. rR£*4- CM 4- Columbia ^ntbersiitj) intJjeCttpof Jletofiorfe College of -pfrpstctans anb burgeons Reference Htbrarp (rv^c sf kK HISTORY OF THE Medical Profession CAMDEN COUNTY, N. J., Including a brief review of the Charitable Institutions Within the County. H. L. B. GODFREY, A.M., M.D., Colonel and Assistant Surgeon-General of the National Guard of New Jersey ; Correspond- ing Secretary of the Medical Society of New Jersey ; Secretary of the New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners; Ex-President of the New Jersey Sanitary Association, the Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey, the Camden District and City Medical Societies; Physician to The Cooper Hospital ; Lecturer on Medical Nursing in the New Jersey Training School for Nurses ; Member of the American Medical Asso- ciation, the Association of Mil- itary Surgeons of the United States, etc., etc. PHILADELPHIA The F. A. Davis Company 1896 ■7-U >i. 9 H-* Copyright, 1896, BY E. L. B. GODFREY C\4- Preface. In presenting this work to the public, the author desires to state that the utmost pains have been taken to insure its accuracy. In addition to the references given in the foot-notes of the work, indebtedness is here acknowledged to the personal records that have been furnished him and to the minutes, published trans- actions and reports of the societies, associations, orders and institutions considered ; but the incompleteness of some of these is, however, a matter of regret. Next to the consecutive history of professional matters within Camden county, and of the kindred professions of pharmacy and dentistry, the social, educational, political and military relationship of the medical fraternity to the City and County of Camden, the State of New Jersey and to the Government of the United States, has been carefully presented. This volume was prepared while the author was engaged in arduous professional duties, and it is his hope that its reader will derive as much pleasure from its perusal as it has afforded him in its preparation. Camden, New Jersey, January, 1896. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/historyofmedicaOOgodf Contents. CHAPTER I. Introduction. :tion I. — Old Gloucester, II. — The Medical Profession in Old Gloucester, PAGE I 2 CHAPTER II. The Period from i 844-1 850. I. — The Erection of Camden County, . . .9 II. — The Organization of the Camden District Medical Society, . . . . .10 III. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . 17 IV. — The Censors of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 21 V. — The American Medical Association, . 23 VI. — Miscellaneous, . . . -25 a.— The Camden County Bible Society, . 25 b. — Mulford's History of New Jersey, . 25 c. — The Cholera Epidemic of 1849, . 25 CHAPTER III. The Period from 1 850-1 855. I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . . 27 II. — The Camden District Medical Society, . 31 III. — The Medical Enactment of 1 85 1, . . -35 IV. — Political Interests, . . . . -37 V. — The Camden City Medical Society, . . .40 VI. — The Medical Enactment of 1854, . . . 41 VII. — The Cholera Epidemic of 1854, . . -43 VIII. — Physicians and Druggists, . . .44 CHAPTER IV. The Period from 1855-1860. I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . . 46 II. — The American Medical Association, , . 49 Vlll Co?i tents SECTION III.— The Camden District Medical Society, IV. — The Camden City Medical Society, V. — Fisler's History of Camden, VI. — Educational, Political and Naval Interests, PAGE 50 52 54 55 CHAPTER V. The Period from 1 860-1 865. I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, II.— The Camden City Medical Society, III. — The Camden District Medical Society, IV. — Political Interests, V.— The Civil War of 1861-1865, a. — The United States Army, b.— The United States Navy, VI. — Educational Interests, 58 60 63 65 67 67 81 83 CHAPTER VI. The Period from 1865-1870. I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . . 85 II.— The Camden City Medical Society, . . -87 III. — The Camden City Dispensary, . . -89 IV. — The Camden District Medical Society, . .92 V. — The Cholera Epidemic of 1866, . . -94 VI. — Miscellaneous Interests, . . . -96 a. — The Military Order of the Loyal Legion, . 96 b. — The National Guard of New Jersey, . 96 c. — Educational Matters, . . -97 d. — Drug Interests, . . . -97 e. — Masonic Interests, . . . -98 VII. — Homoeopathy, . . . . -99 a. — The American Institute of Homoeopathy, 99 b. — The West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society, . . . . .100 VIII. — The Camden Home for Friendless Children, . 102 IX. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, . . . 103 CHAPTER VII. The Period from 1 870-1 875. I. — The Camden City Dispensary, . . . 107 II. — The Camden City Medical Society, . , .108 Contents. SECTION III. — The Camden District Medical Society, IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, V. — The New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical Society, .... VI. — The New Jersey State Dental Society, VII. — -Miscellaneous Interests, a. — The Water Supply of Camden, b. — Independent Order of Odd Fellows c. — Masonic Matters, d. — National Guard of New Jersey, e. — Educational Matters, f. — The Small-pox Epidemic of 187 1 g. — Drug and Professional Interests, h. — The New Jersey Pharmaceutical Asso- ciation, . i. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, CHAPTER VIII. The Period from 1 875-1 880. I. — The Camden City Dispensary, II. — The Camden City Medical Society, . III. — The Camden District Medical Society, IV.— The Medical Society of New Jersey, V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association, VI. — Charitable Institutions, a. — The Cooper Hospital, b. — The West Jersey Orphanage, VII. — Miscellaneous Interests, a. — Physicians and Druggists, . b. — Educational Matters, c — The Centennial Celebration, d. — The American Academy of Medicine, e. The Grand Army of the Republic, f. The Camden Microscopical Society, VIII. — County Physicians, .... IX.— The New Jersey State Board of Health, X. - Deaths of Prominent Physicians, CHAPTER IX. The Period from 1880-1885. I. — The Camden City Dispensary, IX PAGE IIO 115 117 Il8 119 119 119 I20 121 122 122 123 123 124 129 131 133 137 139 141 141 I42 143 143 I44 144 145 145 I46 I46 147 148 151 x Contents. SECTION II. — The Camden City Medical Society, III. — The Camden District Medical Society, IV. — The American Medical Association, V. — -The Medical Society of New Jersey, VI.— The Medical Enactments from 1880-1885, VII. — Epidemic Diseases, a. — The Small-pox Epidemic of 1880 b. — Vaccination, c. — Epidemic of Typhus Fever, VIII.— The New Jersey State Board of Health, IX. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association, X. — Miscellaneous Interests, a. — Physicians and Druggists, b. — Young Men's Christian Association, c. — Military Interests, 1. — Association of the Sons of Veterans, 2. — Medical Officers of the National Guard of New Jersey, 3. — United States Pension Board of Ex- amining Surgeons, d — Political Interests, . e. — Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men of New Jersey, f. — The Philadelphia County Medical Society, g. — The Druggists Association of Camden, XI. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, PAGE 153 154 158 l60 l62 165 165 I67 168 I70 173 174 174 176 176 I 7 6 177 177 I 7 8 179 179 ISO I8O CHAPTER X. The Period from i 885-1 890. I. — The Camden City Dispensary, II. — The Camden City Medical Society, III. — The Camden District Medical Society. IV. — The Medical Societ3> r of New Jerse3^, V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association, VI.— The Board of Health of the City of Camden, VII— The New Jersey State Board of Health, VIII. — The Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensan Association, .... IX.— The Cooper Hospital, a. — -The Cooper Hospital Training School for Nurses, . i»5 188 191 197 200 202 205 209 211 214 Contents. xi SECTION PACK X. — The Ninth International Medical Congress, . 215 XI. — The Camden County Society for the Prevention of . Cruelty to Children, . . . .217 XII. — Military Interests, . . . . .218 a. — Medical Officers of the National Guard of New Jersey, . . . .218 b. — The Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey, . . - . .218 c — The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, . . .220 d. — The New Jersey Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, . • . .220 XIII. — Medical Enactments of 1889, . . . 221 a. — Concerning Physicians and Surgeons, . 221 b. — Concerning Veterinary Surgeons, . 221 XIV. — Medical Professorships and Lectureships, . 222 XV. — Physicians, ..... 223 XVI. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, . . .224 CHAPTER XI. The Period from 1890-1895. I. — The Camden City Dispensary, II. — The Camden City Medical Society, III. — The Camden District Medical Society, IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association, VI. — The New Jersey State and Local Boards of Health, 249 VII. — The New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners, 253 VIII. — The Cooper Hospital, .... 257 IX. — The New Jersey Training School for Nurses, . 259 a. — The Alumni and Alumnae Association of the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, .... 265 b. — The Camden Nurse Directory, . . 265 X. — The Camden Day Nursery Association, . . 266 XI. — Medical Department of the National Guard of New Jersey, ...... 269 XII. — The Epidemic of La Grippe, . . .271 XIII. — The West Jersey Homoeopathic Dispensary and Hospital Association, . . . .272 228 232 237 243 247 xii Contents. SECTION PAGE XIV.— Miscellaneous Interests, .... 275 a. — The Pan-American Medical Congress, . 275 b. — The American Medical Association , . 276 c. — The Methodist Episcopal Home, . . 277 d. — The Haddonfield Training School for Back- ward Children, . . . .278 e. — The Camden City Medical and Surgical Society, . . . . -279 f.— Political Interests, . . .280 g. — Professional Interests, . . • 280 h. — Major Surgical Operations, . - 282 i. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, . . 283 ]".— The Cooper Medical Club. . . 283 k. — College Affiliations of Physicians, . . 284 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. Section I. — Oed Gloucester. [1623-1 682.] To properly record the history of the medical profession of Camden county it is necessary to make a brief review of the parent county, Old Gloucester, and to trace, through changing settlements and forms of government, the rise and progress of the healing art in this section of New Jersey. The first European settlement in West Jersey was made by the Dutch in Gloucester county about 1623, wno were followed by the Swedes about 1640. Neither the Dutch nor the Swedes effected permanent settlements, but were dispossessed by the English when Charles II, under the claim of prior rights, conveyed, in 1664, the territory of New York and New Jersey, with powers of government, to his brother, the Duke of York. The Duke, in turn, conveyed the Province of New Jersey, with authority to govern, to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Cartaret, and Lord Berkeley, in 1673, disposed of his rights and interests to two English Quakers, John Fenwicke and Edward Byllinge.* The province was divided into East and West Jersey; and Fenwicke and Byllinge acquired West Jersey, which they selected as a place of retreat for their perse- cuted, religious associates in the Society of Friends, and thus peopled West Jersey with English, Scotch and Irish Friends. In 1675, Fenwicke founded Salem, and, in 1677, Burlington was settled and the boundaries of Old Gloucester were laid out, to extend from the Delaware river to the Atlantic ocean. In 1682, Newton, the first English settlement in Old Gloucester, was founded and, in 1685, the county was formally erected, being the first constituted by the choice of its inhabitants. From these three settlements, Salem, Burlington and Newton, the peaceful and cultured civilization of the Friends was dis- seminated throughout West Jersey. ♦Gordon's History of New Jersey. Mulford's History of New Jersey. Smith's History of New Jersey. 2 History Medical Profession Camden County. [1681-1776.] A form of government was instituted by the Friends in 1681, under the proprietary rights which accompanied the transfer of the land, and the principles of civil and religious liberty, of trial by jury, and of the validity of accepted titles to land were guaranteed. The government was in advance of any existing at the time in regard to indi- vidual safety and freedom, but, owing to petty disputes, it was not a success, and was finally surrendered to the English crown in 1702. There were seven successive governors, during this period, of whom the most influential personage and the greatest land-owner was Dr. Daniel Coxe. By the surrender of 1702, 4 he provinces of East and West Jersey were united, and thereafter the whole colony was ruled by a governor appointed by the King of England, which continued until 1776, when the separation of the American colonies from the mother country took place, and the State of New Jersey was organized. [1776-1844.] During the Revolution, 1776-1783, Old Gloucester played a conspicuous part. Its position exposed it to the raids of Count Donop and Major Simcoe, under whom on different occasions the British invaded the county at Cooper's Point, Haddonfield, Woodbury and Gloucester City, and, on October 22, 1777, met with disastrous defeat in the Battle of Red Bank. After the Revolution and the formation of the State of New Jersey, the progress of Old Gloucester in increased population and in the development of its resources was uninterrupted. As the population increased, the interests of government and of trade demanded a division of the county, and, in 1837, that portion bordering on the Atlantic ocean was set apart by Act of Legislature under the name of Atlantic county, and, in 1844, nearly half of the remaining townships, including two which date from the earliest settlements in New Jersey, viz. : Newton and Gloucester, were erected into Camden county. Section II. — The Medical Profession of Old Gloucester. [1 623-1 702.] The physicians of Old Gloucester exerted a marked influence in the periods of development previously The Medical Profession of Old Gloucester. 3 referred to, viz.: the Dutch and Swedish, proprietary, colonial and revolutionary periods. During the Dutch and Swedish periods (1623-1664), there were doubtless clever physicians among the settlers, though little is known of them except on the west bank of the Delaware, where two Dutch and two Swedish surgeons practiced their art.* In the proprietary period of the Friends (1675-1702), some improvement was made in medical matters throughout West Jersey by the indi- vidual efforts of a few practitioners. In seeking an asylum in the New World where freedom from religious persecution might be obtained, the Friends were not unmindful of the privations and dangers to be encountered, and brought edu- cated physicians with them.| Among the best known of these were Doctors Daniel Wills, John Goslin and Robert Dimmes- dale. During the governorship of Dr. Daniel Coxe, a distin- guished London physician, a member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons and physician to Queen Anne, it is not unlikely that he influenced others of his profession to settle in the province, though he himself never visited it. At that time, physicians not infrequently exercised the functions of the clergy and were not averse to political preferment and to land speculations. Because of the privations and exposure incident to pioneer life — pneumonia during the winter, sun- stroke in summer, malarial fevers and epidemics of small-pox — their services were in great demand. J There was no law regu- lating the practice of medicine except the medical code pro- mulgated by the Duke of York in 1665. This did not prevent any one from practicing medicine, but was intended " to restrain the presumptuous from exercising power contrary to the approved rules, without the advice of those skilled in the art or the consent of the patient." In consequence of this law, any one could ply the vocation of a physician at pleastire and "quacks abounded like the locusts of Egypt." § The apprenticeship system, which consisted of living a year or two * Early Physicians of Philadelphia, by James J. Levick, M. D. t Wickes' History of Medicine in New Jersey. I Ibid. § Smith's History of New Jersey. 4 History Medical Profession Camden County. with a physician as an assistant and then setting up as a prac- titioner, was the only method of medical education. [i 702-1 766.] During the colonial period a great advance was made in medical practice. Inoculation was introduced into America, in 1721, by Cotton Mather, and was early prac- ticed in West Jersey.* In consequence of increasing immigra- tion, and the prevalence of diseases incident to a virgin soil, the demand for physicians became urgent and their numbers multiplied. A great stimulus to a higher medical education was offered by the French and Indian War, (1 758-1 766). While the southern portion of New Jersey was not exposed like the northern to the invasion of the Indians, yet a bat- talion of English troops was stationed at Burlington, and furn- ished an opportunity for the native physicians to become ac- quainted with the newer methods of practice current among English army surgeons. The stimulus of this war led to the organization of the Medical Society of New Jersey, f and the welfare of medicine was still farther advanced by the founding of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1765, and the gradua- tion of its first-class in 1768. This gave an opportunity for medical apprentices to acquire a more liberal and scientific medical education. In 1766, the Medical Society of New Jersey was organized, and among its original members was Dr. Isaac Harris, father of Dr. Samuel Harris, who was the pioneer physician of Camden. The science of medicine at this time was at a low ebb, but the new society succeeded in elevating the professional standard by securing, in 1772, an "Act of Assembly regulating the practice of physic and surgery within the Colony of New Jersey," which provided for the licensing of physicians by Judges of the Supreme Court after an exam- ination by a board of physicians selected by the court. This was the first medical law enacted in the Colony of New Jersey, following that of the Duke of York in 1665 — a period of one hundred and seven years. [1776-1783.] During the revolutionary period, the profession in Old Gloucester tendered the county honorable * Wickes' History of Medicine in New Jersey. f Ibid. The Medical Profession of Old Gloucester. 5 service both in the councils of government and in the battal- ions of the army. Dr. Benjamin Van Leer,* of Haddon- field, served as a member of the "Committee of Correspond- ence"; Doctors Thomas Hendry, of Woodbury; Bodo Otto, of Swedesboro, and Jacob Harris, uncle of Dr. Samuel Harris, were commissioned surgeons in the American army. Dr- Hendry was surgeon of the Third Battalion, Gloucester county ; Dr. Bodo Otto was surgeon of Colonel Charles Reed's Battalion, Colonel of State Troops, First Battalion, Gloucester county and a member of the Legislature. f Dr. Jacob Harris, t in addition to other services, participated in the Battle of Red Bank, in 1777, and dressed the wounds of Colonel Count Donop, the young Hessian commander who fell mortally wounded in the fight. On account of the Revolution, and of the interest it excited among physicians, the meetings of the Medical Society of New Jersey were suspended from 1775 to 1781. In 1783, the passage of a State law regulating medical practice was secured, in which the examining provisions of the colonial law of 1772 were re-enacted. In 1786, a supplementary law was enacted providing for medical examinations by physicians,, selected by the Supreme Court, or by any two of its members,, without the presence of the judges. In this year, Doctors Benjamin Tallman, of Haddonfield, and James Stratton, of Swedesboro, joined the State Society, and, in 1788, Dr. Stratton became its president. Dr. Dayton Lummis, of Woodbury, subsequently joined the society, but there were a number of physicians in the county who never became members, among whom were Doctors John Craig, Evan Clement and John Blackwood, of Haddonfield, and Dr. Samuel Bloomfield, of Colestown. [1790-1859.] In 1790, the Medical Society of New Jersey was incorporated for a term of twenty-five years, and among its incorporators were Doctors Tallman and Stratton. In the war of 181 2, Dr. J. J. Foster was the surgeon of General Ebenezer Elmer's Brigade, General Elmer being himself a * Prowell's History of Camden County. t Stryker's Register I Wickes' History of Medicine in New Jersey. 6 History Medical Profession Camden County. physician. In 1816, the Medical Society of New Jersey was re-incorporated and provision was made for District or County Medical Societies and for the examination of applicants by Boards of Censors in each county. The censorship of the Supreme Court, dating from 1772, was annulled and the examination by Boards of Censors was made the basis of lawful practice. In 1818, a supplement was passed providing that the State Medical Society should be composed of delegates from the District Societies which might be formed in the various counties, each district being entitled to send four. This Act placed the membership upon a representative basis and, under these provisions, the Gloucester and Camden Societies were formed. In 1818, the Gloucester District Society was organ- ized with the following members : Doctors Dayton Lummis, Thomas Hendry, Joseph Fithian, Lorenzo F. Fisler, Davis, Evans, Francis Hoover, William Hunt, Samuel Harris, Bow- man Hendry, J. J. Foster, Ezra Balear and John C. Warner. The organization continued until 182 1, when it was dissolved. In 1835, it was reconstituted with the following members: Doctors C. V. Clark, Isaac S. Mulford, Thomas Lee, Joseph Fithian and Samuel Harris. This reorganization was not recognized by the State Medical Society, because of the failure of the Gloucester Society 7 to submit its constitution and by-laws for inspection and approval. In 1846, after the separation of Camden county, the Gloucester Society was again reorganized by Doctors Joseph Fithian, C. V. Clark, J. C. Weatherby, T. J. Saunders, John R. Sickler and Benjamin P. Howell. Since then it has been in active operation and has furnished two presidents for the State Society, viz.: Dr. Fithian, in 1849, ano ^ Dr. Sickler, in 1859. Although the profession of Old Gloucester was reluctant to organize, there were several physicians who exerted an influence over their co-workers and the general public. Doc- tors Bowman Hendry, Samuel Harris, Francis Hoover, John R. Sickler and Isaac S. Mulford were prominent in the locality now embraced in Camden county. Dr. Bowman Hendry,* son of Dr. Thomas Hendry of Woodbury, practiced medicine at * Memoir of Bowman Hendry, M. D., by a Physician. The Medical Profession of Old Gloucester. 7 Haddonfield with much distinction from 1794 to 1838. "Dr. Hendry was educated at the Woodbury Academy and at the University of Pennsylvania. Even in boyhood he was distin- guished for his courtesy and kindness of disposition and, as a student, his punctuality, industry and zeal won for him the confidence and favor of his teachers. Towards the close of his course of study, at the University of Pennsylvania, the Whiskey Insurrection broke out in Pennsylvania (1794) and young Hendry entered the government service as a private soldier and, by means of a premature medical examination, was com- missioned as assistant surgeon. * * * Locating in Had- donfield, his practice soon extended from the Delaware to the sea. He did more to elevate the standard of medicine and to rescue obstetrics from the hands of mid wives than any physician of his time in the county. * * * For fifteen years he rode in the saddle and was often absent days at a time in his professional visits. * * * Not infrequently, from the extent of his journeys, he was obliged to sleep in the woods. * * * It has been estimated that he exhausted more than two hundred horses in his service. * * * Dur- ing the latter part of his career, his barns and horses were burned, and so great was his popularity that his friends imme- diately erected and presented new buildings to him and replaced his horses." Dr. Hendry was one of the original members of the Gloucester District Medical Society, in 1818, and was the father of Doctors Charles D. Hendry and Bowman Hendry, Jr. Dr. Samuel Harris* practiced medicine in Camden from 181 1 to 1843. He came from a family of physicians, his father, two uncles, a brother and a nephew all belonging to the profession. His father, Dr. Isaac Harris, served with distinc- tion as a surgeon in the Revolution, and was one of the incor- porators of the Medical Society of New Jersey in 1790 and its president in 1792. Dr. Samuel Harris was the first physician to permanently locate in Camden, and he lived in the house still standing on the southeast corner of Cooper and Second streets. * " History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County," by John R. Stevenson, A. M., M. D., published in Prowell's History of Camden County. 8 History Medical Profession Camden County. He was one of the constituent members of the Gloucester District Medical Society, in 1818, and at its reorganization, in 1835. He was one of the founders of St. Paul's Church, in 1830, and was a vestryman until his death, in 1843. Dr. Francis Hoover* located in Camden in 18 12 and was contem- porary with Dr. Harris, but remained only a short time. Dr. John R. Sicklerf moved to Camden from Chew's Landing in 1832 and opened a drug-store on Federal street, returning to Chew's Landing in 1834. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford began his medical career in Camden in 1823. At this time, Dr. Samuel Harris was the only physician in the village. Dr. Mulford was the connecting link between the physicians who were identified with Old Gloucester and its Medical Society and those who were distinctively Camden county physicians. % In the year that Camden county was erected (1844), the following physicians practiced within its limits: Doctors Isaac S. Mul- ford, Richard M. Cooper, Lorenzo F. Fisler, Othniel H. Taylor and J. R. Andrews, in Camden; Benjamin W. Blackwood, Jacob P. Thornton, Charles D. Hendry and Aaron D. Wood- ruff, at Haddonfield; William C. Mulford, in Gloucester; Martin Synott, at Chew's Landing; William Parham and Ezekiel C. Chew, at Blackwood ; George Barrows, at Tansboro, and James C. Risley, at Berlin. * Dr. Francis Hoover was born in Salem, N. J., and was one of the original members of the Gloucester County Society, in 1818. At this time he probably lived at Swedesboro. He removed to Smyrna, Delaware, in 1821, and remained there until his death, in 1832. — (Wickes.) t Dr John R. Sickler lived in Camden from 1832 to 1S34. He subsequently removed to Mantua. He was an Associate Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Gloucester county from 1828 to 1865 ; a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1844 ; a charter member of the Gloucester District Medical Society in 1846, and President of the Medical Society of New Jersey in 1859. iStevenson.) \ History Oi Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, by John R. Stevenson, A. M.. M D. CHAPTER II. THE PERIOD FROM 1844-1850. Section I. — The Erection of Camden County. [1844.] Camden county was set apart from Old Glouces- ter county by legislative enactment, March 13, 1844. The Act was preceded by much discussion and political agitation, extending over a number of years, in which Dr. Isaac S. Mul- ford, with other citizens, took a prominent part. Under the Act providing for the erection of the county, the selection of the county-seat was left to a vote of the people, and the Board of Chosen Freeholders set apart August 12, 1845, as the day of the election. Camden, Haddonfield, Gloucester, Long-a-coming (Berlin) and Mount Ephraim were voted upon, but neither place secured the required majority.* The issue was remanded to the Board of Freeholders, which was composed of two representatives from each of the seven townships and the one city (Camden) comprising the county. The erection of the new county had caused a most violent opposition against Camden by the other townships, since it was against their consent that Old Gloucester county was divided. Several of the townships desired to have the public buildings located within their limits, and a majority united in opposing the selection of Camden. The agitation was continued until 1851, a period of seven years, when Camden was finally selected as the county-seat, f In addition to the political issues within the county, the affairs of the nation, State and city excited unusual attention. The admission of Texas into the Union was the chief question on which the people divided in the presidential election of 1844.I The Whigs, under the leadership of Henry Clay, opposed *" The contest was carried on with a degree of acrimony that can hardly be appre- ciated." — MS. History of Camden County Medical Society, by Richard M. Cooper, M. D. t History of Camden County, by George R. Piowell. % Ridpath's History of the United States. io History Medical Profession Camden County. annexation, and the Democrats, under James K. Polk, favored it. Polk was elected to the presidency, and the contest sur- passed in excitement any previous presidential election. The Mexican War followed the admission of Texas, and maintained a strong hold upon the people until the treaty of peace in 1848. State issues also claimed attention.* The marks of colonial dependence retained in the State Constitution were objectionable to the people. In February, 1844, the General Assembly provided for a convention in May to frame a State Constitution to be submitted to the people for ratification or rejection. At this convention, Dr. John R. Sickler represented Gloucester county. In August the Constitution was adopted, and in October, in pursuance with its provisions, an election for Governor of the State took place and Charles C. Stratton, son of Dr. James Stratton, of Swedesboro, was elected to the position. In the city of Camden a supplement f was made, in 1844, to the charter, making the Mayor elective by the people instead of by Common Council. This occasioned increased interest in municipal affairs, which resulted in the election of John R. Cowperthwaite over Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, who had previously held the position. The political excitement of the times, in national, State, county and municipal affairs, delayed the formation of the Camden County Medical Society for nearly two years, and finally led to its organization at Haddon- field, instead of at Camden. Section II. — The Organization of the Camden District Medical Society. [1846.] The absence of a medical organization in Gloucester county, immediately preceding the erection of Camden county, permitted a lax enforcement of medical law and rendered the physicians of the new county but little acquainted with each other. Nevertheless a few physicians, deeming an organization essential to the highest professional usefulness, circulated a petition, under the care of Doctors * History of New Jersey, by Isaac S. Mulford, M. D. f History of Camden County, by George R. Prowell. Organization of the Camden District Medical Society . n James S. Risley, of L,ong-a-coming (Berlin), and Charles D. Hendry, of Haddonfield, for the signatures of the legal prac- titioners of medicine within the new county. Only those phy- sicians who had been examined by the censors of the Medical Society of New Jersey, and had received a license signed by its president, were regarded as legal practitioners. The petition was presented to the State Medical Society at its eightieth annual meeting at New Brunswick, May 12, 1846, and a com- mission was issued by the society authorizing Doctors Jacob P. Thornton and Charles D. Hendry, of Haddonfield ; Isaac S. 'Mulford and Richard M. Cooper, of Camden, and James S. Risley, of Berlin, to organize at Haddonfield* a District Medical Society for Camden county,t "provided that the corresponding secretary is satisfied that the above named are licensed prac- titioners of this State, with power to supply other names if necessary." Pursuant to the commission, a meeting was held at the hotel of Joseph C. Shivers, Haddonfield, August 14, 1846, when the "District Medical Society for the County of Camden in the State of New Jersey" was organized. Doctors Jacob P. Thornton and Richard M. Cooper, graduates of the University of Pennsylvania, 1828 and 1839, respectively; James S. Risley, Jefferson Medical College, 1844; Charles D. Hendry and Oth- niel H. Taylor, University of Pennsylvania, 1833 and 1825, respectively, attended the meeting, making the legal number required to effect an organization. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford, graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1822, was unable to attend on account of sickness, but was present at the follow- ing meeting. Dr. James S. Risley was elected president ; Dr. Othniel H. Taylor, vice-president ; Dr. Richard M. Cooper, secretary, and Dr. Jacob P. Thornton, treasurer. A constitution and by-laws, the originals of which are preserved in the archives of the society, were adopted. Doctors Risley, Thorn- * " Doctors Risley and Hendry, who had charge of the petition for the formation of the society, had Haddonfield inserted in the communication, as they were both against Camden." — MS. History of Camden County Medical Society, by Richard M. Cooper, M. D. f In the Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey for 1846, the name of Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler is given in the place of Dr. James S. Risley, but in the original commis- sion the name of Dr. Fisler does not appear. 12 History Medical Profession Camden County. ton, Hendry, Taylor and Cooper were appointed to attend the semi-annual meeting of the State Medical Society at Hights- town in November, and the secretary, Dr. Cooper, was instructed to notify the society of the new organization and to publish a notice of the same in the county papers. [1847.] The constitution and by-laws, however, were not received by the State Society, and a special meeting of the County Society was held at Haddonfield, March 13, 1847, to consider the reason thereof and to appoint four delegates to the annual meeting of the State Society at New Brunswick, May nth. Doctors Risley, Taylor, Cooper and Charles D. Hendry were appointed, and Dr. Isaac S. Mulford raised the point that the organization in the previous August was defect- ive in that it was effected at Haddonfield instead of at Camden, the county-seat. This exception was presented to the State Medical Society at the May meeting, by which time the inau- gural proceedings of the County Society had been received and approved, and a decision was rendered that, as there was no permanent county -seat in Camden county, the inaugural meet- ing at Haddonfield, though informal, did not vitiate the pro- ceedings, and that the District Society was regularly organized. Censors for the Camden district were duly appointed. On June 15th, the society met at the hotel of Israel Eng- lish, Cooper and Front streets, Camden. The informality attending the organization of the society was further discussed and a resolution adopted to hold the annual meeting in Cam- den, on the third Tuesday in June, and the semi-annual meet- ing on the third Tuesday in December. Three graduates of Jefferson Medical College — Dr. A. Dickinson Woodruff, 1844 ; Dr. Bowman Hendry, Jr., 1846, and Dr. Daniel M. Stout, 1847 — were elected members upon the recommendation of the censors. Dr. Stout graduated from Pennington Seminary in 1844. Nine months had now elapsed since the organization of the County Society, and three meetings had been held without applications for membership, save by those just elected. The society was regarded with indifference by some physicians, and others openly refused to join it. This, in part, was due to the lack of organization of the profession in Old Gloucester county Organization of the Camden District Medical Society . 13 at the time of the erection of Camden county ; in consequence of which, medical law was not actively enforced and the organization of a District Medical Society and the appoint- ment of a Board of Censors made an unpopular innovation. To offset this feeling, and to make plain the relationship which the District Society and the Board of Censors should maintain to the profession and to the public, it was decided to publish the names of all regularly licensed physicians residing in the county in one of the county papers, together with that section of the law incorporating the Medical Society of New Jersey, that provided for the organization of District Medical Soci- eties. The publication aroused the antipathy of Homoeopaths, Thompsonians, and those who disregarded the society ; engen- dered much ill-feeling in the fraternity and occasioned a bitter newspaper controversy. This reached a climax in the publi- cation, in the Camden Democrat, of the correspondence between Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, of Camden, and the society, in regard to the omission of Dr. Fisler's name from the list of licensed physicians. Dr. Fisler, at this time, had been engaged in the practice of medicine for twenty-eight years, eleven of which had been spent in Camden. He was not only promi- nent as a physician, but had also served as Mayor of the city for four terms, and was widely known as a public lecturer. He was one of the petitioners for the organization of the County Society in 1846, and his name appears as such in the Transac- tions of the State Medical Society for that year, but it was erased from the commission and the name of Dr. James S. Risley substituted. Dr. Fisler, on this account, refused to take part in the organization of the County Society, and, when his name was omitted from the published list of licensed physicians of the county, he severely criticised the society for this action in an open letter in the Camden Democrat. To meet this, a special meeting of the society was called on September 2nd, when the matter was considered in a committee of the whole, and the following address and reply, signed by the president and secretary, was made and ordered to be published in the same journal: 14 History Medical Profession Camden County. TO THE PUBLIC. ' ' A communication has appeared in the Camden Democrat, over the signa- ture of L. F. Fisler, complaining of the course of the Medical Society of the County of Camden, in omitting his name from a published list of licensed practitioners. A simple statement of facts is deemed proper in reply. The formation of medical associations is recommended by advantages that are obvious and well understood, and the Society of the County of Camden was formed with a single view,— the security of these general advantages. Its institution was effected in pursuance of an order from a superior body, the members themselves having no other agency in this appointment than simply to furnish the evidence that the}' are legal practitioners ; but after their appointment an obligation was felt to promote to the best of their ability the objects proposed. It was made their duty to discourage the practices of persons who were acting in contravention of existing laws and the regulations of the medical authorities of the State. For this purpose, a publication of the list of those who were known to be properly qualified was supposed to be advisable, as a measure of justice to the profession and to the community at large. In preparing this list, the case of the present complainant was fully considered. It was known that an application had been made by him to the Board of Censors to be received and recognized by them as a licentiate, on the ground of former examination. But the Board of Censors had no authority to make any such grant based upon the action of a former body. They' could only grant upon an actual examination of the person before them. Besides this, there was doubt as to the issue of the former application. Information was in possession coming from the presi- dent of the State Medical Society, and who had also been a member of the Board of Examiners, to the effect that the complainant had not received a license. This information was given to different individuals and in positive terms. Under these circumstances no warrant was thought to exist for plac- ing the name of the person in question on the list of licensed practitioners. With the seeming inconsistency of the statements above referred to, with the production of the certificate now given by the complainant, the society have nothing to do. That must be settled by the parties directly concerned. But a confirmation of these statements has since been given in the following terms, in a letter to the society from Dr. Hannah, the late president of the State Medical Society, and whose name appears on the certificate given by the complainant : ' Taking all the circumstances into consideration, I say, unhesitatingly, that E- F. Fisler never did receive a certificate entitling him to a diploma from any Board of Censors of which I was a member, and I was a member of every board that convened in the county during that period.'* The society disclaim all invidious or unfriendly views or inten- tions. They have no other desire than to act with fidelity in a public duty. They wish to injure no one, but they cannot depart from an established course in favor of any. By order of the society, James S. RiSLEY, President. Richard M. Cooper, Secretary." *Dr. Charles Hannah resided in Salem county, and was the president of the Medical Society of New Jersey in 1846. Organization of the Camden District Medical Society. 15 Closely following this special meeting, a new light was shed upon the Fisler controversy. The missing certificate of license, given by the Board of Censors of Salem county to Dr. Fisler in 1825, was found by him and presented to the Camden county censors. The error of Dr. Hannah was immediately acknowledged by the Camden Board and, upon the institution of legal proceedings against him by Dr. Fisler, Dr. Hannah made an ample apology and the matter was dropped.* At the semi-annual meeting of the society in December, the subject was presented in detail and the explanatory statement of Dr. Hannah was ordered filed with the minutes, but no further public prominence was given to it. A great injustice was done to Dr. Fisler by the society. Had as much spirit been shown in investigating his professional record as in deciding against him upon ex parte testimony, the society would have found that not only had Dr. Fisler graduated from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 181 8, but that he was licensed by the Board of Censors of Salem county in 1825, and was appointed a member of that board by the State Medical Society in 1829. The method employed to rectify so great an injustice was not acceptable to Dr. Fisler. He refused to join the Camden County Society, f and the case was presented to the State Medical Society for further consideration the following year, at its meeting in Camden. Since the organization of the Camden District Medical Society had now become fully established and regular meet- ings were held in June and December, scientific questions and the subject of professional fees began to attract attention. Dr. James S. Risley was appointed to deliver an address at the annual meeting in June, and Doctors Mulford, Taylor and Cooper, to report on professional intercourse and fees. Dr. Ben- jamin W. Blackwood, of Haddonfield, graduate of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1828, was elected a member. [1848.] At the annual meeting in June, Dr. Risley failed to deliver the appointed address, and no scientific subject was therefore discussed. The admission fee was fixed at three dol- * MS. History of Camden County Medical Society, by Richard M. Cooper, M. D. t Ibid. 1 6 History Medical Profession Camden County. lars and the annual dues at one dollar, with a fine of one dollar for non-attendance, except in cases of sickness. Dr. J. S. Ris- ley was re-elected president; Dr. O. H. Taylor, vice-president, and Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer. The semi- annual meeting, in December, passed off without discussion of a medical subject ; the attendance was small and the need of popularizing the society was recognized. As a means to this end, it was decided that members failing to attend, or to pay their fines, should have their names stricken from the roll. The code of ethics of the American Medical Association and the fee-bill of the State Medical Society were adopted, excepting the fee for a single visit (fifty cents), which might be increased to one dollar "when persons are able and have in other instances paid it." Two licentiates of the State Medical Society were elected to membership, — Dr. Edward J. Record, of Blackwood, and Dr. John V. Schenck, of Camden. Dr. Schenck graduated as an A. B. at Rutgers College in 1844, and M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1847. [1849.] It was the duty of the senior censor to receive and transmit annually the licentiate fees of the board to the treasurer of the State Medical Society. The accumulation of the Camden county fees for 1847 and 1848, amounting to ninety dollars, had not been forwarded by Dr. Risley, and, at the request of the treasurer of the State Society, a special meeting of the District Society was called, January 16, 1849, to inquire into the matter. Although duly notified, Dr. Risley failed to attend, and Doctors Cooper, Mulford and Taylor were appointed a committee to communicate with him and state the wish of the society that the amount be paid without delay. But before communication had been held with Dr. Risley, and at this same meeting, the office of president, which Dr. Risley had filled with great acceptance since 1846, was declared vacant, and Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was elected to fill the vacancy. A copy of the communication in the archives of the society is dated the following day, January 17th. The summary method used in displacing Dr. Risley on ex parte testimony, and the filling of his position by a member of the committee appointed to confer with him, before the conference had been held, was as The Medical Society of New Jersey . 17 unjustifiable as the methods adopted in the Fisler controversy. At the June meeting, this committee reported that Dr. Risley had paid the fees in full to the State Society. During the year Dr. Risley moved to Columbia, Pennsylvania, and his name does not appear again in the county records.* At the special meeting, Dr. Jacob P. Thornton, of Haddonfield, resigned on account of the expense of attending the meetings, which reason was ordered placed upon the minutes. Within the year, he removed to Ohio. [1849.] The annual meeting was held on June nth, and the following elections were made : Dr. I. S. Mulford, presi- dent ; Dr. O. H. Taylor, vice-president ; Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. Robert M. Smallwood, of Chew's Landing, graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1849, a member. On December 18th the semi-annual meet ing was held at Haddonfield, when the chief object of discus- sion was the recent epidemic of cholera. Dr. O. H. Taylor was appointed to deliver an address at the annual meeting in June, and Doctors John W. Snowden, University of Pennsyl- vania, 1844, and John J. Jessup, Jefferson Medical College, 1848, were elected members. Section III. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [1846.] The Medical Society of New Jersey met at New Brunswick, May 12, 1846, when a petition was presented ask- ing for a commission to institute a District Society in Camden county. This was favorably received and a commission was issued to the following gentlemen : Doctors Jacob P. Thornton, Charles D. Hendry, Isaac S. Mulford, Lorenzo F. Fisler and Richard M. Cooper, " provided that the corresponding secretary is satisfied that the above-named are licensed practitioners of this State, with power to supply other names, if necessary." *Dr. Risley was the son of Judge Risley and was born at Woodstown, 1817, and died there in 1866, in the forty-ninth year of his age. In 1838, he was licensed by the censors of the Western District and, in 1844, graduated from Jefferson Medical College, when he began the practice of medicine in Camden county. He remained here until 1849. "Dr. Rislev was celebrated for his brilliant colloquial powers When listening to his almost unbroken flow of language, the hours would pass unnoticed away. In his profession he had few superiors either as physician or surgeon. Wherever he practiced, he immediately won the confidence of the people, and became the leading physician. His mind was one of unusual power."— Transactions N.J. Medical Society, 1867. 1 8 History Medical Profession Camden Cozinty. This proviso led to the substitution of the name of Dr. James S. Risley for that of Dr. L. F. Fisler, * as has been stated. The semi-annual meeting of the society was held at Hightstown, November ioth, with Doctors O. H. Taylor, R. M. Cooper and J. P. Thornton present as the representatives from Camden, who stated that the District Society for Camden county had been duly organized and a copy of the constitution and by-laws and of the proceedings of the first meeting had been transmitted to the corresponding secretary. But neither the secretary nor the standing committee were present at this meeting, and, in the absence of any communication having been received from them, permission was given the Camden delegates to state the character of their proceedings and to submit certificates of delegation. Under a suspension of the rules, Doctors James S. Risley, Jacob P. Thornton, Othniel H. Taylor and Richard M. Cooper were appointed censors for Camden county. [1847.] The annual meeting for 1847 was held at New Brunswick, with Doctors Risley, Hendry, Taylor and Cooper present as delegates. The Camden Society was fully recognized ; censors were appointed for the county and Dr. Cooper was made reporter for the Western District of the State, t — a position of importance, since it comprised all the counties of West Jersey. At the semi-annual meeting of the society at Bur- lington, November 7th, Doctors Risley and Taylor represented Camden. [1848.] On May 9, 1848, the society met at New Bruns- wick, with Doctors Woodruff, Hendry, Stout and Cooper present as delegates from Camden. Dr. Cooper, in reporting for the Western District, spoke briefly of ether and chloroform, the new anaesthetics, concerning which the medical and secular press were teeming with articles. Doctors Risley, Mulford, * Records of the Camden County Medical Society. fThe Standing Committee of the State Society was established in 1820, and, in 1822, one person from each District Society was appointed to report facts, history, etc., from their respective districts. In 1830, the State was divided into three medical districts, Eastern, Middle and Western, and a reporter was appointed for each to report to the standing com- mittee. In 1849, it w as made the duty of each District Society to appoint its own reporter,, and, in 1853, each district or county reporter was made a member, ex officio, of the State Society. The Medical Society of New Jersey . 