THE HISTORY VIRGINIA, In Four Parts. I. The His tor v of the Firft Settlement of Virginia , and the Government there¬ of, to the Year 1706. II. The natural Produ&ions and Convenien- cies of the Country, fuited to Trade and Improvement. III. The Native Indians , their Religion, Laws, and Cuftoms, in War and Peace. IV. The prefent State of the Country* as to the Polity of the Government, and the Improvements of the Land, the 10 th of June 1720. By a Native and Inhabitant of the Place. The Second Edition revis'd and enlarg’d by the Author. LONDON: Printed for B. and S.T ooke in E ketfimt ; F. F a y ram and J. C l a r k e at the Royal-Exchange, and T. B l c K e r- ] | ton in Vater-Nofler Row, vjn. THE PREFACE. Y firfi Bufinefs in the World being among the public Records of my Country, the attive Thoughts of my Youth put me upon taking Notes of the general Adminifira- tion of the Governmentbut with no other Deftgn , than the Gratification of my own inqui- fitive Mind-, thefe lay by me fop many Years after¬ wards obfcure and fecret, and would forever have done fo r had not the following Accident produced, them. In the Year 1703, my Affairs calling me to England, I was foon after my Arrival, complimen¬ ted by my Bookfelhr with an Intimation, that there was prepar'd for Printing a general Account of all her Majefiy's Plantations in America, and his De¬ fire, that I would overlook it before it was put to the Prefs-, 1 agreed to overlook that Part of it which related to Virginia. Soon after this he brings me about Six Sheets of Paper written, which contain'd the Account of Vir¬ ginia and Carolina: This it feems was to have an- fwered a Part of Mr. Oldmixon’s Britifh Empire in America. I very innocently (when / began to read) placed Pen and Paper by me, 'and made my Obferva- tions upon the firfi Page, but found it in the Sequel fo very faulty, and an Abridgement only of fome Ac¬ counts that had been printed do or 70 ’ Years ago j in which alfo he had chofen the mofi firange and un- A % true 294000 The PREFACE. trueJParts , and left out the more /mere and faith - fak J° 1 Ittid afide all Thoughts of farther Ob- fervaiions, and gave it only a Reading ; and my Bookfeller for Anfiner, that the Account was too faulty and too imperfect to be mended: Withal telling him, that feeing I had in my junior Days taken fome Notes of the Government, which I then had with me in England, I would make him an Account of my own Country, if I could find Time, while I fiaicl in London. And this I Jhould the rather un¬ dertake in Jufiice to fo fine a Country ; becaufe it has been fo mifreprefented to the common People of England, as to make them believe, that the Ser¬ vants in Virginia are made to draw in Cart and Plow, as Horfes and Oxen do in England, and that the Country turns all People black, who go to live there. With other fuch prodigious Phantafms. Accordingly before I left London, I gave him A fhort Hifiory of the Country, from the firfi Settle¬ ment, with an Account of its then State j but I would ■ not let him mingle it with OldmixonV other Account of the Plantatiotis, becaufe I took them to be all of A Piece\ with thofe / had$ feen of Virginia and Ca¬ rolina, but defined mine to be printed by it felf. And this 1 take to be the only Reafon of that Gentle¬ man’s fo feverely reflecting upon me in his Book, for I never flaw him in'my Life that I know of. But concerning that Work of his , I may with great Truth fay, that [notwithflanding his Boaft of having the Afliftance of many original Papers and Memorials that I had not the Opportunity of) he no where varies from the Account that I gave, nor advances any thing new of his own, but he •commits fir many Errors, and impofes fo many Falfities upon the World ., To infiance fome few out of the many. Page 210. He fays, that they were near fpent with Cold, which is impoffible in- that hot Country. . - Pag, The PREFACE, Pag. 2.20. He fays , that Captain Weymouth iff j 6 of, enter'd Powhatan River Southward of the Bay of Chefapeak;- whereas Powhatan River is now call'd James River , and lies within the Mouth of Chelapeak Bay fame Miles , on the Wefi fide of it ; and Captain Weymouth’; Voyage was only to Hudfon’; River , which is in New York, much Northward of the Capes of Virginia. Pag. 23d. He jumbles the Patowmeck and Ea- jlern Shore Indians, as if they liv'd together , and ne¬ ver quarrell'd with the Englifh; whereas the loft liv'd on the Eafi fide the great Bay of Chefapeak, and the other on the Wefi. The Eaftern Shore In¬ dians never had any Quarrel with the Englifh, but » the Patowmecks ufed many Treacheries and Enmi¬ ties towards us , and join'd in the intended general Majfacre , but by a timely Difcovery were prevented do¬ ing any thing. Pag. 24f. He fays , that Morifon held an AJfem- bland procur'd that Body of Laws to be made .—- Whereas Morifon only made an Abridgment of the Laws then in being , and compil'd them into a regular Body ; and this he did by Direction of Sir William Berkley, who t upon his going to England, left Mo¬ rifon his Deputy Governor. Pag. 248. He fays (viz. in Sir William Berk¬ ley’; Time) the Englifh could fend 7000 Men into the Field , and have twice as many at Home. -- Whereas at this Day they cannot do that , and yet have three times as many People in the Country as they had then. By Pag. 271. he feems altogether ignorant of the Situation of Virginia, the Head of the Bay and New York, for he there fays , “ When the Indians at the Head of the Bay tra- veil'd to New York, they paft , going and comings by “ the Frontiers of Virginia, and traded with the Virginians, £5?;.——- Whereas the Head of the . A 3 Bay The P R E F A C E. Bay is in the common Rout of the Indians travel¬ ling from New York to Virginia, and much about half Way. Pag. iff. He fays Sir William Berkley -with¬ drew himfelf from his Government j — whereas he went: not out of it, for the Countries of Acco¬ mack and Northampton, to which he retir'd, were two Counties of his Government, and only parted from the reft where the Rebels rife by the'Bay of Che- fapeak. Pag. 2 66. He fays, Dr. Tho. Bray went over to be Preftdent of the College in Virginia 5 - - whereas he was fent to Maryland, as the Bijhop's Corn- mi fary there. And Mr. Blair in the Charter to the College , was made Preftdent during Life , andisftill alive':- He alfo fays, that all that was fubfcribedfor the College came to nothing ; -■ whereas all the Subfcriptions were in a fhort time paid in, and ex¬ pended upon the College $ of which l or $ flood Suit , and were caft. Pag. 2 69. He tells of Camels brought by fome Guinea Ships to Virginia > but had not then heard how they throve with us-,-—I don't known how he fhould, for there never was any fitch thing done. ■ ’Then his Geography of the Country is moft abfiurd , notwithftanding the wonderful Care he pretends to have of the Maps , and his expert Knowledge of the new Surveys (Pag’ 278.) making almoft as many Faults asfDefcriptions. For Inftance, . Pag. 272. Prince George County, which lies all on the South Side James River , he places on the North. And fays, that. Part of James City Con,, ty and four of the Partfhes of it .lie on the South fide James River ; whereas not one Inch of it has fio done thefe Jixty Tears. Pag. The PREFACE. Pag. 273. His Account of Williamlburgh is mofi romantick and untrue ; and fo is his Account of the College. Pag. 302, 303. Pag. 274. He makes Elizabeth and Warwick Counties to lye upon York River-, whereas both of them lie upon James River, and neither of them comes near York River. Pag. zjf. He Places King William County above New Kent, and on both Sides Pamnuky River- y whereas it lies fide by fide with New Kent, and all on the North Side Pamnuky River. He places King and Queen County upon the South of New Kent, at the Head of Chickahomony River, which he fays rifes in it: —— Whereas that County lies North of New Kent from Head to Foot , and two large Rivers and two entire Counties are between the Head of Chickahomony and King and Queen. Eflex, Richmond and Stafford Counties are as much wrong placed. He fays that York and Rappahannock Rivers ijfue out of low Marjhes, and not from the Mountains as the'Other Rivers, which note he has taken from feme old Maps-, butisafalfe Account from my own View, for I was with our prefent Governor at the head Spring of both thofe Rivers, and their Fountains are in the higheft Ridge of Mountains. Pag. 27 6. He fays , that the Neck of Land be- tween Niccocomoco River and the Bay, is what goes by the Name of the Northern Neck ——3 where¬ as it is not above the twentieth Part of the Northern Neck} for that contains all that Frail of Land which is between Rappahannock and Patowmeck Rivers. How unfaithful and frontlefs muft ftich an Hifto- rian be, who can upon Guefs-work introduce fuch falfities for Fruth, and bottom them upon fuch bold Afi'ertions? It’would make a Book larger than his A 4 ovm The PREFACE. mn. to expofe his Errors, for even the moft general Offices of the Government he mifrecites. Pag. 298. He fays, the General Court is call'd the Quarter Courts and is held every Quarter of a Tear —— j whereas it never was held hut three Times a Tear, tho' it was called a Quarter Ceurt. When he wrote it was held hut twice a Tear, as 1 had wrote in my Book: Andhasnotheen called a Quar¬ ter Court thefe 79 Tears. The County Courts were never limited intheirJurifdiClionto any Summons, nei¬ ther was the Sheriff ever a Judge in them, as he would have it, hut always a minifterial Officer to exe¬ cute their Procefs, &c. The Account that I have given in the following Sheets is plain and true, and if it he not written with fo much Judgment, or in fo good a Method and fitile as I could wi/h, yet in the Truth of it I reft fully fatisfied. In this Edition 1 have alfo retrench'd fuels Particulars as related only to private TranfaCtions and Characters in the Hiftorical Part as being too diminutive tohe tranfmittedto Pofterity, and fet down. the Succeffion of the Governors, with the snore general Incidents of their Government, without Reflection Upon the private Conduct of any Perfon. THE THE HISTORY O F VIRGINIA, Book I. Chap. I. Shewing what happen'd in the firfi At¬ tempts to fettle Virginia, before the Difcovery of Chefapeak Bay. H E learned and valiant Sir Walter Raleigh , having entertain’d fome deeper and more ferious Confiderations upon the State of the Earth, than moll other Men of his Time, as may fuffi- ciently appear by his incomparable Book, The Hi- Jlory of the World : And having laid together the many 1 the History of many Stories then in Europe concerning America } the native Beauty, Riches and Value of that Part : of the World} and the'immenfe Profits the Spar itiards drew from a fmall Settlement or two there¬ on made; refolv’d upon an Adventure for farther Difcoveries. According to this Purpofe, in the Year of our Lord i<5f3, he got feveral Men of great Value and Eftate to join in an Expedition of this Nature: And for their Encouragement obtain’d Letters Patents from Queen Elizabeth , bearing dqte the 2f th of March , if84, for turning their Difcove- ries to their own Advantage. §. z. In April following they fet out two fmall Veflels un,der fhe Command of Capt. Philip Ami- das, and (Capt; Arthur Barlow, who after a prp- fpprous Voyage, anchor’d at the Inlet by Roenoke , at prefent under the Government of North Caro-; Ima. They made good Profit of the Indian Truck, which they bought for things of .much inferior Va¬ lue, and return’d. . Being.over-pleafed with their Profits, and finding all things there entirely new, and furprizing, they gave a very advantageous Ac¬ count of Matters; by reprefenting the Country fo delightful and defirable, fo pleafant and plentiful} the Climate and Air fo temperate, fweet, and wholefome; the Woods and Soil fo charming and fruitful} and all other things fo agreeable, that Paradife it felf feem’d to be there, in its firft na¬ tive Luftre. They-gave particular Accounts of the Variety of good fruits, and fome whereof they had never feen the like before; efpecially, that there were Grapes in fuch abundance^ as was never kqown in the World : Stately tall large Oaks, and other Timber; Red Cedar, Cyprefs,. Pines, and other Evergreens,, and Sweetwoods,. for Tallnefs and VIRGINIA. 3 Largenefs exceeding all they had ever heard of: Wild Fowl, Fifh, Deer, and other Game in fuch . Plenty, and Variety, that no Epicure could defire more than this new World did feem naturally to afford. And to make it yet more defirable, they repor¬ ted the native Indians (which were then the only Inhabitants) fo affable, kind, and good-natur’d 5 fo uncultivated in Learning, Trades, and Fafhions; fo innocent, and ignorant of all manner of Poli¬ ticks, Tricks, and Cunning; and fo defirous of the Company of the Englijb: That they feem’d rather to be like foft Wax, ready to take an Im- preffion, than any ways likely to oppofe the Settling of the Englijb near them. They reprefented it as a Scene laid open for the good and gracious Queen Elizabeth , to propagate the Gofpel in, and extend her Dominions over: As if purpofely. referv’d for her Majefty, by a peculiar Direftion of Provi¬ dence, that had brought all former Adventures in this Affair to nothing: And to give a further Tafte of their Difcovery, they took with them, in their Return for England , two Men of the native In - dians, named Wanchefe and Manteo. §. 3. Her Majefty accordingly took the Hint, and efpoufed the Project, as far as her prefent En¬ gagements in War with. Spain would let her; being fo well pleafedwith the Account given, that as the greateft Mark of Honour fhe could do the Difco¬ very, fhe call’d the Country by the Name of Vir¬ ginia ; as well, for that it was firft difcover’d in her Reign, a Virgin Queen ; as it did ftill feem to retain the Virgin Purity and Plenty of the firft Creation, and the People their primiti ve Innocence: For they feem’d not debauch’d nor corrupted with thofe Pomps and Vanities, which had depraved and inflaved the reft of Mankind; neither were their Hands 4 The Histoky of Hands harden’d by Labour, nor their Minds cor¬ rupted by the Defire of hoarding up Treafure: They were without Boundaries to their Land j without Property in Cattle; and feem’d to have efcaped, or rather not to have been concern’d in the firft Curfe, Of getting their Bread by the Sweat pf their Brows: For, by their Pleafure alone, they fupplied all their Neceffities; namely, by Fiihing, Fowling.and Hunting; Skins being their only Cloathing; and thefe too, five fixths of the Year thrown by: Living without Labour, and only ga¬ thering the Fruits of the Earth when ripe, or fit for ufe ; Neither fearing prefent Want, nor foli- eitous for the future, but daily finding fufficient afreih for their Subfiftence. , §, 4. This Report was back’d, nay much ad¬ vanc’d, by thevaft Riches and Treafure mention’d in feveral Merchants Letters from Mexico and Per ru, to their Correfpondents in Spain ; which Let¬ ters were taken with their Ships and Treafure, by, fome of ours in her Majefty’s Service, in Profecu- tion of the Spanifh Wars. This was Encaurager ment enough for a new Adventure, and fet Peoples Invention,at Work, till they had fatisfied them- felves, and made fufficient Mays for the farther Difcovery of the Country. Purfuant whereunto. Sir Richard Greenvile , the Chief of Six Walter Ra¬ leigh's Aflbpiates, having obtain’d feven Sail of •Ships, well-laden with Provifion, Arms, Ammuni¬ tion, and fpare Men to make a Settlement, fet out in Perfon with them early in the Spring of the fucceeding Year, : .to make farther Difcoveries, tak¬ ing back the two.Indians with him ; and accor¬ ding to his Wifh, in the latter End of May , ar¬ riv’d at the. fame Place, where the Englijh had beep the Year before; there hemadea Settlement, fow’d Beans and Peas, which he faw come up and grow to Admiratipp VIRGINIA. f Admiration while he ftaid, which was about two Months j and having made fome little Difcove- ries more in the Sound to the Southward, and got fome Treafure in Skins, Furs, Pearl, and other Rarities in the Country, for things of inconfide- rable Value, he return’d for England , leaving one hundred and eight Men upon Roenoke Ifland, un¬ der the Command of Mr. Ralph Lane , to keep Pofleffion. §. f. As foon as Sir Richard Greenvile was gone, they, according to Order and their own Inclina¬ tion, fet thetnfelves earneftly about difcovering the Country, and ranged about a little too indifcreetly up the Clivers, and into the Land backward from the Rivers, which gave the Indians a Jealoufie of their Meaning: For they cut off feveral Stragglers of them, and had laid Defigns to deftroy the reft, but were happily prevented. This put the Englijh upon the Precaution of keeping more within Bounds, and not venturing themfelves toodefence- lefs Abroad, who till then had depended too much upon the Natives Simplicity and Innocence. After the Indians had done this Mifchief, they never obferv’d any real Faith towards thofe Englijh: For being naturally fufpicious and revengeful them-. felves, they never thought the Englijh could for¬ give them; and fo by this Jealoufie, caus’d by the Cowardife'of their Nature, they were continual¬ ly doing Mifchief. The Englijh^ notwithftanding all this, continued their Difcoveries, but more carefully than they had done before, and kept the Indians in fome Awe, by threatning them with the Return of their Com¬ panions again with a greater Supply of Men and Goods: And, before the Cold of the Winter be¬ came uneafic, they had extended their Difcoveries near an hundred Miles along the Sea-Coaft to the i North- 4 The H i s t o r y of Northward; but not reaching the Southern Cape of Chefapeak Bay in Virginia , they had as yet found no good Harbour. . §. 6 . In this Condition they maintain’d their Settlement all the Winter, and till Auguft follow¬ ing} but were much diftrefled for Want of Provi- fions, not having learn’d to gather Food, as the/»-. dians did, nor having Conveniencies like them of taking Fiih and Fowl: Befides, being now fallen out with the Indians , they fear’d to expofe them- felves to their Contempt and Cruelty } becaufethey had not received the Supply they talk’d of, and which had been expe&ed in the Spring. All they could do under thefe Diftrcfles,andthe. Defpair of the Recruits promifed them this Year, was only to keep a good looking out to Seaward, if, perchance, they might find any Means of Efcape, or Recruit. And, to their great Joy and Satif- faftion, in Auguft aforefaid, they happen’d to efpy, and make themfelves be feen to Six Francis Drake's Fleet, confifting of twenty three Sail, who being fent by her Majefty upon the Coaft of America y in Search of the Spanijb Treafures, had Orders from her Majefty to take a View of this Planta¬ tion, and fee what Affiftance, and Encouragement it wanted: Their firft Petition to him was to grant them a frelh Supply of Men and Provifions, with a fmall VefTel, and Boats to attend them} that fo if they fhould be put to Diftrefs for want of Relief, they might imbark for England. This was as rea¬ dily granted by Sir Francis Drake , as afk’d by them} and a Ship was appointed them, which Ship they began immediately to fit up, and fupply plentifully with all manner of Stores for a long Stay} but while they were a doing this, a great Storm arofe, and drove that very Ship (with i'ome others) VIRGINIA. 7 others) from her Anchor to Sea, and fo fhe was loft for that Occasion. Sir Francis would have given them another Ship, but this Accident coming on the Back of fo many Hardihips which they had undergone, daunted them, and put-them upon imagining that Provi¬ dence was averfe to their Defigns: And now ha¬ ving given over, for that Year, the Expectation of their promifed Supply from England , they con- fulted together, and agreed to defire Sir Francis Drake to take them along with him, which he did. Thus their firft Intention of Settlement fell, after difeovering many things of the natural Growth of the Country, ufeful for the Life of Man, and beneficial to Trade, they having obferv’d a vaft Variety of Fifh, Fowl and Beaftsj Fruits, Seeds, Plants, Roots, Timber-Trees, Sweet-Woods and Gums: They had likewife attain’d fome little Knowledge in the Language of the Indians , their Religion, Manners, and ways of Correfpon- dence one with another , and been made fenfible of their Cunning and Treachery towards them- felves. §. 7. While theft things were thus afting in America , the Adventurers in England were pro¬ viding, tho’ too tedioufly, to fend them.Recruits. And tho’ it was late before they could difpatch them (for they met with feveral Difappointments, and had many Squabbles among themfelves;) how¬ ever, at laft they provided four good Ships, with all manner of Recruits fuitable for the Colony, and Sir Walter Raleigh defigned to go in Perfon with them. Sir Walter got his Ship ready firft, and fearing the ill Confequence of a Delay, and the Difcou- ragement it might be to thofe that were left to make 8 The History of make a Settlement-, he fet Sail by himfelf. And a Fortnight after him Sir Rkhurd Greemle fail’d with the three other Ships. Sir Walter fell in with the Land at Cape Hattortis s a little to the Southward of the Place, where the to8 Men had been fettled, andl-after- Search not finding them, he return’d: However Sir Richard , with his Ships, found the Place where he had left the Men, but entirely deferted, which was atfivft a great difheartening to him, thinking them all de- ftroy’d, becaufe he knew not that Sit Prtitich Drake had been there, and taken them off 3 but he was a little better fatisfied by Manteo's Re¬ port, that they were not cut off by the Indians , tho’ he could give no good Account what was become of them. However, notwithffanding this feeming DifcoUragement* he again left fifty Men in the , fame Ifland of RoMtoke, built them HoUfeS neceffary,: gave them two Years Ptovifion, and return’d. - §. 8..Themext Summer, being Arm if 87. three Ships.more were fent, Uhder the Command of Mr. John White , who himfelf was to fettle there as Governor with more Men, .and fome Women, carrying alfo plentiful Recruits of Provifioris. In the latter End of they arrived at Roenoke aforefaid, where -they again encounter’d the uncom¬ fortable News of the Lofs of thcfeMen alfo j who (as they , were inform’d by Manteo) were fecretly fet upon by-the Indiant , fome Cut off, ahd the others ' fled, and not to be heard of, and-their Place of Ha¬ bitation noW all grown Up With Weeds. How¬ ever, they repair’d the Houfeson Rcinoke , and late down there again. The tj th of jiugnft they chrifien’d Manteo^ and fiiled him Lord of Dajjimonpak , atl Indian Nation fc call’d, in Reward of the Fidelity he had Ihewn to VIRGINIA. 9 to the Englijb from the Beginning > who being the firfl: Indian that was made a Chriffian in that Part of the World, I thought it not am if? to remem¬ ber him. On the fame occafion alfo may be mention’d the firfl: Child there bom of Chriftian Parentage, viz. a Daughter of Mr. Ananias Dare. She was born the 18 th of the fame Augufi upon Roenoke , and, after the Name of the Country, was chriften’d Virginia.. This feem’d to be a Settlement profperoufly made, being carry’d on with much Zeal and Una¬ nimity among themfelves. The Form of Govern¬ ment confided of a Governor and twelve Coun- fellors, incorporated by the Name of Governor and Afliftants of the City of Raleigh in Virgi¬ nia. Many Nations' of the Indians renew’d their Peacej and made firm Leagues with the Corpora¬ tion: The chief Men of th t Englijb alfo were fo far from being difhearten’d at the former Difap- pointments, that they difputed for the Liberty of remaining on the Spot > and by meer Conftraint compell’d Mr. White , their Governor, to return for England. , to negotiate the Bufinefs of their Re¬ cruits and Supply, as a Man the moft capable to manage that Affair, leaving at his Departure one hundred and fifteen in the Corporation. ’ §. p. It was above two Years before Mr. White could obtain any Grant of Supplies; and then, in the latter End of the Year iy8p. he fet out from Plymouth with three Ships, and fail’d round by the WeJlern and Caribhee Iflands, they having hi¬ therto not found any nearer Way : For tho’ they were {kill’d in Navigation, and underftood the Ufe of the Globes, yet did Example fo much prevail upon them, that they chofe to fail a thoufahe! B Leagues io The History of Leagues about, rather than attempt a more diredt Paflage. Towards the Middle of Atiguft, if90. they ar¬ riv’d upon the Coaft, at Cape Hattoras , and went to fearch upon Roenoke for the People ; but found, by Letters on the Trees, that they were remov’d to Croat an, one of the Iflands forming the Sounds and Southward of Roenoke about twenty Leagues, but no fign of Diftrefs. Thither they delign’d to fail to them in their Ships; but a Storm arifing in the mean while, lay fo hard upon them, that their Ca¬ bles broke;,they loft three of their Anchors, were forced to Sea, and fo return’d Home, with¬ out ever going near thofe poor People again for fix- teen Years following: And it is fuppofed, that the Indians feeing them forfaken by their Coun¬ try, and unfurnilh’d of their expelled Supplies, cut them off; for to this Day they were never more heard of. Thus, after all this vaft Expence and Trouble, and the Hazard and Lofs of fo many Lives, Sir Walter Raleigh , the great Projc&or ana Furtherer of thefe Difcoveries and Settlements, being under Trou¬ ble, all Thoughts of farther profecuting thefe De- figns lay dead for about twelve Years following. §. tp. And then, in the Year 1602, Captain Gofnell,vtho had made one in the former Adventures, furnilh’d out a fmall Bark from Dartmouth , and fet fail in her himfelf, with thirty odd Men; defign- ing a more direct Courfe, and not to ftand fo far to the Southward, nor pafs by the Caribhee Iflands, as all former Adventurers had done. He attain’d,his Ends in that, but touch’d upon the Coaft of America much to the Northward of any of the Places where the former Adventurers had landed; For he fell firft among the Iflands, form¬ ing the Northern Side of Majfachufetfs Bay in New- England, IS VIRGINIA England-, but not finding the Conveniencies that Harbour affords, fet fail again Southward,, and, as he thought, clear of Land into the Sea; but fell upon the Byte of Cape Codd. Upon this Coaft, and a little to the Southward, he fpent fome time in Trade with the Indians ; and gave Names to the Hands of Martha's Vine¬ yard, and Elizabeth's IJle, which retain the fame to this Day. Upon Elizabeth's IJle he made an Experiment of Englijh Grain, and found it fpring up and grow to Admiration, as it had doneati?a«r noke: Here alfo his Men built Huts to iheltcr them in the Nights, and bad Weather; and made good Profit by their Indian Traffick of Furs, Skins, &c. And, as their Pleafure invited them, would vifit the Main, fet Receivers, and fave the Gums, and Juices diftilling from Sweet-Woods; and try and examine the leffer Vegetables. After a Month’s Stay here, they return’d for England , as well pleafed with the natural Beauty and Richnefs of the Place they had view’d, as they were with the JTreafure they had gather’d in it: Neither had they-a Head, nor a Finger that ach’d among them all the time. §. ii. The Noife of this fhort, and moil pro¬ fitable of all the former Voyages, fet the Brijlol Merchants to work alfo; who early in the Year 1603. fent two Veffels in Search of the fame Place and Trade; which Veffels fell luckily in with the fame Land. They follow’d the fame Me¬ thods Captain Gofnell had done, and having got a rich Lading, they return’d. §. 12. In the Year i6of, a Voyage was made from London in a .fingle Ship, with which theyde- fign’d to fall in with the Land about the Latitude AP°; but the Winds put her a little farther North- 8 2 , ward* i 2. The History of ward, and fhe fell upon the Eaftern Parts of Long- IJland (as it is now call’d, but all went then under the Name of Virginia .) Here they trafficked with the Indians , as the others had done before them •, made fhort Trials of the Soil by Englijh Grain, and found the Indians , as in all other Places, very fair and courteous atfirft, till they got more Knowledge pf the Englijh , and perhaps thought themfelves over-reach’d, becaufe one bought better Peny- worths than another upon which afterwards they never fail’d to take Revenge as they found their Opportunity or Advantage. So this Company alfo return’d with the Ship, having ranged forty Miles up Connecticut River, and call’d the Harbour where they rid Penticojl Harbour becaufe of their Arrival there on Whitfunday. In all thefe latter Voyages, they never fo much as endeavour’d to come near the Place where the firft Settlement was attempted at Cape Hattoras > neither had they any Pity on thofe poor hundred . and fifteen Souls fettled there in i ySy, of whom there had never fince been any Account, no Re¬ lief fent to them, nor fo much as any Enquiry made after them, whether they were dead or alive, till about three Years after this, when Chefapeak Bay in Virginia was fettled, which hitherto had never been feen by any Englijlman. So ftrong was the Defire of Riches, and fo eager the Pur- fuit of a rich Trade, that all Concern for the Lives of their Fellow-Chriltians, Kindred, Neigh¬ bours and Countrymen, weigh’d nothing in the Comparifon; tho’ an Enquiry might have been eafily made, when they were fo near them. FI RG INI A, J 3 aOQQQQQQQQQC : »^ QOGQQCaOOGOO CHAP II. Containing an Account of the firfl Settlement of Chefapeak Bay, in Virginia, by the Corpo¬ ration of London Adventurers, and their Proceedings during their Government by a B reft dent and Council elective. §. 