EIN169 R311 Department of the Interior DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT RECREATIONAL LEASE AND CONVEYANCE OF WILDHORSE RESERVOIR AND LANDS TO THE SHOSHONE-P AIUTE INDIAN TRIBES OF DUCK VALLEY Bureau of Indian Affairs Phoenix Area Of fie e WITH· TECHNIC.AL .. ASSISTANCE FROM BOYLE ENGINEERING CORPORATION .. SUMMARY (X) DRAFT ( ) FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Phoenix Area Office 1 • Type of Action: (X) ADMINISTRATIVE 2 • Brief Description of Action: The proposed 2-a action includes (1) leasing of approximately 4 ,00.0 acres of water and land area at Wildhorse Reservoir by the Duck Valley ShoshonePaiute Indian Tribes, and (2) sponsoring legislation whereby the above leased lands would be placed in trust status by the federal government for the benefit of the Duck Valley Indians • 3. - Summary of Environmental Impact: Because the proposed action is nonstructural, no direct impact on the phys ica l or biological environment will result. The action's direct impacts are socioeconomic in nature, and result from proposed changes in the management and administration of the reservoir. The shift of management .r-e spons ib ll lty from BIA only to both BIA and ·the tribes is the major direct impact of the leasing action. The resulting impact on the present operatfon of Wildhorse Reservoir or other agencies that provide s_ervices there is minimal. The major direct impact of the conveyance action is the change in management responsibility from the BIA to the tr-lbe s, governed by the Tribal Business Council. The reservoir and surrounding lands would become essentially an extension of the Duck Valley Reservation, which once accomplished, is largely irreversible. Indirect environmental impacts on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic e nvi r-onmerrts proportional t~ the magnitude of deve lopmerit undertaken may occur in the future if the tribes implement recreational development options , The proposed action will have cumulative sociocultural impacts on the Duck Valley Indian Tribes which may provide additional impetus for tribal participation in planning, administrating, and supporting their own affairs. 4. Alternatives Considered: A. No action. B. Retain present administration of lands by BIA, but undertake further recreational development of area. - C. Lease or convey all or portions of the reservoir area to nontribal entities. 5. Comments Have Been Requested From the Following: Federal Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Park Service Bureau of Land Management U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Reclamation Geological Survey Bureau of Mines U.S. Army Engineer District, N.P. Dist. Environmental Protection Agency Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Forest Service Department of Health Ed. and Welfare Public Health Service Department of Commerce Economic Development Administration 6. Date Statement Made Available to CEQ and the Public: Draft: Final: ( ) LEGISLATIVE Dept. of Housing and Urban Devel. State State of Idaho Division of Budget, Policy Planning, and Coordination Board of County Commissioners State of Nevada State Planning Coordinator Nevada Envi_ronmental Commission State Engineer Department of Fish and Game Bureau of Mines and Geology State Museum Local City of Elko, City Council County of Elko, Board of Supervisors  TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE SUMMARY i-1 I DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL I-1 A Introduction and Overview 1-1 B Purpose and Scope I-3 C Description of Properties to be Conveyed I-5,1 1 Reservoir Boundaries I-54'1 2 Existing Facilities at the Reservoir 1-7 D Recreation Development Options and Activities I-7 E Alternatives to the Proposed Action I-13 1 Alternative 1 - No Action I-13 2 Alternative 2 - Administration and Recreational Development by BIA I-13 3 Altenative 3 - Lease of Reservoir Areas to Nontribal Entities I-13 lI DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT II-1 A Physical Environment II-1 1 Natural Environment 11-1 2 Topography 11-1 3 Climate II-2 4 Geology II-4 5 Mineral Resources II-6 6 Sel sm lc ity 11-8 7 Soils II-11 8 Water Resources II-12 B Biological Environment II-23 1 Regional Setting 11-23 2 Aquatic Biology 11-24 3 Terrestrial Biology II-28 C Socioeconomic Environment II-39 1 Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute Indian Tribes 11-39 2 Wildhorse Reservoir - Existing Conditions II-53 Table of Contents - 1 rr ABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued SECTION PAGE III THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION III-1 A Introduction III-1 B Direct Environmental Impacts Resulting From the Pr-opose d Action III-1 1 Direct Impact Resulting From Lease of Reservoir Lands to Tribe III-1 2 . Direct Impact Resulting From Conveyance of Reservoir Land to Tribe III-7 C Indirect Environmental Impacts III-10 1 Typical Environmental Impacts of Envisioned Recreational Activities III-10 2 Impacts of Recreation Options III-11 D Cumulative Environmental Impacts III-12 1 Water Use Decisions III-12 2 Long-Range Management Decisions III-20 3 Long-Range Effects on Land Values in the Area III-21 4 Long- Range Sociocultural Effects III-21 IV MITIGATING MEASURES INCLUDED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION IV-1 A Management Measures IV-1 B Archaeological Resources IV-3 C Recreational Use Limitations IV-4 V ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED V-1 VI THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT- TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG- T.ERM PRODUCTIVITY VI-1 A Introduction VI-1 B Recreational Productivity VI~l C Tribal Productivity VI-2 D Agricultural Productivity VI-3 Table of Contents - 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued SECTION PAGE VII ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED VII-1 A Land Resources VII-1 B Ecological Resources VII-1 C Energy Resources VII-2 VIII IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION VIII-1 A Alternative One - No Action VIII-1 1 Description of Alternative VIII-1 2 Summary of Anticipated Impacts VIII-1 B Alternative Two - Retain Present Administration of Lands by BIA, but Undertake Further Recreational Development of Area VIII-2 1 Description of Alternative VIII-2 2 Summary of Anticipated Impacts VIII-2 C Alternative Three - Lease or Convey All or Portions of the Reservoir Area to Nontribal Entities VIII-2 · 1 Lease or Conveyance of Reservoir Lands to Other Federal Agencies VIII-3 2 Lease or Conveyance of Reservoir Land to State of Nevada · VIII-3 3 Lease or Conveyance of Reservoir Lands to County of Elko VIII-4 4 Lease of Reservoir Lands to Private Entities VIII-4 5 Combination of Federal, State, and Local VIIl-4 Control D Computer- Simulation of Project Alternatives VIII-5 1 No Action Alternative VIII-5 2 Recreational Development by BIA VIII-6 3 Lease to Other Nontribal Entities VIII-6 E Composite Evaluation of Computer Projections for Project Options and Alternatives VIII-7 Table of Contents - 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued SECTION IX CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION PAGE IX-1 A Consultation in Preparing an Environmental Statement 1 Preconsultation Mailing 2 Other Consultation IX-1 IX-1 IX-3 * * * * ATTACHMENT A B C BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES POWERS OF THE TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL 0 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF LONG-TERM SECONDARY IMPACTS * * * * TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 SUMMARY OF APPROXIMATE WATER AND LAND ACREAGES AT WILDHORSE RESERVOIR CHECKLIST OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE OF EARTHQUAKE INTENSITIES COLIFORM BACTERIA TESTS COD AND BOD VALUES WATER QUALITY FISH SPECIES IN WILDHORSE RESERVOIR AND ITS TRIBUTARIES COMMON PERENNIAL GRASSES AND FORBES OF THE SAGEBRUSH COMMUNITY AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES MAMMALS COMMON BIRDS OF THE WILDHORSE REGION A-1 B-1 C-1 I-6 I-12 Il-10 II-18 II-19 11-21 II-26 II-30 11-33 Il-34 II-35 Table of Contents - 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued TABLE PAGE 12 DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION POPULATION SINCE 1900 II-42 13 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR SHOSHONE-PAIUTES LIVING AT DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION II-43 14 LABOR FORCE, EMPLOYMENT, AND'· UNEMPLOY:MENT 1966-2000 II-45 15 EMPLOYMENT GOALS BY LABOR CATEGORY DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION II-46 16 LAND USE ON THE DUCK VALLEY RESERVATION II-48 17 RANGE AND PASTURELAND PROJECTIONS· DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION II-50 18 URBAN LAND- USE PROJECTIONS DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION II-50 19 TRIBAL PERMIT FEES FOR FISHING AND CAMPING ON DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION Il-51 20 LAND ACQUISITIONS FOR WILDHORSE RESERVOIR II-54 21 RECREATIONAL USE OF HUMBOLDT NATIONAL FOREST CAMPGROUNDS IN THE VICINITY OF WILDHORSE CAMPGROUND - 1970-1975 11-58 22 YEARLY VEHICLE-COUNTER TOTALS FOR NORTH WILDHORSE CAMPGROUND - 1970-1975 II-61 23 '"- SCORP SPACE AND FACILITIES STANDARDS FOR SELECTED OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES II-71 24 AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC BY MONTH FOR 1974-75 Il-79 25 AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FACTORS II-81 26 ESTIMATED PRESENT VEHICLE EMISSIONS WITHIN WILDRHOSE RESERVOIR VICINITY II-81 27 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RECREATION OPTIONS III-13 28 COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF COMPUTER PROJECTIONS OF PROJECT OPTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES VIII-8 Table of Contents - 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued TABLE PAGE C-1 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT OPTION ONE C-3 C-2 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT OPTION TWO C-3 C-3 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT OPTION THREE C-4 C-4 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT ALTERNATIVE - NO PROJECT C-4 C-5 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT ALTERNATIVE - RETAIN PRESENT ADMINISTRATION WITH ADDITIONAL RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT C-4 C-6 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT ALTERNATIVE - LEASE OR CONVEY RESERVOIR LANDS TO OTHER AGENCIES C-5 ... , .. ., ... ,, .. .. , ... ... , .. 'I' ... , ... .... ... FIGURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 WILDHORSE RESERVOIR LAND ACREAGE OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP WILDHORSE RESERVOIR AREA WILDHORSE RESERVOIR WATERSHED WILDHORSE RESERVOIR CONTENTS - 1973-74 SEASONAL TEMPERATURE & OXYGEN PROFILES WILDHORSE RESERVOIR, NEVADA NUTRIENT INF LOW TO WILDHORSE RESERVOIR FROM OWYHEE RIVER FOLLOWS PAGE I-1 I-5 I-9 I-9 I-9 II-3 II-4 II-12 II-14 II-15 II-17 Table of Contents - 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued FIGURE FOLLOWS PAGE 12 NUTRIENT INFLOW TO WILDHORSE RESERVOIR FROM PENROD CREEK 11-17 13 WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS II-18 14 AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW DISTRIBUTION OWYHEE RIVER II--19 15 WILDHORSE RESERVOIR OUTFLOW - 1918-1974 11-19 16 GENERALIZED VEGETATION 11-23 1 7 RAINBOW TROUT GROWTH RATES - WILDHORSE RESERVOIR 11-25 18 SELECTED FISHERIES STATISTICS WILDHORSE RESERVOIR 11-25 19 SELECTED FISHERIES STATISTICS WILDHORSE RESERVOIR II-26 20 AGENCIES PROVIDING SERVICES AT DUCK VALLEY 11-53 21 EXISTING DEVELOPED & SEMIDEVELOPED RECREATIONAL SITES 11-61 22 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES INVENTORY OF WILDHORSE RECREATION SITES 11-61 23 JURISDICTIONS AFFECTING WILDHORSE RESERVOIR AND ENVIRONS II-89 '24 IMPACT OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES III-10 25 PROJECTION OF OPTION 1 III-27 26 PROJECTION OF OPTION 2 III-27 27' PROJECTION OF OPTION 3 III-27 28 POTENTIAL LAND ACQUISITION IV -4 29 PROJECTION OF ALTERNATIVE 1 VIII-5 30 PROJECTION OF ALTERNATIVE 2 VIII-5 31 PROJECTION OF ALTERNATIVE 3 VIII-5 Table of Contents - 7 I. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL A. Introduction and Overview 1. ·Background This. environmental statement analyzes the environmental impacts of a proposed recreational lease and Congress i anal conveyance of Uil dhorse Reservoir lands to the Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute Indian Tribe. The project is sponsored by the U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), which currently administers the Wildhorse Reservoir lands. As proposed, the project would result in the transfer of management and ownership responsibility of Wildhorse Reservoir to the0Duck Valley Indians in two phases. The first phase involves leasing to the tribes approximately 4,000 acres of water surface and land area at the reservoir. The lease will provide that any development at the reservoir retain a recreational orientation. As a second phase, BIA proposes to sponsor legislation leading to an Act of Congress which would place the leased lands in trust status for the Duck Valley Indians. The.status of lands under this trust arrangement would be identical to that of Indian reservation lands. It is intended, however, that Wildhorse Reservoir continue to be an important recreational resource to recreationists. Wildhorse Reservoir is located along State Route 51 in Elko County, Nevada, about 65 miles north of the city of Elko and 12 miles southeast of Mountain City. Figure 1 illustrates the reservoir1s position in the region. The reservoir is situated on the East Fork of the Owyhee River, one of Nevada1s few north-flowing streams and a tributary to the Snake River. Wildhorse Reservoir, when full, is at an elevation of 6,205 feet above mean sea level, and the surrounding mountains commonly have peaks above 7,000 feet. I-1 VICINITY MAP El.I(() COUNTY• NCVADA LEGEND .M,EMS~,ji@.- • 91A ADMINISTERED PROPERTY APPROX. 3982 AC. a IIA LAND ARE:A APPROX. 1391 AC. tZlll), • TOTAL RESERVOIR SURFACE AREA. APPROX. 2130 AC, NOTE THE BASE MAP USED FOR THIS FIGURE IS THE USGS 15 MJNUTE WILD HOflSE QUAD.• 19941 WILDHORSE RESERVOIR ELKO COUNTY, NEVADA FIGURE The original Wildhorse Dam was constructed in 1937 by the Bureau of Reclamation in cooperation with the BIA, specifically for the purpo_se of impounding water for use in the irrigation of lands on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation in northeastern Nevada. The dam was a concrete arch type, which, at spillway elevation of 6,189.2 feet, created a lake with a surface area of 1,860 acres and a storage capacity of 33,500 acre-feet. In 1964, investigations by the Bureau of Reclamation at the request of the BIA revealed structural deterioration of the dam. Subsequent discussions between the Bureau of Reclamation and BIA resulted in an agreement to construct an entirely new dam and increase the capacity of the reservoir. The existing Wildhorse Dam was constructed between 1967 and 1970 and is located approximately 360 feet downstream of the original dam. It is a double curvature, thin-arch, concrete structure about 110 feet in height. The reservoir storage capacity is estimated at 73,500 acre-feet at spillway elevation 6,205. A lake s ur-fa ce was created which covers about 2,830 acr es , Reservoir water is stored principally for agricultural use on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation. The reservation is located on the Nevada-Idaho border some 35 miles downstream of the reservoir. Duck Valley is the home of some 247 Shoshone and Paiute Indian families. The total population of the reservation was 1,065 in 1970. The entire reservation comprises approximately 289,819 acres, 13,000 of which are cultivated with such crops as alfalfa, mixed grasses, and wild hay. Another 263,293 acres, some of which are irrigated, are used as rangeland. In water year 197 4, approximately 43,270 acre-feet of water was discharged from Wildhorse Reservoir to facilitate reservation agriculture. Since 1939, discharges have averaged 30,100 acre-feet annually and have ranged between 9,000 acre-feet in 1941 I-2 and 63,700 acre-feet in 1943. It is estimated that an additional 21,700 acres of reservation land is potentially arable, .and expansion of irrigated agriculture onto certain of these lands is currently being undertaken. Under existing agreerrents, the Duck Valley Indians may use as much reservoir water as is necessary for agricultural uses as long as downstream water rights are respected and a 5,000 acre-foot minimum pool (U. S. Congress, Senate Report- No. 233, 1967) in Wildhorse Reservoir is maintained. Wildhorse Reservoir ·is one of the Eas tern Nevada region's most significant recreational-use areas . Fishing and camping are the two most popular activities. Since 1956, the State of Nevada Fish and Game -Commission has managed a fishery at the reservoir. Programs have been carried out to eliminate coarse fish from the reservoir as well as to stock both fingerlings and catchable-size kokanee salmon, cutthroat, and rainbow trout. In~1974, the reservoir supported approximately 117,529 angler days of use. Two developed campgrounds and numerous undeveloped camping spots are located around the reservoir. Many other camping .facilities and recreational opportunities in. the immediate area are available in Humboldt National Forest which borders the reservoir on the northwest. A private residential development, Wildhorse Estates, borders the reservoir property on the, south. 2. Controversial Issues Wildhorse Reservoir was s peci fi ca lly created for the purpose of providing the Duck Valley Indian Tribes with irrigation water. That is still its primary purpose; however, recreational use of the reservoir is also a very important function, primarily because it is the only sizeable facility of its kind in northeastern Nevada. In recognition of its recreational importance, the U. S. Senate Appropriation Committee Report No. 233, 1967, which accompanied legislation for funding of the new Wildhorse Dam, directed that the new reservoir be operated so as to provide the same recreational opportunities as were I-3 provided at the existing reservoir, and that only in emergencies or after consultation with the Committee would the waters of the reservoir be drawn down below 5,000 acre-feet. In 1973, various state, county, and. local organizations actively supported a proposal to convey the Wildhorse Reservoir and surrounding lands to the State of Nevada for use as a state park. This became a matter of grave concern to the Duck Valley Indians because of ·their total economic dependence on the water supplied by the reservoir. Consequently, in October, 1973, the governing body of the Duck Valley Tribes passed a resolution requesting the Bureau of Indian Affairs to place the Wildhorse Reservoir and surrounding lands in trust status for the benefit of the tribes. Congressional action is required to place lands _in trust, and therefore, a lease of the area from the BIA to the tribes was proposed as an interim measure. The notice of preparation of th is environmental impact statement to support the tribes' request then became the catalyst by which the controversy was brought into the open. On ·the one hand, the Duck Valley Tribes want to ensure that the waters,of Wildhorse Reservoir will always be available to them for irrigation and they view this resource as a base for tribal employment and economic development. On the other hand the non-Indian users of the reservoir do not want the Indians to control the area or to be denied access to Wildhorse. Of primary concern to the non-Indians is the fear that the Indians may either. cha_rge exhorbitant fees for the use of the area, or deny access to users entirely. They are also concerned that man_agement of the shoreline will suffer and pollution problems will result. All of the issues raised by Indians and non-Indians alike could be dealt with by the use of stipulations in a proposed lease or land conveyance so that the Wildhorse Reservoir will be properly managed to the ultimate benefit 1-4 of both interests. Management stipulations can be developed after we hold extensive public hearings on this draft EIS, and they will be published in the final EIS. The Secretary of the Interior and Congress, if legisl at ion is passed, can· require that any such stipulations control management of the reservoir. B. Purpose and Scope The proposed project is intended to serve a ·dual purpose. In that it is a function of the BIA to promote the development of Indian capabilities and potentials, one purpose of the project is to provide income to the Duck Valley Indians by providing tr+bal members the opportunity to manage and operate the reservoir and surrounding lands. _Additional income for the tribe is possible through the development and operation of various recreational· concessions at the lake. A second purpose of the project is to improve the recreational aspects of the reservoir area. It is not uncommon to see trash strewn about the area, which is not only aesthetically unpleasing, but is a potent ial health and water quality problem. A high-use demand coupled with a lack of support facilities and maintenance responsibilities are ascribed to these deteriorating conditions. The al_leviation of such conditions may be possible through the establishrrent of a leased management responsibility such as proposed by this project. In meeting the above objectives and purposes, this EIS provides a detailed description of the existing environrrental conditions in and around the reservoir and a discussion of the-environmental impacts, direct, indirect, and cumulative of the proposed action. Feasible altefnative actions open to BIA are also examined, as are several opti ans for future recreational development. These are discussed in more detail bellow. An important aspect of the study is the formulation of measures to mitigate adverse impacts of the project. I-5 C. Description of Properties to be Conveyed 1. Reservoir Boundaries A large-scale, topographic base map of reservoir properties involved in the proposed action is contained in a pocket in the back cover of this state.rrent. Within the boundaries are approximately 3,982 acres of land and water area. This area is administered by BIA with ownership vested in the federal government. BIA first acquired lands in the Wildhorse area in connection with its Duck Valley Irrigation Project as early as 191~ and has since purchased, been granted, condemned, withdrawn, and otherwise acquired lands and easements for the construction and operation of the reservoir. The area of water-surface within the BIA administered lands at elevation 6,205 feet above sea level is approximately 2,591 acres, and the land area is epproxtmate ly 1,391 within the boundaries. Since the spillway elevation o~ Wildhorse Dam is 6,205 feet, the reservoir water surface is usually lower, exposing sorrewhat more land area and containing somewhat less water surface area. As can be seen from-the base map, the parcels of land 'within the boundaries are somewhat discontinuous and _ir~egui"ar .. Complicating the situation is the State Highway 51 right-of-way which isolates some parcels from the water·area and reduces others to practically unusably small sizes. Figure 2 illustrates the acreage characteristics of the various parcels of land within the reservoir boundaries at elevation 6,205. Table 1 sunmar'l zes the water and land acreases involved in the proposed action. I-5 .. 1 I ""= ,,.- ;~( )W( N / ~~ ~<, // y. ,;_ I I ., / ,,./ I I l .. C? !! Fl9UltE I • . ··,o::: t -! o~ >I 0::: w (J) w 0:::: ! • I ~ 1- u 0 ¥ w; Cl) 0: ~I 0~ _Ji ~ • • I I I II TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF APPROXIMATE WATER AND LAND ACREAGES AT WILDHORSE RESERVOIR ACRES A. LAND AREA 1. 2. . Within Highway 51 Right-Of-Way Total Unincumbered TOTAL LAND AREA B. WATER SURFACE AREA 1. 2. Within Highway 51 Right-Of-Way Total Unincumbered TOTAL WATER AREA 141. 70 1,249.22 1,390.92 34.01 2, 556. 75 2,590.76 C. TOTAL GROSS ACREAGE WITHIN BOUNDARIES 3, 981. 68 NOTE: The data contained in this table and in Figure 2 were derived from the .ba se map, scale 1 inch = 400 feet, consisting of four sheets and prepared in 197 5 from available maps, surveys, and plans. Data were determined by planimeter and scaling from these maps. I-6 2. Existing Facilities at the Reservoir A number of developed and undeveloped camping spots exist at various points around the reservoir. One facility is the ELM-operated North Wildhorse Recreation Park. Though this park is not within the reservoir land boundaries, it has 32 campsites which offer scenic views overlooking the reservoir area. This park currently charges a fee for day and overnight camping. BIA operates a deve Ioped campground on the north shore of the reservoir with restrooms and paved trailer pads. No user fee is collected at the BIA campground. Restrooms have also been provided by BIA at two other locations around the reservoir. A former private lease area, known as the Wildhorse Marina area, has been developed so far with a campground, restrooms, a small store, and boat ramp. Recreational activity at the reservoir has been almost excluded from the west side of the reservoir due to lack of access. An expanded discussion of existing recreational aspects of Wi Idhor-se Reservoir is contained in subsequent sections of this EIS. D. Recreation Development Options and Activities Ari affirmative decision on the proposed action will result in tribal control and continued or expanded use of Wildhorse Re ser-voir- for recreational purposes. Continued recreational use will be in- accordance with the legislative precedents for dam and reservoir funding (U .s. Congress, Senate Report No. 233, 1967) and, therefore, appropriate requirements will be written into the lease governing tribal operation should the proposed action be approved. Consideration of recreational plans and features in this report is primarily for assessment of environmental impacts and not for the inclusion of a master plan of recreation as part of the proposed action. l-7 The extent and kind of recreational facilities and opportunities which may occur at the reservoir and the degree of benefit accruing to the tribe are wide ranging and variable. Though certain parcels of land have been depicted as .s mal l and of little significance, others are of sufficient size to accommodate a range of beneficial uses. The range of ultimate use is also affected by policy decisions which influence the use of reservoir water for agriculture versus recreation, the degree of investment in recreational concessions and support facilities, the extent of preservation of existing reservoir appeal, and the adoption of appropriate perspective with regard to economics of use. This variability makes the assessment of lorig-term environmental impacts problematical unless some' quantification of the extent of future recreation can be assumed. Three recreational development option plans have been prepared which demonstrate a range of recreational activities which could be accommodated at the reservoir. The intent in developing these options is to provide enough detail about future recreation so that indirect environmental impacts may be assessed, yet to have sufficient generality to prevent the study from being interpreted as a site plan. Each of the three recreational development options features a particular notion about the extent of future reservoir recreation. With all options, however, it is imperative that the primary purpose of the reservoir as an irrigation facility be preserved. The three options are discussed below. Option One. This option represents only minor changes in recreational activity from the status quo at Wildhorse. The management emphasis will be on maintenance of existing recreational facilities and sites with little emphasis placed on additional recreational development. However, this option assumes I-8 that improvements previously proposed for Wildhorse Marina will be completed including rehabilitation of existing trailers, concrete boat ramp, _floating dock and ti edowns, day-use camping sites, five-unit motel, overnight trail er park with utilities, road improverrents, comfort station, and cafe-bar complex. With Option One, it is estimated that approximately 125,000 userdays per year could be accorrmodated. Fishing and camping remain the most important recreational uses of the reservoir. Option Two. This option seeks to maximize the existing types of recreation now occurring at the reservoir and to provide additional facilities and activities which will complement the existing forms of recreation. Additional activities which could be provided include trail facilities or those required for recreational boating. Additional developed camping facilities would be provided as would additional support facilities like stores, equipment rentals, and food establishments. With envisioned types of facilities, it is estimated that approximately 135,000 user-days per year could be accommodated. Option Three. This option is characterized by a development program aimed at diversifying the types of recreational opportunity provided at the reservoir. Facilities for motor boating, water skiing, and extended camping as well as cultural attractions, such as a museum or educational center, may be developed. Option three represents the greatest level of investment in the development of recreation-oriented facilities at Wildhorse. The level of use to be acconmodated is estimated at 150,000·plus user-days per year. The three recreational development options are schematically illustrated in Figures 3, 4, and 5. Each map has six categories of recreational use indicated. The six cat~gories are composed of groups of recreational I-9 I i,~~/ ------~~ ----------, ____ I _; i y·. ""' I- C I- w z z " I- w w ..J u z z <( ~ "·,,, <( <( ~ ::E :E ~ fl) ct: 0: la.I L&J IJJ z 0: a. a. .__, ·,._' a:: ~ { -~ i _1 Os I >I a:: w (J) w 0:: ~ c( > L,J z I >- 1- z :::, 0 u 0 ~ ..J ww (J) a:: of I~ o: _J ~ ~ / ( , i ..J (/) U) ...I l&J l&J I.LI > IJJ (/) > l&J ~ :::, w ...I ...J I IJJ I J: ~ 3: S2 <( 0 :c ..J ..J C ~ g I.LI > ~ z ::, (/) w ~ EDI (\J ?j . ' \ '·,_ \\''~1t;~' / / i..."-.._ )~ I I / <,,, t' ~ {d>,,..,,.,,,.,.,, . ')-~~ .. / ·''/ '"'- .. ,.j/ //-,;· \ I \ ..... > / .:.:::::./ ,....., .... a I- w z z "' .,_ lJJ LLI ..J u z z <{ 0: <( <( :E .,_ :E ~ 5 (/) a: er:: LLJ LLJ LaJ z 0: Q. a.. '-' _J (/) CJ) ...J lJJ w Lu LLJ > (/) (/) > w ::> :::> lJJ _J ...J I LLJ LLJ I :r: ~ ~ . ~ S2 <( <( . 0 :r: ..J _J ..J '0::: ~ Oi >~ 0::: w Cf) w 0::: ~ <( > w z I >- 1- z ::> 0 (..) 0 :w:: ..J ur- Cf) 0::: O; :r:~ 0~ _J ~ ~ U) w CJ) ::> (/) lLJ Cl) ~ UJ Cl) C ::> LaJ a a. ~ g LLJ 5.2 > a: ~ .... (/) z L&J ::, Cl: IOI l 1 ~ . i ... z 0 - f-· n_··· 0 . / :•i / ·-,. -, ·,, (_ ............. •,t I / / / (_ ............. __ /'•, _ ) / ,,/·/ .... ~,, ·-, , ~.' ·,"' r<) I- I- ,....,. z z 10 l&J LLJ w z '"' !.,_ z _J > LLJ ..... LLJ w CJ) CJ) ...J ...J :::) :::> . I I ~ :c LLJ w 0 (!) :x: ~ 0:::: ~ ...J :i: <( <( ...J _J o; >! ~ 0:::: w en l w O::ct 0 ct > w z I >- .... z :::> 0 (.) 0 CJ) ~ ..I w ww CJ) en CJ) :::> 0:: w (/) w Cl) Oz ::) LLJ u 3' Cl) z l' :r:~ C :::) <{ 0~ lJJ z a. 0 w _J ~ g ~ I- - z 3 L&J ~ <( > a:: :i: ~ I- Cl) ~ z w ::) a: IOI activities which require about the same level of effort to provide and maintain. The six categories are described below: 1) Undeveloped Uses - These .ar-e recreational activities which are somewhat passive in nature and do not require the provision of facilities or land alteration. Examples include photography, nature study, and s c enic appreciation. 2) Restricted Uses - This category consists of land activities which by their nature are not compatible with and in some cases conflict with other uses. Examples include hunting, archery, and other forms of shooting. Special locations should be set aside for these activities. 3) Low-Maintenance Uses - This category consists of activities which require a minimum of land preparation and maintenance. Hiking trails, car and tent camping, and picnicking areas are examples of such ·· low-maintenance uses. This category of recreationaluse includes such facilities as fire rings, unpaved parking areas, garbage cans, relief stations, trails, and picnic tables. 