MASTER NEGA TIVE NO. 91-80112 MICROFILMED 1991 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the ''Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States -- Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: FORSTER, JOHN TITLE: ARREST OF THE FIVE MEMBERS BY... PLACE: LONDON DA TE : 1860 Master Negative # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LI13RARIES PR ESE RV ATION DEP A RTM ENT -AL'A0U2-^5 Restrictions on Use: BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Original Material as Filmed - Hxisling Bibliographic Record '■»■■ <■ '"■ ■— ' — ■■■ i i » iiii »i.i»« . i-"^ ■■^imM.1 j> ro ii m. Forster. Jolm, 1812-1876. Arrest of the five members by Cbarl.'s the First A chapter of English history rewritten. ('. JohnForster London, J. Murray, I860. " '^""loisitr. xxviii, 416 p. 20'"'". 1. Gt Brit.-Hist.-1643.C<2.cK.V.,;L L. Library of Congress DA390.F733 2-23013 TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE: _3^^_!2n_(^ IMAGF FLACEMFNT: I A 'ILV IB JIB D A T E F I L M V. I) ; _^_r_il V_r_^ Ri'DUCTlON RATIO:__J/. INITIALS ^ry> . B. UFMEDin-: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC V VOODBRinCRCT '•x BIBLIOGRAPHIC IRREGULARITIES i MAIN . 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Call 8S4-3542 or coim to the Interlibrary Loan Office In 207 Butler Library, no later thtn 5 DAYS BEFORE THE DUEDATE Landinf libraries will not grant renewals requested after the duedtte .\ Overdye iine$ wii i be charged to AiX pttrons^ including officers* Z R:'.TURN TO: 4^ > lionday - Friday, Saa ~ 5pi ■^ I I I ^^/#^ / / Other proofs of D'Ewes's accuracy. Originality of his Journal, 231. Hollis would alter a meffage voted. Meffage already printed. Who copies nightly from Clerk's Journals ? Falkland and two others, 232. But not D'Ewes: he reports " out of his head," never at fecond hand, 232, 233. Clerk Elfyng's Apologies. A delicate matter difcufTed. Note-taking inleparable from Speech-making. Relations of D'Ewes to Lenthal, 233. His authority in precedents: Critic and Patron of Mr. Speaker. WeaknefTes of Lenthal. Self-furrender of his only claim to refpe61. A Witnefs againft Scot the Regicide, 234. A Time-ferver always. Traits and incidents from D'Ewes's diary. Q^ieftion of Privilege, 235. Hafelrig and Lenthal. f Attack on Mr. Speaker. D'Ewes rebukes Hafelrig. Lenthal out of order, 236. Sugar duties' debate. Members entering juft before Queftion put. Not to withdraw. Extraordinary proceeding of Mr. Speaker. Lenthal again at fault, 237. An Honourable Member interrupted. Honourable Member retorts. Mr. Speaker fuccumbs. D'Ewes's indignation. Len- thal's deficiencies as Speaker, 238. A Letter from the King. D'Ewes the great authority as to Order : Compofer of difcords in debate. Heat of ancient Burgefs for Coventry, 239. Fierce and unparliamentary looks. D'Ewes's opinion thereon'. Ancient member again. Vote for allegiance to Parliamentary General : difiiked by D'Ewes, 240. Burgefs for Coventry required to fay Aye: fays No. Aflailed by Mr. Speaker. Wifties to fay Aje : but not permitted. Other members frightened, 241. Sir Peter Wentworth cannot truft the King. Chancellor of Exchequer's horror. Houfe overlooks this "folly." Old Sir Harry Vane. Startling Speeches. Sir John Northcote's avowal, 242. " Make the Prince our Km^/' Old Vane declares for Militia and <* new founda- tion, ' 243. Harry Killegrew's Speech. Novel Political Doftrine. Houfe laughs. Young Vane very ferious. Kille- grew's apology. Pym refifts his expulfion, 244. An indif- creet friend. D'Ewes goes in fearch of Records. Expofes Cornifti ignorance. Is merciful in triumph, 245. Attempts to force early attendance. Alarming time when firft found neceflkry. Tragi-comedy of the World, 246. Houfe in fad- nefs : Suddenly moved to laughter. The Shilling Fine. A failure. Shilling Fine again propofed. D'Ewes oppofed to it, 247. Mr. Speaker late: rebuked: throws his ftiilling on table : will not take it up again, 248. Ill refults of the Fine. Refufals to pay. Jack Hotham ordered to pay. Flings his fhilling on ground, 249. Beginning of the End. Call of Houfe attempted. Not forty members prefent, 250. A Stranger in the Houfe. How dealt with. Refumption of Narrative. Why interrupted, 251. Notes. D'Ewes's deteaion of forged fignatures to a Royalift Petition, 2 19. Withdrawing for fupper, 223. Kingaccufed of Popifti defigns. Too many grounds for fuch imputa- tion. Englifti Politics at Rome. Letter to Hyde from brother-in-law, 224. The Pope's Nephew : Says he has not fomented Englifti troubles. His *s of Committee, 354. Captain Hide difabled. Refufal to receive Sir John Byron's Meffenger, 355. 3 p.m. 10th Jan. Committee clofed, 356. Notes. Verney's Notes, 343. Mr. Pepys's Political Rogues. Popular View of them, 344. D'Ewes more corre<5l than Ruftiworth, 347. Harleian MSS, 349. Verney's Miftakes. The Proteftation, 351. What number from Bucks: Hyde, Dering, Rufluvorth, and D'Ewes, 353. Whitelock on fame fubjeil, 354. Hampden's (hare in Bucks Petition. Falfe Charge. Captain Hide. New Lieutenant of the Tower, 355. Confefted ufurpations. Why neceflary, 356. § XXXVIII. Flight of the King .... 356—369 Text. 3 p.m. loth Jan^-, propofcd Flight of King. A6ls of Committee told to Charles, 356. His trouble and difmay. Takes fudden refolve. Crowds for Hampden. For Pym, 357. Alarming defeflions, 358. *' Water rats." Trained Bands. Triumph for ''Traitors." Sudden fenfe of Danger. Sir Edward Dering to his Wife. Commons going high. King's *' terror." Pity for the King, 359. Noted vices Tefs danger- ous than fecret. Reafon for quitting London. Hope of f '' Contents, XXVI i fupport elfewhere. Project of the Queen. Vigilance of Com- mons, 360. Secret Service of Pennington. Conveys Queen to Holland. Under-Secretary Bere to the Admiral, 13^// Jan. Reports King's flight. Eflex and Holland, 361. Secretary Nicholas, 362. Small Work left for Under-Secre- tary. Grief of a Secretary of State's Wife. Lord Keeper offers to refign, 363. Royal Reverfes, 364. Gloomy picture, 365. Slingftjy to Pennington. Unexpected change of pofition. Officers following the King. Lunfford at Kingfton, 366. *< Drunken flourifti." Sufpicious Aftbciations. Digby and Lunfford, 367. RejeCted Plan againft Five Members. Queen's reproach to King for its reje6lion. Charles I. quits London: never to return as King, 368. The Five placed on their "thrones," 369. Notes. Popular Petition. Pym's fupport of Law. Author of the Long Parliament, 357. Attacks on Pym. "Not a Gentleman or Scholar." "Rogue and Rafcal." "Peni- tent Traitor," 358. Refufals to accompany the King. Waiting on Committee. Final Defertions. Libel on EfTex, Holland, Warwick, and Pym, 362. D'Ewes and Lord Holland. King's flight not temporary. Union in Houfes, 363. Literary Entertainment. Letters not fafe. Defolate Court at Windlbr. Endymion Porter to his Wife : \^h Jan. Very old ftory, 364. Troubles of a Courtier. Fear of " Rabble." King and Queen lying with their Children. Defperate times. King's poverty. Slingfby and Pepys, 365. Captain Carterett, 366. Agreement in Houfes. One exception. Fa6lion fubflding, 367. Guizot's Revolution d' Angleterre, and Englifh Tranflation of fame, 368, 369. page 4 § XXXIX. Return of the Five Members . . 369 376 Text. Tuefday wth Jan. March of City by Land. Guard by Water. Great Feftival. No mere Holiday, 369. Soldiers* pikes and mufkets: carrying printed Votes of Houfes. Em- barkation at "Three Cranes." Under-Secretary's Account, 370. Welcome at Weftminfter. Entrance into Houfe. Pym thanks the City. Striking expreffions ufed, 371. Imprefhon made on Royalift Member. Would you be King Charles or King Pym ? Letter of Sir Edward Dering. Guard againft no Enemy. Members thought ftill in danger, 372. Why Bucks Men came. Thanks by Mr. Speaker. Speech by Goodwin, 373. Bucks Petition brought in. Its Guard of 6000. Crowd and prefl!ure in Lobby. D'Ewes in Weftminfter Hall. "Little fquare banners," 374. Departure of King noted. Queftion by Culpeper. Queftion by Sir Henry Chomley. Anfvvered by Denzil HolTis. Clofe of Narrative, 375. Queftions not fettled in one Generation. Struggle of Com- mons againft Crown : why fucceffful, 376. XXVllI Contents. PAGE }^otes. What Clarendon faw, 370. Bere to Pennington, 13M Jar^y 371. Bucks Petition to the Houle. Views held by Hampden. Petition to King, 373- Other Counties petition the King, 374. § XL. Conclusion 376— 3S7 Text. Arreft of Members a deliberate Aa. How baffled. Only to be met one way, 376. The Civil War begun by it. Its conneaion with Remonftrance. Defign of Remonftrance. Obje6t of Arreft: to make the Minority maftcrs of the Houfe. Improbable cafe, 377. Peculiar Opinions of King. Nullity of Statutes in bar of Prerogative. All recent Aas in peril. Affent under compulfion void. Dangerous Logic, 3.78. Pofition of Accufer to Accufed. Retufal to profecute or withdraw charge. " Vindication " of Pym. Why he changed his condua after Arreft, 379- Parliament his only Refuge. Traitor or Minifter ? King will do anything but withdraw charge. Will waive ImpeVhment : hopes Mr. Hampden is innocent : Will India at Common Law, 380. Will abandon all proceedings: will give general Pardon: But nothing elfe. Attorney-General impeached and punifhed. King ftill Im- moveable. One of the Oxford propofitlons, 381. The Earl and the King. Strong ground for difcontent : ftated by White- lock, 382. Clarendon's defence of Charles. The truth mifftated: as a ground for aftalllng Commons. Doubtful aflcrtion of Whitelock, 383. Probable effea of withdrawing charge. Effea of King's obftinate refufal. Perfiftence in the outrage. Interval for good Advice. Good Advifers provided, 38+. Refult upon the King. Events between ^h and ^th Jan. ^h p.m. Proclamation againft Members. ^^h a.m. King's Warrants and Vifits to Guildhall. 5/// p.m. Second Proclamation, 385. 6/// a.m. Serjeant fent to arreft. 7M a.m. Common Council Petition. 8M a.m. New Minifters at Council Board. Same day : Third Proclamation againft Members ; and private order from Council Board, 386. No middle courfe pofTible. Acceptance of IfTue railed. Civil War, 387. l^Qtes. Paper War. Blunt better than keen nib. Burleigh and Cecil. Too clever Clerk of Council, 3S2. f» I ARREST OF THE FIVE MEMBERS BY CHARLES THE FIRST, A CHAPTER OF ENGLISH HISTORY REWRITTEN. § I. Introductory. One of the moft fatal days in the life of Anat- Charles the Firft is generally, and juftly, ^^^^l ^^^ accounted to have been that wherein he made author : the attempt to feize with his own hand upon five members of the Houfe of Commons fitting in their places in Parliament, againft whom, on the day preceding, he had exhibited in the Upper Houfe, through his Attorney-General, articles of impeachment for high treafon. This incident, however, with its attendant circum- ftances, having become, in common with the events immediately preceding it, the fubjedl of Lord Clarendon's moft elaborate, ingenious, and ftudied mifreprefentation, the true hiftory Party mif- of it remains to be elicited from truftworthy, fationt of and as yet unpublilhed, contemporary records, it : Not an ifolated aa. Dramatic cor refine is of the Eikon Bafiiike. Authori- ties for this Narrative. Arrejl of the Five Members, It was certainly not the ifolated ad of rafh imprudence and felf-willed indifcretion which the champion of the party whom its failure moft damaged very naturally defired that it fhould afterwards be confidered. It was at- tended by too many incidents befpeaking a deliberate and fettled purpofe, and came in the fequence of events with which it too exadly correfponded, to permit us fairly fo to confider it. The author of it, confiftently enough, always himfelf refented that imputation ; and it is with a ftrid dramatic propriety he is made, by the writer of the Eikon Eafilike^ to afcribe the ad not to paflion but to reafon, to claim for it jult motives and pregnant grounds, and to refcue it from the reproach of being want- ing in the difcreetnefs that the touchinefs of the times required. It was moft afluredly in only too perfed agreement with all that the King and the King's friends had been attempting fince the day of Strafford's execu- tion. The earlier period, with its clofe fuccef- fion of agitating confllds, has been retraced in an Effay defcribing the Debates on the Grand Remonftrance ; * but fome few gleanings in the field remain yet to be gathered, and will find here their proper place. The authorities to be employed in the pre- fent narrative, all of them exifting ftill in ♦ Yov{icx\ Hijhrkal and Biographical EjfaySf i. i — 175. i 4^ § I. IntroduElory . 3 manufcript, have not before been ufed in any of the hiftories ; and it may be premifed, as to Ms. illuf- feveral important illuftrations of the time and many new fads of much weight, derived from contemporary correfpondence in the State Paper Office,* that among the letters to be earlieft quoted are feveral addreffed to Admiral Sir John Pennington, then commanding the fleet in the Downs, by correfpondents evidently able and generally truftworthy, notwithftanding ftrong Royalift leanings. Pennington f was a Admiral favorite of the King's, and within a very few P*^""'"g- weeks was to do him two memorable pieces of fervice, by carrying acrofs channel out of the reach of Parliament not only Lord Digby, but the Queen and the Englifti crown jewels, * Let me take the opportunity of faying, upon the thref- Services to hold of this work, that it could not have been written with- Eng-lifh out the facilities of accefs to the State Paper Office afforded Hilforv by the kindncfs of Sir John RomiJly, to whom I offer my rendered warmefl acknowledgments. Of the larger debt which all by sir fludents of our hillory owe to the prefent Mailer of the Rolls, John it would hardly be becoming to ipeak in this place; but it Is Romilly due entirely to him that the noble ftores of our State collec- tions are now becoming acceffible to all readers, and that in the double feries of " Calendars ^^' and of '* Chronicles and Memorials^'' publifhed by the Mellrs. Longman under his direction, we have the promife of an ultimate contribution to our National Hiilory which Englifhmen will be able to refer to with juft pride, as unfurparted for its variety and richncfs of materiel, and for the thoughtful confideration which, by the moderate price the volumes are iffued at, has placed them within general reach. f Clarendon's Hijl. ii. 277, 334-6, and ili. 98, 107. The hiftorian fays of Pennington that he was a very honeft gentle- man, and of unfhaken truthfulnefs and integrity to the King ; adding that he had a greater intereft in the common feamen than any other perfon, having commanded them fo many years. B 2 i Penning- ton ap- pointed to fucceed Lord Nor- tluimber- land. Captain Slingfby, brother of Strafford's fecretary : relates the Parlia- mentary news. 25th Nov. 1 64. 1. Arrejl of the Five Members. to be employed abroad in raifing materiel and means for the wagino: of civil war at home. A few months later, upon difmiflal of Lord Northumberland, the King had secretly made Pennington Lord Admiral, but the appoint- ment was fuperfeded by Parliament. His prefent pofition in command of the home fleet rendered it extremely effential that he (hould be kept well-informed of events ; and one of his captains, Robert Slingfby, brother of Straflx)rd's friend and fecretary, feems to have come to London mainly with this defign. Writing on the day of his own and of the King's arrival there (the 25th of November), '' from my lodging at a barber's houfe over '^ againft the Rofe Tavern, in Ruflell Street " in Covent Garden," Slingfby thus tells the Admiral the great parliamentary news : * '^ The bufinefs now in agitation is a Remon- " ftrance to be publifhed, wherein the Hate '* of this kingdom, before the Parliament, is " fett down, and the Reformations fince : '^ all matters of ftate and government, fince ^* the King's coming to the crowne, being " ript up : as fomc fay, very much reflecting '* upon the King. On Monday laft: it was very *' hottly debated (in) the Houfe, with greate " oppofition: fome making protefl:ations againft • MS. State Paper Office. Slingfby to Pennington, 25th Nov. 164.1. I follow the ordinary mode of fpelling the name, though the writer always lubllTibes himl'elf" '* Slynglbie." f t ^ I. IntroduElory . 5 cc (C (C .- 1 1 • r ir * hy Lord Clarendon to have been Lord Digby himielt,* Digby. — it would be flill more difficult to believe that the ad of the Attorney-General, and the pro- • Clarendon expreflly informs us (////?. ii. 99, 100), *' The Lord Digby was much trufted by the King, and he ** was of great familiarity and friendfhip with the other three, ** (Hyde, Culpeper, and Falkland), at leaft with two of them : ** for he was not a man of that exa6\nefs as to be in the '* entire confidence of the Lord Falkland, who looked upon ** his infirmities with more feverity than the other two did ** . . . He was equal to a very good part in the greateft ** affair, but the unfittefl man alive to conduct it, having an Lord Dig- ** ambition and vanity fuperior to all his other parts, and a by's '* confidence in himfelf, which fometimes intoxicated, and friend- ** tranfported, and expofed him ... He had been inftru- fhips. ** mental in promoting the three perfons above mentioned to ♦* the King's favour; and had himfelf, in truth, fo great an " efteem of them, that he did very frequently, upon con- ** ference together, depart from his own inclinations and ** opinions, and concurred in theirs." ^ 12 A qiK'ftion for en- Arreji of the Five Members, quiry. Sufpicions againit Falkland, Culpeper and Hy(ie. Charges agalnlt Pym and Hampden. The King's way of dealing with oppo- nents. ceeding with which the King followed it up, with whatever feelings regarded after the event by thefe men, could have been taken in the firft inftance abfolutely without their knowledge, or even their fufpicion. There is ground for believing otherwife ; and even if nothing more than a cafe of ftrong prefumption be proved, it ought in the particular circumftances to tell heavily againft them. That they were more than fufpedled at the time. Clarendon admits ; and he adds that though fuch men as Hampden and Pym had a better opinion of his difcretion than to believe he had himfelf any fliare in the advice of thofe proceedings, yet they were very willing that others fhould believe it.* Perhaps the real difficulty was, as the fids may tend to fhow, not to believe it. The King had returned from Scotland, there cannot be a queftion, bent upon charging Pym and Hampden with treafonable correfpondence during the Scotch Rebellion. Unfortunately for Charles the Firft, it was almoft always matter of doubt with him whether he fhould crufli or cajole an antagonift ; and fuch was his vice of temperament that whichever refolve he might finally take, was fure to be taken too late. He tried the one too late to deftroy the league for the Covenant in Scotland, he tried the other too late to fave * Lifey i. 103, §11. "The Kings Return from Scotland. U the life of Strafford in England.* And now, Cmfhing even while bent upon faftening a charge of ^Ij^^^"^*^'" treafon againft the popular leaders, bafed upon always too the fame tranfaAions as thofe which fuggefted a fimilar charge at the eve of the Long Par- liament, I fhall be able to fhow that even now there again occurred to him, and again too late, that it might be pofTible to win by ftratagem f what he could not but fecretly diftruft his power to win by force. Of courfe with the ufual refult. When a weak irrefolution * Hear what is faid by Clarendon : " If that ftratagem ** (though none of the belt) of winning men by places had ** been praf^ifed as foon as the refolution was taken at York " to call a parliament (in which, it was apparent, dangerous " attempts would be made, and that the court could not be " able to refill those attempts), and if Mr. Pym, Mr. '* Hampden, and Mr. Hollis, had been then preferred with ** Mr Saint-John, before they were defperately embarked in " their dei'perate defigns, and had innocence enough about *' them to trult the King, and be trufted by him, having yet '* contrafled no perfonal animofities againft him j it is very " poftlble that they might either have been made inftruments " to have done good Icrvice, or at leaft been reftrained from '* endeavouring to fubvert the royal building, for fupporting ** whereof they were placed as principal pillars." Hiji. ii. 60. In another palTage of his hiftory (iv. 4.38-9), he tells us : ** The King at one time intended to make Mr. Pym ** Chancellor of the Exchequer, for which he received his " Majcfty's promife, and made a return of a fuitable profeflion *' of his fervice and devotion: and thereupon, the other ** being no fecret, fomewhat declined from that ftiarpnefs in ** the Houle which was more popular than any man's," But again elfewhere he admits, ftdl speaking of the pro- pofal to give office to Pym and Hampden : " It is great ** pity that it was not fully executed, that the King might **have had fomc able men to have advifed or afl'iftcd him." i. 371. •f That, as has juft been feen, is Clarendon's expreffion applied to the King's mode of procedure (ii. 60) — ** the *' ftratagem of winning men by places." He had himfelf fuffitient experience of it. Stratagem ofwinning men by places. Off"ers to Pym. Their non- acceptance regretted by Hyde. I H Arreft of the Five Members, prevents a man from doing at the right time what is right, obftinacy (which is but another form of the fame weaknefs and equally inac- ceflible to reafon) will always confirm and make him obdurate in whatever he may have ultimately done wrong. Treafon- Ominous threatenings of that purpofe of the fpondem^e ^^"g ^^ revive the charge of treafonable cor- ofEnglirh refpondence with the Scotch ag;ainft Hampden members . "^ with and Pym, had preceded his return from Scot- Scx)tch ]^j^ J ^^^ |.[^^|. j^ ^^g known to thofe admitted rebels. \ to his confidence, no well-informed ftudent of this period of hiftory will be difpofed to doubt. When Clarendon, therefore, fpeaking for himfelf and his friends as having with the greateft courage and alacrity oppofed what he terms, ''all the feditious practices" of the leaders of the Commons, proceeds to admit that they were far from thinking that the five Claren- members were much wronged* by the accu- opinLn fation of treafon ; nay, that fo vifible in the of the five Houfe had been their extreme difhoneft arts,t that nothing could have been laid to their charge incredible, only they thought it an unfeafonable time to call them to account for it; and that, in regard to the choice of perfons, it was indifcreet to have included Lord Kim- bolton with the members of the Lower Houfe, • mji, il. i6o. f This word is incorreitly printed '- a(5ls " by Clarendon's editors. % II. The King's Return from Scotland. 15 — It would feem tolerably certain that he carries Klmbol- his afFedation of ignorance fomewhat too far.* s^^otch Kimbolton was included notorioufly becaufe Com- of his condu(5l in the previous year as one of the CommifTioners '' to arrange all caufes of " difpute with Scotland,*' and becaufe of the impoflibility of ftating the alleged cafe againft Hampden or Pym without involving Kim- bolton alfo. There are feveral paflages in Charles's fecret narrowly correfpondence with Secretary Nicholas, during ^'^^^^jj^^^^ his abfence in Scotland, which fhow with what Court, eager curiofity the doings of Kimbolton were watched at the time. Lady Carlifle, who, Lady though ftill continuing her intercourfe with inter- the Court, appears undoubtedly after Strafford's ^^y^\ death, for reafons hereafter to be noticed, to parties, have given what help fhe could to the popular * ** The purpofe," fays Clarendon {U'tfi. II. 128, 129), '*of " accufing the members was only confulted between the Secret " King and Lord Digby j yet it was generally believed that consulta- '*' the King's purpofe of going to the Houfe was communi- tions. " cated with William Murray of the Bedchamber, with " whom the Lord Digby had great friendfhip ; and that It •* was betrayed by him .... He [Lord Digby] was the " only perfon who gave the counfel, named the perfons, and " particularly named the Lord Mandeville, againft whom " lefs could be faid than againft many others, and who was " more generally beloved," &c. &c. And again he fays, (pp. 160, 161), when remarking that a fitter choice Ihould have been made of the perfons for arreft—" There being Kim- ** many of the Houfe of more mifchievous inclinations, and bolton's ill " defigns againft the King's perfon and the government, and company. " more expofcd to the public prejudice, than the Lord ** Mandeville Kimbolton was : who was a civil and well- '* natured man, and had rather kept ill company than drank '* deep of that infe6lion and poifon that had wrought upon ** man) others.'' i6 A clanger ous medi- ator. Doubtful fervices. Meetings in Pym s lodgings at Cheliea. Arreji of the Five Members, leaders, is reprefented in one of N icholas's letters (27 Sc^ptember, 1641), as having taken to the Queen a paper which it was much to the King's fervice to make public, and which fhe had obtained from Lord Mandeville.* (Lord Mandcville, or Kimbolton, I need hardly ac- quaint the reader, was the eldeft fon of the Earl of Manchefter, and had been called to the Upper Houfe in his father's barony of Montagu of Kimbolton.) The contents of that paper were fuch, however, that it became matter of doubt whether that which had appeared upon the furface of it fo defirable to be known in the King's intereft, was not in reality a matter much more cflential to be known in the intereft of the King's opponents* and the condud of Lady Carlifle foon con- firmed the latter fuppofition. Nicholas him- felf makes no concealment of his doubts of Kimbolton. He is careful to tell the King, ^' 1 hear there are divers meetings at Chelfea, " at the Lord Mandeville's houfe, and elfe- " where*' (Pym also had lodgings in Chelfea at this time) " by Pym and others, to confult *^ what is beft to be done at their next meeting *' in Parliament.*' t Nor perhaps is it necef- fary to add that the alleged notorious com- plicity of Hampden with the fo- called Scottifh treafon was the fubjed of countlefs contem- ♦ E'velyn Correfpondence, iv. 75, ed. 1854. f E'vetyn Cor. iv. 76, M'' §11. The King's Return from Scotland, 17 porary fongs and libels, which, contemptible Libels on and little credible as they generally are, will ^-^"^P^^"- yet be found to refled, in fome fhape or other, the party beliefs and hatreds of the day. Did I for this bring in the Scot (For 'tis no fecret now — the Plot Was Say's and mine together) : Did I for this return again, And fpend a winter there in vain, Again to invite them hither ! It was hardly attempted to be concealed, in Avowed fhort, from any of the King's friends, that his [fa^rdoned Majefty had taken advantage of his prefent vifit to Scotland to fatisfy himfelf of the fecret underftanding that had formerly exifted between the leaders of the army of the Cove- nant and the leaders of the Englifh Houfe of Commons ; and though even Royalifts might reafonably doubt whether fuch a charge could be made the bafis of impeachment againft fuf- Sufpefted pefted rebels in England, after a grant to the ^g ^ ^ ^^ im- avowed rebels in Scotland of an adt of oblivion peached. fo complete, that by the Crown's grace and favor Montrofe was now a Marquis, Argyle Scottifh Chancellor, and the little crooked Field-Marfhal of Balgony an Englifh Earl, yet the fad: of fuch evidence exifting againft the Englifli members was freely fpoken of, and was the fubjedt of covert allufion in the cor- refpondence of Nicholas and the King. " Some day they may repent their fever ity. **...! believe, before all be done, that they will i8 The King's threats agalnll the f»opular eaders. Treafons committed in Parlia- ment. Coercinq; a minority put forth as b reach of privi- lege. Arreji of the Five Members. *^ not have Juch great cauje of joy"' ''' '' You " may fee by this that all their defigns hit not; '' and, I hope, before all be done that they '' fhall mifsofmore:''\ *' Though I cannot '^ return fo foon as I could wifh, yet I am ** confident that you will find there was '' neceffity for ity and I hope that many will " mi/s of their ends^X Thefe, and other fimilar expreflions, fhow how ilrongly the conviftion had taken pofieirion of the King's mind, that he was bringing back with him to London the means of ridding himfelf effedually of the members of the Houfe of Commons who were moil obnoxious to him. On his return, indeed, he enlarged the fcope of the accufation, fo as to take in their con- dud in parliament. To this the tone adopted by Hyde, Palmer, Culpeper, Falkland and their followers, in the Remonftrance debates, may be faid to have urgently invited him ; and he affeded to believe, with them, that the minority had been fo coerced in thofe mo- mentous difcufiions as to have endangered the continued exiftence of parliamentary rights. But, irrefpedive of all this, the refolution to try an impeachment feems clearly to have been taken while he was yet in Edinburgh ; and it was but the after fuggeftion of mingled • The King to Nicholas, 5th Oct. 1641. E'velyn Cor. iv. 78, 79» •f Same to fame, 9th Oct. 1641. E^velyn Cor. iv. 80. X Same to fame, 12th Nov. 1641. E^eljn Cor. iv. 81. ^ § II. The King's Return from Scotland. fear, irrefolution, and obftinacy, which induced him on the very eve of its trial, to attempt (as it will be fhown fliortly that he did attempt) to bribe over to his fervice the principal " traitor.'' Nor have fuch indications been wanting, as the many curious details produced from the MS. Journal of D'Ewes during the progrefs of the Debates on the Remonftrance will have fupplied, of a kind of confcioufnefs on the part even of the members chiefly in danger, that fome blow to be ftruck in fecret might be preparing againft them. We may there obferve with what eager and prompt decifion, when Mr. Waller threw out his ingenious parallel between Pym and Strafford, Pym met the chal- lenge of his loyalty, and forced the Houfe to a fpecific declaration upon it. The King had not been five days in London, after his arrival from Scotland, when the fame leader of the Oppofition had occafion to afk from his place, whether it did not become the reprefentatives of the people to take ferious note of the many figns around them of a confpiracy by fome members of the Commons Houfe to accufe other members of the fame of treafon ? And when, on the '20th December, the queftion was independently difcufled which had caufed fuch agitation in the Debates of the Remon- ftrance, whether a minority in the Commons might not have the fame liberty as in the c 2 Signs of danger abroad. 30th Nov. 1641. Alleged confpiracy to get up charges of treafon. i 20 Argument for giving weight to a minority. Alarms generally prevalent. Confi- dence ot the King, Jrrefl of the Five Members. Lords of protefting againft the declfions of the majority, Mr. Holborne employed the fignificant argument that the abfence of fuch a right, in the event of the majority having pafled any meafure carrying with it grave con- fequences, would involve as deeply in thofe confequences the refifting members of the minority, who might ^Mofe their heads in the " crowd when there was nothing to ftiow who «^ was innocent."* A vague feeling of indi- vidual infecurity, a fhadowy fenfe of fome poflible impending danger, was now certainly prevalent among members of the Houfes in a manner not before known ; and at the very hour when that remark was made by Holborne, D^Ewes, who had left to attend the King at Whitehall with an addrefs, was with fome alarm making a note for his Journal of the ^« confident and fevere look *' with which Charles, not deigning to receive the obei- fances of honorable members, parted out through the midft of them.f It is a pity that confidence and feverity (hould have been moft the charaderiftics of this prince, at the very times when it moft behoved him to diftruft himfelf and conciliate others. * See Sir Ralph Verney's l^otes of the Proceedings of the Long Parliament, 135, 136 j aad the admirable note thereon of the editor, Mr. Biuce. f Hark'an MSS. 162 f, 265 a. Sec also my Hist, (£f Biog, EJfaySy i. 165. I § III. Falfe Reliances, 21 § III. False Reliances. The end to which matters were haftening The had now become manifeft enough. Confi- p^^^^*^ dent in his own fecret perfuafion that the the City, means of vengeance were in his hand, and mifled by the accident of a Royalift Lord Mayor into believing alfo, in the teeth of every other indication to the contrary, that a ftrong Royalift party exifted in the City, the King's public condud fince his return, under the further exafperation of the paffing, pre- fenting, and printing of the Remonftrance, and of the tone adopted by its authors in debate, had been a feries of ads that could have but one iflue. Before retracing them, let me fhow on what precarious foundations had been built the tone of confidence and defiance fo fuddenly and unadvifedly affumed. The City entertainment provided by the en- Banquet thufiaftic Firft Magiftrate had been arranged hall T to take place on the day of Charles's arrival in his capital, and for the moment it fairly turned the heads of the King's friends as well as his own. Captain Slingft^y informs his admiral that it was a magnificent reception, and that fince his coming to town he had been greally pleafed to obferve a very great alteration of the afFedions of the City to what they had 22 Arrejl of the Five Members, ception thereat Lord made a Baronet. King's re- been when he went away.* Mr. Sidney Bere writes more cautioufly, but remarks that all looked very '' {lately and well.^f M^- Thomas Wifeman protefts that it was a reception and glorification of fo much worth, as to be far beyond the precedent of any made to former Kings that hiftory makes mention of; and that it had well fuited with the goodnefs, fweetnefs, and meritorious virtue of fo gracious a king as theirs was ; adding, that his Majefty had '* knighted in the field " the Lord Mayor Courtney ^^^ Recorder, and, to add more grace to fo loyal a Chief Magiftrate, had been pleafed, the day after the banquet, to make him a Baronet. J But perhaps the moil: ftriking indication of all that now tended for the time completely to deceive and miflead the credulous King, was a letter dated the day after Mr. Wifeman*s admiring efFufion, which the new Secretary Welcome of State, to whom it was addrefled, muft with thTK^n"^ fome exultation have fubmitted to his mailer. It was from Lenthal, the Speaker of the Houfe of Commons. This weak and common- place man, fo foon to be for ever aflbciated • MS. State Paper Office. Capt. R. Slinglby to Admiral Sir John Pennington, 25 Nov. 16+1. f MS. State Paper Office. Sidney Bere to Admiral Pennington, 25 Nov. 164.1. :|: MS. State Paper Office. Wifeman to Pennington, ad Dec. 1641. Court fcribes made the moft of it ot courfe j and under the title of O'vatio Carolina^ in Somers's Tra^s^ iv. 137, will be found a ludicroufty pompous account of the affair. §111. Falje Reliances, 23 A S I fliould then " defyer my thoughtes may perifli in their firft '* conception, foe willingeam I to offer myfelfe *' and fortune a facrifice for his Roy all Service : *' but in that I hope it cannot, I moft humbly '^ defyer your honor on my behalfe (in ye '^ loweft pofture of obedience), to crave of hia *' Sacred Ma^^ his Royall Leave that I may ufe *' my beft endeavour to the Houfe of Condons *' to be quitt of this imployment and to retyer '^ backe to my former privat Life, that whilft I *' have fomme ability of body left, I may en- " deayour that w^^'out w'** I cannot but expeft • MS. State Paper Office. It is dated 3 December, 1641 j and isaddrefFed, " The Rt, Hon. Sir Edward Nicholas, Knt., ** one of his Ma'^" Secretarys of State, Humbly prefcnt *' thes.'' k § III. Falfe Reliances. " a ruine, and put a badge of extreame poverty '' uppon my children. The app'henfion of '' my fpeedy enfuing mifery, hath begot this " moft humble regret, but ftill with that dew *^ regard of my obedienc and duty that noe '' earthly confideratio fliall ever increafe the '^ leafte of thoughts that may tend to the re- '' tardment of his Royall Commands. S', this '' being p'fented to your honour^Je care, aflures ''me of fuch a succefsful way as flial be- '' comme the duty of me his meaneft fubjec5l '' in all humilitie to befeech. Thus am I im- '' boldened humbly to declare the relation and '* defyers of your Honor's moft obedient fer- '' vant, Wm. Lenthal." To the King, fo willing to be duped, and exulting ftill in the belief that he had at laft won friends in the City all powerful, here might be ground hardly lefs for belief that in the Houfe of Commons his enemies were falling asunder. Charles clutched at it, and defperately held to it, with the impulfive weaknefs of his nature. But never was fuch a belief raifed on fuch bafelefs foundations. Already, the very day before Lenthal's letter was written, a fufpicion that they were falfe reliances had occurred even to Captain Slingf- by. " Since the King's coming,*' he writes, '' all thinges have not happned fo much to his '* contentment as by his magnificent intertaine- *' ment att his entrance was expeded. . . . 25 Expefts ruin from continuing in the Chair of the Houfe. A willing dupe. Captain Slingiby to Admi- ral Pen- nington, 2nd Dec. 164.1. 26 Arreft of the Five Members, mif- givings the beft informed. Faaious *^ Thefa6lious Citizens begin to come again to *^ the houfes with their fwordes by their fides, *' hundreds in companies; their pretences only *' againft Epifcopacie."* After a few days Sidney Bere, refleding doubtlefs the temperate mifgivings of his mafter the Secretary, writes Fears and of the fears and diftraftions increafing daily in ^f London, and that fuch truly were not without caufe, for that the exifting contention in the Houfe, and on points of fo high nature, could not bring about lefs than confufion and com- buftion in the end, if God did not prevent it.f Nor from this date had a week pafled * MS. State Paper Office. Slingfby proceeds to fay of the King : " The next day after his coming he was expelled ** at the Parliament, but he went away to Hampton Court j he " came again on Monday lart and was expe61ed on Tuefday " at the Houfe, but he went back the fame night he came. *' Since that, a Petition hath been fent to him concerning the " Remonftrance w*^** had formerly bren fo much debate : and ** to defire the nomination of the greate officers as he had *' graunted to the Parliament in Scotland. This day the King ** came to London againe: at noone it was queftioned whether " he would go to the Houfe or no, but I heare fmce he is ** gone." Of the factious Citizens he alfo further remarks in this letter: *' One of the Houfe was ftri611y examined by *' them of w*^** fide he was, in fuch a manner that with goode " wordes he was gladd to flippe from them: after he was ** gone fome of them were heard to name him — faying it was *' fuch a one — the greatcft enemye we have. He made com- " plaints of it to the Houfe. Yefterday a conference between ** the two Houfes wherein this matter was ment*^ and a *' declaration agreed to be fett out to prohibitt the like *' aflemblys hereafter .... This day the Houfe are upon " Sir Edward Dering who it is thought will be called to the *' barre for fomething he hath fpoke in the Houfe." f MS. State Paper Office. Sidney Bere to Admiral Pennington, 9th Dec. 1641. There is fo pleafant a teftimony in this letter to the charader of Nicholas, not merely to his activity and induftry, but to that fweetnefs of difpofition and moderation of temper which is borne out by all that is The King and the two Houfes. Citizens and M.P.'s. Sir Ed- ward Dering. §111. Falje Reliances. 27 Jl \ \ Slinglby's alarm. Wealthy and dif- contented citizens : Come in their coaches to the Houfe. before Captain Slingfby wrote with an alarm which he hardly attempts to conceal, of the difplay of manifeftations of feeling from the City, of a far more declfive and ferious kind than thofe which fo lately had ftartled him. Whereas it had been alleged that laft week's "sollicitation of the Parliament" had pro- ceeded only from the ruder fort of people, now it was certain that '' fome of the '' better fort of the fame fadlion came in good '^ numbers to the Houfe, accoutred in the beft ^^ manner they could, and in coaches, to pre- ^' vent the afperfion that was layed upon them '' that they were of the bafer fort of people " only which were that way afFefted.'* They had come, moreover, not merely to petition for the removal out of the Upper Houfe of the popifti Lords and Biftiops to whom exclufively publicly known of him, that the paflage is worth fubjoining. '' By Mr. Valentine," he writes, " I acquainted you w»»» the " remove of Sir Hen . Vane, and that I had made my way unto << his Ma''^ by the Murrayes, w^»» hath taken foe good eifeft ** that now I am wl'*^ the Secretary Nicholas (the King *« having recommended me particularly) 5 and he appearmg '-paracter " moft ready to accept me, mentioning with all the refpeft ^^ ^'^^f,^' «« he bears unto you the affeaion you have always pleafed to iNicnoias. ** have for me, foe that I cannot faile of good ufage, and " indeed his difpofition is foe fweete that he is not capable of " other. By this recommendation from his Ma*y I guefle we *< (hall not fuddenlie have a fecond Secretary, fince all the " Forraine difpatches as well as Ireland are delivered into ** Mr. Secr'y Nicholas, who noe doubt will acquit himfelfe " well, being a man alfo very laborious and aftive, and in *' great fav' with both their Ma»'"." Neverthelefs Mr. Bere was wrong in his expeaation : a fecond Secretary, to replace Vane, having already been fekaed in the perlon of Lord Falkland. 28 Unpopu- lar a6ts of the Lord Mayor. Second thoughts of Speaker Lenthal. Speaker Lenthal to Secre- tary Nicholas. Arrefi of the Five Members, they imputed the floppage of thofe Acfls which had pafTed theLower for the fettling of religion, but alfo to complain *^ of fome ill-afFedled '^ perfons in the Cittie that endeavoured to '^ hinder their petition, wherein my Lord " Mayor was comprehended, who the day '^ before had given order to all the conftables ^^ to raife their feverall watches and be readie " in armes, which has been very ill refented " by the Houfe/'* So foon was the frail reed on which the King mainly relied, bending powerlefs under him. Poor Lenthal himfelf feems to have had a fafer fecond thought, and had haftened to crave from Mr. Secretary Nicholas, ^^if the other way did not take," no longer the royal influence to relieve him of Mr. Speaker's port, but the royal mefTage cuftomary in thofe times before Mr. Speaker's claim for a vote of money could be taken into confidera- tion.-f Shall we wonder that the Under Secre- * MS. State Paper Office. Slingfby to Pennington, ** aboard the Lyon in the Downes." Ihe letter is dated by Slingfby himfelf *' 16 January, 1641," but this is a manifell error for the " i6th December, 1641." f MS. State Paper Office. This fecond letter is well worth fubjoining textually. «' Right Honourable, May it pleafe ** your Honor," it runs, *< If that other way doe not take, if " you may finde oportunity (without prejudice to your felfe) '* let me entreat you to incline his Ma'^ to recomend me " to y* confideration of the Houfc, by which meanes I may ** hope of fome fatiffa6lion : but this is totally left to your " honor's confiderati" as oportunity offers, & y' honor ** thincke fitt in your owne judgment. Thus humbly cravinge *' p'^on for this great p'fumption I can fafely fay noe man *' lives that is more " Your honor's mod humble fervant, Wm. Lenthal." § IV. Fatal Mijiakes. 29 30 Aflalls privilege : Under Secretary Bere to Penning- ton, 25th Nov. 1641. Same to fame, 9th Dec. Court changes. Same to fame, 23 rd Dec. Arrefi of the Five Members, It might be with other hopes in that direc- tion, fecret as yet, or known to Pym alone. He had aflailed the privileges of the Commons ** remove at Court of cheifF offic", and that Sir John Banks ** fhall be Lord Treas'. Mr. Nicleys [Nicholas] was on " Monday laft fworne Secretary of State and knighted j and " my Lord Savill had the ftatF given him at Yorke of being '* Treas"" of the King's Houfehold in Mr. Secret'' Ffane's " place, who it is thought will not bee Secret^ long. He *' hath very ill lucke, to bee neither loved nor pittied of any *' man." Some few days before, Sidney Bere had written (MS. 25th Nov.) : *' At Newcaltle I underftand Mr. Secretary *' Vane was commanded to deliver up his ftaffe of Treafur' j « vvh'^^'' was confered att Yorke upon my Lord Savile : it is *' what was long fpoken of & expected by him, and foe it *' will be noe greate newes to you. The place of Secretary he " Hill keepes : w'^*' if he continue, as I fee no great appear- ** ance to the contrary, he will not much refle^k on the loffe " of the other." Seven days later, the Under Secretary wrote again (MS. 9th Dec. 1641) to the Admiral: "The report *' goes ftrong with us that many great removes more shallbe, *' out of hand j what ground there is for it, I cannot tell, but *' thus the fpeech goes : Sir John Bankes to be Lo. TreaP", '* Chamberlaine made Admiiall, and Briftow Chamberlaine; '* Holland, Newport, and fome fay Hamilton, alfo to be " difplaced. In the mean time we have a Lo. -Steward w*='* is " Duke of Richmond. And thus we have and fhall have *' many changes and removes in Court. Sr Henry Vane the " Yonger, its generally faid, and believed, will loofe his place. " I writt you of it by my laftj and mythinkes, if you have " a thought that way, a timely office done by Mr. Secretary, " who is foe much your friend, might be of good ufe.'' Welcome to the Admiral, however, as the place of Treafurer of the Navy would have been in quieter times, the troubled reports of his correfpondcnts appear to have decided him not to apply for it. On the 23d Dec. the Under Secretary writes (MS. State Paper Office), after mentioning the diflatif- faftion of the Commons at the removal of Young Vane : " YetlHll,S' Wm. Penningman [Pennyman] ftands the man *' defigned for it, though as yett nothing (to my beft know- " ledge) hath part to that purpofe. But I eafily affent to " yo' opinion that in fuch diltempered tymes as thefe are, " you have little defireto multer up friends for any employme' " of that nature, howfoever it were to be wifhed a place of ** that truil had a man of yo' experience and worth but I " ftirre noe further in it, fince its not yo*" pleafurc." ^ IV. Fatal Mijlakes. 31 i i in a vital point, by an intemperate meflage of interferes difapproval during their difcufTion of a bill for ^nder^ ^ raifing foldiers by impreflment. He had rafhly difcuffion: iflued, on the very day after the citizens pre- fented their petition againft the BIfhops, a pro- Enforces clamation commanding the fevere execution of againft the ftatutes againft all who fhould bring in quef- P^ri^^^s: tion or impugn the book of Common Prayer. And while thus harfti in prefling, on the one hand, the law againft Puritan opponents of the Church, he had the inconceivable folly to refpite its operation, on the other, in favour of certain Roman Catholic priefts who had in- Remits curred the wrath of the Commons and fallen P^"^J'^* agamit under fentence of the courts, and whofe lives Roman 1 • ni /* r ' ^ Catholics. lay jultly rorreit. What occurred thereupon would have daunted a fovereign of the Tudor line, but Charles the Firft had as little of the bold refolution a^ of the confiderate fear which alone is truly valiant. At the fame feflions when Partial thefe priefts were condemned to die, there had o^^^hT^" alfo been condemned to death feveral men for laws. common offences. It was not fuppofed pof- fible, after a reprieve had been fent to the Jefuit offenders, that their fellow-prifoners, con- demned for offences held then to be compara- tively venial, would be executed. An order for the execution was neverthelefs received, and the agitation throughout the City was extreme. Monday the 13 th December was a ^ 1- i>^ 32 Art eft of the Five Members. Refifted by the people. appointed for the execution ; but on the pre- vious Sunday evening arms had been fecretly conveyed into Newgate, and open refiftance was made next day to the attempt to carry out the warrant. The refiftance was overmaftered that night, the wealthier citzens, however indignant at the King's interference, not choofing them- felves to interfere againft the law ; and on the Tuefday the men were hanged.* The incident Slingfbyto * I difcover thefe curious fafls in a letter which Captain Penning- Slingfby writes (MS. State Paper Office) to Pennington on ton, i6th *he i6th of Dec. (the letter is dated by miftake the i6th Dec. Jan.). He mentions the City petition againlt the Bifhopsand 1 641. tlieir continued attempts to enforce the Liturgy, and })roceeds: *' The next day after the delivery of" the petition the King ** fett out a proclamation comaunding the levere execution of '* the lawes againft the contemners and oppugners of the *' Comon Prayer Booke j and an other comaunding all men '* whatfoever that had right to fitt in Parliament to repaire " thither by the twelfth of Janu. Thefe gave great dlftaft to ** that fadion of the Clttic that were the petitioners. There *' was a very grcate Seffions the laft weeke, where there were ** feven priefts condemned but reprieved by the Kinge : " many for other crimes: Munday laft being appointed for '' their execution. Some body had conveighed fome armes Attack " i"fo Newgate to them the night before : io y* they ceazed upon ** upon the prifon, and ftood upon ther defenfe moft part Newgate. ** ^^ ^^^^ ^^Y '- but at night were overmaftered and the next '* day hanged .... the Houfe is much diftr36}ed at the re- " pricvc of the Priefts, and att the forraigne AmbafTadors for *' medllng in itt, efpecially at theFrenche, who did lay downe " fome reaibns w^"^ did aggravate ther dlftaft." Clarendon has not noticed this remarkable incident, nor is it mentioned in any of the hiftories, but in adverting to Secretary Winde- bank's flight he leaves us no room to doubt the view he was himfelf difpofed to take of fuch a "fufpending power" as Charles was practically exerting in thefe reprievals of popifti Reprievals offenders. *' I could never yet learn," he fays, fpeaking of of Popifti the conduct of the leaders of the Houfe, *' the true reafbn offenders. *' why they fuffcred Secretary Windebank to efcape their " juftice, againft whom they had more pregnant teftimony of ** offences within the verge of the law than againft any *< perfon they have accufcd iince this parliament, and of feme \ IV. Fatal Miftckes. 33 » left fuch a fenfe rankling in the breafts of all A time for clafles of citizens, as the wifiom of the moft powerful of princes might have feared ; but Charles the Firft only the more bethought him how better to reftrain and curb thefe favflious and rebellious citizens. And as, for other Difaftrous r 1 • '1111 1 J- relblve of reaions, his mmd had b^en broodmg over a t^e King, meafure on which he had lately refolved, to obtain more complete command of the Tower, he felecfled this precife time to give effecft to an intention which was to carry with it the moft difaftrous confequences. The Tower commanded the City. It was T'he the " Bridle" to the too reftlefs citizens, as the courtiers commonly called it;* and it was eflential not more to the fifety of thofe well affedled to the Houfe of Commons than to the fecurity of the Houfe of Commons itfelf, that its Governor ftiould be a man in and its whofe good faith they had confidence. Sir °^^^'^°'"' '* that, it may be, might have proved capital, and fo their '* appetite or blood might have been fatilfied ; for, befides " his frequent letters of intercefTion in his own name, and Winde- *' figniflcation of his Majefty's plealure, on the behalf of bank's ** papifts and priefts, to the judges, and to other minilters of (.j-ir^e and ** juftice, and prote6\ions granted by himfelf to priefts that efcape. ** nobody fhould moleft them, he harboured fome prielfs in '* his own houfe, knowing them to be fuch, which, by the " ftatutes made in the 29th year of Qjieen Elizabeth, is made " felony j and there were fome warrants under his own hand '* for the releafe of priefts out of Newgate who were aftually *' attainted ot treafon, and condemned to be hanged, drawn, ** and quarteied : which, by the ftri6l letter of the ftatute, the ** lawyers faid, would have been very penal to him." — Hiji. i. 311-312. • Clarendon, HiJ}. li. 81. 34 Arrejl of the Five Members, Balfour removed His infa- mous charafter. William Balfour was fuch a man, as he had fhown by his refolute refufal of enormous proffered bribes to connive at the efcape of Strafford. But Balfour, the tried friend of the Parliament, was now fuddenly removed from this all-important command, and it became known, on Chriftmas eve, that in his LunfTord place there had been appointed a foldier of evil appoin t • (^j^j^j-j^^gj. ^j^j infamous name, whofe only con- ceivable q'lalification could have been, that of prefenting himfelf to the Court as a mere defperate tool for any kind of recklefs fervice.* He was a man, fays Sir Simonds D'Ewes, given to drinking, fwearing, quarrelling, and other vices ; much in debt, and very defperate. f More than ten years before the prefent date Lord Dorfet had charaderifed him as a young outlaw who feared neither God nor man, and who took a glory to be efteemed rather a fwaggering ruffian than the iiTue of an ancient and honeft family. He belonged to the army of the North, and had been deeply involved in the plots for bringing it up to overawe the Parliament. Clarendon cannot but admit that fuch was with Lord ^^^ confefTed and notorious repute of Lunfford, Digby. who was ncverthelefs companion and friend to LunlTord*s * The warrant of the appointment of **our trufty and warrant. " well- beloved fcrvant Col. Thomas Lunfford," is in the State Paper Office. It is given " under our lignet at our " Court at Whitehall the izd Day of December 1641," and is addrelfed to Lords Manthclter, Doriet, Dunlmore and New burgh. f Harl. MSS. 162, f 272 b. His clofe § IV. Fatal Miftakes, 35 1 his excellent friend Lord Digby ; and he ex- plains with fufficient franknefs, though after his ufual fafhion, the objedl of the King and Lord objea in Digby in appointing him.* It was, that, ing him : having now fome fecret reafon (which, he interpofes but his editors omitted, *^was not a ** good one ") to fill that place in the inflant with a man who might be trufted, this man * His account of Lunfford's appointment is indeed in Claren- every way hii^hly chara6ieriftic. Sir William Balfour having, don's he fays, had from the beginning of this parliament, ** accord- account ** ing to the natural cultom of his country" (Balfour was of the a Scotchman, and by the prudence of Hyde's firft editors appoint- thefe words are eraled from all the ordinary editions), '* forgot ment. " all his obligations to the King . . . there had been a *' long refolution to remove him from that charge . . . yet " there was neither notice or fufpicion of it, till it was heard, " that Sir Thomas LunlTord was fworn Lieutenant of the ** Tower J a man who, though of an ancient family in ** SufTex, was ot a very fmall and decayed fortune, and of no ** good education j having been few years before compelled ** to fly the kingdom, to avoid the hand of juftice for fome ** riotous mifdemeanour ... he was fo little known, except " upon the difadvantage of an ill character, that, in the moft ** dutiful time, the promotion would have appeared very '* ungrateful." And then follows one of thofe fentences of Clouds of endlefs involution, and confufion of all relatives and ante- words, cedents, fiom which it is extremely difficult to elicit the precife meaning. He afferts that Lunlford's appointment was (ecretly the work of Lord Digby, who had meant to give it to his brother, " but he (the brother) being not at that time in town, " and the ether ^"^ ((tri(5^1y this ought to mean the king, but Lord Digby feenis really meant) " having fome fecret Digby the *' reafon (which was not a good one)" the latter words alfo 'fcapegoat, are erafed from the ordinary editions — '*to fill that place in *' the inftant with a man who might be trulled ; he fuddenly " refolved upon this gentleman, as one who would be faithful " to him for the obligation, and execute anything he fhould ** defire or dire6l," — hold fail the five members, for example, if he could once get them fhut up in the Tower ? But how monlhous the attempt of Clarendon to put up Digby in fuch a purpofe as the 'fcapegoat for the King — if (which perhaps is doubtful) the lafl quoted "^^" muft be taken to ftand for Digby and not for the King himfelf. D 2 I 36 Arreji of the Five Members, A man to was fuddenly refolved upon as one who would anything: be faithful for this obligation, and execute any- thing that fhould be defired or direded. A laboured periphrafis, which BifViop Warburton puts into plain fpeech when he writes upon the margin of the page containing it, that the and keep objed was *' to keep the five members fafe *^ whom it was determined to arreft." *^ So ^' as now/' writes D'Ewes, in that entry of his Journal of the 24th of December which reports the difcuflion upon Lunfford's cha- rader, preferves the angry fpeeches refpedling him of the members for York, Middlefex, and Eflex (Sir William Alifon, Sir Gilbert Gerrard, and Sir William Mafham), fets down the King's proclamation confirming the appoint- ment, and laments over the vote of the Lords declining to join the Commons in prayers that it fhould be cancelled,* ** So as now all things the five members, once arrefted, fafe. Lords who fided with majority in Commons. Duke of Rich- mond's fally: z6th Jan. 1641-2. • The minority of twenty-two peers who protefted againft this too fcrupulous objc6lion to interfere with the King's prerogative of placing or difpUcing his officers, gives us the names of the leading members of the popular party in the Upper Houfe. They were the Earls ot Northumberland, EHcx, Pembroke, Bedford, Warwick, Bolingbrokc, Newport, Suffolk, Cariille, Holland, Clare, and Stamford, and the Lords Say and Seale (old Subtlety as he was called), Wharton, St. John, Spencer, North, Kimbolton, Brooke, Grey de Werk, Kobartcs, and Howard de Efcricke. It may be worth adding that, a very few weeks later, upon the incident of the 26th Jan. 164.1-2, when the Duke of Richmond perpetrated his famous fally of propofmg to evade the Militia bill, lent up from the Commons, by adjourning for fix months, twenty-four Peers entered a protcft againft ihe vote requiring the Duke to make fubmiflion and alk pardon, as *' not a ** fufficient punillmient for words of that daingerous confe- *• quence." On this occafion feventeen of the foregoing \ A § IV. Fatal Mijiakes. 37 *' haften apace to confufion and calamity ; Evil fore- ** from which I fcarce fee any poflibility in sir Simon ^^ human reafon for this poor Church and ^ ^^^^* ** Kingdom to be delivered. My hope only '^ is in the goodnefs of that God who hath *' feveral times during this parliament already *^ been feen in the Mount, and delivered us '^ beyond the expedlations of ourfelves and of *^ our enemies, from the jaws of deftruction."* An addrefs for Lunfford*s removal was that Addrefs day voted in the Lower Houfe without a^^^^fYord'- difTentient voice ; and the Conftable of the removal. Tower, the Earl of Newport, was requefted for the prefent to take command of the place and to lodge therein. The defire of the Houfe was conveyed to Lord Newport by Sir Thomas Harrington and Mr. Henry Marten, who were informed there- upon that hewas no longer Conftable. The King Difmiffal had fuddenly difmifTed him for an alleged dif- Newport loyal fpeech during the royal abfence in Scotland. The incident further ftiows in what diredion all was now rapidly tending. The charge The againft Lord Newport was that on the occa- Lainft fion of a meeting held at Kenfington, at which ^'™ - Pym and Lord Kimbolton were prefent, as well names reappeared, with omiflTion of thofe of Lords Newport, Carlifle, Clare, Say and Seale, and North, but with addition of thofe of the Earls of Lincoln and Leiccfter, of Vifcount Conway, and of Lords Chandois, Hundfdon, Paeet, and Willoughby de Parham. See Sir K.dph Veiney s Notes^ p. 14.9. * Harl. MSS. 162, f 278 b. 1 38 A pro- polal to feize hofta- ges for the King's good faith . The lie given to Lord Newport, 2+th Dec. The lie retracted, Dec. 29th. Warnings in the interval. Arreji of the Five Members. as Nathaniel Fiennes, his father Lord Say and Seale (old Subtlety), Lord Wharton, Lord Dungarvon, and Sir John Clotworthy, upon fome difcourfe of an apprehended defign to overawe the Parliament by means of the army of the North, the Earl had remarked, '' If there be fuch a plot, yet ** here are his wife and children,"* meaning that thefe might be feized as hoftages. Taxed with the words by the King himfelf. Lord Newport indignantly denied them : upon which, with infulting addition, the queftion was re- peated : *' You can tell me nothing more than ** I know already ; therefore confider well " what you anfwer.** Lord Newport anfwered with vehement repetition of his denial ; and the King, contemptuoufly profefTing forrow for his Lordfhip's memory, intimated that he was no longer Conftable of the Tower, and turned upon his heel. That was on the afternoon of Friday the 24th December. On Wednefday the 29th the King informed the Houfe of Lords that he had never believed the charge againft the Earl, and defired it to be with- drawn. Such was the wonderful, the almoft incre- dible levity of Charles the Firft, in matters of accufation the moft grave. Between that 24th and 29th of December the afpeft of * See Commons Journals (Tuefday 28th December), ii. 359. § V. Pym and the King, 39 t i affairs had grown more ferious, frequent Sudden gatherings together of large numbers of the ^he King! people had increafed, difcontent took a threaten- ing afped, and on the eve of the moft defperate refolution of his life, his wavering irrefolute temper feemed to have yielded fuddenly. The withdrawal of the charge againft Lord Newport was one indication ; but another, much more Extraor- remarkable, and hitherto unfufpedled by any dmrmina- hiftorian, is now to be difclofed. ^^^^ ^^^^"• § V. Pym and the King. Beyond all queftion the moft popular man Popularity in England at this time was Pym. T^^^t^der attempts made upon his life during the debates of the n 1 1 n i_ • Commons. on the Remonftrance, and above all the vic- tory obtained in that ftruggle, had raifed him even higher than during the memorable con- flidl with Strafford. It was not fimply that ne was the foremoft man in the Parliament by which fo much had been achieved for the people, or that its very exiftence was in fome meafure due to him, but alfo that heltscaufes. alone reprefented in his perfon the parlia- ments of former years, and thofe ufages and precedents, become fince the very bul- warks of freedom, which had only then been won by the hard and defperate endurance, the long imprifonments, not feldom the deaths, of the great men of the paft. In him the people ftill faw the Cokes, the Eliots, the Sir I 40 Pym Im- prifoned for his opinions in 16 14. A member of the Par- liament of 1620. One of James the Firft's " twelve ** king n Antiquary Cotton's fufFerings at leizure of his library. Arreji of the Five Members, Robert Cottons,* remembered and honored as the earhefl: martyrs of the Stuart Kings. He had himfelf been the inmate of a ftate prifon, as the reward for his condud: as a repre- fentative of the people, now nearly eight-and- twenty years ago. He had been a leading member in that wife and noble aflembly which met in 1620, and abolifhed the in- famous monopolies at that time eating out the heart of the kingdom. f He was one of the twelve who carried their famous declaration to King James at Newmarket, when the quick- witted fhrewd old monarch called out, *' Chairs! '* chairs ! here be twal kynges comin ! *' In all the fubfequent parliaments of that and the fucceeding reign he had played a diftinguifhed part ; and when, after intermifTion of thofe conventions for twelve years, they met once more in April 1640, and men gazed upon each other looking who ihould begin, much * On pretence of a charge that he had furnifhed precedents to Scldcn and Eliot, Sir Robert Cotton's noble library was ftized and held by the King, and unable to furvive its lofs the great fcholar died. "When," fays D'Ewes, " I went " fevcral times to vifit and comfort him in the year 1630, he *' would tell me they had broken his heart that had locked up " his library from him . . . He was fo outworn within a *' few months, with anguifh and grief, as his face, which had ** formerly been ruddy and well colored, was wholly changed ** into a grim and blackifh palenefs, near to the refeinblancc " and hue of a dead viiage.'* A few months afterward he was dead. ■f " A parliament" it is well faid by the leading liberal ftatefman of our time, ** to which every Englifhman ought " to look back with reverence." Lord John Rufl^tll's EJfay on the Hijhry of the Englijh Go'vernment andConJiitution^ p. 50. § V. Pym and the King, 41 1' the greater part, as Clarendon fays, having Rifes to never before fat in Parliament, there quietly ofYeader: arofe to his place at tlieir head the man above April, . , 164.0. all others qualified by experience, by eloquence, and by courage to lead the Englifh people. It was then that Pym's extreme influence ftruck root, and his name became a word familiar over England. This was he who, in that brief Parliament fo fatally diffolved, had told the wonderful ftory of their wrongs, which was all it bequeathed to the fuflPering millions. This was he who chiefly had wreflied from the Court its affent to the greater and ftronger Parliament, from which at laft redrefs was come. This was he who, on the iflue of the writs for that memo- Qiialities rable aflembly, had with Hampden ridden ^j^ ices England throup;h, to urge upon all its inha- ^^hich er- t) o •' or \ r dearedhim bitants their duties and their right, to chooletothe honefl:ly and petition freely. This finally was P^^P^^- he who fince had broken down for ever the tyranny of Strafi^ord and of Laud, and who now had publiflied to the world the Great Remon- fl:rance. Shall we wonder if every nook and corner of the kingdom were pervaded with his influence and renown, and that, fo identified with the pafl:, on him it might almofl: feem exclufively to rell what the future was to bring. *' I think Mr. Pym was at this time,*' ciaren- fays Clarendon, ''the mofl: popular man, and ^,!|j"^f^g ^^ '' the mofl: able to do hurt, that hath lived in Pym^s ^ popularity. *' any time.** 42 Arrejl of the Five Members, Former Already once the King had turned to him in witiiThe' ^ ^ ^^^'"'t)le extremity. When the fcheme was King. on foot to fave the life of Strafford he had offered Pym the Chancellorfliip of the Exche- quer. Clarendon, who ftates the matter not unfairly, fays the offer came too late, for that Pym and his friends could not then permit the Earl to live ; and he regrets its failure on the ground that it would have given the King fome able men to advife and affift him.* Strange and ftartling as it feems, amid the events I am here defcribing, the King appears to have now again, even with what he after- wards alleged to be the proof of treafon in his Negotia- hand, opened a negotiation with the parliament- tions again i j r /- i / opened. ^^7 leader tor acceptance of the fame office. The details 1 have not been able to afcertain. Why the * There is much befide faid by Clarendon on this head, King's wliich, though coloured of tourlc by his peculiar manner efforts to ^"^ ^""**» tlirows light upon the real caulcs of the failure of conciliate ^^V'^ry effort at accomoda ion : " But the rule the King gave failed. " himfclf (very rcalonablc at another time) that they (hould " firft do Icrvice and compafs this or that thing lor him, " before they fhould receive favour, was then very unfeafon- " able i fince, bcfidcs that they could not in tiu.li do him that " fcrvice without the qualification, it could not be expe(5led *' they would defeit that fide, by the powe.