19 Taylor and C. D. Hendry were appointed censors, and Dr. Cooper, a delegate to the American Medical Association. Diplomas were granted by the president to Doctors A. D. Woodruff, D. M. Stout and Bowman Hendry, Jr., for which the regular fee of fifteen dollars was paid. Doctors Stout and C. D. Hendry represented Camden at the semi-annual meeting held at Trenton in November. [1849.] The eighty-third annual meeting of the society occurred on May 8th, at New Brunswick, and Doctors Taylor^ Schenck and Record were present as delegates from Camden, Doctors Mulford, Taylor, C. D. Hendry and Woodruff were appointed censors, Dr. Woodruff filling the vacancy caused by the removal of Dr. Risley, and Dr. Mulford taking the position of senior censor. Dr. O. H. Taylor was elected third vice- president and was appointed on a committee to inquire into the expediency of establishing a fund for the relief of families of physicians who die in indigent circumstances. This resulted in an Act of Legislature, in 1850, entitled, "To Establish a Fund for the Support of Widows and Orphans of Deceased Members of the State and District Societies," but the matter did not assume practical shape until 1882, when the Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men of New Jersey was established. Doctors John V. Schenck, Edward J. Record and Robert M. Smallwood were made licentiates of the society. On the occasion of the semi-annual meeting, November 13th, the society convened for the first time in Camden, at Elwell's Hotel. There was a large attendance, ten out of the fifteen counties represented in the society having sent dele- gates. A communication was presented by Dr. L,. F. Fisler, who was dissatisfied with the result of his controversy with the Camden District Society, which led to the introduction of the following resolutions by Dr. O. H. Taylor : " WHEREAS, Many years ago, our highly respected fellow citizen, Dr.. Lorenzo F. Fisler, regularly and legally subjected himself to an examination before the proper Board of Examiners for the district in which he then resided, and duly received from them the usual certificate, entitling him to a diploma of license from the Medical Society of New Jersey, which certifi- cate was afterwards for a long time lost ; moreover, 20 History Medical Profession Camden County. Whereas, Much misapprehension upon this subject has occurred, giving rise to erroneous statements questioning the reception of a certificate by Dr. Fisler, and in other respects doing him injury in his professional reputa- tion ; therefore, Resolved, That the president be authorized to issue a diploma of license to the said Dr. Fisler, in a manner which he shall deem most agreeable to the feelings of the recipient, and best calculated to make amends for uninten- tional injustice committed by the society in the premises." These resolutions arose from the desire of the County Medical Society to make amends to Dr. Fisler for past injus- tice, and the State Society readily conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Medicine ; but he never overlooked the in- dignity sufficiently to join the County Society. Nevertheless, he subsequently took an active part in the organization of the Camden City Medical Society and of the Camden City Dispen- sary, maintained the respect of the community as a physician, and was subsequently elected Mayor of the city. Dr. Othniel H. Taylor, third vice-president, delivered an address on "Medi- cal Reform and the Present System of Medical Instruction," which was received with much appreciation. The methods of teaching in medical colleges were attacked and the society urged to guard more zealously its censorship over applicants for its honors. The address was published, at the request of the society, and was one of the factors which led to the con- centration of the Medical colleges against the society and to the passage of the Medical Acts of 185 1 and 1854, which practically annulled its censorship, — a result exactly opposite to that anticipated by the author and by the society. The separation of State medical examining boards from those of college faculties was a distinctive tenet of the New Jersey Medical Society, and its delegates were instructed to bring this fact to the attention of the American Medical Association. The report of the standing committee for the Western Dis- trict was made by Dr. Franklin Gauntt, and the advantage of having a reporter for each District Society was advocated. The by-laws, in consequence, were amended to this effect. The bill of Dr. R. M. Cooper for expenses incurred in attend- ing the American Medical Association, amounting to twenty- four dollars was ordered paid. The Censors of the Medical Society of New fersey . 21 Section IV. — The Censors of the Medical Society of New Jersey. The proper method of admitting new practitioners into the medical fraternity of New Jersey has been a matter of anxious discussion by the regular profession in New Jersey, and has occasioned many and widely different legislative enactments at various periods. How to maintain the high standard of educa- tion and character necessary to the good repute of the medical profession, and at the same time to place no unnecessary burden upon the candidates for license, has been a complex problem. For a long time, in the history of the Colony of New Jersey, the matter was left to adjust itself. Between the medical code promulgated by the Duke of York in 1665, and the [1772.] " Act to Regulate the Practice of Medicine," passed in 1772, there were no laws regulating medical practice in the Colony of New Jersey. The Medical Society of New Jersey was organized in 1766, but the state of medicine was so low, at that time, it was not deemed advisable to ask for legislative sanction, and the organi- zation was, therefore, voluntary. The society, however, in the succeeding year raised the standard of education of medical apprentices by requiring a knowledge of Latin and Greek and a term of four years of study, and also secured the enactment of the medical law of 1772, which provided for the examination of candidates by the Judges of the Supreme Court, assisted by one or more physicians selected by them. [1783.J In 1783, the colonial law was re-enacted by the State [181 1.] and the examining provision was retained. In 181 1, the State was divided into three medical districts, East- ern, Middle and Western, and three examiners were appointed for each district, and the State Society prayed the Supreme Court to accept these physicians as the examiners required by law. In the Act re-incorporating the State Medical Society [1816.] in 1816, District or County Societies were provided for, and the State Society was empowered to nom- inate examiners, or censors, in each District Society, to examine intending practitioners of medicine and to certify to their fitness for license by the president of the State Society ; to direct 22 History Medical Profession Camden County. and prescribe methods of examination ; to license applicants and to prescribe the penalty of practicing as a physician or surgeon without a license. In the supplementary [1818.] Act of 1818, the censors were made the appointees, instead of the nominees, of the State Society, and the District Societies were relieved of the responsibility of their selection. This continued until 1830,* when [1830.] the State was again divided into three medical [1844.] districts, Eastern, Middle and Western, and the old method of appointing censors was reverted to. In 1844, the appointment of four censors for each District Society was again adopted by the State Society, the fees received being turned into the treasury of the State Society, in order to re-awaken interest in District Societies by restoring to them the rights of examination. This continued until 1866, when the censors were abolished. [1846.] Upon the recognition of the Camden District Medical Society b}- the State Society, in 1846, Doctors James S. Risley, Jacob P. Thornton, Othniel H. Taylor and Richard M. Cooper were appointed censors for the Camden Society. The appointment of a Board of Censors caused great discussion and excited much feeling among a number of the medical prac- titioners of the county. It at once placed the County Society in a commanding position, because only through it could legal entrance into the profession in the county be obtained. It also cemented a closer relationship between the County and the State Society. [1847.] Doctors Mulford, Risley, Taylor and C. D. Hendry were re-appointed censors in May, 1847, Dr. Hendry taking the place of Dr. Thornton, and on June 8th the board held their first meeting and issued the following notice : "Sir. — You are hereby notified that the annual meeting of the Board of Censors for Camden county will be held at English's Hotel, Camden, on Tuesday next, 15th June, inst., at ten o'clock, a.m., for the purpose of examining candidates for medical licenses. By order of the District Medical Society for Camden county, Richard M. Cooper, Secretary." * The Act of Legislature, January 28, 1830, provided for the examination of students through the Boards of Censors of the several counties or districts ; and three approving signatures made valid each certificate recommending the applicant for license, which, when presented to the president of the State Medical Society, empowered him to grant a license under the hand and seal of the society. The American Medical Association. 23 In response to this notice, Doctors Bowman Hendry, Jr., of Gloucester ; A. D. Woodruff, of Camden, and D. M. Stout, of Berlin, appeared before the board for examination and were recommended to be licensed by the president of the State Society. These were the first medical licentiates in the county. [1848.] At the meeting of the State Society, May 9th, Doctors Risley, Mulford, Taylor and C. D. Hendry were appointed censors, and Bdward J. Record and John. V. Schenck were examined and recommended for license. [1849.] On account of the difficulty relating to the transmission of licentiate fees to the treasurer of the State Society, as has been previously related (Sections II and III), Dr. Woodruff was appointed censor in place of Dr. Risley. Dr. Robert M. Smallwood was recommended for medical license. Section V. — The American Medical Association. [1846.] Notwithstanding the progress of various States in medical organization, no national effort had been made to unite the regular profession of medicine or to bind together State medical organizations. This was greatly needed. The Ameri- can Institute of Homoeopathy, organized in 1844, provided for the needs of homoeopathic practitioners, but the regular profession lacked unity of purpose and cohesion, and was without a code of ethics. In recognition of this, the New York State Medical Society issued a call, in 1845, f° r a meet- ing of delegates from medical societies and colleges through- out the United States, to convene in New York in May, 1846.* New Jersey was not officially represented. At this meeting, resolutions to institute a National Medical Associa- tion were adopted and committees were appointed to issue an address to medical societies and schools of medicine, [1847.] inviting them to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1847, to report a plan for a national organization, and to adopt an authorized code of ethics. At this second meeting, the American Medical Association was organized, a code of ethics was adopted, the standard of medical education was elevated and the autonomy of the profession secured. New * Transactions of the American Medical Association. 24 History Medical Profession Camden County . Jersey was represented by a number of delegates, among whom were Doctors R. M. Cooper and O. H Taylor, and the delegation took an active part in the proceedings. Medical organization was dear to them, New Jersey being the first colony to establish a medical society (1766), to institute medi- cal examinations (1772), and to raise the apprenticeship standard of medical study (1790). Their interest was more active because of the effort made, in 1845, by the medical colleges of New York and Philadelphia, to have their graduates admitted to practice medicine within New Jersey without examination and license by the State Medical Society. This attempt to repeal medical enactments was made in conjunction with Thompsonians and was successfully opposed through the influence of the State Medical Society. This convention marked an era in the medical progress of the United States, and tended to unite the profession through- out the country ; to place upon an equal footing the member of a county medical society and the college professor ; to bind together by organization medical men of unquestioned standing and to eliminate from the ranks of the profession ignorant pretenders and quacks. [1848.] The association met at Baltimore on May 2, 1848, with four hundred and seventy-five physicians present^ including eight delegates from New Jersey. Dr. R. M. Cooper represented the State Medical Society and Dr. O. EL Taylor the Camden District Society. The organization was decidedly popular, and the contrast, as stated in the speeches, between the requirements of American and European medical colleges made a profound impression and showed the necessity of an extended curriculum of medical study in this country. The expenses of both State and county delegates were paid by the societies represented. [1849.] The annual meeting of the association was held in Boston, in 1849, twenty-two States being represented by over four hundred delegates. Dr. Cooper attended on behalf of the New Jersey Medical Society, and Doctors J. V. Schenck and C. D. Hendry for the Camden District Society, and became permanent members, with Doctors Cooper and Taylor. Miscellaneous Interests. 25 Section VI. — Miscellaneous Interests. A. THE CAMDEN COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY. [1847.] The Camden County Bible Society* was organ- ized June 21, 1847, for the object of putting a copy of the Bible in every household in the county and in the hands of every worthy person. "After these needs are supplied, the funds remaining are given to the American Bible Society." The organization was effected by the election of Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, as president, and Mr. J. C. de la Cour, as secretary, whose store was the first depository for the Bibles. These gentlemen held their respective offices for a number of years. In 1876, Dr. James A. Armstrong was elected treasurer, a position held by him until his death, in 1881. In this year, Dr. S. B. Irwin was made a member of the Executive Com- mittee. B. MULFORD'S HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. [1848.] In May, 1848, Dr. Isaac S. Mulford's "Civil and Political History of New Jersey" was published. This is an important literary contribution and embraces the period between the early English discoveries in America and the close of the Revolution, in 1783. The adoption of the State Consti- tution, following the Revolutionary War, is especially con- sidered and brief mention is made of its revision in 1844. The book contains five hundred pages, divided into twenty- three chapters. It was written during a period of active medical practice and to carry out a fondness for historical research for which the author was distinguished. It is the most elaborate and comprehensive literary production by any member of the medical profession in Camden county, and is an accepted authority on New Jersey history. C. CHOLERA. [1849.] This year was memorable in Camden county because of the second invasion of cholera. The first epidemic occurred in 1832, when the disease made its appearance in Quebec and spread throughout the northern States. At that time, it prevailed extensively in Philadelphia and Dr. Othniel H. *MS. Notes of Rev. F. R. Brace, PhD 26 History Medical Profession Camden County. Taylor served as a consulting physician to the Sanitary Board of that city, and rendered such distinguished assistance that he was presented with a service of silver by the City Council. In 1848, cholera entered this country by the way of New Orleans and spread rapidly. In 1849, one hundred and nineteen cases occurred in Camden county, with fifty deaths. It was a more extensive epidemic than that of 1832, and occasional outbreaks occurred throughout the State until 1854. The disease was largely treated by direct depletion. The physicians of Cam- den received at this time universal praise for their numerous acts of heroism in staying the plague.* * Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey for 1854 CHAPTER III. THE PERIOD FROM 1850 TO 1855. Section I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. The relationship between the Medical Society of New Jersey and the District Societies was cemented during this period by the establishment of a nominating committee in the State Society ; the appointment of a reporter in each District Society and the combined opposition of certain medical col- leges and systems of medicine against the censorship of the State Medical Society. The Camden District Society was more closely linked with that of the State through the presi- dency of Dr. Othniel H. Taylor. [1850.] The annual meeting of the State Society was held at New Brunswick, May 14th, when Doctors Blackwood, Woodruff and Bowman Hendry represented the Camden Society. Dr. O. H. Taylor was elected second vice-president and Dr. Isaac S. Mulford a delegate to the American Medical Association. Diplomas were granted to Doctors John W. Snowden and George J. Jessup, by the president, and Doctors Mulford, Taylor, Woodruff and C. D. Hendry, were appointed censors, — positions retained by them through re-appointment during this period. The appointment of a nominating com- mittee for the selection of officers for the State Society, and of a reporter for each District Society, was championed by the Camden delegates as a means of removing existing jealousies in the selection of officers and of acquainting the State Society more fully with the diseases prevailing throughout the State. The status of medical officers of the United States Army and Navy was made a subject of official inquiry. Because of the number of medical officers furnished by New Jersey, the State Society was especially interested in protecting their rights and advancing their interests. This applied with par- ticular force to Camden count}', which was represented in the 27 28 History Medical Profession Camden County. navy by Doctors Robert M. Smallwood and William S. Bishop, and, as an advocate of the cause, Dr. O. H. Taylor sub- mitted the following resolutions, which were adopted : " Whereas, It is a manifest duty that organized medical bodies should exercise a proper influence for the protection of the rights of such regular members of the profession as are necessarily detached from the great body of their brethren ; and, Whereas, Many of the medical officers included in the military organ- izations of the country are placed in this condition ; and, Whereas, We heard with regret that there is a disposition on the part of a portion of the naval service to deprive medical men connected with that department of the benefits arising from an assimilated rank, conferred by a general order of a late Secretary of the Navy ; therefore be it Resolved, That the New Jersey State Medical Society regards with pleasure the successful efforts of Naval Boards in raising the standard of liter- ary and medical knowledge, for admission to their ranks. Resolved, That the society is much pleased to learn that in their system of examination the diplomas of the schools (which are now but too easily obtained) are wholly disregarded ; and that the moral character of the candi- date, and his scientific and professional attainments, are his only passports to the medical corps of the navy. Resolved. That this society cannot look with indifference on any attempt to depress or degrade a whole class of officers belonging to a liberal profess- ion, and so indispensable in the proper organization of the navy. Resolved, That as a well-defined ' assimilated rank ' has been assigned to medical officers of the army by an Act of Congress dated, February II, 1847, this society cannot believe that an invidious distinction will be made between the medical departments of the public service ; but that the National Legislature will grant to surgeons and assistant surgeons their just claim to a nominal rank, or to a social position as respectable among the other grades of the navy as the medical staff of the army now enjoy by law, in relation to their brethren in the line of that service. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the Secretary of the Navy, through the chief of the medical department ; and also that a copy be forwarded to the Chairman of the Naval Committee in each House of Congress." The semi-annual meeting was held in November, at Elizabethtown, with Doctors Blackwood, Hendry and Wood- ruff as delegates. The year was reported as unusually healthy throughout the State ; the cholera epidemic of the preceding year seeming to have exhausted the predisposition to disease. [185 1.] In January, the State Society presented a bill to the Legislature to amend the incorporative Act of 1830, so that the place . and time of the annual meeting might be changed to Trenton, in January ; the semi-annual meetings The Medical Society of New Jersey . 29 discontinued, and the standard of the censors' examinations advanced for those without a diploma in the arts. The provis- ions of the Act were enacted, with the exception of that part relating to the censors 1 examinations, which was amended to admit the graduates of certain medical colleges of New York and Philadelphia to practice without examination by the censors. The amendment (which will be considered under the Section relating to the Medical Act of 185 1) was, in part, agreed to by certain prominent physicians throughout the State, but did not meet with the unqualified approval of the State Society. The annual meeting, on May 31st, at New Brunswick, was one, therefore, of unusual interest. The Act was not satisfactory and was discussed with much earnestness by those members who were not graduates of the five favored colleges. In consequence of this enactment, the semi-annual meetings were discontinued and the fees accruing from the censors' examinations were so greatly reduced that the pay- ment of the expenses of the delegates to the American Medical Association was discontinued. Dr. O. H. Taylor was the only representative from the Camden Society and was elected first vice-president. [1852.] On January 21st, the State Society met at Trenton, in accordance with the new medical law, and with Doctors Cullen, Schenck, Woodruff and C. D. Hendry present as delegates and Dr. O. H. Taylor, as vice-president. The provisions of the new law relating to medical examinations were the subject of animadversion and, much to the satisfaction of those members who favored a higher standard of medical education, Dr. O. H. Taylor, who in 1849 so strongly espoused the censorship of the society, was elected president. Of the forty-eight licentiates of the year, among whom was Dr. John R. Andrews, of Camden, graduate of Pennsylvania Medical College, forty were graduates of the colleges favored in the Act, and, therefore, exempt from examination by the censors. This indicates the force of the college combination against the society in the legislation of the preceding year. [1853.] On January 25th, the State Society met at Trenton with President Othniel H. Taylor in the chair and Doctors 30 History Medical Profession Camden County. Snowden, Birdsell, Cooper and C. D. Hendry present as dele- gates. One of the objects in revising the charter of the society was to provide for holding the annual meeting at Trenton in January, in order to strengthen the society before the Legisla- ture in the interests of higher medical education. Of this, and of the censorship of the society, Dr. Taylor was an acknowl- edged exponent, in consequence of which, and to further the interests named, the Executive and Legislature were invited to hear his address before the society on the " Relations of Popular Education with the Progress of Empiricism." The address was received with favor and published by order of the society, but failed to turn the tide of public and professional opposition to its censorship. The appointment of a reporter from each District Society, under the revision of the by-laws in 1849, na( ^ not proved a success. None had reported to the standing committee and, to remedy this, the committee suggested that each reporter be made an ex officio member, — a provision, how- ever, that remained dormant for a long time. [1854.] The eighty-eighth annual meeting was held at Trenton with Doctors Woodruff, Cullen, Mulford and B. Hendry as delegates from Camden county. This was an im- portant session. The favoritism shown three years previously to five medical colleges aroused the jealousies and opposition of the graduates of other medical schools ; so that conciliatory measures were adopted, admitting a diploma from any chartered college, with a curriculum equal to that of the colleges previously recognized, as sufficient evidence of medical study to be presented to the censors in lieu of an examination by them. This marked the extreme limit reached by the society in its modification of its own censorship, and practi- cally admitted the graduates of regular medical colleges to practice, without examination. But this was not sufficient to stem the tide of opposition to the censors' examination, which arose from regular and irregular practitioners of medicine, as well as frpm the laity, as the enactment of 1854 will show. At this meeting, the standing committee was composed exclusively of Camden physicians, viz.: Doctors Mulford, Cooper and Bowman Hendry. This committee was changed The Camden District Medical Society . 3 1 annually, and appointments from the same section of the State were made to facilitate its work. The Medical Act of 1854 (which will be considered under Section VI.) was passed by the Legislature after the adjournment of the society, and aroused its membership as they were never aroused before. In consequence of this, a special meeting of the society was held at Trenton, July nth, at the request of several District Societies, among which Camden was foremost, to consider the recent legislative enactments concerning medical practice. The society, after discussion, referred the matter to the standing committee, which reported, through Dr. R. M. Cooper, that the subject be referred to the Fellows present, to report to the society at its present session. The report was adopted and the Fellows, after consideration, requested, through Dr. O. H. Taylor,* that a committee be appointed to memorialize the next Legislature to repeal the law in question. A resolution on membership similar to that adopted by the Camden District Society in June, was submitted and referred to the next annual meeting. But these efforts to maintain the integrity of the society, which were largely prompted by Camden physicians, proved futile in the face of the growing sentiment of liberalism in medical practice. Section II. — The Camden District Medical Society. [1850.] The annual meeting of the Camden District Medical Society was held at English's Hotel, June 18th, when Dr. Othniel H. Taylor delivered the annual address on "Disease of the Prostate Gland." Because of the increase in membership and the desire for rotation in office, the by-laws were amended, limiting the eligibility of the president and vice-president to two years in succession. Since 1846, the position of president had been filled successively by Doctors Risley and Mulford. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was elected presi- dent; Dr. O. H. Taylor, vice-president; Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer and also reporter to the State Medical Society, a position held by him for a number of years. Dr. *Dr. Othniel H. Taylor became a Fellow of the Medical Society of New Jersey under the Medical Act of 1823, which provided that presidents of the society shall rank as Fellows and be entitled to the rights and privileges of delegates. 32 History Medical Profession Camden County. Cooper reported attendance at the American Medical Associa- tion at Cincinnati, in May. At the semi-annual meeting, December 17th, Dr. Jacob Grigg, of Blackwood, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1 843 ; Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, of Camden, graduate of the same University in 1844, and Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, of Camden, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1848, were elected members. [185 1.] The annual meeting of the society was held in Camden, June 17th. Dr. R. M. Cooper delivered the annual address on " Revaccination." The popularity of the society had not become fully established and there were still a number of reputable practitioners in the county who declined to affiliate with it, and others who disregarded both it and the laws governing medical practice. In order to become accu- rately informed concerning the number of physicians prac- ticing in the county, the society appointed a committee to report at the next meeting "the names of all person's practic- ing medicine in the county, distinguishing the licensed phy- sician and regular graduate from irregular practitioners." Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was re-elected president ; Dr. Othniel H. Taylor, vice-president ; Dr. Richard M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. Ezekiel C. Chew, of Blackwood, graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1843, a member of the society. Following the example of the State Society, the semi-annual meetings were discontinued. [1852.] On June 15th, the society held its annual meet- ing, in Camden, and Dr. Charles D. Hendry delivered the annual address on "Fracture of the Skull." In accordance with the resolutions passed in 1850, limiting the term of the president and vice-president to two years, a change was made in the selection of officers. Dr. C. D. Hendry was elected president ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, vice-president ; Dr. T. F. Cullen, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. B. Fullerton Miles, of Camden, graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1852, a mem- ber of the society. A committee was appointed to report, at the ensuing meeting, the prevalent diseases of the year, and the fees in emergency cases were decided to be due, in the absence of the regular medical attendant, to the physician The Camde?i District Medical Society. 33 called upon. The committee appointed to report the number and names of physicians practicing in the county, distinguish- ing the regular and licensed from the irregular and unlicensed, made the following report : Regular physicians — Benjamin W. Blackwood, licentiate, Haddonfield; Sylvester Birdsell, licentiate, Camden ; Ezekiel C. Chew, Blackwood ; Richard M. Cooper, licentiate, Camden ; Thomas F. Cullen, licentiate, Camden; Lorenzo F. Fisler, licentiate, Camden; Frederick R. Graham, licentiate, Blackwood; Jacob Gregg, licentiate, Tans- boro ; Bowman Hendry, licentiate, Gloucester ; Charles D. Hendry, licentiate, Haddonfield ; Isaac S. Mulford, licentiate, Camden ; William C. Mulford, licentiate, Gloucester ; B. Fuller- ton Miles, licentiate, Camden ; Edward J. Record, licentiate, Blackwood ; Daniel M. Stout, licentiate, L,ong-a-coming ; Joseph B. Stafford, Camden; John V. Schenck, licentiate, Camden ; Robert M. Smallwood, licentiate, Blackwood ; John W. Snowden, licentiate, Waterford Works; Martin Synnott, Blackwood ; Othniel H. Taylor, licentiate, Camden ; Jacob P. Thornton, licentiate, Haddonfield ; A. D. Woodruff, licentiate, Haddonfield, and Allen, Williamstown. There were in addition two homoeopathic practitioners and one botanic physician. Of the twenty-seven physicians mentioned, twenty- five were graduates of regular medical colleges, and of these twenty-one were licensed by the State Medical Society, includ- ing one who subsequently practiced homoeopathy. Of the six unlicensed physicians, four were graduates of regular medical colleges, one a homceopathist and one a botanic doctor. Of the twenty-seven practitioners named, seventeen were members of the Camden District Medical Society. [1853.] The annual meeting of the society was held June 21st, with an attendance of nine members. At this time, there was but little spirit of co-operation among physicians, and the District Society, therefore, was not a strong factor in profes- sional progress. Dr. O. H. Taylor, chairman of the special committee, reported that remittent fever was generally preva- lent with a tendency to local congestion and intestinal hemor- rhage. This report led to the establishment of a standing 34 History Medical Profession Camde?i County. committee, instructed to report the diseases incident to the year, and Doctors Taylor, Woodruff and Snowden were made its members. The sum of ten dollars was received from the State Medical Society as the apportionment due from censor and licentiate fees, this being in excess of the amount required to pay the expenses of the society and of the delegates to the American Medical Association. Dr. O. H. Taylor reported attendance at the American Medical Association at New York, in May; Dr. C. D. Hendry was elected president; Dr. J. W. Snowden, vice-president, and Dr. T. F. Cullen, secretary and treasurer; Dr. R. M. Smallwood, U. S. N., was dropped from the rolls ; Dr. Edward J. Record, of Blackwood, was expelled for adopting homoeopathy, and the resignation of Dr. Benjamin W. Blackwood, of Haddonfield, was accepted for the same reason. [1854.] On June 19th, the annual meeting of the society was held at the West Jersey Hotel. Dr. O. H. Taylor made the report of the standing committee and presented the sub- ject of "Placenta Prsevia." The constitution was amended by limiting the term of the president to one year. The new medical law, enacted in March, was discussed and a resolution was adopted, requesting the State Medical Society to meet in special session and petition the Legislature for its repeal or modification ; in consequence, a special meeting of the State Society was held on July nth. This, however, did not fill the measure of opposition against the new medical law. A resolu- tion was adopted, limiting the membership to those possessing a diploma from the State Society, irrespective of their collegiate affiliations. But this proved of little avail, because, of the twenty-seven practicing physicians in the county, only fifteen were members of the society at this time. Dr. A. D. Woodruff was elected president; Dr. John V. Schenck, vice-president; Dr. T. F. Cullen, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors G. W. Bartholomew, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1853, an d Richard C. Dean, a graduate of Yale College, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1854, were elected to membership. During this period, Doctors Mulford, Taylor, Hendry and Woodruff were the State Society's appointees for censors. The Medical E7iactment of 1S51. 35 Section III. — The Medical Enactment of 185 1. [1851.] The year 1851 marked an era in the medical history of New Jersey. Previously to this time, the only legal way of entering the medical profession in New Jersey was through the censors' examination of the New Jersey Medical Society. Through the influence of this society, medical exam- inations were instituted in 1772, under the supervision of the Supreme Court of the State, and were continued until 18 16, when the State Society was re-incorporated and Boards of Censors were established as appointees of the society. Under the direction of its censors, the New Jersey Medical Society guarded with a jealous care the interests of the profession. But, in the progress of time, this censorship was complained of by medical colleges as inimical to public and professional interests ; the cry of monopoly was raised by empirics and the law was finally attacked and practically abrogated, through medical colleges of neighboring States. The society, however, believed in its censorship, because, at this time, there was no accepted, universal standard of medical education, and medical graduates varied considerably in their attainments; so that restraining laws, governing medical practice, were needful. Medical education had been a subject of discussion in the American Medical Association since its organization in 1847, when an effort was made to make up its constituent member- ship of delegates from County and State Medical Societies throughout the Union, and to exclude those from medical colleges, hospitals and asylums. This movement was intended to advance the cause of medical education, by excluding a personally interested element, and also to unite more thoroughly in its interests County and State Societies. The movement resulted in the formation of the Association of American Medical Colleges, which adopted a standard curriculum of medical study, and has, at this time, a membership of about seventy institutions. In January, the committee, appointed at the preceding annual meeting of the State Society to propose amendments for a revision of the charter of the society, presented a bill for the same to the Legislature. The bill was introduced as a 36 History Medical Profession Camden County. supplement to the medical Act of 1830, and provided for trie holding of the annual meeting at Trenton, in January; the discontinuance of the semi-annual meeting ; the power of the society to revoke medical license for unprofessional conduct ; the right of the censors to demand a four years' course of study from applicants not having a diploma in the arts, and for other medical matters.* This movement was taken advan- tage of by the graduates of medical colleges in New York and Philadelphia, and the revising bill was amended and passed to permit the graduates of five medical colleges; viz., the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, the Medical Depart- ment of the University of the City of New York, the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College, the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, and such other medical colleges as the society shall from time to time designate, to present their diplomas to the president of the Medical Society of New Jersey with testimonials of good character, and, if satis- fied with such testimonials, the president was authorized and empowered to grant a license, under his hand and the seal of the society, to practice within the State, for which a sum not exceeding five dollars was demanded. The Act was approved, March 15, 1851. The contest which led to the passage of this law was begun by the medical colleges in 1845, but was then defeated by the society. In 1849, the cause of higher medical education was championed by Dr. S. H. Pennington, at the annual meeting, and by Dr. O. H. Taylor at the semi-annual meeting of the State Society ; and when the revised charter was presented to the Legislature, empowering the censors of the State Medical Society to demand a four years' course of study from applicants without a diploma in the arts, the contest became aggressive on the part of the medical colleges named. In this year, there were one thousand two hundred and fourteen medical students at the colleges in Philadelphia and six hundred *" In 1850, the committee on charter reported several amendments. * * * This pro- ceeding came to the knowledge of the colleges through the published Transactions. * * * When the committee came before the Legislature, they were met by the colleges in full force. * * * Although the committee succeeded in regard to its own amendment, yet the adverse influence procured the passage of another, virtually exempting certain colleges from the provisions of the law." — Address of Dr. T. Ryerson, Transaciions of State Medical Society, 1858. Political Interests. 37 and eighty-one in New York.* New Jersey being situated between these medical centres, the opposition to the extension of the period of medical stndy and to the increase of power in the censorship of the New Jersey Medical Society, was obvious. Immediately following the executive approval of the law, its execution became at once a source of embarrassment to the State and District Medical Societies, because of its limitations and favoritism. It was the first Act passed by the Legislature to thwart the interests of the Medical Society of New Jersey, whose existence antedates that of the State ; the first to disturb their mutual relationship since the medical enactment in 1783. The censors of the society were not officially connected with the colleges and were, therefore, disinterested in the examina- tion. They acted wholly in the interest of the medical profession and the public good. The law not only abrogated the examining power of the society, but placed it in a position of compulsory favoritism to the five medical colleges named. Graduates from these colleges were admitted to practice medicine within New Jersey, without passing an examination before the Board of Censors and upon paying a fee of five dollars, while those of other colleges were examined by the censors and taxed fifteen dollars by the society for a diploma. A reward was practically offered students to attend the colleges mentioned in the Act, and a penalty prescribed for joining others. The State Medical Society was outwitted and beaten, and the law was so clearly unjust that other medical colleges and their graduates secured the passage of an Act, in 1854, still further modifying its censor- ship. Section IV. — Political Interests. [1850.] The medical profession has always manifested an interest in national and municipal politics and, during this period, the physicians of Camden county took an active part in political affairs. In the winter of 1850, a new charter was granted to the city of Camden by the Legislature [185 1.] and was supplemented, during the following *New Jersey Medical Reporter for 1851. 38 History Medical Profession Camde?i County. year, by an Act greatly enlarging municipal authority. The growth of the city demanded new provisions for its welfare and, in the selection of its officers, a deeper interest was mani- fested by the citizens. The contest for the Mayoralty excited considerable interest, because of the enlarged official duties and the number of candidates in the field. The question of the day, underlying party interests and causing the political division of national issues into three parties during the Taylor-Fillmore administration, was slavery. The agitation made itself felt in Camden and necessitated placing three candidates in the field : Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, American candidate; Dr. Othniel H. Taylor, Whig candidate, and John Sands, Democratic candi- date.* Of the votes cast, Dr. Fisler received four hundred and forty; Dr. Taylor, one hundred and thirty-five, and Mr. Sands, three hundred and forty-five, t Dr. Fisler had filled the office of Mayor in 1840, '41, '42 and '43, and was a candidate, in 1848, on the Whig ticket, but was defeated. His re-election again evidenced the respect in which he was held by his fello w-to wn smen. [1852.] At this time, Dr. Reynell Coates, of Camden, was the acknowledged champion of aggressive Americanism. He helped to found the Native American party in 1837,! and at the first national convention in Philadelphia, in 1845, wrote the platform adopted by the party. The Native American party advocated the rights and privileges of Americans, as opposed to those of foreigners, and demanded a residence of twenty-one years as a qualification for naturalization. The party was an incident in the political history of the period. During the closing years of the Fillmore administration, four political parties marshalled their forces to secure the presidency. Pierce and King were the Democratic candidates ; Scott and Graham, the Whig candidates ; Hale and Julian, the Free-Soil candidates, and Daniel Webster and Dr. Reynell Coates, the Native American candidates. The main question at issue before the country was the Compromise Act of 1850, which * Prowell's History of Camden County. t Ibid. I Origin and Progress of the American Party in Politics, by J. H. Lee. Political Interests. 39 the greater parties favored, but the Free-Soil party opposed. During the campaign, Daniel Webster died, leaving the Native Americans without a head, and the party, therefore, did not carry a State in the election. The Democratic candidates were elected ; the Free-Soil party passed out of existence ; the Whig and American parties consolidated in the subsequent presidential election, after which all issues went down before slavery ; the Whig party gave place to the Republican party and the Native American party degenerated into a secret political organization called the Know-Nothings. [1853.] During this year, a fusion ticket of Whigs and Americans was formed in Camden and Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, its candidate, was re-elected Mayor and again re-elected the following year as an American and Anti-Nebraska candidate. [1854.] Following the erection of Camden county in 1844, the office of coroner was filled by non-medical men, which proved unsatisfactory to the people, because of the medical as well as judicial qualifications required in the investigation of casual, accidental and violent causes of death. Medical knowledge is required to determine the cause of death, and legal knowledge to determine the bearing of relative evidence. The office naturally belongs to medical men and the recognition of its requirements led to the nomination and election of Dr. Thomas G. Rowand, of Camden, in 1854. Since then, the office of coroner of the county has been filled by Dr. Rowand in 1868; Dr. Duncan W. Blake, of Gloucester City, in 1871, '74 an d '78; Dr. James A. Armstrong, of Cam- den, in 1871, '73 and '74; Dr. William H. Iszard, of Camden, in 1878; Dr. John D. Leckner, of Camden, in 1881 and 1884; Dr. P. W. Beale, of Camden, in 1884 ; Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester City, in 1884; Dr. H. H. Davis, of Camden, in 1884; Dr. George W. Henry, of Camden, in 1887; Dr. James G. Stanton, of Camden, 1887 ; Dr. E. R. Smiley, of Camden, in 1890, and by Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester City, in 1890. The term of office of the coroner was formerly one year, but it has been extended to three years and the county divided into three districts. 4© History Medical Profession Camden County. Section V. — The Camden City Medical Society. [1853.] On June 2d, the Medical Society for the City of Camden was organized. This was the medical event of the year within the county. The growth of Camden ; the increased number of physicians ; the interval between the meetings of the County Medical Society, and the necessity for bringing the physicians of Camden into closer relationship with each other, in order to advance their mutual interests, led to its formation. The importance of such an organization had been discussed for a long time, and, by mutual consent, Doctors Lorenzo F. Fisler, Isaac S. Mulford, Othniel H. Taylor, Richard M. Cooper, Sylvester Birdsell, Thomas F. Cullen and John V. Schenck met June 2, 1853, an d organized the society. At this temporary organization, Doctors Taylor, Birdsell and Fisler were appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws and to report the same at an adjourned meeting to be held June 1 6th. The constitution, as reported, provided for meetings to be held in December, March and June, and for the annual meeting in September; a standing committee to execute the business of the society between the meetings and to superin- tend its publications ; a membership limited to regular grad- uates who have complied with the medical laws of New Jersey ; the adoption of the code of ethics formulated by the American Medical Association, and of the fee-bill of the Medical Society of New Jersey, and for a reporter on medical literature, improvements in medical science and the diseases prevalent during the quarter. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was elected president; Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, vice-president; Dr. John V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer ; Dr. R. M. Cooper, reporter, and Doctors Cooper, Birdsell and Cullen were elected the standing committee. The financial delinquencies of patients were made the subject of debate and a constitutional clause was adopted, providing for the reporting of delinquents by each member in writing to the secretary, who should arrange the names alphabetically and furnish copies to each member of the society. The financial status of the citizens of Camden became well known to the society, but the law proved unpop- ular and ineffective in its application and was omitted in the The Medical Enactment of 1854. . 4 1 revision of the constitution in 1887. The organization of the society was voluntary ; no charter was obtained, and the society is still without legal status except in its elective relation to the Camden City Dispensary. The first annual meeting was held September 1st, when the officers were re-elected. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the quarterly report and, in discussing malarial and typhoid fevers, stated, in substance, that remittent and intermittent fevers, known as "autumnal fevers," were most prevalent in the southern section of Camden because of the marsh lands and the prevalence of south-west winds ; and, in that portion bordering on the meadows, intermittent fever prevailed from July to October with a tendency to return on the seventh, fourteenth or twenty-first day. As the population increased and the improvements of the city were extended, he believed that intermittent fever would cease its annual visitations and give place to typhoid fever, which was most prevalent in North Camden, where the greatest improvements had been made. At the December meeting, Dr. Sylvester Birdsell read a paper on dysentery, claiming it to be of malarial origin because of its intermittent character. [1854.] On March 2d, the society convened at the resi- dence of Dr. L. F. Fisler ; in June, at Dr. J. V. Schenck's ; in September, the annual meeting was held and Dr. I. S. Mulford was re-elected president ; Dr. L. F. Fisler, vice- president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors Richard C. Dean, Samuel Thomas and Jesse Sellers were elected members. Dr. Mulford delivered an address on " Laryngitis " and Dr. Cullen reported a case of yellow fever in a patient recently arrived from Savannah, which recovered without further infection. In October, a special meeting was held to discuss cholera, which will be considered under its proper section. In December, no meeting was held. Section VI. — The Medical Enactment of 1854. [1854.] Following the enactment of the medical law of 1 85 1, a condition of dissatisfaction pervaded the profession, because of the favoritism shown to the five medical colleges 4 2 History Medical Profession Camde?i Co?inty. named in the Act ; so that the Medical Society of New Jersey, at its annual meeting in January, 1854, adopted conciliator}- measures admitting the graduates of any regular medical school to practice medicine within New Jersey, without exam- ination before its censors. But this did not suffice to stem the tide of opposition to the censors' examinations. Physicians of the homoeopathic, eclectic, botanic, Thompsonian and other schools secured a legislative Act that made it "lawful for all persons of good moral character, who have diplomas from any medical college or medical department of any university of any State of the United States, which, before conferring diplo- mas, requires those upon whom they are conferred to be twenty-one years of age, to have studied physic and surgery three full years with a lawful practitioner of medicine, includ- ing two full courses of lectures of not less than twelve weeks each, in which shall be taught the principles of materia inedica, pharmacy, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, and the practice of physic, surgery and midwifery, to practice physic and surgery in this State, after depositing a copy of such diploma, trans- lated into the English language, with the clerk of the county in which such practitioner may reside." This law was passed at the close of the session of the Legislature and without the knowledge of the New Jersey Medical Society.* It was approved March 17th. It practically abrogated the duties of the censors ; diminished the influence of the society and lowered the moral and educational standard of the medical profession in New Jersey. It directly contravened the efforts of the American Medical Association to extend the period of medical study, and made easy the registration of fraudulent diplomas from bogus medical colleges, which began to flourish about this time. It became unpopular with the regular profession of the State, because strict examinations had been required to enter upon medical practice since 1772, a period of eighty-two years, and the tone of the older members of the medical pro- fession was consequently very high. For the first time in her history, New Jersey was thrown open to practitioners of every kind and grade, since the law was indifferently enforced, and * MS. History of the Camden County Medical Society, by Dr. R. M. Cooper. Cholera. 