13.rp HE Merchants of London , Briftol, Exe- X ter and Plymouth , foon perceived what great Gains might be made of a Trade this Way, if it were well managed, and Colonies could be rightly fettled; which was fufficiently evinced by the great Profits fome Ships had made, which had not met with ill Accidents. Encouraged by this Profpedt, they join’d together in aPetition to King James the Firfl;; fhewing forth, That it would be too much for any Angle Perfon to attempt the fettling of Colonies, and to carry on fo confider- able a Trade: They therefore pray’d his Majefty to incorporate them, and enable them to raife a Joint-Stock for that Purpofe, and to countenance their Undertaking.. His Majefty did accordingly grant their Peti¬ tion, and by Letters Patents bearing Date the 10 th of April, 1606 ; did in one Patent incorporate them into two diftin£t Colonies to make two fepa- rate Companies, viz. “Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George “ Summers, Knights; Mr. Richard Hackluit, Clark, “ Prebend of Wcflminfter , and Edward-Maria “ Wingfield , Efq; Adventurers of the City of Lon- “ don , and fuch others as fhould be join’d unto “ them of that Colony, which fhould be call’d, The “firfl Colony ; with Liberty to begin their firfl B 3 “’Plan- 7 #, on his Voyage with three fmall Ships; and a Commiflionwas given to him, and to feveral other Gentlemen, to eftablifh a Colony, and to govern by a Prefident, to be chofen annually, and Coun¬ cil, who fhould be invefted with fufficient Au¬ thorities and Powers. And now all Things feem’d to promife a Plantation in good Earneft. Provi¬ dence feem’d likewife very favourable to them; I?or tho’ they defigtted Only for that Part of Virginia * where VIRGINIA. ij where the hundred and fifteen were left, and where there is no Security of Harbour : Yet, after a tedious Voyage of paflmg the old Way again, between the Caribbee Iflands and the Main, he, with two of his VelTels, luckily fell in with Vir¬ ginia it felf, that Part of the Continent now fo call’d, anchoring in the Mouth of the Bay of Che- fapeak ; and the firft Place they landed upon was the Southern Cape of that Bay; this they named Cape Henry , and the Northern Cape Charles , in Honour of the King’s two eldeft Sons and the firft great River they fearch’d, whofe Indian Name was Powhatan , they call’d James River, after the King’s own Name. §. if. Before they would make any Settlement here, they made a full Search of James River $ and then by an unanimous Confent pitched upon a Peninfula , about fifty Miles up the River; which befides the Goodnefs of the Soil, Was efteem’d as moft fit, and capable to be made a Place both of Trade and Security, two Thirds thereof being environ’d by the main River, which affords good Anchorage all along} and the other Third by a fmall narrow River, capable of receiving many Veffels of an hundred Tun, quite up as high as till it meets within thirty Yards of the main River again,and where generally in Spring-Tides it overflows into the main River: By which means the Land they chofe to pitch their Town upon has obtain’d the Name of an Ifland. In this back River Ships and fmall Veffels may ride lafhed to one another, and moor’d a-fhore fecure from all Wind and Weather whatfoever. The Town, as well as the River, had the Ho¬ nour to be called by King James' s Name. The whole Ifland thus enclofed contains about two thoufand Acres of high Land, and feyeral thou- B 4 fands The History of lands of very good and firm Marih, and is an ex¬ traordinary good Pafture as any in that Country. By means of the narrow Paflage, this Place was of great Security to them from the Indian Enemy: And if they had then known of the Biting of the .Worm in the Salts, they would have valued this Place upon that Account alfo, as'being free from that Mifchief. §. i( 5 . They were no fooner fettled in all this Happinefs and Security, but they fell into Jarrsand Diflentions among themfelves, by a greedy grafp- ing at the Indian Treafure, envying and over¬ reaching one another in that Trade. After five Weeks Stay before this Town, the Ships return’d Home again, leaving one hundred and eight Men fettled in the Form of Government 'before fpoken of. . i After the Ships-were gone, the fame fort of Feuds and Diforders happen’d continually among them, to the unfpcakable Damage of the Planta¬ tion. The Indians were the fame there as in all other Places, at firfl; very fair and friendly, tho’ after¬ wards they gave great Proofs of their Deceitful- nels. However, by the Help of the IndianVtovi- fions, the Englijh chiefly fubfifted till the Return of the Ships the next Year; when two Veflels were fent thither full freighted with Men and Provifions for.Supply of the Plantation, one.of which only arriv’d dire&ly, and the other being beat off to the Caribbee Iflands, did not arrive till the former was fail’d again for England. §. 17. In the Interval of thefe Ships returning from England , the Englijh had a very advantageous Trade with the Indians •, and might have made much greater Gains of it, and managed it both to. the VIRGINIA. 17 the greater Satisfa&ion of the Indians , and the greater Eafe and Security $f themfelves, if they had been under any Rule, or fubjeft to any Me¬ thod in Trade, and not left at Liberty to outvie or outbid one another, by which they not only cut fhort their own Profit, but created Jealoufies and Diftufbances among the Indians , by letting one have a better Bargain than another: For they being unaccuftom’d to barter, fuch of them as had been hardefl: dealt by in their Commodities, thought themfelves cheated and abufed ; and fo conceiv’d a Grudge againfl: the Englijb in general, making it a national Quarrel: And this feems to be the original Caufe of moft of their fubfequent Misfor¬ tunes by the Indians. What alfo gave a greater Interruption to this Trade, was an ObjeCfc that drew all their Eyes and Thoughts afide,even from taking thenecefiary Care for their Prefervation, and for the Support of their laves; which was this; They found in a Neck of Land, on the Back of James-fown-Ijlandj a frefh Stream of Water fpringing out of a fmall Bank,, which walh’d down with it a yellow fort of Duft-Ifinglafs, which being cleanfed by the frefh flreaming of the Water, lay fhining in the Bottom of that limpid Element, and ftirr’d up in them an unfeafonable and inordinate Defire after Riches: For they taking all to be Gold that gli- fler’d, run into the utmofi: Diffraction, neglecting both the neccffary Defence of their Lives from the Indians , and the Support of their Bodies by fecu- l'ing of Provifions; abfolutely relying, like Midas , upon the Almighty Power of Gold, thinking, that where this was in Plenty, nothing could be wanting : But they foon grew fenfible of their Error, and found that if this gilded Dirt had been real Gold, it could have been of no Advantage to them. For, by their Negligence, they were reduced to an ex¬ ceeding 18 The History of ceeding Scarcity of Provifions, and that little they had was loft by the burning of their Town, while all Hands were employ’d upon this imaginary gol¬ den Treafure ; fo that they were forced to live for fome time upon the wild Fruits of the Earth, and upon Crabs, Mufcles, and fuch like, not having a Day’s Provifion before-hand; as fome of the la* Zieft Indians , who have no Pleafure in Exercife, and won’t be at the Pains to fifh and hunt: And, indeed, not fo well as they neither; for by this careleft neglefting of their Defence againft the In¬ dians^ many of them were deftroy’d by that cruel People; and the reft durftnot venture Abroad, but were forced to be content with what fell juft into their Mouths. §. 18. In this Condition they were, when the firft Ship of the two before-mention’d came to their Affiftance, but their golden Dreams overcame all Difficulties: They fpoke not, nor thought of any thing but Gold,' and that, was all the Lading that moft of them were willing to take care for j accordingly they put into this Ship all the yellow Dirt they had gathered, and what Skins and Furs they had trucked for, and filling her up with Ce¬ dar, fenther away. After Ihe was gone, the other Ship arrived, which they flowed likewife with this fuppofed Gold-Duft, defigning never to be poor again; fill¬ ing her. up with Cedar and Clap-board. Thofe twoJShips being thus difpatched, they made feveral Difcoveries in James Raver, and up Cbefapeak Bay, by the Undertaking and Manage¬ ment of Capt. John Smith: And the Year 1608 was the firft Year in which they. gather’d Indian Corn of their own Planting. While VIRGINIA. ip While thefe Difcoveries were making by Capt. Smith, Matters run again into Confufion in James Town ; and feveral uneafie People, taking Advan¬ tage of his Abfence, attempted to defert the Set¬ tlement, and run away with the fmall Veflel that was left to attend upon it; for Capt. Smith was the only Man among them that could manage the Difcoveries with Succefs, and he was the only Man too that could keep the Settlement in Order. Thus the Englijh continued to give themfelves as much Perplexity by their own Diftra&ion, as the Indians did by their Watchfulnefs and Relent- ments. §. ip. Anno i Sop, John Lay don and Anna Bur¬ rows were marry’d together, the firft Chriftian Marriage in that Part of the World;- and the Year following the Plantation was increafed to near five hundred Men. This Year James Town fent out People, and made two other Settlements; one at Nanfamond injantes River, above thirty Miles below James Town, and the other at Powhatan , fix Miles below the Falls of James River, (which laft was bought of Pow¬ hatan for a certain Quantity of Copper,) each Set¬ tlement confiding of about a hundred and twenty Men. Some fmall Time after another was made at Kiquotan by the Mouth of James River. CHAP. 20 The Histoky of C A H P. III. Shewing what happen'd after the Alteration of the Government from an elective Trefident to a commiffionated Governor, until the ‘Dif- folution of the Company. §. 20. T N the mean while the Treafurer, Coun- X a °d Company of Virginia Adventu¬ rers in London , not finding that Return and Profit from the Adventurers they expefred; and rightly judging that this Difappointment,. as well as the idle Quarrels in the Colony proceeded from aMif- Hianage of Government; petition’d his Majefty, and got a new Patent with leave to appoint a Go¬ vernor. Upon this new Grant they fent out nine Ships, and plentiful Supplies of Men and Provifions; and made three joint Commiffioners or Governors in equal Power, viz. Sir Thomas Gates , Sir George Summers , and Capt. Newport. They agreed to go all together in one Ship. This Ship, on Board of which the three Gover¬ nors had embarked, being feparated from the reft, was put to great Diftrefs in a fevere Storm ; and after three Days and Nights conftant Baling and Pumping, was at laft caft a-fhore at Bermudas , and there ftaved, but by good Providence the Com¬ pany was preferved. Notwithftanding this Shipwreck, and Extremity they were put to, yet could not this common Mif- fortune. make them agree. The beft of it was, they found Plenty of Provifions in that lfland, and no Indians to annoy them : But ftill they quarrell’d amongft 21 VIRGINIA. amongft themfelves, and none more than the two Knights ; who made their Parties, built each of them a Cedar Veffel, one call’d the Patience , the other the Deliverance, and ufed what they gather’d of the Furniture of the old Ship for Rigging; and Filh-oil, and Hogs-greafe mix’d with Lime and Allies, inftead of Pitch and Tar: For they found great Plenty of Spanijh Hogs in this Ifland, which are fuppofed to have fwam a-lhore from fome Wrecks, and there afterwards increafed. • §. 21. While thefe Things were afting in Bermu- j das , Capt. Smith being very much burnt by the ac¬ cidental firing of fome Gun-powder, as he wasup- i on a Difcovery in his Boat, was forced for his Cure Take, and the Benefit of a Surgeon, to take his Paffage for England in a Ship that was then upon the Point of failing. Several of the nine Ships, that came out with the three Governors arrived, with many of thePaffen- gers; fome of which in their Humours wou’d not fiubmit to the Government there, pretending the new Commiffion dellroy’d the old one; that Go¬ vernors were appointed inftead of a Prefident, and that they themfelves were to be of the Coun¬ cil, and fo wou’d affume an independent Power, infpiring the People with Difobedience; by which Means they became frequently expofed in great Parties to the Cruelty of the Indians ; all Sorts of Difcipline was laid afide, and their neceffary De¬ fence neglected; fo that the Indians taking Ad¬ vantage of thofe Divifions, form’d a Stratagem to deftroy them Root and Branch, and indeed they did cut many of ’em off, by maffacring whole Companies at a time ; fo that all the Out-fettle- ments were deferted, and the People that were not deftroy’d took Refuge in James Town, except the fmall Settlement at Kiquotan , where they had built 22 The History of themfelves a little Fort, and call’d it Alger won Fort: And yet, for all this, they continued their Diforders, wafting their old Provifions, and ne- gledting to gather others; fo that they who re¬ main’d alive were all near famifh’d, having brought themfelves to that pafs, that they durft not ftir from their own Doors to gather the Fruits of the Earth, or the Crabs and Mufcles from the Water-fide: Much lefs to hunt or catch wild. Beafts, Fifh or Fowl, which were found in great Abundance there. They continued in thefe fcanty Circumftances till they were atlaft reduced tofuch Extremity, as to eat the very Hides of their Horfes, and the Bodies of the Indians they had killed} and l'ometimes alfo upon a pinch they wou’dnotdifdain to dig them up again to make a homely Meal of, after they had been buried. Thus a few Months indifcreet Management brought fuch an Infamy upon the Country, That to this Day it cannot be wiped away: And the Sick- neffes occafion’d by this bad Diet, or rather want of Diet, are unjuftly remember’d to the Difadvan- tage of the Country, as a Fault in the Climate } which was only the Fooliflmefs and Indifcretion of thofe who aflumed the Power of governing. I call it aflumed, becaufe the new Commiflion men- tidn’d, by which they pretended to be of the Coun¬ cil, was not in all this Time arrived, but remain’d in Bermudas with the new Governors. Here I cannot but admire the Care, Labour, Courage and Underftanding that Capt. John Smith -fhew’d in the Time of his Adminiftration} who not only founded, but alfo preferved all thefe Set¬ tlements in good Order, while he was amongft them : And, without him, they had certainly all been deftroy’d, either by Famine, or the Enemy long before} tho’the Country naturally afforded Subfiftence enough, even without any other La-> VIRGINIA. 23 bour than that of gathering and preferring itsfpon- taneous Provifions. For the firft three Years that Capt. Smith was with them, they never had in that whole Time above fix Months Englijb Provifions. But as foon as he had left ’em to themfelvcs, all went to Ruin, for the Indians had no longer any Fear for them- felves, or Friendfhip for the Engl ifj. And fix Months after this Gentleman’s Departure, the foo Men that he left were reduced to threefcorej and they too muft of Neceflity have ftarved, if their Relief had been delay’d a Week longer at Sea. §. 22. In the mean time, the three Governors put to Sea from Bermudas in their two fmall Vefr iels, with their Company, to the Number of one hundred and fifty, and in fourteen Days, viz. the 2f th of May, 1610. they arrived both together in Virginia and went with their Veflelsupto* James Town, where they found the fmall Remainder of the five hundred Men, in that melancholy Way I juft now hinted. §.2?. Sir Thomas Gates , Sir George^Summers^ and Newport^ the Governors, were vere compaf- fionate butdefired that their Determination might be fpeedy. They foon came to the Conclufion of returning for England :■ But becaufe their Provifions were ftiort, they re¬ folved to go by the Banks of Newfoundland. , in hopes of meeting with fome of the Fiihermen, ft (this 24 The History of (this being now the Seafon) and dividing thcm- ielves among their Ships for the greater Certainty of Provifion, and for their better Accommdation. According to this Refolution, they all went Aboard, and fell down to Hog Ifland the p th of June at Night, and the next Morning to Mulber¬ ry Ifland Point, which is eighteen Miles below James Town, and thirty above the Mouth of the River and there they fpied a' Long-Boat, which the Lord Delamiar (who was juft arrived with three Ships) had fent before him up the Rivet- founding the Channel. His Lordihip was made foie Governor, and was accompanied by feveral Gentlemen of Condition. He caufedall the Men to return again to James Town} refettled them with’ > Satisfaftion, and Raid with them till March folio wA' ing} and then being very lick, he return’d for England^ leaving about two hundred in the Colony. §. 24. On the 10 th of May , 1611, Sir Thomas Dale being then made Governor , arriv’d with three Ships, which brought Supplies of Men, Cat¬ tle and Hogs. He found them growing again into the like Diforders as before, taking no Care to plant Corn, and wholly relying upon their Store, which then had but three Months Provifion in it. He therefore fet them to work about Corn, and tho’ it was the Middle of May before they began to prepare the Ground, yet they had an indifferent good Crop. ... §. if. I11 Attgufi the fame Year Sir Thomas Gates arriv’d at JamesTomi with fix Ships more, and with a plentiful Supply of Hogs, Cattle, Fowls, &c. with a good Quantity of Ammunition, and all other Things neceffary for a new Colony, and befides 'this a Reinforcement of three hundred and fifty chofen Men. In the Beginning of Sep¬ tember VIRGINIA. 2j iember he fettled a new Town at Arrahattuck, about fifty Miles above James Town, paling in the Neck above two Miles from the Point, from one Reach of the River to the other. Here he built Forts and Centry-Boxes, and in Honour of Henry Prince of Wales , call’d it Henrico. And alfo run a Pali- fado on the other Side of the River at Coxendale , to fecure their Hogs. §. 16. Anno i <512, Two Ships more arriv’d with Supplies: And Capt. Argali , who commanded one of them, being fent in her to Patowmeck to buy Corn, he there met with Pocahontas , the excellent Daughter of Powhatan } and having prevail’d with her to come Aboard to a Treat, he detain’d herPri- fdnef,. and carried her to James Town, deligning to make Peace With her Father by her Releafe: But on the contrary, that Prince refented the Af¬ front very highly j and although he loved his Daugh- ter with all imaginable Tendernefs, yet he Would, not be brought to Terms' by that utihandfome Treachery ■, till about two Years after a Marriage' being propofed between, Mr.[John Rolfe , an Eng- lijb Gentleman, and this Lady} which Powhatan taking to be a fincere Token, of Friendlhip, he vouchfafed to conferit to it, and to conclude a Peace, tho’ he would not. come to the Wed¬ ding. §. 27. Pocahontasbevyg thus married in the Year 1613, a firm Peace was concluded with her Father. Both the Englijh and Indians thought themfelves intirely fecure and quiet. This brought in the Chickahomony Indians alfo,' tho’ not. out of any . ICindnefs or Refpedt to the Englijls , but out qf, Fear of being, by their Afliftance, brought under'. Powhatan's abfolute Subje&ion, who ufea now and then to threaten and tyrannize over them. C §. 28. Sir %6 The History of ®r §. z8.-' Sir Thomas Dale returning 'for England. Anno 1616, took with him Mr. Rolf and his Wife Pocahontas , who, upon the Marriage, was chriften’d and call’d Rebeckaf He left Capt. George Tardly Deputy-Governor during his Ablence, the Coun¬ try being "then intirely at Peace} and arrived at Plymouth the i z th of June. /" Capt. John Smith was at that time in England. * t and * hearing of the Arrival of Pocahontas at Portf- tnouth , ufed all the Means he could to exprefs his Gratitude to her, as having formerly preferv’d his Life by the Hazard of her own: For, when by the Command of her Father, Capt. Smith's Head'was upon the Block to have his Brains knock’d out, me faved his Head by laying hers clofe upon it. He was at that Time fuddenly to imbark for New- England, and fearing he fhould fail before {he got to London , he made ah humble Petition to the Queen in her Behalf, which I herechoofe to give you in his own Words,, becaufe it will fave me the Story at large. §. ip. Capt. Smith’* Petitions Her Majefty, m Behalf of Pocahon- . tas, Daughter to the Indian Emperor Powhatan. To the moll: High and Vertuous Princefs, Queen Anne of Great Britain. /■• Moft Admir’d Madam, fPHE Love I bear my God, my King , and Com- '. try, hath fo often embolden'd me in the worfl of extream Dangers, that now Honefiy doth con- firain VIRGINIA t Ti firain me to prefume thus far beyond my felf to pre¬ sent your Majefty this fort Difeourfe. If Ingrati- tude be a deadly Poifon to all boneft Virtues, I maft be guilty of that Crime, if If mild omit any Means to be thankful. So it -was, That about fen Years ago, being in Virginia, and taken Prifoner by the Power c/Powhatan, their chief King, I receiv'd from this great Savage exceeding great Court efie, efpecially from his Son Nantaquausj the manlieft, comeliefl, boldeft Spirit I ever faw in a Savagey and his Sifter Pocahontas, the King's moft dear and well-beloved Daughter * being but a Child of Twelve or Thirteen Years of Age, whofe compafi fionate pitiful Heart of my dejperate Efiate gave me much Caufe to refpett her. I being the fir.fi Chriftian this proud King and his grim Attendants ever faw, and thus inthrall'd in their barbarous Power j I can¬ not fay I felt the ledft occafion of Want, that was in the Power of thofe my mortal Foes to prevent * not- withftandingall their Threats .. After fame fix Weeks fatting amongfl thofe Savage Courtiers, at the Minute of my Execution fee hazarded the beating out of her own Brains to five mines, and not only that , but fo prevail'd with her Father, that I was fafely conduc¬ ted to James Town, where 1 found about eight and thirty miferable, poor and fick Creatures to keep Pof- feffion for all thofe large Territories of Virginia. Such was the MCaknefs of this poor Commonwealth * as had not the Savages fed us, we directly had fiarv'd: And this Relief, moft Gracious Queen, was com¬ monly brought us by this Lady Pocahontas* notwith¬ standing all thefe Paffages, when unconfiant-Fortune turn'd our Peace to War, this tender Virgin would . fill not fpare to dare to vifit us y and by her our ' Jars have been oft appeafed, and our Wants fill ftp- plied. Were it the Policy of her Father thus to i8 The History of ploy her, or the Ordinance of God thus to make her his Infirument, or her extraordinary Affeblion to our Nation, 1 know not: But of this I am fare, when her Father, with the Utmoftofhis Policy and Power, fought to furprize me, having hut eighteen with me, the dark Night could not affright her from coming through the irkfome Woods, and, with water'd Eyes, give me Intelligence, With her befi Advice to efcape his Fury, which had he known, he had furely, fain her. James ‘town. With her. wild train, Jhe as freely frequented as her Father's Habitation } and during the time of two or three Tears, fhe, next under God, was fill the Infrment to preferve this Colony from Heath, Famine, arut. utter. Confufton, which iff in thofe times, had once been diffolv'd, Virginia might have lain, as it. Was at our Jirfi Arrival, till this Hay. Since then, this. Bufinefs having been turn'd and varied by many Accidents from what I left it-, it is mofi certain, after a long and troublefeme War, fince my Heparture, betwixt her Father and our Co- tony, all which time foe was not heard off about two Tears after Jhe herfelj.’was taken Prifoner, being fo. de¬ tain'd near two Tears longer, the Colony by that means was reliev'd. Peace concluded, and at laft, rejeSting her barbarous Condition, Jhe was married to an Eng- lifh Gentleman, with whom at this prefent Jhe is in England, the Jirfi Chriftian ever of that Nation : the Jirfi. Virginian ever fpake Englifh, or had a Child in Marriage by an Englifhman. A Matter furely, if my Meaning be truly confider'd and well un¬ derfootl, worthy a Prince's Information. thus, moft Gracious Lady, I have related to your Majefly.what at your befi Lei fure our approv'd Hifto- ries will recount to you at large, as done in the time of your Majefty's Life: And, however this might be prefenfed you from a more worthy Pen, it cannot from a more honefl Heart. As VIRGINIA. 29 As .yet I miser beg’d any thing of the State ; and it is my want of Ability, and her exceeding De- fert-, your Birth, Means, and Authority, her Birth, Vertue, Want and Simplicity, doth make me thus bold, humbly to befeech your Majefty to take this Knowledge of her, tho' it be from one fo unworthy to be the Reporter as my felf: Her Hufband's Eftate not being able to make her fit to attend your Ma- jefiy. the moft and leaf lean do, is to tell you this, and the rather becaufe of her being of fo great a. Spirit, however her Stature. If Jhe Jhould not be well re¬ ceiv'd, feeing this Kingdom may. rightly have a King¬ dom by her Means-, herprefentLove to us and Chri- fianity, might turn to fuels Scorn and Fury, as to divert all this Good to the worft of Evil: Where finding that fo great a Queen fbould do her more Ho¬ nour than Jhe can imagine, for having been kind to her SubjeSs and Servants, 'twould fo ravijh her with Content, as to endear her deareft Blood to effeff that your Majefty and all the King's honeft Subjects moft earneftly Defire. And fo I humbly hfs your gracious Hands, &c. (Sign'd) Pated June, 1616. John Smith. §. 30. This Account was prefented to her Maje¬ fty, and gracioufly received: But before Captain Smith fail’d for New-England, the Indian Princefs arrived at London, and her Hufband took Lodg¬ ings for her at Branford, to be a little out of the Smoak of the City, whither Captain Smith, with feme of his Friends, went to fee her and congra¬ tulate her Arrival, letting her know the Addrefs 3Q The History of j Till this Lady arrived in England, fhe had all along been inform’d that Captain Smith was dead,, | becaufe he had been diverted from that Colony by. [ making Settlements in the Second Plantation, now call’d 'New-England: For which Reafon, when fhe faw him, fhe feem’d to think herfelf much affron¬ ted, for that they had dared to impofe fo grofs an Untruth upon her, and at firft Sight of him turn’d away. It-coft him a great deal of Intreaty, and \ fome Hours Attendance, before fhe would ao him \ the Honour to fpeak to him : But at laft fhe was reconcil’d,' and talk’d freely to him. She put himi in Mind of her former Kindneffes, and then up¬ braided him for his Forgetfulnefs of her, ‘{hew¬ ing by her'Reproaches, that'even a State of Na¬ ture teaches to abhor Ingratitude. 1 She had in her Retinue a Wtrowance or great Man of her own Nation, whofe Name was Utta- maccomack: This' Man had Orders from Powha¬ tan, to count the People mEngland, and give him an account of their Number. Now the Indians hav- irigno Letters among them, he at his going afhore provided a Stick, in which he was to make'a Notch for every Man he faw; but this Accomp- tant foon grew weary of that tedious Exerciie, and threw his Stick away : And ■ at his Return, being afked by his King, How many People there wen ? He defined him to count the Stars in the Sky, the Leaves tipon the frees, and the Sand on the Sea¬ port, for fo many People (he faid) were in Eng¬ land.- §.31. Pocahontas had many Honours done her by the Queen upon Account of Captain Smith's Story; and being introduced by the Lady Dela- warr, ■ fhe' was frequently admitted to wait on her Majefty,- and was publickly treated as a Prince’s Daughter; {he was carried to many Plays, Balls, VIRGINIA, 31 and other public Entertainments, and very refpedfc- fully receiv’d by all the Ladies about the Court. Upon all which Occafions ilie behaved her felf with fo much Decency, andfhew’dfo much Gran¬ deur in her Deportment, that lhe made good the brighteft Part of the Character Captain Smith had given of her. In the mean while ihe gain’d the good Opinion of every Body fo much, that the poor Gentleman her Hu (band had like to have been call’d to an Account for prefuming to marry a Princefs Royal without the King’s Content 5 be- caufe it had been fuggefted that he had taken Ad¬ vantage of her being a Prifoner, and forc’d her to marry him. But upon a more perfect Reprefen- tation of the Matter, his Majeily was pleas’d at laft to declare himfelf fatisfied. But had their true Condition here been known, that Pother had been ■ faved. Every. Body paid this young Lady-all imaginable Refpeftj and it is fuppofed, Ihe would have fuffi- ciently acknowledged thofe Favours, had fhe lived to return to her own Country, by bringing the Indians to have a kinder Difpofition towards the Englijh. But upon her Return Ihe was unfortu¬ nately taken ill at Gravefend , and died in a few Days after, giving great Teftimony all the Time fne lay fick, of her being a very good Chriftian. Shelelt Iflue one Son, nam’d Thomas Rolfe , whofe Polle- rity is at this Day in good Repute in Virginia , and now hold Lands by Defcent from her. §. 32. Captain Tardly made but a very ill Go¬ vernor, he let the Buildings and Forts goto Ruine>- not regarding the Security of the People againft the Indians , ncglefting the Corn, and applying all Hands to plant Tobacco, which promifed the moft immediate Gain. In this Condition they were when Captain Samuel Argali was fent thither Go- C 4 vernor. 3 2 7 Toe History of t vexnar,Anno\6ij. who found the Number ofPeo* pie reduc’d to little more than four hundred, of which not above half were fit for Labour. In the ■ mean while the Indians mixing among ’em, got Ex¬ perience daily in Fire-Arms, and fome of them were in drafted therein by the Englijh themfelves, and employ’d to hunt and kill Wild Fowl for them. So great was their Security upon this Marriage: But Governor Argali not liking thofe Methods, regu -1 lated them on his Arrival, and Captain Hardly xt -; turn’d to' England. i: §.33. Governor Argali made the Colony flou- rifh ana increafe wonderfully, and kept them in great Plenty and Quiet,- The next Year, viz. Anno 1 (Si 8, the Lord Delawarr was fent over again with two hundred Men more for the Settlement, with other NeceGaries fuitable: But failing by the Weftern Iflands, they met with contrary Winds, and great Sicknefs; fo that about thirty of them died, among which the Lord Delawarr was one. By which Means the Government there dill conti- j nued in the Hands of Captain Argali. _ j §. 34. Powhatan died in April the fame Year, leaving his fecond Brother Itopatin in Pofleflion of his Empire, a Prince far fhort of the Parts of Oppechancanough , who by fome was faid to be his elder Brother, and then King of Chickahomony ✓but he having debauch’d them from the Allegiance of Powhatan , was difinherited by him. This Op¬ pechancanough was a cunning ana a brave Prince, and foon grafp’d all the Empire to himfelf: But at firft they jointly renew’d the Peace with the Englijh , upon the Acceflion of Itopatin to the prawn. - Hr- Gq * §. Governor Argali ttoiuifhing thus under the Bleffings of Peace and Plenty, and having no Occafion of Fear or Difturbance from the Indians , fought new Occafions of encouraging the Planta¬ tion. To that End he intended a coafting Voyage to the Northward, to view the Places where the Engltjh Ships had fo often laded > and if he mifs’d them, to reach the Fifheries on the Banks of Newfoundland: , and fo fettle a Trade and Corre- fpondence either with .he one or the other. In accomplilhing whereof as he touch’d at Cape Codd, he was inform’d by the Indians , That fome white People like him were come to inhabit to the Northward of them, upon the Coaft of their neighbouring Nations. Captain Argali not hav¬ ing heard of any Englijh Plantation that Way, was jealous that it might be (as it proved) the People of fome other Nation. And being very zealous for the Honour and Benefit of England , he refolved to make Search according to the Information he had receiv’d, and fee who they were. Accor¬ dingly he found the Settlement, and a Ship riding before it. This belong’d to fome Frenchmen , who had fortified themfelves upon a fmall Mount oq the North of New-England. §. 3 6. His unexpefted xlrrival fo confounded the French , that they could make no Preparation for Refiftance on Board their Ship > which Cap¬ tain Argali drew fo clofe to, that with his fmall Arms he beat all the Men from the Deck, fo that they could not ufe their Guns, their Ship having only a Angle. Deck. Among others, there were two Jefuits on Board, one of which being more bold than wife, with all that Difadvantage, endea¬ vour’d to fire one of their Cannon, and was fhot (lead for his Pains. 34 "The History of Captain Argali having taken the Ship, landed and ■went before the Fort, fummoning it to furrender. -The Garrifon afk’d Time to advife: But that being denied them, they ftole privately away, and fled j. into the Woods. Upon this Captain Argali en- j. ter’d the Fort, and lodged there that Night; and the ' . next Day the French came to him, add furrender’d ' themfelves. It feems the King of France had; granted them a Patent for this Settlement, but they •gave it up to Captain Argali to be cancell’d. He ; ufed them very well, and fuffer’d fuch as had a Mind to return to France , to feek their Paflage ; among the Ships of the Fifhery: But obliged them to.defert this Settlement. And thofe that were willing to go to Virginia , he took with him. §. 