical, for breaking, protecting, or distributing electric current: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do. . . . 1962 do.... Bearings, roller and ball: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do ... . 1961 do.... 1962 do ... . Black, lamp, other mineral and vegetable blacks, not prepared: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do. . . . 1962 do. . . . Body, parts, components, automobile: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do. . . . 1962 do.... Bolts, screws, nuts: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do. . . . 1962 do.... Cable, aluminum, high tension: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do. . . . 1962 do.... Cellulose derivatives in powder: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do.... 1961 do. . . . 1962 do. . . . Chemical products and preparations, miscellaneous, n.e.s.: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do 1962 do... Chemicals for making disinfectants, insecticides, n.e.s.: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do 1961 do. . . . 1962 do. . . . See footnotes at end of table. From all countries Quantity 1, 095, 187 1, 167, 512 1, 724, 009 1,932,582 23,811 30, 520 35, 751 36, 586 559, 188 430, 714 871, 383 1, 264, 553 426, 067 513, 461 533, 369 493, 299 2, 891, 667 4, 186, 372 3, 602, 169 4, 825, 241 1,025,815 850, 615 607, 737 761, 158 1,330,119 1,672,112 1, 127, 895 958, 068 275, 039 787, 795 1,943,667 3, 020, 835 3,613,201 4, 468, 507 3, 505, 069 2, 023, 360 5,511,383 4, 033, 932 4, 005, 372 3,891,957 274, 819 625, 363 1, 150, 751 1,747,774 Value 4, 776, 000 5, 293, 000 7, 765, 000 9, 598, 000 14,371,000 21, 334, 000 26, 177, 000 22, 154, 000 11, 366, 000 9, 507, 000 16, 047, 000 20, 813, 000 11, 302, 905 14, 267, 395 14, 743, 504 15, 229, 000 5,191,000 7, 461, 000 6, 603, 000 9,069,000 9, 934, 000 12, 040, 000 12,232,000 14, 397, 000 6, 176, 000 7, 250, 000 6, 119, 000 6, 339, 000 1, 023, 000 3, 119, 000 7, 283, 000 13, 142, 000 18, 680, 000 23, 077, 000 20, 960, 000 11,653,000 18,531,813 15, 686, 939 14,919,000 16, 594, 000 1,914,000 3, 970, 000 8, 220, 000 15,371,000 From United States Quantity 903, 558 775, 707 , 070, 345 18, 849 19, 474 23, 102 271,334 214,965 238,314 (>) 202, 039 222, 182 293, 020 0) 2, 792, 062 4, 090, 974 3, 500, 047 968, 936 773, 522 504, 212 (') 235, 197 298, 322 272, 478 (>) 2,672 197, 652 1, 046, 471 0) 114,072 244,318 3, 103, 273 5, 142, 279 3, 555, 133 3,515,229 183, 872 539,984 916, 068 0) Percent of total quantity («) o o (>) c) 0) (0 (») o o (') Value 3,745,610 3, 045, 338 4, 478, 427 11, 405, 190 15,771,306 18, 356, 273 (') 49 6, 506, 682 50 6, 000, 077 27 6, 017, 042 (') 47 6, 473, 630 43 7, 752, 090 55 9, 295, 258 I 1 ) 98 4,753,713 98 6,982,807 97 6, 073, 980 (') 94 9, 276, 644 91 10,991,926 83 10, 530, 164 0) 18 2, 588, 345 18 2, 954, 058 24 2, 976, 200 (') 1 15, 578 25 715, 576 54 3, 672, 201 0) 3 1,033,640 5 1, 735, 643 89 16, 903, 849 (') 93 15,541,115 88 12, 372, 788 88 11, 979, 787 0) 67 1, 327, 445 86 3, 301, 396 80 6,187,983 (') Percent of total value 44 Table 6. — Imports of Principal Semimanufactures and Manufactures, Total and U.S. Share, 1959-62 — Continued [Quantity in units indicated; value in i>< ■-■>-. c.i.f. ] Import Colora, coal tar: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do... 1961 do.. . 1962 do. . . Compounds, organic, aromatic and heterocyclic, n.e.s.: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Cord, tire: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do... 1961 do. . . 1962 do... Equipment, parts, and pieces, refrigeration: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do . . . 1961 do . . . 1962 do. .. Ether oxides, ether salts (aliphatic and aromatic): 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do... 1961 do.. . 1962 do... Explosives: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Faucets, cocks, tapB, and other apparatus of copper to regulate flow of liquids: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do... 1961 do... 1962 do . . . Fertilizer, chemical: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do. .. 1962 do... Gasoline, over 80 octane: 1959 gallons. 1960 do. .. 1961 do.. . 1962 do. . . Glass, window, in sheets, not worked: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do... Hormones and their synthetic substitutes: 1959 net kilograms 1960 do. . . 1961 do. . . 1962 do... See footnotes at end of table. From ull countries Quantity 800, 302 1,049,715 1,005,938 958, 026 479, 286 118,763 127,851 396, 033 1,181,242 1,725,414 1,071,406 2,151,631 618,688 772,927 1,110,171 1,214,918 1,224,682 1.987,675 2, 363, 726 2, 306, 493 1, 542, 432 2,723,957 1,393,322 3,055,723 614,130 540, 029 479, 358 743,066 81,401,103 117.516,381 165.848,708 169,095,256 9,151,762 8,741.964 6.512.177 4,894.921 7, 566, 354 11,611,599 7,699.277 736 629 571 2.412 1,126 Value 16,561,635 22, 965, 000 22. 305, 000 22,170,000 7. 428. 000 7, 778, 000 9, 527, 000 11,871,000 14, 036, 000 21,553.000 11,880,000 24, 652, 000 11,082,000 13.203,500 19, 353, 000 20, 764, 000 5,442,215 8, 061, 000 9,627,000 8, 524, 000 6, 304. 000 8,210,000 4, 302, 000 9,199,000 11,008,000 10,610,000 10, 240, 000 14.651 45, 352, 000 60,635,000 88, 248, 000 92.331,000 9,856.000 9, 426. 000 6. 760, 000 5,399,000 8, 379. 000 12,468.000 8, 267. 000 2 6. 029. 000 6,370,000 8. 470. (XX) 10, 127. (XXI I T..IIJ I Mllr.l Sl.llr Quantity 184, 555 175,347 136.392 (') 447, 003 76,800 64,753 (') 615,474 1,406,823 1, 054, 996 (') 570,212 610,825 826, 873 (') 462, 749 727, 638 880, 339 (') 1,200,242 664, 626 345, 265 (') 260,941 251,146 191,448 (') 10.864,137 21,489,700 16. 323. 530 (') P) P) P) (') 5.756 24.175 2.154 (') 165 275 1,924 (0 l\ ri i-nl of total quantity (') 93 65 51 (') 52 99 (') (') (') (') (') 0) 35 829 1,046 0) p> P) p> C) (') Valu 3,697,489 4, 089. 630 3,199,132 (') 4, 868, 808 4,359.821 4, 770. 448 (') 8. 087, 745 18,567.893 11,722.725 (') 10. 628. 403 10.511,829 15,345,709 (') 1.828,422 2, 974, 394 3. 433, 672 (') 4, 056. 563 2, 384, 426 1,085.866 (') 6,066.671 6,257,791 5.289,275 (') 14, 398, 277 11,482.932 9.111.213 338 10.348 13.212 0) 10. 786 64.859 13.849 (') 4.278.331 5. 198,804 (0 l'rr> rnl of total value (') (') (') P) (') 0) 0) 0) P) P) P) 0) P) P) P) (0 p) 45 Table 6. — Imports of Principal Semimanufactures and Manufactures, Total and U.S. Share, 1959^62 — Continued [Quantity in units indicated; value in pesos, ci.f.l Import Ingots, billets, etc., aluminum: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do... 1961 do . . . 1962 do. . . Naphthas, for stoves and cookers: 1959 gallons. 1960 do . . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Newsprint, 45 to 60 grams per square meter: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do . . . 1962 do . . . Oils, lubricating: 1959 gallons. 1960 do.. . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Paper, natural color or white or dyed, not in rolls or for printing: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 . do. . . 1961 do . . . 1962 do . . . Paper, rolls, unworked, up to 30 grams per square meter: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 '. do. . . 1961 do. . . 1962 do. . . Paraffin: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Parts, airplanes, except engines: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do. .. 1962 do . . . Parts, automotive, for steering and transmission: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Parts, automotive, such as wheels, axles, fuel tanks: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do. . . 