4) Low-Level Permanent Uses - These are recreational activities, such as boating, that require at least some facilities of a semipermanent nature. Camping areas that provide potable water, parking areas that are paved, floating boat docks, piers, etc . , exemplify this category. A major aspect of this category is that the location of certain of the uses may have restrictions due to land suitability requirements (i.e.,/ topography, slope, soils, vehicular access, utilities, flood plains, and use densities). 5) High-Level Permanent Uses - These are recreational uses and facilities which are permanent and require traditional construction methods such as grading, masonry, and carpentry. Any structure to be inhabited falls into this category, as well as any camping fa ci Ii tie s which have full I-10 utility service. Uses in this category may have restrictions due to land suitability requirements. 6) Lake Uses - This category consists of recreational activities which occur exclusively or mostly on the reservoir. Boating, swimming, rowing, and fishing are examples. A distinction is made between normal uses and restricted uses. Lake surfaces would have restricted access where boating may be unsafe because ·of bottom conditions or in the vicinity of hunting activity. Within each use category, a variety of recreational activities may be undertaken. A list of the possible activities has been composed and is contained in Table 2. All of the recreational activities shown in the table have the appropriate recreational use category indicated next to the listed activity. The recreational development option s tudi es represent a synthesis of land characteristics and potential recreational activity. The categories shown on the map are generally suitable for any r ecr-eatton activities within that category, and the locations shown appear to be the most feasible for the particular activity indicated. It is emphasized that the recreational activity option maps are to assist the quantification and to highlight the diversity of recreational activities which could occur at the reservoir in the future. Ultimately, the amount of recreational development which actually occurs will probably utilize the ideas of or combine two or more of the above options, but within the constraints of the pr'e s e r-va'ti on of Wildhorse Reservoir as an irrigation water storage facility for the Duck Valley Reservation. Wildhorse Reservoir is critical to maintaining agr-Icultur-al productivity and to sustaining the reservation economy. Recreational development options, therefore, must be evaluated for their impact on agricultural water use. I-11 TABLE 2 CHECKLIST OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY Wildlife and Scenic Appreciation *1 Photography 1 Bird Watching 1 Nature Study 1 Meditation 1 Painting Shoreline Activities 1 Fishing (from shore) 1 Sun Ba thing 4 Boat Lauch or Ramp 4 Docks (floating or stationary) 4 Pier Hunting and Shooting 2 Bird Hunting 2 Firing Range 2 Archery Range Recreational Travel 3 Horseback Riding 3 Hiking/Walking 5 Pleasure Driving 5 Pleasure Flying 3 Bicycling 3 Trails Camping Activities 3 Picnicking 3 Tent Camping 3 Auto Camping 4 Trailer Camping 5 Campground Areas {with utilities) 1 Walk-In Camping Lake Activities . 6 Fishing (from boat) 6 Sail boa ting 6 Row boa ting 6 Motorboa ting ,!(~'(6r Speedboating 6r Water Skiing 6 Lake Sight-Seeing,Cruise 6r Swimming 6 Ice Fishing 6 Ice Sailing 6 lee Ska ting 6 Water Taxi Service Cultural Recreational Activities 5 Museum 5 Galleries 5 Amphitheater 5 Recreational Hall Special Interest Activities 3 Horseshoes .4 Volleyball/Tennis 3 Playground Equipment 4 Snowmobile Races 6r Regattas 3 Tribal Events 3 Cross Country Skiing 3 Snowshoeing Recreational Support Facilities 5 Motel 5 Rental Cabins 5 Restaurant, Lounge 5 Administration Facility 5 Coffee Shop 5 General Stores (with bait, tackle, licenses) 5 Post Office 5 Service Station (auto repair, towirig) 5 Garage (equipment and boat storage) 3 ,4 Restrooms (at various locations) 3 Barbeques 3 Fire Pits 4 Corral, Stable, and Tack Room 4 Parking Areas 3 Traffic and Ac tivi ty Signs 4 Water (drinking and shower) 5 Utilities 5 Equipment Rental (blinds, boats, ice houses) 3 Fish Cleaning · Warden (with car and boat) Guides Other Personnel =Number- preceding recreational activity indicates use category on recreational development option maps. ::n:,6r indicates a lake activity which is in some way limited or restricted. 1-12 E. Alternatives to the Proposed Action Several alternatives to the proposed action will be considered and evaluated in subsequent sections of this EIS. The alternatives to be evaluated are briefly discussed below: ·1. Alternative 1 - No Action This alternative proposes to maintain the present use, management, and administration of reservoir lands. BIA would continue to administer the reservoir lands with services provided by several federal and Nevada state and county agencies. This alternative is characterized by overall continuation of.the status quo at the reservoir. 2. Alternative 2 - Administration and Recreational Development by BIA Under'this alternative, BIA would retain administration of reservoir lands but would also undertake further recreational development of the area. 3. Alternative 3 - Lease of Reservoir Areas to Nontribal Entities The purpose of this alternative would be the lease of all or portions of the reservoir area to nontribal entities for development or management of recreational activities. Nontribal entities that are considered include: (1) Federal agencies, such as BLM, U.S. Forest Service, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, or the National Service; (2) state agencies, such as the Department of Parks and Recreation; (3) local agencies, such as the county of Elko (county or regional parks); and (4) private entities. All of these alternatives and their environmental impacts are discussed further under "VIII. Impacts of Alternatives to the Proposed Action. 11 I-13 II. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT A. Physical Environment 1. Natural Environment Wildhorse Reservoir is located approximately 65 miles north of Elko, Nevada, and 12 miles southeast of Mountain City, Nevada. Nevada State Highway 51 provides all-weather access to the reservoir. The_ reservoir site is at the nor-ther-n.end of a broad valley formed by the Owyhee and Humboldt Rivers. The reservoir area is located within the Snake River watershed, 9 miles north of its drainage divide with the southflowing Humboldt River watershed. The mountains surrounding the reservoir include the northern Independence Mountains on the west, the Wildhorse Ranges to the north and northwest, and unnamed ranges to the east. Local relief in the mountains exceeds 2,000 feet; elevations at the crests range from 7,800 to 9,000 feet. The valley floor elevation ranges from 6,500 feet near- the HumboldtOwyhee River divide to 6,200 feet at the reservoir. The valley consists of a series of dissected alluvial fans draining north. The reservoir damsite is located in the gorge of the East Fork of the Owyhee River. The gorge. continues through the mountains for 23 miles until it reaches the gentler gradients of Duck Valley near China Diversion Dam. 2 • Topography Approximately 35 percent of the BIA-controlled property is land area. The elevation of the land area is generally between 6,205 and 6,315 feet above. sea level. Slopes are generally steeper near the northwest end of the reservoir while flatter portions of the land area are low rolling hills on the south end. Many of'the BIA-controlled parcels are not contiguous on land and are only accessible by water. II-1 Water surface area comprises 65 percent of the BIA-controlled property. The water surface area in Wildhorse Reservoir fluctuates in response to changes in reservoir volume. At the spillway elevation of 6,205 feet, the total water surface area in Wildhorse is 2,830 acres. Between October, 1973, and September, 1974, water- surface elevation ranged from 7 feet above the spill way elevation to 10 feet below the spill way elevation. The total change in water elevation was 1 7 feet whereas the surface area changed by 850 acres. If the reservoir were drawn down to its minimum pool (5,000 acre-feet), the water surface area would be reduced to approximately 580 acres. The depth of the water in the reservoir ranges from O to 75 feet. The deepest portion of the reservoir is near the dam. The southern end of the reservoir is generally less than 35 feet in depth, whereas the-northern ·· portion is greater than 40 feet in depth. Fluctuation in water depths make the southern end of the reservoir subject to periods of dryness. If the reservoir volume were reduced to the minimum pool, the southern end of the reservoir (all areas less than 40 feet in depth) would be completely dry. The shoreline configuration of Wildhorse Reservoir is irregular and is characterized by drowned stream courses. The two major arms of the shoreline. are formed by the drowned channels of Hendricks 'and Penrod Creeks. Water depths in the arms range from O to 30 feet. 3. Climate The climate around Wildhorse Reservoir is typically semiarid, as is most of the Great Basin region. The climate is dominated by a stable, cold air mass which develops over the Great Basin in the fall and persists until late spring. The resultant climate has long, cold winters II-2 and short, dry summers. Precipitation comes from storms orginating in the Pacific Northwest. Most precipitation comes in the winter and spring in the form of snow. In general, the annual amount of evaporation exceeds annual precipitation. Average monthly temperature and precipitation distribution is shown in Figure. 6 for the Owyhee weather station, 26 miles northwest of Wildhorse Reservoir in Duck Valley. The Owyhee weather station is about 600 feet lower than the reservoir in elevation and is located in front of the mountain ranges. Thus, temperatures are warmer and precipitation is greater at Owyhee than the reservoir site. While the temperature and rainfall data shown on Figure 6 may not ·be very representative of the actual occurrence at Wildhorse, the seasonal patterns depicted are considered very comparable. The daily range in temperature in the Wildhorse area may be as much as 40 degrees. Maximum summer temperatures rarely exceed 100 F and winter temperatures seldom get below -20 F. Freezing temperatures occur approximately 260 days per year between September and June. Average annual precipitation is approximately 10 inches at Wildhorse Reservoir (Katzer and Harmsen, 1973). The surrounding mountains receive as much as 36 inches per year due to their higher elevation. Snow is the dominant type of precipitation and may exceed depths of 5 feet. The moisture content of the snow is variable, but generally low. The yearly amount of precipitation is quite variable. In 1954, only 8 .53 inches of precipitation fell at Owhyee, whereas a maximum of 21 .13 inches fell there in 1963 (BRI Systems, Inc , , 1975). Fogs are common around the r es er-volr- in the early morning. Usually at some time during the night, heat exchaiqe between the reservoir surface II-3  OWYHEE STATION - 30 YR. AVERAGE - ELEVATION 5600 FEET J F M A M J J A s 0 N D AVG. AVG. T. ° F. 26.6 29.6 34.!5 43.0 51.2 58.0 68.0 66.0 57.2 47.8 36.4 30.2 45.8 PPT. INCHES 1.38 1.16 1.42 4.12 2.07 1.60 0.29 0.36 0.60 1.10 1.22 1.48 14.38 70 65 60 .... 55 l&J 50 ::c z l&J 45 a: :c ~ 40 LL Cl) 35 I.LI lLJ ~ 30 c., lLJ Q 25 5.00 4.00 z 0 I- 3.00 c:i: I- a: u 2.00 lLJ a: CL u, 0 ct) 1.00 Lil l: u ~ 0 68.0°F _____.,__ 1.......-- 7 ~ ~ / ' /" " ~ ~v ~ -AVG 45.8°F " /-- _i_ ' ~ --- --- --- --- / V" " / '\ ~ / "' ~ .... 26.6°F .....-- > I • I J MONTH F M A M J J A s 0 N D AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 8 PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION SOUflCE: DATA FROM BRI SYSTEMS, INC., 197!5 FIGURE 6 and the air cools the air to the condenaa tion point creating a dense fog. As the air is warmed by the sun in the morning, the fog disappears. Fog formation is also aided by cold-air drainage from higher elevations. Fogforming conditions may occur throughout the year but are particularly pro- nounced in the fall and spring. Nighttime temperature inversions are common in the fall, winter, and spring, although they are not documented with instrumentation in the reservoir area. Inversions are formed by radiation cooling of the air layer above the ground as well as cold-air drainage. Low-level inversions occur about 45 percent of the time in northeastern Nevada valleys. The prevailing winds in the Wildhorse region are southwesterly. Wind speeds are sufficient to create chop and swell on the reservoir surface. Speeds average 6 .O miles per hour and are particularly strong during passage of cold fronts. Local winds occur as a result of air drainage from surrounding mountains and heat differences between the land and water. The average annual evaporation from the reservoir is about 42 inches per year (3. 5 feet) (Katzer and Harmsen, 1973). Most of the evaporation occurs during the summer when precipitation is lowest. 4. Geology Wildhorse Reservoir is located near the northern margin of the basin and range physiographic province in northeastern Nevada. The basin and range province is characterized by north-trending block-faulted mountain ranges and intervening basins filled with alluvium derived from the mountains. The mountains are composed of a var-iety of geologic units, including metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks, ranging in age from Cambrian (600 million years before present) to Recent (last 1 O, 000 years). Figure 7 illustrates the regional geology. II-4 I I, PMh Qa SOURCE: STE WART a CARLSON, 1974. USGS MAP MF - 609 _..........__ o -..... ST R E A M HIGHWAY 51 0 I 2 J MILES HIGH ANGLE FAULT- DASHED WHERE INFERRED 1': ♦ 1': LOW ANGLE FAULT-TEETH ON UPPER PLATE ------ CONTACT Qa FOR SYMBOL EXPLANATION SEE FOLLOWING PAGE PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP WILDHORSE RESERVOIR AREA FIGURE 7 ~ L- o .... C (1) E !ij (1) cn cn 6 (1) u c.E ~ '+- u a= e I M en t- ~ u e ~ L- o .... C Q) E :a (1) .,, -0 Q) E 0 C C ::::, (1) 0 ..c .,, -0 C 0 Cl) C 0 .... en Cl) E ·- -0 C 0 en cn ~~ 0 U ~ e -~ (l) .... -~ en 0 ::, ~ L- ..c c ~ ·I M L- I- "'O (l) -0 CD '+~ '+I .2 g ~ C 0 -0 ;:;: C ..C: 0 .,, -0 0 (1) u -0 ·- - u CD= 3 ·;; .... t- ' Q) .... 0 L- CD E 0 C) C 0 u Q) u C (1) ::, er Cl) en s.. Cl) .... C <( I C ~ 0.. u u Cl) Q) C ·u ·u C .2 ..c .... en .,, ·;; ·- en .... Q) en .,, 0 s.. "'O E .... -0 -0 ·- Q) C ·- u ..c: C §_ (I) Cl) u u -0 -0 Cl) (I) Q) -0 L- .. C := Cl) z Cl) (l) Cl) ..0 (l) .E -0 -0 ~ ~ u E -0 J!! ~ -0 C en 0 ~ I I C ..2 (l) 0 C '+- C '-I- C Cl) Cl) ..0 i= ·- .2 ::, 0 ::, 0 en ·- 0 0 cn f I <( 0 > C C .... ~ en er -0 C a.. ::, ~ ~ u ~ Cl) 0) z -0 -0 e en ' ..c (1) C ..Q C ..2 0 -0 (l) .... ::s -0 0 ;:;: ..c C 0 '+- 0 '+- u 0 C 0 -0 s.. (1) 0 0.. .2 (l) -0 ..c: -0 ..c: ~ (l) .... - .... C cn 0 X -0 Q) .,, Cl) cn ·- .... .i: 0 (l) (1) > -0 0 -0 0 C ·;; 0 > E CD w ..2 0 0 (1) 0 0 (l) -0 Q) -0 s.. -0 0 J: ..c :.::; 0 _. 3 C 3 C C) en <( I 0 0 <( ..c 0 0 I I V) I I I ca 0 -0 ..c u I ~ 0 I- M N s.. I~_ ~I ~ _ _? __ .... .... 0) 0 -, ..,_ G=; t- t- t- t- L=-J ~ C 2' 0 ·- .,, C 0 ::, 0 C C I 0 I > L- c u Cl) C ~ 0 (l) ·- u 0 .i: .... .2 ti 0 ·- cn ..0 L- E C 0 t 0 .... E ::, ,_ Cl) C 0 (1) ::, L- (1) c! 0 I- -, u c.. u In the mountains around Wildhorse Reservoir, the older pre-Tertiary rocks consist of Ii me stone, siltstone, chert, quartzite, and slate. These rocks are complexly folded and faul ted.and locally intruded by granite. The younger rocks consist of a thick sequence of lavas, pyroclastics, and tuffs of Tertiary age. The Tertiary volcanics unconformably over-Lie the preTertiary rocks and have been faulted and locally folded. Local accumulations of Quaternary terrace and stream channel deposits occur in canyons in the mountains. At Wildhorse Reservoir, only Tertiary and Quaternary rocks are exposed. The Tertiary (Miocene) Jarbidge Rhyolite is extensively exposed at Wildhorse Dam and around the northwestern and eastern shorelines. The Jarbidge Rhyolite is predominately horizontal volcanic flows and flow breccias. Interbedded with the volcanics are thin beds (up to 20 feet in thic kne s s) of tuff informally correlated with the Danger Point Formation in the Jarbidge Mountains to the northeast. (Robert Coats, oral communicat.ion ,) The flows and tuff are faulted o~ the northern shore of the reservoir. The faults are typical of the region and do not appear to transect younger terrace and alluvial deposits. (Robert Coats, personal communicatton-) The volcanics are conspicuously jointed and are locally weathered and altered. During reconstruction of Wildhorse Dam, the rhyolite was found to be a competent and watertight foundation material. In general, the rhyolite is stable in steep cuts, although local accumulations of slopewash are prone to slumping. Steep slopes underlain by tuff are also prone to landslides. However, none of these areas are present on the BIA-controlled lands. II-5 Terrace deposits of uncertain Quaternary age are present on the northeastern shoreline of the reservoir. The terrace material is generally unconsolidated coarse gravels with some fine-grained sediments. The terrace deposits are similar to those exposed in upstream areas of Penrod Creek. (Coa sh , 1967). The thickness of terrace material is uncertain in the Wildhorse area, but probably does not exceed 50 feet. (Robert Coats, personal communication.) The terrace gravels are faulted in the Penrod Creek area but are undeformed around the reservoir. The southern shoreline of Wildhorse Reservoir is underlain by Recent alluvium which is about 50 to 100 feet in thickness. The alluvium consists of silty sand and fine gravel and is quite permeable. It is probably underlain by impermeable limey clay sediments of the Humboldt Formation. (Robert Coats, oral communication). The alluvium is not faulted in the Wildhorse area. 5 • Mineral Resources Mineral commodities have contributed substantially to the economy of the state of Nevada since the 1880's. Several well-known mineral producing districts are located within the state. One of these, the Mountain City district is located 12 miles northwest of Wildhorse Reservoir. The Mountain City district is located in a geologically complex environment where conditions were favorable for mineralization. Initially, a silver mining district in the late 1880s, the Mountain City area is best known for its high-grade copper ore. Approximately 898,500 tons of ore, averaging 10 .5 percent copper, were extracted from the Rio Tinto mine until its closure in 1947. The ore body occurred in metamorphosed.sedimentary rocks which had been subjected to mineralization and intense secondary enrichment. Il-6 Other minerals which have been mined on a lesser scale include manganese and molybdenum. Current mining acttvity is largely limited to prospecting. Small scale mining and prospecting have occurred in the mountains north and east of Wildhorse Reservoir. Mineral deposits occur in the Jarbidge Rhyolite, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and in terrace gravels. In the 1890s, gold mining in terrace placer deposits took place on Penrod Creek (Island Mountain district), 6 miles upstream from the present-day reservoir. The operation was eventually abandoned due to water supply problems and winter inaccessability. (Coash, 1967 .) Sporadic prospecting has continued in the area for gold and more recently for tungsten, uranium, and aluni te , However, no large commercially important deposits have been discovered. Nonmetallic mineral deposits are relatively nonexistant in the Wildhorse area. The alluvium in the region contains too many reactive constituents to be used as aggregate in concrete. When the Wildhorse Dam was reconstructed, aggregate was obtained from sources near Elko, 65 miles away. Proven mineral deposits do not exist on the BIA-controlled property at Wildhorse Reservoir. Although hydrothermal alteration of the Jarbidge Rhyolite is locally evident, large mineral deposits are unknown. The terrace gravels exposed on the northeastern shoreline have been examined for quantities of gold and_potential mineral value, inasmush as similar deposits upstream on Penrod Creek previously have been mined for gold. "It is concluded, although concentrations_ of metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources occur in the mountainous regions surrounding the Wildhorse Reservoir, that rocks underlying terraces and hills adjacent to the reservoir do not II-7 contain concentrations of either lode or placer minerals of sufficient economic importance to justify their recovery by mining methods." (Phoenix, 1976 .) 6. Seismicity Wildhorse Reservoir is in a relatively seismically quiet par-t of the Western United States, where no major earthquakes have originated in historic times. However, several strong earthquakes have affected the area in the past. These earthquakes originated in seismically active zones 300 miles east and 170 miles west of Wildhorse Reservoir. Earthquakes in Nevada have been reported since the time of early settlers and miners in the 1850s. These early reports are incomplete and tend to overemphasize populated areas. The northeastern part of Nevada, including the Wildhorse area, was sparsely populated and isolated from major population centers. Thus, early reports do not help to reconstruct the seismic history of the area except to confirm that groundshaking did occur. The advent of recording instruments in the early 1900s and systematic recordkeeping in 1934 began the development of an accurate statistical history throughout the United States. The largest earthquakes in the Nevada- Utah area have originated in west-central Nevada, west of Wildhorse Reservoir. The magnitude 7 .8 Pleasant Valley earthquake in 1916 produced 20 miles of surface faulting in the epicentral area and was felt over 500,000 square miles including the Wildhorse area. The Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak magnitude 7 .3 earthquake in 1954 produced 50 miles of surface rupture in the epicentral area and caused damage as far away as Elko, Nevada. This earthquake was also felt at Wildhorse Reservoir. The nearest moderately-sized earthquake which probably affected Wildhorse Reservoir was a magnitude 5. 0 tremor centered near Elko in II-8 July, 1901. The earthquake was a series of heavy shocks which damaged several brick buildings in Elko and caused objects to fall from shelves in Deeth, 32 miles east of Elko. The earthquake was felt over an area of 3, 500 square miles. Two shocks of magnitude 5. 0 occurred in the Owyhee Desert, 50 miles west of Wildhorse Reservoir prior to 1934. The effects of these two earthquakes are poorly documented but probably caused groundshaking at Wildhorse Reservoir. The basin and range province in Nevada and Utah has many geographically recent fault features indicating that the region in continually undergoing deformation. The mountains around Wildhorse Reservoir are highly faulted, but none of these faults have demonstrated historic activity and are considered inactive. In essence, no active faults are known to occur in the immediate vicinity of Wildhorse Reservoir. The principal effects of earthquakes in the Wildhorse area are related to ground shaking. Groundshaking intensity is attenuated by distance from the earthquake epicenter and solid rock foundations. Conversely, groundshaking may be amplified Inunc ons ol ida ted alluvial and terrace deposits particularly when water saturated (liquefaction). Earthquake effects originating from seismically active zones to the east and west are greatly diminished in intensity by the large distance by the time the Wildhorse area is affected. Groundshaking intensity is commonly expressed in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (see Table 3). Wildhorse Reservoir lies in a region which would expe r-ienc e earthquake intensities up to a maximum of VII. This would cause moderate damage to low-rise masonry and wood-frame buildings. The integrity of Wildhorse Dam would not be diminished in such an event. Local amplification of groundshaking could occur on the alluvial and terrace materials on the southern and eastern shorelines, respectively. II-9 TABLE 3 MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE OF EARTHQU~KE INTENSITIES __________ .__. .,... ._ _ _,_,.._..__ ...... ._~ .. ••-•aa...-.•-..-114"!11---__,ua.a..a.,., ._...,.. _ If most of these ~fleets art observed Tm: r.tERCALU INTENSITY SCAl.1E (As modified by Charles F. Richter in l 956 and rearranged) then the Intensity is: Earthquake shaking not felt. But people may observe marginal effects of large distance earthquakes without ioor workmunflhtp urll., mur1ar unJ wc,,k rnulcriu:J"'· like uc.lnhc. -------~-------------------,,__ .... eNIII • , ...... • ~ • ..,-... .. ........ - •• - ••:.'11'L---ll<&i. State of California, Division of.Mines and Geology, 1973 II-10 7. Soils The soils around Wildhorse Reservoir are predominately clayey sands and silty clays. The thickness of these soils ranges from a few inches on rhyolite to several feet on unconsolidated alluvial and terrace depostts, The clay fractions of most of these soils are moderately expansive when wet and are subject to frost action during the winter and spring. The drainage characteristics of the soils are good to poor, depending on the amount of clay and the soil thickness. The soils are susceptible to erosion when the vegetation cover has been removed. However, sediment yield in the watershed has been small, demonstrating the low-erosive properties of the soils. Local accumulations of slope wash formed on steep slopes underlain by rhyolite are subject to creep and slumping. The clayey sand and silty clay soils around Wildhorse Reservoir are suitable for most uses, but may be limited in their range by the physical characteristics discussed above. The soils are generally suitable for rangeland and dry farming on gentler slopes. However, the BIA-controlled lands contain a larger percentage of moderate slopes with thin soils. As foundation material for roads and buildings, the soils are fair materials. However, adverse drainage and expansion properties require soil engineering to correct potential problems. The soils are marginally to moderately suitable for effluent disposal, again depending on the soil depth, amount of clay, and the amount of effluent. It is anticipated that soils formed on alluvial or terrace parent materials would }?e most suited_ to effluent disposal. II-11 8. Water Resources a • Introduction The watershed surrounding Wildhorse Reservoir includes 209 square miles of mountains and alluvial valley in Northeastern Nevada (see Figure 8). The Wildhorse watershed is part of the Snake River drainage which encompasses most of Idaho and por-tions of Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Montana. The Snake River is part of the Columbia River system which drains the Northwestern United States and Southwestern Canada. Wildhorse Reservoir is the first major impoundment on the northwest flowing East Fork of the Owyhee River. The reservoir has a maximum capacity of 73,500 acre-feet. It regulates the flow of the East Fork of the Owyhee River in order to provide irrigation water for the Duck Valley Indian Tribes during the dry summer season. The reservoir also provides flood ·· protection and recreation. Downstream from Wildhorse Reservoir, numerous diversions occur for irrigation on both Indian and non-Indian lands. In Oregon, the Owyhee Reservoir impounds a maximum of 1,135,000 acre-feet (total storage) of water for irrigation in the dry portions of Eastern Oregon. Major portions of the Owyhee River downstream of the Duck Valley Reservation are being considered for wild and scenic river designation (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, 1976). b. Surface Water The major tributaries to Wildhorse Reservoir are Hendricks Creek, Penrod Creek, the East Fork of the Owyhee River and Deep Creek. Seasonal runoff in these tributaries is only measured indirectly as changes in reservoir volume. The sources of stream runoff in the watershed are snowmelt and springs located in the surrounding mountains. 11-12 SNAKE RIVER·WATERSHED WILDHORSE RESERVOIR ----- .....__---. DRAINAGE DIVIDE ---..._ PERENNIAL STREAM ~-- INTERMITTENT STREAM -- HIGHWAY 51 ~ SPRING A GAGING STATION 0 L 1 MILES 5 t WILDHORSE RESERVOIR WATERSHED SOURCE: USGS, WELLS, NEVADA; UTAH; IDAHO QUAD. MAP, 1:2so,ooo, REV. 1970 FIGURE 8 Peak runoff occurs between March and May. Flood flows for the entire watershed during this period may range as high as 4,200 cubic feet per second (cfs), with a five-day volume of 17,000 acre-feet for a 500-year flood. (Bureau of Reclamation, 1966 .) Wildhorse Reservoir was designed to receive an inflow flood of 15,600 cfs with a five-day volume of 30,000 acre-feet. During the spring flooding period, the southern end of the reservoir shoreline is usually inundated and quite marshy due to its location at the confluence of the East Fork of the Owyhee River and Deep Creek drainages. Streamflow decreases throughout the summer. By August and Septem- ber, streamflow may be nonexistent in the lower reaches of the tributaries near the reservoir. The situation remains essentially unchanged until the first spring snowmelt. The annual water yield ?f the Wildhorse watershed is highly variable due to the semiarid climate of the area. Since 1931, 11 years of moderate to mild drought have occurred in Northeastern Nevada (Houghton, et a l , , 1975). During drought periods, streamflow is greatly diminished in spring and nonexistent by early summer. A snow survey system is being -implemented in the watershed to aid in prediction of watershed yield. c. Groundwater Groundwater occurs in fractured and porous bedrock and in the unconsolidated alluvial sediments in stream and valley bottoms. Groundwater levels around the reservoir are generally higher than the reservoir surface, ranging from O to 20 feet below ground. This indicates that the regional groundwater flow is -tributary to the streams and the reservoir. Recharge occurs during the spring from percolation of snowmelt. II-13 Development of groundwater for local domestic use has been feasible at several locations around Wildhorse Reservoir. The Bureau of Land Management has developed low-yield wells at the Wildhorse Campground which are used for drinking and cooking water. At the former Bureau of Reclamation corrs tr-uc t ion campsite. two water wells were developed for domestic supply. The supply from these wells is not reliable in the late summer and fall. South of the reservoir and in ranches in the surrounding valleys. low-yield domestic wells are the primary source of drinking water. d. Wildhorse Dam and Reservoir Wildhorse Dam is a double-curvature, thin-arch concrete structure 93 feet in height. and 420 feet in length at the crest. The spillway is uncontrolled with free fall over the arch of the dam. The spillway capacity is 5,550 cfs at a maximum water surface elevation of 6,212 feet above sea level. Outlet works with a 600-cfs capacity are located near the base of the dam at elevatiori 6 .125 feet. Wildhorse Reservoir appears to have only marginal potential for hydroelectric power production because of the adverse effect it will have on existing agricultural and recreational uses of the water(BRI Systems, Inc ,', 1975). Wildhorse Reservoir has a maximum design capacity of 73.500 acrefeet. Active conservation storage is 68.000 acre-feet. and the rest (5.500 acre-feet) is surcharge from flooding. There is essentially no dead (unusable) storage in Wildhorse Reservoir. Topographic and bathymetric features of the reservoir and average surface-level fluctuations have been described previously. The existing dam was completed in 1970 after a three-year construction period. The reconstruction and enlargement of the dam doubled the capacity of the original Wildhorse Reservoir. Figure 9 shows the monthly II-14 OCT., 1973 TO SEPT., 1974 VOLUME: MAX. 75,380 AF (APRIL) MIN. 48,380 AF (OCT) AVG. 58,537 AF (WITHDRAWALS BEGIN IN MAY, END IN OCT.) WATER LEVELS IN FEET BELOW SPILLWAY ELEVATION (62051): MAX. + 7.0 MIN. -10.0 RANGE 17.0 AVG. - 6.0 1- 50 t:==-=-~•-==-----==;J.---i-----+----+---+----+---_....,_--" __ ...,___ ..... II.I I.II LL I Id a: u ◄ 0 0 2 40 ...___.....__....._ _ ___. ...._ _ __._ _ __. __ ..