37. Thefe People were under the Conduct of two Jefuits, who upon taking a Pique againft their Governor in Acadia , named Biencourt , had lately feparated from a French Settlement at Port- Royal, lying in the Bay, upon the South-Weft . Part of Acadia. §.38. As Governor Argali was about to return to Virginia, ■ Father Biard , the furviving Jefuit (out of Malice, to Biencourt ) told him of this French Settlement at Port-Royal , and offer’d to pilot him to it; which Governor Argali readily accepted of. With the fame Eafe he took that Settlement alfo; where the French had fow’d and reap’d, built Bams, Mills, and other Convenien- cies, which Captain Argali did no Damage to: But unfettled them, and oblig’d them to make a Defertion from thence. He gave thefe the fame Leave he had done the others to difpofe of themfelves; foine whereof return’d to France , and others went to fettle up the River of Canada. Af- VIRGINIA :• 3 j rer this Governor Argo.ll return’d fatisfied with the Provifion and Plunder he had got in thofe two Settlements. §. 3p. The Report of thefe Exploits foon reach’d England and whether they were approved or no, being a£ted without particular Direction, I have not learn’d: But certain it is, that in April fol¬ lowing there arrived a fmall Veffel, which did not Hay for any thing, but took on Board Gover¬ nor Argali , and return’d for England. He left Captain Nathaniel P o'Wei Deputy: Arid foon after Captain Tardly being Knighted, was fent Gover¬ nor thither again. §. 40. Very great Supplies of Cattle and other Provifions were fent there that Year, and like wife iooo or 1 zoo Men. They refettled all their old Plantations that had been deferted, made Addi¬ tions to the Number of the Council, and call’d an Aflembly of Burgeffes from all Parts of the Country, which were to be elefted by the People in their feveral Plantations. Thefe Burgeffes met the Governor and Council at James Town in May, i6zo, and fat in Confuta¬ tion in the fame Houfe with them, as the Method of the Scots Parliament is, debating Matters for the Improvement and good Government of the Coun¬ try. This was the firft General Affembly that ever was held there. I heartily wifh, tho’ they did not unite their Houfes again, they would however unite their Endeavours and Affections for the Good of the Country. §. 41. In Augutl following a Dutch Man of War landed twenty Negroes for Salej which • : . ‘were 3^ The H i s t o r y of were the firft of that kind that \vere carried into the Country. §. 41. This Year they bounded the Corporations,' (as they call’d them:) But there does not remain ^ among the Records any one Grant of thefe Cor- j porations. There is enter’d aTeftimony of Go-! vernor Argali, concerning the Bounds of the Cor- - poration of James City, declaring his Knowledge thereof} and this is -one of the new tranfcribed Books of Records: But there is not to be found one Word of the Charter or Patent it felf of this Corporation. Then alfo they apportion’d and laid our Lands in feveral Allotments, viz. to the Company in fe- ; verai Places, to the Governor, to a College, to ' Glebes , ancl to feveral particular Perfons} many new Settlements were made in James and York Rivers. The People knew their own Property, and having the Encouragement of working forj their own Advantage, many became very induftri- [ ous, and began to vie one with another, in Plant¬ ing, Building, and other Improvements. Two Gentlemen went over as Deputies to the Compa¬ ny, for the Management of their Lands, and thofe of the . College. All Thoughts of Danger from the Indians were laid afide. Several great Gifts were made to the Church and College, and for the bringing up young Indians at School. Forms were made, and Rules' apppinted for granting Patents for Land, upon the Condition of importing Goods and Perfons to fupply and increafe the Colony. And all there then began to think themfelves the happieft People in the World. • §. 43: Thus Virginia continued to flourilh and increafe, great Supplies continually arriving, and new Settlements being made all over the Country. A Salt- VIRGINIA. 3? A Salt-Work was fet up at Cape Charles , on the Eaftern Shore} and an Iron-Work at Falling- Creek , in James River, where they made Proof of good Iron Oar, and brought the whole Work fo near a Perfection, that they writ Word to the Company in London , that they did not doubt but to finifh the Work, and have plentiful Provifion of Iron for them by the next Eafter. At that time the Fame of the Plenty and Riches, in which the Englijb liv’d there, was very great: And Sir George Tardly now had all the Appearance of making A- mends for the Errors of his former Government. Neverthelefs he let them run into the fame Sleepy-: nefs and Security as before,, negleCtingall Thoughts of aneceflary Defence,; which laid- the Foundation | of the following Calamities. §, 44. But the time of his Government being near expired,. Sir Francis Wyat^ then a young Mari} had a . Commilfion tO.fueceed him. The People began to grow numerous* thirteen hundred fettling there that Year}. which was the Occafionof mak¬ ing fo much Tobacco,.as tooverftoek the Market. Wherefore his Majefty,. out of Pity to the Coun¬ try, fent : his Commands;,.That they fhould not fuf- fer their. Planters to.make above one hundred Pounds of Tobacco per Mail; for the Market was fo low, that he could - not afford to give them above: three. Shillings the'Pound for .it. He ad- vifed them ratherto turn their fpare'Time towards providing Corn and Stock, and towards the making of Pot-afh, or other Manufactures. ; It was .October l6zi , . that Sir Francis IVyat •; arrived Governor, and in November Captain New¬ port arrived with fifty Men imported at his own Charge, befides Paflengers} and made a Plantation on Newport's News $ naming it after himfelf. The Governor made a Review of all the Settlements* * and 3 8 The H i s t 6 k y of andfuffer’d new ones to be made, even as far as Pa« towmeck River. This ought to be obferv’d of the Eaftern Shore Indians , r that they never gave the Englijh any Trouble, but courted and befriended them from firft to laft. Perhaps the Englifi , by the time they came to fettle thofe Parts, had con- fider’d how to reftify their former Mifmanagement, and learn’d better Methods of regulating their Trade with the Indians , and of treating them mfird kindly than at firft. • §. 4f. dmo i6zz, Inferior'Courts were firft ap* pointed by the General Aflembly, under the Name of County Courts , for Tryal of minute Caufes; the Governor and Council ftill remaining Judges of the Supream Court of the Colony. In the mean time, by the great Increafe of People, and the long Quiet they had enjoy’d among the Indians, finee the Marriage of Pocahontas , and the AcceP fion of Oppechancanough to the Imperial Crown , all Men were'luiPd into a fatal Security, and became every where familiar with the Indians , eating, drink- 1 ing and fleepinjg amongft them; by which means they became'perfectly acquainted with all our Englijh Strength, and the the ofour Arms: Know¬ ing at all times, when and where to find our People; whether,at Home, or in-the Woods; in Bodies, or difperft; in Condition of Defence, or. indefen- fible. • This expofing of their Weaknefs gave them Qccafion: to think more contemptibly of them, than otherwife, perhaps, they would have done; for which Realbn they became more peevifh, and more'hardy, to attempt any : thing againft them. ■ §. 46. Thus-upon the Lofs of one of their lead¬ ing Men, (a War Captain, as they call him) who waslikewife fuppofed to be juftly kill’d, Oppe- chancanough took Affrontj and* in Revenge laid the Plot plot of a general Maflacre of the EngliJlj, to be exe¬ cuted on the iz d of March , i6zz, a little before Noon, at a time when our Men were all at Work abroad in their Plantations, difperft and unarm’d. This hellifh Contrivance was to take Effect upon all the feveral Settlements at one and the fame fn- ftant, except on theEaftern Shore, whither this Plot did not reach. The Indians had been made fo familiar with the Englijh , as to borrow their Boats and Canoes to ; crofs the River in, when they went to confult: with their neighbouring Indians upon this execrable Confpiracy. And to colour their Deflgn the better, they brought Prefents of Deer,. Turkies, Fifh and Fruits to the Englijh the Evening before. The very. Morning of the Maf- facre, they came freely, and unarm’d among them, eating with them,' and ; behaving .themfelves with the fame Freedom and Friendfhip as formerly, till the very Minute they were to put their Plot in Execution. Then they fell to Work all at once every where, knocking the Englifi unawares on the Head, fome with their Hatchets, which they call Tommahauksy ojthers with the.Hows and Axes* of the Englijh themfelves, {hooting at thofe who: efcap’d the Reach of their Hands j fparing neither. Age nor Sex, but deftroying Man, W oman and Child, according to their cruel way of leaving none behind to bear Refentment. But whatever was not done by Surprize that Day, was left undone, and many that made early Refiftance efcaped. By the Account taken of the Chilians mur¬ der’d that Morning, they were found to be three hundred forty feven, moft of them falling by their own Inftruments, and Working-Tools. §. 47. The Maflacre had been much more ge¬ neral, had. not this Plot been providentially difco- ' ' Y ci ' d 4o *Yhd H i s T o r y flj £ ver’d to the Englijh fome Hours before the Execu¬ tion. It happen’d thus: Two Indians that tifed to be employ’d by the Englijh to hunt forthem, happen’d to lie together,! the Night before theMaflacre, in an Englishman's Houfe, where one of them was employ’d. The Indian that was the Gueft fell to perfuading the! other to rife and kill his Matter, telling him, that he would do the fame by his own the next Day.: Whereupon he difeover’d the whole Plot that was: defign’d to be executed On' the Morrow. But the, other, inftead of entering into the Plot, and mur¬ dering his Matter, got up (Under pretence of go¬ ing to execute his Comrade’s Advice) went into his Matter’s Chamber, and reveal’d to him the whole Story that he had been tdldl The Matter hereupon arofe, fecur’d his own Houfe, and before j Day got to James Town, Which, together with fuch Plantations as could receive Notice time: enough, werefav’d by this Meansj the reft, as they! happen’d to be watdhful in their Defence, alfo ! efcaped: But fuch as were furprifc’d, were mafla- ored. Captain Crojhaw in his Veffel at Patow 3nick, had Notice alfo given him by a young Indian, by which means he came off untouch’d; . §: 48. The Occafion upon which Oppechanca • nough took' Affront was, this. The War Captain mention’d before to have been kill’d, was called Ne* matt mow. He Was an aftive Indian, a great War¬ rior,- and in much Efteem among them j fo much, that they believ’d him to be invulnerable, and,im¬ mortal,becaufe he had been in very many Confli&s, , and efcapcd untouch’d from them all. He was alfo a veiy cunning Fellow, and took great. Pride in prefervirtg and increafing this their Superftition con¬ cerning him, affe&mg every thing that was odd and prodigious to work upon their Admiration. VIRGINIA : 41 For which Purpofe he would often drefs himfeif up with Feathers after a fantaftick manner, and by much Ufe of that Ornament, obtain’d among the Englijh the Nickname of Jack of the Feather. This Nemattanow coming to a private Settle¬ ment of one Morgan , who had feveral Toys which he had a mind to, perfuaded him to go to Fa- manky to difpofe of them. He gave him Hopes what mighty Bargains he might meet with there, and kindly offer’d him his Affiftance. At laft Mor-. gan yielded to his Perfuafion : But was no more heard of; and it is believ’d, that Nemattanow kill’d him by the way, and took away his Trea- fiire. For within a few Days this Nemattanow re¬ turn’d to the fame Houfe with Morgan's Cap upon his Head; where he found two fturdy Boys, who afk’d for their Matter. He very frankly told them, he was dead. But they, knowing the Cap again, fufpefted the Villain had kill’d their Matter, and would have had him before ajuftice of Peace: But he refuted to go, and very infolently abufed them. Whereupon they fhot him down, and as they were carrying him to the Governor, he died. As he was dying, he earneftly prefs’d the Boys to promife him two things; Firft, That they would not tell how he was kill’d; and, fecondly, That they would bury him among the Englijh. So great was the Pride of this vain Heathen, that he had no other Thoughts at his Death, but the Am¬ bition of being efteem’d after he was dead, as he had endeavour’d to make them believe of him while he was alive, viz. That he was invulnerable and immortal; tho’ his.increafing Faintnefs .con¬ vinc’d himfeif of the Falfity of both. He imagined that being buried among the Englijh , perhaps might conceal his Death from his own Nation, who might think him tranflated to fome happier Country. Thus he pleafed himfeif to the laft Gafj> 4.i , The History 0/ 1 with the Boys Promifes to carry on the Delufion. ; This was reckon’d all the Provocation given to [ that haughty and revengeful Man Oppechancanough , j- to aft this bloody Tragedy, and to take indefati- j gable Pains to engage in fo horrid Villany all the I Kings and Nation’s bordering upon the Englijk ] Settlements, on the weftern Shore of Chefapeak. I • §. .49. This gave the Englijl.h a fair Pretence of j endeavouring the total Extirpation of the Indians , but more efpecially of Oppechancanough , and his Na¬ tion. Accordingly, they fet themlelves about it, making ufe of the Roman Maxim, (Faith is not to be kept with Hereticks) to obtain their Ends. For, after fome Months fruitlefs Purfuit of them, who could too dexteroufly hide themfelves in the Woods, the Englijl) pretended Articles of Peace, giving them all manner of fair Words and Promifes of Oblivion. They defign’d thereby (as their own Letters now on Record, and their own Aftions thereupon, prove) to draw the Indians back, and entice them to plant their Corn on their Ha¬ bitations neareft adjoining to the Englijl ); and then to cut it up, when the Summer fhould be too far fpent to leave them Hopes of another Crop that Year; by which means they propofed to bring them to want NecelTaries and ftarve. And the jEr.gUJl) did fo far accomplish their Ends, as to bring, the Indians to plant their Corn at their ufual Habita¬ tions,. whereby they gain’d an Opportunity of re¬ paying them fome Part of the Debt in their own Coin; for they, fell fuddenly upon them, cut to ! Pieces fuch. of them as could not make their Efcape, and afterwards totally deftroyed their Corn. §. fp. Another Effeft of the MafTacre of the Engtili, was the reducing all their Settlements again ' .to VIRGINIA ; , 43 to fix or feven in Number, for their better De¬ fence. Befides, it was fuch a Dilheartening to fome good Projects, then juft advancing, that to this Day they have never been put in Execution;, namely, the Glafs-Houfes in James-Town, and the Iron Work at Falling-Creek , which has been al¬ ready mention’d. The Maffacre fell fo hard upon this lull Place, that no Soul was faved,- but a Boy and a Girl, who, with great Difficulty, hid them- felves. The Superintendent of this Iron Work had alfo difcover’d a Vein of Lead-Oar, which he kept private, and made life of it to furniffi all ■ the Neighbours with Bullets and Shot. But he being cut off with the reft, and the Secret not having been communicated, this Lead-Mine could never after be found j till Colonel Byrd, fome few Years ago, prevail’d with an Indian , under 'Pretence of Hunting, to give him a Sign, by dropping his to¬ mahawk at the Place, (he not, daring publickly to difeover it, for fear of being murder’d.) The Sign was accordingly given, and the Company at that time found feveral Pieces of good Lead-Oar upon the'Surface of the Ground, and mark’d the Trees thereabouts: Notwithstanding which, I know not by what Witchcraft it happens, but no Mortal to this Day could ever find that Place again, tho’ it be upon part of the Colonel’s own Poffef- fions. And fo it refts, till Time and thicker Settle¬ ments difeover it. §. f i.Thus the Companyof Adventurers having, by thofe frequent Acts of Mifmanagement, met with vaft Loffesand Misfortunes 5 Many grew fick of it, and parted with their Shares; and others came into their Places, and promoted the fending in frelh Recruits of Men and Goods. But the chief Defign of all Parties concern’d was to fetch D z away 44 The History of away the Treafure from thence, aiming more at fudden Gain, than to form any regular Colony, or eftablifh a Settlement in fuch a manner, as to make it a lading Happinefs to the Country. Several Gentlemen went over upon their parti¬ cular Stocks, feparate from that of the Company, with their own Servants and Goods, each defign- ing to obtain Land from the Government, as Captain Newport had donej or, at leaf!, to obtain Patents according to the Regulation for granting Lands to Adventurers. Others fought their Grants of the Company in London , and obtain’d Authori¬ ties and Jurifdi£tions, as well as Land, diftinft from the Authority of the Government, which was the Foundation of great Diforder, and the Occafion of their following Misfortunes. Among others, one Captain Martin , having made very, confide- rable Preparations towards a Settlement, obtain’d a fuitable Grant of Land, and was made of the Council there. But he grafping ftill at more, hanker’d after Dominion, as well as Pofleflion, and caufed fo many Differences, that at laft he put all Things into Diftra&ion ; infomuch, that the In¬ dians, ftill feeking Revenge, took Advantage of thefe Diffentions, and fell foul again on the Eng- iijb , gratifying their Vengeance with new Blood- fhed. §. f2. The Fatal Confequences of the Compa¬ ny’s Male-Adminiftration cried fo loud, that King Charles the Firft coming to the Crown of England, had a tender Concern for the poor People that had been betray’d thither, and loft. Upon which Confideration he diflolv’d the Company in the Year 1616, reducing the Country and Govern¬ ment into his own immediate Direftion, appoint¬ ing the Governor and Council himfelf,- and order¬ ing all Patents and Procefles to ifluein his, own Name} 45 VIRGINIA. Namej referving to himfelf a Quit-Rent of two Shillings for every hundred Acres of Land, and fo pro rato. C H A P. IV. Containing the Hiftory of the Government from the ‘Dijfolution of the Company, to the Tear 1707. .f$. ryi HE Country being 1 thus taken into 1 the King’s Hands, his Majefty was pleafed to eftabliih the Conftitution to be by a Go¬ vernor, Council and Aflembly, and to confirm the former Methods and Jurifdiftions of the feveral Courts, as they had been appointed in the Year itfzo, and placed the laft Retort in the Aflembly. He likewife confirm’d the Rules and Orders made by the firft Aflembly for apportioning the Land, and granting Patents to particular Adven¬ turers. §. f4- This was a Conftitution according to their Hearts Defire, and things feem’d now to go on in a happy Courfe for Encouragement of the Colony. People flock’d over thither apace } every one took up Land by Patent to his Liking} and, not mind¬ ing any thing but to be Matters of great Tratts of Land, they planted themfelves feparately on their feveral Plantations. Nor did they fear the Indians , but kept them at a greater Diftance'than formerly: And they for their Parts, feeing the Inglifh fo fenftbly increafe in Number, were glad to keep their Diftance, and be peaceable. This 4.6 The History of This Liberty of taking up Land, and the Am¬ bition each Man had of being Lord of a vaft, tho’ unimprov’d Territory, together with the Advan¬ tage of the many Rivers, which afford a commo¬ dious Road for Shipping at every Man’s Door, has made the Country fall into fuch an unhappy Settle¬ ment and Courfe of Trades that to this Day they have not any one Place of Cohabitation among them, that may reafonably bear the Name of a Town. . §. ff. The ConfUtution being thus firmly efta- blifhed, and continuing its courfe regularly for fome time, People began to lay afide all Fears of any future Misfortune. Several Gentlemen of Con¬ dition went over with their whole Families; fome for bettering their Eftates; others for Religion, and other Reafons belt known to themfelves. A- niong thofe, the noble Gudims Calvert, Lord Bal- tmore , a Roman-Catholick, thought for the more ‘ quiet Exercife of his Religion to retire, with his Family, into that new World. For this Purpofe he went to Virginia , to try how he liked the Place : But the People there look’d upon: him with an evil Eye, on Account of his Religion,, for which alone he fought this Retreat; and by their ' ill Treatment difcouraged him from fettling in that Country. §. y6 . Upon that Provocation, his Lordihip re- folv’d upon a farther. Adventure. And finding Land enough up the Bay of Chefapeak , which was like- wife blefs’d. with many brave Rivers, and as yet altogether uninhabited by the Englijk ; he began to think of making a new Plantation of his own. And. for his’more certain Diredtion in obtaining a Grant of it, he undertook a Journey Northward, to difcover the Land up the Bay, andobferve what might mail conveniently fquare with his Intent. VIRGINIA 47 His Lordfhip finding all things, in this Difcovc- ry according to 'his Wifh,return’d to England. And becaufe the Virginia Settlements at that Time reached no farther than the South Side of Patow- mck River, his Lordfhip got a Grant of the Pro¬ priety of Maryland , bounding it to the South by Patmmeck River, on the Weftern Shore; and by an Eaft Line from Point Look-out , on the Eaftern Shore: But died himfelf before he could embark for the promifed Land. Maryland had the Honour to receive its Name ) froth Queen Mary , Royal Confort to Kinp Charles the Firft. §, fj. The old Lord Baltemore being thus taken off, and leaving his Defigns unfinifh’d, his Son and Heir, in the Year 1633, obtain’d a Confirmation of the Patent to himfelf and went over in Perfon to plant his new Colony. By this unhappy Accident, a Country which Nature had fo well contriv’d for one, became two feparate Governments. This produced a moft un¬ happy Inconvenience to both 5 for, thefe two being the only Countries under the Dominion of England ,, that plant Tobacco in any Quantity, the, ill Confequence to both is, that when one Colony goes about to prohibit the Trafh or mend the Staple of that Commodity, to help the Market then the other, to take Advantage of that Market, pours into England all- they can make, both good and bad, without Diftinction. This is very inju¬ rious to the other Colony, which had voluntarily fuffer’d fo great a Diminution in the Quantity to mend the Quality and this is notorioufly mani- fefted from that incomparable Virginia Law, ap¬ pointing fworn Agents to examine their Tobacco. D 4 §. y8. Nei- 48 -The History of §. y8. Neither was this all the Mifchief that happen’d to Virginia upon this Grant 5 for the Example of it had dreadful Confequences, and was in the End one of the Occafions of another Maf- facre by the Indians. For this Precedent of my Lord Baltimore's Grant, which intrench’d upon the Charters and Bounds of Virginia , was Hint enough for other Courtiers, (who never intended a Settlement, a$ my Lord did) to find out fome- thing of the fame kind to make Money of. This was the Occafion of feveral very large Defalca¬ tions from Virginia within a few Years afterwards > which were forwarded and aflifted by the Contri¬ vance of the Governor Sir John Harvey. Info- much, that not only the Land it felf, Quit-Rents and all, but the Authorities and Jurifdi&ions that belonged to that Colony, were given away ; nay, fometimes in thofe Grants he included the very Settlements that had been before made. §. fp. As'this Gentleman was irregular in this, To he was very unjuft and arbitrary in his other Methods of Government. He exafted with Ri¬ gour the Fines and Penalties, which the unwary Aflemblies of. thofe Times had given chiefly to himfelf, and. was fo haughty and furious to the Council, and the beft Gentlemen of the Country, that his Tyranny grew at laft infupportable j fo ^ that in the Year 163P, the Council fent him a Prifoner to London , and with him two of their Number to maintain the Articles againft him. This News being brought to King Charles the Firft, his Majefty was very much difpleafedj and, with¬ out hearing any thing, caufed him to return Go¬ vernor again: But by the next Shipping he was gracioufly. pleafed to change him; and To made Amends fQr this Mm’s JV^le- Adminiftration, by fending §. < 5 o. While thefe things were tranfa&ing, there was fo general a Diffatisfa&ion, occafion’d by the Oppreffions of Sir John Harvey , and the Difficul¬ ties in geting him out; that the whole Colony was in Confufion. The fubtle Indians , who took all Advantages, refented the Incroachments upon them by his Grants. They faw the EngUJh uneafie and difunited among themfelyes, and by the Di- reftion of Oppechancanough their King, laid the Ground-work of another Maffacre; wherein by Surprize, they cut off near five hundred Chriilians more. But this Execution did not take fo general Effe&as formerly; becaufe the Indians were not fo frequently fuffer’d to come among the inner Ha¬ bitations of the Engiijh. And therefore the Maf- facre fell fevered: on the South-fideof James River, and on the Heads of the other Rivers; but chiefly of York River, where this Oppechancanough kept the | Seat of his Government. §. 6 1. Oppechancanough was a Man of large Sta¬ ture, noble Prefence, and extraordinary Parts. Tho’ he had no, Advantage of Literature, (that being no where to be found amongthe American Indians) yet he was perfectly {kill’d in the Art of govern¬ ing his rude Country-men. He caufed all the In¬ dians far and near to dread his Name, and had them all entirely in Subje&ion. This King in Smith's Hiftory is call’d Brother to Powhatan y but by the Indians he was not fo' ") eftcem’d. For they fay he was a Prince of a For- 1 eign Nation, and came to them a great Way from the South-Weil: And by their Accounts, we fup- pofe him to have come from the Spanijh Indians , fome-where near Mexico, or the Mines of St. Bar- 4- he: 50 The History of \ be: But, be that Matter how it will, from that v - Time till his Captivity, there never was the leaft Truce between them and the Englijh. ■ §. 6t. Sir William. Berkely , upon his Arrival, > fhew’d fuch an Oppofition to the unjult Grants : made by Sir John Harvey , that very few of them ‘ took Effettj and fuchasdid, were fubjecled to the ' fettled Conditions of the other Parts of the Go -1 ■ vernment, and made liable to, the Payment of the full Quit-Rents. He encouraged the Country in ' feveral Mays of Pot-Alh, Soap, Salt, Flax, Hemp, Silk, and Cotton. But the Indian War enfuing Upon this laft Mafiacre, was a great Obftru&ion to thefe good Defigns, by requiring all the fpare Men to be employ’d in Defence of . the Coun-j tty. ■ ‘ ■ §.65. Oppeehmcanotighi by his great Age, and 5 the Fatigues of War, ( in which Sir William Berke - 1 ley followld him clofe) was now grown lo decre- \ pid, that he was not able to , : walk alone; but was; carried about by his Men, where-ever he had a: mind to move. His Flelh was all macerated, his. Sinews ; flacken’d, and his Eye-lids became fo heavy, \ that he' could not' fee, ’ but as' they were lifted up by- his Servants.' In this'low Condition he was, when Six William-Berkeley hearing that he was at fome Diftance from his ufual Habitation, refolved at-all Adventures-to feize his Perfon, which he hap¬ pily effected. For, with a Party of Horfe he made a fpeedy March, furprized him in his Quarters, and brought him Prifoner to James-Tovm ; where, by the Goyernoiifs Command, he was treated with all the Refpect and Tendernefs imaginable. Sir William had a mind ? to fend him to England, , hop¬ ing to get Reputation, by preferring his Majefty with a Royal Captive; who at his Pleafure, could VIRGINIA 51 call into the Field ten Times more Indians than Sir William Berkeley had Englijh in his whole Govern¬ ment. Befides, he thought this ancient Prince wou’d be an Inftance of the Healthinefs and long Life of the Natives of that Country. However, he could not preferve his Life above a Fortnight 5 for one of the Soldiers, refenting the Calamities the Colony had fuffer’d by this Prince’s Means, bafely fhot him thro’ the Back, after he was made Prifoner; of which Wound he died. He continued brave to the laft Moment of his Life, and fhew’d not the leaft Dejedtion at his Captivity. He heard one Day a great noife of the treading of People about him; upon which he caufed his Eye-lids to be lifted upj and finding that a Crowd of People were let in to fee him, he call’d in high Indignation for the Governor j who being come, Oppechanmnough fcorufully told him, that had it been Ins Fortune to take Sir William Berkeley Prifoner, he fliould not meanly haye expo- fed him as a Show to the People. §. 64. After this, Sir William Berkeley made a new Peace with the Indians , which continued for a long time unviolated; infomuch, that all the Thoughts of future Injury from them were laid afide. But he himfelf did not, long enjoy the Be¬ nefit of this profound Peace : For, the unhappy Troubles of King Charles the Firli encreafing in England , proved a great Difturbance to him and to all the People. They, to prevent the Infection from reaching that Country, made fevere Laws againft the Puritans , tho’ there were as yet none among them. But all Correfpondence with Eng¬ land was interrupted, the Supplies leflen’d, and Trade obftructed. In a word, all People were im¬ patient, to know, what would be the Event of lb much. Confufion. §. < 5 y. At The History#/ fi §. 6 f. At laft the King was traiteroufly behead¬ ed in England ,and Oliver inftall’d Proteftor. How¬ ever his Authority was not acknowledged in Fir- r ginia for feveral Years after, till they were forced ■ to it by the laft Neceffity. For in the Year i< 5 y i, by Cromwell's Command, Capt. Dennis , with a Squadron of Men of War, arriv’d there from the Carribbee Iflands, where they had been fubduing Bar does. The Country at firft held out vigoroufly againtt him ; and Sir William Berkeley , by the Af- fiftance of fuch Dutch Veffels as were then there, made a brave Refinance. But at laft Demis con¬ triv’d a Stratagem, which betray’d the Country. He had got a confiderable Parcel of Goods aboard, which belong’d to two of the Council; and found a Method of informing them of it. By this means they were reduced to the Dilemma either of fub- mitting, or lofing their Goods. This occafion’d Fa&ions among them ; fo that at laft, after 'the Surrender of all the other Englijh Plantations, Sir William was forced to lubmit to the Ufurper on the Terms of a general Pardon. However, it ought to be remembred, to his praife, and to the immortal Honour of that Colony, that it was the laft of all the King’s Dominions that fubmitted to the Ufurpation, and afterwards the firft that call: it off, and he never took any Poft, or Office under the Ufurper. §. < 56 . Oliver had no fooner fubducd the Planta¬ tions; but he began to contrive how to keep them tinder, that fo they might never be able for the Time to come to give him farther Trouble. To this End, he thought'it neceffary to break off their Correfpondence with, all other Nations; thereby to prevent their being furnilh’d with Arms, Am¬ munition, and other Warlike Provifions.’ Accord- VIRGINIA. 53 ing to this Defign, he contrived a fevere Aft of Parliament, whereby he prohibited the Plantations from receiving or exporting any European Gommo- - dities, but what Ihould be carried to them by Englijh Men, and in Englijh- built Ships. They were abfolutely forbid Correfponding with any ! Nation or Colony, not fubjeft to the Crown of \ England. Neither was any Alien fuffer’d to ma- i nage a Trade or Faftory in any of them. In all j which Things the Plantations had been till then indulged, for their Encouragement. §. 