iii iii mi i in i i i iiiiiiiii i i iiii iii i ii m i i iiii i i i iiiiiiiiiiiiniiJ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiTTr 1786 1924 A PATRIOTIC HISTORY Including a Directory of the National Democratic Convention Issued by THE NEW YORK COUNTY DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEE Tammany Hall 145 East 14th Street J^cw Yorl( City, June, 1924 fl ll l llll l llllllllllll l l lll llllll l l li ll l lll l l l l .M l l l lil l l il U SEYMOUR DURST "When you leave, please leave this hook Because it has been said "Ever thing comes t' him who waits Except a loaned book." ^Vl moo 6ox 51 The Story of Tammany * Compiled by Edwin P. Kilroe * Abraham Kaplan Joseph Johnson Issued by DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION, NEW YORK COUNTY Tammany Hall 145 East 14th Street June, 1924 THE LATE CHAS F. MURPHY For Twenty-two Years the Leader of Tammany Hall Sachem, 1898-1924 \ Gabriel Thomas, who arrived in America shortly after the landing of W illiam Penn and spent some fifteen years among the early settlers. On his return to London he pub- li-shed an interesting acconnt of his experiences in America, in which he alludes to Tammany. This brief record of Tammany's dealings with the English settlers completes his authentic biography. It discloses merely a series of business relations in each of which the Chief ap- pears to have been outbargained by the business tact and shrewdness of his white neighbors. W ith the mere reference to his name by Thomas in 169S, Tammany or Tamenend passes from history. In the year 1771 Tammany is introduced to the American colonists in the guise of a Saint, with the First day of May set aside as sacred to his name. How this remarkable trans- formation took place, and why Tammany, the chief of an Indian Tribe, was selected for colonial canonization, are debatable questions. In the reports of festal gatherings held in Philadephia it is related in the Freeman's Journal of that city that on May 1, 1783, "the portraiture of our true old Saint with his well known motto 'Kawanio Chee Keteru' " 12 was displayed at the head of the banquet table and that at the celebration of 11 Penna. archives (First series) 11, 124. " Freeman's Journal, Phila. May 3, 1783; May. 2, 1785. 9 May 1, 1785, "the flag of the United States ornamented with a fine figure of St. Taminy was displayed in the centre" ; and on May 1, 1786, "The standard of St. Tammany was displayed, supported on the right by the flag of France, and on the left by that of the United States of Holland." Local tradition is that during the revolution Pennsylvania Troops carried a flag that bore the portrait of St. Tammany. William Penn, thus depicted the Chief : We found him an old man, but yet vigorous in mind and body, with high notions of liberty, easily won by the suavity and peaceful address of the Governor. James Fenimore Cooper, gave what purports to be a full description of Tammany and reveals him presiding over a Council of the Delawares in the neighborhood of Lake George, New York, in the year 1757 13 . "I am Tamanend of many days" the Chief is credited with stating in the story to emphasize Cooper's idea of the great age of Tammany. The description, however, is based on legends and traditions current when Cooper wrote in 1825. Tradition has it that Tammany was the first Delaware Chief to welcome Penn on his arrival in America, on October 27, 1682, and that he was present, in June, 1683, at the Great Treaty under the Elm at Schakamaxon. History, however, has left no record of the persons who were present on these two occasions. Indians in attendance at the Treaty were the entire tribe of the Susquehannocks and the Unami and Unalachtigo clans of the Delawares 14 . The object of the meeting was to confirm the land grants previously made to William Penn, and to negotiate a treaty of friendship, "to last as long the sun should shine and the waters run into the rivers." The abiding place of Tammany has been assigned by history to Wilmington, Delaware; Princeton, New Jersey; Easton, Scranton and Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania ; the upper Ohio Valley ; Northern New York ; and Tammany Flats, Damascas Township. Wayne County, Pennsylvania. It is known that at one period his abode was on the lower Delaware River and along the fertile banks of the Neshaminy creek in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on the land which, between 1683 and 1697, he conveyed to William Penn. M "The Last of the Mohicans" chap. 28, line 330. u At this meeting Tammany is said to have given Wm. Penn a wampum belt of peace, which is still preserved in the Historical Society of Penna.- — History of Wilkes-Harrc ( Wilkes-Barre, Pa, 1909), by Oscar Jewell Harvey, 1:113. 10 Wampum belt said to have been given to William Penn by Chief Tamenend in June, 1683, at the Great Treaty under the Elm at Schakamaxon. Three places, widely separated, claim the grave of Tammany. The view that he was buried on the spot where now stands Nassau Hall at Princeton; New Jersey, has no reliable data to support it. For the story that he was buried at Muskingum, Ohio, and a huge mound erected over his grave, no confirma- tion whatever can be found. An elaborate set of circumstances is advanced as evidence of his burial beside a spring near the bank of the Neshaminy creek in New Britain township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Tradition of that vicinity relates that about 1740 or 1750 an aged chief with his followers was proceeding to attend a conference with the Pennsylvania Proprietaries at Philadel- phia. The chief, too infirm to walk, was carried by youngei members of the part)'. They halted near a spring, where a hut was built for the old man. When night came on they decamped, leaving the old man under the care of an Indian girl. On awakening the following morning, he became s distressed and enraged at finding himself deserted that h sought death by stabbing himself ; but his weakness frustate this attempt. Persevering in his endeavor to take his ow life, he set fire to his bed of leaves and threw himself upon it The other Indians, who, in the absence of their chief, wer denied an audience by the Proprietaries, returned to the hu and found the old man dead. The white settlers had the body buried near the hut, in the presence of the other Indians. This legend of Tammany's death which found favor in the popular imagination, supplied the theme for odes and poems, and its action was reproduced in pantomime as a part of the ceremonial of the early Tammany societies' celebrations 15 . It is evident that the chief buried was not Tammany, for i Tammany had been alive as late as 1749 he would scarce! have escaped the attention of the Moravian Missionaries v.h began their work among the Delaware Indians as early a 1742. There is no direct evidence of the date of Tammany 5 death, but from collateral facts it would seem that he wa called to his fathers about 1698, for in that year Owhala (o Ochale, Owechela), who has been identified as Tammany' brother, is mentioned in the Maryland Council Records a King of the Delawares. However, this tradition is still cherished in that locality and the 1 hicks County Historical Society has recently pur chased the ground where the supposed Tammany was burie 15 New York Journal and Patriotic Register, May 19, 1792. 12 and has selected a monument to be erected over the grave, bearing this inscription : To the Memory of The Celebrated Lenape Chieftain TAMENEND. Once owner of this and all land Between Neshaminy and Pennypack creeks. These stones are placed at this spot near which an aged Indian called Tammany by the pioneers of Bucks County was buried by white men about the year 1750. It is said that Tammany adopted the motto "Kwanio Che Keeteru," which has been translated as "I am master wher- ever I am." The phrase is ancient, for in 1747 the Schuylkill Fishing Company, a social club, presented to the Association Battery, a local Company of Militia, a "new thirty-two pounder" cannon on which was stamped the words said to have been the motto of the venerable Chief Tammany. This cannon was used during the Revolutionary War, and on April 23, 1783, was restored to the Fishing Company. The phrase was later according to the Philadelphia Independent, adopted as the motto of the Society of the- Sons of St. Tam- many in Philadelphia. An interesting phase of the research concerning Tammany is presented by the Walam ( Hum. a record purporting to preserve the primitive legends and traditions of the Lenni- Lenape Indians. The legends were recorded in Dictographs or hieroglyphics to perpetuate the chants by which the tribal legendary had been kept alive. As a whole it represents the traditions of the Delaware's with reference to the Creation, and the tribal migration from the north or west to the Atlantic Coast line. From the beginning of this migration to the advent of the white men, the nation was ruled by ninety-four chiefs, two of whom, the thirty-first and seventy- sixth, respectively, were named Tamenend. The reference in the Olum to Tamenend the seventy-sixth chief, follows: "Again an Affable was Chief, and made peace with all. All were friends, all were united under this great Chief." Careful research reveals thai the canonization of Tammany may be traced to the Schuylkill Fishing Company, a society or club established in 1732 by Quakers of Philadelphia^. 'Ac- cording to the records of this club, certain Indian chiefs, including Tammany, granted to its members and their suc- cessors the right to tish and hunt within defined limits in the waters of the Schuylkill and the adjacent woods. Each year 1U This is the oldest social club in Pennsylvania. 13 the sporting season opened on May first, which became a day of festivity to members of the club. The society adopted Tammany as its Patron and Saint, and May first was assigned as his day. On May 11, 1782, when victory for the American colonists seemed assured, the Club, which had become known as the "Colony in Schuylkill," changed its name to the "State in Schuylkill" and adopted new by-laws, among which we note the following: 10th. There shall be the following meetings of the Governor and Council annually, * * * One on the first of May, to commemorate the day of our illustrious Saint and Patron, St. Tammany." This custom of adopting patrons is of remote origin, prac- ticed among the guilds and trades of ancient Greece and Rome, and, in the Middle Ages, adopted by governments, which denominated Saints of the Church as their patrons. Later societies also selected saints, from whom their ideals were derived, and to whom their activities were dedicated. The Schuylkill Fishing Company, in conformity with this custom, most naturally selected as its patron saint the Indian chief, who, had inhabited that region, and who sold to Wil- liam Penn the very ground on which stood the "State House" of the Society. It also adopted as its motto the words said to have been the favorite maxim of the Chief. Following the success of this society, two other fishing clubs were organized 17 on the banks of the Schuylkill prior to the Revolution, and on every first of May the fishing season was opened with much ceremony. As the clubs grew in im- portance and prestige, their celebration gained in social splen- dor and spread through Philadelphia and its vicinity the fame of the original club's saint and patron. From the meager data at hand, it would seem that the appellation "Saint" was not generally accepted at Philadel- phia until 1773, for in May, 1772, the name, so far as we can learn, first appeared in print in Philadelphia as "King Tam- many" 18 when the "Sons of King Tammany" held their first meeting. However, on June 14, 1772, the name appears in the public press as "King (or Saint) Tammany," and by 1773 his claim to canonization was well established. On April 28, 1773, the following notice of a meeting of the Sons of Saint Tammany made its appearance: "As all nations have for seven centuries past, adopted some great personage, remarkable for his virtues and love for Civil and Re- ligious liberty, as their Tutelar Saint and annually assembled on a fixed day to commemorate him, the Natives of this flourishing 17 The Mount Regale Fishing Co. and the St. David Fishing Co.; Penna Mag. 27:88. 18 Penna. Chronicle May 4, 1772; May 11, 1772; June 15, 1772. 14 Province, determined to follow so laudable an example, and for some years past have adopted a Great Warrior Sachem and Chief, named, St. Tammany, a fast friend to our forefathers, to be the tutelar Saint of this Province, and have hitherto, on the First of May, done the accustomed honors to the memory of so great and celebrated a Personage." The invitation of April 28, 1773, indicates clearly that Tam- many had been known as "Saint" for some years, despite the apparent lack of recognition in the public press, and that he had been unofficially adopted as the tutelar Saint of the Province of Pennsylvania. In pre-revolutionary days Philadelphia was the center of heated discussions of England's tyranny, and when the revolu- tion broke out the Pennsylvania troops quite naturally adopted their Provincial Saint as Patron and Guide. This example was followed by the Continental Army, and during the revolution- ary war the natal day of Saint Tammany was celebrated both at home and on the field 19 . This observance was continued by the army long after the conclusion of war, until discontinued by order of General Dearborn, and then only as a part of the pol- icy of retrenchment instituted by President Jefferson. The passing of Tammany as a native chief, and his accession to the dignity of Patron Saint is marked by progressive steps. Between 1773 and 1789, in the process of evolution from the obscurity of a local patron to the dignity of a national figure, his glory and achievements were celebrated in story and song. The annual celebrations of the Sons of Saint Tammany of Philadelphia were usually graced by the delivery of an ode or poem dedicated to the memory of the Saint and his day. A poem delivered on one of these occasions is repeated here, as typical of the eulogies offered in his honor. Here it is : Character of St. Tammany 20 When superstition's dark and haughty plan Fettered the genius and debased the man, Each trifling legend was a truth received; The priest invented, and the crowd believed ; Nations adored the whim in stone or paint, And gloried in the fabricated saint. Some holy guardian, hence, each nation claims — Gay France her Dennis, and grave Spain her James, Britons at once two mighty saints obey — Andrew and George maintain united sway, O'er humbler lands the same old whim prevails : 19 "Headquarters, Greenville, 30 April 1795. The first of Mav being the anni- versary of St. Tammany, the tutelary Saint of America, all the troops fit for duty on this ground are to receive one Jill of whiskey per man." — Gen. Anthony \\ ayne's Orderly Book, p. 85. 