43 the censorship of the State Society so limited, that it was voluntarily surrendered to the State in 1866. Medical practice in New Jersey remained uninfluenced by restrictive legislation until 1880, a period of twenty -six years. The enactment of this medical law gave such encourage- ment to homoeopathic practitioners of medicine that a State Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized, but was not incorporated until 1870. This system of medical practice was becoming popular throughout New Jersey and won to its ranks not a few regular practitioners, and much of the influence ex- erted in securing the legislation in question was due to the followers of Hahnemann. The organization of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1844 ; the founding of the Homoe- opathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1848, which subse- quently became the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadel- phia (the oldest homoeopathic college in the world), and the influence of the homoeopathic schools of New York City, made successful the efforts to overthrow the censorship of the Medi- cal Society of New Jersey. In Camden, the new system of medicine became popular. Dr. J. R. Andrews, a regular gradu- ate of medicine and a licentiate of the State Medical Society in 1852, was the first to adopt and practice it. In 1853, Dr. & J. Record, of Blackwood, and Dr. B. W. Blackwood, of Had- donfield, both members of the Camden District Medical Society, adopted it and, in 1875, Dr. Samuel Carles, of Camden, began homoeopathic practice. Section VII. — Cholera. [1854.] In April, cholera broke out in Chicago, among recently arrived immigrants, and soon spread throughout the country. In June, it was introduced into Quebec by an infected ship and became epidemic in that quarter. In July, the disease made its appearance in Camden, and in October became an epidemic. A special meeting of the Camden City Medical Society was held on October 14th to consider the subject, and, with Mayor Fisler, to inaugurate measures to check its spread and to quiet the general alarm. After accomplishing this, the society adjourned to the 19th, when it convened for further 44 History Medical Profession Camden County. discussion, and the conclusion was reached that "calomel, ace- tate of lead and the cautious use of opium" gave the best therapeutic result. At the regular meeting, December 7th, Dr. T. F. Cullen, in a report on the subject, said: "Cholera made its appearance in Camden about the middle of July in Mulford's Alley, where two or three fatal cases occurred. * * * In a few days, it spread rapidly and well-marked cases were under the treatment of almost every physician in the town. The alarm became general and almost every one either had, or imagined they had, a diarrhoea. Toper and temperance man flew to brandy as a preventive, and Brown's Essence of Jamaica Ginger was deemed by many an 'Elixir of Life.' * * * Whilst no one part of the town was entirely exempt from the disease, the majority of cases exhibited themselves in the North and Middle wards,* and between Third street and the Delaware river. The disease presented itself in a much more unmanage- able form than in the epidemics of 1832 and 1849. * * * In August, the city was almost exempt from the epidemic. * * * During the first week in October, cholera again made its appearance without warning. Persons were attacked in various parts of the town. * * * The disease prevailed in epidemic form until about the first of November." As sum- marized by Dr. Cullen, there were in the first epidemic fifty- seven cases and twenty-two deaths ; in the second, thirty-seven cases with fifteen deaths, making a total of ninety-four cases with thirty-seven deaths during the year, a death rate of thirty- nine and one-third per cent. This was a less extensive epidemic of cholera than that of 1849, when one hundred and nineteen cases with fifty-seven deaths occurred in Camden, — a death-rate of forty-seven per cent. Section VIII. — Physicians and Druggists. During the period under consideration, the drug interests of Camden were extended by the opening of a drug-store at Fourth and Walnut streets by Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, in *In 1848, Camden was divided into three wards, North, Middle and South. The North ward comprised that portion of the city lying north of Federal street ; the Middle ward, that portion between Federal and Line streets, and the South ward that portion south of Line street. In 1871, the city was divided into eight wards. Physicians and Druggists. 45 1 85 1, which has passed successively into the possession of Dr. M. West, Samuel Cochran, Dr. C. M. Green and Dr. J. F. Stock ; by the opening of a drug-store by Dr. T. G. Rowand at the north- west corner of Fifth and Federal streets, which was removed to the northeast corner of the same streets and has been owned successively by Prof. A. P. Brown and Prof. G. M. Beringer, and by the opening of a drug-store at Haddonfleld by C. S. Braddock. In 1852, the profession lost, through death, Doctors George Barrows and John J. Jessup. In 1854, Dr. George S. F. Pfeiffer, formerly a medical cadet in the navy of Holland and an officer in the French army, where he won distinction in his profession, and Dr. William G. Thomas, a graduate of Penn- sylvania Medical College, located in Camden. Among the more prominent publications of this period is the paper on "Forensic Medicine in New Jersey," by Dr. Isaac S. Mulford. CHAPTER IV. THE PERIOD FROM 1855 TO i860. Section I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [1855.] The annual meeting of the society was held at Trenton, January 25th, and attended by Doctors Mulford, Cooper and Bowman Hendry as members of the standing committee, and Doctors .Schenck, Bartholomew, Dean and C. D. Hendry, as delegates. Dr. Othniel H. Taylor never attended the meetings, after the special meeting in 1854, until 1863. Dr. I. S. Mulford presented an elaborate report on the cholera epidemics of 1832, '49 and '54, and also urged the repeal of the legislative enactment of the preceding year relat- ing to medical practice. Doctors Mulford, Taylor, Woodruff and C. D. Hendry were appointed censors for Camden county, and Dr. Richard M. Cooper was elected second vice-president. Of the twenty-one diplomas granted by the president, only four of the recipients passed the censors' examination. [1856.] On January 21st, the society met at Trenton with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as vice-president and Dr. J. V. Schenck as a delegate. Dr. Cooper was elected president of the society. This was the second time the office had been conferred on a Camden physician, the first being in 1852, when Dr. O. H. Taylor held the position. A modification of the medical laws was again made the subject of discussion, and a second committee was appointed to memorialize the Legisla- ture to this end, but failed, as in all preceding efforts. The State, in consequence, became a free field for practitioners of' medicine of every grade and kind; self-protecting measures, governing the membership of the society, became necessary,, and the following resolutions were adopted : ' ' Resolved, That no person hereafter shall be deemed qualified to hold a seat in this society unless he shall have obtained a license agreeable to the provisions of our charter and by-laws as they existed prior to the legislative session of 1854. 46 The Medical Society of New Jersey . 47 Resolved, That it be recommended to the several District Societies not to admit to membership any person who has not received a regular diploma, according to the by-laws of the Medical Society of New Jersey." These resolutions were approved and adopted by the Dis- trict Societies throughout the State and, as a result, the educa- tional record of physicians, when applicants for membership in medical societies, became a matter of investigation and irregular physicians were openly ostracized. Of the eight licenses granted by the president, only two were upon the cer- tificates of the censors, thus showing the indifference with which the society was regarded by beginning practitioners of medicine. [1857.] The annual meeting of the society was held at Trenton, January 27 th. Dr. Richard M. Cooper, the presi- dent, delivered an address on "Vaccination," a subject to which he had given much attention. Preliminary to the address, Dr. Cooper said, in reference to the medical enactment of 1854: "As the most sanguine among us have ceased to look any longer for the repeal of those enactments that have deprived us of the power that our society had, for so many years, used without partiality, but with justice, both to the profession and the people, we shall be enabled by union and harmony among ourselves to maintain our society as an organization honorable in its aims and useful in its results." Notwithstanding this address, the medical laws of 185 1 and 1854 still rankled in the bosom of the society, and a resolution was adopted to instruct the standing committee to obtain legal advice as to "What constitutes a valid license under existing laws." The Camden District Society was represented by Doctors C. D. Hendry, Bowman Hendry, T. F. Cullen and J. V. Schenck, and the censors lor the county were re-appointed. By resolution, the secretary of each District Society was made a reporter, and the report to the standing committee from the Camden Society was made by Dr. J. V. Schenck. [1858.] The society met at Trenton, January 25th, with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as a fellow and Doctors Thomas, Birdsell, Woodruff and Snowden, as delegates. Dr. William A. Newell, Governor of New Jersey, attended the meeting. The 48 History Medical Profession Camden County. first change was made in the Board of Censors for Camden county since 1849, the appointees being Doctors Cooper, Taylor, Hendry and Schenck. Dr. Cooper was appointed in the place of Dr. Mulford and Dr. Schenck in that of Dr. Woodruff. The medical enactments of 1851 and 1854 were still subjects of adverse comment. Dr. T. Ryerson delivered an address on "An Examination of Some of the Principles and Workings of the Medical Law," and, after reciting the legisla- tive history of the society, said : "At the semi-annual meeting in Camden in 1849, Vice-president Othniel H. Taylor addressed the society specifically on the existing system of medical education. In this, the medical colleges received a most unmerciful but just and well-deserved scoring. Under the influence of this address, the society formally resolved in favor of Boards of Examiners separate from the faculties of the different medical schools. At the session of 1850, the committee ap- pointed on charter reported several amendments directed towards raising the standard of general education, which amendments the society directed should be urged upon the attention of the Legislature. Of course all these proceedings came to the knowledge of the colleges through the published Transactions, and, as a consequence, when the committee came before the Legislature they were met by the colleges in full force. The society, ' WKE AN EAGLE IN A DOVE-COTE,' had fluttered their parchment plumage, and although the committee suc- ceeded in regard to its own amendments, yet the adverse influence procured the passage of another, virtually exempting certain first-class colleges from the provisions of the whole law. * * * The wedge was entered under the license system and it toppled and fell." The standing committee presented, under instructions, a report as to " What constitutes a valid license under existing laws," from Hon. William L. Dayton, who said : "The sup- plement of 1854 gives authority to practice medicine in New Jersey under the conditions named in the Act and obviates the necessity for a technical license from the Medical Society of New Jersey." With this opinion, the hope of the State Society for a restoration of its chartered privileges, in the examination and licensing of physicians, vanished to re-appear in the meet- ing of the American Medical Association in the ensuing May. £1859.] The ninety-third annual meeting of the society was held at Trenton, January 25th, and Dr. R. M. Cooper was the only representative from Camden. A change was again made in the Camden Board of Censors, Dr. I. S. Mulford taking The American Medical Association. 49 the place of Dr. 0. H. Taylor who had served since 1847 ; the board now consisted of Doctors Mulford, C. D. Hendry, Schenck and Cooper. New departures in the raising of a revenue, in the publication of the Transactions of the society and in the reorganization of the nominating committee, were made. Since the enactment of the medical law of 1854, the revenue derived from medical examinations and the licensing of candi- dates had decreased to such an extent that a direct tax became necessary and an assessment of three dollars for every ten mem- bers was made upon each District Society. One of the objects of the tax was the publication of the Transactions of the society in separate form. Up to 1849, none of the proceed- ings of the society had been published, but at the semi-annual meeting of that year, in Camden, The New Jersey Medical and Surgical Reporter was made the official organ of the society, and the Transactions were printed in its columns until 1858.* In the following year, the annual issue in the present form was begun. x\nother step was taken in the direction of county equalization, in the selection of officers through a nominating committee, consisting of one member from each District Society. Section II. — The American Medical Association. [1855.] On May 1st, the association met in Philadel- phia, with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as one of the delegates from the New Jersey Medical Society ; Doctors Mulford and Woodruff, from the Camden County Medical Society ; Dr. T. F. Cullen, from the Camden City Medical Society, and Dr. O. H. Taylor, as a permanent member. Dr. Taylor was ap- pointed a member of the committee on vital statistics. Dur- ing the succeeding year, Camden was not represented in the association, but, in 1857, Dr. Cooper attended the meeting of the association at Nashville, Tennessee. [1858.] On May 4th, the association met at Washing- ton, D. C, with Dr. J. V. Schenck as one of the representa- * The New Jersey Medical and Surgical Reporter was started at Burlington, N. J., by Dr. Joseph Parrish, in 1847 ; in 1860, the journal was sold to Dr. S. W. Butler, who removed it to Philadelphia and changed the name to The Medical and Surgical Reporter. 50 History Medical Profession Camdeii County . tives from the New Jersey Medical Society and Dr. A. D. Woodruff from the Camden County Medical Society. At this meeting", the delegation from New Jersey took a prominent part. Failing to repeal or amend the medical laws of 185 1 and 1854, the New Jersey delegates introduced a resolution ask- ing that a Board of Censors be established in each Judicial Circuit of the United States Supreme Court, who should examine candidates for membership in the association and on whose certificate the president of the association should grant a diploma. Doctors Schenck and Woodruff supported this motion. The resolution was laid over under the rules and never recalled. It was the last act of the Medical Society of New Jersey in opposing unlicensed medical practice and, in 1866, the society voluntarily surrendered its censorship. Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society. [1855.] On June 19th, the society met at the hotel of James El well, Camden, with an attendance of ten members. Dr. I. S. Mulford presented the report of the standing com- mittee and spoke of the tendency of malarial fever to assume a typhoid form, and of the difference between it and enteric fever. Dr. A. D. Woodruff, the president, delivered an address on "Oxide of Silver as a Medicinal Agent." Dr. G. W. Bartholomew, having followed Doctors Record and Blackwood in adopting homoeopathy, was expelled from the society. At this time there were six regular graduates in medicine prac- ticing homoeopathy within the county; viz., Doctors E. J. Record, of Blackwood; B. W. Blackwood, of Haddonfield, arid Doctors G. W. Bartholomew, J. R. Andrews, Samuel Carles and G. S. F. Pfeiffer, of Camden. The following officers were elected: President, Dr. John W. Snowden ; vice-president, Dr. Bowman Hendry; secretary and treasurer, Dr. Richard C. Dean ; standing committee, Doctors Cooper, Stout and Dean. [1856.] The annual meeting of the society was held on June 17th, with an address on "Infantile Pneumonia," by Dr. Bowman Hendry. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the report of the standing committee and advocated revaccination on account The Ca?>iden District Medical Society. 5 1 of an epidemic of variola and of varioloid which began early in the year and continued late into the spring. In the summer, pertussis was epidemic and, in the autumn, malarial fever prevailed, which, when neglected, became complicated, in many instances, with colliquative diarrhoea, protracted vomit- ing and intestinal hemorrhage. Two cases of yellow fever, both of which were imported from Brooklyn, N. Y., occurred in Camden during the year. The following officers were elected : President, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor ; vice-president, Dr. Thomas F. Cullen ; secretary and treasurer, Dr. John V. Schenck ; standing committee, Doctors Cullen, Hendry and Woodruff. [1857.] At the annual meeting held June 16th, Dr. O. H. Taylor, the president, delivered an address on "The Obvious Decline in the Respect of the Public for the Medical Profession in New Jersey, with an Enquiry into Some of its Causes." The history of the profession, especially in its legis- lative and educational aspect, was considered and the fee-bill of the State Society dwelt upon as being too small and un- wisely arranged. As a result of this address, a committee was appointed to report a fee-bill at the next meeting. Dr. T. F. Cullen made the report of the standing committee and, in substance, said: "The summer of 1856 was hot and dry ; the autumn, dry and warm ; the winter, unusually cold, the mercury being lower for a series of days than it had been known for twenty-five years. There were snow-storms of unpre- cedented violence ; the river was frozen so as to impede navigation and the spring was tardy in appearing. During the summer, remitting fever was general, which, if neglected, became complicated with dysentery and a typhoid condition. In the winter, erysipelas prevailed with a tendency to attack the throat and, at this time, puerperal fever was not uncommon." Dr. John W. Snowden read a paper on " Ergot of Rye " ; Dr. R. M. Cooper reported attendance at the American Medical Association, at Nashville, and Doctors N. B. Jennings of Haddonfield, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1856, and W. G. Thomas of Camden, a graduate of Pennsylvania Medi- cal College, 1854, were elected members. The society decided hereafter to hold its meetings at the West Jersey Hotel. The officers elected for the year were: 52 History Medical Profession Camden County. Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, president ; Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, vice- president ; Dr. John V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors C. D. Hendry, B. Hendry and A. D. Woodruff, mem- bers of the standing committee. [1858.] The records of the society for this year could not be found. Dr. Sylvester Birdsell was elected president and Dr. John V. Schenck, vice-president. [1859.] The annual meeting of the society was held at the house of Stacy Stockton, Ellisburg, June 21st. The presi- dent, Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, delivered an address on " The Physiological and Therapeutical Action of Belladonna" ; Dr. R. M. Cooper read the annual report and laid before the society the action of the State Society in regard to its assessment, the publication of its Transactions and the reorganization of the nominating committee. Dr. John V. Schenck was elected president ; Dr. N. B. Jennings, vice-president ; Dr. Henry Ackley, secretary and treasurer ; Doctors Snowden, Ackley and Jennings were elected members of the standing committee, and Dr. Henry Ackley, of Camden, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1858, was made a member of the society. Section IV. — The Camden City Medicae Society. [1855.] Regular meetings of the society were held dur- ing the year and the medical history of each quarter was presented by Doctors Schenck, Thomas, Taylor and Dean, suc- cessively. Following the cholera epidemic of the preceding year, the health of the city was above the average ; a condition observed in the year following the epidemic of cholera in 1 849. This was not due, according to Dr. Schenck, to the tendency of cholera to destroy the weak and those predisposed to disease, because the robust and vigorous were its victims while the weak and the valetudinarians escaped. In the autumn, dysentery- prevailed as an epidemic. Dr. T. F. Cullen reported a case of " Hydrophobia" from the bite of a cat ; Dr. O. H. Taylor read a paper on the "Hydrant Water of the City" and Dr. S. Bird- sell a paper on " Sulphuric Acid in the Treatment of Dysen- tery." Dr. R. M. Cooper was elected president; Dr. O. H. Taylor, vice-president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary 7 and The Camden City Medical Society. 53 treasurer, and Doctors Cooper, Cullen and Birdsell were elected members of the standing committee. [1856.] The society held regular quarterly meetings and the report for the March meeting was made by Dr. I. S. Mul- ford ; for June, by Dr. L. F. Fisler ; for September, by Dr. R. M. Cooper, and for the December meeting, by Dr. O. H. Tay- lor. At the annual meeting, Dr. O. H. Taylor was elected president ; Dr. T. F. Cullen, vice-president, and Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer. Similar positions were held in the County Medical Society by these officers. [1857.] Only three meetings of the society were held during the year. In September, the annual address was delivered by Dr. O. H. Taylor, on "The Treatment of Scarlet Fever," and Dr. T. F. Cullen was elected president; Dr. Sylves- ter Birdsell, vice-president, and Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer. As in the preceding year, these officers held similar positions in the County Society. At this time, the local quarantine laws of each State were the subject of inter- state controversy and an effort was made to establish a uniform system relating to the commerce along the Delaware river. To effect this, an invitation was extended to the City Medical Society by the Philadelphia Board of Health to meet the board in conference. The society accepted the invitation and appointed Doctors Cooper, Bishop and Taylor as its representa- tives. In the following year, the society was requested to send delegates to the Quarantine Convention at Baltimore, but did not comply with the request. [1858.] In March, the society met at Dr. L. F. Fisler's, who read the quarterly report ; in June, at the residence of Dr. W. G. Thomas, where Dr. Sylvester Birdsell read a paper on the hydrant water of Camden as a cause of dysentery. This subject had engaged the attention of the profession for a long time, and since the epidemic of cholera, in 1849, it had been regarded as the chief cause of enteric disorders. The issue made by Dr. Birdsell was so direct that a committee, consisting of Doctors Mulford, Taylor and Cullen, was appointed to investigate the matter. The inquiry was continued through July and August and, during the latter month, the committee called a special meeting of the 54 History Medical Profession Camden County. society and submitted a report, demanding a better water- supply, which was sent to the Directors of the Camden Water Works Company and published in the Public Ledger* In September, Dr. Sylvester Birdsell was elected president and Dr. J. V. Schenck vice-president, secretary and treasurer. During the month, Dr. W. G. Thomas died of dysentery, which accentuated the opposition to the Camden Water Works Com- pany. Appropriate resolutions were adopted and his funeral expenses were ordered paid by the society. In December, Dr. R. M. Cooper entertained the society and Dr. J. V. Schenck read the quarterly report. The fee-bill of the State Medical Society was adopted and each member was requested to place it in a conspicuous place in his office. [1859.] The need of a city dispensary had long been talked of, and the society made an effort during the year to establish one. In March, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor brought the subject before the society, and, upon his suggestion, a com- mittee was appointed to memorialize City Council to co-operate with the society, in the establishment of such an institution. Doctors Taylor, Cooper and Fisler constituted the committee. Plans for the organization of a dispensary were submitted to Council, and the interest of the physicians and a number of influential citizens secured ; but Council viewed the sub- ject with such indifference that the matter was indefinitely postponed. The quarterly reports were read by Doctors I. S. Mulford and S. Birdsell. Dr. Henry Ackley was elected a member, being the only physician to join the society since 1854. Dr. J. V. Schenck was elected president; Dr. I. S. Mulford, vice-president, and Dr. Henry Ackley secretary and treasurer. Section V. — Fisler's History of Camden. [1858.] During the year, Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler appeared before the public in a new capacity. Hitherto he had won repu- tation as a physician, politician, public lecturer and local Metho- * The Camden Water Works Company was chartered April 2,1845. The water-works then stood upon the site now occupied by the Esterbrook Steel Pen Works. * * * In 1854, new works were constructed at Pavonia by the company which are now owned by the city. — Prowell's History of Camden County. Educational, Political and Naval Interests. 55 dist preacher. He now aspired to the honors of literature and, in July, published, through Francis A. Cassady, a "History of Camden" and dedicated it "To the Honorable President and Members of the City Council of Camden." The history pre- sents a brief outline of Camden from its early settlement to 1858, — the period of publication. Of the early history of the city, the author said : " Camden, anterior to the charter of incorporation (1828), which consti- tuted her a city, was a small and unimportant village situated in the county of Gloucester and the township of Newton. It contained, at that time, but few houses and a small population. * * * What little importance she then possessed was solely dependent on her proximity to Philadelphia. Camden, in the original town plot, was of limited dimensions. On the north, it was bounded by the south side of Cooper street, extending down to a line running about midway between Market and Plum (Arch) streets and from the Dela- ware to Sixth street. These were the outlines as laid down in the original survey of the town. All outside of these bounds, with the exception of a few old houses, were either sterile fields or thick forests of trees. What few dwellings there were, were mostly along the margin of the river and occupied by fishermen or ferrymen. About the year 1814, Edward Sharp * * * purchased of Joshua Cooper all the land lying between Federal street down to Line street. * * * It was the intention of Mr. Sharp to construct a bridge from Camden to Windmill Island,* for which purpose a street one hundred and twenty feet wide was laid out, called Bridge avenue, at the foot of which the bridge was to start. A charter for it was granted, January 26, 1819, by the Legislature, but the projectors were unable to dispose of the stock and the enterprise failed." The history was published in a pamphlet containing sixty- two pages and described the public buildings, the churches, the ferries, the press, the health, water and fire departments and the city government, over which Dr. Fisler had presided as Mayor for seven terms. Section VI. — Educational, Political and Naval Interests. [1854.] The physicians of Camden county have been closely identified with the management of the public schools. In 1809, Dr. Bowman Hendry was a trustee of the first public school built in Haddonfield. In 1842, Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was chiefly instrumental in securing an Act of Legislature authorizing the inhabitants of townships to raise money by * Windmill Island was situated in the middle of the Delaware, opposite Federal street, and was removed by the U. S. Government in 1894. 56 History Medical Profession Camden County. direct taxation for public schools in addition to trie State apportionment, which alone supported public instruction at that time. The Act gave a great impetus to the cause of education. In 1843, a public school system was inaugurated in Camden and a board of trustees for the township was organized at the residence of Dr. Mulford, who became its president in 1845. In 1854, the Board of Education of the City of Camden was organized, over which Dr. Sylvester Birdsell presided in 1862, Dr. Thomas G. Rowand, in 1866, and Dr. James M. Ridge, in 1870. Dr. Sylvester Birdsell also served as secretary of the board in 1858, and Dr. Alex- ander M. Mecray as superintendent of public schools in 1870. In addition to these, Doctors C. W. Sartori, A. M. Mecray, M. F. Middleton, John H. Austin, J. D. Leckner, H. H. Davis, Dowling Benjamin and druggists J. C. De L,a Cour, Stanley C. Muschamp, Richard S. Justice and George D. Borton have served as members of the Board of Education. [1859.] During this year, Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was elected Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General Therapeutics in Penn Medical University of Philadelphia, and Dr. Iyorenzo F. Fisler gained increased reputation as a public instructor from the delivery of his lecture on "Queen Victoria." In politics, professional interest centered in the candidacy of Dr. Thomas G. Rowand, who was elected coroner over Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, and in that of Dr. L. F. Fisler for Mayor of Camden, who, however, was defeated. As the third representative of the medical profession of Camden to enter the United States Navy, Dr. Richard C. Dean was commissioned an assistant surgeon during the year. Dr. Dean has attained, through promotion, the grade of medical director. Dr. Robert M. Smallwood, U. S. N., died of phthisis pulmonalis during the year. Dr. Smallwood was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1849 5 located at Chew's Landing ; became a member of the District Medical Society ; was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the United States Navy in 1851 and served with the Mediterranean Squadron.* * History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, by John R.Stevenson, A. M.,M. D. Educational, Political and Naval Interests. 57 The following physicians located in the county during this period: Dr. Samuel Carles, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1838, and of Hahnemann Medical College, 1855, located in Camden ; Dr. James M. Ridge, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1852, located in Camden in 1856; Dr. Henry E. Branin, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in 1858, located at Blackwood ; Dr. Elijah B. Woolston, a graduate of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1854, located at Marlton; Bowman H. Shivers, a graduate of Penn Medical University in 1858, located at Marlton in 1858, and Dr. N. B. Jennings, a graduate of Jeffer- son Medical College, located at Haddonfield in 1856. In 1855, Dr. Joseph F. Garrison abandoned medicine for theology and became rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Camden, and Dr. William Parham, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1835, died at Blackwood, where he had located in 1846. Dr. Parham acquired an extensive practice, but never affiliated with the District Medical Society.* * History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, by John R. Stevenson, A. M..M. D. CHAPTER V. THE PERIOD FROM i860 TO 1865. Section I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [i860.] The annual meeting of the society was held at Trenton, January 25th. Dr. J. R. Sickler, of Gloucester county, presided, and Dr. S. Birdsell represented Camden county. There was but little to interest the profession of Camden county. Dr. Henry A. Branin, of Blackwood, was made a licentiate and Doctors Mulford, Schenck, Cooper and C. D. Hendry were appointed censors for the county. [186 1.] During this year, the annual meeting was held at Trenton, January 27th, with Dr. William Elmer, of Bridge- ton, in the chair. Ex-president Cooper was the only represen- tative from Camden. Because of the political excitement of the times, there were but eight District Societies represented, which fact led to the appointment of committees to secure organization in every county in the State. Doctors R. M. Cooper and H. Genet Taylor, a licentiate of the year, were appointed to confer with the profession in Atlantic county, and Dr. A. D. Woodruff was appointed on the Board of Censors for Camden county in the place of Dr. Cooper. [1862.] On January 25th, the society met at New Brunswick with Doctors Snowden, Branin, Woodruff and ' Cooper as representatives from the Camden County Society, which, at this time, numbered fourteen members. Delegates were sent for the first time to sister State Societies, and Dr. Cooper was appointed to the Pennsylvania Society and made a member of the standing committee, and also of the Board of Censors for Camden in place of Dr. Woodruff. [1863.] The annual meeting was held this year at Jersey City with Doctors Taylor and Cooper present as Fellows, and Doctors Cullen, Jennings and Snowden, as delegates from Camden. This was the first meeting attended by Dr. Taylor 58 The Medical Society of New Jersey . 59 since 1854. Doctors Mulford, Schenck, Cooper and Cullen were appointed censors for Camden county, the latter taking the place of Dr. C. D. Hendry, who had been a member of the board since 1847. Dr. T. F. Cullen was appointed essayist (the first appointment of the kind given to the Camden Society) and Dr. R. M. Cooper was re-appointed on the stand- ing committee and made a delegate to the Massachusetts Medical Society. Doctors Alexander Marcy and I. Gilbert Young were among the licentiates of the year, but the appli- cants for this acknowledgment were so few that the society deemed a continuation of its censorship over beginning prac- titioners of medicine useless, since the medical law of 1854, and appointed a committee, of which Dr. R. M. Cooper was made a member, to report, at the next meeting, "upon the propriety of a modification of the charter of the society upon a new basis of organization." [1864.] For the second time in its history, the Medical Society of New Jersey met in Camden, the first occurring in 1849. The society convened in Odd Fellows Hall, January 26th, in accordance with the arrangements effected by a joint committee from the County and City Medical Societies. The expenses of the meeting were paid by Dr. R. M. Cooper. Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, essayist, read a paper on " The Influence of the War upon the Practice of Medicine and Surgery," in which the collection and preservation of medical and surgical observations by the surgeons of New Jersey regiments ; the enactment of laws securing the rights of patients in military hospitals; the improvement of the ambulance service and the adoption of international laws, rendering the medical staff of the army non-combatants, were advocated. Dr. John R. Stevenson presented a paper on " Vital Statistics," collated from an examination of applicants for exemption from the draft in the First Congressional District of the State.' Between November 23, 1863, and January 5, 1864, Dr. Stevenson examined for physical disability six hundred and seventy-five men, of whom three hundred and thirty were found unfit for military duty. The average age of the applicants was stated to be 29.02 years ; height, 5 feet 7.09 inches ; weight, 133.03 pounds, 60 History Medical Profession Camden County. and the diseases and infirmities for which exemption was granted were fifty-nine, of which hernia stood first, consump- tion of the lungs, second, and injuries to the joints, third. Dr.. Stevenson was made a licentiate of the society and appointed essayist for the ensuing year. Doctors Mulford, Cullen,, Schenck and Cooper were re-appointed censors. The com- mittee on reorganization of the society presented a form of enactment which they recommended for presentation to the Legislature, and the president was requested to petition the Legislature, on behalf of the society, for the passage of the same. The petition for reorganization of the society was presented to the Legislature without delay and expressed the desire of the society " to surrender all its special privileges and pecuniary immunities " and "to reorganize as nearly as- possible on a voluntary basis." The Act of reorganization was approved March 14th. The Act defined how the society should be constituted, — its delegates, officers and Fellows ; gave authority to confer the degree of doctor of medicine and pro- vided that no one shall be admitted to membership in any District Society having connection with the State Medical Society, unless he shall have received said degree or been admitted ad cardem from some medical authorities recognized by the society ; neither should any County or District Society admit any one to membership unless a graduate of a medical school or college in affiliation with the American Medical Association. The incorporation Act of 1830 and all supple- ments thereto were repealed. Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society. [i860.] Regular meetings of the society were held dur- ing the year, without special progress in medical matters. In March, the society met at the residence of Dr. O. H. Taylor ; in June, at Dr. S. Birdsell's, when Dr. H. Genet Taylor, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, i860, was elected a member; in September, Dr. Henry Ackley was elected presi- dent and Dr. H. Genet Taylor vice-president, secretary and treasurer, and, in December, Dr. R. M. Cooper entertained the society and read the report for the quarter. The Camden City Medical Society. 61 [1861.] During the year, medical interests were second- ary to political, and little progress was made in the develop- ment of the society. In March, there was an attendance of seven members to hear the quarterly report of Dr. T. F. Cul- len ; in June, an attendance of but five members with no re- port ; in September, Dr. Henry Ackley delivered the annual address, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor read the quarterly report before four members. Dr. Taylor was elected president ; Dr. T. F. Cullen, vice-president, and Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treas- urer. In December, Dr. Cooper presided in the absence of the president, who had entered the United States Volunteer service as an assistant surgeon, and Dr. I. S. Mulford read a report on small-pox, which prevailed in Camden during October, Novem- ber and December. [1862.] Medical affairs were of still less interest this year in the presence of the great political and military matters that engaged the attention of the country. Regular meetings were held, except in September, but there were no quarterly reports made nor were there any officers elected. [1863.] During the present year, an increased interest in medical matters was effected through the influence of Dr. Cul- len, who secured the adoption of a resolution, at the March meeting, requesting each member " to make a clear and suc- cinct account of at least one case occurring in his practice in which any peculiarity in character or treatment is noticed." This request met with favorable acceptance and, at the June meeting, Dr. Cullen read the quarterly report ; Dr. O. H. Tay- lor reported two cases of puerperal fever and Dr. Schenck a case of purpura hemorrhagica. In September, the sanitary condition of Camden, which had excited considerable comment during the summer, was discussed, especially the water-supply of the city, on account of the appearance of a peculiar form of diarrhoea presenting some of the symptoms of Asiatic cholera. The disease was especially prevalent in Kensington, and obtained the soubriquet, therefore, of " Kensington Diar- rhoea." Only those who drank the water supplied by the Kensington Water Works were affected by it and, as many of the residents of Camden were employed in Kensington, the 62 History Medical Profession Camden Coimty. disease made its appearance in Camden and drew attention to the source of supply of the Camden Water Works Company, which had already incurred public displeasure. This found its highest expression in the action of the society in 1858. Fur- ther action was now deemed necessary and a public meeting was held on September nth, at which Dr. Reynell Coates presided, and the Camden Water Works Company was again denounced and City Council was urged to declare the company a nuisance. Dr. James M. Ridge and others addressed the meeting.* In December, Dr. L. F. Fisler read the quarterly report ; Dr. Schenck reported a case of " Suppression of the Urine"; Dr. Stevenson presented a paper on "Facts Elicited During Examination of Applicants for Exemption from the Draft" ; Doctors Fisler, Schenck and Stevenson were appointed to arrange for the meeting of the State Medical Society in the ensuing January, and to tender the hospitality of the city ; Dr. Cooper was appointed a delegate to the American Medical Association, whose sessions were suspended during 1861 and 1862, on account of the Civil War; Dr. O. H. Taylor was ap- pointed a delegate to the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and Dr. Alexander Marcy, a member of the class of 1859, at Amherst College, and a graduate of the University of Pennsyl- vania, 1 86 1, and Dr. John R. Stevenson, an A. B. of the Phila- delphia High School in 1850, A. M. in 1853, and M - D - of tne University of Pennsylvania, during the year, located in Camden, and became members of the society. The names of the officers elected are not recorded. [1864.] Concerted effort was made this year, through Dr. T. F. Cullen, to increase the fee for each visit to one dollar within city limits, and a notice to that effect was published in two of the city papers, with the names of all of the members of the society appended. The minimum obstetrical fee was fixed, through a motion of Dr. Alexander Marcy, at six dollars. Reports were made by Doctors Mulford, Cooper, Fisler, Schenck, Cullen, Dean, Stevenson and Marcy on "Spotted Fever," which prevailed at this time, all agreeing that free stimulation gave the only chance of success. A vote of thanks * Camden Democrat, September, 1863. The Camden District Medical Society. 63 was extended to Dr. Cooper for entertaining the State Society in Camden, in January. In June, Dr. J. R. Stevenson read the quarterly report and, on the 7th inst, Dr. R. C. Dean repre- sented the society at the meeting of the American Medical Association in New York. This was the second meeting of the association since the Civil War, and its popularity was attested by the presence of four hundred and sixty-five dele- gates, representing sixteen States. At this meeting, Dr. William B. Atkinson was elected permanent secretary, a position since held continuously by him. In September, no meeting took place and the officers held over. In December, Dr. O. H. Taylor entertained the society and made the quarterly report, including a case of " Lumbar Abscess." Small-pox, which was epidemic during the year, was also considered. Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society. [i860.] On June 19th, the society met at the West Jersey Hotel with an attendance of thirteen members. Dr. John V. Schenck, the president, delivered the annual address, on "Nature and Art in the Care of Disease" ; Dr. J. W. Snow- den read the annual report; Doctors H. Genet Taylor and Henry E. Branin were elected to membership ; Dr. Bowman Hendry was chosen president; Dr. Henry Ackley, vice-presi- dent, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer. [1861.] On June 18th, the annual meeting was held with an attendance of ten members. The political excitement of the times did not escape the profession, as appears in the following graphic and satirical report of Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, chairman of the standing committee : " How little, when we last met, did any of us realize the terrible import of the events that have occurred in the United States in one short year ! We could not then realize that for twenty years, political villains had been steadily working to produce a disintegration of this Union, and that a miser- able faction would dare to raise an arm against the Federal Government, to fire upon its flag and murder its defenders. Can such things be and over- come us like a summer cloud without a special warning ? With the circum- stances concerning the first appearance and growth of this secession, epidemic fever, you are all well acquainted, and it is to be regretted that the first cases were not treated heroically and prompt sanitary measures adopted to prevent the spread of the contagion. The expectant plan of treatment 64 History Medical Profession Camden County. was adopted, placebos used, emollients, demulcents and the like were tried, but without avail. Under this plan, all the symptoms became more violent and the contagion more widely spread. A change in the mode of treatment was resolved on and so far with benefit. The nitrate of potash, combined with sulphur and charcoal, in conjunction with iron and lead, has been found very serviceable, and large tracts of country have been almost entirely relieved of the epidemic influence by its judicious use. In fact, so favorable has been the result of this treatment, that many good judges believe that the early administration of these remedies in large doses would have instantly checked the disease. Steel, in various forms, has been found an excellent adjuvant. (Similia similibus curantur.) For to steal seems to be a very prominent symptom in the disease. Do not, Mr. President and gentlemen, doubt the orthodoxy of your committee for having taken a liberty with the homoeopathic creed. If the above remedies fail, or should not give the satisfaction deserved, hemp (cannabis sativa) prepared in a peculiar form and applied to the neck, it is asserted, will be of infinite benefit in the worst cases. So potent is this medicine that even the knowledge to the patients that its exhibition was intended has had the most salutary effect in not only improving their constitution, but in making them approve our Consti- tution. " The following officers were elected: President, Dr. N. B. Jennings; vice-president, Dr. H. E. Branin; secretary and treasurer, Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; standing committee, Doctors Schenck, Woodruff and Branin. [1862.] On June 14th, the annual meeting was held with Dr. N. B. Jennings in the chair, who delivered the annual address, on "Obstetrics." Dr. O. H.Taylor read the annual report and said that miasmatic diseases which were met with every spring and autumn were becoming less frequent owing to the cultivation of the land and improved drainage within the city of Camden. Dr. Henry E. Branin, of Blackwood, was chosen president ; Dr. Isaac S. Mulford, vice-president ; Dr. John V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer; Dr. T. F. Cullen, reporter, and Doctors Woodruff, Taylor and Schenck were elected members of the standing committee. [1863.] On June 1 6th, the society met at the West Jersey Hotel. No report was made from the standing com- mittee. Dr. T. F. Cullen submitted a report of the epidemic of small-pox which prevailed in Camden in 1861 and 1862 and said that "small-pox prevailed in Camden in October, November and December of 186 1, until the middle of the spring of 1862. It was first observed among the colored residents of South Political Interests. 65 Camden, but before its termination there were few blocks in the city exempt from it. There were no municipal laws gov- erning vaccination, and there had been but one lame effort within the preceding fifteen years to procure anything like a general vaccination." Dr. Branin delivered the annual address on "Sickness at the Almshouse." Dr. John R. Stevenson, of Camden, and Dr. I. Gilbert Young, of Haddonfield, the latter an A. B. of the Central High School of Philadelphia and an M. D. of the University of Pennsylvania, were elected members. Dr. I. Gilbert Young was elected president ; Dr. J. R. Steven- son, vice-president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors Taylor, Woodruff and Snowden were made the standing committee. Dr. Cooper was made chairman of the committee to arrange for the meeting of the State Medical Society in January of the ensuing year. [1864.] The annual meeting of the society was held this year at the West Jersey Hotel and, in the absence of Dr. O. H. Taylor, Dr. Schenck read the report of the standing com- mittee and said : " About midsummer, the community became involved in one of the most general epidemics of inter- mittent fever experienced for years, the type of which was quotidian, and its character asthenic and attended with painful vomiting and diarrhoea. Congestion of the brain was of fre- quent occurrence, and often a fatal complication in children." The subject of "spotted fever," prevailing at Blackwood, was also considered. Dr. I. Gilbert Young delivered the annual address and Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected a member. The following officers were elected : President, Dr. John R. Steven- son ; vice-president, Dr. Alexander Marcy ; secretary and treasurer, Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; standing committee, Doctors O. H. Taylor, Branin and Jennings. Section IV. — Political Interests. [i860.] The causes that led to the breach between the people of the North and the South strongly influenced the physicians of Camden county. The Kansas and Nebraska controversy, the Dred Scott decision of the United States Supreme Court and the raid of John Brown made slavery- 5 66 History Medical Profession Camden County. paramount to all other issues. Before its influence, the Native- American, the Whig and the Free-Soil parties were buried in oblivion, the Democratic party split into three factions and all anti-slavery sentiment solidified into the new Republican party. The nineteenth presidential election was one of intense excitement. There were four candidates for President of the United States, representing the four political parties. In this conflict of political elements, Doctors Mulford, O. H. Taylor, Ridge, Coates, Fisler, Cullen, Marcy, Carles, Andrews, Birdsell and R. G. Taylor took prominent parts. In February, Di\ Reynell Coates, the leader of the Native- American party, united with the Whigs in calling a convention to meet at Trenton for the organization of a Constitutional Union party in the State and the election of delegates to the Constitutional Union Convention, which, on May 9th, nominated Bell and Everett.* With equal earnestness, the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic party were supported by the leading prac- titioners of the country. The climax of political excitement and enthusiasm was reached on May 18th, when the Repub- lican party nominated Lincoln and Hamlin and adopted a plat- form opposed to the extension of slavery. On September 15th, Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, who, with Benjamin F. Braker and Henry L. Bonsall, was a pioneer Republican of Camden, presided at the Republican County Convention at Haddonfield, which ratified the nomination of Lincoln and Hamlin and placed in nomination candidates for county offices. The national contest resulted in the election of Lincoln and Hamlin, which was regarded by the leaders of the South as a just cause for the dissolution of the Union. As the sentiment of dis- union increased, the people of New Jersey, irrespective of party, assembled at Trenton, on December nth, for the purpose of entering their protest against dismemberment of the Union. And when, on December 20th, the act of secession was con- summated by South Carolina, the physicians of Camden county loyally supported the National government and contributed officers to both the army and navy for the conflict inaugurated during the ensuing year. * Camden Democrat. The Civil War. 67 [186 1.] The agitation originating in the slavery question had now reached a climax. Following the example of South Carolina, six other States passed ordinances of secession and withdrew from the Union and, on February 4th, united to form a new government under the name of the Confederate States of America. On April 12th, hostilities began between the United States and Confederate Governments at Fort Sumter and, on April 15th, President Lincoln issued a call for troops to overthrow the secession movement. On April 16th, the first war meeting was held in Camden and a patriotic address was issued in response to the President's proclamation, signed by one hundred and sixteen prominent citizens, led by Dr. Isaac S. Mulford.