___...._ _ ___._ _ ___, 0 N MONTH D J F M A M J J A s WILDHORSE RESERVOIR CONTENTS 1973-74 SOURCE: DATA FROM BRI SYSTEMS, INC., 197S FIGURE 9 change in reservoir contents for the 1973-74 water year. A maximum of 75,380 acre-feet of volume was recorded 1n April, 1974. Withdrawals for irrigation began in late May and continued through the growing season until October. The maximum water surface drawdown was 10 feet below spillway level or elevation 6,195 feet with a corresponding minimum volume of 47,000 acre-feet. The average hydraulic retention time· was 308 days in 1973-7 4. Wildhorse Reservoir is managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Owyhee. Water is released from the reservoir in response to the need for irrigation water on the Duck Valley Re ser-vatron and in response to reducing flood flows during the spring thaw. According to the Senate Appropriations Committee report to accompany House Resolution HR-9029, Wildhorse Reservoir may not be drawn down past a minimum pool of 5,000 acre-feet without consultation with the committee. e • Limnology Wildhorse Reservoir is an artificial lake with two periods of seasonal mixing or overturn (spring and fall) and two periods of stagnation or- stratification (winter and summer). In the summer, the surface water layer (epi l irnni.on) becomes warmer (72 F) than the bottom layer (hypolimnion) (57 F) developing temperature and oxygen stratification in the lake (Figure 1 0a). Oxygen becomes depleted in the hypolimnion (about 2 parts per -million [ppm]) during the summer due to a lack of replenishment by mixing and photosynthesis. With the onset of cooler air temperatures in the fall, the surface layer cools until it is the same temperature as the bottom water (60 F). Then the lake begins to circulate vertically, mixing oxygen contents and temperatures to a homogene~us consistency (Figure 1 Ob). II-15  OF 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 / 10 / 20 30 ... 40 l&J I l&J LL / z 50 / ::c ... 0.. l&J C 60 2 4 6 8 10 12 DISSOLVED OXYGEN ( ppm) (a) SUMMER (JULY, 20) 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 I I j I J I 60 2 4 6 8 (b) FALL (SEPT., 16) 10 12 OF 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 ' ' I I I 0.0.- I r, I I 5 TEMP I J I / t- 40 IIJ l&J LL z 50 :c ... 0.. l&J o 60 2 4 6 8 10 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (ppm) (c) WINTER 12 SOURCE: NEVADA DEPT. OF FISH 8 GAME 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 I I I ' I I I I I I 60 2 50 60 70 80 90 4 6 8 (d) SPRING ( APRIL, 3) 10 SEASONAL TEMPERATURE a OXYGEN PROFILES WILDHORSE RESERVOIR, NEVADA NORTH END 12 FIGURE 10 As the surface water cools below 40 F (4 C) in the late fall, the bottom water becomes less dense and rises to the top where it freezes. Ice at Wildhorse Reservoir ranges from 10 to 2~ inches in thickness with a snow cover and persists from November to March. During the winter stagnation, oxygen levels remain fairly high (8 to 12 ppm) due to the coldness of the water and relative lack of decomposition and respiration in the lake (Figure 1 Oc) , Some oxygen depletion may occur from the snow cover on the ice as a result of reduced light penetration and plant activity. In the spring as the ice melts and the lake becomes warmer, the surface water becomes heavier and sinks to the bottom. The displacement of bottom water begins another cycle of mixing in the reservoir called the spring overturn (Figure 1 Od) , Oxygen levels are about 11 ppm, and temperatures range from 48 F to 42 F in the spring. The seasonal cycles of stratification and mixing in Wildhorse Reservoir are best developed in the deeper northern portion of the lake. At the south end, s eaaonal patterns are modified by shallow depths which permit more effective heating of the water body. The shallow portions of the reservoir are subject to oxygen depletion in the summer throughout the entire water column in contrast to the deeper, stratified part of the lake. Bottom sediments in the reservoir consist of mud and ooze in deep areas grading to sand and gravel in shallow areas. Sediment is transported into the reservoir by flooding. During flood periods, the turbidity of the water increases; Secchi disk transparencies range from 10 to 20 inches but may be as Iittl e as 4 inches. During other periods, Secchi disk measurements vary from 30 to 60 inches. A bathymetric survey conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey (Katzer and Harmsen, 1973) concluded that no identifiable storage loss from sedimentation had occurred in the three years of II-16 operation of the reconstructed reservoir. Low sedimentation rates and overall low turbidity are attributed to relatively stabilized soils in the watershed, small watershed size, and low runoff rates. Recent analysis by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA STORET,· 1975) has shown that total dissolved solids averaged near 215 ppm in Wildhorse. Water within Wildhorse is basic averaging between a pH of 7 .4 to 9 .1 depending on depth and sample location. Wildhorse Reservoir has generally high levels of algae production. Heavy algal growth occurs during the late summer and early fall months. Sources of nutrients permitting high-algal growth have not been indentified; however, it appears likely .that most nutrients occur from natural runoff in the spring. A major source of these nutrients may be animal waste products from cattle grazing in the watershed. Limited data on nutrient inflow to Wildhorse (EPA STORET, 1975) "from the East Fork of the Owyhee River and Penrod Creek are illustrated in Figures 11 and 12, respectively. The largest influx of nutrients to Wildhorse Reservoir from the East Fork of the Owyhee River occurs during spring when silt load is high. Another smaller peak in total Kjeldahl nitrogen and nitrate occurs during late summer, possibly indicating higher algal content in the river water combined with lower flows. Incomplete data for Penrod Creek indicates a rise in nutrient levels in spring and early summer months. An undeterminable amount of nutrients enter Wildhorse Reservoir directly from surrounding shore areas. Nutrient sources could include inflow from septic tank leach lines and from discharge of recreational vehicle sanitary tanks. No regular testing program of Wildhorse Reservoir for pollution control or human health aspects has been established. Water samples were Il-17 5 __ _..,.._ ....,._--,_,,----,..------,----,----,---,----, 3 1------+--~----4~---4------+----+-+----+-----f-----4----+---"t •• • • D J 1975 F M A TOTAL KJELDAHL NITRO·GEN • • • • • • AMMONIA-NITROGEN - - - TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS •--• NITRITE - NITRATE M J A S MONTH NUTRIENT INFLOW TO WILDHORSE RESERVOIR FROM OWYHEE RIVER J SOURCE! EPA STORET DATA, 1975 FIGURE 11 Q:· .• l&J I- J 11---+----+-----+----4-------+---4--+-----~---+-----1 ~ ILi a. Cl) ~ <( ~ ~ ..I ..I 2 0 ____,......_ ..._ _ _.... __ ......... ......._ __ .......,__ ~ ........ ........_ ........._. N D 1974 J F 1975 M A TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN -- - - TOT AL PHOSPHOROUS • • • • • • AMMONIA- NITROGEN M NUTRIENT INFLOW TO WILDHORSE RESERVOIR FROM PENROD CREEK J J A S MONTH SOURCE: EPA STORET DATA, 1975 FIGURE 12 taken by Boyle Engineering Corporation and tested by Crosby Laboratories of Orange, California, in October of 1975. Figure 13 shows sampling loca- tions. Table 4 tabulates coliform tests performed on the samples. COLIFORM BACTERIA TESTS FERMENTATION TUBE RESULTS Sample Location Number of Positive Tubes of 3 Per Dilution (1 0. 1 and 0. 1 ML) Total Fecal Presumptive Confirmed Confirmed A B C D E F G H 2-0-0 3-1-0 3-0-0 3,-2-0 3-0-0 3-1-0 3-1-0 3-2-1 0-0-0 3-0-0 0-0-0 3-2-0 0-0-0 3-0-0 3-1-0 3-2-0 0-0-0 2-0-0 0-0-0 0-0-0 0-0-0 , 0-:0-0 0-0-0 2-1-0 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER Location Coliform MPN/100 ML Identification Presumptive Total Confirmed A B C D E F G H 9 43· 23 93 ·23 43 43 150 3 23 2 93 3 23 43 93 =Sour-ce Crosby Laboratories, October, 197 5. Fecal Confirmed 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 Bacteria levels are gen·erally low for a recreational type of reservoir; however, fecal coliform MPN were confirmed at all eight sample stations. II-18 ~i / ·,;(___'/4- / i -~ I / I i I l' l· Sample Station H at the discharge point of Wildhorse Dam showed the highest concentration, possibly due to higher sediment concentration from the dam discharge level. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were taken on four samples. These results are summarized in Table 5. TABLE 5 COD AND BOD VALUES Location A D F H COD, mg/I 17 15 25 65 (5 Days, 20 C) BOD, mg/I 21 2 2 4 During the months of reservoir drawdown there is a noticeable odor pre - sumably from decaying organic material below the normal reservoir waterline. This odor is most apparent in the shallow inlet areas. f. East Fork of the Owyhee River Construction of Wildhorse Dam in 1938 modified the streamflow in the East Fork of the Owyhee River by increasing the July to September flow below the dam (Figure 14) •. Additionally, the large peak monthly flow in April has been significantly reduced by the dam. The regulating affect of the reservoir has increased the average totaI annual streamflow below the dam by about 6 percent. For the period 1918 to 193 7, the average annual flow was 28,285 acre-feet as opposed to 30,100 acre-feet for 1939 to 1974 (Figure 15). Although the total annual riverflow is still highly variable from year to year, the_ <:}ry year flow has been increased from a minimum of 4,790 acr-e--feet before regulation to a minimum of 9,000 acre- feet after regulation. II-19 260 240 220 200 ,180 160 140 120 j~ j \ I \ I \ I \ ' \ ' \ I \ I , I ' ' ' ' ' \ I ' ' ' ' ' ' \ I ' ' I I ' ' ~~ I ' I 1' V "' ' I I V ' \ I \ i\ I ' I I ' \ I .. ' ' ~~ , I \ / \ / \ .. ,,,_ ,,,. I \ ~ .... ____ / \ ... ~ --- ,,, --- --- ... --- ------ 0 z 0 u :l 100 ~ Id IL t- 80 Ill Ill IL ~ 60 :::, u ~ 40 ~ 0 _, IL ~ 20 C ILi ~ t- en 0 0 MONTH N D J F M A M - - - WATER YEARS 1918-1925 PRIOR TO DAM WATER YEARS 1939-1971 AFTER DAM souacs: KATZER 8 HARMSEN, 1973 J J A s AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW DISTRliBUTION EAST FORK OWYHEE RIVER NEAR GOLD CREEK FIGURE 1918 -1937 AVG = 28,285 AF 1939- 1974 AVG = 30, 100 AF 70 60 50 40 30 t- LI.I l&J 20 LL I bJ 0: 0 10 I.LI :I z ,<( l&I :I u a:: LL;::: :::> 0 a, Cl) -:, - 0:: - 0 > 0:: w (/) w 0:: w (/) a:: 0 :c C r-' _J (/) ~ w > I a:: <( (/) ::c w a:: I- LLJ <( _J 0:: (!) z ::r: <( I- z ~ ::c 0 I- 0:: z (!) 0 I- ~ ::> a:: 0 LaJ a: a.. I- LaJ N ~ (/) 0 LaJ CD (!) <( z a:: - LaJ <( > a: <( N 0 ' ~ (J) S3H:>NI NI HlNOW AB azis ino~u 39'1~3/\'1 FIGURE 17 z :E 3 <( g IC ~z l&J <( LLJ (/) 0:: :E o= cl&J 0 0 :r 0: <( C -..J ..J Oa_ - > LIJ 3: 0:: t:t:: L&J C (I) :E ..J IJJ <( 0 o:c L 0 ., an 0 10 N .,, ,-. I- (/) llJ • > ,-. 0:: w <( Cl) :c :::> 0:: 0:: w l&J _J J (!) (.!) z z <( <( C C l&J LLJ I- I- <( <( :E :E I- I- (/) en LLJ llJ • • • I • • • • T T c( m C C llJ LLJ ~ ~ 0 0 0 0 t- I- (/) (/) :c :c (/) (/) LL LL :c Cl) Lu LLJ LL _J _J mm <( <( :c :c l) 0 I- I<( <( 0 U m ::> (/) .. laJ 0 0:: ::> 0 (/) (/) u I(/) - ~ I(/) (/) w - et: w :c >(/) LL Cl w tu w _J w (/) et: 0 > et: w (/) w et: w (/) et: 0 :c Cl _J - ~ 0 0 0 0 ID 0 0 It) 0 0 FIGURE have been kept by. the Department of Fish and Game since 1957. Since that time, three regimes of reservoir water levels have occurred. Pr-ior- to 1964, a maximum of 33,500 acre-feet was stored. Angler use ranged between 13,000 to nearly 40,000. Angler harvest ranged near 50,000 a y e ar-, During that period, the reservoir level fluctuated greatly due to rainfall and irrigation requirements. Fish stocking depended on reservoir· level. TABLE 7 FISH SPECIES IN WILDHORSE RESERVOIR AND ITS TRIBUTARIES Biglip sucker Northern squawfish Columbia River sucker Northern red-sided shiner Snake River speckled dace Belding sculpin ~( Mountain whitefish * Rainbow trout ~( Cutthroat trout , ~( Brook trout * Kokanee salmon '~ Game sp,ecies. Catostomus macrocheilus Ptychocheilus oregonense Catostomus columbianus Richardsonius balleatus Rhinichthys osculus Cottus beldingi Prosopium williamsoni Salmo gairdnerii S. clarkii Salvelinus frontinalis Ochorhynchus nerka During the period of 1964 to 1969, Wildhorse was experiencing periods of low flow due to lowering of the reservoir level and rebuilding of the Wildhorse Dam. Stocking during this time was dependent upon the reservoir level and was on a "put and take" basis of stocking catchable trout. Angler usage and angler harvest .varied considerably during this time. Angler use has increased from near zero in 1969 to approximately 117,529 in 1974. Angler use for 1975 is presently unavailable. This high angler use is attributable to a high angler success rate (Figure 19) ~ 11-26 --------r------r---~,-----,--.---, ~ :E <( C ~ LaJ z L-----1-----4------~--+---~~-----, ~ """' .,,,, en ,___ u co I- co a:: en I- an· z 0 <( co <( :c a:: a:: co I- ... LLJ w t-- en co °' 0:: Q_ a. :c :I: -- - IC) (/) (/) l.&J en 0 ct, co :E w > LL LL :::> 0 0:: 0 u 0 z z ..: LL ::x: er LLJ (I) <(. <( c( 3t a:: er: an 0: a: 0 w 0:: LLJ LLJ LlJ c( 0 cn:E > > > I- 0 _J W<( CD <( <( LI.I 0 a::c It) z u I ~ a: .. w Cl .,er LI.I _J en II.I u _J -► 0:: w - :, ~ 0 en· Cl) N 0 HSl.:I .:10 tJ38W()N . ' FIGURE 19 Al though still at comparably high levels, angler success rates have declined somewhat in the last few years (Ftgur-e 19). A major reason for this decline has been the limited number of clean trout in the Nevada hatchery system. The Whorling Disease (Myxosoma cerebralis) outbreak at Nevada's Gallagher Hatchery has limited the amount of healthy trout available for stocking in interstate waters. Nevada Department of Fish and Game (1975) estimates approximately 30,000 pounds of trout a year would be required to maintain Wildhorse Fisheries at its present level over a period of time. Yearly stocking of Wildhorse has averaged approximately 17,500 pounds since 1970. During this time, more dependence on trout of subcatchable size has occurred. The 1975 stocking was almost entirely of subcatchab~e size. Stocking with all subcatchable sized trout has disadvantages in that trout growth and survival are dependent upon reservoir factors including water level, nutrient levels, and amount of coarse fish present. c • . Ecological Relationships _ Wildhorse Reservoir, as a man-made lake, functions in many aspects as a natural ecosystem. High productivity within the reservoir allows for support and growth of large numbers of trout; however, lack of upstream spawning grounds ~nd high fishing pressure requires intensive ·stocking- and fisheries management to maintain the high quality fisheries. For example, removal of coarse (nongame) fish is thought desirable because coarse fish compete with game fish for resources and frequently prey upon small game fish. Increased inflow of nutrients from sources, such as sewage, may cause increased enrichment to the reservoir to the point that algal blooms could cause a severe decline in the fisheries. Such problems, however, can be 11-27 alleviated by management of resources. Reservoir levels also play an important role in the quality of fisheries. Wildhorse serves as an attractant to migratory water fowl. Deer and other large marn ma l s can also use the reservoir as a source of water. d. Endangered and Threatened Species No endangered or threatened aquatic wildlife (as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) naturally occur within Wildhorse Reservoir, although there is a possibility that a few individuals of Lahontan cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii henshawi) may be present in the Wildhorse drainage. A native of the Humboldt River system, individuals of this subs_pecies have ~een transplanted to streams within the Snake River system. 3 • Terrestrial Biology a. Terrestrial Vegetation Terrestrial vegetation in the vicinity of Wildhorse Reservoir is generally characteristic of the Sagebrush Vegetation Association. This brushland is typical of the region at elevations above 5,000 feet. The sagebrush community is best developed on deep permeable salt-free soils of well-drained valleys, bases of mountain ranges, and on alluvial fans. The sagebrush community consists of dense to open vegetation with relatively large (2 to 6 feet in height) shrubs with perennial and annual grasses and for bes. Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is the dominant species. Other important shrubs include low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula), rabbitbrush (Chyrsothamnus nauseosus and ~ viscidiflorus), Mormon tea (Ephedra viridis), hopsage (Grayia spinosa), granite pr-icklygfl ia (Leptodactylon pungens), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), desert gooseberry Il-28 (Ribes velutinum), snowberry (Symphocarpos sp s ) , and cotton thorn (Tetradymia glabrata). Perennial grasses are also important components within the sagebrush community. Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum), Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa sandbergii), and Idaho fe scue (Festuca idahoensis) are codominants. Other important perennial grasses and forbes are summarized in Table 8. Vegetation on the terrestrial portion of the subject parcel was summarized in Figure 16. Generally, the north and northwestern portions of the res - ervoir site contain well-developed sagebrush. The vegetation on the southern alluvial fan portion of the parcel is generally composed of grassland with interspersed sagebrush. The eastern portion of the parcel· is composed of a mixture of sagebrush and grasses. The Wildhorse Marina area and BIA campground are .considerably disturbed containing little native vegetation. In areas where there is vehicular · access to the reservoir, vegetation is also disturbe_d. Russian thistle (Salsola kali) is common within these disturbed areas. The East Fork of the Owyhe e River both upstream and downstream from Wildhorse and tributaries to Wildhorse contain fairly well-developed riparian vegetation. Dominant vegetation includes willow (Salix spv) and aspen (Populus sp s }, II-29 TABLE 8 COMMON PERENNIAL GRASSES AND FORBES OF THE SAGEBRUSH COMMUNITY Agropyron dasystachyum A. smithii Aristida longiseta Elymus cinereus Koeleria cristata Oryzopsis hymenoides Agoseris spp. Allium acuminatum Astragalus spp. Balsamorhiza sagittata Calochortus nuttallii Castilleja chromosa Chrysopsis villosa Crepis acuminata Delphinium andersonii Eriogonurp spp , Poa f endleriana P. nevadensis sITanion hystrix Sporobolus airoides Stipa coma ta Hymenoxys richardsonii Loma ti um spp , Lupinus caudatus Phlox hoodii E.!_ longifolia Viola beckwithii Wyethia amplexicaulis Zigadenus paniculatus Source: Cronquist, 1972 b. Terrestrial Wildlife The area around Wildhorse Reservoir contains terrestrial wildlife generally characteristic of the region. Additionally, the arms and inlets of Wildhorse offer excellent habitat for migrating waterfowl. Amphibians and reptiles, mammals, and birds occurring within the vicinity of Wildhorse are summarized in Tables 9, 10, and 11, respectively. Amphibians, with the exception of the spade foot and Rocky Mountain toad, II-30 are generally limited to the riparian areas of tributaries to Wildhorse. Common reptiles in the area include the sagebrush lizard, side-blotched lizard, horned lizard, gopher snake, garter snake, and Great Basin rattlesnake. Mammals common to the ,Wildhorse area include weasel, raccoon, skunk, badger, coyote, Townsend and antelope ground squirrel, least chipmunk, kangaroo rat, jackrabbit, and mule deer. Mountain lion and bobcat also frequently occur in the region. Additionally, wild horses and cattle are common in the area. Table 11 lists the numerous bird species occurring within the region. Raptors (birds of prey) common to Nevada occur in the vicinity of Wildhorse. These species include bald eagle, sharp-shinned hawk, red-tailed hawk, I sparrow ha wk, merlin, copper ha wk, gos ha wk, pr-air-Ie falcon, f er-r-uginou s hawk, swainson hawk, marsh hawk, horned owl, burrowing owl, and shorteared owl. Hunting is important within the Wi Idhor se region. Most important game species is the mule deer. Present deer densities are estimated to be 20 deer per square mile. There has b een cons ider-able decline in the deer population within the last few years (a 60 percent decline since 1972). Hunting success. has averaged about 50 percent, and approximately 1,044 hunters used the approximately 116 square-mile deer management area around Wildhorse Reservoir in 1974. Appreciably less hunters used this area in 1975 due to changes in the harvest program. In addition to deer, mountain lion, bobcat, coyote, beaver, muskrat, badger, mink, and otter are taken in small quantities. Ducks and geese are hunted on Wildhorse during fall before t}:le reser- '" \~ voi r- freezes. Hunting pr~ssure is light. Blue grouse. chukar and Hungarian 4) Il-31 partridge are taken in moderate numbers in the area. Sage grouse are common through the area with several strutting grounds in the vicinity of Wildhorse. Approximately 50 sage grouse hunters used the area in 1975 (Nevada Fish and Game, 1976). c. Ecological Relationships The relative remoteness of the Wildhorse area along with vast areas of undeveloped land provides habitat for many bird and mammalian species not occurring in more developed areas. These species include eagles, falcons, bobcat, and mountain lion. The terrestrial portion of the Wildhorse parcel is similar to the total region providing a small portion of the total habitat of the region. d. Endangered and Threatened Species Although no endangered or threatened species are restricted to Wildhorse Reservoir, one endangered species (as defined by fed- eral law), namely the American peregrine falcon, does occur in the region. This species ranges over a large area of the U.S.A. , Canada, and Mexico and may occasionally forage or nest in the general vicinity of Wildhorse. Il-32 TABLE 9 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES,:~ Tiger salamander Great basin spadefoot toad Boreal toad Rocky Mountain toad Pacific tree frog Leopard frog Great basin· fence lizard Northern side-blotched lizard Northern desert horned lizard Pigmy horned lizard Great basin skink Great basin whiptail Western yellow-bellied racer Desert striped whipsnake Great basin gopher snake Valley garter snake Wandering garter snake Desert night snake Great basin rattlesnake Ambystoma tigrinum Scaphiopus intermontanus Bufo boreas B. woodhousei Hyla regilla Rana pipiens Sceloporus occidentalis Uta stansburiana Phrynosoma platyrhinos P. douglassi Eumeces skiltonianus Cnemidophorus tigris Coluber constrictor Masticophis taeniatus Pituophis melanolencus Thamnophis· sirtalis T. elegans Hypsiglena torguata Crotalus viridis ~:~Adapted from: Reptiles and Amphibians of the Elko BLM District, 1972. Il-33 TABLE 10 MAMMALS:::~ Merriam shrew Vagrant shrew Northern water shrew Little brown bat Long-eared myotis Small-footed myotis Big br'own bat Western big-eared bat Spotted bat Raccoon Short-tailed weasel Long-tailed weasel Mink River otter Badger Spotted skunk Striped skunk Coyote Grey fox Mountain lion Bobcat Yellow-bellied marmot Townsend ground squirrel Antelope ground squirrel Least chipmunk Northern pocket , gopher Little pocket mouse Ord kangaroo rat Great basin kangaroo rat Beaver Western harvest mouse Canyon mouse Deer mouse Bushytail wood rat Mountain vole Long-tailed vole Sagebrush vole Muskrat Porcupine White-tailed jackrabbit Black-tailed jackrabbit Mountain cottontail Pigmy rabbit Mule deer Antelope Sorex merriami S. vagrans 'S". palustris Niyotis lucifugus M. evotis NT. subulatus E9ptesicus fuscus Plecotus townsendi Euderma maculata Procyon lotor Mustela ermina M. frenata M. vison Lutra canadensis Taxidea taxus Spilogale "putor-ius Mephitus mephitus Canis latrans . Urocyon cinereoargenteus Felis concolor Lynx rufus Marmota flaviventris Spermophilus · townsendi Ammospermophilus leucurus Eutamias minimus Thomomys monticola Perognathus longimembris Dipodomys. ordii · · . D. microps 'C"astor canadensis Reithrodontomys megalotis Peromycus crinitus P. mani cula tus N eotoma cine re a Microtus montanus M. longicaudus Lagurus curtatus Onclatra zibethica Eretfozon darsatum Lepus townsendii L. californicus -S-yl vilagus nu talli s. iclahoens1s Odocoileus hemionus A tilocapra americana =Adapted from: Mammals of the Elko BLM District, i'971. II-34 Loons Common loon Artie loon Grebes TABLE 11 COMMON BIRDS OF THE WILDHORSE REGION'~ Bufflehead Ruddy duck Hooded merganser Common merganser Red-breasted merganser Horned grebe Eared grebe , Western grebe Pied- billed grebe Cormorants and Pelicans White pelican Double-crested cormorant Herons, Bitterns, Egrets, Ibis Great blue heron Common egret Snowy egret Black-crowned night heron Least bittern American bittern White-faced ibis Swans, Geese, and Ducks Whistling swan Trumpeter swan Canada goose Whi,te- fronted goose Snow goose Mallard Gadwall Pintail Green-winged teal Blue-winged teal Cinnamon teal American widgeon Shoveler Wood duck Redhead Ring-neck duck Canvasback Greater sea up Lesser scaup Common goldeneye Barrow's goldeneye Vultures, Hawks, and Falcons Turkey vulture Goshawk Sharp-shinned hawk Cooper's ha wk Red-tailed hawk Swainson's hawk Rough-legged hawk Ferruginous hawk Golden eagle Bald eagle Marsh hawk American osprey Prairie falcon Peregrine falcon Pigeon hawk Sparrow ha wk Grouse, Quail, Pheasant, Partridges Blue grouse Ruffed grouse Sharp-tailed grouse Sage grouse Scaled quail California quail Mountain quail Ring-necked pheasant Chukar Himalayan snow partridge Cranes Sandhill crane Rails and Coots Virginia rail Sora American coot ~~From Birds of the BLM District, 1971 • II-35 TABLE 11 - Continued Plovers , Snipe , and Sandpipers Killdeer Common snipe Long-billed curlew Spotted sandpiper Willet Greater yellowlegs Lesser yellowlegs Bairds sandpiper Least sandpiper Long-billed dowitcher Western sandpiper Marbled godwi t Avocets, Stilts, Phalaropes -American avocet Black-necked stilt Wilson's phalarope Northern phalarope Gulls and Terns Swifts California gull Ring-billed gull ·· Franklin's gull Forester's tern Caspian tern Black tern Pigeons and Doves Band-tailed pigeon Rock dove White-winged dove Mour-ning dove Owls Barn owl Screech owl Great-horned owl Burrowing owl Long-eared owl Short-eared owl Poor will Pygmy owl Goatsuckers Common nighthawk White-throated swift Hummingbirds Broad-tailed hummingbird Rufous hummingbird Calliope hummingbird Kingfishers Belted kingfisher Woodpeckers Yellow-shafted flicker Red-shafted flicker Lewis's woodpecker Yellow-bellied sapsucker Hairy woodpecker Downy woodpecker Flycatchers Eastern kingbird Western kingbird Ash-throated flycatcher Say's phoebe Traill' s flycatcher Hammond's flycatcher Dusky flycatcher Gray flycatcher Western flycatcher Western wood pewee Olive-sitjed flycatcher Larks Horned lark Swallows Violet-green swallow Tree swallow Bank swallow Rough-winged swallow Barn 'swal low Cliff swallow II-36 TABLE 11 - Continued Jays, Magpies, and Crows Scrub jay Black-billed magpie Common raven Common crow Pinon jay Clark's nutcracker Titmice, Chickadee, Bushtits Black-capped chickadee Mountain chickadee Plain titmouse Common bushtit Nu thatchers White-breasted nuthatch Red-breasted nuthatch Creepers Brown creeper Dippers Dipper Wrens Kinglets Golden- crowned kinglet Ruby-crowned kinglet Pipits Water pipit Waxwings Bohemian waxwing Cedar waxwing Shrikes Northern shrike Loggerhead shrike Starlings Starling Vireos Solitary vireo Red-eyed vireo Warbling vireo Warblers House wren Winter wren Long- billed marsh wren Canyon wren Mockingbirds·· and·. Thrashers Mockingbird Catbird Sage thrasher Thrushes, Bluebirds, and Solitaires Robin Hermit thrush Swainson' s thrush Veery Western bluebird Mountain bluebird Townsend's solitaire Orange-crowned warbler Nashville warbler Virginia's warbler Yellow warbler Myrtle warbler Audubon's warbler Black-throated grey warbler Townsend's warbler Hermit warbler Chestnut- sided warbler Blackpoll warbler Northern waterthrush McGillivray' s warbler Yellowthroat Yellow-breasted chat Wilson's warbler Weaver Finches House sparrow II-37 TABLE 11 - Continued Meadowlarks, Blackbirds, Orioles Bobolink Western meadowlark Yellow-headed blackbird Red-winged blackbird Bullock's oriole Brewer's blackbird Brown-headed cowbird Tanagers Western tanager Grosbeaks, Sparrows, Finches, and Buntings Rose-breasted grosbeak Black-headed grosbeak Indigo bunting Lazuli bunting Evening grosbeak Cassin's finch House finch Gray-crowned rosy finch Common redpoll Black rosy finch Pine siskin American goldfinch Lesser goldfinch Red crossbill Green-tailed tohee Rufous-sided tohee Savannah sparrow Grasshopper sparrow Vesper sparrow Sage sparrow Slate-colored junco Oregon junco Grey-headed junco Tree sparrow Clipping sparrow Brewer's sparrow Harris' sparrow White-crowned sparrow Golden-crowned sparrow White-throated sparrow Fox sparrow Swamp sparrow Song sparrow II-38 C. Socioeconomic Environment 1. Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute Indian Tribes a. Brief Cultural History The Shoshone and Paiute Indian Tribes are descendants of early peoples who lived in the Great Basin region since the last Ice Age. These people were nomadic hunters and gatherers who lived in a transition area between the forebearers of the plains Indian culture to the north and east and the forebearers of the desert culture to the south and west. The ancestral Shoshone and Paiute people seemed to have avoided warfare and, although loosely organized in small groups, had a yearly tradition of gathering with other Indian groups in the Snake River region to fish, ·trade, and hold ceremonial dances. Ceremonial dances were also held at the onset of the food-gathering season. Indirect contact between the white man and the Shoshone and Paiute Indians first occurred through the acquisition of horses from Spaniards in Mexico through the Comanche Indians. Direct contact with the Spaniards was limit_ed by the remoteness of the Shoshone-Paiutes from Spanish centers of influence in Arizona and coastal California. During the period of westward expansion in the United States in the 1800s, contact with the white man became progressively more frequent. This resulted in conflicts and utlimately in displacemen·t of the native Indian gr-oups . In 186 3, a treaty of peace and friendship between the U. S. Government and the Western Shoshone Indians was signed in Ruby Valley, Nevada. After the treaty, some Indians in northeastern Nevada turned to agriculture but increasingly found that the best lands were taken by the whites. Other Indians became vagabonds or miners or tried to maintain their former way of life. Il-39 Indian leaders urged the creation of the Duck Valley Reservation because it was the last remaining unclaimed land fit for farming in northeastern Nevada. In 1877 ,, President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered the establishment of the Duck Valley Reservation for the Shoshone tribes. In 1878, the short-lived Bannock War broke out in the Fort Hall, Idaho, area, but the Shoshone refused to help the Bannocks fight the white ranchers. The newly created reservation became a refuge for Shoshone-Paiute people during this period. In the early 1880s, a plan came under consideration to remove the Indians· from Duck Valley to Fort Hall and thereby open the reservation to white settlement. Although pressure from the whites was high, the Bureau of Indian Affairs thwarted these efforts by 1884. Two years later, the reservation was expanded on the Idaho side to allow Paddy Cap and his band of Paiutes to settle. A line of cultural difference still exists inasmuch as most Paiutes live on the Idaho portion of the reservation and most Shoshoni reside in the Nevada portion. The third and final addition to the Duck Valley Reservation occurred in 1910, when President Taft ordered additional lands from the public domain in Idaho to be added to the reservation. The Duck Valley Reservation remains entirely in the authority of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes. It was not subdivided under the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887* as was the case in other reservations in the Western United States. Development on the reservation has been plagued by isolation. Early attempts to establish a flour mill in 1900 were notably unsuccessful because of poor access and scarcity of water to grow grain. In 1937, the original *This act sometimes called the "Allotment Act" divided up some Indian lands into individual parcels for individual Indians. At Duck Valley, the tribal Business Council governs the subdivision of land. 11-40 Wildhorse Reservoir was construc_ted to provide storage for summer irrigation demand on the r-es er-vatton , Reconstruction of the reservoir in 1969 increased the storage capacity to provide for carry-over storage in dry years and to create a firmer wate~ supply for expanding reservation agriculture. Because agriculture continues to be the most important economic activity on the reservation, Wildhorse Reservoir is basic to the welfare of the tribes. b. Tribal Administration The Duck Valley Indian Tribes are governed by a Business Council composed of a chairman and six councilmen, all of which are elected for three-year terms. This form of government was established by the tribes in accordance with the provisions of the "Indian Reor-ganiz ation Act" of June 18, 1934 (P.L. 73-383, 48 Stat. 984). The Business Council conducts the affairs of the tribe, appointing various committees, as necessary, and receiving input from outside agencies in the government and private sectors. Business Council members must be at least 25 years of age and must have lived on the reservation for one full year prior to their election. The operation of the Business Council arid the actions· of all individual tribal members are governed by a tribal constitution and bylaws adopted on April 20, 1936, and amended since. The powers of the Business Council are contained in Article VI of the tribal constitution and include authority to negotiate on behalf of the tribes, to employ legal counsel, to undertake and mana.ge tribal economic affairs, to levy taxes, to enact laws and enforce ordinances, and to delegate powers to subordinate committees. A listing of all powers granted to the Business Council under the tribal constitution is contained in Attachment B. Under tribal bylaws, all members share equal opportunities and benefits with respect to economic resources of the tribe. Tribal government Il-41 earnings for 1965 totaled $11,365. Annual income has increased steadily to over $17,000 in 1975. The tribal government earns income primarily from selling fishing permits and renting camping sp~ces; however, additional income is obtained from renting office space and leasing land. Historically, the tribe invests about 10 percent of its income for capital improvements. However, the great majority of the reservation capital improvement effor-t Ls subsidized by federal government agencies. c. Socioeconomic Factors The 1970 population of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation was 1,065. Of these, 965 were Shoshone-Paiute Indians and 100 were non-Indians or Indians other than the Shoshone-Paiute living on the reserva- t ion , Population trends show a gradual increase in reservation inhabitants since 1900. A growth rate of roughly 2 percent per year has been sustained over the 70-year period. Duck Valley Reservation population trends are shown in Table 12. TABLE 12 DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION POPULATION SINCE 1900 Year Population 1900 439 1910 488 1920 677 1930 760 1940 845 1950 891 1960 858 1970 1,065 Source: Environmental Concern, Inc , , General Plan, Duck Valley Indian Reservation More recent data on tribal population is nonexistent; however, a population survey of the reservation is being planned by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Utilizing the average yearly population increase of 2 percent, the 1976 reservation population is probably near 1,200. II-42 In 1970, there were some 247 Shoshone-Paiute families living in Duck Valley. The family size ranged from 1 to 13 persons with the average being 3. 9 persons per family. Again checking the 1970 data, it is evident that approximately 50 percent of the reservation population is under 20 years of age while 7 percent is 65 years or older. The preponderance of young people on the reservation has important future implications .for residential and social services planning (Environmental Concern, Inc , , 1972). Population is. distributed unevenly over the reservation. The majority of population is located on the Nevada side of the reservation along the various branches of the Owyhee River and near State Highway 51, i s e , , the central valley area. The largest population center is the town of Owyhee with approximately 270 persons (Environmental Concern, Inc. , 1972). Population projections to the year 2000 have been made for the reser- vation, based on births, deaths, and other potential futur-e influences, such as improved housing and increased job opportunities. A high, medium, and low projection have been determined and represent the relative success of efforts to attract Indian families back to the reservation. The projections are shown in Table 13. TABLE 13 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR SHOSHONE-PAIUTES LIVING AT DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION Prorj ection 1970~:c 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 High 1,103 1,240 1,445 1,650 1,825 2,000 Medium 965 1,045 1,125 1,213 1,300 1,385 1,470 Low 983 1,000 1,025 1,050 1,075 1,100 *In addition to the 965 Shoshone-Paiutes, there were 100 non-ShoshonePaiutes making the total 1970 reservation population 1,065. Source: Environmental Concern, Inc , , 1972. II-43 The overall condition of housing on the reservation is considered unsatisfactory. Of the 256 Shoshone-Paiute houses s ur-veyed in 1972, it was concluded that 53 percent were in poor condition, 27 percent were in fair condition, and only 20 percent were in good condition (Environmental Concern, Inc , , 1972). Of the 51 houses in good condition, 15 needed enlargement because of expanding family size. All of the 68 houses in fair condition need either improvements, expansion, and, in some cases, r-epl acem ent . Of the 13 7 houses in poor con-. dition, the 87 occupied dwellings needed to be replaced and the 50 unoccupied dwellings needed to be torn down. At the time of the survey, there was an immediate need for at least 40 new houses for families which had doubled up with other families in existing houses (Ib idv}, Although a housing reconstruction program was started by .. the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, it has recently been temporarily halted. Projections of housing demand show that in the next 25 years, there will be a need for some 25 to 75 Shoshone-Paiute housing units in the Owyhee area and between 100 and 200 .. housing units in rural areas (Ibl d s ) , Low income and high unemployment are major economic problems on the reservation. The poor economic picture is, in part, tied to an agricultural economy which is dominated by small-family cattle ranches. The income from these operations is limited and the wage scale is correspondingly low. Ranch work provides only seasonal employment and many workers must seek additional employment off of the reservation in Idaho and Nevada. It is estimated that about 50 percent of tribal families have annual incomes less than $3,000, while about 75 percent have incomes less than $6,000. The unemployment rate is approximately 36 percent of the labor force. Table 14 contains labor force, employment and unemployment data from 1966 to 2000. II-44  TABLE 14 LABOR FORCE, EMPLOYMENT, AND UNEMPLOYMENT 1966-2000 ACTUAL GOAL 1966 1971 1980 1990 2000 Labor Force 264 349 430 to 465 510 to 605 595 to 780 Employed 148 223 310 to 340 420 to 500 550 to 725 Full time 82 90 145 to 160 235 to 285 365 to 480 Part time 66 133 165 to 180 185 to 215 185 to 245 Unemployed 116 126 120 to 125 90 to 105 45 to 55 TOTAL (age 14 and over) 507 611 748 to 810 892 to 1, 044 1, 030 to 1, 3-60 Source: Environmental Concern, Inc., 1972 Though ag r'Icul tur-e is the dominant income producing activity, farming accounts for less than half of the available jobs on the reservation. A signi- ficant employer of tribal members are service, professional, and public administration jobs. Roughly 39 percent of those employed have jobs in this category. Anticipated improvements in health care and education on the reservation may provide expanded opportunity for tribal members to enter these fields of· employment. Only 7 percent of the employed labor force have jobs related to business and industry. Considerable discussion in the general plan is given to future expansion of the reservation's economic base by constructing commercial and tourist support facilities and attracting light industry. If the envisioned expansion occurs, business-related employment Will comprise roughly 18 percent of the employed labor force by the year 2000 (Environmental Concern, Inc , , 1972). Table 15 presents the employment goals of the Duck Valley Indian Tribes by employment categ~ry. II-45  TABLE 15 EMPLOYMENT GOALS BY LABOR CA TE GORY DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION Existing 1971 and Goals to 2000 1971 1980 1990 2000 Agriculture 95 118 to 125 143 to 1 70 165 to 220 Personal Service 40 47 to 50 50 to 60 55 to 70 Professional 25 34 to 36 42 to 50 55 to 70 Public Administration 22 31 to 34 42 to .50 55 to 70 Business 15 25 to 27 38 to 45 55 to 70 Industry 6 to 8 21 to 25 44 to 60 Transportation, Communications 12 18 to 20 25 to 30 38 to 50 Construction 10 16 to 18 22 to 25 33 to 45 Recreation 2 6 to 8 13 to 15 17 to 25 Finance, Insurance 3 to 5 8 to" 10 11 to 15 Miscellaneous Services 3 to 5 8 to 10 11 to 15 Mining 2 3 to 4 8 to 10 11 to 15 TOTAL EMPLOYED 223 310 to 340 420 to 500 550 to 725 Source: Environmental Concern, Inc ,', 1972 d. Land Use The land resources of the Duck Valley reservation are logically divided into two physiographic regions, namely valley lands and highlands. The valley lands consist of approximately 87,000 acres (30 percent of the reservation) below 5,400 feet elevation. This land is nearly flat and contains all of the irrigated agricultural, residential, and urban development on the reservation. The use of valley land is approximately as follows: Cultivated, irrigated Range with some irrigation Range with some irrigation by flooding 13, 000 acres 14,750 acres 4,500 acres Il-46 Range with no irrigation All other uses Total valley lands (below 5,400 feet) · 56,250 acres 1,500 acres 87,000 acres Source: Environmental Concern, Inc . , 1972 The valley lands have· soil, climate, and topography suitable for product ion of three main crops: alfalfa, wild hay, and mixed grasses. Mixed grasses and wild hay can be found primarily in poorly drained bottornlands . Alfalfa is most conducive to well-drained areas in the southern portion of Duck Valley. Though primarily suitable for the three crop types mentioned, agriculture has h.is tor-ical ly included such crops as wheat, oats, barley, grain hay, sweet c love r , and s orne garden produce. Land which is used for urbanization, such as residential, commercial, industrial, streets, and others, accounts for less than 1 percent of the reservation land. The major urban area of the reservation, the town of Owyhee, only occupies 95 acres of land. A breakdown of land-use acreages for Owyhee is included in Table 16. Il-47 TABLE 16 LAND USE ON THE DUCK VALLEY RESERVATION (1971) Use Grazing - Highlands Grazing - Valley (nonirrigated) Irrigated (summer feed lots) Subjugated (winter feed) Residential Commercial Industrial Streets and roads Other public, semipublic Lakes and rivers Vacant Unusable* Reservation Owyhee 24.5 1.9 17.8 22.6 28.2 TOTAL ACRES 200,000 56,250 16,250 13,000 225 2 15 793 37 625 28 2,775 290,000 95.0 * Typical area being Owyhee River gorge. Source: Environmental Concern Inc. , 1972. SRI Systems, Inc., 1975. The highlands consist of approximately 203,000 acres (70 percent of the reservation) above 5,400 feet elevation. These lands are used primarily for grazing. Other agricultural uses are not considered feasible in the highlands because of the mountainous terrain, the unavailability of sufficient water for irrigation, and the unsuitable climate for crop growth. Existing land use on the reservation is listed in Table 16. According to a natural resources study of the reservation (BRI Systems, Inc , , 1975), it estimated that as many as 34,700 acres in various locations are potentially cultivatable as opposed to the existing 13,000 acres cultivated. These projections were made on the basis of soil characteristics, climate, water delivery capability, water quality, and examination of existing Il-48 crop management techniques. The Duck Val l ey General Plan goal of 15,000 to 22,500 acres of cultivated land by the year 2000 appears feasible ·to attain in light of these projections. It is also projected that, in addition to land subjugation of 300 to 400 acres per year, alfalfa production will increase from the existing 1. 75 tons per acre. to over 2 .o tons per acre due to more efficient crop management techniques. The average of range and pastureland on the reservation is projected to decrease in the future as a result of efforts to increase cultivated acreage. However, it is also projected that the percentage of irrigated pasture (in relation to nonirrigated pasture) will increase. The 200,000 acres of range and pastureland in the highlands are expected to r-erna in essentially as is, except for possibly 1,000 acres in the northeastern section of the reservation which has the p_otential for controlled irrigation. A goal of the tribes, as stated in the Duck Valley General Plan, is for reservation agriculture to support 20,000 head of cattle. A projection of range and pastureland to the year 2000 is contained in Table 1 7. Projected increases in population, employment, and business opportunities will result in a need to utilize additional acreage for urban uses • The area of the town of Owyhee is projected to increase from 95 acres to between 120 and 165 acres. Acreages of urban uses in other parts of the reservation are projected to increase by more than 50 percent. Use of land for urban uses is projected in Table 18. 11-49 TABLE 17 RANGE AND P ASTURELAND PROJECTIO~S DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION Grazing highlands Summer feed lots (partial irrigation) Summer feet lots (controlled irrigation) Nonirrigated grazing NOTE: This assumes the availability of controlled water flows from Blue Creek and the use of groundwater for irrigation purposes. Source: BRI Systems, Inc. Year 1971 (acres) 200,000 16,250 56,250 TABLE 18 URBAN LAND-USE PROJECTIONS DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION Year 2000 (acres) 199,000 10,750 6,500 45,250 Reservation Use Residential Commercial Industrial Streets and roads. Other public, s~mipublic Year 1971 Year 2000 (acres) (acres) 225 2 15 793 37 315 to 415 15 to 30 60 to 120 1,000 50 to 100 Town of Owyhee Year 1971 Year 2000 (acres) (acres) 24.5 1.9 17.8 22. 6 35 to 45 10 to 151 25 30 to 60 Source: "Duck Valley General Plan," Environmental Concern, Inc. e. Recreation on the Reservation The Duck Valley Indian Reservation has natural resources which could provide a variety of recreational opportunity. Al though the recreational potential is great, the tribes have approached the issue of recreational development with some restraint. Recreational activities which II-50 have been developed include camping, hiking, sightseeing, and fishing. Developed facilities for camping are located at Sheep Creek Reservoir and Mountain View Reservoir. Both of these reservoirs are regularly stocked with rainbow trout and, as such, are used extensively for fishing as well as camping. User fees collected at these two reservoirs are a major sour-ce of income to the tribe. New camping facilities have recently been developed by the tribes at Sheep Creek Reservoir. Areas of the reservation are also used for water fowl hunting; _however, only residents of the reservation may hunt waterfowl there. The numerous small bodies of water that exist are frequent stopping-off points for a diversity of water fowl migrating along the Pacific Flyway. Fishing and camping on the reservation require a tribal permit. The current fees for various ac t ivi ti e s are given in Table 19. TABLE 19 TRIBAL PERMIT FEES FOR FISHING AND CAMPING ON DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION September, 1975 Activity Fishing Permit (per day) (over 14 years of age) Fishing Permit (per day) (under 14 years of age) Fishing Permit (five-day) Fishing Permit Annual (over 14 years of age) Fishing Permit Annual (under 14 years of age) Fishing Permit Annual Resident Family (reservation only) Fishing Permit Annual Nonresident Family (off reservation) Overnight Camping · Amount $2.00 (up to four days) 1.00 (up to four days) 7.00 15.00 5.00 20.00 30.00 1.00 per vehicle The Duck Valley General Plan sets forth objectives of the tribe with respect to reservation recreation. The plan proposes a high potential for II-51 recreation development for both tourists and sportsmen. Highlights of the plan include the possible development of recreational fishing and camping at the following locations: Mary's Creek Blue Creek Willis Creek Skull Creek Summit Creek The development of these areas for recreation could significantly Fawn Creek Coyote Dam Reservoir Groundhog Reservoir Spencer Reservoir affect fishing and camping activities on the reservation as well as tribal income. It has been projected that with improvements in the Mary's Creek area, consisting of vacation cabins and improved access, fishing and hunting could provide up to 5,500 visitor days of use and result in up to $100,000 annual income to the tribe (BRI Systems, Inc , , 1975). Increases in visitor use due to the provisions of additional supporting facilities, such as vacation cabins, camping ar-eas , etc , , is also a significant potential source of income to the tribe. Other recreation-oriented facilities are proposed in the recreation plan for the reservation. These include cabin sites along the Owyhee River, waterfowl hunting areas along Blue Creek, riding and hiking trails development, rodeo grounds, powwow and ceremonial grounds, a youth camp and dude ranch, and a cultural center at Owyhee. While not including specifically the development of Wildhorse Reservoir in the recreation plan, the General Plan does make mention of the proposed intent of the tribe to develop recreational facilities at Wildhorse Reservoir. Il-52 f. Jurisdictional Framework Affecting the Reservation Agencies of the federal government provide the majority of special services to the Duck Valley Indians. Some services are provided however by the agencies· of both states, Nevada and Idaho, and to a Iirni ted extent by Elko County. In the case of some agencies, such as the Department of Housing and Urban Development, participation in tribal activities is accomplished mainly through project funding. Input by other agencies, such as BIA and U. S. Fish and Wildlife, is accomplished by direct participation. Figure 20 illustrates the major public services provided by agencies and persons on the reservation and also indicates the type of participation provided. Wildhorse Reservoir - Existing Conditions a. Landownership and Agreements The approximately. 3, 982 acres within the Wildhorse Reservoir boundaries are administered by BIA with ownership vested in the 2. federal government. Lands in the Wildhorse Reservoir area have been withdrawn from public domainper-iodical.ly by BIA since 1916 for u seLn connection with the Duck Valley Irrigation Project. Lands have also been purchased outright and have been condemned for use by BIA. The first withdrawal of lands in 1916 consisted of 840. 78 acres in various locations around the present reservoir. About half of these acres are submerged when the existing reservoir is full (elevation 6, 205). BIA records show that these lands were only temporarily withdrawn by departmental order rather than being permanently Withdrawn by executive order {signed by the President of the United States). This leaves some question as to exact status of these lands (i.e., whether within or out of public domain); however, in either case, ownership is still vested in the federal government. The dates and acreages of land acquisitions for the Duck Valley Irrigation Project and Wildhorse Reservoir are shown in Table 20. II-53 Maior Responsibility X Participation by Funding Q Planning and Consulting e Direct Participation .! 0 > -V. u ::, 0 < -0 • -0 1 .,. • u > J -:- ~ .s:::. 0 ...s Cl) u C ,c C - .! C C C r .,. ·c • ~ • & u ~ u .,. u -~ C • 8. 0 -0 0 c u ~ C J: ~ C C C -~ 1 "' 0) 0 ~ -~ ,c ~ ~ • C Cl) §. JI u C "' c & C C & E .. -~ .2 > ·c §. c J!. ~ 0 & ] .. 0 • .,. ~ Cl) 0.. ~ "' C C E • C i C u ~ 0 0 u Cl) 0 .2 0 ~ J1 .2 -0 C C C ·;: JI a, u ii: C) • • C 2 -0 ~ ~ ~ -~ 1; .! 8 c r ::, u 0 ~ C :l ~ 8 C C Q I ~ -0 4) u 8 C) .2 • 0) ::, C .2 ·c ?; ~ ~ ~ wt 0 V) E l e -~ 0 .! ~ ] f 0 ~ 0) 1; ?; 1; C u 0) 1; C t :::, >,. ... :::, w Q., C 0. ~ ~ ·o.. ~ ... 0 f E :2 :2 0 f Cl) u wt Q. -0 • 2 • "8 E 0 f :::, E 5- u C 0 ~ f u 0 i £ 4) :, 0 u 0 ~ E 4) 0 ~ -0 :5 • .9 ?; 0 u: ~ u u: ?; ?; U: w :c a::: u :J w a::: u ...J Federal Agencies BIA HUD HEW U.S. Marshal, FBI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service State Agencies Highway Department (N, I) Department of Education (N, I) Department of Employment (N, I) Nevada State Planning Board County Agency Elko County School District Private Agencies Gem State Utilities {Telephone) Idaho Power (Electricity) Outside Consultants T riba I Agencies Tribal Employees Tribal Planning Commission Tribal Business Council Tribal Police, Rangers .. .. .. .. 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'1111111" ,.,, ,.,, '111111' (N, I) - Agencies of both Nevada and Idaho AGENCIES PROVIDING SERVICES AT DUCK VALLEY TABLE 20 LAND ACQUISITIONS FOR WILDHORSE RESERVOIR Action Land Withdrawn from Public Domain Departmental Order, 6/9/1916 Executive Order, 9/22/1934 Public Land Order, 3/30/1960 Purchased Land Deed, Kearns Corporation, 5/8/1936 Deed, W. T. Jenkins, 9/23/1936 Deed, Manuel Aquirre, 7/6/1938 Lands Acquired by Condemnation Fee Title Acquired, Corbari, 11/14/1968 TOTAL Acreage 840.78 613.94 40.00 1,494.72 874.66 40.00 1,462.30 2,376.96 110.00 3,981.68 Source: U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Real Property Management, Phoenix Area Office. Flowage easements have been negotiated on lands adjacent to .the reservoir but not w.ithi n the boundaries. In essence, these easements provide rights-of-way for flood flows up to elevation 6,210. They further give BIA right of access to clear and remove brush, debris, or other natural or manmade obstructions which may be detrimental to the operation of the reservoir. The extent of the negotiated and assumed flowage easements utilized in connection with reservoir operation are indicated on the base map. Approximately 142 acres of land area is under easement for reservoir flowage. A special agreement between the U. S. Forest Service and BIA in connection with construction and operation of Wildhorse Dam and Reservoir II-54 is contained in a Memorandum of Understanding, dated July, 1967. The · agreement covers some 230 acres behind the dam and at the junction of Hendricks and Poorman Creeks. The agreement, among other things, grants right-of-way for flood flowage and permits public use of the lands. The agreement also contains provisions requiring BIA to maintain a minimum constant streamflow of 2 cubic feet per second in the East Fork of the Owyhee River below the dam and to maintain a minimum conservation pool of 5,000 acre-feet in the reservoir. The Senate Appropriations Committee Report Number 233, which accompanied legislation for funding of the new Wildhorse Dam, contained the following language relating to use of the reservoir: "The committee directs that the new reservoir at Wild Horse (sic) Dam be operated so as to provide the same recreational opportunities as have been provided at the existing reservoir. Except in cases of emergency, the reservoir is not to be depleted beyond 5,000 acre-feet without consultation with the committee." The Nevada State Highway Department has obtained from the federal government right-of-way across reservoir lands for State Route (SR) 51. The right-of-way boundary extends between 100 and 200 feet on each side of the roadway centerline. As a provision of the agreement. any activities proposed within the right-of-way. such as posting of signs. construction of access roads, turnouts, and the like, are subject to the approval of the Nevada State Highway Department. Within the reservoir boundaries. appr-oximately 142 acres of land area and 34 acres of water area at elevation 6. 205 (a total of about 176 acres) are also within the SR 51 right-of-way. The location and extent of the right-of-way boundary are shown 011 the base map. Approximately 150 acres within the reservoir boundaries had been leased to a private party to be developed and operated for recreational II-55 purposes. The lease site is located on the northeastern side of the reservoir as shown on the base map and was previously used as a camp during construction of the new Wildhorse Dam. The lease became effective on September 20., 1972., and was cancelled in 1977. Under the conditions specified in the lease., the lessee was to make certain improvements within seven years of the lease expiration date. These improvements included, but were not limited to , construction of a boat ramp and docking facility., a five-unit motel., a cafe-bar complex, a double comfort station., 12 day-use camping sites., a 24-unit overnight trailer park., parking areas., and an all-weather access road. All improvements made became the property of the federal government upon termination of the lease. Lands adjacent to Wildhorse Reservoir boundaries are primarily in federal government ownership; however, a number of private ownerships also exist. On government lands, administration is divided between the U. S. Forest Ser-vic e (Humboldt National Forest)., Bureau of Land l\fanagerrient , and Bureau of Reclamation. The private ownerships adjacent to reservoir lands include various ranch lands used primarily for cattle grazing., a residential-recreational subdivision known as Wildhorse Estates., and various parcels of private land apparently used for no specific purpose. The landownerships in _the near vicinity of Wildhorse .Re s er-voir- are shown on the base map • The value of private lands adjacent to Wildhorse Reservoir lands are fixed according to classification. Lands used specifically for agricultural grazing are assessed as follows: 1st class grazing land 2nd class grazing land $7 .00 per acre $3 .50 per acre Il-56 3rd class grazing land 4th class grazing land $2.15 per acre $1.25 per acre A mixture of classifications occur in the area. Land not used for agricultural purposes is assessed in the normal fashion of the county. The typical assessed value of private nonagricultural land is $30 per acre. The assessed value of a parcel is approximately 35 percent of the potential selling price (Elko County Assessor Office). The Wildhorse Estates subdivision on the south end of the reservoir currently has semi-improved lots of slightly more than 1 acre with an assessed value of $980 each. b. Recreation ( 1) Regional Recreation Activities Wildhorse Reservoir is situated in a region of high recreational use. An abundance of national monuments, parks, wildlife refuges, wilderness, and recreation areas exist in this region of the western ·· United States. No less than 20 national parks or .mo nurne nt s , and numerous state parks are located within 300 miles of Wildhorse Reservoir. These recreation resources are considered a major drawing factor to the region. Adjacent to Wildhorse Reservoir is the 2,583 ,000-acre Humboldt National Forest. This national forest provides a number of recreational activities including hunting. fishing. camping. wilderness experience. sightseeing, and boating. Three national forest campgrounds are located within roughly 10 miles of Wildhorse Reservoir. Forest Service personnel indicate that many visitors camp at these nearby campgrounds at night and use Wild- horse Reservoir by day. The most popular national forest campground in the II-57 vicinity is 5 miles north of the reservoir on State Highway 51. Big Bend (to the northeast) and Gold Creek (to the northeast) are other national forest campgrounds utilized by campers frequenting Wildhorse Reservoir. North Fork Campground (to the southwest) was closed permanently by the Forest Service before the start of the 1976 summer vacation season. Table 21 lists the visitor attendance rate for the national forest campgrounds discussed above. TABLE 21 RECREATIONAL USE OF HUMBOLDT NATIONAL FOREST CAMPGROUNDS IN THE VICINITY OF WILDHORSE RESERVOIR Year Normal Recreation Site 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Season Wildhorse Crossing N/A N/A 22,700 20,100 19,700 10,500 6/1-9/3 Big Bend 6,200 8,400 11,000 11,000 10,500 6,000 6/16-9/3 North Fork N/A N/A 2,900 1,900 1,300 900 6/1-9/3 Notes: 1. Figures given in visitor days ( 12-hour duration). 2. Seasonal increases in use occur during fall hunting season. 3. Figures for Gold Creek are not available. 4. Source of data is U. S. Forest Service, Mountain City Ranger District. The national forest draws visitors from many western states. A survey of users of Wildhorse Crossing Campground during the 1975 season shows that 50 percent of the visitors were from Nevada, 29 percent from California, 5 percent from Arizona, 3 percent from Idaho, and 2 percent from Colorado, Ilttnots , Washington, and Oregon. Thirteen other states contributed a total of 5 percent of the visitors. The average length of stay was only L 7 days (U. S. Forest Service, 1976). 11-58 Camping is the most popular recreational activity in the national forest (Mountain City district). Approximately 52 percent of all recreational activities are related to some type of camping. Pleasure driving by both autos and motorcycles accounts for roughly 14 percent of recreational activities, with snowmobiling adding another 3 percent. Boating accounts for al.most 1 percent of the recreational activities and fishing amounts to just over 2 percent of the total recreational activities. Hunting is the second most popular activity, comprising roughly 21 percent of the total national forest recreational use in the Mountain City district (U. S. Forest Service, 1976). Wildhorse Reservoir is in Nevada State Outdoor Recreation Planning Region 5 , which is contiguous with the boundaries of Elko County. Although the state has no recreation parks within Elko County (Region 5), it has planned recreational use in conjunction with its Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP). The state's planning activities consider all facilities accessible to the public; therefore, federally administered facilities, such as ·Wildhorse Reservoir, have been included in inventories and projections. SCORP represents the most current information available about recreational trends and demands in the region of Wildhorse Reservoir. The SCORP data indicate that the most popular recreational activities in Elko County are fishing, hunting, horseback riding, camping, hiking, nature study and games, swimming, picnicking, relaxing outdoors, water skiing, and bicycling, in that order (Nevada State Park System, 1977). Approximately 72. 6 percent of the fishing that is done by residents of Elko County is done within the county. About 14. 5 percent of the county residents do most of their fishing in Idaho. n-59 It is interesting to note that of the county residents who water ski, slightly more than half (51. 7 percent) use. Elko County lakes. A significant number, 48. 3 percent, do all or most of their water skiing out of state (Idaho primarily). In the category of camping, most tent camping by Elko. County residents is done within the county (83. 