- of which they ** were fure to make themfelves confiderabie, without an " unqueltiunable mark of intercll in the other, hy which they ** were to keep up their power and repuration. And fo '* whilll the Kingcxpedcd they fhould manifeft .heir inclina- " tions to his Icrvice by their temper and moderation in thofe " pro( eedings that molt offended him, and they endeavoured, " by doing all the hurt they could, to make evident the power " they had to do him good, he grew fb far duobligcd and '* provoked that he rould not in honour gratify them, and " they lb obnoxious and guilty that they could not think *' themfelves fecure in his favour." Hij}. ii. 6i. % \ § v. Pym and the King, beyond the fadl that the offer was made to Pym alone. King Pym* the people * The reader may perhaps be amufed by one or two examples of the ufe the Koyalilt libellers made of this epithet. As thus : Your ferious fubtilty is grown fo grave. We dare not tell you how much power you have. At leaft you dare not hear us. How you frown If we but fay, King Pym wears Charles's crown ! • * • • Well, we vow Not to afl anything you difallow : We will not dare at your ffrange votes to jeer Nor perlbnate King Pym with his flate-flcar! The Players" Petition. Or again : from Pym's Anarchy : Afk me no more why Strafford's dead, And why we aimed fo at his head ? Faith, all the anfwer I can give, 'Tis thought he was too wile to live ! « ♦ « ♦ Afk me no more why in this age I fmg lb fliarp without a cage .... This anfwer I in brief do fing ; All things were thus when Pym was King. Or, from the i^e-uo Diurnall: And yet their Rebellion fo neatly they trim They fight for the King, but they mean for King Pym. Or, from that Epigram upon The Parliament's Beliefs which fhows how far fuch libellers could go : Is there no God ? let's put it to a vote. Is there no Church ? lome fools fay lb by rote. Is there no King, but Pym, for to affcnt What fhall be done by Ac'-f of Parliament ? No God, no Church, no King — then all were well If they could but ena61 there were no Hell. Or, from the Ca'valiers Prayer : Lawn flceves and furplices muft go down, For why, King Pym doth fway the crown — But all are Bifhops that wear a Black Gown, Which nobody can deny. Or, finally (for fuch illuftrations might be indefinitely pro- longed), from the libel of which the opening lines alfo 43 Royalifl libellers of Pym. Things done when Pym was King. A pro- pofed enaftment. 44 King Pym ; Secret in fluence over King Charles. Chides the members for late attend- ance. Happieft in Irorms, Arreft of the Five Members. called him ; and the incident, one of the laft before the country fcparated into two hoftile camps, and hardly credible if fimply related as from King to fubjed, might indeed rather feem to exprefs the relation of fovereign to fovereign. But Charles had always, as will fufficiently be feen throughout this narra- tive, a feeling towards the great leader of t\\^ oppofition againil: him, which appeared ftrangely to flu6luate between defire and dread. In the correfpondence between himfelf and his Queen, Pym's name is that which mod frequently occurs, whether the defign be to mveigle and fnare, or more openly to denounce, the moft powerful of the parliamentary leaders;* and even in the Royalift fongs againfl: the popular tribune there is that which expreffes, though very often in mcft extrava- curioiidy reflca Pym's continuous and zealous efforts to enforce that tarly and full attendance at the Houfe in which lo many members of even the popular party were fo fre- quently lemiis : Truth ! 1 could chide you Friends ! why how fo late > My watch fpeaks eight and not one pin o th' Hate This day undone ! Can fuch remilhcfle fit Your aaive fpirits, or my more Hellifh wit ? The fun each flep he mounts to Heaven's crown Whim Pym commands, fhould fee a kingdome down ♦ ♦ ♦ °« Thus whilom feated was Great James's Heir Jull as you fee me now, T th' Kingdom's Chair. Calmes proper are for guiltleffe fons of Peace Our veilcls bear out belt in flormy fcas. * Charles muft not reign fecure whilft reigns a Pym : The lun, if it rife with us, mult let with him. • See n,y Hijl. ^ Biog. EJfuys, i. ,,. ^^'"''' '^'""'°' "^°- § V. Pym and the King. 45 gant forms, a fomethino; that yet involves him Songs and more clofely with the King than is attempted againft the againft any other of the zealous and adllve men P^^ha- upon whom thofe recklefs libellers emptied moft eagerly their ribaldry and fcorn.* * For one inftance take the following : felefted from many of a fimilar character: (The Humble Petition of the Houfe of Commons) . Next, for the State, we think it fit That Mr. Pym fhould govern it, He's very poor : The money that's for Ireland writ. Faith, let tiiem have the Devil a bit. We'll afk no more. (The King'^s Anfiver to the Humble Petition). When you no more fliall dare hereafter A needleffe thing which gains much laughter, Granted before j When Pym is fent 1 1 elan J to (laughter And ne'er more hofes to marry my daughter ^ You'll afk no more. To this I may add fome lines Upon Mr. Pym's Pic- ture, which through all their violent abufe yet exprefs a kind of awe and terror at the man's predominance and power. Reader, behold the counterfeit of him Who now controuls the Land — Almighty Pym ! A man whom even the Devil to fear begms, And dares not trult him with fucccfflefs fins. A man who now is wading through the Flood Of reverend Laud's and noble Strafford's blood. To Itrike fo high as to put Bifliops down And in the Mitre to controul the Crown. The wretch hath mighty thoughts, and entertains Some glorious mifchief in his aflive brains, Where now he's plotting to make England fuch As may outvie the viilany of the Dutch : He dares not go to Heaven, 'caufe he doth feare To meet (and not pull down) the Bilhops there ! Is it not ftrange that in that fhuttle head Three kingdomcs' ruines fhould be buried ? Pym and the *' King's daugh- ter. W Pym's picture. Muft avoid Heaven for fear of Bifhops. 46 Pym's conftitu- tional opinions. Alter- nately held up for avoidance and for example. Charafler- iftics of his oratory. Pym's lall refting- place. Arreft of the Five Members, Remarkable in every refpedl indeed was the mingled influence exerted by this famous member of the Commons over the Sovereign whofe defliiny he fo largely controlled, and who never feems to have raifed againft him the hand to fl:rike but with amifgiving that paralyfed its aim, and foon or late brought himfelf into the fuppliant poflure to which he would have re- duced hisadverfary. Still Pym is ever the perfon fingled out for notice by Charles, and (till the evil and the good alternate. Again and again, during the paper war which attended the events I am relating, and ufhered in the more terrible war, Charles is found recurring to his fpeeches for caufes of indignant proteft, of expoftulation, of reproach ; but the day as furely comes later in the ftruggle, when Pym is lying in his grave in Weftminfter Abbey,* when his place is occupied by ilerner and lefs fcrupulous men, and when the poor King is fain to ranfack the very fpeeches in which once he found nothing but rebellion, for maxims of conflitutional lore, for jufl: expofitions of the monarchy, for coun- fels to refped the law. Thefe, the mofl: Is it not ftrange there fhoiild be hatch'd a Plot Whirh fhuuld outdoe the Tieafon ot the Scot, And even the malice of a Puritan ? Reader behold, and hate the poyfonous man ! The Pi6tul•c'^ like him : yet 'tis very fit He adde one likenefs more — that's— //^//g-, like it ! * " Mr. Pym was buried with wonderful pomp and mag- '< nifirence in the place where the bones of our Englifh kings '* and piinces are committed to their reft." — Clarendon, Hijl. iv. 44-1. I .1 § V. Fym and the King. flriking qualities of the orator, and from which even Charles could not turn away altogether unheeding, may indeed have had fome influence thus early in bringing about a renewal of the offer of the Chancellorfliip of the Exchequer. Clarendon evidently thought fo. He does not refer to it in exprefs terms ; but he helps materially to explain it when he intimates that even H impden's acceflion, after his return from Scotland, to what was called the root and branch party in the State, had not entirely carried Pym along with it ;* that the member for Tavif- tock had no infuperable diflike to the conftitu- tion of the Englifh Church, apart from Laud's grofs and cruel admlniftration of it; and that in confenting to let Pym five the Monarchy, Epifcopacy alio might be faved. Be this as it may, the offer came too late. In the authority from which my information is derived, there is nothing to explain the circumfl:ances of it, and I cannot difcover that Pym himfelf made • " Mr. Pym was not of thofe furious refolutions againft ** the Church as the other leading men were, and wholly ** devoted to the Earl of Bedford, who had nothing of that ** fpirit."— //^. i. 323. " In the Houfeof Commons, though " of the chief leaders Nathaniel Fiennes and young Sir " Harry Vane, and ftiortly after Mr. Hampden (who had " not before owned it), were believed to be for root and " branch ; which grew (hortly after a common expreflion, ** and difcoveiy of the feveral tempers ; yet Mr. Pym was not " of that mind, nor Mr. Hollis." /^. i. 4.10. '* Mr. Pym was " concerned and paftionate in the jeahjufies of religion, and *' much troubled with the countenance which had been given " to thofe opinions that had been imputed to Arminius. . . . *' yet himfelf nrofefled to be very entire to the do6lrine and «' difcipline ot the Church of England." — lb. iv. 437. 47 Chancel- lorftiip of Exchequer again offered to Pym. Pym lefs extreme than Hampden. The offer made too late. Pym not adverfe to the Church : But to Arminian pra(flices. 48 Pym fllent as to the King's offer: Reje6\s it. Sir Edward Dering to Lady Dering, 13th Jan. 1 64.1 -2 : Defer ibes Charles's overture to Pym. Arrejl of the Five Members, afterwards the remoteft allufion to it. It is hardly likely indeed that any fuch reference from him would have been compatible with the terms on which it was fubmitted, with the refpedt ftill neceffarily paid to Charles, or with the fafety of his own pofition among the ex- treme members of the Commons. But Pym muft well have known his danger in declining the ofFer, and that it thickened the royal fnares which already were fpread around him. The fad is at any rate indifputable, that fuch an offer was fpecifically made and rejecfled. It refts on the authority of the member for Kent, Sir Edward Dering, whofe fervices to the Court in the debates on the Grand Remonftrance had won him recent and grateful acceptance there ; and whofe colleague in the rcprefenta- tion of the county, Sir John Culpeper, received the office on Pym declining it. In a private letter to Lady Dering, written early in January, containing other evidence of his favor at Court and with the Queen, he tells her : *' The King is too flexible and too good- ''natured; for within two howers, and a " greate deale leffe, before he made Culpeper *' Chancellor of the Exchequer, he had fente a *' mefienger to bring Pym unto him, and '* wold have given him that place.'** Cul- * Since this letter was obligingly communicated to me, it has been, with many other very intcrcliing p;ipcrs horn the Surrenden manuscripts, placed for publication in the hands of the Camden Society by the Rev. Lambert Larking, and % V. Pym and the King, 49 peper's patent is not dated until the 7th of Culpeper January, but the office had been given to Xat'^p ^ him feveral days before, and he had taken his ^^d de- feat at the Council Board on New Year's Day. £',!•/,'' The exaA period of the offer to Pym can only '^^-i-*. now be gueffed at, but we may narrow it within the limits of the laft half of December. Thofe days had fecn feveral changes. The feals, which Windebank had voided by his ignominious flight, were given to Nicholas.* the volume, already announced for publication under Mr. Camden Larking's editorfliip, will rank appropriately with the many Society other rare and important illullrations of this great period of books, our hiltory in which the Camden Colle<5lion of books is pecu- liarly rich. * I have found in the State Paper Office, and cannot refift quoting, a letter written by Windebank from Paris (whither he had fucceeded in making good his flight), upon hcarino- that Nicholas had been appointed Secretary in his place. It exhibits the meannefs of the man's nature j but more than this, it fliows in my judgment plainly enough, that parliament was thoroughly jultified in having charged the Ex-Sccretary as accomplice with the Queen in private and illegal pradlices 'to favour the Roman Catholic religion. The letter is addrefled to his fon and dated the 27"' (or in the Englifli ftyle the 17th Dec), 1641. *• Tom," it begins, "your letters Winde- " were very weilcum both for the greate honor they brought bank to " me from the Queene's Ma: & the good news of your health his fon '* and of the rell of myne in thofe prirtes. I do forbear to 17th Dec. " prefent my moft humble thankes myfelfe to Her M: for 164.1. " the fame rcafon that She in Her wifdom did not think fitt " to venter a lett' to me : Yet yo" mult not fail to pafle that ** office in all humility for me, acquainting Her M: withall Secret un- " that I never was in a condition that more required her derftand- " " comfort and gracious affiltance than now that 1 rtnde, by \^^ ^^j^j^' " the difpofmg of the place I had the Honor to holde neere the Queen " His M:, no hope left to ferve my Royall Mailer againe, «< w«»> really is the greateft corofive to my harte that can be. " I do acknowledge it is no more than I had reafon to ** expc6t, & I thank God I have had time to be prepared for " it. NevertheleflTe now it is come I cannot be fo Itupid as ** not to be fenfible of that w*^** ruines me and my polterity. so Arreft of the Five Members, Old Vane The Court exodus of Old Vane, whofe stafF of nnally dil- v -r^ r r miffed. the Treafurer of the Houfehold had been taken from him at Newcaftle to be at York beftowed on Lord Savile, was now completed by the demand that he {hould deHver up the feals of Secretary, defigned for Falkland.^^ The old *• nor fo inlurious to myne owne harte to think that after {o '• many years painfull & faithfull Tervices to both their " M M: 1 hiive delerved it. My hope is that His M. hath " done it t preferve me from a greater blow (though truly " for my own particular & fetting afide the intcrelts of you " & the relt of my poor children a greater cold not falle upon " me) & that knowing my entire affcdions to his peribn & " fervice molt fair from the leaft guilte of any intention to " offend, will in His Princely Goodneffe & His owne beft " tyme vouch fafe me & myne relicfe. In the meantime I " fliall elfeem this & (if occafion ferve) my deerell harte " bloud a blcffcd ficrifice, if they may contribut any thing to " the redreffe of His M: affaires, hoping that this fhall ferve " for fatiffaaion & expiation (even in the opinion of the moft *' fevere) for any offence taken againit me j and fo the " difpleal'ure of the time rclente and go no farther, but " that I may be permitted to retourne to myne own* poor " ne(t in the Country to end my dayes there in peace " Equally charaaeriltic is the conclufjon. The Queen in her fecret communication had afked Windebank to attend the French court for her, and to this he pleads unfitnefs, bv reafon of the (late of his mind, adding : *♦ Bcfules I acknowledo-e I " am not yet in cafe to appear inpublique, nor can for the preP " Wynne fo much upon my fclf to looke upon a foraine Prmce ** w'** any contentment, being deprived of the bleffcd & ** gracious alpcd of my Maltcrr." * Poor Windebank upon this writes to Son Tom from Paris fj";,^"} 164.1-2, taking the flriaiy economical view of Vane's dilmiaai, " The newes of the rcmovall of Sir Henry " Vane from the place of Secretary is very ftrangc heere, and " truly my owne condition makes me fenfible of his' w«»> Grief at lofing place. Winde- bank to his Ion, 24th Dec. A fellow- feeling. " confidering his great burden of children is very comiferable. " But w'^U I am infinitly comforted w'*" that of the D. of " Richmond w'»» is one of the noblelt things the K: hath " don of many yeares & of fmoular conlequence to his " icrvjcc. If I durfl, I would wilh yo« to congratulat with " His Gr: in all humblenefs from me." It is quite in charaaer that Windebank fhould confider the appointment . 1 1 § V. Pym and the King, r i man's difgrace was but part of the punifhment Revenge over which Charles had brooded ever fmce f^^d^^"^^' Strafford's trial, which but for his weaknefs and ifolation he would then have inflided, and which now he thought himfelf ftrong enough to inflid:, not fimply on Vane himfelf but on his fon. Young Vane, who held the office of joint Treafurer of the Navy with Sir W^illiam Young RufTell, was ordered fuddenly to fend in his Y.^.^^i^^^ , . ^ dilmiffed. accounts preparatory to the iffue of a new patent without his name.* We learn this from the letter of another correfpondent of Pennington's, Captain Carterett, a man of of an amiable young Duke to an office in the Houfehold as the noblert and wifclt aa of his glorious mafler. • Admiral Pennington's defire (already adverted to) to have had this office for himfelf, feems to have been generally ""'^^'Ij^,^^ ^y '^'^ '"^"^^^ i and upon the faaof Young Vane's difmiffal bemg f^rfl known, Capt. Dowfe, ignorant of the AcliTiirars mtimation to the Under Secretary that he did not v^fh the matter preffcd for the prefent, went and afked the office from the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Northumberland His note (m the State Paper Office) proves that the eift of tlie office to Strafford's friend Pennyman was the Kine's perfonal aa ''Noble Sir," he writes from York Houle on Dec. the 30th, " Upon the firfl notice of Sir Henry Vane his being difcharged of the Treafurer's place of the Navy I «, did (as I have written to you before) repaire to my Lord to uK.t^ri^'''/''''"''"'^*^'"^^"''"^"^^ ^o tJie King, if his Ma r d.d put by S.r Henry Vane. My Lord told me then that S' Henry Vane was not abfolutely difmiffed until his accounts were perteaed for the whole yeare." A fecond time he waited on the Earl ; but "My Lord told me then ^^ that the King had beftowed the place upon Sir William « .J'7'"'- ^"l '^ ^^ ""^"'^ ^^^ y«" 3"y Service in it, he ' fome reafons ag' his Maj*^'" goinge untill the armie be dif- banded, w*^'', if there were money readie, woulde not bee this fortnight. It is heere '^ faid that wee fhall fhortly before the Kinge's *' departure have a greate change & addition " of officers abt Co*% as that the L*^ Saye '^ fhall be made L^ Treas**, the L' Newburg '* Mafter of the Wardes, Mr. Jo. Hampden '' Ch'- of y*^ Dutchy, Mr. Pym Cha^ of the *' Excheq', Mr. Denzlll Hollis Princlpall Secr^ '' of State ; and that y*^ Earl of Bath and L^ '' Brooke fhall be fworne of his Ma''^^ mofl *' hon^^'*= Privy Counfell."* He adds fome * This letter (alfo in the State Paper Office, and dated 29th July, 1641) is addrefled like the former, with this addition : ** Leave this with the toote port of Sand''*^'' in "• Philpot Lane att y* figne of y* Sand'*'^'' Armes to be *' conveyed." '^?"'-'"'^ entertaining Bi(hop Hacket, who {^cnnia Referata, n. 207) tells a llory of a certain worthv and honelt Vicar of Hampfhire who always (in f fch manner as to evade the notice of one fea.on of" his hearers whie he fecretly plealed the other) changed one word in te laft verle of the Te Dcum-O Lord in thee have I trufted let me ne'ver be a Round-head ' truiiea, De^pt). ""^ ^^- ^ ^''^- ^^^-^^ "• ^ ^""^^^ Effay on 64 Arreft of the Five Members. § vr. The Weftminfter 'Tumults, the indelible diftincftion of the two great parties Firftbloodin Englifh hiftory.* The firft blood fhed in Civil War! ^^^^ g^^^^ c^^il w^^ had flowed on that 27th of December, feveral citizens having; been wounded and Sir Richard Wifeman flain. William Lilly's evidence. The King's fecret re- vealed. A belief or fuper- ftition. Chara6>er of Puri- tans. (i * There is a curious and chara<5>eriftic pafTage by William Lilly {Monarchy or no Monarchy in England^ part li. ed. 165 1), referring to thefe tumults, of which he was himfelf an eye- wltnefs, and deferving more attention than it has received. He is fpeaking of the King : '* Fearing the worft, as himfelf pretended (from the tumultuous afl!emblages of Citizens), he had a Court of Guard, before Whitehall, of the Train Bands j he had alfo many diffolute gentlemen, and fome « very civil, that kept within Whitehall with their fwords by ** their fides, to be ready upon any fudden occafion. Verily " men's fears now began to be great j and it was by many ** perceived, that the King began to fwell with anger againlt '* the proceedings of Parliament, and to intend a war againft " them : fome ipeeches dropt from him to that purpofe. It " happened one day, as fome of the ruder fort of Citizens " came by Whitehall, one bufy Citizen nmft needs cry * No *' Bifhops.' Some of the gentlemen iffued out of Whitehall, *' either to correct the faucinefs of the fool in words, if they ** would ferve ; elfe, it feems, with blows. What paflfed on " either fide in words, none but themfelves knew. The Citizen, being more tongue than foldier, was wounded, and I have heard, died of his wounds received at that time. It ** hath been affirmed by very many, that in, or hearunto, that '* place where this fellow was hurt and wounded, the late King's " head was cut-off, the Scaffold ftanding jull over that place. ** Thefe people, or Citizens, who uled thus to flock unto ** Weltminiter, were, moft of them, men of mean, or a middle ** quality . . . and yet mofl of them were either fuch as had ** public fpirits, or lived a more religious life than the vulgar, ** and were ufually called Puritans, and had fuffered under the ** tyranny of the Bifhops. In the general they were very " honeft men and well meaning : fome particular fools, or ** others, perhaps, now and then, got in amongfl them, greatly " to the difadvantage of the more fober. They were modelt " in their apparel, but not in their language ; they had the " hair of their heads very few of them longer than their earsj ** whereupon it came to pafs that thofe who ufually with their *' cries attended at Weftminfter, were by a nick name called ** Round-heads. The Courtiers again, having long hair and *' locks, and always fwordes, at iall were called by thefe men i( (( t 65 The Lords had at firft declined to join the Commons in petitioning for Lunfford's Caufe of removal, and it was the excitement confequent a^em" upon this refufal, firft known by the publiftied ^^^S^^ j" proteft of twenty-two peers headed by names fter Hall, in fuch popular efteem as thofe of Bedford, Northumberland, Pembroke, and Effex, which led to the aflemblages that met fuddenly toge- ther, in large numbers certainly but unprovided with arms, in Weftminfter Hall and outfide the door of the Houfe of Lords.* It has been, notwithftanding an admiflion to the contrary " Cavaliers; and fo &c. &c. few of the vulgar knowing the What " fenfe of the word Cavalier. To fpeak freely and ingenuoufly, Lilly ** what I then obferved of the City Tumults was this : Firft, obferved ** the fufferings of the Citizens who were anything well of the *' devoted, had, during all this King's reign, been fuch and fo tumults. were even glad to vent out their fighs and fufferings in this " rather tumultuous than civil manner : being affured that if ** ever this parliament had been diflblved, they muft have been " racked, whipt, and ftript by the . . . Clergy, and other extrava- '* gant courfes : and for any amendment which they might ** expe(5l from the King, they too well knew his temper ; that ** though in a time of parliament he often promifed to ** redrefs any grievances, yet the beft friend he hath cannot ** produce any one a£l of good for his fubjefts done by him " in the vacancy of a parliament. The lofers ufually have " leave to fpeak, and fo had the Citizens. All this Xmas ** 1641, there was nothing but private whifperlngs in Court, " and fecret counfels held by the Queen and her party, with " whom the King fate in council very late many nights. *' What was the particular refult of thefe clandeftine confiilta- " tions, it will prefently appear." In thefe laft few words he alludes of courfe to the impending attempt to arreft the members. * ** The tumults," fays Nalfon, the moft unfcrupulous of Royalifl partizans, '* began upon this little clafh of the two Houfes, the Lords refufing to join with the Commons to petition out Lunlford." — CoUedions^ ii. 781. A Parlia- ment the People's only hope. Secret counfels. i( (I 66 Arreft of the Five Members, Party ftate- ments. the firft aggreflbrs. to be quoted fliortly even from Clarendon himfelf,* uniformly afTerted by Royalift writers fince, and with fuch confident pertinacity that lefs partial writers have been over- borne by it, that thefe gatherings of the people were accompanied by violence, that the Citizens were the aggreflbrs, and that fwords were drawn at laft on the other fide only in felf-defence. The point is an important one to place beyond further queftion, becaufe here, and not in any difpute as to whom the powers of the militia (hould refide with, really Who were began the Civil War. Elaborately to argue upon this or that claim of right, whether to the militia or to any other power of the State, in the pofition to which the incidents now under difcuflion were about fwiftly to bring the oppofing parties, is to be at infinite pains to throw words into the air. Both King and Parliament were foon to afcertain that peace was no longer pofllble ; and it was but the prelude of fence to the fharper confli6b, the underfl:ood paufe for colledion of fl:rength on either fide, when the war of words about the True be- militia began. h\ the chapter of hifl:ory I ginning of have here undertaken to rewrite lies the true the CiviJ fettlement of the doubt as to who began the Civil War ; and in thefe Wefl:minfter tumults, which were the prologue of the tragedy, it will not be difficult to fiiow, on the unqueftion- * Hijl, ii. 92, War: A § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the HalL 67 able evidence now to be produced, not merely that the bloodfhed was exclufively the ad of the King's friends and dependants, and that the natural alarm it created was made the excufe for other and more deliberately planned violence againft the people, but that all this in the at- was unavoidably a portion of that defign ^^J^f^Jy ^j^^ againft the Parliament for which the time had P^rlia- prematurely been fuppofed to be ripe, and leaders. which had for its firft and immediate objedt the deftrudlion of the leaders of the Houfe of Commons. § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the Hall. The old year had now only five days to run, Monday, and was faft departing amid incidents that only ^^^^^ ^^' too fitly ulhered in its dark and gloomy fuc- ceflbr. On this eve of the firft year of the Great Civil War, the phyfical and the moral atmofphere alike feemed charged with ftorm. So fevere a feafon had not been known for Severity many winters ; * and while each day, and hour winter. * It extended to Paris, from which city Windebank, writing to his Ion in London on the 3i8j'Dec.}i64i-2, Ipeaksof the extraordinary ftorms that were prevalent, and of " the very Fierce ** fierce froft methinks much exceeding thofe in England, froft in I am tempted to add a further portion of the letter, which is Paris, every way charafteriftic of the weak and poor-fpirited writer, to whom a leading fliare in the government of England had been unrefervedly committed in the moft difficult and dan- gerous crifis of her ftory. He is telling his fon of his intenfe wi(h to return to England. " Wherein, methinks, I sh** not ** longer be impedimented now that I am out of danger to w 2 i Tempeft at fea. 68 Arreft of the Five Members, of the day, brought its grief or terror to un- prejudiced watchers of events, it was in the midft of a tempeft that fwept the Englifh coaft with almoft unparalleled violence that the Admiral in the Downs continued to receive the letters which happily have preferved for us, in fair and unexaggerated language, an impartial teftimony of eye-witnefles to events very memorable in our hiftory. Mr. Thos. " Concerning the ftate of our affaires here," pTnllin^- wrote Mr. Thomas Smith, already named as a ton, 30th friend of Sir John Pennington, and who held con- fidential office under the Earl of Northumber- land, with whom he had rooms at York Houfe, ^' they are not foe well as I could wifh, for wee '^ are in dayly fears of uproares and diford". *^ The Trentices and our Souldiers have lately *' had fome bickerings wherein many of the *' 'prentices were wounded, and loft their hats *^ and cloakes. This was don yefterday at At White- «« Whitehall Gate, as the 'prentices were coming 29th Dec^' '' from demanding an anfwer of their petition lately exhibited to the Parliam^ houfe. The fould" continue in greate numbers in White- cc C( Winde- bank to his Ton. << retourne any more to bufinefle. This I defire you to sollicit ** & purlue w'*' all earnellnel's if yo ftiall find it late to ftir in ** it, that I may fee myne own dear country, & poor neft " again, and iom ende of my wanderinges and greate lijfFer- " ings, w«='* if the world did rightly confider, I am confident ** they wold be fenlible of my condition, & the moft rigorous ** & hard-harted wold thinke I have been abundantly puniftied ** already for anything that I have donne. But God's will be <' donne, and whatfoever you (hall negotiate herein muft be " with entire & all humble fubmiifion to His Ma'^" If (C (( § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the Hall, " hall. Thefe woundes of the 'prentices have '* foe exafperated them, that it is feared they '' will be at Whitehall this day to the number *' of ten thoufand ; whereupon the fouldiers '' have increafed their number, built up a ^' Court of Guard w^^'out the Gate, and have '* called down the millitary company to their *' afliftance : and what will be the event, God " knows. Neither do the Houfes and King *' agree fo well as I could wiftie. The Jefuiti- ** call Fadion, according to their wounted cuftome, fomenting ftill jealoufies between the King and his people, and the Biftiops '^ continually concurring with the Popilli Lords ** againft the paffing any good bills fent from *' the Houfe of Commons thither."* Under Secretary Sidney Bere, alfo writing on the fame day (the 30th of December) to his friend commanding in the narrow feas, is more fpecific as to the caufes of the prevailing excitement : '^ Since the Hol- '' lidays began," he writes, "here have ** been fuch rude affemblies and multitudes " of the bafer fort of people, that everyday ** threatened a defperate confufion. Nor are *' we yet free of thofe feares. The firft pre- '' tended caufe of this was the making of " Collonel Lunfford Lieut^ of the Tower. ** Which begat foe generall a murmure and * MS. State Paper Office. Smith to Admiral Pennington, 30 Dec. 1 641. And, under fame date, the letter which follows : Bere to Pennington. 69 Exafpe ra- tion of the people. A Jefuiti- cal Faftion ftrong in the Houfe. The Un- der Secre- tary to the Admiral, 30th Dec. Confufion and fears. ( I 70 LunlTord knighted and pen- lloned upon his removal. Blood fhed 27th Dec. Courtiers ordered to be armed. Share In the tumults The pen- fion and knight- hood to Lunlford. Jrrejl of the Five Members. '^ difcontent that his Matie was pleafed to " remove him after two or three dayes pof- '^ feffion and to putt Sir John Biron m his '* place ; having made the other a knight and *^ as I am told given him 5001b. a year pen- " fion.* But the people, not being as it ^^ feemes fufficiently perfwaded of this remove, "on Monday [the '27th] continuing their '' infolencies, and meeting this Lunfford at '' Weftminfter, they fell to blowes, in w''* dif- *^ order divers were lightly hurt, but without '* further danger ; and one of their chiefe " leaders there was S'* Richard Wifeman, who '^ was alfoe hurt. In fine thefe diilempers '^ have foe increafed by fuch little Jkir- *' mifhes, that now the traynebands " [of Middlefex] '^ keepe watch everywhere : all the *' courtiers commanded to weare fwords : and *^ a Corps-de-Gard Houfe built up within the '' railes by Whitehall. All which fills every one *' w'^'feares and apprehenfions of greater evils." Such fears and apprehenfions might well exift, but from which quarter came the graver threatenings of ftorm .^ On one fide were citizens and apprentices, at firfl; altogether un- armed, irritating doubtlefs as all crowds are, * This fa»5l is now for the firft time known. Of its corre6l- nefs there can hardly be a doubt, for no man was in fo good a pofition for obtaining reliable information as the Under Secretary. The fame fa(5l is moreover confirmed and repeated in a letter, alfo in the State Paper Office, dated the 29th Dec. 164.1, from Capt. Carterett to Admiral Pennington. § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the Hall. 71 but wreaking no mifchief worfe than a crumpled taken by cloak or band, a torn gown, an impertinent and Ap- word, or an inconvenient hurtling and prefiiire. prentices. An eyewitnefs of the aflault on the Archbifliop of York, referred to always as the incident moft provocative of what followed, has def- cribed it for us. " I was witnefs,'* fays Mr. Bramfton,* the fon of the Chief Jufl:ice of the Queen's Bench, and at this time an inti- mate aflbciate of Mr. Hyde, *^ to a lane '' made in both the Palace Yards, and no man " could pafs but whom the rabble gave leave what Mr. " to, crying A Good Lord! or A Good Man I ^^^"^^^^ '^ Let him pajs I I did fee the Bifhop of Dec. '^ Lincoln's gownf torne as he pafled from the '' flair-head into the entry that leads to the ^' Lords' Houfe." And as Mr. Bramfl:on faw we may fl:ill for ourfelves fee, vividly enough, thofe troublefome citizen -quidnuncs, thofe idle varlet-apprentices, and with the help of what the Under Secretary tells us, can imagine the reception they were likely to give to Lunfford, infolent with favors fo heaped upon him even in that hour of his difmiflal, as to afford but Provoea- . f, . . ^ (. , tion to a new and exalperating mltance or a popular the people, conceffion haughtily unmade in the very ad: of making it. But, fuch being on one fide the • In his Autobiography^ publifhed by the Camden Society, p. 8z. f Williams, Bifhop of Lincoln, had lb recently become Archbifhop of York that Bramfton calls him by his more familiar title. The fol- dier aflall- ants. Volunteer 72 Arreft of the Five Mtmbers, cafe, bad and vexatious enough, what prefents itfelf to us on the other ? A fet of fierce foldier adventurers, not only men of completely defperate fortune, but all of them under the ban of the majority of the Houfe of Commons, yet offered and accepted with their riotous and recklefs followers as a Court of Guard to their fovereign, entertained and feafted at the very gate of his palace, and enlifted under a condi- tion of fervice which even Clarendon thought '^ unfeafonable," feeing that it began not in any needful defence of the King, but in a needlefs fheddingof the blood of his fubjeds. It would not be eafy to feled a pafTage more SrKing: charaderiftic of the hiftorian than that in which he fpeaks of this Whitehall Guard, and of the difaftrous fervice in which they were em- ployed. He cannot deny that their entertain- ment by Charles was an adl of grofs indif- cretion, and he is obliged to confefs that they firft drew their fwords upon the people. But Claren- the form in which he gives utterance to fuch opinion of ^""^"^port^^t admiflions againft the party for them. whom he holds his brief, is the moft fingular manifeftation conceivable of the degree to which a partizan writer may permit himfelf to become unconfcious of the plain effed and meaning of the language he employs. He begins by faying * that all the while the King had been at Whitehall, befides his ordinary • ////?. ii. 92, 94. § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the Hall, n retinue, and menial fervants, he had kept in Compo- clofe attendance upon him a confiderable num- ^ents ber of officers of the late difbanded army, who ^J^^^. were foliciting their remainder of pay from the two Houfes which was fecured to them by Aft of Parliament, and were expefting fome farther employment in the war with Ireland ; and that thefe not very fcrupulous gentlemen, upon obfervation and view of what he calls the infolence of the tumults, and the danger that they might poffibly bring to the Court, The offered themfelves for a Guard to his Majefly's J^'^^f^n- perfon, and were with more formality and able ac- • 1 1 1 • ^1 ceptance ceremony entertamed by him, than, upon a of\heir jufl computation of all diflempers, was by Service -. many conceived feafonable. And then he goes on to fay that " from thefe officers, — " warm with indignation at the infolences of '^ that vile rabble which every day pafTed by ^* the Court, — there proceeded, firfl, words of great contempt, and then, thofe words com- monly finding a return of equal fcorn, blows Citizens ^ were faflened upon fome of the moft prag- ^^"^j^^_ matical of the crew." In plain language, bailed by the provocation both of words and blows came firft from the Whitehall defperadoes. Their advocate continues : " This was looked upon by the Houfe of Commons like a levying of war by the King, and much *' pity cxprefTed by them that the poor people " fhould be fo ufed who came to them with (C cc cc (C (C 74 Arrejl of the Five Members. § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the Hall. 75 Cuts and flafhes drawing blood. Plain meanings to Claren- don's fpeech. Eager en- courage- ment to attack, on Citizens. " petitions "— to go to the Houfe of Commons with petitions was in reality the tumult and infolence complained of — ^' for fome few of '' them had received fome cuts and flaflies that " had drawn blood ; and that made a great ^^ argument for reinforcing their numbers. *^ And from thefe conteftations the two terms of ^^ Roundhead and CavaHer grew to be received " in difcourfe, and were afterwards continued " for the moft fuccincfl diftindion of aiFedions ** throughout the quarrel: they who were *' looked upon as fervants to the King being ''thus called Cavaliers, and the others of the " rabble contemned and defpifed under the '' name of Roundheads." To put all this into plain fpeech is to fay- that, at a time when above all others it behoved the King to be wary of unduly exciting jea- loufies and fufpicions, he accepted from a band of recklefs and defperate foldiers of fortune a proffered perfonal devotion which was to dif- play itfelf in the moft adive hate of a parti- cular fedion of his people. Nor was it dry acceptance only, but eager encouragement, that Charles extended to them. While thefe men fo infulted the Citizens, upon whom they faftened blows, and upon whom they drew their fwords, they were the guefts of the King in his own palace, entertained and fed at his expenfe. And whether thofe of the af- failed were few or many, who, in the nicely- f chofen phrafe of Hyde, *' received fome cuts Abettors *' and flafhes that had drawn blood," neither o^^^g^ exaggerates nor diminifties the crime. The fad undeniably remains, as admitted by Cla- rendon, and (in a paflage which will (hortly be quoted) confirmed by Rufhworth ; and to it is to be added the further not lefs fignificant circumftance, that when that famous Declara- tion of both Houfes was prefented to the King at Newmarket in the early days of March, to which, as Lord Holland read it, Charles fpared no epithet of anger or fcorn {that's falfe ! that's a lye I broke from him at its feveral averments), he heard in filence thofe portions of it which charged him with Defign in having enlifted in an unufual manner, and put waging the into regular pay under the command of colonels, Whitehall this Whitehall Guard ; with havmg feafted does : and caroufed them at the palace in a manner altogether unaccuftomed ; with having endea- voured to engage the gentlemen of the Inns of Court to co-operate with them ; and with having for his manifeft defign in all this, *' a '' perpetual guard *' fuch as the laws did not To draw warrant.* In his own formal anfwer, indeed, ft^ding ^ publifiied on the 9th March, he fubftantially Guard, admits the allegations made. "Why the lifting," he fays, " of fo many officers, and entertaining *^ them at Whitehall, fliould be mifconftrued, '' we much marvel, when it is notorioufly • Ruflinvorthj III. vol. i. 529. 76 Admif- fions by the King 9th March, 1 6 4.2, WitnefTes above ful- picion. Slingfby's ftiip at Spithead, 25th Nov. His brother's con- nexion with StiafFord. Arreji of the Five Members, " known the tumults at Weftminfter were " fo great, and their demeanour fo fcan- *' dalous and feditlous, that we had good caufe " to fuppofe our own perfon, and thofe of our *' wife and children, to be in apparent danger ; *^ and therefore we had great reafon to appoint " a Guard about us, and to accept the dutiful *' tender of the fervices of any of our loving '' fubjeds."* Let me upon this fubjec5l add to the evidence already quoted, that of another wit- nefs equally above fufpicion ; whofe difcon- tent at this time with the Houfe of Com- mons t would have ill difpofed him to fympathy with any but its moft bitter aflailants ; and who diftincflly tells us, not merely that Lunf- ford and his friends, with drawn fwords, charged upon the Citizens and '' chafed " them round the Hall, but that fmall parties of fome fifteen or fixteen officers of the army had fallen upon crowds of unoffending civilians, and left forty or fifty of them wounded. * KuJJinxorthy III. vol. i. 536, 537. t On the 2 5th Nov. 1641, Captain Slingfby had thus written (MS. State Paper Office): "On Saturday morning laft I ' ' brought the Happie Entrance to the Spitthead, where, having *' a pilott aboard, but the wind Hill Northerly that (he was not *' like I'uddenly to gett into the harbour, I came away to " London. She is prelently to be made ready again to go ** tor Ireland, Captain Owen in her: Tome of the Parliament *' as I hear having made Ibme icruples concerning my fitnefle ** for that imployment, in refpe^lot my brother's neare relation "to my Lord of Strafford : yett I find no alteration in my " Lord's [Northumberland] countenance towards me, as he *' fayth it will not prejudice me for other employments." I [ § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the HalL 77 '' I cannot fay," writes Slingfby, already defcribed as the brother of Strafford's Secre- tary,* '' we have had a merry Chriftmas, '' but the maddeft one that ever I faw. The '' prentices and bafer fort of citizens, faylors, '' and water men, in greate numbers everie day '' at Weftminfter, armed with fwords, f hal- '' herds, clubbs, w^»^ hath made the King keep '' a ftronge Guard about Whitehall, of the '' Trayned Bands without, and of gentlemen " and officers of the army within. The King '' had upon Chriftmas Eve putt Coll. Lunfford " in to be Lieutenant of the Tower, w^^ was " fo much refented by the Conlons and by the '^Cittie, that the Sunday after he difplaced '' him again, and putt in Sir John Biron, who '' is little better accepted than the other. " Lunfford being on Monday laft in the Hall, «^ with about a dozen other gentlemen, he was '^ affronted by fome of the citizens whereof the '' hall was full ; and fo they drew their fwords, <' chafing the citizens about the Hall, and fo '' made their way through them w"'' were in " ye Pallace Yard and in Kinges Street, till '' they came to Whitehall. The Archbiftiop '' of Yorke was beaten by the 'prentices the A mad Chrift- mas. Excufes for the W^hitehall Guard. Unpopu larity of Sir John Biron. Citizens chafed about the Hall by armed foldiei-s. • MS. State Paper Office. " R* Slyngfbie to the hon^'«^ Sir " John Pennington Knt. Admirall of his Ma»'" Fleete for ** guard of the narrow feas : " 30th Dec. 1641. f This is a mere carelefs affertion, as is proved by the paflfages immediately following it, which (how that the Citizens could not have been armed. 78 Aftray in the Abbey, Dec. 28th. Unpro- voked outrage by the loldiers, 29th Dec. Gentle- men armed crowding the court. 500 volun- teer Law- yers: 30th Dec. Charge againft Lord Briftol. Arreft of the Five Members, " fame day, as he was going into the Parlia- " ment. The next day they afTaulted the '^ Abbey to pull down the organs and the altar" (there had been recent order for peculiar ceremonies and obfervances at the altar), " but '* it was defended by the Archbifhop of Yorke *' his fervants, with fome other gentlemen that " came to them : divers of the citizens hurtt '*but not killed: amongft them that were *' hurtt, one knight. Sir Richard Wifeman, *' who is their cheife leader. Yefterday about '^fifteen or fixteen officers of the army ftand- '' ing at the court gate, took a flight occafion *^ to fall upon them, and hurt about forty or *' fifty of them : they in all their fkirmifhes " have avoided thrufling, becaufe they would '' not kill them. I never faw the Court fo full ^^ of gentlemen. Every one comes thither with " their fwordes. This day 500 gentlemen of ^^ the Innes of Court, came to offer their fer- " vices to the King. The officers of the army '* fince thefe tumults have watcht and kept a '^ Court of Guard in the Prefence Chamber, and *' are entertained upon the King's charge. A ** company of foldiers are put into the Abbey *^ for defence of it. The Houfe of Commons *' have drawn up a charge, and fent it up againfl *' my Lord of Briftol : the fame that he was 'Mong fince accufed of and acquitted by the ^^ firfl Parliament of the King." It has been feen, as defcribed by an adlual ' (I § VII. Citizens and Soldiers in the Hall. eye-witnefs, what was the nature of the fo-called *' beating " of the Archbifhop of York referred to in this letter ; and it is hardly neceffary to dired attention to the fad that all the real hurts defcribed in the various accounts are exclufively thofe inflidled on, and in no fingle inftance by, civilians. No mention occurs anywhere of a wound, however flight, infiided by an apprentice or citizen. But we get fome clue to the means ufed to irritate the mob into violence, by what was complained of in the Houfe of Commons on the morning after the Archbifhop's gown was fo rudely handled in Weflminfter Hall. Going from the Houfe to his lodging, an Honorable Member, " as he paffed thro' the " churchyard, found there a guard of foldiers ; *^and inquiring of them by whofe command " they were there, they anfwered by the Arch- '^ bifliopof Yorke's : " whereupon, after fharp difcuffion, the Houfe generally declared it to be a grave mifdemeanor that guards fhould fo be fet about without due authority, to the terror and affright of the people.* Certainly a torn * Nalfon's ColleSiions ii. 793. I add a remarkable paflage from D'Ewes MS. Journal of little more than a fortnight's later date, which may help to (how that the incidents now under notice, and the principal aftors in them, had a clofe and ominous conne6lion with the attempt fo foon to be made by the king. " Mr. Miles Corbet made a relation touching one ** Mr. Pemberton, who was examined when the Committee ** fat in Guildhall, before Mr. Edward Wright an Alderman ** of London, and was fent by him to one of the Counters : " that he had confefled that he was one of them that had ** come hither with the king on Tuefday, Jan. 4., and that he *' commanded +0 men at the Abbey of Wellminftcr that 79 No blood (hed by the Citi- zens. A fighting Arch- bifhop. Entry from D'Ewes's Journal. .♦• 8o Incite- ments to violence. Shops doled, and all men arming. Danger- ous beliefs. Arreji of the Five Members. gown hardly juftified preparations ib for- midable, and the reader may perhaps fee in the incident a fufficing explanation for what Captain Slingfby defcribes as occurring on ^' the next day." In brief, each hour now brought its alarm, and figns and portents of approaching calamity were everywhere abroad. The clofe of Captain Slingfby's letter leaves us no room to doubt the definite and dangerous impreffion already pro- duced upon himfelf. '* The cittizens,*' he fays, " for the moft part fhutt up their fhoppes, and *^ all gentlemen provide themfelves with armes " as in time of open hoftillities. Both fa«flions '^ talke very bigge, and itt is a wonder there is ^^ noe more blood yett fpilt, feeing how earneft *' both fides are. There is no doubt but if ^^ the King doe not comply with the Comons *^ in all thinges they defire, a fudden civill *' warr muft enfue ; w*"'' everie day we fee "approaches fooner.*' Dangerous in its growth fuch a belief as this could not fail to be. It narrowed the grounds of agreement left, fhut out all hope in which ultimate fafety lay, and brought nearer the dreaded calamity by making the mere thought of it more fami- liar. If fuch men as Slingfby reafoned that civil war was unavoidable, it was but natural that the recklefs men of his party fhould ad '* evening when Sir Richard Wifeman was hurt [to death].'* — Harl, MSS. 1 6, f. 331 a, 336 a. rrj ^ 1 § VIII. fF/iai was pajfing in the Houfe. 81 as if civil war were come. It is at leafl: certain that in fuch a fl:ate of feeling and apprehen- fion, fo widely fpread, a terrible refponfibility attended any ad which fhould carry with it a fudden and violent increafe of the prevailing excitements; nor, were its confequences ever ^/^'''^i^*^ r ir • 1 • relponli- 10 appalling, might its author with any juflice bility. claim exemption from the charge of having deliberately intended to produce them. § VIII. What was passing in the House. Resorting, for information of what was meanwhile pafTing in the Houfe, to the manu- fcript Journal of D'Ewes,* we find the details of Captain Slingfby's letter in all refpeds con- firmed. On the firfl: day of the tumults, D'Ewes Firft day makes a brief and hurried note of what was Tumults, paiTing in the Houfe ; and the abrupt, un- ^7th Dec. finifhed fentence, more fl:rikingly than any elaborate detail, depids the prevailing agitation. The fitting was only prolonged to receive evidence that '' the quarrel in Weflminiter " Hall began from fome foldiers or gentlemen ♦ Brit. Mus. Harleian MSS. 162-166. This moft curious State of and valuable record, as I have ftated in a former work, is D'Ewes's contained in five feveral volumes, to which corrcft reference Journal in is often extremely difficult j the fame period occupying more the Har- than one volume, and it being frequently neceflary to examine leianMSS. all the volumes in fearching for the completed record of one particular debate. The ftate of the writing, too, with its blotted and often hopeleflly involved interlineations, interpofes frequent obftruftion. My references have, however, been njade with much care j and, where not minutely exad, will always be found within one or two folios of the precife place fought. ^ ^ 82 Second day of the Tumults, 28th Dec. Lord Newport's dil'miflal debated. Oliver Cromwell fpcaking : Arreft of the Five Members. " who firft offered violence to the citizens,'*^^ and that Colonel Lunfford was one of thofe whofe fwords had flafhed in the faces of un- armed men. Next day, however, Tuefday the 28th December, the day following that on which Lunfford had fo led the aflault on the crowd in Weftminfter Hall, D'Ewes was again at his port, and found Cromwell fpeaking on Lord Newport's difmiffal from the conftable- fhip of the Tower. The honorable member for Cambridge feldom failed to give a pradical bearing and purpofe to any debate he engaged in, and now he was employing the Newport affair to bring the Houfe back to confideration of the point, not whether fuch idle words as the King imputed had been fpoken,t but whether treafonable advice had at any time been given, and by whom, for bringing up the army to overawe the deliberations of that Houfe. Cromwell, as we have {^^\\ Captain Slingfby inform his Admiral, difl:inc5lly pointed to my Lord of Briftol, Lord Digby's father; and, reviving an old to couple with it a new charge, arraigned him not merely as having notorioufly counfelled the Sovereign in former years, for worldly and prudential reafons, to become Roman Catholic,{ but as having, in regard to * Harleian MSS. 162, f. 287 b. ■f- See ante, p. 38. J When they were together in Spain, upon that maa freak of tlie Spanifti Match which carried with it feveral very grave con- I k § VIII. What was pajfing in the Houfe. the matter of bringing up the Northern force, diftinc5lly advifed his Majefty, in language con- feffed by himfelf, to ^^ put the army in a '' pofture.'' Fit, then, faid Cromwell, that this Houfe defire the Lords to join with us in moving his Majefty that fuch a perfon as this Earl of Briftol be removed from his councils. For what room was there to doubt that a more than ordinary meaning lay beneath the words fo ufed } The due pofture of the army at that time, added Cromwell, with the homely force and vigour that chara(5lerifed all his fpeeches, was the pofture of lying fill, and that pofture the faid army was already in.* Denzil Hollis followed up this attack on Lord Briftol by fome telling blows againft his fon. Lord Digby, who had declared only the previous day, in a fpeech which Hollis juftly characfterifed as the moft dangerous and perni- cious that could be fpoken by a fubjecfl, that this was not a free Parliament. f And here let me interpofe, that though the accufed members always maintained that the King a(5ted on other than a fingle perfon's advice in his great outrage againft them, it is hardly neceffary alfo to fay that they needed nothing to affure them of Lord Digby's thorough complicity. It may be well to premife, fequences. Perhaps the beft account of it can be gathered from HowelPs Letters. • Harleian MSS. 162, f. 288 a. f lb, f. 291 a, b. o 2 83 De- nounces the Earl of Briftol. Denzil Hollis attacks Lord Digby. Lord Digby's complicity with at- tempts of 3rd and ^th Jan. 84 No acquit- tal of Lord Digby in- tended. Refolution on his im- peach- ment. Long filences in the Houle : Tuefday 28th. Arreji of the Five Members, however, that in whatever is further to befaid having a tendency to involve others, no acquit- tal of Lord Digby is intended. His fhare was open and avowed, at any rate after the event ; and when on the 19th February 164 1-2, the Houfe (overruling a recommendation from the committee to whom the matter had been referred, and of which Sir John Evelyn was chairman, for a bill of attainder) refolved to impeach him, one of the refolutions on which they proceeded was " That hee was an '' advifer of the articles ag* the five members, '' and of the King's coming to the Houfe of '^ Commons."* Other notices and indications of the fufpicion in which both Digby and his father werejuftly held will hereafter appear alfo in many private letters. Aconfiderablepaufe enfued in the Houfe after Cromwell had fpoken, and in the courfe of his entry in this day's Journal, D'Ewes has thrice to remark that there followed " a long filence." The fhadow of events of which no man could forecaft the courfe or fee the end, had by this time fallen upon the moft voluble debaters ; and only the few refolute men who held together and led the majority, proof alike againft the temptations of the Court and the impatience of the People, kept their courage and refolves unfhaken. The next day pafled more quietly. For • Verney's A^o/rj, 157. ^ vin. fVhat was faffing in the Houfe. ^ij ' though a grofs outrage was fuddenly com- mitted by a party of foldiers upon a number of citizens paiTing Whitehall after having carried up a petition to the Houfe of Com- mons,* means had been taken by the popular leaders to prevent the recurrence of the crowds of the two previous days ; and the only threatening appearances in the ftreets were from flowly increafing groups of diflblute armed men, filently gathering to the new Guard at Whitehall. Still the greateft fears and doubts prevailed, and while Cromwell was addreffing the Houfe upon the neceffity of having the army, efpecially in Ireland, officered by men in whom the people's reprefentatives had confidence, a man named Rowley was brought to the bar to give evi- dence of certain matters by which a worthy member had been not a little alarmed. " De- '' pofed by Rowley,'' fays D'Ewes, *'that he " heard a French papift fay to another in " Cheapfide on Monday laft that he under- *' flood there were hurly-burleys at Weft- '' minfter, and that if there ftiould fall out any '' hurly-burleys here, there fhould soon come *' fifteen thouiand French out of France upon *' our backs."! The Houfe took noadion upon * Ante, 68 and 78. f D'Ewes MS. Journal: Wednefday, 29 December, 164.1. The Member for Cambridge complained loudly on this occafion that no place had yet been found among the Irifti Military appointments for Captain Owen O'Connel. 85 Wednef- day the 29th Dec. Cromwell as to officering of the army. Threats of French in- terfereoce to put down Englifh liberties 86 Arrejl of the Five Members. Infolence of a French prieft. Court fecrets this, any more than upon a report fubfequently brought in by Sir Arthur Haselrig to the efFeft that a French prieft had faid he hoped ere long to fee half-a-dozen parliament men hanged. It is neverthelefs not undeferving of remark, that it was mainly from French per- fons that every afcertained or diftind warning was obtained, before the event, of the outrage about to be committed. Madame de Motte- ville, and the people about the Queen, un- known to doubtedly knew it ; the French ambaflador, French. Montreuil, took credit to himfelf afterwards for having fecretly fent notice to the leaders of the House ; it was from a French officer, on the day of the attempt, that the intelligence was obtained which certainly prevented bloodfhed ; it was, as we fhall find ftated by D'Ewes, from a '^ noble perfon who wifhes well to this ^' nation '** (in other words moft probably Montreuil, whose credit, hitherto impugned, Frenchin-the remark may re-eftablifh), that the French lormation. ^^ . ^ otticer in queftion. Captain Langres, was enabled to do that fervice ; and, the fame authority will tell us, it was by a member of the King's new guard, a Frenchman named Fleury, that Captain Langres was informed, three weeks before the more fpecial warning on which he aded, that great troubles were hatching. From one of our own countrymen, indeed, • HarleianMSS. 162 f. 310 b. I A ^; I § VIII. JVhat was pajfing in the Houfe. 87 an Engliftiman ftill famous for his imagination and wit, a warning reached Lord Kimbolton the day before the arreft : when Marfton the dramatift, then laid by the heels in the Gate- Wa^rning__ Houfe, had written to him of a danger to foner in himfelf and the Parliament which it concerned Houfo!^" him at once to know ; which admitted of no delay, inafmuch as no one could tell how foon it might be too late ; and which, not more for his own than the Parliament's fake, he was on no account to flight, as thinking it of mean confequence.* But, of all the debtors' prifons. * I fubjoln this letter, found by Mr. Cunningham among other papers of the time at Kimbolton Caftle, and firft prmted by Mr. Collier in his edition of Shalcefpeare (1858, i. 179). It is undated, but that " this prefent Monday " was Monday the 3rd January 164.1-2, is rendered in my judgment ablo- lutely certain by the circumllances. Whether, indeed, the writer was the poet Marfton I was difpofed to doubt until I was favored with a communication from Mr. Beedham of Kimbolton, to whom my beft thanks are due. '* To the " Right Honorable the Lord Kimbolton thefe. My Lord,— *' Though my owne miferies prefs me hard to follicite your " Honours Compaflion, yet that you maybeaflurcd how much «' I am vnfeduc't from my former temper, I (hall now dif- ** ferue my felfe (though my condicon be very calamitous) ♦« to ferue your Honour, and y*^ Parliam*, in a matter of no " meane concernm' : The errand I fend this paper on to your *' Lord'P is to offer to your Honour a dilcovery of no meane *' confequence, w*^'' I befeech your Honor not to (light before " you know it ; for when you do, I am fure you will not : " to W^** purpofe I humbly beg that your Honor will fend " fom fuch trufty and rationall mefTinger to me, whole " reladon to your Honour may be heere vnknowne, and y» *♦ the fame mefTmger may bring me fom affurance y* I (hall *' be concealed in y« bufmefs : My Lord, I hope you will not " delay, for I cannot tell how foone, it may be to late : For *' y* future I bel'eech your Honor to efteeme me a moft fayth- *' full feruant to your Honor and y* ParliamS from w^** nothing " (hall eucr di(roblige Your moft humble feruant, John " Marston.— From the Gate-Howfe this prefent Monday. ' John Marfton to Lord Kimbol- ton : Has a dif- covery to make, im- portant to his Lord- ftiip and to Parlia- ment. 1 N 88 Arreji of the Five Members, § IX. THie Bijhopsjent to the Tower, 89 and re cufants. Prlfon for the Gatc-Houfe was that to which all men under remand or examination from the Council- table, and eminently all Jefuit priefts and recufantSj were incefTantly committed ; and that Marfton had derived his information from fome one conneded with the French fathers and confefTors about the Queen, I entertain no doubt whatever. Other circumftances render it as little doubtful that the contemplated im- peachment had been fecretly talked about for fome days, and that hints and cautions had been permitted to efcape. It will fliortly be (ttn what good grounds D'Ewes gives us for be- lieving, that Pym himfelf knew at lead enough of the intention to hazard the impeachment to put him warily on his guard as againft a particular impending danger, at leaft four days before the attempt of which it has been the cuftom of all hiftorians to write as having entered into the mind of the King only the moment before its execution.* The danger known to Pym. Thurfday 30th Dec. Attack on Parlia- ment ex- pefted, 30th Nov. 1641. IX. The Bishops sent to the Tower. Thursday, the 30th December, was now • See alio my Hifl. and Biog. Efays^ i. 135, note, forfingular intimations, in the realbns preTcntcd to the Lords for the claim of the Houles to be guarded by the trainbands they had I'elefled, that Pym knew the poflible danger they had moft caule to dread. He there Ipeaks of the " iurprizing of the ** perlbns of divers members of the Scottifh parliam'j" fays that vvhifperings had gone abroad of "the like being intended " ag' divers perfons of both Hoiifes here;" and broadly ftates in his conclufion that there was " juil caufe to apprehend Ibme *' wicked and mifchievous prat5>ice Hill in hand to interrupt ** the peaceable proceedings of this parliament." t{ come, and hardly had the Lower Houfe aiTem- bled, when an urgent meffage from the Lords, Meflage , . r ^ r ^'""^ the touchmg matters or dangerous conlequence. Lords, called them to conference. The Bifhops in a body had fent to the Lords, through the King, that ill-advifed Proteftation which was the Protefta- fruitful fource of fo much fubfequent mifchief, Bifhops. ftatincT that fuch had been the tumults in Weftminfter for the laft three days, and fo obftrudled and menaced had they been in the attempt to take their feats,* that they did not * I have already quoted the account of the affault on the What the Archbiflinp given by the fon of the Chief Juftice of the mobdidto Queen's Bv.'nt h, a great friend of Mr. Hyde's, who faw Wil- Arch- liams's gown torn, and was witnefs to all that led to what bifhop Clarendon dcfcribes as the irreprefTible rage, and the ill- Williams, advifed prottfiition, of the too fiery Archbifhop. Hyde himfelf alio rel.ites the incident (//(/?. ii. 1 13), declaring in his exaggerated way that Williams's "robes" were ** torn " fromhia back;" with the addition, which his friend Bramiton carefully avoids making, and for which there is no proof, that the Bifhop's *' perlbn was alTaulted." I mull add the account of the fame difturbances from another eye-witnefs, Williams's quaint and admiring biographer, Hacket (Srrinia Referata, ed. 1693, part ii. 177-179), who attended Williams at the time, and who, notwithftandingall his fanciful fuperfluity of phrafe, rather confirms Bramflon than Hyde: "There had been an unruly Evidence *' and obftrepeious concourfe of the people in the Earl of of Bram- '* Strafford's cafe; but a fedition broke forth about Xmas i^on, " that was ten times more mad .... The King came to Hyde, and ** the Houfe of Commons, to demand five of their members Hacket. " to juitice, upon impeachment of treafbn. His Majelfy, it " feems, was too forward to threaten fuch perfons with the " fword of juftice, when he wanted the buckler of fafety . . . '* I am fure the King fuffered extremely for their fakes: all " feftaries and dciperate varlets in city and fuburbs flocked by " thoufands to the Parliament .... Let the five members " be as honeft as they would make them, I am certain " thefc were traitors that begirt the King's Houfe where his " perlbn was, with hoftility by land and water . . . every " day making battery on all the Bifhops as they came to " Parliament, forcing their coaches back, tearing their gar- 90 Arreft of the Five Members, § IX. ^he Bi/hopsfent to the ^ower. 9^ Hacket's Scrinia Referata dellribed Ufelefs know- ledge. They mean again to fit or vote until efFedlually the Houie: fecurcd by his Majefty from the repetition *' ments, menacing if they came any more." (Given with all the intercalated Quotations and illuftrations of the original, the foregoing paflage would have filled feveral pages). It is now many years fmce I called attention to Hacket s work, in the hope that it might find fonie learned fociety not indifpofed to give a modern and acceflible form to fo genuine a Curiofity of Literature. It may be doubted if the language contains fuch another produft of a bufy, garrulous, fertile, fanciful, not very ufeful, but prodigioufly ftored memory and brain. Every folio page of it (and it contains nearly 600 of the clofeil print) briftles with Greek and Latin quotations, applied with a rich and ready refource that is fairly aftonilhing. It is nothing to fay that Seneca could not be too heavy nor Plautus too light for him, for he has all the claflics from Homer down- wards at his fingers' ends j and it is really little fhort of appalling to obferve to what a fmall practical ufe it is pofTible to turn fuch a vaft amount of the kind of learning (fill prized in our fchools and colleges as beyond every other in importance. Witty conceits and well-chofen poetry j admiring excerpts out of Chaucer, Spenfer, and Ben Jonfon j metaphors and figures out of all departments of knowledge} apophthegms of the (tudy and the field ; quips of the nurfery j and the blackeft- lettered lore of the Fathers of the Church j are heaped up in extravagant profufion. Too learned Hacket ! When he wrote this book (he finilhed it in 1657, though it was not publifhed till 1693), it behoved him to keep wary watch over his public fayings in his Reftory of Cheam ; and his Scrinia Referata was the only efcape he had for all that accumulated mafs of ufelefs knowledge. Cromwell was then ou; Englifh Sovereign, during the *'jetting" up and down, as Hacket phrafesit, in all his glory, Prote<^lo- and nobody had courage enough to " Ibike him to the heart *' and expire upon the murderer." Nay, there was one man who had what he terms the incredible effrontery to defend and champion the murderer, and, ''petty fchool-boy fcribbler '* as he was, to engage in controverfy with — " O what a miracle *' of judgment and learning! — Salmafius ! " Yes, even with the "matchlefs Salmafius, with the prince of the learned men *' of his age," did " fo bafe an adverfary — O horrid ! "^-dare to meafure himfelf, as that " blackmouth'd Zoilus " Milton! '* Get thee behind me, Milton," exclaims Hacket, foaming over at the very mention of the name. He is ** that ferpent " Milton : " he is " a Shimei," "a dead dog," **a canker- " worm j" his fpirit is ** venomous " and his breath that of a *' viper." This, to be fure, was while Europe rang from fide to fide with the Letter to Salmafius^ and ten years before Written rate. Attack on Milton: ; / of fuch affronts, indignities, and dangers : ^"^ P*"?