* In reply to this address, an enthusiastic meeting was held at the Court House on the 18th, at which Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was chosen secretary, and speeches were made by Samuel H. Grey, David M. Chambers and others, advocating the raising of troops, money and arms. Section V. — The Civil War. A. THE UNITED STATES ARMY. [186 1.] The attack on Fort Sumter by the Confederates,. April 1 2th, aroused the North with a unanimity of purpose to vindicate the majesty of insulted law. An immediate call for troops was made by the United States Government to serve for three months. f On the 15th, a requisition for four regiments of infantry was made upon New Jersey, and, on the 17th, Gov- ernor Olden issued a proclamation sustaining the Government and ordering the militia to report for duty within twenty days. The active- militia at this time consisted of four divisions, each under the command of a major-general, and was, therefore, without organic unity. Notwithstanding this, the requisition of the President was honored without delay and, on the 27th, the organization of a brigade of four regiments, known as the New Jersey Brigade, was effected and General Theodore Runyon was placed in command. On May 6th, General * Prowell's History of Camden County. t New Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster. 68 History Medical Profession Camden Cotcnty. Runyon reported for duty, with the brigade, to General Winfield Scott, at Washington. The presence of the brigade gave decided support and encouragement to the Government, since these were the first fully equipped regiments to arrive at Washington. General Scott began at once the organization of the Army of the Potomac, which, on May 24th, entered Virginia. On the 27th, General McDowell took command and, on June 21st, engaged the Confederates at Bull Run and sustained a disastrous defeat. The New Jersey Brigade was not engaged in the battle, being held as a reserve. The brigade was mustered out of the service on July 24-25, having served three months. The Fourth Regiment was largely made up of Camden companies under the command of Colonel Matthew Miller, on whose staff Dr. Elijah B. Woolston, of Marlton, formerly a division surgeon in the State militia, served as surgeon. Following the battle of Bull Run, General Scott retired from the army on account of advanced age and General George B. McClellan was placed in command. Previously to this, however, the secession movement had assumed such propor- tions that the Government, on May 3d, called for additional troops to serve for three years, or during the war. On May 17th, a requisition for three regiments was made on New Jersey and Governor Olden began the organization of another brigade, known as the First Brigade, New Jersey Volunteers, and composed of the First, Second and Third Regiments, which reported at Washington on June 29th. An effort was made to organize the Second Regiment in Camden by Colonel Thomas McKeen, who appointed Dr. Thomas F. Cullen as surgeon, Rev. Joseph F. Garrison as chaplain and Benjamin F. Archer as quarter-master ; but on account of there being a greater number of organized companies in North Jersey, wait- ing to be mustered into the service of the State, the regiment was organized at Newark instead of at Camden. No surgeons from Camden county served in these regiments. In July, a requisition was made on the State for five additional regiments, and the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Regiments were promptly organized. The Fourth The Civil War. 69 Regiment, under command of Colonel J. H. Simpson, was assigned to the First Brigade, under General Phil. Kearney, and the remaining regiments were organized into the Second Brigade, under the command of Colonel Samuel H. Starr. In addition to the First and Second Brigades, New Jersey furnished the Government, during the Civil . War, with twenty-nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry and five batteries of artillery.* Of these, Camden county furnished surgeons for the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Twenty-fourth Regiments. The profession of Camden was not without representatives in the medical department of the regular army. On May 28th, following the second call for troops by the Government, Dr. Peter V. Schenck, of Camden, was commissioned, by President Lincoln, an assistant surgeon of the United States Army, with the rank of first lieutenant. During the war, Lieutenant Schenck served with distinction and was brevetted captain and also major for faithful and meritorious services. He resigned January 1, 1867, after the close of the civil conflict. The close relationship existing between the surgeons of the volunteer forces and those of the regular army renders a brief review of the development of the medical department of the regular army necessary. At the beginning of hostilities, the medical, like other departments of the regular army, was unprepared for so great a conflict. At this time, the department was com- posed of one surgeon-general with the rank of colonel, thirty surgeons each with the rank of major, and eighty-four assistant surgeons ranking as first lieutenants, with the rank of captain after five years' service. None of these were attached to any command, but belonged to the general staff and were subject to duty wherever their services were needed, f The surgeons of the volunteer forces were commissioned in some of the States without a professional examination and, after the battle of Bull Run, confusion reigned supreme in the care of the wounded. But the needs of the hour were met and speedily remedied by many of the most distinguished surgeons of the *New Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster. t Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. "]o History Medical Profession Camden County. North hastening with younger practitioners to Washington and offering temporarily their professional services. In response to an invitation from Surgeon-General Henry F. Smith, of Pennsylvania, Dr. H. Genet Taylor reported for duty at Wash- ington on July 2 2d, the day following the first battle of Bull Run, and remained for three days caring for the wounded, by which time the regular and volunteer surgeons were enabled to accomplish the work. The attention of the Govern- ment was directed to the necessity of a better and more extended system in the medical department, and in the call for troops, immediately following the battle, Congress authorized the appointment of brigade surgeons, with the rank of major, eligible to all the duties and prerogatives pertaining to medical officers of the army, whether as directors in the field, or as chiefs in the hospitals. This led the best class of physicians to enter the army and, in connection with the institution of examina- tions in the States, prevented the further commissioning of irregular and incompetent physicians in the volunteer forces. In April, 1862, the medical department of the army was reorganized by Act of Congress and its efficiency greatly increased. The rank of brigadier-general was conferred upon the surgeon-general and provision was made for an assistant surgeon-general and a medical inspector-general, with the rank and pay of a colonel of cavalry ; for eight medical inspectors, with the rank and pay of a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, and for medical purveyors and cadets. In August, 1862, an ambulance corps was organized, but a uniform system of ambulance service was not established until March, 1864, when an Act of Con- gress placed the corps under the authority of the . medical department. Not until near the close of the Civil War was the autonomy of the medical department secured. Thus, through regularly ascending gradations, the medical department of the army, by its inherent fitness and the influence of the pro- fession at large, received such recognition from the President and Congress as enabled it to control its operations and carry them to a height of sanitary and scientific usefulness never before known in any war. The system won the unqualified admiration of European nations, and was adopted by many of The Civil War. 71 them. Since the war, the department has passed through a number of changes. It is now independent of other depart- ments in its operations ; its members are eligible to the rank, pay and emoluments of all grades in the army to brigadier- general, and its hospital and ambulance corps is established upon the same military footing as companies of infantry. Returning to the consideration of the New Jersey regi- ments and the Camden surgeons serving with them, the Eighth Regiment of the Second Brigade at this time alone engages attention. The Eighth Regiment was raised under the requisition of President Lincoln, July 24th, and was originally the Second Regiment of the New Jersey Brigade in the three months' service. When the Second Regiment was mustered out in July, it was offered to the Government for three years by Chaplain St. John Chambre, provided it could remain intact.* The offer was accepted by President Lincoln and, with the consent of Governor Olden, the regiment was reorganized by Colonel A. J. Johnson, of Newark, under the name of the Eighth Regiment, with a large percentage of the old officers, except the medical, to which latter positions Gover- nor Olden commissioned, on September 14th, Dr. Alexander J. McKelway, of Blackwood, as major and surgeon, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, of Camden, as first lieutenant and assistant sur- geon. The regiment, together with the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh, reported, under Colonel S. H. Starr, the senior officer, to General Hooker, at Budd's Ferry, near Washington, and was there brigaded as the Third Brigade, Hooker's Division, Third Corps, t [1862.] The military operations this year, between the Federal and Confederate forces, were conducted on a most extensive scale. The New Jersey troops rendered signal service in the campaigns of McClellan, Pope and Burnside. On March 10th, the Army of the Potomac, after thorough re- organization, set forth under General McClellan to capture Richmond, whereupon the Confederate army retired beyond the Rappahannock river, when McClellan changed his plans *MS. Notes (if A. St. John Chambre, Chaplain, Eighth Regiment, N. J. V. t New Jerse}- and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster. 72 History Medical Profession Camden County. and moved his army to the peninsula between the James and York rivers as the best route to the Confederate capital. This transfer of the army was made early in April, and included both the First and Second Brigades, New Jersey Volunteers. In the Fourth Regiment, First Brigade, Dr. Bowman Hendry, 3d, of Haddonfield, served as first lieutenant and assistant sur- geon, having been commissioned February 3d, and, in the Eighth Regiment, Second Brigade, Dr. Alexander J. McKel- way served as surgeon and Dr. H. Genet Taylor as assistant surgeon, both having been commissioned on September 14, 1 86 1. When Hooker's Division, of which the Second Brigade formed a part, left Budd's Ferry to join the Army of the Potomac, Lieutenant Taylor was detailed with other surgeons for duty at the division hospital. But the detail being unsatis- factory, he made application to Colonel Johnson to march with the regiment, and Surgeon-Major Alexander McKelway was assigned to the hospital, and, consequently, in the Peninsular campaign, Lieutenant Taylor was the only medical officer with the Eighth Regiment. On June 1st, Dr. O. S. Belden, of Camden, was assigned to the Fifth Regiment, Second Brigade, under Colonel S. H. Starr, as first lieutenant and assistant surgeon. These were the only medical officers from Camden county who served with the New Jersey troops in the Penin- sular campaign. This campaign was waged with a severity hitherto unknown on this continent. The transfer of the army was made early in April. On May 4th, Yorktown was captured and followed by the battles of Williamsburg,* West Point, Bottom's Bridge, Fair Oaks, Oak Grove, Mechanics- ville, Gaines' Mill, Savidge Station, White Oak Swamp, Glen- dale and Malvern Hill. In these battles, the surgeons from Camden county participated with their regiments in some of the most desperate engagements of the war, including seven days of continuous battle. Although, at one time, the Army of the Potomac was within seven miles of Richmond, General *In speaking of Assistant-Surgeon H. Genet Taylor, at the Battle of Williamsburg, a correspondent of the Newark Mercury, on May 16, 1862, said : " Dr. H. G. Taylor has done and does all that mortal man can do for the sick and suffering. He is one of the noblest men it has ever been my fortune to meet and has cheerfully worked to prostration day and night during the trials of our brave regiment." The Civil War. 73 McClellan failed to capture the city and, in July, was ordered by the President to transfer his army to Alexandria. During the occupancy of the peninsula between the York and the James rivers by McClellan's army, the territory between Washington and the Rappahannock river was guarded by the Army of Virginia under command of General John Pope. Following the withdrawal of General McClellan's command from the peninsula, General Lee with his Confederate forces attacked General Pope and won a series of victories during August at Bristow Station, Bull Run and Chantilly, which resulted in General Pope's withdrawing his forces within intrenchments in the vicinity of Alexandria. In these engage- ments, Lieutenant Bowman Hendry, 3d, Fourth Regiment \ Lieutenant O. S. Belden, Fifth Regiment; Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor, Eighth Regiment, and Lieutenant Bowman Hendry, 2d, commissioned assistant surgeon of the Sixth Regi- ment, August 8th, participated. After the second battle of Bull Run, Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor, with other assistant surgeons, volunteered to go through the Confederate lines to attend the wounded. An escort of cavalry, with a flag of truce, ambulances and supplies, was provided ; the enemy's lines were entered, but, before the necessary relief could be given, General Pope retreated, leaving the surgeons in the hands of the Confederates. After ten days, they were paroled and secured the transportation of their wounded to Washing- ton. In the report of these engagements, Lieutenant-Colonel George C. Burling, commanding the Sixth Regiment, said : "It gives me pleasure to speak of the indefatigable exertions of Surgeon John Wiley and his able assistant, B. Hendry, for their care and attention to the wounded."* The defeat of General Pope led to the consolidation of the Armies of Virginia and of the Potomac, and General McClellan was placed in supreme command. This, however, did not check the designs of General Lee, who, on September 6th, invaded Maryland and, on the 17th, the battle of Antietam, one of the great battles of the war, was fought. The troops with which the Camden county surgeons were connected did not participate *New Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster. 74 History Medical Profession Camden County. in this battle, except the First Brigade. Following the battle of Antietam, General McClellan, because of his failure to press his advantage and prevent the withdrawal of General Lee across the Potomac, was superseded by General A. E. Burnside. In October, General Burnside advanced against the Confederates and, on December nth and 12th, engaged them in battle at Fredericksburg and sustained defeat with terrific loss. The New Jersey troops lost heavily in killed and wounded and, in addition to the Fourth, Sixth and Eighth Regiments, with which Lieutenants Bowman Hendry, 2d and 3d, Major A. J. McKelway and Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor were respectively connected, the Twenty-fourth Regiment, with which Lieu- tenant Thomas G. Rowand, of Camden, served as an assistant surgeon, was actively engaged. In this engagement, however, Lieutenant O. S. Belden, who had served with the Fifth Regiment since June 1st, did not participate, having resigned on November 30th.* The Twenty-fourth Regiment, com- posed of companies from South Jersey, was mustered into United States service on September 16th, under command of Colonel William Robertson with Franklin Knight, of Camden, as lieutenant-colonel ; William L. Newell, of Millville, as major- surgeon, and Alban Williams and Thomas G. Rowand as first lieutenants and assistant surgeons. The regiment was assigned to the Second Army Corps and ordered to the front without delay, and participated in the battle of Fredericksburg with a loss of one hundred and sixty-nine men.f In speaking of the service of its medical officers during the battle, an officer of the regiment said: "Too much commendation cannot be awarded to Surgeon William L. Newell and his assistants, Doctors Williams and Rowand, who were engaged all day, Sunday (December 14th), in attending the wounded."! Following the battle of Fredericksburg, Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor was detailed by General Hooker to take the medical direction of the Artillery Brigade, Third Corps, succeeding Lieutenant Harrison Allen, assistant surgeon, United States Army. This * Stryker's Register. fNew Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster. j Ibid. The Civil War. 75 position demanded high professional and military training and was retained by Lieutenant Taylor until his resignation from the service in 1864.* [1863.] This year, the Civil War grew to enormous proportions and extensive military operations were carried on in the West, and along the Atlantic seaboard, as well as in Virginia. Following the defeat of General Burnside at Fred- ericksburg, General Joe Hooker, on January 28th, was placed in command of the Army of the Potomac ; crossed the Rappa- hannock, April 30th, and engaged the Confederates at Chan- cellorsville, May 2d. The Fourth Regiment, First Brigade, to which Lieutenant Bowman Hendry, 3d, was attached, was at this time serving on provost duty at Washington. The Second Brigade, under Colonel G. M. Mott, of Bordentown, including the Sixth Regiment, to which Lieutenant Bowman Hendry, 2d, was attached, and the Eighth Regiment, to which Major A. J. McKelway and Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor were attached, Tendered distinguished service. During the engagement, Colonel Mott was wounded and Colonel William J. Sewell, Fifth Regiment, assumed command and led the brigade in a charge that is regarded as one of the most brilliant of the war. The Twenty-fourth Regiment also participated in this battle and, following it, Lieutenant Thomas G. Rowand was detailed for duty at the Third Division, Second Corps Hospital, Potomac Creek, where he remained until the regiment was mustered out of service at Beverly, June 6th. Flushed with his victories at Fredericksburg and Chan- cellorsville, General Lee invaded Pennsylvania, in June, and on July 1-3 met with disastrous defeat at Gettysburg at the hands of the Federal Army under command of General George G. Meade, who had succeeded General Hooker in command on the very eve of battle. This was the greatest battle of the war and, during its continuance, Major McKelway and Lieutenant Taylor, of the Eighth Regiment, and Lieutenant Bowman Hendry, 2d, of the Sixth Regiment, rendered effective service in caring for the wounded. Following the retreat of General Lee into Virginia, the New Jersey troops participated in the * MS. Notes of A. St. John Chambre, Chaplain Eighth Regiment, N. J. V. 76 History Medical Profession Camden County. movements and battles of the Army of the Potomac at Wap- ping Heights, McLane's Ford, Brandy Station and Mine Run,, and went into quarters along the Rappahannock, remaining practically inactive until General U. S. Grant took command of the army in the following year. The stupendous proportions which the war had assumed led Congress, in the early part of the year, to pass a Conscrip- tion Act, which, on March 3d, was approved by the President. The Act provided for a Board of Enrollment, consisting of a marshal, a surgeon and a commissioner, for each Congressional district, and through Hon. John F. Starr, M. C, the President, on May 2d, appointed Colonel R. C. Johnson, provost-marshal;. Dr. John R. Stevenson, surgeon, and James M. Scovel, com- missioner, for the first district of New Jersey.* Dr. Stevenson's position gave him the rank and pay of a first lieutentant of cavalry. The law also provided for assistant surgeons who stood in the relation of contract surgeons and, during the life of the board from May 2, 1863, to June 1, 1865, this position was held successively by Doctors B. P. Howell, of Woodbury; Quinton Gibbon, of Salem ; Jonathan Learning, of Cape May, and H. Genet Taylor, of Camden. On October 26th, the draft- ing of men for the army was begun by the Board of Enrollment in Camden and Lieutenant Stevenson began examinations of applicants for exemption on account of physical disability, the results of which he presented in an elaborate report to the Government and to the Medical Society of New Jersey. [1864.] The closing conflicts of the war were inaugu- rated under General U. S. Grant, who, on March 2d, was appointed commander-in-chief of all the Union forces. Under his direction, the campaign of the Army of the Potomac was conducted • by General Meade and that of the Cumberland by General Sherman. On May 3d, the Army of the Potomac began the march to Richmond, and there followed the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, ending in the siege of Petersburg, which began in June and was con- tinued through the winter. But two of the Camden county surgeons participated in the campaigns of this year. On *MS. Notes of Dr. John R. Stevenson. The Civil War. 77 March 15th, Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor, of the Eighth Regi- ment, resigned on account of the illness of his father, and, on April 7th, Surgeon-Major Alexander J. McKelway, of the same regiment, resigned, both of whom had rendered continuous service to the Government from September 14, 1 86 1.* But Lieutenants Bowman Hendry, 2d, of the Sixth Regiment, and Bowman Hendry, 3d, of the Fourth Regiment, participated in the campaign and rendered distinguished service. On September 7th, the former was discharged at Trenton, by reason of expiration of service, having served with his regiment since August 8, 1862, and the latter resigned from the Fourth Regiment, November 3d, having served with the regiment since February 3, 1862. Near the beginning of the Civil War, Dr. George S. F. Pfeiffer, who had located in Camden, in 1854, moved to Phila- delphia to accept a Professorship of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at the Penn Medical University, which he retained until 1864. On March 30th, he was commissioned first lieu- tenant and assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Eighty- sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, and remained with his regiment until mustered out of the service on August 15, 1865. f During this period, Lieutenant Pfeiffer, from his experience in the navy of Holland and in the French army, rendered effective service in matters pertaining to the sanitary condition of the army. After the war, Lieutenant Pfeiffer again located in Camden. On June 29th, the United States Government established a military hospital of two thousand and fifty-six beds at Beverly, N. J., which, on September 29th, was increased to two thousand, four hundred and sixty-nine beds. The hospital was placed under a corps of contract surgeons, among whom were Dr. Elijah B. Woolston, of Marlton, and Doctois Franklin Gauntt and J. Howard Pugh, of Burlington. The hospital was maintained by the Government until August, 1865, when it was closed. I * Record of Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Civil War, by W. S. Stryker. t Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. tMS. Notes Col. James S. Kiger, Adjutant-General's Office Trenton, N. J. 78 History Medical Profession Camden Cotmty. During this year, the Fair of the Sanitary Commission was held in Philadelphia under the auspices of New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware, in aid of sick and wounded soldiers. An auxiliary of the fair was formed in West Jersey, for the benefit of which Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler delivered a series of lectures, and in which Dr. John R. Stevenson served as chairman of the committee on "Original Ballads and Poetry of the War." On August 2 2d, the Geneva Convention was held and "Articles of Agreement for the Amelioration of the Condition of Armies in the Field" were adopted and signed by the repre- sentatives of thirty-four nations. In the agreement, military hospitals, ambulances, surgeons, chaplains and employees of hospitals were to be regarded as neutral in war and possessing special rights. Freedom from imprisonment was guaranteed to the medical corps, upon wearing an arm badge of a red cross upon a white ground, and protective rights were secured to hospitals and ambulances, displaying a flag similar to the badge. [1865.] The closing period of the war opened this year, with a continuation of the siege of Petersburg, and closed with the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, April 9th. In this siege and surrender, the medical profession of Camden county was represented by Dr. Duncan W. Blake, of Gloucester City, who was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the Fourth Regiment, N. J. V., early in the spring; joined the regiment at Park Station and subsequently partici- pated in the battles of Fort Steadman, March 25th; Peters- burg, April 2d ; Farmville, April 7th, and was present at Appomattox at the surrender of the Confederate Army, April 9th. Following the surrender of General Lee, the Fourth Regiment was ordered in pursuit of Jefferson Davis, the fleeing President of the Confederacy, and marched as far as Danville, from which place it was ordered to report at Washington to participate in the grand review of the Army of the Potomac, ordered by President Lincoln as the closing act of the drama of the Rebellion. Lieutenant Blake received honorable men- tion for meritorious services and was honorably discharged The Civil War-. 79 from the service in August, when he began the practice of medicine at Gloucester City. There were a number of surgeons who served with dis- tinction in the Civil War and, after its close, located in Camden county. Dr. James A. Armstrong was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the Seventy-third Regiment, Pa. V., September n, 1861 ; promoted major and surgeon, October 15, 1862; resigned October 16, 1864, and, after a short service in Satterlee Hospital, located in Camden.* In 1 86 1, Dr. Joseph W. McCullough was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the First Delaware Regi- ment and served until the close of the war, when he was com- missioned an assistant surgeon in the regular army, but resigned, in 1866, and located at Blackwood. t In the summer of 1862, Dr. D. H. Bartine was appointed assistant surgeon on board the floating hospital, under command of Surgeon- General Smith, of Pennsylvania, on duty with the Army of the Potomac; on July 25th, he was commissioned first lieu- tenant and assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Four- teenth Regiment, Pa. V., and served with the regiment until September, 1863, when he was detached and assigned to duty as attending surgeon at General Meade's headquarters; on August 22, 1864, he was promoted major and surgeon of the One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment, Pa. V. After the sur- render of General L,ee, Major Bartine became surgeon-in-chief of the Fair Ground General Hospital, Petersburg, Va., where he remained until mustered out of service, January 29, 1866, when he located at Merchantville. On November 1, 1862, Dr. D. Parish Pancoast entered the United States service as a contract surgeon and remained until January 1, 1866. During this time, Dr. Pancoast served in the Mower Hospital until February, 1863, when he was detailed for duty with the Two Hundred and Third Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, at Fortress Monroe, where he also served as medical commissary and as surgeon-in-charge of the hospital transport, "Matilda." After the surrender of General Lee, Dr. Pancoast was assigned to * Bates' History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers t Stevenson's History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County. So History Medical Profession Camden County. hospital duty at Petersburg, where he remained until he resigned from the service, after which he located in Camden. ■On July 23, 1863, Dr. William T. Collins was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the Sixth Regiment, Delaware Volunteers, and on August 12, 1864, was promoted major and surgeon of the Seventh Regiment, Delaware Volun- teers. Early in the war, Dr. Frederick F. Pfeiffer was warranted a medical cadet and assigned to the Fifth United States Artillery, with which he served in the seven days' fight in the Peninsular campaign. He was subsequently transferred to the hospital transport steamer, "Louisiana," and was on board when the first exchange of prisoners was made, July 19, 1862, and transported wounded prisoners to the North. During the voyage, Cadet Pfeiffer rendered effective service and was later assigned to Satterlee Hospital at Philadelphia, in charge of Surgeon Hayes, the Arctic explorer. In 1863, Dr. A. M. Mecray was warranted a medical cadet and assigned to duty at the Satterlee Hospital, and Dr. William H. Iszard was also warranted a medical cadet and assigned to the United States Hospital, Broad and Cherry streets, Philadelphia. In 1861, Henry F. Chew served with the Fourth Regiment, N. J. V., and was subsequently elected captain of Company I, Twelfth Regiment, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and commanded the regiment when it was mustered out of service in 1865. After the war, Colonel Chew studied dentistry and located in Camden. J. W. Donges served as a private in the One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Regiment, Pa. V., and participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, where he was severely wounded, on account of which he was discharged for physical disability.* In 1863, I. N. Hugg was commissioned second lieutenant in Company I, Thirty-fourth Regiment, N. J. V., and served in General Sherman's army. Lieutenant Hugg attained the rank of captain and, after the regiment was mustered out of service in 1866, began the study of medicine, which he is now practic- ing in Camden. f W. B. E. Miller served as a private in the *• Stevenson's History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, f Prowell's History of Camden County, N. J. The Civil War. 81 Twenty-third Regiment, N. J. V., in 1862 and 1863, and as a first lieutenant in the One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, from which he was detached and appointed acting assistant inspector-general, on the staff of General C. C. Washburne, in which capacity he received the thanks of President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton for services rendered. B. THE UNITED STATES NAVY. [186 1.] During the Rebellion, the operations of the navy contributed, in a great measure, to the success of the Federal cause by the blockading of the Atlantic and Gulf sea-ports, and by the expeditions along the Mississippi, Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. At the beginning of hostilities, Dr. William S. Bishop was a passed assistant surgeon in the navy, having been commissioned April 11, 1843, an ^ promoted to passed assistant surgeon, January 22, 1848. When the Civil War began, he was on duty at the Navy Yard, Warrington, Florida, from which he was detached and placed on waiting orders, January 17, 1861, and, on November 18th, was ordered to the Navy Yard, Mare Island, California, where he remained until November 25, 1864, when he was placed on the Examining Board for admission to the Naval Academy. In March, 1866, he was commissioned a surgeon on the retired list and, in May, was assigned to duty at the Naval Academy, from which he was detached and placed on special duty at Philadelphia, where he died, December 28, 1868, after a service of twenty- five years.* Surgeon Bishop was an honorary member of the Camden District Medical Society and one of the corporators of the Camden City Dispensary. On April 17, 1856, Dr. Richard C. Dean, of Camden, was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the navy; promoted passed assistant surgeon, April 17, 1861,'and surgeon, August 1, 1 86 1. During the war, he served on the "Tuscarora," and was assigned to special duty at Baltimore, Camden and the Naval Academy. He subsequently served on the "Sacramento" and the "Michigan," in the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery at Washington and, on June 8, 1873, ne was * Records of the United States Navy Department. 6 82 History Medical Profession Camden County. promoted medical inspector. On January 10, 1880, he was promoted medical director,* and on May 27, 1895, was placed on the retired list, having attained the position of second rank- ing officer in the medical corps of the United States Navy. On May 18, 1861, Dr. Charles W. Sartori, of Camden, was appointed an acting assistant surgeon in the navy, and ordered to duty on board the steamer " Flag," at Philadelphia. On October 8, 1863, he was detached and ordered to report to the department; on December 8th, was assigned to duty on the "Sassacus" ; on December 17th, was detached and assigned to the " Wyalusing," at Philadelphia, and on July 19, 1864, he resigned from the service, f On July 30, 1 86 1, Dr. Henry Ackley, of Camden, was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the navy and assigned to duty at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. On November 2d, he was detached and assigned to the " Wissahickon " ; on April 29th, he was detached and placed on waiting orders; on June 10, 1863, assigned to the "Marion" ; on June 17th, to the "San Jacinto"; March 15, 1864, detached and, on August 17th, assigned to Brooklyn Navy Yard ; on August 31st, assigned to the "Vermont"; and, October 1st, detached and placed on waiting orders. He died at Philadelphia, December 1, 1865. J [1864.] On March 10, 1864, Dr. John H. Austin was appointed an acting assistant surgeon in the navy and on May 26th was commissioned an assistant surgeon. He served on the "North Carolina"; on the "Manhattan," in the West Gulf Squadron; participated in the battle of Mobile, under Admiral Farragut, August 5 1864, and resigned Jan- uary 14, 1865. § Dr. Austin located in Camden in 1868 and remained until 1879. He served as a member of the Board of Education in 1871, '72 and '73 ; captain of Company B. Sixth Regiment, N. G., N. J., in 1876, and as medical director of the Grand Army of the Republic. Martin Gold- smith served as hospital-steward on the "Georgia," during the closing period of the Civil War, and subsequently opened * Records of the United States Navy Department. f Ibid. X Ibid. $ Ibid. Educational and Other Interests. 83 a drug-store at the corner of Second and Vine streets, now occupied by George J. Pechin. Section VI. — Educational and Other Interests. From i860 to 1864, the physicians of Camden county showed an active interest in the government of the public schools. In 1862, Dr. James M. Ridge was elected a member of the Board of Education from the Middle ward of Camden, over Dr. T. G. Rowand; Dr. S. Birdsell was elected for the South ward and Dr. T. F. Cullen was defeated for the North ward. Dr. Daniel M. Stout, of Berlin, was elected superinten- dent of public schools for Waterford township in the same year. In 1864, Dr. Ridge was elected president of the Board of Educa- tion of Camden, of which Dr. Sylvester Birdsell was a member. During this period (1 860-1 864), the following physicians located in Camden county: in i860, Dr. H. Genet Taylor, at Camden; in 1861, Doctors Alexander Marcy, Robert G. Taylor, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, and Louis Hatton, a graduate of Penn Medical College the same year, at Camden ; in 1863, Dr. John R. Stevenson, at Camden, and Dr. I. Gilbert Young, at Haddonfield; in 1864, Dr. Henry F. Hunt, a student at Brown University, Bellevue Hospital and a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia (1864), and Dr. J. Kemper Bryant, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College in 1858, at Camden; Dr. Duncan W. Blake, a graduate of Phila- delphia Medical College and subsequently of Jefferson Medical College, at Gloucester City, and Dr. Bowman H. Shivers, who had moved from Marl ton to Philadelphia in 1862, located in Haddonfield. In 1 86 1, Simeon T. Ringel began the drug business at the corner of Second and Market streets, which is now owned by Charles E. Slough, and, in 1862, Albert P. Brown succeeded Dr. Thomas G. Rowand in the drug-store at the corner of Fifth and Federal streets, now owned by Prof. G. M. Beringer. In 1864, Dr. J. R. Andrews, the pioneer homoeopathic practitioner of Camden, died after a life of successful profes- sional work.* *Prowell's History of Camden County. 84 History Medical Profession Camden Comity. Dr. Andrews was graduated from Pennsylvania Medical College and was made a licentiate of the New Jersey Medical Society, in 1852. Afterwards he adopted the principles of Hahnemann and became an active practitioner of that school. He was succeeded in his practice by his son, Dr. P. W. Andrews, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1866. CHAPTER VI. ' THE PERIOD FROM 1865 TO 1870. Section I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [1865.] The society met at Burlington, January 24th, with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as a Fellow and Doctors Cullen, Marcy, Branin and H. G. Taylor as the representatives from Camden county. The legislative Act to reorganize the society in its centennial year was approved. The report from the District Society to the standing committee was made by Dr. John W. Snowden, of Waterford, and included the consid- eration of "Spotted Fever" at Blackwood; a case of "Lumbar Abscess," by Dr. O. H. Taylor, and a paper on "The Means of Improving the Physical Development of the Community," by Dr. John R. Stevenson. Doctors Mulford, Cullen, Schenck and Cooper were appointed censors, an office, at this time, entirely nominal. Dr. R. M. Cooper was made a member of the com- mittee of arrangements for the centennial anniversary in the ensuing year. [1866.] The closing of the old and the dawn of a new century, in the history of the society, was now at hand. Instituted in 1766, incorporated in 1790, and re-incorporated in 18 16 and in 1830, the society, because of the medical enactment of 1854, deemed it wise to relinquish its special examining privileges and to reorganize, as nearly as possible, on a voluntary basis. This movement was begun in 1863, when a committee, of which Dr. R. M. Cooper was a member, was appointed to revise the charter of the society. The revision was presented to the Legislature in 1864 and an Act of re-incorporation was passed, repealing the incorporative Act of 1830, and all supplements relating thereto, which became operative on the fourth Tuesday of January, 1866. The Act provided for the abolition of the censors; the con- ferring of the degree of Doctor of Medicine, instead of a license 85 86 History Medical Profession Camden County. and diploma; for three delegates from each District Society and one additional delegate for every ten members who, together with the officers and Fellows, should constitute the society; for a change of the annual meeting to the fourth Tuesday in May, and for authority to formulate rules for its own management, and, indirectly, for that of the District Societies. The reorganization united the interests of the State and District Societies more closely than before and gave an impetus to medical progress throughout the State. The annual meeting took place at New Brunswick, January 23d, where, on July 23, 1766, the society was organ- ized. Fourteen District Societies, with a total membership of five hundred and ninety-nine, of whom twenty-four were members of the Camden Society, were represented. Doctors O. H. Taylor, Cooper, Cullen, Marcy, Woodruff and Schenck represented Camden. Dr. Abram Coles, of Newark, presided and delivered his annual address in poetry, his poem being called "The Microcosm,"* and Dr. William Pierson, Sr., of Orange, the secretary of the society since 1835, delivered an historical address and was elected third vice-president. Dr. William Pierson, Jr., was elected secretary, a position which he still retains. At this meeting, Dr. John V. Schenck was appointed essayist ; Dr. James M. Ridge was made a licentiate and Doctors Alexander Marcy and I. Gilbert Young reported special medical cases. [1867.] The society met this year at Jersey City, in May, with Doctors Cullen, Marcy, Snowden and H. Genet Taylor as the Camden representatives. Dr. R. M. Cooper was present as a Fellow ; Dr. Thomas F. Cullen was elected third vice-president; Dr. John V. Schenck read an essay on "Thrombosis," and Dr. John R. Stevenson presented a paper entitled "A History of Cholera in Camden in 1866 and the Means Adopted for its Prevention." * " Dr. Abram Coles, of Newark, N. J., was, next to Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the most distinguished poet the medical profession has produced in America. * * * In ' The Microcosm,' he describes with classic dignity and sympathetic fervor the mission of the physician and introduces, as illustrations, the famous paintings, ' Vesalius Engaged in Dissecting,' 'Harvey Demonstrating the Circulation of the Blood' and 'Rembrandt's Lessons in Anatomy.'" — "The American Physician in Literature" by E. L. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. D. The Camden City Medical Society. 87 [1868.] The society met at Princeton, in May. Dr. R. M. Cooper was present as a Fellow ; Dr. T. F. Cullen as third vice-president, and Dr. J. V. Schenck as the only Camden delegate. Dr. Cullen delivered an address on "The Inutility of Tenotomy in the Treatment of Congenital Varus," in which the history of the deformity, from the time of Thilenius, in 1784, was reviewed and the cause, nature and mechanical treatment were considered. The paper was extensively illus- trated and advocated the use of mechanical appliances instead of the knife. [1869.] During this year, the society met at Jersey City, in May. Doctors Cooper, Cullen, Ridge, Schenck, Marcy and H. Genet Taylor were present. Dr. Cullen read a paper on "Hypodermatic Medication in the Relief of Pain and Nausea" and was elected first vice-president; Doctors Ridge and Schenck were made members of the legislative committee, and the reporters of County Societies were made ex-officio members of the society. Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society. [1865.] Two objects engaged the attention of the society this year; viz., the establishment of a city dispensary and the prevention of cholera. The organization of the first was effected from the surplus funds of the North Ward Bounty Association, through its representatives, Colonel Thomas McKeen and Samuel B. Garrison, and through Doctors O. H. Taylor, Fisler, Cooper, Schenck and Cullen, the representatives of the society. On September 7th, a special meeting of the society was held to discuss cholera and a committee, consisting of Doctors Stevenson, Fisler and Mulford, was appointed to confer and to take measures with City Council to prevent an invasion of the disease. Dr. Thomas F. Cullen was elected president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, vice-president ; Dr. J. R. Stevenson, secretary and treasurer and Dr. Bowman Hendry, 2d, a member. [1866.] The epidemic of cholera and the founding of a dispensary were matters of active consideration in 1866. The 88 History Medical Profession Camden County. special committee appointed during the previous September did effective work in overcoming the cholera epidemic and commendable progress was made in regard to the dispensary, by purchasing the Perseverance Hose House and fitting up a room in the building for the use of the society. The society met there for the first time on March 21st. At the annual meeting, Dr. J. M. Ridge was elected a member of the society and its president ; Dr. Alexander Marcy, vice-president, and Dr. J. R. Stevenson, secretary and treasurer. Dr. Ridge presented a specimen of extra-uterine pregnancy. Dr. J. R. Stevenson was requested to furnish Surgeon-General Joseph R. Barnes, U. S. A., with all obtainable information concern- ing wounds of Camden county soldiers for the " Medical and Surgical History of the War." Through the efforts of Dr. Schenck, the obstetric fee was raised to ten dollars, if paid in cash, and fifteen dollars when charged. [1867.] Regular quarterly meetings of the society were held throughout 1867, and its membership was increased by the election of the following graduates from the University of Pennsylvania: Doctors Reynell Coates, 1823; Peter V. Schenck, i860; Alexander Mecray, 1864; Thomas J. Smith, 1866, and a graduate of Williams College, 1862; also Dr. J. Newton Achuff, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1867. Important papers were read by Doctors Schenck, Marcy, Taylor and Ridge and an operation of inguinal hernia, and a case of fragilitas ossium, in a child whose right radius and ulna, left humerus and right femur were fractured, were reported by Dr. T. F. Cullen. Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president ; Dr. T. J. Smith, secretary and treasurer, and six members were elected to the Dispensary Board of Managers. [1868.] The chief object of interest, in 1868, was the effort of the society to fix a uniform fee for post-mortem ex- aminations, which, however, was not finally settled. Dr. Alexander Marcy, the president, delivered an address on "The Elevation of the Medical Profession"; Dr. A. M. Mecray was elected president ; Dr. T. J. Smith, vice-president ; Dr. J. Orlando White, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, The Camden City Dispensary . 89 1868 (elected to membership during the year), secretary and treasurer, and Rev. Joseph F. Garrison, M. D., a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1845, was made an honorary member. The representatives in the Board of Managers of the dispensary were re-elected. [1869.] The chief occasions of interest, in 1869, were the reports of committees on delinquents and on post-mortem examinations. As for the delinquents, the society concluded that each member should report the names of those who refused to pay their medical bills, but that this should not prevent other members from attending them : As to post-mortem exam- inations, it was determined that the fee-bill for the same might vary from five to forty dollars, according to their extent ; that members should decline to make, or assist in making, a post- mortem examination for the court, or any coroner, until the fee- bill adopted should be agreed to by them. Notice of this decision was forwarded to the presiding judge of the county, the coroners, the State and the County Societies, but the matter was never determined and remained a subject of contention until the law, providing for a county physician, was enacted in 1877. The annual meeting was not held and the officers of the society consequently held over. Section III. — The Camden City Dispensary. [1865.] The origin of the Camden City Dispensary is due to the efforts of Dr. Othniel H. Taylor and of Colonel Thomas McKeen and Samuel B. Garrison, members of the North Ward Bounty Association.* On December 9, 1864, this associa- tion was founded to provide substitutes for those unable, or unwilling, to enlist in the army. Liberal sums were con- tributed, but, before the quota of the county was completed, the surrender of the Confederacy occurred (April 9th) and obviated the necessity for continuing the association. A surplus of $3,776.91 remained in the treasury, which was ordered to be ex- pended upon some charitable institution, and Colonel Thomas McKeen and Samuel B. Garrison were appointed a committee * Historical Sketch of The Camden City Dispensary, by H. Genet Taylor, A.M., M. D. 90 History Medical Profession Camden Comity. to execute the project. The Camden City Medical Society was advised of this intention and appreciated at once the opportunity to found a dispensary under its management. On May 4th, a special meeting was called at the residence o± Dr. R. M. Cooper, when the subject was fully considered and a committee, consisting of Doctors O. H. Taylor, Fisler, Cooper, Schenck and Cullen, was appointed with plenary powers to advise with Messrs. McKeen and Garrison concerning the project. As a result of this conference, plans were adopted for the founding of a dispensary, but their execution was delayed by an appeal to the courts by those contributors to the fund who wished to divide the surplus among themselves. The action of the association was subsequently sustained and the committee continued its work. [1866.] Early in the year, Messrs. McKeen and Garrison purchased the Perseverance Hose House* and began fitting it up for a dispensary, in which they set apart a room for the City Medical Society to meet. The total cost was $2,005.46. Arrangements were made to procure a charter and subscription books were opened for securing funds. On March 1st, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor submitted a plan of organization to the City Society, similar to that advocated by him in 1859, which was adopted, and the committee was instructed to co-operate with Messrs. McKeen and Garrison, and such citizens as might be appointed to work with them, in the organization of the work. On March 4th, the matured plan of the joint committee was approved by the City Society at a special meeting and, on the 17th, the building, equipped for dispensary purposes, was formally turned over to the City Society by Messrs. McKeen and Garrison, with the request that the institution be carried on by the society until a charter could be obtained from the Legisla- ture, authorizing a Board of Managers. The trust was accepted by the society, with public expression of satisfaction to Messrs. McKeen and Garrison and the North Ward Bounty Associa- tion. On March 21st, the society met for the first time in the room provided for its use. On April 1st, the dispensary was * The Perseverance Hose House stood on Third street below Market, where the vaults of the West Jersey Title and Guarantee Compam- now stand. The Camden City Dispensary . 91 opened for professional work, with a ward for the care of patients, the following staff having been appointed: North ward, Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; Middle ward, Dr. John R. Steven- son; South ward, Dr. Alexander M. Mecray; superintendent and apothecary, Othniel G. Taylor. On June 7th, Doctors Cooper, Fisler and Cullen were appointed consulting physi- cians. There were three hundred and four cases treated during the year. [1867.] On February 5th, the Act of incorporation was approved with the following corporators: Doctors Isaac S. Mulford, Othniel H. Taylor, Richard M. Cooper, Lorenzo F. Fisler, Thomas F. Cullen, John V. Schenck, William S. Bishop, Alexander Marcy, Bowman Hendry, 2d, James M. Ridge, H. Genet Taylor and John R. Stevenson. On March 7th, an organization was effected with the following officers : President, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor; vice-president, Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler; secretary, Dr. John R. Stevenson; treasurer, Dr. Richard M. Cooper. Doctors O. H. Taylor, Fisler, Schenck, Cooper and Stevenson were appointed to prepare a constitution and to assume the management of the institution until the next annual meeting. On December 12th, the deed of the building was procured. [1868.] The first annual meeting was held January 4th, when a constitution, providing that the Board of Managers shall consist of eleven members, six of whom shall be chosen by the Camden City Medical Society and five by the contribu- tors to the institution, was adopted. This placed the institu- tion under medical control, — a wise forethought on the part of the committee on the preparation of the constitution. Doctors I. S. Mulford, O. H. Taylor, R. M. Cooper, J. V. Schenck, T. F. Cullen and Alexander Marcy were elected to the Board of Managers, as the representatives of the City Medical Society, and Thomas P. Carpenter, Thomas A. Wilson, Joseph J. Reed, Richard W. Test and Jeremiah Smith, as the representatives of the contributors. On January 21st, the board organized by electing Dr. T. F. Cullen, president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president ; Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer ; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, J. N. Achuff and T. J. 92 History Medical Profession Camden County. Smith as attending physicians; Doctors Cooper, Fisler and Cullen as consulting physicians, and Othniel G. Taylor as superintendent and apothecary. [1869.] At the annual meeting held January 12th, Colonel Thomas McKeen, Thomas A. Wilson, John Morgan, Joseph C. De La Cour, Richard W. Test and Doctors I. S. Mulford, O. H. Taylor, R. M. Cooper, J. V. Schenck, T. F. Cullen and Alex- ander Marcy were elected managers. The board organized by electing Dr. Cullen, president; Dr. Schenck, vice-president, and Dr. Cooper, secretary and treasurer. An appropriation of $300.00 was received from City Council, which, in addition to the interest of the invested fund, $1,771.45 (the balance remaining of the grant from the North Ward Bounty Associa- tion, after deducting the amount expended for the purchase of the Perseverance Hose House), and the annual subscriptions, amounted to $666.30. The operating expenses for the year were $531.71 and two hundred and thirty-nine patients were treated. The hospital ward, fitted up at the opening of the dispensary, was closed for want of funds to properly main- tain it. Section IV. — The Camden District Medicae Society. [1865.] But little of interest occurred in the society during the year. A resolution, imposing a fine of one dollar for non-attendance, except in sickness, was adopted, and a refusal to pay the same for three consecutive meetings forfeited the rights of membership. Dr. John R. Stevenson, the presi- dent, delivered an address on "The Final Report of the Provost-Marshal"; Dr. O. H.Taylor read the report of the standing committee, and Dr. Bowman Hendry, 2d, read a paper on "The Work of the Mower U. S. Hospital from its Opening, January 2, 1863, to May 31, 1865." This hospital was located at Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, and had a capacity of three thousand, six hundred beds. Dr. Hendry served on its surgical staff, after his resignation from the United States Volunteer Service. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected president of the society; Dr. Alexander Marcy, vice-president, and Doctors The Camden District Medical Society . 93 Cooper, Stevenson and Young were elected members of the standing committee. The name of the secretary and treasurer is not recorded. Dr. W. S. Bishop, U. S. N., a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1842, was elected an honorary mem- ber. Doctors A. D. Woodruff and C. D. Hendry, of Haddon- field, who had moved to Philadelphia, were allowed to retain their membership. [1866.] The society convened this year at the West Jersey Hotel, June 19th, with Dr. H. Genet Taylor in the chair, who delivered an address on "The Surgery of the Rebellion." Dr. R. M. Cooper presented the report of the standing com- mittee; Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected president; Dr. James M. Ridge, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secre- tary and treasurer, and Dr. James M. Ridge, of Camden, and Dr. Jonathan J. Comfort, of Haddonfield, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1859, were elected members. Rev. Joseph F. Garrison, M. D., was elected an honorary member. [1867.] The annual meeting of the society was changed, by a constitutional provision, to the second Tuesday in May, because of the change of time for the meeting of the State Medical Society. Dr. Alexander Marcy delivered an address on "Hypodermatic Medication," a method of treatment then coming into vogue, which he was the first to introduce into Camden in the treatment of a case of tetanus. Dr. Marcy used this method with signal success in the cholera epidemic of the preceding year, and was the first physician to use strychnia hypodermatically for the treatment of collapse. In the county, Dr. Henry K. Branin, of Blackwood, was the first physician to employ hypodermatic medication. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the report of the standing committee ; Dr. J. M. Ridge was elected president; Dr. J. J. Comfort, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors Peter V. Schenck, A. M. Mecray, T. J. Smith and J. N. Achuff, of Camden, and John L,. Sullivan, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1856, and H. A. M. Smith, of Gloucester, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1864, were elected members. [1868.] The annual meeting was held on May 12th. Dr. James M. Ridge delivered an address on "Criminal Abor- 94 History Medical Profession Camden County. tion" ; Dr. R. M. Cooper read the report of the standing com- mittee, and Dr. I. G. Young read a paper on, and presented a specimen of, "Cancer of the Stomach." Dr. J. J. Comfort, of Haddonfield, was elected president; Dr. A. M. Mecray, vice- president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. J. Orlando White, a member. The regular delegates were appointed. [1869.] At the annual meeting in May, the County Society was chiefly occupied in considering the code of medical ethics. Dr. J. J. Comfort delivered an address on "Functions of this Society in Affiliation with other Societies," in which he cited the consultation of Philadelphia surgeons with a homoeo- pathic physician in Haddonfield. This led to the appointment of a committee to investigate the allegation, with instructions to report the results of the same to the State Medical Society. Dr. R. M. Cooper was appointed to prepare a historical sketch of the society for its twenty-fifth anniversary in 187 1 ; Dr. A. M. Mecray was elected president ; Dr. H. A. M. Smith, vice- president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. Cooper, chairman of the standing committe. The society, at this time, numbered nineteen members. Section V. — Cholera. [1865.] The prevalence of cholera in Europe, this year, called forth the best quarantine measures of the period to prevent its appearance in this country. The medical profes- sion of Camden were abreast of the times in this matter. Mindful of its visitation, in epidemic form, in Camden in 1832, '49 and '54, a meeting of the Camden City Medical Society was called on September 7th, and a committee, consisting of Doctors J. R. Stevenson, L. F. Fisler, I. S. Mulford and T. F. Cullen, was appointed "to confer and to take measures with City Council to prevent an invasion of the disease." The committee met on the 9th, and memorialized Council to call a special meeting, which was held on the 16th, when its sanitary committee was given plenary powers over sanitary matters and instructed to meet in conference the special committee of the Cholera. 95 City Medical Society. A joint meeting of the committees was held on the 19th, when arrangements were made for an inspec- tion of the city, and Dr. L,. F. Fisler, as the representative of the committee from the City Medical Society, and Benjamin F. Archer, as a member of the sanitary committee of Council, were appointed to prepare a circular of information and advice to be printed and distributed throughout the city. So thorough was the work of the committees that, at a joint meeting held on November 13th, the city was reported to be in good sanitary condition. [1866.] In April, cholera, so prevalent in Europe, invaded New York City and gradually spread throughout the country. Further sanitary precautions were taken in Camden, and, in order that the best results might be obtained, City Council empowered the special committee of the City Medical Society "to execute any measure they might adopt to resist an inva- sion of cholera." Notwithstanding this delegated authority, the disease appeared in Camden on June 25th, and continued with varying severity until October 20th, between which dates thirty-nine cases were reported with thirty deaths.* It was most prevalent at Second and Mickle and Second and Line streets, and at Ninth and Chestnut streets. One case occurred at Winslow. The prevalence of cholera in New Jersey, in 1866, led to the appointment of a State Sanitary Commission, by Governor Marcus L,. Ward, with instruction to furnish the Executive with such advice and information as they might deem impor- tant, in reference to cholera. The commission consisted of Doctors E. M. Hunt, S. B. Coleman, Thomas Ryerson and I. A. Nichols, and R. M. Cooper, of Camden. The public was informed, through the press, of the course and nature of the disease and the methods of prevention, and, by means of the restrictions placed upon public travel and public highways, the disease did not become generally epidemic throughout the State, although there were two hundred fatal cases reported by the commission during the year.f * History of Cholera in Camden in 1S66, by John R. Stevenson, A. M. , M. D. t The Progress of Sanitation in New Jersey, by E. L. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. D. 96 History Medical Profession Camdeii County. Section VI. — Miscellaneous. A. THE MILITARY ORDER OE THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. [1865.] Following the assassination of President Lincoln, April 14, 1865, Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel B. Wylie Mitchell, M. D., Surgeon, Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry ; Lieu- tenant-Colonel T. Elwood Zell, Third Pennsylvania Infantry, and Captain Peter D. Keyser, M. D., Ninety-first Pennsylvania Infantry, and late acting assistant surgeon United States Army, organized the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, April 15th, to aid in maintaining the supremacy of the National Govern- ment at that critical period of its history, to commemorate the efforts of Abraham Lincoln and the principles for which he con- tended, and to strengthen the friendships of the officers of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps of the United States, formed by companionship in arms. Like the inception and organization of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Sons of Veterans, the principles and objects of the Order were largely conceived and put into execution by a physician. While less representative of the civil conflict than the Grand Army of the Republic, the Order of the Loyal Legion has grown to national proportions and bears the same relation- ship to the Civil War that the Order of the Cincinnati bears to the Revolution. The officers from Camden county, who served in the Civil War and belong to the Order, are members of the Pennsylvania Commandery, having joined on the follow- ing dates: Brevet Major-General William J. Sewell, in 1868; Major John M. McGrath, Surgeon Seventy-eighth Regiment, P. V., 1874; Dr. Henry F. Chew, Lieutenant-Colonel Twelfth Regiment, N. J. V., 1881; Captain George E. Wilson, Sixth Regiment, N. J. V., 1877 ; Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor, Assistant Surgeon, Eighth Regiment, N. J. V., 1888, and Major D. H. Bartine, Surgeon, One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment, P. V. Major Hamilton Markley, of the National Guard of New Jersey, became a junior member in 1891. B. NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW JERSEY. [1869.] On March 9th, the old militia law of the State was repealed and an Act, establishing the present National Miscellaneous. 97 Guard, was passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor. The military companies of West Jersey were, by order of General Runyon, consolidated into the Fifth Battalion, Second Brigade, First Division, under command of Major E. G. Jackson, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor was appointed major and surgeon on Major Jackson's staff, and commissioned December 1, 1869. Under the Act of organization, a medi- cal department was provided for in the National Guard, under the supervision of the surgeon-general, who was given the rank of brigadier-general. The Act also provided for the examination of surgeons and assistant surgeons in medicine and surgery by the surgeon-general, or a medical officer desig- nated by him for that purpose, before a commission could be issued by the Governor. This placed the medical depart- ment on a high professional basis. Dr. Theodore R. Varick was commissioned surgeon-general October 5, 1869, succeeding Dr. Lewis W. Oakley, who had served since December 27, 1865. C. EDUCATIONAL. [1865.] The physicians of Camden exerted a marked influence in educational matters during this period. The early efforts of Dr. I. S. Mulford in securing an enactment providing a tax for school purposes ; the establishment of the Board of Education for Camden and the creation of county superintendents for the public schools, promoted, in a great degree, the cause of education. In this year, Doctors Sylvester Birdsell and Thomas G. Rowand served as members of the Camden Board of Education, and Doctors Lorenzo F. Fisler, Thomas F. Cullen and James M. Ridge were appointed censors of the Philotechnic Institute, established by Rudolphus Bing- ham.* In 1867, Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was elected presi- dent of the Board of Education of Camden, and served also as a member during 1868. D. DRUG INTERESTS. [1865.] The drug interests were extended this year by the opening of a drug-store, at the corner of Second and Main "Camden Democrat. 98 History Medical Profession Camden County. streets, by Martin Goldsmith, now owned by George J. Pechin ; by the purchase, in 1866, of the drug-store of Dr. M. West, at Fourth and Walnut streets, by Dr. A. M. Mecray and since owned successively by Doctors C. M. Schellenger, C. G. Hoell and W. W. Kaighn; by the purchase of a store at Third and Line streets, by Dr. D. P. Pancoast, which was subsequently removed to Fifth and Clinton streets, and by the establishment of a store on West street, by Doctors Cullen and Ridge, which was pur- chased by Dr. T. G. Rowand, moved to Fifth and Benson streets,* and now occupied by Dr. A. H. Lippincott. E. MASONIC INTERESTS. Since the time of Colonel Daniel Coxe, provincial grand- master of the Masonic fraternity of New Jersey, and son of Dr. Daniel Coxe, governor of West Jersey during the latter part of the proprietary period of the Friends, the order of Free and Ac- cepted Masons has had a continuous existence in New Jersey. Camden Lodge, No. 15, was originally instituted in 1821, but surrendered its charter in 1842, and reorganized in 1850. With this lodge many physicians have been connected ; among them the names of Doctors Thomas F. Cullen, Charles W. Sartori, H. F. Hunt, W. H. Malin, Maximilian West, Alexander Marcy, H. Genet Taylor, George R. Fortiner, M. F. Middleton, William C. Mulford, P. W. Beale, W. A. Davis, C. G. Hoell, Rowland I. Haines and W. S. Moslander appear. Dr. Charles W. Sar- tori attained the position of Master ; Dr. Thomas F. Cullen withdrew upon connecting himself with the Roman [1867.] Catholic Church. In 1867, Siloam Royal Arch Chap- ter, No. 19, was organized, and the following phy- sicians are, or have been, connected with it: Doctors D. P. Pancoast, H. H. Davis, W. R. Powell, G. T. Robinson, E. S. Wynn, C.J. Cooper, J. D. Leckner, C. G. Hoell, L. L. Sharp and Harry Jarrett, of Camden ; James A. Walmsley, of [1868.] Gloucester, and Henry E. Branin, of Blackwood. In 1868, Cyrene Commandery, No. 7, K. T., was chartered and organized, with Doctors William H. Malin and Frederick P. Pfeiffer among its constituent members. Members of the * Prowell's History of Camden County. Ho m ceo pa th\ >. 99 medical fraternity who have joined the commandery are Doctors H. H. Davis, J. D. Leckner, George T. Robinson, L. L. Sharp, James A. Walmsley and Harry Jarrett. Ionic Lodge, No. 94, was instituted, in 1868, as an out- growth of Camden Lodge, with Doctors Charles W. Sartori, Alexander M. Mecray and Frederick P. Pfeiffer among its charter members. In its membership, the names of Doctors J. N. Achuff, J. H. Austin, C. J. Cooper, H. H. Davis, George R. Fortiner, N. B. Jennings, J. D. Leckner and T. J. Rowand ap- pear. Dr. Leckner became Master in 1886; Dr. Pfeiffer, with others, instituted Mozart Lodge, No. 121, in 1871, and Dr. Jennings became a charter member of Haddonfield Lodge, No. 130, in 1872. Doctors Charles H. Jennings and John W. Marcy have held official positions in Merchantville Masonic Lodge, and Dr. Henry E. Branin has been prominently connected with Florence Lodge of Woodbury. Section VII. — Homoeopathy. A. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF HOMOEOPATHY. [1867.] The American Institute of Homoeopathy was established, in 1844, for the improvement of homoeopathic therapeutics and other departments of medical science. It was organized the year that Dr. Samuel Hahnemann died, and has done much to disseminate his medical doctrine. In 1867, Dr. H. F. Hunt, of Camden, became a member and, since then, Doctors M. F. Middleton, in 1869; Wallace Mc- George and Bowman H. Shivers, in 187 1 ; Anna E. Griffith, in 1 881; E. M. Howard, in 1883; Jerome L. Artz, Thomas R. Blackwood, Franklin E. Williams and George D. Woodward, in 1 89 1 ; George R. Fortiner, Ida F. Fortiner, Henry A. Lacey and S. Bryan Smith, in 1892, have become connected with it. The Institute was founded largely by Philadelphia physicians, who, in 1848, founded the first Homoeopathic Medical College in this country; viz., The Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. In 1867, this college was consolidated with the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, and its gradu- ates will be credited to Hahnemann College. ioo History Medical Profession Camden County. B. THE WEST JERSEY HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. [1869.] This society was organized in Camden, on the third Wednesday of May 1869, in response -to a call issued to the homoeopathic physicians of West Jersey, by Doctors Wal- lace McGeorge, of Hightstown ; R. M. Wilkinson, of Trenton ; Henry F. Hunt, of Camden; J. G. Street, of Bridgeton, and Walter Ward, of Mt. Holfy. The invitation was accepted by a large number of physicians, among whom were Doctors W. H. Malm, M. F. Middleton and J. H. Austin, of Camden. An organization was effected by the election of Dr. Alexander Kirkpatrick, of Burlington, as president; Dr. Wallace Mc- George, of Hightstown, as secretary, and included the following members : Doctors D. R. Gardiner, of Woodbury ; R. M. Wilkinson, of Trenton ; J. G. Street, of Bridgeton ; Wallace McGeorge, of Hightstown ; Isaac Cooper, of Mullica Hill ; E. R. Bancroft, of Mt. Holly ; E. K. Phillips, of Cape May ; S. E. Allen, of Trenton; L. W. Brown, of Vineland; Alexander Kirkpatrick, of Burlington; David E. Gardiner, of Borden- town; M. W. Wallins, of Woodstown, and W. H. Malin, H. F. Hunt, M. F. Middleton and J. H. Austin, of Camden. The society adopted the code of ethics of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, established a uniform fee-bill and provided for quarterly meetings. It contributed materially towards securing, in 1870, a charter for the New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical Society and the adoption of a three years' graded course of study in homoeopathic medical colleges. The society has unified the interests of the homceopathists of West Jersey and advanced their standard of medical practice. The following Camden count)' physicians became members of the society on the accompanying dates: In 1869, Doctors Wallace McGeorge, W. H. Malin, H. F. Hunt, J. H. Austin, M. F. Middleton, P. W. Andrews and G. S. F. Pfeiffer, of Camden ; in 1870, Doctors Richard Gardiner, Jr., of Gloucester City; Joseph Shreve, of Berlin, and Charles W. Perkins, of Marlton ; in 187 1, Dr. Bowman H. Shivers, of Haddonfield ; in 1872, Dr. Clark J. Cooper, of Camden; in 1873, Dr. Thomas R. Black- wood, of Camden ; in 1876, Dr. Anna E. Griffith, of Camden; in 1878, Dr. Joseph G. Edwards, of Blackwood, and Doctors Homoeopathy. ior Silas H. Quint and E. M. Howard, of Camden ; in 1879, Dr - Eli R. Tullis, of Camden; in 1880, Dr. Franklin E. Williams, of Haddonfield; Dr. John D. Leckner, of Camden, and Dr. William G. DuBois, of Gloucester City ; in 1881, Dr. Robert H. Peacock, of Berlin; in 1884, Dr. J. K. Bryant, of Camden; in 1886, Dr. George D. Woodward, of Camden, and Dr. E. B. Sharp, of Marlton; in 1887, Dr. Jacob M. Hinson, Jr., of Merchantville, and Dr. Jerome Artz, of Dudley; in 1888, Dr. George R. Fortiner, of Camden; in 1889, Doctors S. Bryan Smith, C. J. Wallace and William S. Moslander, of Camden ; E. K. McGill, of Collingswood, and James A. George, of Cramer's Hill ; in 1890, Dr. Frederick M. Eaton, of Camden; in 1892, Dr. Oscar L. Grumbrecht, of Camden; in 1893, Dr. William W. Knowl- ton, of Camden, and, in 1 894, Doctors H. C. Garrison, Emerson P. McGeorge, Allen S. Ironside and William G. Gardiner. The following Camden county physicians have served as president: Dr. Henry F. Hunt, in 1873; ^ r - Wallace McGeorge, 1876 ; Dr. Clark J. Cooper, 1877 ; Dr. Silas H. Quint, 1879 ; Dr. E. R. Tullis, 1887 ; Dr. M. F. Middleton, 1888 ; Dr. T. R. Blackwood, 1890; Dr. E. M. Howard, 1891, and Dr. George D. Woodward, in 1893. As vice-president, Dr. P. W. Andrews served in 1878; Dr. C. J. Cooper, 1879 ; Dr. E. M. Howard, 1880, '81, '82 and '83; Dr. R. H. Peacock, 1884 and 1885, and Dr. E. R. Tullis, 1886. As recording secretary, Dr. Wallace McGeorge served from 1869 to 1876, and from 1876 to 1880; Dr. S. H. Quint, 1880; Dr. R. H. Peacock, 1882; Dr. E. M. Howard, 1884 to 1888; Dr. George D. Wood- ward, 1888, and Dr. Wallace McGeorge from 1890 to the present time (1895). In 1884, Dr. Anna E. Griffith was elected treasurer and still retains the office. Delegates have been regu- larly appointed to the American Institute of Homoeopathy and to the New Jersey State Homoeopathic Society, and the homoeopathic profession of West Jersey has been kept in touch with State and National medical interests, while important papers have been presented from the Bureau of Medicine, Sur- gery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, at each quarterly session. In 1890, the American Institute of Homoeopathy met at Atlantic City, upon invitation of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medi- 102 History Medical Profession Camden County. cal Society, and in May, 1894, the society celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary in Camden.* Section VIII. — The Camden Home for Friendless Children. [1865.] The Camden Home for Friendless Children was incorporated April 6, 1865, for "the object and design of afford- ing a home, food, clothing and schooling for destitute, friendless children and, at a suitable age, to place them with respectable families to learn some useful trade or occupation." The corporate charter was granted unto Matthew Newkirk, Elijah G. Cattell, James H. Stevens, George W. N. Curtis, J. Earl Atkinson, Joseph C. De La Cour, Joseph D. Reinboth, Robert B. Potts, Jesse W. Starr, Edmund E. Reed, John R. Graham, Benjamin H. Browning, S. M. Stimson, P. C. Brick, John Aikman, Thomas P. Carpenter, Elisha V. Glover, Thomas B. Atkinson, Isaac L. Lowe and Peter L. Voorhees. The Home is organized upon a liberal basis, and children are admitted at the discretion of the Board of Managers and cared for under specific, charter provisions. It is sustained by volun- tary contributions. The affairs of the Home are conducted by a Board of Managers, consisting of twenty-four ladies, and a Board of Trustees, consisting of twenty gentlemen. In the report for 1894, the managers comprised the following ladies : Miss E. L. Few Smith, president; Mrs. H. B. Wilson, first vice-president ; Mrs. John F. Starr, second vice-president ; Miss E.F.Jennings, treasurer; Mrs. George G. Felton, assistant treasurer ; Mrs. J. A. Vansant, recording secretary ; Mrs. Joseph H. Watson, corresponding secretary, and Mrs. Joseph Elverson, Mrs. Joseph J. Read, Mrs. John T. Bottomly, Mrs. Charles Hollingshed, Mrs. George F. Archer, Mrs. Samuel H. Grey, Mrs. L. H. Goldy, Miss S. Fitzwater, Mrs. F. Wayland Ayer, Mrs. Horace M. Sharp, Mrs. George E. Wilson, Mrs. H. Alex- ander, Mrs. C. V. D. Joline, Mrs. J. L. Nicholson, of Camden, and Mrs. Charles Rhoads and Mrs. George Glover, of Haddon- field. The following gentlemen constituted the Board of *MS. Historical Sketch of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society, by Wallace McGeorge, M. D. Deaths of Prominent Physicians. 103 Trustees in 1894 : Charles Rhoads, president ; Henry B. Wilson, first vice-president; Joseph J. Read, second vice-president; N. F. Cowan, treasurer; H. B. Hanford, secretary, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, John T. Bottomly, Hon. L,. T. Derousse, Hon. John F. Starr, Maurice Browning, William Severns, David M. Chambers, Samuel H. Grey, Judge E. A. Armstrong, Dr. H. H. Davis, George A. Munger, Hon. Edward Bettle, J. A. Vansant and George E. Taylor. The medical staff consisted of Dr. H. Genet Taylor, physician-in-chief; Dr. William R. Powell, Dr. G. T. Robinson, Dr. Alexander McAlister, Dr. Orange W. Braymer, Dr. E. A. Y. Schellenger, Dr. John G. Doron, Dr. William H. Pratt and Dr. Joseph E. Nicholson. Solicitors, Samuel H. Grey and Judge Howard Carrow ; matron, Miss Elizabeth N. Butcher ; teacher, Miss Sarah Brooks. During 1894, eighty-seven children were admitted and received care at the Home. The trustees and managers have afforded the medical staff liberal provisions for the care of the children when sick, and, in compliment to the medical profession, have permitted the managers of the New Jersey Training School for Nurses to establish clinics at the Home, for the purpose of giving instruction to nurse pupils. Section IX. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians. [1865.] On December 1st, Dr. Henry Ackley, United States Navy, died in the twenty -ninth year of his age. Dr. Ackley was a son of Thomas Ackley, of the National State Bank of Camden. After taking the degree of A. B., he was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1858, located in Camden and became a member of the County Medical Society and, on August 14, 1861, was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the United States Navy. He served with distinction in the East Gulf Blockading Squadron, and also in the Mississippi Squadron, and participated in the battles of New Orleans, Vicksburg and in a number of minor engage- ments, finally attaining the position of acting surgeon-in-chief of the squadron.* *Transactions of the Medical Societj- of New Jersey, 1S66. 104 History Medical Profession Camden County. [1868.] On June 8th, Dr. Bowman Hendry, 2d, died at his residence in Camden. For four generations, the Hendrys were representative physicians in Gloucester and Camden counties. Dr. Thomas Hendry, of Woodbury, the grand- father, served with great distinction as a surgeon in the Revolution ; Dr. Bowman Hendry, of Haddonfield, son of Dr. Thomas Hendry and father of Doctors Bowman Hendry, 2d, and Charles D. Hendry, served as an assistant surgeon in the Whiskey Insurrection in Pennsylvania in 1794, and, after locating at Haddonfield, became the foremost physician in Gloucester county, while Dr. Charles D. Hendry practiced with great acceptance at Haddonfield. Dr. Bowman Hendry, 2d, was graduated from Jefferson Medical College, in 1846, and began medical practice at Gloucester City and, in the following year, joined the Camden County Medical Society, of which he was president in 1869. In 1862, he was commissioned assistant surgeon of the Sixth Regiment, N. J. V., and served with distinction in the Civil War until mustered out of service with his regiment in 1864. He then accepted a position on the surgical staff of Mower Hospital for a short time, after which he began medical practice in Camden, where he resided until his death. Dr. William S. Bishop, United States Navy, an honorary member of the Camden County Medical Society and an incorporator of the Camden City Dispensary, died December 28th. Dr. Bishop was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the United States Navy, May 11, 1844, and served in nearly every quarter of the globe.* [1869.] Dr. Charles D. Hendry, of Haddonfield, died April 25 th, of apoplexy. Dr. Hendry, who was the grandson of Dr. Thomas Hendry and also, on his mother's side, of Dr. Duffield, of Philadelphia, was the son of Dr. Bowman Hendry, 1st, and the father of Dr. Bowman Hendry, 3d, thus making the four generations of physicians in the Hendry family. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1832, and began practice at Haddonfield, where he continued for thirty-two years. He was distinguished for his ability in transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1869. Deaths of Prominent Physicians. 105 diagnosis ; served as a member of the Board of Censors for the Camden County Medical Society from 1847 to 1862; was a charter member of the society and its president in 1852 and 1853. Dr. Hendry was a constituent member of Grace P. E. Church in Haddonfield. He was interred at Colestown Cemetery.* Dr. Othniel H. Taylor died of pneumonia at his residence in Camden, September 5th. Dr. Taylor was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1825, and began practice in Philadelphia. In the epidemic of cholera in 1832, he volun- teered his services to the municipal authorities of Philadel- phia, and was made consulting physician to their sanitary board and placed in charge of St. Augustine's Hospital, where five hundred and twelve cholera patients were treated. Dr. Taylor, with others, was appointed to visit Canada, where the epidemic first appeared, to study its nature and treatment, but was obliged to decline. For his public services during the epidemic, he received the thanks of the Philadelphia City Council, and was presented with a service of silver, " as a token of regard for intrepid and distinguished services." In 1844, Dr. Taylor located in Camden, and at once took a commanding position in the medical profession. He was one of the organ- izers of the Camden County Medical Society, in 1846, and was made its first vice-president. In the same year, he was ap- pointed one of the censors of the State Medical Society, for Camden county, and was made one of the delegates to represent that society at the organization of the American Medical Asso- ciation. In 1849, ne was elected third vice-president of the State Medical Society, and, out of compliment to him, the semi-annual meeting of that year was held in Camden. At that meeting he delivered his celebrated address on " Medical Reform and the Present System of Medical Instruction," which has been noticed in connection with the medical enactments of 1851 and 1854. In 1850, he was elected second vice-president of the State Medical Society; in 1852, its president; after which he became a Fellow of the society. In 1853, ne was one °f the organizers of the Camden City Medical Society ; wrote its transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1869. 106 History Medical Profession Camde?i County. constitution and by-laws, and subsequently became its president. In 1856, he was elected president of the Camden County Medi- cal Society. In 1859, he endeavored to establish a dispensary in Camden, and was unsuccessful ; but in 1865, when the North Ward Bounty Association made the project possible, Dr. Taylor presented the plans of organization, which were adopted, and became one of its incorporators in 1867. Dr. Taylor was a versatile and prolific writer on medical subjects, one of his best efforts being on the "Topography of Camden County." Ac- tive in politics and an ardent Whig, he became a candidate for Mayor of Camden in 1851, but was defeated by Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, the American candidate. In religion Dr. Taylor took an active part, especially in St. Paul's Church, following in the footsteps of Dr. Samuel Harris and Dr. Bowman Hendry, 1st, who were associated with the church at its organization in 1830. Dr. Taylor gave to his profession all the energies of his life. Dr. Reynell Coates said of him: "His death brought gloom over hundreds of families who had placed confidence in his skill and value in his friendship." He left three children — Dr. H. Genet Taylor, who is prominent in the medical affairs of the State ; Othniel G. Taylor, pharmacist and superintendent of the Camden City Dispensary for twenty years, and Marma- duke B. Taylor, an eminent lawyer, who was regarded as "the legal guardian of the medical profession." * Among the physicians who located in Camden, between 1865 and 1870, are the following: Dr. A. M. Mecray, a gradu- ate of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, in i860, and of the University of Pennsylvania, 1863 ; Dr. Frederick P. Pfeiffer, a graduate of Penn Medical College, in 1863, and an ex-army surgeon, and Dr. Isaac N. Hugg, graduate of Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery. In 1866, Dr. David Hedding Bartine, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1862, acting assistant surgeon at St. Joseph's Hospital, Phila- delphia, in 1862, and an ex-army surgeon, 1862 to 1866, located in Merchantville. * Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1870. CHAPTER VII. THE PERIOD FROM 1870 TO 1875. Section I. — The Camden City Dispensary. [1870.] The annual meeting of the dispensary was held, January nth, when the report of the fiscal year showed an income of $793.51, including an appropriation of $300.00 from City Council. The beneficiaries for the year numbered two hundred and eleven. Colonel Thomas McKean, Thomas A. Wilson, John Morgan, Richard W. Test and Joseph L. De La Cour were elected to the Board of Managers, as the representa- tives of the contributors, and Doctors R. M. Cooper, J. M. Ridge, J. V. Schenck, H. Genet Taylor and A. M. Mecray, as the representatives of the City Medical Society. Thomas A. Wilson was elected president and Dr. R. M. Cooper, secre- tary and treasurer. [187 1.] The report for the past year showed an income of $1,062. 19; the number of cases treated was three hundred and thirty-four. The Board of Managers consisted of the same officers and members as in the preceding year. [1872.] The annual meeting of the managers was held, January 9th, and the representatives of the contributors were re-elected, with the exception of Richard W. Test, who was succeeded by Joseph W. Cooper. Doctors Cooper, Schenck, Ridge, Marcy, Taylor and White were elected to represent the City Medical Society. Thomas A. Wilson was elected president; Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors Cooper, Taylor, Mecray and White were elected attend- ing physicians. An extra appropriation was secured from Council because of the prevalence of small-pox. [1873.] Notwithstanding the extra appropriation of the preceding year, the funds of the dispensary were unable to meet the current demands, and, in consequence, but one meet- ing of the managers was held; no election for officers took place and the members of the attending staff resigned. 107 io8 History Medical Profession Camden County. [1874.] During the greater part of 1874, the dispensary was still without attending physicians. Efforts to secure an increased appropriation from Council, or the appointment of a salaried city physician, were unavailing. Toward the close of the year, Dr. William G. Taylor volunteered his services and performed the clinical work of the dispensary alone. The officers for the year were John Morgan, president ; Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer, and O. G. Taylor, pharmacist. Upon the death of Dr. Cooper in May, Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected secretary and Joseph B. Cooper treasurer. Dr. Taylor has held the office of secretary ever since. The dispensary received a legacy of $1,000.00 from Dr. R. M. Cooper and $500.00 from Esther L. Cooper. Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society. [1870.] The regular quarterly meetings of the society were held during the year, and, in addition to the quarterly reports, Dr. James M. Ridge read a paper on "Anaesthesia" and Dr. A. M. Mecray, the president, delivered an address on "Inflammation of the Cellular Tissue." Dr. Charles A. Baker, druggist and physician ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, a graduate of Marietta Academy, 1853, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1856, and of the University of Pennsylvania, 1859, an( ^ Dr. Randall W. Morgan, a student of Dr. Henry E. Branin, a former pupil at the U. S. Naval Academy and at Bucknell University, and a graduate of the University ' of Pennsylvania during the year, were elected members. Dr. J. Orlando White was elected president ; Dr. Reynell Coates, vice-president, and Dr. Charles A. Baker, secretary and treasurer. [187 1.] Regular meetings of the society were held during 1 87 1, but, at the annual meeting, the absence of a quorum was noted and, in consequence, the election of officers was post- poned. Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, a graduate of West Jersey Academy, 1861, of Princeton College, 1865, and of the University of Pennsylvania, 187 1; Doctors John R. Haney, William H. Ireland, and Richardson B. Okie, graduates of the University of Pennsylvania, 1861, 1867 and 1870, respectively, and Thomas D. Westcott, a student at Bucknell University and The Camden City Medical Society. 109 at Jefferson Medical College, were elected members. The revision and amendment of the charter of Camden, approved in February, by which the boundaries of the city were extended, provided for a division of the city into eight wards. This called for the re-arrangement of the duties of the dispen- sary staff and Dr. R. B. Okie was appointed physician for the First, Second and Eighth wards; Dr. LB. Mulford for the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth wards and Dr. J. R. Haney for the Seventh ward. In December, Doctors Cooper, Schenck, Taylor, Ridge, Mecray and White were elected managers for the dispensary. [1872.] No meetings of the society were held in March or in June, but in September, through the influence of Doctors Cullen and White, the annual meeting was held and Dr. White, the president, delivered an address, "On the Apathy of the Camden City Medical Society in those Interests and Objects for which it was Organized." The meeting resulted in the appointment of a committee on the reorganization of the society and a revision of the table of fees. Dr. Reynell Coates was elected president; Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, vice- president ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors Cooper, Cullen, Schenck, Taylor, Mecray and Pancoast, managers for the dispensary. The December meeting was of unusual interest, because of the discussion of vaccination and revaccination and the consideration of the reorganization of the society. Dr. Cullen, chairman of the committee on reorganization, recommended that in the future the meetings of the society be held at the offices of members, instead of at the dispensary, and invited the society to hold its next meeting at his residence. The inauguration of this custom aided materially in building up the society and was continued for a number of years. The revision of the fees was referred to a special meeting in December, when Doctors Cullen and White presented a resolution increasing the regular fee for a profes- sional visit in Camden to two dollars and the obstetric fee from fifteen to twenty dollars. This resolution was unanimously adopted, signed by even' member of the society, and published in the newspapers of the city. The effect was not favorable to no History Medical Profession Camden County. the interests of the regular profession of Camden. An oppor- tunity was thus afforded to homoeopathic physicians and others, who charged but one dollar per visit, to extend their practice, and, as the increased fees met with unexpected disfavor from the citizens of Camden, the policy of the society was abandoned. [1873.] The adoption of the Cullen resolution greatly increased the popularity of the meetings, which were regularly held at the residences of members. In July, a special meeting was called to consider cholera, which had appeared at New Orleans in February, and gradually spread throughout the West, reaching New York and Philadelphia in September. At this meeting, a special committee was appointed to act in conjunction with the sanitary committee of City Council and to supervise the sanitary condition of the city. Three cases of cholera, however, occurred, one of which proved fatal. At the annual meeting, Dr. Reynell Coates delivered an address on "The Later Development of the Microscope"; Dr. Isaac B. Mulford was elected president ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, vice-presi- dent, secretary and treasurer, and the managers for the dispensary were re-elected. [1874.] Considerable interest was expressed this year in the discussion of medical subjects ; in an endeavor to induce Council to enlarge the laws relating to the reports of births and deaths, and in the effort to secure the appointment, by Council, of a city physician. Neither of the requests to Council were granted. At the annual meeting, Dr. I. B. Mulford delivered the annual address ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast was elected president ; Dr. J. R. Haney, vice-president ; Dr. I. B. Mulford, secretary and treasurer; Dr. T. G. Rowand, a graduate of Philadelphia Medical College, 1850, a member, and Doctors Cullen, Schenck, Taylor, Mecray, Ridge and Pancoast were elected managers for the dispensary. Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society. [1870.] At the last meeting of the District Society, Doctors J. J. Comfort and N. B. Jennings were appointed a committee to investigate the alleged violations of the code of ethics, in Camden county. They reported that Professors S. D. The Camden District Medical Society. 1 1 1 Gross and Joseph Pancoast, of Jefferson College, had held con- sultations with an irregular practitioner of the county ; that correspondence had been held with the physicians named; that the matter had been presented to the Medical Society of New Jersey and referred by that body to the Medical Society of Pennsylvania. The charges against Dr. Pancoast were ulti- mately withdrawn, upon his explanation, and those against Dr. Gross were dropped after they had been heard and dismissed by the Pennsylvania State Medical Society. In this case, the County Society was clearly in the wrong because sufficient opportunity was not given Dr. Gross to explain his position, as is shown in his communications with the society. As in the Risley and Fisler controversies, the society acted upon ex parte testimony, and was compelled to drop the charge because the point of the discussion was explained away. For the first time in several years, a representative of the County Society attended the American Medical Association, which met at Washington in May, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, acting in this capacity, was made a permanent member of the association. Dr. R. M. Cooper represented the State Society on the same occasion. The election of officers for the County Society was as follows: Dr. J. Orlando White, president; Dr. I. W. Heulings, vice-president, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer. Doctors I. W. Heulings, of Haddon- field, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1869, and R. W. Morgan, of Camden, were elected members. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford, in view of his distinguished services to the profession, was made an honorary member. The fee-bill of the City Medical Society, for making post-mortem examinations, was adopted and officially sent to corresponding societies through- out the State. From the Gloucester County Society, it met with ready acceptance, but was not generally adopted by others. The first effort to rescue the profession from the low state into which it had fallen, in regard to the professional standing of its members, was made this year. The removal, in 1854, of all legal restrictions over medical practice in the State, was followed by an influx of incompetent and irregular physicians, ii2 History Medical Profession Camden County. who seriously injured the reputation of the profession. No legislative action within the State had lately been attempted, except the securing of a charter for the Homoeopathic State Medical Society. The organization of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Society, together with the adoption of the code of ethics of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, tended to classify and control medical practitioners. But at the meeting of the American Medical Association, at New Orleans, the previous year, a resolution, requesting the several States to secure the registration of all medical practitioners and the colleges from which they had graduated, was passed, and, in consequence, the New Jersey Medical Society called the atten- tion of the District Societies to the matter. The Camden District Society, thereupon, appointed a committee to take a medical census of the county. This report was made in 1872, but little good, however, was accomplished until the passage of the medical Act of 1880. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the annual report and discussed the treatment of scarlet fever then prevail- ing as an epidemic; the effects of chloral, a new agent recently introduced by Leibricht, of Prussia, and intermittent fever, which he. said was not as prevalent as formerly on account of the sanitary improvements in the city and the reclamation of land in the country. Dr. A. M. Mecray reported a case of rupture of the uterus, with recovery, in which one leg of the foetus protruded through a rent in the uterine wall. [187 1.] On May 9th, the society held its twenty-fifth anniversary at the West Jersey Hotel. A special programme and banquet had been prepared, and Dr. R. M. Cooper, by request, reviewed the history of the society in an elaborate address in which its organization, its relation to the changes in the medical laws of 1851, '54 and '66, and the services rendered by the constituent members were narrated. This address was not published. With the exception of Dr. Isaac S. Mulford, who had been placed on the honorary list, Dr. Cooper was the only charter member now living. He had repeatedly refused the office of president ; but, at this meeting, the honor was bestowed upon him and Dr. I. W. Heulings was elected The Camdeii District Medical Society. 113 vice-president, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer. The president, Dr. J. Orlando White, delivered an address on " The Emotions as Therapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Disease"; Dr. Cooper read the annual report, in which he stated that dysentery, which in years past had been prevalent, was disappearing, like intermittent fever, and Dr. T. F. Cullen reported a case of extra-uterine gestation at full term, which died undelivered. Doctors Cooper and Taylor reported attend- ance at the American Medical Association at Washington, D. C. The bounds of professional intercourse were extended through a resolution, introduced by Dr. Alexander Marcy, providing for the appointment of delegates to corresponding District Societies, and appointments were made for the first time to Burlington, Gloucester and Union District Societies. The society, at this time, numbered twenty-one members, to whom were added, by election, Doctors John R. Haney, D. P. Pancoast, R. B. Okie, I. B. Mulford, Thomas D. Westcott and W. H. Ireland, of Camden, and Doctors Joseph W. McCul- lough, of Blackwood, and George W. Boughman, of Glouces- ter City, the former a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in i860 and the latter in 1863. Dr. A. D. Woodruff resigned because of his removal to Maryland. Dr. Woodruff served as president of the society in 1854, and was elected an honorary member on his retirement. [1872.] The annual meeting of the society was held on May 14th, with Dr. R. M. Cooper in the chair. The medical census of the county, as reported at this time, showed that there were fifty-two physicians residing in the county, most of whom were engaged in active practice. Of these, there were thirty-three regular graduates, practicing as such, twenty-one of whom resided in Camden, four in Haddonfield, three in Blackwood, three in Gloucester, and one each in Waterford and Berlin. Twenty-four were members of the County Medical Society. There were fourteen practicing homoeopathy, includ- ing one regular graduate ; there were also five eclectics. There was an increase of twenty-five physicians in the county since the last medical census, in 1852. Dr. Cooper delivered the annual address and reported for the standing committee the H4 History Medical Profession Camden County. subject of small-pox, then prevailing in epidemic form, and Dr. Joseph F. Garrison read a paper on "European Hospitals." Doctors Schenck, Cullen and Snowden attended the American Medical Association at Philadelphia, May 7th. Dr. I. W. Heulings was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-presi- dent ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester City, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1872, a member. Delegates were appointed to corresponding societies. [1873.] The close relationship between the Masonic fraternity and the medical profession led Camden Lodge, No. 15, F. and A. M., to offer, through Colonel Thomas McKeen and William H. Gamble, the use of its room for the meetings of the County Society. This offer, however, the society declined with regret, because of the inconvenient location, and the annual meeting was held at the West Jersey Hotel. A marked progress was made by the adoption of a provision, introduced by Dr. N. B. Jennings, re-establishing the semi-annual meeting on the second Tuesday in November, which had been discon- tinued in 185 1. The president, Dr. I. W. Heulings, delivered an address upon "The Profession and the People"; Dr. J. V. Schenck read the annual report and Dr. H. Genet Taylor reported attendance at the American Medical x\ssociation at St. Louis. Dr. Schenck was elected president; Dr. J. W. Snowden, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. Charles H. Shivers, of Haddonfield, a former student at Bucknell University and the University of Penn- sylvania and a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1872, was elected a member. The usual delegates were appointed. The semi-annual meeting was held at Cooper's Point Hotel, Novem- ber nth, when the society went into a committee of the whole for the discussion of such medical topics as might be presented. The following papers were read: "Use of the Forceps" and "Hypodermatic Medication," by Dr. R. M. Cooper; "Rupture of the Perineum," by Dr. T. F. Cullen, and "Ovarian Cysts," by Dr. I. B. Mulford. Among the visitors present were Professor William Goodell, Dr. Franklin Gauntt and Dr. Thomas G. Rowand. The Medical Society of New Jersey. 115 [1874.] The annual meeting of the society was held at Cooper's Point Hotel, May nth, when Dr. Schenck, the president, delivered an address on "Physiognomy of Disease"; Dr. Taylor read the annual report, in the absence of Dr. Cooper, who was sick; resolutions, expressive of sympathy for Dr. Cooper, "the Nestor of the society," were passed, and he was unanimously elected permanent president. Dr. Cullen was elected vice-president ; Dr. Taylor, secretary, and Dr. Mulford, treasurer, this being the first time that the office of treasurer was held separately from that of secretary. On May 24th, Dr. Cooper died, after an illness of several months, and, at the semi-annual meeting in November, Dr. Cullen presided and committees were appointed to take charge of the legacy left by Dr. Cooper to the society, and to arrange for a reception to the State Medical Society at its ensuing meeting at Atlantic City. Section IV. — The Medicae Society of New Jersey. [1870.] The society met at Trenton, on May 24th and 25th, with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as a Fellow and as a reporter, Dr. T. F. Cullen as first vice-president and Doctors Ridge, Branin, Comfort and White, as delegates from the Camden District Society. Dr. Cullen was elected president and Dr. Cooper a representative to the American Medical Association. An elaborate memoir of Dr. O. H. Taylor was presented and ordered published in the Transactions. [187 1.] The annual meeting was held at Flemington, May 23rd, and was of special interest to Camden physicians on account of the presidency of Dr. Cullen. For the third time, Camden County Society had been honored with this position, Dr. O. H. Taylor having held it in 1852 and Dr. R. M. Cooper in 1856. Dr. Cullen had well earned this high honor. He was the recognized leader of medical thought in the county ; an accepted court expert ; distinguished as a surgeon, and favorably known in politics and polite literature. From his first association with the society, he imparted to it so much of his strong personality that his presidency was regarded with great favor. He delivered his annual address on " The Posi- tion, Rights and Duties of the Medical Expert in a Court," n6 History Medical Profession Camden County. concluding that medical colleges should establish duplex pro- fessorships on medical jurisprudence for the education and self- protection of the physician and the more effective practice of the lawyer. The curriculum of medical study, " by which mediocrity and even still slighter capacity secures, with ease, the diploma that admits its possessor into the fellowship of the medical profession," was reviewed with emphatic disfavor. Doctors Schenck, White and Heulings were present as dele- gates at this meeting. [1872.] On May 28th, the society met at Paterson, with Dr. Cullen present as a Fellow, and Doctors Ridge, Schenck, Taylor, Mulford and Marcy, as delegates. Dr. A. M. Mecray presented a paper on " Narcotism" from the hypodermatic use of one-third grain of morphia, and Dr. Cooper, a case of cyst of the right kidney, with the report of the standing committee. [1873.] At the annual meeting of the society at Mt. Holly, in May, Dr. John V. Schenck was elected third vice- president and Dr. H. Genet Taylor presented the report of the standing committee for the county, in the place of Dr. Cooper. Doctors Marcy, Jennings, Shivers, Schenck and Taylor were present as delegates. [1874.] The custom of holding the annual meeting of the society at prominent resorts along the coast was inaugurated this year and, for the first time in its history, the society met at Ivong Branch. The innovation proved so acceptable that it has since been continued. Dr. Schenck delivered an address on "Obstetrical Forceps," in which he stated that the profession should " sing paeans of praise to the inventor of the forceps, and that he who stands by the couch of suffering and lends no helping hand is unworthy of a position in the grand profession of medicine, since the forceps robs obstetrics of its greatest annoyances and anxieties." Dr. Schenck was elected second vice-president and Dr. Taylor presented the annual report for the county. Upon the invitation of the Camden County Society, the next annual meeting was voted to be held at Atlantic City, and Doctors Cullen, Snowden, Taylor and Stevenson were appointed to perfect the arrangements. The New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical Society. 