67. Notwithftanding this Aft of Navigation, the Proteftor never thought the Plantations enough fecuredj but frequently changed their Governours, to prevent their intriguing with the People. So that during the time of the Ufurpation, they had nolefs than three Governours there, namely, Diggs , Bennet and Mathews. V., §. 68. The ftrange arbitrary Curbs he put upon 1 the Plantations, exceedingly afflifted the People. He had the Inhumanity to forbid them all manner of Trade and Correfpondence with other Nations, at ! a Time when England it felf was in Diftraftion; and could neither take off their Commodities, nor fupply them fufficiently with its own. Neither had they ever been ufed to fupply them with half the Commodities they expended, or to take off above half the Tobacco they made. Such violent Proceedings made the People defperate, and in- fpired them with a Defire to ufe the laft Remedy, to relieve themfelves from this lawlefs Ufurpation. In a fhort time afterwards a fair Opportunity hap- >en’d: For Governour Mathews died, and no Per- on was fubftituted to fucceed him in the Govern¬ ment. Whereupon the People apply’d themfelves to Sir William Berkeley , (who had continued all this 54 The History of this time upon his own Plantation in a private Ca¬ pacity) and unanimoufly chofe him their Gover- nour again. §. 69. Sir William Berkeley had all along retain’d an unlhaken Loyalty for the Royal Family ; and therefore generoufly told the People, that he could not approve of the Prote&or’s Rule j and was re- folved never to ferve. any Body, but the lawful Heir to’the Crownand that if he accepted the Government, it ihould be upon their folemn Pro- mife, after his Example to venture their Lives and Fortunes for the King, who was then in France. . This was no. great obftacle to them, and there¬ fore with an unanimous Voice they told him, that they were ready to hazard all for the King. Now, this was actually before the King’s return for Eng- land^nA proceeded from a brave Principle of Loyal¬ ty, for which they had no Example. Sir William Berkeley embraced their Choice, and forthwith proclaim’d Charles the -fecond King of England, Scotland , France , Ireland, and Virginia , and caufed all Procefs to be ifliied in his Name. Thus his Ma* jefty was aftually King in Virginia , before he was fo in England. But itpleafed God to reftore him foon after to the Throne of his Anceftors; and fo thaf Country efcaped being chaftifed for throwing off the Ufurpation. .§.70. Upon the King’s Reftoration, hefentSir William Berkeley anew Commiffion, with leave to return to England , and Power to appoint a De¬ puty in his Abfence. For his Majefty in his Ex¬ ile had received Intelligence of this Gentleman’s Loyalty, and during that time had renew’d his Commiffion. ,, §. 71. Up VIRGINIA 55 §. 71. Upon this, Sir William Berkeley appointed Colonel Francis Morrifon Deputy-Governour, and went for England to wait on hisMajefty, by whom he was kindly receiv’d. At his Return he carried his Majefty’s prefling Inftru&ions for encouraging the People in Hulbandry aud Manufactures; but more efpecially to promote Silk and Vineyards. There is a Tradition, that the King, in Compli¬ ment to that Colony, wore at his Coronation a. ] Robe made of the Silk, that^as fent from thence. But this was all the Reward the Country had for i their Loyalty ; for the Parliament was pleafed to j renew the Act contrived by the Ufurper for dif- / couraging the Plantations, with feverer Reflraints and Prohibitions by Bonds, Securities, &c. §. 7 z. During the time of Sir William Berke¬ ley's Abfence, Colonel Morrifon had, according to. his Directions, revifed the Laws, and compiled them into one Body, ready to be confirm’d by the Affembly at his Return.- By thefe Laws, the: Church of England was confirm’d- the eftablifh’d Religion, the Charge of the Government fuftain’d. Trade and Manufactures were encouraged, a Town projeCted, and all the Indian Affairs fettled. §. 73. TheParifhes werelikewiferegulated,com¬ petent Allowances were made to the Minifters to, the value of about Fourfcore Pounds a Year, be- fides Glebes and Perquifites, and the Method of their Preferment was fettled. Convenient Chur¬ ches and Glebes were provided, and all neceflary Parifh-Officers inffituted. Some Reps were made alfo towards a Free-School,. and College, and the Poor were effectually provided'for. ■I' §• 74 - For History of 5 6 "tloe §. 74. For fuppolt of the Government the Duty of two Shillings per Hogfhead on all Tobacco’s, aud that of one Shilling per Tun Port-Duty on Shipping, were made perpetual > and the Collec¬ ted were "obliged to account for the fame to the General Aflembly. §.7f. For Encouragement of Manufactures, Pri¬ zes were appointed for the Makers of the belt Pie¬ ces of Linen Cloth, and a Reward of fifty Pounds of Tobacco was given for each Pound of Silk. All Perfons were enjoin’d to plant Mulberry-Trees, for the Food of the Silk-Worm, according to the Number of Acres of Land they held. Tan-houfes were fet up in each County, at the County Charge; and public Encouragement was given to a Salt- work on the Eaftern Shore. A Reward was ap¬ pointed in Proportion to the Tonnage of all Sea- Veflels built there, and an Exemption allow’d from all Fees and Duties payable byfuch Shipping. §.75. The King had commanded, that all Ships trading to Virginia , ihould go to James-Town , and there enter before they broke Bulk: But the Af- fembly, from the Imprafticablenefs of that Com¬ mand, excufed all, except the James-River Ships, from that Order, and left the others in the Rivers they were bound to, to ride difpers’d, as the Com¬ manders pleafed} by whofe Example the Janus- River Ships were no fooner enter’d with the Offi- cer at James-fawn^ but they alfo difpers’d them- felves to unload, and trade all over the River. By this means the defign of Towns was totally baulk’d, and this Order prav’d only an Eafe to the Officer of James-River , and a means of creating a good Place to him. §. 77. Peace VIRGINIA. 57 §.77. Peace and Commerce with the Indians was fettled by Law, and their Boundaries prefcribed. Several other Afts were made fuiting the Ne- celfity of the Government; fo that nothing then feem’d to remain, but the Improvement of the Country, and Encouragement of thofe Manufac¬ tures the King had been pleafed to recommend, to¬ gether with fuch others as fhould be found benefi¬ cial. §. 78. Sir William Berkeley at his return gave Sanction to this Body of Laws, and being then again in full Pofleflion of his Government, and at perfect Peace with the Indians , fet all Hands in- duftrioufly to work in making Country Improve- 4 ments. He pafs’d a new Aft for Encouragement of James Town, whereby feveral Houfes were built therein, at the Charge of feveral Counties. However, the main Ingredient for the Advance¬ ment of Towns was hill wanting, namely, the Confinement of all Shipping and Trade to them only; by Defeft of which all the other Expedients avail’d nothing; for molt of the Buildings were foon converted into Houfes of Entertainment. §. 79. Anno 1 < 56 3, diverfe Sectaries in Religion beginning to fpread themfelves there, great Re- ftraints were laid upon them under feve're Penal¬ ties, to prevent their Encrcafe. This made many of them fly to other Colonies, and prevented abundance of others from going over to feat themfelves among ’em. And as the former ill Treatment of my Lord Baltemore kept many People away, and drove others to Maryland ; fo the prefent Severities towards the Non-confor- milts kept off many more, who went to the neighbouring Colonies. E 80. To 5 8 The History of §. 80. The rigorous Circumfcription of their Trade, the ■ Perfecution of the Sectaries, and the little Demand of Tobacco, had like to have had very fatal Confequences. For,' the poor Peo¬ ple becoming thereby very uneafie, their Murmu- rings were watch’d and fed, by feveral mutinous . and rebellious Olijverim Soldiers* that were fent thither as Servants. Thefe depending upon the difcontented People of all Sorts, form’d a villai¬ nous Plot to deftroy their Mafters, and afterwards to fet up for themfelves. This Plot was brought fo near to Perfection, that it was the very Night before the defign’d Exe- . cution, e’er it was difcover’dj and then it came . out by the relenting of one of their Accomplices, whofe Name was Birkenhead. This Man was Ser¬ vant to Mr. Smith of Purton , in Gloucejler Coun¬ ty, near which Place, viz. at Poplar-Springs the . Mifcreants were to meet the Night following, and put in Execution their horrid Confpiracy. §.8i. Upon this Difcovery by Birkenhead, notice was immediately fent to the Governor at Green- Spring. And the Method he took to prevent it was by private Orders, that fomeof the Militia fhould meet before the Time, at the Place where the Con- lpirators were to rendezvous, and feize them as they came fingly up to it. Which Orders being hap¬ pily executed, .their deviliih Plot was defeated. However, there were but a few taken* becaufefc- veral of them making their Efcape, turn’d back fuch of their.Fellows as they met on the Road, and prevented moll: of them from coming up, or from being difcover’d. Four of thefe Rogues were hang’d: But Birken¬ head was gratified with his Freedom, and a Reward of two hundred Pounds Sterling. * §. 8 z. 'For VIRGINIA. 59 §. 8z. For the Difcovery and happy Difappoint- uient-of this Plot, an anniverfary Thankfgiving was appointed on the 13 th of September, the Day it was to have been put in Execution. And it is great pity fome otherDays are pot commemorated, as well as that. §.83. The News of this Plot being tranfmitted I to King Charles the Second, his Majefty fent his | Royal Commands to build a Fort at James Town, I for Security of the Governor, and to be a Curb 'upon all fuch traiterous Attempts for the future, j But the Country, thinking the Danger over, on¬ ly railed a Battery of fome fmall Pieces of Can¬ non. §. 84. Another Misfortune happen’d to the Plan¬ tation this Year, which was a new A6b of Parlia¬ ment in England ., laying a feverer Reftraint upon their Supplies than formerly. By this Act they could have no Foreign Goods, which were not firft landed in England , and carried dire&ly from thence to the Plantations; the former Reftraint of importing them only by Englijh Men, in Englifi built Shipping, not being thought fufficient. This was a Misfortune that cut with a double Edge j For, Firft, it reduced their Staple Tobacco to a very low Price ; and, Secondly, it raifed the Value of European Goods, to what the Merchants pleafed to put upon therm §. 8f. For this their AffAnbly could think of no Remedy, but to be even' with the Merchants, and make their Tobacco fcarce, by prohibiting the Planting of it for one Year; and during that idle Year to invite the People to enter upon Manufac¬ turing Flax and Hemp.’ But Maryland not con- E % curring 6 q The History »/ curring. in this Projeft, they were obliged in their own Defence to repeal the Aft of Aflembly again, and return to their old Drudgery of planting To¬ bacco without profiting by it. §. 86. The Country thus mifs’d of their Remedy l in the Stint of Tobacco > which on the contrary multiplied exceedingly by the great Increafe of Ser¬ vants. This, together with the above-mention’d Curbs on Trade, exafperated the People, becaufe now they found themfelves tinder a Neceflity of exchanging their Commodities with the Merchants of England at their own Terms. The Aflembly; therefore again attempted the Stint of Tobacco,; and pall: another A£fc agaihft planting it for one Year: And Carolina and Maryland both agreed to it. But fome Accident hindring the Agent of Ca- rolina from'giving Notice thereof to Maryland by the Day appointed, ■ the. Governor of that Province proclaim'd the Aft void. Altho’ every Body there kne w,' that Carolina had fully agreed to all Things required of them. But he took Advantage of this nice Puh&iiio; becaufe of the Lofs fuch a Dimi¬ nution would have been to his annual Income; and fo all People relaps’d again into the Difeafe of planting Tobacco. ■ . Virginia was more nettled at this ill Ufage from Maryland■, than at her former abfolute Denial. But were forc’d to take all patiently, and by fair Means get Relief, if they could. They therefore ap¬ pointed Agents to reaflhme the Treaty, and fuo- mitted fo low, as to fend them to !?t. Mary's, then the Refidence of the Governor of Maryland , and the Place where the Aflemblies met. Yet all this Condelcention could not hold them to their Bargain. The Governor faid, He had obferv’d his Part of the Agreement, and woujd not call an Aflembly any more upon that Subjeft. §. 87. In FI RG INI A . 6t §. 87. In this manner two whole Years were fpent, and nothing could be accomplifh’d for their Relief. In the mean while, England was ftudious to prevent their receiving Supplies from any other Country. To do that more effe&ually, it was thought expedient to confine the Trade of that Co¬ lony to one Place. But that not being found pra¬ cticable, becaufe of the many great Rivers that di¬ vide their Habitations, and the extraordinary Con- veniencies of each; his Majefty fent Directions to build Forts in the feveral Rivers, and enjoin’d all the Ships to ride under thofe Forts; and farther order’d, that thofe Places only fhould be the Ports of Trade. §. 88. This Inftruftion was punctually obferved for a Year, and Preparations were made for Ports, by calling up Breaft-works, in fuch Places as the Aflembly appointed; and the Shipping did for that time ride at thofe Places. But the great Fire and Plague happening in London immediately upon it, made their Supplies that Year very uncertain; and the Terror the People were in, left the Plague ftiould be brought over with the Ships from Lon¬ don, prevented them from refiding at thofe Ports, for fear of being all fwept away at once. And fo every Body was left at Liberty again. §. 89. Still no Favour could be obtain’d for the Tobacco Trade j and the Englifl) Merchants af¬ forded but a bare Support of Cloathing for their Crops. The Aflembly were full enough of Re- fentment, but overlook’d their right Way of Re- drefs. All they, cou’d do was to caufe Looms and Work-Houfes to be let up in the feveral Counties at the County Charge. They renew’d the Rewards of Silk, and put great Penalties upon every Neg- Ej left 6 i The History of left of making Flax and Hemp. About this Time they fuftain’dfome Damage by th t Dutch War; for which Reafon they ordered the Forts to be rehuilt of Brick : But having yet no true Notion of the Advantage of Towns, they did not oblige the Ships to ride under them. Which Thing alone well exe¬ cuted, would have anfwer’d all their Defires. §. po. Sir William Berkeley, who was always con¬ triving and induftrious for the Good of the Coun¬ try, was not contented to fet a ufeful Example at home, by the Eflays he made of Pot-Afh, Flax, Hemp, Silk, &c. but was alfo refolv’d to make new Difcoveries abroad amongft the Indians. For this End he employ’d a fmall Company of a- bout fourteen Englift. ?, and as many Indians , under the Command of Captain Henry Batt, to go upon fuch an Adventure. They fet out together from Hppamattex, and in feven Days March reach’d the Foot of the Mountains. The Mountains they firft arriv’d at, were not extraordinary high or deep; but, after they had pafs’d the firft Ridge, they encounter’d others, that feem’d to reach the Clouds, and were fo perpendicular and full of Precipices, that fometimes in a whole Dayls March, they could not travel three Miles in a direft Line. In other Places they found large level Plains, and fine Sa- from which the Governor endeavour’d to diffuade him, but to no Purpofe, becaufe he' had fome fecret Pro¬ ject in View. He had the Luck to be countenan¬ ced in his Importunities, by the News of frclh Murder and Robberies cqmmitted-by the Indians. However, not being able to accomplilh his Ends by fair Means, he Hole privately out of Town* and having puthimfelf at the Head of fix hundred Vo¬ luntiers, marched dire&ly to JamesTown, where the Affembly was then fitting. Heprefentedhitn- felf before the Affembly, ana drew up his Men in Battalia before the Hoiife wherein they fat. He urged to them his Preparations * and alledged, that if the Commiffion had not been delay’d fo- VIRGINIA. 71 long, the War againft the Indians might have been finilh’d. §. 102. The Governor relented this infolent U- fage word: of all, and now obftinately refufed to grant him any thing, offering his naked Breaft a- gainft the prefented Arms of his Followers. But the Aflembly, fearing the fatal Confequence of pro¬ voking a difcontented Multitude ready arm’d, who had the Governor, Council and Aflembly entirely in their Power, addrefs’d the Governor to grant Bacon his Requeft. They prepar’d themfelves the Commiffion, conftituting him General of the Forces of Virginia , and brought it to the Governor to be fign’d.. With much Reludtancy the Governor fign’d it, and thereby put the Power of War and Peace Into Bacon 's Hands. Upon this he march’d away im¬ mediately, having gain’d his End, which was in effect a Power to iecure a Monopoly of the In¬ dian Trade to himfelf and his Friends. §. 103. As foon as General Bacon had march’d to fuch a convenient Diltance from Jatnes Town, that the Aflembly thought they might deliberate with Safety, the Governor, by their Advice, ifiiied a Proclamation of Rebellion againft him, command¬ ing his Followers to (urrender him, and forthwith dilperfe themfelves; giving Orders at the fame time, for railing the Militia of the Country againft him. §. 104. The People being much exafperated, and General Bacon by his Addrefs and Eloquence having gain’d an abiolute Dominion over their Hearts, they unanimoufly refolv’d, that not a Hair of his Head fhould be touch’d, much lefs that they fhould furrender him as a R^bel. Therefore they kept to their Arms, and inftead of proceeding a- jz The History of gainft the Indians , they march’d back to James Town } dire&ing their Fury againft fuch of their Friends Mid Countrymen, as fhould dare to oppofe them. §. i oy. The Governor feeing this, fled over the Bay to Accomack , whither he' hoped the Infec¬ tion of Bacon's Confpiracy had not reach’d. But there, inftead of that People’s receiving him with open Arms, in Remembrance of the former Ser¬ vices he had done them} they began to make Terms with him for Redrefs of their Grievances, and for the Eafe and Liberty of Trade againft the Afts of Parliament. Thus Sir William , Who had been almoft the Idol of the People, was, by rea- fon of their Calamity and Jealoufy, abandon’d by all, except fome few, who went over to him from the Weftern Shore in Sloops and Boats} among which one Major Robert Beverely was the moft ac¬ tive and fuccefsful Commander: So that it was fome time before he could make head againft Ba¬ con } but left him to range thro’ the Country at Difcretion. §. io 5 . General Bacon at firft held a Convention of fuch of the chief Gentlemen of the Country, as would come to him, efpecially of thofc about Middle-Plantation , who were near at Hand. At this Convention they made a Declaration to jufti- fy his unlawful Proceedings} and obliged People to take an Oath of Obedience to him as their Ge¬ neral. Then, by their Advice, on Pretence of the Governor’s Abdication, he call’d an Aflembly, by Writs fign’d by himfelf, and four others of the Council. The Oath was Word for Word as follows. Whereas Virginia. H JWHereas the Country hath raifed an Army a- "" gainft our common Enemy the Indians,- and the fame under the Command of General. Bacon, being upon the Point to march forth againft the Caid com¬ mon Enemy , hath been diverted, and neceffttated to move to the fuppreffing of Forces, by evil difpofidPer- fons raifed againft the faid General Bacon, purpofi- ly to foment and ftir up Civil War among us, to the Rtiine of this his Majeftfs Country. And, Whereas it is notorioufty manifeft, that Sir William Berkeley* Knight, Governor of the Country, aftified , counfelled and abetted by thofe evil difpofed Perfons aforefaid, hath not only commanded, fomented and ftirr'd up the People to the Jaid Civil War j but failing therein, hath withdrawn himfelf, to the great Aftonifhment iff the People, and the Unfeitlement of the Country. And, Whereas.^ faid Army, raifed by the Coun¬ try for the Caufes aforefaid, remain full of Dijfa- tisfattion in the Middle of the Country, expetting At¬ tempts from the faid Governor and the evil Counfel- lors aforefaid. And ftnce no proper Means have been found out fir the Settlement of the Diftrdttions , and preventing the horrid Outrages and Murders daily committed in. many Places of the Country by the bar¬ barous Enemy, It hath been thought fit by the faid General, to call unto him all fuch fiber and difireet Gentlemen, (is the prefeni Circumftances of the Coun¬ try will admit, to the Middle-Plantation, to t confalt ml advife of re-eftablifthngthe Peace of the Country. So we the faid Gentlemen , being this f of Auguft, 1676, accordingly met, do advife, refilve, declare and conclude, and for our felves do fwear in manner fol¬ lowing. Firft, That we will at all Times join with the faid General Bacon and his Army, againft the com¬ mon Enemy in all Points whatfoever. ■ . F Secondly* ?4 The History of Secondly, float whereas certain Perfons have late¬ ly contrived and defign'd the raifing Forces againjl the [aid General , and the Army under his Command ,, • thereby to beget a Civil War -, We will endeavour the Difcovery and Apprehending of all and every of thofe evil difipofed Perfons , and them fecure , until farther Order from the General. Thirdly', And whereas it is credibly reported, that -the Governor hath inform'd the King's Majefly , that the faid General, and the People of the Country in Arms under his Command , their Aiders and Abettors , are rebellious , and remov'd from their Allegiance ; • and that upon fitch like Information , he the faid Go¬ vernor hath advified arid petition'd the King to fed Forces to reduce them j We do farther declare ad believe in our Confidences) float it confifls with the Welfare of this Country , and with our Allegiance ti his mofi Sacred Majefly, that we the-Inhabitants of Virginia, to the utmoft of our Power , do oppofie ad fiupprefis all Forces whatfioever of that Nature , until Juch time as the King be fully inform'd of the Stall of the Cafe , by fiuch Perfion or Perfons , as Jhall lit fent from the faid Nathaniel Bacon, in the Behalf of the People -, and the Determination thereof be re¬ mitted hither. And we do fiwear , float we will him the Jdid General , and the Army under his Com¬ mand , aid and afiift accordingly. §. 108. By this Time the Governor had got to- 1 gether a fmall Party to fide with him. Thefe he furnifliedwith Sloops, Arms and Ammunition, un¬ der Command of Major Robert Beverley, in order to crols the Bay, and oppofe the Malecontents. By this means mere happen’d fome Skirmiihes, in which feyeral were kill’d, and others taken Prifo- ners. Thus they wefle going on by a Civil War to- deftroy one another, and lay wafte their Infant Countryj when it pleafed God, after fome Months VIRGINIA. 7T Confufion, to put an End to their Misfortunes, as well as to Bacon's Defigns, by his natural Death. He died at Dr. Green's in Gloucefter County: But where he was buried was never yet difco- ver’d } tho’ afterward there was great Enquiry made, with Defign to expofe his Bones to public Infamy. §. i op. In the mean while, thofe Diforders oc- cafion’d a general Neglect of Hufbandry, and a f reat Deftruftion of the Stocks of Cattle ; fo that eople had a dreadful Profpedt of Want and Fa¬ mine. But the Malecontents being thus difunited by the Lois of their General, in whom they all confided, they began to lquabble among theml'elvesj and every Man’s Bufineis was how to make the belt Terms he could for himfelf. Lieutenant-General Ingram (whofe true Name was Jobnfon ) and Major-General Walklate furren- '■der’d on Condition of Pardon for themfelves and their Followers; tho’ they were both forced to fubmit to an Incapacity of bearing Office in that Country for the future. Peace being thus reftored, Sir William Berkeley return’d to his former Seat of Government, and eve¬ ry Man to his feveral Habitation. §. no. While this inteftine War was foment¬ ing there, the Agents of the Country in England could notfucceed in their Remonftranceagainlt the Propriety-Grants 5 tho’they were told, that.thofe Grants Ihould be revok’d. But the News, of their Civil War reaching England about the fame time, the King would then proceed no farther in that Matter. So the Agents thought it their belt way to compound with the Pi^prietors. Accordingly they agreed with them for four hundred Pounds a Man, which was paid; and fo all the Clamour F t againE ?6 The Histqu »/ againft thofe Grants ended, neither was any more heard of them there'till above a dozen Years af¬ terwards. §. ill. But all thofe Agents could obtain after their Compofition with the Lords, was merely the Name of a new Charter, granting only fo much of their former Conftitution as mention’d a Refi- dence of the Governor or Deputy, a granting of Efcheat Lands for two Pounds of Tobacco per Acre Compofition ; and that the Lands fhould be held of the Crown in the fame Tenure as Eaft Green¬ wich, that is, free and common Soccage, and have their immediate Dependance on the Crown. §. 112. When this Storm, occafion’d by Bacon , was blown over, and all things quiet again, Sir William Berkeley called an Aflembly for fettling the Affairs of the Country, and for making Reparation to fuch as had been opprefs’d. After which a Re¬ giment of Soldiers atriv’d from England , which were fent to fupprefs the Infurrection: But they coming after the Bufinefs was over, had no Occafibn to exercife their Courage. However, they were kept on Foot there about three Years after, and in the Lord Colepepper's Time paid off, and difbanded. §. 113. The Confufion occafion’d by the Civil War, and the Advantage the Indians made of it in butchering the Englijh upon all their Frontiers, caufedfuch a Defolation, and put the Country io far back, that to the Year 1704, they had feated very little beyond the Boundaries that were then inhabited. At that Time James Town was again burnt down to the Ground by Richard Laurence , one of Bacon's Captains, who, when his Own Men, that abhorr’d fuch Barbarity, refufed to obey his Command, hehimfelf Became the Executioner, and fired the Houfes with his own Hands. This VIRGINIA. 77 This unhappy Town did never after arrive to the Perfection it then had: And now it is almoft de- fertedby removing in Governor Nicholfon's Time the Affembly and General Court from thence to William/burgb , an inland Place about feven Miles from it. §. 114. With the Regiment above-mention’d arrived Commiffioners, to enquire into the Occa- fion and Authors of this Rebellion} and Six Wil¬ liam Berkeley came to England: Where from the Time of his Arrival, His Sicknefs obliged him to keep his Chamber, till he died} fo that he had no Opportunity of killing the King’s Hand. But his Majefty declared himfelf well fatisfied with his Con¬ duct in Virginia , and was very kind to him during his Sicknefs} often enquiring after his Health, and commanding him not to hazard it by too early an Endeavour to come to Court. §. iiy. Upon Sir William Berkeley's Voyage to England , Herbert Jeffreys , Efq} was appointed Go¬ vernor. He made formal Articles of Peace with the Indians , and held an Affembly at Middle-Plan¬ tation^ wherein they fettled and allow’d a free Trade with the Indians-, but reftrain’d it to certain Marts, to which the Indians fhould bring their Commo¬ dities : And this alfo to be under fuch certain Rules as were by that Affembly directed. But this Me¬ thod was not agreeable to the Indians, who had ne¬ ver before been under any Regulation. They thought, that if all former Ufages were not re- ftored, the Peace was not perfeft; and therefore did not much rely upon it, which made thofe new ReftriCtions ufelefs. Governor Jeffreys his Time was very fhort there, he being taken off by Death the Year following. F 3 §. 1 id. 7% The History of §. 11 5 . After him Sir Henry Chicheky was made Deputy-Governor, in the latter End of the Year 1678. In his Time the Affembly, for the greater Terror of the Indian^ built Magazines at the Heads of the four great Rivers, and furniihed them with Arms, Ammunition, and Men in conftant Service. . This Affembly alfo prohibited the Importation of Tobacco,, which Carolina.) and iometimes Ma¬ ryland, were wont to fend thither, in order to its being (hipp’d off for England. Butin that, I think, Virginia miftook her Interdt. For, had they per¬ mitted this Cuftom. to become habitual, and thus engrofs’d the Shipping, as would foon have hap¬ pen’d, they could eafily have regulated the Trade of Tobacco at any Time, without the Concur¬ rence of thofe other Colonies, and without fub- mitting to their perverfe Humours, as formerly. §. 117. The Spring following, 5 fhomas Lord Cole- pepper arrived there Governor, and carry’d with him foiiie Laws, which had been drawn up in England, , to be enacted in their Affembly. And coming with the Advantage of reftoring Peace to a troubled Nation, it was not difficult for him to obtain whatever he pleafed from the People. His Influence too "was the greater, by the Power he had of pardoning'thofe who had a Hand in the Diforders committed in the late Rebellion. §. xi8. In his firfi: Affembly he pafs’d feveral .Afts very obliging to the Country, viz. Firft, An Aft of Naturalization, whereby the Power of Na¬ turalizing Foreigners was placed in the Governor. Secondly, An Aft fqr Cohabitation, and Encou¬ ragement of Trade and Manufaftur.es; whereby a certain Place in each County was appointed for. a. Town, in which all Goods imported, and ex- VIRGINIA, 79 ported were to be landed and lhipp’d off, bought and fold. Which Aft was kindly brought to nothing by the Oppofition of the Tobacco-Mer¬ chants of England. Thirdly, An Aft of general Pardon and Oblivion, whereby all the Tranfgref- fions and Outrages committed in the Time of the late Rebellion, were entirely remitted ; and Re¬ paration allow’d to People that Ihould beevilfpoken of on that Account. §. i ip. By palling fome Laws that obliged the Country, the Lord Colepepper carried one that was very pleafing to himfelf, viz. The Aft for railing a public Revenue for the betterSupport of theGovern- ment. By this he got theDuties contain’d therein to be made perpetual; and that the Money, which before ufedto be accounted for to the AlTembly, Ihould be from thenceforth difpofed of by his Majefty's foie Direftion,for the Support of the Government. When this was done, he obtain’d of the King out of the faid Duties a Salary of two thoufand Pounds per Annum , inftead of one thoufand, which was for¬ merly allow’d. Alfo one hundred and lixty Pounds per Annum for Houfe-rent, belides all the ufual Perquifites. §. 120. In thofe fubmilhve Times his Lordlhip reduced thegreateft Perquifite of his Place to a Certainty, which before that was only gratuitous; that is, inftead of the Mailers of Ships making . Prefents of Liquors or Provifions towards the Go¬ vernor’s Houfe-keeping, as they were ‘wont to do, he demanded a certain Sum of Money, remitting that Cuftom. This Rate has ever fince been de¬ manded of all Commanders as a Duty; and is twenty Shillings for each Ship or VeflcJ, under an hundred Tuns, and thirty Shillings for each Ship F 4 ' upwards 8 o The History of upward? .of that Burden, to be paid every Voyage, or Port-clearing. • §. 