20 This poem was written by William Pi itchard, a membe - of the Phila. Tammanv Society and a well known book seller. It achieved great popularity and was widelv reprinted in the Journals of the day. 15 Ireland her Patrick; boasts her David, Wales. We Pennsylvanians, these old tales reject, And our own saint think proper to erect — Immortal Tammany of Indian Race, Great in the fields, and foremost in the chase. No puny saint was he, with fasting pale, He climbed the mountains, and swept the vale ; Rushed through the torrent with unequaled might ; — Your ancient saints would tremble at the sight — Caught the swift boar, and swifter deer with ease, And worked a thousand miracles like these. To public views, he added private ends, And loved his country most, and next his friends. With courage long he strove to ward the blow, (Courage we all respect, E'en in a foe) — And when each effort he in vain had tried, Kindled the flame in which he bravely died! To Tammany let the full horn go round; His fame let every honest tongue resound; With him let every generous patriot vie To live in freedom, or with honor die! Nor shall I think my labor too severe, Since ye, wise sachems, kindly deign to bear. Most of the legends of Tammany and his remarkable per- formances obtained currency through an oration delivered by Samuel L. Mitchell, an eminent scholar, before the Tammany Society or Columbian Order in the City of New York on May 12, 1795, and by the reports of missionaries among the Dela- ware Indians, as exemplified by John G. B. Heckewelder, a Moravian. Heckewelder, who was long a missionary among the Dela- ware's, has recorded many of their traditions. His work 21 on the Delaware Indians contains the following lofty estimate of Tammany : The name of Tamanend is held in the highest veneration among the Indians. Of all the Chiefs and great men which the Lenapo Nation ever had, he stands foremost on the list. But although many fabulous stories are circulated about him among the whites, but little of his history is known. * * * All we know, therefore, of Tamanend, is that he was an ancient Delaware Chief, who never had his equal. He was in the highest degree endowed with wisdom, virtue, prudence; charity, affability, meekness, hospitality, in short, with every good and noble qualifi- cation that a human being may possess. He was supposed to have had an intercourse with the Great and Good Spirit; for he was a stranger to everything that is bad. This appraisal by a noted missionary will serve as an explana- tion of why the white settlers and their successors so revered and honored Tammany. 21 History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations. (Phila. 1819), by John G. B. Heckewelder, p. 300. 16 Origin of the Tammany Societies THE celebration of May 1 as "St. Tammany's Day led to the establishment of Tammany Societies in the American Colonies. The Schuylkill Fishing Company, a social club, organized in Philadelphia in 1732, inaugurated the outdoor season on the first day of May of each year with festive social functions. These celebrations attracted public notice and inspired emulation. Two other societies were formed shortly afterward. Their members disported along the banks of the river, closely following the forms and ceremonies of the original club. This May day celebration, heralding the coming of Spring, in what was then the American metropolis, became a holiday recognized and observed throughout southeastern Pennsyl- vania and the colonies on the south. The first celebrations of "St. Tammany's Day" were festivals of the common people, who went through their antics and concluded by "taking up a collection." No accurate record of the beginning of these celebrations is available and the earliest account is given in a letter written by William Eddis at Annapolis, December 24th 1771, who has described the event : "The first of May is set apart to the memory of Saint Tamina, on which occasion the natives wear a piece of buck's tail in their hats, or in some' conspicuous situation. During the course of the evening, and generally in the midst of a dance, the company are interrupted by the sudden intrusion of a number of persons habited like Indians, who rush violently into the room, singing the war song, giving the whoop, and dancing in the stile of those people; after which ceremony they retire well satisfied with their reception and entertainment." This spirit of celebration spread southward from Phila- delphia and the custom became deeply rooted in the adjacent cities, and gradually the festivity became of moment in the affairs of the central and southern colonies and won for itself a place in public esteem. The first permanent Tammany society was established in Philadelphia on May 1, 1772, and was called "The Sons of King Tammany." Its purpose was the promotion of charity and patriotism. The Pennsylvania Chronicle described the meeting and outlined its purposes in the following words : On Friday, the first instant, a number of Americans, Sons of King Tammany, met at the house of Mr. James Byrn, to celebrate the memory of that truly noble Chieftain whose friendship, was most 17 affectionately manifested to the worthy founder and first settlement of this Province. After dinner the circulating glass was crowned with wishes, loyal and patriotic, and the day was concluded with much cheerfulness and harmony. It is hoped from this small beginning, a society may be formed of great utility to the distressed; as this meeting was more for the purpose of promoting Charity and Benevolence, than Mirth and Festivity. In 1773 the Society in Philadelphia changed its name to "Sons of Saint Tammany." and was thus referred to in the public prints in the notice for the annual meeting of that year. Invitations to attend this gathering were extended to one hundred and twenty-one of the most influential men in the colony, including the Governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, scholars, members of bench and bar, and men of letters. On the list of those invited are noted the names of Biddle, Bradford, Cadwalader. Chew.. Hamilton.. Lawrence, Logan, Mifflin, Meredith, Xorris. Pemberton, Penrose. Read, Rush, Rittenhouse, Shippen and Wharton. Those who attended were imbued with a keen sense of human sympathy, for a fund was raised for distribution among confined debtors. That Society perfected a permanent organization, electing annually thirteen Sachems as a Board of Directors, a Chief or President and a Secretary. It also adopted gorgets and other insignia of office and revived old customs of the earlier celebrations of May First and smoked the calumet or pipe of peace at each meeting. During the war for Independence the Society waned but after the Treaty of Peace was signed it took on new life and continued its celebrations with renewed glory. At the conclusion of the fete on May 1st, 1784, the Society marched in a bodv to serenade General Washington, who, at that time, was visiting Philadelphia. After the bril- liant celebration of May 1st, 1786, factions divided the Societv on questions of internal policies of the National Government, and it slowly became disintegrated and its activities ceased. This ended the most important organization in the early history of the movement. Spread of the Tammany Idea. The Philadelphia Society was the parent stem of the Tammany Societies in the United States. From Philadel- phia the movement spread into New Jersey, Maryland, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The Society's celebration in the City of Richmond in 1785 was 18 j' A LIST | |St. TA M M ANfYj *' On TBI mmt or MAY, . 1 773- * E -r AVF*; Allen Em Jofeph Galloway, Efq. * Samuel PoweJ, Efq; £ I VsLt AflcTUl*. George Glcntworth.! Mr. Jofeph Pemberton. ^ | J Mr. Wdham Allen, J Mr. Benjamin G.bbs. C N r. Edward Penmn^on, £ , r . f J Mr. Thomas Pcnrolc, £ Mr. Matth.as Afpdcn. j am . H arruUon,Efq; * Mr . Jam „ Pcnrofe . < 5 ... ¥ Andrew Hamilton, Efq;^ & 1 Erf , it mi & ^William Hamilton, Efq >j Dhn Ro r 5 , Efq: 1 lw ?t B t ' E * ? Michael HiUegaft, Efq, *j ofcph Rca d. Efq: 1 £Mr. John Baynton. I Mr wa Uam Hockley, Jofeph tedman, ^ 1 K r ' ST"' S ?I ' 1 * Mr " Rcubcn Hames ' W John Rfdn.an. 5 |MuJWham Bradford. ' M j ^r*reysjun.2 M , nav,dV,>nhoufe, g | Mr. Ubma, Bedford* * JnJj^Hks. fo, * Mr rts , I I Mr. rhomas Bond, |un.f Mr j acobS amue(Howel.J Dr . Benjamin RuO., t C Mr. John Bayard. J Mr £ Hepburn, C jHCl)b Rufhi E fq ; * I J*' Keph Buhock. , Mr. George Henry. ig^. jhornas Read. J £ Mr. James Eudden. D V 9 > c . ri f Abel Ja,,c. Efq. • £ SamMe i shoeriraker, Efq; ? I S^r.^be^ 5"* Hobc.W.uclJ.ne^ | * Mr. John Cadwalader, I Dr. Adam Kuhn. Ijofcph Shipper,. JOB. Elq. g 5 Mr. La.nbt. fcadwalader, 3 Mr. Henry KeppeUe.jun.Cj*. W rn. Sbppen, jun. £ V n i pi l r j" IMr, Joseph Swift; •< £ »,* , i ;T er ' i r % Hon. John tawrence,Efq; *CapL Robert Sbcwali, X 1 S r £S r» i : r 1 homas I awrence, Elq.W Thomas Smith. % I Mr- Jrter Chevalier. J Mf ^ L>u . rcnrc> Jim . £ J I \f* , , P r , ?; v John I awrence,jun. Efq, * Ja mcs Tilghman, Efq; % 3 m r A; J v i illnm Logan. Efq; Vm, Tench T.lghman, * £ Mr Saber. CUy tf Mr J ame » L °^ n ' %Richard T.l^man. Efq; S ^ Mr, i-jocrt ^ Johrr Lukers, Efq; > Mr. i'eter Turner, | f r r „ yMr. lehe Luketu, %\lr. Wdliani Turner. \4 v lolfc Dicker.fon. Eiq; ? J ... T ^ f ievd. Mr. Ducbe. k James Luken|, Efiji i | | Mr. Henry DrinVer. J PcteI Efc l ; jHon. Tho. \ , ltng, Efq; | !•> il i\tt.u . I a Res - . Mr. \> nte. . ^ I Mr. J.!,„Dumeld. J Mr . Mordecai Lew* 1 M,. jofeph Wharton, fen. J .... F Samuel MdTlm, Efq: Cstfidicn Watts Ffa < r.dwalad.r Evans, Mtiflin Efq. K^^^^L 5 iH r 'r?b r Fnl C n f **" M °' ""V 3'* ^Mr. Tho. Wl.anon. fen. | B Mr. Caleb Emlen. | Mr Samuel Morr.s. JUX1. v Mr . , ofc h Wharton, jun. ^ > 4 Mr. Samuel Cad. Morns, i.. lames Wiarton 4 g E-llencyGovernor ! Samufl Mcre d,th, Efq; *^ /^"v.^.n? 1 | Franklin. Mr. George Morgan, ^ Mr . Tho . Wharton, jun. j V -n P u Jit Tr *i Mr - Am,,ot, y Morr,s> re "^ Mr. Jofeph Wood. ^ I Judab Fcnjlke. Efq; . Mi.ThomasMurga.royd.ij^, f££ UlLoff> ^ g Mr. rencn Francis, * 3 f. >h Wonall F.fn a « rurbutt Francis. Efqj J George Koartb. Efq; C^'ViiHamViflei? ^ C Micrs Fifher, Elq; *^ Cv. ' .t- 1 i vr. * I Mr William Elflier, jun. f Hon. Governor Penn. *Akx. « dcocU. Elq; J § Mr. Moore Furman. ^Richard Peters, jun. EfqtjlMr. John WftcoCkS, B A Tammany Commemoration in Philadelphia, 1773 made notable by the presenee of General Washington, who recorded the occasion in his diary. In 1779, we find the first notice of a Tammany celebration in New Jersey. Because of the strength of the Tory senti- ment there, however, even the press was loth to give publicity to the affairs of the Society. It is recorded however, that William DeHart, an officer in the American Army and later a prominent attorney of Morristown, New Jersey, was elected President, and Ebenezer Elmer, an army surgeon was chosen secretary ; an elaborate certificate of membership was adopted with a seal containing the famous quotation from Horace : "I have built a monument more lasting than bronze," showing that the scholarly gentlemen that organized the Society believed that the institution which they founded would prove a monu- men of lasting fame. On May 1st, 1782, a Constitution was adopted defining the social and charitable purposes of the Society. This Constitution is the oldest written Constitution of a Tammany Society in existence and bears the signature of John Pintard, who later played so prominent a part in the organization and early development of the New York Tammany Society. When opposition to British oppression began to manifest itself — upon the passage of the Stamp Act, in 1765, and be- tween that date and the convening of the first Continental Congress, in 1774 — the Tammany Societies in the middle Atlantic colonies became leaders of revolutionary sentiment. They thus gradually changed from purely social to fraternal and patriotic bodies, for at this time Philadelphia, the birth- place of the Tammany Societies, was a hotbed of American patriotism and of the political unrest that lead to American Independence. When the success of the American cause seemed assured the activities of the Tammany Societies were increased. Dur- ing the years 1780, 1781 and 1782, the public mind was filled with the economic depression and interest in such organiza- tions as the Tammany Society waned. The momentous political controversy over the adoption of the Federal Constitution overshadowed in interest and impor- tance the activities of unofficial organizations and agencies everywhere and even the Sons of Tammany in Philadelphia went into eclipse. When the seat of the National Government was transferred from Philadelphia to New York, the light of the movement of the Tammany Societies was relighted bv the organization of the Society of Tammany or Columbian Order in New York. 20 The "Wigwam," Broad Street, 1789-1790 Tammany Society in ]\[ew Tor\\ THE second phase of the movement of the Tammany So- cieties in the United States begins with the establishment of the New York Tammany Society. Although the exact time of its foundation is disputed, an examination of the contem- porary newspapers clearly indicates the existence of the So- ciety in 1786. The Tammany Society in Philadelphia at that period was in the zenith of its prosperity, and the spirit of its celebrations was contagious. At the dinner of the Marine Society, held at the Coffee House in New York, on January 25, 1786, the toast was offered "St. Tammany and the New Constellatoin." The other toasts proposed at this banquet bear a striking resem- blance to those drunk at the St. Tammany Day banquets in Philadelphia and elsewhere. This was probably due to the influence of John Pintard, who four years before had been prominently associated with the Society of the Sons of St. Tammany in New Jersey. Soon after the British evacuation however, he came to New York, and in 1784 became a member of the Marine Society. The Society of Tammany has preserved the cornerstone of the first Tammany Hall, erected in 1811 at Park Row and Frankfort Street, where the reconstructed Sun building now stands. The stone bears this inscription : Tammany Society or Columbian Order. Founded by William Mooney in 1786. Organized under a Constitution and Laws in 1789. ■ W'm. Mooney 1st Grand Sachem. New York May 12th, 1789. The inscription may be accepted as evidence of the date of the founding. Corroboration of this fact is found in the press notices relating to the Societies' early celebration and from contemporary reports of the activities immediately following 1786. In a statement dated November 10. 