- wherefore did they then and therein proteft proceed- againft all laws, orders, votes, refolutions, and ^^^f^r*" determinations, as in themfelves null and of abfence. no effedl, " which in their abfence, fince the " 27th of this inftant month of December 1 641 , ^' have already paffed ; as likewife againft all " fuch as fhall hereafter pafs during the time " of their forced and violent abfence.'* The defign of this daring ad:, and the objedl of Archbifhop Williams, its real author, have been remarked upon by the prefent writer in a the publication of Paradife Loji, which Hacket (who died Bifhop of Lichfield and Coventry) furvived three years j but it feems probable, by the allufion to petty fchoolboy fcribbling, that he at lead knew of the Minor and Jwvenile Poems, though I think it more than probable, if he had read them, that even the controverfy with Salmafius would hardly have thrown him into fuch tranfports of unmitigated abufe. For Hacket really appears to have had fome judgment in poetrj'. He knew nothing about Shakefpeare, but neither did anybody elfe, though the fourgreatelt works of human genius, Hamlet, Lear, Macbeth, and Othello, had all been written within the century, and Hacket had himfelf arrived at man's eflate before the Tempell was played, and the wand of the magi- cian broken. Still, he carefully avoids the admiration, then fo common, of the fecond rate fantaftical fchool j and he declares Ben Jonfon, whom he calls "our laureat poet," and "our *' matter poet," to be "the beft of our poets of this century." Chaucer with him is "noble Chaucer j " and little fhort of the rapturous are his allufions to "our divine poet Mr. " Spenier," to "our arch poet Spenfer," to "our mofl " laureat poet Spenfer," to " Mr. Spenfer's divine wit," and to "Mr. Spenfer's moral poem," on which he largely draws for illuftrations and comparilbns. One rather grieves to think that even if Mr. B. Simmons fhould happen to have fent to the good old Bifhop in 1667 the new epic poem he had publifhed, he is lefs likely to have read beyond the author's name on the title page than to have thereupon inflantly thrult it aiide with another " Get thee behind me, Milton ! " A fchool- boy fcribbler! Shake- fjpeare not known. Praife of Jonfon, Chaucer, and Spen- fer. 92 Arreft of the Five Members. Effea of former work.* Its immediate effecfb was thorouffhlv to excite both Houfes into at once difabling its abettors from fuch power of further mifchief as, if the Proteft had been admitted, or even pafled in mere filence and contempt, they might thereafter have exerted fatally. Carry fuch a proteft but into its next ftage, and what was known to be the moft Anoppor- cherifhed hope of the King, that he might ckHrld by ^^ at>l^ one day to revoke, on the ground that the King. Parliament had not been free, all the popular concedions of the paft momentous year, was open to him at any time as not diftant or im- pofTible. Whatever the view taken of the nature or extent of the tumults, no contemporary wit- nefs has ventured to ftate that they were fuch as to provoke an ad: like this. The gatherings « Mobs" in the Hall, and at the entrance to the Houfe days^only. of LorJs, werc limited to the Monday and Tuefday, the 27th and 28th; and while the tumults of thofe days were at their height, we have evidence of what was fufFered by the chief complainant himfelf, the author of the Proteftation, from the only perfon who fays expreffly that what he fets down he faw. The Archbifhop Williams had his gown torn as he "1-''^ paffed into the Houfe. But beyond that tion given, i^fuif^ witncfTed by Mr. Bramfton, there is no ♦ Hlft. and Biog. EJfays, i. 262, 268 : ♦' The Civil Wars and Cromwell." \ § IX. The Bi/fiopsfent to the Tower. 93 evidence of any kind on record of a fpecial hurt or injury received by any of them. The what the utmoft that is alleged by the only member of ^'^^°?.^^ the Epifcopal party who has himfelf defcribed faw and the occurrences, is that the rabble came by thoufands to the Houfe, filled the outer rooms, and abufed them as they pafled in, crying. No BifJ?ops ! no Bifhopsl^ On the other hand there feems to me fufficient tefti- mony that pains had been taken, by mem- bers of their own Houfe, to put the Bifhops generally into that fort of needlefs fright which Fright might induce them readily to fall in with fuch the Houfe a Proteftation. One of the moft famous among ^^^*^^f- them, the pious and learned Hall, Biftiop of Norwich and author of the Satires^ has in- formed us t that as they were all fitting together in the afternoon of the 28th, it grew to be torchlight, and Lord Hertford, who had lately received his marquifate and other fpecial favors from the King, went up to the form on which they fat, told them they were in great danger, and advifed them to take fome courfe for their own fafety. " What is it ? ** they cried. '' What ftiould we do ? " Where- ^^^^ ^j_ upon the Marquis (with difBculty holding his vifmg : countenance, it may be imagined, while he did fo) counfelled them to continue in the Parliament Houfe all that night, '' Becaufe * Hall's Works, i. xliv. f In his Hard Meafure: Works, i. xlv. ed. Oxford, 1837. 94 Lord Hertford alarms the Biftiops : Other Lords fmiling. What pa fled at Wil- liamss's lodgings. " Unfor- tunate " accident. Arrejl of the Five Members. • '^ (faith he) thefe people vow they will watch '' you at your going out, and will fearch ^^ every coach for you with torches, fo as you '^ cannot efcape." At this fome of them rofe, and earneftly defired of their Lordfhips that for the prefent (*^for all the danger,'* inter- pofes the Bifhop, " was at the rifing of the *'Houfe") fome care might be taken for their fafety. Then proceeds Bifhop Hall very innocently : *^ The motion was received * ' byjome Lords with a smile : and fome other " Lords, as the Earl of Manchefter, undertook ** the prote6lion of the Archbifhop of York *^ and his company (whofe llielter I went ^^ under) to their lodgings." At the fame time the good Bifhop frankly adds that thofe who cared to flay long enough, got fafely home without help of any kind. In Williams's lodgings, doubtlefs, the Pro- teflation was that night mooted ; and thither next day, at the invitation of Williams,* repaired no lefs than ten other right reverend Lords. '* Where," fays Clarendon, *' imme- *' diately having pen and ink ready," the paper was drawn up, figned by all prefent, and addrefTed to the King for prefentation to the Lords ; and away with it went Williams next morning to Whitehall. There, by an accident which Clarendon calls '^ unfortunate,'* not only the King, but his Lord Keeper, at the very . * Clarendon, HiJ}. ii. 113J Bifhop Hall, IVorks, i. xlvi. I § IX. The Bijho-psjent to the Tower. moment " happened " to be ; and Charles no fooner received the Proteft, than, " carting his '^ eye perfundorily upon it/* he gave it to Littleton, and, one hour later, the aflembled Lords were with much amazement Hftening to it.* In this there may have been nothing but an " accident," as Clarendon alleges ; al- though, from the firft note of alarm given by Lord Hertford, it looks, all of it, extremely like a fettled and planned defign. But the hands that aimed were Lfs ftrong than thofe that received the blow, and the recoil was inftant and fatal. In '^ half-an- " hour *' j" from the time when the Commons were informed of the outrage propofed to be committed on the liberties of Parliament, the impeachment was fent up againft its authors. Bifhop Hall fays that though they had figned the Proteft, they intended ftill to have had fome further confultation about it ; when, be- fore they had time even to fuppofe that it could have pafTed out of Williams's hands, they were all kneeling as accufed traitors at the Bar of the Lords. Cromwell had been adlive in this prompt retribution ; and long years afterwards, when addrefting the laft Parliament of his Protectorate, he exulted in the part he * H'tjl. ii. 114. Hall's account (lightly differs in ftating that though they ail heard the Proteil read at Williams's lodgings, It was afterwards lent for their lignatures to their own feveral places of abode. — Works^ i. xlvi. t HijU ii. J 18. 95 Charles and his Lord- Keeper at White- hall. Accident or defign ? A fur- prile for the Bifhops. What Cromwell thought of the Protefla- tion. 96 The Birtiops charac- terized by Cromwell. General feeling- at the time. Cafe againft the Biihops. Them- felves to thank, tor their un- f)opu- arity. Their violence and paf- fion, 17th June 1 641. A true prediction. Arreft of the Five Members, • had fo taken againft men who would needs have it that no laws made in their abfence fhould be good, and fo, without injury to others, cut themfelves ofF! Men, purfued Cromwell, in his rough grand way, that were truly of an Epifcopal fpirit ; men indeed that knew not God ; that knew not how to account upon the works of God, how to meafure them out ; but would trouble nations for an intereft that was but mixed at the beft, iron and clay like the feet of Nebuchadnezzar's image ! * Nor in this did Prote6lor Oliver go beyond what undoubtedly had been the feeling at the time. So generally adverfe did opinion run againft the ill-advifed adl, that even Clarendon cannot find it in his heart to fpare any expref- fion of contempt for the fillinefs and folly of fo many Biftiops, during a ftorm which had carried * This is not the place for any detailed ftatement of the cafe againll the Bilhops, which was a very ibong one j or of the caufes, which were many and great, that had led to their extraordinary unpopularity at this time. Suffice it to fay that they had themfelves mainly to thank for it, and that the tumults of which they now complained weie but what their own friends, arguing from the violence and pafTion dif- played by them, had expelled and predicted in the preceding fummer. On the 17th June 1641, Sidney Bcrc had thus written to Pennington (MS. St. P. O.) : ** Fears & fufpitions amongft ** us are foe great that I feare nothing lelfe than that we /hall " yett fall into a confufion, w'»> God forbid. The bufmefs of " tile Biffiopps wiibe of dangerous confequence, they being *' violent and paffionate in their owne defence, & having in- *' gaged (as it were) the Lords by their late votes in their " favo', to the maintenance of their caufe, whereas the Com- " mons feeme as refolute to paiTe the bill for their uter extir- ** pation, and foe tranfmitt it to the Lords according to y' *' custome, tS<: then it may jullly be feared the Citty will '* prove as turbulent as they were on Strafford's caufe,'* ^ i § IX, ^he Bi/fiops/ent to the 'Tower. • away card and compafs, and fent the beft pilot to his prayers, feveringfrom the goodfliipand truft- ing themfelves to fuch a cockboat as Williams! But, quite as ftrongly as his diflike of the mif- chievous Proteftation, the danger and fcandal of which he cannot pretend to conceal, his obje6lion to the punifliment that fo promptly followed it is put prominently forward ; and he afFeds to think that pofterity will hold it for incredible that Parliament fliould fo have outraged public decency, as to affix to fuch an offence as a fimple proteft a penalty fo out- rageoufly difproportioned as that of treafon. But as ufual this is a grofs mifreprefentation of the fadls, as well as of the fentiments of the time, even as they are yet difcoverable among thofe leaft friendly to the two Houfes ; and the entire untruftworthinefs of the author of fuch ftatements is never fully manifeft, until we are able to place them fide by fide with con- temporary notices of the fame occurrences, fet down with no other objeA than upon the inftant to reflec5l and convey, without conceal- ment of the paffions or bias of each writer, the living opinions and emotions of the hour. Captain Slingft)y does not affed to be any great politician, but even as he haftily wrote to Pennington, in the afternoon of the very day of this memorable incident, he makes its gravity and danger very confpicuous through his few confufed fentences defcribing it. " This 97 Claren- don's opinion as to Impeach- ment. Contem- porary accounts. Slingfby to Pen- nington, 30th Dec. 98 Arrefi of the Five Members. His '* day,'* he writes, *^^ the Bifhopps have made a " Proteftatlon againft the proceedings of this *' Parliament, declaring it no free parliament. r'^ This makes a great ftirre here. The favourers opinion or o theProter- <« of them thinke it don to foone. The other ^ *°"' '* fide do feeme now to rejoyce that it is don, '* having thereby excluded themfelves from *^ it." * He means that the aft was at once {^tn to exclude its authors from ever refuming their feats in Parliament, which, in- deed, was all the Commons had in view in bringing againft them a charge of treafon ; and that even thofe friends of the King who were favourable to fo bold an ailault on the very exiftence of the Parliament, felt that it had been done prematurely. In the fame fpirit, on ihe fame day, writes Under Secretary Bere: /« This day there hath been great debatinge t^n""'ofh '*' ^'"^ y' '^o^^^^' ^^"^^ ^^ ^''*' ^^^ ^ cannot ftay Dec. " foe long to heare the iflue, leafte I loofe the '* comodity of this ordinary. Only thus much " is even now brought for newes — that the *' Bifhopps having protefted againft all the " A6ls made this Parliament againft them, Committal c< tvvelve of them are now committed, and BiAiops. '' two others fent for whereof York is one. '^ But the particulars hereof I will not afleure, *^ being but even now brought unto me ; but «' fomething there is w'^' by my next you fhall * MS. State Paper Office. Slingfby to Pennington, 30th Dec. Even Bifhops' friends adverle to it. Under Secretary Bere to 1 ,: § IX. The Bijhopsjent to the Tower. 99 ' have more particularly: onlie thus much to''Ourde- ' lett you fee into what a deplorable condition P^^j^^'^ ' we are falling. I pray God blefle his Ma^'^ tion." ' in his royall perfon and councllls, that wee * may once fee a peaceable and quiett time ' againe. I wifli you, S"*, a happy new yeare, * and I pray God the great tempefts have left Prays that ' you in health and faftie.^' * To which may t'^X be added the ftill ftronger teftimony of a third ^^^^ ^^^^ r y ^ n • , , the Ad- correlpondent, equally anxious to keep the miral fafe. Admiral, amid thofe tempefts at fea, quickly and furely informed of the worfe ftorm raging on the land. '' The laft plott of the Biftiopps,*' ^'■• writes Mr. Thomas Smith to " his very Smith to " lovinge friend,*' on the afternoon of the day ^*^""*"g- ' ton, when the Proteft was made, ''hath beene their 30th Dec. indeavour to make this Parliam^ no parlia- ment, and fo to overthrowe all ac5les paft, and '' to caufe a difiblution of it for the prefent: w'l^ Endea- hath been fo ftrongly followed by ye Popifli Bifhops to party, that it was faine to be putt to theT^?"^^^* J , ^ the Long vote, and the protefting lords carryed itt to Parlia- bee a free and perfecft Parliamt as ever any IT^ntaml *' was before. This did foe gawle the Bifliopps compel a ''that they made their Proteftacon ag^ the tion. * MS. State Paper Office. Sidney Bere to Admiral Great Pennington, 30th Dec. 1641. An illuftration occurs in the ftorms fame letter of the violence of the Itorms then raging on the raiding on coaft. " The Port of Sandwich tells me that y^ lalt weelce the coaft. *' when he came awaye, your boats could not come aflioare." "■ We heare," writes Sling(by, in a letter of an earlier date, " of the difalter lately hapened to the Roebucke : and have ** been veiy fenfible of the extreame tempeftuous weather you ** have had fo long together." H 2 (( (C cc (C (( cc \ lOO WilliamB compart d to Achi- tophel. coinpH- ; city of Lords Briltol and Digby. Real drift of the Protelh Prompt adion of the Lords Arrejl of the Five Members, " freedom of y^ vote and y* Parliam*, and in " their Proteftacon have inferted fuch fpeeches *^ as have brought y"' w'^'in y^ compafle of " treafon, and thus the Counsell of Acittaphill ^^ is turn'd into foolifhnefTe. The Earl of *' Briftoll and his fonne have been cheife " concurrents with them, in this and other ** evill councells, for which they have been " impeacht and branded in y^ Houfe of ** Cor7ions." * The writer of that letter, as already ftated, was high in the employment and confidence of Lord Northumberland, and his account, hafty and confufed as it is, expreffcs more accurately than any other not only the real drift of the Proteft to effed for the King an '^ overthrow '^ of all adls part,*' and render unavoidable a diflblution, but the prompt proceeding by which, under the lead of the Earl, a majority in the Houfe of Lords at once met and baffled the intrigue of Archbifhop Williams. For once, indeed, as foon as the firft divifion had been taken, the Lords ac5led quite as eagerly as the Commons, and quite as eagerly and promptly as the King in fending up the Pro- teftation. Within half an hour after it was prefented, it was voted a breach of the fun- ♦ MS. State Paper Office. Mr. Thomas Smith, from York Houfe (the Admiralty), to ** His very loving Friend Sir John *' Pennington, knt. Admiral of His Ma"" Fleete at Sea on " Board His Ma''" Ship the Lyon at the Downes." 30 Dec. 1641. ^ IX. The Bijhopsfent to the Tower, lOI .1 damental privileges and being of Parliaments ; A con- upon the inftant, after conference between ^^'^"^^• the Houfes,* Glyn was fent up from the Commons to impeach the Bifhops for an en- deavour to fubvert the very exiftence of Parlia- ments, and therein the fundamental laws of the realm ; and by eight o'clock that winter 3 otji Dec. night, ten out of the twelve were committed pm. ten to the Tower,t and the other two, by reafon Bi^ops or their great age (" and mdeed or the worthy Tower. '' parts of one of them, the learned Bilhop of • See Commons Journals^ ii. 362, 363. f " In all the extremity of froit," fays Bifhop Hall {Works^ i. xlv.), *' at eight o'clock in the dark evening, we were voted to *' the Tower." And lillen to the good indignant Hacket. (Scnnia Referata^ ii. 1 79) : " Hear and admire, ye Ages to come, what became of this Proteilation, drawn up by as many Bifhops as have often made a whole provincial council. They were all called by the temporal Lords to the bar, and from the bar fent away to the Tower. Nonne fuit fatius triftes formidinis iras, Atque fuperba pati fallidia ? A rude world when it was fafer to do a wrong than to complain of it. The people ** commit the trefpafs, and the fufferers are punifh'd for their *' fault. 'A*' fidyfipoi a/xapToiyoi, auATjrrjy Trap' rjfuv TvirTCTai, *' Athen. lib. 9. A proverb agreeing to the drunken feafts of ** the Greeks : If the cook drefs the meat ill, the minllrils *' are beaten. That day it broke forth, that the largelt part ** of the Lords were fermentated with an anti-epifcopal *' fournefs. If they had loved that order, they would never have doomed them to a prifon, and late at night, in bitter froft and fnow, upon no other charge, but that they prefented their mind in a moft humble paper to go abroad in fafety. Ubi amor condimentum inerit quidvis placiturum fpero, Plaut. in Cafm. Love hath a mod gentle hand, '* when it comes to touch where it loves. Here was no fign *' of any filial refpe(^ to their fpiritual fathers. Nothing was *' ofFer'd to the peers, but the fubllance was reafon, the ftyle *' lowly, the pra6lice ancient; yet upon their pleafure, without *' debate of the caufe, the Bifhops are pack'd away the fame ** night to keep their Chrillmas in durance and forrow : And when this was blown abroad, O how the Trunck-men ot *' the Uproar did fleer, and make merry with it !" t( i( (. i( (t i( Hacket''s Lament for the Bifhops. i( i( (( No love of Bifhops among the Lords. (< < 102 Laud and Williams within the fame walls at laft. The door fhut on perfecuted and per- Tecutor. Caricature of Wil- Hams as a Decoy Duck: Arreji of the Five Members. *^ Durham/') to the cuftody of the Black Rod.* And fo that bitter night of froft and fnow, the 30th December 1641, faw the two Arch- bifhops, York and Canterbury, whofe un- feemly perfonal conflid:s had been the fcandal of the town for years, lodged at laft together within the fame prifon walls. Heretofore it had feemcd ImpofTible but that the downfal of the one muft involve the well-doing of the other. During Laud's long afcendancy, and under his inceflant perfecution, Williams had been an inmate fucceflively of the Gatehoufe, the Fleet, and the Tower ; nor could the doors of the grim ftate fortrefs be faid to have fairly opened for him until they had clofed upon Laud himfelf. But now, after brief exulting triumph over his ancient adverfary, thofe gates are open for him again ; and into them re-enter the Bifhop of Lincoln, elevated meanwhile into Archbifhop of York, leading with him nine other Right Reverend prifoners. Who could wonder that the wits made merry at it ? They devifed a picflure, fays Dr. Peter Heylin, in which my Lord of York was re- fembled to the Decoy Duck (alluding to the ♦ And fee Harleian M^^. 163, ff. 4Toa — 414b. Atafubfe- quent part of the proceedinos in the Impeachment, according to D'Ewes, '' Mr. H. Bellafis moved that the Biftiops of *' Lichfield and Durham were at the door. Debate if they " fhould come within the bar, and fit on chairs or ftools by ♦*reafon of their great age : but refolved that they come in " fingly and fpeak at the bar." § IX. "The Bi/ho'ps/ent to the Tower, JOJ i Decoys in Lincolnfbire where he had been A witty bifhop), reftored to liberty on defign that he^°"*^"^* might bring more company with him at his coming back : the device reprefenting the con- ceit, and that not unhappily. " Certain I am," adds the ingenious biographer of the rival prelate, ''that our Archbifhop, in the midfl '' of thofe forrows, feemed much pleafed with J;^-oym^nt ''the fancy, whether out of his great love to thereof : " wit, or fome other felf-fatisfadlion which he " found therein, is beyond my knowledge."* Poor old Laud I One need not grudge him that ray of mirth which was probably the lafl J^^J'X that glimmered feebly upon him between gleam of Strafford's fcafFold and his own. It may well be fuppofed that D'Ewes, ardent puritan as he was, underwent no great anguifh mirth. * Nor is this the only caricature of Williams which Heylin with infinite unction defcribes. Relating {Life of Laud, p. 461) the committal of the Bifliops to the Tower, he pro- ceeds : ** Our Archbifhop had now more neighbours than he '* defired, but not more company than before, it being *' prudently ordered amongft themfelves, that none of them *♦ fhould beftow any vifits on him, for fear of giving fome ** advantage to their common enemy j as if they had been " hatching fome confpiracy agalnll the publick. But they " refrained not on either fide from fending mefiages of love "and confolation unto one another} thofe mutual civilities ** being almoft every day performed betwixt the two Arch- *' bifiiops alfo, though very much differing both in their ** counfels and affections in the times foregoing. The Arch- " bi(hop of York was now fo much declined in favour, that '* he ftood in as bad termes with the common people as the " other did J and his pi6lure was cut in brafs, attired in his •* cpifcopal robes, with his fquare cap upon his head, and " bandileers about his neck, fhouldering a mufket upon one of *' his fhoulders in one hand, and a rell in the other." The two Arch- bifhops exchange civilities in the Tower, Carica- ture of Wil- liams as Church Militant. \> 1 I04 Arrefi of the Five Members, D'Ewes fees the Bifhops' Bench turned into lumber. (C cc of mind at the ftroke which had fallen on the Bifhops. Looking in at the Upper Houfe fhortly after to hear a fentence pronounced, he faw without any kind of emotion that the epifcopal bench had been turned into lumber. *' There was but a thin Houfe of Lords, and on the right fide thereof a great emptinefs ; the two forms on which the Bifhops ufed to *' fit being thruft up clofe againft the wall."* On a fubfequent occafion, however, he gives a reafon which founds rather oddly to us now for regarding with equanimity the con- tinued incarceration of the prelates. '' The '' Speaker," he fays (in his Journal of ihe 21 ft March, 1641-2), '' delivered in a petition " from the 12 Bifl^ops. I faid I was glad longe"call '^ ^o fee they had omitted their ftyle of Lord themieivestc Bifhop ; for 1 heard from fome that faw " Lord- ^ fhips:" *' fome of them in the Tower but laft Saturday " calling to one another by the title of Lord- '' fhip, whereas by the fundamental laws and '' ancient confl:itution of the kingdom, their " ftyle is, 'Your Paternity' or ' Fatherhood.' " As for enlarging them, I will fay nothing, and '« becaufe I think they follow their fundlion keep them " of preaching better than they did before where they <4 (-j^^y came in, and are likewife lodged in a ** good air : but for Durham and Lichfield, *' I defire they may be enlarged for their *' humble fubmifilon. They are lodged in a * Journal 'i Harl. MSS, 163, f. 459 a. Is glad § X. Shadows of the Coming Event. 105 *' clofe air, namely, in the houfe of Mr. ** Clofe *' Maxwell, ufiier of the black rod, near ^h^j.f " Charing Crofs."* D'Ewes can hardly have ^^ofs. meant that the air was clofe at Charing Crofs, but rather, we may prefume, that Mr. Max- well's houfe afforded, for the clofe keeping of a prifoner of ftate, lefs roomy and airy as well as much more coftly accommodation, than might be found in the buildings of the Tower, f § X. Shadows of the Coming Event. Other incidents, more exciting even than the impeachment of the whole epifcopal bench, ^<^"^^ ^^ were meanwhile helping to make more memor- Dec. 30th, able this laft day but one of a moft eventful ' ^^' year, and D'Ewes enables us for the firft time to retrace them. '' The Conference," he fays, *' being ended, we returned to the Houfe, moft Members rr J 1 r 1 • /.delighted '' men exprellmg a great deal or alacrity or by the fpirit for this indifcreet and unadvifed ad of ^°^^y°^ (C * Harleian MSS. 163, f. 433 a. f Biftiop Hall confirms this view, telling us how much fubfequent reafon he had to congratulate himfelf that the courtefy of the Black. Rod, which at firft he had much defired, had not been extended to himfelf. " Only two of our number Djfadvan- " had the favour of the Black Rod, by reafon of their age j ^^ ^^ ** which, though defired by a noble Lord on my behalf" (Hall ^^ Black was in hiion and danger, true ** religion being now affaulted in all parts of Chriltendome, " our purpofe is to employ our beft care to make all our " fubje^^s well prepared by the exercife of armes to defend '* the truth and our Kingdomes, and to maintaine the fafetie " and honour of Our Nation ; and becaufe the voluntary " example of the gentlemen of the Innes of Court will much '* conduce to that good end, Wee therefore will and require ** you that you doe in our name recommend vnto them the " exercife of Archerie and Armes, inciting and incourageing *' them at theire times of recreation to employ themfelves " therein, and efpecially in horfcmanfliipp, a commendable " and noble exercife and moft neceflarie in all occafions of ** Warr wherein other Nations have gott the advantage of " Us. Our greateftdefe<^ is want ofdiicipline and Knowledge " therein : by occafion thereof the greateft disorder and con- " fufion doe ufually happen in armes. But Wee doe ufually " referr it to every gentleman to exercife, either on horfe or " foot, what armes fhall beft fort with his owne difpofition ; •* and Wee will extend our Royall grace and furtherance by " all fitt waics and meanes to all fuch as fliall manifeft their ** forwardnes in that worke, which will be an honour to your Societyes and a worthie example to our Subje6^s. Our meaning is, not that any the Students of our Lawes fhould by this occafion negle6l their ftudies, but that they *' ftiould change their former exercifes in time of Vacancie " and recreations into the moft ufcfuU a61ions for the ** common good and defence of religion, our Royall perfon, *' themfelves, and our countrye. And Wee will that you (hall leifuiVand " caufe thefe Our Letters to be openly read unto the vacations. ** Gentlemen of the Societie, declaring unto them that Our ** care ftiall be duely to encourage and advance all fuch as *' fhall well deferve either by their Studdies or the com- *' mendable Aand, Coll. 24.6) ** a fudden refolution to tiy whether ** our own prefence, and a clear difcovery of our intentions, ** which haply might not have been fo well underftood, could ** remove their doubts, and prevent thofe inconveniences which ** feemed to have been threatened j and thereupon we refolved " to go in our own perfon to our Houfe of Commons, which ** we difcovered not till the very minute we were going, the ** bare doing of which we did not then conceive could have ** been thought a breach of privilege," &c. &c. William Lily, chara61erifmg Charles the Firft's ftyle, defcribes exactly that of Clarendon : " He would write his mind lingularly " well, and in good language and ftyle ; only he loved long ** parenthefes." It is Karcely neceffary to add, that, in the inftances juft quoted at leaft, the parenthefes are Clarendon's. — See Life, 130-133- * H^l^- "• '93- Another fketch from fame hand. The King's ftyle of writinig. 152 Indemnity from trea- fon nevev claimed ; I Method of proceed- ing only obje^led to. Culpeper's confidence toDering: Charles's truft in his new coun- fellors. Arreft of the Five Members, He knew perfe6lly well, when he wrote this paflage, that the Houfe of Commons had folemnly dlfclaimed the views and pretenfions here attributed to them ; and that the real point, from which he always ftudioufly manages to carry ofFthe attention of his readers, turns upon the breach of privilege and grofs breach of all common as well as conftitutional law, involved, not in charging members of Parliament with treafon, but in the mode adopted to give efFedl to fuch a charge. It is furely no very harfli aflumption, fee- ing how foon thefe arguments were reforted to in vindication, that fome fuch arguments might alfo have been debated on the memor- able night of the 3rd of January, when it is known that Falkland and Culpeper were cer- tainly with the King ; when they had been fworn fo recently of his Council ; and when the queftion was no longer whether the rafh attempt fhould be made, but whether it fliould be wholly abandoned by abandonment of all further authority. That Sir Edward Bering had derived from the new Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir John Culpeper, his colleague in the reprefentation of Kent, the informa- tion that fhortly before the Chancellorfliip was conferred upon himfelf it had been offered to Pym, feems hardly to admit of doubt ; and the mere fad of the new minifters pofTefT- ing this information, carries other prefump- § XV. Council of the Night of ^rd January. tions with it inconfiftent with the notion that they had failed as yet to obtain the real confidence of the King. Such mofl certainly was not the impreffion at the time. When Clarendon complains that himfelf, Falkland, and Culpeper, could not avoid being looked upon as the authors of thofe counfels to which they were fo abfolute flrangers, and which they fo perfedlly '' detefted ; " when he expreiTeshis vexation that they continued to be pointed at as the " contrivers ; '* he at leaft exhibits what was a prevailing belief, and one which a partizan and fervant of the King, in a grave account of the period, has diflincflly fancflioned. When, on the other hand, in almoft the fame page of his Hiftory, Clarendon declares that '' the three perfons," Falkland, Culpeper, and himfelf, believed in the guilt of the accufed, and only thought it would have been far better to have caufed them to have been all feverally arrefted and fent to the Tower or to other prifons (which, he adds, if every circumflance had been fully deliberated, and the feveral parts diflributed among fuch hands as would not have fhaken in the execution, might have been very eafily done), he fupplies us with the means of tefting, by a very accurate meafure, the nature and amount of '' deteflation " with which the King's ad had infpired thefe coun- fellors of the King. Let Falkland and Cul- peper have all the advantage derivable from 153 Imputa- tion againft Hyde and his friends. Believed to be ** contri- vers " of the arreft. Their mode of objc(5ling and de- nying : no evi- dence of <* detefta- tion" of the deed : 154 Arreft of the Five Members, having fliared, at one and the fame time, the deteftation at the ill-doing of it by the King, and the eagernefs to have had opportunity of doing it better themfelves. The prefent writer at lead is convinced that if thefe men were not but rather dlred, they were indiredt, parties to the deed indirea that now Waited to be done. If it failed, the tbn ^'^^" King's cafe could not be more defperate than already it was become. If it fucceeded, and Stake the leaders of the Majority in the Houfe of anYfoft ^^ Commons were flruck down, intimidation might be left to do its work upon their fol- lowers, the Minority which had rallied againfl: the Remonftrance might be gathered and rein- forced under lefs troublefome leaders, and the Englifh people be led back into bondage by the very power which had effedled their deliverance. % XVI. Midnight Visit to the City. Secretary One remarkable incident remains to be confulttno- defcribed, which a document in the State Paper late with Office enables me to eftablifh, and which '^' will probably be accepted for irrefragable proof that at leaft the King was in confultation with one of his principal Secretaries of State, Sir Edward Nicholas, late in the night of this p .r 3rd January ; and that the objed: of their agalnft deliberation muft have been, beyond all pof- n"e^t"ciay : ^it)le qucftion, to provide againfl popular § XVI. Midnight Vifit to the City. ^55 tumults which there was fpecial reafon to look and /. ,-,,., , t. againftde- for on the following day, and to neutralize any j^^^d of meafures taken by the Houfe of Commons Commons for defence againfl: further and forcible aggref- Guard, fion. To what extent the argument in the foregoing fedion receives confirmation from fuch an occurrence, every reader will be able to judge for himfelf, and will be better able to judge corredly when all its curious circum- ftances are told. It has been feen that one of the lafl: ads of the Commons before they broke up their fitting after the articles of impeachment were prefented, was to fend Pennington and Ven into Order of the City with a requefl: for a Guard out of the ^.j^y Trained Bands under the immediate order of Train I • 1 • J Bands. the Chief Magifl:rate. Upon this being made > known to the King, he thought himfelf fl:rong 1 enough to defeat it by a counter warrant to Counter- the Lord Mayor, and this was direded to be f^g^eTby prepared accordingly. The rough draft of the the King, warrant remains fl:ill among the Papers of the | State. It is in the handwriting of Under Secretary Bere, and is correded by Secretary Nicholas himfelf, fufficing proof of its authen- ticity. Such proof, indeed, it needed, for it is in its terms very damnatory evidence againfl: Grave evi- the King and the King's counfellors. It is an againft infl:rudion to the Chief Magiflrate of London, the Court. not merely to refufe to the Commons the Guard they had defired, but in its place to 156 Order to Train Bands to fire on the Citizensi f Inter- cepted and not pub- lifhed until now. Why not put in force. Reached the City too late. Arrejl' of the Five Members, enroll fuch a Guard for the royal fervlce, with order for its immediate employment in fup- prefling and difperfing all tumults, diforders, and aflemblages of the people in the ftreets of the City ; and with exprefs inftrudion to it, in cafe perfons fo aflembling fliould refufe to retire to their houfes peaceably, to fire upon them with loaded bullets. Happily for the King, this royal warrant remained hriitum fidmen^ and fees the light firft in thefe pages ; for, had the attempt been made to enforce it, London would in all pro- bability have witnefTed fuch a fcene as muft then have changed the entire fubfequent courfe and airri of our Englifh Revolution, Nor is the caufe which interpofed itfelf to prevent the attempt the lead ftriking part of the ftory. Near the paper as it lies in our National Colledion remains alfo the letter of the agent employed by Secretary Nicholas to carry it to Sir Richard Gourney. His inftrudlions appear to have been to haften with it into the City, to fee the Lord Mayor, to urge upon him the neceffity of immediately calling the Sheriffs to council (one of whom was known to be as ftrongly royalift as Gourney himfelf ), to open and read it in their prefence, and to give direc- tions then and there for carrying it into efFed. But the night was farther advanced than in the hafte and eagernefs had been fuppofed. The clocks at Whitehall had not kept good time. § XVI. Midnight Vifit to the City. ^Sl Mr. Latche the meffenger found the Chief Magiftrate in bed, and Ven and Pennington had been beforehand with him. In a word Fortunate the projed had failed, happily for all involved ^r the in it, moft happily for the King. It is dif- ^"^S- covered only now, when two centuries have pafTed away, as one of the fecrets of what might have been hiftory, that late in the night what of the 3rd of January, 1641-2, Charles the J'^'S^^^^^^^ Firft, in deliberation with his principal Secre- hiftory. tary of State, had provided, in a certain and too probable contingency, itfelf the refult of an excitement he was himfelf creating, for the firing with powder and bullet upon affemblages of his unarmed fubjedls in the ftreets of the City of London. Thus ran the warrant: ^^ To the Lord Copy ^of " Maior of London. Right trufty and well- rant. «' beloved Counf*". Wee underftand that '^ the House of Coriions hath fent to have *' Guard of the trained Bands of that O^ '^ Cittv. Forafmuch as fome of w^^' faid Reference to Five '' Houfe are lately accufed of high treafon. Members. *^ Our will and command is that you take *^ efpeciall care that none of Our trained bands *^ be raifed w^^'out fpeciall warrant from us, *^ and wee fliall take in O' royall care that '' nothing ftiall be don to the prejudice or '' difturbance of O^ faid Citty, [w^i» we ftiall '^ be as vigilant to keepe in quietnes as others '^ are to engage & put into tumult and 158 Arrejl of the Five Members, Train Bands called out for the King. All gath- erings oF Citizens to dif- perfe : (c cc On refiifal to be fired upon. Letter of Nicholas's agent. ^^ diforder *] : But m cafe you fhall find any *^ great numbers of people to aflemble together *^ in a tumultuary & diforderly manner w^^^in " O' laid Citty or the liberties thereof, Our " will and command is that you then caufe foe *^ many of O'" trained bands to be raifedas you '^ fliall thinke fitt, well armed and provided, " and that you give order to fupprefle all fuch tumults and diforders, and if they fhall find refiftance, and that the perfons foe aflembled ^^ fhall refufe to retire to their houfes peace- '' ably, or to render y"Telves into thehandesof ^^ juftice, that then, for the better keeping of the " peace, and preventing of further mifcheefes, you coiTiand the Cap% Oflicers, and Souldiers of our faid trained bands, by fhooting with bullets, or otherwayes, to fupprefle thofe tumults, & deftroy fuch of them as fhall ^ perfift in their tumultuous wayes and dif- orders : For which this fhall be yo* warrant. " Given, &c. 3rd Jan. 1641." And thus runs the letter which announced to Secretary Nicholas the failure of a mifllon which fo temperate and difcreet a minifter mufl in his heart have wholly difapproved. It is addreffed " To the Rt. Honorable Sir Edward " Nicholas, Kn^* Principal Secretary to his " Ma^'^ att Court. Prefent thefe : '* and is endorfed in cipher by Sir Edward himfelf. cc cc cc cc cc * The words in Brackets are interlined in the handwriting of Nicholas. § XVI. Midnight Viftt to the City. ^S9 Right Honorable, " The Clocks att Whitehall laft night went Whitehall to late. The nighte was further fpent than hind the they fhewed. My Lo. Major was in his^™^. bedd before I came thither. Yet I fpake w^** him & delivered the Letter : this morning he will call the fherifFs to him & open it. This enclofed is a copie of the Antici- Order of the Houfe w^^» was brought unto deputation him by Alderman Pennington and Capf^^^om Venn, who did much enlarge themfelves in mons. difcourfe thereupon, intimating great feares, but kept themfelves in fuch generall termes, as the Order is, that their meanings were not eafilie to be known. I was till One of the Pad mid- clock aboute the Tower, and found all ^^^ ^ ^^ places very well guarded, & the tumultuous Tower, rout difperfed. If the King upon fight of this Order Ihall dired anything otherwife than lafl night, my man fhall attend to receive y"*" cofhaunds & bring it privatly to me. In the meanetime 1 fhall this morn- ing purfue yefterday nighte's direftion, and Any fur- then attend you w^'' an Account of my pro- ^^^^/^"" ceedings who fhall and [ever] remaine " Y*" humble fervant '^ Strand ^h Jan. 1641." ''JOHN LaTCHE." Doubtlefs much was left unfaid in that letter, but what is faid leaves it fufficiently clear that the members for London had in- cc cc (C (C cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc (C cc c c cc cc cc fvate com- mands ? i6o Arreft of the Five Members, § XVII. Morning of the \th of January, i6i Inferences fplred the Lord Mayor with a falutary general a^'em's f^^^j which they were careful not to weaken letter. by a too great explicitnefs. So the Court emiflary was fain to betake himfelf to the Prepara- Towcr, to fee at leaft that the Guards were tionsfor ^ij j^i {-^t- ^^^ maintained about the great the mor- J , ,, , • n j • ^ row. fortrefs. But why all this myftery and anxiety, why thefe untimely vifits and alarms, if there were not expedled to arife upon that January midnight a morning fraught with iflues for good or ill of an unufual and important nature ? Nor did it indeed fall Ihort of fuch ex- peAation. As much as any day in the long courfe of our varied and noble hiftory, did mbraay. this memorable day of the 4th of January, 1641-2, contribute to turn the balance of events in favor of popular freedom. § XVII. Morning of the 4TH of January. Houfe of It was early in the morning when D'Ewes Com- entered the Houfe ; but Lord Falkland had rrrkland already reported the King's reply to their mef- i^P°? fage of the preceding night, to the effed that King so r o o • t_ r meflage. he would fend an anfwer that morning before the Houfe was fet. Still the anfwer was delayed, and, fhortly after, D'Ewes took his feat. Mr. Alexander Rigby, the member for Wigan, a lawyer of Gray's Inn who afterwards fat upon the trial of the King, then rofe and made fomefiornificant comments on his Maiefty's Motion as . . . . p ^o King s promifed anfwer, in connection with certain mei- tampering fages which he alleged to have been fent round ^f comt! to the Inns of Court on the previous night, with copies of the articles of impeachment, and with injunctions to the gentlemen there ^^to be in ^* readinefs this day to attend at Whitehall, *^ and to be ready at an hour's warning to ^' defend his Majefty's perfon." * Mr. Rigby Four clofed with a motion, which was adopted, J^n^t^o the that four members of that Houfe, alfo mem- Four Inns, bers of the Inns, fhould on the inftant proceed thither, and afcertain the fads by perfonal inquiry. Then, purfuant to the Order of the previous Grand day, the Houfe turned itfelf into a Grand ^^^"^"'^^' Committee ; and Pym, with the articles of treafon in his hand, arofe. He read the charges * Harl. MSS. 162, f. 304 b. Ludlow has a chara6leriftic anecdote and illuftration in his Memoirs^ (i. 21-22): " The '* King, finding that nothing leis would fatilfythe Pari* than *' a thorow corre61ion of what was amifs, & full fecurity of " their rights from any violation for the future, confidered " how to put a flop to their Proceedings: & to that end " encouraged a great number of loofe debauched fellows ** about the town to repair to Whitehall, where a conftant ** table was provided for their entertainment. Many gentle- *' men of the Inns of Court were tampered with to aflift him ** in his defign, and things brought to that pafs that one of ** them faid publicly in my hearing — ' What ! (hall we ** * fuffer thefe fellows at Weftminfter to domineer thus ? " * Let us go into the country, and bring up our tenants to " * pull them out.' Which words not being able to bear, *' I queftioned him for them j and he, either out of fear of ** the public juftice, or of my refentment, came to me the ** next morning, and afked pardon for the fame : which, by *' reafon of his youth & want of experience, I pafled by." The table at White- hall for gentlemen of Inns of Court. A violent young lawyer. l62 Pym re- plies to articles of treafon. Alhifion to Straf- ford. Charge of bringing over the army to the Parlia- ment: Lefs trea- fonable than over- awingPar- liament by army. Arrejl of the Five Members. fucceflively, admitting frankly that they ef- tablifhed treafon if proved : but he fo repeated them, to that eager and excited audience, as with the higheft art of the orator to ftrike heavily againft the Court itfelf with the very weapons aimed at the accufed. **True, Mr. ^' Speaker," he faid, ^' this prefent Parliament *' hath adjudged it treafon to endeavour to ** fubvert the fundamental laws of the land." No one could miftake that allufion. *' Sir, " it hath likewife been voted high treafon to ^^ attempt to introduce into this kingdom a " form of government arbitrary and tyrannical." In what particular feries of adls of State and of Council, fuch attempt confifted, the Re- monftrance had lately fpread and difFufed all over the land. ^* Sir," he added, paufing at the third article which charged upon them the attempt to win over the King's Northern army to themfelves, and fo pointedly rewording it as to bring plainly before the Houfe the recent proved confpiracy of the King's fervants to overawe the deliberations of Parliament by means of that very army, '^ Sir, it is un- " doubtedly treafon to raife an army to com- '^ pel any Parliament to make and enad laws ^^ without their free votes and willing pro- *^ ceedings therein." A cry of ftern fatiffac- tion broke forth, as the orator fo proceeded through each of the charges of treafon. Then, ftill earneftly declaring that each, if § XVII. Morning of the \th of January, 163 eftablifhed, might well juftify the laft penalties of its high offence, with a Angular vividnefs he confronted it with the comment of the Compari- particular conduct in Parliament to which vited. alone, in his own cafe, it could poffibly apply. With fevere fimplicity he confined himfelf to the parallel in each inftance, and he employed not an unneceffary phrafe or word. Thus, as to the fecond article, he faid, that if by free vote to join with the Parliament in publifhing a Remonftrance againft delinquents in the Avows State ; againft incendiaries between his Majefty {-on of' and his kingdom : againft ill-counfellors, who Remon- ^ . . ftranrc. labored to avert his Majefty's affedlion from Parliament ; and againft ill-affeded Biftiops for their innovations in religion, their oppref- fion of painful, learned, and godly minifters, their vexatious fuits in their unjuft courts, their cruel fentences of pillory and mutilation, their great fines, baniftiments, and perpetual Accepts imprifonments — \i that were to caft afperfions ^^^ s^'^^ ■^ . . . ^ and re- upon his Majefty and his government, and to fponfibi- alienate the hearts of his loyal fubjedls, good ^^^* Proteftants and well-affeded in religion, from their due obedience to his Royal Majefty, then did he avow himfelf guilty of that article. If it were to levy arms againft the King, he As to continued, to confent by vote with the Par- ^ev^yi^g liament to raife a Guard of Trained Bands to ^^"^f . againit fecure and defend the perfons of the members King. thereof, being environed and befet with many H 2 164 Arreji of the Five Members. Appre- dangers, then was he cruilty alfo of that ac51: of hending % ^ , r 1 -r • 1 delin- trealon. And further, if it were to be a traitor, quents. ^^ ^^^^^ ^^j^|^ ^j^^ ^j^j^f Council of the State in apprehending and attaching as delinquents fuch perfons as they knew to be difafFedled to the King*s crown and dignity, to his wife and great Council of Parliament, to the pure and Guilty of fimple dodlrine of Chrift, to the true and Oirift'l"^ orthodox government of the Church of Eng- doariiie land as eftablifhed and confirmed by many and ortho- . _ r -i-» i« • 1 • r tt doxchurch Acts ot Farliament in the reigns ol Henry, govern- Edward, and Elizabeth Tudor, and of King ment, ^ o James of blefled memory, in that refpecfl alfo he avowed himfelf to be guilty. Then, in conclufion, having thus feparately contrafted, under the feven feveral heads of treafon, his acflions with the accufations againft Judgment him, Pym craved of the Houfe that it ihould from the further weigh both refpe6lively in the even Houfe. fcales of its wifdom, and he doubted not of being found altogether clear of the crimes laid to his charge. He was refuming his feat amid *' WeU^ loud fhoutsof ^'Well moved,'' "Well moved," when he flopped a moment, again advanced towards the Clerk's table, and, while a fudden filence fell upon the Houfe, humbly craved Mr. Speaker's further patience to offer to his A further confidcration, whether to exhibit articles of nous Qucf- treafon by his Majefty's own hands in that tion. Houfe agreed with the rights and privileges thereof; and whether for an armed Guard to S XVII. Morning of the \th of January, 165 befet the doors of the Houfe during fuch ^^asjj^ot^^. accufation of any of the members thereof, privilege were not a grave breach of the privilege of ^^^^. Parliament ? The laft queftion had a pregnant mitted ? meaning on the morning of this eventful day, but its full fignificance was ftill to come. Upon Pym refuming his feat, Hollis, Hafel- Hollis,.^^ rig, and Strode rofe afterwards in fucceflion, ^nd Strode and in the brief phrafe of D'Ewes, - protefted d^efend '^ their innocency." Strode further declared feives. his belief that the Impeachment was not direded againft them upon any fuppofition oi^^^^^^^ their being really guilty of the matters charged, but merely to compel their abfence from de- bate ; and he warned the Houfe, that if, under pretence of trial, they were to be arrefted and taken thence, they would never be pro- ceeded againft legally, but be fimply by force cut off. Hafelrig alone expreffly avowed Ha^^^r.g's that he was confcious of that part of the charge on which the King folely relied for any veftige of evidence in proof of it. After declaring that anything in the nature of a hoftile attack aimed againft the privileges of Parliament, conftituted one of the worft kinds of treafon, or of attempts to fubvert the funda- mental laws, he averred that his ads, and thofe "^^^^^^^ of the gentlemen with him, "particularly with to Scottidi reference to Scotland, had been in perfed ac- ^'■^^^^^"• cordance, upon every occafion, with votes and refolutions of that Houfe ; and that the charge i66 Arreft of the Five Members. Hampden I'peaks. Juftifies reiillance. Ill and difloyal, good and loyal, fub- je6ls. Unaccuf- tonied emotion. of promoting tumults and infurredion was utterly groundlefs. Hampden next arofe. His fpeech was more ftriking ; it was indeed Angularly impreflive ; and in the fragment afcertainable yet of what acftually was faid by the member for Bucks, there is afluredly nothing that in any way con- firms or countenances thofe manifeft interpola- tions in the publifhed fpeech attributed to him which led Mr. Southey to charac5lerize it as an avowal of flavifh obedience! It might, on the contrary, almoft feem as though his tone were expreflly affumed to render impofTible any fuch imputation. As if, in a fingle fentence, he would anticipate and overthrow the whole miferable do(5lrine of Sir Robert Filmer and his fol- lowers, Hampden at once declared to the Houfe, on rifmg, that he underftood it to be the fign of an ill and a difloyal fubjedl, if a man fliould yield obedience to the commands of a King when thefe were againft the true re- ligion and againft the ancient and fundamental laws of the land ; whereas a good and a loyal fubjed was he, who, to a King commanding anything againft God*s true worfliip and reli- gion, or againft the ancient laws, denied obe- dience. One feems to hear that calm, clear voice, troubled and fliaken with a pafTion to which it was unaccuftomed, in this plain afTer- tion of the doctrine of Refiftance. But what, then, was the true religion ? I § XVII. Morning of the \th of January. 167 find it, faid Hampden, in my Bible. " By ^hej^e^^^ " fearching the facred writings of the New looked '^ and Old Teftament, we may prove whether |;^f. ^^ue^ ^' our religion be of God or no, and by look- «^ ing in that glafs difcern whether we are in *« the right way or no. In thefe two Tefta-Thetwo \' ments are contained all things necellary to ^^^^^^ '^ falvation ; and then only is our religion true, «^ when that it doth hang upon this truth of *' God, and no other fecondary means. Neareft J{j^^^'°" '' thereunto cometh the Proteftant religion, as church '' I really and verily believe; teaching us that^^''^^- *^ there is but one God, one Chrift, one faith, <^ one religion, which is the Gofpel of Chrift '' and the doc5lrine of His prophets and <^apoftles. That other religion, therefore, Bible " which ioineth with this dodrine of Church needful to *' and His apoftles the traditions and inven- ^v^^°"- '^ tions of men, ftrange and fuperftitious wor- '' ftiipings, prayers to the Virgin Mary, to " angels, and to faints, cringing and bowing <« and creeping to the altar, cannot, I fay, be -true, but is erroneous, nay devilifti.^ ^11 T^adj^^^^^^ ** which being ufed and maintained in the ftitions '' Church of Rome to be as neceffary as the^"^^^^^- " Scripture to falvation, that Church is there- '' fore a falfe and erroneous Church, both in Th^.^ *^ dodrine and difcipline — a falfe worfliiping church " of God, and not the true religion." Very folemn and memorable words to have been fpoken on fuch an occafion, containing in i68 A creed to live by and die for. Hamp- den's change of bearing. Secrets of his charac- ter re- vealed. Waiting his time. Charges by Hyde and D'Ewes. Arrejl of the Five Members, themfelves, and promulgating for all, not merely a creed that men may live by, but a belief they will cheerfully die for. It is given to few among the fons of men to fee the future in the inftant, but Hampden was of the few. His manner at this eventful time, too, gave added weight to his words, which appear lefs to have imprefled the lighter members and Royalifts, indeed, this particular day, than the fudden and decifive change in the look and tone of him who uttered them. The mildnefs had for ever pafled away. A fixed and ftern refolution had replaced the old conciliatory bearing, and now truly might his enemies fee, what Sir Philip Warwick tells us the fcurf commonly on his face {bowed plainly enough,* that beneath the quiet and feeming pafTion- lefs felf-control which he was able ordinarily to aflume, lay a very fharp and acrimonious temper of the blood. They might have difcovered or Tufpeded it before. If Hampden had not until now afTumed this uncompromifing tone, if he had not earlier fpoken thus, it was fimply that before now the need had not fhown Itfelf, and the time for fo fpeaking had not come. Clarendon charges him with begetting many notions the education of which he committed to • In fpeaking of his death at Chalgrove. The hurt, Sir Philip fays, was not in itfelf mortal j but it was rendered fo by the acrimonious condition of his blood, *' as the fcurfe " commonly on his face ihewed." — Memoirs^ 239. § XVII. Morning of the 4th of January. 169 other men, and with leaving his own opinions with thofe from whom he pretended to learn and receive them.* D'Ewes attributes to him '^.J^\ll''f a "ferpentine fubtlety " which brought any- tlety." thing to pafs that he defired, and " did ftill put " others to move thofe bufmeffes that himfelf ^^ ^^^^^ '' contrived."! But thefe, as on a former and preju- A' A occafion has been pointed out, are the im-jj^^, perfed and prejudiced judgments of a character ments. whofe very ftrength of felf-reliance, felf-con- tainment, and filence, invited that kind of mifconftrudion. Upon no man of this great period, I would repeat, are fo unmiftakeably imprefled the qualities which fet apart the high-bred Englilh gentleman, calm, courteous, "^^^^^^^ reticent, felf-poflefTed ; yet with a perfuafive was. force fo irrefiftibie, and a will and energy fo indomitable, lying in thofe filent depths, that all who came within their reach came alfo under their control. Thefe are qualities which no craft however dexterous, and no fubtlety the moft ferpentine, can in any manner or degree fupply. When Clarendon, after taxing even his ingenuity to Admix- draw a bill of indidment againft Hampden, ciaren- ends by fpeaking of him as not only a very ^o"- wife man and of great parts, J and who laid his defigns deepeft,§ but who had a great fagacity * HiJI. iv. 92 — 93. t Harl. MSS, 163, f. 691 b. X Hiji. iv. 91. § HiJi. i. 323. 170 Higheft power of ftatefman • ftiip. A leader and gover- nor of men. Change In Pym as well as Arrejl of the Five Members, in difcerning men's natures and manners, and was poflefled with the moft abfolute fpirit of popularity, that is, the moft abfolute faculties to govern the people, of any man he ever knew ; * he aftigns to him the higheft form of power a ftatefman can pollefs. The richeft gifts are wafted in that direc5lion, wanting this. To make the fpoils of differing intelledls its own, to draw ftrength from the weaknefles of men, to aflimilate the moft varied experiences, to render every mind it touches tributary, is to have that which the utmoft accompliftiment in eloquence, in learning, or in public affairs will fail to give, and which conftitutes pre-eminently a leader and governor of men. Nor was it that any lefs fupreme temper, or inferior felf-command, had appeared in Hampden as he repelled the King's charge of treafon, but fimply that what before was not called for had become neceftary now, and as the occafion rofe he rofe along with it. After the accufation of Treafon, fays the hif- torian of the Rebellion, Mr. Hampden was much altered; his nature and carriage f feeming * ////?. iv. 91-92. Again (ii. 15) he fays of him : *' He ** hath been mentioned before as a man of great underftanding ** and parts, and of great fagacity in difcerning men's natures ** and manners j and he muft upon all occafions ftill be ** mentioned as a perfon of great dexterity and abilities, and Equal to " equal to any trult or employment, good or bad, which he anything. " was inclined to undertake." f This is undoubtedly Clarendon's word, though Mr. Hallam ftrangely mifquotes it as " courage." Conj}, H'tjl, ii. 127. § XVII. Morning of the \th of January. 171 much fiercer than before. So alfo did he fay ^^^^^^^_ of Hampden's friend and fellow-labourer Pym. fation^of From the time, too, of his being accufed of*''^°"- high treafon by the King, he never entertained thoughts of moderation, but always oppofed AH^^^^^ all overtures of peace and accom.modation.* of mode- They both faw, what men of fuch fagacity could ''^^^^ now hardly fail to fee, that the armed ftruggle was at hand, that it muft be fought out to its laft iflue, and that when, in defence of the Law and Religion they fo prized, the fword was No com- once drawn, the fcabbard muft be flung away, pofllble. And fo, to the clofeof whatyet remained of the lives they had given up freely to their coun- try, thefe great men went in perfect harmony A memo- together. They ftiared the fame beliefs and [^J'J^'^, purpofes, the fame hopes and refolves, the ft^ip. fame enemies and friends, in common to the end. Nor was it otherwife than well, remarked Remark . to rlyde. Hampden to Hyde when they next met m the Houfe after the incidents of this 4th of January, that himfelf and Pym ftiould hereafter Advan- know who were their friends. The trouble knowing which had befallen them had at leaft been ^^^^^j^^^^^ attended with that benefit ; and he faid alfo, ^^ very fnappiftily" adds Mr. Hyde (an ex- preffion that reveals himfelf if it fails to exhibit • Hifl. iv. 441. In another" paflage he fays of Pym that Pym " though in private defigning he was much governed by Mr. greateft in " Hampden, yet he feemed to all men to have the greateft Houfe of " influence upon the Houfe of Commons of any man. Commons, iv. 438. 172 Arreji of the Five Members, Confe- rence with the Lords demanded. Impeach- ment de- nounced as a fcan- dalous paper. Hampden and Pym as to ** diicre- tion " of - Mr. Hyde' " Snap- pifhnefs '* of Mr. Hampden. Mr. Hampden), that he well knew Mr. Hyde had a mind they fhould both be in prifon.* Such, however, was not the mind of the Houfe of Commons. Undaunted amid the perils that furrounded them, they at once re- folved, upon the laft of the accufed members refuming his feat, to defire a conference with the Lords to acquaint them that a fcandalous paper had been publiflied, and to require their help in inftituting inquiry who were the authors and publifhers of the faid fcandalous paper, to the end that they might receive condign punifhment, and the Commonwealth be fecured againft fuch perfons. Th^/candalous paper was the Articles of Impeachment which the King had publiflied by the hands of his Attorney-General. * This anecdote is in Hyde's Life, (i. 103), and his mode ot tellmg It IS ftiil to mix up with it a purpofcd and deliberate milreprelentation of the real matter in ifTue. *' Though r« l^*^^'" ^^ ^^^'^' referring to Hampden and Pym, " had a « ^^"^»" op'"'o» o^ his dilcretion than to believe he had any Ihare m the advice of the late proceedings, yet they were ,, yery w,ij„,g th^j Qfjj^,.^ ^^^i^j j^^jj^^^ .^ _ ^^j ^^^^^^ ^jj ^^^ ^^ infufions they could to that purpofe amongft thole who took u n op'">ons from them: towards which his known friend- ^^ lliip with the Lord Digby was an argument very prevalent: and then his oppofing the votes upon their privilege had ^^ inflamed them beyond their temper ; infomuch as Mr. " Hampden told him one day, that the trouble that had lately befallen them had been attended with that benefit that they knew who were their friends: and the otheJ offering to fpeak upon the point of privilege, and how monftrous a thing it was to make a vote fo contrary to the ** known law, he replied very fnappifhly, 'that he well knew * he had a mind they fliould be all in prilbn j ' and (o " departed without flaying for an anfwcr." Hampden might well turn upon his heel and move filcntly away, for reafons far other than thole imputed to him. § XVII. Morning of the ^th of January. IJ3 Another objedt of the Conference (of which Fiennes, Glyn, the younger Vane, and Hotham were named managers), D'Ewes adds, was to call immediate attention to the King's Guard at Whitehall, as not the lefs alfo '' a breach of our privilege," and interruption ^^.^^^^^^^ to the freedom of debate. This is the firft Guard an hint he gives of any immediate alarm ; and J^^^'to fr"ec though there is little doubt, as will Ihortly ap- debate. pear, that Pym had received notice the previous night of fome fpecific and violent defign in contemolation, he was not, as it would feem, made aware of the King's refolve to take part in it himfelf.* Clarendon fpeaks of a com- pofednefs appearing, during the events of this ^^^^^^^^ remarkable day, in the countenances of many of the who ufed to be difturbed at lefs furprifing [^^^/^^^^[ occurrences ; and this doubtlefs was an indica- mons. tion that the Houfe generally had been placed upon its guard. But its forced calmnefs was put to fevere tefts. " It was now generally " declared," fays D'Ewes, " that there was a '^ great confluence of armed men about White- Gather- - mgs or ''hall, and that between thirty and forty armed '' canoneers went yefternight into the Tower JJ^^"jj"^^^[^ '' at ten of the clock. Alfo that the Hamlet '' men, who were to be ordinary warders '' there, had no arms given them: but that *^ the Bifliops' men were well armed.f Mr. * Hiji, ii. 128. f Harl. MSS. 162, f. 304 b. Ten of my Lords the 174 Pym moves a deputation to City. Deputa- tion de- parts. No man to know its errand. Alarm ftiU in- creafing. Adjourn- ment for an hour. Arrejl of the Five Members. '^ Pym moved that we might fend notice of ** thefe feveral informations and dangers into '^ the city, to the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, *^ and Common Council there afiembled, and ^^ to let them know in what danger the Par- " liament was : all which was ordered accord- '^ ingly.*** And, for execution of the order. Alderman Sir Thomas Soame was joined to the two members, Pennington and Ven, who had fo ably difcharged themfelves of the meflage of the Houfe on the preceding day ; ''and they were," fays D'Ewes, *^ fent inftantly away into the City." In fuch hafte, indeed, that a material point was forgotten. " After they were gone " out, Mr. Peard " (the fame who moved the printing of the Remonftrance) '^ was fent after " them, to require them to let no man know '^ their errand till they came into the City.*'f Still there were members anxious that more fhould be done, as the rumour of what was preparing in Whitehall took more and more palpable fhape. '^ Mr. Nathaniel Fiennes and '^ others," fays D*Ewes, *' moved that fome " members of this House might be fent to " obferve what numbers of armed men were " about Whitehall, and to know by what au- *' thority they were affembled there : but this *^ order was not fully agreed upon, when we " adjourned the Houfe, about 12 of the clock, Biftiops, it will be remembered, were at this time lodged, with of courfe all due attendance, in the Tower. ♦ • Harleian MSS. i6z, f. 305 b. f lb. § XVIII. Betrayal of the Secret. 175 " till one of the clock in the afternoon— for an *' hour's fpace." § XVIII. Betrayal of the Secret. Momentous was the hour during which A mo- the Houfe thus adjourned its fitting, for within J^tervaT. that brief fpace all the King's intention was betrayed. Up to the time of the adjournment, grave as were the caufes of alarm, and the grounds for expedling fome ad of violence, the / circumftance which gave its utmoft gravity to j the outrage contemplated does not appear to have been in any degree fufpeded even re- j motelv. But now it was that Lady Carlifle Lady Car- -r> L !_ V hue be- managed to convey to rym that the ivmg trays all meant to put himfelf at the head of thofe ^^ ^y"^- Whitehall defperadoes, and in perfon to de- mand, and if neceffary feize, the accufed mem- bers as they fat in their places in the Houfe of Commons. D'Ewes tells us that, '' this day at . '^ dinner,'** the five members alfo received a | fecret communication of the King's intention Private from the Lord Chamberlain of the houfehold, Jvom Lord Lord Eflex, with advice that they Ihould E^^^- abfent tliemfelves. Neverthelefs that does not appear to have been their firft intention. The Speaker re- Houfe re- , . /, T^.-r-. 