1 21. This noble Lord feem’d to lament the ijnhappy State of the Country, in relation to their Coin. He was tenderly concern’d that all pheir Calty Ihould be drain’d away by the neighbouring Colonies, which had not let lo low an Eftimate upon it as Virginia ; and therefore hepropofed the railing of it. This was what the Country had formerly de- lired, and the Aliembly was about making a Law jfor it: But his Lordlhip ftopt them, alledging it was the King’s Prerogative, by Virtue of which he would do it by Proclamation. This they did not approve of, well knowing, if that were the Cafe, his Lordlhip and every other Governor would at any time have the fame Prerogative of altering it, and fo People'Ihould never be at any Certain¬ ty ; as they quickly after found from his own Prac¬ tice. For his Drift was only to make Advantage of paying the Soldiers? Money for that purpofe being put into his Lordlhip’s Hands, he provided light Pieces" of Eight, which he with this View had bought at a cheap Rate. When this Contri¬ vance was ripe for Execution, he extended the Royal Prerogative, and ilfued forth a Proclamation, For railing the Value of Pieces of Eight from five to fix Shillings'? and as foon as they were admitted current at that Value, he produced an Order for paying and difbanding the Soldiers. Then thofe poor Fellows, and fuch as had maintain’d them, were Forced to take their Pay, in thofe light Pieces pf Eight, at fix Shillings. 'But his Lordlhip foon after himfelf found the Inconvenience of that Pro¬ clamation; for People began to pay their Du¬ ties, and their Ship-money, in Coin of that high Eftimate, which was like to cut Ihort both his . Lord- VIRGINIA. 81 Lordfoip’s Perquifites > and fo he was forced to make uie of the fame Prerogative, to reduce the Money again to its former Standard. '§. 121. In lefs than a Year the Lord Colepepper return’d to England , leaving Sir Henry Chicheley Deputy-Governor. The Country being then fettled again, made too much Tobacco, or too much trafh Tobacco for the Market) and the Merchants would hardly al¬ low the Planter any thing for it. This occafion’d much Uneafinefs again, and the People, from former Experience, defpairing of fuc- ceeding in any Agreement with the neighbouring Governments, refolved a total Deftruftion of the Tobacco in that Country, efpecially of the Sweet- fcented ; becaufe that was planted no where elfe. In Purfuance of which Defign, they contrived, that all the Plants Ihould be deftroy’d, while they were yet in the Beds, and after it was too late to fow more. Accordingly the Ring-leaders in this Project be¬ gan with their own firft, and then went to cut up the Plants of fuch of their Neighbours as were not willing to do it themfelves. However, they had not Refolution enough to go through with their Work. This was adjudged Sedition and Felony. Seve¬ ral People were committed upon it, and fome condemned to be hang’d. And afterwards the Af- fembly pafs’d a Law to make fuch Proceedings Fe¬ lony for the future, (whatever it was before) pro¬ vided the Company kept together after warning by a Juftice. : " ' §. 123. After this Accident of Plant-cutting, the Lord Colepepper return’d, and held his fecond Aflembly, in which he contriv’^l to gain another. •' great 8 z The History a/ great Advantage over the Country. His Lordfhip, in his firft Voyage thither, perceiving how eafily he could twift and' manage the People, conceived new Hopes of retrieving the Propriety of the Nor¬ thern Neck, as, being fo finall a Part of the Co¬ lony. He conceiv’d that while the Remainder cfcaped free, which was far the greater Part, they would not. engage in the Intereft of the lefler Num¬ ber} efpeeially confidering the Difcouragements they had ;met with before, in their former Solici¬ tation: Tho’ all this while, and for many Years afterwards, his Lordfhip did not pretend to lay public Claim to any part of the Propriety. It did not fquare with this Projeft that Appeals fliould. b.e made to the General Aflembly, as till then had been the Cuftom. He fear’d the Bur- f efles would be too much in the Intereft of their Countrymen, and adjudge the Inhabitants of the Northern Neck, to have an equal Liberty and Pri¬ vilege in their Eftates, with the reft of Virginia , as being fettled upon the fame Foot. In order therefore to make a better. Penyworth of thofe poor People, lie ftudied to overturn this odious Method x>f. Appealing to the AlTembly, and to fix the laft Refort in another Court. To bring this Point about, his Lordfhip con¬ trived to blow up a Difference in the Aflembly, be¬ tween the Council and the Burgefles, privately en¬ couraging tfie Burgefles, to infift upon the Privi¬ lege of determining all Appeals by themfelves, exclu- live of the Council} becaufe they, having given their Opinions before in the General Court, were, for that jReafon, unfit Judges in Appeals from themfelves to the AlTembly. This fucceeded ac¬ cording to his Wifh, and the Burgefles bit at the Bait, under the Notion of Privilege, never dream¬ ing of the Snake that lay in the Grafs, nor con¬ fidering the Danger of altering an old Conftitu- VIRGINIA. 83 tion fo abruptly. Thus my Lord gain’d his End j for he reprefented that Quarrel with fo many Ag¬ gravations, that he got an Inftruction from the King, to take away all Appeals from the General Court to the Affembly, and caufe them to be made to himfelf in Council, if the thing in Demand was of 300 lib. V alue, other wife no Appeal from the General Court. §. 114. Of this his Loidlhip made fufficient Ad¬ vantage ; for in the Confufion that happen’d in the End of King James the Second’s Reign, viz. in OUober , 1 ( 588 , he having got anAffignment from the other Patentees, gain’d a favourable Report from the King’s Council at Law upon his Patent for the NorthernJNeck. WEeiihe had fucceeded in this, his Lordfhip’s next Step was to engage fome noted Inhabitant of the Place to be on his Side. Accordingly he made ufe of his Coufin Secretary SpwMer^ who liv’d in the faid Neck, and was efteem’d as wife and great a Man as any of the Council. This Gentleman did but little in his Lordlhip’s Service, and only gain’d fome few Strays, that ufed to be claim’d by the Coroner, in Behalf of the King. Upon the Death of Mr. Secretary Spencer , he em, gaged another noted Gentleman, an old Stander in that Country, tho’ not of the Northern Neck, Col. Philip Ludwell , who was then in England. He went over with this Grant in the Year i6s>o, and fet up an Office in the Neck, claiming fome Efcheats; but he likewife could make nothing of it. After him Col. Geojje Ereni md Cql^ Fitz-Hughjl- Hat'were noted Lawyers and Inhabi¬ tants of the faid Neck, were employ’d in that Af¬ fair: But fucceeded no better than their Predecef- fors. The People, in the mean while,-complain’d frequently 84 The History of frequently to their Aflemblies, who at laft made another Add refs to the King •, but there being no Agent in England to profecute it, that likewife mifcarried. At laft Colonel Richard Lee , one of the Council, a Man of Note and Inhabitant of the Northern Neck, privately made a Compofition with the Proprietors themfelves for his own Land. This broke the Ice, and feveral were induced to follow fo great an Example } fo that by Degrees, they were generally brought to pay their Quit-Rents into the Hands of the Proprietors Agents. And now at laft it is managed for them by Col. Robert Carter , another of the Council, and the greateft Freeholder in that Proprietary. §. I2f. To return to my Lord Colepepper' s Go¬ vernment, I cannot omit a ufeful thing which his Lordlhip was pleafed to do, with Relation to their Courts of Juftice. It feems, Nicety of Pleading, with all the Juggle of Weflrninfler-Hall^ was creep¬ ing into their Courts. The Clerks began in fome Cafes to enter the Reafons with the Judgments, pretending to fet Precedents of inviolable Form to be obferved in all future Proceedings. This my Lord found Fault with, and retrench’d all dilato¬ ry Pleas, as prejudicial to Juftice, keeping the Courts clofe to the Merits of the Caufe, in order to bring it to a fpeedy Determination, according to the Innocence of former Times, and caufed the a ments to be enter’d up fliort, without the an, alledging, that their Courts were hot of fo great Experience, as to be able to make Prece¬ dents to Pofterity; who ought to be left at Li¬ berty to determine, according to the Equity of the Controyerfy before them. §. u8. In his Time alfo were, difmantled the Forts built by Sir Henry Cbicheley at the Heads of the VIRGINIA. 85 the Rivers, and the Forces there were dilbanded, as being too great a Charge. The Affembly ap¬ pointed fmall Parties of Light Horfe in their Stead, to range by Turns upon the Frontiers. Thefe be¬ ing chofen out of the neighbouring Inhabitants, might afford to ferve at eafier Rates, and yet do the Bufinefs more effectually; they were railed under the Title or Name of Rangers. §. 1 27. After this the Lord Celepepper return’d again for England , his fecond Stay not being much longer than thefirftj and Sir Henry Cbicheley being dead, he proclaim’d his Kinfman Mr. Secretary Spencer Prefident, tho’ he was not the eldelt Mem¬ ber of the Council. §. 128. The next Year, being 1684, upon the Lord Colepepper's refufing to return, Francis Lord Howard of Effingham was fent over Governor. In Order to increafe his Perquifites, he impofed the Charge of an annual Under Seal of 20 Shillings each for School-mafters; f Lib. for Lawyers at the General Court, and yo Shillings each Lawyer at the County Courts. He alfo extorted an excef- five Fee for putting the Seal to all Probates of Wills, and Letters of Adminiftration , even where the Eftates of the deceafcd were of the meaneft Value. Neither could any be favour’d with fuch Adminiftration, or Probate, without paying that Extortion. If any Body prefum’d to remonftrate againft it, his Lordihip’s Behaviour towards that Man was very fevere. He kept feveral Perfons in Prifon, and under Confinement from Court to Court, without bringing them to Trial. Which Proceedings, and many others, were fo oppreflive, that Complaints were made thereof to the King, and Colonel Philip Lvdwell was ap¬ pointed 8 6 The History of pointed Agent to appear againft him in England: •Whereupon the Seal-Money was taken off. §. izp. During the firft Seffion of Affembly in this noble Lord’s Time, the Duty on Liquors im¬ ported from the oHasxEngliJh Plantations, was firft impofed. It was then laid on Pretence of leffening the Levy by the Poll, for Payment of public Taxes; but more especially for rebuilding the State-Houfc, which had not been rebuilt, fince Lawrence burnt it in Bacon's Time. This Duty was at firft laid on Wine and Rum only, at the Rate of three Pence pr Gallon, with an Exemption of all fuch, as lhould be imported in the Snips of Virginia Owners. But the like Duty has fince been laid on other Liquors alfo, and is raifed to four Pence pr Gallon on Wine, and •Rum, and one Peny pr Gallon on Beer, Cyder, •Limejuice, &c. and the Privilege of Virginia : Owners taken away, to the great Difcouragement -of their Shipping, and Home Trade. §. 130. This Lord, though he pretended to no •great Skill in legal Proceedings, yet he made great Innovations in their Courts, pretending to follow the Englijh Forms. Thus he created a new Court *bf Chancery , diftindt from the General Court, who had ever before claim’d that Jurifdiftion. He e- -redted himfelf into a Lord Chancellor, taking the Gentlemen of,the Council, to fit with him asmeer ■ Affociates and Advifers, not having any Vote in the • Caufes before them. And that it might have more the Air of a new Court, he would not fo much as ■fit in the State-Houfe, where all the other public Bufinefs was difpatch’d, but took the Dining-Room of a large Houle for that Ufe. He likewife made arbitrary Tables of Fees, peculiar to this High Court. However, his Lordlhip not beginning this Project VIRGINIA. 8 7 Project very long before he left the Country, all, thele Innovations came to an End upon his Remo¬ val; and the Jurifdiftion return’d to the General Court again, in the Time of Col. Nath. Bacon , whom he left Prefident. §. 131. During that Gentleman’s Prefidency, which began Anno i'< 58 p, the Project of a College was firfl: agreed upon. The Contrivers drew up their Scheme, and prefented it to the Prefident and Council. This was by them approved, and re- fer’dto the next Aflembly. But Col. Bacon’s Ad- miniftration being very fhort, and no Aflembly call’d all the while, this pious Defign could pro¬ ceed no farther. §. 132. Anno 1 690. Francis Nicholfon, Efq; being appointed Lieutenant-Governor under the Lord A/- fingham , arrived there. This Gentleman difeourfed freely of Country Improvements, inftituted public Exercifes, and gave Prizes to all thofe, : that fhould excel in the Exercifes of Riding, Running, Shoot¬ ing, VVrefiling, and Cudgeling. When the Defign of a College was communicated to' him, he pror mifed it all imaginable Encouragement. The firlt thing defir’d'of him in its Behalf, was the Calling of an Aflembly; but this he could by no Means agree to, being under Obligations to the ‘Lord Effingham, to Have off Aflemblies as long as he could, for Fear there might befavther Reprefen- tations fent over againft his Lordflrip, who was confcious to himfelf, how uneafie the Country had been under his defpotick Adminiftration. §. 133. When that could not be obtain’d,then they propofed, that a Subfcription might pafs thro’ the Colony, to try the Humour of the People in ge¬ neral, and fee what voluntary Contributions they could get towards it. This he granted, and he * himfelf. 88 The HisfoRY of himfelfj together with the Council, fet a generous Example to the other Gentlemen of the Country; fo that the Subfcriptions at laft amounted to about two thoufand five hundred Pounds; in which Sum is included the generous Benevolences of fe- veral Merchants of London. §. 34. Anno idpi, an Aflembly being called, this Defign was moved to them, and they efpoufed it heartily; and foon after made an Addrefs to King William and Queen Mary ,. in its Behalf, and fent the reverend Mr. James Blair their Agent to Eng¬ land, to folicit their Majefties Charter for it. It was propofed that three things fhould be taught in this College viz. Languages, Divinity, and Natural Philofophy. The Aflembly was fo fond of Governor Nichol- fon at that Time, that they prefented him with the Sum of three hundred Pounds, as a Teltimony of their good Difpofition towards him. But hehav- ■ ing an InftruCtion to receive no Prefent from the Country, they drew up an Addrefs to their Ma¬ jefties, praying that he might have leave to accept it, which was granted, and he gave one half there¬ of to the College. , §. 137. Their Majefties were well pleafed with that pious Defign of the Plantation, and granted a Charter, according to the Defire of Mr. Blair , their Agent. Their Majefties were gracioufly pleafed to give near two thoufand Pounds Sterling, the Balance then due upon the Account of Quit-Rents, to¬ wards the Founding the College; and towards the endowing of it, they allow’d twenty thoufand Acres of choice Land, together with the Revenue arifing by the Peny per Pound, on Tobacco exported from Virginia and Maryland to the other Plantations. It was a great Satisfaction to the Avchbifhops and Bilhops to fee fuch a Nurfery of Religion. # founded VIRGINIA. 89 founded in that new World j efpeciallv for that it was begun in an Epifcopal Way, and carried on wholly by zealous Conformifts to the Church of England. §. 138. In this firft Afiembly, Lieutenant-Go- nor Nicholfon pals’d A6ts for Encouragement of the Linen Manufacture,.-and to promote the Leather Trade, by Tanning, Currying, and Shoe-making. He alfo in that Seffion pafs’d a Law for Cohabita¬ tion, and Improvement of Trade. Before the next Afiembly he tack’d about, and was quite the Reverfe of what he was in the firft as to Cohabitation. Inftead of encouraging Ports and Towns, he fpread abroad his diflike of them} and went among the People, finding Fault with thofe Things, which he and the Afiembly had un- animoufly agreed upon the preceding Sefiion. Such a violent Change there was in him, that it proceeded from fome other Caufe, than barely the Inconftancy of his Temper. He had receiv’d Di¬ rections from thofe Englijh Merchants^ who well knew that Cohabitation would leflen their confign’d Trade. §. tap. In February, idp2„Sir Edmund Andros arrivea Governor. He began his Government with an Afiembly, which overthrew the good De- lign of Ports and Towns: But the Ground-work of this Proceeding, was laid before Sir Edmund’s Arrival. However, this Afiembly proceeded no farther, than to fufpend the Law, till their Maje- llies Pleafure fhould be known. But it feems the Merchants in London were difiatisfied, and made public Complaints again!!:it, which their Majefties were pleafed to hear ■, and afterwards refer’o the Law back to the Afiembly again, to confider, if it were fuitable to the Circumftances of the Coun¬ try, and to regulate it accordingly. But the AL fembly did not then proceed any farther in it •, the po The History of People themfelves beinginfefted by the Merchants Letters. §. 140. At this Seflion Mr. Neal's Project for a Poft-Oflke, and his Patent of Poft-Mafter-General in thofe' Parts of America , were prefented. The Aflembly made an Aft to promote that Defign; but byreafon of the inconvenient Diftance of their Habitations, and want of Towns, this Projeft fell to nothing. §. 141. With Sir Edmund Andros was fent over the College Charter •, and the fubfequent Aflembly declared, that the Subscriptions which had been made to the College, were due, and immediately demandable. They likewife gave a Duty on the Exportation of Skins, and Furs, for its more plen¬ tiful Endowment j and the Foundation of the Col¬ lege was laid. The Subfcription-Money did not come in with the fame readinefs, with which it had been under- \vritten. However, there was enough given by their Majefties, and gather’d from the People, to keep all Hands at work, and carry on the Build¬ ing, the Foundation whereof they then laid > and the reft, upon Suit, had Judgment given againft them. * §. 141. Sir Edmund Andros was a great Encou- rager of Manufaftures. In his Time Fulling-Mills were fet up by Aft of Aflembly. He alfo gave particular Marks of his Favour towards the propa¬ gating of Cotton, which fince his Time has been much neglefted. He was likewifc a great Lover of Method, and Difpatch in all Sorts of Bufinefs, which made him find Fault with the Management of the Secretaries Office. And, indeed, with very good Reafon j for from the Time of Bacon's Rebellion, till then, there never was any Office in the World more negligently kept. Several Pa¬ tents of Land were enter’d Blank upon Record; many j VIRGINIA. 91 many original Patents, Records, and Deeds of Land, with other Matters of great Confequence, were thrown loofe about the Office, and fuffer’d to be dirtied, torn, and eaten by the Moths, and other Infe&s. But upon this Gentleman’s Accef- lion to the Government, he immediately gave Di¬ rections, to reform all thefe Irregularities; hecau- : fed the loofe and torn Records of Value to be ; tranfcribed into new Books; and order’d Convent : cnees to be built within the Office, for preferving •j the Records from being loft and confounded, as ; before. He preferibed Methods to keep the Pa- ! pers dry and clean, and to reduce them into fuch : Order, as that any thing might be turn’d to im- ! mediately. But all thefe Conveniences were burnt ifoon after they were finifhed, in October^ 1698, - together with the Office itfelf, and the whole • State-houfe. But his Diligence was io great in ; that Affair, that tho’ his Stay afterward in the : Country was very fhort; yet he caufed all the Re- 1 cords, and Papers, which had been fiiv’d from the | Fire, to be forted again, and Regifter’d in Order, \ and indeed in much better Order, than ever they 1 had been before. In this Condition he left ’em at j his quitting the Government. 1 He made feveral Offers tO rebuild the State- houfe in the fame Place; and had his Government continued but fix Months longer, ’tis probable he would have effe&ed it after fuch a Manner, as might have been leaft burthenfome to the People, defigning the greateft Part at his own Colt §. 143. Sir Edmund Andros Being upon a Progrels one Summer, call’d at a poor Man’s Houfe in Staf* ford County for Water. There came out to him ! an ancient Woman, arid with her, a lively brifk Lad about twelve Years eld. The Lad was fo ruddy, and fair, that his Completion gave the Governor a Cu.riofiry to afk. feme Queftions con- G i nerning pi The History of cerning him j and to his great furprize was told, that he was the Son of that Woman at 76; Years of Age. His Excellency* fffliling at this Impro¬ bability, enquir’d what fort of Man had been his Father? To this the good Woman made no reply, but inftantly ran, and Ted herHulband to the Door, who was then above ioo Years old. He confirm¬ ed all that the Woman had faid about the Lad, and, notwithftanding his great Age, was ftrong in his Limbs, and Voice j but had loft his Sight. The Woman for her part was without Complaint, and feem’d to retain a Vigor very uncommon at her Years. Sir Edmund, was fo well pleas’d with this extraordinary Account, that, after having made himfelf known to them, he offer’d to take care of the Lad: But they would by no means be perfua- ded to part with him. However, he gave them 20 Pounds. §. i4f. In November^ i6 The History of hundred Miles of any fuch Fort. The Truth ot thefe Objections are obvious to any one, that ever look’d on the Maps of that Part of the World. But the Secret of the whole Bufinefs in plain Terms was this: Thofe Forts were neceflary for New- Tork , to enable that Province to engrofs the Trade of the Neighbour Indians ; which Virginia had lometimes lhar’d in, when the Indians rambled (to the Southward; Now the Glory Col. Nicholfon got in that Af¬ fair, was this} after he had reprefented Virginia as Republican, and Rebellious, for not complying with his Propofal, he faid publickly, that New- York Ihould . not Want the 5100 Pounds, tho’ he paid it out of his own Pocket,, andfoon after took a Journey to that Province. When he arrived there, he blam’d Virginia very much, but pretending eariieft Defires to ferve New-Yor'V gave ; his own Bills of Exchange for 5>oo Pounds, to) the aforefaid Ufe, but prudently took a Defeafance from the Gentleman, to whom \ they were given, Ipecifyirig, Yhat till her Majefiy fhould be gracioujly plea fed, to remit him the Money out of the Quit ^ Rents of Virginia, thofe Bills Jhou'd never he made ufe of. This was an admirable Piece of lham Generality, and worthy of the great Pains he took to proclaim it. I my felf have frequently heard him boaft, that he gave this Money out of his own Pocket,and only depended on the Queen’s Bounty to repay him: Tho the Money is not paid by him to this Day. . §. 149. Neither was he contented to fpread a^rqad this Untruth there j but he alfo foifted it into a Memorial of Col. Quarry' s to the Council of Trade, in which are thefe Words: As foon as Governor Nicholfon found the AJfemhly of Virginia. would not fee their own Interefi , nor comply with her fly's. Ojdm-, he wnt immediately to New-York; VIRGINIA. 97 and out of his great Zeal to the Queen's Service , and the fecurity of her Province , he gave his own Bills for poo Pounds to anfwer the Quota of Virginia, wholly depending on her Majefty's Favour , to reim- burfe him out of the Revenues in that Province. Certainly his Excellency, and Col. Quarry) by whole joint Wifdom and. Sincerity this. Memorial was compofcd, mull: believe that the Council of Trade have very imperfeft Intelligence, how Mat¬ ters pafs in that Part of the World, or elfe they would not prefume to impofe fuch a Banter upon them. But this is nothing, if compar’d to fome other Palfages of that unjuft Reprefentation, wherein they took upon them to defcribe the People of Virginia , to be both numerous and rich , of Republic can Notions and Principles , fuch as ought to be cor- retted, and lower'd in time and that.then) or never was the Time to maintain the Queen's Prerogative , and put a flop to thofe-wrong pernicious Notions t which were improving daily) not only in Virginia, but in all her Majefty's other Governments. A Frown now from her Majefty , will do more than an Army hereafter , &c. With thofe inhuman falfe Imputations, did thole Gentlemen afterwards introduce the J'feceffity of a Handing Army. §. ifo. Thus did this Gentleman continue to rule till Auguft ijoy, when Edward, Nott Efqj ar¬ rived Governor, and gave eafe to the Country by a mild Rule. His Commiffion was to be Governor general, but part of his Salary was paid my Lord Orkney as Chief. Governor Nott had the general Commiffion given him,becaufe it was fuggelted, that that Method, viz. the fupreme Title would give the greater Awe, and the better ptit the Country to rights. §. iyi.Go- jp8 ' The H i s t o r y of • §. if i. Governor Nett call’d an Aflembly the fall after his Arrival, who paft the general Re- vifal of the Laws, which had been too long in Hand: But that Part of it which related to the Church and Clergy Mr. Commiffary could not be •pleafedin} wherefore that Bill was dropt, and fo it lies at this Day. - §. i fi. This Aflembly alfo paffed a new Law, for Ports and : Towns, grounding it only upon En¬ couragements, according to her Majefty’s Letter to that pufpbfei biit it feems this alfo could not pleafe thcFirginia Merchants in England * for they complained ; agaihft it to the Crown, and fo it was alfo fufpehded. $. i pjThis-Aflembly alfo ; paft the Law mak¬ ing Slaves a real Eftate, Which made a great Al¬ teration in the' Nature of ' their Eftates, and be¬ comes : a very good Security for Orphans,' whofe Parents' happen’d 1 to' die inteftate. §. if4. This Aflembly alfo voted a Houfe to be built for the' Governor’s Rdidence, and laid Du¬ ties to raife the Money for it. But his Excellency lived, not to fee much effected therein, being taken off by Death in Jugufi 1701s. In the firft Year of his Government, the College was burnt down to the Ground. ■ ■ ■ §. iff/After this Governor’s Death, there being no other nominated by her Majefty to lucceed him, the Government fell into the Hands of Edmund Jenings Efqj the Prefident, and the Council, who held no Affembly during his time, neither did any thing of Note happen here. Only we heard that Brigadier Robert Hunter receiv’d CommilEon to be VIRGINIA. 99 Lieutenant Governor under George Earl of Orkney the chief, and fet out for Virginia , but was taken Prifoner into Trance. §. if6. During Brigadier Hunter's Confinement in France a new Commiflion iffued to Colonel Alexander SpotfuJood to be Lieutenant Governor, who arrived here in Anno 1710. He to the extraordi¬ nary Benefit of this Country ftill continue' Gover¬ nor, having improved it beyond Imagination; his Conduft has produced Wonders} but it would not become me to affront his Modefty by publifh- ing thofe innumerable Benefits of his Adminiltra- tion to his Face} therefore I fhall leave them to adorn the brighter Hiftory of fome abler Pen¬ man. OF loo The natural Product, and Of the Natural ProdnS and Conveniences OF VIRGINIA: I N I T S Unimprov’d State, before the Englijh went thither. Book II. C H A P. I. Of the Bounds■ and Coaft of Virginia. IRGINIJ , as you have heard before, was a Nameat firftgiven,. to all the Northern Part of the Continent of America ; and when the original Grant was made, both to the firlt and fecond Colonies, that is, to thofe Cowuemencies 0/Virginia. ioi thofe of Virginia , and New-England, they were both granted under the Name of Virginia. And afterwards, when Grants for other new Colonies were made, by particular Names, thole Names for a long time ferved only to diftinguifh them, as fo many Parts of Virginia: And until the Plantations became more familiar to England , it was fo conti¬ nued. But inProcefsof Time, the Name of Vir¬ ginia was loft to all, except to that Tra6t of Land lying along the Bay of Chefapeak , and a little to the Southward, in which are included Virginia and Maryland-, both which, in common Difcourfe, are ftill very often meant by the Name of Virginia. The leaft Extent of Bounds in any of the Grants made to Virginia , fince it was fettled, and which, we find upon Record there, is two hundred Miles North from Point Comfort , and two hundred Miles South; winding upon the Sea-Coaft to the Eaftward, and including all the Land Weft and North-Weft, from Sea to Sea; with the Illands on both Seas, within an hundred Miles of the Main. But thefe Extents both on the North and South, have been fince abridg’d by the proprietary Grants of Maryland on the North, and Carolina on the South. §. 2. The Entrance into Virginia for Shipping, is by the Mouth of Chefapeak Bay, which is in¬ deed more like a River, than a Bay: For it runs up into the Land about two hundred Miles, being every where near as wide, as it is at the Mouth, and in many Places much wider. The Mouth thereof is about feven Leagues over, through which all Ships pafs to go to Maryland. The Coaft is a bold and even Coaft, with regu¬ lar Soundings, and is open all the Year round : So that having the Latitude, which all'o can hard¬ ly be wanted, upon a.Coaft where fo much clear* Wea- ioi ‘The, natural ProduB ) and Weather is,, any Ship may go in by Soundings alone, by Day or Night, in Summer or in Win¬ ter; and need not fear any Difafter, if the Mari¬ ners underhand any thing; for, let the Wind blow how it will, and chop about as fuddenlyasitpleafes, any Matter, thp’his Ship benever fo dull,has Oppor¬ tunity (bytheEvennefsoftheCoaft) either of Hand¬ ing off, and clearing the Shoar; orelfeof running into fafe Harbour within the Capes. A bolder and fafer Coaft is not known in the Univerfe; to which Conveniences, there’s the Addition of good An¬ chorage all along upon it, without the Capes. J §. 3. Virginia, in the moft reftrain’d Senfe,diftin£l from Maryland, is the Spot to which I fhg.ll altoge¬ ther confine this Defcription; tho’ you may confider at the fame time, that there cannot be much Diffe¬ rence between this, and Maryland, they being con¬ tiguous one to the other, lying in the fame Bay, pro¬ ducing the fame Sort of Commodities, and being fallen into the fame unhappy Form of Settlements, altogether upon Country Seats, without Towns. Virginia thus.confider’d, is bounded on the South by North Carolina ; on the North by Patowneck River, which divides it from Maryland ; on the Eaft by the main Ocean, called the Virginia Seas; arid on the Weft and North-Weft by the Califor¬ nian Sea, whenever the Settlements fhall be extend- edfofar, or now by the River.MiJ/ifippi. This Part of Virginia now inhabited,if we confider the Improvements in the Hands of xhtEnglijhft can¬ not upon that Score be commended; but if we con¬ fider its natural Aptitude to be improv’d,it may with Juftice be accounted one of the ifineft Countries in the World. Moft of the natural Advantages of it therefore, I fhall endeavour to difcover, and fet in their true .Light, together with its Inconvenien- cies; and afterwards proceed to.the Improvements. * CHAP. II. tunveniencies of Virginia. 103 C H A P. II. Of the Waters. §. 