1817, which is prefixed to the constitution adopted by the Society in that year, and signed by "A Brother of 1776 and one of the surviving Founders." 1786 is given as the date of its founding. In that year, the statement reads, "a few genuine Whigs — a very few — assembled together" and formed a National Society. If the Society held a celebration in 1786 no account of it is found in the newspapers of that year. It gathered suffi- 22 cient strength, however, to attract attention to its meeting in Maw 1787. The following notice appeared in New York Daily Advertiser, April 30, 1787: The members of St. Tammany's Society in the City of New York are requested to meet at their wigwam, held at Mr. Talmage Hall's, No. 49 Cortlandt Street, on Tuesday, the first day of May next, at Sunset, to celebrate the annual meeting. By order of the Sachem. Putticatwamina, Sec'ry. The celebration appears to have been a great success, for it was elaborately described in the journals of the day. On May 12, 1789, the Tammany Society held a gala cele- bration on the Banks of the Hudson about two miles from the city. "Strangers who are now in this city, and who are members of this Society in any other state" were invited tc join in the celebration. Patriotic speeches were delivered and according to the newspaper accounts : After singing numbers of Songs adapted to the occasion, and smoking the Calumet of Peace, each member retired to his own Wigwam and Hunting Ground, in hopes of meeting on the next anniversary, in the same brotherly and affectionate manner, to commemorate the glorious deeds and achievements of their renowned Patron. The ceremonial of the festival was borrowed from the Phila- delphia Society of the Sons of St. Tammany, and is tersely described in the following excerpt from an early New York newspaper : The Society was divided into as many Tribes as there were States, each tribe distinguished by the name of a State. The mem- bers were divided or classed into sachems, warriors, hunters, etc. In their processions they always walked in Indian or single file, and many of them completely dressed like Indians, with their faces painted or smeared, and they were decorated with bows, arrows, tomahawks, and long calumets or smoking pipes, &c, for a covering a cap nicely fitted on the head, so as to make it a proper depilous Indian skull. Those of them who appeared in a hat, jacket and breeches, and left their faces white, wore buck's tail in their hats. Thenceforth, regular meetings were held at intervals vary- ing from one week to one month, at which the policies and purposes of the Order became crystallized and its ritual elaborated. In 1789, it adopted its first written constitution With the election of officers, the Society was thoroughlv and permanently organized, and has since continued its notable and dignified career, adjusting its customs and ceremonies to con- form to the changes, taste, and fashion of each decade, but clinging tenaciously to the ancient traditions that inspired its foundation. 23 Tammany Society's Object. The name most prominently associated with the Tammany Society in its early years is that of William Mooney, a mer- chant with a place of business in Nassau Street. He first attracted public attention through the conspicuous part he played in the great Constitutional Parade in New York City on July 23, 1788. The various trades furnished floats for the occasion and Mooney, representing the upholsterers, was shown on a float in the act of preparing the Presidential chair. William Mooney's name appears as the Grand Sachem of the Tammany Society in 1789; after this date he occupied positions of prominence in the Society continuously for up- wards of thirty years, as Grand Sachem, Sachem, or chair- man of important committees. A guiding influence in the establishment of the Society of Tammany or Columbian Order in New York is readily traceable to John Pintard, merchant, philanthropist and scholar who came to New York from New Jersey soon after the Treaty of Peace in 1783. In 1788 and 1789 he was an assistant alderman, and in 1790 was elected to the state legislature. The scope of his activity was so broad that he became a participant in every movement of importance in New York, at this period still the State capital. It is said that he drafted the by-laws for every society of importance in New York City in his day, and the first Constitution of the Tammany Society bears every evidence of his style. The objects of the Society are briefly stated in the second paragraph of the Public Constitution as follows : Tt shall connect in the indissoluble Bonds of patriotic Friendship, American Brethren, of known attachment to the political Rights of human Nature, and the Liberties of this country. In a letter dated October 11, 1790, addressed to the eminent scholar, Dr. Jeremy Belknap, of Boston, Pintard refers to the American Museum as having been "instituted by the St. Tam- many's Society in this city for the express purpose of collect- ing and preserving everything relating to the natural or political history of America. I have not time to explain the principles of this Society, of which I am a member, further than that it is a political institution founded on a strong republican basis, whose democratic principles will serve in some measure to correct the aristocracy of our city." Although he filled the subordinate office of Sagamore or Master of Ceremonies, Pintard's activity in the management and direction of the affairs of the Society was so great that 24 Certificate of Membership in the Tammany Society, 1812 he was in a great measure responsible for the early recognition it received and the dignity accorded it at the hands of contem- poraries. Under his influence it expanded its functions and acquired character and solidarity. The Society, in an address issued to the people of the United States on February 2, 1795, described its basic principles as follows : This Society * * * is founded on the broad basis of natural rights and is solely designed to connect American brethren in the indissoluble bonds of Patriotic Friendship. The Society, again, in an address published in 1819, described its principles in these sentences : The Society of Tammany or Columbian Order is founded upon the dignified principles of Public Liberty. It is the task of this Society to adhere with the faith of the magnet to the principles of the revolution. At the 42d anniversary celebration of the Society, held on May 12, 1831, Sachem Grant outlined its principles in the fol- lowing toast : Tammany Society or Columbian Order, — a great National In- stitution, founded on the principles of civil and religious liberty — the glory of man. Tammany always had a charitable side and a fund was raised by collection at the annual festivities for the relief of delinquent debtors. This brought public favor to the Society, for the Poor Debtors' Laws were stringent and worked untold hardship. As the Debtors' Relief Laws were forced on the statute books, the Society turned its charitable attentions in other directions. This phase of the Society became a distinguishing feature, which still endures. Pintard's declaration that the Tammany Society's "demo- cratic principles will serve in a measure to correct the aristocracy of our city," gave rise to the contention that it was organized to oppose the venerable and venerated Society of the Cincin- nati. Many writers attributed to it this purpose, although an understanding of the circumstances surrounding the establish- ment and early growth of the Society does not warrant such an inference. By "aristocracy," Pintard undoubtedly meant the Tory reactionaries, who by reason of wealth and social position developed strength after the disabilities imposed upon them during the war had been removed. The line of cleavage was between the patriots and the loyalists, not between any class or classes of men who, like the Sons of Saint Tammany and the members of the Cincinnati, had struggled side by side for American freedom. 26 Members of the Society of the Cincinnati were also prominent members of the Tammany Society; invitations to dine were cordially exchanged, and a committee delegated by the Tam- many Society at the close of the eighteenth century "to con- gratulate the Society of the Cincinnati on the happy return of the day," reported "that they had waited on the Society of the Cincinnati and were received by the President and members with every mark of friendly regard and attachment." Tammany and Columbus. The Tammany Society as reorganized in 1789 has two patrons — Saint Tammany and Columbus. Its original constitution provided that on the first Monday of October in each year a brother should deliver before the Society a "Long Talk" in honor of Columbus; and as early as April 6, 1791, Pintard announced the intention of appropriately celebrating the tercen- tenary of the discovery of America on October 12, 1792. At Tammany's reception to the Creek Indians in New York on August 2, 1790, Dr. William P. Smith, Grand Sachem of the Society, explained the dual system of patrons as follows : Although the hand of death is cold upon their bodies, yet the spirits of two great Chiefs are supposed to walk backwards and forwards in this great Wigwam, and to direct us in all our pro- ceedings — Tammany and Columbus. Tradition has brought to us the memory' of the first. He was a great and good Indian Chief, a strong warrior, a swift hunter, but what is greater' than all, he loved his country, We call ourselves his sons. In all pageantry and ceremonial of the Society the two were linked in equal importance, and, as late as 1812, no Tammany procession was complete without a float as its central feature, presenting in allegorical significance the two great patrons of the Society — Columbus bearing the emblem of civilization ; Tammany bearing the constellation of the thirteen American stars. The two alternately smoked the Calumet of peace. The figures were shown seated on an elevated car, over which pre- sided the Genius of America bearing the great standard of the United States. At the conclusion of the procession, the car of Tammany and Columbus moved up to the head of the line and the two patrons were presented to the Genius of America, who descended from the pedestal to receive them. In its early history Tammany was designated in various ways. The first record of the adoption of an ofTicial title by the Society itself is found in the following paragraph of the public constitution, printed some time during the year 1789: This societv shall be called and known by the name of SAINT TAMMANY'S SOCIETY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER. 27 A radical change in the title appears in the year 1791, when the name TAMMANY SOCIETY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER was adopted, the word "Saint" being dropped from the appellation. By an act of the legislature of the State of New York, passed April 8, 1805, the Society was incorporated and its title legally and permanently established as THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK. The Tammany Wigwams. The Wigwam or meeting hall of the Society at the time of its early activities was variously located. In 1787 the House of Talmadge Hall, No. 49 Cortlandt Street was called the W igwam in the public notices. In 1789 and early in 1790 the Wigwam was located at Barden's Tavern in Broadway. In July, 1790, the Wigwam was at the City Tavern in Broad Street, but this like its predecessors was merely a temporary abiding place of the Society which now began to feel the need of a permanent home. On September 10, 1790, the Common Council of the City assigned to the Society a room in the Exchange. Thus the Exchange became the Great Wigwam or Tammanial Hall, and continued to be the home of the Society until 1798 when the scene of its activities shifted to "Martling's" at the corner of Nassau and Spruce Streets ; the "Long Room" at the Mart- ling's became the assembly hall of the Society. In order that the Society might have a home of its own, the New York Tammanial Tontine Association was organized in 179,2. The Tontine was a common device of the day for raising funds for popular enterprises and in a measure per- formed the functions of the modern building loan association. The purpose of this association was to erect "a great wigwam or Tammany Hall for the convenience of the meetings," but it was not until May 13, 1811, that the cornerstone of the first Tammany Hall was laid. The building was located at the corner of Nassau and Frankfort Streets and was erected for the purpose of "preserving and strengthening that patriotic chain which unites its members and for accommodating their Republican Brothers." Funds for the enterprise were raised by issuing stock upon which dividends were to be paid from the income of the build- ing. A large room was reserved for the use of the society on certain evenings and the remaining space was rented as a hotel. The Society reserved in the lease the use of the large room for every Monday evening and also for May 12th, July 28 4th, November 25th, and the days on which the General Com- mittee and nominating conventions should meet. The Society further stipulated that the tenant must "be attached to our republican principles." Soon after its occupancy of the new building the Society encouraged the use of the Hall for public entertainments, receptions and amusements, and in January of each year the Society itself conducted an annual ball. On July 4, 1867, the Society laid the cornerstone of the present Tammany Hall in East Fourteenth Street, near Third Avenue, with elaborate public ceremonies. The Hall was publicly dedicated on July 4, 1868, by the opening of the National Democratic Convention within its walls. The Convention selected Horatio Seymour, twice Governor of New York, as Presidential Nominee. Tammany's Officers and Symbols. The Tammany Society elects its officers annually on the Third Monday in April. These officers are thirteen sachems, who act as a Board of Directors, a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Sagamore, and Wiskinski. The Sachems organize the Grand Council of Sachems by electing a presiding officer called the Grand Sachem, who presides at all functions of the Society, as well as of the Council. The Sachems also elect a Father of the Council, and a Scribe to the Council, who records its proceedings. The Sagamore is the master of ceremonies at all functions of the Society. He has charge of the badges and other gorgets of the Society, and is its Marshal at its public processions. The Wiskinski (the eyes of the Society) is the doorkeeper or outer guard. He is also the Custodian of the ornaments, banners, and standards of the Society. The