1 1 allembles : fumed his chair, fays D Ewes, between one and half-paft two o'clock, and the four feleded members who, <^"^- ♦ Had. MSS. 162, f. 306 b. 176 Arreji of the Five Members. Report from Inns of Court. Lincoln's Inn. King's meflage to be in readinefs this day. As prompt in loyalty to Com- mons. Same from Gray's Inn. From In- ner Tem- ple. by order of the Houfe in the morning, had been difpatched to the Inns of Court, rofe and made brief report of their miflion. Mr. Richard Brown, of Lincoln's Inn, the member for Romney, ftated ^^ that he had done the mef- " fage of the Houfe to the gentlemen of that ^^ fociety, whofe anfwer was, that they had at " firft gone to the Court laft week only upon *^ occafion of a report brought to them that '^ the King's perfon was in danger : That *' yefternight they had received a meflage from *' his Majefl:y by Sir W'"* Killigrew and Sir r \r mas May : iwords, and piltols.§ May, alfo a good au- Verney , ofRu/li worth : of Liitl low : Refor- madoes. • Notes, p. 158. f A Reformado was an officer of a company difbanded, but whofe own fervicos had been retained as ftill belonging to the regiment of which his company had formed part. X Hiji. Coll. part III. 1. 4.77. § Memoirs , i. 24.. § XIX. The Kings Approach to the Houfe, 181 thority, puts down " the gentlemen foldiers " and others armed with fwords and piftols '' who were in immediate attendance on the King, at the number of about three hundred.* The wife of Colonel Hutchinfon, implicitly to of Mrs. be truflied as a witnefs, vouches likewife for the ^^^ . numbers that attended Charles as not lefs than four hundred armed gentlemen and foldiers. f D'Ewes, who (hows the reverfe of any wifli and of • D JEwes to exaggerate the circumftances, defcribes the attendant company as compofed of '^fome offi- " cers who ferved in his Majefty's late army and '' fome other loofe perfons, to the number of \ '^ about fome four hundred. "J Yet Clarendon, Clarendon writing at a time when he had little need to ^^^^ ^n . fear contradidion, has the inconceivable aflur- ance to afk even his readers to believe, that it was " vi/iMe to all men that the King had only relating '^ with him his Guard of halberdiers, and fewer u ^.'jfibie '^ of them than ufed to go with him upon ^^ ^^^•" '^ any ordinary motion ; and that fewer of his '' gentlemen fervants were then with him, than '' ufually attended him when he went but to *^ walk m the park, and had only their little '' fwords ! '* ^ But let us further hear Captain Slingfby on this point, which goes indeed to the root of SHngfby's •f ■' T-» • 1^ account to the matter. Writing to Pennmgton on the Ptnning- * Hifl, lib ii. cap, ii. 21. f Col. Hutchinfon's Memoirs^ 76. X HarL MSS, 162, f. 306 a. § HiJi, ii. 137-138. l82 Arrejl of the Five Members. ton zens. 6th of January,* the fecond day after the ^'y/''''"" attempted arreft, he makes fpecial mention of '^ the multitude of gentry and foldiers that had '' lately flocked to the Court." Never in his life, he remarks, had he feen it fo thronged as it Armed then was : and the efFedl had been to fuch an ex- guards at ^^^^ ^^ terrify the Citizens, that they no longer halK ' appeared about Whitehall, from apprehenfion of the rough entertainment theywere like to receiye if they came again. But, he fays, after thus defcribing the armed crowds in the King's Terror palace, there had fuddenly arifen fomething to uolible of breed expectation of troubles far tranfcending theCiti- anything caufed by the Weftminfter Hall tumults ; and then, he continues, '^ all partes " of the Court being thronged with gentlemen * MS. State Paper Office. The letter is dated, in rnani- feft error, the 6th of December. It opens with the fubjoined account of the articles of impeachment, as handed in the preceding day. " On Monday lad the King's Attorney *' did impeach the Lord Mandevill, and Mfi'" Pirn, Hollis, '' Strovvd, Hamden, & S' Arthur Hallrigge,of High Treafon, " in the Upper Houfe. The iumme ot the articles were fub- *' verting the fundamentall lawes, placing fubie6\s in arbitrary ** & tirannicall government, calling in a forraigne army, ** endeavouring to draw the King's army from his obedience, '* depriving the King of his royall power, laying fals afper- " fions againft the King to make him odious, countenancing " tumults againft the King & Parliament, forcing the Parlia- *' ment by terror to joyne vvitli them, fubverting the rights ** & very beingj of Parliaments, pra6lifing to rayfe warre & *' aflually rayfmg warr againft the King : This charge was " fent downe to the CoiTions houfe, who received it with the *' tearme of a fcandalous paper. A Serieant-at-Armes fent *' likewile to attach them, but was refufed. Their cloiTetts ** by the King's comaund fcaled up, but the fame night, by " order from the Houfe, opened agalne : the next day fome of ** them, notwithftanding their impeachment, came and fatt in " the Houfe.'* Slingftjy defcribes impeach- ment : members' fitting in Houle notwith- ftanding. § XIX. T/te King's Approach to the Houfe. 183 " and officers of the army, in the afternoone " the King WENT WITH THEM ALL, his OWn Sling% ^ " Guard, and the Penfioners : " expreffly King's adding that by far the moft part, among --P^"y- whom he then and there had taken his own place, were " arm'd with fwords and piftoUs." Such was Hyde's innocent party, and their How mno- harmlefs accoutrement, when they fet out on ar^ed. this famous expedition ! Peaceful and innocent as they were, how- ever, with their " little fwords," as Mr. Hyde ingenuouily defcribes them, in their brief journey from Whitehall they had managed to Dl/may carry difmay at every ftep ; and, as they neared approach. Weftminfter Hall, D'Ewes tell us, " it ftruck " fuch a fear and terrour into all thofe that " kept (hops in the faid Hall, or near the « gate thereof, as they inftantly (hut up their Shops (hut «' {hops, looking for nothing but bloodftied ' ' and defolation."* Having reached the gate, the armed band formed fuddenly into a lane, ranging themfelves on either fide along the whole length of the Hall; and Charles, The King paffing through this lane, and entermg the door ,h,ough at the fouth-eaft angle, afcended the ftairs weftmin- into the Commons' Houfe. His armed com- pany clofed up, and as many as could prefs in crowded after him. The King's command had been, according to Sir Ralph Verney and * Hart. MSS. i6z, f. 310 a. 184 Lobby of Houle of Commons fuddenly filled. Armed men Hill prefs from without. Charles enters the Houfe wliere never king was but once. Voice of Charles heard as he enters. Arreji of the Five Members. Captain Slingfby, himfelf one of the company, that the great body fhould ftay in the Hall ; but, fays D'Ewes, '* his Majefty coming into " the lobby, a little room juft without the ^^ Houfe of Commons, divers officers of the ^' late army in the North, and other defperate *^ ruffians, preffed in after him to the number ^^ of about four fcore, befides fome of his " penfioners.""'^ Captain Slingfby's accoujit quite bears out D'Ewes. '^ When," he writes,t *^ we came into Weftminfter Hall, w'^'' was '^ thronged with the number, the King com- *^ manded us all to ftay there ; and himfelfe, " with a fmall trayne, went into the Houfe of '^ Commons, where never King was (as they " fay), but once King Elenry the Eight." § XX. The House Entered by the King. Within the Houfe, meanwhile, but a few minutes had elapfed fince the Five Members departed, and Mr. Speaker had received in- ftrudlion to fit ftill with the mace lying before him, when a loud knock threw open the door, a rufti of armed men was heard, and above it (as we learn from Sir Ralph Verney) the voice of the King commanding '^ upon their *^ lives not to come in." J The moment after, followed only by his nephew Charles, the Prince * Harl, MSS. iGz, f. 306 b. t MS. State Paper Office. Slingfby to Pennington, 6 Jan. 164.1-2. X Notes J p. 139. § XX. The Houfe entered by the King. 185 (C cc Eledor Palatine, Rupert's eldeft brother, he entered ; but the door was not permitted to be clofed behind him. Vifible now at the threfliold, Armed^^ to all, were the officers and defperadoes above ^^fible named, of whom, D'Ewes proceeds, ^^fome had o^^^^^e. " left their cloaks in the Hall, and moft of them were armed with piftols and fwords, and they forcibly kept the door of the Houfe of Door kept ■^ r-> "TT-j*/!^ torcibly <« Commons open, one Captani Hide Itand- ^^^^^^ '' ing next the door holding his fword upright " in the fcabbard : " t a pidure which Sir Ralph Verney, alfo prefent that day in his place, completes by adding that " fo the ''doors were kept open, and the Earl of Captam^^ «' Roxborough ftood within the door, leaning LordRox- . ,, . borough. '^ upon It. X As the King entered, all the members rofe ♦ This Captain Hide, who thus, holding his fword upright Captain in its fcabbard, fignified his and its readinefs that day for any Hide: defperate deed, was the fame David Hide, " a Reformado in the *' late army againft the Scots and now appointed to go in fome " command into Ireland" (Rujjnvort/i, part iii. vol. i. 4-63), who, upon that difalhous day of the Lunfford tumults which had its appropriate iflue in the firft blood (hed in this Great Civil War (that of Sir Richard Wifeman, a London Citizen, mortally hurt on the 27th December), took a leading part in the Piominent conflia in Weftminfter Hall, *' buffled " againft the Citizen in Weft- apprentices whom the hot Welfti wrath of Archbiftiop Williams minfter had efpecially p. evoked, and, drawing his fword with an oath, tumults : faid " he'd cut the throats of thofe Round-headed Dogs that «' bawled againft Biftiops:" which paifionate expreifions ot his, Rufhworth remarks, ''as far as I could ever learn, was the " fii-ft miniting" [minting, or coinage] ** ot that term or *' compilation of Roundheads which afterwards grew fo "general.'^ (See ante, 63, 137). Hide was afterwards Cafhiered caftiiered from his Irifh command by the Houle, but he and re- reappeared in Merrick's Regiment during the Civil War.— appointed. See RuJIinvort/i, iii. 1247. f HarL MSS. i6a, f. 307 a. X ^°^^^y P- ^39- i86 Members rife and uncover. A crowd of bare faces. Charles turns to a well- known feat : miTes Mr. Pym: paffes up to Speak- er's chair: clofe by D'Ewes's feat. Stands on Itep of Lenthal's chair. Arreft of the Five Members. and uncovered, and the King alfo removed his hat ; and it would not have been eafy, fays Rufhworth, to difcern any of the five mem- bers, had they been there, among fo many bare faces ftanding up together. But there was One face, among the Five, which Charles knew too well not to have fingled out even there ; and hardly had he appeared within the chamber, when it was obferved that his glarure and his ftep were turned in the direction of Pym*s feat clofe by the Bar. His intention, baffled by the abfence of the popular leader, can only now be guefled at : but, Rufhworth adds, ^' his Majefty, not feeing Mr. Pym there, ^^ knowing him well, went up to the chair/'* We all, fays D'Ewes, flood up and uncovered our heads, and the Speaker ftood up juft before his chair. *^ His Majefty, as he came ** up along the Houfe, came the moft part of *^ the way uncovered, alfo bowing to either " fide of the Houfe, and we all bowed again *^ towards him, and fo he went to the Speaker's " chair on the left hand of it, coming up *^ clofe by the place where I fat, between the *' fouth end of the Clerk's table and me/'f As he approached the chair, Lenthal ftepped out to meet him ; upon which '' he firll: fpake," fays D'Ewes, faying, '' Mr. Speaker, I muft " for a time make bold with your chair." • Hij}. Coll. III. i. 477. t Harl. MSS. 162, f. 306 a. § XX. The Houfe entered by the King, 187 And then the King ftepped up to his place Loo^k^^^ and ftood upon the ftep, but fat not down m ^re he the chair. And after he had looked a great ^P-^^- while, he fpoke again. A break here occurs in the narrative of Break m ... iidiid- D'Ewes. His relation for a while is inter- tive of rupted ; and a note afterwards written, ^ ^ • - and fubftituted for it, refers us to what was '' taken in charaders by the Clerk's <' afliftant." Perhaps the only^ P^^^^^ ^oveT" wholly quiet and unmoved during the fpeaator extraordinary fcene, unlefs it were that^^^^^^^e moft impafTive of note-takers, Sir Simonds himfelf, was this lately appointed Clerk's afliftant, young Mr. RuOiworth, who was l^^^^^^^ obferved, as he fat at the Clerk's table, worth, bufily taking down the words of the King, as they broke upon the fuUen and " awe- *' full " filence. His report, drawn out in His report the evening by command of the King, f^ription who had noticed him writing at thei^ntforby table, was publiftied in a broadfide next morning, and D'Ewes, finding the King's words therein more exactly given than by himfelf, makes a reference in his Journal to thofe parts of it ; but his Majefty had Important Lu Liiwx ^ , J / _ correftions diredled an omifllon which D li^wes is ^.^de careful to fupply in his own record, and therein, only a portion of which (the words fpoken by Lenthal) we find Ruftiworth to have appended in after years to the account i88 Copy fo corre(5led in State Paper Office: a help to more vivid reproduc- tion of the fcenc. The King's f'peech to theHoufe. Kufli- worth's report of thelpccch, corrected by Charlcsv Jrreft of the Five Members, preferved in liis Colkaionsr But, in addition to what is fo fupplied by the manufcript Journal of D'Ewes, I have been fortunate enough to find, in the State Paper Office, what appears to be the original copy of Rufhworth's report of what was faid by the King, as taken during the evening to the palace and correfted by Charles ; and, though^the correflions, trivial in themfelves, ferve chiefly to fhow the accuracy with which Rufliworth had taken his notes, the era- fures yet enable us exadlly to mark the charadleriftic breaks that occurred, and more vividly to reproduce the adlual fcene.f '' Gentlemen,'* faid Charles, '' I am forry '^ for this occafion of coming unto you. Yef- '' tcrday Ifent a Serjeant-at-Arms upon a very '' important occafion to apprehend fome that " by my command were accufed of High '' Treafon ; whereunto I did exped obedience, • HiJ}. Coll, III. i. 477-8. t I iubjoin an accurate copy of the portions in which the material correaions or erafures occur, with the latter printed in faciimile : ^ that albeit I muft declare unto you here, noe king that ever was in England, fliall bee more Carefull (of yo' priviledges) mentaine them to the uttermoft of his power then I fhall be fe#-cWr Yet you muft know y' in Cafes of Treafon noe A perfon hath a priviledge. And therefore I am come to § XX. 'The Hotife entered by the King. 189 '' and not a meflage. And I muft declare Expefts 1 11 • IT- -..L . traitors to '^ unto you here, that albeit no King that be de. ^^ ever was in England fhall be more careful ^^J^^^;^? *^ of your privileges, to maintain them to the '^ uttermoft of his power, than I ftiall be, *' yet you muft know that in cafes of Treafon know, If any of thofe perfons that were accufed are here. Theh\cafting his eyes upp\n all the Members in Vie Houfe Erafure by \ \ \ the King, faid, l\doe not fee any of \hem ; I thlnke I (houkl know them. For I muft tell you Gent"* that foe long as thofe perfons that I have accufed (for noe flight crime, but for Treafon) are here, I cannot expe6l that this Houfe can bee in the right way, that I doe heartily wifh it : Therefore I am come to tell you, that I muft have them, wherefoever I finde them. Then fjave an o kis niYv'( quiry Pym » erafed. the Well, fince I fee all m^ Birds are flowen I doe expert from you, that you fliall fend them unto mee as foone as they but afteure returne hither : I muft ti^ll you in the word of a king I never did Intend any force, but fliall proceed ag* them In a legall & faire way ; for I never intLiidcd any other. And now fmce I fee I cannot doe what I came for. I thlnke this is noe unfitt occafion to Repeat what I have laid formerly that whatfoever I have done in favour/jandto the good of my fubjei^s I do meane to mentaine it. 190 Are the Five Members in the Houfe? No reply, Nothing will be well till accufed are fur- rendered. Muft have them. Painful hefitation and effort. Addition fupplled by D'Evves: Arreft of the Five Members, ^^ no perfon hath a privilege. And therefore *^ I am come to know if any of thefe perfons '^ that were accufed are here.'* Then he paufed ; and cafting his eyes upon all the members in the Houfe, faid " I do not fee '^ any of them. I think I fhould know them." " For I muft tell you. Gentlemen/' he refumed after another paufe, " that fo long " as thofe perfons that I have accufed (for no '^ flight crime, but for Treafon) are here, I " cannot cxped that this Houfe will be in the " right way that I do heartily wifh it. There- '^ fore I am come to tell you that I muft " have them, wherefoever I find them." Then again he hefitated, flopped : and called out, " Is Mr. Pym here ? '* To which no- body gave anfwer. The awkwardnefs and effort manifeft in thefe paufes and interruptions, the words that again and again recur, the needlefs and bald repetitions, in which we feem to hear the flow and laboured utterance with which Charles covered his natural impediment of fpeech, imprefs the imagination painfully. All the breaks and paufes, however, were omitted in the report direcfled to be pub- liflied ; and D'Ewes, furmifing that not only fuch omiflions had been made by the King's order, but alfo all mention of the reply given upon Charles's appeal to the Speaker, is careful to reflore what was wanting. " But § XX. The Houfe entered by the King, " the King caufed all that to be left out, '' namely, when he afked for Mr. Pym, '^ whether he were prefent or not, and when '^ there followed a general filence, that nobody " would anfwer him. He then aiked for Mr. *^ Hollls whether he were prefent, and when *' nobody anfwered him, he prefled the Speaker ^^ to tell him, who, kneeling down, did very " wifely defire his Majefly to pardon him, '^ faying that he could neither fee nor fpeak ^^ but by command of the Houfe : to which the " King anfwered, ^ Well, well ! 'tis no matter. '^ M think my eyes are as good as another's.' *^ And then he looked round about the Houfe *' a pretty while, to fee if he could efpie any ^^ of them."* Very welcome are all fuch addi- tional touches to a pidlure fo memorable. " May it pleafe your Majefly," faid Len- thal, to the appeal that he fhould fay where Pym was (for, as Rufliworth himfelf, when he publiflied his Collections^ inferred his own report of the difcreet fpeech of Mr. Speaker, and as the good Sir Simonds, had he lived to fee it, would certainly have copied it in his Journal, it will here be mofl properly appended to an account which firft gives to it all its fignificance), ^^ I have neither eyes to fee nor '^ tongue to fpeak in this place, but as the " Houfe is pleafed to dired me, whofe fervant * HarL MSS. 162, f. 306 a. 191 confirma- tion of report as corrected by the King. Enquiries for Pym and Hollis. Reply, Looking for them himfelf. Speaker Lenthal's fpeech. No eyes or tongue but as the Houfe's fervant. 192 Extraordi nary peech for an ordi- nary man, Another greater but like example. ** Dread- ful " filence. The Kms: conlcious of his failure. Arreft of the Five Members. ^^ I am here ; and I humbly beg your Ma- " jefty's pardon that I cannot give any other " anfwer than this to what your Majefty is ^^ pleafed to demand of me." Words con- ceived indeed with a fingular prudence. Im- - prefled deeply by the attitude of the Houfe, and infpired fuddenly by the truft confided to him, a man littlefamousfor magnanimity or courage difplayed both for the moment in a remarkable degree, and rofe to the occafion as greatly as the King fank beneath it. But forrow and fufFering are wifer teachers than anger and revenge. There was yet to come a day in Charles's life, when he too would rife to the demand of the time ; when his natural in- firmities would be vifible no longer ; and when men fhould wonder to behold, in one fo infirm of purpofe and difficult of fpeech, both unem- barraffed accents and a refolute will.* After that long paufe defcribed by D'Ewes, the dreadful filence, as one member called it, Charles fpoke again to the crowd of mute and fullen faces. The complete failure of his fcheme was now accomplifhed, and all its poffiblc confequences, all the fufpicions and retaliations to which it had laid him open. Charles the Firft's fpeech at his trial. * *' He had," fays William Lilly, " a natural imperfeaion in his fpeech : at feme times could hardly get out a word : yet at other times he would fpeak freely and articulately, as at the firll time of his coming before the High Court of Juftice, where cafually I heard him : there he Hammered nothing at all, but fpoke very dirtln»5>ly, with much courage and magnanimity." — Monarchy or no Monarchy, § XX. The Houfe entered by the King. 193 never m- tended appear to have rufhed upon his mind. ^^ Well, His birds " fince I fee all my* birds are flown, I do ^°^^"- " expecfl from you that you will fend them ^^ unto me as foon as they return hither. '^ But, I afllire you, on the word of a King, '^ I never did intend any force, but (hall pro- Proteftsh " ceed againfl them in a legal and fair way, *' for I never meant any other. And now, force. *^ fince I fee I cannot do what I came for, I '' think this no unfit occafion to repeat what *^ I have faid formerly, that whatfoever I have Means to " done in favour, and to the good, of my [he'"con- " fubjedls, I do mean to maintain it. I will cefTions he ,, \ ^ f ,1 -r , has made. '^trouble you no more, but tell you I do " exped:, as foon as they come to the Houfe, Expefts " you will fend them to me ; other wife I mufl: \ll\\ ^l^ "take my own courfe to find them." To ^^."^ *<^ that clofing fentence, the note left by Sir Ralph Verney makes a not unimportant addition, which, however, appears nowhere in Rufii- worth's report. " For their treafon was foul, Declares "and fuch an one as they would all thank treafon " him to difcover."t If uttered, it was an ^^"^' efcape of angry affertion from amid forced and laboured apologies, and (o far would agree with what D'Ewes obferved of his change of manner at the time: "After he had ended " his fpeech, he went out of the Houfe in a Leaves the " more difcontented and angry pafiion than he * *' My " in Rufhworth's original note : " the " fubftituted by Charles. f Verney's Notes, p. 139. Houfe 9-^ Arreft of the Five Members, in anger: ^^ Came in, going out again between myfelf '^ and the fouth end of the Clerk's table, and ^^ the Prince Eledlor after him."* Captain Slinglby's narrative of the in- cident. Silence of the Houfe explained. Deter- mined to have the accufed. Houfe had fent to City for 4000 men. Shops all fhut. Bere to Penning- ton : 6th Jan. 1641-2. * Had. MSS. 162, f. 306 a. I will here add Capt. Sllngfby's account, written the next day but one, but tor which of courfe he muft have been indebted to fome Royalid members of the Houfe, as he had himfelf remained outfide the lobby. '* He came very unexpectedly, and at " firft coming in, comaunded the Speaker to come out " of his chayre, and fatt downe in it himfelfe, afking divers *' times whether thofe traytours were there, but had no ** anfwere : but at laft an excufe, that by y« orders of '* the Houfe they might not fpealce when there Speaker was <* out of his chavre. The King then aflct the Speaker, who *' excufed himfelfe, that he might not fpeake but what the " Houfe gave order to him to fay : whereuppon the King " replied it was no matter, for he knew them, if he faw " them. And after he had viewed them all, he made a " fpeethe to them very maieftically, declaring his refolution "to HAVE THEM though they were then abfcnt : promifing ** not to infringe any of their libertyes of pariament, but " coiiiaunding them to fend the traytours to him if they came ** there againe. And after his coming out he gave order to the " Sarieant att Armes to find them out j and attach them. ** Before the Kinge's coming, the Houfe were very high, and *' as I was informed, fent to the Cittie for fower thoufand *' men to be prcfently fent downe to them for thsir Guard. " But none came, all the Cittie being terribly amazed w*'' *' that unexpected charge of thofe perlbns : fhoppes all rtiutt, ** many of w*^** doe Hill continue foe. They lykewife fent to '* the trayned bandes, in the Court of Guard before White- ** hall, to comaund them to difband but they ftayed itill. " After the Kinge had beene in the Houfe, there was no more '* fpoke, but only to adjorne till the next day." — MS. State Paper Office. Captain Slinglby to Admiral Pennington, 6th January, 1641-2. To which mav be added an extraft from a letter, alfo in the National CoUeftion, written on the fame 6th of January by Under Secretary Bere, enclofing Kufliworth's report of the King's ipeech to the Admiral. On Monday lalt, the King's Attorney accufed 5 of the Lower Houfe & one of the Upper of High Treafon as you will fee by the Articles of accufation herew^''. ** In confequenceof w*^'* a Serg* of Armes was fent to demand " them, but y*^ Houfe taking time to confider of it, & having fent a meffage inftead of the delivery. His Ma''^ went the next day hiinlclfc in perfon to y* Commons Houfe to demand them, as you will fee by the inclofed fpecch. But it feemes (( it <( § xxr. Impreffion produced by the Outrage. T95 but not amid fdence. " Privi- lege ! Pri- vilege !" fhouted after him. Partes out through files of armed adherents. But he did not leave, as he had entered, in filence. Low mutterings of fierce difcontent broke out as he pafled along, and '' many *^ members cried out aloud, fo as he might '^ hear them. Privilege! Privilege!'' With thofe words, ominous of ill, ringing in his ear, he repafled to his palace through the lane, again formed, of his armed adherents, and amid audible fhouts of as evil augury from def- peradoes difappointed of their prey. Eagerly in that lobby had the word been waited for, which muft have been the prelude to a terrible fcene. Lady Carlifle alone had prevented it. § XXL Lmpression Produced by the Outrage. What briefly followed within the chamber Proceed- whofe moft facred rights had thus been ^^^^^^^ violated by Charles the Firft, is revealed after to us only by D'Ewes. ^^ As foon aspar"?re. ^* " he was gone, and the doors were fliut, " the Speaker aflced us if he ftiould make " report of his Majefty's fpeech. But Sir '' John Hotham faid we had all heard it, and speech of '' there needed no report of it to be made. Gotham. *' they had made themfelves out of the way, as they ftill alfoe Uncer- '* remaine, w"^** fome conceive is but don till the Houfe (hail tainty as ** refolve what to doe w*'' them. Others thinke that they are to flight of " aBually fled. What will be of it, time muft tell. In the members. ** meane time this bufinefs filled every one w^'* feares whaf ** might enfue thereon, and the Cittie remained all that night '* in armes, and are not yett very well affured, every one ** being pofleft with ftrange feares and imaginations." 2 196 Cries for adjourn- ment. Houfe rifes at 3.30 p.m. D'Evves defcribes the KIngV defign : to have raifed a confli6^ in the Houlc. Details ot the plot. Arreji of the Five Members, ^^ And others cried to adjourn till to-morrow ^^ at one of the clock in the afternoon ; upon ^' which in the ifliie we agreed. And fo, the " Speaker having adjourned the Houfe to ^' that hour, we rofe about half an hour after ^^ three of the clock in the afternoon :" little " imagining for the prefent — at leaft a greater *' part of us — the extreme danger we had '' efcaped through God's wonderful provi- " dence.'^t *' For the defign was," purfues Sir Simonds, writing at the clofe of his day's Journal, and before the entry of the morrow, '* to have *^ taken out of our Houfe by force and violence *' the faid five members, if we had refufed to '^ have delivered them up peaceably and wil- " lingly; which, for the prefervation of the ^' privileges of our Houfe, we muft ha^e re- '' fufed. And in the taking of them away, *' they were to have fet upon us all, if we had *' refifted, in an hoftile manner. It is very '' true that the plot was fo contrived as that Entry in * The day''s entry, as it ftill (lands in the Journals, well Journals exprefles, in its fudden and unfiniflied abrupt nefs, the agitation of the 4th and excitement in which the day muft have clofed. January, 1641-2. " Jan. 4. P.M. The King came into the Houfe of Commons and took Mr. Speaker's Chair. " Gentlemen I am forry to have this occafion to come unto you. « * * « ** Refolved upon the queftion that the Houfe fliall adjourn itfelf till to-morrow one of the clock." t HarU MSS, 162, f. 306 b. § XXI. Imprejfton produced by the Outrage. 197 " the King fhould have withdrawn out of the '^ Houfe, and pafled thorough the lobby or " little room next without it, before the maf- '^ facre fhould have begun, upon a watchword '^ by him to have been given upon his pafling '^thorough them. But 'tis mofl likely that Armed '^ thofe Ruffians, being about eighty in number, joes not '^who were gotten into the faid lobby, being ^°^^. , ^ , ^^ ^reftrained. ^^ armed all of them with fwords, and fome of *^ them with piflols ready charged, were fo " thirfly after innocent blood as they would ^^ fcarce have flayed the watchword, if thofe '^ members had been there ; but would have *^ begun their violence as foon as they^ad *^ underflood of our denial, to the hazard of The ** the perfons of the King and the Prince perfon in *^ Elector, as well as of us. For, one of them ^^"ger. *' underflanding, a little before the King came *^ out, that thofe five gentlemen were abfent, *^ ' Zounds ! ' faid he, ^ They are gone ! and *^ ' we are never the better for our coming !' '' And the deliverance," adds D'Ewes, in strange delive- this remarkable pafTage of his Journal, " will ranee. " appear to have been the more flrange, if we *' confider how the plot being revealed to one M. Langres, dwelling in the Covent Garden, after the King had taken his coach at White- hall, and was coming toward us, he got through the multitude of thofe fouldiers and King's ruffians, and coming to the Houfe acquainted ^^^|^' Mr. Nathaniel Fiennes with the King's refo- Fiennes (C cc (C (( (C (C ach m 198 With- drawal of the mem- bers. Oppofi- tion of Strode. Identity of Strode with the earlier Strode dif- puted. Reply to obje6\ions made : Original opinion ftrength- ened, not weakened. Ages of the princi- pal men of the Commons. Miftakes ofThomas May. Arrejl of the Five Members. ^^ lution. Whereupon Mr. Denzil Hollis, Sir *^ Arthur Hafelrig, Mr. Hampden, and Mr. ^^ Pym, who had notice alfo formerly given ^' them that there was fuch a defign, did " prefently withdraw: but Mr. William Strode, " the laft of the Five, being a young man and '' unmarried,* could not be perfuaded by his * I retain the opinion put forth in my Eflay on the Grand Remonftrance {Hijl. and Biog. EJfays^ i. 1-175) that this expreflion of D'Ewes, and the language ul'ed by Clarendon, are decifive againll the identity of the Strode of the parlia- ments of James and the early parliaments of Charles with the Strode of the Long Parliament. The grounds on which I formed and ftated that opinion have fmcc been contefted in a book of great ability, and full of valuable matter relative to the Commonwealth period {Studies and Illujhations of the GrAit Rebellion, by J. Langton Sandford, Efq.) ; but I mull be permitted to think that Mr. Sandford's argument, though ingenious and elaborate, is not fatisfa6lory. The gift of it lies in this remark : *' William Strode may very well have been ** under forty in 1642 j and this, in the eyes of * an ancient " * gentleman' fuch as D'Ewes, woulden title him to the name ** of ' a young man '" (p. 399). Unfortunately for the fenfe in which the argument is ufed, it tells with the greateft force in the oppofite direction. D'Ewes's own age was exactly thirty-nine (he was born in December 1602) } and it entitled him to the name of * an ancient gentleman.' No one ac- quainted with the focial ufages and chara6leriftics of that time would for a moment expefl: that a man of thirty-nine fhould be ftyled young. That is a modern ftyle altogether. But, even in our own polite days, a man of thirty-nine would not be likely to fmgle out as a young man a pcrfon of his own mature age. Befides, HoUis himfelf was only forty-four, Hampden was not more than forty-fix, Hafelrig was fome years younger, and from fuch a company to fele61 and fet apart for his youth a man of years fo nearly equal, would have been fheer abfurdity. Since my attention was firft drawn to this '* hilioric ** doubt,*' I have obferved that the hiftorian May aflerts the identity, faying of Strode that he had "before fuffered many " years of ftiarp and harfh imprifonment for matters done in par- " liament" (lib. 2, cap. 2, p. 21), but when he publifhed his Hijlory in 1 64.7 Strode had bctn Ibme years dead, and in perfonal queftions May is not always ftri611y accurate or careful. To give an inftance : his account (p. 27) of the Whitehall Guard is inaccurate both as to time and perfons. It is not much to § XXI. Imprejfion produced by the Outrage. 199 ^' friends for a pretty while to go out ; but " faid, that knowing himfelf to be innocent, he add to the other proofs, but it may be worth remark that the Contempt fame trivial and contemptuous mode of fpeaking of Strode, m of comparifon with the other members, is to be found in the Royalifts lampoons of the day. In the verfes fubjoined, he and Hafelrig for Strode, ftand in as marked contraft with the reft, even though all be fet apart for abufe, as in the page of Clarendon : ii My venom fwells,*' quoth Hollis, *' And that his Majefty knows." ** And I," quoth Hampden, " fetch the Scots " Whence all this mifchief grows." " I am an afTe," quoth Hafelrigge, " But yet I'm deep i* the plot j" *< And I," quoth Strode, " can lye as faft " As Mafter Pym can trott." *' But I," quoth Pym, *' your hackney am, " And all your drudgery do, ** I make good fpeeches for myfelf, ** And privileges for you — " So, in London's Farewell to the Parliament, the abufe of Varieties Hollis, Hampden, and Pym, is a good folid hate, and it is otKoyaim not till Strode's turn comes, that contempt feems to take the "anaer. place of it : Farewell Denzil Hollis, with hey, with hey j Farewell Denzil Hollis, with hoe j 'Twas his ambition or his need, Not his religion did the deed, With hey trolly, lolly, loe. Farewell John Hampden, with hey, with hey j Farewell John Hampden, with hoe j He's a fly and fubtle fox. Well read in Buchanan and Knox, With hey trolly, lolly, loe. Farewell John Pym, with hey, with hey j Farewell John Pym, with hoe j He would have had a place in Court, And he ventur'd all his partie for't, With hey trolly, lolly, loe. Farewell Billy Strode, with hey, with hey; Farewell Billy Strode, with hoe j I I I * 20O Will feal his inno- cency with his blood. Sir Walter Earle pulls him out by the cloak. The ac- culed warned at dinner hour by Eflex. Arrejl of the Five Members, ^^ would flay in the Houfe though he fealed " his innocency with his blood at the door. ^^ So as, being at laft overcome " (D'Ewes gets a little confufed in his fentences here) *^ by ^' the importunate advices and entreaties of his " friends, when the van, or fore-front, of thofe ^^ ruffians marched into Weftminfter Hall : *' nay, when no perfuafion could prevail with '' the faid Mr. Strode, Sir Walter Earle, his *^ entire friend, was faine to take him by cloak, *^ and pull him out of his place ; and fo got *^ him out of the Houfe. 'Tis very true, *' indeed, that the Lord Mandeville " (Kim- bolton continued to be more familiarly known by his old than by his new title) ^' and thefe '^ five gentlemen had notice not only yeflernight " of this intended defign, but were likewife " fent to, this day at dinner, by the Earl of " EfTex, Lord Chamberlain of his Majefly's '' houfehold, that the King intended to come " to the Houfe of Commons to feize upon ^^ them there, and that they fhould abfent ^^ themfelves: yet had they no dire6t afTurance '^ that the faid defign fhould certainly be put " in execution, till the faid M. Langres his *^ coming to the faid Houfe." * Such was the view taken, fuch the opinion He fwore all Wharton's lyes were true j And it concern'd him fo to do, For he was in the faw-pit too — With hey trolly, lolly, loe. * HarU MSB, 162, ff. 306 b. 307 a. t 1 \ XXI. ImpreJJion produced by the Outrage, 201 uttered, with no public objed or defign, but as a man communes with himfelf or his mofl intimate friend, of the proceedings of this eventful day, by a member of the Houfe who with his own eyes had witnefTed them, writing not many hours after the event ; and who gave further decifive proof of his fenfe of the danger which from that day awaited all men who might difcharge their duty fearleffly in the Houfe of Commons, by at once arranging his affairs, fetting his houfe in order, and executing his will. "Some," he remarked in a fubfequent debate, *'have faid it were well '^ for the Parliament men to fet their houfes in order, left they fhould fhortly lofe their heads. For my part, I confefs I have not that work now to do ; having ever fince the 4th day of January lafl pall, left my will with a third perfon in trufl," "' The Unim- paflloned charac- ter of D' Ewes' s teftimony. His fenfe of danger marked by execu- tion of his will : a C( cc ii 204 Worfe ftorms on land than at fea. Circum- ilances well known to Under Secretary His fears and fore- bodings. Arreft of the Five Members, '^ all this, you will fee the greate diftradions '^ that are here : foe that you may well fay '' wee have no lefs ftormes here than you have " att fea — / feare worfe and more full of ^^ danger,'' * That is not the lano-uapre of a man who regarded the King's ad as having fprung from a mere fudden unreafoning impulfe of anger, or who defired to underrate its gravity. The writer knew the circumftances too well. He had himfelf drawn up the warrant, which, but for a merciful accident interpofed, might have drenched London ftreets in the blood of the Citizens. He was perfedly aware of all the preparations made, of all the deliber- ation ufed ; and his prayer to God is, that they who had taken part therein (of whom he was one) might not find they had flattered themfelves with an imaginary flrength, in the City and elfewhere, which already was crumbling and falling away beneath them. § XXII. Lord Digby and Mr. Hyde. Not of the moderate or confcientious tem- * MS. State Paper Office. The Under Secretary- thus An invi- clofes his letter: ** I humbly thank you for y' kind invitation tation for " abord this Xmas, where I would willingly be, but that I Chriftmas ** "i^Y "^^ ^^^^ bee abfent : my bufinefle growing ftill more declined ** ^"" more: yett we have the addition of another fellow ** Secrete by name Mr. Oudart, who was Secret^ to S"" John ** Bofwell : fo y* y*^ labour is very eafy, but difpenfes not ** with abfence. ' § XXII. Lord Digby and Mr, Hyde, 205 per of the Under Secretary, however, were violent thofe who had advifed the King. It is a bare lefs coun- a6b of juftice to fay, of other and more adlive ^^^• participators in the Royal Councils at this time, that they did not fliow fear, remorfe, or apprehenfion of any kind. Lord Digby certainly does not feem to have fhrunk from the propofal to carry the King's daring attempt, be- Carrying gun that day, to its natural iflue. He was willing ^"^JI^P'^ ^^ to take the utmoft hazard upon himfelf, fays Hyde ; and would have redeemed his failure of promife in the matter of Lord Kimbolton by undertaking, with the congenial help of fuch gentlemen as Sir Thomas Lunsford, to feize the accufed members in the very houfe Digby's in the City where they had taken refuge, and either bring them away alive, or '^ leave them " dead in the place."* Elfewhere, too,"t" the fame writer tells us, that, as foon as the failure of the enterprife at the Houfe declared itfelf, Digby's great fpirit was fo far from failing, that when he faw the whole City upon the matter in arms to defend the Five Members, he, knowing in what houfe they were together, offered the King, with a feled number of a dozen gentlemen, who he prefumed would ftick to him, to feize To feize upon their perfons dead or alive. And with- Members out doubt, adds Clarendon naively, he would ^f.^^ alive. * HiJ}. ii. 130. -f- clarendon's ^/^/^ P^/>^rj. Supplement to third vol, Iv-lvi. :ll 2C6 Arreft of the Five Members, m MIfchlef let loofe by King's act. Rumours againft Briftoland Dlgby. /• Small com to It for the Admiral. Suffering on waters, fear on land. have done it, ^^ which muft Hkewife have had '^ a wonderful efFecfl." Such were the elements of difcord and violence let rudely loofe by the ad: of the King ; and to comprehend all that follows, to under- ftand even the alarms we have ktw exprefled by D*Ewes after the King's departure, and what we fhall obferve hereafter of their fudden, unexplained, and abrupt recurrence, the fadl of fuch mifchief being abroad, and fuch rumours or threats of defperate defigns under- lying men's ordinary difcourfe, muft ftill be kept carefully in mind. '^ Tlie publike voice " runs much,'* wrote Bere to Pennington, *^ againft Briftol and his fon, as great inftru- ^^ mentsof thefe mifunderftandinges.'* * With more elaboration, and with allufions that pointed to fecret intrigues not lefs than to frank and open outrage, Mr. Smith of the Admiralty wrote to the King's favourite fea- man. He began by telling his '' honoured ^* compeer," what grief he feels that his rela- tion of affairs cannot be fuch as might comfort the Admiral's languifliing fpirits, as in his lateft letter he had defcribed them, turmoiled and almoft tired in thofe tumultuous feas, '^ You fuffer on the waters, we feare on the '^ land." And he proceeded to explain the fources of the fear. " The defires and • MS. State Paper Office, January, 1 641-2. ^ XXII. Lord Digby and Mr, Hyde, 207 '' endeav*^* of men, efpecially of fuch as Rule, '^ are fo diverfe, that wee feeme to bee now " in this K.dom like to the pregnant wombe '' of Rebecca, which teemes of difcourfe and '' affedions, fome labouring to bringe forth '' the Honeft Jacob of order, tranquillitie, '^ and peace, others the Rough Efau of dif- " cord and ruine." Yet one advantage had already attended the attempt made on the Houfe of Commons. It was expeded that in future there would be lefs difagreement, and a more general co-operation for the public good, than before was noted therein. *' Wee '' are not,'' continued Mr. Smith, ^^ altogether ^^ out of hope of a Good Period in regarde ^^ thofe y^ rule in Parlem^ are both honeft and «^ able men. If diftradlions and confufions *' come, 'twill be from fome fadious firebrands ^^ that trouble the Court, abufe his Ma^'% and *^ feeke to fifti in troubled waters ; and, through '^ feare of being rewarded according to theire '' merit, do labor to bring all things to ruine " with themfelves. But the Good God will '^ not fuffer them long thus to divide betwixt '' O' good King and his People, whom they '^ traduce w^^' falfe report of Rebellion, where- '^ as indeede they are the greateft and only " Rebells I know in England, and go about '' y^' K.dom raifing tumullts and falfe reports " to putt the land into an uproar if they can, '' and fcandalize the hon^^^ and juft Proceed- Jacob and Efau. i\ Two par- ties out of Houfe : but the leaders honeft : and only one party now in Houfe. Sole rebels in Eng- land. I :o8 Arreft of the Five Members, '' ings of the Parlem^ w^'' lying and unjuft Open and fecret ene mies. Caufe for this di- greflion. Hyde the king's private adviler: Supph'es fecret pa- pers and informa- tion. imputations This difcreet and temperate man, writing thus a few days after the King's attempt, found not more mifery occafioned by firebrands fuch as Digby, than by thofe more fecret agents of confufion who went about creating jealoufies and diflikes againft the Parliament, of whom it will not be unjuft, upon his own account of his own proceedings at the time, to feled Hyde as by far the moft prominent example. And to underftand the pofition he had in that refped taken up is necefTary, in his inftance not lefs than in that of Digby, to a proper comprehenfion of the fequel of thefe extraordinary fcenes. Hyde acknowledges,! that, feveral weeks earlier than the attempted arreft, he had become fecretly the King's private counfellor, and had in confequence withdrawn from fo frequently or publickly as before taking part in the proceedings of the Houfe. So early as during the Remonftrance Debates, indeed, he was, as in a former work has been ftiown,J fupplying the King with refolutions and papers of the Houfe in their firft rough draft ; and, in many paffages of the Memoir written by himfelf, his modus operandi is defcribed in . * V^-^f^D ^''•^''■^^''- Thos. Smith (from York Houfe) to Admiral Pennington : January, 164.1-2. t Life, i. 98-100. X See my HiJ}. and Biog. Efays, i. 142, &c. § XXII. Lord Digby and Mr. Hyde, %0^ detail, entirely without difguife, and even with a chuckling felf-fatiffadlion.* He feems to take an odd kind of pride, in avowing openly Playing 1 1 • 1 TT r J • double and the double part he played m the Houle and in faife. the back fcenes of the Court ; while he was unfcrupuloufly ufing his opportunities of ob- taining knowledge of the fecrets of the popular leaders, for no other purpofe than to betray Betrays them to the King. Several curious uncon- ^^^^^5°^" fcious illuftrations of the fame double-dealing the King, are recorded alfo in the Journal of D'Ewes. When, ftiortly after thefe events. Lord ♦ For example {Life^ i. 102-3): " And fo they (Vifcount Private ** Falkland, Sir John Colepepper, and Mr. Hyde) met every meetings ** night late together, & communicated their observations & in Hyde's << intelligence of the day j & fo agreed what was to be done lodgings. ** or attempted the next j there being very many perfons of ** condition & intereft in the Houfe who would follow their ** advice, & aflift in anything they defired . . . And after ** their deliberation together, what was to be put in writing " was always committed to Mr. Hyde ; and when the King " had left the town, he writ as freely to the King as either " of the others did .... and now when the governing ** party had difcovered the place of the nightly meetings, " that a Secretary of State and a Chancellor of the Exchequer " every day went to the lodging of a private perfon, who " ought to attend them, they believed it a condefcenfion that *' had fome other foundation than mere civility." And in another remarkable paflTage he fays (i. J30-133) : " They had Sufplcions ** long detefted and fufpe^ed Mr. Hyde, from the time of againft " their firft Remonftrance, for framing the King's meflages hiro* *' and anfwers, which they now every day received, to their *' intolerable vexation : yet knew not how to accufe him. " But now that the Earls of Eflex and Holland had dif- '* covered his being fhut up with the King at Greenwich, and Hyde fhut *' the Marquis of Hamilton had once before found him very up with " early in private with the King at Windfor, at a time when Charles, ** the King thought all paflages had been ftopped ; together " with his being of late more abfent from the Houfe than he ** had ufed to be j and the refort of the other two every night " to his lodging, as is mentioned before j fatilHed them that ** he was the perfon.'* 2 lO Complaint of the King againft Pym. Pym's rejoinder. Meffages fent be tore voted. The Houfe warned againft treachery. Letter to Pym, Jrreji of the Five Members. Compton, the member for Warwickfhire, and Sir Edward Baynton, who fat for Chippenham, had been fent with a meflage from the Houfe to the King, replying to a complaint againft one of Pym's fpeeches, they reported on their return that they had duly delivered the meffage, and that the King gave them for an anfwer that he was altogether unfatiffied that Mr. Pym had any ground for the bold afler- tion he had made. Whereupon Mr. Pym ftood up and faid he conceived there needed no further declaration to fatiffy his Majefty ; and Sir Edward Baynton called the attention of the Houfe to the fad, that fuch reply from his Majefty was not given upon the fudden, for that, as they gathered from fome expreflions of the King, '' he had feen the faid meflage " before they gave it him.'* * In like manner alfo, when, fome week or two earlier, the famous ftruggle with the Kingupon the Newmarket De- claration had been in progrefs, D'Ewes relatesf that *'Mr. Pym delivered in a letter diredled to him, fuperfcribed ' John Pym, Efq. at ' his Lodgings in Weftminfter,' which had been found by Simon Richardfon and John *f Walker, two watchmen of Weftminfter, in '' the Palace Yard. It had no name to it : '' but the writer faid in y^' beginning of it that not knowing how to venture fafely, he cc cc cc cc • HarL MSS, 163, f. 438 b. f Ibid 163, f. 246 a. ^ XXII. Lord Digby and Mr, Hyde. 21 1 '' had fent him this letter, and caufed it to be *^ dropped in the ftreet, having done fo with " two formerly : notwithftanding his danger if *' he ftiould be difcovered, yet he had adven- " tured out of love to his country to give him ^^ timely warning. That nothing was done in '^ the Eouje, but fome able members a?nongJl us ^^fent ity as well as all mejfages intended for '' himy to his Majefty before they came from us^ ** and fent him alfo heads ready framed for his ^^ anfwer s. That the King was refolved to '' ufe force, and that we ftiould find the Navy " of England turned againft us. That he ^^ had heard the King fay he had the nobility, " gentry, and divers honeft men of his fide. " That the Parliament had irritated the mili- " tary men and denied them employment in '^ Ireland, and fo prepared fwords for their " own throats." The contents of the letter it is not necefl^ary further to dwell upon, but circumftances gave to them afterwards much weight ; and that Hyde was diftinctly aimed at, every one ap- pears to have taken for granted. Means were adopted immediately after to put fome check to his opportunities of treachery ; but the fad of fuch fecret enemies exifting within the Houfe, more dangerous than its open aflailants, and fufpedted ftrongly while yet the truth was not perfedly eftabliflied, ftiould avail againft any hafty or harfli judgment of the precaution- p 2 Able members informed againft. King's prepara- tions. Parlia- ment in danger. Charge aimed at Hyde. 212 Arreft of the Five Members. ^ XXII. Lord Dighy and Mr, Hyde, 213 ' 1i Self-de- fence againft treachery. Hyde ac- cufed of advifing arreft : fuggeftion of his friends not to defend it. Alleged fpeech upon im- peach- ment. Grofs mif- reprefen- ary and repreflive meafures which It forced in (heer felf-defence upon the leaders. That fufpicion fhould have lighted upon Hyde, moreover, as foon as the King's attempt v^as made, will hardly feem furprifing after the fecret hiftory that D'Ewes difclofes. This fufpicion he frankly confefTes himfelf. He tells us* that fome friends of his who loved him very well, had warned him that he was pointed at as one of the contrivers of the arreft, all the more certainly becaufe of his known friendfhip with Digby ; and they had advifed him fo to carry himfelf, in the debates which fhould arife upon it, that it might evi- dently appear that he did not approve of it, or was privy to it. Notwithftanding which good advice, he adds in another place, he did fpeak on a particular occafion in a fenfe adverfe to the claim of parliamentary privilege in matters of treafon, though amid noife and clamour, and with wonderful evidence of diflike.f He even profeffes to give an abftradl of what he faid; and would appear to havefaidfo ill, that, but for the purpofe of fhowing how poor was the ftrongeft cafe that fuch an advocate could put againft the overwhelming argument on the other fide, it would not be necefl^ary to give an abftrad of it here. It is only by a perfiftent mifreprefentation that he makes out any cafe at all ; for it cannot be too often repeated that Hj/?. ii. 136. \ Hijl. ii. 138, 139. never, from the firft of thefe proceedings to the laft, was it affumed on the fide of the accufed members that privilege of Parliament could or ought to run in a cafe of felony or treafon. On the occafion now pretended (for no circumftance of identification is conneded with the fpeech, and no clue given to when it was fpoken, beyond the general ftatement that it was upon certain votes being propofed ^' at the '' Committee'* to be fubmitted at the re- afiembling at Weftminfter), Hyde took upon himfelf to warn the Houfe to take heed that they did not, out of tendernefs of their privi- lege, which was and muft be very precious to every man, extend it further than the law would fuffer it to be extended ; that the Houfe had always been very fevere upon the breach of any of their privileges, and in the vindi- cating thofe members who were injured ; but that the difpofing men to make themfelves judges, and to refcue themfelves or others, might be of evil confequence, and produce ill efFecfls : at leaft if it fliould fall out to be, that the perfons were arrefted for treafon, or felony, or breach of the peace ; in either of which cafes, there would be no privilege of Parlia- ment.* All which was as well known to Mr. Pym and Mr. Hampden as to Mr. Hyde, nor was the remoteft pretence to afl'ert or * Hiji.n, 138-9. tation therein. Pretended occafion for fpeech. Argument of fpeech : no privi- lege for felony or treafon : undif- puted by Pym and Hampden. 214 Imputa- tion againft leaders of the Com- mons, No proof exifting that the fpeech was fpoken. Hyde not in the Houfe : Arrejl of the Five Members. juftify the contrary ever fet up by either. They muft have fcouted fuch arguments, if employed at all ; and the real truth I believe to be, that fuch a fpeech was never fpoken. Of courfe it tells extremely well in the Hlftory of the Rebellion, that Mr. Hyde, amid noife and clamour, and with wonderful evidence of diflike, fhould have taken a line of reafoningfo manifeftly juft, that if we believe him to have ufed it, and that fuch was the reception given to it, we muft attribute to the leaders on the other fide, to whom he profefTes to have been replying, a tone and argument as manifeftly ?^;/juft. It will hereafter be feen more plainly how falfe fuch an inference would be. Suffice it for the prefent to point out that no trace of any fuch remarks by Hyde, or of his participation in one of the de- bates arifing out of thefe tranfadions, is difcoverable in any ftiape or form. From the expreffions ufed it might be affumed, that he was fpeaking on the Refolution of the Houfe that any one attempting to give efFed to the confefted illegality of the Impeachment, by arrefting the Members whom it accufed, and whom the King, in a fubfequent as illegal pro- clamation, had outlawed, would be guilty of a breach of privilege. But he was certainly not prefent when that refolution was moved. He feems to wifli us to infer, that the fpeech might have been delivered on one of the days when § XXII. Lord Bighy and Mr. Hyde. 215 ,1 the Grocers' Hall Com.mittee were preparing refolutions to be pafled on the Houfe re- aflembling.* But D'Ewes has carefully reported each day's proceeding of that Committee, with- out the remoteft reference to Hyde. It was eafy, in ftiort, with no record of the debates exifting to confront him, to take the credit of having fo fpoken, and to fling upon the popular leaders the difcredit of having forced him fo to fpeak. D'Ewes now enables us to ftate, however, with an almoft abfolute certainty, that not even on one occafion did this adive member of the Houfe, this inceffant and untiring orator againft the Remonftrance, fpeak for or againft the proceedings of the 3rd and 4th of January.f His name nowhere ap- pears as having been even prefent. Culpeper and Falkland, Sir Ralph Hopton and Mr. Herbert Price, noted partizans of the King, are in the lift of the Committee appointed to • It is a very fignificant circumftance, with reference to the doubt thus fuggefted, that in his text as undoubtedly left by himfclf (in a lair copy made by his fecretary) for publication, the introdu6^ion to the mention of this fpeech is fimply : <* And thefe votes the Houfe confirmed, when they were " reported : though in the debate it was told them, &c." It is onlv from the notes and additions found by comparifon with one' of his additional illuftrative papers (lettered B), that the words to be now quoted in Italics are fupplied by the edition of 1826: "And thefe votes the Houfe confirmed, when " they were reported: njuhich caufed fome debate , and Mr. " Hyde {not'-withflandtng the good advice that had been gi'ven *' to him) told them,^^ Sec. &c. ii. 139. t When upon a former occafion Hyde's abfence was re- marked, his friend Falkland had to fuggeft an excufe for it (Clarendon's State Papers, ii. 141, where the letter, manifeftly belonging to March 1640-41 is placed under 1642): fo cun- ftant and pun6lual were his ordinary attendances. nor at Guildhall or Grocers' Hall. No evi- dence that Hyde took part in debates on arreft. Incon- fiftency in Hyde's MS. ai6 Arreft of the Five Members, meet in the City ; but not Hyde. Many not on the lift of the Committee, to which all who came had voices, are yet carefully recorded as taking part in the debates. But no where do we Reafons find Hyde's name. He feems to have been ingtim-^ fo imprefTed by that advice of the friends ^el^* who loved him, to be careful not to fhow any approval of the King's attempt, as for the time to abfent himfelf from the Houfe altogether. Prudent advice it unqueftionably was, and given doubtlefs by men who not only knew the need for it in the particular cafe, but, friendly to the King as they were, faw the real ifliie which his failure had made inevitable, and His help which Hyde could now better help by other lSil\t^' methods than that of public fpeaking in par- where. Hamcnt. It fhifted the ftruggle to other fcenes than thofe it had heretofore occupied. Mr. Hallam is no friendly critic of the popular leaders at this crifis, but he finds himfelf com- pelled to admit that the fingle falfe ftep which Appeal to rendered the King's affairs irretrievable by any- force. thing fhort of civil war, and placed all recon- ciliation at an infuperable diftance, was the attempt to feize the five members within the walls of the Houfe.* Plainly, it was an Hallam's view of impeach- ment. * Conjl. Hift. ii. 126 (ed. 1855). " An evident violation,'' Mr. Hallam adds, ''not of common privilege, but of all " fecurity for the independent exiftence of parliament, in the *' mode of its execution." The paflTage of his Monarchy or no Monarchy (ed. 1651), in which William Lilly expreflly records his opinion that the aft of the 4th January 1641-2 coft Charles the Firft his crown, is well worth fubjoining for § XXII. Lord Digby and Mr, Hyde. appeal to force. Both parties felt it, and both inftinc5lively turned in the diredion where alone, the curious fafts it contains, and for its incidental corroboration of much that has been adverted to in my text. After remarkmg that the refult proved that the King had really no evidence againft the acculed members but his own thoughts, as he hini- felf confefled, he proceeds: "And furely, had it been in his ** power to have got their bodies, he would have ferved thefe '* members as he did Sir John Eliot, whom without caufe he '* had committed to the Tower, and never would either ** releafe him, or fhow caufe of his commitment, till his death. " This ra(h aftlon of the King's loft him his crown. For, as *' he was the firft of kings that ever, or fo imprudently, brake *' the privileges by his entrance into the Houfe of Commons *' aflembled in parliament, fo, by that unparalleled demand of *< his, he utterly loft himfelf, and left fcarce any pofTiblllty ot " reconcilement ; he not being willing to truft them, nor they *' to tmft him, who had fo often failed them. It was my *' fortune that day to dine in Whitehall, and In that room " where the Halberts, newly brought from the Tower, were *' lodged for theufe of fuch as attended the King to the Houfe «* of Commons. Sir Peter Wich, ere we had fully dined, «* came into the room I was in, and brake open the chefts " wherein the arms were, which frighted us all that were ** there. However, one of our company got out ot doors, and *< prefently informed fome members that the King was pre- " paring to come in to the Houfe : elfe I believe all thofe *' members, or fome of them, would have been taken in the *' Houfe. All that / could do farther was prefently to be " gone. But it happened alfo the fame day that fome of ** my neighbours were at the Court of Guard at Whitehall, ** unto whom I related the King's prefent defign, and con- *' jured them to defend the Parliament and members thereof, " in whole well or III doing confifted our happlnefs or mif- " fortune. They promifed affiftance, if need were j and I " believe, would have ftoutly ftood to it for defence of the " Parliament or members thereof. The King loft his reputa- " tion exceedingly by this his improvident and unadvifed «* demand : yet, notwithftanding his failure of fuccefs in the " attempt, fo wilful and obftinate was he, in purfuance of that " prepoftcrous courfe he intended, and fo defirous to compafs *' the bodies of thofe five members, that the next day he pofted •* and trotted into the City to demand the members there : he " convened a meeting at the Guildhall, and the Common " Council affembled : but mum could he get there j for the "word, London Derry, was then frefh in every mans " mouth." Some years before, againft the advice even ot Strafford himfelf, the City of London had been dragged 217 William Lilly as to arreft of members. Coft the King his crown. All confi- dence at an end. A dinner party on day of arreft. Belief as to outrage intended. King's obftinacy. ■I , ■I I P ^ 1 8 Arrefi of the Five Members, for either, now lay ftrength and fafety. Every- imprefllon thing depended hereafter on the impreffion to be to be made j i on the made upon the people, and on the refponfe it people. might be pofTible to obtain from the great rnafs of the inhabitants of London. § XXIII. Sir Simonds D'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal. Further BuT before refuming the courfe of mv paiile in • i i • , » , narrative narrative, already interrupted by the neceflity required, ^f jnterpofing the foregoing fedion, it feems defirable to make further paufe for introduc- tion of other matter alfo of a perfonal kind, from which not merely the general fubjecfl, but the particular fcenes in which its ftriking intereft confifts, will receive efTential illuftration. What is foon to pafs in debate within the Houfe, or at Guildhall or Grocers' Hall in the City, during thofe days of excitement following the attempted arreft which wait to be defcribed, will have for its principal autho- )lTT ^^^>' ^^^ Journal of D*Ewes ; and while that Diary of Hch and curious manufcript lies open before D'Ewes: ^^^ j pj-Qpofe, bcforc pafling to thofe later fcenes, to draw from it fome inftances and examples in proof of its claim to be received as an authentic record, by which the pecu- into the Star Chamber, and, on the falfe pretence of fome invalidity of a grant by James the Firft, mulcted not only of their plantation of Derry, but in a heavy fine as well. § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker LenthaL 219 liarities both of D'Ewes and Lenthal will be charafteriftically difplayed, and amufing as well illuftra- as valuable information afforded as to the ^'^^^^^ forms, the ufages, the difcipline, and the from it. management of the Houfe of Commons,* in thefe memorable days of its hiftory. Let me, then, firft imprefs upon the reader (it cannot be done too often or too ftrongly) that Sir Simonds D'Ewes is really, in regard to all the matters under difcuflion in thefe pages, fo far a moft reliable witnefs, that his DjEwes a fympathies were never decidedly, or at all witnefs. adively, with the members accufed or any of their more intimate friends. Within certain limits, his ftrong Puritan opinions, and the deference really felt for, and paid to, his know- ledge of precedents and conftitutional forms, caufed him to ad: fteadily with them ; but the Not a .11 1 thorough- more attention he received, the more he was g^jng difpofed to claim, until, taking literally a half F^^^y jefting remark made by Sir William Lytton \ that really the Houfe could not poiTibly fpare him, he put himfelf forward fo inceflantly on every queftion, embarraffed fo many by his pedantic exaggeration of trifling rules and * For others I may be allowed to refer the reader (all repetitions here of matter formerly publifhed being carefully avoided) to the notes to the EfTay on the Debates of the Grand Remonrtrance in Hijl. and Biog. EJfaySy i. i-i7S- f He had been of material lervice to the member for Hertfordfliire in expofing the forged fignatures to a royalift petition from that county. See my Hijh and Biog. EfajSf i. 89. 220 Arreji of the Five Members, forms, and fpared the Houfe itfelf fo little, that even his extraordinary learning loft its Differ- relifh, and he fell into fad perfonal differences the leaders. "^^^^ ^^^ leaders, even while in hearty agreement with their general policy and aims. Hampden became too '^ ferpentine" and ^^fubtle'' for him. Denzil Hollis was too " proud " and *^ ambitious." Strode was too much of a *' firebrand" and '^notable profaner of the Scriptures," and had "too hot a tongue.'' Epithets Glyn alfo was a *' fwearing profane fellow." thi^popJ-^ Hafelrig was too '' violent." Harry Marten was ]ar chiefs, a " fiery heathen," and had a too " fcurrilous " and windy wit." With a fneer, in like manner, he qualifies an attack upon the impetuofity of Nathaniel Fiennes, " though he hath amongft ** his other good parts an able voice." And if he does not ufe the fame tone or apply fimilar epithets to Pym (all now quoted were tlferaln^of ^PP'^^^ within a very few weeks of the in- Pym. cidents in this narrative, for, at a later time, he ufed even lefs fcrupulous fpeech), it is becaufe that great popular leader, with a profound knowledge of the ftrength of his Pym more party, had alfo a wife deference for the weak- him.^" " nefles and vanity of individual members of it, and was always ready with the conceflion that fubftantially yielded nothing, while it foftened anger, quieted fears, and was foothing to felf-efteem. To take one inftance out of many* which will ^ § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal, 0.71 to alfo fhow the perfonal pofition in which D*Ewes generally ftood to the party with whom com- monly he adled, I give his account of an inci- dent, full of charadler, which arofe out of the difcuflion of one of the anfwers to a meflage Difcuflion of the King in the courfe of the prefent dif- "nrw^rs ferences. Pym had drawn up the anfwer, and a royal fome exprefiions in it were ftrongly ob- ^ ' jec5led to by Mr. John Vaughan, the Royalift member for Cardigan, when fuddenly it oc- curred to D'Ewes that there might be fome- thing in the objedlion fo taken. ^^ Mr. Pym read the Anfwer, or Declara- *' tion, to his Majefty's meflage. Divers *^ called to have it put to the queftion, but *^ Mr. Vaughan ftood up and defired us to " confider well two things in it : i. the King's ^^ raifing of men to be to the terror of his *^ people ; ii. where we faid we would not ^^ obey his Commiflloners. Mr. Pym anf- *^ wered him fomewhat fuperficially" (D'Ewes means, in the literal fenfe of the word, that Pym fpoke curforily or flightingly), " and yet *^ divers called to put the Declaration to the *^ queftion : which made me, juft as the *^ Speaker was ftanding up to put the quef- ** tion, to fay " — urging thereon more ftrongly Mr. Vaughan*s objedion. " As I was pro- ^^ ceeding," he refumes, " fome indifcreet *^ and violent fpirits interrupted me, and isaflkiled " called — to the Queftion ! Whom the fpirits. Objection taken by Royalift members. D'Ewes fupports obje6lion. i I I 222 Perfifts in fpite of them. Receives encour- agement. Pym's " difcre- tion and n:odefty : " adopts the amend- ment. Mr. Strode lefs civil : Arrefi of the Five Members. ^^ Speaker having fir ft reproved, I went on." The worthy Baronet very decidedly exprefled himfelf, in fhort, in favour of moderate and conciliatory fpeech. '^ It concerned us much " to weigh all our exprefTions, and not leave *^ the kingdom without all hope or poflibility '^ of an accomodation between his Majefty and *^ us, left fo we precipitate things into fpeedy " confufion. After I had done Mr. Peard " flood up, and did with great vehemency *^ reprove thofe indifcreet and foolifh members *^ who had interrupted me firft : fhowing *^ breach of privilege, &c. When I fat down, *' many difcreet and fober members called on *^ me ftill to fpeak and go on. And Mr. Pym *' alfo, who had made report of the faid Decla- " ration, did with much difcretion and modefty " approve what I had fpoken, and coming ^' himfelf to the Clerk's table, did amend the " faid Declaration according to the advice I " had given." (It involved httle beyond the change of a few letters.) ^^ Which being read '^ was approved of, and thofe indifcreet fpirits " that interrupted me had not a word to fay *' againft it."