1962 do . . . Parts, tractors: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do... 1961 do... 1962 do. . . From all countries Quantity 2, 999, 669 3, 012, 178 3, 375, 773 4,664,471 29, 147 126, 457 40, 188, 786 61,101,602 21, 556, 847 33, 079, 193 36, 591, 812 45, 608, 331 8,262,915 8, 713, 592 10, 093, 298 10, 285, 606 20, 610, 687 23, 568, 795 22,969,151 5, 729, 312 3, 219, 206 3, 226, 685 4, 534, 273 4,111,401 19, 832, 361 23,860,331 28, 469, 601 23,597,945 62, 885 86, 269 41,425 155, 788 2, 035, 166 2,618,021 2, 473, 423 2, 849, 943 1,283,019 2, 083, 161 1,983,521 2, 320, 553 1, 941, 262 2, 856, 898 4, 202, 623 2, 544, 565 Value 8, 981, 000 9,997,000 12, 042, 000 16, 326, 000 117, 283 608, 603 17, 066, 000 27, 572, 000 25, 611, 000 38, 389, 798 41, 469, 435 54, 150, 000 36, 479, 000 39, 899, 000 46, 965, 000 50, 100, 000 38, 517, 000 44, 775, 000 44, 037, 626 14, 231, 000 8,513,000 9, 672, 882 13, 970, 000 12, 722, 000 20, 414, 530 23, 103, 130 27, 079, 936 23, 502, 000 7, 940, 000 10, 226, 000 6, 011, 000 16, 702, 000 33, 267, 000 41, 220, 000 44, 574, 000 51, 227, 000 14, 557, 000 21, 959, 000 23, 314, 000 27, 043, 000 21, 368, 000 30, 307, 000 40, 423, 000 29, 957, 000 From United States Quantity 2, 649, 406 2, 660, 909 2, 576, 077 16, 760 126, 457 204, 097 0) 4, 233, 536 4,688,176 8, 250, 622 7, 092, 093 7, 832, 198 8, 549, 315 8, 289, 403 6,985,691 4, 949, 189 1,618,213 1, 796, 873 2, 500, 335 (») 13, 599, 474 18,281,881 18, 006, 987 59, 359 83, 262 40, 790 1, 526, 214 1, 792, 144 1,940,899 797, 430 1, 408, 888 1, 417, 826 1, 500, 572 2, 148, 813 3, 306, 171 Percent of total quantity 88 88 76 (') 57 100 ( s ) (>) (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') Value 7, 711, 657 8, 683, 302 8, 772, 845 104, 106 608, 603 ,009,399 5, 071, 578 5, 598, 242 9,356,267 32,861,930 36, 754, 138 40, 957, 774 0) 16, 460, 844 14,315,126 10, 151, 382 5, 414, 114 6, 648, 300 9, 305, 718 14, 426, 472 18, 175, 791 17, 468, 764 7, 534, 361 9,376,828 5, 846, 162 28, 334, 000 34,196,224 38, 315, 466 11,461,247 17, 662, 896 19,342,431 17, 419, 879 23, 059, 263 33, 285, 204 0) Percent of total value See footnotes at end of table. 46 Table 6. — Imports of Principal Semimanufactures and Manufactures, Total and U.S. Share, 1959-62 — Continued [Quantity in units indicated; value in peso*, c.i.f. ] Import I'ulp, chemical cellulose: 1959 net kilograms 1960 do. . 1961 do.. 1962 do . . Rubber, synthetic: 1959 net kilograms 1960 do.. 1961 do.. 1962 do. . Sheet, artificial resins: 1959 net kilograms 1960 do. . 1961 do. . . 1962 do.., Sheet, iron or steel, cold-rolled: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do . . . 1961 do... . 1962 do... Sheet, iron or steel, galvanized: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do . . . 1962 do. . . Sheet, iron or steel, hot rolled: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do... 1961 do... 1962 do . . . Sheets, special steel: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do... 1961 do . . . 1962 do... Soda, caustic: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do... 1961 do . . . 1962 do. . . Tallow, denatured: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Tinplate: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Titanium, white: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do... 1961 do. . . 1962 do. . . See footnotes at end of table. From all countries Quantity 6,751,882 6,211,764 34, 628, 300 41,534.231 2, 897, 404 6,503,580 5, 303, 203 7, 245, 536 195,421 516,487 159, 750 011.482 21,092,029 28, 163, 522 22,321,952 20,701,686 20. 304. 268 16, 749, 676 26, 275, 194 12,094,235 26, 875. 408 41,655,321 33, 650, 720 26, 567, 186 598, 843 914,912 2, 108, 252 4, 600, 606 8, 364, 390 8, 954, 708 12,386,659 25,373,147 8, 764, 598 10, 233, 444 12.109,421 16, 059. 872 25.182,316 27,924,944 25,641,579 26, 726, 428 1. 202, 447 1,522,663 1,772.519 2, 153. 035 Value 8.825,022 8, 190, 270 32, 633, 828 41,049 10,301,000 22,612,000 20, 032, 000 26, 942. 000 9,691,000 23,370,000 27, 896, 000 31,939,000 24, 266, 000 35, 376, 000 26, 152, 000 30,941,000 26,991,000 25, 165, 000 36,381,000 15,807,000 25, 422, 000 43, 096, 000 33,121,000 26,318,000 3, 596, 000 5. 365, 000 7, 373, 000 11,631,000 4,921,000 5,253,000 5, 337, 000 10. 778, 000 13, 635, 000 14, 304, 000 17. 759. 000 23,485,000 36, 230, 000 41.964.000 37.960,000 39, 032, 000 4, 027. 000 5. 349, 000 6. 174. 000 7.110.000 From United -r ,i. . Quantity 6, 244, 875 4.073,321 18,831,612 2,561,398 5, 693, 603 4, 529, 545 (') 1,340.220 2,310,143 2,561,081 (') 9,921,172 18,143,052 10, 672, 502 (') 2, 065. 506 4, 288, 266 2, 706. 023 7. 920, 945 14, 818, Otl 8, 085, 357 (') 251,033 428, 939 448,986 (') 7,732,191 6, 475, 959 7,499,140 8, 764, 594 10, 108, 780 11.168.056 (') 21.492,422 19, 426. 152 15.409,671 (') 445, 749 324. 326 406. 534 (>) Percent of total quantity (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') 100 99 92 (') (') (') Value 8,288,997 5,259.931 18,907,968 (') 8, 986. 590 19.185.680 16,986,507 6,277,102 10,535,956 9, 635. 405 (') 12.341.121 22,922,650 13.750,252 (') 3,109.526 6,453.863 4. 068. 002 8. 934. 274 17.247.989 9. 274. 530 2.012.670 3,329.367 2.917.551 (') 4. 552. 267 3.980.917 3. 424, 298 (') 13, 634, 8 19 14,122,238 16. 349. 588 31.145.495 29,457.280 22.882.688 (') 1,529.214 1,266.761 1.526.675 0) l'erc«-nt of total value (') (') (') (') 0) (') P) p> 94 64 58 89 89 85 65 45 35 41 65 S3 12 27 11 35 40 28 56 62 41 93 76 64 100 09 92 P) P) P) 86 70 60 37 24 25 47 Table 6. — Imports of Principal Semimanufactures and Manufactures, Total and U.S. Share, 1959-62 — Continued [Quantity in units indicated; value in pesos, c.i.f.] Import Tubes, iron and steel, seamless: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do 1962 do. . . . Tubes and pipes, processed for fittings only: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . . Tubes and pipes, iron and steel, galvanized, lead or tin coated: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do ... . 1962 do. . . . Tubes and pipes, iron or steel, varnished, enameled, or witb protective coatings: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do ... . 1962 do. . . . Tubes and pipes, of steel or iron, in special form: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do.... 1961 do. . . . 1962 do.. Tubes, special, for oil and gas pipes: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do . . . 1962 do.. .. Typewriters, knocked down, including pieces for assembly: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do.. . 1962 do. . . V iscose, thin sheets: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do . . . 1961 : do ... . 1962 do ... . Vitamins, pure: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do.... Wheat, semolina: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . . Wire, copper: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do. . . . 