Society in the last century was divided into thirteen tribes, and each member upon his admission was assigned to a tribe. Under the Constitution adopted November 10, 1817, the tribes were allotted as follows : State Tribe State Tribe 1. New Hampshire Otter 8. Delaware Tiger 2. Massachusetts Panther 9. Maryland Fox 3. Rhode Island Beaver 10. Virginia Deer 4. Connecticut Bear 11. North Carolina Buffalo 5. New York Eagle 12. South Carolina Raccoon 6. New Jersey Tortoise k3. Georgia Wolf 7. Pennsylvania Rattlesnake Each tribe had a separate organization, over which a Sachem, designated by the Grand Sachem, presided. It also selected 30 by ballot three officers, viz., a Standard Bearer or Warrior, called an Okemaw ; a tribe hunter called a Mackawalaw ; and a Scribe or tribe clerk, called an Alank, who kept the roll containing the tribal proceedings. Each of the tribes was named after one of the original thirteen states, and as in- dicated, was dedicated to some animal, a common and wide- spread custom among the North American Indians. In the public processions the tribes marched in a body bearing the arms of their respective states. The custom, however, of dividing the Society into tribes has now fallen into disuse. Time is reckoned by the Tammany Society from three events, and all communications were dated in three ways, i. e., from the year of the discovery of America, October 12, 1492; of Independence, July 4, 1776, and of the Institution, May 12, 1779. The year was divided into four seasons: Season of snows : December, January and February. Season of blossoms: March, April and Maw Season of fruits: June, July and August. Season of hunting: September, October and November. The months were designated as Moons, and each had an appropriate name, thus : January — Month of Colds. July — Month of Horns. February — Month of Snows. August — Month of Fishes. March — Month of Worms. September — Month of Corn. April — Month of Plants. October — Month of Traveling. May — Month of Flowers. November — Month of Heavers. June — Month of Hearts. December — Month of Games. The Calendar year begins with October, month of Traveling, the first moon. The bucktail, regarded as a talisman of liberty by the earlier Tammany Societies, was adopted by the New York Society as its emblem; and the regulations provide that it shall be a part of the insignia worn on all public occasions. It seems to have borne a superstitious character as a token of good luck, and was long considered the appropriate badge of a hunter. With this significance in mind, the original votaries of Tam- many in Philadelphia, members of the Schuylkill hunting and fishing clubs, employed it in their ceremonies. The importance accorded to this symbolism in the Society is illustrated by its recognition among the toasts offered at the banquets. The following toast to the bucktail was drunk at the celebration of May 12, 1819: The American Bucktail of Tammany ; an emblem of liberty honored by our ancestors— May it sweep from our soil the last vestige of unchastened ambition. 31 So prominent was the display of the bncktail in all Tam- many pageants that its wearers were at one time popularly known as "Bucktails." The Cap of Liberty is the paramount symbol of the Society. It has its origin in antiquity and was a token of freedom among the ancient Greeks and Romans and the placing of it on the head of a slave was part of the services attending his manumis- sion. During the early days of the French Republic it was the symbol of the supporters of popular rights, and when sentiment for the principles of the Revolution swept the United States, the French Cockade, the Cap of Liberty and the Tri- color of France, became extremely popular in New York City. The Grand Standard of the Society is the arms of the United States properly emblazoned. The Society originally adopted as its motto, the phrase : "Civil Liberty, the Glory of Man." In recent years, however, this has given way to the inscrip- tion on the Great Seal of the Society: — "Freedom our Rock." The latter phrase by custom is now generally accepted as the motto of the Society. Each officer of the Society has a specially designed badge, suspended by a ribbon worn over his shoulders, bearing a patriotic motto. The meetings are called Council-Fires, and the tomahawk and calumet, or pipe of Peace, are given a place in the councils. The Society in its early career had a well defined order of procession at its public celebrations. The procession was always headed by the Cap of Liberty as the Grand Standard of the Society, and the Father of the Council carrying the Calumet or pipe of Peace, and the Sagamore carrying the tomahawk. In 1813 the practice of appearing in Indian costume at public functions was abandoned, and in the celebration of July 4th of that year the Society paraded in civil attire, its membership distinguished by an appropriate badge. The abandonment of the Indian regalia was induced by an intense feeling both in the Society and by the public against Indians because of the atrocities perpetrated in the border conflict incident to the War of 1812. Branches of the New York Society. Dispensations or Charters were granted by the New York Society for the formation of subsidiary or branch organizations in other cities and states. The first dispensation was given in 1790, shortly after the New York Society was reorganized, to open a Wigwam in Philadelphia, "with the power and 32 ^ ^ . ~ 1 / 'do) • ^ f'f tim et.- ^ul^pj-u* *ViU^P»M* tj<~ £^ ~& 6*. /*t4/cs/i<£ tt'tt/, a// //t Sp^n/ f}+t~*r*4 Authorization, dated Feb. 4, 1810, from Dr. Michael Leib, Grand Sachem of the Philadelphia Tammany Society to organize a branch society in Chillicothe, Ohio. privileges of initiating sons of freedom into this Illustrious Order and to grant dispensation for the chain of patriotic amity" through the State of Pennsylvania. Applications for these dispensations increased so rapidly that the New York Society soon became the fountain-head of a movement that extended south as far as Georgia, north as far as Massachusetts, and west as far as Missouri. Flour- ishing branches, or sister societies were found in conspicuous numbers as late as 1816, in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, District of Columbia, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, and Missouri. The movement particularly flourished in Rhode Island where it was introduced in October, 1809. The movement grew so steadily in power and influence that the Societies were powerful enough to hold their weekly meetings in the State House or Capital at Providence and at Newport and referred to these buildings as their "Wigwam." For this they drew the contempt and wrath of the opposition press. In a vain effort to thwart the success of the movement, the Federalists in July, 1810, organized the Washington Benevolent Society. The Societies were most effective in planting the seed of the Jeffersonian theory of government. Their curious and elab- orate terminology and their brilliant, well-regulated pageants, processions and public festivals appealed to the populace and helped to swell the ranks of the Democratic Party. However, with the decline of the Federal Party the Societies having achieved their purpose gradually passed out of existence. The State of Ohio was dotted with Tammany societies after the installation of the first one at Chillicothe in February, 1810. The Societies soon became a leading force in the State. Here, as well as in other States, the movement aroused the ire and the open hostility of the Federalists. The Tammany Society of Ohio it appears, was the first "Temperance" Party in Ohio, without making temperance the sole object of its existence. With the election of James Monroe to the Presidency in 1816, the Societies became in- active and slowly dissolved in Ohio. The Tammany Societies in the United States exercised a powerful influence in shaping the destinies and in crystallizing the principles of our government, and have contributed much to the development of our present system of party govern- ment. The importance of this influence has been inadequately recognized by students of American history. The Societies bore the standards of equal rights and popular rule and were 34 the rallying points of Republican activity until the complete annihilation of the Federalist Party. Under the favoring leadership of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison the movement flourished, and in its organized activities foreshadowed the establishment of national political parties. With the passing of the Federalists the issues which had stimulated the movement disappeared, one by one the societies succumbed to the lethargy resulting from the ces- sation of violent partisan controversy. 35 Tammany s Unique History Present Officers of the SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER In the City of New York 1924-1925 Grand Sachem John R. Voorhis Secretary Willis Holley Treasurer William Sohmer Father of the Council George W. Plunkitt Sagamore Eugene J. Reilly Scrihe of the Council Charles J. Ackerson Wiskinski Frank J. Scannell Sachems Thomas C. T. Crain Louis F. Haffen John F. Curry *Charles F. Murphy Thomas Darlington Thomas F. McAvoy Thomas F. Foley George W. Plunkitt Francis D. Gallatin Daniel L. Ryan Frank J. Goodwin Alfred E. Smith Henrv W. Unger *Died April 25, 1924. First Officers of the SAINT TAMMANY'S SOCIETY or COLUMBIAN ORDER 1789 Grand Sachem William Mooney c . . (Anthony Ernest Secretaries V T . t , /John Loudon Treasurer Thomas Ash Father of the Council John Campbell Scrihe of the Council William Pitt Smith Door-Keeper (Wiskinski) >. Gardiner Baker Sachems John Burger Abel Hardenbrook John Campbell Philip Hone Gabriel Furman White Matlack Joseph Jadwin William Mooney Aliver Glean Jonathan Pearsee, Jun. Thomas Greenleaf James Tylee Coertlandt Van Beuren 36 THE Tammany Society of New York occupies an unique place in the history of American politics. Its develop- ment includes its activities as a patriotic and fraternal institu- tion with relationship to an organized force in party politics of such virility and public confidence that for a century and a quarter it has dominated the public life of the American Metropolis. Tammany was never higher in public esteem than it is to-day. After its reorganization in 1789, the Society rapidly gained a place of prominence in the social and patriotic activities of the city. Its growth was favored by the broadening metro- politan life of what was then the nation's capital. Its princi- ples early attracted the attention and received the recognition of men prominent in municipal, state and national affairs. Substantial and distinguished citizens were attracted to its membership and so noted were its public ceremonies and pageants that the whole city was accustomed to view them with genuine pride. In 1790, the population of Xew York, including the City of New York and the several towns and villages located on the Island of Manhattan, was not more than 33,000. Greenwich Village, located in the neighborhood of Christopher Street, was a remote suburb. The surrounding counties of Kings, Queens, Westchester, and Richmond, now a part of the city, were sparsely settled. With the city's growth, the Tammany Society kept pace, enlarging its membership and extending its influence. Early in its career the Society won prestige by the perform- ance of signal public service in conciliating the representatives of the Indian Tribes who came to New York to treat with the National Government. During the Revolution, the sympathies of many of the tribes were found on the side of the British and a vexatious problem of the new government was the pacification of the Indians and the reclamation of their support, loyalty and allegiance. On February 15, 1790, the Society tendered a reception to the Warriors and Sachems of the Oneida Nation, who at that time were visiting New York to confer with Governor Clinton and President Washington. The evening was spent in cordial sociability; punch and wine were served, and complimentary toasts exchanged. Columbian songs were rendered and speeches delivered, renewing vows of friendship between the Society and the Tribe. In the same year the Chiefs of the Cayuga Indians, who were in New York on official business, joined with the Society 38 in its anniversary celebration of May 12th. The Cayugas were tenth in the order of the procession and "the festival was concluded by an Indian dance led by the Cayuga Indians, in which the officers of the Society joined." By its entertainment of the Creek Indians in the same year the Society mounted at once to national prominence and secured the recognition and esteem of President Washington and of Congress. The Chiefs of the Creek Nation, upwards of thirty in number, came to New York for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace with the United States. During the Revolu- tionary War the Creeks joined with the British against the colonists and after the treaty of peace was signed, the Creeks continued to harrass the people of Georgia by conducting a savage border warfare over boundary disputes. The National Government invited the Creeks to a conference in New York, and dispatched a special envoy to greet and escort them to the Capital. The Government invited the Tammany Society to participate in the welcome to the Indians upon their arrival and to entertain them while in the city. The Creeks arrived July 21, 1790, and "were received by the St. Tammany Society, who attended on the occasion, attired in the most splendid dresses and other emblems of that respectable Society." Tam- many braves escorted the Creeks in procession to President Washington's Executive Chambers. That evening the visiting chiefs were entertained at dinner in the Wigwam of the Society at the City Tavern. There were present, beside the Creeks, General Knox, Secretary of War. the Senators and Congress- men from Georgia and officers of the Army. On August 2nd. 1790, a conference was held between the Tammany Society and the Creeks, attended by Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State; General Knox, Secretary of War; John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States; George Clinton, Governor of New York, and James Duane, Mayor of the City. True to Indian custom, the Calumet of Peace and Friendship was smoked and con- gratulations were exchanged upon the felicitous relations between the Indian guests and their hosts. Patriotic songs were rendered and the Indian chiefs sang and danced. The con- ference, which was open to the public, delighted the spectator, with its novelty and brilliancy. The Society's prestige was enhanced among men of learning by the establishment under its auspices in June, 1790, of the American