* On the other hand obferve the conduct of that " firebrand '' Mr. Strode, on a precifely fimilar occafion, when what is called the Newmarket Declaration was under difcuflion. " Divers," fays D*Ewes, " fpake after me ; * HarL MSS, 163, f. 467 b. Another fimilar inftance § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker LenthaL 223 '' and Mr. William Strode, having fpoken ^pe^ks *^ twice before, ftood up and fpake the third '' time, and related the fame matter in fub- " ftance ; which made me ftand up and * ^ fpeak to the order of the houfe and inter- *^ rupt him, &c. He fat down, and divers and gets '' laughed, and fome fpake after him."* ^^"^^^^hed Generally it is to be remarked, upon all thefe fcenes, much to the credit of the Houfe, that Good the moderation and temper of D'Ewes, when ^^e Houfe. difcreetly put forward, feems hardly ever to have failed of its efFed. When the Declaration was under difcuffion, in which, upon intelligence received of the fchemes fet on foot for raifing money abroad, fome very plain truths were addrefled to the King, he interfered, almoft Modera- as zealoufly as Sir Ralph Hopton, and much d^-ewcs. more fuccefffully, to obtain abatement of fome of its terms. He had left the Houfe between four and five o'clock that afternoon, f while the debate was in progrefs, and on his return between five and fix he found Sir Ralph with- drawn into the committee chamber, and the will be found of a moderating expreflion moved by Pym and feconded by D'Ewes, Ibid 163, f. 518 b. * HarL MSS. 163, f. 431 a. t In a chara6leriltic entry of earlier date, D'Ewes lets us into the fccret of thefe retreats from the Houl'e during the afternoon hours of a long debate. *'I returned into the *' Houfe," he fays, "between 5 and 6 o'clock, at night, and " it was my good fortune that I withdrew fo feafonably With- " between 2 and 3 as I did, having by that means freedom drawing " for fome hours, and convenience of fupping in time, and on tor ** my return I heard almoft the whole matter debated over fupper. " again." Harl. MSS. 162, f. 354 b. 224 Propofed cenlure of Sir Ralph Hopton. Pope foliciting help againft Knglifh Parlia- ment. King accufed of Popifh deligns. Too many grounds for I'uch imputa- tion. En^rlifli politics at Kome. Letter to Hyde from brother- in-law. Arrefi of the Five Members. Houfe in fliarp debate what cenfure to lay upon him. ^' The words he had fpoken were " occafioned on the reading of that part of " the Declaration which fhowed that the Pope's *^ Nuncio had folicited the Kings of France '^ and Spain to fend each of them 4000/. to " his Majefty againft the Parliament, and that ^^ we did believe his Majefty could not give '^ ear to fuch counfels unlefs he meant to *^ change his religion. Upon which the faid '^ Sir Ralph Hopton ftood up and fpake ^' very vehemently againft the faid article, *' faying, amongft other particulars, that we " did thereby charge the King with apoftacy.* • Clarendon refers to this incident, and fays that Hopton charged the Houfe with accufing the King of deligns favourable to Popery on evidence that would not hang aconftable. But, to fay nothing of the letters found after Nafeby, all that has fmce been difcovered of the fecret purpofes and defperate expedients reforted to by Charles the Firft, tends dire611y to fhow how thoroughly well informed, though unable always to give up their informants, the leaders of the Houfe of Commons were. As to Charles's undoubted negotiations for the pro- curing foreign help againft the Parliament on condition of fpecial ccfTions to the Roman Catholic faith, fee my EJfaySy i. 75-6. Let me add that there is a very curious letter in the Clarendon State Papers (ii. 141-2) which may be quoted, not only in aid of what has been faid (ante, 32 and 49) of the fufpicion of Secretary Windebank's illegal praflices in favour of the Roman Catholic religion, but in proof of the intereft with which Englifh politics were now regarded in Rome, and of the prudent and fomewhat ominous refervc which, precifely at the very date of the incident delcribed in my text, had fallen fuddenly on the Pope's nephew and one of the leading Cardinals, otherwife accuftomed, as it would feem, largely to indulge in garrulity about England. Writing, to his brother-in-law Hyde, from Rome at the ciofe of March 1642, Mr. Aylclbury lays : " The laft week, we came from Naples j " where we met with an Englifli Francifcan Friar, called *' Father Morton j who ufed us exceeding civilly, and has a § XXIII. jyEwes and Speaker LenthaL 225 cc *' After which, though he explained himfelf, Hopton's '^ and acknowledged his fault to proceed from °^^"^^* ' his miftake, yet the Houfe would not reft fatisfied, but caufed him to withdraw.*'* When D'Ewes entered, Sir Henry Herbert, the member for Bewdley, was fpeaking in miti- gation of his offence (againft a propofition for difabling him which the member for Hisexpul- Bletchingly, Sir John Evelyn, had ftarted), and ^'^^owtd. in favour of the more moderate fuggeftion that he lliould be permitted to purge his fault by a few days lodgment in the Tower. Such cen- *' great mind to go into England to accufe Seer'' Windebank " of greater matters than the parliament ever laid to his <* charge. I affure you the difcourfe he makes of him is " very good fport j and in thefe fad times I could wifh you *' had him amongft you to make you merry. At Rome there " are graver gentlemen ; but I ur-lerftand nothing of them " but their civility, which is as much as can be imagined. ** Indeed, from the higheft to the bweft, they are all fo. The " other day we were with the Cardinal Francefco Barberino " the Pope's nephew, and had a long audience of him, but " not a word of England, though I fought all I could to put him into that difcourfe of which he is very well informed and at other times liberal enough. For, Sir Walter Pye having been with him fome days before, all his difcourfe was to perfuade him that the troubles of England and Ireland have never been fomented by any of the Pope's •• minifters : and that they all wiflied the flouriftiing eftate of ** our country. Befides, he made particular mention to him " of Mr. Pym, Mr. Hampden, Mr. Hollis,and fome others." What fort of " particular mention " Pym and Hampden are likely to have attrafted to themfelves in the halls and council chambers of the Vatican, it would not be difficult to imagine j and he muft have been a very clever Cardinal indeed if he managed to imprefs any Englifti traveller with the belief that he, one of the higheft dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church, took an impartial intereft in the welfare of thofe famous members of the Englifti Commons. The reference, however, is at leaft remarkable. * HarL MSS. 163, f. 410 3.-414 b. II (( (( t< <( (< The Pope's nephew: fays he has not fomented Englifti troubles. His ** inte- reft '' in Pym and Hampden. 226 D*Ewes's fpeech in mitiga- tion. Inter- rupted by the hot fpirlts. Appeals to order. His fiig- geftion adopted by Houfe. Arrejl of the Five Members, fures being very much matter of precedent, Sir Simonds at once plunged into the debate, and claimed hearing from the Speaker. But Sir John Evelyn was fo loudly called for, that D'Ewes was f^iin, after beginning his fpeech, to give way. " After Sir John fat down," he proceeds, '' I flood up to continue my former "' fpeech where I left ofF; but fome violent «^ fpirits, whom otherwife I cfteemed very " honcft men, fearing that by my fpeaking I ^^ might prevent the putting of the queftion '' for difabling Sir Ralph, which I did, would *^ fain have interrupted me, crying out He hath " fpoken ! he hath fpoken ! But they, being '* foon afhamed of the breach of the order of *' the Houfe and their own violence, became ^' filent and I proceeded, fhowing that indeed '^ my very worthy friend on the other fide " (and here I pointed to Sir John Evelyn) " did break the order of the Houfe in inter- /^ rupting me after I had begun.'* The refult of Sir Simonds's interference was the more moderate courfe of fending Hopton to the Tower ; and when Sir Walter Earle, upon this, moved that Sir Ralph ftiould not be enlarged but in a full Houfe, D^Ewes fenfibly pointed out what injuftice this vague exprefiion might involve, and induced the majority to confent to receive the petition for releafe on any day when tendered, provided always it was between the hours of two and § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal. four o'clock. He then goes on to fay, that, the original debate on the Declaration having been refumed, he objedled himfelf to expref- fions in it, ^^ condemning them almoft as '^ much as Sir R. Hopton had done, but with *^ better fuccefs, for amendment enfued on my *^ motion." Still he was not fatiffied ; and when, on the following day, it was finifhed and pafled upon the queftion, he adds : ^^ many par- " ticulars continuing in it, full of irritating and ^^ rigid expreflions to his Majefty concerning '^ his own words and adlions, which I utterly ^^ mifliked : for we might have declared the '^ whole and naked truth as well in reverential *^ and humble words, as in fo high and afperous '' terms."* Upon another occafion, however, he found himfelf lefs decidedly in fympathy with that ardent royalift, " Hopton of the Weft," and 227 Makes fimilar objeflion to Hop- ton's : with better fuccefs. D'Evves's love of moderate fpeech. Another cafe for cenfure. marJ • Harl, MSS. 163, f. 414 b. On that fame day fo re- arkable an entry appears aifo in D'Ewes's Journal, carrying with it fuch marks of generous confideration on the part of the Houfe to the memory of a great opponent, that the reader will thank me for fubjoining it. *« Upon Mr. Denzil Hollis's *' motion it was ordered that the young Earl Strafford, being *' fome fifteen years old, being nephew to the faid Mr. Hollis, " being his filler's fon, and whom the King by letters patent " created Earl Strafford fmce the attainder of his father, (hould " continue his troop in Ireland and receive his pay thereof, " though he were not there prefent : the faid Mr. Hollis under- *' taking to fee his abfence properly fupplied." It is curious that the order which rendered this Ipecial application neceffary, was one introduced under the government of the young man's father, the great Earl j who refilled nothing more (trongly in Ireland than the abufe of abfenteelfm and non-refidence in every pofTible form^ whether it were in the captains of regiments or the proprietors of eftates. Q 2 Remark- "able entry in Journal. Generofity of Houfe to Straf- ford's fon. 228 Sir Ed- ward Dering's publifhed fpeeches. D'Ewes's indigna- tion thereat. Would have Deringex pelled. Denoun- ces his vain-glori ous pre- face. Arrejl of the Five Members. by no means difpofed to mitigate punifhment to an offending member. This was when Sir Edward Bering, in lefs than a month after the arreft of the members, had printed his fpeeches againft the Grand Remonftrance, with a preface fo ill-judged and indifcreet, remarking upon members of the Houfe and otherwife fcandal- izing its orders of debate, that opportunity was taken to vote his expulfion. The propofal found an ardent fupporter in D'Ewes. He had no mercy for any one who departed from precedent, violated old ufage, or committed breaches of parliamentary decorum ; and, enter- ing the Houfe juft as the debate began, and finding attempts made to evade the motion by no fharper cenfure than the Tower, he tells us that he loft all patience. *^ After I had heard divers fpeak," he fays, *^ and faw a great part of the Houfe begin to " incline to inflidl no other punifhment on • '' him than fending him to the Tower, I was '^ very much troubled at it; efpecially when /^ Sir R. Hopton faid that we might retain '^ him becauje of his great parts,'* At this, unable to contain himfelf any longer, he ftarted up ; detailed the offences of the book ; denounced the prefumption of the author ; defcribed him fo overvaluing himfelf in his '^ moft fcandalous, feditious, and vain-glorious performance,*' as if he had been able of him- felf to weigh down the balance of that Houfe - cc § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal. 229 on either fide when he pleafed ; pointed out the evil confequence of printing fuch argu- ments, without allufion to the anfwers made thereto ; dwelt upon the outrage to the free- Bering's dom of debate as unpardonable, feeing that ^"^^ ^^^ he had therein difcovered the fecrets of the Houfe. Houfe, had difcredited the ads of the Houfe, and had named members of the Houfe (among them Mr. O. C. by which the member forMrO-C. 1-1 • 1 i\ I. libelled. Cambridge was plamly mtended) to their difgrace ; and he concluded by declaring that if he himfelf, member for Sudbury, fliould ever be fo unfortunate as to offend that aifembly in fo high a nature, he would rather hide him- felf for ever in a cell than enter again within thofe walls ! ''As foon," he continues, " as I " had fpoken, having delivered myfelf with '' fome vehemence, the Speaker faid prefently Mr. '' to fome about his Chair, ' You may fee, now, ll^^^^^l ** ^ what Sir Edward Dering's friends have pro- ments " ^ cured him, by endeavouring to haveafmalL *' ' cenfure pafledupon him.'"* The tide had turned againft Sir Edward. The determina- tion became ftrong, not only to expel the writer, but to put a mark of opprobrium on the book ; and though D'Ewes fenfibly refifted Sir Walter Earle's motion for '' calling it in," .^^Jp. on the ground that fuch a proceeding would fion of a raife the price of it from fourteen pence to * Had. MSS. 162, f. 366 b. 2,3 o will ralfe value from fourteen pence to fourteen (hillings. Dering expelled and his book burnt. A fuggef- tion from Mr. Oliver Cromwell. Will D'Ewes anfvver Dering ? Arreji of the Five Members, fourteen fhillings, and haften a new impreflion,* he did not oppofe Mr. Oliver Cromwell's fuggeftion for remitting it to the hands of the common hangman. It was, by a majority of 85 to 61, ordered to be burnt in Palace Yard, Cheapfide, and Smithfield, on the Friday following. Dering was expelled ; and a war- rant iffued for a writ for Kent to choofe a new knight. Between that day and the next, however, a doubt feems to have occurred to the honor- able member for Cambridge whether to burn a book were quite the beft way of anfwering any dangerous matter contained in it; and D'Ewes relates accordingly what took place near the clofe of the fitting on the following day.f ' Mr. Oliver Cromwell,*' he fays, '^ moved ^ that Sir E. Dering*s book, lately fet out by ' him, had many dangerous and fcandalous ' pafTages in it, by which many muft be de- ^ ceived and led into an ill opinion concerning ' the proceedings of this Houfe ; and there- ' fore defired that fome able member of the * Houfe might be appointed to make a fhort ' confutation of the fame. And then he ' nominated Me. Which made me prefently ^ ftand up and anfwer, that I conceived that the gentleman who laft fpoke did not dream * This pafTage of the debate was referred to in my Hiji. and Biog. EJfays^'i. 89, but the details here given have not before been prefented. f Harl, MSS. 162, f. 368 a. § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker LenthaL 231 '^ that it was now near 7 of the clock at night, '' or elfe that he would not at this time have *' made fuch a motion as he did: for, if I '' could but gain fome fpare time from the '' public fervice of the Houfe, I have other D'Ewes^ ^^ things to print, of more public ufe and has better " benefit than the confutation of Sir E. [^'^^' '' Dering's fpeech could be : and therefore I «« defired that the gentleman himfelf who '' made the motion, might be defired to under- "take the tafk. The Speaker then defired |^;g{jj^^ " that I would print that, that would be for the Cromwell , • 1 1 • 1- • .• do It ? '' public good.'* And with this polite inti- mation from Mr. Speaker, unfeconded by any eagernefs on Mr. Cromwell's part to aflume himfelf the literary labour he would have impofed on D'Ewes, the fubjed: dropped. It will not be out of place to conned with Other r 1 • r j."L proofs of it, and the illuftrations formerly given ot the J)'Ewes's general truftworthinefs, as well as temperate accuracy, and moderate fpirit, of a man to whofe manu- fcript record ofthe events under notice this nar- rative has been, and will be, fo largely indebted, further and very ftriking proof of his inde- pendent honefty and confcientioufnefs in regard to his Journal. It is this in truth which gives it a charader of accuracy and original authority o^»s|."^|j that none of the many other exifting MS. journal, journals of this time, which on examination turn out to be, for the moft part, mere tranfcripts from the official records of the Houfe, can in 232 !l HoUis would alter a mefiage voted. The mcf- fage already printed. Who copies nightly from Clerk's Journals ? Falkland and two others. But not D'Ewes : he reports *' out of his head :" Arreft of the Five Members, the leaft lay claim to. In the midft of the events under notice, when a meflage had been voted, late one evening, to the King, Denzil Hollis brought it again before the Houfe the follow- ing morning, with a view to an alteration in the wording which he defired to fuggeft. " But," D'Ewcs continues, *^ Sir Guy Palmes faid he did not know how it could well be ordered, becaufe the votes were already printed. Thereupon fome thought that the clerk or his men had given it out : others that it might be tranfcribed by fome of the Houfe. So the clerk was aflced who did conftantly write out of his Journal Book every night after the Houfe was rifen ; and he faid the Lord Falkland only (who had lately been made principal Secretary). Then they afked him who, alfo, did fometimes write out of the faid Journal Book, or were prefent ; and he faid, Mr. Moore and Mr. Bodvill did often write out of the fame, and that myfelf was fometimes prefent. But I, miftaking him, and conceiving that he ranked me amongft the tranfcribers (who fcarcely wrote 3 words out of his Journal Book in 3 months), was very angry with him, and flood up and faid, that I was indeed often prefent when others tranfcribed out of the faid Journal, but did myfelf write not out of that hut out of my head: and there- fore I defired that the clerk might name the % XXIII. B'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal IZZ '' time when I tranfcribed anything out of his "l^""^^^^ '' Journal. With which the houfe refling fatif- hand. '' fied, as I conceived, I troubled myfelf no '' further about it. But Mr. H. Elfyng, the «^ clerk, came to me in Weflminfler Hall after '' we were rifen, and expreflfed a great deal of Clerk I'll 1 Eliyng s ^^ forrow that I did miflake him ; that he only apologies. *^ named me as being prefent, and the rather «^ that I could prove what he faid." * An incident highly charadleriflic of D'Ewes, which occurred on the next following day, completes the picflure of our learned and care- ful reporter, zealous for the originality of his notes, fenfible of the power derived from exercife of fuch an art, and refolved to abate no jot of the influence it gave him. A delicate matter coming under debate (being nothing a delicate lefs than information, fubmltted by ^Y^^ ^^^^^^^d, tamperings on the part of the Court with foreign powers, for the lending an army, if need fliould be, to put down the liberties of England) fome members arofe, in much ex- citement, to fuggefl that the debate be adjourned Note- for a day, and that no one meanwhile be per- [nCepfra- mitted to take notes. '' Stop note-taking ! " blc from cried D'Ewes. f '' You cannot ! Or, if you can, maSng. " make men hold their tongues, then, as well !" Such being the recognized pofition of D'Ewes in the Houfe, and his admitted autho- rity in everything connedled with its ufages ^/j^f'^"' * Hari. MSS. 163, f. 430 a. Ewes J. TL r^ f .^^u to Lenthal: f lb. T63, r. 432 D. 234 his author- ity in pre- cedents : critic and patron of Mr. Speaker. Weak- nefl'es of Lenthal. Self-fur- render of his only claim to refpecSt. A witnefs againll Scot the regicide. Arrefi of the Five Members, and the precedents of former times, he was naturally brought Into frequent relations with the Speaker; and whether Lenthal found it more opprefTive to fubmit to his critical objurgations, or to enjoy the advantage of his condefcending patronage, it might be difficult to fay. There is, however, hardly a week's entry in his Journal that does not prefent him in one or other of thefe portions ; and if nothing were known of Lenthal but the noble words we have {t^w him ufe on a fudden and great emergency, we might well be dif- pofed to rejedl as incredible the impreffion which D'Ewes fteadily conveys, that he was a timid, reftlefs, indecifive, ill-informed, and ill- conditioned man. Unhappily this impreffion is too well borne out by what otherwife is known of his life, and by what already this narrative has dlfclofed."^^ We know that this was the man who, violating the principle laid down by himfelf on that memorable 4th of January, and flinging fcorn and difrepute on the only adl by which in hiftory he is honorably remembered, actually had the bafenefs, at the Reftoratlon, to give evidence againft Scot the regicide of words which he had heard within the Houfe when fitting in the Speaker's chair If When Lenthal is credited, therefore. % XXIII. UEwes and Speaker Lenthal '^ZS * AntCy -12, 25. Contraft f State Trials, v. 1063. As a contraft let me mention, in to Lenthal. jullice to the Earl of Northumberland, whofe condud throughout thefe affairs feems to me to have been unworthy of his abilities With qualities generally poor and commonplace, we may be only too well affiired that the fads alleged will juftify the charge. Such evidence ^^^^^;_ abounds in every part of D'Ewes's Journal, ways, and proves beyond all doubt, quite irre- fpedlve of the fpeclal proof given in a previous fealon of his eager defire at this time to offer fervile homage to the King, that what he fhowed himfelf unmiftakeably to be in later years, he now already was, and was known to be. And I gladly feize the opportunity of adding, to what was remarked upon the fub- ied in a former work,* other traits and in- Traits and J , . /- -r>»T- > • mcidents cidents relating to him from D Ewes s curious f^om manufcript, not merely charadleriftlc and Jj^E^^^^'^ amufing in themfelves, but fuch as, befides completing what was formerly faid, will alfo help further to fhow D'Ewes's own pofition in reference to parties in the Houfe. A debate arofe upon a queftion of privi- Queftion lege: a perfon having been arrefled, after order J'^^P^'"''" had iflued from the Houfe that he fhould be and his name, that when, upon the Reftoration, he confented, like Lenthal, to receive favour from the Government, it was by no fuch bafe betrayal of aas and proceedings in which he had himfelf been a participator. Ludlow tells us in his Memoirs that Lord Northumberland (who had taken the oath of fidelity to the Commonwealth) was heard to fay in the Convention Parliament at the Relloiation, that though he had no part in the death of the King, /le was again/} quejhomng thofe who had been concerned in that affair, that the example might he more ufefid to pojlerity, and profitable to future Kings, by deterring them from the like exorbitancies. 'in. 10, ed. 1699. * Hij}. and Biog. Effays (Debates on the Grand Remon- ftrance), i. 82, 83, &c. Northum- berland true to old friends. An exam- ple profit- able to Kings. 136 Arrefi of the Five Members, I . Hafelrig and Len- thal. Attack on Mr. Speaker, D'Ewes rebukes Hafelrig. Lenthal out of order. fent for as a witnefs. " When/' fays D'Ewes, '* fome fpake to the cafe, and miftook it, and ^^ the Speaker would have informed them of '' the cafe how it ftood, Sir A. Hafelrig fpake '' to the order of the Houfe, and faid that the '' Speaker ought not to ftand up and interrupt '' any other member of the Houfe when he '' was fpeaking. Whereupon the Speaker " ftood up and anfwered Sir Arthur Hafelrig " that he had not ftood up to interrupt any " member, but only to inform fuch as fliould '' fpeak of the truth of the cafe. But Sir *' A. H. not fatiffied herewith, ftood up " again : faying he would fpeak to the order " of the Houfe, and under colour thereof " endeavoured to reply to the Speaker, and to *' get faid over again the fame thing: which '' made me interrupt him, though I much '* refpedled him." He accordingly, with defe- rence, but very decidedly, rebukes " that wor- " thy gentleman in the Gallery," who, upon D'Ewes refuming his feat, " would have fpoken *' again to the order of the Houfe; but the *^ Houfe, it feems, being fatiffied with what I *' faid, would not hear him again."- That was a great triumph for Sir Simonds, if not for Lenthal ; but, upon a fubfequent quef- tion of order and ufage, Mr. Speaker himfelf feems to have been permitted to violate all precedent. Soon afterwards there occurred a * Harl, MSS. 163 f. 405 b. § XXIII. B'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal. 237 debate, very ftiffly maintained on both fides, Sugar- about the cuftom to be impofed on fugar. debate. D'Ewes was the laft fpeaker, and fat down with a folemn warning to the Houfe that they fliould be wary of offending the Hollanders with fuch an impoft. *' Between which time *^ and the putting of the queftion itfelf," he continues, '^ fome members came into the Members ^^ Houfe, and fome called on them to with- ["ft^bd'ore '^ draw ; and thereupon grew a debate, whether queftion *' by the order of the Houfe they fliould with- " draw or not : and in the iflue it was '^ obferved that regularly no member of the ^^ Houfe could be commanded to withdraw. Not to . r \ n • withdraw. " but when he came in after the queition ^' had been put the firft time." But the extraordinary thing was, D'Ewes concludes, that upon go'ng to the divifion, the Speaker not only claimed to vote, but actually voted, "the "like of which I never knew before or fince."* Again, fliortly after, occurred another in- Extraordi ftance of Mr. Speaker forgetting the dignity ""^IH'^' of his place. It arofe out of Sir John Holland, of Mr. the member for Caftle Rlfing, objedling to the ^^^ ^^' amount of the parliamentary levy on his county. '' Sir John Holland," fays D'Ewes, Lenthal '' a Norfolk man, feemingly anxious to ^^"^}l^{^^^^ '^ his forwardnefs for the county, faid he was " informed that Norfolk would not pay the ♦ Harl. MSS, 163, f. 429 b. *!* 238 An hon. member inter- rupted. Hon. member retorts. Mr. Speaker fuccumbs. D'Evves'b indigna- tion. Lenthal's deficien- cies as Speaker, Arreft of the Five Members. fum laid on them by the £400,000 bill, except fome abatement ; and that if any dif- temper arofe in Norfolk, it would be paid nowhere in England. Whereupon the Speaker flood up and interrupted him, and faid fuch words were very dangerous and not fit to be fpoken. But Sir J. H. flood up to juflify himfelf, and averred that he only fiid he was informed fo, and claimed the privilege of a member not to be inter- rupted, &c. Whereupon the Speaker, for- getting the dignity of his place, and deferting the juft ground that was given him to interrupt him, gave fome approbation to what he had faid, and fat him down. So as Sir John Holland was proceeding on as if he had done very well before, which made me, with fome indignation to fee the Speaker's mifcarriage, ftand up and fpeak to the order of the Houfe."' Here, beyond all doubt, was another decided fuccefs for D'Ewes ; and the Houfe loudly, and very pro- perly, applauded him for thus vindicating Mr. Speaker, though againft Mr. Speaker himfelf. But, even in the trivial duties andobfervances of his place, Lenthal was by no means expert. Some letters having been handed in to the Speaker, and among them one from the King, he gave it to the Clerk of the Houfe, '' who," * Harl. MSS. 163, f. 461 a. I § XXIII. UEwes and Speaker LenthaL 239 fays D'Ewes, "having read the fuperfcription a letter ^' Charles ReXy I flood up and reminded the j^^I^^^^^ ^ '' Speaker that he was to read fuch letters " himfelf: on which he acknowledged his '' error, and read it." It came at laft, indeed, D'Ewes to be very generally underflood that the ^^jj^Qj-i^y member for Sudbury, and not the Speaker, was astoorder: the, man to fettle queflions of order, and to compofe jarring difcords in debate.* A curious inflance occurred when Sir Henry Mildmay, the member for Maiden, who fat afterwards compofer on the trial of the King, would have obtained ^^^^^^^-^ confent from the Houfe to a bill for trade debate, which threatened to interfere mightily with the Coventry weavers; whereupon Mr. William Jeflbn, an ancient alderman of that borough Heat of who very worthily reprefented it, flarted up with burgTfs much heat and " fpake very earneflly againfl for Coven- " fuch a bill, faying that by fo doing we would '^* '' deflroy the whole trade of the kingdom. '' Whereupon Sir H. Mildmay took excep- '' tion, affirming that the faid Mr. Jeflbn " had looked very fiercely upon him when he * Other duties appear at times to have been impofed which D'Ewes he took upon himfelt with lefs relifh. The followingmay ferve avoids as an example : " Between 4 and 5 the Houle relolved mto a chair ot <« Grand Committee on Tonnage : and when the Speaker Com- " withdrew, and moft of the Houfe with him, fome to mittee. ** Committees, and fome clean away, fo as we were fcarce 40 " left divers called on me to fit in the chair at the Committee. '' So as, fearing that I fhould not have excufed myfelf, I with- " drew out ot the Houfe, and after Mr. Ellis had taken the *' faid chair, I returned again. The bill pafled, and we rofe »« between 5 and 6." Harl, MSS. 162, f. 357 a. I 240 Fierce and unparlia- mentary looks : D'Ewes's opinion thereon. Ancient member again. Vote for allegiance to Parlia- mentary general. Didiked by D'Evves. ii Arreft of the Five Members. <' fpoke, and that it was done in an unparlia- " mentary way/' Here was a novel cafe ! and it muft be confefTed that D*Ewes, on appeal being made to him, treated it more fenfibly than might have been expedled. Defiring to qualify, as he fays, fuch unneceflary heat, he declared that in all his knowledge of thefe mat- ters he never knew exception taken at looks before ; and, with fome further goodnatured words, he perfeftly reconciled the offended knight and too choleric ancient burgefs.* It fared not fo well, however, with the good old member for Coventry fome few months later, when, upon the unfurling of the Royal ftandard at Nottingham ^' about fix of the " clock in the evening of a very ftormy and " tempeftuous day," f the Houfeof Commons promptly met the King's proclamation againft Lord Effex as a traitor, by a vote calling upon every member to anfwer individually, upon the inftant, whether he would venture and hazard his life and fortune with the Earl of Effex, Lord General. D'Ewes regarded this vote with little favour, and dwells upon the harfh way in which it was preffed by the "fiery *' fpirits" who had introduced it: wherein, he adds, they were feconded, in a manner un- ♦ Harl. MSS. 163, f. 501 a. + '* The ftandard," Clarendon fubfequently tells us (Hiji. iii. 190), " was blown down the fame night it had been let up, *« by a very ftrong and unruly wind." § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker LenthaL worthy of himfelf and contrary to the duty of his place, by Mr. Speaker. ^'And whereas *' one Mr. Jeffon, one of the burgeffes for ^' Coventry, being an ancient man, did only *' defire a little time to confider of it before '^ he gave his anfwer, they would not permit *' that, but compelled him to anfwer prefently, '^whereupon he, not being fatiffied in his con- *^ fcience, gave his No. At which thofe hot " fpirits taking great diftafte, the Speaker, " unworthy of himfelf and contrary to the " duty of his place, fell upon him with very ^^ ftrange language for giving his No ; and " when the poor man, terrified with the dif- " pleafure he faw was taken againfl: him, would " have given his Aye, they would not permit " him to do that neither. Sir Guy Palmes, " and Mr. Fettyplace" (the members for Rutlandrtiire and Berkfliire, both of them declared Royalifl:s) " were fo overawed by Mr. " Jeffon's miffortune as they anfwered Aye *^ without any further debate ; and fo did many '^ others who came dropping in from dinner, " not knowing what had been done and was " doing in the Houfe.*' * Nor had the fcene been lefs fl;riking fome three months earlier (little more than fix weeks after the attempted arrefl:), when, amid the war of declarations and replies that preceded the unfurling of the ftandards, Sir Peter Wentvvorth * Harl. MSS, 164^ f. 1060 b. 241 Required to fay Aye, Says No. Aflailed by Mr. Speaker. Wifhes to fay Aye: but not permitted. Other members fright- ened. !i I (I 242 Sir Peter Went- worth : cannot truft the King. Chancel- lor of Ex- chequer's horror. Hoiife overlooks this ** fol- ly." Old Sir Harry Vane. Startling jpeeches. Sir John North- cote's avowal. Arreft of the Five Members. (who fat for Tamworth, and afterwards on the High Court of Juftlce) took the occafion of a particular meffage from Charles to fay '' that «^ we could not conjide in the King 7Jor truji him : '^ which made Sir John Culpeper, Chancellor " of the Exchequer, who fat near him, rife up «' and fiy that he wondered that any man " fhould dare to fpeak fuch language within " thefe walls — That we could not confide in the ^^King!'* Confiderable excitement enfued, D^Ewes proceeds to tell us, but Sir Peter's plain fpeaking having found feveral backers, he was permitted to explain himfelf. " And " fo the Houfe pafled by his folly/' But then followed an incident well worthy record in itfelf, and having a highly charadler- iftic fequel with D'Ewes for its hero. Old Vane, who fo long had ferved the higheft offices of ftate, had fignalifed himfelf, fmce his lofs of Court favour and public employ- ment,* by difplaying in oppofition all the caution and prudence which accompany the expedation of being reftored to power. But, in a fpeech he delivered on the prefent occafion, this referve was flung afide. He fhowed that things were come to a defperate condition. In a previous debate on the Cuftody of the young Prince of Wales, very ftartling allufions had been made. Sir John Northcote, the member for Afhburton, had faid plainly he * Ante 50, 51. § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker LenthaL 243 would rather increafe the jealoufies between the King and the Houfe than any way diminifti them, and, amid continual excitement and interruptions, had perfifted in naming an inten- tion which they had all heard difcufled elfewhere if not in that Houfe, " to crown the prince and '[ ^Jj'f^ *■ the Prince " make him King."* But now, in a very full our Houfe, amid an unufual and fuUen filence. Old ^"^* Vane did not fcruple to take fomething of a fimi- lar tone. He gave in his adhefion to the views exprefled by Pym and Hampden upon the quef- tion of the Militia, declared his convidion that *^ the prefent flame would devour all " unlefs great care and wifdom were ufed for fl:opping old Vane it, " and wiflied that to that end we might lay ^^^^^'i" . * tj / tor militia *^ a new foundation." This called up Mr. and " new Harry Killegrew of Cornwall, the member for ^^0^.^' " Weft Looe,"t" who made a violent Royalift fpeech, and in the courfe of it propounded a conftitutional dodlrine of an extremely novel and difconcerting kind. He warned them that they were fetting their feet on flippery places * Northcote*s Ipeech was delivered on the 14th January on the motion of Sir Henry Chomley, the member for North- allerton, for removal of jealoufies between King and Parlia- ment. Harl. MSS. 162, f. 328 a. f The fame " gallant gentleman and generally known," Anecdote of whom Clarendon relates {Life, i. 140) that fubfequently, of Kille- on being invited with the other members to offer a contribution grew. towards the formation of an army for the Parliament, ftood up and anfwered, he would provide a good horfe, and a good fword, and a good buff coat, and then he would find a good ^'^^ caufe :*' which for that time only raifed laughter, though they " ^^^ " *' knew well what caufe he thought good, which he had never ^ good *' diffcmbled." caufe. B 2 i ' 244 Harry Kille- grews Ipeech. Novel political do61rine. Houfe laughs. Young Vane very ferious. Kllle- gievv's apology, Pym re- fifts his expuUion. Arreft of the Five Members. in what they called their new foundation, and that he could wifh, before the gentlemen he faw around him concluded matters of fo great moment then and there, as impofing the militia and all their new taxation on the people, they fhould fend fome members of that Houfe into each county to have their confent ; otherwife, they might come to feel the weight of the major part of the people ; for it was not the enabling of a law that made it in force ^ but the willing obedience to it. ^' With fome other words," D'Ewes adds, '' to the like effed, at which '^ many of the Houfe, laughing heartily when *^ he fpoke them, it made him repeat them ^' once or twice." The laughers meanwhile defifted, for Young Vane arofe with much gravity to take exception to words carrying fuch dangerous import. Others followed in the fame tone ; and fome, fays D*Ewes, did aggravate the words fo far, that they were againft allowing Mr. Killegrew to explain himfelf With fome difficulty Pym obtained hearing for him, '* and fo he made fome little *^ juftification, protefting in the prefence of " God that he had no intention to do any dif- '' fervice to the Houfe." Upon this Pym oppofed the motion for his expulfion, which was rejeded by 131 to 97. He was however ordered to withdraw, and, the debate continuing, there came fuddenly to his relief another Cor- ni(hman, Mr. Chadwell, the member for St. ^45 An Indif- creet friend. D'Ewes goes in lea re h of records. § xxiii. D'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal. Michaels, who profefled to cite fome ancient record fupporting what the member for Weft Looe had faid. D'Ewes no fooner heard it than he fufpefted an impofture. He withdrew very quietly, for it was againft the order of the Houfe ; haftened over to his lodging, clofe at hand ; looked through his papers and records ; hurried back to the debate ; and threw upon it a flood of antiquarian lore, underneath which poor Mr. Chadwell, and his mifquoted, mif- dated, and wholly mifreprefented record, were completely carried away. But it is a peculiarity of D'Ewes to be always magnanimous in his moments of triumph. He never tramples on the fallen. '' No doubt, Mr. Speaker," he faid, *^ I think this gentleman very faulty who " would prefume to mifquote Records for '^ Mr. Killegrew. But, not being well flcilled " in Records, perhaps he did not know the *^ dangerous confequence." That was his tone. The Houfe fell in with it; and both Killegrew and Chadwell, thanks to the moderation and good fenfe of Pym, efcaped with but flight punifliment.* Thefe illuftrations may now be fitly clofed with fome notice of the many efforts made to * Harl. MSS. 163, f. 451 b. Being called to the Bar, the ^ repri- Speaker told them that the Houfe conceived the offence to be niand. of a very high nature, confidering the circumftances of time and the opinions of fome people abroad i and therefore they had commanded him to give them a ftiarp reprehenfion, and it was the mercy of the Houfe that the cenfure was no feverer. Expofes Cornifh ignorance, Is merci- ful in tri- umph. 246 Attempts to force early at- tendance. Alarming time when firft found neceffary. Trao;!- comedy of the world. Arreji of the Five Members. compel early and full attendance at the Houfe, in which D'Ewes and Lenthal took prominent part. Under the form of fines for being late at prayers, thefe attempts were frequently re- newed; and they had originated at a memorable time. As early as the previous May (1641), when the duties and refponfibilities of member- ihip had become fuch as to daunt and deter all but the moft refolute ; amid the plots for Straf- ford's efcape, and the tumultuous aflemblages of the people demanding juftice upon him ; when the King ftill paufed on the verge of defperate counfels ; while each hour of every day came laden with its danger and its terror ; only two days before Charles had gone to the Lords to warn them againft pafling the attainder, for that he never in his confcience could confent to it ; on the very day when Pym arofe in the Commons to explode the confpiracy of Henry Percy and Goring for bringing up the army and feizing on the Tower, — D'Ewes makes the fubjoined moft ftriking entry in his Journal. It adds another to many memorable inftances of the clofe intermixture of ferioufnefs and laughter in this tragi-comedy of the world, and is one more proof that men are never fo prone to fudden burfts of mirth as when heavy and overborne in fpirit by a long ftrain of anxiety, by nervous ex- citement or apprehenfion, by the over-wrought intenfity of either hope or fear. " Prayers being done, after the Speaker had § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker Lenthal, 247 cc (C fitten a good while, and all men filent, the The ^, . . ^^ t 1 1 Ml 1 • Houfe m Clerk s afliftant began to read a bill touching fadnefs. " wire-drawers, which being prefently flopped, " did amidft our fad apprehenfions move " laughter from divers that fuch a frivolous Suddenly " bill fhould be pitched upon, when all matters laughter. " were in fuch apparent danger. After fome " half-hour's filence more, or a quarter's, fome " called to have the order read, which was " made on Saturday, by which every member " that came after eight of the clock was to pay " one fhilling. And then, as men came in, " divers cried, 'Pay! Pay!' When the Serjeant The ihil- " demanded the faid fhilling, which bred a great ^"^ " confufion."* Such was the continued confufion, indeed, A failure, that for this particular time it had to be abandoned. But, ten months later, it was re- newed ; and Sir Simonds had again, upon the fpecial fubjed, though on this occafion with inferior fuccefs to that we have feen formerly attend him, to vindicate the dignity of Mr. Speaker's place againfl Lenthal's own forgetful- nefs and non-affertion of it. On a Tuefday shilling the fine was propofed. ''A motion made," fi^^^g^J," fays D'Ewes, *' as I came in, that fuch *' members as fhould not come up by 8 and ^' be at prayers, fhould pay a fhilling. I faid, j^^^^^^^ ** when that was tried twelve months ago oppofed *' it was laid afide* from its inconvenience, ♦ Harl, MSS, 163, f. 514 a. 248 Arreji of the Five Members. Mr. " after one day's pradice ; and that the beft ^^ way would be to rife at 12, and not at 2 or " 3, to enfure members coming at 8. Divers " others fpake againft it ; but the greater " number being for it, it pafTed." * Very little, however, as it would feem, to the ^ekker i^^^^ediate edification of Mr. Speaker, feeing late : that next morning, Wednefday, he did not him- felf make his appearance till a quarter to nine. '^ The Houfe by this time," D'Ewes remarks, " was very full at prayers, by reafon of the order '' made yefterday. Sir H. Mildmay, after '' prayers, ftood up and faid he was glad to fee rebuked : " this good effeft of yefterday's order ; and faid '^ to the Speaker that he did hope that hereafter '' he would come in time; which made the hisZllincr '' Speaker throw down twelvepence upon the on table : " table. Divers fpake after him, and others ^' as they came in did each pay his {billing to '^ the Serjeant. I fpake to the Orders of the '* Houfe : That the order made yefterday was " to fine ' after ' prayers, and therefore you '' (I fpake to the Speaker) cannot be fubjed " to pay ; and for coming a little after 8, that *' was no great difference. Although I fpake will not «<^ truly, the Speaker having caft down his tHice it UD again. ^' fhilling, would not take it up again. ^'f One may perhaps infer, without difrefped, that Lenthal had fulked a little ; and the ill effect of (o throwing dawn his twelvepence. HarL MSS, 163, f. 474 a. t lb. 163, f. 475 b. § XXIII. D'Ewes and Speaker LenthaL 249 certainly difplayed itfelf next day, Thurfday, ill refults when the adlion found an imitator well dif- pofed to exaggerate it. After obferving that on that morning only about forty were at prayers, D'Ewes proceeds to fay that it was ordered upon the motion of Mr. Rous, that the fines of yefterday and to-day be given to Dr^ Leighton, being in fome diftrefs. Then came on a petition complaining of Dr. Fuller, parfon of St. Giles's, having chofen two churchwardens ill affedled to religion, in oppo- fition to two chofen by the pariftiioners. '* Some coming in and refufing to pay, whilft Refufals ^' the aforefaid petition was reading, divers " called out to them to pay, and fo inter- " rupted the Clerk's affiftant, who was reading ** it. Mr. John Hotham ftood up and faid ^' that the time appointed for men to come '^ yefterday by the order was 8, and that the *^ chimes for that hour went juft as he came '^ into the houfe. But the Speaker telling Jack '^ him that prayers being paft he muft pay, ordered^to '^ and he ftill refufing, it was put to the P^y- *' queftion, ruled affirmatively, and ordered ac- " cordingly . Whereupon he took his fliilling, *^ and threw it down upon the ground : Jm?.^'^ ^^^ r D milling on '^ upon which fome called him to the bar, ground. '^ others that he fliould withdraw : and the *' Speaker, ftanding up, did ftiarply reprove him *^ for that adion, as being a contempt to the *' Houfe. Which caufedhim, as I conceive, a 250 Arreft of the Five Members. '' little after, to withdraw out of the Houfe, *' though he returned again this forenoon."* Beginning Thefe various fcenes, and the attempts to End.^ check in honorable members a growing ten- dency to flacken and be remifs in their atten- dances, prefigure what was now rapidly ap- proaching. The King^s party had loft their laft venture, and filent defertions were reported Call of daily. A call of the Houfe had been attempted Houle • u 'ii r r r r attempted. With ill luccels loon after Strafford's execution, and now another attempt was made. " Mr. '' D. Hollis," fays DTwcs, '' moved that the *^ houfe might be called, and fuch as were abfent '' fined, for the relief of Ireland.'' But Sir Simonds ftoutly oppofed the motion, reminding Mr. Speaker that none of the members who were abfent at the firft calling had paid their £5 fine. In the end, the motion was overruled, and D'Ewes adds : " A number went to the '' conference with the Lords, and we had not mem^^rs^ '' ^^^^7 ^^^^^ ^^ ^^'^ Speaker left the chair, and preibnt. " we difcourfed feverally one with another for a '^ pretty while.'' t Difcourfe which has all paffed away with the honourable members themfelves, but of which we might perhaps with flight effort, if it were worth the while, recal fo much as the fubjoined little incident of that day is likely to have called forth, as they fo talked feverally one with another. It had occurred while the Houfe yet fat, and bufinefs § XXIV. Appeal to the City. 2 SI was proceeding. ^^One Mr. Shepherd, aAftranger '^ ftranger, came into the Houfe and ftood Hou^. ^^ behind the Serjeant. So divers efpied him ^' out, and called him to the Bar. There, he " would not tell his name, but faid he was a '^ Bedfordfhire man. As divers knew him. How "hewasdifmiffed."* dealt with. -And now I refume the courfe of this narra- Refump- tive, which will not be held, I truft, to have ^'^" °^ , . ^ narrative. been interrupted needleffly, by a feries of inci- dents and illuftrations intimately conne61:ed with it; all of them drawn from an unpublifhed manufcript record ; ranging, in every inftance, within a compafs of not many weeks beyond the date of the Arreft of the Five Members; and not only fupplying traits of hiftory and perfonal characfler effential to any thorough Why in- comprehenfion of the circumftances and refults ^^""P^^^- comprifed in that event, but teftifying to the • truftworthinefs of one of the principal witneffes to be called in evidence for what yet remains to be defcribed. * Harl.MSS. 163, f. 476 a. t lb. 162, f. 401 b. § XXIV. Appeal to the City. Charles fent for Mr. Rufliworth fhortly Mr. Rufh- after he reached Whitehall. James Maxwell, ^'^^ ^""^ •^ ' tor by ufher of the Houfe of Lords, the fame to whom King. Strafford yielded himfelf a prifoner, and in ♦ Harl. r^S. 162, ff. 385 a. 389 a. 252 Arrefi of the Five Members. Report of his majef- fpeech demanded. Mr. Rufh worth's humble excufes. King's rtiarp re- joinder. Speech tranf- cribed from notes, in King's prefence. Sent to prefs. whofe houfe at Charing Crofs two right reverend prelates were now impounded, bore the meflage to the aftonifhed Clerk^s affiftant. Arrived in the Royal prefence, the King com- manded him to give him a copy of his fpeech that day, which 'Miis Majefty had obferved " him to take in charaders at the table in the '' Houfe." Somewhat alarmed at the order, and perhaps not without the ambition to fhow the King that Mr. Speaker's recent leffon of alle- giance to the Commons had not been thrown away, Mr. Rulhworth ftammered out excufes ; and proceeded humbly to remind his Majefty how a certain member had been committed to the Tower, for reporting what a certain other member had fiid in the Houfe. Then faid his Majefty fmartly, ^^ I do not afk you to tell me '' what was faid by any member of the Houfe, '' but what I faid myfelf." Whereupon, Mr! Rufhworth informs us, that, omitting what Lenthal had interpofed, he ^^ readily gave '' obedience to his Majefty 's command, and in '' his Majefty's prefence, in the room called '' the Jewel-houfe, tranfcribed his Majefty's '' fpeech out of his charaders, his Majefty '' ftaying in the room all the while, and then '' and there prefented the fame to the King : '' which his Majefty was pleafed to command '^ to be fent fpeedily to the prefs, and the next '' morning it came forth in print.'* But alas for the prefent chances of fuch an appeal ! § XXIV. Appeal to the City, ^53 Every copy that could now be circulated had for its precurfor, and illuftrative comment, the printed and publiftied Grand Remonftrance, already for nearly three weeks in the hands of every Citizen. On the fame night, after Rufliworth quitted Prodama- the King, there came forth a proclamation ^'°" . • 11 - ^ agamft reiterating the charge of treafon againft the Five Five Members, and clofing the ports againft any ^^"^^^'^• attempt they might make to quit the kingdom. Ports This proclamation is ordinarily confounded ^^°^'''*. with that which forbade all perfons under S" graveft penalties to receive or harbour them, ^^""^P^* and which was not iftued until afterwards. Received and harboured, meanwhile, it was well known that they now were, in a houfe in Their Coleman Street in the City : whither already P{-^"^^ ^ the King was refolved to proceed next day to demand them, and to try his final chances of authority and predominance in that ftronghold of his kingdom. Of the influence and importance of the City of City of London at this time, it is needlefs to ^°'''^°'^- fpeak. It reprefented in itfelf the wealth, the ftrength, and the independence, which had made England feared and honoured throughout the world. Within its walls, and under the fliadow and proteftion of its franchifes, flept Mer- nightly between three and four hundred thou- f^^"^'' r J r^' • rr>\ /- t /. home as land Citizens. The place of bufinefs of the well as merchant, in thofe days, was alfo his refidence l^^^.l^^L 254 Arrejl of the Five Members, Its palaces and his home. The houfes then recently built leges! * ^y loobies beyond its precindls, along the Strand of the magnificent river, fcarcely tranfcended in extent or fplendour thofe palaces of its mer- chant princes, which lurked everywhere behind its bufy wharves and crowded counting-houfes. But, beyond every fuch fource of aggrandife- Sources of ments, its privileges were its power. From its IS power. g^^;ij3^ charters, and immunities, wrefted from the needs, or beftowed by the favour, of fuccef- five princes ; from its own regulation of its military as well as civil affairs ; '''' from its Lord Mayor's letter to aldermen. Military organiza- tion of City. Inftruc- tions for ■watch and ward. Perfonal fervice required from aldermen. * Late in the night of the 4th of January, the day of the King's attempt, upon feme fuggeftion which had reached him from Whitehall, Sir Richard Gourney fer:t round to the Aldermen of each ward in the City a letter of which the rough draft, brought back apparently to the Court, i^ now in the State Paper Office. It will be read with intereft for the proof it affords of the military government and organization of the City at the time. Of courfe the obje6l which the Lord Mayor had in view was fruffrated by the very means thus propofed to give effeft to it. He mifcalculated, as the King did J and the organization and refiffance they would have invoked to proteft themfcives, they found fuddenly turned againlf them. The letter begins by (fating, that, for the better fupprefTmgand apprehending of all fuch infolent peribns as fhall be tumultuoufly affembled in and about the Citv and Liberties thereof, each Alderman do Ifraightway appoint *' fubftantial double watch and ward of able men, well " weaponed and furnifhed with Halberds and Mufquetts, to " be from henceforth duly kept & continued every night and ** day . . efpecially at eveiy gate, polferne, & landing ** place within the fame, to beginne at eight of the clock in ** the evening and continue until five in the morning. And ** fo from that tyme, by new fupply, until eight at night " again," to go on until each Alderman have further order to the contrary from the Chief Maoiffrate. And further, each Alderman is adjured ** that yourfelfe take the fervice, the danger *' of the tymes confidered, perlbnally to heart and care. And " that you, your deputy, & fomeof the Common Councilmen, ** in perfon, do not only by turne watch every night, but that Its com- plete and organifed demo- cracy. Its incre- dible en- richment by trade. Claren- don's la- ment. % XXIV. Jfpeal to the City, complete and thoroughly organized democracy, governed and governing by and within itfelf ; was derived an influence which made it formid- able far beyond its wealth and numbers. Cla- rendon, after fpeaking of its incredible acceflion of trade, of its marvellous increafe in riches, people, and buildings, of its unvarying choice of the wealthieft and beft-reputed men, of the wifeft and moft fubftantial citizens, to ferve its offices and dignities, and of its feveral power- ful companies ^^ incorporated within the great " corporation," falls into a lament that wife men Ihould not have forefeen, that fuch a full- nefs could not poffibly continue there without an emptinefs in other places ; and that the government of the country fliould undergo negled, while fo many perfons of honour and eftates were fo delighted with the City.* But this lament was not indulged until the City ** you provide the fame watch and ward to be orderly fett " forth & continued in manner as aforef'* within your wards." Gates were everywhere to be fhut and llrongly guarded. Fortifica- Efpecial care to be taken that the laid gates, and portcullifes ^•^"S of thereunto belonging, were fpeedily repaired and made fuffi- ^^^ City ciently ifrong wherelbever required: and the portcullifes made walls. cafy to let down and draw up when need Ihould be. Alfo provifion was to be made for fetting right all chains and pofts in any way defeftive, fubflantially and ftrongly. Alfo each parifh in the ward was to be fufficiently furnifhed with hooks, ladders, buckets, fpades, fhovels, pickaxes, augurs, and chifels. Men were like wife to be provided in fuch numbers that the Trained Bands and watches might be kept conftant to their ftations, and always in full efhciency. And every houfeholder was to be refponfible for the good conduct of his apprentices. They were not to permit either them or their fervants to go abroad without moft fevere penalties. It is figned "This 4th dayof Jan^. Michell." * Hift.Vu 151. 256 Arrejl of the Five Members. The city difaffeaed to the Court. Well afFefted to the Com- mons. Services In the war. Excite- ment on night of the arrcft. had made itfelf, in the fame writer's words, '^ eminent for its difafFecflion to the govern- ^^ ment of Church and State" (as then adminiftered), and had in facfl overthrown it. To its honour, be it faid, that, from the hour the caufe of public freedom was in peril, the City of London caft in its fortunes unre- fervedly with the oppofition to the Court.* Its refolute refufal to join the league againft the Scottifh Covenant, had baffled the counfels and wafted the energies of Strafford ; and its Trained Bands, under Skippon, were deftined largely to contribute to the final defeat of the King. Throughout the night of Tuefday the 4th of January, a terrible excitement prevailed. Upon intelligence of the King's attempt, all the fhops had been clofed, and the City all night Royalift fatires. Attack on • The City, it is almoft unneceflary to fay, is the conftant City in objeft of unfparing and niercilefs attack, in the Court Satires, but its power is freely admitted, and the fuftaining force it imparted to the popular counfels is never for a moment quef- tioned. The subjoined lines are from An Addrefs to the City : Now do you daily contribute and pay Money your Truths and Honours to betray ! Bigg with Fanatic thoughts and wilde defire, 'Tis you that blow up the increafmg fire Of foul Rebellion ! you that alone do bring Armies into the Field againft your King ! For wer't not from fuftainment from your Baggs That ** Great " and ''Higheft" Court that only braggs Of your vain folly, long 'ere this had been Punifti'd for their bold facrilegious fm . . . They would not then have fo fupreamly brouo-ht Their votes to bring the kingdome's peace to nought. Nor with fo flight a value lookt on him King Charles, and only doted on king Pym ! § XXIV. Appeal to the City, 257 was under arms.* From gate to gate pafTed " C^^^- ^ /-• T liers com- the cries of alarmed Citizens that the Cavaliers ing." were entering, that their defign was to fire the City, and that the King himfelf was at the head of them. Threats of a contemplated feizure Appre- of the arms of the Citizens, by violent entry feizure of into their houfes under royal warrant, increafed ^'''^^' the prevailing dread and excitement. f Nor was the feeling likely to abate upon rumours * (( The ftiops of the City generally (hut up, as if an enemy ** were at their gates ready to enter, and to plunder them ; ** and the people in all places at a gaze, as if they looked ** only for direftions, and were then difpofed to any under- *' taking." — Clarendon, Hijl. ii. i6o. t That there exifted too much ground for thefe fufpicions, I difcover by the rough draft, in the State Paper Office, of the fubjoined " Warrant to the Lord Mayor under the Sigjnet," dated 4.th of January 1641. '* Whereas wee are informed '* that fix peeces of Ordnance, ufually belonging to the " Artillery Yard, have now lately been brought into that ** O"" Citty of London, and placed in Leaden Hall, but w*** ** what intentions wee are not yett well fatiffied. [Confidering ** the diftempers and troubles of thefe times,] Our will and *' command therefore is, that you forthwith take an efpeciall ** care to fee thofe faid peeces foe fafely difpofed of, that they * onely ferve for the guard and prefervation of the faid Citty, ** if caufe ftiould foe require. And whereas wee are farther *' informed that feverall perfons of mean quality have of late ** taken into their houfes an unufuall number ot mufquets, as ** fome 20, 30, 40, or thereabout, and amunition accordingly. *' Our will and pleafure is that you likewife caufe a fearch to ** be made through* the faid Citty and the Liberties thereof, ** and, when you (hall find any fuch quantities of armes, that ** you examine thofe perfons upon what grounds and reafons ** they have made fuch provifions, and, as you (hall fee caufe, *' that you take foe good a(rurance from them, that they may be *' refponfible for the faid armes and their intentions therew'**, ** that through the fame the peace and fafety of that Our ** Citty not any ways be endangered. And for foe doing this *' (hall be y' warrant. Given under our Signet, Whitehall, ** 4th Jan. 1 641." The words within brackets are an inter- lineation in Nicholas's hand-writing. City (liops all (liut. Rough draft of royal war- rant. Ordnance lafely dif- pofed. Houfes to be fearched for muf- kets. Po(rc(rors of fire- arms to be examined. 258 Arreft of the Five Members, King's fpread abroad with the dawn, of a meflage menage to •11 i>->i./-«,.^ " the Lord received by the Chief Magiftrate from White- M^y«^- hall, to the effed that his Majefty had matter of prefling occafion to addrefs to the Lord Mayor and Common Council, and propofed to vifit Warrants Guildhall before noon. Warrants of arreft, accufed. committed to the hands of the two Sheriffs of London, preceded him there ; and no Indica- tion was wanting of a determined rcfolve that he would yet carry out his purpofe of obtain- ing poffedion of the perfons of the accufed. § XXV. The King's Reception in Guildhall. ^o"tlnt ^^^^ ^^^^^ "^"^ o^ock on the morning of day for Wcdncfday the 5th January, or nearly four Charles I. \^q^^^ before the time to which the Houfe of Commons had adjourned their meeting that day, Charles fet out upon his enterprife of conferring with the City authorities ; and the report in Rufhworth, and half a page in Clarendon, are all that has hitherto come down to us of what pafled at a meeting which may be faid to have determined the King's fate.* r 1*. ^^1; ^^^' ^^^ '• ''■^^^ 480 i Clarendon, Hift. iJ. 131. I lubjoin Runiworth's account, which, brief and drv as it is comprifes all the detail known to us hitherto of what tranfl pired. ** His Majefly being arrived at Guild Hall, and ^ *' the Common Council affembied, he made this fpeech to Kmg s '< them : « Gentlemen, I am come to demand fuch perfons as lE^Mu^n ** ' ^ ^^^^ ^^'^^^y ^'^^"^■^'^ ^^" "'^^ Treafon, and do believe Guildhall. ** ' are fhroudtd in tlie City. I hope no good man will keep '* * them from me j their offences are Treafon and Mifde- % XXV. ^he King's Reception in Guildhall. 259 i For, in this vifit, he threw his laft ftake for the good-will of his citizen fubjeds. Declining to take any Guard with him, and counting to the laft upon a greeting at Guildhall not lefs enthufiaftic or loyal than had welcomed him on his return from Scotland, he left White- hall with the confident belief that he ftiould drive his enemies from their laft refuge. Nor was he without fo much ground for the delu- fion as, however fcant and infufficient in reality, might perhaps have been expedled to fuffice to a mind fo obftinate and narrow. He continued to have undoubtedly many adherents among thofe holding municipal places. One of the Sheriffs was his unflinching partizan. The Chief Magiftrate wielded extraordinary powers in that day, long fince fallen to difufe ; and the devoted adherence of the prefent holder of the office, carried ftill an amount of fupport that in ordinary circumftances might have turned the fcale. Royalty itfelf, more- over, had not loft even then all its old tradi- His laft ftake for good-will of City. His confi- dence ftill unabated. Grounds for fuch falfe reli- ance. Prefent fupporters and old traditions. ** * meanour of an high nature. I defire your loving afTiftance " * herein, that they may be brought to a legal trial. And *' * whereas there are divers fufpicions raifed that I am a ** * favourer of the Popifh Religion, I do profefs in the name AfTur- " * of a king that I did, and ever will, and that to the utmoft ances as to ** * of my power, be a profeculor of all fuch as fhall any ways religion. ** * oppofe the laws and ftatutesof this kingdom, either papifts " * or fpparatifts ; and not only fo, but I will maintain and *' * defend that ti-uc Proteftant Religion which my Father did " * profefs, and I will continue in it during life.* His Majefty " was nobly entertained that day in London at the houfe of pinner at ** one of the Sheriffs, and after dinner returned to Whitehall Sheriff"'s. ** without interruption of tumults." s 2 zGo Reception on his way. Caution to be wary of fpeech. Forced mildners. Captain Sling(by an eye- and ear- witneiji. « Privi- lege ! pri- vilege ! ■>■) *' To your tents, O Ifrael." Arreft of the Five Members, tional and inherent authority ; and the number of waverers, or men of no fixed opinion, whom all thefe circumftances would be Hkely to influence, could not have been inconfiderable. Hardly had Charles pafTed Temple Bar, how- ever, when he muft have felt thefe fupports begin to crumble under him ; and fuch warning had he received to be wary of his fpeech by the time he reached Guildhall, that his declared and deter- mined purpofe to have the five traitors de- livered up to him, w^hich he had come there exclufively to repeat and enforce, muft have founded ftrangely out of keeping with the forced mildnefs of his tone. We are happily able to break through the referve of Rufh- worth, and fully to defcribe the fcene. It was Captain Slingfby^s fortune that day, as he writes to Admiral Pennington the day following,* " being in a coach," to meet the King with his fmall train going into the City. Whereupon, he fays, he followed him. His Majefty's reception in the ftreets was not favour- able. UnfupprefTed cries of difcontent broke forth. The multitude prefled around his coach with confufed fhouts of Privilege of Parliament I Privilege of Parliament ! and one, lefs reftrained than the reft, made himfelf confpicuous by flinging into the window a paper on which was written, *^ To your Tents, O Ifrael I " * MS. State Paper Office : Slingfby to Pennington : 6th January 1641-2. § XXV. ne King's Reception in Guildhall, The offence was expiated at Seffions ; but the Ten Tribes had even now deferted the Reho- boam, whom neverthelefs the more gracious company, the Mayor, the Sherifi^s, the Alder- men, and all the Common Council aflembled in full order and ceremony at Guildhall, received with every external mark of homage and refpec5l. He at once addrefled them. He had come, he faid, to demand fuch perfons as he had already accufed of high treafon, and did believe were flirouded in the City. He hoped no good man would keep them from him, their ofi^ences being treafon and mifdemeanor of a high nature ; and he defired afliftance to bring them to a legal trial. He was very forry to hear of the apprehenfions the City had entertained of danger, and he was come to them to fliow how much he relied on their affedlions for his fecurity and guard, having brought no other with him. Whereas there had been fufpicions raifed that he was a favorer of the Popifli religion, he now declared to them his wifti and intention to join with the Parlia- ment in extirpation not alone of Popery, but of all fchifms and fecflaries. His refolve was to redrefs all the grievances of the fubjed, and his care fliould be to preferve the privileges of the Parliament ; but again and again, accord- ing to Slingflby, he repeated, he muft queftion thoje Traitors. He j uftified the Military Guard 261 Arrival at Guildhall. King's fpeech. Refolved to have the Five Members. Reliance on the City's good-will. Will re- drels grievances andrefpe6t privileges: but muft queftion Traitors, 262 Arreji of the Five Memhers. Juftifies Whitehall Guard, Offers to dine with liberal Sheriff. Ominous filence : Oppofing cries. " Privi- leges of Parlia- ment/' and '*God blefs the King." Has any one any- thing to fay? Yes — we vote you hear your Parlia- ment. eftabliflied at Whitehall, and faid the reafon thereof was ^^ for fecuring himfelf, the Parlia- " ment, and themfelves, from thofe late tu- *^ mults.'