117 Section V. — The New Jersey State Homceopathic Medical Society. [1870.] Immediately following the revocation of the censorship of the Medical Society of New Jersey over medical practice in 1854, the homceopathic physicians of New Jersey organized a State Medical Society, but did not secure its incorporation until this year (1870). On February 9th, the Act incorporating the New Jersey State Homceopathic Medical Society was passed and provided "that the regular members shall have all the benefits and privileges that any duly licensed physicians or surgeons now have, or may hereafter have, under any law of this State." In 1884, a supplementary Act was passed defining a homceopathic physician "as a graduate of a homceopathic medical college or a member of a homceo- pathic medical society." The incorporation of the society was due, in a large measure, to the efforts of the West Jersey Homceopathic Medical Society. Doctors Wallace McGeorge, H. F. Hunt and C. J. Cooper, of Camden, were among the incorporators. The object of incorporation was to secure the advancement of medical science, the mutual improvement of the members and the protection of their legal rights. Authority was given to organize county societies. Among the homceopathic physicians of Camden county who have joined the society are the following : Doctors H. F. Hunt, M. F. Middleton, E. M. Howard, C. J. Cooper, P. W. Andrews, Wallace McGeorge, T. R. Blackwood, W. G. DuBois, M. F. Eaton, G. R. Fortiner, Ida R. Fortiner, Anna E. Griffith, W. H. Hunt, J. D. Eeckner, S. H. Quint, W. S. Moslander, S. Bryan Smith, E. R. Tullis, W. C. Williams, G. D. Woodward, James A. George and W. W. Knowlton, of Camden ; E. K. McGill, of Collingswood ; J. L. Artz, of Dudley; B. H. Shivers and F. E. Williams, of Haddonfield, and J. M. Hinson, of Merchantville. Doctors H. F. Hunt, Wallace McGeorge and E. M. Howard have served as presidents of the society ; Dr. G. D. Woodward, as vice-president and Dr. Wallace McGeorge as secretary.* transactions of the New Jersey State Homceopathic Medical Society, 1891. n8 History Medical Profession Camden County. Section VI. — New Jersey State Dental Society. [1870.] The profession of dentistry in West Jersey was crystallized into the organization known as the West Jersey Dental Association, November 11, 1867 ; but this organization was absorbed by the New Jersey State Dental Society, organized October 25, 1870, and incorporated March 14, 1873. T ne incorporative Act made it " unlawful for any person to engage in the practice of dentistry unless a graduate of a chartered dental college " ; provided for a State Board of Examiners to be elected by the societ)* and for the granting of certificates to applicants who passed a satisfactory examination. The society took an active interest in building up the profession and, in 1880, secured the passage of a supplementary Act, making it unlawful to engage in the practice of dentistry unless a regular course of instruction of at least one year had been pursued in a reputable and chartered dental college, or a certificate or diploma had been granted by a board of dentists authorized to issue such. The filing of the diploma with the county clerk was also required. In 1882, Dr. A. Irwin was elected a member and is the only Camden dentist connected with the society. In 1884, a further supplement was passed regulating dental practice and, in 1890, a State Board of Registration and Examination in Dentistry was created, consisting of five persons appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the State Dental Societ}" and the dental enactments of 1873, '8° and '84 were repealed. This board was given supervision over the practice of dentistry in New Jersey. With the West Jersey Association, Dr. J. B. Wood, of Camden, served as secretary. Dr. D. W. Neal, of Camden, was the first dentist in the United States to manufacture porcelain teeth.* Among the prominent dentists of the county are the following : Doctors A. E. Street, Henry F. Chew, Alphonso Irwin, E. E. Bower, J. E. Duffield, B. E. Fortiner, W. W. Morgan, F. M. Smith, C. P. Tuttle, S. G. Wallace, William Blanc, B. R. West, M. F. Worrell, W. H. Gelston, Charles W. Street, Marvin A. Street and Christopher S. Street. * MS. notes of A. Irwin, D. D. S. Miscellaneous Interests. 119 Section VII. — Miscellaneous Interests. A. WATER-SUPPLY. [1870.] Originally established in 1845 as a private enter- prise, on the site now occupied by the Esterbrook pen factory, the Camden Water- works Company failed to keep pace with the growing demands of the city and was a source of public dis- satisfaction for a number of years. A better water-supply had frequently been demanded by the medical profession, and this year the water-works, which had been established at Pavonia, passed into the control of the city, a result which Doctors Reynell Coates and James M. Ridge largely contributed to bring about. Notwithstanding the change in ownership, and the oversight of city officials, the quality of the supply is still unsatisfactory. B. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS. [1870.] This Order has always been popular with the medical profession, since its introduction into this country in 18 1 9,* and, like it, is bound to humanity by the triple links of friendship, love and truth. The first lodge in New Jersey was established in Camden in 1829, an d the State Grand Lodge in 1833. I n I 87o, Dr. William H. Iszard was made a Grand Representative to the State Lodge and became a Grand Master, and, in 1881, was made a representative to the Sovereign Grand Lodge, a position which he has held continuously since. Dr. T. R. Blackwood has served as a representative in the Sovereign, and also in the State, Grand Lodge. In 1882, Dr. Iszard became a Patriarch Militant, serving as surgeon- general, and Dr. William B. Christine served as siirgeon of the Order in New Jersey, with the rank of major, and as Past Grand, since 1885. Dr. B. S. Lewis has served as Past Noble Grand of the Order. Among the members of the Order in the county are the following : Doctors James M. Ridge, H. E. Branin, D. H. Bartine, W. T. Collins, E. E. DeGrofft, C. J. Hoell, W. S. Long, Wallace McGeorge, G. E. Kirk, J. W. Donges, N. A. Cohen, R. I. Haines, J. E. Hurff, P. W. Beale, J. M. Walmsley, G. W. Henry, L. B. Hirst, W T illiam I. Kelchner, O. W. Braymer, Jerome L. Artz and Edgar B. Sharp. * Odd Fellowship, by Theo. A. Ross. 120 History Medical Profession Camde?i County. C. MASONIC. [1870.] The reorganization of Camden Lodge, No. 15, F. and A. M., in 1850, paved trie way for the rapid rise of the Masonic fraternity in Camden. Acting under the strict super- vision of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey, which, since its organization in 1786, has preserved with jealous care the tradi- tions and landmarks of the craft, and, by frequent visitations of its officers, disciplines subordinate lodges into harmonious operations, Camden Lodge became popular and enrolled among its members many of the leading citizens of the county. As its membership assumed proportions warranting the institution of other lodges, it cheerfully embraced the opportunity to extend the filial bonds of the fraternity, and, from its bosom, Ionic, Trimble, Merchantville and Haddonfield Lodges sprang into full-fledged activity. In 1870, Trimble Lodge, No. 117, F. and A. M., was constituted, with Dr. H. Genet Taylor as one of its charter members. Among the members of this lodge are, or have been, Doctors Joseph F. Garrison, Charles G. Garrison, John H. Austin, Henry F. Chew, Dowling Benjamin, W. R. Powell, W. H. Hunt, O. B. Gross, S. H. Quint, L. B. Hirst, E. R. Tullis, Harry Jarrett, O. W. Braymer and E. L. B. Godfrey. During 1870, bodies of Scottish Rite Masonry were established in Camden, meeting a higher interest in the fraternity and indicating the progress of Masonic sentiment in this section. Among the physicians who became members are the following : H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, W. R. Powell, Harry Jarrett, F. P. Pfeiffer, J. D. Leckner, C. J. Cooper and L. L. Sharp. [187 1.] The Ancient and Honorable Order of Free- masonry was further extended this year by the institution of Mozart Lodge, No. 121, F. and A. M., through the instru- mentality of Dr. Frederick P. Pfeiffer, and others. Dr. Pfeiffer was a charter member of Ionic Lodge, and, upon the organiza- tion of Mozart Lodge, was made master of the latter, — a posi- tion held by him for two years with marked acceptance to the members. In 1872, Haddonfield Lodge, No. 130, F. and A. M., was constituted, with Dr. N. B. Jennings as a charter member and Miscellaneous Interests. 121 past master, by dispensation. Of this lodge, Dr. Lawrence L. Glover and Dr. Charles H. Shivers are members, and the latter served as master in 1880. Of the charter members of the Masonic lodges in the county, Doctors C. W. Sartori, A. M. Mecray and F. P. PfeifFer were charter members of Ionic Lodge ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, of Trimble Lodge ; Dr. F. P. PfeifFer, of Mozart Lodge, and Dr. N. B. Jennings, of Haddonfield Lodge. Dr. Sartori attained the position of W. M. in Camden Lodge, Dr. F. P. PfeifFer in Mozart Lodge, and Dr. J. D. Leckner in Ionic Lodge. D. NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW JERSEY. [1870.] Following the organization of the Fifth Battal- ion of the National Guard of New Jersey in 1869, public interests became aroused in military matters and new com- panies were recruited, necessitating a regimental formation of the battalion. This resulted in the organization of the Sixth Regiment, National Guard, in 1870, under the command of Colonel James M. Scovel. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was commis- sioned major and surgeon and Dr. J. Orlando White first lieutenant and assistant surgeon, September 24, 1870, [1871.] on Colonel Scovel's staff. On September 11, 1871, Lieutenant White resigned and, on September 28th, Dr. I. B. Mulford was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon. Under Colonel Scovel, the regiment rendered effective service in protecting the ballot in the Centreville riots [1873.] °f that year. In 1873, Colonel Scovel resigned the command of the regiment and Major-General William J. Sewell was elected and commissioned colonel, January 22, 1873. In 1877, the regiment was ordered on duty to enforce the law in the railroad riots at Phillipsburg ; a provisional brigade was formed, General Sewell placed in command and Major Taylor was made surgeon of the brigade. On Septem- ber 7, 1877, Major-General Sewell was promoted to the com- mand of the Second Brigade, National Guard, and was succeeded by Colonel William H. Cooper. 122 History Medical Profession Camden County. E. EDUCATION. [1870.] During this year, Dr. James M. Ridge was elected president of the Board of Education of Camden, and Dr. A. M. Mecray, superintendent of public instruction. Both brought to their positions trained abilities and advanced the educational interests of the city. Considerable intellectual activity was also displayed in the organization of the Camden Literary and Library Association, through the influence of Doctors Reynell Coates, I. C. Martindale, F. Bourquin, John F. Harned, U. F. Richards and others. At this time, Dr. Coates stood in the front rank of polite literature. The organization lasted only a short time, but helped to cement the friendship of those interested in literary pursuits. In 1872, Dr. C. W. Sartori served as a member of the Camden Board of Educa- tion ; in 1873, Doctors J. M. Ridge, M. F. Middleton, J. H. Austin and J. R. Haney were members, and, in 1874, Dr. Haney and Druggists J. C. De La Cour and Herman Miller became members. F. SMALL-POX. [187 1.] In August, an epidemic of small-pox* appear- ed in South Camden, but its extent could not be accur- ately ascertained because there was no city ordinance re- quiring the quarantining or reporting of cases. Dr. R. M. Cooper approximated the number of cases at one thousand, with one hundred and fifty-seven deaths, in a population of twenty-three thousand, which Camden then contained. The sanitary committee of Council took charge of the infected district and checked, for a time, the progress of the disease, but, in October, it spread to other sections of the city. A small-pox hospital was then opened by the city and placed in charge of Dr. R. W. Morgan, who treated one hundred and thirty-three cases with a mortality of 18.2 per cent. The mortality, in one hundred and four cases reported in the private practice of a number of physicians, averaged 16.4 per cent. With the advent of cold weather, the disease spread and frequently, among the unvaccinated, assumed a malignant form. Dr. Morgan did much to subdue the epidemic and * Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey for 1872. Miscellaneous In teres ts . 123 received the just praise of the public and of the medical profession of the city. G. DRUG AND PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS. [187 1.] In this year, Dr. J. R. Haney established the drug-store on Kaighn's avenue, now occupied by Dr. W. T. Collins, and Dr. Max. West bought the store at the corner of Fourth and Walnut streets, of Dr. S. Birdsell; in 1872, Dr. D. P. Pancoast opened a drug-store at the corner of Fifth and Clinton streets, now occupied by Dr. J. W. Fithian, and J. E. Lehman, on March 1st, opened the store at the corner of Eighth and Market ; in 1874, Dr. R. W. Morgan established a drug-store at the corner of Fifth and Kaighn's avenue, and George D. Borton purchased the store, at Second and York streets, established by Dr. William H. Ireland, in the preced- ing year.* In 1870, Dr. William C. Mulford moved from Gloucester to Charles City, Va., where he died in 1878. Dr. Mulford, in his earlier life, was a member of the Salem County Medical Society and frequently represented it in the State Society. He was favorably known in Masonic and political circles and served as superintendent of public schools and also as post- master at Gloucester, and as a surgeon in the Civil War, but never became identified with the Camden County Medical Society. In 1872, Dr. Charles H. Shivers located at Haddonfield and Dr. Randall W. Morgan received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania ; in 1873, Dr. Silas H. Quint, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, located in Camden ; in 1874, Dr. Anna Elizabeth Griffith, a graduate of the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women and a member of the staff of the Woman's Hospital, New York, and Dr. Elijah J. Snitcher, a graduate of the Chicago Medical College, 1874, located in Camden. H. NEW JERSEY PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION. [1874.] On February 18, 1874, this association was incorporated for the advancement of the science of pharmacy * Prowell's History of Camden County. 124 History Medical Profession Camden County. and exerted a direct and favorable influence upon the profession throughout the State. Among its members were J. C. De La Cour, J. L. De La Cour, A. P. Brown, S. T. Ringel, A. W. Test, M. Goldsmith, Emmor H. Lee, F. G. Thoman, O. G. Taylor, G. W. Henry, of Camden, and W. H. Zelly, of Marl ton. J. L. De La Cour served as vice-president in 1874, and as president of the association in 1875, an( ^ A. P. Brown as recording secretary from 1876 to 1884, and as president in 1884. In 1877, the association secured the passage of an Act, regulating the practice of pharmacy, which provided for the appointment of a State Board of Pharmacy. In 1879, the Act was amended and, in 1886, further legislation was secured, providing that stores for the retailing, dispensing or compounding of drugs or medicines must be managed by a registered pharmacist ; for the appointment, by the Governor, of a State Board of Pharmacy, to consist of five members recommended by the association, and for the condi- tions for examinations, the regulating of the terms of office, place of meeting, compensation and the penalties for procuring, or attempting to procure, fraudulent registration. Of this board, Professor A. P. Brown, of Camden, was made a member in 1883. The board meets on the third Thursday of January, April, July and October, alternately at Newark, Trenton, Camden and Paterson, and its examination embraces pharmacy, materia medica, chemistry and toxicology. I. DEATHS OF PROMINENT PHYSICIANS. During this period (1870-1875) the profession and public were called to mourn the death of the three foremost physicians in West Jersey, — Doctors Lorenzo F. Fisler, Isaac S. Mulford and Richard M. Cooper. On March 30, [1871.] 1871, Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler died of softening of the brain, at his residence in Camden, in the seventy- fourth year of his age. Dr. Fisler came from a family of physicians, his father and twin brother being members of the medical profession. In 1 8 1 8, he was graduated from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania; in 1825, h e was licensed by the Salem County Board of Censors and, in 1829, served as a member of Miscellaneoiis Interests. 125 that board. At this time, he practiced at Port Elizabeth. In 1837, he moved to Camden, where he at once took a commanding position in the medical profession, in politics, as a local preacher of the Methodist Church and as a public lecturer. In 1840, '41, '42 and '43, he was elected Mayor* of Camden ; in 1846, he was one of the petitioners for the Camden County Medical Society; in 1848, he was defeated for Mayor on the Whig ticket; in 1851, he was elected to the same office as the American candidate; in 1852, he was again defeated; in 1853, ne was elected Mayor on the Whig and American tickets, and in this year, also, he was one of the organizers of the Camden City Medical Society ; in 1854, he was elected Mayor as the American and anti-Nebraska nominee ; in 1858, he wrote and published a " History of Camden" ; in 1859, he was defeated for Mayor as the Republican candidate; in 1865, he gave public lectures in aid of the Sanitary Fair; in 1866, he was defeated for Mayor as the Democratic candidate. In this year, he was prominent in the organization of the Camden City Dispensary and, in 1867, he became one of its incorporators. As a practitioner of medicine, Dr. Fisler displayed great abilities, commanded the confidence of his patients and was the first in Camden to use chloroform for anaesthetic purposes. As a politician, he was very popular. He was a candidate for Mayor of Camden twelve times, eight of which he was elected, and represented successively the Whig, American, Republican and Democratic parties. In the Metho- dist church, he attained distinction as a local preacher. As a public lecturer, he was best known by his lectures on "Queen Victoria" and "Witchcraft." Appropriate notice was taken of his demise by the medical societies and he was interred at Port Elizabeth. [1873.] O n February 18th, Dr. Isaac S. Mulford, the oldest member of the medical profession in Camden county, died at his residence in Camden, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. Dr. Mulford was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1822, and located in Camden. He was a contemporary of Dr. Samuel Harris, the pioneer practitioner *Prowell's History of Camden County 126 History Medical Profession Camden County. of Camden, and was the connecting link between the physicians in practice anterior to the erection of Camden county and his confreres of the County Medical Society. Dr. Mulford possessed high professional and literary quali- fications and, during the period of his greatest activity, he was regarded as the foremost citizen of Camden. His labors in behalf of the public-school system, the State, County and City Medical Societies, the Camden Dispensary, in the fields of literature and politics and, as an elder of the Society of Friends, were productive of far-reaching benefits. In 1842, the public-school system was broadened by a legislative Act,, secured largely through his influence, admitting of direct taxation for the support of public schools, in addition to the State appropriation. He was identified with the management of the schools for many years and, in 1845, was made president of the Camden Board of Education. Through his counsel, the Board of Education, in 1852, was made a separate factor in the city government. In consequence of his efforts for the public good, he was made a member of the State Board of Education and the Mulford Grammar School of Camden was named in his honor. In the State Medical Society, he served as a member of the standing committee in 1855, and, for a number of years, as chairman of the Board of Censors for Camden county. He was a constituent member of the Camden County Medical Society in 1846, of the Camden City Medical Society in 1853 and of the Camden City Dispensary in 1865. In 1848, he published a " History of New Jersey"; in 1861, he was foremost among the citizens of Camden to support President Lincoln, and his name heads the list of citizens called to meet for that purpose. In 1870, he was made an honorary member of the Camden County Medical Society, of which he was president from 1848 to 1851. Dr. Mulford resided on the site now occupied by the Camden Safe Deposit and Trust Company, which was chartered the year he died. He was buried at Newtown Cemetery. On May 24th, Dr. Richard M. Cooper died at his residence, Cooper and Second streets, of gout, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. He was a son of Hon. Richard M. Cooper, who was a Miscellaneous Interests . 127 State Senator, Judge in Old Gloucester County Court, member of Congress, president of the National State Bank of Camden and a lineal descendant of William Cooper, who settled in Camden in 1682. Dr. Cooper was graduated as an A. B. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1836, and as an M. D. in 1839. He then located in Camden, where he practiced for thirty-five years. He soon attained a high position in the profession and was regarded as one of the leading physicians in New Jersey. At the time of his decease, Dr. Cooper was the oldest active practitioner in Camden. In 1846, he was one of the organizers of the County Medical Society and served as a censor until 1851, and, in 1853, ne became a constituent member of the City Medical Society. In 1856, he was elected president of the Medical Society of New Jersey and served on the stand- ing committee in 1854, '56 and '57. In 1865, he was one of the incorporators of the Camden City Dispensary; in 1866, he was appointed by Governor Ward a member of the State Sanitary Commission, to furnish the State information and advice in reference to cholera, this being the first sanitary commission ever appointed in New Jersey; in 187 1, he was elected presi- dent of the County Medical Society and prepared a history of the society, which was never published, and, in 1874, he was elected permanent president, — a position never before accorded to any one. He was also appointed the same year a member of a State commission to examine into the sanitary needs of the State, into the laws bearing upon the prevention of disease, and to inquire what should be done by the State towards con- serving the physical welfare of its citizens. This commission made an elaborate report to the Governor and Legislature and paved the way for the organization of the New Jersey Sanitary Association in the following year, and the establish- ment of the State Board of Health in 1878. But before the commission had concluded its work, Dr. Cooper died and Dr. H. Genet Taylor made the report for Camden, which considered the prevailing diseases, drainage, water-supply, vaccination and garbage collection. The funeral of Dr. Cooper was attended by delegations from the Dispensary, City and County Medical Societies and also from the State Society, which 128 History Medical Profession Camden County. was in session at the time. Appropriate resolutions were passed by each of these bodies. In addition to his professional repu- tation, Dr. Cooper was highly esteemed socially and was distinguished for his philanthropy. The hospital, which bears the Cooper name, was a favorite project of his, although it was not commenced until after the death of his twin brother, William D. Cooper. He bequeathed $1,000 to the Camden City Dispensary, his medical library to the Camden City Medical Society and $3,000 to the Camden County Medical Society. The extract from his will, relating to the legacy to the County Society, is as follows : " I give and bequeath to the Camden County District Medical Society, of which I have been a member since its organization, the sum of three thou- sand dollars, to be invested by the said society in the loans of the United States, the State of New Jersey or the City or County of Camden, or some other public loan, and the interest of said sum to be used by the said society in the payment of the expenses usually incurred by the said society at its annual or other meetings, or for any other expense of said society. In case my said executors should think proper to pay said legacy in any securities belonging to my estate bearing interest at their market value I do authorize and direct them to pay said legacy in such securities instead of cash." CHAPTER VIII. THE PERIOD FROM 1875 TO 1880. Section I. — The Camden City Dispensary. [1875.] The managers of the dispensary, burdened with the difficulties of the preceding year, were still unable to secure the services of an attending staff of physicians, or the appointment, by City Council, of city physicians to attend the indigent sick, at stated salaries. Dr. William G. Taylor again volunteered his services as medical interne for the year. There were, however, four hundred and twenty -seven patients treated, at a cost of $627.83. At the annual meeting, John Morgan was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary, and Joseph B. Cooper, treasurer. The legacies of $1,000 from the estate of Dr. Richard M. Cooper, and $500 from Esther L. Cooper, as previously mentioned, were acknowledged, which, in addi- tion to $2,200 already invested in the bonds of the Camden Horse Railroad Company, made a permanent fund of $3,700.. [1876.] The annual meeting of this year was held, in January, with the following managers present : John Morgan, Colonel Thomas McKeen, Joseph B. Cooper, Maurice Brown- ing, Rudolphus Bingham, and Doctors J. V. Schenck, H.. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, D. P. Pancoast, T. F. Cullen and J. M. Ridge. The officers of the preceding year were re- elected. Five hundred and ninety-eight patients were treated, at a cost of $574.48. The appropriation received from City Council was $300. [1877.] The failure to secure a larger appropriation from the city or the appointment of salaried city physicians, and the difficulty of securing the services of an attending staff of physicians, led to a proposition to the trustees of The Cooper Hospital to transfer the dispensary to the hospital manage- ment, but the proposition was declined. During the year, Dr. William G. Taylor, who had performed the clinical duties 9 129 130 History Medical Profession Camden County. since 1874, died, and this emphasized the necessity for a change in the policy of the institution. Clinics were established at the dispensary, and Doctors W. H. Ireland, W. P. Melcher, John Miller and E. L. B. Godfrey were appointed by the City Medical Society to conduct them. These were the first clinics established at the dispensary, but were not successful because of the irregular attendance of the physicians. The number of cases treated during the year was five hundred and nineteen, at a cost of $798.50. The Board of Managers consisted' of the same members as in the preceding year, with the exception that Doctors Alexander Marcy and I. B. Mulford were elected in the place of Doctors T. F. Cullen and J. M. Ridge. The officers of the preceding year were re-elected. [1878.] Interest in the dispensary was less active -than in any previous year, on the part of both the managers and the attending staff, who were the same as in 1877.. But one meet- ing of the managers was held and the only charitable work done, except in the filling of prescriptions for members of the City Medical Society, was at the clinics, which were indiffer- ently attended by the physicians. Five hundred and sixty- eight cases were treated during the year. [1879.] The efforts of the managers were not less arduous this year in securing the services of an attending staff at the dispensary, who, at this time, were appointees of the City Medical Society. This difficulty, added to the financial embar- rassment of the institution, led the managers to again seek a larger appropriation from City Council. At this time, medicines were supplied to the poor by druggists in certain parts of the city, under contract with Council, and the request, in consequence, met with some opposition. But through the influence of Dr. John W. Donges, a member of Council, a resolution was adopted by Council, directing its sanitary committee to enter into an agreement with the Board of Managers of the dispensary to supply medicine and medical attendance to the poor of the city for $1,600 per annum. This action of City Council infused new life into the institu- tion. The sanitary committee consisted of William Abels, J. Willard Morgan, A. J. Milliette, Elwood W. Kemble and The Camden City Medical Society . 131 Dr. John W. Donges. A joint meeting of the committee and dispensary managers was held and the following conditions, under which the dispensary should operate, were agreed to : " The city to be divided into three medical districts, for each of which medicine and a medical attendant should be appointed, who, upon application of the sanitary committee or any overseer of the poor, should render attendance except in parturient cases, or illness or injury induced by intoxication." Following this meeting, the committee, on May 29th, intro- duced into Council an ordinance, embracing these provisions, which was adopted, and, on June 3rd, the contract was signed by both parties. The clinical facilities of the institution were extended ; the duties of the pharmacist increased, and the following medical appointments were made : Dr. O. B. Gross, attending physician for the First district ; Dr. C. M. Schellenger, for the Second district, and Dr. Maximilian West, for the Third. In October, Dr. West resigned and Dr. J. F. Walsh was appointed to fill the unexpired term. Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society. [1875.] Regular quarterly meetings were held at the residences of Doctors Cullen, White, Pancoast and Mulford, respectively, at each of which quarterly reports were read. At the annual meeting, Dr. D. P. Pancoast delivered an address on "Disinfectants and Disinfecting Agents," and Dr. T. F. Cullen reported a case of yellow fever. Dr. William G. Taylor, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1873 ; Dr. Maximilian West, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1875 ; Dr. E. J. Snitcher, a graduate of Chicago Medical College, 1874, and Dr. R. G. Taylor were elected members. Dr. A. M. Mecray was elected president ; Dr. Maximilian West, vice- president, and Dr. LB. Mulford, secretary and treasurer. The managers for the dispensary were re-elected. [1876.] The society was entertained during the year, in turn, by Doctors Marcy, Cullen, Morgan and Ireland, each of whom read the report for his respective quarter. Dr. A. M. Mecray delivered an address on " Quackery" ; Dr. William P. Melcher, A. B. of Waterville College, Maine, and M. D. of the 132 History Medical Profession Camden County. University of Pennsylvania in 1876; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey,. Ph. B. of Peddie Institute, 1872, M. D. of Jefferson Medical College, 1875, and ex-resident physician of the Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia, and of the Rhode Island Hospital,. Providence, Rhode Island ; Dr. James A. Armstrong, Ph. G. of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1855, M. D. of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, 1861, ex-surgeon United States Volun- teers, and ex-coroner of Camden, were elected members. Dr. Maximilian West was elected president ; Dr. R. W. Morgan, vice-president; Dr. I. B. Mulford, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors Schenck, Taylor, Mecray, Pancoast, Cullen and Ridge were elected dispensary managers. [1877.] Regular meetings of the society were held during the year and the following papers were read: " Cleft Palate," by Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; " Premature Labor," by Dr. W. H. Irelnad; "Amputation of the Thigh and Fore- Arm," by Dr. A. M. Mecray ; " Alcohol," by Dr. Max. West, and " Dislocation of the Lower Jaw," by Dr. E. h- B. Godfrey. Dr. E. J. Snitcher was elected president ; Dr. W. P. Melcher, vice-president ; Dr. I. B. Mulford, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. William A. Davis, a graduate of the University of Pennsyl- vania, 1876 ; Dr. Samuel B. Irwin, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1844, and ex-surgeon in the U. S. Marine Hospital service, and Dr. John S. Miller, a graduate of George- town Medical College, were elected members. The managers of the dispensary were re-elected, except that Dr. I. B. Mulford was chosen to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. T. F. Cullen. [1878.] In March, Dr. E. U- B. Godfrey entertained the society and read a paper on the " Resuscitation of the Apparently Dead from Drowning," with the report of a case resuscitated after ten hours of continuous ' effort ; in June, the society met at the residence of Dr. James A. Armstrong, who read a paper on " Bronchocele" and exhibited a case. Dr. Melcher was elected president ; Dr. Godfrey, vice-president; Dr. Mulford, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. J. F. Walsh, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1876; Dr. O. B. Gross, a graduate of the same institution in 1878, and Dr. The Camden District Medical Society . 133 William H. Iszard, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in 1870, were elected members. [1879.] During this year, but one meeting of the society was held, at which Dr. James H. Wroth, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1878, was elected a member. Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society. [1875.] The preparations for entertaining the State Medical Society at Atlantic City, in May, were reported in •detail at the annual meeting and included an offer from John Lucas to furnish a special, complimentary train, over the Camden and Atlantic Railroad from Camden to Atlantic City and return, for the use of the delegates and their friends, and the statement that arrangements had been made for a complimentary banquet at Congress Hall. The report of the committee was unani- mously accepted and the society looked forward to the event with pleasant anticipations. At this meeting, the "' Dr. Richard M. Cooper Legacy," consisting of three one thousand dollar "bonds of the West Jersey Railroad Company, was received. Dr. Alexander Marcy read the annual report, and, in discussing pneumonia, said: "That in the treatment, equal parts of syrup of squills and the tincture of veratrum viride, beginning with ten drops and increasing one drop every hour until the toxic effects of veratrum viride are obtained, or the disease yields, will give good results." Dr. T. F. Cullen, in lieu of an address, gave an account of the work being done at The Cooper Hospital, then in course of construction. Dr. John W. S no wden was elected president; Dr. T. F. Cullen, vice-presi- dent ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary, and Dr. I. B. Mulford, treasurer. At the semi-annual meeting in November, a large number of invited guests were entertained, and a bill, amount- ing to $429.50, for entertaining the State Medical Society, numbering two hundred and twenty, at a banquet at Congress Hall, Atlantic City, was presented and ordered paid. Dr. Maxi- milian West was elected a member. [1876.] Considerable progress was shown, and professional interest in the society was increased, by the establishment •of sections on medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and 134 History Medical Profession Camden County. microscopy. The progress of medical science and the desire of the members necessitated this innovation and an abundant opportunity was offered, at the semi-annual meetings, for its exemplification. The success of sectional work was demon- strated at the first meeting and led to the appointment of a committee, consisting of Doctors H. G. Taylor, J. V. Schenck and J. M. Ridge, to revise the constitution and by-laws and to make suitable provisions for its continuance. Dr. J. W. Snowden, the president, delivered an address on "A Plea for Women," in which the principles of gynaecology, then becom- ing generally adopted, were ardently advocated. Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected president; Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, vice- president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Dr. I. B. Mulford,. treasurer, and Doctors James A. Armstrong, William P. Melcher,. E. J. Snitcher, Thomas G. Rowand and E. L. B. Godfrey, of Camden; E. B. Woolstou, of Marlton, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1854, and Duncan W. Blake, of Gloucester City, a graduate of Philadelphia Medical College, 1864, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1876, were elected members. At the semi-annual meeting, the revised constitu- tion was adopted. This provided for the reading of the report of the standing committee (practically the medical history of the county for the year) at the annual meeting and reports, from the sections named, at the semi-annual meeting. The constitution also provided for a nominating committee and a Board of Censors. [1877.] On May 8th, the annual meeting was held at Cooper's Point Hotel, with Dr. Alexander Marcy, the president, in the chair. Dr. Marcy delivered an address on " The Importance of Diseases of Women," in which he traced the history of gynaecology, and medicine as applied to women, through Egyptian, Greek and Ptolemaic civilization and reviewed the present methods of local and general treatment. Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester City, was elected presi- dent ; Dr. H. A. M. Smith, of Gloucester City, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Dr. I. B. Mulford, treasurer ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of standing committee ; Doctors Schenck, Cullen, Snowden, Marcy and Branin were elected The Camden District Medical Society. 135 censors, and Dr. Dowling Benjamin, a graduate of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, 1877, and Doctors William A. Davis and John S. Miller, of Camden, to membership. At the semi- annual meeting, reports were made from sections on medicine, surgery and obstetrics. [1878.] The society met at Cooper's Point Hotel on March nth, with Dr. Edwin Tomlinson in the chair, who delivered an address on "Quackery." Dr. Snowden, chairman of the standing committee, reported the prevalence of periodical fevers in Camden and an epidemic of diphtheria in the Academy at Haddonfield, which infected twenty out of forty-five pupils, with a death-rate of ten per cent. Dr. H. A. M. Smith was elected president; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Dr. I. B. Mulford, treasurer ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of the standing committee; Doctors Schenck, Cullen, Snowden, Marcy and Branin were elected censors, and Doctors John F. Walsh and S. B. Irwin to mem- bership. At this meeting, a committee of arrangements was appointed for the first time, through general consent. The usual delegates were appointed. At the semi-annual meeting, Dr. Snowden made the report for the section on medicine; Dr. Godfrey, on surgery; Dr. Schenck, on obstetrics, and Dr. Ridge, on pathology. [1879.] The annual meeting was held May 12th, with Dr. H. A. M. Smith in the chair. Dr. Snowden read the annual report and called attention to the increase of typhoid fever in Camden and Gloucester City, the prevalence of malar- ial fever at Blackwood and Berlin, and to the fact that Winslow has always been exempt from malaria, which is due to its location within the pine belt and to the sandy, porous soil. The constitution was amended to provide that the standing committee should consist of five members and that its report should be transmitted annually to the State Medical Society. Dr. Smith, the president, delivered an address on "The Useful- ness of the Society as an Element of Professional Power." During the preceding year, the Board of Chosen Freeholders erected a three-story brick building with modern appliances, on the county farm at Blackwood, for the care of the indigent 136 History Medical Profession Camden County. insane of the county, under the State law, granting counties an allowance for such purposes. The building accommodates ninety patients and is known as the Camden County Insane Asylum. Upon the opening of the building for the reception of patients, the board elected Dr. Silas H. Quint, a prominent ' homoeopathic physician of Camden, resident physician and superintendent. This act at once aroused the opposition of the members of the regular profession and, upon the assembling of the County Society, Dr. J. M. Ridge introduced a resolution calling for the appointment of a committee " to consider what action should be taken in reference to the appointment of a homoeopathic physician by the Board of Freeholders as resident physician of the Camden County Insane Asylum." The resolu- tion was adopted and Doctors Ridge, Marcy and Benjamin, of Camden ; Dr. N. B. Jennings, of Haddonfield, and Dr. E. B. Woolston, of Marlton, were appointed with instructions to report their conclusions to the society. The committee met in June and, after formulating a plan of action, appointed Doctors Dowling Benjamin and O. B. Gross a sub-committee to attend the next regular meeting of the Freeholders and urge the removal of Dr. Quint. The sub-committee met the Freeholders in session and were accorded a hearing, with the result that, at the semi-annual meeting of the society, in November, Dr. Ridge reported " that the Board of Freeholders had replaced Dr. Quint by Dr. J. J. Comfort, a regular physi- cian of Haddonfield." Following this, the society appointed Doctors Jennings, of Haddonfield ; Branin, of Blackwood ; Woolston, of Marlton ; Tomlinson, of Gloucester City ; Snowden, of Waterford, and H. Genet Taylor, Ridge and Benjamin, of Camden, a visiting committee for the asylum ; but they were never officially recognized by the Freeholders and, after two visitations, no further appointments were made. On June 1, 1880, Dr. Comfort resigned and the Board of Free- holders elected Dr. Henry B. Branin medical director to the Asylum, a position still retained by him. The following were elected officers of the society for the ensuing year : President, Dr. D. Parish Pancoast; vice-president, Dr. Charles H. Shivers; secretary, Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; treasurer, Dr. I. B. Mulford ; The Medical Society of New Jersey . 137 chairman, standing committee, Dr. J. W. Snowden ; censor for five years, Dr. N. B. Jennings. Doctors O. B. Gross, W. H. Iszard, and James H. Wroth were elected members, and Dr. W. P. Melcher resigned upon removing to Pemberton. Dr. Melcher subsequently removed to Mt. Holly, where he now enjoys a lucrative practice. At the semi-annual meeting, reports were made in the sections on medicine, surgery and obstetrics. Section IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [1875.] The innovation of holding the State Medical Society at the sea-shore furnished the Camden County Society an opportunity, long desired, of inviting the State Medical Society to meet in South Jersey. At the annual meeting at Ivong Branch in the preceding year, the State Society accepted an invitation to hold its next meeting at Atlantic City, as the guest of the Camden County Society. Extensive arrange- ments were made by the County Society for the occasion. A special, complimentary train was tendered by the officers of the Camden and Atlantic Railroad Company and, on the evening of May 25th, the date of the meeting, a complimentary banquet was served for two hundred and twenty guests, at a cost of $429.50. This afforded the first instance in which a County Society entertained the New Jersey Medical Society as its guest and the first occasion on which a complimentary train was placed at the disposal of either society. Camden was well represented at the convention. Dr. T. F. Cullen was present as a Fellow; Dr. J. V. Schenck, as second vice-president; Dr. Alexander Marcy, as reporter for the County Society ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, as chairman of the committee of arrange- ments and Doctors Mulford, Taylor, Haney, Jennings and Ridge attended as delegates. Dr. Cullen read a paper on "Dis- location of the Radius and Ulna" and reported a case of "A Male Monstrosity," with photographic views; Dr. Marcy pre- sented a paper on "Remitting Fever," and Dr. Schenck pre- sented a paper on an "Interesting Case of Labor," and was elected first vice-president. 138 History Medical Profession Camden County. [1876.] On May 23d, the society met at Cape May and was given special, complimentary transportation over the West Jersey Railroad, through the influence of the Camden County Society. Dr. Ridge, in his report of the standing committee of the County Society, discussed the germ theory of disease and alluded to the close relation between putrefaction, fermentation and zymosis. He also made a special report of the treatment of a case of fibroid tumor by hypodermatic injec- tions of ergot and presented a paper on " Theories of Fermen- tation." Dr. J. V. Schenck was elected president; Dr. J.»M. Ridge was made one of the delegates to the International Medical Congress, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, a delegate to the American Medical Association, both of which met in Philadel- phia during the Centennial year. [1877.] The annual meeting of the society was held in Trenton, May 22d, with President John V. Schenck, of Camden, in the chair and with Doctors Snowden, Branin, Godfrey, Melcher and Taylor present as the representatives of the Camden Society. There were ninety-eight delegates present from a membership of four hundred and fifty-eight in the Dis- trict Societies. Dr. Schenck delivered his address on "The Physician, Physically, Mentally and Morally Considered." He claimed that, "In none of the learned professions is a higher grade of health required than for the student of medicine. The practitioner of medicine is too lavish of his vital powers ; he peals his own death-knell in the vain effort to answer all the demands upon him. Intellectually, a first-class preliminary education is required. * * * Medicine has always been progressive and the medical investigator yokes to his car the scientist of every field. * * * As a moralist, a wide range of duty is open. * * * The votaries of medicine have occupied a place in history from the earliest time. Its prac- titioners have kept pace with the sciences, art and learned professions. The accomplishments of the medical profession are great, and noble should be the monument erected to the fame of those who have preceded us." [1878.] On May 28th, the State Society met at Spring Lake with Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Snowden, Benjamin, The Netv Jersey Sanitary Association. 139 Woolston and Stevenson present as delegates from Camden. Dr. Taylor was appointed, by the president, essayist for the next meeting. [1879.] O n May 27th, the society met at Englewood, with Dr. J. V. Schenck present as a Fellow; Dr. J. W. Snowden, as reporter, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Ridge, Branin, White, Benjamin and Woolston, as delegates from Camden. Dr. Taylor read an essay on "The Unity of the Medical Profession." He claimed, in substance, that the physician should possess a unity of mind and purpose ; that the aim of professional intercourse should be to repel any attack upon the dignity and rights of the profession ; that the char- acter of a physician should have a mighty influence over his patients, and that the physician should feel himself charged at all times with the care of the profession as a whole. Dr. John W. Snowden, of Waterford, was elected third vice- president. Section V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association. [1875.] The first definite movement in the direction of State sanitation in New Jersey was made in 1866, when a legislative Act was passed empowering Governor Marcus L. Ward to appoint a sanitary commission for the purpose of reporting to the Governor, at as early a date as practical, "such information and advice as they might deem important in refer- ence to Asiatic cholera." This enactment was effected through the influence of Doctors Ezra M. Hunt and Samuel Lilly, who, with Dr. Richard M. Cooper, of Camden, and others, were appointed members of the commission. In 1874, another step was taken in State sanitation, through the influence of Dr. Hunt, and a law was enacted, providing for a Health Com- mission to be appointed by the Governor to inquire, among other duties, "what ought to be done by the State towards conserving the physical welfare of its citizens." Dr. R. M. Cooper was also appointed a member of this commission. The report of this commission increased popular interest in sanitary matters with the result that, on September 24th, a call was 140 History Medical Profession Camden County. issued by Dr. Hunt and others to prominent physicians and sanitarians throughout the State to meet at Newark, N. J., October 13th, to discuss sanitary matters. At the appointed time, the meeting was held and was presided over by Dr. Stephen Wickes, of Orange, N. J., the distinguished author of the " History of Medicine and Medical Men in New Jersey." As a result of the conference, the New Jersey Sanitary Associ- ation was formed. Frederick Bourquin, a member of the sanitary committee of City Council, represented Camden. The organization was effected on a liberal basis ; physicians, sanitarians, pharmacists, teachers, architects, civil engineers, and all those impressed with the claims of sanitary science, and interested in public and personal hygiene, were invited to become members. From the outset, the organization met with favor from sanitarians ; meetings have been held annually and the association has become a potent factor, within the State, in matters of sanitation. Camden county has furnished two presidents for the association, — Dr. Dowling Benjamin in 1889 and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey in 1892. Rev. F. R. Brace, Ph.D., of Blackwood; Doctors Dowling Benjamin, Daniel Strock, E. E. B. Godfrey, Hon. L. T. Derousse and Richard H. Reeve, of Camden, and Arnold H. Moses, of Merchantville, have served in the executive council. Dr. Daniel Strock was elected recording secretary of the association in 1894. Among those who have been elected to membership from Camden county are the following : Hon. H. L. Bonsall, Dr. B. S. Lewis, Henry B. Francis, E. E. Read, Jr., Dr. William Shafer, Dr. W. B. E. Miller, Dr. W. H. Iszard, Dr. E. M. Howard, Dr. W. A. Davis and Prof. C. Henry Kain, of Camden ; Dr. J. A. Walmsley, of Gloucester, and Dr. Henry E. Branin, of Blackwood. In 1877, Rev. Dr. F. R. Brace, superintendent of public schools for Camden county, made a report on "School Hygiene," in which the location, structure, air-space, lighting and heating of school- houses were elaborately set forth.