3 percent); however, only 64 .1 percent of the trailer camping is done in the county. Hor seback riding, which is the third most popular recreational activity of county residents, is largely accounted for within the county (Ibid , }, This data gives some indication of the ability of the region's existing recreational resources to fulfill the recreational demands of its residents. ' There is certainly no shortage of fishing opportunity in the northern Nevada region. Almost any reservoir or stream provides good fishing during the summer season. Within and near Elko County are such fine fishing locations as Sheep Creek Reservoir, Wilson Reservoir, Chimney Creek Reservoir, Mountain View Reservoir, Ruby Lakes, and Zunio Reservoir. Annual visitor use at each of these sites (except for Ruby Lakes) is only a small fraction of that which occurs at Wildhorse Reservoir. (2) Existing Recreational Facilities at Wildhorse Reservoir Facilities have been developed in the immediate vicinity of Wildhorse Reservoir to accommodate recreationists. Developed camping areas exist at North Wildhorse Campground (operated by BLM and not within the boundaries as shown on the base map), BIA Campground #1, and Wildhorse Marina Resort (closed temporarily). Two semideveloped camping spots and numerous day-use areas exist at other locations. All of II-60 the existing recreational facilities are positioned on the north and east sides of the reservoir so as to be directly accessible from State Highway 51. Figure 21 illustrates the location of developed and semideveloped camping areas in the immediate vicinity of Wildhorse Reservoir. Figure 22 indicates the type of facilities at each camping area. North Wildhorse Campground is open for use during the months of June through October. A fee of $2 .00 per night ($1 .oo with the Golden Age Passport) is charged for use of a campsite. Attendance at this campground increased steadily between 1970 and 1974, as indicated in Table 22. TABLE 22: YEARLY VEHICLE-COUNTER TOTALS ~OR NORTH WILDHORSE CAMPGROUND - 1970-1975 Vehicles Counted 1970 1,435 1971 1972 1973 1974 5,799 11,086 13,463 15,274 * Data unavailable due to counter failure. Source: Bureau of Land Management, Elko District Office. 1975 .. ,,. ---"'I' Rising attendance has been accompanied by increases in camping fees collected. Nearly $1,500 in camping fees were collected at Nor-th Wildhorse Campground from June through October of 1975. Fee data indicate that July is the heaviest month of use, followed by August, September, June, and· October (Bureau of Land Management, 1976). North Wildhorse Campground · is not within the boundaries of land administered by BIA. Wildhorse Marina Resort was operated on approximately 150 acres by a private party for recreational purposes. The developed facilities and services II-61 -0 C ::, e 0) c.. E 0 Recreation U Site ~ ,_ 0 ..c -0 .i: 0 ~ 0 Q_ E Cl) t- -0 Cl) Cl) 0 u ..._, ~ <( cc ..._, Type of Facility Number of Camping Units Camping Picnic Tables Drinking Water Fire Pits or Rings .. Garbage Cans Comfort Station (Double) Unimproved Roads and Access Improved Roads and Access Paved Roads and Access Boat Launching Boat Dock Boat Rental Trailer Sewage Dump Rental Trailers Grocery Store Cafe Parking ~ ..c .... ~ 0 z 32 X X X X X ·-x .... ,_ 0 Cl) Cl) 0::: g .L'.: 0 ~ Q) t? 0 ..c -0 ~ -0 C a ,_ ~ E 0 u Cl) ~ 0 ..c -0 ~ 24 X N ::at: 0 ~ <( 0) C ·a.. E 0 u Cl) t? 0 ..c -0 M ~ 0 ~ <( 0) C ·a. E C u (I) ~ 0 ..c -0 ·- 3 30 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RECREATIONAL FACILITIES INVENTORY OF WILDHORSE RECREATION SITES FIGURE 22 which were previously provided there are shown in Figure 22. The rates for services at Wildhorse Marina were as follows: Boat rental $ 2 ;oo per hour plus gas 20 .00 per day maximum Launching and docking fees Tr-ai ler-s and campers 1 • 00 per day and up 1 .00 daily 5 .00 weekly 15 .00 monthly BIA 's Wildhorse Campground #1 has been in operation for two seasons. User fees are not charged at this campground, therefore, visitor attendance is not known. Wildhorse camping areas #2 and #3 and all other areas of the reservoir are also used at no charge. As shown in Figure 22, comfort stations are located in at least five locations around the reservoir (including the BLM campground). Though the number of toilets provided appears to be sufficient with respect to the number of users (Council on Environmental Quality, 1975), it does not appear to be sufficient with respect to location. Comfort stations at Wildhorse are separated by up to 1 mile (although some are closer together), and though no statistics are available, it is likely that the distance between them discourages their use. (3) Existing Recreational Use of Wildhorse Reservoir .Statts ttc s on total recreational use of Wildhorse Reservoir can only be estimated inasmuch as use of the area is not controlled by access or fees. The most reliable indication of total recreational use of the reservoir is the State of Nevada Department of Fish· and Game annual angler estimates. The annual angler estimates are thought to be a fairly accurate estimate of reservoir use even though such activities as camping and lake use (water skiing for- example) are not reflected in the angler data. The reasoning II-62 behind this assumption stems from the fact that the existing facilities at Wildhorse are not geared specifically toward the avid camper. The person who does not fish is probably more likely to camp in other more scenic locations, such as the national forest campgrounds, than in the open surroundings of the reservoir. Use of national forest campgrounds by fishermen at Wildhorse also has been noted by the Forest Service. Fishing is seen as the principal use of the reservoir and it is assumed that people camping at the reservoir are also fishing (Myles, 1967). Use of reservoir areas for activities that do not include fishing are minor, probably amounting to Le ss than a few: thousand user days per year. Angler use of Wildhorse Reservoir has increased dramatically since the construction of the new Wildhorse Dam and expansion of the fisheries management program by Nevada Fish and Game . Summarizing angler use data from Figure 18, as many as 40,339 angler days were recorded in 1963. An angler day is a unit of measure which describes one person's fishing effort during a one-day period. The average length of time fishing per angler day was between three and four hours in 197 4 • Since 1973, reservoir use has been over 100,000 angler days per year. Angler use is believed to have dropped off somewhat in 1975 after a high of 117,529 angler days in 1974 (Nevada Department of Fish and Game, 1976). Other recreational areas in the vicinity (i ve , , national forest campgrounds) also experienced declines in use in 1975. Use declines in national forest areas last year have been attributed to a shortened hunting season, increases in gasoline prices, a generally sluggish national economy, and inflation (personal communication, Mountain City Ranger District __ personnel, 1976). Wildhorse Reservoir still remains third in the state of Nevada in total fishing pressure. Continued high angler use of Wildhorse Reservoir will occur as long as fishing success remains favorable. II-63 The use of Wildhor_se Reservoir by recreationists varies throughout the year in response to seasonal changes. Though most use by visitors is concentrated in the summer months, winter use of the reservoir is increasing yearly. The summer fishing season at Wildhorse Reservoir usually begins in May, after the spring thaw. The early season fishing use is variable, being largely dependent on the angler success rate which is publicized by word of mouth (the angler's "grapevine"). If fishing starts out good at Wildhorse, the May and June use will be high. Such·was the ca s e in 1976. July is considered to be the month of highest use. Traffic counts on State Highway 51 indicate that more people are on the road during July than other summer months, and nearby campgrounds usually record their highest attendance during July. The water surface temperature of the reservoir has also climbed to around 68 F by mid-summer and it is not unusual to see water skiers using the facility. July is also the month of the year with the highest average air temperature. Boating density at the reservoir is generally low. The mo s tpr-eval ent types of boa ts on the reservoir are small fishing craft with 10- or 15 - horsepower outboard motors. Higher powered boats, of course, are used for water skiing, but such use is infrequent. Few conflicts have occurred between skiiers and persons fishing. The best fishing at Wildhorse is reportedly near the shoreline. Consequently, little fishing is done from boats near the center of the lake, which is where most of the water skiing is done. Apparently, these two uses are compatible at the present densities of use. August use of the reservoir remains high if the weather remains fa ir , The water surface temperature usually attains its highest temperature in this rnonth, around 72 F. September at the reservoir is characterized by cooling II-64 air and water temperatures and decreasing attendance as the summer vacation season draws to a close. Of significance to the Wildhorse area is the hunting season which begins in October. The most important game species is the mule deer followed by game birds such as duck, geese, blue grouse, chukar, and Hungarian partridge. The length of deer season is variable but usually lasts at least 10 days for rifles and slightly longer for bows and arrows. Approximately 1 , 044 hunters used the 116-square-mile deer management area around Wildhorse Reservoir in 1974. The reservoir is used by some duck and geese hunters during fall, but overall hunting pr-es sur-e is light. During the months of November through April, Wildhorse Reservoir is normally frozen over. The thickness of ice may vary from 10 to 25 inches and often has a snow cover. - Indications are that winter use of the reservoir is increasing because of very successful fishing. Though very little use occurs during inclement weather, clean, cri.sp winter days bring out numerous individuals who either ice fish, drive snowmobiles, cross-country ski, or just play in the snow. State Highway 51 is maintained by snow plows; however, periods of inclement weather usually cut out all outside access to the reservoir for short periods of t.ime . The increasing popularity of ice fishing and lack of off+htghway par-king during snowy conditions has caused the State Highway Department to agree to provide paved and cleared parking areas near the reservoir. Such parking areas have been constructed near the Hendricks Creek and Poorman Creek highway crossings. Toward the end of the winter season in April, treacherous ice conditions prevail on the reservoir and use is mintmtz ed , The breakup of ice on the reservoir, however, is usually the signal that the summer fishing season is about to begin. , Il-65 (4) Recreation Demand by Activities The Nevada State Park System has estimated recreational facilities requirements for the Elko district (contiguous with Elko County boundaries and containing Wildhorse Reservoir). The data indicate that for activities, such as water skiing, fishing, and motorboating,· th~ existing facilities are in excess of the present demand. Howeve r , the demand for water skiing and motorboating are expected to exceed the available resource supply by the years 1980 and 1985, respectively. The available supply of fishing areas is projected to meet the demand up to 1995 (Nevada State Park System, 1977). Activities for which existing facilities in the district are below the levels demanded are picnic facilities, tent camping sites, vehicle camping sites, and bicycle paths •. The deficiencies are 98 picnic tables, 231 tent camping sites, 101 vehicle camping sites, and 36 miles of bike trails by the year 1980 (Ibidv) , A number of r-ecr-e ational activities, such as archery, photography, snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, and ice fishing, were not included in the SCORP facility requirement projections. From the SCO~P data, it is apparent that there is a great demand for Elko County's outdoor r-e cr-e a tiona l amenities. This demand, with the exception of fishing pressure, has or will soon exceed the available supply of recreational r-e sour-ce s, (~) Factors Affecting Use of Wildhorse Reservoir In attempting to establish the level of futur e use of Wildhorse Reservoir, it is necessary to examine factors which now influence or regulate such use. Explanation of these factors will provide the assumptions underlying estimations of future recreational use trends. The most important factors are described below: II-66 (a) Angler Success Rate - Angler success rate is seen as the most important indicator of reservoir use. If anglers are not catching fish at one location, they will characteristically move elsewhere to fish. The popularity of Wildhorse for fishing is historically tied directly to a high rate of success in catching fish. Angler success rate is largely a function of the number of anglers using the reservoir in relation to the number of fish being stocked. If stocking remains constant and the number of anglers increases, the number of fish caught per angler can be expected to decline and vice versa. Other factors which can affect angler success ratio are related to physical and ecological factors within the reservoir water environment. Most of the fish now stocked in Wildhorse are fingerlings which grow to catchable size in about 12 months. This remarkable growth rate is attributed to a high level of nutrients (food supply) in the Iake , Large fluctuations in the level of nutrients in the lake as a result of water level fluctuations, water pollution, or any ·other factors. can affect fingerling survival and hence angler success rate. The ratio of coarse fish to game fish also has an effect on angler .succes s rate since the two types of fish compete with each other for food supply and habitat. The level of coarse fish in Wildhorse Reservoir is reported increasing rapidly and is adversely affecting the fingerling program (Department of Fish and Game, 1975). (b) Weather and Climate - A variable of minor importance in affecting reservoir use is weather. Inclement weather in winter virtually halts any recreational activities like ice fishing or snowmobiling. The actual number of days lost in relation to total angler use is minor; however, successive years of low precipitation can substantially reduce the amount of 11-67 water entering the reservoir from upstream and increase the amount of reservoir water required by downstream reservation agriculture. Significant fluctuations in reservoir water level has an adverse affect on the fishing as previously stated. (c} Management and Services - Though the exact degree to which services (Lv e , , stores, ac c omrnoda ti on s , utilities, maintenance) affect use is not known, it is assumed that lack of at least a minimum level of area maintenance will cause a reduction in use. While the provision of certain services may increase the quality of existing use, there is no guarantee that the overall use will increase. In fact, the level of facilities at Wildhorse has historically had only minor influence on recreational use. A 1967 survey indicated that the average length of stay per visitor at Wildhorse Reservoir was 4. 86 days (Myles, 1967) even though very little in the way of support facilities were provided. However, a similar survey in 197 4 showed that the average length of stay at the BLM North Wildhorse Campground and at Wildhorse Crossing Campground (both of which are developed and have user charges)were 4.5 days and 5.5 days, respectively (Johrison , 1977). The ultimate task of recreational management is to decide the level of quality which is environmentally justifiable based on an area's natural characteristics, the available monetary resources, and the demands of users (Clawson, 1966). (d) Economics - Reservoir use is affected by the general national and local economic conditions. It has been mentioned that high gasoline prices and a sluggish e conomy coupled with inflation were partly responsible for declining 1975 visitor use of national forest campgrounds in the area of Wildhorse Reservoir. These same factors no doubt contributed to declining use of Wildhorse Reservoir for the same period. II-68 - The amount of money that visitors spend in the area is some indication of the level of recreational development that could be supported. According to a survey of visitors at North Wildhorse Campground and Wildhorse Crossing Campground in 1974, the average expenditure per day per vehicle was $40. 76 and $32 .46, respectively (Johnson, 1977). Considering the observed occupancy rate of vehicles during the survey, approximately $15 .70 per person per day at North Wildhorse Campground and $10. 30 per person per day at Wildhorse Crossing was spent in pursuit of recreation. Expenditures were made primarily in the retail trade and lodging economic sectors. The survey also identifies the geographic area within which the expenditures were made. For the two campgrounds mentioned above, approximately 7 percent of the expenditures were made within 15 miles of the campgrounds, 22 percent were made in the rest of Elko County, 35 percent were made in the rest of Nevada, while 36 percent of the expenditures were made out of state (Ibl d ,}; Thus, a general conclusion is that at the two campgrounds surveyed, between$. 72 and $1.10 per person per day is spent in a 15-mile radius which includes Wildhorse Reservoir. The amount of money that visitors must pay to recreate also affects usage. In the 1974 survey of recreational user characteristics at North Wildhorse Campground and Wildhorse Crossing Campground, an attempt was made to predict campground user reaction to the establishment of campground fees to recover operating, maintenance, and capital costs (Ib idv) , Hypothetical fees of from $1 .00 to $9 .00 were added to the travel costs from established distance zones •. While the results of the analysis can be discounted for several reasons (Ibid •• the effect of imposing the range of fees for campground use was found to be negligible for the total distribution of potential users) , it is evident that a small campground fee would be a rn:inor percentage of the 11-69 average recreationist's relatively high total costs involved in traveling to Wildhorse Reservoir. It may be assumed that the greater the distance traveled to reach Wildhorse and the greater the travel costs, the less effect any imposed fee would have on campground use. This assumption is supported by an early survey of users of Wildhorse Reservoir (Myles, 1967). In this survey it was found that out-of-state visitors were generally wi l.l ing to pay more for the use of sites around Wildhorse than were Nevada visitors· (Ibi dv) , Increases in the cost of using the reservoir's facilities, therefore, would have greater impact on local users than on more distant ones. (e) Recreational Carrying Capacity - A final factor which may ultimately affect the use of Wildhorse Reservoir is the relationship between the demand for use and the carrying capacity of the reservoir and lands. Carrying capacity refers to the ability of the area to accommodate recreationists. and includes ecological parameters as well as the quality of the total recreation experience. Since the number of visits to a recreation area can be influenced through management (Clawson, 1966), carrying capacity is variable. It is noted that there are limits to management; .however-, and in the case of Wildhorse, a ceiling of use exists beyond which recreational pursuits will be unsatisfactory for- the majority of individuals. It has been suggested by critical observers that the present use of Wildhorse Reservoir has exceeded its current carrying capacity. In other words, not enough facilities exist to support the current use which is deteriorating the environmental quality of the reservoir lands and waters. As a method of evaluating the above assumption, the present use can be compared to available facilities utilizing the SCORP space_ and facility requirements for outdoor recreational activities. The SCORP standards are listed in Table 23. II-70 TABLE 23 SCORP SPACE AND FACILITIES STANDARDS FOR SELECTED OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES':,,:, Activity Bicycling Urban Rural Boat Launching Boating Motor Nonmotor Camping Tent Trailer Cross-Country Skiing Fishing Lake River/Stream Golf Hiking and Walking Urban Rural . Horseback Riding Ice Skating Motorcycle Riding Off-Road Vehicles Picnicking Urban Rural Playground Activity Urban Rural Snowmobiling Snow Play Snow Skiing Beginning Intermediate Advanced Swimming Tennis Water Skiing Basic Resource Unit User Days Per Resource Unit':' 1 mile of trail 1 mile of trail 1 launch lane 1 surface acre of water 1 surface acre of water 1 acre of camping area 1 acre of camping area 1 mile of trail 1 surface acre of water 1 mile of river/stream 1 - 9 hole· golf course 1 mile of trail 1 mile of trail 1 mile of trail 1 sq. ft. of ice surface 1 sq. ft. of hill climb area 1 mile of ORV route 1 picnic table 1 picnic table 1 acre of playground 1 acre of playground 1 snowmobile vehicle 1 acre of snow play area l acre of slope 1 acre of slope 1 acre of slope 1 sq. ft. of pool surface 1 tennis court 1 acre of water surface 240 128 40 boats/ day .75 .60 16 16 40 .38 12 240 600 120. 64 .03 .12 68 16 8 125 60 4 160 15 10 5 .12 18 .• 40 Space For Resource Unit 10 mi. trail/biker 15 mi. trail/biker 12 acres/boat 10 acres/boat 4 sites/ acre 4 sites/acre 10 mi/ skier 10 acres/boat 3 mi. trail/ hiker 6 mi. trail/hiker 9 mi. trail/ rider 16 tables/ acre 8 tables/ acre 12 acres/vehicle 15 acres/boat * Derived by multiplying the activity turnover rate by the established persons per resource unit. *,:' Source: Nevada State Park System, 1977. II-71 Using camping as an example, there are about 86 camping units available at Wildhorse _(BLM - 32 units; BIA - 24 units; Wildhorse Marina, both trailers and carnps i tes - 30 units). If the camping season lasts from May through October (184 days), the 86 units could accommodate 63,296 user days according to the SCORP standard ·or four persons per unit per day. Using the ln74 use rate of 117,529 angler days (user days) and assuming 80 percent of that use occurs during the summer camping season (94,023 user days), it is evident that some 30,727 user days per year are occurring without the benefits of supporting facilities in the form of day use or overnight campsites. Even though some of this demand is currently met by the fact that campers can park around the waterfront for a day or even overnight at no charge, or can use national forest campgrounds, the trash, litter, and other wastes that have accompanied use of the reservoir indicate a definite need for additional facilities. In terms of carrying capacity, therefore, Wildhorse Reservoir has probably already exceeded a desirable level of use per available facilities. In summary, five factors have been identified which have the most influence on visitor use of Wildhorse Reservoir. The most important facfor presently is considered to be the angler success rate. Following angler success in drawing power are economics, management, and carrying capacity; however, ItLs difficult to rank these factors. Over the long term, climate and weather will have a minor affect on reservoir use. Over the short term, however, weather fluctuations may have severe consequences for seasonal periods of reser-votr' use. Continued or long-term recreational use in excess of the areas carrying capacity is also expected to have adverse consequences if it occurs. 11-72 (6) Other Studies Related to Recreation at Wildhorse Reservoir The U. S. Forest Service and the University of Nevada, Division of Agriculture and Resource Economics, previously have prepared studies on recreational potential and impact of Wildhorse Reservoir. The Forest Service study, prepared by Stephen A. Scott and entitled, "Multiple Use Survey Report Wildhorse Dam Replacement Project." (Scott. 1966). identifies the impact that the construction of the enlarged Wildhorse Dam, " ••• would have on the uses, facilities, services and management of the Humboldt National Forest." The report concludes that enlargement of Wildhorse Dam could be made to conform with established national forest multiple use objectives and that the Forest Service would support the project if certain .. measures are adopted by the Bureau of Indian Affatr-s , Most of the recommendations refer to the reduction of dam construction impacts; however, cer- tain key recommendations relate to the continued operation of the reservoir. Certain of these key recommendations are included verbatim below: From page 6 - 7. Make water supplies available to the Forest Service for administrative use, onsite use, and public use • .From page 7 - 16. Refence the reservoir with approximately 1 mile of aesthetically pleasing fence along the west shore that will exclude livestock from the reservoir area and not hinder deer access. 1 7. Provide a reservoir conservation pool of 5,000 acre-feet. Maintain the highest water level possible during the recreation use. Season, Memorial Day through October 30. II-73 21. Support proposals to construct additional recreational facilities including campgrounds and trails adequate to handle the projected increase in_public recreation. From page 8 - 25. Provide for adequate, unrestricted public access to , and travel on national forest shoreline lands after construction. 26. Participate with the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management in drafting a Recreation Master Plan for Wildhorse Reservoir and vicinity that will fully explore and consider the overall potential and development needs arising from the project. The University of Nevada study by Warren Thiem entitled, "Wildhorse Reservoir General Recreation Site Development Plan" (Thiem, 1970), was prepared ". • • to provide an overall plan to aid in directing development and operation of natural resources in the Wildhorse Reservoir area." Key recommendations of the report are listed verbatim below. From the Summary: Findings and Recommendations - 1. The reservoir should be considered of regional impor- tance and the development geared to meet the demands of both local and nonlocal users. 2. The appearance and appeal of designated impact areas should be improved by establishing tree cover or by the construction of "overhead shade" type fac i l iti ea , 3. The many public funded agencies, with administrative responsibilities at Wildhorse Reservoir, should bear the responsibility of continuing the recreation impact analysis on the area and be II-74 prepared to develop recreational facilities arid services as they are needed, should private entrepreneurs fail to do so. 6. It is recommended that the administrative guidelines for Wildhorse Reservoir be developed by a board of representatives from each of the organizations and groups with interest and responsibilities at Wildhorse Reservoir. Though the present use of Wildhorse Reservoir far exceeds the projection of use contained in the above report. the recommendations as stated above may still provide the answers to future problems of management at the reservoir. An agency that conducts ongoing studies of Wildhorse Reservoir is Nevada Department of Fish and Game. They have built an extensive file on Wildhorse mainly relating to their fisheries management activities. Two significant reports on Wildhorse to come out of the Department of Fish and Game in recent years have been. "Wildhorse Reservoir Fishery. Elko County. Nevada." compiled by Patrick Coffin. 1967; arid "Job Progress Report Wildhorse Reservoir. Elko County. Nevada." prepared by Richard Heap. February. 1975. Material from these reports has been referenced in other sections of this EIS. A 1967 Department of Fish and Game paper entitled. "The Nevada Fish and Game Commission's Place in the Management of the New Enlarged Wildhorse Reservoir" by A~ Jack Dieringer. contains an estimate of future angler use of Wildhorse. Based on an average pool size of 2 .060 acres and 61 angler days per acre. it was estimated that a use of 125,660 angler days could occur in the future. This projection appears to be reasonable in light of angler use since dam reconstruction. II-75 Information on recreation visitor economics at North Wildhorse Campground and Wildhorse Crossing Campground has been compiled in a masters thesis prepared at the UniverSity of Nevada, Re no , by Robert Johnson (Johnson, 1977). Some of the thesis Information has been incorporated into this EIS. The report, entitled, "The Demand. Value. Economic Impact. and User Characteristics of Four Outdoor Recreation Areas in Northeastern Nevada." is based on recent visitor questionnaires and will be of value in the development of viable recreation schemes at Wildhorse Reservoir. c. Aesthetics and Scenic Values Wildhorse Reservoir presents an overall pleasing appear- ance to the resident and recreationist • However. certain aspects of its existing use and operation det_ract from its _otherwi_se pleasing atmosphere. First, fluctuations in water level expose mud banks and flats. These areas are not only visually negative but create odors and are difficult to walk across for shore • .$ ~ ,, fishing. Exper-ience indicates that_ odors also occur from the pools of water that form on the northerly and easterly sides of the highway embankments. Another aspect whic h detracts from the existing environment is the lar-ge amount of litter that is discarded on the reservoir lands. In the past, .human wastes were not an uncommon sight, .L ACTIVITIES Wildlife and Scenic· Apereciation Photogrophy Bird Watching Nature Stud-y M.ctitotion ,ainting Shoreline Activiti• fishing {from shore) Sun lathing Boot Launch or ltomp Docks (floating or stationary) Pier Hunting and Snooting lird Hunting Firing longe Archery longe .. creationol Travel Hor,,eback tiding Hiking/Walking Pleaaure Driving Plecaure Flying Bicycling Trail, Comping Activities Picnicking Tent Comping Auto Camping Trailer Comping Campground Are01 (with utilities) Walk-In Campi..g Lake Activities fishing (from boot) Sailboating llowboating Motorbooting Sp.edboat i ng Water Skiing Lake Sight-Seeing Cruise Swimming Ice fishing Ice Sailing Ice Skating Water Taxi Service Cultural Aecreational Activities M.,seum Galleries Amphitheater Jtecreationol Hall Special Interest Activities Honethoes Vo I leyba I1/T ennis Playground Equipment Snowmobile AegattOI Tribol Events Cross Country Siding Snowshoeing It.recreational Support faciliti• Motel -.Stca.1ront, "°4nge Administration Facility Coffee Shot> General Storws (with bait, tackle, Post Office Service Station (auto repair, towing Garage (equipment with boot storage lestrooms (at vOf'ious locotiont) Borbec:,Jes fir• f'its Corra I, Stab le and T aclc loom Poritlng Are01 Traffic and Activity Sigt11 Water (drinking ond shower) Utilities . • Equipment .. ntol (blinda, boats, 1 fish Cleaning Wardefl (wit+i car and boat) '" .. ' , , , , ,. ' .,.,. ' ,11. ' , J ) ~ . " ,, 'II ~ "" "" '" , ,., _,,,,.. .. ,~ IC .ii ~ It ~ lo" ' ""' ., " . ., ,, H~ ' licenses) ' ) ) ' ,. ~ ,, ' ... ... ---- % ~ ce houses) "" ! ,. 1-- :z: T IMPACT OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES FIGURE repeated use of an area by foot traffic or vehicles. Figure 24 also indicates that activities such as motorboating, snowmobiling, and driving have the adverse impact of energy consumption and air pollutant generation. All recreational activities shown at least have a beneficial socioeconomic impact in that they provide a potential outlet for recreational experience. For some activities, however, inherent use restrictions reduce recreational potential and also reduce the beneficial impacts which could be derived from the activity. For example, horseback riding or hiking trails have inherent use restrictions because the pattern of reservoir land ownership would not allow continuous movement around the reservoir (such as that required by a trail) without the securing of easements or access privileges. This is considered an adverse impact since horseback riding- and hiking are the third and fifth most popular outdoor recreational activities _in Elko County (Nevada State Park System, 1977). Hunting and shooting also have use limitations which are basically related to health and safety. Restricting these activities to certain predesignated areas would avoid obvious conflicts that could occur without use restrictions. Impacts of Recreation Options The extent and kind of recreational facilities and opportunities which may occur at the reservoir and the degree of benefit occurring to the 2. tribes are wide ranging and variable. The recreation options as envisioned in this EIS provide a baseline upon which to assess the impact of future recreation resulting from the proposed action. A description of the three recreational options is contained in Section 1-D. The environmental impacts of the options are described in Table 27, in both graphic and explanatory form. This combination presents the best identification of impact given the imprecise knowledge of the character of future recreation. The numerical entries indicate the direction and magnitude of the impact. A seven factor rating scale is used as described below: III-11 +3 Very Beneficial Impact +2 Moderate Beneficial Impact +1 Sl ight Beneficial Impact 0 Neutral or No -Effect -1 Slight Adverse Impact -2 Moderate Adverse Impact -3 Very Adverse Impact Written notes are included which help to define the impact parameters and further quantify the environmental effects. The column entitled, "Remarks," contains a cross- reference .to sections of the EIS text which provide environmental setting or background data to support the determination of the impact of recreation options. D. Cumulative Environmental Impacts 1. Water Use Decisions The proposed action and related recreational development will bring with it a need for prudent decisions regarding reservoir water use. As it is now, water discharges are based primarily on the need for agricultural water downstr-eam , · During the 1974 recreation season, the reservoir surface area fluctuated from approximately 2,830 acres (73,500 acre-feet) at the beginning of June to approximately 2,250 acres (48,500 acre-feet) at the beginning of. October, and experienced a vertical drawdown _of 10 feet from spillway elevation. Interestingly, Wildhorse recorded more angler use during this time period than any other. However. acute water level fluctuations in some reservoirs have been shown to adversely affect recreational use. In "Analysis of Recreational Use of Selected Reservoirs in California" (Institute for Water Resources. 