Museum for patriotic mementos and material of historic value. The Common Council assigned it a room in the City Hall. Under the guidance of Pintard it grew rapidly in importance and became one of the show places of the city. 39 In 1794 it was removed from the City Hall to the Exchange in Broad Street. Later the Museum passed to the custody of others. In 1865 it was destroyed when Barnum's Museum was burned 22 . First Kept Washington's Birthday. On February 22, 1790, the Tammany Society celebrated the birthday of President Washington. The regular monthly meeting of the Society chancing to fall on that date and a song suitable to the occasion was sung and great patriotic fervor was evinced by the participants. The Society, at that meeting by formal motion Resolved, unanimously that the 22nd day of February * * * be this day and ever hereafter commemorated by this Society as the birth of the illustrious George Washington, President of the United States of America. This was the first anniversary of Washington's Birthday after his inauguration as President, and its recognition by the Society was the first formal notice taken of the event. Even the Order of the Cincinnati, of which Washington was Presi- dent-General, took inspiration from the action of the Tammany Society, and seven days thereafter, March 1, 1790, decided in the future to celebrate the anniversary of his birthday. The Tammany Society for many years faithfully observed the occasion with appropriate patriotic ceremony. The Society early adopted the celebration of July 4th as one of its principal annual functions, and the custom in this state of reading the Declaration of Independence as a part of the 4th of July program was instituted by the Tammany Society. It is the only institution in America that has since July 4th, 1790, continued this custom without a single interruption. The establishment of this ceremony has been attributed to John Pintard, and his strong patriotic sentiment and far-seeing appreciation of the significance of American Nationalism gives weight to this opinion. The first four celebrations of Independ- ence Day were conducted by the Tammany Society alone with its usual pageantry and ceremonials. On the 4th of July, 17 ( >4, however, there was a concerted public recognition of the day and the leading civic and patriotic bodies in the city combined in the arrangement of an ostentatious ceremony to take the 22 The Tammany Museum was the first museum established in the City of New York and the second in the United States. Although no vestige of the original col- lection now remains, nevertheless, that institution performed an important social, educational and patriotic function in the life of the community and may properly he regarded as the forerunner of our Historical societies, free library system and public museums. 40 w ^ 4 9**>4»u .»urces or the relief of those to whom the war will bring distress, in order to ustain the President in the maintaining of the honor ol the Nation, the defense of our citizens by land and by sea, and the establishment throughout the world of those principles of justice, freedom and democracy of which this country is the impartial advo- cate, and for the promotion and maintenance of which this party was organized ; further Resolved, That a Committee of four, of whom the Chairman of this County Committee shall be one. be appointed bv the Chairman for the purpose of delivering to the President at the Capitol of the Nation a copy of this resolution, together with a statement of the location of such assembly district headquarters, and of such tacts as will show the available resources of the Democratic Count v Committee. 59 It is needless to say that Tammany Hall had a great many of its members fighting the cause of democracy in the trenches overseas, and that it achieved a great record here in the sale of Liberty Bonds. It would be impossible, in the confines of a manuscript of this size, to give even a short history of the many Tammanyites who glorified themselves on the battle- fields of France. A typical illustration will suffice : Percival E. Nagle, although 60 years of age, enlisted as a private and was soon promoted to the rank of Major of Field Artillery. He took part in thirty-four engagements ; he was twice cited for meritorious service in the presence of the enemy and was awarded the Croix-de-Guerre with Palm and Star. His official discharge from the Army bears the endorsement: Service the highest. Faithful and efficient officer ; cool and courageous under fire. Major Nagle was a Tammany District Leader and at the time of his death, December, 1923, was Sheriff of New York County. 1919 — Favored self-determination for Ireland at the Paris Peace Conference. In every crisis through which our American Government has passed, Tammany has been in the forefront of the fight for freedom and Democracy. Its labors have perpetuated the principles of liberty and independence on which our govern- ment was founded. 60 The Late Charles F. Murphy Standing by the Engrossed Copy of the Declaration of Independence in Tammany Hall 61 Distinguished Sons of Tammany THE Tammany movement from its inception attracted to its membership men of substance and influence. The roster of the early Tammany Societies is embellished with the names of eminent scholars, scientists, men of letters, pub- licists, members of the Professions, and Patriots of the Revolu- tion. These men passed to the later day Tammany Societies a glorious heritage of patriotism, civic ideals, progressive thought and sound principles of conduct in the national life of our Country. This heritage, in its fullest significance, was accepted by the New York Tammany Society and made the foundation of its Articles of Faith; for one hundred and thirty-five years the impelling power and achievements of its membership has been a constructive force in the development of the Nation. From its ranks were drawn men of action and character to solve the political and economic problems of their time. During this long span of time the membership of the Society which is drawn from the enterprising citizenry of the City, has made momentous contributions to the develop- ment and up-building of our City, our State, and our Nation ; to industry and commerce ; to charitable and social w r ork ; to religious and personal liberty ; to civic ideals and good citizen- ship ; to Statecraft and International comity ; to literature ; to art and to the sciences. Their great public service in crystaliz- ing the sentiments and traditions of American patriotism, and in the championship of the principles of true democracy have aided in no small measure our National growth. To the Constitution of the New York Tammany Society is affixed the signatures of members of the "Sons of Liberty'' ; of the Revolutionary Committees on Correspondence, Resist- ance and Safety; of the Boston Tea Party; of the Provincial and Continental Congress, and of officers and soldiers of the American army of the Revolution. The Society may point with real pride to the signatures (attached to its membership roll) of signers to the Declaration of Independence, a Presi- dent of the United States, three Vice-Presidents of the United States ; five cabinet members of the United States; fourteen (lovernors of the State of New York; eight United States Senators; thirteen speakers of the New York Assembly; Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and of the State of New York; twenty-three Mayors of the City of 62 New York, Ambassadors to foreign countries, and members of Congress. The following names will serve to illustrate the eminence and representative character of the Membership of the Society: Deceased Members. STEPHEN ALLEN. Grand Sachem, 1813-14; Alderman, Mayor, 1821-22; State Senator; Member Court of Errors. JOHN ARMSTRONG (1755- 1843). United States Senator from New York 1800-1802; 1803-1804; United States Min- ister to France 1804-1810; Brigadier-General 1812; Secre- tary of War 1813-1814. AUGUST BELMONT (1816- 1890), Sachem. Consul Gen. of Austria in New York 1844-1850; Charge d'Affaires at the Hague 1853-1855; American Minister Resident at the Hague 1855- 1858; delegate to Democratic National Convention 1860; Head of Democratic organization 1860-1872. Banker and Financier. WALTER BOWNE, Grand Sachem 1820; State Senator; Mayor 1827-1831. Member of the Council of Appointment. JOHN R. BRADY, Judge of Su- preme Court. S AX FORD E. CHURCH (1815- 1880). Sachem 1872-1873; mem- ber of Assembly ; Lieutenant Governor ; State Comptroller ; delegate to Constitutional Con- vention ; Chief Judge of Court of Appeals. DE WITT CLINTON (1769- 1828), Scribe of Tammany So- ciety 1791-1792i Member of State Legislature ; United States Senator ; Mayor of New York City ; Governor ; father of Erie Canal which he opened October 26. 1826. GEORGE CLINTON (1 739- 1812). Sachem 1801-1802; Mem- ber of State Assemblv 1768; Continental Congress \775-l776; Brigadier-General of Militia 1777; Governor State of New York 1777-1795; 1801-1804; dele- gate to State Convention which ratified Federal Constitution ; Vice-President of U. S. 1804- 1812. GEORGE CLINTON, JR. (1804- 1849) . Sachem 1799-1800; Mem- ber State Constitutional Con- vention 1801 ; Member of As- sembly 1804-1805; Member of Congress 1805-1809. JOHN COCHRANE (Sachem 1886-1891), Surveyor Port of New York 1853-1857; Member of Congresses; Brigadier-Gen- eral Union Army, 1862; Attor- ney-General of New York. 1863- 1865, Collector of Internal Rev- enue New York. 1869. CADWALLADER D. COLDEN (1769-1834). Colonel 1812; Mavor New York City 1818- 1821; State Assemblv 1818; State Senate 1825-1827; Repre- senative in Congress 1821-1823. WILLIAM BOURKE COCK- RAN (1854-1923). Grand Sachem ; Delegate to Democratic State Convention 1881 : Speaker at Democratic National Con- ventions 1884 and 1892; Member of Congress ; Orator. CLARCKSON CROLIUS (1773- 1843. Grand Sachem 1810-1811; Speaker of the Assembly. 1825; Founder of the American Insti- tute; Major in the War of 1812; 1811 laid the cornerstone of the first Tammany Hall. DAVIS L. MATTHEW (1766- 1850) . Grand Sachem 1813-1815: Prominent Mason, Master of Washington Lodge : Printer and Author ; wrote Memoirs of Aaron Burr. 63 JOHN ADAMS DIX (1798-1879), Sachem 1860-1863; Secretary of State, New York; United States Senator ; Postmaster of New York; Secretary of the U. S. Treasury; Major-General in Union Army ; United States Minister to France; Governor of New York; January 29, 1861. sent the famous message to Col- lector of the Port of New Or- leans: "If anyone attempts to haul down the American flag shoot him on the spot." PHILIP HENRY DUGRO, Grand Sachem 1885-1886; New York Assembly 1879; 47th Con- gress 1881-1883; declined nomi- nation for New York City Comptroller 1884; Justice Supe- rior Court, New York. 1886- 1896; Supreme Court 1896-1914. DANIEL DOUGHERTY. Law- yer and Orator. CHARLES P. DALY, Judge of Court of Common Pleas. RICHARD B. DAVIS, Sachem 1797-1800; Poet. DUDLEY FIELD (1805-1894). Memher of Commission on Legal Practice and Procedure. 1847- 1850; Member State Commission to prepare penal and civil code, 1857-1865; Member of Congress, 1877. NICHOLAS FISH (1758-1833), Adj. -Gen. of N. Y., 1784-1793; Supervisor of U. S. Revenue, 1794; President X. Y. State So- cietv of Cincinnati. 1797-1805; Alderman. 1806-1817. SAMUEL FRAUNCES, Founder of Fraunces' Tavern; Steward and Chef to President Washing- ton. LEONARD GANSEVOORT (1751-1810). Colonel Light Cav- alry in the Revolutionary War; Member Provincial Congress, 1775-1776; President of the Col- onial Executive in 1777; Dele- gate Continental Congress, 1787- 1788; Member Council of Ap- pointment of Commercial Con- vention, 1786; State Senate, 1871- 1893; State Assembly, 1778-1779; Judge of Probate Court, 1799. THOMAS FRANCIS GRADY (1853-1912), Lawyer; Member of Assembly ; State Senator ; Po- lice Justice ; Democratic Leader of the Senate ; Chief Speaker at Democratic State and National Conventions. ANDREW HASWELL GREEN, School Commissioner, 1848 ; President Board of Education, 1856 ; Member Board of Com- missioners of Central Park, 1857 ; Comptroller of Central Park, 1859 ; Comptroller of City and County. 1871 ; Father of Greater New York. ABRAM STEPHEN HEWIT1 (1822-1903), Sachem, 1873-1876; Lawyer and Merchant; Member of Congress; Mavor of New York. JOHN T. HOFFMAN (1828- 1888). Grand Sachem. 1866-1869; Lawyer ; Recorder of the City of New York; Mayor of the City of New York; Governor of the State of New York. JOSIAH OGDEN HOFFMAN (1767-1837), Grand Sachem. 1791-1792; Member State As- sembly; Attorney - General of New York State ; Recorder of City of New York ; Judge of the Supreme Court. CHARLES G. HALPINE. Jour- nalist, Poet. Wrote under the name of Miles O'Reilly. JUDAH HAMMOND. Grand Sachem. 1809-1810; wrote Poli- tical History of New York. HENRY HILTON. Lawyer; Park Commissioner, 1780. DANIEL INGRAHAM. Judge of Court of Common Pleas. JOHN T. IRVING. Judge of Court of Common Pleas; brother of Washington Irving. 64 ANDREW JACKSON (1767- 1845), United States Senator; Major General in the War of 1812; won the battle of New Orleans ; President of the United States, 1829-1837. RICHARD M. JOHNSON (1780- 1850), Kentucky Legislature 1803; Congress, 1807-1819; U. S. Senate, 1819-1829; Vice-Presi- dent of U. S.. 1837. DIXON H. LEWIS (1802-1848), Member of Congress, 1829- 1844; U. S. Senator from Ala- bama, 1844-1848. MORGAN LEWIS (1754-184*), Lawyer; soldier in Revolution; Member of State Legislature; Attorney General ; Judge Su- preme Court; Chief Judge; Governor of New York ; State Senator; Major General, U. S. Army in War of 1812. BROCKHO'LST LIVINGSTON, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1806-1823. EDWARD LIVINGSTON (1764- 1836), Lawyer; Member of Con- gress; United States District Attorney ; Mayor of New YorK City ; Member of- Louisiana State Legislature; United States Sen- ator; Secretary of State, U. S. ; Minister Plenipotentiary to France; author of the Louisiana Code. PETER R. LIVINGSTON, Grand Sachem, 1795-1796; 1796- 1797; State Senator; Member of Congress; Speaker of the State Assembly, LLOYD THOMAS (1756-1827); joined Society March 31. 1790. Author, soldier, patriot of the Revolution. Wounded and taken prisoner September 11. 