* * History of Sanitation in New Jersey, by E. t,. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. D. Charitable Institutions. 141 Section VI. — Charitable Institutions. A. THE COOPER HOSPITAL. [1875.] The Cooper Hospital was incorporated March 24, 1875, under the name of "The Camden Hospital," but the name was changed to the present one, March 6, 1877, by legis- lative enactment. From the experiences of a medical practice extending over a period of thirty-five years, and from long connection with the management of the Camden City Dispen- sary, Dr. Richard M. Cooper appreciated the urgent need of a hospital for the city of Camden, and impressed upon his twin brother, William D. Cooper, the manager of the Cooper estate, his sisters, Sarah W. and Elizabeth B. Cooper, and his medical confreres the importance of establishing such an institution. Dr. Cooper, however, died in 1874, without bequeathing any part of his estate for hospital purposes, with the exception of $1,000 to the Camden City Dispensary. In 1875, William D. Cooper died, without perfecting a plan for a hospital or leaving a bequest for hospital purposes. But the subject had been so frequently considered by the Cooper family that, in his last illness, William D. Cooper designated to his brother Alexander, and his sisters, Sarah and Elizabeth, the grounds upon which he would like a hospital to be erected, and named Albert W. Markley, Charles P. Stratton, Rudolphus Bingham, Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, Joseph B. Cooper, Augustus Reeve, Alexander Cooper, John W. Wright and Peter L. Voorhees as trustees. An Act of incorporation was secured, March 24, 1875, after which Alexander Cooper, Sarah W. Cooper and Elizabeth B. Cooper, desirous of carrying out the wishes of their brother, conveyed the grounds valued at $50,000, upon which the hospital now stands, to the trustees, and Sarah W. and Elizabeth B. Cooper jointly donated $200,000. Upon receiving this donation, the trustees began the erection of the present building, which was completed in 1877, but the expense of construction proved so great that its opening was delayed until August 11, 1887. In the meantime, Sarah W. Cooper died (1880) and bequeathed to the institution $25,000, 142 History Medical Profession Camden County. which was supplemented by a further gift of $25,000 from Elizabeth B. Cooper, who died in ii B. WEST JERSEY ORPHANAGE. [1875.] The West Jersey Orphanage was chartered during the preceding year, under the management of the Society of Friends, and opened in February, 1875, for the reception of colored children. The object of the Orphanage is to provide a home for destitute colored children, to furnish them the means of acquiring an elementary education and to afford them, at a suitable age, an opportunity to learn a trade or engage in a useful occupation. The Orphanage is governed by a Board of Trustees, composed of gentlemen, and a Board of Managers, consisting of ladies. In the report for 1894, the Board of Trustees consisted of the following: President, Howard M. Cooper ; first vice-president, Dr. George W. Bailey, of Wenonah; second vice-president, Daniel Thackara, of Woodbury ; secre- tary and treasurer, Alexander C. Wood, of Camden ; solicitor, Howard M. Cooper ; physician, Dr. Alexander McAlister, of Camden ; members of the board, Dr. Wallace McGeorge, William Bettle, John Cooper, Augustus Reeve, Richard H. Reeve, Benjamin C. Reeve, Edward E. Farr, William J. Cooper, Henry Troth and Harvey Sharpless, of Camden ; John Gill, of Haddonfield ; William J. Evans and David E. Cooper, of Marlton ; Thomas W. Synnott, of Wenonah, and Josiah Wistar, of Salem. The Board of Managers consisted of the following : President, Eucy S. Cooper ; first vice-president, Mary Emma S. Wood, of Cinnaminson ; second vice-president, Dr. Sophia Presley, of Camden ; treasurer, Rebecca C. W. Reeve, of Camden ; secretary, Rebecca C. Reeve, of Philadel- phia ; corresponding secretary, Susan S. Wood, of Merchant- ville ; secretary of donations, Margaret B. French, of Camden ; members, Hannah F. Carter, Moorestown; Susan S. Haines, Helen Eippincott and Annie S. Sharp, of Riverton ; Hannah H. Stokes and Elizabeth Allen, of Cinnaminson ; Maty E. Eyre, of Philadelphia ; Hettie G. Evans and Caroline S. * Historical Sketch by Peter L. Voorhees in the Report of the Managers of The Cooper Hospital for 1892. Miscellaneous Interests. 143 Haines, of Haddonfield ; Maria M. Clement and Sarah C. Griscom, of Woodbury, and Mary L. Troth, Laura W. Scull, Elizabeth C. Reeve, Mary R. C. Reeve, Rebecca H. C. Reeve and Anna Waring, of Camden. Dr. Isaac B. Mulford was the first physician appointed to the Orphanage and was succeeded by Dr. Sophia Presley, who in turn was succeeded by Dr. Alex- ander McAlister, the present medical director of the institu- tion. The management of the Orphanage has always afforded the attending physician the best facilities for caring for the sick of the institution. On January 2, 1895, an epidemic of diphtheria broke out in the Orphanage and infected nineteen of the inmates. Upon requisition of Dr. McAlister for anti- toxin, a new remedy then coining into vogue, the Board of Trustees sent an agent to New York to procure the blood-serum from the Pasteur Institute. As soon as the remedy was obtained, Dr. McAlister began its immediate use, stopping all other forms of treatment, and, in eighteen cases, effected a cure. In the case that died, antitoxin was not used because death occurred within thirty-two hours after the epidemic began and before the antitoxin could be procured. This was the first instance in which antitoxin treatment was employed in Camden county in diphtheria cases. Within three months, Dr. McAlister used it in nine cases in his private practice, mak- ing a total of twenty-seven cases, with a death-rate of seven per cent. Of these, twelve were laryngeal cases, with a death-rate of eight and one-half per cent., — one case dying. Section VII. — Miscellaneous Interests. a. physicians and druggists. [1875.] The drug interests of Camden were extended by the opening of stores at the following locations : Broadway and Ferry avenue, by Dr. J. W. Donges ; Linden and Fourth streets, by Emmor H. Lee, who was succeeded by Stanley C. Muschamp and, later, by Lewis H. Wilson ; Third and Kaighn's avenue, by Dr. H. H. Davis, now owned by Dr. R. I. Haines, and Fourth and Walnut streets by Dr. Maximilian West, [1876.] successor to S. W. Cochran. In 1876, Dr. D. P. 144 History Medical Profession Camden County. Pancoast opened a drug-store at Sixth and Royden streets. During the year, Doctors Dowling Benjamin, William A. Davis, E. Iv. B. Godfrey and John D. L,eckner, the latter a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1873, located in Camden, and Edgar B. Sharp, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1876, located at Berlin. [1877.] In 1877, Dr. W. A. Davis opened a drug-store at Third and Washington streets, now owned by Dr. J. S. Baer, and Richard S. Justice, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, opened a store at Fifth and Elm streets. During this year, Dr. E. M. Howard, B. S., of Cornell University, 1873, an d M. D. of the Hahnemann Medical College of [1878.] Philadelphia, 1877, located in Camden. During 1878, Dr. O. B. Gross and Dr. Willis H. Hunt, the latter a graduate of Harvard Medical School, 1877, and of Hahnemann Medical College, 1878, located in Camden; Dr. James A. Walmsley, graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1878, located at Gloucester City, and R. G. Stevenson, Ph. G., opened the drug-store at Sixth and Market streets, now owned by [1879.] Frank S. MacPherson. During 1879, Dr - p - w - Beale, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in 1876, located at Wrights ville, but subsequently removed to Camden ; Dr. Franklin E. Williams, a graduate of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1878 and of Hahnemann Medical College in 1879, located at Haddonfield ; Doctors George R. and Ida F. Fortiner, graduates of Penn Medical University, 1879, an d Dr. Hli R. Tullis, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1879, located in Camden. B. EDUCATION. [1875.] In 1875, Dr. James M. Ridge represented the Third ward of Camden in the Board of Education; in 1876, Dr. Max. West served in the board from the Fifth ward ; in 1878, Dr. J. D. Leckner served as a member of the board, and, in 1879, Doctors Dowling Benjamin, H. H. Davis and M. F. Middleton were members. C. THE CENTENNIAL. [1876.] The celebration, in Philadelphia, of the centen- Miscellaneous Interests. 145 nial year of the Nation's independence afforded an opportunity for the meeting of various scientific associations of the country. In the Fifth International Medical Congress, which met in Philadelphia during the year, Dr. James M. Ridge was one of the representatives of the New Jersey Medical Society ; in the World's Congress of Homoeopathic Physicians, Dr. H. F. Hunt was one of the representatives of the New Jersey State Homoeo- pathic Society, of which he was president ; and in the American Medical Association, Dr. H. Genet Taylor represented the New Jersey Medical Society and Doctors Alexander Marcy and J. V. Schenck represented the Camden District Medical Society. D. THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. [1876.] On September 6th, the American Academy of Medicine was organized for the purpose of bringing those who are alumni of classical, scientific and medical schools into closer relationship with each other, to encourage drill in the classics before beginning medical study and to extend the bounds of medical science. Graduation from a college of the arts and sciences in which the degree of A. B. is conferred, or a period of residence at such an institution, is essential to membership. The academy is intended to encourage an extension of the period of medical study and has, in a great degree, accom- plished its object. Of the Camden county physicians, Doctors Isaac B. Mulford and Orange W. Braymer have been elected to membership. E. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. [1876. J Following the Civil War, the honorably dis- charged soldiers and sailors, imbued with the necessity of perpetuating the principles for which they contended and the deeds of heroism and patriotism incident thereto, organized the Grand Army of the Republic, with the motto of Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty. This organization, like the Loyal Legion and the Sons of Veterans, was largely effected through the influence of a physician; viz., Col. B. F. Stephenson, M.D., of Springfield, Illinois. Various Posts, usually named in honor of a dead comrade, were organized throughout the country. 146 History Medical Profession Camden County . In January, 1876, T. M. K. Eee Post was organized, in Camden, with Doctors H. Genet Taylor and James A. Armstrong among its members. Dr. G. S. F. Pfeiffer subsequently became a member of the Post. In 1879, William B. Hatch Post was established with Dr. Thomas G. Rowand as surgeon, and, later, Thomas H. Davis Post was organized, at Haddonfield, with Dr. John R. Stevenson as a member. F. THE CAMDEN MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. [1878.] In November, the Camden Microscopical Society was organized, largely through the influence of Professor A. P. Brown, druggist at Fifth and Federal streets, and lecturer on Microscopy at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. The upper room of the Camden City Dispensary was furnished for the purposes of the society, and cases containing an almost complete herbarium of the flora and collection of the minerals found in New Jersey, were presented to the society. Among the constituent members were Prof. A. P. Brown, Prof. C. Henry Kain, Hon E. T. Derousse, Rev. C. F. Bowden, Col. S. C. Hufty, H. S. Fortiner, E. E. Read, Jr., I. C. Martindale, J. L. De La Cour, John T. Woodhull, Esq., N. F. Cowan, G. G. Browning, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, M. F. Middleton, J. H. Wroth, J. F. Walsh, George T. Robinson, S. T. Banes, George R. Fortiner and E. L. B. Godfrey. Prof. Brown was elected president and J. E. De Ea Cour secretary. The society flourished with considerable activity for a number of years and gave the public frequent microscopical exhibitions during the period of its existence. Section VIII. — County Physicians. [1876.] The legislative " Act Respecting County Physi- cians" was passed April 21, 1876, because of the want of medical knowledge among coroners, who were usually laymen, and the consequent expense attending their official investiga- tions. The Act provided for the election of county physicians by Boards of Freeholders; gave them the precedence and authority over coroners and justices of the peace, in the investi- gation of the causes of casual, accidental and violent deaths, New Jersey State Board of Health. 147 and placed the inmates of county jails under their professional care. In 1878, a supplementary Act was passed, empowering county physicians to take charge of the remains of the unknown dead and to take an inventory of their effects. In 1879, a further supplementary Act was passed, fixing the salary of the county physician; in 1885, another supplement was enacted, making the fees of coroners, for holding inquests or viewing bodies, non-collectable without a written order from the county physician, unless his permission could not be obtained within six hours after being notified in writing by the coroner. Further supplementary Acts have been passed, defining the powers and duties of county physicians. When the law providing for the election of a county physician went into effect in Camden county, in 1876, the Board of Freeholders advertised for bids from physicians, with responses from six. Dr. Randal W. Morgan was elected to the position for five years, at a salary of $467 per annum. During his term of office, Dr. Morgan went to Europe to regain his health, and, in his absence, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was qualified as county physician. Upon the expiration of the term of Dr. Morgan, in 1 88 1, Dr. William H. Ireland was elected to the position for three years. He was succeeded by Dr. O. B. Gross in 1884. Dr. William H. Iszard was elected in 1887 and re-elected in 1890. In 1894, Dr. William S. Jones succeeded Dr. Iszard as county physician. Section IX. — New Jersey State Board of Health. [1877.] Following the organization of the New Jersey Sanitary Association in 1875, the necessity for a State Board of Health became so apparent that the Legislature, through the influence of Dr. Ezra M. Hunt and others, enacted, in 1877, a law instituting a State Board of Health and Vital Statistics, which Governor Bedle approved, May 22nd. The law provided that the board should take cognizance of the sanitary interests and of the health and lives of the people ; make sanitary investigations; inquire into the causes of epidemics; investigate the diseases of animals and make an 148 History Medical Profession Camden County. annual report to the Governor in December of each year. Upon the approval of the enactment on May 22nd, Governor Bedle appointed the following gentlemen as members of the board : E. A. Osborne, C. E., of Newark ; Laban Dennis, M. D. ; Elias J. Marsh, M. D., of Paterson ; Prof. Cyrus Brackett, of Princeton ; Surgeon-General Theodore Varick, of Jersey City ; Ezra M. Hunt, M. D., of Metuchen, and James M. Ridge, M. D., of Camden. In the organization of the board, Dr. E. J. Marsh was elected president and Dr. Ezra M. Hunt secretary, — a position retained by the latter until his death, in 1894. During the year, Dr. James M. Ridge presented a studied communication on " Domestic Hygiene," discussing with elaboration the subjects of air, water and food, which was published in the annual report. Although appointed for five years, Dr. Ridge resigned from the board in 1879. " The board took a wide and comprehensive view of its sphere and privileges. A critical examination of its reports and circulars shows that a definite plan was pursued, which was the diffusion of sanitary information, first, among the members of the medical profession, and, second, among the people. Next to physicians, the board enlisted the interest of civil engineers, teachers, architects, chemists, plumbers and members of other allied callings. Even the agricultural popu- lation was reached through circular information given concern- ing the care of animals in contagious diseases. By its reports and circulars, by the use of the press, by conferences with boards of trade, local boards of health, common councils and mayors of cities, and by talks on sanitary subjects, the board educated a sentiment throughout the State so favorable to sanitary- progress that the laws relating to public health have been revo- lutionized in New Jersey." * Section X. — Deaths. [1875.] During the period under consideration, the medical profession and the public were called to mourn the death of Doctors Charles W. Sartori and Charles F. Clark, of *The Progress of Sanitation in New Jersey, by E. L. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. D. Deaths. 149 Camden ; Dr. Martin Synnott, of Blackwood, and Doctors- William G. Taylor and Thomas F. Cullen, of Camden. Dr. Charles W. Sartori died at his residence in Camden, October 24th. Dr. Sartori is accredited by Stevenson as being a graduate from Jefferson Medical College in 1829, ^ ut hi s 'name does not appear in the catalogue of graduates. During the Civil War, Dr. Sartori served with distinction in the United States Navy from May 18, 1 861, to July 19, 1864, as an acting assistant surgeon, which has been previously related. After the war, he located in Camden and engaged in teaching in the public schools, in which he became a principal. He was also a member of the Board of Education. In Masonry, Dr. Sartori took an active interest and became Master of Camden Lodge and a charter member of Ionic Lodge. He never affiliated with either the City or the County Medical Society. Dr. Charles F. Clark, an honorary member of the Camden City Medical Society, died at his residence, in Camden, in September. Dr. Clark practiced medicine at Woodbury and,, with Doctors I. S. Mulford and Samuel Harris, of Camden, was one of the constituent members of the Gloucester County Society at its reorganization in 1835, and again in 1846. Upon retiring from practice in Woodbury, he moved to Camden. He was succeeded at Woodbury by his son, Dr. H. C. Clark. [1877.] Dr. Martin S. Synnott died at Blackwood, in 1877, of consumption. Dr. Synnott was graduated from Jeffer- son Medical College in 1839. He began practice at Chew's Landing, but subsequently removed to Blackwood.* Dr. William G. Taylor, son of Dr. R. G. Taylor, died at his residence in Camden, April 8, 1877, and was buried at Evergreen Cemetery. Dr. Taylor was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in March, 1873, an( ^ entered upon the work of a missionary under the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. "On June 11, 1873, he sailed from New York for Africa. His station was Gaboon, on the west coast, and his duty was to visit monthly, or oftener, the stations between it *The Medical History of Atlantic County, by J. B. Somers, M.D. 15° History Medical Profession Camden County. and Benita, a point one hundred miles north. The mode of travel was by sea, in an open boat five and one-half feet wide by twenty-six long. This exposed life and repeated attacks of African fever impaired his health and, after two years' labor, he returned home."* Dr. Taylor served as physician to the Camden City Dispensary. Dr. Thomas F. Cullen died in Camden, November 21, 1877, of consumption, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Dr. Cullen was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, an d was one of the most distinguished physicians of his time in New Jersey. He was the recognized leader of the profession in West Jersey. As a surgeon, he possessed decided merit, but never sought notoriety by the use of the knife. In his every-day life, he was noted for upholding the honor and dignity of the medical profession, and, as a strict observer of professional etiquette, he became closely attached to his profes- sional brethren by the ties of a common brotherhood which were strengthened by his superior wisdom and skill. As a court expert, Dr. Cullen was greatly distinguished. In 1850, he joined the County Medical Society and became its president in 1857; in 1853, ne > with others, organized the Camden City Medical Society; in 1866, he was one of the incorporators of the Camden City Dispensary; in 1870, he was elected president of the Medical Society of New Jersey and, in 1874, he was one of the incorporators of the Cooper Hospital. Dr. Cullen wrote many valuable medical and surgical papers and attained a reputation as a dramatist, as well as a musical composer. He was buried at Evergreen, where a monument marks his resting- place. *A History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, by John R. Stevenson, A. M., M. D. CHAPTER IX. THE PERIOD FROM 1880 TO 1885. Section I. — The Camden City Dispensary. [1880.] The contract made the preceding year between the managers of the dispensary and City Council, by which the dispensary received $1,600 per annum for furnishing medicines and providing medical attendants for the indigent sick, increased both the work and worth of the institution. During the year, fourteen hundred and five patients were treated, — an increase of six hundred and sixty-six over the preceding year. The city contract was again renewed. The following managers were elected: Maurice Browning, John Morgan, Colonel Thomas McKeen, Joseph B. Cooper, Rudolph us Bingham and Doctors J. V. Schenck, H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, D. P. Pancoast, Alexander' Marcy and I. B. Mulford. John Morgan was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice- president; H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Joseph. B. Cooper, treasurer ; Dr. O. B. Gross, physician for the First district ; Dr. C. M. Schellenger, for the Second, and Dr. C. W. Green, for the Third. The annual meeting was held January 1 ith, and the report for the year showed that one thousand and forty-eight cases had been treated, two thousand and seventy prescriptions com- pounded and a deficit of $9.96 incurred, from an income of $2,077.33, for the year. John Morgan was elected president; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secre- tary; Joseph B. Cooper, treasurer; Dr. O. B. Gross, physician for the First district ; Dr. H. H. Davis, for the Second, and Dr. J. W. Donges, for the Third. In October, these medical appointees resigned and Dr. J. W. Wroth was appointed for the First district; Dr. W. A. Hamilton, for the Second, and Dr. H. F. Palm, for the Third. [1882.] On November 8th, of the preceding year, the dispensary sustained a loss in the death of John Morgan, presi- 151 152 History Medical Profession Camden County. dent of the Board of Managers, and, at the annual meeting in January, 1882, Joseph B. Cooper, the treasurer, presented his resignation. Richard H. Reeve was elected a member of the board in place of John Morgan and William B. Cooper succeeded Joseph B. Cooper. The expenses of the institution for the fiscal year, ending in January, were $1,734.86; two thousand and fifteen cases were treated and six thousand three hundred and ten prescriptions compounded. Colonel Thomas McKeen was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-presi- dent; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Richard H. Reeve, treasurer; Othniel G. Taylor, pharmacist; Dr. J. H. Wroth, physician for the First district; Dr. George T. Robinson, for the Second; Dr. H. F. Palm, for the Third, and Dr. W. A. Hamilton, interne. The dispensary received a legacy of $100 from the estate of John Morgan. [1883.] The annual meeting was held, January 9th, and the record of the year showed that eighteen hundred and ninety-one cases were treated, at an expense of $2,001.67. The management had sustained a double loss in the death of Dr. J. V. Schenck, on July 25th, and of Dr. I. B. Mulford, on November 2j, 1882. Dr. E.J. Snitcher was elected in place of Dr. Schenck, and, with Doctors Marcy, Taylor and Mecray, represented the City Medical Society for the remainder of the year. Dr. Mulford's place was not filled. Colonel Thomas McKeen was elected president; Dr. Alexander Marcy, vice- president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Richard H. Reeve, treasurer ; Dr. A. T. Dobson, physician for the First district ; Dr. C. M. Schellenger, for the Second ; Dr. George T. Robinson, for the Third, and Dr. H. F. Palm, interne. [1884.] The dispensary sustained another loss, during the year just closed, in the death of Colonel Thomas McKeen, mak- ing four vacancies by death in the management in three succes- sive years. At the annual meeting held January 9th, the follow- ing managers were elected by the contributors : Maurice Brown- ing, Rudolphus Bingham, Richard H. Reeve, William B. Cooper, and David M. Chambers. The representatives from the City Medical Society were Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Alexander Marcy, A. M. Mecray, W. A. Davis, E. J. Snitcher and The Camden City Medical Society. 153 J. Orlando White. Dr. Marcy was elected president ; Maurice Browning, vice-president; Dr. Taylor, secretary ; R. H. Reeve r treasurer ; O. G. Taylor, pharmacist ; Dr. A. T. Dobson, physi- cian for the First district; Dr. C. M. Schellenger, for the Second, and Dr. H. F. Palm, for the Third, and also interne. There were thirteen hundred and two cases treated and seven thousand and twenty-five prescriptions compounded, at an expense of $2,254.19. Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society. [1880.] Because of the suspension of the meetings of the society during the greater part of 1879, but little encourage- ment was held out for regular meetings this year. On March 24th, a special meeting, at which Dr. J. E. Clawson presided, was called for the purpose of reviving an interest in the society, but it was not wholly successful on account of the small attendance. The necessity for the existence of the society was ardently discussed and frankly admitted, and a committee, consisting of Doctors J. H. Wroth, O. B. Gross and I. B. Mulford, was appointed to wait upon the members and solicit their aid in the reorganization. The meeting thereupon adjourned to April 8th, when the committee reported their action and recommended " that the meetings be held hereafter at the residence of such members as may invite the society, or at the dispensary." Dr. William A. Hamilton, a graduate of the University of Maryland, 1870, was elected a member. This second meeting was so poorly attended that no further effort at reorganization was made until September 7, 1882. [1882.] Solicitous for the welfare of the profession,. Dr. Dowling Benjamin issued an invitation to the members of the society to meet at his residence, September 7th, where a reorganization was effected by the election of Dr. William A. Davis, president ; Dr. William H. Iszard, vice-president ; Dr. E. J. Snitcher, secretary and treasurer ; Doctors Marcy, Taylor, Mecray, Mulford and Snitcher as dispensary managers, and Doctors Conrad G. Hoell, Ph. G., and George Taylor Robinson, graduates of the University of Pennsylvania during the year, and Dr. Dowling Benjamin were elected members. 154 History Medical Profession Camden County.. [1883.] Following the meeting at Dr. Benjamin's, interest in the society revived ; regular quarterly meetings were held during the year, and Doctors E. P. Townsend and Henry H. Davis, graduates of Jefferson Medical College, the former in 1863 and the latter in 1879, ana - H. F. Palm, a former student at Pennington Seminary and graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1 88 1, were elected members. At the annual meeting, Dr. William H. Iszard was elected president ; Dr. E. P. Townsend, vice-president ; Dr. E. J. Snitcher, secretary and treasurer. Doctors Taylor, Marcy, Mecray, W. A. Davis, White and Snitcher were elected managers of the dispensary, and Dr. C. M. Schellenger, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1879, was elected a member. [1884.] This year witnessed a decline in the interest in the society to such an extent that only two meetings were held. The first took place at the residence of Dr. William A. Davis, when Professor B. F. Baer, of Philadelphia, read a paper on " Metrorrhagia," and the second, at Dr. E. P. Townsend's, when Dr. Townsend read a paper on " Modern Therapeutics." Dr. Townsend was elected president ; Dr. J. F. Walsh, vice- president ; Dr. E. J. Snitcher, secretary and treasurer, and the managers for the dispensary were re-elected. Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society. [1880.] The society met at Cooper's Point Hotel, May nth, with Dr. D. P. Pancoast in the chair, who delivered an address on " The Therapeutics of Homoeopathy." Dr. John W. Snowden read the annual report, embracing papers by Dr. Alexander Marcy, of Camden ; Doctors H. A. M. Smith and D. W. Blake, of Gloucester ; N. B. Jennings and C. H. Shivers, of Haddonfield ; H. E. Branin and J. W. McCullough, of Blackwood, and D. M. Stout, of Berlin. Dr. John R. Stevenson read a paper on "Syphilis" and Dr. O. B. Gross one on "Three Cases in which Bromide of Ethyl was Used." Dr. Charles H. Shivers, of Haddonfield, was elected president; Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. John W. Snowden, The Camden District Medical Society . 155 chairman, standing committee ; Dr. Alexander Marcy, censor for five years, and Doctors J. W. McCullough, of Blackwood, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, i860 ; John W. Donges, University of Pennsylvania, 1866, and Charles W. Green, Dartmouth Medical College, 1867, were elected to membership. On August 1 6th, a special meeting was called to consider the medical enactment of 1880. At the semi-annual meeting, in November, sections on jurisprudence and nervous diseases were established, in addition to those already existing, and Doctors O. B. Gross and N. B. Jennings reported attendance at the American Medical Association, at New York, in June. [188 1.] On May 9th, the society convened at Gloucester City for the first time. With the exception of the meetings held at Haddonfield and Ellisburg, the sessions had been held in Camden. The president, Dr. C. H. Shivers, was absent. The standing committee reported the prevalence of an epidemic of small-pox in Camden ; an epidemic of typhus fever at the County Almshouse ; the prevalence of malarial fever throughout the county and the presence of diphtheria and scarlet fever in Camden every month of the year, except July and August. Dr. Isaac B. Mulford was elected president ; Dr. E. L,. B. Godfrey, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer, and Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of the standing committee and censor for five years. On November 8th, the semi-annual meeting was held at the West Jersey Hotel, Camden. Dr. J. W. Snowden read the report of the section on medicine; Dr. J. V. Schenck, on obstetrics; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, on surgery, and Dr. D. Benjamin, on nervous diseases. Reports were made by the Asylum committee and the committee on medical registra- tion. Dr. Charles G. Garrison was elected an honorary member; Doctors C. M. Schellenger and H. H. Davis were elected members and Dr. Charles W. Green resigned. Doctors H. Genet Taylor, I. B. Mulford and E. L- B. Godfrey reported attendance at the American Medical Association, Richmond, Va., May 3d. [1882.] The society convened at the West Jersey Hotel, May 9th. The president, Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, was absent. 156 History Medical Profession Camden County. The standing committee made a report on the increase of malarial fever and its tendency to assume a typhoid form ; on the effect of the deposits of mud along the river-bank, and on the common use of bovine virus. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey read a paper on "Humanized and Bovine Virus" and Dr. O. B. Gross reported "A Case of Hydatid Disease of the Uterus." Dr. H. Genet Taylor, chairman of the committee on medical registration, reported that there were no illegal practitioners known to the committee, since the law of 1880 was being enforced, but that no one was indictable before the court for illegal practice unless action was taken by the employe. The work of this committee will be considered under the section relating to the medical enactment of 1880. Dr. E. L- B, Godfrey was elected president ; Dr. John R. Haney, vice-presi- dent; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Dr. I. B. Mulford, treasurer; Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of the standing com- mittee, and Dr. J. V. Schenck, censor for five years. The semi-annual meeting was held November 14th, with Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey in the chair. Doctors Dowling Benjamin and E. L. B. Godfrey reported, in the section on surgery, a case of "Compound Fracture of the Skull with the Removal of the Greater Part of the Left Parietal Bone, with Recovery" ; Dr. J. W. Snowden made the report on medicine ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, on obstetrics, and Dr. Charles G. Garrison, on juris- prudence. As an effect of the latter report, Dr. Benjamin introduced a resolution requesting, in substance, the section on jurisprudence to prepare a bill for the Legislature, requiring all expert testimony to be called by the court, instead of by parties at suit ; that the presiding judge shall, at the request of either party, designate and summon one or more experts, who shall indicate the points on which scientific light is required, and that the fees of experts shall be paid in the first instance by the court, but eventually added to the costs of the suit. This resolution prevailed and resulted in the presentation to, and adoption by, the State Medical Society, of a bill of a similar character, prepared by Dr. Charles G. Garrison. The bill, however, was not presented by the society to the Legislature. Dr. William A. Hamilton was elected a member and Dr. J. W. The Camden District Medical Society . 157 Wroth resigned in consequence of his removal to New Mexico. Following the meeting, a banquet was served and the following toasts were responded to : "Listerism in its Application to Surg- ery," by Dr. Richard J. Levis, of the Pennsylvania Hospital ; "The Experiments of Pasteur in their Application to Medicine, 1 ' by Dr. J. Solis-Cohen, of Jefferson College; "The Discoveries of Koch in their Application to Medicine," by Dr. James M. Ridge, of Camden ; "Artistic Anatomy," by Dr. W. W. Keen, of the Philadelphia School of Anatomy; "The Profits and Loss of the Profession," by Dr. Oscar H. Allis, of Jefferson College Hospital ; " Medical Specialties," by Dr. Charles K. Mills, of the University of Pennsylvania, and "Medical Journalism," by Dr. John V. Shoemaker, editor of the Medical Bulletin. [1883.] The annual meeting of the society was held in Camden, May 8th, with the president, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, in the chair. Dr. J. W. Snowden spoke, in the annual report, of the prevalence of typhoid fever in Camden and of periodic fevers in the count)-. Dr. John R. Stevenson read a paper on "The Revision of the Pharmacopoeia" ; Dr. O. B. Gross, on the "Water-Supply of Camden"; Dr. Charles G. Garrison, on "Medical Jurisprudence," and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey delivered the annual address on "Syphilis in its Relation to Marriage." Dr. John R. Haney was elected president; Dr. Dowling Benjamin, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer; Dr. John W. Snowden, chairman, standing committee ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, a member of the Board of Censors in the place of Dr. Schenck, and Dr. Ellis P. Townsend and Dr. Howard F. Palm were elected members. At the semi-annual meeting in November, Dr. D. P. Pancoast reported attendance at the American Medical Association, at Cleveland, in June ; Dr. J. W. Snowden reported for the section on medicine; Dr. A. M. Mecray, for obstetrics; Dr. J. M. Ridge, on pathology, and special papers were read by Dr. O. B. Gross, on "The Water-Supply of Camden," and by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, on "The Germ Theory of Disease." [1884.] The annual meeting of the society was held at Gloucester City, May 13th. Dr. D. Benjamin occupied the chair in the absence of the president, Dr. John R. Haney. 158 History Medical Profession Camden County. Dr. John W. Snowden read the annual report; Dr. A. M. Mecray reported "A Case of Pyo thorax, with Recovery, from the Introduction of a Drainage-Tube" ; Dr. John R. Stevenson read a paper on "Homoeopathic Remedies," and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey a paper on "The Germ Theory in its Relation to Disease." Dr. Dowling Benjamin was elected president; Dr. E. B. Woolston, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of the standing committee ; Dr. Henry E. Branin, censor for five years ; Doctors Philip W. Beale, C. G. Hoell and Augustus T. Dobson, a graduate of the University of Penn- sylvania, 1882, were elected members, and ex-presidents I. Gilbert Young, of Philadelphia, and J. W. Heulings, of Moorestown, were elected honorary members. At the semi- annual meeting in November, Doctors J. W. Snowden and D. Benjamin reported for the sections on medicine and surgery, respectively ; City Council of Camden was again requested to establish a Board of Health, under the laws of the State, and an amendment to the constitution was introduced by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, providing for a regular meeting of the society on the second Tuesday in February. Doctors Godfrey, Taylor and Mecray were appointed to arrange for a special meeting at that time for the consideration of cholera. A resolution was adopted expressive of admiration for the skill, bravery and heroic devo- tion to duty of Dr. Henry E. Branin, and of Dr. Joseph W. McCullough, in the typhus fever epidemic at the Almshouse, in which Dr. McCullough lost his life. Section IV. — The American Medical Association. [1880.] During the period under consideration, the Camden District Medical Society* was well represented in the American Medical Association. In 1880, Doctors N. B. Jennings and O. B. Gross attended the meeting of the association in New York; in 1881, Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Isaac B. Mulford and E. L. B. Godfrey attended the meet- ing at Richmond, Va.; in 1882, Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, at St. Paul, Minn.; in 1883, Dr. D. P. Pancoast, at Cleveland,. The American Medical Association. 159 [1884.] Ohio, and, in 1884, Doctors Dowling Benjamin, William A. Davis, 0. B. Gross, John W. Donges and William H. Ireland, at Washington, D. C. At this latter meeting, membership in the association was made obtainable by any delegate of a State or County Medical Society, recog- nized by the association, upon application indorsed by the president and secretary of said society, and said membership was acknowledged by the association so long as delegates remained in good standing in their local societies and paid the annual dues of the association. At this meeting, also, the advocates of a higher medical education won a decided victory and extended, in a marked degree, the influence of the Amer- ican Medical Association over the Association of American Medical Colleges, in the methods and extent of medical teach- ing. This was largely accomplished through Dr. Dowling Benjamin, of Camden, a delegate from the Medical Society of New Jersey, who introduced and secured, after pronounced opposition, the adoption of a resolution, "urging upon all American medical colleges the necessity of elevating the standard of education at least so far as to require a preliminary examination, a three years' course of study, a registration of attendance and practical demonstrations in physical diagnosis." The resolution was opposed with vehemence and bitterness by a number of delegates present, who were officially connected with medical colleges and members of the Association of American Colleges ; but the necessities of the hour demanded that the American Medical Association should again take an advanced position in extending the curriculum of medical study, and when, after prolonged debate, the Benjamin resolu- tion was put to vote, it was adopted by a decided majority. This movement in the National Association was in accordance with similar resolutions previously adopted by the Medical Society of New Jersey and the Camden District Medical Society. Situated between two great centres of medical instruction, the necessity of a more extended curriculum of medical study was so apparent that the adoption of the Benjamin resolution met the universal approval of the medical profession of New Jersey. The desire for a higher medical education, among the physi- 160 History Medical Professio7i Camde?i Comity. cians of New Jersey, was based upon their experience of the advantages obtained from examinations under strict medical law and the disadvantages arising from unlicensed privileges in medical practice. Medical examinations were a preliminary condition to medical practice in New Jersey from 1772 to 1854, and, during that period, the esprit dn corps of the profession was a matter of just pride and its influence was every where acknowledged throughout the State. But, in 1854, through the rivalry of medical colleges, which, as joint-stock corporations, sprang up with mushroom-like growth in Phila- delphia and New York, aided by the influence of the disciples of Hahnemann, the restrictive legislation governing medical practice in New Jersey was offset by the enactment of a law allowing graduates of any medical college, in which the principles of medicine were taught through two courses of instruction of sixteen weeks each, to practice medicine upon filing their diplomas with the clerk of the county in which they had decided to practice. In consequence of this legisla- tion, the Medical Society of New Jersey surrendered its examin- ing privileges in 1866; physicians multiplied rapidly and the title of Doctor was despoiled of much of its former dignity. In 1880, the need of restrictive measures governing medical practice became so apparent that the filing of a fraudulent diploma was made a misdemeanor, and this was further enforced, in 1883, by an Act of Legislature, requiring county clerks to report to the State Board of Health the names of all physicians filing their diplomas, with the name of the college from which they had graduated. But this was not sufficient to prevent the possessors of diplomas of bogus medical colleges from illegally plying an honorable calling, and it remained for the State Board of Medical Examiners, established in 1890, to free New Jersey from charlatans and quacks. Section V. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [1880.] The society met at Princeton, May 25th, with Dr. John W. Snowden present as third vice-president, and Doctors Taylor, Benjamin, Stout and Godfrey as delegates from The Medical Society of New Jersey . 161 Camden. Dr. Snowden was elected second vice-president and delivered an address on "The Abuse of the Obstetric Forceps," claiming that much of the gynaecological work of the present was due to an abuse of the instrument. County societies were requested to appoint committees to examine the list of physi- cians registered under the medical law just enacted. [1881.] On May 24th, the society met a,t Long Branch. Dr. J. V. Schenck was present as a Fellow, Dr. J. W. Snowden as second vice-president, and Doctors Taylor and Godfrey as delegates. Dr. Snowden was elected first vice-president. [1882.] On May 23d, the society met at Asbury Park. Doctors Snowden, Taylor, Pancoast and Godfrey were the rep- resentatives of the Camden society. Dr. Snowden was elected president of the society, and, through the influence of the Camden delegates, the next meeting of the society was voted to be held at Atlantic City, and Doctors Taylor and Godfrey were appointed on the committee of arrangements, with power to add to their number. [1883.] In accordance with arrangements, the society convened at Atlantic City, June 12th, with an unusually large attendance of delegates and friends. The committee of arrange- ments, consisting of Doctors H. Genet Taylor and E. L. B. Godfrey, of Camden ; Boardman Reed and Willard Wright, of Atlantic City, and D. B. Ingersoll, of May's Landing, secured, through General William J. Sewell, a special, complimentary train, over the Camden and Atlantic Railroad from Camden to Atlantic City and return, for the use of the delegates and their friends, which led to a meeting of unusual interest because of the number of physicians present. The society was welcomed to Atlantic City by Mayor Charles Maxwell, Dr. Boardman Reed and by Dr. H. Genet Taylor, the chairman of the com- mittee of arrangements. In the evening an elaborate banquet was served by the citizens of Atlantic City, in honor of the society. Camden was represented by Doctors Godfrey, Stevenson, Tomlinson and Haney as delegates. Dr. John W. Snowden, the president, delivered an address on "The Advances Made in Medicine by Physical Diagnosis," in which he reviewed the history of auscultation, percussion and the array 1 62 History Medical Profession Camden County. of means and appliances used in physical diagnosis, and showed that they had been introduced by the profession within the century. Cape May was selected as the next place of meeting and Doctors Taylor and Godfrey were again made members of the committee of arrangements, with power to add to their number. [1884.] Thje society met at Cape May, in June, as previ- ously arranged, and, through the committee of arrangements, the delegates and friends were transported from Camden to Cape May and return, on a special, complimentary train over the West Jersey Railroad, through the courtesy of General William J. Sewell, its vice-president. The address of welcome was delivered by Dr. H. Genet Taylor. Camden was repre- sented by Doctors Snowden, Mecray, Taylor, Iszard, Tomlinson, Branin, Benjamin, Davis and Godfrey. Section VI. — Medical Enactments from 1880 to 1885. [1880.] On March 10th, an "Act to Regulate the Prac- tice of Medicine and Surgery" was passed by the Legislature, approved by the Executive, March 12th, and went into effect June 1, 1880. The Act provided that every person practicing medicine in New Jersey shall be a graduate of a legally- chartered medical college ; that copies of all diplomas must be recorded in the office of the county clerk in the county in which the possessor is practicing medicine; that practicing medicine without conforming to the Act is a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of twenty-five dollars for each prescription, or operation performed, or imprisonment from three to six months; that illegal practitioners shall be disqualified from collecting fees, and that the recording of a fraudulent diploma is a high misdemeanor, punishable by a fine not less than three nor more than five hundred dollars, or imprisonment at hard labor for not less than one nor more than three years. The Act revolutionized medical registration throughout the State, in that it compelled the filing of all medical diplomas with clerks of counties ; gave an opportunity to discover the validity of recorded diplomas; made fraudulent registration a mis- Medical Enactments from 1880 to 1885. 163 demeanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment, and again restored the guardianship of the State over medical practice. Appreciating the importance of the law, the State Medical Society, at Princeton, May 25th, requested County Societies to appoint committees to examine the list of registered physicians in each county. In accordance therewith, the Camden County Medical Society met in special session, August 16th, to take action concerning the registration of physicians under the new law, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Dowling Benjamin and J. W. Wroth, of Camden ; Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester ; John W. Snowden, of Waterford ; John R. Stevenson, of Haddonfield, and D. M. Stout, of Berlin, were appointed a committee " to investigate the legal standing of registered practitioners of medicine within the county." The committee met in September, and arranged for the prosecution of their work and, at the semi-annual meeting of the society, Novem- ber 9th, made the following report : " There are eighty-five diplomas registered in the office of the county clerk ; there are nine physicians practicing without diplomas and nine registered diplomas of doubtful origin. The committee recommend a return to the former method of examination by censors ap- pointed by the State Medical Society." The report produced a sensation in the society. It not only revealed its numerical weakness,* but caused the name of one of its members, because of illegal registration, to be stricken from its rolls. The recommendation of the committee was impracticable. Instead of advising the societv to maintain the present law, a return to the regulations governing medical practice previous to 1854 (which the State Medical Society had voluntarily surrendered) was recom- mended. The recommendation was not adopted, but the committee was continued and, in 1882, reported to the societv that there were no illegal practitioners of medicine within the county. The need of a restraining law to assure the public that each practitioner was a graduate of an authorized school of medicine was manifest. Of the eighty -five registered *Of the ninety-four physicians practicing within Camden county, fifty- four were graduates of the regular system of medicine and only thirty-eight were members of the Camden County Medical .Society. 164 History Medical Profession Camdeji County . practitioners in Camden county, twenty-nine were graduates of the University of Pennsylvania ; nineteen, of Jefferson Medical College ; thirteen, of Hahnemann Medical College ; five, of Pennsylvania College of Homoeopathic Medicine ; four, of Penn Medical University; three, of Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery; two, of the University of Maryland; one each of the University of Glasgow, Dartmouth College, Northwestern University of Chicago, Harvard Medical School, Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Medical College, Pennsylvania Homoeopathic College, Eclectic Medical College, Woman's Homoeopathic Medical College of New York and the American Veterinary College. Of these institutions, nearly one-third are now defunct ; not, however, through the direct efforts of the medical profession, but chiefly through the exposure of the charlatanism of some of them by the Philadelphia Record of that year. The progress made in the legal protection of the medical profession was not confined to New Jersey. In 1877, Illinois took the initial steps in the licensing and registration of physicians, and the protection of the public from charlatanism, and it was discovered that out of seven thousand six hundred physicians in that State, only three thousand six hundred were legalized practitioners. In addition to the Act just considered, an "Act Respect- ing Bridges" was passed by the Legislature, "exempting physicians from a penalty for driving faster than a walk over a bridge while visiting patients, but liable to damages for reckless or negligent driving." [1881.] The medical Act of 1880 seemed, however, to work some hardship, and, on March 2, 1881, a supplementary law was enacted by the Legislature, exempting any physician from the provisions of the Act of the previous year, who had practiced twenty years in one place. [1882.] A further modifying supplement was enacted in 1882, providing that physicians and surgeons, graduates of medical colleges, who should deposit their diplomas with the county clerk within one year, shall not be subject to the fines and penalties prescribed in the Act of 1880. [1883.] On March 28, 1883, a further supplement to the Epidem ic Diseases . 