1962 do . . . See footnotes at end of table. From all countries Quantity 6,771,227 9, 664, 506 5, 792, 669 9, 674, 015 1,861,928 5, 327, 622 3, 414, 777 4, 707, 698 1, 142, 655 842,976 232, 247 ( 3 ) 2, 820, 588 4,243,966 4, 906, 465 4, 495, 907 855, 588 518, 542 1, 777, 667 380, 203 (') 6,128 14, 363, 781 8, 580, 419 108, 191 190,611 263, 434 310, 073 1,712,929 1,665,030 1,914,743 2, 083, 999 22,184 38, 220 60,221 48, 227 96, 052, 250 86, 149, 820 126, 477, 863 135, 290, 090 1, 394, 836 1, 675, 793 2, 625, 622 2, 918, 567 Value 12, 210, 000 18, 468, 000 13,071,000 20, 064, 000 3,660,000 9, 781, 000 6,471,000 8, 905, 000 3, 168, 094 2, 063, 602 534, 198 ( 3 ) 5, 014, 000 7, 559, 000 6, 108, 000 7, 552, 000 3, 278, 050 2, 021, 297 8, 146, 268 2, 236, 000 (») 15, 042 23, 568, 487 12,353,000 3, 802, 000 6, 723, 000 9, 768, 000 11, 141, 000 12, 107, 000 12, 468, 000 14, 665, 000 16, 654, 000 6, 079, 000 6,351,000 7, 579, 000 5, 572, 000 53, 157, 000 49, 754, 000 75, 636, 000 88,110,000 7, 988, 000 9, 676, 000 14,151,000 15, 868, 000 From United States Quantity 2, 245, 780 4, 927, 815 4, 641, 440 (0 1, 409, 934 1,412,836 1, 454, 858 P) 875,388 652,910 52, 663 ( 3 ) 372, 484 522, 731 271, 743 P) 424, 420 468, 947 879, 123 (0 (») 6,128 837,895 P) 16, 968 26, 965 51, 761 (') 723, 243 419, 723 821,861 17, 549 26, 299 35, 484 74,811,386 86, 149, 820 102, 760, 133 P) 712, 852 1, 036, 556 1, 743, 558 P) Percent of total quantity P) (0 ( 3 ) (0 P) P) 1 (') (0 p) (0 1 p) (0 100 6 78 100 82 Value 4, 653, 360 10, 690, 474 10, 626, 145 P) 3, 054, 067 3, 162, 302 3, 102, 600 P) 2, 360, 273 1, 777, 769 225, 451 ( 3 ) 1, 065, 384 1, 553, 062 854, 315 (0 2,178,770 1,687,019 3, 492, 565 (0 (?) 15, 042 6, 497, 224 P) 704, 602 1, 081, 224 2, 150, 687 P) 4, 604, 237 3, 544, 431 6,613,997 (0 5, 060, 147 4, 590, 491 5, 153, 465 P) 41,731,379 49, 754, 000 62, 030, 577 P) 4, 382, 383 6,032,324 9, 148, 678 (0 Percent of total value 48 Table 6. — Imports of Principal Semimanufactures and Manufactures, Total and U.S. Share, 1959-62— Continued [Quantity in units indicated; value in peso*, c.i.f.] From all countries From United Sutra Import Quantity Value Quantity Percent of total quantity Value Percent of total value Yarn, nylon, not for retail sale: 1959 1960 1961 1962 do.... do.... do... 591.477 596, 803 365, 632 66,460 20,515,000 18, 784, 000 11, 146,000 2, 385, 000 302, 190 398, 148 194,009 0) 52 67 53 9.719.662 12, 442, 393 6. 052, 249 P) 47 66 54 1 Data arc to be available in Anuario de Comercio Exterior tie 1962 when issued. 8 Lchb than 1 percent. * None. Notes: The terms "semimanufactured" and "manufactured goods" are taken from the Colombian classification of imports, as given in the Anuario. Conversion: US$1 averages 6.40 pesos in 1959; 6.59 in 1960; 6.70 in 1961; and 6.81 in 1962. 1 kilogram equals 2.2046 pounds; net weight is the wrighi of the goods without packing. n, e. s. — not elsewhere specified. Sources: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Eatadlatica, Anuario de Comercio Exterior de 1959, Bogota., 1960; Anuario de Comercio Exterior de 1960, Itogoti, 1961; Anuario de Comercial Exterior de 1961, Bogota. 1962; and Holelln Mensual de Eatadiuica, Bogota, April 1963. Table 7. — Imports of Principal Capital Goods, Total and U.S. Share, 1959—62 [Quantity in units indicated; value in pesos] Item All countries Quantity Value United States Quantity Percent of total quantity Value Percent of total value Airplanes, including helicopters: 1959 units.. 1960 do. . . . 1961 do.... 1962 do. . . Apparatus, electric current control: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do.... 1961 do.... 1962 do.... Apparatus, electrical ignition, for internal combustion engines, includ- ing spark plugs: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do.... 1961 do.... 1962 do Apparatus, heating and cooling, not elsewhere specified: 1959 net kilograms . . 1960 do.... 1961 do... 1962 do... Apparatus, machines, and mechanical instruments, not elsewhere specified: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do 1961 do ... . 1962 do.. .. Apparatus, parts and components, milk pasteurisation: 1959 net kilograms. . 1960 do.... 1961 do.... 1962 do... . Sec footnotes at end of table. 68 23, 093, 000 47 15,982,000 40 76, 853, 000 50 13,922,000 180,671 4,188,614 110, 129 4. 146. 427 390, 576 9,986,178 547, 488 17,838,000 269, 938 9,863,255 335, 145 13, 208, 000 353,771 12.801,000 340, 785 12, 335, 000 34, 901 676, 968 305, 204 3,851,648 230, 492 4, 389, 302 553,013 9, 409, 000 162.519 3,427,128 338,219 5,928,143 416, 109 7,773.621 576, 875 12,053.000 17.842 556, 646 42. 544 1. 153.038 61.401 1,706,610 481.646 6, 905. 000 65 40 39 (') 37, 507 77,910 133,213 213,0-45 254,924 273, 361 (') 27. 260 232.321 202.312 (') 51.984 148.893 125,871 (•) 4. 178 29.606 26.971 (') (') 96 22,621,586 85 12,435,318 98 76, 824, 320 (') 21 1,267,220 71 3, 274, 902 34 4, 740. 068 l>) 0) (') 79 8. 480. 430 76 11,156.970 77 10.749.766 (') 80 488. 90-1 76 2.396,861 87 3.640.170 (') (•) (') 32 1.121.473 H 2. 220. 080 30 2. 860, 556 (') 23 159. 373 70 1,004,358 11 Too. us (') 0) (') 0) (') 0) 0) 93 78 99 30 81 47 85 84 84 62 83 33 37 27 2>J 70 42 49 Table 7. — Imports of Principal Capital Goods, Total and U.S. Share, 1959—62 — Continued [Quantity in units indicated; value in pesos] Item Apparatus, petrochemical: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do . . . 1961 do. . . 1962 do... Apparatus, telephone: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do... Boilers, steam: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do. . . 1962 do . . . Cars, railroad, non passenger, including flatcars: 1959 units. 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do... Chassis for buses, trucks, and other automotive vehicles except auto- mobiles and jeeps: 1959 units . 1960 do... 1961 do . . . 1962 do... Compressors: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do.. . 1962 do . . . Cultivators: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do. . . Equipment, earthmoving, and parts: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. 1961 do... 1962 do... Equipment, excavating: 1959 net kilograms. 1960 do. . . 1961 do. . . 1962 do... Furnaces, industrial: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do... Generators, electric: 1959 net kilograms . 1960 do. . . 1961 do... 1962 do... See footnotes at end of table. All countries Quantity (?) 697 1,872,494 4, 357, 451 1,112,554 713,924 694, 815 1, 143, 146 614,251 901,967 , 330, 183 356, 903 30 184 154 306 1,833 2,216 834 1,265 484, 177 621, 174 754, 303 844, 082 1, 347, 580 1,974,121 1, 377, 280 1, 763, 186 1,411,558 3, 461, 708 2, 196, 801 3,671,542 358, 033 1, 804, 047 1,210,102 552, 278 522, 644 438, 592 1, 494, 164 665, 850 658, 514 5, 820, 499 5,223,141 1, 550, 049 Value ( 3 ) 15, 792 19,293,737 53,011,000 36, 857, 000 22, 652, 000 27,591,000 44, 560, 000 5, 992, 000 7, 342, 000 18, 774, 000 3, 625, 000 1, 976, 416 3, 094, 224 8,111,864 7, 622, 000 36,112,570 49, 973, 000 18, 456, 000 28, 959, 000 9, 008, 000 12, 599, 000 14, 644, 000 17, 327, 000 7,811,000 10, 967, 000 7, 659, 000 10, 798, 000 20, 637, 000 49, 231, 000 37, 590, 000 51, 862, 000 4, 092, 465 13,533,000 12, 166, 000 6, 525, 000 2,761,000 2, 867, 000 8, 404, 000 5, 455, 000 10, 587, 000 55, 154, 000 59,692,000 28,781,000 United States Quantity ( 3 ) 697 1,427,927 P) 102, 211 56, 784 21,668 (') 487, 234 753, 189 711,554 (') (') 124 2 1,824 2,211 834 P) 422, 980 412, 694 492, 858 (') 913,891 1, 078, 486 629, 270 P) 1, 219, 065 2, 679, 780 1, 845, 045 P) 350, 021 1,612,105 1, 061, 099 (') 398, 185 273,951 264, 826 P) 237, 650 225,412 340, 633 P) Percent of total quantity ( 8 ) 100 76 (') (') (') ( 3 ) P) P) (') P) P) P) P) P) Value ( 3 ) 15,792 15, 190, 598 P) 7,831,571 1, 428, 907 1,704,918 P) 4, 845, 544 5, 723, 307 7, 285, 003 P) ( 3 ) 344, 557 6,010 P) 99 35, 965, 895 99 49, 814, 246 00 18, 455, 645 P) 87 7, 874, 760 66 8, 732, 990 65 10, 318, 756 P) 68 5, 493, 549 55 6,054,151 46 3,875,323 P) 86 18, 004, 301 77 39, 319, 141 84 32, 826, 998 PJ 98 3, 929, 441 89 11,500,150 88 10, 849, 406 P) 76 727, 302 62 2, 034, 398 18 1, 570, 434 P) 36 4,775,996 4 4,867,351 7 7,229,119 P) 50 Table 7. — Imports of