* He added, fays Slingfby, *^ fome- ^^ thing of the Irifh ; and at laft had fome *^ familiar to the Aldermen *' (fpoke them friendly words, that is), **^ and invited himfelf ^^ to dinner to the SherifFs." He was careful to feledt for that honour Mr. Sheriff Garrett, who was of the two, according to Clarendon, thought to be lefs inclined to his fervice. So far all had paffed very quietly ; in an ominous filence, but without interruption. Then, fays Slingfby, after a little paufe, a cry was fet up among the Common Council, Parliament ! Privileges of Parliament ! And prefently another, God blefs the King I Thefe two, he writes, "continued both at once a " good while, I know not which was loudeft." Sufficiently decifive evidence, it will be thought, out of fuch lips, that the refiftance to the loyal ejaculation muft indeed have been ftoutly and fturdily maintained. Nothing can be more charaderiftic than the fequel, as related by this eye-witnefs fo favor- able to the King. " After fome knocking for *^ filence, the Kinge comaunded one to fpeake ^^ if they had any thinge to fay. One fayd, " // is the vote of this Court that your Md"^ " heare the advice of your Par lament. But ** prefentlie another anfwered, // is not the § XXV. The King's Reception in Guildhall. 263 '' vote of this Court : it -is your ownn vote ! ^o—th^t •^ . , /- r is not our ^^The Kinge replyed, JVho ts it that fays /^^.e. '' do not take the advyce of my Par lament : I '' do take their advyce and will: hut I mujl ^^ diftinguifh between the Par lament and fome " Tray tors in it: and thofe" (Slingfby tells us that he again and again repeated this) " he " would bring to tryall — tryall 1 '* Then there was filence again : but prefently, and quite unexpededly, another highly charader- iflic interruption. " Another bold fellow, A bold t ^ * n 1 fellow on " m the lowefl ranke, flood upp upon ^ ^-^^^^ " a forme, and cryed The Privi ledges of " Parlament ! And another cryed out, Ob- ^^ferve the man, apprehend him I The King "mildly replied, I have and will obfervef^W^^^^' " ail privi ledges of Parlament, but no pri- " viledges can proteEl a tray tor from a tryall — "Trial— " tryall I And foe departed. In the outer " hall were a multitude of the ruder people, " who, as the King went out, fett up a greater " cry The Privi ledge of Parlament T' Through thefe ruder people he pafTed to Dineswith Sheriff Garrett's houfe, was nobly entertained therein until 3 o'clock, and, with the fatal and determined fhout of Privilege I Privilege ! again raifed from the lips of thoufands, while upon his own doubtlefs there trembled flill the hefitating and painful, if not lefs obflinate, cry of Trial— Trial! he returned to White- " Trial— / trial ' hall. He had thrown and loft the flake. 264 Arreji of the Five Members. § XXVI. Humiliation and Revenge. Incidents Of the incidents of Charles the Firft's turnW^' return to his palace on this ill-omened day, White- when, as Clarendon mildly phrafes it, he failed of that applaufe and cheerfulnefs which he might have expeded from the extraordinary grace he had vouchfafed. Captain Slingfby fays nothing ; but they are named by another correfpondent of Pennington, whofe letter, contributing fome heightening touches even to the relation juft given, will find alfo here its appropriate place. '' Noble Sir,'* writes Mr. Wifeman Thomas Wifeman * to the Admiral of the to Pen- Channel Fleet, '' I am forry that the times are ninejton : ■; ^ 6th^janu- " fuch they will afford little elfe to advize of, ^^* '^ than the daily diftradlions that increafe upon News of *^ us. The laft weeke, 1 2 B*'''* were impeached the week, cc of high treafon by the Parlament ; and this ^' weeke, 5 of the cheiffe memb'' of the Houfe " of Coiiions, & the Lord Mandeville in the *^ Lords Houfe, by the King ; as by the " charge given then, & theire names, you Bere to * ^^* State' Paper Office. 6th January. I append, from PenninP- ^^-^ ^^'"^ ^'^^ ^"^^ unexplored materialsof hiftory,fomefentences jQ^ . ^~ '^'^ a letter, with lame date, from Under Secretary Sidney Bere : " Yefterday the King went to Guild Hall in perfon. . . . ** They made a confufed noife crying out for Privileges of " Parliament, to w^i^ his Ma*'*^ gave all the alTurance poffible ** that his intention was not in the leafte to infringe them. . . " But att this time he went not guarded as he did the day '* before to Parliament. That atternoone the Lower Houl'e ** fatt, & have adjourned until Tuefday next. . . w'^'' caufes " ftill a greate diltemper of apprehentions amongft them.'* 6th Janu ary. Cries in City. § XXVI. Humiliation and Revenue. 265 may perceive by a particular herew^^^ inclofed Y^^^^^f^^ — w'^' hath bredd fuch a diftemper both in ^^^^^ y^ Cittie & Houfes of Parlam^ that wee ^ are not free from the fears of an infurrecflion. The 6 perfons keepe out of the way ; and Accufed although the Comons Houfe did promife for ^^^P;[?S theire forth coming, yet they are not way. coming forth. His Ma^^^ yeflerday came into the Cittie, & made a gracious fpeech to the Lord Maio^ Aid" & Comon Council! at the Guildhall, where they were affembled to take order for the faftie of the fame ; and did, as much as in him laye, ftrive to give Efforts to them all fatiffacion. Many cryed out to ^°"''^^"'^ ' his Ma''" to mayntaine the priviledges of parlam', to whom he mod gently replyed it Gentlenefs was his defire foe to doe, & would not in ^^j^^"^ ' the leafl invade upon them ; but they mufl give him leave to diflinguifhe betweene the pirmnefs Parlamt and fome ill-affedled members in it, ^^^^J'P"'" w'^ have gon about by treafons to iniure his perfon, and to w^Mrawe his people from their allegiance. And therefore, both for his owne faftie & theire goods, hee muft and Muft will finde them out, to bring them to Juftice ^'J^^^^rsto — w^' fhould be don in a legall and parlamen- trial. tarye way, & no other wayes. And if they could cleare themfelves, he fhould bee glad of it ; if otherwife, hee held them not memb" fitt to fitt in that afTemblye, w^ were mett together to make good lawes, and to 266 Dinner at Sheriff Garrett's. Shouts of people againft the King. Glad to get home. Why Commons left Weft- miniter. Expecta- tion of bloodfhed. Doubts which party llrongeft. JrreJI of the Five Members. " reforme the abufes of the kingdome, and " not to betray their King. Afterwards, his '^ Matie was pleafed to bidd himfelfe to dinner '' to Sheriff Garrett's, where hee ftayed till 3 of " the clock; and then, returning to Whitehalle, *^ the rude multitude followed, crying againe ^^ Priv Hedges ofparlamty Priv Hedges of J)arlam^y ^' whereat the good King was fomewhat moved, ^^ and I believe was glad when hee was at " home. The Comittee of the Houfe of " Comons — (being affrayed, as is conceived, of " the King's Guards, w^^ hee hath lately taken ^^ to his own perfonne at WhitehaulJ, beinge ^^ there a Courte of Guard built, and the ^^ Trayne bands of Middlefex night and day ^' attending, w*^ at leaft 6 fcore other officers, " w'*^ have theire dyett at Courte) — come into '' the Cittie at the Guildhaull to hould theire '^ confultatons, the Parlam^ being adjourned " till Tuefday next. What thefe diftempers ^^ will produce, the God of Heaven knowes ; '^ but it is feared they cannot otherwife end ** than in blood. The Puritan fadlionne, w*'' " the fectaryes & fchifmatickes, are foe preva- *' lent both in Cittie and Countrey, that no " man can tell, if the King & Parlam^ fliould ^^ not agree, w'*' partie would bee ftrongeft. On '' Tuefday his Ma^'^* went to the Houfe of ^^ Comons to demand the perfons of thofe " that were accufed for treafon : but they were " not there to be found. The Houfe, it feemes. § XXVI. Humiliation and Revenge. 267 " taking it ill the King fhould come In that Retm- " manner to breake their privilledges, for " ought I can underftande refolve to proted " theire memb'% & not to deliver them into the '' hands of the King. And to take them^ by cc force — they have fuch a partie in the Cittie *^ that it will coft hott water! We have 3 '^ Privie Councill" more made: the Earl of More '' Southat°", niy Lord of ffaulkland, & Sr Jno P^undllors " Colpepper, whoe is likewife Chancell'' of the made. <* Exchequer ; and my Lord of SoutW°" fworne " Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the King. " Thus you fee the changes of the times, ^' whereon I pray God preferve our Gracious Godpre- " King, and fend us peace at home whatfoever ^'^'^T <' wee have abroad : wh^'' is the hartye prayer of " y^ moil afFed" & faithfull friende, Tho. "Wiseman. My wife, and Dodlor, wifh M^ffage ^^ you a good new year, & Ihee hath lent you wifeman. «f a toaken of her refpeds to you, & prays yor ^^ acceptance wherein I fliall acknowledge my '' thanks & reft once again yours, T. W." Yet another, however, and perhaps worfe ^^. J^^|^^ trial was referved for the King, when, within Charles. a couple of days after this vifit of evil omen, its refult declared itfelf in a formal anfwer from the magnates of the City to the demand he had made for fafe delivery into his cuftody of the bodies of Pym, Hampden, and the reft. He vifit from J ' ^ 111 Common had to receive their furred and robed deputa- council : tion in Whitehall ; and to liften while Mr. ^69 Their advice : confult "with your Parlia- ment : leave the Tower alone : difperfe the White, hall Guard : abandon impeach- ment. Anecdote told by Slingfby, Jrre/} of the Five Members, Recorder read aloud their petition, reprefent- ing the dangers which had arifen, and the greater that were impending, from the mif- underftanding between his Majefty and his Parliament ; and praying him again to refort to the advice of that great council, to abftain from further fortifying of Whitehall or the Tower, to place the latter fortrefs into the hands of perfons of truft, to remove all unufual mili- tary companies and armament from the pre- cinds of his palace, to appoint a known and approved Guard for the fafety of himfelf and his Parliament, and not further to reftrain of their liberty, or proceed againft otherwife than accordmg to parliamentary right and privilege, the members lately accufed. Humiliating trials all thefe, no doubt ; and it requires no effort to underfland the emotion, and the eagernefs to be home again,* which the good Mr. Wifeman attributes to his gracious fovereign while yet on the City fide of Temple Bar. ^ But it requires fome effort, as well as a very intimate acquaintance with the charader of this King, not to rejed as almoft incredible - Daoer feale 1 un vvch K ' '"'^'r ^''P ^'^^m^'er, who had a nimleite. VV^ith his much miportunitie he was ur^ed to be mad or drunke but he denyeclboth. The gentleman ufher ooke the paper from him carried it to the Kmg, and def'rin. "wS reoc'» '' "^ ' ^''^'"''= ^"' ^ ^"^^^ ""^ § XXVI. Humiliation and Revenge, 269 the fuppofition, that his firft ad, upon his return King's , . , - • • r \ y rr ^rft a6l on to his palace after receiving luch a lellon, was return with his own hand to pen a frefh inftrudion ^^^"^ ^^^y* to Mr. Secretary Nicholas, for a new proclama- tion denouncing the accufed members, fpecially direded againft thofe who were harbouring them, and to be ifTued on the following day. New pro- The fad neverthelefs is undeniable. Clarendon againft the exprefHy mentions the publication of that parti- members ! cular proclamation on the ^^ next day,"* and I have difcovered in the State Paper Office the rough draft of it, with the date of the 5 th of Rough January, wholly in the handwriting of Charles K^n J^ himfelf. Kimbolton is not named in it. It is ^^^^l- reftrided to the five members of the Lower Kim- Houfe, with probably a lingering hope that the "^^^^^^^ Upper Houfe, if the flruggle with them were put afide, might yet be induced to ad with the Court. It is endorfed by Nicholas, ^^ His ^^ Ma^'^'^ warr^ to me to draw upp a Proclama- *^ tion ag^ Mr. Pym, &:c." ; is addreffed to " Our trufly and well-beloved Counceir S'" " Edward Nicholas, Kn^, our Principal Secre- inftruc- *' tary of State," and runs thus : *' Charles R, secretary *^ — Our will and pleafure is that you forthwith ^^^cholas. ^^ prepare a draught of a Proclamation declar- " ing y** courfe of our proceedings upon the " accufation of High Treafon and other high *^ mifdemeanours lodged againft Mr. Denzill '' Hollis, S*" Arthur Haflerig, Mr. John Pym, * Hi/I. ii. 131, 270 Arrejl of the Five Members, The guilty have efcaped. Injunc- tion to feize them. Prohibi- tion againft harbour- ing them. The City threaten- ed. Solely the King'sa6>. *' Mr. John Hampden, and Mr. William *^ Strode, members of Our Houfe of Com- " mons, who, being ftruck with the confcience '' of their own guilt of foe hainous crimes, " have made their efcape. And Our will & *' pleafure is, that you thereby commande all *' ou"" officers minifters and loving fubjecfls '^ to ufe their diligence in y^ apprehending & '^ carrying of them, & every of them, to Our '* Tower of London, to bee kept in fafe cuf- *^ tody, to bee brought to triall according to " juftice. And that, moreover, you prohibitt *^ all ou'' loving fubjefts to harbor relieve " & maintayne them, with any other fit ^' claufe. And for doing hereof this fhall bee '^ yo"" fufficient warrant. Given at our Court '^ at Whitehall this fifth day of January in the '^ 17th yeare of our Reigne." Any fuch prohibition againft harbouring the accufed was in effect a threat againft the City, launched precifely at the moment when its author had difcovered himfelf powerlefs to enforce it ; and this circumftance, even if the warrant had not been entirely in the hand- writing of the King, muft have fufficed to declare it exclufively the King's a6l. Here no doubt can exift. It would have been Iheer mad- nefs in any other man to affume, in fuch cir- cumftances, the refponfibility. It is not con- ceivable, for a moment, whatever part Nicholas or the reft may have taken before the declared § XXV II. Reajfembling of the Commons. 71 Hopelefs and reck- lefs per- fiftence. Repent- ance of Nicholas. Charles direfts even print- ing of proclama- tion. and manifeft failure, that they fliould now have encouraged a perfiftence fo hopelefs, fo recklefs, fo impotently obftinate and vain. It will fliortly appear indeed, in exprefs terms, that by this time Nicholas very heartily had re- pented of having ever accepted his high office; and there is every reafon to believe, that, from the day when the City thus declared againft the King, Sir Edward required, for even the com- moneft minifterial a6l connedled with the im- peachment of the members, Charles's own fign manual. For the very printing of this procla- mation the King has himfelf written the inftruc- tion, preferved alfoin the State Paper Office.* § XXVII. Reassembling of the Com- mons. Meanwhile, at fome half hour after one Wednef- ; o'clock on the fame fifth of January, while the January, exciting fcenes above defcribed were in progrefs 1^4^-2. in the City, the Houfe of Commons had reaf- fembled at Weftminfter. The agitation of^^^^''- yefterday had not fubfided. The firft ad tatlon^not was to order that the doors be locked, f and the ^^^^^^^^« outer lobbies cleared of all perfons but fer- * ** Charles R. Our will and Command is that you Kinp-'s in- *' give orders to Our Printer to print Our Proclamation f^j-uftions " *' for Apprehending of Mr. John Pym, Mr. John Hampden, .^ ^^inf^^r "Mr. Denzil Hollis, Sir Arthur Halelrigge, and Mr! ^ ** Wm. Strode. For which this fhall bee yo' warrant. " Given at Our Court at Whitehall this 6 day of Jan^ ** 1641. ** To Sir Edw*' Nicholas " OurPrincipall Secretary." f Harl. MSS, 162, f. 307 b. 272 Arreft of the Five Member s. § XXVII. ReaJJembling of the Commons. 273 Watches fent out. 260 mem- bers pre- fent : 90 of the King's party. The mem- ber for Colchefter leads de- bate. Grim fton's fpeech. Its fcope and value. vants to members ; that no member (hould ofFer to go out without leave ; and that fome fhould fend forth their fervants, to fee what numbers of people were repairing towards Weftminfter, and to bring I'iOtice to the Houfe. So pre- pared and watchful for other than the conflidls of debate, and with hands nervoufly clutching at lefs peaceful weapons, there fat this day two hundred and fixty members, and among them nearly ninety of the party of the King. The Royalifts had not aflembled in fuch force fince the debate and divifion of the 1 5 th of December on the printing of the Remonftrance. When D'Ewes entered the Houfe, he found Grimfton, the member for Colchefter, fpeaking of " the ^^ great breach of their privileges by his Ma- ^' jefty*s coming to the Houfe yefterday with ** fo great a number of officers of the late *^ army, and men defperate of purpofe and '* in fortune, armed fome of them with hal- *^ berds and fwords, others with fwords and ** piftols, demanding to be delivered to him *' Mr. Pym and other members of the Houfe, ** whom he accufed of high treafon." Mr. Grimfton's fpeech was not only very able, ftriking fkilfully feveral chords which elicited loud and vehement refponfe, but it cleared the ground for all the fubfequent dif- cufTions, and at once gave to the refentment which the King's ad had aroufed, its proper fhape and right diredion. Parliament, he faid, had always claimed and exercifed Expofition power and jurifdidion above all other courts power of of judicature in the land : its wifdom and ^^^^'^" J ^ ment. policy had been accounted of higher import than thofe of any other council ; and all orders in the State had been brought frankly to admit its rights and privileges, its power and jurif- didion, its free continuance. Whence and wherefore had proceeded, then, the interruption of which they complained ? The anfwer to that queftion was to be found Why fo bv inquiry into what circumftances they were ^^^'^J'^^y. *,*■■', , •' predomi- which had given fuch ^^aweful predominancy" to nant ? the very name of a Parliament in this nation. It was becaufe the ordinances and ftatutes of that high court ftruck with terror and defpair all fuch evil-doers as were malefadors in the Becaufe it State. It was becaufe, not alone the meaneft P""*^^^^^ evii-doers: of his Majefty's fubjeds, but the greateft per- fonages of the kingdom, were in danger, if infringers of the law, to be called in queftion by this higheft court, and to be by it puniftied. It was, on the other hand, becaufe the drooping fpirits of men, groaning under the burden of comforts tyrannical opprefTion, had been from the fame *^^/?^~. fource enriched and comforted ; while places and offices of power, both in Church and State, had been ftruck out of the hands ofandftrlps the wicked and the unmerciful. He difcovered ^^f ^'^ked . of place. the explanation to be, therefore, that the ad of which they complained was the ad of evil 274 The late outrage due to evil counl'el- lors. Offences charged. Condu6\in Parlia- ment. Ritrht to fpeak treely. Title not to have votes quef- tioned : whether on bills of attainder or others : or in draw- ing up Re- monllran- ces. Arreft of the Five Members, counfellors who defired, if poffible, to break off and dlffolve a Parliament which had de- clared its intention to bring all incendiaries and delinquents in the State to condign punifh- ment for their crimes. Then Grimfton pointed diftindlly to fpecific offences given by members of that Houfe, at which the articles of treafon had been direded. He declared that no pretence exifted for treafon- able charge except fuch as condud in the Houfe itfelf might have provoked. In reply to which, amid Hern expreffions of fympathy from all around him, the member for Colchefter claimed for himfelf, and for them all, the inalienable right, within the walls of Parliament, to fpeak freely, without interruption or contradidlion, in all debates, difputes, or arguments, upon any bufinefs agitated therein. He claimed it as a privilege that they (hould not be queftioned for this by any human power. Whether, he went on to fay, with allufions he did not care to make lefs open and undifguifed, it were freely to give vote, judgment, or fentence upon the reading of any bill to be made a law, or upon any bill either of attainder or other charge againft delinquents and perfons criminous to the State ; or whether it were, by free vote, to iffue Protefta- tion, Remonjlrance, or other Declaration ; he claimed this for himfelf, and for all, as thefolemn right and privilege of Parliament. Wherefore his conclufion was, that for § XXVII. Reajfembling of the Commons. z-jS members of that Houfe to be accufed of any Conclu- crime, or to be impeached for treafon by any ^^" * perfon whatever, during the continuance of Parliament, for things done in the fame, Members without lecral accufation and profecution by the ^^^^^^^ whole Houfe — and further, that to be appre- dua in hended or arrefted upon fuch impeachment, °" ^ * or to have ftudies broken open, and books lodgings or writings feized upon, without confent and and pa'jjers warrant of tlie whole Houfe — was a breach ^'^'^ed : of the privilege and right belonging to the a breach power, the jurifdidion, and the continuance ofJ'JP"^'" the High Court of Parliament. All which, he fubmitted, it was in the higheft degree expedient explicitly and promptly to embody, in a decla- ratory refolution of tlie Commons of England. Grimfton refumed his feat amid cries of ap- Motion proval which his folid and mafterly expofuion g^.^JJ,, had well deferved, and preparation was there- ^p""'=* upon made to refer it to a Committee to draw ^""^^ up the neceffary refolution. This, however, was ftoutly oppofed by feveral of the Royalifts, Oppofed headed by Hopton of the Weft. '^ Sir Ralph ^Ir^""^' *' Hopton and feme ^vq or fix more,*' fays D'Ewes, '' excufed his Majefty's coming with fo Excufes '' extraordinary a number.'' But the majority, ^""l ^^^ led by Glyn the member for Weftminfter, '"^' fteadily carried their point ; and, proceeds D*Ewes, the Houfe " nominated Mr. Glyn and Commlt- '' fome few others to withdraw into the Com- pre^efo^* *' mittee Chamber, and to draw up a declaration '"^^°"- T 2 276 Arreft of the Five Members, They re- tire : do noth- ing till their re- turn. They re- turn in a quarter of an hour: with a refolution written before we met. D'Ewes not in confidence of lead- ers : '^ to that end and purpofe.'* They withdrew accordingly ; and then rofe the member for Hertfordfhire, Sir William Lytton, to fuggeft that no other bufinefs fhould he taken in hand until their return. He was warmly feconded in this : Sir John Clotworthy, on the other hand, pointing out the urgency of Irifh affairs, and defiring that they might but append a fhort refolution to fome propofitions agreed upon by the Irifh Committee. To the furprife of not a few, however, and of D'Ewes among them, it was found that this debate might have been fpared ; for, in the midft of it, Glyn and his friends returned. *^ During the " debate," fays D'Ewes, '' Mr. Glyn and the ^^ reft who were commanded to withdraw into '^ the Committee Chamber, having ftayed ^^ there about a quarter of an hour, now *' brought down a long Declaration ready '^ penned, which was doubtlefs prepared and '^ ready written by fome members of the " Houfe before we met this afternoon." D'Ewes here uneafily refers to confultationswith Pym and the reft in Coleman Street, to which he had not been invited ; but it is juft to him to ftate, that, throughout the invaluable record he has preferved of thefe momentous fcenes, from which details are here taken hitherto unknown, not even diftantly re- ferred to in the Journals of the Houfe, and of which no mention is made in Sir Ralph § XXVII. ReaJJembling of the Commons, 277 Vernev's or any other memorial, his perfonal but his • Recount jealoufies and diflikes have fmall weight truft- againft the gravity of the fads he reveals. ^^"^^^y. He thus defcribes the Declaratory Refolution Glyn's JJeclara— brought back by Glyn: ''It contained intoryRefo-" " fubftance that his Majefty had yefterday ^^^^^"• '' broken the privileges of this Houfe, by '' coming hither with a great number of " armed men, and ftriking terror into the " members. And though we could not fit '^ here in fafety, nor properly fall upon the '' agitation or handling of any bufinefs till '' we had vindicated our privileges, yet our ^' care to uphold this commonwealth, and the '' confideration of the miferable condition of '^ Ireland, had induced us firft to adjourn this Propofcd '' Houfe to (and fo a blank was left for the j^J^"'""" ^' day), and to appoint a Grand Committee '^ to fit at the Guildhall in London at 3 of Grand " the clock this afternoon, to confider of the ^^^omm^^^^^^ *^ means of our fafety,. and of the affiftance the City. '' of Ireland, and to authorize the feledl '' committee of Irifli affairs to fit when and *^ where they pleafed." This having been read by the Clerk, a warm Warm de- debate arofe. The oppofitlon was led by Sir ^^^ Ralph Hopton, who declared that there was no precedent for what therein was propofed to be done. For his own part, he thought that ^^^^^^^ many excufes might be urged for the King's having come to the Houfe with fo great a 278 Arrejl of the Five Members. Did not we give fir ft provo- cation ? And how gracious the King's fpeech ! Oppofes Commit- tee and adjourn- ment. ''Grand" commit- tee alter- ed to" Se- lea." Adjourn till to- morrow at 9 o'clock. number, and fo unufually armed. And then he pleaded a neceflity which the King himfelf had created (afTuming this ftatement of it to be true), to juftify the outrage he afterwards committed. " Had we not ourfelves had divers of our " fervants lately attending in the lobby without ^^ the doors of this Houfe, armed alfo in an un- " ufual manner, with carabines and piftols ? " He begged the Houfe to remember, too, that the fpeech his Majefty made on the occafion had been full of grace and goodnefs. In conclu- fion, adds D'Ewes, '^ he did not think we could " appoint a Grand Committee to go into Lon- *^ don, nor would he have had us to have ad- '' journed at all.*' Then followed fome warm fpeaking on both fides ; and the time originally named as the limit for the fitting of the Houfe, as well as the hour for aflembling elfewhere, had foon flipped away. In the end, D'Ewes tells us, *^ we refolved to alter it from a Grand *^ Committee to a Seledl Committee, and to *' adjourn the fitting of this Houfe to Tuefday *' the nth, and it being between three and *' four of the clock we did alter our meeting *^ this afternoon till to-morrow morning at *^ nine of the clock." Not, however, without a divifion. Hopton and his friends objedled equally to the Selecft Committee, and infifted upon dividing. ^' The Speaker," D'Ewes continues, '^ put the queftion as followeth : ^' As many as are of opinion that a Committee § XXVII. Reajfemhling of the Commons. '2-l() '' ftiall be appointed by this Houfe to fit at '' Guildhall in London, let them fay Aye, to " which there was a great affirmative : and to '' the negative, a lefs. Next, the Speaker " appointed tellers for the Ayes, who went '' out (of which number I was), Mr. Arthur *' Goodwin and Mr. Carew. Their number *' was 170. And for the Noes, who fat ftill, '' he appointed tellers Mr. Kirton and Mr. '' Herbert Price, and the number was 86, '' and fo it was carried accordingly."* The naming of the Committee then took place. '' And thereupon," continues the precife Sir Simonds, '' Sir John Culpeper, '' newly made Chancellor of the Exchequer, " and divers others, were named to fit a com- '' mittee at the Guildhall in London to-morrow " morning at 9 of the clock, and all that «' would come were to have voices : and they '' were to confider of the breach of the Privilege ♦ Harl. MSS. 162, f. 308 a. In little more than a fortnight (fee ante 36, 37), upon the impeachment of the Duke ot Richmond (for his famous fally in the Lords upon the Militia Bill being brought under conlideration, when he broke in upon fundry grave fuggeftions as to the day when difcuffion ftiould be taken thereon, by advifmg as a greatly preferable courfe, '* an adjournment for fix months "), the King's party muftered in larger force, but the popular leaders had made correfponding exertion. The numbers then were 223 led into the lobby by Hollis and Stapleton, to 123 of whom the counters were Culpeper and Herbert Price. From a fpeech made on the occafion by D'Ewes, wherein he thought the only excufe that could polfibly be made for the Duke was his bemg ** a young man," fome li.^ht may be thrown on the argu- ment, ante 198, drawn from his applying a fimilar epithet to Strode. The Duke of Richmond was now nine-and-twenty. —Harl. MSS. 162, f. 356 b. Divifion upon going into City. 170 againft 86, Sele6lion of the Commit- tee. All who come to have voices. Divifion as to Duke of Rich- mond. 223 againft 123. 28o Arrefi of the Five Members. Names on Com mittee. Its duties. '' of Parliament by his Majefty's coming yefter- '^ day, with other particulars mentioned in the '' before-recited declaration." The Committee Comprlfes included, befides Falkland and Culpeper, fome Royafias. ardent Royalifts, and feveral not unfriendly to the King. Among thefe fat Herbert Price, the member for Brecon ; Sir Richard Cave, who fat for Lichfield; Sir Ralph Hopton himfelf; Sir John and Chriftopher Wray, the members for Lincolnfhire and Great Grimfby ; Sir Benjamin Rudyard ; the members for Cockerworth and Chippenham, Sir John Hippefley and Sir Edward Hungerford. It comprifed, on the other hand, Glyn ; Sir Philip Stapleton; William Pierrepoint (Earl Kingfton's fecond fon, who fit for Great Wenlock), and Nathaniel Fiennes ; Bulftrode Whitelock, the member for Marlow ; Sir Thomas Walfingham, who fat for Rochefter ; the members for Weftbury and Ludgerfliall, Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Walter Long; Sir John Hotham ; Sir Walter Earle ; Sir Robert Cooke, who fit for Tewkefbury ; Mr. Grim- fton and Sir Thomas Barrington, who fat for Colchefter ; and the members for Devon- ihire and Hertford (hire. Sir Samuel Rolle and Hyde, St. Sir William Lytton. Hyde^s name nowhere OomwJif appears ; neither does that of Oliver St. John, ' the Solicitor-General ; and it is ftill more remarkable that Cromwell's alfo fhould be abfent. He may poffibly have had prefling abfent from it. ^ XXVIII. A Judden Panic. 281 bufinefs to occupy him during thefe few days, on his coufin Hampden's affairs at Great Hampden. LordLifle (Lord Leicefter's eldeft fon, who fat afterwards on the trial of the King), now moved that the Committee fo appointed fhould have power to iffue out fuch money as might be required for payment of the troops to be fent into Ireland. Another refolution connedled with Irifh affairs was alfo adopted on the fug- geftion of Stapleton. And then followed a brief but fharp debate, raifed upon a motion by Nathaniel Fiennes, that a meffage fhould go up to the Lords to let them know, that, " by '' reafon of his Majefly coming to our Houfe '' yeflerday in fuch a warlike manner, we had '' adjourned the Houfe till Tuefday next, at one of the clock, and that we had in the meantime appointed a Seled Committee to fit in the Guildhall in London, to which all the mem- " bers of the Houfe who would come were to have voices, to confider of the breach of the Privilege of Parliament and the fafety of the '' Kingdom.'' The debate ended in the naming of Mr. Fiennes and divers others to carry up this meflage accordingly. But the Houfe arofe, adds D'Ewes, before he returned, or was able to bring any anfwer. § XXVIII. A SUDDEN Panic. The Houfe fuddenly arofe, in truth. Motion by Lord Line. In(h affairs. Sharp debate led by Fiennes. (C ( c (C ; •# 29; Arrejl of the Five Members. extent.* The record by D'Ewes was made on the day to which it refers ; it is confirmed by Verney's and by Rufhworth's notes ; and its veracioufnefs is beyond queftion. Statement «« When the Houfe of Commons next met/* don. ^^^"'fays Clarendon in his Hiftory,t ^^ none of the ^' accufed members appearing, they had friends '^ enough, who were well inftrufted to aggravate '^ the late proceedings, and to put the Houfe '^ into a thoufand jealoufies and apprehenfions, *^ and every flight circumftance carried weight Alleged tone of members' friends. VerneyVs account of fitting of 5th. Rufh- worth's account. Adjourn- ment to City. * Sir Ralph Verney fays : " Wednefday, 5th Jan''. 1641. ** The Houi'e ordered a Comittee to fit at Guildhall in London, " and all that would come had voyces. This was to confider ** and advife how to right the Houfe in point of privilege, ** broken by the King's coming yearterday, with a force, to ** take members out of our Houfe. They alovved the Irifh ** Comittees to fit, but would meddle with noe other bufinefle ** till this were ended. They acquainted the Lords in a ** mefiage with what they had donn, and then they adjorned ** the Houfe till Tuelday next." (V^erney's A^o/^/, 139-40). Rufiiworth fays (part IIL vol. i. 478-9): *'The Commons '* fent Mr. Fiennes with a meflage to the Lords to give them notice of the King's coming yelterday, & that they conceived it a high & great breach of privilege : & to repeat their defires that their Lo^*" would join them in a petition to the King that the Parliament may have a Guard " to fecure them as ftiall be approved of by his Majelly, and both Houfes j and alfo to let them know, that they have appointed a Committee to fit at Guildhall London, and have alfo appointed the Committee for Irirti affairs to meet there." Then he quotes the order pafied for adjournment to the City, on the ground "they cannot with the fafety of ** their own perfons, or indemnity of the rights & Privileges ** of Parliament, fit here any longer without a full vindication " of fo high a breach, & fufficient Guard wherein they may ** confide : " to which, after appending the names of the Committee, and that all who will come are to have voices, he adds : *• and then the Houfe adjourned till Tuefday the 1 ith *' of January at one in y* afternoon, according to the faid ** Order." f Hij}. ii. 132, 133. (< (( (( <( ^ xxrx. How Hijiory may he written. 291 '* enough in it to difturb their minds. . . . '' They who fpake moft paflionately, and '' probably meant as malicioufly, behaved '' themfelves with modefty, and feemed only " concerned in what concerned them all : and ^' concluded, after many lamentations, that they Affe^ed '^ did not think themfelves fafe in that Houfe, gdefs!""^ '^ till the minds of men were better compofed ; '' that the City was full of apprehenfions, and ''was very zealous for their fecurity ; and '' therefore wifhed that they might adjourn the Propofal '' Parliament to meet in fome place in the City, y^^^^'"" *' But that was found not pracfticable ; fince "^ent. " it was not in their own power to do it, with- '' out the confent of the Peers and the concur- " rence of the King ; who were both like King's '' rather to choofe a place more diftant from t^Ail^^^ '' the City. And, with more reafon, in the end "^^nt ^'they concluded, that the Houfe fliould Tondo^! adjourn itfelf for two or three days, and name a committee who fliould fit both Appoint- morning and afternoon in the City ; and Comm'it all who came to have voices : and Mer- t^^- '^ chant Tailors' Hall was appointed for the '^ place of their meeting, they who ferved '' for London undertaking that it fliould be '' ready againft the next morning : no man ^' oppofing or contradic5ling anything that was '' faid; they who formerly ufed to appear for Royallfts '* all the rights and authority which belonged ^*^^"^' *' to the King, not knowing what to fay, u 2 om cc a a cc 292 Three King's advirers : too de- je61ed to Ipeak. Claren- don's ac- count fummed up. Five fpeci- fie llate- ments, all untrue. Confront- ed with D'Ewes, Verney, and Rufli- worth. Arrejl cf the Five Members, " between grief and anger that the violent '' party had, by thefe late unfkilful adions " of the Court, gotten great advantage, and <^ recovered new fpirits : and the three perfons '^before named" (himfelf, Culpeper, and Falkland), '^ without whofe privity the Kmg '^ had promifed that he would enter upon no '' new counfel, were fo much difpleafed and '^ dejeded, that they were inclined never more " to take upon them the care of anything to '' be tranfaded in the Houfe." This account contains five alleged fads. I. That the popular party went down to the Houfe with a propofal for the adjourn- ment of Parliament. 2. That the propofal fubftituted was an adjournment of the Houfe itfelf for two or three days. 3. That Mer- chant Tailors' Hall was appointed as the place of meeting for a Committee named to fit in the interval, the members for London under- taking to have it ready the next morning. 4. That no man belonging to the King's party oppofed or contradided anything that was faid. 5. That Hyde, Culpeper, and Falk- land, were too much difpleafed and dejefted to fhow any prefent inclination to take upon them the care of anything to be tranfaded in the Houfe. On the other hand, the account preferved by D'Ewes, and confirmed in every refpeft by the brief notes of Verney and Rufhworth, as § XXIX. How Hifiory may he written. 293 well as by the unpublifhed contemporary let- ters here adduced, furnifhes a counterftatement to every one of thefe averments, i. There Never pro- never was mooted fo abfurd a propofition as ^^jo^^n to adiourn Parliament. The courfe had doubt- Parlia- ^ , ment. lefs been concerted, as D'Ewes lomewhat pet- tifhlv intimates, with the abfent leaders ; and the Declaratory Refolution was propofed and carried, as, prepared and ready written, it had been brought to the Houfe. 2. The Limit of limit of adjournment was at once aiitinaly city fpeci- fpecified as Tuefday the nth January, and ^^^• it will be feen hereafter that the hiftorian was not without a motive in fubfl:ituting the loofe and undetermined ^'two or three days." 3. Guildhall was from the firfl: named and appointed, and not Merchant Tailors' Hall, ^J^'^^^^^^ as to which, therefore, the quefl:ion of getting Hall not it ready could hardly have arifen. 4. So ^^^"^^ * far from no man belonging to the King's party contradiding or oppofing anything that was faid. Sir Ralph Hopton (the King's fervant, Royallfts as Rufhworth calls him) contradided every- thing that was faid without fcruple ; and the oppofition was fo determined that the Royalifl:s divided 87 againfl: the propofal of Glyn, which was four more than the divifion of the 15th of December againfl: the printing of the Remon- ftrance. 5. Hyde undoubtedly took no part, and^rfk- and was probably not in the Houfe ; but |^"«^ o'} 1111 J r i_ Commit- Culpeper and Falkland were named for the tee. 294 Arrejl of the Five Members. § XXX. Adjournment and Su/penfe, 295 Mafter- ftroke of meeting in the City. Necefllty offufpend- ing V/elt- minfter fittings. Policy of appealing toCitizen? Alleged abfence of danger. Committee to fit during the recefs, and ferved upon it. § XXX, Adjournment and Suspense. The adjournment into the City was un- doubtedly a mafter ftroke of poHcy. The adl of violence committed, the continued prefence of the Court of Guard at Whitehall, the refufal of its officers to difband upon a meflage fent fpecially from the Commons on the morning of the 5th, the petition to the King for a Guard ftill uncomplied with, were all manifcft and unanfwerable grounds for fufpending temporarily the fittings at Weft- minflier. But the Houfe could not afford that its vifible adion and influence fiiould be with- drawn, even for an hour ; and to fit by Com- mittee in Guildhall, was not merely to make inftant appeal, in the leaft refiftible form, to the fympathy and fupport of the Citizens, but at once to caft in the fortunes of the Houfe with the fate of the five accufed, who had taken refuge in a houfe in Coleman Street. Clarendon laughs at the notion of any member of the Commons conceiving for a moment that his accufed colleagues were in the leafl: danger. Not that the Five durft not, he avers, venture themfelves at their old lodgings, for no man would have prefumed to trouble them ; but that the City might fee that they relied upon that place for a fandtuary of their privi- leges againft violence and oppreflion.* He fays, as in a paflage formerly quoted we have feen, that all caufe for apprehenfion ceafed upon the failure of the outrage of the 4th ; and that nothing could equal the contempt the accufed themfelves felt for the power, of which they yet affi^ded to put on a confiderable fliow of dread. This lafl: was merely ^^ to '^ keep up the apprehenfion of danger and the " eflieem of their darling the City."f But let us obferve what tone, on the other hand, is taken by Admiral Pennington's well in- formed correfpondents ; men not alone inti- mately acquainted with all the movements of the Court, but the mofl: important of them him- felf in office, and enjoying the confidence of the principal Secretary of State. It never once occurred to thefe men, at leafl: until the fliout of Privilege of Parliament was become uni- verfal, and the King had fled before it, that his impeachment of Pym and Hampden would be, or was meant to be, a mere dead and empty letter. For feveral days after the articles of accufation were publiflied, the accufed are fpoken of everywhere, in each and all thefe letters, as men whofe fate abfolutely is hanging in the balance. Mr. Wifeman, four days after the outrage, fears it to be impoffible but that the affair will have bloody iflue, becaufe the Houfe is Fears pre- tended : to get help from "darl City. "darling" But what fay private letters in State Pa- per Office? Serious alarm at impeach- ment. Fate of members in balance. Wife- man's view:. * ////?. ii. 130. t lb. ii. 178, 296 Arreft of the Five Members. not more determined than the King ftill the appears to be. The Under Secretary of Secre- State writes in doubt, on the third day after tary's : the failure of Charleses attempt at the Houfe, whether the accufed are not actually fled. Captain And, on that fame day. Captain Carterett rett's: defcribes his apprehenfion that there muft be 7th Janu- ferious difturbance before all things could be s.P.o. rightly underftood, for that many would have the accufed members to be brought to their trial, and otliers not, faying it was againft the Gives no privileges and liberties of the Parliament. " I but ftates '^ *i"^ ^"^ot wife enough,'* continues the honeft thefaa. feaman, '' to diflinguifh the Right of it, but *' this I am certaine, that our good King is '' much abufed. On Tuefday hee went to the ** Houfe of Co^^ons to demand thofe men w*^^ '^ were acufed, but noe anfwer was given him. '' Yeflerday hee went into the Citty, and after '' he had fpent fome tyme in Guyldhall (to give '' fatiffacflion of his good meaning towards his '^ people), he went to one of the Sheriffs to " dinner. The two Houfes have adjorned " untill Tuefday nexte ; and this day there was Vote of cc ^ Comittee of both the Houfes in Guyldhall, the ac- *' where they have voted that thofe men accufed cufed. - • ^ attend- tahties or the City wanting ; and D'Ewes has ance. more than once to fufpend his report that he * See Notes, 140- 141. 302 City hof- pitalities. «* Great cheer." Firft mat- ter debat- ed. Searching lodgings, and feal- ing up papers. Killing illegal warrants. Arrejl of the Five Members, may inform us, that about one of the clock he withdrew out, intending to go away, but coming into the Hall he found a feaft pre- pared for the entertainment of the members, whereat he dined before he departed, and they had " great cheere.'* The firft matter they fell upon at the Guild- hall, D'Ewes proceeds to tell us, was the unjuft and illegal proceedings againft Pym and the other members, inftituted by the King's Attorney in the Lords^ Houfe on the previous Monday. What Grimfton had treated generally in his very able addrefs, was now to be handled in detail. '' It was firft debated and refolved '' that the faid impeachment there was illegal " and a breach of the privilege of Parliament. '' Then they fell in debate, which continued " when I came in, that the fealing up of the '' doors of the chambers and ftudies of the " faid Mr. Pym and Mr. Hollis, on Monday ^' morning laft, was a breach of the liberty of «' the fubjed and of the privilege of Parlia- " ment ; and this was alfo voted upon the '' queftion. Then we fell in debate concern- «' ing the King's ifluing out warrants, figned '' with his own hand, to Mr. Francis and others '' his Serjeants-at-Arms, to attach their '' bodies : that they were illegal, and againft '' the liberty of the fubjed and the privilege *« of Parliament." * ♦ HarL MSS, 162, f. 309 a. § XXXI. Commons' Committee at Guildhall. 303 The Committee thus wifely began at the beginning, queftioning the Attorney-General's proceeding by impeachment before difcufting the outrage that followed. The folitary argu- ment of any weight that is ufed by Clarendon in palliation of the condud of the King, affumes that the popular leaders claimed their privilege of Parliament as an immunity even from the charge of treafon : we fhall now fee on what foundation this refts, and with how much truth any argument bafed thereon could be urged. Upon the laft propofition as to the warrants of arreft, a debate arofe, in which Nathaniel Fiennes and one or two more took part ; and in the courfe of it a fuggeftion was made that the Committee fliould fend to Mr. Brown, the Clerk of the Houfe of Lords, for a copy of the proceedings in that Houfe againft the five members of the Lower Houfe. Upon this D'Ewes arofe, and made certainly the moft able fpeech, moft ferviceable in know- ledge and illuftration, and going moft diredtly to the points in iflue, of any from himfelf that he has recorded in his Journal. Its reception by the Committee generally, is honourable evidence of their temper and fpirit. " I did defire," he fays, '' that we might '^ not fend for the copies of any proceedings '' which had been there printed againft the faid " members of our Houfe. We were not '' truly to take notice of fuch, becaufe thefe Attorn ey- GeneraPs proceed- ings firft qufcf- tioned. Motion to fend for warrants. Refifted by D'Ewes. Speech by D'Ewes. 304 Arrefi of the Free Members, Explains <^ proceedings againfl: our own members are Tgatrlft^'' " firft to begin in our own Houfe. For there arreft. . T-^i* to be lur- A 27 or Queen Elizabeth, Doctor Parry, rendered. "-' being a member of the Houfe, was firft '' delivered up by them to fafe cuftody, and '' afterwards arraigned and condemned of high '' treafon, and executed for it: And fo like- " wife in Mr. Coppley's cafe. In the Parlia- Examples '' ment in the laft year of Queen Mary, he S^""^"* '' fpake very dangerous words againft the faid ''Queen; yet it was tried in the Houfe of " Commons, as appears in the original journal- " book of the fame Houfe, and the faid " Queen, at their intreaty, did afterwards " remit it." Cries of ^^ well moved," now rewarded " well the firm yet moderate reafoning,* and the apt "^o^ed." ♦ Subftantially this argument does not differ from that which Clarendon fays he took occafion to urge upon the Houle m pomting out to them (////?. ii. 139) that privilege Why ap- ot parliament did not run in cafes of trealbn, felony, or plaud breach ot the peace : but how is it that what was heard from D'Ewes > 3o6 Arrejl of the Five Alembers, § XXXI. Commons' Committee at Guildhall, Fair and conftitutional learning, of the logical and well- read member for Sudbury : but thefe cries, grateful as he tells us they were to him, are to us the ftill more valuable teftimonyof a fair and juft of Com- temper in the Committee itfelt, upon a quef- mittee. tion where Clarendon would have us believe the repeated aifTeverations he makes, that no man was for a moment liftened to who at- tempted to explain what the law really was, or Nodefire who afferted that a member of Parliament fponfibler ^ight have his refponfibilities like any other citizen. and objcfl to Hyde ? Anfwer iuggefted. Doggrel *' Five Members' March." P'Evvcs with fuch approving cries, fhould have been received from the lips of Hyde with, as he is anxious to have us believe, noiie and clamour, with wonderful evidence of diflike, and with fome faint contradi«5lions that no fuch thing ought to be done whilft a parliament was fitting? (See ante, 212-16.) The folution of this, as already I have ventured to fuggeft, appears to be that Hyde made no fuch fpeech j and that the alfertion is a mere confufion of his memory between what he did or did not fay, and what he had afterwards felt that he mis;ht have faid. The charge he brings both in his Hirtory andliis Memoir, as though the Houfe claimed in thefe tranfaaions to override both the judges and the law itfelf, is but another form of the doggrel Five Members' March, of which two or three out of the Icore of ftanzas may amufe the reader. " And let no wights henceforth prefume To hold it rime or reafon. That judges fhall determine what Is Felony or Treafon. But what the Worthies fay is fo Is Treafon to award. Albeit in Council only fpolce And at the Council-Board. * * * And for this Sea of Liberty, Wherein we yet do l'\\im, Gramercy Kimbolton and Strode fay I, Halelrig, Holiis, Hampden, Pym." n J 07 ^^ But," proceeded D'Ewes, ^^ for the cafe of D'Ewes '^ thefe gentlemen that are now in queftion, it ^^^""^^^• *' doth not yet appear to us whether it be for '^ a crime clone within the walls of the Houfe '* of Commons or without : fo that, for aught '^ we know, the whole judicature thereof mufl *' firft pafs with us. For the Lords did make an '^ A(5l Declaratory, in the Parliament Roll de *^ A° 4^ Ed. III. N^ 6% that the judgment of As to cafes *^ Peers only did properly belong to them ; fo Zordl '^ as I hold it fomewhat clear that thefe gentle- J°'"* '' men cannot be condemned, but by fuch a '^ judgment only as wherein the Lords may *^ join with the Commons, and that muft be '^ by Bill. And the fame privilege is 'to the Privileges '^members of the Lords' Houfe. For wCb"^^ '' muft not think that if a private perfon Houfes. '^ fhould come there and accufe any of them '' of treafon, that they will at all part with *^ that member, or commit him to fafe cuftodv, '^ till the matter of fad be firft proved before '' them. Tis true indeed, that, upon the impeach- '^ impeachment of the Houfe of Commons lovvI^^ '^ for Treafon or any other Capital Crimes, Houfe : '^ they do immediately commit their members '' to fafe cuftody : becaufe it is, firft, admitted compels *' that we accufe not till we are fatiffied in the ^"'"^^"^^^ matter of fad ; and, fecondly, it is alfo perfon. '^ fuppofed in law that fuch an aggregate body *' as the Houfe of Commons is, will do Malice not '' nothing ex livore vel ex odioy feeing they are ^bf""'" X 2 3o8 Arreft of the Five Members, Conclu- fion by D'Ewes. Loud ac- clamation. Glyn's fpeech : aimed at fuch counfels as Hyde's, Private in- formers of the King. *^ entrufted by the whole Commons of Eng- " land with their eftates and fortunes." Sir Simonds clofed his calm and temperate expofition with a decifive affertion of opinion. '^ So as upon the whole matter," he faid, " I ^' conclude that the proceedings againft thefe ^' five crentlemen have been hitherto illegal ; ^' and that we ought to demand fafety for " their perfons to come and fit amongft us, ^^ till their crime fiiall be proved before us." Then, as he refumed his feat, he proceeds to tell us with pardonable complacency, ''there '' followed a loud acclamation of IVell moved, " and Mr. Glyn fpake after me, and faid that '' I had abundantly and very well cleared this '' point both with authority and reafon.'' But Glyn's fpeech was remarkable for more than this. Some paflages of it were hardly lefs folid and weighty than Grimfton's. Speak- ing from the queftion of the Warrants to the oreneral confideration of breach of their pri- vileges, he ftruck more nearly and direcftly than Grimfton had done at the evil councillors, by whom mifunderfl:andings had been for a long period afliduoufly raifed and encouraged between his Majefty and that Houfe. Thefe men, he faid, and fuch as thefe, had been, and were ftill, cafting afperfions, and fpread- ing abroad evil reports, not only of the mem- bers, but of the proceedings of the Houfe of Commons againft them and others of their § XXXI. Commons' Committee at Guildhall, 309 favorites. For himfelf he would fay that, of all breaches of the privileges of Parliament, none more grave could be committed than to in- form his Majefty of any proceedings in the Spies in irrL^^"^ Houle. Houfe of Commons, upon any buhnels what- foever, before they had concluded, finiflied, and made ready the fame, to prefent to his Majefty for his royal afient thereunto. Further, he faid, it was in his view a breach of Parlia- mentary privilege to mifinform his Majefty contrary to the proceedings in Parliament, thereby to incenfe and provoke him againft the fame. And to all men it was vifibly a Manifeft . /. ^ « 1 r ' •\ ^ breach of moft manifeft breach of privilege, to come privilege. to the Commons Houfe fitting in free conful- tation, and there, afiifted and guarded with armed men, to demand as it were vi et armis any members fingled out and accufed, without the knowledge or confent of that Houfe. Mr. Glyn had evidently, in the abfence of the Glyn has member for Taviftock, aflumed in the Com- leaderfhip. mitteethe place of leader to the popular party; and, quietly taking their places by his fide, as of right entitled to claim the next rank to that which all feem at once to have conceded to Glyn's diftindlion as a lawyer and his pofi- tion as member for Weftminfter, we find, among the moft adive and influential, young Chiefs Sir Harry Vane, Nathaniel Fiennes, Grimfton, him. Maynard, Alderman Pennington, Stapleton the member for Boroughbridge, and Wilde 3IO D'Ewes's argument on privi- lege. A firm polition, More than one quef- tion at ifllie. Claren- don's evaiion. Arrefi of the Five Members. the member for Worcefterfhire, who occupied the chair of the Committee more frequently than any other member. Glyn had fpoken truly in the compliment he offered to the learning and difcrimination of the member for Sudbury. D'Ewes had argued t\\^ matter of privilege, taking the King's proceeding as the bafis or Parting point, upon incontrovertible grounds. He had anticipated and repelled the falfe infinuations of Clarendon, and now, covered by Glyn*s authority againft fuch further objedions as were made, he carried the committee with him to a pofition from which their right to refift was un- affailable. Without minutely difcufling a queftion which can no lonorer, with our fettled and afcertained rules of procedure, be viewed exacflly as it prefented itfelf in thofe days, it is clear that the mere breach of privi- lege, grofs as it was, was not the King's worft offence on that miferable day. Whatever, affuming that a cafe exifted on which to take proceedings at all, the form of thofe proceedings fhould ftridly have been, whether by impeach- ment of the Commons themfelves, or by indidment preferred to a grand jury, the method taken by the King leaves quite imma- terial. When Clarendon aflerts that " if the '' judges had been compelled to deliver their '' opinions in point of law, which they ought '' to have been, they could not have avoided N § XXXI. Commons^ Committee at Guildhall. '^ the declaring, that by the known law, which ** had been confefied in all times and ages, no '' privilege of Parliament could extend in the '^ cafe of treafon," * he knows perfe6lly well that he is not raifing the real iflue.f There were a dozen violations of the known and fettled law to be dealt with, before that could even come to be confidered. Each ftep had been an outrage. Hyde was too good a lawyer not to be perfecflly aware, that, fo far from the King's having anything like the power he had afTumed to exercife in this cafe, even an ordi- nary magiftrate or juftice of peace had a power fuperior to the fovereign's. The King was in * H'lji. ii. 193. t I find remarkable evidence, in a letter written the morning after the King's attempt, of how clearly, in oppofition to all thefe fall'e ftatements and reafonings of Clarendon, the nature of the outrage which had been committed was difcriminated by impartial byftanders, and how accurate and unexaggerated was the meafure taken of the breach of privilege involved. Mr. Thomas Smith writes from York Houfe (built for Buckingham when Lord- Admiral, and fince occupied by holders of that high office), on the 5th January, to his *'true friend" Admiral Pennington. "Since the im- ** peachm* and fending of the Bpps. to the Tower, His ** Ma''*= hatli fent y*= Attourney Gen'*= to y*^ Upper Houfe to ** accufe my Lo. Mandeville, Mr. Pym, Mr. HoUis, Mr. " Strode, Mr. Hampden, and Sir Arthur Haflerig, to bee " guilty of High Treafon. This was don on the 3*^ of " January. The Houfes are much difpleafed at this manner of *' proceeding becaufe, fay they. Kings ought not to be the *' accufers of their fubje(5ls5 and they complaine that in y* ** manner of managing this bufmefle y* King hath done " many things tending to breach of Priviledge. As Sealing " up their ftudies, w*-^ y<= Parliam' hath opened againe, and " imprifoned thofe y* feaied them. [And fending] his Sergeants " into the Houfe of Commons to attack y^ perfons of fome '^ who are fuppofed to be delinquents, &c. The Lords gave " anfwer that if a Parliamentary Charge were given in againft *' thofe Delinquents, they would be Comitted to cuftody, but *' till y" they would not. The Kynge, offended that they were 311 Not one but many breaches of law. King powerlefs to arreft. Juft opi- nions as to arreft. Smith to Penning- ton : 5th Janu- ary. King not to accufe Subjefls. 312 Arrefi of the Five Members. Each ftep an out- rage. Subjeft may do what King cannot. Shame of Attorney- General. Makes apology through a friend. Discon- tent with the King. reality powerlefs. He could not draw up the impeachment. He could not carry it to the Lords by his Attorney. He could not ferve it in the Commons by his Serjeant-at-arms. He could not in perfon arrcft under it. And for the manifeft reafon that, prefuming a wrong to be done by fuch means, the fubjed: would be left without a remedy. '^ A fubjedl/' faid Chief Juftice Markham to Edward IV,* "may '^ arreft for treafon ; the King cannot ; for, ^^ if the arreft be illegal, the party has no " remedy againft the King.'* So ftrongly did the Attorney General, indeed, afterwards feel the humiliation in which confiderations of this kind involved him, that upon the proceedings fubfequently taken againft him, he requefted the Lord Keeper to intereft himfelf with one of his friends who fat in the lower Houfe for Notting- ham, Mr. Francis Pierpoint, third fon of Lord Kingfton, to offer an apology for his breach of the law. This curious paffage, alfo revealed to us by D'Ewes, has already been quoted in a notet; but it feems impoffible to underftand, if " not reftrayned, came the next day himfelf in perfon well ** guarded into y* Commons* Houfe (a thing never heard of ** before) to demand y'' pfons j but they were at that tyme ** abfent, and do ftill abfent themfelves. The King much ** difpleafed departed, and is this day gone himfelfe into " London to have y"* pclaimed Tray tors. Thefe violent ** proceedings of the King's give much difcontent everywhere, ** and we are daily in feare of uproares j yet all care is taken " to prevent mil'chiefe." * Quoted by Lord Macaulay in his£^jj, i. 67. \ AftUy 12^. My late extracts from the D'Ewes Journal will be found in Harl, MSS. 162, ff. 308 a and b, and 309 a and b. 5 XXXI. Commons' Committee at Guildhall. 313 Herbert really felt the "trouble" of mind al- Apology leged, and faw before him fo clearly the confe- Heved. quences of his ad, how an officer of fo much ex- perience fhould have fuffered himfelf to be overborne in a matter where he was certain him- felf to be the firft vidim. One is rather difpofed to conclude with Mr. Strode, in the pregnant Mr. ^ remark he threw out on the occafion of Pier- remark point's interceffion, that he believed Mr. Attor- thereon, ney did not only contrive the fame, but knew of the defign itfelf alfo ; for he was a man of great parts, and well {killed in ftate matters. The incredulity was at leaft pardonable. But we left the debate of the 6th of January Debate as before it clofed, amid the cries of approval ^^3^^^^"^^^,^. which followed the fpeeches of D'Ewes and tinued. Glyn. Divers, D'Ewes proceeds to tell us, afterwards fpoke refpeding the warrants which purported to have been iffued out under the King's hand, and no one ventured to af- fert their legality. The fpeeches all went to Sound one refult. That fuch warrants could not be ftated? ^"^ good: that the fovereign was himfelf a party againft all capital offenders: that, being entitled on convidion to have their lands and goods, he could therefore be neither judge nor accufer in their trial : that his warrants were to be No diffe- iflued forth by his minifters, who were by opinion, the law appointed thereunto: ''with much *' other matter to that efFed." A charaderiftic incident then occurred, which r t 314 Difpute oFD'Ewes with Wilde. y^rrej} of th:f Five Members, "Wrongr iffiie fug- gefted. Corre6^ed by D'Ewes. Lords to iflue war- rants. How to make a right thing wrong. further fhows how clearly D'Ewes kept before himfelf, and how fteadily before the Com- mittee, the point it moft behoved them to reft their cafe upon. Mr. Serjeant Wilde, fpeaking from the Chair, and taking advantage of exciting exprefTions thrown out in difcufling thefe war- rants of the King, would have had the Com- mittee affirm that the mere charge of treafon in the abftrad, no matter how inftituted, was, as againft a member of the Houfe of Commons, a breach of privilege ; but the member for Sudbury wifely fubftituted a refolution againft the mode of inftituting fuch a charge which lately had been taken, and denouncing the i/Tueof any additional warrants, as not only a violation of the privilege of parliament, but a breach of the liberty of the fubjec5t : and this the Com- mittee adopted. The wifdom of fuch a courfe was manifeft. Even fuppofing that the view could be fupported, of a right in the Lords to entertain the accufation of treafon at the inftance of the Attorney-General, it was the Lords, and not the King, who fliould have iflued the warrants : and D'Ewes was rio-ht to continue to fix the attention of the Committee upon the mode of procedure. Had the very right itfelf exifted, the method would have turned it into wrong. "At length," he fays, "Mr. " Serjeant Wilde propounded a queftion to be '' put concerning the arrefting of Mr. Denzil '' Hollis, or any of the other four members ^ XXXI. Commons' Committee at Guildhall. 3 1 5 '^ accufed of high treafon, that it was a breach D'Ewes's " of privilege: but I moved that the nrftover '' queftion might be put touching the ifluing '^'^^* " forth of any frefti warrants; that the fame " was a breach of the liberty of the fubjecfl, " and a violation of the privilege of Parlia- " ment : which motion of mine was approved Goodfenfe " by the Committee, and the fame Vv^as refolved ^^j^^^g^" " upon the queftion, and ordered by the Com- " mittee accordingly." There was no further objedlion to the refo- Refolu- lutions fubmitted. " We proceeded," fays vot"ed. D'Ewes, " to vote it a breach of privilege of " Parliament, and of the liberty of the fubjec5l, " for any perfon to arreft any of the faid " members by colour of fuch warrants ; and Againft " we declared them public enemies of the " Commonwealth. It was alfo further refolved " upon the queftion, and ordered by the Com- " mittee, that to arreft any member of either Againft " Houfe without confent of that Houfe whereof ^rreft^ng '^ fuch perfon was a member, was againft the ""^^^^ ■^ . them. " liberty of the fubje61:, and a breach of the " privilege of Parliament, and that any perfon " who fliould fo arreft fuch member fliould be " declared a public enemy of the Common- " wealth. Which votes being put and ordered, " it was moved that a fub-Committee might " be appointed to go out, and to draw out a " Declaration to this purpofe." Then rofe the younger Sir Henry Vane vrne"nrcs: 3i6 Offers wife tion. Guard againft claiming privilege for crime. Sub-Com- mittee to draw provifo. Vane's claufe voted and printed. Adjourn to Gro- cers' Hall. Arrejl of the Five Members, with a proportion, as the fequel to what the learned member fkllled in precedents had fo well moved, which he offered to the Com- mittee as very neceffary to be included in the Declaration, and which was eminently characfler- iftic of his own fenfe of juftice. " He did ' move," fays D'Ewes, "that we might make ' fome lliort declaration that we did not intend ' to proted thefe five gentlemen, or any other ' member of our Houfe, in any crime ; but ' fliould be mod ready to bring them to con- ' dign punifhment, if they fliould be proceeded ' againft in a legal way." The Committee affented; and young Vane, Glyn, Grimfton, Nathaniel Fiennes,and Sir Philip Stapleton, hav- ing been named as the fub-Committee to draw the declaration, left the chamber for that pur- pofe. While they were abfent, " I departed," fays D'Ewes, " from the Committee, between " two and three of the clock in the afternoon ; " but the Declaration was afterwards brought " in by the faid Committee, and allowed and '' voted by the Committee, and printed." He adds, that as the Common Council required the Guildhall Chamber for City ufes, and it was moreover in itfelf fomewhat inconvenient, the Committee adjourned itfelf to meet next morning in Grocers' Hall. ^ XXXII. Facts and Fictions. The elaborate particularity with which the u cc § XXXII. FaSJs and Ft SI ions. good Sir Simonds D'Ewes thus records in de- tail the proceedings of the Seled Committee of the Commons, feems as though fpecially pro- vided for refutation of the ftudied mif- reprefentations and difingenuous artifices of Clarendon. Speaking generally of the pro- ceedings of the Committee defcribed in the foregoing fedion, that writer deliberately ftates : i . That all the refolutions voted were in fupport of, and fimple corollaries from, the broad and unreftrided affertion, "that the arrefting, or endeavouring to arreft, any member of Parliament, was a high breach " of their privilege." 2. That the Houfe itfelf held fliort fittings, concurrently with the fittings of the Committee, for the mere purpofe of confirming the votes fo paffed. 3. That when the votes in queftion were propofed for confirmation, he (Mr. Hyde) took part in the debate, and was received with noife and clamour, and with wonderful evidence of diflike, merely for ftating what was a known truth to any one who knew anything of the law, namely, that where perfons were arrefted for treafon, or felony, or breach of the peace, there could be no privilege of Parliament. And, 4. That after this debate " the Houfe " confirmed all that the Committee had voted, ^' and then adjourned again for fome days, and " ordered the Committee to meet again in the " City. ... the Houfe itfelf meeting and 317 Clarendon fiftions. Alleged redriftion of votes. Concur- rent fittings of Houfe, Hyde^s afferted fpeech. Pretended references to Houfe itfelf. 