4. rip HE Largenefs of the Bay of Chefapeak X I have mention’d already. From one End of it to the other, there’s good Anchorage, and fo little Danger of a Wreck, that many Mafters, who have never been there before, venture up to the Head of the Bay, upon the flender Knowledge of a common Sailor. But the Experience of one Voyage teaches any Matter to go up afterwards, without a Pilot. Befides this Bay, the Country is water’d with four great Rivers, viz. James^ York, Rappahannock , and Patowmeck Rivers j all which are full of conve¬ nient and fafe Harbours. There are alfo abundance of letter Rivers, many of which are capable of' re¬ ceiving the biggeft Merchant-Ships, viz. Eliza¬ beth River, Nanfamond , Chickahomony , Pocofon, P manky , Mattapony , (which two laft are the two upper Branches of Tork River) North River, Eaftermoft River, Corotoman , Wiccocomoco , Pocomo- ke, ChiJjeneJJlck , Pangotegue , and many others : But becaufe they are fo well defcrib’d in the large Maps of Virginia , I ftiall forbear any farther De- fcription of them. Thefe Rivers are of fuch Convenience, that, for almoft every half dozen Miles of their Extent, there’s a commodious and fafe Road for a whole Fleet; which gives Opportunity to the Mafters of Ships, to lye up and down ttraggling, according as they have made their Acquaintance, riding before that Gentleman’s Door where they find the beft'Re¬ ception, or where’tis moftfuitable to their Bufincfs. §. f- Thefe 104 V natmal ProduBy and §.f. Thefe Rivers are made up, by the Conflux of an infinite Number of chryftal Springs of cool and pleafant Water, ifluing every where out of the Banks, and Sides of the Valleys. Thefe Springs flow fo plentifully, that they make the River Wa¬ ter frefh, fifty, threefcore, and fometimes an hun¬ dred Miles below the Flux and Reflux of the Tides; andfometime within thirty or forty Miles of the Bay it felf. The Conveniencies of thefe Springs are fo many, they are not to be number’d: I {hall there¬ fore content my felf to mention that one of fupplying the Country elfe where, except in the low Lands, with as many Mills as they can find Work for: And fome of thefe fend forth fuch a Glut of Water, that in lefs than a Mile below the Fountain-head, they afford a Stream fuflkient to fupply a Grift-Mill j of which there are feveral Iniftances. §. 6. The only Mifchief I know belonging to thefe Rivers is, that in the Month of June annual¬ ly, there rife up in the Salts, vaftBeds of Seedling- Worms, which enter the Ships, Sloons, or Boats where-ever they find the Coat of Pitch, Tar, or Lime worn off the Timber} and by degrees eat the Plank into Cells like thofeof an Honey-comb. Thefe Worms continue thus upon the Surface of the Water, from their Rife in June , until the firft great Rains, after the Middle of July ; but after that, do no ffelh Damage till the next Summer- Seafon, and never penetrate farther than the Plank or Timber they firft fix upon. The Damage occafion’a by thefe Worms, may be four feveral Ways avoided. i. By keeping the Coat, (of Pitch, Lime and Tallow, or whatever elfe it is,) whole upon the Bottom of the Ship or Veflei, for thefe Worms never Convemencies of Virginia. 105 never fatten nor enter, but where the Timber is naked. z. By anchoring the large Veffels in the Strength of the Tide, during the Worm-Seafon, and haling the fmaller afhorej for in the Current of a ftrong Tide, the Worm cannot fatten. 3. By burning and cleaning immediately after the Worm-Seafon is over 3 for then they are but juft ftuck into the Plank, and have not • buried themfelves in it 3 fo that the leaft Fire in the World deftroys them entirely, and prevents all Damage, that would otherwife enfue from them. . 4. By running up into the Frefhes with the Ship or Veffel during the five or fix Weeks,; that the Worm is thus above Water : For they never enter, nor do any Damage in frefli Water, or where it is not very fait. CHAP. III. Of the Ear t.hs, and Soil. §. 7.rpHE SoilisoffuchVariety, accordingto X the Difference of Situation, that one Part or other of it, feems fitted to every Sort of Plant, that is requifite either for the Benefit or Pleafure of Mankind. And, were it not for the high Moun¬ tains to the North-Weft, which are fuppofed to retain vaft Magazines of Snow, and by that means caufe the Wind from that Quarter to defeend a lit¬ tle too cold upon them, ’tis believed, that many of thole delicious Summer Fruits, growing in the hot¬ ter Climates, might be kept there green all the Winter, without the Charge of Houfing, or any other Care, than what is due to the natural Plants of the Country, when tranfplanted into a Garden. But, H as 10*5 . The. naturalProchiB^ and as that would be no conflderable Charge, any Man that is curious might, with all the Eafe imaginable, preferve as many of them as would'gratify a mode¬ rate Luxury 5 and the Summer affords genial Heat enough, to ripen them to Perfection. There are three different Kinds of Land, ac¬ cording to the Difference of Situation, either in the lower Parts'of the Country, the Middle, or that ! on the Heads of the Rivers. i . The'Land towards the Mouth of the Rivers is generally of a low moift and fat Mold, fuch as the heavier Sort of Grain delight in, as Rice, Hemp, 'Indian Corn, &c. This alfo is varied here and there, with.Veins of.a cold, hungry, fandy Soil, of ’the fame Moifture, and very often lying underWater. But this alfo has its Advantages; for on fuch Land, generally grow the Huckle-berries, Cran-berries, Chinkapins, &c. Thefe low Lands are, for the. moft part, well ftor’d with Oaks, Pop¬ lars, Pines, Cedars, Cyprefs, and Sweet-Gums j the Trunks of. which are often thirty, forty, fif¬ ty, fome fixty or feventy Foot high, without a Branch, or. Limb. They: likewife produce great Variety of Evergreens, unknown to me by Name, befidesthe beauteous Holly, Sweet-Myrtle, Cedar, and the Live-Oak, which for three Quarters ofthe Year is continually dropping its Acorns, and at the fame time budding, and bearing others in their Stead. z. The Land higher up the Rivers throughout the ' whole Country, is generally a level Ground,with fhal- lowVallies, full of Streams and pleafant Springs of clear Water,having interfpers’d here and there among the large 1 Levels, fome fmall Hills, and extenfive Vales. The Mold in fome Places is black, fat, and thick laid} in others loofer, lighter, and thin. The Foundation of the Mold is alfo various} fome- times Clay, then Gravel and rocky Stones} and fome- Conveniencies 0/ Virginia. 107 fometimes Marie. The Middle of the Necks, or Ridges between the Rivers, is generally poor, be¬ ing either a light Sand, or a white or red Clay, with a thin Mold : Yet even t'nefe Places are ftored with Chefnuts, Chinkapins, Acorns of the Shrub-Oak, and a reedy Grafs in Summer, very good for Cattle. The rich Lands lye next the Ri¬ vers and Branches, and are ftored with large Oaks, Walnuts, Hickories, A fir, Beech, Poplar, and many other Sorts of Timber, of furprifing Big- nefs. 3. The Heads of the Rivers afford a Mixture of Hills, Vallies and Plains, fome richer than other, whereof the Fruits and Timber-Trees are alfo va¬ rious. In fome Places lye great Plats of low and very rich Ground, well Timber’d j in others, large Spots of Meadows and Savanna’s, wherein are Hun¬ dreds of Acres without any Tree at all; but yield Reeds and Grafs of incredible Height: And in the Swamps and funken Grounds grow Trees, as vaftly big, as I believe the Word affords, and ftand fo clofe together, that the Branches or Boughs of many of them, lock into one another; but what leffens their Value is, that the greateft Bulk of them are at fome Diftance from Water-Carriage. The Land of thefe upper Parts affords greater Varie¬ ty of Soil, than any other, and as great Variety in the Foundations of the Soil or Mold, of which good Judgment may be made, by the Plants and Herbs that grow upon it. The Rivers and Creeks do in many Places form very fine large Marfhes, which are- a convenient Support for their Flocks and Herds. §. 8. There is likewife found great Variety of Earths for Phyfick, cleanfing, fcouring, and ma¬ king all Sorts of Potters-Ware; fuch as Antimony, Talk, yellow and red Oker, Fullers-Earth, Pipe- - Hi Clay, io8 The natural Product, and Clay, and other fat and fine Clays, Marie, &V. In a Word, there are all Kinds of Earth fit for Ufe. They have befides in thofe upper Parts, Coal for firing, Slate for covering, and Stones for building, and Flat paving in vaft Quantities, as likewife Peb¬ ble-Stones. Neverthelefs, it has been confidently affirm’d by many, who have been in Virginia , that there is not a Stone in all the Country. If fuch Travellers knew no better than they faid, my Judg¬ ment of them is, that either they were People of extream fhort Memories, or elfe of very narrow Obfervation. For tho’ generally the lower Parts are flat, and fo free from Stones, that People fel- dom fhoe their Horfes •, yet in many Places, and particularly near the Falls of the Rivers, are found vaft Quantities of Stone, fit for all kind of Ufes. However, as yet there is feldom any Ufe made of them, becaufc commonly Wood is to be had at much lefs Trouble. Ana as for Goals, it is not likely they flipuld ever be ufed there in any thing, but Forges and great Towns, if ever they happen to have any j for, in their Country Plantations, the Wood grows at every Man’s Door fo faft, that after it has been cut down, it will in feven Years time, grow up again from Seed, to fubftantial Fire- Wood j and in eighteen or twenty Years ’twill come to be very good Board-Timber. $. p. For Mineral Earths* ’tis believed, they have great Plenty and Variety, that Country being in a good Latitude, and having great Appearances of them. It has been proved too, that they have both Iron and Lead, as appears by what was faid before, concerning the Iron-Work, fet up at Fal¬ ling-Creek in James River, where the Iron proved reafpnablygood: But before they got into the Body of the Mine, the People were cut off in that fatal Maffapre; and the Project has never been fet on Foot Cofwemencm of Virginia. 109 Foot fince, till of late; but it has not had its full Trial. The Golden-Mine, of which there was once fo muchnoife, may, perhaps, be found hereafter to be fome good Metal, when it comes to be fully examined. But, be that as it will, the Stones, that are found near it in great Plenty, are valuable} their Luftre approaching nearer to that of the Dia¬ mond, than thofe of Briftol or Kerry. There is no other Fault in them, but their Softnefs, which the Weather hardens, when they have been fome- time expofed to it, they being found under the Surface of the Earth. This Place has now Plan¬ tations on it. This I take to be the Place in Purchafe's fourth Book of his Pilgrim, called Uttamujfack , where was formerly the principal Temple of the Country,and the Metropolitan Seat of thePriefts, in Powhatan's Time. There flood the three great Houfes, near fixty Foot in Length, which he reports to have been fill’d with the Images of their Gods *, there were likewife preferved the Bodies of their Kings. Thefe Houfes they counted fo holy, that none but their Priefts and Kings durft go into them, the common People not prefuming, without their particular Di« reftion, to approach the Place. There alfo was their great Pawcorance i or Altar- Stone, which, the Indians tell us, was a folid Chryftal, of between three and four Foot Cube, upon which, in their greateft Solemnities, they uled to facrifice. This, they would make us be¬ lieve, was fo clear, that the Grain of a Man’s Skin might be feen through it} and was fo heavy too, that when they remov’d their Gods and Kings, not being able to carry it away, they buried it there¬ abouts : But the Place has never been yet difco- ver’d. h 5 Mr. Jb, no The natural ProduB, and Mr. Alexander Whittaker , Minifter of Henrico , on James River, in the Company’s Time, writing to them, fays thus: Twelve Miles from the Falls , there is a Chryftal Rock , 'wherewith the Indians do head many of their Arrows ; and three Days Journey from thence , there is a Rock and ftony Hill found ,, which is on the Top covered over with a perfedl and moft rich Silver Ore. Our Men that went to difco- ver thofe Parts , had hut two Iron Pickaxes with them , and thofe fo ill temper'd, that the Points of them turn'd again , and low'd at every Stroke•, fo that we could not fearch the Entrails of the Place: Yet fame Trial was made of that Ore with good Succefs. ■ §. io. Some People that have been in that Coun¬ try, without knowing any thing of it, have af¬ firm’d, that it is all a Flat, without any Mixture of Hills* becaufe they fee the Coaft to Seaward per¬ fectly level: Or elfe they have made their Judg¬ ment of the whole Country, by the Lands lying on the lower Parts of the Rivers (which, perhaps, they had never been beyond) and fo'conclude it to be throughout plain and even.- When in truth, upon the Heads of the great Rivers, there are vail high Hills j and even among the Settlements,there are fome fo topping, that I have flood upon them, and view’d the Country allround over the Tops of the higheft Trees, for many Leagues together} particularly, there are Mawborn Hills in th e Ft ellies of James River* a Ridge of Hills about four¬ teen or fifteen Miles up Mattapony River 5 Toli¬ vers- Mount, upon. Rappahannock River* and the Ridge of Hills in Stafford County, in the Frefhesof Patowmeck River * all which are within the Bounds of the Englifh Inhabitants. But a little farther backward, there are Mountains, which indeed deferve the Name of Mountains, for their Height and Bignefsj which by their difficulty in paffing, • ’ 4. may Ill Conveniences of V irginia. may eafily be made a good Barrier of the Coun¬ try, againft Incurfions of the Indians , Sec. and /hew themfelves over the Tops of the Trees to many Plantations, at 70 or 80 Miles diftance very plain. Thefe Hills are not without, their Advantages j for, out of almoft every riling Ground, throughout the Country, there iflue Abundance of moll plea- fant Streams, of, pure and chryftal Water, than which certainly the World-does not afford any more delicious. Thefe are every-where to be found in the upper Parts of thjs Country j and many of them flow out of the Sides of Banks very high above the Vales, which are the moft fuitable Pla¬ ces for Gardens: Where the finefl; Water-works in the World may be made, at a very fmall Ex¬ pence. There are -likewife feveral Mineral Springs, eafi¬ ly difcoverable by their Tafte, as well as by the Soil, which they drive out with their Streams. But I am not Naturalift fkilful enough, todeferibe them with the Exactnefs they deferve. CHAP. IV. Of the wild Fruit s of the. Country. §. 11 . / r '\ F Fruits natural to the Country there \^J is great Abundance, but the feveral Species of them, are produced according to the Difference of the Soil, and the various Situation of the Country: It being impoflible that one Piece of Ground fhould produce fo many different Kinds intermix’d. Of the better Sorts of the wild Fruits, that I have met with, I will barely give you the Names, not defigning a natural Hiftory. And when H 4 I h ave in The natural Product > and I have done that, poffibly I may not mention one half of what the Country affords, becaufe I never went out of my Way, to enquire after any Thing qf this Nature. §. iz. Of ftoned Fruits, I-have met with three good Sorts, viz. Cherries, Plums, and Perfim- mons. . i. Of Cherries natural to the Country,and grow¬ ing wild in the Woods, I have feen three Sorts. Two of thefe grow upon Trees, as bigas the common Englijh white Oak, whereof one grows in Bunches like Grapes. Both thefe Sorts are blatk without,, and but one of them red within j that which is red within, is more palatable than the Englifi black Cherry, as being without its Bitter- nefs. The other, which hangs on the Branch like Grapes, is Water-colour’d within, of a faintiih Sweety and greedily devour’d by the fmall Birds. The third Sort is call’d the Indian Cherry, and grows higher up in the Country, than the others do. It is commonly found by the Sides of Rivers, and Branches, on fmall flender Trees, fcarce able to liipport themfelves, about the Bignefs of the Peach-Trees in England. This is certainly the moft delicious Cherry in the World}- it is of a dark Purple when ripe, and grows' ripbn a Angle Stalk, like the £»g/z/SCherry, but is very fmall, though, I frippofe, it may be made larger by Cultivation, if any Body would mind it. Thefe too are fo greedily devour'd by the fmall Birds, that' they won’t let them remain on the Tree, long enough to ripen} by which means, they are rarely known to any, arid much more rarely tailed} though per¬ haps ‘ at the fame time, they grow juft by the HoufeS. z. The Pluiris, which I have obferv’d to grow Wild there, are of two Sorts, the Black, and the H 4 Mur- Conveniences of Virginia. 113 Murrey Plum, both which are fmall, and have much the fame relilh with the Damafine. 3. The Perfimmon is by Ileriot call’d the Indian Plum; and fo Smith, Purchafe, and Du Lake, call it after him j but I can’t perceive that any of thofe Authors had ever heard of the Sorts I have juft now mention’d, they growing high up in the Country. Thefe Perfimmons amongftthem retain their Indian Name. They are of feveral Sizes, be¬ tween the Bignefs of a Damafme Plum, and a Bur- gamot Pear. The tafte of them is fo very rough, it is not to be endured, till they are fully ripe, and then they are a pleafant Fruit. Of thefe fome Ver- luofi make an agreeable kind of Beer ■, to which purpofe they dry them in Cakes, and lay them up for ufe. Thefe, like moft other Fruits there, grow as thick upon the Trees, as Ropes of Onions; the Branches very often break down by the mighty Weight of the Fruit. $. 13. Of Berries there is a great Variety, and all very good in their Kinds. Our Mulberries are of three Sorts, two Black and one White the long black Sort are the beft, being about the Bignefs of a Boy’s Thumb; the other two Sorts are of the Shape of the Englijb Mulberry, ihort and thick, but their Tafte does not fo generally pleafe, being of a faintiih Sweet, without any Tartnefs. They grow upon well fpread, large bodied Trees, which run up furprifingly fall. Thefe are the proper Food of the Silk-Worm. 1. There grow naturally two Sorts of Currants, one red, and the other black, more fweet than thofe of the fame Colour in England. They grow upon fmall Bullies, or {lender Trees. 114 natural ProduB , and having different Relifhesj but are all pleafing to the Tafte. The largeft Sort grow upon the largeft Bufhes, and, I think, are the beft Berries. 4. Cranberries grow in the low Lands, and bar¬ ren funken Grounds, upon low Bufhes, like the Goofeberry, and are much of the fame Size. They are of a lively Red, when gathered and kept in Water, and make very good Tarts. I believe, thefe are the ■ Berries, which Captain Smith com¬ pared to the Englijh Goofeberry, and called Raw- comens j having, perhaps, feen them only on the Bufhes, where they are always very fower. y. The wild Rafberry is, by fome there prefer’d to thofe, that were tranfplanted thither from Eng¬ land ■, but i cannot be of their Opinion. 6 . Strawberries they have, as delicious as any in the World, and growing almoft every where in the Woods, and Fields. They are eaten almoft by all Creatures) and yet are fo plentiful, that very few Perfons take care to tranfplant them, but can find enough to fill their Bafkets, when they have a mind, in the deferred old Fields.' §. 14. There grow wild feveral Sorts of good Nuts, viz. Chefnuts, Chinkapins, Hafel-nuts, Hickories, Walnuts, 1. Chefnuts are found upon very high Trees, S owing in-barren Ridges. They are fomething s than the. French Chefnut; but, I think, not dif¬ fering at all in Tafte. 2. Chinkapins have a Tafte fomething like a Chef- nut, and grow in a Hufk or Bur, being of the fame Sort of Subftance, but not fo big as an Acorn. They grow upon large Bufhes, fome about as high as the common Apple-Trees in England , and either in the high or low, but always barren Ground. ■ 3. Hafel-nuts are there in infinite Plenty, in all the Swamps 5 and towards the Heads of the Rivers, whole Convenience of Virginia, i i j whole Acres of them are found upon the high Land. 4. Hickory-nuts are of feveral Sorts, all grow¬ ing upon great Trees, and in an Hulk, like the French Walnut, except that the .Hulk is not fo thick, and more apt to open. Some of thefeNuts are inclofed in fo hard a Shell, that a light Ham¬ mer will hardly crack them ■, and when they are crack’d, their Kernel is faften’d with fo firm a Web, th^t there’s no coming at it. Several other Sorts I have feen with thinner Shells, whofe Ker¬ nel may be got with lefs Trouble. There are alfo feveral Sorts of Hickories, call’d Pig-nuts, lome of which have as thin a Shell as the bell; French Walnuts, and yield their Meat very eafilyj they are all of the Walnut kind. f. They have a Sort of Walnut, they call Black-Walnuts, which are as big again as any I ever faw in England , but are very rank and oily, having a thick, hard, foul Shell, and come not clear of the Hulk, as the Walnut in France doth 5 but the infide of the Nut, and Leaves, and grow¬ ing of the Tree, declare it to be of the Walnut kind. 6 . Their Woods likewife afford a vafk Variety of Acorns, feven Sorts of-which have fallen under my Obfervation. That which grows upon the Live-Oak, buds, ripens, and drops off the Tree, almofl: the whole Year round. All their Acorns are very fat and oily; but the Live-Oak Acorn is much more fo than the reft; and I believe the making Oil of them would turn to a good Account: But now they only ferve as Mali for the Hogs, and other wild Creatures, as do all the other Fruits afore-mentioned; together with feveral other Sorts of Maft growing upon the Beech, Pine, and other Trees. The fame ufe is made alfo of diverfe Sorts ofPulfe, and other Fruits, growing upon wild Vines j ii 6 The natural ProduB, and Vines; fuch as Peas, Beans, Vetches, Squafhes, Maycocks, Maracocks, Melons, Cucumbers, Lu> pines,- and an Infinity of other Sorts of Fruits, which I cafinot name. §. if. Grapes grow wild there in an incredible Plenty, and Variety; fome of which are very fweet and pleafant to the tafte, others rough and harfh, and, perhaps, fitter for Wine or Brandy. I have feen- great Trees covered with fingle Vines, and thofe Vines almoft hid with the Grapes. Of thefe wild .grapes; befides thofe large ones in the Mountains,- mention’d by Butt in his Difcovery, I have obferved four.very different Kinds, viz. i. One of thefe Sorts grows among the Sand¬ banks; upon the Edges of the low Grounds, and Iflands next the Bay, and Sea, and alfo in the Swamps and Breaches of the Up-lands. They grow r thin in fmall Bunches, and upon very low Vines. Thefe are noble Grapes; and tho’they are wild in the Woods, are as large as the Dutch Goofeberry . One Species of them is white, others purple, blue, and black, but all much alike in Flavour, and fome long, fome round. . z. A fecond Kind is produced throughout the Whole Country, in the Swamps and Sides of Hills. Thefe alfo grow upon fmall Vines, and in fmall Bunches; but are themfclves the largeft Grapes as big as the EngHJh Bullace, and of a rank Tafte •when ripe, refembling the fmell of a Fox, from Whence they are called Fox-Grapes. Both thefe Sorts mafceadmirhble Tarts, being of a flefhly Sub- fiance, and perhaps, if rightly managed, might make good Raifins. $. There are two Species more, that are common to the Whole Country, fome of which are black,and fome blue on the ouc-fide, and fome white. They grow upon vaft large Vines, and bear very plenti- fblly. The nice Gbferver might, pefhaps, diftin- , -!- gu’ft Conveniencies of Virginia. 117 guilh them into feveral Kinds, becaufe they differ in Colour,- Size, and Relifh; but I fhall divide them only- into tyyo, viz. the early, and the late ripe. The early ripe common Grape is much lar¬ ger, fweeter and better than the other. Qf thefe fome are quite black, and others blue, and fome white or yellow; fome alfo ripen three Weeks, or a Month before the other. The Diftance of their Ripening, is from the latter End of Augttft, to the latter End of OStober . The late ripe common Grapes are lefs than any of the other, neither are they fo pleafant totheTafte. They hang commonly till the latter End of November, or till Chriftmas ; all that I have feen of thefe are black. Of the former of thefe two Sorts, the French Refugees at the Monacan Town made a fort of Claret, tho’ they were gather’d off of the wild Vines in the Woods. I Was told by a very good Judge, who tailed it, that it was a pleafant, ftrong, and full bodied Wine. From which we may conclude, that if the Wine was but tolerably good, when made of the wild Grape, which is ihaded by the Woods from the Sun, it would be much better, if produc’d of the fame Grape cultivated in a re¬ gular Vineyard. The Year before the Maffacre, Anno i6zi, which deftroy’d fo many good Projects for Virgi¬ nia-, fome French Vignerons were lent thither, to make an Experiment of their Vines. Thefe peo¬ ple were fo in Love with the Country, that the Charafter they then gave of it, in their Letters to the Company in England , was very much to its Advantage, namely, “That it far excell’d their “ own Country of Languedoc: The Vines grow- K ing in great Abundance and Variety all over the K Land: That fome of the Grapes were of that “ unufual Bignefs, that they did not believe them K to be Grapes, until by opening them, they had “ feen 118 The natural Product, and K feen their Kernels: That they had planted the which is likely enough, the Malignity of this Herb being cold. Of fpontaneous Flowers they have an unknown Variety: The finefl: Crown Imperial in the World} the Cardinal-Flower, fo much extoll’d for its Scar¬ let Colour, is altnoft in every Branch} the Mocca- fin Flower, arid a thoufand others, not yet known, to Englijh Herbalifts. Almoft all the Year round, the Levels and Vales are beautified with Flowers of one Kind or other, which make their Woods as fragrant as a Garden. From the Materials their ■wild Bees make vaft Quantities of Honey, but •their Magazines are very often rifled, by Bears, Raccoons, and fuch like liquorifli Vermine. About the Year 1701, walking out to take the Air, I found,, a little without my Pafture Fence, a Flower as big as a Tulip, and upon a Stalk refem- bling the Stalk of a Tulip. The Flower was of a FJefli Colour, having a Down upon one End, while the other was plain. The Form of it refembled the Pudenda of a Man and Woman lovingly join’d in one. Not long after I had difcover’d this Rarity, and while it was frill in Bloom, I drew a grave Gen¬ tleman, about an Hundred Yards, out of his Way, to fee this Curiofit;y, not telling him any thing more, than that it was a Rarity, and fuch, perhaps, as he had never feen, nor heard of. When we ar¬ rived at the Place, I gather’d one of them, and put.it into his Hand, which he had no fooner call his Eye upon, but he threw it away with Indignati¬ on, Conveniences of Virginia, iij bn, as being aiham’d of this Waggery of Nature. It was impoffible to perfuade him to touch it a- gain, or fo much as to iquint towards foimmodeft a Reprefentation. Neither would I prefutne to men¬ tion fuch an Indecency, but that I thought it un¬ pardonable, to omit a Produ&ion fo extraordinary! There is alfo found, the fine Tulip-bearing Law- rel-Tree, which has the pleafanteft Smell in the World, and keeps Bloffoming and Seeding feveral Months together: It delights much in Gravelly Branches of Chryftal Streams, and perfumes the very Woods with its Odour. So alfo do the large Tulip-Tree, which we call a Poplar, ! the Locuft, which refembles much the Jafmine,. and the Per¬ fuming Crab-Tree, during their Seafo'n; With one fort or other of thefe, as well as many other Sweet¬ flowering Trees not named, the Vales are almoft: every-where adorn'd, and yield a furprizing Variety to divert the Traveller. They find a World of Medicinal Plants likewife in that Country ■, and amongft the reft, the Plart- ters pretend to have a Swamp-Root, which infalli¬ bly cures all Fevers, and Agues. The Bark of the Saflafras-Tree and wild Gherry-Tree have been ex-* perimented to partake very much of the Virtue of the CortexPeruviana. The Bark of the Root, of that which we call the Prickly Aih, being dried and powder’d, has been found to be a Specifick, in old Ulcers, and Long-running Sores. Infinite is the Number of other valuable Vegetables of every Kind: But Natural Hiftory not having been my Study, I am .unwilling to do Wrong to my Subject, by an unlkiiful Delcriptioii; , §. ip. Several Kinds of the Creeping Vines bearing Fruit, the Indians planted, in their Gar¬ dens or Fields, becaufe they wou’d have Plenty of them always at hand > iuch as, Mulk-melonS. I i Water- 124 natural Product> and Water-melons, Pompions, Cufhaws, Macocks, and Gourds. • i. Their Mulk-melons refemble the large Italian Kind, arid generally fill four or five Quarts. z. Their Water-melons were much more large, and of feveral Kinds, diftinguifhed by the Colour of their Meat and Seed; foriie are red, fome yellow, and others white meated; and fo of the Seed, fome are yellow, fome red, and forrie black; but thefe are never of different Colours, in the fame Melon. This Fruit the Mufcovites call Jrptis ; the Turks and ‘tartars, Karpus , becaufe they are extremely' cooling: The Perfians call them, Hindnanes , be- caufe they had the firft Seed of them from the In¬ dies. They are excellently good, and very plea- fant to the Tafte, as alfo to the Eye; having the Rind of a lively green Colour, ftreak’dand water’d, the Meat of a .Carnation, and the Seed black, and fhining, while it lies in the Melon; 3. Their Pompions I need notdefcribe, butmuft fay they are much larger and '‘finer, than any I ever heard; of in England. 4. Their Cujhaws area kind ofPompion, of a blueifh green Colour, ftreak’d with White, when theyare fitforUfe. Theyare larger than the Pom¬ pions, and have a long narrow Neck : Perhaps this .may be the Ecujhaw of T. Harriot, f. Their Macocks are a fort of Melopepom, or leffer fort of Pqmpion, or Cafhaw. Of thefe they have great Variety; but the Indian Nam zMacock ferves for all, which Name is ftill retain’d among them. Yet the Clypeatce are fometimes call’d Cym- mls (as are fome others alfo) from the Lenten Cake of that Name, which many, of them very much re¬ femble. Squajh , or' Squanter-Squafh, is their Name among the Northern Indians , and fo they are call’d in New-Tork , and Netv-England. Thefe being boil’d whole, when the Apple is young, and the Conveniences ^Virginia. 125 Shell tender, and difhed with Cream or Butter, relifh very well with all forts of Butcher’s Meat, either frelh or fait. And whereas the Pompion is never eaten till it be ripe, thefe are never eaten after they are ripe. 6 . The Indians never eat the Gourds, but plant them for other Ufes. Yet the Perfiansy who like- wife abound with this fort of Fruit, eat the Cucur- bita LagenartSy which they call Kabacby boiling it while it is green, before it comes to its’ full Matu¬ rity s For, when it is ripe, the Rind dries, and grows as hard as the Bark of a Tree, and the Meat with¬ in is fo confirmed, and dried away, that there is then nothing left but the Seed, which the Indians take clean out, and afterwards ufe the Shells iriftead of Flagons and Cups; as is done alfo infeveral other Parts of the World. The Maracocky which is the Fruit of what we call the Pafiion Flower, our Natives did not take the Pains to plant, having enough of it growing every where, tho’they often eat it; this Fruit is about the Size of a Pullet’s Egg. §, zo. Befides all thefe, our Natives had origi¬ nally amongfl: them, Indian Corn, Peas, Beans, Potatoes, and Tobacco. 