Principal Capital Gooih, Total and U.S. Share, 1959-62 — Otntimn ) (») (') (') 2 22, 500 100 2 22, 500 100 86 4, 498, 688 79 68 4, 140, 745 92 46 1,987,950 41 19 1, 132, 549 57 151 6, 735, 000 (') (») (') (') 1,621,253 5, 763, 000 14 224, 775 1, 166, 573 20 1, 072, 838 3,117,195 24 257, 993 1, 003, 083 32 4, 720, 601 9, 164, 000 22 1,047,999 2,784,316 30 3,711,231 9, 267, 000 P) (') (») (') 1,844 40, 645, 636 723 39 23, 542, 580 58 2,428 56, 978, 399 637 26 31, 107, 352 55 1,930 52, 763, 000 519 27 32, 135, 247 61 1,905 50, 584, 000 (') (>) M 0) 149 4, 810, 043 100 67 2, 324, 699 48 237 11, 598, 000 141 59 9,951,833 86 134 10,383,000 83 69 9, 460, 970 91 476 20, 060, 000 (') (') (') (') 1,333,318 12,877,000 394, 322 29 4, 635, 964 36 1,106,978 12, 504, 000 398, 291 36 5,039,696 40 2, 189, 606 22, 153, 000 426, 737 19 4, 625, 950 21 2, 834, 849 25, 994, 000 (») (') (') P) 52 Table 7. — Imports of Principal Capital Goods, Total and U.S. Share, 1959—62- I Quantit) in ii nil* indirated; value in p< -<»- ontiniit-tl All countries United State* Item Quantity Value Quantity Percent of total quantity Value Percent of total value Trucks und Btation wagons: 1959 6.149 6.534 1.028 1.314 92, 747 163. 739 110,665 334, 384 101,005,000 135,374,000 31,396,000 33,914,000 3,318,399 6. 539, 722 2,315,332 8, 030, 000 6,055 6,310 891 (') 86 99 25 (') 98 97 87 (') 78, 785 162,565 27, 687 (') 99, 459. 034 129.308, 173 26,975.130 0) 3. 116.670 6,456.951 1,132.640 (') 98 I960. . do.... 95 Turbines, steRm: 1959 do. ... do. ... 86 94 1960 1962 do.... do.... do.... 99 49 (') 1 Data are to be available in Anuario de Comercinn Exterior de 1962 when issued. 2 Less than 1 percent. ' None. Notes: The term "capital goods" is taken from the Colombian classification of imports as given in the Anuario. Conversion: USJ1 uverages 6.40 pesos in 1959, 6.59 in 1960, 6.70 in 1961, and 6.81 in 1962. Sources: Departamento AdminiHtrativo Nacionul de Estudisticu. Anuario de Comercio Exterior de 1959, Bogota, 1960; Anuario de Comercio Exterior de I960 Bogota, 1961; Anuario de Comercio de 1961, Bogota, 1962; and Bolelln Mensual de Estadlstica, Bogota, April 1963. Table 8. — Imports of Principal Nondurable Consumer Goods, 1961—62 and First 9 Months of 1963 [Quantity in units indicated; value in thousands of U.S. dollars, c.i.f. ] Item Anesthetics, general or local, in special containers kilograms Antiobiotics in any form, in measured doseB do. . . Antitoxins and other immunizing serums do. . . Cigarettes packs Disinfectants and insecticides and similar preparations kilograms. Films, x-ray do. . . Lubricants prcpured with oils and grease do. . . Other films, celluloid or similar, sensitized for photography do. . . 1961 Quantity Value 47, 490 73, 361 4,050 16.970,883 14,714,210 78,115 1, 846, 920 95, 286 318 1,566 218 1.582 10.265 493 713 751 1962 Quantity Value 47.467 34, 579 4.054 11.122.929 8,915.767 65. 077 228, 534 (1) 397 749 174 1,018 7,223 400 840 (1) First 9 months 1963 Quantity Value 58.981 16,891 (1) 1,690,807 4,831,082 94. 384 1.325.570 80,543 409 355 (1) 448 3.549 579 544 701 1 kilogram equals 2.2046 pounds net weight is the weight of the goods without packing. Source: Boletln Mensual de Esladtstica, Bogota, April and January 1964. Table 9. — Imports of Principal Durable Consumer Goods, 1961—62 and First 9 Months of 1963 [Quantity in units indicated; value in thousands of U.S. dollars, c.i.f.] Item Automobiles units Apparatus, radiological, for medical use, including X-rays kilograms Books Equipment, aircondilioning kilograms Equipment, teaching and laltoratory do. . Machines, sewing, without cover to table units Machines, adding do. . Pliers, pincers, etc kilograms Receivers, radio units Shells, shotgun, revolver kilograms Tires units 1961 Quantity Value 13, 188 97, 555 1(78.863 222, 047 93, 307 44.914 6.517 358, 098 35, 394 289,610 60. 908 21,129 1.000 359 634 541 2,536 663 866 947 516 788 1962 Quantity Value 2.191 104. 644 123.217 166.996 127.018 13.000 6. 497 395. 293 27. 056 317.239 219.367 3.548 1.159 345 511 762 773 735 968 577 615 867 First 9 months 1963 Quantity Value 480 <». ::.i U2.Tr> 66, 583 74.631 13. 173 366. 634 75.558 207. MS 31.221 1.060 (.:» 215 Ml 514 789 9o 964 987 368 559 Source: Boletln Mensual de Estadistica, Bogota. April and January 196-1. 53 Table 10. — Imported Goods, Projections, 1963-65 [Millions of U.S. dollars] Imported goods Projectione Development by Plan Revised projections by Committee of Nine 1963 1964 1965 1963 1964 1965 72 241 312 5 72 246 341 5 73 250 347 5 72 250 350 5 72 250 390 5 73 Semiprocessed products and fuels 250 415 5 Value, c.i.f., total 630 664 675 677 717 743 Source: Committee of Nine, Organization of American States, Evaluation of the General Economic and Social Development Plan of Colombia by the Com- mittee of Nine, Alliance for Progress, Washington, D.C., July 1962, p. 100. Table 11. — Imports of Manufactured Products, Projections 1964 and 1970 [Millions of U.S. dollars, c.i.f.] Product Beverages Chemicals Clothing and footwear Foods Leather Metals, basic Metals, fabricated Passenger cars Transportation equipment Nonmetallic minerals, products of. . . Paper and pulp Petroleum and coal derivatives Printing machinery, related products Rubber Textiles Tobacco Wood and cork, wood furniture Others Total 1964 598.2 1970 1.3 1.5 122.8 120.0 .5 .6 1.7 1.6 .5 .6 54.3 77.3 245.7 286.7 11.0 23.0 81.8 93.0 6.2 6.9 15.0 14.7 30.2 17.9 1.1 1.7 5.0 6.6 5.1 2.0 1.5 .5 2.5 2.5 12.0 21.0 678.1 Source: Development Plan, part 2, table VI-10, p. 114. Note: Manufactured goods consist of consumer, intermediate, and capital goods. Development Plan, part 2, p. 116. Table 12. — Imports of Agricultural Products From the United States, by Groups, 1961—62 [Thousands of U.S. dollars] Group Animals and products Grains and preparations. . . . Vegetables and preparations Fruits and preparations. . . . Vegetable oils and oilseeds. . Cotton and linters Others Total 1961 32, 164 1962 501 733 17,297 13, 182 1,307 10 14 23 10,653 13,442 36 229 2,356 1,691 29, 310 Table 13. — Imports of Principal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products, 1961—62 [Quantity in units indicated; value in thousands of U.S. dollars, c.i.f.] Item Source: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica, Bogota. Accelerators, vulcanization kilograms . Acid, acetic do . . . Acid, citric do. . . Amines derived from benzene and naphthalene hydrocarbons and their salts do. . . Amines, amides, and other ali- phatic organic compounds, do. . . Anesthetics, general or local, in special containers do. . . Antibiotics, pure do. . . Antibiotics in any form, in meas- ured doses do. . . Antitoxins and other immunizing serums do . . . Black, lamp, and other mineral and vegetable blrck, not processed do... Blocks, artificial resins do. . . . Calcium carbide do ... . Cellulose powder derivatives, do... Chemicals for making disinfectants and insecticides, not for retail sale, n.e.s do ... . Chemical products and prepara- tions, n.e.s do. . . Chromium sulfate do. . . Coal tar coloring materials . . do . . . Colophony and Coumarone resins do... Colors, ceramic do . . . Compounds, heterocyclical and or- ganic, n.e.s do. . . Disinfectants and insecticides and similar preparations do . . . Dodecylbenzene do . . . Essences, mixtures of, for manufac- ture of beverages do. . . Explosives do . . . Fertilizers, chemical do. . . Films, celluloid or similar, sensi- tized for photography . . . . do . . . Films and plates, sensitized, photo- graphic do. . . Glycols liters. Hormones and their synthetic sub- stitutes kilograms . Hydrogen peroxide do. . . Hy drosulfite, sodium do . . . Inks, printing do . . . Ketones, aliphatic do. . . Lubricants prepared with oils and greases do . . . Materials, artificial plastic, based on phenols, pure do. . . Materials, artificial plastic, based on phenols, prepared for molding or rolling do . . . Materials, artificial plastic, based on phenols, in emulsions, disper- sions, and solutions modified by natural or synthetic resins do... Movie films, positives meters. See footnote at end of table. 