1777, ai the Battle of Brandywine. Father of American Shorthand Reporting. Shorthand reporter of the First National House of Representative> of the United States. M ANTON MARBLE (1834), Wrote Democratic State Plat- form, 1874; Democratic National Platform, 1876 and 1884. Spe- cial envoy to governments of Great Britain, France and Ger- many, 1885. SAMUEL L. MITCHILL (1764- 1831), Member State Assembly, 1791-1798; Member of Congress, 1801-1804; 1809-1813; United States Senator, 1804-1809; Pro fessor of Chemistry, Columbia College ; author and lecturer, practicing physician. JACOB MORTON (1761-1836), Delegate to Second New York Provincial Congress ; Comman- der of Morton's Brigade; Hon- orary Member of New York State Society of Cincinnati in 1794; Brigadier General in the War of 1812; Member of As- sembly; Alderman; Comptroller; City Inspector ; Clerk of Com- mon Council. Called "The Little God of War." HERCULES MULLIGAN, Joined Society November 16, 1789; Patriot of the Revolution; one of the founders of the "Sons of Liberty" and induced Alex- ander Hamilton to become a Liberty Boy ; Member of the New York Revolutionary Com- mittee of Correspondence. May 1. 1775: Member of the Provi- sional War Committee or Com- mitter of Resistance of 100 of the City of New York; July 9. 1 776. led in the destruction of the statue of the English King at Bowling Green ; as "Confiden- cial Correspondent" to General Washington was practically Chief of the Militarv Intelligence Bureau during the Revolution. CHARLES FRANCIS MUR- PHY. Sachem. 1898-1924. Dock Commissioner of the City of New York, 1898-1902; Leader of Tammany Hall from 1902 to 1924. 65 CHARLES O'CONOR (1804- 1884), noted Lawyer; Senior Counsel for Jefferson Davis after Civil War. WHEELER H. PECKHAM (1833-1905), Constitutional Law- yer ; nominated for United States Supreme Court by President Cleveland; nomination rejected by the Senate who later con- firmed the appointment of his brother, Rufus W. Peckham, as United States Supreme Court Judge. EDWARDS PIERREPONT (1817-1892), Sachem, 1867-1868; Lawyer; Justice Superior Court of New York City; United States Attorney for the South- ern District of New York ; United States Attorney-General ; Minister to Great Britain. JOHN PINTARD (1759-1844), Sagamore, 1790-1791 ; Sachem, 1791-1792; Philanthropist; father of historical societies in Amer- ica ; served in American Army when British occupied New York ; founder of American or Tammany Museum, the first museum in New York ; organ- ized the first savings bank in New York. ZEPHANIAH PLATT (1740- 1807), Delegate to Continental Congress, 1784- 1786; District Judge for several yars. LUCIUS ROBINSON (1810- 1891), Lawyer; Master of Chan- cery of New York City ; Member of Assembly ; State Comptroller ; Governor of the State of New York. JOHN R. B. RODGERS (1753- 1833), Grand Sachem, 1792-1793; son of Rev. John Rodgers, D.D. (the first American Doctor of Divinity), the friend and Chap- lain of Washington ; Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Museum, 1791-1793; as Surgeon on the Medical Staff, suffered with General Washing- ton the privations of the Ameri- can Army at Valley Forge ; Pro- fessor of Obstetrics in Colum- bia College, as a teacher, writer and a practitioner won distinction in the medical profession. HENRY RUTGERS (1745- 1830), the most liberal philan- thropist of his age, contributing largely to aid religious and edu- cational enterprises ; ardent sup- porter of the war of 1812; Mem- ber of Assembly, 1784, 1801, 1802, 1807; contributed and as- sisted in raising funds to build Tammany Hall; Regent of the University of the State of New York from 1802-1826, and Presi- dent of the Public School So- ciety in New York City. NATHAN SANFORD (1777- 1838), Sachem 1802-1803; Law- yer; United States Commissioner in Bankruptcy ; United States Attorney for New York; Assem- blyman ; State Senator ; United States Senator ; Delegate consti- tutional Convention ; Chancellor of New York. JOSHUA SANDS (1758-1835); State Senator 1792-1799; Col- lector of Customs Port of New York 1797; Member of Congress. HORATIO SEYMOUR Sachem 1872-1873; Military Assem- blyman ; Speaker of Assembly ; Governor of New York ; Demo- cratic Candidate for President 1868. JOHN SMITH (1755-1 8 1 6); Member State Assembly 1784- 1799; Delegate in Convention which adopted Federal Consti- tution 1788; Member Congresses; United States Senator 1804- 1813 ; United States Marshal, District of New York 1813-1816. MELANCTON SMITH ( 1 724- 1798) ; Sachem 1791-1792; Mem- ber of First Provincial Con- gress; Member Continental Con- gress; Prominent Anti-Federal- ist Lender. 66 THOMAS F. SMITH, Member of Congress ; Public Administra- tor New York County; Secre- tary of Tammany Hall for twenty-five years. DR. WILLIAM PITT SMITH (1760-1796); Grand Sachem 1790-1791; 1793-1794; Trustee and Treasurer of the American Museum under the patronage of the Tammany Society 1792; served in the Hospital Depart- ment of the Continental Army in the Revolution ; Member of the New York Assembly 1792; Health Officer of the Port; Professor of Materia Medica in the Columbia College; Orator and Poet ; wrote numerous pamphlets against slavery; known as ''the Classical Dr. Smith." AUGUSTUS SCHELL, Grand Sachem 1872-1883; Lawyer; President of the New York His- torical Society. FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, Lawyer ; Partner of Grover Cleveland. SAMUEL JONES TIED EN (1814-1886); Sachem 1857-1858; 1872-1875; Lawyer; Member of State Assembly ; Member of Constitutional Convention; Founder of New York State Bar Association ; Governor ; nomi- nated for President of the U. S. in 1876 and obtained a majority of popular vote but was declared defeated by an electoral com- mission. DANIEL D. TOMPKTNS (1774- 1825). Sachem. 1822-1823; Law- yer; Presiding Officer at Con- stitutional Convention of 1821 ; Member of Congress ; Member of Assemblv ; Tustice Supreme Court: Governor 1807-1817; Vice-President of the United States 1817-1825. JOHN VAN BUREN (1810- 1866) , Son of Martin Van Buren ; Lawyer; Attache of Legation at London ; Attorney General State of New York; took active part in the. Political Canvass for the Exclusion of Slavery ; known as Prince John. PHILIP VAN CO'RTLANDT (1749-1831), Brigadier General Revolutionary War ; Delegate to State Convention, 1788; Member State Assembly, 1788-1790 ; State Senator, 1791-1793; Member of Congress, 1793-1809. STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER (1765-1839), Member of As- sembly; State Senator; Lieu- tenant Governor; Major General of Volunteers in War of 1812; Member of Canal Commission and its President ; Member State Constitutional Convention ; Member of Congress. ROBERT A. VAN WYCK (1849- 1918), Lawyer; Judge of the City Court of New York; first Mayor of Greater New York; founder of the Holland Society of New York City. CHAS. H. VAN BRUNT, Justice of the Appellate Division. PETER H. WENDOVER, Sa,,i- em, 1801-1802; Sheriff of New York County; Member of Con- gress ; sponsored the bill in Con- gress in 1816 that fixed the present form of the American flag. WILLIAM C. WHITNEY (1841- 1904), Corporation Counsel, 1875- 1882; Secretary of Navy, 1885- 1889; Manager of Democratic Presidential Campaigns, 1884 and 1892. LEVI WOODBURY (1789-1851), Governor of New Hampshire ; U. S. Senator ; Secretary of the Navy; Secretary of the Treas- ury; Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S. 67 GEORGE CLINTON First Governor of New York and Vice-President of the United States in 1809 Sachem of the Tammany Society, 1801-1802 Present Members. William Allen, Lawyer and Chairman of the Executive Committee. Joab H. Banton, District Attorney. Manuel Block, Leader of the Assembly. Maurice Blumenthal, Lawyer. William P. Burr, Justice of the Supreme Court. John F. Curry, District Leader ; Commisisoner of Records. Thomas W. Churchill, Justice of the Supreme Court. Daniel F. Cohalan, Former Justice of the Supreme Court. Salvatore Cotillo, Justice of the Supreme Court. Charles W. Culkin, District Leader ; Merchant. Dr. Thomas Darlington, Former Health Commissioner. Joseph P. Day, Auctioneer. John H. Delaney, Dock Commissioner. Peter Doelger, Merchant. Geo. L. Donellan, District Leader ; Lawyer. Charles D. Donohue, Judge of the Supreme Court. Philip F. Donohue. Commissioner Board of Water Supply. Jerome F. Donovan, Former Member of Congress. P'eter J. Dooling, Sheriff. Victor J. Dowling, Justice of the Appellate Division. Charles J. Dieges, Merchant. Terence Farley, Legal Adviser to Gov. Smith. Maurice Featherson, Former Commissioner of Water, Gas and Electricity. Thomas L. Feitner, Former Tax Commissioner. Edward J. Flynn, Sheriff of The Bronx. James A. Foley, Surrogate. Thomas F. Foley, District Leader; former Sheriff. Charles V. Fornes, Former President of Board of Aldermen ; Merchant. John F. Galvin, Manufacturer; former Chairman of Board of Water Supply. James W. Gerard, Former Justice of the Supreme Court ; Ambassador to Germany. Leonard A. Giegerich, Justice of the Supreme Court. John F. Gilchrist, State Tax Commissioner. Fk \ .\k J. Goodwin, District Leader ; Clerk of City Court. William F. Grell, Former Sheriff. Charles L. Guy, Justice of the Supreme Court. Louis F. Haffen, Engineer; former President of the Borough of The Bronx. Gen. Henry De Witt Hamilton. James A. Hamilton, Secretary of State of New York. Ernest L. Hammer, Public Administrator of Bronx County. 69 Moses Hermann, Justice of the Court of Special Session.^ James J. Hoey, Insurance Broker; former mem- ber of Assembly. Willis Holly, Secretary of Tammany Society. Daniel H. Knott, Former Sheriff; Chairman of County Committee. Edward B. LaFetra, Justice of the City Court. Franklin Deonard, Jr., Lawyer. George W. Loft, Merchant. Robert L. Luce, Former Justice of the Supreme Court. Richard P. Lydon, Justice of the Supreme Court. John V. McAvoy, Justice of the Appellate Division. Martin McCue, District Leader; former State Senator. George B. McClellan, Former Mayor; Professor ai Princeton University. John F. McIntyre, Judge of Court of General Ses- sions. Jeremiah T. Mahoney, Judge of the Supreme Court. Francis X. Mancuso, Judge of the Court of General Sessions. Joseph E. Newburger, Former Justice of the Supreme Court; Official Referee. Lewis Nixon, Ship Builder ; former Leader of Tammany Hall. John P. O'Brien, Surrogate. Morgan J. O'Brien, Former Presiding Justice of tne Appellate Division. James A. O'Gorman, Former Justice of the Supreme Court; U. S. Senator. M. Warley Platzek, Justice of the Supreme Court. Dr. E. S. Potter, Jacob Ruppert, Merchant. Daniel L. Ryan, Secretary of Tammany Hall. John Godfrey Saxe, Former State Senator. Thomas I. Sheridan, State Senator. Alfred E. Smith, Governor. W illiam Sohmer, Merchant; former State Comp- troller. Adolph Sonnenthal, Banker. Nathan Straus, Philanthropist. Alfred J. T alley. Judge of the Court of General Sessions. John M. Tierney, Justice of the Supreme Court. Samuel Untermeyer, Lawyer. John R. Voorhis, Elections Commissioner ; Grand Sachem. Robert F. Wagner, Justice of the Supreme Court. James Garrett Wallace, Assistant District Attorney. John L. Walsh, Justice of the City Court. Grover A. Whalen, Commissioner of Plant and Structures. Patrick A. Whitney, Deputy Comptroller. E. G. Whittaker, Former Justice of the Supreme Court. Thomas A. Williams, District Leader; Contractor. I. Maurice Wormser, Editor of the Law Journal. Lorenz Zeller, Former Justice of the City Court; Official Referee. 70 Distinguished Members of the Sister Branches of the New York Tammany Society. HENRY CLAY. (1777-1852) member of the Tammany Society, Lexington, Ky. ; member of Congress, U. S. Senator ; Speaker of the House of Representatives ; Secretary of State of U. S. ; twice candidate for President. WILLIAM DUANE. (1760-1835) Sachem of the Phila. Tammany Society; Journ- alist and author; one of the founders of the Democratic party; Editor of the "Aurora" at Phila., 1796-1822. MICHAEL LEIB. 1760-1822) Grand Sachem of the Phila. Tammany Society ; practicing physician; member of Congress, U. S. Senator; Post- Master of Phila. Thomas Mckean. (1734-1817) Sachem of the Phila. Tammany Society; mem- ber of the Continental Congress ; Chief Justice of Penna. ; Patriot of the Revolution ; Governor of Penna. WILLIAM L. MARCY. (1786-1857) Member of the Tammany Society, Troy, N. Y. ; Justice of the Supreme Court, N. Y. ; U. S. Senator; Gov- ernor of New York; Secretary of War; Secretary of State of U. S. EDWARD TIFFIN. (1766-1829) Grand Sachem, Tammany Society, Chillicothe, Ohio; Methodist preacher and practicing physician; first Gov- ernor of Ohio; U. S. Senator; Speaker of the Ohio State Assembly. BENJAMIN F. THOMPSON. Grand Sachem of the Brook- haven, Long Island Tammany Society, 1810; Historian of Long Island. SILAS WRIGHT. (1795-1847) Member of the Tammany Society, Troy, N. Y. ; member of Congress ; U. S. Senator; Comptroller of N. Y. ; Governor of New York. HENRY WHEATON. Member of the Tammany Society, Providence, R. I. ; edi- tor of the National Advocate, New York, 1812; reporter of the Supreme Court of the U. S. ; Justice of the Marine Court of the City of New York ; law part- ner of Daniel Webster ; renowned authority on international law ; professor of international law, Harvard University; U. S. Min- ister to Denmark and to Prussia. JOHN E. WOOL. (1784-1869) Member of Tam- many Societv, Troy, N. Y. : Lt.- Colonel in War of 1812; Briga- dier-General in the Mexican War; decorated by Congress for gallantry at the Battle of Buena Vista; Major-General in the Civil War. 71 Aid, to the Distressed For a Century and a Quarter Tammany has Never Failed a Call of the Suffering and the Needy Whether at Home or Across the Seas. From an early date it aided imprisoned debtors. 1801. Aided the sufferers during the yellow fever epidemic. 1835. Fed and clothed the victims of the great fire of 1835. 1837. Fed and clothed the needy in the panic of 1837. 1857. Aided the poor in the panic of 1857. 1861-1865. Aided the families of the soldiers that fell in the Civil War. 1873. Aided the poor in the hard times following the reaction of the Civil War. 1888. Aided the sick and poor in the Blizzard of 1888. 1893. Aided the poor during the Winter of 1893. 1898. Aided poor during the Winter of 1898. Contributed to : — Johnstown Flood sufferers. San Francisco Earthquake sufferers. Galveston Flood sufferers. Messina Earthquake sufferers. Japan's Earthquake sufferers. Kishenef Massacre victims. Slocum disaster sufferers. Cuban Freedom Fund. Charles Stewart Parnell Homestead Fund. The Roosevelt Memorial. The Wilson Memorial. Irish Republic Bond Issue. Tammany Hall is not merely a political organization. It is also a social, fraternal and welfare association and a companion, friend and adviser to the voter. Each leader knows his dis- trict thoroughly and is in close association with the citizens, the 72 families and homes ; he keeps an amazing knowledge of the residents, their habits, needs, desires and pursuits. Employ- ment is procured for the idle, aid distributed to the needy, the sick are comforted, and the unfortunates are befriended. The organization is daily a fountain of benefits to the needy and the helpless. This social service is tersely described in the following words by Charles A. Beard, the leading authority and writer on Political Science in the United States, and the present Director of the Bureau of Municipal Research, a strict critic of Tammany Hall in New York: Tammany is our greatest social service agency and it holds its power because it understands sympathetically the needs and trials of the masses. Its leaders visit these who are sick and in distress. * *■ * They give drink to those who are athirst and bread to those who are hungry. Tammany asks no questions and fills out no pink and green cards. Its office hours are not from ten to four but continuous. * * * Its virtue is its humanity, its understanding of the human needs of the common man. * * * Under two Tammany Mayors the Health Department of the City of New York was transferred into the greatest single public service of its kind in the world. 