'This Indian Corn was the Staff of Food, upon , .which the Indians did ever depend; for whenSick- nefs, bad Weather, War, or any other ill Accident kept them from Hunting, Fifhing and Fowling; this, with the Addition of fome Peas, Beans, and fuch other Fruits of the Earth, as were then in Seafon, was the Family’s Dependence, and the Support of their Women and Children. There are four Sorts of Indian Corn; two of which are early ripe, and two, late ripe; all grow¬ ing in the fame manner; every Angle Grain of this when planted, produces a tall upright Stalk, which I 3 has %i£ 'the. natural Produ^j and has feveral Ears hanging on the Sides of it, frotp fix to ten Inches long. Each Ear is wrapt up in a. Cover of many Folds, to proteft it from the In¬ juries of the Weather. In everyone of thefe Ears are feveral Rows of Grain, fet clofe toqne another, with no other Partition, but of a very thin Husk. So that oftentimes the Increafe of this Grain a- mounts to above a Thoufand for one. The two Sorts which are early ripe, are diftin- guilh’d only by the Size, which ihews it (elf as well in the Grain, as in the Ear, and the Stalk.. There is Tome Difference alfo in the Time of ri¬ pening. The lefler Size of early ripe Corn, yields an Ear not much larger than the Handle of a Cafe Knife, and grows upon a Stalk, between three and four Foot high. Of this may be made two Crops in a Year, and, perhaps, there plight be Heat enough in England to ripen it. The larger Sort differs from the former only in 3 Largenefs, the Ear of phis being feven or eight Inches long, as thick as a Child’s Leg, and growing upon a Stalk nine or ten Foot high. This is fit for earing about the latter End of June, whereas the fmaller Sort (generally (peaking) affords Ears fit to roafi: by the Middle of June: • The Qrains of both thefe Sorts, are as plump rpid fwell’d,'as if the Skin were ready to burff. ' The late ripe Corn is diverfify’d by the Shape of the Grain only, without any Rcfpedt to the ac¬ cidental Differences ip Colour, fome being blue, fome red, fome yel}ow, fome. white, and fonic Itreak’d- ■ That therefore which inakes the Difiin- crion, is the pjumpnefs or Shriyellingof the Grain; the one looks as fmooth, and as full as the early ripe Corn, aqd this they call Flint-Corn-, the other has a larger Grain, and looks Ihriveil’d with a Dent on - the Back of the Grain, as if it had never come to ' ' 1 . ''Per- Convent encies of Virginia. 127 Perfection; and this they cal! She-Corn. This is efteem’d by the Planters, as the belt for Increafe, and isuniverfallychofen by them for planting; yet I can’t fee, but that this alfo produces the Flint- Corn, accidentally among the other. All thefe Sorts are planted alike, in Rows, three, four or five Grains in a Hill, the larger Sort at four or five Foot Diftance, the lefler Sort nearer. The Indians ufed to give it one or two Weedings, and m^ke a Hill about it, and fo the Labour was done. They likewife plant a Bean in the fame Hill with the Corn, upon whofe Stalk it fuflains it felf. The Indians fow’d Peas fometimes in the Intervals of the Rows of Corn, but more generally in a Patch of Ground by themfelves. They have an unknown Variety of them, (but all of a Kidney-Shape) fome of which I have met with wild; but whence they had their Indian Corn, I can give no Account; for I don’t believe that it was fpontaneous in thole Parts. Their Potatoes are either red or white, about as long as a Boy’s Leg, and fometimes as long and big as both theLegandThigh ofayoung Child, and very much refembling it in Shape. I take thefe Kinds to be the fame with thofe, which are reprefented in the Herbals, to be Spanijh Potatoes. I am fure, thofe call’d EngliJJ) or Irijb Potatoes are nothing like thefe, either in Shape, Colour, orTafte. The Way of propagating Potatoes there, is by cutting the fmall ones to Pieces,, and planting the Cuttings in Hills of loofe Earth: But they are fo tender, that it is very difficult to preferve them in the Winter; for the leaft Froft coming at them, rots and deftroys them; and therefore People bury ’em under Ground, near the Fire-Hearth, all the Winter, until the Time comes, that their Seedings are to be fet. How the Indians order’d their Tobacco, I am not certain,they how depending chiefly upon the EngJiJb , I 4 % 128 The natural ProduB, and for what they fmoak: But I am inform’d they ufed to let it all run to Seed, only fuccouving the Leaves, to keep the Sprouts from growing upon, and Hal¬ ving themj and when it was ripe^ they pull’d off the Leaves, cured them in the Sun, and laid them up for Ufe. But the Planters make a Heavy Buflle with it now, and can’t pleafe the Market neither. CHAP. V Of the Fish. §. 21. A S forFifh, both of Frefh and Salt-Wa- ter, of Shell-Fifh, and others, no Country can boaft of more Variety, greater Plenty, or of better in their feveral Kinds. In the Spring of the Year, Herrings come up in fuch abundance into their Brooks and Fords, to fpawn, that it is almoft impoflibleto ride through, without treading on them. Thus do thofe poor Creatures expofe their own Lives to fome Hazard, out of their Care to find a more convenient Recep¬ tion for their Young, which are not yet alive. Thence it is, that at this Time of the Year, the Frefhes of the Rivers, like that of the Broadruck , ftinkof Fifh. Befides thefe Herrings, there come up likewife in¬ to the Frefhes from the Sea, Multitudes of Shads, Rocks, Sturgeon, and fome few Lampreys, which fallen themfelves to the Shad, asth z Remora, of Im- peratus is faid to do to the Shark of Tiburom. They continue their flay there about Three Months. The Shads at their firft coming up are fat and flefhy; but they waftefo extreamly in Miking and Spawn¬ ing, that at their going down they are poor, ana leem fuller of Bones, only became they have left Comemencies of Virginia, up Flefh. It is upon this Account, (I fuppofe) that th ofe in th e Severn, which in Gloucefter they call Tzvaits, are faid at firll: to wantthofe intermufculary Bones, which afterwards they abound with. As thefe are in the Frefhes, fo the Salts afford at certain Times of the Year, many other Kinds of Fiih in infinite Shoals, fuch as the Old-Wife, a Fifh- not much unlike an Herring, and the Sheep’s-Head, a Sort of Fifh, which they efleem in the Number of their beft. §. zz, There is likewife great Plenty of other Fifh all the Summer long; and almoft in every Part of the Rivers, and Brooks, there are found of different Kinds: Wherefore I fhall not pretend to give a Detail of them; but venture to mention the Names only of fuch as I have eaten and feen my felf, and fo leave the reft to thofe, that are better fkill’d in Na¬ tural Hiftory. However, I may add, that befides all thofe that I have met with my felf, I have heard of a great many very good forts, both in the Salts and Frefhes; and fuch People too, as have not always fpent their Time in that Country have commended them to me, beyond any they had ever eat before. Thofe which I know of my felf, I remember by theNames, of Herrings, Rocks, Sturgeons, Shads, Old-Wives, Sheep’s-Heads, Black and red Drums, Trouts, Taylors, Green-Fifh, Sun-Filb, Bafs, Chub, Place, Flounders, Whitings, Fatbacks, Maids, Wives, Small-Turtle, Crabs, Oifters, Muflels, Cockles, Shrimps, Needle-Fifh, Brerne, Carp, Pike, Jack, Mullets, Eels, Conger-Eels, Perch, and Cats, f §c. Thofe which I remember to have feen there, of the Kinds that are not eaten, are the Whale, Por- pus, Shark, Dog-Fifh, Garr, Stingray, Thornback, Saw-Fifh,Toad-Fifh, Frog-Fifh, Land-Crabs, Fid- Jers, and Periwinckles. One Day as I was balling a Sain i$o The natural Product, and Sain upon the Salts, I caught a fmall Fifh, about two Inches and an Half long, in Shape fomething refembling a Scorpion, but of a dirty dark Colour; I was a little {hie of handling it, tho’, I believe, there was no Hurt in it. This I judged to be that Fifh, which Mr. Pur chafe in his Pilgrims^ and Capt. Smith in his General Hiftory, Pag. 28. affirm to be extreamly like St. George's Dragon, except only that it wants Feet and Wings. Governour Sptf t wood has one of them dried, in full Shape. §. 23. Before the Arrival of the Englifo there, the Indians had Fifh in fuchvaft Plenty, that the Boys and Girls would take a pointed Stick, and flrike the letter fort, as they fwam upon the Flats. The larger Fifh, that kept in deeper Water, they were put to a little more Difficulty to take ; But for thefe they made Weirs; that is, a Hedge of fmall riv’d Sticks, or Reeds, of the Thicknefs of a Man’s Finger, thefe they wove together in a Row, with Straps of Green Oak, or other tough Wood, fo clofe that the fmall Fifh cou’d not pafs through. Upon High- Water Mark, they pitched one End of this Hedge, and the other they extended into the River, to the Depth of eight or ten Foot, fattening it with Stakes, making Cods out from the Hedge on one fide, almoft at the End, and leaving a Gap for the Fifh to go into them, which were contrived fo, that the Fifh could eafily find their Paflage into thofe Cods, when they were at the Gap, but not fee their Way out again, when they were in: Thus if they offered to pafs through, they were taken. Sometimes they made fucli a Hedge as this, quite acrofs a Creek at High-Water, and at Low would go into the Run, then contracted into a narcoyv Stream, and take out what Fifh they pleafed. At the Falls of the Rivers, where the Water is {hallow, and the Current ftrong, the Indians pfe f ’' another Conveniences 0/Virginia, 13i another kind of Weir, thus made : They make a Dam of loofe Stone, whereof there is Plenty at hand, quite a-crofs the River, leaving one, two, or more Spaces or Trunnels, for the Water to pafs thro’} at the Mouth of which they fet a Pot of Reeds, wove in Form of a Cone, whofe Bafe is about three Foot, and perpendicular ten, into which theSwiftnefs of the Current carries the Filh, and there lodges them. The Indian Way of catching Sturgeon, when they came into the narrow part of the Rivers, was by a Man’s clapping a Noofe over their Tail, and by keeping fall his Hold. Thus a Fifh finding it felf entangled, would flounce, and often pull the Man under Water, and then that Man was counted a Cockaroufe , or brave Fellow, that would not let go; till with Swimming, Wading and Diving, he had tired the Sturgeon, and brought it afhore. Thefe Sturgeons would alfo often leap into their Canoes, in crolfing the River, as many of them do ftill every Year, into the Boats of the Englifi. They have alfo another Way of Filhing like thofe on the Euxine Sea, by the Help of a blazing Fireby Night, They make a Hearth in theMiddle of their Canoe, raifing it within two Inches of the Edge; upon this they lay their burning Light' Wood, fplit into fmall Shivers, each Splinter where¬ of will blaze and burn End for End, like aCandle: ’Tisoije Man’s Work to attend his Fire and keep it flamiqg. At each End of the Canoe Hands an In- dm, with a Gig, or pointed Spear, fetting the Canoe forward with the Butt-end of the Spear, as gently as he can, by that Means Healing upon the Filh, withopt any Noife, or diflurbing of the Wa¬ ter. Then they with great Dexterity, dart thefe Spears into’the Filh, ana fo take them. Now there h a double Cqnvenience in the Blaze of this Fire; for it not only dazzles the Eyes of the Filh, which •131 The natural PfoduB, and will lie ftill, glaring upon it, but likewife difco- vers the Bottom of the River clearly to the Fifher- man, which the Day-light does not. The following Print, I may juftly affirm to be a very true Reprefentation of the Indian Fifhery. Tab. I. Reprefents the Indians in a Came with a Fire in the Middle, attended by a Boy and a Girl In one End is a Net made of Silk Grafs, which they ufe in Fifhing their Weirs. Above is the Shape of their Weirs, and the Manner offetting a Weir-Wedgi, a-crofs the Mouth of a Creek. Note, That in Fifhing their Weirs, they lay the Side of the Canoe to the Cods of the Weir, for the more convenient coming at them , and not with the End going into the Cods, as is fet down in the Print: But we could not otherwife reprefent it here, left we Jhould have confounded the Shape of the Weir, with the Canoe. In the Air you fee a Fijhing-Hawk flying away with a Fijh, and a Bald-Eagle purfuing, to take it from him 5 the Bald-Eagle has always his Head and Tail white, and they carry fuch a Lufire with them, that the white thereof may be difeern'd as far as you can fee the Shape .of the Bird ; and feems,as if it were without Feathers, and thence it has its Name Bald- Eagl §. 24. ’Tisagood Diverfion to obferve, the Manner of the Fifhing-Hawk’s preying upon Fifh, which may be feen every fair Day all the Summer long, and efpecially in a Morning. At the firft coming of the Fiffi in the Spring, thefe Birds of Prey are furprizingly eager. I believe, in the Dead of Winter, they fifh farther off at Sea, or remain among the craggy uninhabited Iflands, upon the Sea Coaft. I have often been pleafantly entertain’d, by feeing thefe Hawks take the Fifh out of the - . . Water Conpenienciesnf Virginia. 133 Water, and as they were flying away with their Quarry, the Bald-Eagles take it from them again. I have often obferv’d the firft of thefe hover over the Water, and reft upon the Wirigfome Minutes together, without the leaft Change of Place, and then from a vaft Height dart dire&ly into the Wa¬ ter, and there plunge down for the Space of half a Minute, or more, and at laft bring up with him a Fifh, which he could hardly rife with; then, having got upon the Wing again, he would fhake himfelffo powerfully, that he threw the Water like a Mift about him; afterwards away he’d "fly to the Woods with his Game, if he were iiot overlook’d by the Bald-Eagle, and robb’d by the Way, which very frequently happens. For the Bald-Eagle no fooner perceives a Hawk that has taken his Prey, but he immediately purfues, and ftrives to get above him in the Air, which if- he can once attain, the Hawk for Fear of being torn by him, lets the Fiih drop, and fo by the Lofs of his Dinner compounds for his own Safety. The poor Fifh is no fooner loofed from the Hawk’s Talons, but the Eagle fhoots himfelf, with won¬ derful Swiftnefs, after it, and catches it in the Air, leaving all further Purfuit of the Hawk, which, has no other Remedy, but to go and fifli for a- nothcr. Walking once with a Gentleman in an Orchard by the River-fide, early in the Spring, before the Fifh were by us perceiv’d to appear in Shoal-Wa¬ ter, or near the Shores, and before any had been caught by the People; we heard a great Noife in the Air juft over our Heads, and looking up, we fuv an Eagle in clofe Purfuit- of a Hawk, that had a'great Fifh in his Pounces. The Hawk was as low as the Apple-trees, before -he would let go his Fifh, thinking to recover the Wood, which Was juft by, where the Eagles dare never follow. 134 The natural ProduBy and for Fear of bruiting themfelves. But, notwitfi* ftanding the Filh was drop’d fo low, and tho’ it did not fall above thirty Yards from us* yet we with our Hollowing, Running, and catling up our Hats,’ could hardly fave the Fith from the Eagle, and if it had been let go two Yards higher, he would have got it: But we at latl took PotTef- fion of it alive, carried it Home, and had it drefled forthwith. It ferv’d five of us very plentifully for a Breakfaft, and fome to the Servants. This Fith Was a Rock near two Foot long, very fat, and a - great Rarity for the Time of Year, as well as for : the manner of its being taken. Thefe Fithing-Hawks, in more plentiful Seafons, Will catch a Filh, and loiter about with it in the Air, on purpofe to have Chace with an Eagle; and when he does not appear foon enough, the Hawk will make a fawcy Noife, and infolently defie him. This has been frequently teen, by Per* fons who have obferv’d their Fithings. CHAP. VI. Of wild Fowl, and hunted Game. §. if. A S in Summer, the Rivers and Creeks are fill’d with Fith, fo in Winter they are in many Places cover’d with Fowl. There are .fuch a Multitude of Swans, Geefe, Brants, Shel¬ drakes, Ducks of feveral Sorts, Mallard, Teal, Blewings, and many other Kinds of Water-Fowl, that the Plenty of them is incredible. I am but a fmall Sports-man, yet with a Fowling-Piece, have! kill’d above twenty of them at a Shot. In like manner are the Mill-ponds, and great Runs in the * b Woods Conventencies of V i r gin i a. 13? Woods ftor’d with thefe Wild-Fowl, at certain Seafons of the Year. §. z 6 . The Shores, Marfhy Grounds, Swattlps, and Savanna’s, are alfo ftor’d with the like Plenty of other Game, of all Sorts, as Cranes, Curlews, Herons, Snipes, Woodcocks, Saurers, Ox-eyes, Plover, Larks, and many other good Birds for the ’i able that they have not yet found a Name for. Not to mention Beavers, Otters, Musk-Rats, Minxes, and an infinite Number of other wild Creatures. ! §. vj. Altho’ the inner Lands want thefe Bene¬ fits, (which, however, no Pond or Plalh is with¬ out) yet even they have the Advantage of Wild Turkeys, of an incredible Bignefs, Pheafants, Par¬ tridges, Pigeons, and an Infinity of fmall Birds, as well as Deer, Hairs, Foxes, Raccoons, Squirrels, Poffums. And upon the Frontier Plantations, they meet with Bears, Panthers, Wild-Cats, Elks, Buffaloes, and Wild Hogs, which yield Pleafure, as well as Profit to the Sports-man. And tho’ lome of thefe Names may feem frightful to the £«»/(/&, who hear not of them in their own Coun¬ try; yet they are not fo there j for all thefe Crea¬ tures ever fly from the Face of Man, doing no Damage but to the Cattle and Hogs, which, the Lillians never troubled themfelves about. Here I cannot omit a ftrange Rarity in the Fe¬ male Pojfiim , which I my fclf have feen. They have a falfe Belly, orloofe Skin quite over the Bel¬ ly; this never flicks to the Flefii of the Belly, but may be look’d into at all Times, after they have been concern’d in Procreation. In the Hinder- part of this, is an Overture big enough for a fmall Hand to pafs into: Hither the young ones, after they are full hair’d, aud ftrong enough to run about, i $6 Of the natural ProduB and about, do fly whenever any Danger appears, or when they go to reft, or fuck. This they conti¬ nue till they have learn’d to live without the Dam: But, what is .yet ftranger, the young ones are bred in this falfe Belly, without ever being within the true one. They are form’d at the Teat, and there they grow for feveral Weeks together into perfeft Shape, becoming vifibly larger, till at laft they get Strength, Sight, and Hair; and then they drop off, and reft in this falfe Belly, going in and out at Pleafure. I have obferved them thus faften’d at the Teat, from the Bignefs of a Flie, until they' became as large as a Moufe. Neither is it any Hurt to-the old one to open this-Budget, and look in upon her Young r;( ,r i §. 28. The Indians had no other Way of taking their Water or Land-Fowl, but by the Help of Bows, and Arrows: Yet, fo great was their Plenty, that with this Weapon only, they kill’d what Numbers they pleafed. And when the Water- Fowl kept far from Shore, (as in warmer Wea¬ ther they fometimes did) they took their Canoes, and paddled -after them. But they had a better Way of killing the Elks, Buffaloes, ■ Deer, and greater Game, by a Method Which We call Fire-Hunting: That is, a Company of them , would go together back into the Woods, any time in the Winter, when the Leaves were fallen, and fo dry, that they would burn; and being come to the Place defign’d, they would fire the Woods, in a Circle of five or fix Miles Com- pafs; and when they had completed the firfl Round, they retreated inward, each at his due Difiance, and put Fire to the Leaves and Graf afteih, to accelerate the Work, which ought to be finifhed with the Day. This they repeat, til the Circle be fo contrafted, that they can fee the Convemencies of Virginia. 137 Game herded all together in the Middle,' panting and almoft ftifled with Heat and Smoak > for the poor Creatures being frighten’d at the Flame, keep running continually round, thinking to run from it, and dare not pafs through the Fire; by which means they are brought at laft into a very narrow Compafs. Then the Indians retreat into the Cen¬ ter, and let fly their Arrows at'them, as they pals round within the Circle j by this means, tho’they Hand often quite clouded in Smoak, they rarely Ihoot each other. By this means they deftroy all the Beafts, collected ‘within that Circle. They make all this Slaughter chiefly for the fake of the Skins, leaving moft of theCarcafles to perilh in the Woods. Father Ferbiajl , in his Defcription of the Empe¬ ror of China's, Voyage into the Eaftern Tartary , Anno 1682, gives an Account of a Way of hunting the Tartars have, not much unlike this ; only where¬ as the Indians furround their Game with Fire, the Tartars do it with a great Body of armed Men, who having environ’d the Ground they defign to drive, march equally inwards, which, ftill as the Ring leflens, brings the Men nearer each other, till at length the wild Beafts are incompaffed with a living Wall. The Indians have many pretty Inventions, to dis¬ cover and come up to the Deer, Turkeys and other Game undifcern’d > but that being an Alt known to very few Englijh there, I will not be fo acceflary to the Deftruftion of their Game, as to make it public. I lhall therefore only tell you, that when they go a Hunting into the Out-lands, they-commonly go out for the whole Seafon, with their Wives and Family. At the Place where they find the moft Game, they build up a conve¬ nient Number of fmall Cabbins, wherein they live during that Seafon. Thefe Cabbins are both be- K g« n ? 138 The History, See. gun, and finifhed in two or three Days, and after the Seafon is over, they make no farther Account of them. §. zp. This, and a great deal more, was the na¬ tural Production of that Country, which the Na¬ tive Indians enjoy’d, without the Curfe of Induftry, their Diverfion alone, and not their Labour, Ap¬ plying their Necefllties. The Women and Chil¬ dren indeed, were fo far provident, as to lay up fome of the Nuts, and Fruits of the Earth, in their Seafon for their farther Occafions: But none of the Toils of Hufbandry were exercifed by this hap¬ py People; except the bare planting a little Corn, and Melons, which took up only a few Days in the Summer, the reft being wholly fpent in the Pur- fuit of their Pleafures. And indeed all that the Engli(h have done, fince their going thither, has been only to make fome of thefe native Pleafures more fcarce, by an inordinate and unfeafonable Ufe of them 5 hardly making Improvements equivalent to that Damage. I ftiall in the next Book give an Account of the Indians- themfelves, their .Religion, Laws, and Cuftoms; that fo, both the Country and its primi¬ tive Inhabitants may be confider’d together, in that original State of Nature, in which the Englijb found them. Afterwards I will treat of the pre- fent State of the EngliJI) there, and the Alterations, I can’t call them Improvements, they have made at this Day. The End of the Second Book. THE THE HISTORY O F VIRGINIA. Book III. Of the Indians, their Religion, Laws, and Cufloms, in War and Peace. C H A P. I. Of the Perfons of the Indians, and their Drefs. H E Indians are of the middling and largeft Stature of the Englijb: They are ftraight and well pro¬ portion’d, having the cleaned: and moft exaft Limbs in the World : They are fo perfett in their outward Frame, that I never heard of one fingle Indian, that was either K % dwarfilh, 140 The Indians of dwarfifh, crooked, bandy-leg’d, or otherwife mif- fliapen. But if they have any fuch Pradtice among them, as the Romans had, of expofing fuch Chil¬ dren till they died, as were weak and mis-fhapen at their Birth, they are very fhy of confeffing it, and | I could never yep learn that they had. j Their Colour, when they We grown up, is a j Chefnut brown and tawny ; but much clearer in ! their Infancy. Their Skin comes afterwards to ; harden and grow blacker, by greafing and funning 1 themfelves. They have generally coal black Hair, and very black Eyes, which are moll commonly grac’d with that fort of Squint which many of the Jews are obferv’d to have. Their Women are ge¬ nerally beautiful, pofleffing Shape and Features ; agreeable enough, and wanting no Charm, but that of Education and a fair Complexion. §. z The Men wear their Hair cut after feveral \ fanciful Fafhions, fometimes greas’d, and fome- times painted. The great Men, or better Sort, preferve a'long Lock behindfor Diftin&ion. They pull their Beards up by the Roots with Mufcle- fhells, and both Men and Women do the fame by the other Parts of their Body for Cleanlinefs fake, The Women wear the Hair of the Head very long, either hanging at their Backs, or brought before in a Angle Lock, bound up with a Fillet of Peak, or Beads; fometimes alfo they wear it neatly tyed up in a Knot behind. It is commonly greafed, and, fliining black, but never painted. The People of Condition of both Sexes, wear a fort of Coronet on their Heads, from 4 to 6 Inches broad, open at the Top, and compofed of Peak, or Beads, of elfe of both interwoven together, ther, and work’d into Figures, made by a nice Mix¬ ture of the Colours. Sometimes they wear a Wreath of died Furs; as likewife Bracelets on their Necks and Arms. The Common People go bare-headed, VIRGINIA. 141 only flicking large Alining Feathers about their Heads, as their Fancies lead them. §. 3. Their Cloaths are a large Mantle, carelefs- ly wrapped about their Bodies, and fometimes girt clofe in the Middle with a Girdle. The upper part of this Mantle is drawn clofe upon the Shoul¬ ders, and the other hangs below their Knees. When that’s thrown off, they have only for Modefty fake a Piece of Cloth, or a fmall Skin, tyed round their Wafte, which reaches down to the Middle of the Thigh. The common fort tye only a String round their Middle, and pafs a piece of Cloth or Skin round between their Thighs, which they turn at each end over the String. Their Shoes, when they wear any, are made of an entire piece of Buck-Skin; except when they fow a piece to the Bottom, to thicken the Soal. They are fatten’d on with running Strings, the Skin being drawn together like a Purfe on the Top of the Foot, and tyed round the Anclde. The Indian Name of this kind of Shoe is Moccafin. But becaufe a Draught ofthefe things will inform the Reader more at firft View, than aDefcription in many Words, I fliall prefent him with the fol¬ lowing Prints drawn by the Life. Tab. 2.1s an Indian Man in his Summer Drefs. ' the upper part of his Hair is cut fhort , to make a Ridge which ftands up like the Comb of a Cock, the reft is either Jhorn off, or knotted behind his Ear. On bis Head are Jluck three Feathers of the Wild ‘turkey , Rhcafant, Hawk, or fuch like. At his Ear is hung a fine Shell with Pearl Drops. At his Breaft is a Tablet or fine Shell, finootb as polifh'd Marble, which fometimes alfo hath etched on it, a Star, Half Moon, or other Figure, according to the Maker's Fancy. Upon bis Neck , and Wrifis, hang Strings of Beads, Peak 141 The Indians of gaped round the Edges, which bang like Tajfels ot Fringe ; at the upper End of the Fringe is an edging of Peak, to make it finer. His Quiver is of a thin Bark-, but fometimes they make it of the Skin of a Fox,or young Wolf with the Head hanging to it, which Isas a wild Sort of‘Terror in it and to make it yet more warlike, they tye it on with the Tail of a Panther , Buff aloe, or fuels like, letting the End hang down be¬ tween their Legs. The prickt Lines on his Shoulders, Breafi and Legs, reprefent the Figures painted there¬ on. In his Left Hand he holds a Bow, and in his Right an Arrow. The Mark upon his Shoulder-blade , is a Diftinttion ujed by the Indians, in Travelling, to fisew the Nation they are of: And perhaps is the fame with that which BaronLzhonuncalls the Anns ■ and Heraldry of the Indians. Thus the feveral Ut¬ ter'd Marks, are ufed by fever al other Nations about Virginia, when they make a Journey to their Friends and Allies. The La-ndfkdp is a natural Reprefentation of an Indian Field. Tab. 3. Is two Indian Men in their Win¬ ter Drefs. Seldom any but the Elder People wore the Winter Cloaks, (which they call Match-coats) till they got a- Supply of European Goods 5 and nop rnofi have them of one Sort or other in the cold IVinter Brea¬ ther. Fig. 1. wears the proper Indian Match-coat , which is made of Skins, drefi with the Fur on, found together, and worn with the Fur inwards, having the Edges alfo gaped for Beauty Sake. On his Feet are Moccafins. By him ftand fome Indian Cabins on the Banks of the River. Fig. z. wears the Duf- field Match-coat bought of the Englifh, on his Head is A Coronet of peak, on bis Legs are Stockings mail VIRGINIA. 143 c/Duffields: 'that is, they take a Length to. reach from the Jnckle to the Knee , fo broad as to wrap round the Leg-, this they fow together, letting the Edges fiend out at an Inch beyond the Seam. When this is on, they garter below Knee , and faften the lower End in the Moccafin. §. 4. I don’t find that the Indians have any other Diftinftion in their Drefs, or the Fafliion of their Hair, than only what a greater Degree of Riches enables them to make; except it be their Religious Perfons, who are known by the particular Cut of the Hair, and the unufual Figure of their Garments; as our Clergy are diftinguifh’d by their Canonical Habit. The Habit of the Indian Prieft is a Cloak made in the Form of a Woman’s Petticoat; but inftead of tying it about their Middle, they fallen the Ga¬ therings about their Neck, and tye it upon the Right Shoulder, always keeping one Arm out to ufe upon Occafion. This Cloak hangs even at the Bottom, but reaches no lower than the Middle of the Thigh; but what is moll particular in it is, that it isconftantlymadeof a Skin dreft loft, with the Pelt or Fur on the Outfide, and revers’d; infomuch, that when the Cloak has been a little worn, the Hair falls down in Flakes, and looks very lhagged, and frightful. The Cut of their Hair is likewife peculiar to their Function ; for ’tis all lhaven dole except a thin Creft, like a Cock’s Comb which ftands brill- ling up, and runs in a Semi-circle from the Fore¬ head up along the Crown to the Nape of the Neck : They likewife have a Border of Hair over the Fore¬ head, which by its own natural Strength, and by the Stiffning it receives from Greafe and Paint, will Hand out like the Peak of a Bonnet. Tab. 4. K 4 44 The Indians of Tab. 4. Is a Prieft and a Conjurer in their proper Habits. The Prieft’s Habit is fufficiently defcrib’d above. The Conjurer Jhaves all his Hair off, except the Crefl on the Crown upon his Ear he wears the Skin of fame dark-colour'd Bird-, he, as well as the Prieft, is commonly grim'd with Soot or the like ; to fave his Modefty he hangs an Otter-Jkin at his Girdle, faftning the Pail between his Legs upon his thigh hangs his Pocket, which is fallen'd by tucking it un¬ der his Girdle, the Bottom of this is likewife fring'd with Taffils for Ornament Sake. In the Middle be¬ tween them is the Htifkanawpen fpokenof §. 31. §. y. The Drefs of the Women is little different from that of the Men, except in the tying of their Hair. The Women of Diftin&ion wear deep Necklaces, Pendants and Bracelets, made of fmall Cylinders of the Conque Shell, which they call Peak: They likewife keep their Skin clean, and fhining with Oyl, while the Men are commonly bedaub'd all over with Paint. They are remarkable for having fmall round Bredis, and fo firm, that they are hardly ever ob- ferv’d to hang down, even in old Women. They commonly go naked as far as the Navel downward, and upward to the Middle of the Thigh, by which Means they have the Advantage of difeovering their fine Limbs, and compleat Shape. Tab, 5. Is a Couple of young Women. The fir ft wearing a Coronet, Necklace, and Brace¬ let of Peak the Second a Wreath of Furs on her Head, and her Hair is bound with a Fillet of Peak 4*i VIRGINIA. i 45 and Beads. Between the two , is a Woman under a Tree, snaking a Bajket of Silk-Grafs, after their own sunner. Tab. 6. Is a Woman, and a Boy running after her. One vf her Hands refis in her Necklace of Peak , and the other holds a Gourd) in which they pit Wa¬ ter ^ or other Liquid. ithe Boy wears a Necklace of Runtees , in his right Hand is an Indian Rattle , and in his left a roofing Ear of Corn. Round his Wafte is a pmall String , and another brought crofs thro ’ his Crotch , and for Decency a foft Skin is faflned before. Runtees are made of the Conch-Sheilas the Peak is, only the Shape is flat and round like a Cheefe , and drill'd Edge-ways. C A H P. II. Of the Marriages amongfi the Indians, and Management of their Children. §. 