3i8 Houfe confirm- ing votes of Com- mittee. All done durintr Five Members' abfence. Reply. Votes not fo re- ilriaed. Houfe itfelf not fitting. Hyde not fpeaking. Arrejl of the Five Members. " fitting only to confirm the votes which were " pafTed by the Committee, and to profecute " fuch matters as were by concert brought to " them, by petition from the City, which was ' ^ ready to advance anything they were diredled : '^ and fo, while the members yet kept them- ^^ felves concealed, many particulars of great *' importance were tranfaded in thofe fhort " fittings of the Houfe. * " To which elaborate mifftatement, the reply which D'Ewes enables us to make is very fimple. It is : i. That the votes of the Committee diftinftly limited and defined the breach of privilege as confifting, not in the accufatlon or the arreft, but in the means and procefs employed therein, whereby the law of the land and the liberty of the fubjed, not lefs than the privileges of Parliament, were violated. 2. That the Houfe held no fuch fittings, the Committee having in the firft inftance received full powers, and exer- cifing an entire jurifdidlion over the matters referred to them. 3. That it is therefore impofllble that Mr. Hyde can have addrefled the Houfe ; that there is no evidence of his having ever attended the Committee ;t and that, afl^uming him neverthelefs to have fpoken at the Committee as alleged, what we have feen of their reception of D'Ewes's tem- perate fpeech renders it extremely improbable Hiji, ii. 138-140. f See z^;?/^, 212-216. ^ XXXII. Fa5is and Fi5iions. that Mr. Hyde's very innocent remark fliould have been hooted down. And 4. That there was only one adjournment of the Houfe be- tween the 5th and the 1 ith January, 1641-2 ; and that there were no fliort fittings whatever while the Five Members yet kept themfelves concealed. Even if D'Ewes had not revealed this, the evidence of the Commons' Journals would have been decifive. They are a total blank between the two days named. Happily, too, the Declaration remains, which embodied the conftitutional fuggeftions of D'Ewes and the manly propofition of Vane ; and it needs but to quote a few of its noble kn- tences to diflipate thefe fidions of Clarendon. After fliating the high breach committed againfl: the rights and privileges of Parliament, and the liberties and freedom thereof, by the King's attempt to arreft the members, it proceeded : '' And whereas his Majefty did ifiue forth '' feveral warrants, under his own hand, for the '' apprehenfion of the perfons of the faid mem- bers, which by law he cannot do ; there being not all this time any legal charge or accufa- tion, or due procefs of law, ifiued againft them, nor any pretence of charge made known to the Houfe ; all which are againft the fundamental liberties of the fubjed, and " the rights of Parliament : whereupon, we '' are necefiltated according to our duty to " declare, and we do hereby declare, that any 319 No fhort fittings. Journals fupport D'Ewes. Evidence of pub- lifhed De- claration. As to warrants (C cc (C cc cc cc King powerlefs to iffue them. As to arrelt : 320 Arrejl of the Five Members. King dir- abled from efFe6ling it. As to claim of privilege : not defired to bar a juft charge. Readinefs to bring guilty to trial. perfon that fhall arreft Mr. Hollis, Sir Arthur Hafelrig, Mr. Pym, Mr. Hampden, and Mr. Strode, or any of them, by pre- tence or colour of any warrant ifluing out from the King only, is guilty of a breach of the liberties of the fubjed:, and of the privilegesof Parliament, and a public enemy to the Commonwealth .... Notwithftanding all which, we think fit further to declare, that we are fo far from any endeavour to proted any of our members that fhall be in due manner profecuted (according to the laws of the kingdom, and the rights and privileges of Parliament) for treafon, or any other mif- demeanor, that none fhall be more ready and willing than we ourfelves to bring them to a fpeedy and due trial : being fenfible that it equally imports us, as well to fee juftice done againft them that are criminal, as to defend the juft rights and liberties of the fubjecfls and Parliament of England." § XXXIII. Agitation in the City. Thurfday ^^^ Declaration of the Commons on the night, 6th • t^ • •! • j j • January. Breach of their Privilege was printed and in circulation in the City, on the night of that firft meeting at Guildhall. Agitation and excite- ment had continued to increafe out of doors. Clarendon is no mean or incredible witnefs where his paflions or intereft do not deceive or miflead him to perverfion of the truth, § xxxiii. Jgitation in the City. 321 and he fays that it cannot be exprefled how A change great a change there appeared to be in the j^^^^pfe. countenance and minds of all forts of people, upon thofe late proceedings of the King.* The fhops of the City, while the mem- bers remained therein, were generally fhut up, as if an enemy were at their gates ready to enter and to plunder them. ; the people in all places, he adds, were at a gaze, as if, difpofed to any undertaking, they looked Difpofed only for directions; and the wildeft reports ^nde7- were fpeedily accepted and believed. D'Ewes ^^^'"S- for once confirms Clarendon. On this Thurf- day night, he tells us in a note appended to his Journal of the 6th January, the watch at The pan^ge is curious and valuable, though in its aim and objea the reverfe of candid. '' It cannot beexpreffed ," he fays {Hiji ii. 159), '^how great a change there appeared to be m the countenance and minds of all forts of people in town and country, upon thefe late proceedings of the Kuig. He afferts (with what likelihood I have attempted to fhow m my EfTay on the Great Remonlhance) that the popular leaders hadof late been loHng their fpirits, fo that fome of them were even refuming their old refolutions of leaving the kmgdom; but that "now again they recovered greater ^^ courage than ever, and quickly found that their credit and reputation was as great as ever it had been : the Court beine u '^"^T'L l"" "" ^'''"^' condition, and to more difefteem and neglea than ever ,t had undergone. All that they had formerly fa.d of plots and conipiracies againll the Parlia- ment, which had before been laughed at, were now thought <^ .V '^""i '' r"i'l^ '^''' ^''''' ^"d jealoufies looked upon as the effeas of their great wiidom and forethought. All ^^ that had been whifpered of Ireland was now talked aloud c, ^""^ ?""^£.^J /' ^^^ °^h" ieditious pamphlets and libels were. Thele remarks are fo coloured as to give a falfe exprefTion to the fa^s they embody, but the faftl themfelves are confirmed by what already has been quoted from private letters, * Evidence of Claren- don. Tribunes exalted. Court reduced. All flanders believed. 322 Sudden alarm at Ludgate. Threat- ened attack on Coleman Street, Arrejl of the Five Members, Ludgate was alarmed fuddenly, between 9 and 10 o'clock, by information that the fame band of defperadoes who had accompanied the King to the Houfe on Tuefday, had a fimilar defign to be executed in the City that night. The news fpread fimultaneoufly from feveral quarters, and the reported plan was that of an attack upon the houfe in Coleman Street, where the accufed members were. The rumour had in all probability arifen from fome oozing out of the projed of Digby, as to which Clarendon, in the charac5ler he has left of that recklefs per- fonage* in the fupplement to the third volume of his State Papers, gives us the particular information, that it was conceived immediately upon the Citizens declaring abfolutely for the members, and rejecting, as they had done fhe day before this to which D*Ewes refers, the King's perfonal overtures for afliftance. Fur- ther he tells us, as we have ktn, that Digby counted upon a feled number of a dozen Gen- tlemen, who he prefumed would ftick to him (his friend Lunfford was onef), to help him out with this projecfl, by feizing on the Five Members dead or alive ; and he pro- 9 K f * ^^^^^ "Papers, ill. Iv. Ivi. See ante, 205. .peecnot f Stapleton made rather a good fpeech when the Digby btapieton. pjo^, and Lunltord's conneaion with it, became notorious the week after the prefent ; defcribing Lunltord, ''this "Colonel " as he calls him, not content, under the influence of LunfTord's the King's unmerited favour, " but imitating the w. The Digby plot. LuniTord in it. § XXXIII. Agitation in the City, tefts that without doubt he would have done it, and that it muft have had a wonderful effed. A wonderful efFedl, even the rumour of it appears to have had. The City and the fuburbs, fays D*Ewes, were almoft wholly raifed, fo that within little more than an hour's fpace there were forty thoufand men in complete arms, and near a hundred thoufand more that had halberds, fwords, clubs, and the like. Such was the military organifation of the City Train Bands in thofe days. Notwithftanding this, however, the panic ran its courfe, as it is in the nature of all panics to do. '^ Yet," D*Ewes tells us, in a fentence which exhibits not a little of the nervous derangement it commemorates, ^^ the " general cry of the City, Arm! Arm ! was '* with fo much vehemency, and knocking at *^ men's doors was with fo much violence, '^ that fome women being with child were *' fo much affrighted therewith that they " mifcarried." However, the Lord Mayor played his part of pater patri^ within the City walls with all neceflary promptitude and vigour, and put a timely check to thefe domeftic inconveniences. He had tried, but vainly, to prevent the Trained Bands from getting under arms ; but he afterwards fent to White- hall, and, in every direction where authentic intelligence was procurable, he difperfed it on all fides in place of the exaggerated rumours Y 2 r-3 The City in arms. 14.0,000 men with weapons. Panic continues. Women in terror. Exertions of Lord Mayor. W !i 324 Arrejl of the Five Members. \ XXXIII. Agitation in the City. 32 Streets flying about ; and he took finally fuch ikilful meafures for clearance of the ftreets, that in little more than an hour from his firft inter- city again ference, the City was again quiet, and " every 4"'*='- cc j^^j^ retired to his houfe." Two days later, he Thanks of was fpcclally thanked by an order of the Council Board, at which the King was prefent and the new Minifters of State ; and at which demand was made, under their hands, for delivery up of the names of the perfons who had " importuned ^* him to put the Trained Bands in arms/"'' Yet Council to Lord Mayor. the right fo challenged had never until now been in-timed queftloned; and the time appropriately feleded for this note of defiance, was when bands of armed men were being organifed, as well by the Kingr as by his followers, without any warrant from the law. D'Ewes concludes the very note I have quoted, by faying that the alarm in the City had been greatly increafed by the circum- ftance of a troop of horfe, raifed by a Royalift Troop Squire of Eflcx, having been billeted at Bar- Royaiift^ net, and reported, ''upon what mifinformation ^^"'^^* Order from Council, Saturday 8th Jan. Members for City odious to Court. Swearing in of Falk- land. Notices tumult of Thurfday. The authors muft be puniflied. * A copy of this Order from the Council-Board addrefled to the *• Lord Mayor &:c. of London," and dated Saturday the 8th, exifts in the State Paper Office, and furnifhes remarkable evidence of the tone and Ipirit which mull have animated the Council in difcuffing the incidents of the preceding Thurfday, the 6th of January. It is to be borne in mind, in reading it, that the members tor the City were notorioufly thofc who had overruled the Lord Mayor as to the aflembling of the Trained Bands, and that the Committee of the Commons, fitting in the City, held the ftep to have been eflTential to the fafety of the citizens. The inlertions within brackets are in the hand- writing of Nicholas j and the intimations with which the Order concludes as to the fwearing in of Lord Falkland at the Board that day, may perhaps be taken as an evidence of Nicholas's anxiety that thefafb Ihoiild be known in the City, and his own refponfibility io far lightened by participation with one fo recently engaged and truiled on the popular fide in the Houfe of Commons. ** Hearty commendations to your L"* and '* the reft. Whereas the King's Ma'' hatli taken notice of a great diforder & tumult within the Cittie of London & Liberties thereof where many thoufands of men as well of the Trayned Bands as others were in armes on Thurfday night lalt [without any lawfull authority, as his Ma'' is *' informed] to the great difturbance & afltrightm* of all the inhabitants: for which neither his Ma"', nor this Board, doth " [find] believe any caufe given at all, nor the lealt danger to *' have been intended to the faid Citty, or inhabitants thereof, " by any perfon whatever. W'^'' being of io dangerous confe- ** quence, xs the fame may no way be connived at: but is " moft requifite that the authors of the alarme be enquired " after, exam**, and punifhed according to Law : that others " may both hereafter be deterred from the like fed itious ** attempts, & his Ma"^ good fubje6ls better fecured in the << »^oi^.»-iKio ntt'tft- Xj- t.r«i/-w^'inrr r»f tA'l-iQf it flipirc A.nd whercas (( << it tc peaceable quiet & enjoying of what is theirs. his Ma"*" hath been informed that before the alarme, certaine perfons were earncft w'*' yo' LoP to put the Trayned Bands '* of the Cittie in armes; w'^^'you refufmgto doe becaufe [you faid] you knew no caufe of fcare, yet the fame was after- wards done without yo' commands & ag' yo*" will [and ** without any authority]. His Maje^, having duly confidered of the premiflTes, hath thought fitt by advice of this Board hereby to pray and require you, together with y' Brethren the Aldermen and the Recorder of the faid Cittie, forthwith to meete 8c to ufe all diligence for the enquiring and finding out, by what meanes and by whofe endeav' foe great a diforder did happen j who were the authors of the alarme [by what & whofe order the trayned bands were raifed] and upon what pretexte ; and futh as you (hall difcover to be gudty of this fo great offence, that you take a fitting courfe that they may be forthcoming : and further that you ** certifie this Board with fpeed of yo' proceedings therein, and what you finde [as alfo the names of thofe who at firft importuned you to put the Trayned Bands in armes]. To the end fome further courfe may thereupon be direfted for fettling the peace & quietnelfe of the Citty, & for punifhm* of the offenders according to the Laws & Statutes *' of the Realme. Wherein not doubting of y"^ care, we bid you very heartily farewell. From Whytehall the 8 of January 1641. Y"^ very loving friends. — This day, his (( (( It (( (( (( (( t( it it (( t( i( it n n n a Certain perfons (M.P.s) over earneft. Find out authors of alarm. Give up their names, Muft be puniftied. t( Ma*'' prefent in Counfell, and by his royall comand, the Vile' Faulkland was fworne one of H. M. principal " Secretaries of State." (( 326 Arreft of the Five Members, to undue fears. " I know not, to be but the fore-runners of ** five hundred horfe that were laft night to *^ come into the City of London." Tendency The univerfal tendency of communities and bodies of men to undue and exaggerated fears is well underftood, and the prefent naturalnefs of fuch fudden fears and panics has been fhown ; nor was the charadler of the difclofures made at the reafTembling of the Committee at Grocers' Hall the next morning, of a kind to difcontinue or abate them. § XXXIV. First Sitting at Grocers* Hall. On the day of the firft fitting at Grocers' Hall, Friday the 7th, it had been appointed to take evidence as to the circumftances of the King's attempt of the previous Tuef- day, and the charader and condud: of the armed men who accompanied him. *^ The ^^ bufinefs was entered into," fays D'Ewes, Witnefles s of Com- mittee. JrreJ of the Five Members. over-ruled. " The greater fenfe of the Com- '^ mittee,'' fays D'Ewes, <^ being to let them " alone, becaufe we did not know fully the '^ intent.of their coming." It was afterwards fald by Clarendon that only Mr. Hampden fully knew that ; that the levying of war in England dated from the day when thofe thoufands outof Buckinghamfhirewere invited to tender their petition ; and that whatfoever afterwards was done, was but the fuper- ftrudure upon the foundations which that day were laid.* The remark is at lead rendered more intelligible by the pifture D'Ewes has given us of Hampden on the eventful day. In the very moment of the pafllng of refolutions ■ claiming rights of the executive for the Com- mons' Houfe alone, to rife and dired attention to «^ thoufands" of his conftituents who had ridden up from their county to fhow readinefs, if need were, to die for that Houfe, difplayed at leaft the colleded and determined fpirit of the member for Buckinghamfhire-f Only two more ads of the Committee are recorded by D'Ewes. The firft was a report made from the Irlfh Committee by Sir Robert Harley, to the effed that the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland would, at their fuggeftion, difable + miteiockjn mentioning the arrival of thefe troops of Buckinghamflure yeomen (,-,56), fays that they brought up a petition^n behalf of their knight ot the (hue - whereof "probably he was not altogether ignorant beforehand. KJ| § XXXVII. Preparations for the "Triumph, 355 from his command Captain Hide,* notorious Captain for his infolent demeanour on the day of the ^^^^^^^ * ' attempted arreft. The fecond was their anfwer to a meflage from the Lieutenant of the Tower. " A meflage," fays D'Ewes, ^^ came ** from Sir John Byron, declaring that he " heard there were fome complaints here Refufal to '' againft him: and that he defired to know j^q^j^""^ ^''" ^^ them, that fo he might make anfwer to Byron's 1 -rxr r r 1 • 1 • rr meffenger. ^' them. We reruled to give his mellengerany " anfwer, becaufe he took notice of what had *^ been acfled here, and did not apply himfelf *^ to anfwer by petition. "f With which cha- Why fhould he have been ? The fame imputation is repeated Hamp- with addition, in a Royalift Satire {fpeech again/} Peace at den's fhare t/ie Clofe Committee). in Bucks petition. Did I for this my county bring To help their knight againft their king, And raife the firft fedition ? Though I the bufmefs did decline, Yet I contrived the whole defign, And fent them their Petition. A pafTage from the Petition will be quoted ihortly, and it certainly bears throughout the Hampden mark very vifibly ftamped upon it. But the charge implied is, that though he appeared to '* decline " the fervices of his friends, he had really in fecret '* contrived " them. It is the old accufation : and I name it here that the reader may fee, by Hampden's open and frank avowal before the Committee itfelf, how groundlefs it is, * See Ante 185. Harl. MSS. 162, f. 313 b. D'Ewes's exa6l expreflion is : ** that the Lord Lieutenant would put ** out Capt. Hide as we had defired, and that he would fend *' fuch lifts of the officers as we had defired." f Harl. MSS. 162, f. 313 b. The refult finally was, that Sir John Byron was difplaced, and Sir John Coniers, the fame who was feleiled by Strafford for the defence of Berwick, and whom Clarendon (in a paflage of his Hiftory, ii. 172, fuppreffed by his fons) admits the King had no other exception to than A A 2 Falfe charge. Captain Hide. New lieu- tenant of the Tower. 356 Arrejl of the Five Members, 3 P;ni. radleriftic affertion of having maintained unim- paired the full plenitude of power with which I oth Janu- ary. Clofe of ^i^e Houfe had inverted them, this famous Com- tee. ' ' mitee brought its fittings to a clofe. D*Ewes fhut up his note book and quitted the Hall a little after 3 o'clock. § XXXVIII. Flight of the King. 3 p.m. At almoft the fame hour when the member ary!'"^Pro- ^^^ Sudbury was leaving the Committee room poiid in the afternoon of Monday the loth of Kmg.^ January, Charles the Firft had formed the determination to quit Whitehall. As the incidents of that laft fitting of the Committee were communicated to him, by meflengers who pafTed to and fro between the City and the Palace, in vain he had attempted Acts of to fupprefs his agitation. To an obftinate u^eToUr'to incredulity had fucceeded a difmay and bewilder- Charles. ment the moft extreme, and long did his partifans remember the forrowful humiliations of this day. It was, fays Clarendon, the trouble and agony which ufually attend gene- ConfefTed that he was recommended by M^w, was named Lieutenant in uliirpa- his ftead. The Houfe did not affe<5l to dilguife from them- tions. felves the real drift and tendency of thefe interferences with the executive. Clarendon charafl:erifes their orders as to the Tower as '* an a61 of fovereignty even of as high a nature ** as any they have fmce ventured upon." ii. 173. And fub- ftantially they did not themfelves deny this : but, according to D'Ewes, it was rendered abfolutely necelTary ** in regard of Why ne- <* the great jealoufies and diftra6lions of London, the citizens cefTary. *' everywhere fluitting up their ftiops and giving over trade " in confequence of the infecurity of the Tower. m § xxxviri. F/ighf of the King, 357 rous and magnanimous minds upon their having committed errors. It was, fays a lefsHistrou- partial critic, the defpicable repentance which difmay. attends the man, who, having attempted to commit a crime, finds that he has only com- mitted a folly. His refolve at laft was taken fuddenly. He Takes might have liftened, comparatively unmoved, folve!" ^^' to the intelligence that the ftreets of his city were crowded with freeholders and yeomen of Bucks, who had ridden up by ^^ thoufands " to Crowds defend their reprefentative Mr. Hampden, ^l^^ ^"^^' He might have heard in fullen filence, if not indifference, that fuch a gathering of the common people as had not been witnefled fince the day of Strafford's execution, were about to furround Whitehall with a petition to defend For Pym. Mr. Pym."^ It would have mattered little to * As the copies of this petition, afterwards prefented to the King at Windfor, are extremely rare (it is not among the Popular King's Pamphlets, and I have indeed never feen but the Petition, fmgle copy in my own poflcfllon which was obtained for me by the late Mr. Rodd), a few lines may be here taken from it. It deals with each article of trealbn feparately j and thus comments upon that which charged the endeavour to fubvert the fundamental laws : " This feems contrary, in regard that Pym*sfup- ** hee hath laboured rather to ratifie and confirm the funda- port of ** mental lawes j in his diurnal fpeeches ever fpecifying his law. ** reall intent, as the inftitution and not the diminution or ** fubverfion of law.'* As to the alleged traitorous endeavour to fubvert the rights and very being of parliaments, this is the remarkable and emphatic comment: "To this we may " anfwer with great facility, Hee 'was the chiefe caufe that Author of " this parliament itj as ajfembledy and it feems very incongruous fj^g Lon; ** that he rtiould fubvert the fame. Moreover he is the lole Parlia- *' man that ftands for the antient rights and liberties of parla- ment. ** ment, and it feems a rtupendous thing that he fliould afl'ail " the fame." While on this fubje«Sl I am tempted to add, ^S 3S^ Arreft of the Five Members. Alainilng him that contemptuous cries and hooting from dcfeaions. ^j^^ populace Were audible at the very gates of his palace. But when it was told him that fedions of every clafs of his fubjeds had offered allegiance and fervice to the men whom he had publicly branded as traitors ; that his before the D'Ewes Journal is finally clofed, fome evidence of the abufe, not lefs than the pralfe, of which the great leader had fo truly portentous a ftiare as well now as to the end ot Attacks the ftruggle. While, from this period to the outbreak ot the on Pym. vvar, his vail influence within the Houfe renders poor D'Ewes himfelf, as his diflatilfaaion with public affairs increafes, daily more and more peevilh and unhappy, in the Journal we alfo find almoft daily evidence of affaults to which he was fubjeaed out of doors. Now (to take a few inftances from amid the events we have been defcribing) it is the *< Examination of Jno. Sampfon a mean fellow who faid the ** kingdom would never be in quiet till Mr. Pym & fuch *' others as he was were hanged. His excufe, that he was «* in drink. Sent to Houfe of Correaion. Sir A. Brown " fliowed that Mr. Nelfon, a fcandalous Minifter in Surrey, " had faid Mr. Pym was neither a gentleman nor a ♦Mdiolar." Harl. MSS. 163, 377^,385 a- C)n another day it is an ** Information given againft two men who ** Not a " had faid the King was no King becaufe he did not gentleman " take up arms againft the Scots, & that Pym was King or fcho- " Pym, and that that rogue would fet all the kmgdom together lar." " by the ears."—//'. 163, ff. 322 a, 331 a. On a third day it is a " Report from the Committee ot information of one " Thomas Shawberie, a graduate of Emanuel College about to " proceed a Doaor of iPhyfic this commencement, who had *< yelUr night at the Crofs Keys in Gratious Street called Mr. " Pym, a Member of this Houfe, ' King Pym ' & ' Rafcal ' " , u^"r^ " & that he would cut him in pieces it he had him.''— /^. and^Kal- ^^^^ f. 424. a. Let me add, that out of numberlefs fimilar ^ tefti'monies to Pym's unexampled influence in the State, and to the royalift hatred it infpired in a meafure almoft equal to the popular idolatry, one of the moft remarkable will be found in a long poem in Mr. Wright's Political Ballads of the Com- monivealt/i (pp. 30—38, Percy Society), which bears for its ** Penitent title, ** The Penitent Traytorj or the Humble Confeflion of Traitor." *< a Devonftiire gentleman who was Condemned for High << Treafon, and Executed atTyborne for the fame, in the raigne << of King Henry the Third, the nineteenth of July 1267." Pym was of Somerfetftiire, but he fat for Taviftock in Devon. § xxxvHi. Flight of the King. 359 mariners and feamen, " the water rats," had "^^^ater- deferted him; that the Trained Bands of' London and Southwark were in arms againft Trained him ; that, for the men whom he would have ^^"'^'• fent to a public fcaffold, fuch a public triumph was preparing as only waits upon Conquerors Triumph and Deliverers; and that, finally, to proted [^'J', J'^'" and confolidate their triumph, and in his defpite to '* guard the Parliament, the King- " dom, and the King," a military force had been created, and military rank beftowed — he a fudden appears to have yielded all at once to what ^^^^^^jl is known to have been the counfel of the Queen, and to have given fudden directions for the flight. '' The iflue is," wrote Sir Edward to Lady SirEdward Bering,* '' that the King went fuddenly out j.if^^X'' ^' of town with the Queen and Prince, angered " and feared with the preparation of armes to " attend us the next day. Nor can I wonder " at his purpofe therein; but approve it. ... " The Commons go high : and not only the Commons " Houfe, but a Committee of the Houfe, ^P^JJf *^ have armed and Imbanded the King's fubjeds, " not only without his leave afked, but have «^ made a Serjeant Major General to the '^ Kinz's terror. For thereupon he went out ^/King's 7 •;; 7 ^ T 1 r "terror." '' towney and not till then, . . . Jealoulies are " high, and my heart pitys a King fo fleeting Pity for '' and fo friendlefs, yett without one noted ^ '' '"^* • MS. Letter (13*'' Jan. 1641-2) already quoted : ante 48. 3 6o Arrejl of the Five Members, Noted «^vice." It is not the *^ noted 'Wices which vices leis dangerous ^^e moft dangerous in kings. thanfecret. There was doubtlefs much, in the '' noted " reafons for this flight of a king from the capital of his kingdom, to awaken fympathy from fuch minds as Bering's : but more fecret reafons and purpofes betrayed themfelves too foon, to permit the moft ardent of the gentlemen who remained loyal to the fovereign to deceive Reafon for themfelves as to the temper in which London London. '^^^ '^^^^ abandoned. It was not the fear of being deferted by friends, but the mortifica- tion of being difabled from ftriking further at enemies. For Charles the Firft, the hope of fo ftriking effedively exifted now only in the pro- vinces of his kingdom. Away from London, he might purfue his fecret levies ; and, while the adual outbreak of war was delayed, his ab- fence could not but diforganife the operations of Parliament. The Queen had now refolved, A projea moreover, if flie could but fcrew her hufl^and's Qulen. courage to the fticking place, to carry herfelf and her children for the prefent out of Eng- land, taking with her the Jewels of the Crown : and to leave London was to accomplilTi the firft ftage. The watchful vigilance of the Com- vigiiance ^gns Compelled the detention of the princes ; mons. but, in little more than three weeks from this day, ftie had fucceeded in that moft material part of her dcfign which fecured freedom of adlion and fafety to herfelf, until the war ftiould Hope of fupport elfevvhere § XXXVIII. Flight of the King. 361 really begin, and to her huft^and the means Secret fer- of waging it when once his troops were in Penning- the field. " By yours of this week,'* wrote ton. Sidney Bere to Admiral Pennington, "I " perceive you are ready to fett faile upon " fome fervice, wherein I pray God to blefle " you w'^'* good fuccefle." That was on the 13 th of January ; and the fervice for which the Admiral fo held himfelf thus early in readinefs, was undoubtedly that which on the :23rd of February he performed, of conveying conveys to the coaft of Holland the Queen and her ^'fj^JJj'^ daughter, and the Crown jewels of England. In little more than two months ftie had raifed two millions fterling. The fame letter of the under-fecretary tells Under us further what it well imports us to know to the Ad- of the circumftances of the King's departure, '""^rjil: After mentioning the triumph of the Com- ary. mons in their return to Weftminfter, he con- tinues : " The King andQueene toke the day Reports *' before a refolution to leave this towne, j!^'^? ^ ' night. ^^ w*> was alfoe foe fuddaine that thev could ^' not have that acomodation befitted their 3 cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc C( cc cc cc hath lefte mee'here to attend fuch fervices as ihall occurre, w"^, if the Kinge ihall per- fift in his refolution to retire,* will not be much, Howfoever I will exped the iflue, and if I bee not fent for, thinke myfelfe not unhappy in my ftay to be freed of an expencefuU and troublefome journey. My Lady Nicholas is much afflicted ^ and I believe, as well as heCy would for a good round Jumme hee had never had the feales. My Lord Keeper refufing to -put the greate feale to the King^s proclamation ag^ the perfons accufed, did alfoe fnake tender of his charge, but how- foever remaines ftill w^'^ it. And thus, Sir, you fee to what heighth of diftempers thinges are come." f In this fad condition, exclaims Small work left for Under- Secretary, Grief of a Secretary of State's wife. Lord Keeper offers to refign. the fame, D'Ewes goes on to remark that he took an oppor- tunity of telling the Earl of Holland what he had done : " who very well approved the fame with very fair expreflions <* to me for \t:'—Harl. MSS. 163, f. 462 b. I need hardly add that Lord Effex is by no means to be put in the fame category with fuch men as Lord Holland. Effex had been confiftent throughout, and never concealed his popular views and wifties. * This expreffion (by which the Under Secretary means perfifting in the determination to retire from Windfor and Hampton Court as well as Whitehall) ffiows that the real dtWgn of the King, not fimply to efcape the fight or neigh- bourhood of the Triumph of the Five Members on the nth, but a6inally and wholly to quit London and its vicinity until he could return its mafter, had been difcuffed at Court, and was already known in the Secretary's offices. The certain effeft of fuch entire withdrawal, it is alfo obvious from the remark of Bere, was well underftood as an abdication of the funftions of the fovereign. It will leave us little to do here, fays the Under Secretary to his friend the Admiral. t MS. State Paper Office. Bere to Pennington : 13 Jany. 1641-2. In the fame letter the Under Secretary adds : ** In " the mean time they are united in the Houfes, and the D'Ewes and Lord Holland, King's flight not temporary, Union in Houfes. 3^4 Royal re- veries. Literary entertain- ment. Letters not fafe. Defolate court at Windlbr. Endymion Porter to his wife : 14th Janu- ary. Very old llory. Arrefl of the Five Members, Clarendon, was the King f^Ien in ten days,* from a height and greatnefs that his enemies " accorde between the Upper Houfe and Commons grows «' dayly more ealy .... I lend you herew^** divers printed '* bookcs of leverall ftiles, all w''* I leave for yo' entertaynm* •* att fpare bowers. Sir John Byron, Lieut* of the Tower, <' it's thought will yett be difplaced : the Parliam' not being " fatiffied w'*' his carriage, and having, as I am told, voted ♦* him a delinquent . . The Parliam*, it feemes, having [have] ** taken into conlideration the fmali Gard isattpreftnt att fea, <' and foe have voted 30 faile to be fett out forthw'^ This is " all I ftiall trouble you w''' att prefent, in a time foe dlftra6^ed, " antl wherein is foe little alfurance into what handes letters '' may fall. Yours I luimblv kifle and reft, &c. &c." * Hift. ii. 182. On that *'' tenth" day the King had gone to Windfor, and D'Ewes*s journal gives us a glimpfe of the interior of the palace, from the reported fpeech ot a rnem- ber of the Houfe who had accompanied a deputation with a meflage, which feems to bear out what is faid by Clarendon. '* They found," faid Sir John Holland, '* a defolate Court, ** and law not any noblemen, and fcarce thirty gentlemen.'* {Harl.MSS. 162, f. 359 b.) A few days later, when the abfence of Endymion Porter from his feat (he reprefented Droitwich) was matter of remark, the fame Sir John Holland, D'Ewes tells us {lb. 162, f. 386 b.) "Hiowed that when he was '* at Windfor with his meffuge, the faid Mr. Porter informed " him that he was at that time the only man attending upon " his Majefty in his Bed-chamber to drels and undrefs him : ** which was the chief caufe that he could not attend the ** fervice of the Houfe: and defired him to move the Houfe " in his beh.ilf if anything fliould be faid againft him." To which I am fortunately able to add, out of the rich unpub- lilhed ftores of the State Paper Office, a letter from Endymion Porter himfelf to his '* deare wyfe Olive Porter," dated from Windfor on the i+th January, that very "tenth" day from the arreft to which Clarendon refers. It prefents a pidlure of the rtraits of a married courtier during inaufpicious times, which is pleafing as well as highly chara61eriftic ; and very curious is the view that is given us at its dole, of the jealous care with which the King and Qjieen were now guarding their children. *' My dearest love, — As for monnies I wonder you " can imagin that I ftiould heipe you, but you allwayes looke ** for impoffibilities from mee, and I willi it were a tyme of " mirrackles, for then wee might hope for a Good Succefs in '* everie thing. Whither wee goe, and what wee are to dooe, " I knowe not, for I am none of the Councell : My dutie & § xxxvjii. Flight of the King, 3^5 feared, to fuch a lownefs that his own fervants Gloomy durfl: hardly avow the waiting on him ! pi^iure. To the gloomy pifture another touch is added by a letter of Captain Shngfby * to his ** loyaltie have tought mee to followe my King and Mafter, " and by the Grace of God nothing^ fliali divert mee from q- 11 "it; I could wifh you and your Children in a fafe place, but V^"^^^ ** why Woodhall rtiould not bee foe I cannot yet tell. I could ^ ^ f- " likewife wifli my cabinetts and all my other thinges were at ^^""*^^- " Mr. Courteenes — but if a verrie difcrcete man bee not there ** and take the advife ©f the joyner to convaye them thither, *' theye will bee as much fpoilde in the carridge as w*** the Pear of *' rabble. Deareft love, to ferue God well is the waye in « rabble' ** eueriething that will leade us to a happie end, for then ** hee will blefs, and deliver us owt of all troubles : I praye I* you have a care of your felfe, and make much of your " children, and I prefume wee fhall bee merrie and enioye " one another long. I writt to you and fent the letters by ** Nick on tuefdaye, but that rogue is drunke, and I heare not of him. If you remember my fervice to M" Eures, and *| no^ve ancCl enuie their happines, I pi aye "you"' fetrt'his thdf chil berer cum to me agame, when you heare where wee reft : Hr^n *' and foe Godnighte, fweete Noll. '* ¥«• true frend and moft loving huft)and, ,, ___. ,^ *' Endymion Porter. Wmdfor this 14th of Januarie 1641." I may add a further very notable illuftration, from an un- " pubhflied letter of Bering's, of the difficulties and hardfhips now mcident to the courtier's trade. " The times," he writes Defperate to his wife^' are defperate, and £100 in hand may quickly times be worth £100 per annum. Will. Gibbes wrote yefter- ' night for my advice. He would faigne attend the Kino- ^^ with his peifon, as other Cavaliers do: but his purfe is a T^^?',,^"'^ J'^^ ^'"g ^'*^e P««re that he cannot feed them Kind's that follow him. I was told that the prince one night poverty '* %yanted wine, and another candles." By the Prince nfuft ^ ^* be intended the Prince Eleaor. * As this is probably the laft time I fhall have to refer to Captain Slingftjy, I may mention that on the Reftoration he SlJncrfbv was made a Baronet and Comptroller of the Navyj that he is and Penv. frequently referred to in Pepys's Diary j and that, in recording ^^ * his death at the clofe of Oaober ,661, Pepys fpeaks of him as a man that loved me, and had many qualitys that made me 3(>^ Arreft of the Five Members, SHngfby to Pen- nington : 14th Janu- ary. Unexpe6t- cd change ofpofitlon. Officers following the King. Lunfford at Kingl- ton. Admiral one day later, on the 1 4th of January, which reveals fomewhat more of the alarm and danger of the time. He defcribes what had happened fince the famous day at Guildhall ; and how that he, and all who accompanied the King on the 4th, were now fet apart and '' efteemed criminals,'* while the gentlemen ac- cufed of treafon pafled with greater honour and applaufe than ever, having been brought back magnificently guarded to their feats at Weft- minfter. '^ The King the day before,'' he continues (I omit his allufion to the Bucking- hamfhire horfemen who had ridden up to town to offer their fervice to the Parliament), " w^'^ " the Queene and all their children, went " away difcontentedly, attended not with '^ many lords or old courtiers, but with the '^ officers of the late army in good numbers. '' He went firft to Hampton Court, then to " Windfor: this day removed from thence, <^ whither I knowe not: but fome fay to '^ Portfmouth, others to Woodftocke, and *' from thence to Yorke. There was yefter- '' day a great feare in the Cittie by reafon it '' was reported that Coll. Lunfford had made ^' proclamation in Kingftone for all of the '^ Kinge's party to come to him. If any fuch '' to love him, above all the officers and commiflioners in the Carterett. << Navy." D'lar^ (ed. 1854.) i. 229. Captain Carterett, though an older man, lurvived Slinglby eighteen years. He did im- portant Royalift lervice during the Civil War, and obtained high rank as well as feveral lucrative employments at the Reiteration . 5> XXXVI I r. Flight of the King. 367 " thinges were, I believe it was but fome "Drunken *^ drunken flourifh. of fome of thofe fouldiers ^^^^ ' '^ that followed the King : yett the Houfe *^ hath fent order to the Sheriffs to apprehend " them, and have, as I heare, fent likewife to " Portfmouth to forbid the admittance of any " fuch into the towne, as may breed tumult '' there."* Capt. Slingfby makes light of the Lunfford Sufpjcious proclamation as a 'drunken flourifh," but he tions. yet connedls it with the foldiers who were fol- lowing the court, j" and we have feen with what defigns at this time, at leafl not unknown to the King, Clarendon couples Lunfford's and Digby's names. J Except for Charles the Firfl's Digbyand exprefs difapproval on the fcheme being fub- ^""""^^• mitted to him, he tells us that the accufed mem- bers would either have been feized and taken *MS. State Paper office. Slingfby to Pennington : i/j.Jany. 164.1-2. The clofe of the letter is very chara(5leriftic. '* All Agree- ** thinges go now currantly on in the Parlament with out any ment in '* apparent oppofition : the malignant partie having all left Houfes. " the towne: only the Tower doth yett breede fomejealoufies. " The Left' refufeing to come to the houfe, being fent for : " and refufmg to take the Proteftation w'^'* was fent to him. One ex- " Some Vi6luals going to the Tower were flopped, and this ception. *' day I heare it is abfolutely blockt up : the feamen have ** ofFerd their fervice to batter it. A day or two fince it was " foe dangerous faying anything, y» a man could not be " afTured of his life in fpeaking anything. Fa6iions were fo ** hott. But now the Language of the Par: is only currant. Fa6lions " I pray God fend us better unitie, but I can hardly expeft fubfiding. ** it: though I thinke there are twice as many plotts dif- " covered and printed than are really contrived." t Clarendon alio flates (ii. 163) that befides his own gentlemen, " thirty or forty ''of the officers of the Whitehall Guard alfo attended him. J Ante, 205, 288, 322. 368 Arreft of the Five Members. % XXXIX. Return of the Five Members. 3h Reje61ed plan againft Five Members. Qiieen's reproach to King for its re- je6\ion. Charles I. quits Lon- don. cc cc Never to return as King. Guizot's Hiftory. to prifon, or left dead in Coleman Street ; and it is certain that the King's reje6lion of either this, or fome other plan, which he had been difpofed to entertain on the firfl: failure of the arreft, was made matter of warning to him in later years. "You fee," wrote the Queen, urging him afterwards to as rafh an enterprife, "what has happened /rd?;;/ not having foUo'wed '' yonrfirft rejolutions when you declared the Five Members traitors. Let that ferve you for an example, and dally no longer with confulta- " tions/'* Under fuch advice is the ill-fated King abandoning the metropolis of his Kingdom. He confidently believed that he fhould foon return to it as its mafter, but he never again faw Whitehall until he was led through it to the fcaffold. Before 4 in the afternoon he ftepped into his coach with the Queen and their children, called to the window the Captain of the Trained Bands who had been in attendance at the palace during the laft two eventful months, thanked him for what he had done, and drove oiT to Hampton Court.f * Harl. MSS. 7379. Quoted in the Fairfax Corrc- fpondence, ii. 335. •f- Let me refer the reader who i* not acquiintcd with the book to M. Guizot's lately revifed and enlarged edition of his Hi/hire de la Revolution J'Angleterre. I know of no narrative of the incidents of Charles the Firft's reign, within the fame compafs, at all comparable to it for fulness, accuracy, and pidlurelquenefs. The account of the incidents under notice is a delightful fpecimen of narration, clofe and fpirited ; the obfervations are always thoughtful, confiderate, and tem- And now, to adopt the expreftion of Cla- The Five rendon, it only remained to place the Five {'hdr Members '^ on their thrones,"' "thrones." § XXXIX. Return OF THE Five Members. Tuesday the eleventh of January, 1641-2, Tuefday, was a clear bright winter day, and never had "^^^J^""- the great river, or either of its fhores, pre- fented fuch a fcene as had there been vifible fince day break, from London Bridge to Weft- March of minfter'ftairs. By land, the City Trained j^^^^^^ Bands on the one ftiore, and on the other the Trained Bands of Southwark, lined the road up to the very avenues of the Commons' Houfe; and by water, guarding that filent Guard by highway through which the members were to '^^^^^• pafs, appeared on either fide, connedling both the bridges in two compacfl and glittering lines, a fleet of vefi^els and long boats, armed with ordnance, and ^' drefled up with waift- '* clothes and ftreamers as ready for ficrht."* On all fides the afpedt of a feftival ; eager Great animation, movement, light, and colour : but ^^^^^^^• no mere holiday gaiety. Blendingwith whatever could give brilliancy to the fcene, were figns everywhere of the folemn and earneft work in No mere hand. The men who ferved the ordnance on ^""^'^^y- board the vefiels ftood with their matches perately juft ; and the ftyle throughout is charming. This enlarged edition has been fairly translated by Mr. Scoble (Ed. Bentley: 2 vols. 8vo. 1854). * Clarendon, Hijh ii. 164. B B ■»;-*^»C;^*a;COTB..: ■ 0/ Soldiers' pikes and mulkets ; carrying printed votes of Houfes. ^rrejl of the Five Members. lighted ; and, fixed upon the pikes of the foldiers, attached to their mufkets, flapping round their enfigns and colours, looped in their hats, or faftened on their breads, were printed copies of the folemn Proteftation, which bound all who took it to the rendering up life itfelf on behalf of the liberties of Par- liament and the maintenance of the Proteftant religion.* Manned by officers and feamen of the navy who had volunteered this fervice, one of the largeft and rlcheft of the City Companies* Barges had been provided and fitted for the Five Members ; and in this, at midday, they embarked "from the Three Cranes," f and fo returned to the feats from which their fove- reign had vainly hoped to banifh them for ever. ''They returned," wrote the Under- Secretary to Pennington, *' with fuch multi- tudes as had '^ far more of Triumph than " Guard ; and the feamen made fleetes of boates '' all armed with mufquetts and murdering " pieces, w^'' gave voUees all the way they What * "There was one circumftance," fays Clarendon, "not Clarendon " ^o "^^^ forgotten in the march of the City that day, when law. Embarka- tion at " Three Cranes." Under- Secretary's account. ** the ftiow by water was little interior to the other by land, " that the pikemen had faftened to the tops of their pikes, and " the reft in their hats, or their bofoms, printed papers of the " Proteftation which had been taken and enjoined by the *' Houfe of Commons, the year before, for the defence of the ** privilege of Parliament ; and many of them had the Printed '* Votes of the King's breaking their privileges in his coming " to the Houfe and demanding their members." ii. i66. D'Ewes will be found to notice this alio, /»o//, 364. f RuJJi^-wort/ij III. i. 484. 371 Welcome at Weft- minfter. Entrance into Houfe. Pym thanks the City. ^ XXXIX. Return of the Five Members. '' went."* Arrived at Weftminfter, the en- thufiaftic applaufes of the people who had crowded to give them welcome, outrang even the clattering difcharges of ordnance which faluted them as they landed. They pafled up the flairs, and into the lobby of the Houfe. The Speaker and the members flood up as the Five entered and took their accuflomed places. The inflant after, all the Five arofe, and while Hampden, Hollis, Hafelrig, and Strode flood filent and uncovered, Pym ten- dered in the mofl earneil language their hearty thanks to the citizens of London. He faid that he could not but refer to the unexampled fcene they had that day witnefTed. Such had been the kindnefs, the affedion, they had found in the City, that if the mode of exprefTihg it, on this extraordinary occafion, had been fome- what unufual, the honour of the Houfe was neverthelefs engaged to protedl and defend the citizens againft all poffible confequences thereof. The words (reported by Clarendon)t are ex- tremely flriking ; and mofl fignificant was the appeal they involved from one fupreme power * MS. State Paper Office. Sidney Bere to Pennington, 1 3th Bere to January, 1641-2. The title begins : '' The laft weeke I Pennin '* told you but the beginning of thofe bad enfuing newes wee ton ; " muft now dayly expe^f , unleffe it pleafe God to give a ftrange, 1 3th Janu *' if not miraculous change, whereby to fettle thediftraaion of ary. " affaires. The Committee fitting all laft weeke in y«= Citty, •* returned againe to Parliament on Tuefday, and the perfons ** accufed w^'» them, for whom both citty and country have ** ftiown foe much aff'eaion 1 '* t Hiji, ii. 165. B B 2 Striking expreflioRS ufed. cr. i3 ( 372 Jrreji of the Five Members, Impreflion made on Royallft member. Would you be King Charles or King Pym ? Letter of Sir Ed- ward Dering. Guard againil no enemy. Members thought Hill in danger. in the State, to another which was to aflume from that day a more than equal fovereignty. Some idea of the impreflion made upon even a member of the Houfe who fympathifed with the King, appears in what Sir Edward Dering now wrote to his wife. '' If I could be Pym " with honefly, I had rather be Pym than King " Charlesr^ In the fame letter, written the next day but one after the great feftival, the member for Kent, after telling his wife that " hcere have been five " thoufand petitioners out of Buckingham- " fhire to offer their lives to execute our com- " mands," proceeds to tell her further, that by the help of God fhe was not to fear for his perfonal fafety, for that many thoufands had guarded them on the Tuefday, and that each day now the Houfe itfelf was provided with a fufficicnt Guard "againft no enemy." But fome members of the Houfe had been in danger, and how could any fingle member in future be reckoned fife ? In vain did even this loyal knight of the (hire for Kent, notorious for his refiftance to the Remonftrance, affure and re- affure his friends down in his native county. '' Mr. Bullock came and offered," he writes, <^ with his friends, to be my perfonall Guard. I ^^ refufed itt, but could not perfuade him from my *' fde, from morning to night, unlefs in the ry Houfe.'" The incident better explains vs^ MS. Letter before referred to, 48, and 358. § xxxix. Return of the Five Members, 373 what the feeling was, which had brought thou- Why fands out of Buckinghamfhire to the fide of men came. Mr. Hampden. When Pym had ceafed fpeaking, and when Thanks there had been called in, fucceflively, the sLaker. Sheriffs of London, the Mafl:ers and Officers of fliips, and Serjeant Major-General Skippon, to receive thanks from Mr. Speaker, Hampden's colleague in the reprefentation of Buckingham- fliire (Mr. A. Goodwin) arofe, and begged of Speech by the Houfe that fuch of the gentry of that county as had been appointed to bear their petition* might be called in to deliver it. Goodwin. * Theopeningfentencesof this petitIon,which,if not written by Hampden, may be fafely taken as the exaft expreflion of his views, are charaftcriftic and worth quoting: *'That whereas, '* many years paft, we have been under very great preflures, for '* nxihich are clearly fet forth in the late Remonftrance of the ** Houfe of Commons \ the Redrefs whereof hath for a long '* time been by you endeavoured with unwearied pains, tlio' "not with anfwerable fuccefs ; having ftill your endeavouri ** fruftrated or retarded, and we deprived of the fruit thereof, *• by a malignant failion of Popifh Lords, Bifhops, & others j '* and now, of late, to take from us all that little hope which '* was left of a future Reformation, the very Being of the " Parliament (haken j and, by the mifchievous pra6^ices of " moft wicked counfcllors, the privileges thereof broken in ' an unexampled manner, and the members thereof unaflTured ot their lives, in whofe fafety the fafety of us and our *' Pofterity is involved : We hold it our duty, according to " our late proteftatlon, to defend and maintain the fame " Perfons and Privileges, to the uttermoft expenfc of our lives '* and ertates." The laft fentence is alio remarkable. After ftating fuch meafures againft evil counfellors as they believe to be called for, they clofe thus : " Without all which, your *' Petitioners have not the leall hope of the kingdom's peace, '* or to reap thofe glorious advantages, which the fourteen " months Seed-time of your unparallelled endeavours have *' given to their unfatiffied expedations." A fimilar peti- tion was taken to the King at Windfor two days after this was delivered to the Commons. Nor was it the Bucks Bucks petition to Houfe, Views held by Hamp- den. Petition to King. ■•<*»■«» ^iSJW&S 374 Bucks petition brought in. Its guard of 6000. Crowd and prefTure in lobby. D'Evvcs in Welt- mi nftcr Hall. '* Little fquare banners." Other counties petition the King. Jrrejl of the Five Members, Whereupon, the fame being aflented to, the petition was brought in, and they who bore it informed the Houfe that it had been accom- panied to the town by above fix thoufand men, not one of whom but was ready with their lives and fortunes to defend them, the honorable members of the Commons, or, if need were, againft whomfoever fhould in any fort illegally attempt upon them, to die at their feet. *^ And then," fays D*Ewes, ^^ they withdrew ^' out of the Houfe: but they were fo many, *' and the prefs was fo great in the Lobby and ^^ room next without the door, that they were '^ a good while before they could get out/'* D'Ewes followed them, and went to walk a while in Weftminfter Hall. There, cluftered in various groups, flood citizens of the Trained Bands belonging to the eight com- panies who had guarded the Members that day. And D'Ewes noted upon the tops of their pikes, hanging like little fquare banners in the now ftill and quiet air, copies of the Proteftation for defence of parliament and maintenance of religion. f men alone who thus followed the King to his retire- ment. Others, according to Clarendon, promptly followed the example: *♦ Though the King had removed himfelfoutof '* the noife of Wellminitcr, yet the efFe^s of it followed him ♦ < very clofe j for befides the Buckinghamfhire petitioners, who " alarumed him the fame or the next day after he came to " Hampton Court, fe'veral of the fame nature nxjere e'very ^^ day prefented to him, in the name of other counties of the ** kingdom.^'' — Hijl, ii. 176. * Harl. MSS. 162, f. 317 b. f /^. 162, f. 318 a. § XXXIX. Return of the Five Members, olS Meanwhile, before the Houfe rofe, between 7 and 8 on that " ever to be remembered " Departure day, the departure of the King from London noted "^ had been remarked upon by honorable mem- bers, and the matter was referved for debate until the following morning. Accordingly, on Queftion that Wednefday the 1 2th, the Chancellor of the pLg " ' Exchequer wiflied to know if he fhould move his Majefty to return to London, to come to a proper underftanding ^. But Sir John Culpeper failed to elicit any fatiffacflory reply. Again, next morning, Thurfday the 13th, the queftion was renewed ; and, fays D*Ewes,* Qiieftion " Sir Henry Cholmely moved that we fhould H^^nry " fend to his Majefty to exprefs our grief ^^^^"^^^y- '' for his abfenting himfelf from us, and to " defire him to return, and to conceive that " we are his beft and fureft guard. But Mr. Anfwered " Denzil Mollis flood upy and /aid ^ that till noWh!^' '^ himfelf and the other members of this Houfe *^ accufed of High Treajon were cleared, and the *^ violation of the privileges of this Houfe in their " perfons were redrejjed " My Narrative clofes here. The blank left is Clofe of D'Ewes's own; and what yet there might have "^''^^*''''* remained to tell, is better exprefled in that elo- quent filence. Of one of the moft memorable in- cidents in our Englifti hiftory, more than enough will perhaps be thought to have been faid in thefe pages. But it had confequences which • Harl. MSS, 162, f. 329 b. *w«; „.,,.. .S.g?P?SEt~^ Queftfon not fettled in one genera- tion. Struggle of Com- mons againft Crown . Why fuc- cefHul. 376 Arreji of the Five Members, were not determined even when the ftruggle of that generation ceafed, and its acflors, noble and ignoble, were alfo pafTed into filence. Every popular privilege won by the Commons in the long fubfequent ftruggle with the Crown, owed fomething to this firft grand conflic5l : and if their rights and powers are at laft harmonioufly adjufted, it is becaufe, in the momentous fcenes which have been here defcribed, violence in the Chief of the State was at once met by prompt refiftance ; and allegiance to a fovereign who had broken the laws, was held of lefs account than that higher allegiance which all good men owe to their country and to pofterity. § XL. Conclusion. members a ^^ "^^ introduftory remarks it was ftated deliberate that the Arreft of the Five Members was no ^*^- exceptional ad: on the part of Charles the Firft, extreme and violent as it was, but ihowed a ftrid agreement with what had gone before it ; and, happily for thofe againft whom it was aimed, only baffled its own deliberate and well- planned defign by betraying it prematurely. The juftification of the leaders of the Com- mons for the courfe they immediately took, with all its daring refponfibilities, confifted Only to be folely in this. Force was to be met bv force • met one j 1 /^i 1 ' and when Charles and his armed attendants pafTed through the lobby of the Houfe of How baffled. met one way I § XL. Conclujion, Commons on the 4th of January, the Civil War fubftantially had begun. Clarendon him- felf admits as much when he calls it ^^the moft '^ vifible introduction to all the mifery that *^ afterwards befell the King and Kingdom."* The arreft of the Five Members was the final ftage of the ftruggle againft the Grand Remon- ftrance. That Appeal to the nation was de- figned to exprefs the danger which had arifen to the popular caufe from defedions of its former fupporters, to exhibit the paft as a warning for the future, plainly to fet forth the prefent in- fecurity of every conceftion that had been wrung from the King, and to invoke the People to defend and keep what had been won for them fo hardly. The Arreft was a violent effort to reverfe the eleven votes by which the vi(5lory was achieved, and to conftitute the leaders of the minority, to whom the higheft offices in the State had meanwhile been given, mafters of the Houfe of Commons. The iflue was a plain one, and admitted only of the harfti arbitrament to which finally it was brought. If, indeed, it had been poftible to believe that it was in the nature of Charles the Firft to have left it honeftly to fuch men as Falkland, Culpeper, and Hyde to adminifter the Govern- ment fubjedl to fuch conceftions and fafeguards as had been wrefted from the prerogative during * State Papers : Supplement to voL iif. p. Iv. 77 The Civil War be- gun by it. Its con- ne(5iion with Remon- ftrance. Defign of Remon- llrance : objeil of Arreft : to make tlie mino- rity maf- ters of the Houfe. Improba- ble cafe. it t » t 378 Peculiar opinions of King. Nullity of ftatutes in bar of pre- rogative. All recent afts in peril. AHent under com- pulfion void. Dangerous logic. Arrefi of the Five Members, the pafl: year, there might have been a cafe agalnft the adoption of meafures which forbade the poflibility of compromife. But a peculiar ne- ceflity was created by the charafter and opinions of the King. It was not merely that his bad faith was ineradicable ; it was not even that he was underftood to hold the high monarchical theory of the nullity of ftatutes in dired reftraint of the prerogative ; but that he was known to entertain the belief, that, in reluc5tantly giving aflent to the moft important of the meafures pafTed by the Long Parliament, he was giving it under compulfion, and that fuch afTent was therefore ipjo faBo invalid. With thefe views, let him once be relieved from preffure and everything gained for public liberty was loft. Clarendon himfelf informs us that his Attor- ney-General, Herbert, had encouraged him in the notion that the adt againft the diflblution of the Parliament without its own confent was for fuch reafons void ;* and in mentioning his aflent to the Bill excluding the Biftiops from Parliament, he makes ufe of thefe remarkable expreflions : t '' An opinion that the violence " and force ufed in procuring it rendered it " abfolutely invalid and void, made the con- " firmation of it lefs confidered, as not being " of ftrength to make that a6l good, which '' was in itfelf null. And I doubt this logic had • Life and Continuation^ i. 206-211. f Hist, ii, 252. § XL. Conclufwn. 379 " an influence upon other aEis of no lefs moment '^ than thefe y How was it poflible to deal on equal terms with fuch an antagonift } Let the pofition be confidered, too, in which Pofition of sccLiicr to a charge of treafon fpecifically made, and which accufed. yet the accufer would neither profecute nor retradl, left thofe who were fo accufed. That ftartling remark of Hollis with which my nar- rative clofes, throws confiderable light upon this point ; and Whitelock has an obfervation to the eff'edt that the moft powerful of the Refufal to members accufed (he alludes to Pvm and P^°^^5!^^^ . ^ ■' or with- Hampden) peculiarly refented the King's re- draw fufal fpecifically to withdraw the charge.* So ^^^^^^' much indeed has been frankly avowed by Pym himfelf Li the Vindication which he publifiied when the war broke out, he does not hefitate to avow that from the hour of that '* vindi- unjuft impeachment his own condudl wasp^j^""^^ changed. "When,'* he fays, ^^ I perceived '^ my life aimed at, and heard myfelf pro- ^^ fcribed as a traitor, merely for my intirenefs ^^ of heart to the fervice of my country ; when '* I was informed that I, with fome other '' honorable and worthy members of the par- '' liament, were, againft the privileges thereof. Why he '' demanded even in the parliament houfe by hl^fcXdta '' his Majefty, attended by a multitude of^^^^^ar- men-at-arms and malignants, — while for my own part I never harboured a thought * And see Memorials, i. 158 (Ed. 1853). ( c 384 Arreft of the Five Members. EfFea of King's obftinate re filial. fffea^^l'^ previous condud had infpired), it is yet very withdraw- far from impofTible but that, frankly done at charge. ^^ ^^^^ '^ might certainly have recovered fo much ground for the King as not wholly yet to have broken and difperfed his party in the City. Not only, however, did he fullenly leave the charge rankling in the breafts of fuch men all powerful in debate as Hampden and Pym, whom it ever afterwards indifpofed to any mediation or compromife ; not only did he refufe to withdraw it, as we have feen, when finally compelled to withdraw all proceedings ; but, up to the day when the ftorm broke over him under which he had to yield, and which Perfiftence ^ith an obftinatc impafTivenefs he had watched as from day to day it made darker the fkies above him, not a word was uttered by him, or an a6l done, of which the manifeft and unmif- takeable tendency was not to exaggerate every danger, and to confirm and extend all the fears, generated by his firft rafh attempt. There was but an interval of fix days between his entering the Houfe of Com- mons and his flight from Whitehall ; and in that interval. Clarendon tells us, he had renewed his commands to himfelf, Falk- land, and Culpeper, to give him confl:ant Good ad- advice what he was to do.* What, then, vifers pro- having the inefl:imable benefit and advantage of fuch confefled advifers, did he do? In * Life and Continuation ^ i. 101-2. in the outrage Interval for good advice. § XL. Conclufion, Z^S full view of the danger efcaped by failure of his inftrudions on the evening of the 3rd of January for firing on the Citizens, and of the mifl:ake committed by failure of his attempt upon the on the morning of the 4th for feizing on the ^*"^* Members, what were the fl:eps taken, under fuch advice as Hyde admits him now to have had the full opportunity to profit by — to ex- prefs regret or majce reparation ? What, in a Events word, was the courfe he took at that point of 4tiram" time which Clarendon fixes beyond queftion ^^^ J^""' ^ T- ary. as '' before he left Whitehall ? " On the night of the 4th, with thofe ominous founds of Privilege ! Privilege ! ftill ringing in his ears which had followed him as he left the Houfe that day, he caufed a Proclamation to Prockma- be iflued, declaring that certain members of ^'°". the Houfe of Commons were under accufation Memb ers. of High Treafon, and ordering the ports of the kingdom to be clofed againfl: any attempt they fliould make to evade iuftice. On the , mornmg of the 5th, he ifllied under his own King's hand Warrants for their arreft addrefl'ed to the Zl'v^ Sheriff's of London. On that day, alfo, he went ^o Guild- himfelf to the City, and in perfon demanded ^^^^* that the accufed, whom he knew to be con- cealed therein, fhould be delivered up to him. On that evening, he drew up with his own 5th r .. hand a fecond Proclamation againft harbouring ^^^°"^ 1 o Procia— the men whom he defignated as traitors. 'On mation. the morning of the 6th, he difpatched a p. M. t| I C 386 Arreji of the Five Members, § XL. Conclujion, 6th: A.M. Serjeant lent to arreft. 7th : A. M. Common Council Petition. 8th: A. M. New A^Iinirters at Council- Board, Same day: Third Proclama- tion againft Members : and private order from Council Board. Royal Serjeant into the City with orders to efFeft the arreft. On the yth, the Common Council voted their petition in behalf of popular rights ; and on the fame day, fuch evidence was taken by the Committee at Grocers' Hall ("upon queftions," fays Claren- don, " whereof many were very imperti- "nent and of little refpeft to the King") as conclufively eftabliftied the danger to which the Commons had been expofed. On the 8th, the day when Lord Falkland was formally fworn in before the Council as one of His Majefty's principal Secretaries of State, and the morning after that vote of the Committee which invited the accufed publicly to refume on the following Monday their places and duties as repiefentatives of the people, there came forth a third Proclamation from the King - reiterating againft the members the accufation of high treafon, and commanding all magif- itrates and officers throughout the kingdom to apprehend them and convey them to the Tower. Moreover, on that fame day of the 8th, a private order was fent from the Council Board, at which Falkland had taken the oaths and his feat but an hour or two earlier, giving inftruftions for proceedings againft thofe (notorioufly the members for the City) who, upon the fudden alarm of two nights before had called out the Train Bands for proteftion of the Citizens. Was it poffible that the 387 Houfe of Commons, how reluftant foever to enter on the ftruggle, could in fuch circum- ftances as thefe have declined or evaded it ? There was manifeftly no alternative left. Such middle courfe as D'Ewes would have No middle propofed before reforting to an open defi- ^,^1'^''°^' ance, was fimply hopelefs. It had become clear that the attempt upon the Members could not be defeated without a complete overthrow of the power of the King. He could not remain at Whitehall if they returned to Weftminfter. Charles raifed the iflue, the Accept. Commons accepted it, and fo began our Great \Zl °^ Civil War. The King drew the fword upon ■■^'''«''- the day when he went with his armed follow- ers to arreft the Five Members in their places in the Houfe. The Houfe of Commons un- furled their ftandard on the day when, declin- ing to furrender their members, they branded ^^ with the epithet of a Scandalous Paper the articles of impeachment iflued by the King. I i I / t I INDEX Alifon. Alison, Sir William (York,) Ipeaks againft LunlVord, 36. Argyle, Archibald Marquis of, made Scottifh Chancellor, 17, (See Montrofe.) Arrelt, privileges of Commons againft, explained and aflcrted, 213 14., 30+-5, 307-8. 