1969). it was shown that camping use wa sde ter-r-e d on III-12  UJ I i:::..c: Q) Q) (I) ·r-1 tJ) r-f .µ tJ) ·r-1 . >t ·r-1 - ::l rd H ..C: .µ E E . ..Q H ·r-1 ·r-1 0 \0 >t Ul ·r-1 ::l Or-I i::: HO . r-f Ul r-f H 0 :> rd ·r-1 4-1 ['- Ft! i::: rd ·r-1 .µ 0 H ·r-1 0 0 r-f Or-I 0 I 4-1 i::: s:: Q) .µ .µ ·r-1 tJ1 ' rd ..c: Ul 0 0 Q) Ul s:: :> s:: ro H Q) s:: 0 0 Q) Q) Q) ·r-1 mH :> 0 :::, ro Q) 0 H .µ ::l (lJ ~ rd ·r-1 Ul Q) Q) Ul .µ 0 '"d ..c: rd s:: ..c: .µ Q) H s:: 4-1 ~· .µ ..c: .µ 0 rd Ul s:: tJ) H Q) 0 'U (lJ >t Ul Ul ·r-1 ro (lJ .µ (lJ (1) tJ) ::l i::: Q) H ..C: s:: 'U cu .µ r-f H C) r-f 'U .µ s:: ro Q) 0 :> ::l 0-! ·r-1 i::: Q) C) ::l C) Q) r-f .µ ·r-1 'U ·r-1 0 r-f rd ::l Q) ~ Q) ·r-i·r-1 0 rd r-f .µ ·r-1 Ul E ·r-1 H Ul 0 Ul CJ) H 0 ~ .µ 0-! 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(l) ·r-i co 0 Q) (l) H 0., co t/l . a, ro ro ,.c: H rv, .µ •r-1 m ,.QH C: H ·r-1 C: H ..c: 0 .µ C: ·r-1 .µ 0 :?: u ·r-1 (]) .µ .µ 4-1 0 C: 4-1 Q) Q) ((j CJ) [ .µ C: 0 ...c: ·r-1 r-f lJ) Q) ·r-1 '"d :> r-1 Q) Q) U) ·r-1 "'d 4-1 ((j ·r-1 >, .µ :> Q) C: co :> Q) a, m ro ::r:: ..c: ·r-1 H.µ 0 ~ C: 0 CV) Q) '"d .._ s .µ • U) ::s ,.Q Ul O • (l) N ti) ti) .µ • co ti) co u ...c: co U) ' C: 0 QJ H 0 .µ Q) H ·r-1 4-1 .µ QJ s:: 0 ::S QJ 0 ::s ro u -r-1 ro s:: .µ Q)l'tj rd u HQ)HaJ H .µ 00 H H C: .._ 0 ::s Q) .µ u U) ·r-1 U H co en O O a, ·r-1 H :> >,en co r-1 (1) Rr-1 a, c: M ct$ 4-I Q Q) u ·r-1 .µ ·r-1 H .µ I H (l) co +JO U)QJ H .µ ::S H 0 Ul 0 ...c: ·r-1 4-1 Q) C/l ·.,c: 0 H I QJ U) .µ r-1 co Q) ro tJ'l Q) s:: ro -r-1 -r-1 ro :> s:: 0 OJ H 0., 0., U) U) U) Q) U) 0 Q) ·r-f r-1 :> C: • H C: 0 ..Q Q) rd ·r-f • U) Q) b"lN s Q) • 4-1 H U 0 >, cu (1) ' Q) S ...C: H 0 .µ H C: (]) (1) (/} C: s:: ·r-1 ~ ·r-1 0 C: 0 •r-1 Q) ,.c Q) .µ :> ~ .. H U C: r-i Q) QJ 0 •r-f ..c: C/l u ~ ~ .._ LO z 0 lo. 0 z 0 f<( LLJ 0:: 0 w 0:: M I N J r-1 I r-1 I r-1 + N + N I N N I r-f I r-1 r 0 r-1 I r-1 + N I r-1 I 0 0 0 0 0 r-1 I LL 0 LLJ 0: t::, 0 VJ <( <( a. LIJ :E :E - Q) lJ) 4-1 C: U) ·r-1 ·r-1 Q) r-1 .µ ·r-1 "'d r-1 .µ r-f ::s •,-f ·r-1 U) :> :?: Q) ·r-1 H .µ C: u -r-1 .µ ro C: U) Q) r-f a, s m O'l (l) C: C: :> 0 ro o -r-1 ..c: s .µ u ct$ H a, >, 0 H H 0 co .µ Q) H co H 0 .µ P..·r-f s @ ~ B 8 ,.c: 4-1 Q) 4-1 r-1 -r-1 res r-1 C: "'d 0 r-1 ·r-f ·r-1 .µ :?: co Q) 4-1 H 0 U Q) en H U) 0 S r-f O .µ H C: .µ 4-1 (l) c: E (1) .µ 0., c: ro o ro .µ r-1 E ·r-1 Q) H ..Q :> Q) m (l) P-4 ..c: ro I '"d § 0 H H ·r-1 H 0 ::s :> Ul bl H C: (]) (l) ·r-1 Ul .µ .µ (l) co C: H ·r-1 ::s ro ..a C: Q) o E 4-1 s 0 >, ·r-1 .µ r-1 ·r-1 "'d Q) s:: C: :> ::s co (l) .µ r-f H Cil o ro oo (l) 0., C: O'\ ..c: n,m c: 8 0 r-1 ·r-f .µ cu .µ ·r-1 ~ ..c: Q) ti) ..c: (]) .µ ·r-1 0 C: OJ 0 n, Ul .µ o ro co (l) ~@ ·r-1 .µ co r-1 (1) r-1 H m .c: H .µ Q) :> 4-1 0 0 :>-t ,.Q H res (I) C: C: 4-1 0 0 ·r-1 .µ Q) CO Ul Q) ::s U) H QJ u (1) .µ (]) .c: ·r-1 H .µ en 4-1 s:: C: 0 0 0 ·r-1 U) U) .µ .µ s:: co U O (1) (l) ·r-1 H 4-1 .µ 0 4-1 0., (l) µ=1 0 H (l) C: ti) ·r-1 ::s Q) tJ) ti) s:: ::s •r-1' .µ H Ul 0 ·r-1 .µ X ·r-1 Q) ti) ·r-f 0 :> .µ "'d C: (I) 0 .µ ·r-f u .µ Q) ct1 0., r-1 X a, ~ H s:: 0 r-f ·r-1 ro .µ 0 !>-t CU 0 ..Q (1) r-1 H >, 0 a, E OJ ..C: 0 H .µ s:: 0 lJ) C: 0 C: ·r-i (1) ·r-f ::s Ul r-1 Ul (1) Q) mz ~ LLJ (1) t/l ro (1) ,... 0 s:: ·r-1 fJ 0 .µ •.-f (1) s ,-... 0 •r-1,-... s:: r-1 (1) ro '-' s:: m,.... (1) LO .µ 0 ._. s:: .µ • ·r-1 ..0 ~ ~ . M _µ N ·r-1 • 'U OU § & ' CO H t/l OH (1) ·r-1 tn s:: .µ s:: 0 -r-1 -r-1 •n r-1 ~ .µ ·r-1 ,._. u 0 ,... Q) ro m w ~ 0 ._. ~ s:: ~ ctj Q M 0-I ·r-1 0 t/l u 0 ·r-1 s:: .µ :> ·r-1 0 t/l ,._. t/l t/l 0-I Q) Q) .µ s:: a> ro b'l ..c: ,._. s:: E-t Q) ·r-1 s:: r-1 Q) r-1 • b'l ·r-1 'U ~ (l) t/l ,-... 'U (l) • C/l •r-1 0 0 H :> ·r-1 • (1) 0 :> r-1 t/l H $i.-f • ::, 0-IQlU t/l s:: C/l ' 0 (l) 'U H 0 (l) H .µ -r-1 re s:: :> s:: s:: Q) H m 0 re a, s -r-1 s:: t/l (l) ..µ Q) 'U u ~ ,._. Q) Q) 0 4-1 Cl) 04-10'-' Q} :> ·r-1 .µ tJ) 0 s:: (J.) ·r-1 0-I .µ t/l ,._. Q) 0 ,._. ~ ,._. 0-I ·r-1 ::, (J) ~ r-i 4-1 Q) 0 tJ) ,-... ,._. ,-... m m r---- .µ r-i _, •r-1 • 4-1 t/l ,.Q Q} ·r-1 • s:: ~ (J.) Q} • ..Q ~ Q r-i .µ ' m :::S H 04-1 H •r-1 H 8' ~ ~ s:: r-1 0 0 0 0 0 •..-¾ ..c: (J) s:: ..µ 0 - ·..-¾ U ~ Q} Q) (J) S::4-1 Cl) P-r O O """ 'U (J) § ~ ~ Q) ~ s:: QJ (1) H 0 0-I .µ (l) H (1) .µ ..Q s:: ·r-1 (1) ,._. .µ (l) .µ .µ ·r-1 $..I s 0.. ,-... 0 • ,._. s ro 4-1 0 • $..IN (J.) 4-1 • e u 0 $..I 0 0 , H ~ (J) H ro (l) s ·r-1 s:: .µ 0 'O ·r-1 •r-1 s:: r-i .µ ro -r-1 u S O 0 en c( <( Q. I.LI :e :e - ,._. Cl) 0 (l) .µ ·r-1 ·r-1 .µ t/l ·r-1 ·r-1 r-1 :> ·r-1 u re cu (J.) 4-1 .µ u re Q) Q) Q) 0.. ~ 0 ~ 0 s:: (1) r-1,rd Q) s:: 4-1 :> Q) 0 Q) .µ 'U s:: .µ ·r-1 H ~ m 0 ..Q S 8! (1) 'U ::, Cl) s:: Ul ::, CU 'O s:: m Q} 6 u s:: ·r-1 r-1 ro ..Q •r-1 ,._. .µ s:: 0 .µ .c u .µ Q} ,--f 4-1 cd 4-1 Q) ~ ~ .µ s:: Q) Q) s Cl) Q) cd b'l ..Q cd fJ (1) -~ s 13 a r-1 s:: cd S:: 0 ..Q O U ·r-1 Q) ,._. ,._. .µ •r-1 s:: 0 0 4-1 :> ·r-1 0 ,... .µ (J.) rd .µ t/l :> u (l) ,... Q) ,._. Q) 4-1 tn : 4-1 .µ Q) Ptl ro ,._. a:: LI.I t- i- LI.I u:e <( <( Q. a:: :E <( - a.. I Cl) Q) ..Q Q) ·r-1 OS $..I E-t 0 :S:: ~H QJ r-4 r-1 r-1 cd cd ·r-1 :> .µ s:: ~ Q) 0 .µ ::s 0 Q 0... I Cl) (1) ..Q ·r-1 ~ ~ 0 !>'1 s:: (l) 0 r-1 0 ~~ :> r-1 n:s ~ ..Q u ·r-1 ::, ,._. Q E-t I C/l s:: (l) 0 ..Q ·r-1 ·r-1 .µ ,._. n:s E-t s:: ·r-1 ~e Q) ,... r-i (l) r-1 .µ ro OJ :::>o I ~ 4-1 u r-1 ::, (l) Q UJ .µ s:: (l) [ 0 r-i (l) :> QJ Q ,0 ~ i-J III-17  re, (l) ' >: re Ul (l) re, co . Q) s:: Ul Q) s:: .µ ~ ~ Q) 0 :::, tn !>-i co ::s Q) s:: ·r-1 co .µ (1) C) .µ re Q) .µ .µ .µ ·r-f en (l) .µ ..Q C) .µ s:: en Q) A s:: s:: . Ul (1.) :> s:: 0 (l) ct:I 0 ...c: 4-t 0 Q) Q) en s:: ·r-1 co Q) !>-i ..Q ...c: .µ 04-t en C) ~ (1) .µ ...c: Ul r-1 (l) en .µ r-1 04-t Q) ~ 0 re ·r-f (l) r--¾ t/l en s:: 4-t cu .µ 0 ~ (1) .µ I r-1 t/l Ja.-1 co ::s s:: 0 ~ 0 s:: §t 0-i 0-i·r-1 s:: cu.-.. (1) 0-i ::J co ·r-1 0 0 s:: en cu :::, . .µ .µ ~ OJ .µ r-1 OJ ,-... .µ •,-f 0 ·r-f 0 ~ Ja.-1 ·r-1 9 tJ' ...C: ·r-1 Q) s:: Q) s co (l) t/l,-... r-1 .µ s r-1 ·r-i (1) (1) :> t/l ...c: (1) .µ r-1 ..Q :::, C) ::J ·r-1 cu ·r-1 .µ :> .µ ..c: (lJ 'U .µ :> cu 0 ::J '--' en ra ..Q A 0 co (l) C) s:: r-1 (l) (1) t/l tn !>-i tn .-.. (1) ro en 0 ro -r-1 (1) C) 'U ro co co Ja.-1 Ja.-1 r-1 (lJ r-1 s:: L{) H ro (1) .µ r-1 }..I s:: ~~,-... s:: 0-i t/l 0 r-f ~ rd H .-.. .µ ·r-1 '--' s:: .-.. ·r-1 u 0 rd en . o. 4-t r-1 . s:: . s:: .µ . (1) 4-t ·r-1 . r-1 co t/l ·r-1 .µ . CJ 0-i ·r-1 ~ tr .µ (lJ 0 ·n (lJ en ..Q ..c: 0 r-1 tJ) rd > Q) .µ cu en OJ Q) s:: . en !>-1 ~ 0 • s:: t/l ·r-1 . H ·r-1 • .µ . s:: cu ro ~ ·r-1 • en (lJ N ·r-1 .µ N Q) ::J .µ N H ~N S:: ~ N 0 f34-t'UN ·r-1 0-i . 'U ·r-1 .µ M • s s:: . ::l (1) . .µ 0 s:: . -r-1 ro . 0 • 0 OU C) ::s u (lJ 4-t QJ u C) u C) ·r-1 ::J· u .µ s:: 4-t,-... en tn u s:: 'O co ..Q s:: tn 0 :> H co .µ H H m OJ . s:: (lJ s:: s .. : s:: ~ 0 ... co OJ ... (l) 0 ' ~ rd .µ ... 0 HO 0 :> 0 ... en ... 0 H rd ro (I) ·r-lH s:: .µ H H H 4-IH Sr-I H 0-i .µ "-" 0 ·r-1 r-1 H Cl) Ul Ja.-lH 0 Ja.-1 .µH co s:: 0-i H rd H ·r-1 r-1 r-1 H 0 s:: ... .µ H z (l) 4-t .µ ::s ~ s Q) Q s:: rd rd H (lJ en H 'U rd !>-1 ~ H s:: s:: OJ.µ OS:: s .µ ~ Ul M .µ C) ~ 0-i s r-1 QJ C) ..Q s:: 0 Ir :::, .µ 0 Q) .µ ::s 0 Ja.-1 Q) s:: 0 (lJ co O en ·r-1 0 0-i rd s:: en ·r-1 0 ct .µ C) ·r-1 _p rd 4-t 'O•r-i (l) 0 Q) •r-1 C) t/l •r-1 s:: s:: H •r-1 .µ 0 ·r-1 0 co 'O (lJ •r-1 0 co .µ ::s r-1 .µ .µ H re .µ ·r-1 en .µ 0 ·r-1 .µ .µ t) r-1 H ·r-f (lJ s:: en .µ - :E ::s Ja.-1 {) rd tJ' ~ ::st) ro 0 ·r-1 CJ :> (lJ 0 •,-f t) 0 co (lJ Q) .µ H ·r-1 ::s C) I- H .µ OJ Q) Q) rd OOJ (1.) 4-t t) QJ Ja.-1 0 QJ .µ H Q) QJ ~ :> .µ CJ t) (lJ I.LI .µ Q) Cl) Ja.-1 re a, ...c:ro H s:: 0 CJ) Q) Q) CJ) 0-i O r-1 CJ) s Q)rd QJ s:: en 4-1 C/l a.. 0: CJ) 'U ._.. 8 ro s:: Ul'-- (!J OJ m ~ Cl) s:: ..__ 0 ll-l QJ ..__ H'OSCl.l H ·r-1 0"'-- 0 N r-1 N N N N f I 0 + I I I z I() z 0 0 0 - - I- I- 0. <( 0 r-1 r-1 r-1 r-1 r-1 r-1 N 0 I I + I I I LLJ z Q: 0 I- (.) <( LLJ l&J r-1 r-1 r-1 er 0 0 f + 0 0 I Q: 0 - l&J er IJ.. en ' 0 H 0 co t/l s:: 0 .µ co 0 H en tn ·r-1 s:: en Ul ·r-1 Q) .µ ·r-1 CJ} s 0 CJ ... P-t 'O CJ en (1) QJ :> ·r-1 .µ H s:: s:: ::s s:: 'U en s:: .µ H :> s:: U) ·r-1 ro H ·r-1 ~ Q) Q) H (lJ ... Q) .µ ·r-1 I- (lJ ·r-1 en Q) ... s >t t) 'U .µ en 'U .µ .µ en s:: 0) en Q) s:: .µ ·r-1 Q) s:: s:: Q) H ·r-1 (.) 0 (l) Q) ·r-f H CJ H ·r-1 :> en ~ 0 en ·r-1 QJ :> s ·r-1 en (l) ..c: ·r-1 Q) 0 H ::s CJ ::s 0 :> ·r-1 c:( Q) .µ '"d s:: CJ r-1 :> ·r-1 Q) 0-i :> ·r-1 .µ H ·r-1 ..c H ·r-1 ::s 0 0 Ja.-1 U) !>-i ·r-1 tn !>-i H .µ 0 a.. I r-1 .µ ro (/) 0-i tn .µ tn ::s s:: tn OJ ~ co LL ·r-1 m 4-1 s ::s 4-1 0 N tn C) Q) H tJ' ·r-1 H en 9 r-1 :E 0 co s:: 4-1 ... 't1 (l) s:: Q) (l) H Q) Q) (lJ tr' 0 't1 ..c: ·r-1 0 Ul ~ r-1 0 s:: ::s s:: H U) co en .µ en ro Q) ...c: (l) ... 'U (lJ s:: s:: - l&J en 1,t) (l) s:: t/l Q) t/l 4-1 co (l) s:: 0 0-i en 0 0 0 0:: I- 0 (l) ·r-1 0 0 0-i·r-l 0 0 ... H OJ (l) r-1 H Q) .µ 0 ·r-1 s:: .µ 0-i ·r-1 .µ ·r-f tn H r-1 0 r-1 :> ro (l) :> .µ J =>o .µ H ·r-1 t/l Q) CJ ·r-1 en (1) co 4-1 Q) ·r-1 ·r-1 ~ ·r-1 Ul >t co en ·r-1 ... .µ 0 .µ .µ H 0 .µ en tn (l) c:( CJ Q) .µ ·r-1 H .µ ·r-1 > '"d r-1 ·r-f 't1 co Q) 0-i co (l) H H <( a. ct1 'O s:: 'U tn H .µ 0 0 y) 'O OJ 'O r-1 .µ s:: r-1 CJ Q) 0 l&J ::E ~~ co m C) H 0 ...C: (l) Q) s:: (l) ct1 ro & 0 s:: (l) ..-.. I- ::s (l) Q) "O :E - H ~ OLO Q O-i m Af 4-t en S z ro ~ s s cu (lJ H Q) z ::l en ~ IJJ QJ •,; ·r-1 -W !>-i ~ :E .µ ro .µ 'U 8 ·r-1 QJ Ul s:: (1.) (1) r-1 ·r-f (l) co 0 0 (l) z co r-1 4-1 '-' co 0 s H I H I en a:: ::s 0 ·r-f Q) ::s s:: :::s ::J 0 (/.l C/l ~ LL.I Ol :> Q 0 s:: 0 0 s:: H en 0 ·r-f U) 0 0 (\J Q: I- QJ re ro Q) en Q) ·r-1 .µ Q) ·r-i .µ t- l&J 0 s:: s:: C/l OJ ~ .µ 0 ~ .µ co LU - m m ·r-1 ~ ::s ~re __, > u~ 0-i 't1 en ...c: C) .µ !>-i S H !>-i 9 (1) <( C/l ·r-1 Q) .µ ·r-f ·r-1 tn ::s .µ tn .µ en z ~er= r-1 r-1 H en en H en m s:: ::s .µ r-1 r§ ·r-1 QJ s:: s:: OJ s:: r-1 ~ tJ' en co IJJ :E <( (l) ·r-1 m OJ .µ S:: 0 0 s:: 0 OJ 0-i Af ::J µ=,uu ~ u ~ a. 0 H~ ::r: ....._____ III-18 en z 0 - t- a.. 0 z 0 - t- mz ~ lJJ u ·r-1 4-1 4-1 ccs ~ ....µ • . CD :>-t • CCS N ~J ccs 0 -- ~ H H '"d (].) s:: U) 0 ccs .,; (].) _µ ~ u u Q) c 00 H __. z 0 1- 0. 0 z 0 I<( LLI Q: 0 LI.I Q: N I N l M I C\1 r-1 I r-1 I N I 0 0 r-1 ' LL 0 LIJ Q: I::> 0 u, <( . <( Q. LI.I ~ :E - lQ tn (].) I U I aJ CJ Q) lQ ccs U) ro -r-1 ·r-1 c O lO aJ 0 CCS c aJ .µ c .,... ·r-1 lQ s::.µ lQ 4-1 (l} ·r-1 ·r-l 0 CJ :> 0 ·r-1 c ·r-1 .µ (I) :> 0 _µ tn Q) ·r-1 CJ lQ ::,ro _µ ro _µ ro c 4-1 tJl ~ tJ) ·r-1 0 c ·r-1 c ro ·r-1 u ·r-1 ~ H _µ ·r-1 _µ _µ (I).µ.µ.µ U) :> ·r-1 )..I ·r-1 c a, s ro s o ...:laJ~Q) u (].) CJ c ro ..0 ~ ~ ::, 0 .µ Ul H ·r-1 rd lQ ro u <1l ·r-1 .µ ro °' .,; c O lO ro r-1 0 r-1 (lJ (1) nj u co CJ c ..C: •r-1 Q) u ~ .µ ~ 0 lQ nj _µ ·r-1 Ul ~ 4-1 .,-1 ~ 0 ..c: Ul c c 0 0 ·r-1 .,-1 .µ .µ ccs rd .µ u ~ ~ .,-1 (I) 0 +> ro a. U) ·r-1 lQ :::S lO c 0 c CCS CJ O ~ ic:l! u ~ (J} (].) u ~ ::, 0 Ul ~ CJ ·r-1 4-1 ·r-1 .µ c -- -- ... mm, C c. Cross-Impact Analysis An important step in the KSIM procedure is the comple- tion of the cross-impact matrices. The variables are listed in rows and columns as in common binary arrays. The impact of. the column variables on the row variables are then systematically evaluated and entered into the appropriate squares of the matrices. All linkages must be considered in the procedure. The relationship between variables are determined to be either positive or negative, and they are weighed according to the strength of the relationship. One, two, or three entered in a matrix square indicates either a mild, significant, or strong relationship. Zeros are entered where no particular effect or impact is thought to be present. The original matrices were formulated by Boyle staff. Tribal and BIA input into the cross-impact analysis was accomplished by questionnaire and discussion of cross-impact parameters. The questionnaire used in the analysis and the resultant impact matrices are contained in Attachment C. d. Computer Simulation of Variables Variable codes, initial values, and cross-impact values are input into a computer with the KSIM program. The computer performs the iterative calculations and displays the projected changes in each variable over time. Figures 25, 26, and 27 show the computer simulation projection of the KSIM variables for development Options 1, 2, and 3 for the proposed project. e. Interpretation of KSIM Projections for the Proposed Project Each of the nine KSIM variables are analyzed separately for the three development options. Table 28 presented in Section VIII, contains a summary of the variable characteristics identified below. Ill-2 7 (D . (0 0 . ~ 0 . N 0 . 0 Cl) en a.. u >- n N :z: u 0::: " + X: Q:: 3: ll ~ a:: - ..,_ II X z 0 r- ~ t.> w ._ 11 + LL 0 u Lt.J a:: II ◄ Cl :z LLJ u E) z Q r- 0 w J 0 0:::: (l_ FIGURE 25 ti.) Cf) Cf) N Q., 0 N II >- C!> l&J 0::: II N z u a: II .. N z 0 6= 0 LL 0 z 0 ~ 0 w J ~ . r.c o, . • _. 0 . N 0 0 . . 0 0 FIGURE 26  (/) l0 (/) N Q.. 0 N II >- c.!) w ~ II N z u a:: II t( 3: l&.. -:> fl + 17: a::: 3 ll ~ 0:: <( w u >- I- II X u w .,_ II + r<) z 0 I()_ 0 LL 0 u w o:= II ◄ CJ z w II €) z 0 l- td -:, 0 et: (L 0 . _. (D . 0 U) . 0 ~ . C) N . 0 0 . 0 FIGURE 27 1) Environmental Quality (ENQ) - The environmental quality variable which denotes the degree of environmental features which lend character and distinction to the reservoir setting, will stay at a r e la tiv el y high value for all three options. Environmental quality in Option 1 rises slightly due to the establishment of better facilities for solid and liquid wastes reducing current potential pollution sources both on land and in the water. Environmental quality in development Option 2 will improve very slightly. This is due to the partial offset of est_ablishment of better pollution control facilities by increased recreational development. Option 3 shows an initial rise in environmental quality with a long-term leveling off trend. This leveling off is due to long-term recreational development and decline in ecological factors. 2) Recreation (REC) - The recreation variable indicates the degree of recreational use of the reservoir. Recreation in development Option 1 rises slightly, reflecting improvement of facilities plus a probable increase in recreation pressure from increases in ·population and increase in leisure time. Development Option 2 shows a higher rise in recreation at the reser- voir reflecting increased recreational opportunities afforded by increased recreational development. Development Option 3 depicts higher recreational' use probably due to diversified recreational opportunities provided on reservoir lands and adjacent lands. 3) Jurisdictional Framework (JFW) - This variable is a function of the amount of jurisdictional control over ownership and management of the reservoir. In Option 1 the jurisdictional framework variable declines, due to management by the tribe of some facets of reservoir facilities previously shared by several agencies. In Option 2 jurisdictional framework declines only slightly reflecting higher levels of interagency cooperation ne~essita ted by increased recreational use of the reservoir area. Jurisdictional III-28 framework in Option 3 remains at a generally constant level due again to necessary high levels of interagency cooperation and a general changeover of some jurisdictional responsibilities if the land is conveyed to the tribes. 4) Resource Consumption (RCN) - This variable considers the fuels and other nonrenewable resources consumed in connection with reservoir recreation. All three development options indicate a general rise in resource consumption over the years. In Option 1 there is a slight increase in resource consumption due to establishment of some new recreational facilities and further energy expenditure for travel to the reservoir. Option 2 projects greater increases in resource consumption due to construction of new facilities, greater emphasis on resource consuming forms of recreation, and increase in user days. Use of resources further increases in Option 3 due to further recreational development and further increased user days, as well as, higher energy using forms of recreational facilities. 5) Public Services (PSS) - The public services variable indicates the level of services provided on reservoir lands. The levels of public services increase for each development option. The Option 1 projection indicates there will be increased public services to make up for present deficiences and service added facilities and the increased recreational use. There are increasingly higher public service requirements for Option 2 and Option 3 reflecting in- creased recreational development and increased visitor days. 6) Tribal Economic Well-Being (TEC) - This variable indicates the extent of the tribe's economic independence. Tribal economic well-being rises sharply in Option 1. This rise is due to greater income and employment generated through provision of additional recreational facilities. Tribal economic well-being is projected to be higher in Option 2 than Option 1. This is due to added income derived both directly and indirectly from increased recreational III-29 development at the reservoir as well as from increased visitor use of the reservoir. Tribal economic well-being shows similar trends in Option 3 as in Option 2. This is thought to reflect increased capital expenditures necessary for implementing Option 3, which would reduce net earnings. 7) Tribal Cultural Integrity (TCI) - This variable measures the degree of Indian cultural values existent within the members of the tribe. All options reflect an increase in tribal cultural integrity in the future. This rise is due to many factors including Indian pride of ownership of reservoir lands, higher rates of employment, higher tribal income levels, and levels of tribal ser- vices. This rise in cultural integrity is not totally due to the proposed project, but is reflective of the total cultural environment of the tribes including group identity and pride. 8) Water Resource Management (WRM) - This variable indicates the level of water resources required to meet the demands of multiple water uses. In Option 1 the degree of water resource management increases slightly due to the desirability of maintaining adequate reservoir levels for maintenance of recreational activities. The degree of water resource management is greater in Option 2 than Option 1, due to increased need for a higher level of water for recreational use requiring development of other water resources, such as groundwater on the Duck Valley Reservation for supplementary use during dry years. Water resource management would be developed to a high level for Option 3, which reflects a necessity for maintenance of Wildhorse Reservoir levels to protect major capital investments for recreation facilities at Wildhorse, while maintaining agricultural use of water at the Duck Valley Reservation. 9} Regional Relationship (REG) - This variable measures the impor- tance of Wildhorse Reservoir to regional recreation. The reservoir will III-30 increase in importance to the region for all three options •. The maximum values for the regional relationship are highest in Option 3 reflecting largescale regional recreational development. This value is correspondingly lower in Option 2 and Option 1 • III-31 IV. MITIGATING MEASURES INCLUDED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION A. Management Measures By far the most significant aspect of the proposed action, and where potentially the most adverse impact could occur, is in the management of the natural and recreational resources of Wildhorse Reservoir. With few exceptions, management decisions will be the cause of the positive and negative environmental impacts discussed previously. Therefore, it is appropriate that some form of management policy be adopted to guide the management decision making in the future. As a minimum, management decisions under both the lease phase and conveyance phase should be based on the following management policy measures: 1) Use agreements with other agencies currently in effect regarding the reservoir or BIA-controlled lands should continue to be respected under both the lease and conveyance phases. Included are the following: a) Maintenance of minimum conservation pool (5, 000 acre-feet) and minimum streamflow (2 cfs) in Owyhee River below dam. b) Provision of unrestricted access onto national forest shore- line lands from reservoir boundary lands. c) Continuation of " .•. the same recreational opportunities as have been provided ... 11 previously (Senate Appropriations Committee Report No. 233). d) Continuation of right-of-way authorization for Nevada State Route 51. e) Continuation of flowage easement agreements for flood safety. 2) No actions should be undertaken during the lease or conveyance phase which excludes any individuals or groups on the basis of race, color, creed, or sex. IV-1 3) Residential housing is considered an incompatible form of devel- opment within current BIA controlled Wildhorse Reservoir boundaries except when associated with the operation of a recreational concession. 4) User fees charged should be commensurate with fees charged by other agencies (such as the Forest Service, BLM, or Nevada State Parks) for similar recreational facilities and services. (Suggested management duties are discussed on page III-2.) 5) Fisheries management responsibilities should be solidified by for- mal agreement for the two project phases so as to prevent lags in fisheries management activity. 6) Servicing of the BLM campground by the tribes should be proposed so as to effect economies in maintenance and waste disposal. 7) Future recreational management should strive to maintain user densities which achieve a high level of recreational and open space qualities as reservoir use increases. 8) A policy of preservation and/ or salvage of objects or areas with historic or archaeological value should be a guiding criterion of development decisions. (See special mitigating measures for archaeological resources in this section.) 9) The impact of recreational deve loprnents on land use adjacent to the reservoir boundaries should be an important consideration in management decision making. 10) A plan for effective disposal of liquid wastes generated at Wildhorse Reservoir should be implemented as a management measure. The plan should tie in the waste generation aspects of reservoir recreation with planning for improvements or expansion of the Owyhee wastewater treatment plant. Consideration should be made for the quality of liquid wastes to be treated as well as the quantity. IV-2 11) Management decisions primarily as they pertain to major recreational development should be prefaced by at least some evidence of demand and an environmental assessment of construction-type impacts. 12) A steering committee should be established to review and comment on major recreational development proposals for Wildhorse Reservoir and lands. The committee may be composed of from five to seven nenoers , including two tribal representatives, a BIA representative, a Forest Service representative, and a Nevada State Parks and State Fi sh and Game representative. Other members of the steering committee could be chosen from the private sector. The major purpose of the steering committee would be to contribute to development decisions a broad range of expertise and recreation-related experience. The steering committee would have advisory authority only. In lieu of a steering committee, it would be possible to hold public hearings on major development proposals at the reservoir. Public hearings would allow at least public review of decisions regarding the use of Wildhorse Reservoir. B. Archaeological Resources As discussed previously, potentially sJgnificant archaeological sites exist within the reservoir boundaries. The archaeologists' recommendations regarding these sites are outlined below, confirmed by the State Historic Preservation Officer, and will be adopted as mitigation measures to bef ncl uded in the proposed action: 11We recommend that plans be made to avoid sites ·as much as possible in planning development. Sites in the permanent development area should be investigated. The low probability of subsurface cultural -remains in these sites indicates that complete recovery of the information they may yield is economically feasible. We recommend that limited test excavations be planned to confirm our judgment. If no subsurface archaeological features are found, complete systematic collections of material from the surface and a repor t will mitigate any adverse impact threatened by further development. 11 · IV-3 "A complete reconnaissance should be planned to inventory and evaluate sites. Our random sample revealed sites in all areas, with high concentrations along tributary streams. "An inventory would itself mitigate much of the indirect impact on the planned development." C. Recreational Use Limitations The configuration of reservoir boundaries presents major problems for continuous move merit around the reservoir. Recreational activities which require trails or involve some distance such as hiking, horseback riding, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing, have inherent use limitations in terms of legal access (see Figure 24). Some of these activities have a high use demand in Elko County. Horseback riding is the third most popular outdoor recreational activity in the county following fishing and hunting. Hiking is the fifth most popular activity (Preliminary SCORP data, ~976). To accommodate these and other forms of recreation which require trails, additional lands around the reservoir should be withdrawn from public domain, leased from the administrating agencies, or purchased if available. An alternative to purchase or withdrawal would be application with the appropriate agency for- access easements or the joint operation of facilities. An example of joint operation would be a tribal developed equestrian trail which utilized national forest lands. A dual benefit would be realized in overcoming. an inherent use limitation of a popular r-ecr-ea tional activity and implementing multiple-use objectives of natural forest lands. The parcels of land which could be of benefit to envisioned recreational activities and options are listed below and shown in Figure 28. 1) Approximately 40 acres comprising the SW 1 / 4. SW 1 / 4. Section 20, T44N, R55E, MD B&M - This is an isolated parcel ~f BLM lf1nd sur- . . rounded by private properties and BIA-coritrolled Iands', This 'Iand would provide an access link between two large reservoir Iarid parcels • IV-4 2) Approximately 120 acres comprising the S 1/2, SW 1/4, and SW 1/4, SE 1/4, Section 19, T44N, R55E, MD B&M - This land includes the BLM campground area plus additional lands with fine overviews of the reser- voir and environs. 3) Approximately 240- acres of nonreservoir lands west of SR51 in the SE 1 / 4, Section 29, and in the NE 1 / 4, Section 32, T44N, R55E, MD B&M - This land would provide additional continguous lands for a central recreational development area at the reservoir. These lands currently have little range value because of previous conflicts between range animals and campers. 4) Approximately 280 acres of nonreservoir lands in _the S 1 /2, Section 31, T44N, R55E, MD B&M - These lands would provide sufficient area on the western side of the reservoir for some limited types of camping and use. The parcel could also serve as a staging area for trails or other activities which could utilize national forest lands. The lands delineated in Items 1 through 4· above amount to roughly 680 acres which could beneficially be added to the existing reservoir lands. IV-5 - § I ~ I / -~~/:rt·mt:! I - .,,, '-./ FIGURE 21 . . V. ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED The major unavoidable adverse impacts of the proposed action are the environmental changes which will result from construction and operation of recreational facilities. These have been described in this report as indirect primary and secondary impacts, and cumulative impacts. The unavoidable impacts will be of both short-term and long-term duration and effect. An unavoidable adverse impact relates to the effect of agricultural water use on recreation and fisheries management. Significant water level reduction will have an adverse impact on recreational use and may also adversely impact fisheries maintenance. For the foreseeable future, agricultural water demands will take precedence over and will have unavoidable impact upon water-based recreational needs in water short years; however, no more than at the present time under existing conditions. The construction activities for recreational developments will cause short-term unavoidable impacts by creating noise,. air, and dust pollution from mechanical construction equipment; changing the appearance of the landscape; interfering with recreational activities; -possibly causing disturbance to archaeological sites; posing safety, fire, and erosion hazards; removing vege- tation; and disturbing wildlife. Though provision of i mpr-ove d recreational opportunity is considered beneficial, certain operational aspects of the proposed action will have longterm unavoidable adverse effects. These adverse environmental impacts include the increased use of utilities to operate concessions, increased generation of solid and liquid wastes for disposal, increased consumption of energy supplies used in transit to and from and while recreating at the reservoir, increased noise generated by higher human and vehicular densities, and increased traffic on SR 51 and other access routes. V-1 VI. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY A. Introduction It is a purpose of the proposed recreational lease and conveyance to enhance ·the long-term productivity of Wildhorse Reservoir through improvement of its desirability and utility for human use. However, to achieve longterm productivity requires some initial investment of resources, alteration of the environment, and implementation of use conditions. These actions result in impacts which are normally short term in duration, but which are sometimes unavoidable and irreversible. In a sense they represent the environmental and social "costs" of achieving the desired long-term productivity. For purposes of this discussion it will help to separate the concept of long-term productivity into three component parts, namely recreational productivity, tribal productivity, and agricultural productivity. Maintenance of long-term productivity in the case of Wildhorse Reservoir involves all three of these components. B. Recreational Productivity The proposed action will have the effect of encouraging increased recreational use of Wildhorse Reservoir in the future. To some extent the level of future use is dependent upon the amount and kind of facilities to be developed (i.e., which recreational option is implemented); however, a direct correlation is not always a valid assumption. For all options, recreational productivity will benefit from envisioned improvements in waste disposal, facilities improvements, and use management. Offsetting these positive aspects are some negative effects which grow in magnitude as Option 3 levels of development are approached. For instance, it is foreseen that though more VI-1 people will be able to enjoy the reservoir's resources in the future, an increase in use will change the character of the recreational experience. As the use increases so will the ambient noise levels and density of persons present. Management activities and recreational facilities will exert controls on recreationists' movements within the Wildhorse area. Some present forms of· receation, such as hunting, maybe deemed inappropriate for safety reasons. Future reservoir users may have to pay a fee for reservoir use, whereas previous and present users pay essentially nothing. Option 3 .Ievel s of devel- 'opment will have both positive and negative influence on recreational productivity (see Table 27) and represent the most drastic change from exi st ing conditions. Options 1 and 2 will exert mor e positive influences on recreational productivity since they strive to maximize the existing chara,cter of use at Wildhorse. C. Tribal Productivity A result of the proposed action will be the creation of employment opportunities for tribal members. More opportunity will exist under the conveyance phase than under the lease phase and Option 3 will provide more employment than Options l or 2. There will also be an increase in tribal income as the added services at Wildhorse are compensated for. Employment opportunities and greater income provide at least one means by which the tribes can become less dependent on federal government assistance and have greater control over their own destiny (self-determination). This is by no means an automatic outcome, however, since tribal productivity will only benefit if there is some degree of success at managing the reservoir's resources, and if wise decisions are made by the tribes regarding the investment and expenditure of revenues. Tire benefits to the tribe in achieving a greater degree of self-determination, however, will enhance the tribe's existence and long- term productivity .. VI-2 D. Agricultural Productivity Another important aspect of long-term productivity involves the potential conflicting demands placed on the reservoir water supply to support increased recreational use at Wildhorse and increasing agricultural activity on the reservation. The esttmated potential irrigation requirement for the reservation varies from 57,000 to 92,000 acre-feet per year depending on crop requirements and irrigation efficiency (BRI Systems, Inc , , 1975). Current crop water requirements are on the order of 30,000 to 40,000 acrefeet per year, not all of which is supplied by the reservoir. Increasing water demands due to agricultural development will cause greater yearly fluctuations in the reservoir water level and, as suggested previously, will have some adverse effects on the desirability of reservoir recreation. In the case of large tribal investment in recreational facilities and management, such as Option 3, there could be severe economic consequence of a substan- tial reservoir drawdown. A decision to foresake agriculture for recreation, which the tribes may elect in the future, would of course have adverse consequences for agricul- tural productivity. It is emphasized that for years in the future with near average precipi- tation or above, such multiple demand for water usage will have no unusual adverse consequences for agricultural productivity. However, in successive years of well below average precipitation, agricultural productivity may be difficult to maintain if the priority for recreational use of water is high. VI-3 VII. ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED A. Land Resources During the conveyance phase of the proposed action, the approxi- mately ~, 982 acres of land and water area within the BIA boundaries will be put into trust status for the Duck Valley Indians. Placing lands in trust status means that the Wildhorse Reservoir area will become basically an extension of the Duck Valley .Reservation. Lands will be governed by the tribes and will have regulations similar to those of the Duck Valley Reservation, except as provided for in the conveyance legislation or in the proposed management plan (see Mitigating Measures). Once these properties are committed to trust status it is difficult to have them removed. In a sense this represents a committment of public lands; however, the open space and recreation resources of Wildhorse Reservoir will continue to be available to the public. B. Ecological Resources The proposed action will have largely irreversible adverse impact on the ecology of the local and regional setting. Envisioned developments will have the localized effect of reducing available wildlife habitat and wildlife densities in the reservoir boundary area. While the totality of these effects is minor, there is a possibility for more significant effects from land developments in the area of Wildhorse induced by improved recreation. As has been discussed previously, the endangered peregrine falcon ranges over large areas of land and may occasionally forage or nest in the general vicinity of Wildhorse. Increased development in the Wildhorse area in the future would have the effect of slightly reducing the foraging area of this species. In itself, the area affected is minor compared to the entire foraging range of the s pe c ie s - VII-1 C. Energy Resources Energy resources in the form of fuels. electricity. liquified petroleum gas. and building materials will be expended during the life of the pro- posed project. representing irretrievable committments of resources. The most significant energy impact of the proposed action is the quantities of fuels which will be expended by the automobiles in transit to and from the reservoir. An increase in use as stated may mean an increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) of approximately 201. 687 miles per year for Option 1, 471. 648 miles per year for Option 2, and 876,588 miles per year for Option 3. Such an increase in VMT roughly equals additional gasoline consumption of 1 7, O 20, 39,802. and 73,974 gallons per year respectively for the three options. Though boating use does not presently represent a significant consumption of resources. a substantial increase in boating use will correspondingly increase the quantities of fuel expended. It is difficult to accurately project the consumption of fuel by motorboats since Wildhorse is a large enough water body to accommodate some use by boats with a wide range of horsepower and wide variation in size. VII-2 VIII. IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION Included in this section are descriptions and summaries of anticipated impacts of various alternatives to the lease and/ or conveyance of the reservoir lands to the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes. Three basic categories of alternatives are available to the BIA. These alternatives include the No Action Alternative, Additional Recreational Development by BIA and Lease or Conveyance of Lands to Nontribal Entities. Additionally, the long-term secondary impacts of the alternatives are assessed by the KSIM computer simu- lation method. A. Alternative One - No Action 1 • Description of Alternative This alternative would maintain the present use and admin- istration of Wildhorse lands by BIA. Essentially the same services as presently exist would be provided. 2 • Summary of Anticipated Impacts Reservoir conditions will remain essentially unchanged from those at present. The BIA would furnish minimal levels of service, including liquid waste disposal, maintenance of campgrounds, and operation of the Marina. However, BIA involvement would have to expand commensurate with normal increases in reservoir use or with increases in fisheries management activities. Users of the reservoir would continue to have relatively low- cost recreational opportunities. The relatively undeveloped nature of the area would remain. There would continue to be state control of fisheries' management, fish and game law enforcement, and collection of revenues from fishing and hunting licenses. Reservoir lands will continue to be maintained by a federal agency whose responsibility is not that of public recreation. Solid and liquid waste VIII-1 disposal will continue to present human health hazards • including potential future water quality problems. Lack '?f adequate facilities will continue nonutilization of the reservoir to its fullest recreational potential. The tribe would not derive any income fr-orn the reservoir lands. B. Alternative Two - Retain Present Administration of. Lands by BIA, but Undertake Further Recreational Development of Area 1. Description of Alternative In this alternative BIA would maintain control of reservoir lands and would undertake additional r-ecr-eational development at Wildhorse using general appropriations or other federal monies. 2. Summary of Anticipated· Impacts Development of the reservoir would be limited by funds available to BIA or would require additional appropriations for recreation which is not generally a responsibility of the agency. It would also require additional staffing by BIA which is currently unauthor-iz ed , Jur-Isdlctton of fish and game management would remain with the state of Nevada. The tribe would not gain financially fr-om this alternative unless tribal members were employed by BIA or were granted recreational conceaaions . Impacts of recreation activities would be those outlined in Figure 24. C. Alternative 0Three - Lease or Convey All or Portions of the Reservoir Area to Nontribal Entities This al ter-na tive envis~ons s ever'al subal ter-nat ives, including transfer to other federal agencies,· lease or ccmvey~nce __ to. state of, Nevada agencies, lease or conveyance to Elko County agencies, lease or conveyance to private entities, or a combination of federal, state, .andIocal control. Each sub- alternative will be considered s epar-ate ly . VIII-2 1. Lease or Conveyance of Reservoir Lands to Other Federal Agencies In this alternative, BIA would temporarily or permanently convey its controlled lands to other federal agencies. such as the BLM or forest service, with existing administrative machinery for recreational development. BIA would retain control of dam operation for irrigation of the Duck Valley Reservation. This alternative would remove BIA from direct control of reservoir recreational facilities, but would require additional expenditure by other federal agencies for increased recreational development and maintenance of recreational facilities; however, users of Wildhorse would most likely continue to have recreation at low cost. State fish and game agencies would continue to have primary fish and game responsibility at Wildhorse. The tribes would continue to derive no income from the reservoir. Conflicts between agricultural use of water and recreational use of water as discussed under the proposed action will occur under this alternative as well. The conflicts will have potentially greater adverse impact under this alternative, however, since the effects would be interagency in magnitude rather than being limited to within the tribes as under the proposed action. It must be assumed that agricultural water use, with accompanying periodic reservoir drawdown, would have priority over recreational water use in the future. Impacts of recreational activities would be the same as those outlined in Figure 24. 2. Lease or Conveyance of Reservoir Land to State of Nevada In this alternative, the state of Nevada would gain control of reservoir lands with little direct federal participation. The BIA would continue control of dam operation for irrigation on the Duck Valley Reservation. VIIl-3 Operation and recreation al development of reservoir lands would be the responsibility of the state financed from state funds. There would continue to be generally low cost recreation at the reservoir. The tribe would gain no financial benefits from this alternative. Interagency disputes over water resources management would create significantly greater impacts than those discussed in 1. above. 3. Lease or Conveyance of Reservoir Lands to County of Elko In this alternative, the county would gain control of reservoir lands, as in Subalternative 2. Impacts of this alternative would be essentially the same as Subalternative 2 except that control and recreational development would be centered with the county. State participation of fish and game management would be required. 4. Lease of Reservoir Lands to Private Entities In this alternative BIA would lease reservoir lands to private entities for recreational development. BIA would maintain control of reservoir operation. There would be little or, no direct public control of recreational facilities. The tribe would not gain financially from this alternative, and it is probable that use fees would be imposed for use of the facilities. Private enterprise would seem to be less tolerant of reservoir drawdowns because of the potential economic loss. Therefore, water resource use conflicts would be an adverse effect of the subalternative. 5. Combination of Federal, State, and Local Control This alternative would include a combination of many agencies con- trolling the reservoir lands and would not preclude tribal participation. Jurisdictional implications of this alternative would depend upon the exact composition of the management plan. Impacts of recreational activities are summarized in Figure 24. Interagency conflicts in water resources management (agricultural water use vs. VII I-4 recreational water use) would be severe under this alternative since as many as four separate agencte s would be responsible for recreational development and management at Wildhorse Reservoir. D. Computer Simulation of Project Alternatives The long-term impact trends of project alternatives were analyzed using the KSIM computer program. The procedure used was basically as described previously (see Section Ill, D-4) using the same impact variables and initial values. However, new cross-impact matrices and computer projections were generated. The cross-impact values used are contained in Attachment C. Following is a summary of the resulting projections as shown in Figures 29, 30, and 31. 1. No Action Alternative The KSIM projection for the no action alternative is shown in Figure 29. In the no action alternative, environmental quality would decline over the years reflecting lack of adequate recreational and waste dis- ·• posal facilities. Recreational use would climb only slightly reflecting growth in region-wide recreational demand. Jurisdictional framework would decline somewhat reflecting eventual consolidation of some management functions. Resource consumption increases reflecting greater energy expenditures necessary to transport additional people to the reservoir. Public services increase slightly reflecting increased recreational use. Tribal economic well- being rises slightly indicating that some tribal income is available from other sources. Tribal cultural integrity increases reflecting growing cultural identity even without the proposed project. Water resources management increases reflecting greater demand for irrigation water on the Duck Valley Ras er-va tionRegional relationships increase slightly even wit~out added development. VIIl-5  Cl) 1.0 (/) N 0.. 0 N It >- t!> w 0::: fl N % (.) 0::: II t( X IJ.. -:, II .. J:: a:: X u ~ 0:: <{ .... w u >- I- fl X u w t- 11 + w > I<{ z 0:: w ~ <{ LL 0 u w a: II ◄ a z w II E) z 0 1- u w J 0 0:: a_ FIGURE 29 (fJ Cf) Q.. " >- II N z u a:: N II .. w > F <{ z 0::: w ~ <{ LL 0 z 0 Ju w J 0 8: .... 0 f0 . .... 0 . N 0 . 0 0 . 0 FIGURE 30 CD . ..... 0 . C-'i' 0 0 . . 0 0 O') O') , A- ll >- " N z u ac: X La.. .., II + ..... u I- ll X w > - I- <( z 0:: w 1- _J <( LL 0 z 0 - 1- u w J 0 0:: a_ ... FIGURE 3I Recreational Development by BIA The KSIM projection for this alternative is shown in Figure 30. In this alternative environmental quality remains level reflecting maintenance measures by BIA to prevent degredation of the area. Recreation in- 2. creases due to increased recreational demand and provision of additional recreational facilities. Jurisdictional framework declines somewhat reflecting consolidation of some managerial activities by BIA. Re source consumption increases as recreation increases. Public services increase in response to increases in recreation. Tribal economic well-being is slightly higher than the no project alternative because it is assumed that tribal members would be employed by BIA to operate and maintain some of the recreational facilities. Tribal cultural integrity increases, but at a moderate rate. Water resource management would increase reflecting future conflicts in water use for recreation and agricultural purposes. The regional relationship of Wildhorse Reservoir would continue to rise. 3. Lease to Other Nontribal Entities .The KSIM projection for this alternative is shown in Figure 31. Environmental quality would remain fairly constant. Recreation would increase due to increased recreational demand and provision of additional recreation facilities. Jurisdictional framework is projected to decline due to consolidation of some managerial functions. Resource consumption would rise due to increased recreational use. The level of public services would also increase. Tribal economic well-being would rise only slightly. Tribal cultural integrity rises, but not at such a sharp increase as the other alternatives due to the tribes' loss of a management role. Water resource management and regional relationships rise in this alternative. VIII-6 E. Composite Evaluation of Computer Projections for Project Options and Alternatives Table 28 is a composite summary of the long-term trends shown in the KSIM computer projections. This table summarizes Infor-ma ti on contained in this section and in Section III, D-4. VIII-7  QJ > >t >. >t >t ·r-1 >t OJ ,-f >t OJ .µ ,-f t:,"I OJ ,-f t:,"I >t >t ,-f ,-f ,-f ttS Dl >t OJ Q) Q) ,-f C: .µ ,-f C: ,-f ,-f OJ r-t .µ .µ .µ C: ttS ttS ttS ttS ttS .µ .µ C: .µ ttS ttS fU J..f ~ ::J ..c Dl J..t ::J ..c Dl ..C Dl ..C •r-1 ..c Dl J..f Dl J..f Dl J..f ~~ .µ CJ Q) Q) .µ CJ QJ t:,"I QJ °' ,-f °' OJ Q) Q) Q) QJ QJ J..-4 Dl 'O J..-4 Dl ·r-1 Dl ·r-1 O·r-1 r-4:Z:: ·r-1 0 ·r-1 0 ·r-1 0 ·r-1 r.1' ·r-1 ,-f Q) ,-f Dl 'O Dl 'O Dl 'O ~8 >z ~~ > z ~Cl) n::C/l 0 Cl) ·r-1 0 •r-1 0 ·r-1 0 ~~ ~-~ ~~ -IC Cl) Q) ~ Dl > ,-f >t >t >t >a H •r-1 QJ ,-f ,-f ,-f ,-f ~ .µ >t > OJ >a >a >a Dl >t QJ . 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(JJ .µ ,-f QJ n:s QJ C: ·r-1 ,._, r-4 .µ C: s 0 ..c: .µ ·r-1 QJ C: fU n:s ·r-1 U) ,-f ttS ~ H ~ ,._. .µ C: ..c: Cl) iz.. a. 0 .µ ~ ~ 0 ,-f en s ·r-1 U) ) H 0 ·r-1 ro QJ ,-f ~ .µ QJ 0 ~ s ,._. 0 ttS Cll n:s 0 ,... ,-f 0 ~ ,._. C: C: r-4 ·r-1 t,'I ~ n:s .µ ~ 0 0 & > .µ C: ,-f 0 ·r-1 CJ ,._. UJ, ~ C: C: 0 ~ Dl •.µ QJ QJ > ~ 0 0 CJ OJ 0 QJ ,-f C/l .µ •r-1 ~ p::; ·r-4 0 ro 0 t, C: .µ ,-f 'O ,... C: 0 C: 0 n:s ,-f ,._. en ~ 0 ·r-1 QJ ~ J..f QJ fU ro ·r-1 0 ·r-1 r-4 Q .a QJ tj ·r-4 ,._. .a .µ ,._. ti) t,'I ~ > 0 ·r-1 ·r-f ~ fU ~ QJ QJ C: & J..f J..f tj p::; n:: ~ -IC ~ ~ 8 8 ~ VIII-8 IX. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION A. Consultation in Preparing an Environmental Statement 1. Preconsultation Mailing At the very earliest stages of preparing the Draft Environmental Impact Statement, numerous federal, state, and local agencies and private individuals were notified by mail of the preparation of the EIS and were asked for their comments on the proposed action and alternatives. Included in the mailing was a letter of transmittal, a brief project description including project alternatives, and a location map. Letters were sent to the following agencies and individuals: Federal Agencies Director, Region IX Department of Health, Education and Welfare 50 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94102 Paul DeFalco, Director Region IX Environmental Protection Agency 100 California Street San Fran.cisco, CA 94111 Regional Director Public Health Service Federal Office Building 50 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94102 Soil Conservation Service 308 Post Office Building P. O. Box 4850 Reno, NV 89505 Bureau of Land Management Nevada State Office 300 Booth Street Reno, NV 89502 Howard H. Chapman, Western Director U. S. National Parks Service 450 Golden Gate Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102 Emma McFarlfo Administrator Region IX Department of Housing and Urban Development 450 Golden Gate Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102 JohnD, Cherry, Regional Director; Heritage Conservation and Recreation· Servi ce 450 Golden Gate Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102 Regional Supervisor U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service P. O. Box 3737 Portland, OR 97208 Director U. S. Bureau of Reclamation Federal Building 550 West Fort · Boise, ID 83702 Superintendent U ~ S. Forest Service Region IV Humboldt National Forest 976 Mountain City Highway Elko, NV 89801 IX-1 Western Regional Director U. S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 David Metz, Regional Representative Economic Development Administration Suite 512 112 North Sancho A venue Phoenix, AZ 85004 Paul Fillo, Liaison Officer U. S. Bureau of Mines Room 306, Federal Building 705 North Plaza Carson City, NV 89701 Will Sively, Division Chief U. S. Army Engineer District, North Pacific Division Building 602, City-County Airport Walla Walla, WA 99362 State of Idaho Division of Budget, Policy Planning and Coordination State Clearinghouse Room 122, Statehouse Boise, ID 83720 Board of· County Commissioners Owyhee County Courthouse - Mercy, ID 83650 State of Nevada Mr. Bruce Arkell State Planning Coordinator Room 45, Capitol Building Carson City, NV 87910 cc: Highway Department Fish and Game Agriculture Human Resources Planning Conservation and Natural Resources Nevada Environmental Commission 201 South Fall Street Carson City, NV 89701 State Engineer Division of Water Resources 2 01 South Fall Street Carson City, NV 89701 Nevada Department of Fish and Game Region II 1375 Mountain City Highway Elko, NV 89801 Robert Elston, Director Nevada State Museum 600 North Carson Carson City, NV 89701 John Schilling, Director Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology University of Nevada Reno, NV 89507 Local Agencies and Individuals City Council City of Elko 1715 College Avenue Elko, NV 89832 Board of Supervisors Elko County 569 Court Street Elko, NV 89801. Archie F. Corbari, Jr. Wildhorse Ranch via; Elko, NV 89801 James Paiva Tribal Chairman, Shoshone-Paiute Tribes Tribal Office P. 0. Box 219 Owyhee, NV 89832 IX-2 2. Other Consultation During the compilation of the statement, additional contacts were made with agencies and individuals for specific bits of information. Contacts were made by telephone, letter, and personal interview. Agencies and individuals contacted for specific information are listed below: Federal Agencies Bureau of Land Management Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Bureau of Reel amati on Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers Environmental Protection Agency Fish and Wildlife Service Geological Survey National Archives and Records Service National Forest Service Nevada State Agencies Bureau of Mines and Geology Department of Economic Development Department of Fish and Game Department of Highways Department of Human Resources State Indian Commission State Museum State Park System University of Nevada, Agricultural Economics University of Nevada, Renewable Resources Elko County Agencies Assessors Office County Manager Director rif Engineering Services Private Organizations and Individuals Aerial Mapping Company F. Corbari, ·Jr. Frank and Annabelle Plunkett Nevada Power Company Pargas of Elko Stanford Research Institute IX-3 Various members of the Shoshone-Paiute tribes of Duck Valley gave valuable assistance in the preparation of this report. On several occasions meetings were held with the tribal Business Council to discuss project implications. Key tribal members also participated in an impact airnula.ti on procedure which has helped to identify certain socioeconomic impacts of the proposed action. IX-4 ATTACHMENT A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES BRI Systems Inc., 1975, "Natural Resource Study With Emphasis Upon Water" prepared for Bureau of Indian Affairs, Phoenix Area Office. Bureau of Reclamation, 1966, Memo to Chief Engineer, Denver, Colorado, Attention: D-755, Re: Inflow Floods at Wildhorse Reservoir, Nevada. Clawson, Marion and Jack L. Knetsch, 1966, Economics of Outdoor Recreation, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Coash, John R., 1967, "Geology of the Mount Velma Quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada" Nevada Bureau of Mines, Bulletin No. 68. Coats, Robert R., 1964, "Geology of the Jarbidge Quadrangle, Nevada-Idaho." U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1141-M. Coffin, Patrick, 1967, Wildhorse Reservoir Fishery, Elko County, Nevada, State of Nevada, Department of Fish and Game. , 1975, Field Trip Report, Wildhorse Reservoir Water Temperature Profile and Creel Census, State of Nevada, Department of Fish and Game. Coffman, Jerry L. and Carl A. von Huke, 1973, revised edition, "Earthquake History of the United States," U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Publication 41-1. Council on Environmental Quality, 1975, "Recreation on Water Supply Reservoirs," U. S. Government Printing Office. Cronquist, Arthur, 1972, Inter-Mountain Flora, published for New York Botanical Garden by Hafner Publishing Company. Decker, Robert W., 1962, "Geology of the Bull Run Quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada," Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin No. 60. Dryland, Richard D. and Robert G. Bailey, 1968, "The Effect of the Wildhorse Dam Replacement Project on Channel Conditions Along the East Fork Owyhee River, Nevada," U. S. For-e s t Service, Region 4, Ogden, Utah. Environmental Concern, Inc . , 1972, "General Plan, Duck Valley Indian Reservation," Shoshone-Paiute Tribes, Owyhee, Nevada. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, 1975, "Catalog of Federal Domestic As s i atance s " U. S. Government Printing Office, pp. 419-436. Fitzsimmons, Stephen J., Lorrie I. Stuart, and Peter C. Wolff, 1975, "Social Assessment Manual," prepared for U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Forbes, Jack D., 1969, Native Americans of California and Nevada, Naturegraph Publishers, Healdsburg, California. A-1 Granger, Arthur E. , Mendel M. Bell, George C. Simmons, and Florence Lee, 1957, "Geology and Mineral Resources of Elko County, Nevada," Nevada Bureau of Mines, Bulletin No. 54. Hansen, Darrel W., 1969, "Final Conatr-ucti.on Report on Duck Valley (Indian) Project, Wildhorse Dam." Heap, Richard,· 1975, Job Progress Report, Wildhorse Reservoir, Elko County Nevada, State of Nevada, Department of Fish and Game, Project No. F-20-11, Job No. 202. Her Ian, P. J. , 19 6 5 , The Nevada Highway Birdwatcher, Nevada State Museum Popular Series No. 2. Houghton, John G., Clarence M. Sakamoto, and Richard O. Gifford, 1975, "Nevada's Weather and Climate," Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 2. Huke, Carl A. von, 1974, "Earthquake History of Nevada," Earthquake Information Bul le tin , Vol. 6, No. 6, November-December 1974, pp. 26-29. Isard, Walter, 1972, Ecologic-Economic Analysis for Regional Development, The Free Press, New York, New York. Johnson, Robert w., 1977, "The Demand, Value, Economic Impact, and User Characteristics of Four Outdoor Recreation Areas in Northeastern Nevada," University of Nevada, Masters Thesis. Kane, J. , I. Vertinsky, and W. Thomson, 197 3, "KSIM: A Methodology for Interactive Resource Policy Simulation," Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 73. Katzer, T. L., and L. Har-rnae n , 1973, "Bathymetric Reconnaissance of Wildhorse Reservoir, Elko County, Nevada," Nevada Diversion of Water Resources, Information Series Report - 16. · Martin, Jim, 1962, Bell-BAR-FRUIT-Wildhorse Western Outdoors, April. McColm, M.A., 1975 (December 16), lettertoJohnF. Westermeier, Boyle Engineering Corporation, State of Nevada, Department of Fish and Game. Myles, George A., 1967, "Water Based Recreation in Nevada," Desert Research Institute, No. 3B Project Report Series, Office of Water Resources Research. Nevada Bureau of Mines, 1964, "Mineral and Water Resources of Nevada," Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin No. 65. Nevada State Highway Department, Materials and Research Laboratory, 1968, "Report of Soils, Subgrade, Embankment, Borrow, etc . , State Highway 51 Realignment," Contract No. 70207-0 (Logs). A-2 Nevada State Park System, 1977, Recreation in Nevada, Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Phoenix, David A., 1976, Report on the Occurrence of Placer Gold in the Vicinity of Wildhorse, Reservoir, Elko County, Nevada. Scott, Stephen A., 1967, "Multiple Use Survey Report, Wildhorse Dam Replacement Project," Mountain City Ranger District, Humboldt National Forest, Region 4. Slemmons, D. B., J. I. Gimlell, A. E. Jones, R. Greensfelder, and J. Koenig, 1964, "Earthquake Epicenter Map of Nevada," Nevada Bureau of Mines Map No. 29. State of California, Division of Mines and Geology, 1973, "Urban Geology Master Plan for California," Bulletin No. 198. State of Nevada, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 1965, "Recreation in Nevada, Part One." -·-·-' 1967, "Recreation in Nevada, Part Two." State of Nevada, Department of Fish and Game, 1975, Interstate Waters Trout Stocking Status in Elko County. , 1967, The Nevada Fish and Game Commission's Place in the Management of the New Enlarged Wildhorse Reservoir. , 1976, Wildhorse Reservoir - Fisheries Use and Harvest .,· 10 Year Summary. Stewart, John H., and John E. Carlson (compilers), 1974, "Preliminary Geologic Map of Nevada," U. s. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-609, 1:500,000. Thiem, Warren, 1970, "Wildhorse Reservoir General Recreation Site Development Plan," Division of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Nevada, Reno. U.S. Congress, 1975, "Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act," Public Law 93-638, Enacted by the 93rd Congress, S. 1017. ------·------~ 1967, Report to Accompany HR 9029," (90th Congress, 1st Session) Senate Report No. 233, pp. 5-6, Serial Set 12750-1. U .s. Army Engineer District, Sacramento, 1974, "Plan Formulation and Evaluation Studies - Recreation, Vol. II," U.S. Army Institute for Water Resources Research Report 74-Rl. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1975. American Indians in Transition, Agricultural Economic Report No. 283. u .S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1974, "The American Indians," U. S. Government Printing Office. A-3 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1971, Birds of the Elko BLM District. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1972, Fishes of the Elko BLM District. , 1971, Mammals of the Elko BLM District. ---------- , 1972, Reptiles and Amphibians of the Elko BLM District. ---------- U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1976, "Environmental Impact Assessment, Effect of Boating on Management of Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge." U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, 1976, "Owyhee Wild and Scenic River Study, 11 Summary of Federal-State Study Team Findings and Management Alternatives 15 p. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1966, "Addendum to the Feasibility Geolo~ic Report, Wildhorse Damsite, Duck Valley (Indian) Project, ' Nevada, Region 1. _________ , 1969, "Annual Project History, Wildhorse Dam, Duck Valley 'Indian' Project," Nevada Region 1, Volume III. , 1966, "Feasibility Geologic Report, Wildhorse Damsite, _____ D_u_c_k_V-alley (Indian) Project," Nevada, Region 1. , 1969, "Report of Joint Inspection in Connection With _____ T_r_a_n_s-fe-r of Bureau of Reclamation Constructed Wildhorse Dam to the Bureau of Indian Affa ir-s;" Region 1, Boise, Idaho •. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1957, The North American Indian; A Bibliography of Community Development, U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976, "Consumer Price Index Detailed Report for January 1976," All City Average p. 8. U.S •. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, "Compilation of Air Pollution Emissions Factors," Second Edition, Publication No. AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Re search and Development, 1974, "Studies in Environment - Vol. V - Outdoor Recreation and the Environment," Socioeconomic Environmental Studies Series. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Monitoring, 1973, "Economic Benefits from an Improvement in Water Quality," Socioeconomic Environmental Studies Series. U .s. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, STORET Data from National Eutrophication Study. A-4 United States Statutes (at large), 1967, Containing the Laws and Concurrent Resolutions Enacted During the First Session of the 90th Congress of the United States of America, Volume 81, Part 1, p. 59 (81 stat 59), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. Williams, James B., 1972 (September 8), Letter to Elko County Commissioners, State of Nevada, Department of Health, Welfare, and Rehabilitation, Division of Health. A-5 ATTACHMENT B POWERS OF THE TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL Powers of the Tribal Business Council as governing body of the Tribe include the following from Article VI of the Constitution: (a) To negotiate with the Federal, State, and local Governments on behalf of the Tribes and to advise and consult with the representatives of the Interior Department on all activities of the Department that may affect the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes. (b) To employ legal counsel for the protection and advancement of the rights of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes, and the choice of counsel and fixing of fees to be subject to the approval of the voters and of the Secretary of the Interior. · (c) To approve or veto any disposition, lease, or encumbrance of Tribal lands or other Tribal assets which may be authorized or executed by the Secretary of the Interior, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, or any other official or agency of government, provided that no Tribal lands shall ever be encumbered or sold, except for governmental purposes, or leased for a period exceeding 5 years unless otherwise provided by law. (d) To advise the Secretary of the Interior with regard to all appropriation estimates or Federal projects for the benefit of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes prior to the submission of such estimates to the Bureau of the Budget and to Congress. (e) To make assignments of Reservation land to members of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes in conformity with Article VIII of this Constitution. (f) ·· To undertake and manage all economic affairs and enterprises of the Tribes in accordance with the terms of a charter that may hereafter be issued to the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes by the Sec- retary of the Interior. (g) To appropriate any available funds for salaries of Tribal officials or for public purposes of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes. provided that any such appropriation made prior to July 1, 1940, shall be subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior. (h) To levy taxes upon members of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes, to require the performance of community labor in lieu thereof. and to levy taxes or license fees upon nonmembers doing business within the jurisdiction. (i) To exclude from the jurisdiction persons not legally entitled to reside therein, under ordinances which shall be subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior. (j) To enact resolutions or ordinances not inconsistent with Article II of this Constitution governing adoption and abandon- ment of membership. B-1 (k) To promulgate and enforce ordinances, which shall be subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior, governing the conduct of members of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes and providing for the maintenance of law and order and the administration of justice by establishing a Reservation court and defining its duties and powers. (1) To safeguard and promote the peace, safety, morals, and general welfare of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes by regulating the conduct of trade and the use and disposition of property upon the Reservation provided that any ordinances directly affecting nonmembers shall be subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior. (m) To charter subordinate organizations for economic purposes, and to regulate the activities of cooperative associations of members of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes by ordinance, provided that any such ordinance shall be subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior. (n) To regulate the inheritance of property, including personal, within the territory of the Duck Valley Reservation, subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior. (o) To regulate the domestic relations of members of the ShoshonePaiute Tribes. (p) To provide for the appointment of guardians for minors and mental incompetents by ordinances or resolutions, subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior. (q) To cultivate and preserve native arts, crafts, cultur e, and Indian ceremonials. (r) To adopt resolutions regulating the procedure of the Council itself and of other Tribal agencies and Tribal officials of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes. (s) To delegate to subordinate boards, committees, or other cooperative associations which are open to all members of the Tribes any of the foregoing powers, reserving the right to review any action taken by virtue of such delegated powers. Source: Environmental Concern, Inc , , 1972 B-2 ATTACHMENT C COMPUTER SIMULATION OF LONG-TERM SECONDARY IMPACTS COMPUTER SIMULATION OF LONG-TERM SECONDARY IMPACTS Introduction A computer simulation procedure was used to understand the dynamics of the complex environmental systems associated with the proposed actions. This simulation procedure is called KSIM which was named after its developer Dr. Julius Kane of the University of British Columbia (Kane, 1973). KSIM allows for consideration of the numerous complex relationships of an environmental problem. yet is so structured as to allow the integration of both "hard" data (data quantifiable in a scientific or mathematical manner) and "soft" data (data based on intuitiveness sometimes characteristic of political decision making). It is important to note that KSIM was developed as a tool to aid in formulating environmental policy. Its primary function is not to identify environmental impacts; rather it provides a structured way of thinking about the future so that the effects of implementing planning and management alternatives may be better understood. KSIM. therefore, is more appropriately used by planners and decision makers to increase their sensitivity to the long-term consequences of the decisions they make. KSIM requires a team of experts to communicate collectively about a problem (Delphi procedure), discussing the nature and scope of the situation, identifying the important variables of the system, structuring the relationships or linkages between the variables, and then evaluating and refining the computer simulations. The fact that mathematical or scientific sophistication is not necessary to the structuring of the relationships allows panel participation by persons with a diversity of backgrounds and expertise. Specifically. KSIM is designed to: Assist a team of people with diverse backgrounds to structure a problem on a broader basis than available to one individual. C-1 Formulate alternatives and assess consequences quickly, so that many relevant and inclusive alternatives can be evaluated. Incorporate experience and subjective knowledge of individuals as well as selected statistical data in situations involving complex. environmental and social parameters and engineering constraints. Provide a systematic procedure to document and· summarize the activities of the team. KSIM can be a means of establishing the scope of study for more detailed planning as well as outlining issues for further dialogue With community interest groups and technical specialists. KSIM was used in this study to assess both physical and social-economic long-term impacts associated with the three options of the proposed project and the effects of three of the· alternatives to the proposed project. A Iive+ntep procedure was used for the KSIM analysis. These steps include assignn:ent and preparation of team members, identification of variables and setting of initial values, cross impact analysis, computer projection of variables, and interpretation of the project. These steps are di scu s s ed in greater detail in Section III, D-4 of the EIS text. Included for reference purposes in this section are the cross-impact values for the various options and alternatives, and the questionnaire which was used to generate discussion and identification of impact values among members of the KSIM team. C-2  TABLE C-1 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR :f>ROJECT OPTION ONE ENQ~:~ REC TEC TCI WRM JFW RCN .REG PSS - ENQ 0.00 0.20 0.50 0.50 1. 00 0.00 -0.50 -0.50 0.50 REC 0.10 o. 20 0.00 0.00 -0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 TEC o.oo 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.70 0.50 1. 00 c.co o.oo TCI 1. 00 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o. 25 0.50 WRM 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 o.oo 0. Off 0.00 JFW o.oo 0.20 0.00 0. 25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.00 RCN o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 o.no -0.50 0.50 o.oo REG o.oo 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.50 PSS 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 ):~The nine variables used are as follows: ENQ - Environmental Quality REC - Recreation TEC - Tribal Economic Well-Being TCI - Tribal Cultural Integrity WRM - Water Resources Management JFW - Jurisdictional Framework RC N - Resource Consumption REG - Regional Relationships PSS - Public Services TABLE C-2 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT OPTION TWO ENQ REC TEC TCI WRM JFW RCN REG PSS - ENQ o.oo -0.60 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.00 -0.50 -0.50 0.50 REC 0.05 1.00 0.00 0.00 -0.50 o.oo 0.00 0.00 1.00 TEC o.oo 1. 50 o.oo 0.50 0.70 0.50 1.00 0.00 o.oo TCI. 1. 00 0.20 0.50 OoOO o.oo 0.00 0.00 o. 25 0.50 WRM 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 JFW o.oo 0.70 0.00 0.25 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.00 -1. 00 RCN o.oo 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 0.50 0.00 REG 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.50 PSS o.oo 0.50 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 o.oo C-3  TABLE C-3 CROSS-IMPA_CT VALUES FOR PROJECT OPTION THREE ENQ REC TEC TCI WRM JFW RCN REG PSS ENQ 0.00 -1. 70 0.50 0.50 L 00 0.00 -0.50 -0.50 ·o. 50 REC 0.05 1. 20 0.00 0.00 -0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 1. OQ TEC ·o.oo 1.10 0.00 0.50 0.70 0.50 1. 00 0.00 0.00 TCI 1. 00 0.25 0.50 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 o. 25 0.50 WRM 0.00 1.·50 0.00 0.00 0.-50 .o.oo o.oo 0.-00 o. oo JFW 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.25 o.uo 0.00 0.00 o.no -1. 00 RCN 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 - o. ·50 0.50 o. oo REG n.oc 1.00 o~ ·oo 0.00 0.50 o.no 0.70 -o.oo 0.50 PSS 0.00 0.80 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 0.50 o:oo o. 00' TABLE C-4 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT ALTERNATIVE - NO PROJECT ENQ REC TEC TCI WRM JFW RCN REG PSS ENQ 0.00 -1. 00 0.20 0.50 0.00 0.00 -0.50 -0.50 0.50 REC 0.50 0.10 0.00 0.00 -0.50 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.70 TEC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 TCI 1. 00 0.50 o. 10 o. 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 WRM 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 JFW 0.00 0.10 0.00 -0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 RCN 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.30 0.10 0.00 REG 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.50 PSS 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 o.oo 0.00 TABLE C-5 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT ALTERNATIVE - RETAIN PRESENT ADMINISTRATION WITH ADDITIONAL RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ENQ REC TEC TCI WRM JFW R<;N REG PSS ENQ 0.00 -1. 50 0.00 1. 00 1. 00 0.00 --0. 50 -0.50 0.80 REC 0.50 0.40 o. 10 0.00 -0.10 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.50 TEC 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.20 o.oo 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.20 TCI o.oo 0.70 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 WRM 0.40 -0.30 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 JFW o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0. 20 0.00 o.oo 0.00 RCN o.oo 1. 50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 0.50 0.00 REG o.oo o. 40 0. 10 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 PSS 0.00 1. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 C-4  TABLE C-6 CROSS-IMPACT VALUES FOR PROJECT ALTERNATIVE - LEASE OR CONVEY RESERVOIR LANDS TO OTHER AGENCIES ENQ REC TEC TCI WRM JFW RCN REG PSS ENQ o.oo -1. 50 0.00 1.00 1. 00 0.00 -0.50 -0.50 0.50 REC 0.20 1.00 0.00 0.00 -0~50 0.50 0.00 o.oo 0.50 TEC o.oo 0.10 0.00 0.20 ~0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TCI 0.00 0. 20 0.50 0.10 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 o.oo WRM 0.50 -0. 30 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 JFW 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.00 -0.20 o.oo o.uo 0.00 RCN o.oo 1. 50 0.00 0.00 o.oo o.oo -0.50 0.50 o.oo REG o.oo 1.00 o.oo 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 PSS o.oo 1.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo o.oo 0.50 0.00 0.00 C-5 INPUT QUESTIONNAIRE ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS This questionnaire is designed to obtain input from you on the relationships between various factors affecting the local and regional environment of Wildhorse Reservoir. To assist you in this task, we have identified and defined nine interacting variables for comparison. Each of the nine variables is concerned with a particular aspect of the local and regional environment, and has been defined in terms of social, economic and environmenta I parameters. It is assumed that the variables change over a period of time and are influenced by one another. You will be asked for answers to a series of questions which will help us determine how one variable influences another variable. We will utilize your input to compute the magnitude and extent of long-term trends of the variables. Your input will actually aid in the assessment of the proposed project's long-term environmental impacts. Three basic inputs are required: 1. The Variables of the system must be defined in terms of maximum possible and minimum growth limits. · 2. 3. The Initial Value of each variable is computed as a percentage of the existing state of the variable to maximum possible value. For example, consider a hypothetical variable measuring "pope lotion. 11 If the maximum population possible is estimated to be 500 persons and the existing population is known to be 300 persons, the existing population is 60 percent of the ultimate; the initial value is therefore set at .60. · The Relationships Between Variables must be determined so that long-term trends may be simulated. We are providing two of the necessary inputs, the variable descriptions and the initial values. Please read over these descriptions and values, and feel free to comment on any omissions of important variables or on the adjustment of initial values. The variables and initial values are described below. KSIM VARIABLE DESCRIPTIONS AND INITIAL VALUES 1. Environmental Quality - Denotes the degree of natural envlronmenrcl features which lend character and distinction to the reservoir setting. Such environmental features include aesthetics, ecological factors, natural factors and other environmental amenities such as clean air and water. The highest value ofenvironmental quality, one, denotes ideal environmental· conditions characteristic of low human development; whereas, the lowest value, zero, indicates virtual destruction of all environmental qualities for the most part due to a high level of humanuse and development. It is thought that there is currently a very high level of environmental quality at the reservoir; therefore, this variable is given an initial value of • 80. 1 = High degree of natural features and amenities visible. 0 = Hardly any amenities left due to human over-usE'.!. ENQ • 80 = Initial Value 2. Recreation - Indicates the degree of recreational use of the reservoir; primarily indicated by the angler use plus a multiplier for non-angler visitors. It is estimated that . ' maximum possible use is cbout 5 times the present angler use, or cbout ·600, ():00 visitor days per year. An initial value of .25 is established which includes 20 percent angler use and 5 percent non-angler visitors. l = Maximum recreational use of 600,000 visitor days per year achieved. 0 = No one uses the reservoir for recreational purposes REC .25 = Initial Value 3. Jurisdictional Framework - This variable is a function of the amount of jurisdictional control over ownership and management of the reservoir. Its purpose is to show the magnitude of jurisdictional change occurring over the proposed project planning period. From a management perspective, ownership and management of the reservoir area by a designated entity would tend to reduce the extent of jurisdictional complications. l = Completely mixed control by federal, state, local and private entities. 0 = Ownership and management by a designated entity. JFW .75 = Initial Value 4. Resource Consumption - Considering electricity, fossil fuels, LP gas, construction materials, and land resources, this variable indicates use of resources in connection with reservoir recreation activities. Included is the consumption of resources used in transportation to the reservoir. It is thought that present use of the reservoir is about one-fourth of what it could possibly be, but that future increases in use would originate from more distant places than present (more out-of-state users perhaps}, Expanded recreational activity may also mean greater resource consumptive uses (i.e., expanded motor boat use). Therefore, an initial value of • 15 is established. 1 = The maximum amount of resources consumed 0 = No resources consumed in association with reservoir use RCN • 15 = Initial Value 5. Public Services - Indicates the level of services, i.e., public health, law enforcement, boating safety, I icensing, building safety, fire protection, dam maintenance, pollution control, maintenance services provided on reservoir lands. Existing services are thought to be somewhat lower than the existing level of use. 1 = Ultimate public services provided 0 = No services provided PSS .20 = Initial Value 6. Tribal Economic Well-Being - This variable indicates the extent of the tribe's economic independence considering standard of I iving, employment, self-generated income, federal economic participation, and to a I imited extent, what money is spent for. In this case, the high end of the variable would equal an optlmum.rnlx of tribal generated income in relation to federal economic support. The low end of the variable is represented by total federal economic support. The initial value is .25 and is influenced to a moderate degree by the present large amount of federal economic support. 1 = Optimum level of tribal income to federal economic participation 0 = Total federal economic participation TEC .25 = Initial Value 7. Tribal Cultural Integrity - This variable measures the degree of indian cultural values existent within the members of the tribe. It is thought that indian cultural integrity is on the rise after bottoming out in the late 1800's and early 19001s. It is thought that self-government and determination of destiny foster tribal cultural integrity. The Initial Value of .50 indicates the tribe is about half way to attaining a high degree of tribal cultural integrity. l =High level of group identity, pride, heritage, language 0 = Total lack of cultural identity TCI .50 = Initial Value 8. Water Resources Management - This variable indicates the level of water resources management required to meet the demands of alternative water uses. This includes tribal as well as non-tribal uses of reservoir water and takes into consideration development of additional sources of water to meet use demands. The bounds on the variable are: one, equaling absolute management of reservoir water because of numerous and conflicting demands for water resources; and, zero, equaling no water resources management. whatsoever or no use conflicts. The initial value is set at .40 which is largely a result of the construction of the reservoir. l = Absolute management of water resources because of high-use demand 0 = No water resources management whatsoever WRM .40 = Initial Value 9. Regional Relationships - Measures the importance of Wildhorse Reservoir to regional recreation (radius of 300 miles). As Wildhorse becomes more important to the region, the radius of impact is expected to expand. An initial value of .35 ·is set, indicating that the reservoir is a fairly important local attraction. The bounds of the variable and initial value are as follows: l = Wildhorse Reservoir is one of the focal points of the region in terms of land use, recreation or resources 0 = Wildhorse Reservoir has no effect on the region in terms of recreation ,REG .35 = Initial Value Comments: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES - EXISTING CONDITIONS With the individual variables defined, it remains to structure the relation-· ships between them. It should be kept in mind that the relationships to be identified are characteristic of existing conditions (social, environmental and economic) in the reservoir region. Each of the fol lowing questions asks about the effect of one variable on another. For each question, it may be helpfu I to think of whether one variable has an effect on the other variable. And if so, is it positive, encouraging growth, or negative, inhibiting growth? Further, is the relationship mild, moderate or strong? The appropriate blank behind each question then can be checked. Remember to consider variable definitions when identifying relationships Examples: l •· What effect does Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Economic Well-Being? or putting the question another way: Wou Id Recreation tend to increase or decrease Tribal Economic Well-Being over a period of time or would there be no effect at all? Considering existing conditions, reservoir recreation does not resu It in income to the Tribe, nor does reservoir recreation now affect the amount of federal economic support granted to the Tribes. It may be surmised that at present, recreation has no effect on tribal economic well-being. 2. What effect does Resource Consumption have on the growth of Environmental Quality? Considering existing conditions at the reservoir, the use and consumption of fossil fuel, land, and water resources in persuit of lake activities deteriorates· environmental quality through generation of air pollutants, water pollutants, and liquid and solid wastes. However, the degree of deterioration is presently only considered to be slight. Therefore, it may be determined that Resource Consumption has a slight negative effect on the growth of Environmental Qua I ity. 3. What effect does Public Services have on the growth of Regional Relationships? The provision of Public Services may enhance the appeal of Wildhorse Reservoir and hence, improve its relationship to the region. Since existing services are thought to be somewhat lower than the existing use demands, the provision of additional Public Services would have a slight positive effect on Regional Relationships. Please answer the fol lowing questions about existing conditions at the reservoir by checking the appropriate blank, using a similar thought process to that given in the above examples. Further instructions wil I be given at the end of this series of questions. 2 C1) C > ... ·- -8 ~ 0 0 ~ 0- C1) - > ..c ·- 0> ;= ·- .,, in ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. 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The model of existing conditions also happens to simulate the effecls of the "no proj ecf " alternative. It is possible to simulate the effects of other project options and alternatives by evaluating the relationships between the nine variables and an intervening variable (a variable which is defined as the particular alternative or option being considered). Below are descriptions of three recreational development options and two project alternatives. Each has a set of questions relating to its effect on the nine variables previously defined. Please answer these questions as in the manner used before. However, instead of checking the appropriate answer, you wil I be required to write in the answers behind the question • .. Recreational Development Options Option One. The main feature of this option is the continuation of existing recreational activities taking into account that the conditions of the lease for Wildhorse Marina and improvements to be made will be satisfied. With this option, the Duck Valley Tribes have maintainence and management responsibility with I ittle emphasis placed on additional recreational development. Fishing remains the most important recreational use of the reservoir. Following is an example of how to work out answers to the questions for this project option. Example: What effect would Option 1 Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Economic We I I-Being? Considering Option l features, the tribes may be able to obtain some income from the operoflon of the recreational facilities, or may be able to employ several members as maintenance and security personnel. Recreation, therefore, can potentially provide a source of income to the tribes. It may be surmised that should Option 1 be adopted, recreation would have a slight positive effect on tribal economic well-being. Please answer the fol lowing questions considering the impact of Option l recreational development. What effect wou Id Option l Recreation have on the growth of Environmental Quality? What effect wou Id Option l Recreation have on ·the growth of Recreation? What effect wou Id Option l Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Economic Well-Being? What effect wou Id Option l Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Cultural Integrity? What effect wou Id Option l Recreation have on the growth of Water Resources Management? What effect wou Id Option 1 Recreation have on the growth of Jurisdictional. Framework? What effect wou Id Option l Recreation have on the growth of Resource Consumption? What effect would Option 1 Recreation have on the growth of Regiona I Relationships? What effect wou Id Option l Recreation have on the growth of Public Services? Option Two. This option seeks to keep in tact the existing forms of recreation now occurring at the reservoir, but to maximize their availability to the fullest extent. This option is characterized by the provision of additional facilities for all types of camping. The amount of support foci Ii ties (i.e., stores, equipment, rentals, showers, etc.) are also expanded to accommodate the envisioned increases in recreational use . The Duck Valley Tribe may attenpt to secure funds to develop these facilities themselves, or they may negotiate additional recreational leases with private individuals or companies. Please answer the fol lowing questions considering the impact of Option 2 recreational development. What effect wou Id Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Environmental Quality? What effect wou Id Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Recreation'? What effect would Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Economic Wei I-Being'? What effect wou Id Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Cultural Integrity? What effect would Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Water Resources Management? What effect wou Id Option 2 Recreation have· on the growth of Jurisdictional Framework? What effect would Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Resource Consumption? What effect would Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Regiona I Relationships'? What effect would Option 2 Recreation have on the growth of Public Services? Option Three. If the Duck Valley Tribes were to develop the reservoir to the extent envisioned in Option 3, fishing would no longer be the major drawing factor of the reservoir. Other activities such as motor boating, water skiing, and extended camping or cultural attractions such as a museum, casino or educationOI center would take over as the major attractants of recreationists. This option contemplates recreational development by the tribe and by the granting of the recreational concessions. Please answer the following questions considering the impact ~f Option 3 recreational development. What effect wou Id Option 3 Recreation have on the growth of Environmental Quality? What effect would Option 3 Recreation have on the growth of Recreation? What effect wou Id Option 3 Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Economic Well-Being? What effect wou Id Option 3 Recreation have on the growth of Tribal Cultural Integrity? What effect would Option 3 Recreation have on the growth of Water Resources Management? What effect wou Id Option 3 Recreation have on the growth of Jurisdictional Framework? What effect would Option ·3 Recreation have on the growth of Resource Consumption? What effect wou Id Option 3 Recreation have on the growth of Regional Relationships? What effect would Option 3 Recreation· have on the growth of Public Services? Proiect Alternatives Alternative A. Should this alternative be adopted, the BIA would lease all or portions of the reservoir to non-tribal entities-with the conditions that. recreational development be accomplished. Non-tribal agencies include the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, State of Nevada Parks and - Recreation, and private individuals . Considering adoption of.Alterncflve A, please answer the· following questions. Whcit effect wou Id Alternative A have on the growth of Environmental Quality? What effect would Alternative A have on the growth of Recreation? What effect would Alternative A have on the growth of Tribal Economic Wei I-Being? Whar· effect wou Id Alternative A have' on the growth of . Tribal Cultural Integrity? What effect would Alternative A have on the growth of Water Resources Management? What effect wou Id Alternative A have on the growth of Jurisdictional Framework? What effect would Alternative A have on the growth of Resource Consumption? What effect would Alternative A have on the growth of Regional Relationships? What effect wou Id Alternative A have on the growth of Public Services? Alternative B. Should this clternctlve be adopted, the BIA would retain ownership and administration of Wildhorse Reservoir lands, but would undertake additional recreational development o Considering this alternative, please answer the following questions What effect wou Id Alternative B have on the growth of Environmental Quality? What effect wou Id Alternative B have on the growth of . Recreoflon? What effect wou Id Alternative B have on the growth of Tribal Economic Well-Being? What effect would Alternative B have on the growth of Tribal Cultural Integrity? What effect wou Id Alternative B have on the growth of Water Resources Management? What effect wou Id Alternative B have on the growth of Jurisdi ctiona I Framework? What effect would Alternative B have on the growth of Resource Consumption? What effect wou Id Alternative B have on the growth of Regional Relationships? What effect wou Id Alternative B have on the growth of Public Services? ~U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1979 - 679-595/423 Reg. 8 DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY l..lSRARY I -~