73 DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 1868 HELD IN TAMMANY HALL The Democratic Convention of 1868 met at New York, July 4-11, with ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (N. Y.) as Chair- man, and on the twenty-second ballot nominated Horatio Sey- mour for President. The other principal candidates were : ex- Congressman George H. Pendleton (Ohio), who stood for the Greenback element in the party ; President Andrew Johnson, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock (Pa.), ex-State Comptroller San- ford E. Church (N. Y.), ex-Congressman Asa Packer (Pa.), ex-Governor Joel Parker (N. J.), Governor James E. English (Conn.), and U. S. Senator James R. Doolittle (Wis.). The nomination for Vice President went, on the first ballot, to ex-Congressman Francis P. Blair, Jr. (Mo.). The Democratic platform demanded : Immediate restoration of all the States to their rights; amnesty for past political offenses; payment of the public debt; equal taxation; a single currency; Government economy and abolition of the Freed- men's Bureau; protection to naturalized citizens. The plat- form denounced Andrew Johnson. Rep. Dem. State Grant, Seymour, Alabama 76,366 72,088 Arkansas 22,112 19,078 California 54,583 54,077 Connecticut 50,788 47.844 Delaware 7,614 10,957 Florida Georgia 57,134 102,722 Illinois 250.293 199,143 Indiana 176,552 166,980 Iowa 120.399 74,040 Kansas 30,028 13,620 Kentucky 39,566 115,890 Louisiana 33,263 88,225 Maine 70,493 42,460 Maryland 30,438 62,537 Massachusetts 136,477 59,408 Michigan 113,229 82,364 Minnesota 43,722 28,096 Mississippi Missouri 86,860 65,628 Rep. Dem. State Grant, Seymour, Nebraska 9,729 5,439 Nevada 6,480 5,218 New Hampshire 37.718 30.575 New Jersey 80,131 83.001 New York 419,883 429,883 North Carolina 96,769 84,601 Ohio 280.167 238,621 Oregon 10,961 11,125 Pennsylvania 342,280 313.382 Rhode Island 12,993 6,548 South Carolina 62,301 45,237 Tennessee 56,628 26,129 Texas Vermont 44,167 12,045 Virginia West Virginia 28.638 19,982 Wisconsin 108,857 84.710 Total 3,015,071 2,709,615 74 Interior of Tammany Hall During t ional Democratic Convention of 1868 I K[ational Democratic Conventions 1832— Baltimore, May 21. Nominated for President, Andrew Jackson; Vice President, Martin Van Buren. (Elected.) 1836 — Baltimore, May 20. Nominated for President, by acclamation. Martin Van Buren; Vice President, Richard M. Johnson. (Elected.) 1840 — Baltimore, May 5. Nominated for President, unanimously, Mar- tin Van Buren; Vice President, Richard M. Johnson. (Defeated.) 1844— Baltimore, May 27-29. Nominated for President, ninth ballot. James K. Polk; Vice President, George M. Dallas. (Elected.) 1848— Baltimore, May 22-26. Nominated for President, fourth ballot. Lewis Cass; Vice President, second ballot, William O. Butler. (Defeated.) 1852— Baltimore, June 1-6. Nominated for President, forty-ninth ballot. Franklin Pierce; Vice President, second ballot, William Rufus King. (Elected.) 1856 — Cincinnati, June 2-6. Nominated for President, first ballot, James Buchanan ; Vice President, second ballot, John C. Breckenridge. (Elected.) 1860 — Charleston, April 23. Nominated for President, second ballot. Stephen A. Douglas; Vice President, H. V. Johnson. (Defeated.) 1864 — Chicago. August 29. Nominated for President, first ballot, George B. McClellan ; Vice President, second ballot, George H. Pendle- ton. (Defeated.) 1868 — New York, July 4-11. Nominated for President, twenty-second ballot, Horatio Sevmour ; Vice President, first ballot, Francis P. Blair. (Defeated.) 1872 — Baltimore. July 9. Nominated for Proident. Horace Greeley ; Vice President, Benjamin Gratz Brown. (Defeated.) 1876 — St. Louis, June 27-29. Nominated for President, second ballot, Samuel J. Tilden ; Vice President, first ballot, Thomas A. Hen- dricks. (Defeated.) 1880 — Cincinnati, June 22-24. Nominated for President, second ballot. W T infield Scott Hancock ; Vice President. William H. English. (Defeated.) 1884 — Chicago, June 8-11. Nominated for President, second ballot, Grover Cleveland ; Vice President, first ballot, Thomas A. Hen- dricks. (Elected.) 1888 — St. Louis, June 5. Nominated for President, by acclamation, Grover Cleveland ; Vice President, first ballot. Allen G. Thur- man. (Defeated.) 1892 — Chicago. June 21. Nominated for President, first ballot. Grover Cleveland; Vice President, first ballot. Adlai E. Stevenson. (Elected.) 1896 — Chicago. July 7. Nominated for President, fifth ballot. William Jennings Brvan ; Vice President, fifth ballot. Arthur Sewall (Defeated.) 77 1900 — Kansas City, July 4. Nominated for President, unanimously, William Jennings Bryan; Vice President, first ballot, Adlai E. Stevenson. (Defeated.) 1904 — St. Louis, July 7. Nominated for President, first ballot, Alton B. Parker; Vice President, Henry G. Davis. (Defeated.) 1908 — Denver, July 7. Nominated for President, first ballot, William J. Bryan; Vice President, unanimously, John W. Kern. (Defeated.) 1912 — Baltimore, June 25. Nominated for President, forty-sixth ballot, Woodrow Wilson ; Vice President, Thomas R. Marshall. (Elected.) 1916 — St. Louis, June 14. Nominated for President, by acclamation, Woodrow Wilson ; Vice President, by acclamation, Thomas R. Marshall. (Elected.) 1920 — San Francisco, June 28. Nominated for President, forty-fourth ballot, James M. Cox ; Vice President, by acclamation, Franklin D. Roosevelt. ( Defeated.) 78 Electoral Votes for President, i8q2'IQ20, By Parties and States 1892. 1896. 1900. 1904. 1912. 1916. 1920. Alabama .... Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut . Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois; , Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana ... Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota . . . Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska ... Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey ... New Mexico . . New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington ... West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 1 8 .' 6 . 3 . 4 . 13 '. 24 . 15 10 22 1 / Z1 r r 1 1 It . K. D. K . 1 >. R . D. K. D. K . D. K . D. Iota 11 1 1 11 11 12 12 12 12 3 3 "3 3 8 8 9 9 9 9 '9 9 1 "9 10 16 2 13 13 13 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 '7 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 *5 5 6 6 6 6 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 3 3 3 '3 4 4 "4 4 24 27 27 29 29 29 29 15 15 15 15 15 15 IS 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 io 10 10 1C 10 io 10 10 1 13 13 13 13 13 i3 13 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 1 "7 2 6 8 8 8 g 15 16 16 18 is 18 18 14 14 14 15 IS 15 15 9 11 11 12 12 12 12 9 9 10 10 10 io 10 17 17 is is 18 18 18 18 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 g 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 12 12 1 } 14 14 14 3 *3 3 3 36 39 39 45 45 45 45 i2 12 ii i2 12 *3 4 4 5 5 *5 5 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 10 10 10 10 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 32 34 34 38 38 38 38 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 *9 '9 9 9 9 9 *4 *4 4 '5 '5 5 12 U 12 12 12 12 12 12 15 15 18 18 20 20 26 20 3 3 '3 *3 "a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ■4 4 4 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 4 *4 '5 *5 7 '7 7 6 7 7 8 7 1 8 8 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 *3 3 3 3 3 "3 3 3 Total 145 277 22 271 176 292 155 336 140 321 162 8 435 254 277 404 127 531 Plurality 132 .. 95 ..137 ..196 ..159 .. ..347 .. .. 23 277 .. .. Arizona became a State February 14, 1912. New Mexico was admitted January 6, 1912. 79 The 1924 (Democratic l^ational Convention The representation of the States and Territories in the 1924 Democratic National Convention is the same as in that of 1920, except that the Canal Zone has six delegates instead of two. and is as follows : Votes necessary to nominate under the two-thirds rule — 732. State. Alabama .... Arizona Arkansas .... California .. . Colorado .... Connecticut .. Delaware .... Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky . . . Louisiana . . . Maine Maryland . . . Massachusetts Michigan 30 Minnesota 24 Mississippi 20 Missouri 36 Montana 8 Nebraska 16 Nevada 6 New Hampshire 8 New Jersey 28 Dele- gates. State. 24 New Mexico 6 New York 18 North Carolina 26 North Dakota 12 Ohio 14 Oklahoma 6 Oregon , 12 Pennsylvania 28 Rhode Island 8 South Carolina 58 South Dakota 30 Tennessee , 26 Texas 20 Utah 26 Vermont 20 Virginia 12 Washington 16 West Virginia 36 Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska District of Columbia Hawaii Philippines Porto Rico Canal Zone Total Dele- gates 6 90 24 10 48 20 10 76 10 18 10 24 40 8 8 24 14 16 26 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1,098 80 Democratic l^lational Qommittee 1924 General Officers Cordell Hull Chairman Charles A. Greathousc Secretary George F. Mara Assistant to the Chairman J. Bruce Kremer Vice-Chairman Samuel B. Amidon Vice-Chairman Mrs. Emily Newell Blair Vice-Chairman Richard Linthicum Director of Publicity Burt New Executive Secretary National Committee men National Committccwomcn ALABAMA — Walter Moore, Mrs. John I). McXeel, Birmingham Birmingham ARIZONA— W. L. Barnuoi, Mrs. B. J. McKinney, Phoenix Tucson ARKANSAS— Vincent M. Miles, Mrs. James D. Head, Fort Smith Texarkana CALIFORNIA— Isidore B. DockwHer, Mrs. Charles L. Donohue, Los Angeles' Oakland COLORADO— Miles G. Saunders, Mrs. Gertrude A. Lee, Pueblo Denver CONNECTICUT— Homer S. Cummings, Miss Caroline Ruutz-Rees, Stamford Greenwich DELAWARE— Andrew C. Gray, Miss Lena Evans, Wilmington Newark FLORIDA— J. T. G. Crawford Mrs. Lois K. Mayes, Jacksonville Pensacola GEORGIA— Clark Howell, Mrs. F. I. Mclntire, Atlanta Savannah IDAHO— Robert H. Elder Teresa M. Graham, Coeur d'Alene Coeur d'Alene ILLINOIS— Charles Boeschenstein, Mrs. A. L. Smith. Edwardsville Chicago 81 National Committeemen INDIANA— Charles A. Greathouse, Indianapolis IOWA— Wilbur W. Marsh, Waterloo KANSAS— Samuel H. Amidon, Wichita KENTUCKY— Johnson N. Camden, Versailles LOUISIANA (PROXY) — Samuel B. Hicks, Shreveport (Frank J. Looney, Shreveport) MAINE— D. J. McGillicuddy. Lewiston MARYLAND— John W. Smith, Snow Hill MASSACHUSETTS— Edward W. Quinn, Cambridge MICHIGAN— Judge William F. Connelly, Detroit MINNESOTA— Howard Everett, St. Paul MISSISSIPPI— Oscar G. Johnson, St. Louis MONTANA— J. Bruce Kremer, Butte NEBRASKA— W. H. Thompson, Grand Island NEVADA— Samuel Pickett, Reno NEW HAMPSHIRE— Robert C. Murchie. Concord NEW JERSEY— Frank Hague, Jersey City NEW MEXICO— Arthur Seligman, Santa Fe National Commit tecwomen Mrs. Bessie L. Riggs, Sullivan Miss A. B. Lawther, Dubuque Mrs. Florence G. Farley, Wichita Mrs. J. C. Cantrill, Georgetown Mrs. J. E. Friend, New Orleans Mrs. Gertrude M. Pattangall, Augusta Mrs. Julia Hamilton Briscoe. Hagerstown Mrs. M. F. Sullivan, Fall River Mrs. L. C. Boltwood, Grand Rapids Mrs. Peter Olesen, Northfield Mrs. Emily Newell Blair, Washington, D. C. Mrs. R. R. Purcell, Helena Dr. Jennie Call fas. 903 Merver Park Blvd., Omah. Mrs. James D. Finch, Reno Dorothy B. Jackson, Concord Mrs. James J. Billington, Jersey City Mrs. W. F. Kirby, Tucumcari 82 National Committeemen National Commit teewomen NEW YORK— Norman E. Mack, Miss Elizabeth Marbury, Buffalo New York City NORTH CAROLINA— Angus W. McLean, Miss Mary 0. Graham, Lumberton Raleigh NORTH DAKOTA H. H. Perry, Airs. Sveinbjorn Johnson, Ellendale Bismark OHIO OfArcrp WFitP VJCUl \V Illlv . Afrs Rprnirp S Pvkf Marietta Cleveland OKT AHOMA Oportrp T PiAvrprmnn VJVWi j • i-JvJ w \~ i 1 1 1 a 1 1 , Mrs D A McDnffal Kingfisher Sapulpa ORFGON Dr. J. W. Morrow, Mrs. Rose G. Schieffelin Portland Med i' 'Til PFNNSYI VANT A I l^.it Nil 1 . V_J U 11 , Pittsburg Alls-, Af'irv \ rrli<>r Reading RHODF TST AND Patrick H. Quinn, Mrs. Robert E. Newton Providence Providence SOUTH CAROLINA— John Gary Evans, Airs. Leroy Springs, Spartanburg Lancaster SOUTH DAKOTA— James Mee, Mis. William Hickey Center ville- Sioux Falls TFNNFSSFF Cordell Hull \| t\ 1 \ i • 1 1 f i 1 1 1 \ 1 ( * \ 1 i 1 1 i n i\l 1 >. 1 it 1 1 I ( M 1 i\ 1 L *\ I 1 1 1 1 1 I , Carthage Nashville TEXAS Tlinmn^ R# T nvp IMMllt DUI LI1 i\l v1p 1 • M II * 1 A . 1VJ VJ^ IV_ , ivxi a. >* c.miiii \ ci noil, Salt Lake City Logan VFRMONT Frank H. Duffv, \frQ C AT Rr<^c1ifi Rutland Rutland VTROTNT A V 11\VJ11\ 1 A \f r< ^■v^r 1 v T-T ATiitT -f r\rA ucvciiy n. lviuiiioru, Lynchburg Richmond WASHINGTON I iPr^ro'p F I linctpiKPn ATrc F Tl r^lit-icf ion .