1961 Quantity Value 196, 227 466, 691 245, 141 443, 467 47, 490 35, 751 73, 361 4,050 3, 602, 169 797, 687 2, 892, 358 3, 905, 069 1,150,751 4, 005, 1,094, 1, 005, 2,099, 508, 127, 851 14, 714, 1, 352, 95, 1, 393, 165,848, 78, 115 95, 483, 2, 685, 735, 108, 1, 376, 1,846, 424, 1, 227, 605 1, 048, 464 7, 341, 188 298 112 270 978 568 318 3,907 1,556 218 986 548 439 3,128 227 227 272 329 700 338 422 265 354 370 642 ,171 493 751 267 ,264 288 297 228 469 713 314 798 597 445 1962 Quantity Value 191, 856 541, 286 284, 523 512,941 47, 467 36, 586 34, 579 4,054 4, 825, 241 314, 532 1, 952, 349 2, 023, 360 1, 747, 774 3, 169* ,891,957 , 185, 567 958, 026 , 979, 492 489, 542 396, 033 ,915,767 , 538, 435 81,633 055. 723 095, 256 65, 077 90, 481 927. 724 1,126 623, 972 053, 662 93, 939 640, 624 218, 534 173, 826 1, 205, 552 691, 030 5, 663, 322 262 118 284 953 582 397 3,262 749 174 1,328 295 305 1,650 285 438 302 287 850 367 749 223 400 315 ,337 ,365 400 744 385 ,470 233 418 230 492 840 172 750 472 330 54 Table 13. — Imports of Principal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products, 1961—62 — Con. [Quantity in units indicated; vulue in thousands of U.S. dollurs, c.i.f. ] 1961 1962 Quantity Value Quantity Value IN iin. I'i'lliili .k. . pure or plasticized kilograms. . 350, 119 248 299, 695 203 Organo-thcrapcutic products, n.c.s. do... 18,275 273 15, 580 277 Oxides and salts, ether, uliphatic 2, 363, 726 1,437 2. 306, 493 1,259 Oxides, zinc do. . . . 1,029,639 338 1,228,872 375 Tapers and cards for photography. 238, 168 520 336,341 695 28,469,601 4,042 23, 597, 945 3,438 Phenols derived from hydrocarbons of the I., ii/. ii.' and naphthalene scries, whether or not halogcn- .ii. .1, nitrated, and sulfonated, including phcnolatcs, n.e.e. do... 89, 233 229 151,031 262 Pigments for finishing leather and 165, 128 285 1,225 236 90,669 134 1,110 9,716 8,315 249 Rubber, synthetic do. . . . 5,146,629 254 6, 086, 808 330 Salts of hypophosphorus, phos- phorus, and phosphoric acid do... 2, 586, 699 569 3,458,361 712 Sheets, artificial resins do. . . . 7, 159, 750 4,164 7,011,482 4,695 Sheets, hased on phenols, thickness less than 5 millimeters, not processed do. . . . 118,046 215 124, 462 222 128, 156 189 133,314 176 12, 386, 659 797 25,373,147 1,600 5,146,629 254 6, 086, 808 330 Tanning materials, synthetic do... 644, 378 253 669, 792 245 1,772,519 922 2,153,035 1,058 1,914,743 2,189 2, 083, 999 2,421 60,221 1.131 48,227 816 Vitamins and antibiotics, super- concentrates, for preparation of 481,543 546 583,391 497 62, 498 423 1.948 16 n.e.s. — not elsewhere specified. Source: Departamento Administrativo Nacional dc Estadfstica, Mensual de EstadUtica, Ilogoti, April 1963. Bolet(n Table 14. — Gross Value of Chemical and Phar- maceutical Production, 1958—59, and Projec- tions, 1970 [Millions of pesos at 1958 prices] Item Acid, acetic Acids, fatty Acids, sulfuric Alcohol, ethyl Alkalis Benzene Black, lamp Candles See footnote at end of table. 1958 1959 1964 (') (') 3.0 CO 0) 43.6 3.8 5.3 6.1 15.5 17.3 35.4 14.3 18.7 48.0 0) (') (') 0) 0) (') 24.0 24.5 25.2 1970 4.5 46.4 52.2 55.4 68.4 7.0 5.4 25.2 Table 14. — Gross Value of Chemical and Phar- maceutical Production, 1958—59, and Projec- tions, 1970 — Continued [Millions of pesos at 1958 prices] Item Chlorine Detergents Explosives and matches Fertilizers, nitrogenous Fertilizers, phosphorous Fertilizers, potassium Fihers, artificial Formaldehyde Hydrogen peroxide Materials for tanning, curing, coloring Paints Paraffin Pesticides Pharmaceuticals Plastics and cellophane Soaps Toilet articles 1958 1959 1964 .5 .5 1.2 27.4 34.3 49.4 17.9 18.2 33.5 0) (') 164 1 5.7 6. 1 36. 1 0) 0) 12.1 47. 1 25.1 46.0 (') (') 12.1 0) 0) 2.4 4.9 5.0 16.3 42.1 44.6 59.8 (') (') (') 5.8 6.0 68.7 206.3 222.8 271.4 (') 1.5 45.8 114.7 117.0 112.2 44.0 45.8 55.4 1970 1.8 '«, | 37.6 164.3 107.8 17.3 356.2 17.3 7.2 19.3 84.9 28.7 113.5 419.3 100.0 179.1 69.8 1 No production. Source: Development Plan, part II, Industria, 1962, p. 314. Table 15. — Imports of Principal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products, Projections, 1964 and 1970 [Quantity in tons; value in thousands of U.S. dollars, ci.f.] 1964 19 70 Quantity Value Quantity Value Alkalis 50 5,830 157 56,700 22.900 6.700 700 1,960 12,700 11.880 (•) 16,280 4, 862 14,500 2,571 8 1.380 778 8.745 2.290 i 32, 475 440 479 9.410 4,906 18.056 12.306 996 7.511 1.161 102.830 20. 010 LIS. 840 60 11,480 204 86,600 38,700 4,000 (») 2,310 16.400 19,000 (>) 21,780 4,862 5.000 4,o7o 9 2,719 Explosives, matches, and related 1.011 5.901 3.870 i 10,906 (») 566 13.460 8.580 20. 7o6 Plastics, cellophane, including eel- 16.263 Pulp, chemical, for rayon and cello- 0<>o Rubber, lamp black, and related 9. 359 1.122 Subtotal 97.875 22.125 Total 120. 000 1 Includes estimates of types of imports hitherto not compiled il.iiistic.ill. J Data are not available. Source: Dnelopment Plan, part II. Industria, Begot! 1962. p. 315. 55 Table 16. — Steel Products, Imports and Produc- tion, 1959-60 [Thousands of metric tons] Imports Production 1959 1960 1959 1960 74.9 4.9 25.2 .1 16.8 .9 80.4 12.1 27.9 .5 23.3 22.1 101.5 102.4 Rails 3.6 8.6 3.9 6.0 Total . . 122.8 166.3 109.0 117.0 Source: Plan General de Desarrollo Econtimico y Social, Industria, 1962, Bogota, p. 84. Table 17. — Imports of Transportation Equip- ment, 1961-62 Item Airplanes, including helicopters Automobiles Trucks, station wagons, including chassis Jeeps Locomotives, electric and diesel. .... Other locomotives Railroad cars not for passenger use. . Tractors, agricultural 1961 1962 Units Value (millions of pesos) Units Value (millions of pesos) 40 76.8 50 13.9 13, 188 161.6 2,191 23.9 1,028 31.4 1,314 33.9 3,205 43.2 3,396 42.6 25 18.8 12 2.2 (') 12.5 0) .2 154 8.1 306 7.6 1,930 52.7 1,905 50.5 1 Data not available. Source: Bolettn Mensual de EstadUtica, Bogota, April 1963. Conversion: US$1 averages 6.70 pesos in 1961 and 6.81 pesos in 1962. Table 18. — Electric Power Projects of Empresa De Energia Electrica de Bogota, Colombia, 1963 Project Location Type Capacity (kw.) Financing Estimated completion El Calegio unit No. 1 . Zipaquira unit No. 2. . El Colegio unit No. 2 . El Colegio unit No. 3 . Canoas El Colegio unit No. 4 . El Colegio unit No. 5 . El Colegia unit No. 6 . Bogota River . Zipaquira Bogota River . do do do do do Hydro. Steam. . Hydro. do. do. do. do. do. 50, 000 33, 000 50, 000 50, 000 42, 000 50, 000 50, 000 50, 000 IBRD do do do IBRD request . do do do December 1964 January 1964 June 1965 December 1965 January 1968 June 1968 December 1968 June 1969 This company also planned a third unit at the Zipaquira station of 37,500 kw. Completion date required is 1965. Another possible project for this utility is an additional 40,000 kw. (2 x 20,000 kw.) hydroelectric project at Troneras on the Bogota River. The Bata River hydroelectric project is also presently under study by the company. First stage development would be approximately 200,000 kw. with operation possible by 1968. The J. G. White Co. has been retained as engineering consultants on all thermal plants. Another possible project, dependent on whether or not a refinery is built in the Bogota area is a steamplant at La Dorada. This plant would have capacity of approximately 400,000 kw. and he bunker C oil-fired. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration, Power and Electrical Equipment Survey of South America, July 18 1963. Mimeographed. Note: IBRD means International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C. Table 19. — Electric Power Projects of Instituto de Aprovechamiento de Aguas y Fomento Electrico and Affiliated Companies and Subsidiaries, 1963 Name of company Project Location Type Capacity (kw.) Financing Estimated cost — Foreign exchange Estimated completion Cos pique (awarded to M.A.N.). Cartagena area. 2 x 12,500 IBRD $5 million Unit 1— livar, Cartagena, Colombia, General Manager Dr. Jamie Gonzales. December 1964. Unit 2— December 1965. ( l ) Cartagena area. . 6 to 10,000 (') $1 million January 1964 Electrificadora del Atlan- tico, Barranquilla. City-plant. ..... Barranquilla .... Gas turbines (awarded 1 each Westing- house and General Electric). 2x 12,000 0) March 1964 See footnotes at end of table. 56 Table 19. — FAectric Power Projects of lnstiluto de Aprovechamiento de Aguas y Fomento Electrico and Affiliated Companies and Subsidiaries, 1963 — (Continued Niimo of company Project location Typo Capacity (kw.) Finuncing Kntimated cost — Foreign exrhungc Estimated < '•lli|.|r-||( f ll ElMtrifloadora da] Atlantioo, Barran- quil In- -Continued City-plant Maganguc thcrino power station. Ilarranipiilla. . . . North Atlantic OOMta I-.ik turhinea. . . . 2 x 12,000 360,000 EXIM request . . Feasibility study financ- ing requested from AID. (') 160 million (total cost). October 1964 1970 Centrali Electrical del Norte do Santander. Tibu — third unit to Swifts. Supplier financed. NearCacuta .... Thermal 30,000 kw. (5 z 6,000 kw.) EXIM request. . $1 million for transmission and distribution equipment. 1965 Centrul Hidroolectrica del Rto Lebrija. Barranca- Uermcja. Near Bucara- manga. do 91,200 total 1st stage 2 x 12.6 mw. 2d stage 1 x 33 mw. 3d stage 1 x 33 mw. (') First stage foreign exchange com- ponent is $5 million. 1964 1966 1969 do 2 x 5.5 mw. 2 x 6.5 mw. gas turbines. EXIM request $2. 2 million (total cost). 1964 C6rdoba. Electrificadora de Boyac6. do 1 x 33,000 kw. Supplier. (') 1967 Many smaller diesel-electric units required in small towns and villages. 1 Not available. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration, Power and Electrical Equipment Survey of South America, July 18. 1963. Mimeographed. Notes: EXIM means Export-Import Bank of Washington, Washington, D.C.; m. w., means million watts. Table 20. — Electric Power Projects of Corporation Autonoma Regional del Cauca — CVC, 1963 Project Location Type Capacity (kw.) Financing Estimated cost Estimated completion Calima I 100 miles north of Cali. . . 120,000 (4 x 30,000). IBRD (') 1965 Calima II One mile downstream from Calima I. do 120,000 IBRD granted loans for designs. First stage 80 MW would require foreign exchange of $22.5 million. 1968-69 Salvajina do 0) IBRD granted loan for preliminary studies. 1970 or 1972 Possible tied to the CVC systf in in the future is the following Mcdollin sysle m project Rio Nare Guatape power station. . . Hydro First stage 4 x 66,000. IBRD $35 million foreign ex- change. 1968 1 Not available. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration, Power and Electrical Equipment Survey of South America, July 18* 1963. Mimeographed. Notes: MW^million watts. IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 57 Table 21. — Retail Sales in Principal Cities by Value and Percent of Total Sales, 1959-61 [Value in millions of pesos] City and Department Value Percent of total sales 1959 1960 1961 1959 1960 1961 2,147 735 607 503 186 160 219 142 144 154 51 556 2,453 808 704 544 198 173 230 189 149 138 53 577 2,779 883 802 586 235 202 238 190 167 123 54 656 38.3 13.1 10.8 9.0 3.3 2.9 3.9 2.5 2.6 2.7 .9 10.0 39.5 13.0 11.3 8.8 3.2 2.8 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.2 .9 9.2 40.2 13.0 11.6 Barranquilla, Atlantico 8.5 3.4 2.9 3.4 2.7 2.4 Cucuta, Norte de Santander. . . . 1.8 .8 9.3 Total 5,048 5,639 6,259 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sources: Anario General de Estadisticade 1960, Bogota, 1962; Bolelin Mensual de Estadistica, Bogotd, September and October 1962 issues. Notes: Total value was $876 million in 1959, $928 million in 1960, and $1,032 million in 1961. Conversion from pesos to dollars made at 6.40 pesos per US$1 in 1959 and at 6.70 pesos per US$1 in 1960 and 1961. Index of retail sales, when 1958 = 100, was 120 in 1959, 133 in 1960, and 148 in 1961 on value computed in pesos. Data on Palmira not included in the source of these figures. Table 22. — Colombian Port Calls by Merchant Ships Carrying U.S. Cargo, 1957—61 Item 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 Caribbean ports 510 455 119 28 65 25 6 664 66 4 626 516 118 24 72 25 1 737 62 (>) 593 471 140 27 68 22 1 721 69 (') 547 503 155 34 73 17 4 761 75 (') 522 492 Conenas . . 115 43 77 Turbo 7 1 West coast ports 653 38 (0 l No information available. Source: U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Listing of Foreign Port Calls 1957-1961, Washington, D.C., 1962, p. 9. Note: The totals for each year include all ships over 1,000 gross tons, U.S* flag and other, loading or unloading cargo for or from the United States. The statistics were furnished by the Maritime Administration, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce. 58 APPENDIX A Colombian National Government Departmental and Semi- official Organizations in Charge of Development Programs AIRPORTS, NATIONAL Empreaa Colombiana de Aer6dromos Aeropuerto Internacional El Dorado Bogota, Colombia DAMS, DRAINAGE, WATER SUPPLY, FLOOD CONTROL Instituto Colombiano de Reforma Agraria Calle 14, No. 12-50 Bogota^ Colombia Corporaci6n de Aguas de la Sabana Calle 14, No. 12-50 Bogota", Colombia Corporaci6n de Valle del Magdalena Calle 12, No. 8-55 Bogota", Colombia ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FEASI- BILITY STUDIES AND REPORTS Departamento Administrative de Planeacion Avenida Jimenez, No. 7-65 Bogota", Colombia ELECTRIC POWER, BOGOTA Empresa de Energfa Electrica de Bogota" Calle 13, No. 37-35 Bogota^ Colombia ELECTRIC POWER, NATIONAL Instituto de Fomento Municipal Carrera 13, No. 18-51 Bogota, Colombia Instituto de Aprovechamiento de Aguas y Fomento Electrico Carrera 13, No. 27-00 Bogota, Colombia Corporaci6n Autonoma del Valle del Cauca — CVC Edificio Zaccour Cali, Colombia HIGHWAYS, EXPRESSWAYS, BRIDGES, PORT FACILITIES, NATIONAL Minislerio de Obras Pdblicas Carrera 7, Calle9 12 y 13 Bogota, Colombia HOSPITALS, HEALTH CENTERS, AND SANITATION WORKS Ministerio de Salud Publica Carrera 8, No. 6-40 Bogota, Colombia HOUSING Instituto de Credito Territorial Carrera 13, No. 18-51 Bogotd, Colombia 59 PUBLIC WORKS, DEPARTMENTAL Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Cundinamarca Bogota, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion del Valle Cali, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Antioqua Medellin, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion del Atlantico Barranquilla, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Caldas Manizales, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Santander Bucaramanga, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Norte de Santander