6 . rpHE Indians have their Solemnities of I Marriage, and efteem the Vows made at that time, as moft facred and inviolable. Not- withftanding they allow both the Man and the Wife to part upon Difagreement; yet fo great is theDifreputationof a Divorce, that married People, to avoid the Character of inconftant and ungene¬ rous, very rarely let their Quarrels proceed to a Separation. However, when it does fo happen, they reckon all the Ties of Matrimony diffolv’d, and each hath the Liberty of marrying another. But Infidelity 14 & The Indians of Infidelity is accounted the.mod; unpardonable of all Crimes in either of the Parties, as long as the Con- traft continues. In thefe Separations, the Children go, accor¬ ding to the Affe&ion of the Parent, with the one or the-other; for Children are not reckoned a Charge among them, but rather Riches, according to the Blelfing of the old Teftament; and if they happen to.differ about dividing their Children, their Me¬ thod is then, to part them equally, allowing the Man- the firft Choice. , §. 7 Tho’ the young Indian Women are laid to proftitute their Bodies for Wampom Peak, Run- tees, Beads, and other fuch like Fineries} yet I never. could.'find any Ground for the Accufa- tion, find, believe; .it only to be an unjuft Scandal upon them. This I know, that if ever they have a Child while they are fingle,it is fuch a Difgrace to; them, that .they never after get Hufbands. Be- fides, I muft do them the Juftice to fay, I never heard of a Child any of them had before Marriage, and the Indians themfelves difown any fuch Cuftom > tho’,t-hey acknowledge at the fame time, that, the Maidens are'entirely at their own Difpofal, and may managetheif Perfons'aS'.they think fit. §. 8 . The manner of the Indians treating their young Children-is very ftrangej, for infteadofkeep- iiig'them warmi, at their firft Entry into' the Wbrld, atid wrapping them , up, with .1 don’t know how many Gloaths, according to our fond Cuftom; thejfirlV.thing they do, is to dip the Child over Head 1 arid : Eja;rs in cold Water,. and then to bind it naked; to a. convenient Board, having a Hole, fitly .plac’d'for Evacuation} but they always put Cotton, Wool, Fur, or other foft things, for f £ S'- 3- FI RG INI A. 147 the Body to reft eafy on, between the Child and the Board. In this Pofture they keep it feveral Months, till the Bones begin to harden, the Joynts to knit, and the Limbs to grow ftrong ; and then they let it loofe from the Board, fuffering it to crawl about, except when they are feeding, or playing with it. While the Child is thus at the Board, they either lay it flat on its back, or fet it leaning on one End, or elfe hang it up by a String fatten’d to the upper End of the Board for that Purpofe; the Child and Board being'all this while carry’d about to¬ gether. As our Women undrefs their Children to clean and fliift their Linen, fo they do theirs to wafh and greafe them. The Method the Women have of carrying their Children after they are fuffer’d to crawl about, is very particular ; they carry them at their Backs in Summer, taking one Leg of the Child under their Arm, and the Counter-Arm of the Child in their Handover their Shoulder j the other Leg hanging down, and the Child all the while holding fail with its other Hand; but in Winter they carry them in the hollow of their Match-coat at their Back, leaving nothing but the Child’s Head out, as appears by the Figure. CHAP. III. Of the Towns, Buildings and Fortifications of the Indians. ’ §• 9 - PIC HE Method of the Indian Settlements X is altogether, by Cohabitation, in Town- ,ihips, from fifty to five hundred Families in a Town, and 148 The Indians of and each of thefe Towns is commonly a Kingdom. Sometimes one King has the Command of feveral of thefe Towns, when they happen to be united in his Hands, by Defcent or Conqueft; but in fuch Cafes there, is always a Vicegerent appointed in the dependent Town, who is at once Governor, Judge, Chancellor, and has the fame Power and Authori¬ ty which the King himfelf has in the Town where he refides. This Viceroy is oblig’d to pay his Prin¬ cipal fome fmall Tribute, as an Acknowledgement of his Submiffion, as likewife to follow him to his' Wars, whenever he is requir’d. §. IO. The manner the Indians have of building their Houfes, is very flight and cheap'} when they would ereft a ffigwang , which is the Indian Name for a Houfe, they flick Saplins into the . Ground by one End, and bend the other at the Top, fatten¬ ing them together by Strings made of fibrous Roots, the Rind of Trees, or of the green Wood of the white Oak, which will rive into Thongs. The fmalleft Sort of. thefe Cabbins are conical like a Bee¬ hive} but the larger are built in an oblong Form, and both are cover’d with the Bark of Trees,which will rive off into great Flakes. Their Windows are little Holes left open for the Paflage of the Light, which in bad Weather they flop with Shutters of the fame Bark, opening the Leeward Windows for Air and Light. Their Chimney, as among the true born Irijb , is a little Hole oil the Top of the Houfe, to let out the Smoak, having no fort of Funnel, or any thing within, to confine the Smoak from ranging,thro’.the whole Roof of the Cab* bins, if the Vent will not let it out faft enough. The Fire is always made in the Middle of the Cabbin. Their Door is a pendent Mat, when they are near home} but when they go abroad, they barricado it with great Logs of Wood fet againft the Mat, which VIRGINIA. 14? which arefufficient to keep out wild Beafls. There’s never more than one Room in a Houfe, except in fome Houfes of State, or Religion, where the Par¬ tition is made only by Mats, and loofe Poles. §. 11. Their Houfes or Cabbins, as we call them, are .by this ill Method of Building, continually fmoaky, when they have Fire in thembut to eafe that Inconvenience, and to make the Smoak lefs troublefome to their Eyes, they generally burn Pine, or Lightwood, (that is, the fat Knots of dead Pine) the Smoak of which does not offend the Eyes, but fmuts the Skin exceedingly, and is perhaps another Occafion of the Darknefs of their Complexion. §. 11. Their Seats, like thofe in the Eaftern Part of the World, are the Ground itfelf j and as the People of Diftinclion amongft thofe ufed Car¬ pets, fo Cleanlinels has taught the better Sort of thefe, to fpread Match-coats aind Mats, to fit on. They take up their Lodging in the Sides of their Cabbins upon a Couch made of Board, Sticks, or Reeds, which are rais’d from the Ground upon Forks, and cover’d with Mats or Skins. Some¬ times they lye upon a Bear-Skin, or other thick Pelt dreft with the Hair on, and kid upon the Ground near a Fire, covering themfelves with their Match-coats. In warm Weather a fingle Mat is their only Bed, and another roll’d up their Pillow. In their Travels, a Grafs-plat under the Covert of afhady Tree, is all the Lodging they require, and isaspleafant andorefrefhing to them, as a Down- Bed and fine Holland Sheets are to us. §. 13. Their Fortifications confift only of aPa- lifado, of about ten or. .twelve Foot high 5 and when they would make themieTve?very fafe, they 4- ' treble 150 The Indians of treble the Pale. They often encompafs their whole Town : But for the molt part only their King’s Houfes, and as many others as they judge Efficient to harbour all their People, when an Enemy comes againft them. They never fail to fecure within tneir Palifado, all their Religious Reliques, and the Remains of their Princes. Within this Inclofure, they like wife take Care to have a Supply of Water, and to make a Place for a. Fire,' which they fre¬ quently dance round with great Solemnity. C H A P. IV. Of their Cookery and Food. 5. 14. ryi HEIR Cookery has nothing commen- X dable in it, but that it is perform’d with little Trouble. They have no other Sauce but a good Stomach, which they feldom want. They boil, broil, or toft all the Meat they eat, and it is very common with them to boil Fim as well as Flefh with their Homony ; this is Indian Corn, foaked, broken in a Mortar, hulked, and then boil’d in Water over a gentle Fire, for ten or twelve Hours, to the Confidence of Furmity: The Thin of this is what my Lord Bacon calls Cream of Maife, and highly commends for an excellent Sort of Nutriment. • They have two ways of Broiling, viz. one by laying the Meat itfelf upon the Coals, the other by laying it upon Sticks rais’d upon Forks at fome Diftance above the live Coals, which heats more f ently, and dries up the Gravy j this they, and we alfo om them, call Barbacueing. They VIRGINIA. iyi They fkin and paunch all Sorts of Quadrupeds; they draw, aud pluck their Fowl but their Filh ! they drefs with their Scales on, without gutting 5 ! but in eating they leave the Scales, Entrails and i Bones to be thrown away. They alfo roail their' | Filh upon a hot Hearth, covering them with hot i Allies and Coals, then take them out, the Scales ( and Skin they ftrip clean off, fo they eat the Flelh ! leaving the Bones and Entrails to be-thrown away. \ They never ferve up different Sorts of Victuals | in one Dilh; as Roaft and Boil’d,- Filh and Flelh} i but always ferve them up in feveral Veffels. ! They bake their Bread either in Cakes before ! the Fire, or in Loaves on a warm Hearth, cover- j ing the Loaf firit with Leaves, then with warm ; Ames, and afterwards with Coals over all. Tab. 9. Reprefents the Manner of their Roafling and Barbacueing ., with the Form of their Bafketsfor common Ufes , and carrying Fifh. §. if. Their Food is Filh and Flelh of all Sorts, snd that which participates of both; as the Bea¬ ver, a fmall kind of Turtle, or Tarapins , (as we call them) and feveral Species of Snakes. They like- wife eat Grubs, the Nympha of Wafps, fome kinds of ScarabA, Cicada, &c. Thefe laid arefuch as are fold in the Markets of Fefs, and fuch as the Ara- iians, Lybians , Parthians and ^Ethiopians common¬ ly eat; fo that thefe are not a new Dyet, tho’ a very llender one ; and we are inform’d, that St. John was dyeted upon Locufts, and Wild-honey. They make excellent Broth of the Head and Utnbles of a Deer, which they put into the Pot all bloody. This feems to refemble the jus nigrum of the Spartans , made with the Blood and Bowels of J Hare, They eat not the Brains with the Head, 15* “The Indians of bat dry them and referve them to drefs their Lea¬ ther with. They eat all Sorts of Peas, Beans, and other Pulfe, both parched and boiled. They make their Bread of the Indian Corn, Wild-oats, or the Seed of the Sunflower. But when they eat their Bread, they eat it alone, and not with their Meat. They have no Salt among them, but for fea- foning ufe the Allies of Hiccory, Stickweed, or ibme other Wood or Plant, affording a Salt Alh, They delight much to feed on Roafting-ears.} that is, the Indian Corn, gathered green and milky, before it is grown to its full Bignefs, and roafted beforetheFireinthe Ear. For the Sake of this ©yet, which they love exceedingly, they are very careful to procure all the feveral Sorts of Mm Corn before mentioned, by which means they con¬ trive to prolong their Seafon. And indeed this is a very fweet and pleafing Food. They have growing near their Towns, Peaches, Strawberries, Cufhawes, Melons, Pompions, Ma< cocks, &c. The Gufliaws and Pompions they lay by, which will keep feveral Months good after they are gather’d > the Peaches theyfave, by drying them in the Sunj they have likewife feveral Sorts : of the Phafeoli. In the Woods, they gather Chincapins, Chefnuts, Hiccories, and W alnuts. The Kernels of the Hie cories they beat in a Mortar with Water, and makt a white Liquor like Milk, from whence they cal our Milk Hickory. Hazlenuts they will not med die with, tho’ they make a fhift with Acorns fometimes, and eat all the other Fruits mentioned! before, but they never eat any fort of Herbs o Leaves. They make Food of another Fruit call’d Cim tiitnmons, the Fruit of a kind of Arum, growing in the Marfhes: They are like boil’d Peas, n " Cap VIRGINIA. 153 Capers to look on, but of an infipid earthy Talte. Captain Smith in his Hiftory of Virginia calls them Ocaughtanamnis , and Theod. de Bry in his Tranfla- tion, Sacquemmmemr. Out of the Ground they dig Trubs, Earth-nuts, wild Onions, and a tuberous Root they call fuckahoe, which while crude is of a very hot and virulent Quality: But they can manage it fo, as in cafe of Neceffity to make Bread of it, juft as the Eaft Indians , and thofe of Egypt-, are faid to do of Colocafiia,ox t'nclVeft Indians’ of Cafl'ava. It grows like a Flag in the miry Marfhes, having Roots of the Magnitude and Tafte of hip Potatoes, which are eafy to be dug up. §. 16. They accuftom themfelves to no fet Meals, but eat night and day, when they have Plenty of Provifions, or if they have got any thing that is a Rarity. They are very patient of Hunger, when by any Accident they happen to have nothing to eutj which they make more eafy to themfelves by girding up their Bellies, juft as the wild Arabs are faid to do, in their long Marches} by which means they are lefs fenfible of the Impreffions of Hunger, §. 17. Among all this Variety of Food, Nature bath not taught them the Ufe of any other Drink than Water} which-tho’ they have in cool and pleafant Springs everywhere, yet they will not drink that, if they can get Pond-Water, or fuch as has been warm’d by the Sun and Weather. BmnLahontan tells ofa fweet Juice ofMaple,which the Indians to the Northward gaye him, mingled with Water} but our Indians ufe no fuch Drink. For their ftrong Drink, they are altogether be¬ holden to us, and are fo greedy of it, that moft Of them will be drunk as often as they find an Op- h portupity j IJ4 The Indians of portunity > notwithftanding which, it is a prevail¬ ing Humour among them, not to tafte any ftrong Drink at all, unlefs they can get enough to make them quite drunk, and then they go as folemnly about it, as if it were part of their Religion. §. 18. Their Fafiiion of fitting at Meals, is on a Mat fpread on the Ground, with their Legs lying out at length before them, and the Difir between their Legs; for which rcafon, they feldom or never, fit more than two together at a Difii, who may with Convenience mix their Legs together, and • have the Difii Hand commodioufly to them both; as appears by the Figure. The Spoons which they eat with, do generally hold half a Pint ; and they laugh at the EnglijI) for ufing fmall ones, which they muft be forc’d to carry fo often to their Mouths, that their Arms are in Danger of being tir’d, before their Belly. Tab. io. Is a Man and his Wife at Dinner. No. i. L their Pot boiling with Homony andFifi in it. z. Is.a Bowl of Corn,which they gather up in their Fingers, to feed,themfelves. ■ 3. floe Tomahawk, which he lays by at Dinner. 4. His Pocket , which is likewife flript off, that be may be at full Liberty. f• A Fiji). •* both ready for dref- 6. A Heapofroafting Ears, j pig. 7. fhe Gourd of Wetter. ■8. A Cb'ckle-Shell, which they fometmesufeinfteai of a Spoon. ■ 9. The -Mat they fit on. All other Matters in this Figure, are underfiood by the foregoing and following Defcriptions. C H AP. VI R GIN 1 A. g 9QQ9G>9QO£QQ0&Q63Q£ 3O£ 3Or .^ CHAP. V. Of the Travelling, Reception, and Enter¬ tainment of the Indians. §. xp- r |^HEIR Travels they perform altoge- I ther on Foot, the Fatigue of which they endure to Admiration. They make no other Provifion for their Journey, but their Gun or Bow, to fupply them with Food for many hundred Miles together. If they carry any Flefh in their Marches, they barbecue it, or rather dry it by Degrees, at fome Diftance, over the clear Coals of a Wood-fire; juft as the Cbaribees are faid, to pre- ferve the Bodies of their Kings and great Men from Corruption. Their Sauce to this dry Meat, (if they have any befides a good Stomach) is only a little Bear’s Oyl, or Oyl of Acorns} which laft they force out, by boiling the Acorns in a ftrong Lye. Sometimes alfo in their Travels, each Man takes, with him a Pint or Quart of Rockahomonie , that is, the fineft Indian Corn, parched, and beaten to Powder. When they find their Stomach empty, (and cannot ftay for the tedious Cookery of other things) they put about a fpoonful of this' into their Mouths, and drink a Draught of Water upon it, which ftays their Stomachs, and enables them to purfue their Journey without Delay. But their main Dependence is upon the Game they kill by the Way, and the natural Fruits of the Earth. They take no Care about Lodging in thefe Jour¬ neys; but content themfelves with the Shade of 3 Tree, or a little high Grafs. When i $6 The Indians of When they fear being difcover’d, or follow’d by an Enemy in their Marches} they, every Morn- ing, having firit agreed where they lhall rendez- vouz at Night, difperfe themfelves into the Woods, and each takes a feveral Way, that fo, the Grafs or Leaves being but fingly preft, may rife again, and not betray them. For the Indians are very artful in following a Track, even where the Impreflions are not vifible to other People, efpecially if they have any Advantage from the Loofenefs of the Earth, from the Stiffnefs of the Grafs, or the ftir- ring of the Leaves, which in the Winter Seafon lye very thick upon the Ground} and like wile af¬ terwards, if they do not happen to be burned. When in their Travels, they meet with any Wa¬ ters, which are not fordable, they make Canoes of Birch Bark, by flipping it whole off the Tree, in this manner. Firft, they gafli the Bark quite round the Tree, at the Length they would have the Ca¬ noe off, then flit down the Length from end to end} when that is done, they with their ‘toma¬ hawks eafily open the Bark, and ftrip it whole off. Then they force it open with Sticks in the Middle, flope the Under-fide of the Ends, and fow them up, which helps to keep the Belly open} or if the Birch Trees happen to be fmall, they fow the Bark of two together. The Seams they dawb with Clay or Mud, and then pafs over in thefe Canoes, by two, three, or more at a time, according as they are in Bignefs. . By reafon of the Lightnels of thefe Boats, they can eafily carry them over Land, if they forefee that they are like to meet with any more Waters, that may impede their March } or elfe they leave them at the Water-fide, malting no farther Account of them, except it be to repafs thl fame Waters in their Return. See the Re- femblance, Tab. 6. VIRGINIA. 7 §. 20. They have a peculiar way of receiving Strangers, and diftinguifhing whether they come as Friends or Enemies; tho’ they do not underftand each other’s Language: And that is by a fingular Method of fmoaking Tobacco; in which thefe things are always oblerv’d. 1. They take a Pipe much larger and bigger than the common Tobacco Pipe, exprefsly made for that Purpofe, with which all Towns are plen¬ tifully provided ; they call them the Pipes of Peace. 2. This Pipe they always fill with Tobacco,be¬ fore the Face of the Strangers, and light it. 3. The chief Man of the Indians , to whom the Strangers come, takes two or three Whiffs, and then hands it to the chief of the Strangers. 4. If the Stranger refufes to fmokc in it, ’tis a fign of War. f. If it be Peace, the chief of the Strangers takes a Whiff or two in the Pipe, and prefents it to the next great Man of the Town they come to vifit; he, after taking two or three Whiffs, gives it back to the next of the Strangers, and fo on alternately, until they have paft all the Perfons of Note on each fide, and then the Ceremony is ended. After a little Difcourfe, they march together in a friendly manner into the Town, and then pro¬ ceed to explain the Bufinefs upon which they came. This Method is as general a Rule among all the Indians of thofe Parts of America , as the Flag of Truce is among the Europeans. And tho’ the Fa¬ ction of the Pipe differ, as well as the Ornaments of it, according to the Humour of the feveral Na¬ tions ; yet ’tis a general Rule to make thefe Pipes remarkably bigger, than thofe for common Ufe, and to adorn them with beautiful Wings, and Fea¬ thers of Birds, as likewife with Peak, Beads, or L 3 other 158 The Indians#/" other fucli Foppery. Father Lewis Henepin gives a particular Defcription of one, that he took No¬ tice of, among the Indians , upon the Lakes where* in he^travell’d. He defcribes it by the Name of the Calumet of Peace, and his Words are thefe,Book I. Chap. 24. “ This Calumet is the mod myflerious thing in “ the World, among the Savages of the Conti- nent of the Northern America ; for it is ufedin “ all their important Tranfaftions: However, it “ is nothing elfe but a large Tobacco Pipe, made' “ of red, black, or white Marble: The Head is “ finely polifhed, and the Quill, which is com- “ monly two Foot and an half long, is made of “ a pretty ftrong Reed, or Cane, adorn’d with “ Feathers of all Colours, interlac’d with Locks “ of Women’s Hair. They tye it to two Wings “ of the molt curious Birds they can find, which “ makes their Calumet not much unlike Mercu - “ rfs Wand, or that Staff Ambafliidors did for- “ merly carry, when they went to treat of Peace. “ They fheath that Reed into the Neck of Birds “ they call Huars , which are as big as our Geefe, “ and fpotted with black and white j or elfe of a “ Sort of Ducks, which make their Nells upon “ Trees, tho’ the Water be their ordinary Ele- “ ment; and whofe Feathers be of many different “ Colours. However, every Nation adorns their “ Calumet as they think fit, according to their “ own Genius, and the Birds they have in their “ Country. “ Such a Pipe is a Pafs arid fafe Conduct among “ all the Allies of the Nation who has given it. “ And in all EmbafEes, the Ambaffador carries t{ that Calumeh as the Symbol of Peace, which is “ always refpeded: For the Savages are general- “ ly perfuaded, that a great Misfortune would be* “fall VIRGINIA. i J9 “ fall them, if they violated the public Faith of the “ Calumet. uioccos , Kiwafa. They do not look upon it, as one iingle Being, but reckon there are many of the fame Nature; they likewife believe, that there are tutelar Deities in every Town. Tab. 11. Their Idol in his Tabernacle. • The dark Edging fhews the Sides and Roof of the iioufe , confifis of Saplins and Bark. The paler EdgingJbews the flats^ by which they waked Partition , of about ten Foot , at the end of the Hottfe , for the Idol's abode. The Idol is fet upon his Seat of foot calt'l, OKEE, QUIOCCOS, or KIWASA . VIRGINIA 169 Mats, within a dark Recefs, above the People's Heads , and the Curtain is drawn up before him. $. 30. Father Henepin iri his Continuation, Pag. 60. will not allow that the Indians have any belief of a Deity, nor that they are capable of the Argu¬ ments, and Reafonings that are common to the reft of Mankind. He farther fays, that they have not any outward Ceremony to,denote their Worfhip of a Deity, nor have any Word to exprefs God by : That there’s no Sacrifice, Prieft, Temple, or any other Token of Religion among them. Ba¬ ron Lahontan , on the other hand, makes them have fuch refin’d Notions, as feem almoft to con¬ fute his own Belief of Chriftianity. The firft I cannot believe, tho’ written by the Pen of that pious Father j becaufe, to my own Knowledge, all the Indians in thefe Parts are afu- perftitious and idolatrous People; and becaufe all other Authors, who have written of the American Indians, are againft him. As to the other Ac¬ count of the juft Thoughts the Indians have of Religion,I muft humbly intreat the Baron’s pardon; becaufe I am very fure, they have fome unworthy Conceptions of God, and another World. There¬ fore what that Gentleman tells the Public concern¬ ing them, is rather to fhew his own Opinions, than thofe of the Indians. Once in my Travels, in very cold Weather, I met at an EngliJIs Man’s Houfe with an Indian , of whom an extraordinary Charafter had been given me, for his Ingenuity and Underftanding. When I faw he had no other Indian with him, I thought I might be the more free; and therefore I made much of him, feating him clofe by a large Fire, and giving him plenty of ftrong Cyder, which I hop’d would make him good Company, and open- hearted. After I found him well warm’d (forun- M lefs ffo 7 loe Indians, &c. lefs they be furprized fome way or other, they will not talk freely of their Religion) I afk’d him con¬ cerning their God, and what their Notions of him were ? He freely told me, they believ’d God was univerfally beneficent, that his Dwelling was in the Heavens above, and that the Influences of his Goodnefs reach’d to the Earth beneath: That he was incomprehenfible in his Excellence, and en¬ joy’d all poflible Felicity : That his Duration was eternal, his Perfeftion boundlefs, and that he poflefles everlafting Indolence and Eafe. I told him, I had heard that they worfliiped the Devil, and afked why they did not rather worfhip God, whom they had fo high an Opinion of, and who would give them all good Things, and prated: them from any Mifchief that the Devil could do them ? To this his anfwer was; that, ’tis true, God is the Giver of .all good Things, butihey flow naturally and promifcuoufly from him ; that they are fhower’d down upon all MenindifFerently with¬ out Diftin&ion* that God does not trouble him- felf,. with the impertinent Affairs of Men, nor is concern’d at what they do* but leaves them to make the moft of their free Will, and to fecure as many as they can of the good Things that flow from him: That therefore it was to no purpofe, either to fear, or worfhip him: But on the con¬ trary, if they did not pacify the evil Spirit, and make him .propitious, he would take away, or fpoil all thofe good Things that God had given, and ruin their Health, their Peace, and their Plenty, by fending War, Plague, and Famine among them; for, laid he,-;t : hisevil Spirit is always bufying him- felf with our Affairs, and frequently vifiting us, being prefent in the Air, in the Thunder, and in the Storms. He told me farther, that he expected Adoration and Sacrifice from them,, on pain of his Difpleafure} and that therefore they thought it , con- VIRGINIA. i 71 convenient to make their Court to him. I then alked him concerning the Image, which they wor- {hip in their Quioccafan and aflur’d him, that it was a dead infenfible Log, equipt with a Bundle of Clouts, a meer helplefs Thing made by Men, that could neither hear, fee, nor ipeak; and that fuch a ftupid thing could no ways hurt, or help them. To this he anfwer’d very unwillingly, and with much Hefitation; however, he at laft deliver’d himfelf in thefe broken and imperfeft Sentences ■, It is the Priefts- - they make the People believe,and -- Here he paus’d a little, and then repeated to me, that it was the Priefts -and then gave me hopes that he would have faid fomething more * but a Qualm crofs’d his Confcience, and hinder’d him from making any farther Confeflion. §.■31. The Priefts and Conjurers have a great Sway in every Nation. Their Words are looked upon as Oracles, and confequently are of great Weight among the common People. They per¬ form their Adorations and Conjurations, in the general Language before fpoken of, as the Catho- licks of all Nations do their Mafs in the Latin. They teach, that the Souls of Men furvive their Bo¬ dies, and that thofe who have done well here, enjoy moft tranfportingPleafures in their Elizium hereafter* that this Elizium is ftor’d with the higheft Perfe&ion of all their earthly Pleafures* namely, wicftjplenty of all Sorts of Game, for Hunting, Fifhing,and Fowl¬ ing; that it is bleft with the moft charming Women, which enjoy an eternal Bloom, and have an uni- verfal Defire to pleafe : That it is deliver’d from,- Excefles of Cold or Heat, and fiourifhes with an " everlafting Spring. But that, on the contrary, thofe who are wicked, and live fcandaloufly here, are condemn’d to a filthy flunking Lake after Death, that continually burns with Flames, that Ma never 172- 'The Indians of never extinguifh; where they are perfecuted and tormented Day and Night, with Furies in the 'Shape of old Women. They ufe many Divinations and Inchantments, and frequently offer burnt Sacrifice to the evil Spi¬ rit. The People annually, prefent their firft Fruits of every Seafon and Kind, namely, of Birds, Beafts, Fifh, Fruits, Plants, Roots, and of all other Things, which they efteem either of Profit or Pleafure to themfelves. They repeat their Of¬ ferings, as frequently as they have great Succeffes . in their Wars, or their Fifliing, Fowling or Hunt¬ ing. Cap tain Smith dcfcribes the particular Manner of a Conjuration,that was made about him, while he was a Prifoner among the Indians , at .the Pamaun - kie Town, in the full: Settlement of the Country; and after that, I’ll tell you of another of a more modern Date, which I . had from a very good Hand. Smith’s Words are thefe. ■ “ Early in the Morning, a great Fire was made “ in a long Houfe, and a Mat fpread on the one V fide and on the other: On the one they caus’d “ him to fit, and all the Guard went out' of the “ Houfe; and prefently there came flapping in a “ great grim Fellow, all painted over with Coal “ mingled with Oil, and many Snakes and Wea- ' “ fel-Skins ftufft with Mofs, and all their Tails .ty’d together, fo as they met in the Crown of “ his Head, like a Toffil, and round about the “ Toffil was a Coronet of Feathers, the Skins “ hangingvrouhd about his Head,Back,and Shoul- ders, and’.in a Manner covering his Face; with “ a hellifh Voice, and a Rattle in his Hand, with “ moft ftrange Geftures and Poftures he began his Invocation, and environ’d;the Fire with a Circle cc of Meal; which done, three much fuch likeDe- “ vils came rufhingin with :the like antick Tricks, VIRGINIA. i7i ££ painted half black, half red; but all their Eyes “ were painted white, and fome great Strokes, “ like Muftachoes, along their Cheeks. Round “ about him thefe Fiends danced a pretty while ; £t and then came in three more as ugly as the reft, ££ with red Eyes and white Strokes over their ££ black Faces: At laft they all fat down right “ againft him, three of them on one Hand of the “ chief Prieft, and three on the other. Then all “ of them with their Rattles began a Song; which ££ ended, the chief Prieft laid down five Wheat ££ Corns; then ftraining his Arms and Hands with “ fuch Violence that he fweat, and his Veins “ fwell’d, he began a fhort Oration: At the Con- “ clufion they all gave a ihort Groan, and then “ laid down three Grains more; after that, began ££ their Song again, and then another Oration, ££ ever laying down fo many Corns as before, till ££ they had twice encircled the Fire. That done, “ they took a Bunch of little Sticks prepar’d for t£ that purpbfe, continuing ftill their Devotion ; “ and at the end of every Song and Oration they ££ laid down a Stick betwixt the Divifions of Corn. 11 Till Night neither he nor they did eat or “drink, and then they feafted merrily, with the “ Provifions they could make. Three Days they “ ufcd this Ceremony, the meaning whereof, they “ told him, ■ was to know, if he intended them ‘f well or no. The Circle of Meal fignified their “ Country, the Circles of Corn the Bounds of “ the Sea, and the Sticks his Country. They “ imagined the World to be flat and round like a