315. Arreft of the Five Members. See Five Members. Attorney-Gen. ^te Herbert, Sir E. Authorities cited or referred to : MS. See Bere. Carterctt. Bering. Doivfe. Latc/ie. Marjhn. Ni- cholas. Porter. Slingjhy. Smit/i, {Thomas). Windebank. IVifeman, {Thomas). Printed. Sqc Bramfion. Bruce. Butler. ClarcnJou. Echard. Eikon B a/dike. Filwer. Forjler. Guizof. Hacket. Hall. Hallam. Heath. Heylyn. Hobbes. Hozfjell. Hume. Hutchinfon. Lenxns. Lilly. Ma- caulay. Nalfon. Napier. Pepys. Rujh-ivorth. Rujfell, ( Lord John). Sandford. Verney. IVar-iJcicky (Sir P.). IFhitelock. JVright. Aylefbury, Mr. writes from Rome to Hyde, 224, 225 note. Baal, or Ball, Peter, Queen's At- torney, 129 note. Balfour, Sir William, removed from governorfliip of the Tower, 34. Clarendon's Note thereon, and on his Succeflbr, 35 note. Balgony, Leflie, Field Marfhal of, made an Englifti Earl, 17. Banks, Sir Bere. John, to be Lord Treafurer, 30 note. Barberino, Cardinal Francefco, makes " particular mention " of Pym and his friends, 225 note. Barrlngton, Sir Thomas (Col- chefter), 37. Named on Com- mittee of Safety, 280. Bates, Dr. on Lady Carllfle's con- nexion with Pym and his friends, 137. On Advifers of the King's Vifitto the Houfe, 137. 140. 141. Bath, Earl of, to be a Privy Coun- fellor, 58. Baxter, Richard, on the term "Roundhead", 136 — 7 notes. Baynton, Sir Edward (Chippen- ham), on fecret communications to the King, 210. Bedford, Earl of, joins in Proteft relatiie to Lunfford's removal, 36 note. 65. Beedham, Mr. 87 note. Bellafis, H. (Yorkftiire), motion of, relative to the Bifhops, 102 note. Suggefls attempt at accommo- dation with the King, 201 riote. Bere, Sidney (Correlpondent of Admiral Pennington), ap- pointed Under Secretary, 5. De- fcribes Oppofition to printing the Remonftrance, 5, 6. On Charles's Vifit to City, 22. Fears and diltra^lions daily in- creafmg, 26. On Secretary Nicholas's worth, 26, 27. notes. Court difmiffals and appoint- ments, 30 note. ^Difmiflal of D D '^^o Index. Biron, Young Vane, 53. Further on Official changes, King's move- ments, and his own probable dii- mifl'al, 56 and note. On Com- motion arifing out of the Lunl- ford affair, 69, 70. On the Bifhops and their Proteftation, 96 note. Reports their Com- mittal to the Tower, 98. His fears and hopes on the occafion, 99 and note. On King's Vifit to the Houfe to Icize the Five Members, 194, ic)^^ notes. His dread as to ultimate rcfult: fly- ing rumours, 203, 204. Why he declines a Chriftmas Invita- tion, 204 note. Rumours againft Lords Briilol and Digby, 206. On Secret Service afligned to the Admiral, 361. King's fliglit and dilquietude of his Counl'el- lors, 361 — 363. Union between the two Houles, 363, 364 notes. Defcribes Return of \Iembers, 370. 371 note. Biron, Sir John, appointed Tower Governor, ^vice Lunftord, 70. " Little better accepted than the other", 77. Called before Com- mons' Committee, 334. 341. His Meflage to them, 355. Su- perfcded, 355 note. ^64. note. Bifliops, Petition againlt enforce- ment ot Liturgy by the, 32 note. Courle taken by them on ac- count of the Tumults, 89. Pur- port ol their Protclhition thereon, 89 — 91. Real Author of Pro- teltation : objeifb contemplated by him, 91. What might have followed had Protell been ad- mitted, 92. Provocation given, 92, 93. Bifhop HalTs account of what led to the Proteftation, 93, 94. Clarendon's Account : Courie taken by King, 94, 95. Prompt adion of Conmions, 95. Cromwell as to Epikopal Spirit, 96. Sidney Bere's lliic- tures on the protciting Prelates, Buckingham, ibid. note. Their condud con- demned by Clarendon, 96, 97. His opinion of their Impeach- ment, 97. View taken by Pen- nington's Correfpondents, 97 — 100. Real drift of Proteft, 100. Glyn fent up to impeach them, loi. Hacket's Lament for them : feelings of the Lords, ibiJ. note. Tower Gates clofed upon them, 102. Civilities ex- changed while in durance, 103 note. D'Ewes's comments, 104, 105. Tower preferable to Black Rod's Cullody, 105 and note. Delight of Commons at their folly, 105, 106. See alio 173. 174 and notes. 341. Bodvill, Mr. John (Anglefey), and the Clerk's Journals, 23^. Bolingbroke, Earl of, 36 note. Bofwcll, Sir John, 204 note. Bramfton on Attack on Arch- bifliop Williams, 71, 92. His account compared with Claren- don's and Hacket's, 89 ?iote. "Bridle" the, for too reltlefs Citizens, 33. Briftol, John Earl of: to be Cham- berlain, 30 ?iote. Commons' Charge againlt him, 78. 82, 83. Spanilh Match expedition, 82. Belt account of that mad freak, 82 note |. Cromwell denounces him, 83. Rumours againft him and his Ton, 206. See Digby. Brooke, Lord, 36 note. Honour delignated for him, 58. Brown, Mr. Clerk of Houfe of Lords, 303. Brown, Nlr. R. (Romney), brings up Lincoln's Inn reply, 176. Brown, Sir A. (Surrey), reports llander on Pym, 358 note. Bruce, John, Efc^. Note by, 20 note *, Buckingham Freeholders come to London, 338, 339. 357, 373. Their numbers, 339 note. Hampden's ftiare in their pcti- Index, Buckle. tion, 340, 341 notes. 373 7iote Debate as to receiving them. 353» 3 54- 373- Called^'n, 374, King's reply to their Petition, 380. See GooJzvin. HampJen. Buckle, "One Mr."j Threat ut- tered by, 169. Bullock, Mr. 372. Burleigh, Lord, Anecdote of, 382 note. Butler, Samuel, couplet quoted from, 344 note. Byron. See Biron. Camden Society Books rich in illuftrations of period comprifed in this work, 49 note. (Rota- tions therefrom. See Bramjion. rerney. Carew, Alexander (Cornwall) 279. Carlifle, Earl of, 36 note. 37 note. See Hayy Lord. Carlifle, Lucy Countefs of: has Intercourfe with both parties, 15. Comnumicates Court Secrets to popular Leaders, 16. Caufes of her betrayal of the King's party, 133—135- Sir P. Warwick's Scandal about her, 135, 136 and notes. Dr. Bates's more com- plimentary interpretation, 137. Refult of her clofetings with the Queen, 13S, 139. Gratitude cxprefled for her fervices, 140. Dangers averted by her warning, 144. 145 note. 195. Precile moment of her communication of King's intentions, 175. Carterett, Captain, Correfpondent ot Admiral Pennington, 51. Clarendon's teftimony to his eminence, 52. Reports difmifl:il of the two Vanes, ibid. Parlia- mentary appreciation of his fer- vices, ibid. note. Announces the publication of the Remonftrance, 60. His reflj(5tions on aflfairs, 60, 61. Confirms fa(5l of Lunf- ford's knighthood and penfion, 70 note. On caufes of popular Charles I. difquietude, 287. 296, 297. His later career, 366 note. Cavalier, firft ufe of the epithet, 62. Senfe in which it was ufed: inftances cited, 62, 63 notes. William Lilly on the fame fub- jea, 64, 65 notes. ^^^341. See Roundhead. Cave, Sir R. (Lichfield) named on Committee of Safety, 280. Cecil's excufe for a Clerk's "wan- ton pen", 382 note. Chadwell, William (St. Michaels), munimental trick attempted by, ^44} 245. His narrow efcape, 245 and note. Chambers, John, depofes to vio- lence of King's Guard, 327. Chandois, Lord, 37 note. Charles, Elector Palatine, accom- panies the King into the Houfe, 184, 185. Joins him in his flight, 361. A Prince's pri- vations, 365 note. Charles the Firrt, fatal day in the life of, I. His attempt on Five Members correctly ftated in Eikon Bafilike, 2. Services ren- dered to him by Admiral Pen- nington, 3. Was Lord Digby fole advifer of the arreft ? 10. Charges intended againft Pym and Hampden, 12. His ways of dealing with opponents : al- ways too late, 12, 13. Refults of hisobftinacy, 14. Clarendon's verfion of his confultations with Lord Digby and their betrayal, 15 note. Nicholas's communi- cation relative to Lord Kimbol- ton,i5, 16. His conduft towards avowed Rebels and popular Leaders contrafted, 17, 18. En- larges fcope of his accufation againft the latter, 18. His " confident and fevere look", 20. His felf-deception on ftrength of Royalift party in City, 21. Contemporary ac- counts of his reception there, D D 2 392 Index. Charles I. 21, 22. Confers honours on City Magnates, 22. Adulatory Reports, ibiJ. note. Probable efFefl of Lenthal's defire to re- fign, 22, 23. 25. Inftances of hisfoolhardiners,29. Aflails pri- vileges of Commons, 30, 31. His double pi ©vocation of the Puritans, 31. Conftquences of his reprieve of condemned Jc- fuits 31, 32 note. His Warrant appointing Lunfford Tower Governor, 34 «o/r. Refponfibility for that a6>, 35 note. Alleged reafon fordifmilTal of Lord New- port, 37, Gives Lord Newport the lie and retra6^s, 38, 39. En- deavours to win Pym to his fide, 42, 43. Why his efforts failed, 42 note. Pym's fecret influe?ice ove r h i m , 44 — 46 . Rene ws oife rs of place to Pym, 47. Deringon his overture to Pym, 48. EfFet*^ on Commons of his difmifial of young Vane, 53. Propofal of Regency during his fojourn in Scotland, 56-7 note. Negotia- tions in London with popular leaders, and fudden change in Scotland, 57 — 8. Hisill-adviled a61 on the Faft day, 61. Its fatal confequences, 62. Hisindifcre- tion relative to Volunteer Guard, 72. 73 — 75. How he received Declaration of both Houfes, 75. Juilifies his acceptance of the Guard, 75, 76. Anticipated refult of his noncompliance with Commons' defires, 80. His con- du6l on receiving Birtiop's Pro- teftation, 95. Commons' De- mand for Guard, 109, 110. His expedients pending his anfwer, no, III. His reply and its ac- companiment, 112. Impeach- ment of Five Members laid folely at his door, 113. Anfwer, in his own hand, to Petition of both Houfes for Guard, 1 14 //o/^. His choice of Commander a proof of Charles I. infincerity, ibid. His Interview with the Commons' Deputies, 126. Quellion of his relponfi- bility further difcufTed, 127 — 129. Pernicious fruits of the Queen's interference, 129 — 139. (See Henrietta). His abettors in renewed attempt on the Com- mons, 139 — 142. Alleged evi- dence in fuppoit of his charge, 142, 143. Clarendon's view of the matter, ibiJ. notes. Incapable of a wife Fear, 145. Iffue railed by his attempt, 145. Its alleged *' gentlenels," 150 note. His ftyle of writing, 151. His ad- vifers and their fliare of refponfi- bility, 153, 154. Attempts to induce the citizens to aid him, 155 — 157. His Warrant for that obje6>, 157. 158. Whitehall clocks too late, 156. 159. Goes to the Houfe to demand the Five Members, 179. Number and equipment of his attendants, 180 — 184. Enters "where never King was but once", 184, 185. His reception by and bearing towards the members, 185 — 187. His Speech to the Houfe, with correaions by his own hind, 188 — 190. Lenthal's Reply to his appeal, 191,192. William Lilly on his manner of Speaking, 192 note. His Speech on finding his *' birds flown", 193. His bearing on leaving tiie Houfe, 193 — 195. Accounts of the fcene by Slingfby and Bere, 194 note. D'Ewcs's account of what took place on his departure, 195 — 200. Mif'chief let loofe by the afl, 206. Hyde his private advifer, 208. Clofeted with him, 209 note. Lilly's verdi6l on his " rafli aftion", 217 note. Money folicited for him from Index. Foreign Rul ers, 224. How the Commons met his Pro- clamation againfl Eflex, 240. Charles I. Sir Peter Wentvvorth's plain fpeaking, 242. Sends for Rufh- worth, 251. Their interview, 252. Iffues Proclamation againfl » Five Members, 253. His War- rant for feizure of arms in City, 257 note. Announces intention of addreffing City Authorities, 258. His reception in Guildhall, and how he fared by the way, 258 — 263. Wifcman's account oftheaflRiir, 264—267. Citizens' anfwer to his demand for Five Members, 267. Their'advice to him, 268. His firft a6f on return from City, 269. 297. Its refpon- fibility entirely his own, 270, 271. Commons' Proceedings arifing out of Arreft, 271 — 281. Apprehenfions natural to the times, 283. Montrofe's offer to affaffinate Argyle and Hamilton, 284, 285, 2^86 fiotes. Pym's heaviefl charge againft him proved, 299, 300. Commons' Declaration againll his condu6l, 3 19, 320. His Order in Council on polition taken up by the City, 32^+» 325 notes. Evidence as to intended violence by his follow- ers, 3i6 — 329. Further procla- mation againll the Five Mem- bers, 333. Threatens a Vifit to Commons' Committee, 337. 338. Determines to quit Whitehall, 3 5^'f 3 57- His terror and its caufes, 359. His reafons for leav- ing London, 360. MS. references to his flight, 361—368. (See Bere — Bering— SUngJby.) Off to Hampton Court, 368, 369. Cafe between him and the Com- mons finnmed up, 376 — 387. (See ClartnJon. Commons. Five Members.) Charles II. Glyn's accident at Coronation of, 344 note. Chaucer, Bifliop Hacket's eflima- tion of, 91 note. Chomley, Sir Henry (Northal- 393 City. lerton), obje6l of Motion by, 243 note. Queflion put by him, 375. City } flrength of Royaiift party in the, 21. Hopes founded by King on his reception there, 21, 22. Honors conferred on City Dignitaries, 22. Reappearance of *' fa6lious Citizens" at the Houfes of Parliament, 26. *'One of the Houfe" catechized by them, ibid. note*. Their anti-royalifl feelings further manifefted, 27, Lord Mayor's unpopular a6ls, 28. Agitation by rcaibn of re- prieve of Popifli Offenders, 31, 32. Petition againft enforce- ment of Liturgy and offcnfive proclamation thereon, 32. Re- fult of Attack on Newgate, ibid, note. Indignation provoked by King's Acts, 32, 33. City 'Prentices attacked by the Sol- diery, 68, 69. Citizens aflluled by King's Guard, 73, 74. Atti- tude aflumed by them : Slingf- by's apprehenfions, 80. Soli- cited by Commons for Military Aid, 124. 155. 157. Efforts of the King to foreftal Com- mons in this matter, 155 — 159, Five Members' place of Refuge, 253. Chara6lerof the City and habits of its Merchants, 253 — 254. Its Military Organization: Duties impofed on Aldermen, 254 note. Its fortifications and other defenfive appliances, 255 note. Its enrichment by trade : caufe of Clarendon's lament, 255. 256. Its adherence and fcrvices to the popular caufe, 256. Comes in for its fhare of Court Lampoons, 256 note. Scene prefented on night of Arreft, 256, 257. Apprehended Seizure of Arms, 257 and note. King's felf-invitation to Lord Mayor, 258. King's progrefs to and reception in Guildhall, 258 — 263. (SeaRuJ/iivorth. Slin^f- 394 Index. Ci'vil War. hy. Wifemauy T.) Anfwer to King's demand for the Five Members, 267. Advice tender- ed to him therein, 268. Meet- ing of Commons Committee at Guildhall, 300, 301. How the Committee was welcomed and treated, 301, 302. Proceedings of Committee, 302 — 3 1 6. (See Commons.) State of City on Pub- lication of Comjnons' Decla- ration, 320, 321. Caules for alarms afloat, 322. Number of armed men within call for de- fence, 323. Judicious arrange- ments of Lord Mayor : Pro- ceedings of King and Council, 323, 324. King's Order againlt thofe who '* put the Trained Band in arms", 324, 325, ?totes. One caui'c for incrcafe of Civic alarm, 325, 326, 333. Appear- ance of City on 9/// January, 338. Its march with the Mem- bers, 369. Pym's thanks to the Citizens, 371. Civil War, Great, firft blood flied in the, 64. Who were the firlt aggrelfors, 66. Alpe6t of the Elements on its eve, 67, 68. Captain Slingftiy's apprehenfions 80. Relponilbilities incurred by its inltigators. So, 81. Its real beginning, 377, 387. Clare, Earl of, 36 note, 37 note. Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of J mifreprefentationsof, relative to Charles's attempt on Five Members, 1. His charafler of Admiral Pennington, 3, note. Miflhitcs caule of Palmer's Com- mittal to the Tower, 8. Afl'erts Lord Digby was fole advifer of King's attempt, 10 — 12. His chara6^er of and friendrtiip with Digby, 1 1 note. His Opinion of guilt of the Five Accufcd, 14. Affc(fls ignorance of Lord Kimbolton's complicity, 14, 15. His verfion of Charles's Index. Clarendon. Confultations with Digby, 15 note. Effc(^ on the King of tone adopted by him and his Col- leagues, 18, His chara6ler of Lenthal, 23 and fiote. His com- ments on Windebank's flight a key to his views on the Popifli Reprievals, 32, 33 fiotes. Ex- plains objed of LunlTord's appointment, 34, 35. His dif- ingenuous note on Balfour's dilinillal, 35 note. Throws ref- ponfibility of Lunfford's ap- pointment on Digby, ibuL His eltimate of Captain Carterctt, 52. His opinions and admiflions relative to King's Guard, 72, 73. His verfion of their attacks on the Citizens, 73, 74. On the epithets " Roundhead " and *' Cavalier", 74. His account of attack on Archbifliop Wil- liams contrarted with others', 89 fiote. Way in which Bifliops* Proteft was conco^ed, 94, 95. His opinion thereon and on their fubfequent punirtiment, 96, 97. His charge againfl Digby in re Kimbt)lton's Impeachment, 1 16, 117. Abfent from Houfe during debates on arreft, 121. Q^ieen's part in Impeachment of Five Members, 132, 133. His apo- logy for Lady Carl ille'sdefe^lion, 134. On the legality of the King's Proceedings, 150 and 7iote. 151, 152. Imputation againll him and his friends, 153. 1 heir way of getting out of the dilemma, 153, 154. His charges againitandellimate of Hampden, 168 — 170. Hampden's fignifl- cant remark to him, 171, Bear- ing of Pym and Hampden towards him, 172 note. On numberand equipment ot King's Guards, iSi. Falle ilfiie railed by him on King's failure, 102, 203. IVriod at which he be- came King's private Advifer, '* Clarendon. 208. A double dealer by his own confeflion, 209 and note. Sufpe(5ted of Treachery towards the Commons, 210 — 212. Ac- cufed of- advifing the Arreft, 212. Realbns for difbelief as to alleged Speech by him, 212 — 214. VViiy Falkland excufed his abfence from the Houfe, 215 note. No evidence of his prefence during debates on Ar- reft, 215, 216. 293. Letter to him from Rome, 224, 225 notes. Why he laments abforption of Wealth by City, 255. Not named on Committee of Safety, 280. Queftion raifed on his ftatement of Montrofe's murderous offer, 284, 285, 286 notes. Liberties taken by his Sons with his MSS : 1826 Edition, how made up, ibid. His inferences relative to fears excited by King's condu6f contrafted with his own admif- fions, 286, 287. 294. 295. Plans of himfelf and Digby for feizing Five Members, 288, 289. His faithlelfnefsasan Hiftorian, 289. Coinparilon of his Statements of Proceedings of 5th January with thofe oi D'Ewes, Verney, and Ruftiworth, 289— 293. Hisfole Argument of any weight, 303. His inhnuations repelled by p'Ewes, 310. Real points at iffue evaded by him, 310, 311. Conftruiiion put thereon by im- partial byftanders, 3 1 1 note. Value of D'Ewes's Notes as corredives of his miiHatements, 317. Recapitulation of fuch milVeprefentations, 317, 318. Anfwers thereto furniftied by D'Ewes, 318,319. Truftworthy when not mifled by his feelings, 320. What he fays of the *' great change in all Ibrts of People", 321 and «o/f. Alarms traceable to the threats of his friend Digby, 322. Too keen 395 Commons. a pen, 382. Deliberate perver- fion of the Truth, 383. See abb 369, 335, 353, 355, 362, 364* 367, 370, 371, 374- Clarendon, Henry Hyde, Earl of. Liberties taken by him and his brother. Lord Rocherter, with the MS. of their Father's Hlftory, 284, 285, 286 notes. Clot worthy. Sir John (Maiden), 38, calls attention to Irifh Af- fairs, 276 ; Perfilts in his objefl, 282. Service performed by him, 349> 350- Coke, Sir Edward, 39. Coke, Sir William, Anecdote told by, 126. 137,138. Credit given to it by Hafelrig, 140, 141. Commons, Houfe ofj growing alarms amongft Members of, 20. Proceedings of the Lord Mayor refcnted by them, 28. Their diffatif^a61:ion at Young Vane's difmiflal from Office, 30 note. 53. Their privileges aflliiled by the King, 30, 31. * Houfe much diftra(51ed at " reprieve of the Priefts," 32 note. Courfe taken on Lunfford's appointment, 36. Their fupporters and opponents in the Lords, ibid, and note. Ad- drels voted for Lunfl^brd's Re- moval, 37. Their requeft to Lord Newport to take command of Tower, 37, 38. Their re- ception of Old Vane on his dif- miftal, 52. Time fuppofed ripe for deftru6lion of their Leaders, 67. Their proceedings on Lord Newport's Dilmiflal, 82. Courfe taken with reference to Lords Briftol and Digby, 82, 83, 84. Long filences in the Houfe ; Officering of the Army debated, 84, 85. Members alarmed by a fuggeftion of Pym's, 106. D'Ewes's Propofition, and the Speaker's rider to it, 106, 107. Pym's remedy for apprehended dangers, 107, 108. D'Ewes's 396 Commons, troubles and doubts on the oc- cafion, 1 08, 109. Demand for Guard for the Houfe, 109. How the King received and anfwered fuch demand, no— 112. Joined by the Lords in demand for Guard, 115. Refult of Proceed- ings on feizuie of Members' Papers, 120—126. Aid. Pen- nington and Captain Venn fent to City for Guard, 124.155. 157. Courfe taken by King to defeat this ftep, 155—158. Refolution adopted in confcquence of King's tampering with Inns of Court, 161. Refult of MelTages fent to the four Inns, 176, 177. Re- entrance of the Five Members : King's Secret difdofed to the Houfe, 177. Further difclofures, 178. Five Members depart, 179, King's approach to the Houie 4/// January: his retinue, 179 — 184. Appearance of Houfe on his entry, 184—187. Speaker Lenthal's memorable Speech, i9i» 192. King's Speech and departure, 193 — 195. Slingfby and Bere's Account of the Tranl- aaion, I c)^ note. Copy Entry of this day's proceeding in Journals of Houfe, 196 note. D'Ewes's minutes of what palled after the King's departure, 195 — 200. Difcuflion on anfwers to Royal meffage, 221—223. Why Sir R. Hopton incurred difplcafure of Houfe, 223 — 227. Proceedings in Sir Edward Dering'sCafe, 228— 231. Con- flids between Speaker and Mem- bers, 236. 238. 241. Caufe of Houle's laughter " amid lad ap- prehenfions ", 247. Refult of attempts to enforce Members' early attendance: The Shilling Fine, 247—249. Precautionary fteps taken on reaifembling of Houfe on 5/// January, 271, 272. Mr. Grimllon's telling Index. Commons, fpeech, 272—275. Refult of motion thereon, 275. Upfhot of Difcuffion of Declaratory Refolution, 275—279. Num- bers on two important Divifions, 279, and note. Conltitution of Committee then named, 280. Motions by Lord Lifle, Sir P. Stapleton, and N. Fiennes, 281. Caufe of Houfe's abrupt rifing, 281, 282. Reafons for alarm, 282, 283. Clarendon's report compared with contemporary ac- counts, 290 — 293. Point gained by adjourning Sittings to Guild- hall, 294. What Slingfby** heard lome Parliament men difcourfmg of", 298, 299. No hitherto known report of Proceedings at Guildhall, 300. Value of D'Ewes's Notes, ibid. Committee at Guildhall^ {dth Jan.). Rufluvorth's and Ver- ney's notices : Clarendon's con- fufion, 300, 301. Subjects tieated of at this Sitting, 302 — 313. Difpute between D'Ewes and Wilde, 314, 315. Refolutions ultimately adopted, 315, 316. Hyde's afperfions read by the light of D^Ewes's Journals, 317 — 3T9. Declaration of Breach of Privilege, and Publication of fame, 319, 320. State of public feeling, 320 — 326. firft Sittingat Grocers' Hall{jth Jan.). Abftrad of evidence as to outrage of the 4///, 326 — 329. Proceedings thereon : another difpute between D'Ewes and Wilde, 330— 332. EffcaofRe- folution to invite return of Five Members, 332. How the King met that refolution, 332, 333.^ Second Sitting at Grocers' Hall, (St/i Jan.) Meafures on King's further Proclamation, 333 — 336. King's threat to attend Com- mittee, 337. Orders iffued there- on : its upfliot, 338. Index. Compton. Lajl Sitting at Grocers' Hall. 1 Glyn s communication, 340. Alderman Peimington's fuf'pi- cions relative to the Tower, 340, 341. Refolutions againft Killi- grew and Fleming, 341, 342. The like againft Evil Counf'cl- lors, Proclan.atlons, and War- rants, 343. Maynard's effective Speeches, 344 — 346. Sailor Vol- unteer^ and their offers, 347 and note. Directions given to the '\ Water Rati ", 347,, 348. Ar- rival of the Five Members, 348. Common People's offers at this junf^ure, 348, 349. Defenfive arrangements made for return to Wcftminfter, 350 — 352. Hamp- den's 4000 men from Bucks, 353> 3 54- Lafl aas of Com- mittee, 354 — 356. At IVejiminJhr again. Re- fumption of their feats by the Five Members, 371. Pro- ceedings on the occafion, 371 — 373. Bucks Petition and its Guard of 6;;oo, 374. Qu^eflions about the King anfwered, 375. Fruits ot Struggle between Commons and Crov\n, 376. Cafe between the two parties fum- med up, 383 — 387. St^ BiJhopSy Charles I. Clarendon y D'Ezves, Five Members, Lent/ial. Compton, Lord (WarwickQiire) communicates King's anfwer to Houfe's Meffage, 210. Coniers, Sir John, made Lieutenant of the Tower, 3557/0/^. Ground ot King's exception ioh'wn, ibid. Coningfley, Captain, Lieutenant of Onlnance, examined before Commons' Committee, 334. Conway, Vilcount, 37 note. Cooke, Sir Robert (Tewkefbury), named on Committee of Safety, 280. Copplcy's Cafe, temp. Q. Mary, 305. Corbet, Miles (Yarmouth, Nor- 397 Culpeper. folk), purport of relation made to Houfe by, 79 note. Cotton, Sir Robert, one of the earliefl Martyrs of the Stuarts, 40. His Sufferings at the Seizure of his Books and MSS. ibid. note. Cromwell, Oliver (Cambridge), addrefles House on Lord New- port's difmiffal, 82. Grounds of his complaint againft Lord Brif- tol, 82, 83. His advice on the officering of the Army, 85. His complaint relative to Captain O'Connel, ibid. note. What he laid of the Bifliops and their Pro- teftation, 95, 96. Refleded on in Dering's Book, 229. Suggefts that D'Ewes write an anfwer to fame, 230. D'Ewes's recom- mendation, per contra, 231. Not named on Committee of Safety, 280. Crown Jewels carried acrofs the Channel, and why, 3, 4. 132, Pawned by the Queen, 361. Culpeper, Sir John (Kent), ap- pointed Chancellor of Ex- chequer, II. 48. 49. III. 267. His obligations to and inti- macy with Lord Digby, 11 and note. Sufpicions againfl him and his coadjutors, 12. iii, 112. Influence on Charles of the courfe taken by him and his Parliamentary affociates, 18. Si- lent on an important occafion, 121. Has audiences with the King, 126, 140. What he and his friends would have done with the Five Members, 149 note. His confidence to Dering, 152. How he and his affociates en- deavoured to evade refJDonfibility, 153, 154. Holds fecret meetings with Hyiie and Falkland, 209 note. His horror at Sir Peter Wentworth's plain fpeaking, 242. Named on Committee of Safety, 215. 279, 280. "Dif- pleafed and dejcded", 292, 293, 39^ Index. CunningJia7n. His unanfweied queftlon, 375. See alfo 279 note. 377, 384. Cunningham, Mr. Letter of MaiT- tori found by, 87, note. Dandie, Serjeant, font to appre- hend the Five Members, 296. His reception by "the worfe fort of people ", 297. See 343. Dering, Sir Edward (Kent), in trouble *'for fomething he hath fpoke in the Houfe ", 26 note*. His note on Charles's overture to Pym, 48. His MSS. to be publiHied by Camden Society, 48 note. Source of his Informa- tion, 152. A«^ whereby he in- curred Houfe's difpleafure, 228. D'Ewes's reafons for voting his exnulfion, 228, 229. Sentence palled on him and his Book, 230. Cromwell's fuggcltion as to anfwering fame, 230, 231. On Bucks Petitioners, 353 7iote. King's flight and Commons' Proceedings, 359, 360. Cava- liers' diltreflcs, 365 note. *< Ra- ther be Pym than Charles", 37:1. His friend Bullock, ibid. Derry Plantation, ziynote. D'Ewes, Sir Simonds (Sudbury), Signs of danger, 19. Notes the King's look,\o. HisCharaacr ofLunlford, 34. His mifgivings, 36, 37. Recounts Cotton's fuf- ferings at feizure of his Library, 40 note. King*s intentions, 79, note. Houfe's proceedings on firft day of tumults, 81, 82. Charader and condition of his Journal in the Harleian Col- lection, 81 note. "Long Si- lences" in the Houfe, 84. French Papirtical Threats, 85. Makes merry over Bifh ops' fall, 103 — 105. On fubfequent Proceed- ings of Commons, 105, 106. Much troubled by Pym's pro- portion, 108. His Remarks in oppofition, 109, no. Com- D"* E-ives. mons' Proceedings on King's refufal of a Guard, 118, 119. Seizure of impeached Members' Papers,! 20. Ufages of the Houfe in his day, 129 note. 223 note. Proceedings on the 4th of January, 160. 161. 164. 169. 173. 174. 175. On number of, and terror excited by, the King's Guards, 181. 183. 184. Charles's Vifit to the Houfe, 185, 186. Exprcffive break in his Narra- tive, 187, 188. On Charles's Corre6lions of his Speech, 190, 191. King's afpe6l as he left the Houfe, 193, 194. Proceed- ings after King's departure, 195 — 200. His ufe of the term "Young Man", 198 and note, 279 note. His fenl'e of danger, how marked, 201 and note. Not a mere party man : his ways of life, 202. 219. Light thrown on Hyde's double dealing, 209. 210. 211. 212. 215. Claim of his Journal to be received as authentic, 218. Sir W. Lytton's compliment to him, 219. His Service to Sir Willian:, ibid, note. Epithets beftowed by him on Popular Leaders, 220. Mutual tolerance between him and Pym, ibid. His Pofition in the Houfe, 221. Debates where- in he afted as moderator, 221 — 227. 236. 238. 240. 303 — 6. Young Lord Strafford, 227 note. His Part in difcuflion on Bering's condu6l, 228, 229. His reply to Cromwell's Suggelfion that he anfwer Bering's Book, 230, 231. Further proof of his accuracy : How he makes up his Journal, 231—233. Stands up for Note-taking, 233. Hispo- lition towards and opinion of Lenthal, 233—235. Rebukes Sir Arthur Hafelrig, 236. Avoids Chair of Committee, 239 note. How vote of alle- ti Index. D'Ewes. glance to Parliamentary General was carried, 240, 241. His note on Sir Peter Wentworth's " fol- ly", 242. Deteas Chadwell's attempt to impofe upon the Houl'e, 244, 245. His fhare in efforts to enforce early attend- ance : how the divers expedients worked, 245 — 249, Oppofes Motion for Call of Houfe, 250. A Stranger in the Houfe, 251. Proceedingrs on reaflemblingr of Houle, 5M January J 272. 275 — 281. Explains caufe of Panic in the Houfe, 282, 283. Sole Recorder of Guildhall Sittings oi' 6t/i Januarjy 300, 301. City hofpitalitics, 302. What was firlt debated, ibid. His argu- ments againit Motion to fend for warrants, 303 — 305. 307, 308. Cafes in point cited by him, 305. Why applaud him and objea to Hyde ? 305, 306 notes. His Speech commended by the Houfe, 308. Pofition achieved by his Argument, 310. Ilfue raifed by Serjeant Wilde, 314. 315. Reports Houfe's con- clulion and departs, 315, 316. Value of his Journals as Cor- reaives of Clarendon's mifftate- ments, 317. Proofs furniflied by him towards that end, 318, 319. Civic Alarms and defenfive pre- parations on 6/// January., 321 — 323. One caule for increafe of Alarm: 325, 326. His ab- flraa of evidence as to Outrage of 4/// January, 326 — 329. Speech and Motion then made by him, 329, 330. Again dif- comfits Serjeant Wilde, 330 — 332. Avoids Voting on Motion for return of Five Members, 332. On number and objea of Bucks Petitioners, 353. 353 note. 354. 374- Proceedings of Committee, 354 — 356. Commons uf'urpa- tions why neceffary, 356 note. 399 Dowfe, On Pym's traducers, 358 note. Lumley's Story, i6z note. Earns Lord Holland's approval, 363 note. On forlorn afpea of Court, 364 note. Soldiers' Pikes, 374. Abrupt clofe of his narrative, 375. HopelefTnefs of middle courfe, 387. See alfo 88. 206. 289.290. 291. 292. 293. 312. 313. 370 note. Digby, George, Lord : conveyed out of England, 3, Afferted fole ad viler of Charles's Attempt, 10, II. His Friends and Col- leagues: Clarendon's analyfis of his Charaaer, 1 1 note. His in- timacy with Lunfford, 34, 35. Extent of his refponfibility for Lunfford's appointment, 35 note. Confequence of his Speech on Strafford's Attainder, 54. Em- ployment defigncd for him by the King, ibid. Singled out for Royal favour, 60. HoUis's com- plaint againll him, 83. Extent of his complicity in King's ob- noxious proceedings, 83. 84. His Impeachment refolved on, 84. How he conduaed himfelf on Kimbolton's Impeachment, 1 1 6 — 1 18. Further note on the difloyal condua of the Digbys, 119. Clofcted with the King, 129. Not unwilling to pufli matters to extremities, 205. His offer to take Five Members, dead or .alive, 205. 288. 322, Rumours againll him and his father, 206. Not the only guilty one among the King's prompters, 208. One probable lefult of his intimacy with Hyde, 212. Civic alarm pof- fibly due to his murderous pro- jea, 322. Charges againfl his father. See Brijioly Earl of. Dorfet, Earl of, on Col. Lunfford's antecedents, 34. 34 note. Dowfe, Capt. (Corrclpondent of Admiral Pennington), folicits 400 Index. Dungawon, a place for the Admiral, 51 note. Dungarvon, Lord, 38. Dunlmore, Lord, 34. note. Durham, Bifhop ot, at the door of the Houl'e, 102 7iote. Lodged m ''c lole air, ' 104., 105, Earle, Sir Walter (Weymouth), Service rendered to Mr. Strode by, 179. 200. His motion rela- tive to Sir Ralph Hopton, 226. Why D'Evvcs rcfiltcd ills motion for ♦* calling in Bering's Book", 229. Named on Committee of Safety, 280. Echard, the Hiftorian, Source of anecdote publilhcd by, 126. Eikon Bafilike, Cliarles s Attempt on the Five Members correifliy interpreted In the, 2. Eliot, Sir John, 39, 40 note. 147 note. 217 7iote. Elizabeth, Q^ueen, 33 jiote. 305. Ellis, Mr. William (Bolb)n) brings Gray's Inn Reply, 176. Made Chairman of Committee, 239 note. Ellyng, Henry, Clerk of Commons, who copies from Journals of ? 232. His explanation to D'Ewes, 233. Eilex, Robert, Earl of, joins in the Lunlford Proteft, 36 note. 65. Military appointment conferred on him, 57. Commons demand Guard under his command, 109. Refuled, 1 12. See alfo 1 16 note. His advice to the Five Members and to Kimbolton, 175. 200. DIfcovers Hyde clofeted with the King, 209 note. How Com- mons a<^>ed when he was pro- claimed traitor, 240. Refufes to attend King out of London, 361, 362. What Clarendon fays of him, 362 note. Libel upon him, ibid. Honefter man than Lord Holland, 363 note. Evelyn, Sir John (Bletchingley), Fiennes. 84. Propofes Hopton's expul- fion, 225. Comes into collifion with D'Ewes, 226. Falkland, Lucnis Cary, Lord (Newport, Hants): his afferted ignorance of intended Arrcft, 11. 12. His intimacy with Lord Digby, 1 1 note. Sufpitlons againll him and his Colleagues, 12. III. 112. Influence on Charles of tone adopted by tiicm, 18. Appointed Secretary and Privy Counfellor, 27 note, 50. Ill and notes. 324, 325 notes. Silent on an Important occafion, 121. Only Member of Commons Deputation ipoken to by the King, 126. Clofeted with the King, 140. What he and his Colleagues would have done with the Five Members, 14.^ note. Reports King's Reply to Commons' Meflage, 160. At- tends private Meeting at Hyde's lodgings, 209 note. Excufes Hyde's abfence, 215 note. Copies from the Clerk's Journals night- ly, 232. Named on Committee of Safety, 215. 280. As to Cla- rendon's adertion of his being ''dilpleafedand dejefled", 292. 293. See alfo 332. 377 384. 386. Fane. See Vane. Fettlplace, John (Berks), over- awed, 241. Fiennes, Nathaniel (Banbury), 38. Believed to be **for root and branch", 47 note. Caufe of fudden clofe of his fpeech, 119. Appointed a manager in Confe- rence with the Lords, 121. Ob- je6i: of another Conference on which he was named, 173. Re- fulutlon moved by him, 174. His relation about armed crowds near the Houfe, 177. Com- municates Intelligence brought by Langres, 17^8. 195. 329. li m Filmer. Q^ialifying epithet beftowed upon him by D'Ewes, 220. Named on Committee of Safety, 280. Purport of Meflage to Lords propofed by him, 281. Prominent in Guildhall Com- mittee Debates, 303. 309. 316. Filmer, Sir Robert, and his fol- lowers, 166. Five Members, arreft of the, mif- reprefented by Clarendon, i. Interpretation put on the a6^ In the Eikon Bafilikey 2. Summary of the Seven Articles oTTreafon agalnft them and Kimbolton, 113. 114. Copy of the MS. Articles In State Paper Office, 114, 115 notes. Seizure of their papers by King's Warrant, 120. Their perfons demanded by King's Serjeant, 122. Courfe taken by Houfe on this de- mand, 123. Ordered to attend Houfe daily, 124. Reafon why they withdrew, 145. What Charles's new Miniflers thought of their guilt, 149. How Falk- land, Culpeper, and Hyde would have difpofed of them, ibid. note. Views oft he arreft held by King's party after its failure, 1 50 — i 52. Members fucceflively defend themfclves, 161 — 168. Im- peachment voted a "Scandalous Paper," 172. Lord E flex's Mef- fage and advice to them, 175. Proceedingson their re-entrance, 177,178. Leave given to them toabfcnt themfelves, 179. Dlg- by's offer to feize them dead or alive, 205. 288. 322. What William Lilly thought of their arreft and of the King's inten- tions, 217 note. Their place of 'Refuge in the City, 253. City's anfwer to demand for them, 267, 268. New Proclamation agalnft them, 269 — 271. Credibility of aflertion that they were in no danger, 289. ** Five Members' Index. 40 1 Fuller. March ", 306 note. Vane's mo- tion with regard to them, 316. Commons' Declaration agalnft their arreft, 319, 320. Exclama- tion of a King's Guard on not finding them in the Houfe, 328. Purpol'e aimed at by way in which King came to demand them, 329. Their attendance at Committee refolved on, 332. How the King met this defiance of his threats, 332, 333. Order for their public appearance re- newed, 333. Further Procla- mation agalnft them condemned by the Commons, 333, 334. London invaded by their Con- ftituents, 338, 339. No greater breach of privilege than their accufation, 345. How greeted on their return, 348, 369 — 371. Thanked by the Committee, 349. Hampden the firft to break filence, 353. See Com- mons. Hampden. Hafelrig. Hoi- lis. Pym. Strode. Fleming, Sir Wm. ordered into Cuftody, 125. Court Guards put under his command, 147. 177' 328. Delivers Mefllige from King to Inns of Court, 176. Charged with Confpiracy, 341, 342. Fleury, a Frenchman, nature of warning given by, 86, 329. Francis, Mr. King's Serjeant-at- Arms ; how received by the Com- mons, 121, 122, 123. 124. 302. French Interference threatened againft Englifli Liberties, 85. Infolence of a French prieft, 86. Obligation of the popular Lead- ers to French Informants, ibid. Forfter's Hiftoricaland Biographi- cal Eflays : references to, i. 8. 20. 23. 63. 88. 92. 198. 208, 219. 230, 235. 284. 289. 299. 321. notes. Fuller, Dr. Subjeft of Petition againft, 249. 402 Garrett. Garrett, Sheriff Charles's mo- tive in offering to dine with, 262. Entertains the King, 263. 266. Gerbier, Sir Balthazar, 56 fiote. Gerrar(l,Sir Gilbert (Middlefex), Ipeaks agalnft Lunfford, 56. GibbesjWiil and his empty purfe, 355 note. Glyn, John (Wertminfter), lent up to impeach Bifhops, loi. Watch duty impoled on him, I ID. A Manager in conferences Avith the Lords, 121. 173. Epithet beftowed upon him by D'Ewes, 220. Committees on which he was nominated, 275. 276. 277. 280. 316. His com- pliment to D'Ewes: 308. 310. Follows D'Ewes : purport of his Speech, 308, 309. Leader in Pym's ahfence, 309. Reports Lord Herbert's loyalty, 340. His bafenefs at the reltoration, 344. Pepys's glee over his accident, 344, note. See 342. Goring, George (Portfmouth), ob- jeft of Confpiracy with Percy, 246. Goodwin, Arthur (Bucks), ap- pointed a Teller, 279. Mo\es admiffion of Bucks Petitioners, 373- Gourney, Sir Richard, Lord Mayor, made a Baronet, 22. Solicited to fend Military Aid to King, 156. How his Inllru^lions were car- ried out, 254 «o/^. His extra- ordinary Powers, 259. Supprclles alarms, 323. Grays Inn, Copy of Royal Letter to Benchers of, 147. 148. notes. Their Reply to the Commons Meflage, 176. See Inns of Court. Grey Anchetil, 126. 137, 138. Grey de Weik, Lord, 36 note. Grimfton, Harbottle (Colcheftcr) 309. 316. Leads dcbatcon breach of Privilege, 272. Summary of his Speech, 272 — 275. Named Index. Index. Hampden. on Committee of Safety, 280. Subjefl of his Speech handled in detail, 302. Grocers Hall Sittings. See Com- mons. Guildhall. See City. Guildhall Sittings. ^^^ Commons. Guizot's Resolution if Angleterre, merits of, and of Mr. Scoble's Tranflation, 368. 369 notes. Hacket, Bifhop, Story told of a Hampihire Vicar bv, 63 note. His account of the Wellminller Tumults, 89 note. His Scrinia Referata worth reprinting as a Curiolity of Literature, 90 note. His whimfical vituperation ot Milton, ibU. Extent of his ac- quaintance with Englirti Poets, 91 note. His lament for the Im- peached Biflio})s, 101 7iote. Hall, Jofeph, Bifliop of Norwich, Account by, of what led to the Bifhops' Protert, 93 — 95. Hour at which *' we were voted to the Tower", 101 note. Thankful at not being Black Rod's prilbner, 105 note. Hallam, Henry, View taken of Charles's conduft by, not con- fonant with King's Chara6^er, 127 and note. Scope of His note on Q^ieen's intended Journey to Spa, 132 note. In- advertent milquotation by him, 170 note. His view of Impeach- ment of Five Members, 216 and note. Hamilton, Marcjuis of, "to be difplaced ", 30 note. Finds Hyde clofcted with the King, 209 note. See Montrofe. Hampden, John (Bucks, one of the Five Accufed), Claren- don's infinuation regarding, 12. Charles's contemplated charge agalnft him, 12. 14. 15. Cla- rendon as to refult of ofier of place to him, 13 note. Songs fe m Harley. and libels on him 16, 17. 119 note^ 33 5 note, State-Offices to which he was defignatcd, 54, 55. 58. His papers feized by King's Warrant, 120. Jufllfies refinance to an unconftitutional King, 166. His Confeflion of Faith, 167, 168. "Acrimonious condition of his blood", 168 and note. His "Serpentine Subtlety": what he really was, 169 — 171. Clarendon's eftimate of his cha- ra^fer, 169, 170 and «o/^. Unity of purpoi'e between 'him and Pym, 171, 172. Their opinion of Clarendon ; Hampden's *' Snappifhnefs", 172 note. Epi- thet beflowed upon him by D'Ewes, 220. Petitioners for him, 339. Firft of the Five to break filence after Arrefl, 353. Determined fpirit, 354. King's hope concerning him, 380. See BuckinghaytjJIiire . Fi've Mem- bers. See alio 47 note, \-j-j. 178. 182 note. 198. 213 note. 245. 267. 270. 271 281. 295. 311 note. 320. 357- 371- 373. Harley, Sir Robert (HerefordHiire), reports as to Captain Hide, 354, 3 55-355 f'Ot^- Halelrig, Sir Arthur (Leicefter- fliire, one of the Five Ac- cul'ed), reports infolence of a French pritft, 86. His account as to Lady Carlille and the Qj.ieen, 140. 141, Clarendon's contemptuous allufion to him, 149 note. Defends himfelf againll Impeachment, 165. His age at the period, 198 note. Allufions to him in Royalilt Songs, 199 note. Epithet be- Ifowcd upon him by D'Ewes, 220. Rebuked by D'Ewes for taking the Speaker to talk, 236. See Five Members. See alio 177, 178, 179. 182 note. 198. 269. 271 note. 311 tiote. 320. 348. 371. 225 note. 348. Herbert. Hay, Lord, Lady Carlifle's huf- band, 136 note. Heath, Chronicler, on movements of the Five Members, 178 note. Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., by whom conveyed acrofs Channel, 3. Windebank's Secret Underltanding with her, 49 note. 50 note. WHliam Lilly on Secret Counfels of herfelf and Party, 65 note. Vk made of their knowledge of Court Secrets by French people about her, 86. 88. 130, 131. 138, 139. King's unconllitutionalafts, how far due to her ififluence and intermeddling, 129 — 131. Her defigns truly fulpefled by the Commons, 131, 132. Five Members' impeachment trace- able to her own fear of accu- fation, 132, 133. Lady Carlifle's pofTible motives for betraying her Secrets. (SceCar/i/Ie). Words wherewith fhe is laid to have incited the King, 138. 140. Mifleads herfelf and betrays her Secret, 139. Source of her felf- reproach on the King's failure, 146. Accompanies King in his fl'gli^ 359- 361. 366. 368. Courfe relblved on by her, 360. Carries off and pawns Crown Jewels, 361. Lying with her Children, 365 note. Reproaches King for abandoning firlt relblve againft Five Members, 368. Herbert, Sir Edward (Old Sarum), Attorney-General, delivers Im- peachment of Five Members to the Lords, 112. DilHaims having adviled fuch Impeach- ment, 113. 128. 113. 128. 312. What credit Strode gave to his denial, 128 /70/^. 313. See 348. 371- 379- Herbert, Sir Henry (Bewdley), fpeaks in mitigation of Hopton's Offence, 225. Herbert, Lord, a Catholic Peer, 404 Hertford. why complimented by Com- mons, 340. Hertford, William Seymour, Mar- quis of, gives note of alarm to the Biftiops, 93. Inference de- ducible therefrom, 95. Heylyn, Dr. Peter, chara6leriftic extra61s from Laud's Life by, 102, 103 and note. Hide, Captain David, with his fword upright, 185. His cha- racter and career, ibid, note. Lord Lieutenant willing to dif- able him, 354, 355, 355 note. Hill, Roger (Bridport), brings up Inner Temple Reply, 176. Hippifley, Sir J. (Cockermouth), named on Committee of Safety, 280. Hiitory, how it may be written, 289 — 294. Hobbes, Thomas, on fharers in King's refponfibility, 140, 141. On King's reful'al todii'clofe his Advifers' names, 141 note. Holborne's R. (St. Michael's), Argument for giving weight to a minority, 20. Another argu- ment of his, zggnote. Holland, Sir John (Caftle RIfmg), in conflift with Speaker Lenthal, 237,238. Finds defolate Court at Wind for, 364 note. Holland, Lord, 36 note. 75. 209 note. In difgrace with the King, 29 note. How *' the fpeech goes " with regard to him and others, 30 note. Offers up his place, 361. Refufes to attend King, 362 note. Libel upon him, ibid. Contrail between him and EfTex, 363 note. Hollis, Denzil (Dorchefter, one of the Five Accufed), Clarendon's Speculations on poifible refult of offer of place to, 13 770/^. Office propofcd to be conferred on him, 54. 55, 58. Denounces Lord Digby, 83. Delivers to Charles the Commons' Demand Index, 179. 182 note. 198. 232. 269. 271 note. 311 note. 348. 317. HoTvard. for a Guard, 109. His Papers feized by King's Warrant, 119, 120. 302. Defends himfelf againft the Impeachment, 165. Inquired for by the King, 191. His age at this period, 198 note. AUufions to him in Royalifl Songs, 199 note. How D'Ewes characterized him, 220. His motion in favor of young Lord Strafford, 227 ?iote. His motion for Call of Houi'e, 250. Anfwers Chomley's Qjjeffion, 375. See Fi've Members. See alio 47 note. 177. 178. 225 note. 279 note. 379- Hopton, Sir Ralph (Wells), 136 note. zi^. Incurs ccnliire of the Houfe, 223, 224. Clarendon's verfion of his Charge againil the Houfe, 224 note. His expulfion moved, 225. D'Ewes fpeaks in mitigation, 226. Determination come to, 226, 227. His reafon foroppofmg Dering's expulfion, 228. Attempts an Excufe for the King's condu«5f, 275. 277. 278. Nominated on Committee of Safety, 280. Epithet given to him byRufhworth,293. Duty afligned him in anticipation of fecond Vifit from King, 338. Hotham, John (Scarborough), be- haves difrefpeCf fully to the Houfe, 249. Hotham, Sir John (Beverley), de- puted to carry melfage to King, 123. 126. Named a manager of conference with the Lords, 173. His remark on King's Speech in Houfe, 195. Named on Com- mittee of Safety, 280. Charged with Confpiracy, 341, 342. Houfes of Commons and Lords. See Commons. Lords. Parlia- ment. Howard de Efcricke, Lord, 36 note. Index, Ho-juell. Howell's Letters, beft account of the Spanifh Match contained in, 82 note. Hume, David, milled by Claren- don, 289. Hundldon, Lord, 37 note. Hungerford, Sir Edward (Chip- penham), named on Committee of Safety, 280. Hutchinfon, Mrs. on number of King's Guard, 181. Hyde, Edward (Saltafh). See Clarendon, Edivard, Earl of. the Bifhops. Impeachment of See Bijhops. Impeachment of the Five Mem- bers. See Fi've Members. Inns of Court, Armed Affiftance fought from the, 147. King's Letter in 1628 for Volunteer Guard, 147. 148 notes. Pro- ceedings in Houfe before the arreft, 160. Meffage refolved on, 161. Anecdote related by Ludlow, 161 note. Anfwer of each Inn to Commons' Meffage, 176, 177. Irifh Affairs, references to and motions on, 276. 281. 282. 290 note. 299. 300. 354. 355. James the First's welcome to the "twal Kynges", 40. Jenkin, Lieutenant, what Captain Langres heard from, 328. Jeffon, Alderman W. (Coventry), called to account for his fierce looks, 239, 240. Incurs Mr. Speaker's anger, 241. Jefuit Priefls reprieved from exe- cution, 31. Commotion excited thereby, 32 and note. Prifon for offenders of this clafs, 88. ' Jonfon, Benj Bifhop Hacket's ef- timation of, 91 note. KiLLEGREw, Harry (Weft Looe), novel dodrine propounded by. 405 Larking. 243 > 244- Anecdote of him related by Clarendon, 243 note. Trouble into which his incon- fideratenefs brought him, 244. Trick attempted by his friend Chadwell, 244, 245. His obli- gations to D'Ewes, 245. Ex- tent of his punifhment, ibid, note. Killigrew, Sir William, or- dered Into cuftody by Com- mons, 125. Mafter Longe's dia- mond hatband and ring, ibid, note. Sent round to Inns of Court by the King, 147. 148. 176. Charged with Confpiracy, 341, 342. Kimbolton, Lord {See alfo Man- deville, Lord), 36 note. Why charged with Treafon, 14, 15. Clarendon's objection to his being included, 15 note. 149 note. His doings watched : His confultations with Pym and others, 15, 16, 37. Warning fent to him by Marflon the Dramatifl, 87. 117. Copy of Marfton's Letter, ibid. note. Source of Marfton's informa- tion, 88. Articles of treafon againft him and the Five Mem- bers, 113, 114. How he met the charge, 116. Embarraffment and flight of his expe6fed accu- fer, 116— n8. Lady Carlifle's mtercourfe with him, 133. Lord Effex's warning to him, 200. Omitted from King's Proclamation, 269. See alfo pp. 205. 269. Kirton, Mr. (Milborne Port), 279. Langres, Captain, fource of war- nings received by, 86. Nature and fcope of his evidence, 147. His communication to Fiennes 178 and note. 197. 200. Fuller report of his Evidence, 328. 329. Larking, Rev. Lambert j Surren- den Papers to be edited for 4o6 Index. Late he. the Camden Society by, 4.8, 49 notes. Latche, John, recounts his failure to enforce obedience to the King's Warrant, 159. Laud, William, Archbifhop of Canterbury, tyranny of, broken down by Pym, 41. His rule, not the Church itfelf, obnoxious to Pym, 47. He and his old rival in prifon together, 102. Makes merry over a caricature of his rival, 103. Civilities between him and his fellow- pri Toners, 103 note. Leicefter, Earl of, 37 note. 54.281. Leighton, Dr. relieved by Mem- bers' Fines, 249. Lenthal, William (Woodftock), Speaker of the Houfe of Com- mons, 22. His apprehenlions of the refulfs of his continu- ing Speaker, 23. Clarendon's portraiture of him, ibid. note. His obfequious Letter to Secre- tary Nicholas, 24, 25. His fecond thoughts on fame fub- je6l, 28. His fecond Letter to Nicholas, ibid, note f . His me- morable reply to Charles's de- mand for the Five Members, 191, 192. Amenities between him and D'Ewes, 229. 231. Im- preflions of his charafter as in- dicated in D'Ewes's Journal, 232. His condu6l at the Rello- ration contrafted with North- umberland's, 234 and note. Always a time-ferver, 235. His conflifts with Members of the Houfe, 236. 238. 241. Violates precedent by voting in a divi- fion, 237. Inftanccs in which D'Ewes fets him right, 238. 239. 247. His deficiencies as Speaker, ibid. Rebuked for coming late to the Houfe, 248. Effe6t of his example on another Member, 248, 249. See alfo J78. 219. 252. Lords. Lewis, Lady Therefa; her*' Cla- rendon Gallery", 55 note. Lichfield, Bifhop of, at door of Houfe, 102 note. Lilly, William, on outbreak of Weftminfter tumults, 64 note. Puritans and Courtiers, 64, 65 notes. On the tumults, and on King and Queen's doings, 65 note. On Charles's manner of Speech, 192 note. On arreft of Members, King's condu^i, &c. 2 1 7 note. Afpeft of London on Sunday, ^th Jan. (1641-2), 338. Lincoln, Earl of, 37 note. Lincoln's Inn Reply to Common's Meflage, 176. ^qq Inns of Court. Lindfay, Robert Earl of, chofen Commander of Guard to Par- liament, 1 16 note. Lifle, Lord (Yarmouth, Hants), moves refolution on Irifli affairs, 281. Littleton, Sir Edward (StafFord- fliire). Lord Keeper, receives Bifhops' Proteftation from the King, 95. His (hare in impeach- ment of Five Members, 112, 1 13. Attorney-General Herbert's re- queft to him, 312. Liturgy, City Petition againft en- forcement of, 32 note. London, City of, mul6ted of its Plantation of Derry, 217 note. See City. Long, Mr. Walter (Ludgerftiall), named on Committee of Safety, 280. Lords, Houfe of, refufe to join in Petition for Luniford's removal, 36 note J 65 and note*. Prottfting Peers in this and D. of Rich- mond's cafe, 36 note. 37 note. Their prompt a£}ion on im- peachment of Bifhops, 100. Vote come to by them, 100, loi. Biftiop Hackett on their " anti-epifcopal fournefs ", loi note. Alpe^l of Houfe after Ludlouu. Birtiops' Committal, 104. Im- peachment of Five Members delivered to Houfe, 112. Join with Commons in demand for Guard, 115. Copy of King's reply, 1 1 6 note. Ludlow, Edmund, anecdote re- lated by, 161 note. On number and equipment of Charles's Guards when he entered the Houfe, 180. Anecdote of Lord Northumberland, 235 note. Ludlow, Sir Henry (,Wilt(hlre), moves Vote againft Killegrew and Fleming, 341. Refult of Difcuifion thereon, 342. Lumley, Walter, fcurrilitles heard by, 362 note. Lunfford Sir Thomas, appointed Governor of the Tower, 34. His character and antecedents, 34) 35- Objeft in appointing him, 35, 36. Clarendon's ver- fion oi his appointment, 35 note. Commons Iblicit his removal, 37. Day on which his War- rant was figned, 61. His ap- pointment cancelled, 62. Lords decline to petition for his dif- miflal, 36. 65. 2Lnd note. Sidney Bere's report thereon, 69. Su- perfeded, knighted, and pen- fioned, 70 and note. EfFeft of his difmiffal on the people, 71. Captain Slingftjy on fame fub- je(5l, 77. Led aftault in Weft- minfter Hall, 82. 185 note. Willing to help in any defperate affair, 205. 322. Stapel ton's farcaftic allufion to him, 322 note. Excites fears in the City, 366, 367. His name and Dig- by's coupled, 367 note. Lytton, Sir William (Herts), compliments Sir Simonds D'Ewes, «i9. D'Ewes's fcr- vices to him, ibid. note. His Suggeftion to Houfe, 276. No- minated on Committee of Safety, 280. Index, 407 Miiton. Macaulay, Lord, authority cited in Eftays of, 312. Majorities and Minorities, their refpe6iive rights, &c. 9. 18. 20. Manchefter, Earl of, 16. 34 note, 94. Mandeville, Lord, puts In his claim for office, 54. Withdraws in fa- vour of Hollis, 55. Impeached with Five Members, 182 note, 311 note. See Kimbolton. Manuscript Authorities cited or referred to : See Bere. Carte- rett. Bering. D'Exves. Donvfe, Latche. Marjlon. Nicholas. Porter. Sling/hy. Smith [Thos.). Windebank. Wife man {Thomas). Markham, John (Chief Juftice temp. Edw. IV.) on King's right of arreft, 312. Marfton, John, warns Lord Kim- bolton, 87. 117. Copy of his Letter, ibid. note. His fources of information, 88. Marten, Harry (Berkftiire), carries Houle's Meffage to Lord New- port, 37. How D'Ewes cha- ra61erifed him, 220. Mary, Queen, 305. Maftiam, Sir W. (Effex), oppofes Luniford's appointment, 36. Maxwell, James, Uftier of Black Rod and his Epifcopal prifoners, 105 and note. Sent by the King for Ru/h worth, 251. May, Thomas, on King's Vifit to City, 1 30, 1 3 1 notes. On King's right to withhold names of his advifers, 141 note. On number and equipment of King's Guards on entering Houfe, 180, 181. Miftakesmade by him, 1^2 note. Maynard, John (Totnefs), a6live in debate, 309. Able Speech by, 344—347. His bafenefs at the Reftoration, 344. Merchants of London in Charles's time, 253, 254. Milton, John, vituperated by Biftiop Hacket, 90, 91 notes. E £ 2 4^8 Index, Mildmay. Mildmay, Sir Henry (Maiden), complains of Mr. Jeflbn's^fierce look, 239, 240. Rebukes Speaker Lenthal, 248. Montreuil, French AmbafTador, warns popular Leaders, 86. 131. 328. Montrofe, James Graham, Lord, made a Marquis, 17. His offer to kill Argyle and Hamilton, 284, 285, 286 notes. Moore, Mr. and the Clerk's Jour- nals, 232. Morton, Father, has a great mind to accufe Secretary Windebank, 224, 225 notes. Motteville, Madame de, a fuf- pe(51ed Betrayer of Court Secrets, 86. Incidents Itated in her Memoirs, 130. 138. 139. 146. Murray, William, fufpe6>ed of betraying Court Secrets, 15 note. Clofeted with the King and Queen, 139. Q^ieen's de- fignation of him, ibid. note. Murrayes, the, 27 note. Nalson, John, on the caufe of the Weftminller tumults, 65 note.* Nelfon, Rev. Mr. fneers at Pym's Scholarfhip, 358 note. Napier, Mr. on Montrofe's mur- derous offer, 284, 285, 286 notes. Newburgh, Lord, 34, note. To be Mafler of the Wards, 58. Newgate, attacked by the Citi- zens, 32 and note, Newport, Lord, 36 note. 37 note. Requefted to take Command of Tower, 37. Dil'mifled by the King, ibid. Nature of Charge againit him : Charles'sdemeanour towardshim, 37 — 39. Hisdifmif- fal debated in the Commons, 82. Nicholas, Sir Edward, Secretary of State j appoints Sidney Bere Under-Secretary, 5. Communi- cates Lord Kimbolton's doings to the King, 15, 16. Vengeful O^Connel. purport of the King's letters, 17, 18. Speaker Lenthal's ob- fequioufnefs, 24, 25.28 note\, Sidney Bere's teflimony to his worth, 26, 27 note f. " Sworne Secretary of State and knighted", 28 note. 49. Communicates Court GofCp to Admiral Pen- nington, 54, 55. King's letters to him from Scotland, 57. Further news on Official changes, ibid. Why he obje6ls to Ecclefiaftical Reform, 58. His lift of Popular Leaders de- fignated for office, ibid. Pre- mature in his anticipations of DiihiifTal, 59. IfTues new Pro- clamation againft Finje Members^ 269. His Inftru6lions, 269, 270. His precaution in taking King's Orders, 271. 271 note. His con- nexion with Order relative to Trained Bands, 3 24 note. Griefs of felf and wife, 362, 363. See alfo 49 note. 140. 155. 257 note. North, Lord, 36 note, 37 note. Northcote, Sir John (Afliburton), bold avowal by, 242, 243. Oc- cafion on which fame was made, 243 note. Northumberland, Algernon Percy, Earl of. Lord Admiral : In- tended I'uccefTor to, 4. Joins in Proteil relative to Lunlford's ap- pointment, 36 note. 65. Dowfe*s Vifits to him on Pennington's behalf, 51 «o/f. Leads the Lords in the Bifhops' cafe, loo. His change to the popular fide, 135. His condu6l contrafled with Lenthal's, 234, 235 notes. Re- torts on the King, 382. See alio 37 note. 76 note. 100. 297. Note-taking, D'Ewes's comment on propofal for preventing, 233. O'CONNEL, Captain Owen, Crom- well's complaint relative to, 85 note. Ogle. Ogle, Captain, depofes to hoflile intention of King's Guard, 327. Oudart, Mr. 204 note. Owen, Captain, 76 note, Paget, Lord, 37 note. Palmer's, Geoffrey (Stamford), Proteil againfl the Remon- ftrance, and its Refult, 7, 8. Ef- itEi on Charles of courfe taken by him and his affociates, 18. Palmes, Sir Guy (Rutland), on propofal to alter a mejfage, 232. Awed into a Vote, 241. Paris, fierce froflin Paris (i 641-2), 67 note. Parliament, Firll great Divifions in, 7. Refult of firft Party Struggle, 10. The People's only hope, 65 note. Foreign aid againft it folicited for Charles L 224. Expofition of its powers, 273. See Commons. Lords. Parry's Treafon, temp. Q^ Eliz. 305. Party. See Parliament. Peard, George (Barnftable), nature of errand confided to, 174. Reproves members for inter- rupting D'Ewes, 222. Pemberton, Subftance of Exami- nation of, 79 note. Pembroke, Earl of, joins in the LunfTord Proteft, 36 note. 65. How he bore his lofs of Office, Penningman. See Pennyman. Pennington, Admiral Sir John. Value, for purpofes of this Nar- rative, of Letters addreffed to, 3. Services rendered by him to the King and his party, 3, 4. Clarendon's charafler of him, 3 note. Fate of his appointment as Lord Admiral, 4. Declines to a 274. Richardfon, junior, and John Walker find anonymous letter addrefftd to Pym, 210. Richmond, James Stuart, Duke of, appointed Lord Steward, 30 note. His fally : Proteft of Peers on the occafion, 36 note. 279 note. Windebanic's liking for him, 50 note*. Rigby, Alexander (Wigan), pur- port of Motion made in Com- mons Houfe by, 160, 161, Robartes, Lord, 36 note. Rochefter, Earl of. See Claren- don, Henry f Earl of. RoUe, Sir Samuel (Devon), named on Committee of Safety, 280. Rome, letter on Englifh politics at, 224, 225 notes. Romilly, Sir John, Mafler of the Rolls : Services rendered to Englifh Hiftory by, 3 note. Roundheads and Cavaliers, firft ufe of the epithets, 62, 63. Hampfhire Vicar's antipathy, how expreffed, 63 note. Wil- liam Lilly on this topic, 64 note. Clarendon on origin of the two epithets, 74. Baxter's anecdote of the " roundheadcd man", 136 — -j notes, Rufhworth on the ** firll miniting'* of '* Roundheads", 185 note. Rous, F. (Truro), moves prefen- tation of Members' Fines to Dr. Leighton, 249. Rowley's Evidence as to threats of French interference, 85. Roxborough, Earl of, keeps the Commons' door open, 185. Rudyard, Sir B. (Wilton), named on Committee of Safety, 280. Rupert, Prince, x^d note. 185. Rurtivvorth, John, as to Guard ac- companying King to Houfe, 180. On the term Roundhead, 1 8 5 note. Takes down Charles's Speech, 187, 188. Charles's correaions and erafures therein 'verbatim, 188, 189. Sent for by the King, 251. King's re- joinder to his excufes, 252. What took place after he quitted the King, 253. His account of Charles's reception in Guild- hall, 258, 259 notes. His flate- ment of Houfe's Proceedings on 5/// January, 290 note. Ex- tent of his notes of Guildhall Sitting on Gth January, 300. On number of Bucks Petitioners, 353 note. 347 note. 351 note. See alfo 289. 290. 292. 293. Ruffell, Lord John, quoted, 40 note \. Ruffell, Sir William, Joint Trea- furer of the Navy, 51. Made Sole Treafurer, 52. Sailor Volunteers, Services of accepted by Commons, 347 and note. 348. Epithets beftowed on them by the King, 348. 359. Saint John, Lord, 36 note. Saint John, Oliver (Totncfs) ; Clarendon's Speculations on pof- fible refult of offer of place to, 1 3 note. Not on Committee of Safety, 280. Sandford, Mr. J. L. argument of, 412 Jndex. Sa'vile. as to Strode's identity can- vafTed, i9g note. Savile, Thomas, Lord, appointed Treafurer of Houfehold, 30 note. SO. Saye and Senle, William, Lord (Old Subtlety), 36 note. 37 note. 38. Office propofed to be given to him, 55. 58. Scot the Regicide and Speaker Lenthal, 234, Scottiffi Covenant and City of London, 256. Selden, John (Oxford Univerfity), 40 note. 147 note. Shakefpeare, Williim, unnoticed and unknown, 91 note. Shawberie, Thomas, afperfes Pym, 358 note. Shepherd, one Mr. in the wrong place, 251. Simmons, S. Publiflier of Paradife Loft, 91 note. Skippon, Major, and his Trained Bands, 256. Inverted with Command of Tower, 335. His charafter and fubfequent emi- nence, ibid. Anecdote told by Wliitelock, 334, 335 notes. Office created for him : its ne- ceffity, 336. Made Sergeant- Major- General of City forces, 351. Duties affigned to him' Slingfby, Captain Robert (Cor- refpondent of Admiral Penning- ton), prefumed defign of, in coming to London, 4. Letters on the Remonftrance Debate, 4, 7. Anticipates great things from Kmg's Vifit, 21, 22. Change wrought in his views, 25, 26. News of the King, the Houfes, and the Citizens, 26 note. On altered afpeft of affairs, 27. 28. On Commotion excited by re- prieve of condemned Priefts, 32 note. Animus of **fome of the Parliament" towards him- self, 76 note. His account of Songs. the Weftminfter tumults, 77. On charge againft Earl of Brif- tol, 78. Iffue prediaed if the King yield not, 80. His account confirmed by D'Ewes, 81. His apprehenfions as to the Bifhops' Proteftation, 97, 98. " Extreame tempeftuous weather ", 99 note. On number and equipment of King's Guard, 181 — 183. De- fcribes Impeachment of Five Members, 182 note. How the King came into the Houfe, 184. What the King did and faid, 1 94 note. Charles' reception at Guildhall and how he fared by the way, 260—263. Curious incident related by him, 268 ?iote. Further on pofition of Affairs between King and Par- liament, 298, 299. "His words a confirmation of Pym 's Charge, 300. On Return of Five Mem- bers and King's flight, 366, 367. Clofe of his letter, 367 note. His after career : Pepys' tribute to his memory, 365, 366 notes. Smith, Mr. Philip (Marlborough), brings up Middle Temple Reply, 177. Smith, Thomas (Correfpondent of Admiral Pennington) : On dif- ferences between King and Commons, 61, 62. Attack of Soldiers on 'Prentices, 68, 69. On «*the laft plott of the Bifliopps", 99. Compares Arch- bifliop Williams to AchitopheJ, 100. Troubles confequent on the King's Attempt, 206--208. How matters ftand between King and City, 297, 298. His View of King's Stretch of power, 311, 312 notes. Soame, Alderman Sir Thomas (London) joined with Venn and Pennington in deputation to City, 174. Songs and Libels on the Popular Leaders, and their friends, no- Southampton. ticed, 17. 43 — 46. 199.256 note. 306 note. 355 note. 362 note. Southampton, Earl of, made Privy Councillor, 267, Southwark Trained Bands, 349. 359- 369. Spencer, Lord, 36 note. Spenfer, Edmund, Bifhop Hacket*s efteem for, 91 note. Stamford, Earl of, 36 note. Stapleton, Sir Philip (Borough- bridge), appointed a manager in Conference with the Lords, 121. Nominated on Committee of Safety, 280. Moves relblution on Irifli Affairs, 281. His larcaftic alluiion to LunfTord, 322 note. See alfo 126. 309. 316. Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 2. 4. 13. 19. 39. 41. 51. 51 note. 52. 54. 55. 76 note. 77' 134- ^ZS^ote. 1-^6 note. 137. 162. 251. 256. 355 note. 357. Strafford, young Earl of, Gene- rofity of Houie of Commons to, 227 note. Strode, William (Beeralfton, one of the Five Accufed), in- credulous as to Herbert and Littleton's affertion, 128 and »o/^.3i3. Clarendon's uncivil allufion to him, 149 note, His declaration as to real objeft of Impeachment. 165. Dragged out of the Houfe by his friend, 179. 198 — 200. On his identity with the Strode of James's Par- liament, 198 note. Contempt of the Royalifts for him, 199 note. Epithets beftowed upon him by D'Ewes, 220. Gets the worft in an altercation with D'Ewes, 222, 223. See ^77^ 178. 182 note. 198. 271 note. 311 note. 320. 371. See Fi've Members. Suffolk, Earl of, 36 note. Sunday in London, 9M Jan. (i 641—2), defcribed 338, 339. Index. 41 J f^ane. Swift's reminder, to a high-flying fecretary, 382 note. alfo 270. 348. Tory and Whig, 62. Tower J name bellowed by Cour- tiers on the, 33. Qualifications required in its Governor, ibid. Steps taken by Commons for its fecurity, 334. Clarendon's admiffion, 334 note. Skippon inverted with its command, 325. Pym's later reference to this fubjeft, 325 note. Sufpicions communicated by Alderman Pennington, 340, 341. Its Lieutenants and Governing Officers. See Balfour. Biron. Corners. Lunfford. Ne-ivport. Skippon. Temple, Inner and Middle, Re- plies of, to Commons' Meffage, 176, 177. See Inns of Court. Trained Bands of London, 254. 323. 336. See City. South- ijuark. Valentine. Mr. 27 note. Vane, SirHenrytheelder(Wilton), fuperfeded, 27 note, 30 note. 50, His Treafurerfliip of the Houfe- hold given to Lord Savile. Windebank's fellow feeling towards him, 50 note*. Wel- comed back by Pym, 52. Takes up extreme pofition in debate, 242, 243. Vane, Sir Henry, the younger (Hull), difmiffed from Office, 30 note. 51. Believed to be for *' root and branch ", 47 note. Candi- dates for his poft, 51 note. His pofition in the Opinion of the Commons, 52. Their dif- pleafure at his difmiffal, 53. Conference and committee on which he was named, 173. 316. Exception to Harry Killegrew's Speech, 244, His addition to Guildhall Refolution, 315, 316, » ^ 4 ^ 4 Index, Vaughan. 319. Bafenefs of his former friends, 344. See 173. 316. Vaughan, Mr. John (Cardigan Town), Supported by D'Ewes, 221. Venn, Captain John (London), duty impofed by Commons on, 124. 155. 157. 174. Verney, Sir Ralph (Aylefbury) : Notes of proceedings of Long Parliament (Camden Society Book) by, quoted or referred to, zonote^. 37 note. 84. 180. 183. 184. 185. 193. 289. 290. ^9*- 343- 347. 347 note. His Statement of what took place Sth January, 290 note. His notes of Guildhall Sitting on the 6th Jan, 300. His miflakes, 351 note. Walker, John. See Kichardfon, Simon. Waller's parallel between Pym and Strafford, 19. Walfmgham, Sir Thomas, Kt. (Rochefter) named on Com- mittee of Safety, 280. War. See Cu-vil IVar. Warburton,Bifhop,on Lunfford's appointment, 36. Warrants, Royal, Debates and 313 See Refolutions on, 303—308. •—315- 330—332. 343. Lharles. Commons. Warwick, Earl of, 36 note. Scur- rilous Couplet on, 'i.^lnote. Warwick, Sir Philip (Radnor Town); Scandal againll Lady Carlifle, 135, 136 and notes. His opinion as to Hampden's death, 168 note. Suggelts that Commons are guilty of Treafon, 350. Anecdote told by him, 382 note. '* Water Rats ", 348. 359. WentworthjSir Peter (Tamworth), 241. Horror of Culpcper at his ** folly", 242. Weftminfter Tumults j William Williams. Lilly on, 64 note. Their real caufe, 65 and note* . Prologue to the Civil war, 66. Objeft aimed at, 66, S-j. Soldiers' attack on Prentices, 68, 69. Caufe of King's acceptance of Volunteer Guard, 76. Slingf- by's Verfion of thefe Tumults, 77, 78. A(5lion taken by Com- mons to prevent their recurrence, 85. Courfe adopted by Bifhops, 89, 90, Wharton, Lord (Beverley), 36 note. 38. Wheeler, Mr. (Weftbury), Watch duty impofed upon, 110. Named on Committee of Safety, 280. Whig and Tory, 62. Whitelock, Bullbode (Marlow), on Queen's influence in King's Counfels, 129, 130. His View of Lady Carlifle's Warning, 145 note. Named on Committee of Safety, 280. His quellion- able aflertion, 383. See 354, 354«o/