Cucuta, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Bolivar Cartagena, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion del Magdalena Santa Marta, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion del Tolima Ibague, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion del Huila Neiva, Colombia Secretaria, de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Narino Pasto, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion del Choco Quibdo, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Cordoba Monteria, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion del Cauca Poyayan, Colombia Secretaria de Obras Publicas Gobernacion de Boyaca Tunja, Colombia PUBLIC WORKS AND UTILITIES, MUNICIPAL Secretaria de Obras Publicas Distritales Calle 10, 8-22 Bogota, Colombia Corporacion Civica de Barranquilla Calle 38, No. 44-22 Barranquilla, Colombia Empresas Publicas de Medellin Medellin, Colombia Empresas Municipales de Cali Cali, Colombia RAILWAYS Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Colombia Calle 13, No. 18-24 Bogota, Colombia SCHOOLS Ministerio de Educacion Nacional Carrera 8, No. 6-40 Bogota, Colombia SEAPORTS Empresa Puertos de Colombia Carrera 10, No. 15-00 Piso9 Bogota, Colombia WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE, BOGOTA Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogota, D.E. Seccion Estudios de Construcciones Avenida Jimenez No. 4-90 Bogota, Colombia 60 APPENDIX B Notes for Business Travelers GOVERNMENT The Republic of Colombia is an independent country con- sisting of 18 Departments, 3 In tendencies, and 5 Commis- saryships. It has a democratic form of government based on a constitution. Elections for a president are held every 4 years. By mutual agreement between the two traditional parties — the Liberals and Conservatives — the parties share equally in electoral offices until 1974, with the Presidency of the Republic alternating between them each 4 years. The present Head of State is Guillermo Leon Valencia, a Conservative, who took office in August 1962. The Colombian National Congress is divided into a Senate and a Chamber of Representatives whose members are elected directly by the people for 2 and 4 years, respectively. The Senate has 68 members; the Chamber, 132. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS All of the iow-lying regions have high temperatures, but near the Caribbean coast the heat is tempered by breezes during the dry season beginning in December and lasting through April. On the Pacific coast and in the Atrato Valley, rain falls almost every day. Parts of this coast receive the heaviest rainfall in South America and are hot, steamy, and unhealthful. HOTEL ACCOMMODATIONS The large cities in Colombia have hotels which compare favorably with good hotels in the United States. The approxi- mate minimum rates prevailing for a single room and bath without meals at some of the better hotels in Bogota and Medellm are between $8 and 811. There are also good hotels in Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Cali. Complete meals served in the hotel dining rooms cost 86 to 87 per day. The climate varies greatly, depending upon the altitude and the influence of the trade winds and ocean currents. However, everywhere the climate reflects equatorial charac- teristics, such as slight variations in monthly average tempera- tures but considerable variations in the daily range. In the Andean regions are four temperature zones. Up to about 3,400 feet, the (tierra caliente), the mean average temperature is from 83° to 75° F.; from 3,400 to 6,800 feet, the (tierra templada), 75° to 63° F.; from 7,800 to 10,000 feet, the (tierra Ma), 63° to 50° F.; and 10,000 to 14,000 feet, the (paramos), always cold and windy. The mean annual tem- perature at Medellin at 4,950 feet is 70.5° F. while at Bogota at 8,727 feet it is 58.1° F. In the highlands, there are two fairly distinct wet seasons occurring normally in February through April and October through December. The dry seasons occupy the other months of the year. FOOD AND CLOTHING Suggested for dining are the principal hotels and several restaurants in Bogota which serve international dishes. Since the climate varies with altitude, persons traveling within Colombia are advised to take along winter and fall clothing for Bogota and lightweight clothing for cities in the valleys and along the coasts. PASSPORTS AND VISAS U.S. citizens traveling to Colombia on business require I passport. Information concerning the issue of passports may be obtained from the U.S. Department of State. Wash- 61 ington, D.C., 20524, the U.S. Department of State passport agencies in Boston, New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Los Angeles, and San Francisco; or from the clerk of a Federal District Court and of certain State courts. Business travelers to Colombia must obtain a business visa and appear in person at a Colombian consulate with the following documents: (1) a smallpox vaccination certificate issued within 3 years; (2) a valid passport; (3) three photo- graphs, front view, passport size; (4) a general health certificate issued by the traveler's physician; (5) a police certificate of good conduct; and (6) a notarized letter from the employer, that is, the business firm or company, stating that it employs the traveler and will be responsible for all expenses during his stay in Colombia. No charge is made for the visa. It is good for 180 days' stay in Colombia and valid for any number of entries within 4 years from the date of issuance. SAMPLES AND MATTER ADVERTISING An import license must be obtained in advance for dutiable samples of merchandise and printed matter. Merchandise samples must be mutilated in a manner which will render them unsalable. These samples of no commercial value are admitted duty free. Samples and advertising matter should not be enclosed in packages with other matter. Samples of commercial value and unmutilatable samples, including liquors and liquids, may be sent to Colombia subject to the same documentary requirements and import duties as regular commercial shipments of like articles. Samples of commercial value brought in by commercial travelers are also subject to these requirements. Samples having com- mercial value, including unmutilatable samples, may be entered temporarily duty free under bond equal to twice the regular rates of import duty or upon a cash deposit equal to the amount of duty plus 40 percent to guarantee reexporta- tion within 6 months. Funds posted as bonds are returned provided that the conditions of the bond have not been violated. GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATION The Embassy of Colombia is located at 2118 Leroy Place NW., Washington, D.C., DUpont 7-5828. Colombian con- sular offices are located in the United States as follows: California — Consulate General; 354 South Spring St., Los Angeles, (TUcker 8-370); Consulate General; 9 First Street, San Francisco (Douglas 2-0080). Canal Zone — Consulate General; Avenue Roosevelt 10th and 11th St., Colon, Panama (605); Consulate General; Avenue Cuba No. 33-16, Panama City, Panama. Florida — Consulate General; Room 602 Congress Building, Miami (FRanklin 3-3087); Consulate; 416 Tampa Street, Tampa (2-3280). Illinois — Consulate General; 110 South Dearborn St., Room 1615, Chicago (263-8424). Louisiana — Consulate General; 311 International Trade Mart, New Orleans (JAckson 5-5580). Maryland — Consulate; 1111 Park Avenue, Baltimore (MUlberry 5-5235). Massachusetts — Consulate; 25 Huntington Avenue, Boston (KEnmore 6-9725). Minnesota — Consulate General; 1007-B , 9th Avenue NW., Rochester (2-6733); Honorary Consulate; 1300 Mount Curve Avenue, Minneapolis. Missouri — Honorary Consulate; 6225 Overhill Road, Kan- sas City (SK 1-7000). New York — Consulate General; 444 Madison Avenue, New York (PLaza 9-7875). Pennsylvania — Consulate; 1011 Chestnut Street, Philadel- phia (WAlnut 2-1927), Honorary Consulate; Winchester Apartments, 537 Ivy Street, Pittsburgh. Puerto Rico — Honorary Consulate; Calle Post No. 66 Norte, Post Office Box 1223, Mayaguez and Avenida Con- dado 613, Apartado Aereo 9775, Santurce, San Juan. Texas — Consulate; 4634 West Amherst, Dallas, and 5310 Greenbrier Street, Apartment 5, Post Office Box 6631, Houston (3-1057). The United States is represented in Colombia by an Em- bassy in Bogota at Edificio Seguros Bolivar, Carrera 10, No. 16-39; by consulates in Barranquilla at Edificio Banco de la Republica, Calle 34, No. 43-31; in Cali at Edificio Pielroja, Carrera 3a, No. 11-55; in Medellin at Edificio Fabricato, Calle 51 (Boyaca) y Carrera 49 (Junin); and by a consular agent in Buenaventura. 