\l I >. JZ,. LJ. v^,Ill lSlldll, Stevenson Spokane WEST VIRGINIA— C. W. Osenton, Airs. Rose McGraw de Berriz, Fayetteville Grafton 83 National Committeemen WISCONSIN— Joseph Martin, Green Bay WYOMING— Patrick J. Quealy, Kemmerer ALASKA— L. J. Donohoe, Cordova DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— John F. Costello, Washington HAWAII— John H. Wilson, Honolulu PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— Robert E. Manly, Naga, Camerines Sur PORTO RICO— Henry W. Dooley, San Juan CANAL ZONE— M. A. Otero, Sante Fe, New Mexico National Committeewomen Mrs. Gertrude Bowler, Sheboygan Mrs. R. D. Hawley, Douglas Mrs. John W. Troy, San Francisco, Calif. Mrs. Thomas F. Walsh, Washington Mrs. L. L. McCandless, Honolulu Mrs. Isable Locke Horton, May agues Mrs. D. F. Reeder, Ancon 84 J\[ew Tor\ State LIST OF DELEGATES AND ALTERNATES of the DEMOCRATIC PARTY to the DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION NEW YORK CITY, JUNE 24, 1924 Delegates-A t- Large Royal S. Copeland, New York City Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hyde Park William H. Kelley, Syracuse Meyer Jacobstein, Rochester Elisabeth Marbury, New York City Caroline O'Day, Rye Alice Campbell Good, Brooklyn Katherine S. Ptohl, Buffalo Alternate Delegates- At-Large George R. Lunn, Schenectady Edward Riegelmann, Brooklyn William H. Fitzpatrick, Buffalo William F. Grell, New York City Dorothea Courten, Richmond Hill Elizabeth Colbert, Albany Harriet May Mills, Syracuse Jessie R. Nicol, Elmira 1st Congressional District Delegates Alternates Leroy J. Weed, Garden City Frank L. Crocker, Searington, L. 1. Lathrop Brown, St. James Katherine McSweeney, Flushing 2nd Congressional District Maurice E. Connolly, Corona Irene Vanderhof, Long Island City Mason 0\ Smedley, Elmhurst Albert C. B'enninger, Evergreen 3rd Congressional District Michael Fogarty. Brooklyn Evelyn Ward Rehm, Brooktyn Henry Hasenflug, Sr., Brooklyn David Sen ft, Brooklyn 4th Congressional District Thomas H. Cullen, Brooklyn Marcella Callan, Brooklyn William J. Heffernan, Brooklyn John J. Curtin, Brooklyn 5th Congressional District John B. Johnston, Brooklyn Ellen M. Joyce, Brooklvn James P. Judge, Brooklyn Mary A. Parker, Brooklyn 6th Congressional District John H. McCooey, Brooklyn Marry F. O'Malley, Brooklyn John J Fitzgerald, Brooklyn Minnie J. Abel, Brooklyn 7th Congressional District Thomas J. Drennan, Brooklyn Harry Howard Dale, Jr., Brooklyn John F. Quayle, Brooklyn Martha Guilfoyle, Brooklyn 8th Congressional District Thomas F. Wogan, Brooklyn Lillian Murphy, Brooklyn Jennie McMahon, Brooklyn John J. Dorman, Brooklyn 85 9th Congressional District Delegates Alternates James P. Sinnott, Brooklyn Gertrude D. McMahon, Brooklyn William F. Delaney, Brooklyn Dorothea Courten, Richmond Hill 10th Congressional District William F. Thompson, Brooklyn flyman Shorenstein, Brooklyn James J. Saxton, Brooklyn Agnes Riley, Brooklyn 11th Congressional District Thomas F. Foley, New York City Mayme Mufanti, New York City Aiming S. Prall, W. New Brighton Camille McSorley, West New Brighton 12th Congressional District Nathan Straus, New York City Peter Brady, New York City Henry M. Gold f ogle, New York Rebecca Hoffman, New York Citv City 13th Congressional District James J. Walker, New York City Stella DiSalvio, New York City Bainbridge Colby, New York City Christopher D. Sullivan, N. Y. C. 14th Congressional District John W. Perilli, New York City David H. Knott, New York City Arthur J. Baldwin, New York City John T. Farley, New York City 15th Congressional District George W. Loft, New York City Louis LaTour, New York City Martha Byrne, New York City Ellen Downey, New York City 16th Congressional District *Charles F. Murphy, New York William T. Collins, New York City City Lewis Nixon, New York City Otto B. Shulhof, New York City 17th Congressional District Herbert C. Pell, New York City Julius Miller, New York City Rosalie S. Phillips, New York City Ida Blair, New York City 18th Congressional District John F. Carew, New York City Anna Naughton, New York City James W. Gerard, New York City David Maier, New York City 19th Congressional District Joseph Johnson, New York City John J. O'Keefe, New York City Anna Quinn, New York City Anna M. Kross, New York City 20th Congressional District Nathan Burkan, New York City Sara Paul, New York City Francesco M. Ferrari, New York Stephen J. Meagher, New York City City 21st Congressional District Murray Hulbert, New York City Paul A. Collins, New York City Annie Mathews, New York City Elizabeth V. McCrystal, New York City 86 22nd Congressional District Delegates Alternates Morgan J. O'Brien, New York City James J. Hoey. New York City Daniel L. Ryan. New York City Mary A. Clark. New York City 23rd Congressional District Edward J. Flynn. New York City Mary E. Shea. New York City Henry Bruckner. New York City Edna F. Standish, New York City 24th Congressional District Louis D. Gibbs, New York City Sara Friedman, New York City Michael J. Walsh, Yonkers Harry T. Foley, Yonkers 25th Congressional District James A. Farley, Stony Point John H. McArdle. Mamaroneck Augustus Thomas. New Rochelle John J. Sinnott, North Tarrytown 26th Congressional District Frederick Osborn. Garrison Margaret Mack, Poughkeepsie Henry Hunter, Cornwall Florence L. Ketchum, Warwick 27th Congressional District John Connor. Philmont George B. Van Valkenburgh, Catskill Roscoe Irwin. Kingston Edward A. Dux. Richmondville 28th Congressional District Martin H. Glynn, Albany Parker Corning. Genmont james W. Fleming, Troy James H. Caldwell, Troy 29th Congressional District Joseph A. Kellogg, Glens Falls George Brett. Whitehall Arthur J. Leonard, Saratoga Cecilia D. Patten, Saratoga Springs Springs 30th Congressional District James C. McDonald, Schenectady Carl L. Fry. Northville W. Arthur Kline. Amsterdam Josiah H. Dan forth. Gloversville 31st Congressional District Thomas F. Conway. Plattsburg Andrew B. Cooney. Malone William F. Dineen, Ogdensburg Joseph Levy. Malone 32nd Congressional District Charles E. Norris. Carthage Peter E. McGovern, Lowville Francis E. Cullen. Oswego John H. Richardson. Oneida 33rd Congressional District James D. Smith. Utica Frank H. Shall. Little Falls Albert R. Kessinger. Rome Joseph Felts, Verona 34th Congressional District William W. Farley, Binghamton La Verne P. Butts. Oneonta Clayton L. Wheeler, Hancock David F. Lee. Norwich 87 35th Congressional District Delegates Alternates John H. Walrath, Syracuse Anna Reitze, Syracuse Neal Brewster, Syracuse Fay C Parsons, Cortland 36th Congressional District Thomas M. Osborne, Auburn William Mackin, Waterloo George K. Shuler, Lyons Gilbert H. Baker, Penn Yan 37th Congressional District Edward J. Dunn, Elmira John W. Gurnett, Watkins Minor McDaniels, Ithaca Mabel G. Baldwin, Waverly 38th Congressional District Harlan W. Rippey, Rochester Julia D. Tierney, Rochester John F. Dailey, Rochester Adelaide Goode, Irondequoit 39th Congressional District Albert C. Olp, Mt. Morris Austin J. Mahoney, Rochester David A. White, Medina Elizabeth J. Ward, Rochester 40th Congressional District Carl Sherman, Buffalo William J. Landefeld, Buffalo Dow Vroman, Tonawanda William Laughlin, Niagara Falls 41st Congressional District Norman E. Mack, Buffalo Joseph Rubino, Brooklyn Al. J. Egloff, Buffalo John C. Stiglmeier, Sloan 42nd Congressional District William J. Conners, Buffalo William H. Ryan, Buffalo John P. Sullivan, Buffalo John Krysinski, Buffalo 43rd Congressional District Thomas J. Cummongs, Dunkirk Homer Preston, Jamestown Jeremiah Toohey, Olean . Fred Mulkins, Friendship *Died April 25, 1924. 88 Democratic Qounty Qhairmen J^iew Tor\ State ALBANY— E. J. O'Connell, Albany ALLEGANY— Robert Morgan, Cuba BRONX — H. B. Chambers, New York BROOME— • W. H. Riley, Binghamton CATTARAUGUS— Fay P. Greene, Olean CAYUGA— Harry R. Malone, Auburn CHAUTAUQUA— H. J. Hayes, Dunkirk CHEMUNG— F. J. Sullivan, Elmira CHENANGO— D. F. Lee, Norwich CLINTON— Thomas F. Coultry, Altona COLUMBIA— A. W. Hover, Germantown CORTLAND— W. W. Harrington, Cortland DELAWARE— E. S. White, Walton DUTCHESS— Philip A. Mylod, Poughkeepsie ERIE— John P. Sullivan, Buffalo ESSEX— R. Lockwood, Ticonderoga FRANKLIN— Joseph Levy, Malone FULTON— J. H. Danforth, Gloversville GENESSEE— J. Clark, Batavia, R. F. D. GREENE— T. J. O'Hara, Prattsville HAMILTO'N— C. L. Fry, Wells HERKIMER— J. Rossman, Mohawk JEFFERSON— T. A. Hendricks, Watertown KINGS— John J. Dorman, Brooklyn LEWIS— P. McGovern, Lowville LIVINGSTON— John Gilman, Scottsburg MADISON — Dr. O. Pfaff, Oneida MONROE— Harold H. Simms, Rochester MONTGOMERY— Arthur Kline, Amsterdam NASSAU— G. J. Reardon, Freeport, L. 1. NEW YORK— I). H. Knott, New York NIAGARA— D. Vroman, North Tonawanda ONEIDA— A. Merrill, Utica ONONDAGA— Henry B. Brewster, Syracuse ONTARIO— J. P. Sheehan, Clifton Springs ORANGE— H. W. Chadeayne, Newburgh ORLEANS— B. Ryan, Albion OSWEGO— J. Fitzgibbons, Oswego OTSEGO— L. P. Butts, Oneonta PUTNAM— O. Montrose, Cold Spring QUEENS— J. Butler, L. I. C. RENSSELAER— J. P. McNamee, Troy RICHMOND— T. R. McGinley, St. George, S. I. ROCKLAND— J. A. Farley, Stony Point ST. LAWRENCE— W. F. Dinneen, Ogdensburg 89 SARATOGA— William H. Hickey, Mechan- icsville SCHENECTADY— J. J. Moffett, Schenectady SCHOHARIE— I. I. Harrington, Richmond- ville SCHUYLER— L. H. Durland. Watkins SENECA— William J. Mackin. Waterloo STEUBEN— F. McCabe, Campbell SUFFOLK— W. T. Hulse, Westhampton Beach. L. I. SULLIVAN— John J. Burns, Monticello TIOGA— C. O. Seabring, Owego TOMPKINS— B. F. Lent, Ithaca ULSTER— Roscoe Irwin, Kingston WARREN— M. J. Collins. Jr., Glens Fall* WASHINGTON— John Burns, Hudson Falls WAYNE— C. R. 'Pratt. Williamston WESTCHESTER— O. L. Warren, White Plains WYOMING— F. L. Morris, Warsaw YATES— J. P. Craugh, Penn Yan 90 (Democratic State Qommxttee T^ew Tor\ State, IQ24'IQ25 Officers Chairman Herbert C. Pell, Jr. Associate Chairman Mrs. Daniel O'Day Secretary Robert J. Powers Treasurer Edward E. Perkins Assembly Assembly District County District County Albany Columbia 1 Edwin Corning John Connor 2 Daniel P. O'Connell 3 Michael T. Smith Cortland Fay C. Parsons Allegany Sumner B. Tuttle Delaware _ Jerome T. Farrell Bronx 1 Louis F. HafTen Dutchess 2 Edward J. FJynn 1 Henry Morgenthau. Jr. 3 George T. Brown 2 John E. Mack 4 Thomas J. Dolen . 5 William S. Evans Ene 6 Thomas H. O'Neil 1 John J. Griffin 7 Charles F. Griffin 2 Louis Goldring 8 Philip J. Kearns 3 Edward C. Dethloff 4 William J. O'Brien Broome 5 Alex. A. Patrzykowski 1 Tracy Farley (> W illiam C. Culliton 2 George \Y. King 7 Frank ]. Offerman 8 Wells W. Parker Cattaraugus John D. Dowd Essex _ Roy Lockwood Cayuga Charles F. Rattigan Franklin _ Andrew B. Cooney Chautauqua 1 Wi4iam W. Ward Fulton-Hamilton 2 Homer Preston Josiah H. Danforth Chemung Genesee Daniel Sheehan Albert F. Kleps Chenango Greene John H. Curtis Lee F. Betts Clinton Herkimer Victor F. Boire Cornelius Haley 91 Assembly District County Jefferson Charles E. Norris Kings 1 James J. Browne 2 Joseph Fennelly 3 James Kane 4 Thomas J. Drennan 5 James J. Sexton 6 Charles W. Jannicky 7 William J. Heffernan 8 Patrick J. Diamond 9 Thomas E. Wogan 10 Peter A. Carey 11 Josep A. Guider 12 Timothy E. Griffin 13 George W. Lindsay 14 Daniel J. Carroll 15 Peter McGuinnes 16 Kenneth F. Sutherland 17 Peter B. Hansom 18 John H. McCooey 19 Henry Hasenflug 20 William F. Delaney 21 Henry Hesterberg 22 James P. Sinnott 23 Hyman Shorenstein Lewis Harry P. Gould Livingston Albert C. Olp Madison Henry T. Lesis Monroe 1 Leo Boehler 2 Patrick A. Grimes 3 Frank J. Ritz 4 Joseph Adams 5 John B. Hodges Montgomery Andrew J. Lenahan Nassau 1 Thomas J. Cuff 2 Philip N. Krug New York 1 Thomas F. Foley 2 Ralph Delli Paoli Assembly District County 3 Frank J. Goodwin 4 Edward J. Ahern 5 Peter J. Dooling 6 David Lazarus 7 James J. Hagan 8 Solomon Goldenkranz 9 James A. Beha 10 George L. Donnellan 11 James J. Hines 12 Charles F. Murphy* 13 Thomas Kane 14 Thomas M. Farley 15 Frank J. Briarly 16 Stephen A. Ruddy 17 James J. Frawley 18 Nicholas J. Haves 19 William Allen 20 Clarence H. Neal, Jr. 21 Edmund P. Holahan 22 Joseph J. McCormick 23 David C. Lewis *Died April 25, 1924 Niagara 1 D. Gurney Spalding 2 M. Joseph Gormley Oneida 1 Charles A. McKernan 2 Francis Dempsey 3 John D. McMahon Onondaga 1 William G. Stuart 2 William H. Kelley 3 Richard P. Byrne Ontario Thomas J. Bolger Orange 1 Henry W. Chadeayne 2 William P. Gregg Orleans David A. White Oswego John Fitzgibbons Otsego Clermonte G. Tennant Putnam Otis Montrose 92 Assembly District County Queens 1 Thomas F. Greene 2 Joseph T. Quinn 3 Mason O. Smedley 4 John R. Higgins 5 Peter F. Albrecht 6 Carl Berger Rensselaer 1 Gerald B. Fitzgerald 2 Joseph Riley Richmond Thomas R. McGinley Rockland Frank Comesky St. Lawrence 1 David H. Corcoran 2 Jeremiah M. Sullivan Saratoga Clarence H. Knapp Schenectady 1 Walter G. Robinson 2 Patrick J. Brearton Schoharie L. E. Rpbbe Schuyler John M. Quirk Seneca Joseph F. Marshall Steuben 1 James Hallahan 2 Thomas J. Glynn Assembly District County Suffolk 1 George C. Young 2 Frederick Sheide Sullivan George N. Hembdt Tioga Philip Kerrigan Tompkins Minor McDaniels Ulster Harry E. Schirick Warren Joseph A. Kellogg Washington Winfield A. Hupptich Wayne Clarence R. Pratt Westchester 1 Robert A. Osborne 2 P. A. Murphy 3 John J. Sinnott 4 Thomas A. Brogan 5 Michael J. Walsh Wyoming James F. Murphy Yates Dennis C. Pierce 93 Tammany -Assembly District Leaders Tsfew Tor\ Qounty, 192 4' 1925 Dist. Leader 1 Daniel E. Finn Thomas F. Foley 2 Harry C. Perry Christopher D. Sullivan 3 Charles W. Culkin Frank J. Goodwin Charles H. Hussey 4 Edward J. Ahearn 5 Peter J. Dooling Thomas J. McManus John F. Curry 6 David Lazarus 7 James J. Hagen 8 Solomon Goldenkranz 9 Thomas A. Williams 10 Charles L. Kohler Geo. L. Donnellan 1 1 James J. Hines 12 Charles F. Murphy* \ Wm. P. Kenneally J Michael J. Cruise Martin G. McCue Clubhouse Huron Club 59 Broome Street Downtown Tammany Club 59 Madison Street Second Assembly Dist. Democratic Club 364 Bowery The Tammany Club 263 Grand Street The JefTersonian Club 301 West 12th Street Horatio Seymour Club 267 West 25th Street Chas. H. Hussey Ass'n 464 Eighth Avenue John F. Ahearn Ass'n 290 East Broadway The Tammany Club 315 West 42d Street The T. J. McManus Ass'n 728 Ninth Avenue John F. Curry Ass'n 413 West 57th Street Jefferson Club 247 Seventh Street Amsterdam Dem. Club 131 West 64th Street The Tammany Club 67 St. Marks Place Thos. A. Williams Demo- cratic Organization 259 West 97th Street Iroquois Club 139 West 14th Street Tonkawa Club 61 West 49th Street Monongahela Dem. Club 292 Manhattan Avenue Anawanda Club 345 Second Avenue Tammany Central Ass'n 226 East 32d Street The Tammany Club 760 Third Avenue Associate- Leader Mrs. Margaret Fay Mrs. Thomas J. Nolan Miss Elvira Coffre Mrs. Barbara Porges Mrs. Clara E. Keenan Mrs. Mary G. Murphy Mrs. Ellen Downey Mrs. Mary Halpin Mis. Mary E. Connolly Mrs. B. McCarthy Miss Martha Byrne Mrs. Benjamin Hoffman Mrs. N. Taylor Phillips Mrs. Frances Bauman Mrs. Sadie E. Garland Mrs. Agnes P. Husch Miss Loretta Bonner Mrs. E: F. Stewart Miss Elizabeth M. Barry Miss Anna Montgomery Mrs. Mary A. Hagerty Q4 Dist. Leader 13 Andrew B. Keating 14 Thomas M. Farley 15 Frank L. Briarly 16 Stephen Ruddy Michael Cosgrove 17 Nathan Burkan 18 John J. Dietz H. Warren Hubbard 19 William Allen 20 Clarence Neal 21 Edmund P. Holahan 22 Joseph J. McCormick 23 John Mara *Died April 25, 1924. Clubhouse Andrew B. Keating Ass'n 600 West 125th Street Thos. M. Farley Ass'n 369 East 62d Street Osceola Club 1019 Madison Avenue Cherokee Club 334 East 79th Street Thannawaga Club 326 East 86th Street Wichita Club 74 West 114th Street Miami Club 1451 Lexington Avenue Pocasset Club 208 East 116th Street Cayuga Club 2043 Seventh Avenue Kanawha Club 161 East 124th Street Chicopee Democratic Club 728 St. Nicholas Avenue 22d A. 1). Democratic Club 423 West 156th Street Minqua Club 600 West 181st Street Associate-Leader Mrs. Abbey Shay Hughes Mrs. Elizabeth McDonald Mrs. Ella Hastings Mrs. Mary Russell Mrs. Anna Naughton Miss Rose Rothenberg Mrs. Sara Paul Mrs. Frances S. Ecker Mrs. Mary A. Quigley Miss Annie Matthews Mrs. Sadita E. Wilson Mrs. May Guttentag Miss Elizabeth V. McCrystal Mrs. Katherine 1). Codding 95 The Governor of 7\[eiv Tor\ M. B. Brown Pointing \ Binding Go. u7-41 Chambers St., New York