62 APPENDIX C Selected Sources of Further Information U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Department of Commerce, Bureau of International Commerce Economic Developments in Colombia in 1960, World Trade In- formation Service, part 1, No. 61-41, March 1961. 15 cents. Establishing a Business in Colombia, Overseas Business Re- ports, 63-107. July 1963. 15 cents. Foreign Trade of Colombia, 1958-60, World Trade Information Service, part 3, No. 61-12, May 1961. 20 cents. Import Tariff System of Colombia, World Trade Information Service, part 2, No. 62-34, June 1962. 10 cents. Selling Around the World — How Commerce Helps. A descrip- tion of U.S. Department of Commerce services to the inter- national business community. 1963. 26 pages. 15 cents. Trade Lists These listings are available to help U.S. firms find customers, agents, distributors, licensees and sources of supply abroad. Each list gives names and addresses of firms handling a spe- cific commodity in one foreign country. Each list also con- tains a summary of basic trade and industry data, including a brief analysis of foreign trade in the commodity covered, government regulations affecting trade, and other useful information. Lists of importers and dealers indicate relative size of each firm, method of operation, products handled, territory covered and size of sales force. Lists of exporters and manu- facturers show relative size or production capacity of each firm and the products handled. Available for $1 per country for each commodity classification from any Department of Commerce Field Office or from the Bureau of International Commerce, Commercial Intelligence Division, Washington, D.C., 20230. What You Should Know About Exporting. A How-To-Get- Started Handbook designed to be a basic reference for the American businessman interested in opening profitable new overseas markets for his products. 1962. 38 pages. 25 cents. Available from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., 20402. Eximbank Export-Import Bank of Washington, Report to the Congress for the Twelve Months Ended June 30, 1962, Washington, D.C. 2 parts. U.S. Navy U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Listing of Foreign Port Calls by Merchant Ships, 1957-61, Washington. D.C, 1962. Special Publication 23. 63 COLOMBIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Banco de la Republica Atlas de Economia Colombians, Bogota, 1962. Informe Anual del Banco de la Republica. Annual admin- istrative report and analysis of the economy. Revista del Banco de la Republica. Issued monthly. Contains articles of commercial and economic interest, Government laws, decrees, and statistical series. Consejo Nacional y Planeacion de Politica Economica Plan Cuatrienal de Inversiones P&blicas Nacionales, 1961—1964 Analysis of the economy and projected development. Plan General de Desarrollo Economico y Social. 2 vols. In one volume an analysis of the 10-year social and economic development plan; in the other, an analysis of specific industrial sectors and goals set for their development. Departamento Administrativo Nacional Es- tadistica Anuario de Comercio Exterior. Gives detailed import and export statistics. Anuario General de Estadistica. Data on social, economic, and financial aspects of the country and on physical characteris- tics of the land. Boletin Mensual de Estadistica. Includes data on trade, pro- duction, and prices. Directorio Nacional de la Industria Manufacturera, 1960. Di- rectory of manufacturers. Ministerio de Fomento Memoria del Ministro de Fomento, 1961—62. Annual report. Analysis of foreign trade, Government import policies, and development of manufacturing industries. Ministerio de Hacienda Memoria de Hacienda Presentada al Congreso Nacional de 1961, tomo principal. Comments on Alliance for Progress. Reviews economic policies, fiscal policies, and tax revision. GENERAL SOURCES Asociacion Nacional de Industriales Estudio General Sobre Medellin y Su Area Circundante, Medellin 1961. A resume of industrial activity in and around Medellin. Produccion y Ventas, Medellin 2 vols, 1961, 1963. Photo- graphs, brief facts, and sometimes statistics on manu- facturing firms. Federacion Metaldrgica de Colombia, Directorio de la Indus- tria Metaldrgica y Metalmecdnica en Colombia. Bogota. Instituto Colombiano de Opinion Publica, Quick Colombian Facts, Bogota, 1962. Inter-American Development Bank, Second Annual Report, 1962, Washington, D.C., 1963. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank and IDA in Latin America, Washington, D.C., 1963. Pan American Union A Statement of the Laws of Colombia in Matters Affecting Business, Washington, D.C., 1961. Revised and enlarged by Dr. Bernardo Rueda. Colombia, Washington, D.C., 1959. Gives historical, economic, and other basic data and background information on Colombia. United Nations, Economic Bulletin for Latin America, Rolled Iron and Steel Products in Latin America; Prospective Production and Demand, IV, No. 2, 1959, 1-32. United Nations, Secretariat of the Economic Commission for Latin America, UNESCO, Some Aspects of Popu- lation Growth in Colombia, 10 November 1962. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Relacion de Convenios Comerciales Suscritos Por Colombia. A list of commercial agreements signed by Colombia. Mimeographed. Bogota, April 1960. United Nations, Secretariat of the Economic Commission for Latin America, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Analysis and Projections of Economic Development, III. The Economic Development of Colombia, United Na- tions, Geneva, 1957. 64 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE j 1964 O — 719-623 U.S. TRADE MISSIONS PROGRAM NOW PE ™, S j; A TE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES A0DD07l2flflL j45 to port Stirring changes in the world's markets could mean export sales opportunities not significant in your earlier surveys. Keep abreast of these changes in INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE, the U.S. Department of Commerce's authoritative weekly news magazine. SUBSCRIBE NOW... Subscription Form Please enter my subscription to International Commerce □ Annual subscription, $16.00 □ Via domestic airmoil, $25 additional □ Foreign mailing, S5 additional NAME ADDRESS. CITY STATE. Mail to Sales Promotion Staff, Office of Publications, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230. 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