1 65 medical Act of 1880 was secured, through the State Board of Health, requiring county clerks to furnish the board, once a year, with a list of all physicians and surgeons who had regis- tered copies of their diplomas during the year, with the name of the institution from which each had graduated. This amendment was secured because the unscientific death reports forwarded to the board necessitated a knowledge of the professional standing of physicians, in regard to the facts of their graduation and registration and their right, under the law, to give a certificate of death. As a result of this amend- ment, the names of sixty -nine physicians were forwarded to the State Board of Health as practitioners in Camden ; six, from Gloucester City ; six, from Haddonfield ; four, from Berlin ; two, from Blackwood ; one each from Merchantville, Marlton and Waterford, and twenty-eight without post-office address, but presumably from Philadelphia, making, in all, one hundred and eighteen registered physicians in Camden county. At this time, the Camden County Medical Society had thirty- seven members. [1884.] In 1884, an Act of Legislature, defining a homoeopathic physician to be a graduate of a homoeopathic college or a member of a homoeopathic medical society, was passed. Section VII. — Epidemic Diseases, a. small-pox. [1880.] In February, small-pox appeared in Camden and assumed an epidemic form of unusual severity, both in its extent and fatality, because of the inadequate means employed by the sanitary committee of City Council to arrest it. The Camden City Medical Society, appreciating the urgent need of municipal supervision over the epidemic, urged the sanitary committee to enforce vaccination and quarantine, which the committee claimed could only be done, to a limited extent, under existing municipal laws. City Council was the source of authority for the operations of the committee, and, conse- quently, the sanitary provisions of the city were not abreast of the times ; vaccination and quarantine were tardily enforced and cases of contagious diseases were indifferently reported. 1 66 History Medical Profession Camden County. Up to June, ten deaths were reported in the city ; in July, a temporary hospital was erected by the sanitary committee upon vacant lots in the Eighth ward, against which, however, an injunction was issued, but was dissolved, July 26th. Dr. C. M. Schellenger was appointed physician to the hospital and rendered invaluable service. On Jul)- 28th, Dr. E. M. Hunt, secretary of the State Board of Health, met the sanitary committee and a number of the leading physicians of the city in a conference, and urged a general vaccination and the segre- gation of small-pox cases. Provisions, however, were not made by the sanitary committee for free vaccination of the public. On August 4th, the managers of the Camden City Dispensary, because of the continued spread of the epidemic and the inade- quate means provided to arrest it, invited Dr. Hunt and the members of the sanitary committee to a conference, August 1 6th, and a general vaccination was then agreed to, and subse- quently ordered. During the remainder of the month, eight thousand persons were reported to have been vaccinated. On August 2 2d, thirty-eight cases of small-pox were reported in the hospital and sixty in the city. Following the general vaccination and the segregation of cases, the epidemic yielded, but lingered through a series of months, to the great detriment of the city. Six hundred and eighty-eight cases were reported with one hundred and thirty-four deaths.* During 1880, and up to July, 1 88 1, one hundred and forty-four death certificates from small-pox in Camden were filed in the office of the State Board of Health. During the epidemic under consideration, Dr. John W. Donges was a member of City Council, having been first elected in 1878, and, at this time, served as a member of the sanitary committee. Dr. Donges used his best endeavors to check the spread of the epidemic and to further the sanitary interests of the city, and supervised the transportation of the afflicted to the hospital, free of charge. For his intrepid and unselfish services and his efficiency during the epidemic, City Council unanimously passed the following resolutions and ordered them framed : : Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey for iS Epidemic Diseases. 167 Council Chamber, City Hall, Camden, April 28, 1881. "At a stated meeting of City Council, held on the above date, it was unanimously Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to draft suitable reso- lutions conveying the thanks of this body to J. W. Donges, M. D., for special services rendered as a member of the Camden Board of Health, during the prevalence of small-pox in our city in the fall of i879-'8o. The committee reported the following, which was unanimously adopted : Whereas, The citizens of this community, through their representa- tives, having expressed an earnest desire that a token of public appreciation should be extended to J. W. Donges, M. D., for the fearless and faithful discharge of his duties as a member of the Board of Health, be it therefore Resolved, That the sincere and heartfelt thanks of this body and commu- nity are hereby extended to J. W. Donges, M. D., member of City Council from the Eighth Ward, and member of the Board of Health, for his indefati- gable, self-sacrificing and successful efforts to obliterate the loathsome disease that infested our city. Resolved, That to his valuable assistance and wise professional judgment is due the successful effort of the board in preventing a wide-spread epidemic, and placing practical safeguards against a recurrence of the disease for years to come. Resolved, That his exceptional care and provision for the comfort of the public patients commands their gratitude in a manner that words are inadequate to express. James P. Michellon, President, City Council, Frank F. Michellon, Clerk, City Council. Alex. J. MlLLIETTE, \ Wilbur F. Rose, [■ Committee." F. P. Pfeiffer, ) B. VACCINATION. During this epidemic of small-pox, Dr. E. Iy. B. Godfrey published a monograph on "Dr. Edward Jenner's Discovery of Vaccination." After reciting the brilliant experiments of Dr. Jenner, which began on the 14th of May, 1796, and which have placed the practice of vaccination upon an unshaken basis, the history of vaccination in both Europe and America was outlined, and its effects upon the public and the medical profession were portrayed. The monograph closed with the following paragraphs : " Nearly one hundred years have passed since Jenner announced to the world his discovery of vaccination. The most loathsome and universally destructive of all the acute diseases known to man has been stayed in its 1 68 History Medical Profession Camde?i County. deadly progress and greatly divested of the virulence of its infecting poison. Mankind of every language, creed and clime have broken down all barriers and received even from profane hands its protective power, and, had legal enactments compelled vaccination, small-pox would be known only from its gloomy records in the past. Every age has been marked with the results of its geniuses. Neither the genius of the sculptors of the Periclean age of the ancient world, nor of the romantic and dramatic poets, philosophers or historians of the Elizabethan age of the modern world, have furnished anything whose results have sur- passed the immediate and universal good of the discovery of vaccination. Cuvier has said, 'If vaccination were the only discovery of the epoch, it would serve to render it illustrious forever.' . Living to see the practice of vaccination adopted in every quarter of the civilized world, Jenner died on the twenty-sixth day of January, A. D., 1823, at the ripe age of seventy-four, conscious that the imperishable effort of his consistent life made him universally recognized as a willing benefactor of his kind. If burned cities and desolated countries make the soldier- worthy of monumental marble, then, indeed, has vaccination erected to Edward Jenner an enduring monument and ' inscribed the marble with his name.' ' More than armies to the public weal Is a wise physician, skilled our wounds to heal.' On the monument that marks his resting-place, his generous country- men have inscribed in poetic verse the measure of his greatness : ' Within this tomb hath found a resting-place The great physician of the human race — Immortal Jenner, whose gigantic mind Brought life and health to more than half mankind. Let rescued infancy his worth proclaim, And lisp our blessings on his honored name ! And radiant beauty drop her saddest tear, For beauty's truest, trustiest friend lies here. ' " C. TYPHUS FEVER. [1880.] On November 24th, typhus fever was conveyed to the Camden County Almshouse, at Blackwood, through the admission of a subject from a sailors' boarding-house in Phila- delphia. At this time, the Almshouse contained two hundred and seventy-five inmates and was without proper hospital facilities. The original building was constructed in 1864 and enlarged in 187 1. The present hospital building was then under course of construction, which necessitated the overcrowd- ing of the main building with fever subjects. In consequence of this, and of the prevailing cold weather, which rendered venti- Epidemic Diseases. 169 lation ineffective, the disease spread rapidly and, by the latter part of December, there were forty-one cases of the fever. The importance of the epidemic was recognized by Doctors Henry E. Branin and Joseph W. McCullough, the attending physicians, who urged the segregation of fever subjects and the speedy completion of the new hospital building. Through the strenuous exertions of Messrs. John Gill, Thomas Wentz and Louis T. Derousse, the Almshouse committee of the Board of Freeholders, the new building, containing forty beds, was opened for the reception of patients before the close of the year. Notwithstanding the increased accommodations for the care of the sick, the disease continued to spread. Early in January, Mr. E. A. Ward, the builder of the hospital, contracted the disease; on January nth, Dr. William Pepper, of Philadelphia, visited him in consultation with Doctors Branin and McCullough and, after visiting the Almshouse wards, pro- nounced the disease typhus fever of a malignant type. On January 17th, Dr. E. M. Hunt, secretary of the New Jersey State Board of Health, visited the institution upon the request of Dr. Branin and, with Mr. Derousse, investigated in detail the buildings, drainage and water-supply and took away specimens of drinking-water for analysis. On February 10th, Dr. E. M. Hunt, of Trenton ; Dr. Franklin Gauntt, of Burling- ton, and Prof. C. F. Brackett, of Princeton, members of the State Board of Health, visited the Almshouse a second time and requested that a post-mortem examination of one of the victims be made, for which the board would pay one-half of the expense, in order to determine with exactness whether the fever was typhus. This request was complied with and Doctors James Tyson and H. F. Formad, of Philadelphia, were employed for the work ; three post-mortem examinations were made and a written opinion was submitted that the fever was typhus. From November 24, 1880, to iVpril 9, 1881, there were one hundred and three cases of the fever treated, with a death-rate of thirty-three, making the mortality a little over thirty-two per cent. The death-list included Dr. Joseph W. McCullough ; Isaac P. Wilson, the steward ; E. A. Ward, con- tractor and builder of the new hospital building ; the assistant 170 History Medical Profession Camden County . matron and two assistants.* It was the most extensive epidemic of typhus fever ever known in Camden count)'. Appropriate notice of the death of Dr. McCullough, March 15, 1881, was taken by the County Medical Society and, at the semi-annual meeting of the society in November, 1884, a resolution was adopted expressive of the bravery, skill, intrepidity and devotion to duty of Doctors Branin and McCullough during this deadly epidemic. Dr. Joseph E. Hurif was elected to fill the unex- pired term of Dr. McCullough and rendered signal service at the Almshouse, during the epidemic. He has since held the position of visiting physician. Section VIII. — New Jersey State Board of Health. [1880.] The services of the State Board of Health were of acknowledged value to Camden city and county during the year, because of the epidemic of small-pox in the former and of typhus fever in the latter, which have been referred to. The board educated the city and county officials to a higher and broader idea of sanitation, and reports were made to the board, by Alexander J. Milliette, of the sanitary committee of City Council, for Camden ; Ezra C. Bell, for Centre township ; Abel Hillman, for Delaware township; Alfred Hillman, for Gloucester township; J. Stokes Coles, for Haddon township, and Dr. P. W. Beale, for Stockton township. [1881.] In response to circular inquiries concerning local sanitation, reports were received by the board from the various townships throughout Camden county, but none from the city of Camden. Hiram E. Budd reported for Centre township; A. Hillman, for Delaware; R. B. Stevenson, for Gloucester; Mathias Simmerman, for Winslow; J. Stokes Coles, for Haddon; Dr. P. W. Beale, for Stockton; John Horner, for Merchantville, and William H. Boker, for Gloucester City. [1882.] The policy of diffusing sanitary knowledge by means of circulars and of placing the responsibility of the * " The History, Origin, etc., of the Epidemic of Typhus Fever at the Camden County Almshouse, by Henry E. Branin, M. D."— Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1881. New Jersey State Board of Health . 171 public health on local boards, empowering them to meet sudden sanitary emergencies and to enforce local health laws, as provided by the sanitary Act of 1880 and its supplements, led to the organization, under this Act, of local boards in Merchantville, Gloucester City and in Centre, Delaware, Gloucester, Haddon, Stockton and Winslow townships. Camden, however, still acted independently. Reports were forwarded to the State Board, during the year, from Centre township, by Dr. F. E. Williams, and from Haddon, by J. Stokes Coles. [1883.] The health reports, for 1883, from Camden county to the State Board, were made from Haddon township, by J. Stokes Coles ; from Gloucester township, by Dr. Joseph E. HurfF; from Stockton, by Dr. P. W. Beale, and from Delaware, by Dr. F. E. Williams. The city of Camden still continued to supervise sanitary matters independently of the State Board, notwithstanding the efforts made by the County and City Medical Societies to induce the organization of a local health board under State laws. Frederick Bourquin was, at this time, chairman of the sanitary committee of City Council. An ordinance had been introduced into Council, providing for the organization of such a health board, but it was indifferently advocated because it would deprive Council of some of its political power. Impressed with the belief that a board of health, operating under State laws, would be more effective in executing sanitary measures than a committee of Council, the advocates of the measure continued their work and, at the annual meeting of the Camden County Medical Society, the following resolution, introduced by Dr. Dowling Benjamin, was adopted and forwarded to City Council: "That it is the opinion of the society that the interests of the city of Camden demand an organization of a board of health under State laws." [1884.] Notwithstanding this communication from the County Medical Society, and the efforts of the State Board in 1880, as has been related, City Council still delayed action and continued to control sanitary matters under municipal laws. The various townships of the county, since the typhus-fever 172 History Medical Profession Camden Comity. epidemic at Blackwood, had organized, in 1882, under the sanitary code of 1880, and were co-operating with the State Board of Health. Camden still remained independent and had forwarded but one annual report to the State Board; viz., in 1880, following the small-pox epidemic. To obtain a report of the sanitary conditions of Camden, it became necessary for the State Board to appoint a special sanitary inspector. This position was offered to Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, who was unable to accept it, and, upon his recommendation, Dr. Onan B. Gross was appointed. The sanitary committee of City Council was officially notified of the appointment by the State Board of Health. Dr. Gross made an exhaustive report on the location, geology, topography, climate, population, streets and houses, markets and manufactures, public buildings and schools, slaughter-houses and diseases of animals, cemeteries, refuse and garbage, water-supply, drainage and sewage, public health laws and expenses and vital statistics. In concluding his report, Dr. Gross said: "As the result of a prolonged inspection, the sanitary condition of Camden loudly calls for the relief embodied in the late enactments of our State laws in regard to local boards of health," and that "the board should be composed of practical sanitarians and able inspectors, organized according to the spirit and letter of approved sanitary science and administrative art." In speaking of this report, Dr. E. jVL Hunt said: "The report should lead to a vigorous sanitary policy in the interests of Camden and will be found in many respects a model report for sanitary methods and study in other localities." In consequence of the inspection and report of Dr. Gross, which was published in the "Annual Report of the State Board of Health," the sanitary committee of Council, through George Van Benschoten, for the second time in its history, made a report to the State Board, and local reports were also made by N. Barton, of Centre township; Dr. F. E. Williams, of Delaware ; Dr. J. E. Hurff, of Gloucester ; J. Stokes Coles, of Haddon, and Dr. P. W. Beale, of Stockton. The New Jersey Sanitary Associatio)i . 173 Section IX. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association. [1882.] The organization of this association, which has been previously considered, advanced the cause of sanitation, in a marked degree, throughout the State. The sixth annual meeting was held at Trenton, the seventh at New Brunswick, and the eighth at Trenton. At the latter meeting (1882), Dr. E. ' L. B. Godfrey, of Camden, read a paper on ' 'Animal Vaccine-lymph, its Propagation by Variolation of Kine, Retro-vaccination and Inoculation from Original, Sponta- neous Cow-pox." The history of each of these was given, and inoculation from original cow-pox was shown to be the only true source for obtaining animal-lymph for the purpose of vaccination. In considering these sources of supply, the follow- ing conclusions were stated, and a brief summary of the history of small-pox was given : "From a knowledge of the cultivation of bovine-lymph, and from an experience in its employment for vaccination, two points, in conclusion, suggest themselves : Firstly. That lymph should be procured directly from propagators of acknowledged skill, intelligence and honesty ; not through agents paid from thirty to sixty per cent, for its disposal Secondly. That this association should recommend legislation that would enable the State Board of Health to cultivate bovine-lymph for gratuitous distribution. In our generation, when vaccination has curtailed small-pox to an almost incomputable degree, but a faint conception can be formed of its ravages in former times. From the middle of the sixth century until the announcement of the principle of vaccination, near the close of the eighteenth, the most destructive epidemics of small-pox prevailed in every quarter of the civilized globe. Procopius, who flourished in the sixth century, gives the first description of the character of the disease, then raging in epidemic violence in Egypt and Arabia Bruce, in his ' Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile,' expresses his belief that the abandonment of the siege before Mecca by the Abyssinian army was due to the effects of small-pox among the troops. During the ninth century the disease invaded England, and was carried throughout Europe by the Crusaders In 1516, it was carried to St. Domingo by the Spaniards, and three years later it entered Mexico, destroying more than three millions of its inhabitants. In 1707, it reached Iceland ; extended to Greenland in 1733, and in a short time destroyed one-quarter of the population of those islands So terrible have been its ravages that, not excepting the black death, which destroyed in the Eastern countries during the fourteenth century more than twenty-four millions of people, or the sweating sickness of the sixteenth century, has this scourge been regarded as the most destructive of all the acute diseases known to 174 History Medical Profession Camden County . man. Not alone for its great fatality, the loathsome condition attending it, or the disfiguration of those who escape its dangers, but also for the demoraliza- tion it engenders, as seen in the prostration of business, the desertion of friends, and the abandonment of homes, has it been regarded by Macaulay as 'the most terrible of all the ministers of death.' When it is remembered that, in the century preceding the discovery of vaccination, forty-five millions of people died from the effects of small-pox ; that more than two hundred thousand, according to Dr. Lettison, fell annual victims to it on the continent of Europe ; that two millions perished in the Russian empire in a single year; that the yearly mortality in England was forty-five thousand, — forty times greater than it is at this time, in proportion to the increase of population ; that an epidemic existed in London for more than ninety con- tinuous years; that cities have been desolated, villages abandoned, and armies disbanded, some estimate can be formed of the transcendent impor- tance of the discovery of the principle of vaccination."* At this meeting, Rev. F. R. Brace, of Blackwood, county superintendent of public schools, read a paper on "What is Feasible as to Method and Law for the Protection of Schools from Uncleanliness and Contagious Diseases." [1883.] The ninth annual meeting of the association was held at Trenton, December 6th and 7th. Dr. Dowling Benjamin discussed the "Germ Theory" in its application to malaria, which theory was opposed by Dr. E. M. Hunt and others, because malaria was believed to be of paludal origin. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey read a paper on "The Germ Theory in its Relation to the Cause of Specific Diseases." Louis T. Derousse and Dr. Dowling Benjamin were made members of the Executive Council. [1884.] At the meeting of the association at Trenton, in December, Dr. Dowling Benjamin made an address on "The Work of the Water-Supply Commission" and advocated the right and duty of the State to protect the sources of water- supply. Section X. — Miscellaneous Interests. A. NEWLY LOCATED PHYSICIANS AND DRUGGISTS. [1880.] During the year, the following physicians, besides those mentioned in ■ connection with the Camden City and County Medical Societies, began practice in Camden: Dr. George W. Henry, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of * Annual Report of the New Jersey State Board of Health for 1883. Miscellaneous Interests. 175 Pharmacy in 1875 and of Jefferson Medical College in 1880; Dr. John H. Sutton, a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in 1877 ; Dr. E. R. Smiley, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College during the year; Dr. Daniel Strock, a Jefferson College graduate of 1877, and Dr. Thomas R. Blackwood, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1870. Dr. William G. DuBois, a graduate of Hahnemann College, 1880, located at Gloucester city, but subsequently removed to Camden. During 1881, Dr. Sophia Presley, a graduate of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1879 ; Dr. James G. Stanton and Dr. Howard F. Palm, graduates of Jefferson Medical College in 1881, and Dr. P. W. Beale located in Camden, and Dr. Joseph E. Hurff, a graduate of Jefferson College, 1881, located at Blackwood. During 1882, Dr. Robert H. Peacock, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1 881, located at Berlin, and Mrs. Jennie Rickards,* graduate of the Eclectic College of Philadelphia, located in Camden. In 1883, William A. Westcott, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College during the year, began practice at Berlin, and Doctors George H. Jones, a graduate of the University of New York, 1870; James H. Stanton, William Warnock and Joseph H. Wills, the two latter graduates of the University of Pennsylvania in 1883, located in Camden, and Dr. J. W. Gardiner, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1875, located at Gloucester City. During 1884, Dr. Guilford Gunter, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1880; Dr. William C. Raughley, a graduate of the same institution in 1884, and Dr. William Shafer, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College during the year, began practice in Camden. Dr. George D. Woodward, a student at Swarthmore College and a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1884, began practice at Belair, Md., and moved to Camden two years after. During 1880, William H. Braddock opened a drug-store at the corner of Third and Elm streets, which has since been removed to Third and Birch, and is now owned by G. S. Hoffecker; in 1882, Dr. N. Davis opened a store at Broadway and Spruce streets; in 1884, Dr. William Shafer opened a * Prowell's History of Camden County. 176 History Medical Profession Camden County. store at Fourth and Hamilton streets; Dr. E. R. Smiley, at Third and Washington streets, and Dr. P. W. Beale, at Ninth and Federal streets. B. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. [188 1.] The Young Men's Christian Association of Camden was organized October 16, 1878, and has filled an important position in the development and maintenance of the religious interests of the city. The growth of its influence and possessions, from its organization and early meetings in the lecture-room of the Tabernacle Baptist Church, now William B. Hatch Post, G. A. R., to its present handsome and spacious quarters on Federal street, attest its popularity among, and its usefulness to, the young people of Camden. With its development, the physicians of Camden have been strongly and actively identified. In 1881, Dr. E. M. Howard was elected a member of its Board of Directors and has held the position since with much advantage to the association. Doctors William A. Davis, John G. Doron and A. E. Street, dentist, have each served for a number of years on its govern- ing board and have contributed in many ways to its success. C. MILITARY INTERESTS. i. The Association of the Sons of Veterans of the United States. [188 r.] The principles and the organization of this association originated with Dr. G. S. F. Pfeiffer, of Camden,* who had served with distinction as a medical cadet in the navy of Holland; in the French army in 1825, an d as an assistant surgeon in the One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, during the latter part of the Rebellion of 1 86 1 to 1865. The Order of the Loyal Legion and the Grand Army of the Republic, which preceded the Sons of Veterans in the order of organization, were also originated by physicians. The association is formed of the male descendants of the deceased or honorably discharged soldiers, sailors and marines of the United States forces who served in the Rebellion. * MS. Notes of Dr. F. P. Pfeiffer. Miscellaneous Interests. 177 Its object is "to keep green the memories of their fathers and their sacrifices for the maintenance of the Union." The association is divided into camps, State organizations and the commandery-in-chief. Among those in Camden county who have taken an active interest and held important positions in the association are Doctors E. E. De Grofft, of Camden, and J. J. Haley, of Gloucester City. 2. Medical Officers of the National Guard of New Jersey. [1882.] Important changes occurred in the Sixth Regi- ment, National Guard, this year. Major-General William J. Sewell, colonel commanding, was promoted to the command of the Second Brigade, National Guard, and Major H. Genet Taylor, surgeon of the regiment, resigned his position, June 23, 1882, after a service of thirteen years in the State forces, dating from December 1, 1869. Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Cooper was elected and commissioned colonel of the regiment, September 21, 1882, to succeed General Sewell; First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon Isaac B. Mulford was promoted major and surgeon, October 9, 1882, on the staff of Colonel Cooper to succeed Major Taylor, and, on the same date, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the regiment, vice Mulford promoted. On November 21, 1881, Major Mulford died and Lieutenant Godfrey was promoted to the maj orate of the regiment and commissioned January 4, 1883, and Dr. Dowling Benjamin was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon on the same date. On September 16, 1884, Lieutenant Benjamin resigned and, on October 6th, Dr. George T. Robinson was commis- sioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon to fill the vacancy. In 1884, Levi B. Hirst was warranted hospital steward of the regiment and retained the position until 1894, when he was honorably discharged. 3. The United States Pension Board of Examining Surgeons. [1884.] This board was established in Camden, June 14th. Previously to this, the physical examinations of disabled soldiers and sailors were made by Dr. James A. Armstrong, of Camden, ex-surgeon of the Seventy-fifth Regiment, Pennsyl- 178 History Medical Profession Camden County. vania Volunteers, and, if approved by the Pension Bureau of Washington, the applicant would be ordered to report for examination to a United States Pension Board, then only found in large cities. The difficulty and delay of securing examina- tions for pensions, by the soldiers and sailors of this vicinity, was brought to the attention of United States Senator William J. Sewell, and, through his influence, a board was established in Camden by the Commissioner of Pensions, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, James A. Armstrong and O. B. Gross were appointed to constitute the board. In 1885, Doctors Taylor and Armstrong were succeeded by Doctors James M. Ridge and John W. Donges and Dr. O. B. Gross was retained. In 1889, Doctors H. H. Davis, P. W. Beale and E. P. Townsend were appointed to constitute the board. In 1892, Dr. Townsend resigned and Dr. Howard F. Palm was appointed to fill the vacancy. In 1893, Doctors John W. Donges, John K. Bennett and P. W. Beale were made its members. D. POLITICAL INTERESTS. [1882.] In the revision of the charter of the city of Camden, in 1851, the power and authority of City Council to elect its presiding officer was provided for and, during this year (1882), Dr. John W. Donges was elected president of Council. Dr. Donges was elected a member of City Council in 1878 and won distinguished recognition from his confreres, as a member of the sanitary committee, in the epidemic of small-pox, in 1880. He was the first physician to hold the position of president. Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler was the first physician to hold a councilmanic position, and, since then, Doctors Charles W. Sartori, Frederick P. Pfeiffer, W. B. E. Miller, John D. Eeckner, P. W. Beale, William S. Jones and B. S. Lewis have been members of this department of the government of Camden. In 1881, Doctors M. F. Middleton and H. H. Davis represented, respectively, the Second and Fifth wards of Camden in the Board of Education, and were re-elected in 1882. Miscellaneous Interests. 179 E. SOCIETY FOR RELIEF OF WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF MEDICAL MEN OF NEW JERSEY. [1882.] The plan of organization of this society was first presented to the New Jersey Medical Society in 1850, and an Act of Legislature was secured to enable the members of the Medical Society of New Jersey to provide a fund for the relief of widows and orphans of deceased physicians and surgeons, members of the State Society and of District Medical Societies. The project was not completed until May 20, 1882, when the present society was incorporated at Newark, largely through the influence of Dr. Charles J. Kipp, for the purpose of afford- ing pecuniary aid to the families of deceased medical men and, also, to its members in time of special need. The society has a relief fund, for the purpose of affording immediate aid on the death of a member, and a permanent fund which enables it to make yearly allowances, when required. Its president, Dr. Joseph D. Osborne, has contributed materially to its success and the organization has assisted the families of a number of its deceased members. Among the Camden county physicians who have become members of it are Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Joseph J. Wills and E. L. B. Godfrey. F. THE PHILADELPHIA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. [1883.] This society was organized, in 1848, for the purpose of securing a delegate relationship with the American Medical Association. It became, in consequence, an organi- zation with a large membership and has maintained a close affiliation with other county medical societies. The professional and social amenities of the county societies of Philadelphia and Camden have strengthened the bonds of pro- fessional fellowship. For a number of years, it has been the custom for the Camden County Medical Society to entertain prominent Philadelphia physicians and those from other places at its semi-annual meeting, and, to do this on a more extended scale, the February meeting was provided. The Cooper legacy was bequeathed mainly for social purposes. To reciprocate the many acts of hospitality of the Camden Society, the Phila- delphia County Society set apart October 10, 1883, for the i8o History Medical Professio?i Camden County. purpose of entertaining the Camden county physicians at the hall of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, when Dr. E. M. Hunt, secretary oi the New Jersey State Board of Health, delivered an address on "Cholera.'' G. THE DRUGGISTS' ASSOCIATION OF CAMDEN. [1884.] This association was organized in Camden, Jul}' 1, 1884, for the purpose of promoting and protecting the professional and trade interests of the druggists of Camden. The association met monthly at the Camden City Dispensary and existed for about three years. For a time it sustained a delegate relationship with the National Pharmaceutical Asso- ciation and increased and profited the common interests of the profession. During 1885, it entertained as its guests the New Jersey Pharmaceutical Society, of which Prof. Albert P. Brown, of Camden, was president. Prof. Brown also served as presi- dent of the association and Stanley C. Muschamp as secretary and treasurer. The following druggists were members: Doctors D. P. Pancoast, Dowling Benjamin and George W. Henry, and Druggists J. L. De La Cour, A. W. Test, L. H. Street, George D. Borton, Charles E. Slough, William H. Braddock, Richard S. Justice, Simeon T. Ringel and Ehrman Lehman.* Section XL — Deaths. [1881.] During the period under consideration, Camden county sustained severe losses in the death of Dr. Joseph W. McCullough and of John Morgan in 1881 ; Doctors John Y. Schenck and Isaac B. Mulford, in 1882 ; Doctors Sylvester Birdsell and G. S. F. Pfeiffer and Colonel Thomas McKeen, in 1883, an d Dr. Randall W. Morgan, in 1884. Dr. Joseph W. McCullough died March 15, 1881, of typhus fever contracted while on duty at the Almshouse, Blackwood, during the epidemic previously referred to. His death illus- trated, in a degree rarely equalled, a devotion to professional duty. From November to March, he continuously faced the dangers of malignant typhus fever without sign of fear or * MS. Notes of S. C. Muschamp. Deaths. 181 relaxation of service, until prostrated with the plague, from which he died a martyr's death. No such evidence of unfaltering courage and heroic devotion to duty has ever been exhibited by any physician in Camden county, except his distinguished co-laborer and confrere, Dr. Henry E. Branin, and his successor, Dr. Joseph E. Hurff. The medical fraternity of Camden county owe to their profession, and to posterity, the erection of a tablet at the Almshouse to commemorate the heroic services of Doctors McCullough, Branin and Hurff. Dr. McCullough served in the Rebellion as assistant surgeon, and subsequently as surgeon, of the First Delaware Regiment, and participated in many of the battles of the Army of the Potomac. After the close of the Civil War, he was com- missioned an assistant surgeon in the regular army, but resigned, in 1866, and located at Blackwood. In 1868, he was appointed physician to the Almshouse, — a position retained by him until his death. Dr. McCullough was a member of the Camden County Medical Society, which took appropriate action at his death. John Morgan, president of the Camden City Dispensary, died November 8, 1881. For a number of years, he had been an active supporter of the dispensary and, at the time of his death, had served as its president seven years. He left a legacy of one hundred dollars to the dispensary. [1882.] Dr. John V. Schenck died July 25, 1882. Dr. Schenck was graduated with the degree of A. B. from Rutgers College, in 1844, and as an M. D. from the University of Penn- sylvania, in 1847. He located in Camden, in 1849, and soon became prominently and favorably known because of his labors in the cholera epidemic. In 1853, ne was one °f the organizers of the Camden City Medical Society ; in 1859 anc ^ iri 1 ^73) he served as president of the County Medical Society ; in 1867, he was one of the incorporators of the Camden City Dispensary ; in 1877, he was elected president of the Medical Society of New Jersey and, in this year also, upon the death of Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, he was made a member of the Board of Trustees of The Cooper Hospital, — a position held by him until his death. Dr. Schenck was the most extensive practitioner of 1 82 History Medical Profession Camden County. obstetrics Camden count}' has ever known and, at the time of his death, was the acknowledged leader as well as the oldest member of the profession. It was said of him that he averaged attendance upon a parturient case daily, during some years of his practice. Dr. Isaac B. Mulford 'died November 21, 1882, in the thirty-ninth year of his age. Dr. Mulford was graduated as an A. B. from Princeton College, in 1865, and as an M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania, in 187 1, after which he began medical practice in Camden. In 1868, Princeton College con- ferred on him the degree of A. M. In 1 881, he was elected president of the Camden County Medical Society. He served for a number of years on the Board of Managers of the Camden City Dispensary and also as physician to the West Jersey Orphanage and took an active interest in their management. He was a member of the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Medicine and of the New Jersey Sani- tary Association. He was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the National Guard of New Jersey and appointed on the staff of Colonel William J. Sewell, Sixth Regiment, and, upon the resignation of Major H. Genet Taylor, surgeon of the regiment, he was promoted major and surgeon and served on the staff of Colonel W. H. Cooper of the same regiment, until his death. Following the example of Dr. R. M. Cooper, Dr. Mulford bequeathed his medical library to the Camden City Medical Society, on the condition that it should be properly cared for and known as "The Mulford Library." The library contained a choice collection of books and was valued at one thousand dollars. The society accepted the bequest with the conditions named ; procured a proper case, catalogued the books and appointed a librarian. [1883.] Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, whose death occurred during the year, was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1848, and began his professional career in Camden, in 1850. In 1853, ne assisted in the organization of the Camden City Medical Society and, in 1858, was elected president of the Camden County Medical Society. He held, at one time, a lectureship in the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia. Deaths. 183 Most of his time, however, after a few years of medical practice, was devoted to his drug interests at Fourth and Walnut streets, Camden. He served for a number of terms as a member of the Board of Education. Dr. George S. F. Pfeiffer died at his residence in Camden, November, 1883. Dr. Pfeiffer, a native of Worms, Germany, was born in 1806 and came to America, in 1833. Previously to this, his career had been eventful. While a student at the University of Strasburg, he entered the naval service of Holland as a medical cadet In 1825, while cruising off the coast of Algiers, he, with a number of shipmates, made an incursion inland and was captured by Bedouins and retained a prisoner until 1830, when the French captured Algiers and liberated them. He then entered the French army and won meritorious recognition because of his knowl- edge of the country and of the language and customs of the Algerians. He remained with the army for six months, when he was permitted to return to Germany to resume and com- plete his medical studies. In 1833, he emigrated to America and, in 1854, located in Camden. In 1856, he was graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; about i860, he accepted the professorship of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Penn Medical University of Philadelphia, which he retained until 1864, when he was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Regi- ment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. He retained this position until mustered out of the service in 1865, when he returned to Camden. Dr. Pfeiffer was a master of eight languages. He wrote a number of books and translations, for the benefit of his countrymen, on the manufacturing industries of the United States, which were published in Germany. He was a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Post 5, G. A. R., of Camden; the originator of the Order of Sons of Veterans and member of Lodge No. 51, F. and A. M., of Philadelphia.* In the death of Colonel Thomas McKeen (1883), the Camden City Dispensary and the medical profession lost an active friend and an ardent supporter. To him, more than to * MS. Notes of F. P. Pfeiffer, M. D. 184 History Medical Profession Camden County. any other, was due the organization of the dispensary, and his continued interest in its welfare, as a member of its Board of Managers and its president, bears testimony to the singleness of purpose that actuated him in devoting the surplus funds of the North Ward Bounty Association to the founding of the insti- tution. At the time of his death, he was president of the Board of Managers of the dispensary. He bequeathed to his family a record ennobled by deeds of charity and acts of benevolence. [1884.] Dr. Randal W. Morgan died at sea on a return voyage from Europe, October 20th. Dr. Morgan was appointed to a cadetship at the U. S. Naval Academy, at Annapolis, but was obliged to resign on account of ill health. He then studied at Bucknell University for a time and was graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1870, after which he located in Camden. In 1872, the University of Pennsylvania conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In the same year, he won distinction in an epidemic of small-pox prevailing in Camden r which has been referred to. In 1876, he was elected county physician and was the first physician to hold the position under the legislative Act creating the same. In 1879, he established a drug-store at the corner of Kaighn and Newton avenues. CHAPTER X. THE PERIOD FROM 18S5 TO 1890. Section I. — The Camden City Dispensary. [1885.] The annual meeting of the Board of Managers was held January 13th. The report for the year showed that six hundred and twenty-five patients had been treated, and four thousand, seven hundred and seventeen prescriptions com- pounded, from an expenditure of $2,634.69, including all the expenses of the institution. Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected president; Maurice Browning, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary, and Richard H. Reeve, treasurer. The con- tract with City Council, for furnishing medicine and medical attendants for the poor of the city for $1,600 per annum, first made for that amount in 1879, expired May 31st Its renewal met with opposition from the managers of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, who requested the sanitary committee of City Council to permit them to submit a bid for supplying the poor of the city with medicine and medical attendants for the ensuing year. The request was complied with ; the managers of the Camden City Dispensary were duly notified and solicited to make a bid for the work, which would be opened and recorded upon the meeting of the committee. The invitation was officially refused and, in con- sequence of a bid of $1,500 from the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, the entire contract was awarded to that institution for the ensuing year. During the year, the dispensary came into possession of a legacy of $1,000 from Elizabeth Cooper and of $100 from the estate of John Morgan. [1886.] In consequence of the failure of the dispensary to secure the usual appropriation from the city for the care of its indigent sick, an effort was made to provide a sustaining fund, by means of private subscriptions, and, at the annual meeting in January, the report showed that, while less work 185 1 86 History Medical Profession Camden County. was done throughout the city in the way of professional visits, an increased number of prescriptions were written at the dis- pensary and the expenses for the last fiscal year, amounting to $ I >335-34> were met without difficulty, from private subscrip- tions and the interest of invested funds. At this meeting, the managers and officers were re-elected, with the exception of Othniel G. Taylor, the pharmacist, who had served in that capacity since the organization of the dispensary, but now resigned because of ill-health. Dr. Howard F. Palm was elected pharmacist and interne at a salary of $300 per annum. The effort to support the dispensary by means of contributions from the citizens of Camden led to an extension of interests in other directions. A constitutional provision was introduced by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey increasing the Board of Managers to fifteen persons, eight of whom should be elected as the representatives of the Camden City Medical Society and seven as the representatives of the annual contributors. Clinics were again established with the following appointments: Medicine, Doctors H. F. Palm and Jesse J. Wills ; surgery, Alexander McAlister and Joseph H. Wills; gynaecology, J. F. Walsh and Alexander McAlister; diseases of the eye, E. P. Townsend ; diseases of the skin, George T. Robinson, and diseases of the throat, F. G. Stroud. The report for the year was printed for distribution. As the time approached for the expiration of the contract between the city and the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, the managers of the Camden City Dispensary realized the necessity of securing at least a part of the city's appropriation and, as a result of the effort, the annual appropriation of City Council for the poor was increased to $1,800, half of which was paid to the Camden City Dispensary and half to the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary. An agreement was then made between the institutions to divide the city into regular and homoeopathic districts; to provide medicine and medical attendants for each, and the First, Third, Fifth and Sixth wards were assigned to the Camden City Dispensary, and the Second, Fourth, Seventh and Eighth wards to the Homoeo- pathic Hospital and Dispensary. Dr. Joseph H. Wills was The Camden City Dispensary . 187 appointed physician for the First and Third wards, and Dr. William Warnock for the Fifth and Sixth wards, on the part of the Camden City Dispensary. The names of the repre- sentatives of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispen- sary could not be procured. [1887.] The annual meeting was held in January and, under the new constitutional provisions, Messrs. Maurice Browning, David M. Chambers, Richard H. Reeve, Joseph B. Cooper, Peter V. Voorhees, Rudolph W. Birdsell and Henry B. Wilson were elected to the Board of Managers, to represent the annual contributors, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, E. L. B. Godfrey, William A. Davis, H. H. Davis, Dowling Benjamin, J. F. Walsh and E. P. Townsend, as the representatives of the Camden City Medical Society. Maurice Browning was elected president; David M. Chambers, vice- president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Richard H. Reeve, treasurer, and Dr. H. F. Palm, pharmacist. There were treated during the year one thousand, three hundred and ninety cases and three thousand, eight hundred and twenty-three prescriptions were compounded. The contract with the city ($900) was renewed in June. The first effort to enlarge the dispensary building, or to purchase a new building, was made during this year, but met with opposition in the Board of Managers. [1888.] The annual meeting of the dispensary was held January 10th. The managers, officers, attending staff and district physicians were re-elected. Two thousand, one hundred and sixty-three patients were treated, at an expense of $1,216.64, during the past year. The Society for the Relief of Poverty * was given free quarters at the dispensary and the prescriptions *The Camden Society for the Prevention and Relief of Poverty was organized, in 1884, for the object which its title indicates and to prevent children from growing up as paupers. The managers of the dispensary placed a room in their building at the disposal of the society, for the use of its officers and superintendent, and the society became the recipient of the annual appropriation of City Council for the relief of the poor. The officers for 1892 were as follow: President, His Honor, the Mayor of the City ; vice-presidents, General William J. Sewell, F. W. Ayer and S. H. Grey ; secretary, Edmund E. Read, Jr ; treasurer, Wilbur F. Rose; superintendent, Abel Smith; directors, D. M. Chambers (chairman), Wilbur F. Rose, Geoffrey Buckwalter, J. Lynn Truscott, Rev. Moses Wilcox, F. H. Burdsall, B. C. Reeve. J. B. Fox, E. E. Read, Jr., Howard M. Sharp, Joseph P. Weatherbyand William C. Dayton. 1 88 History Medical Profession Camden County. from the out-patient department of The Cooper Hospital, and from the Camden Home for Friendless Children, were ordered to be compounded free of charge. . [1889.] The annual meeting was held January 8th, with President Maurice Browning in the chair. Three thousand, five hundred and eight cases were reported to have been treated during the year, and six thousand, four hundred and twenty- eight prescriptions compounded. The managers representing the Camden City Medical Society were re-elected, with the ex- ception of Dr. O. B. Gross in the place of Dr. J. F. Walsh, and, also, those representing the contributors. The officers of the Board of Managers, the staff and district physicians and the pharmacist were re-elected. The contract with the city was renewed. During the year, Joseph B. Cooper, who had been identified with the management of the dispensary for seventeen years, eight of which he served as its treasurer, died and left a legacy of $500, of which the dispensary came into possession the following year. A legacy of $2,000 was also received, October 29th, from the estate of William B. Cooper, who was a strong factor in the support of the West Jersey Orphanage and also a member of the Board of Managers of the Dispensary and of The Cooper Hospital. Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society. [1885.] In the early portion of the year, but little interest was taken in the City Medical Society and the March meeting was not held. In April, however, the necessity for the organization of a board of health under State laws led to a special meeting of the society and the appointment of a committee, consisting of Doctors E. L. B. Godfrey, H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, J. F. Walsh and D. Benjamin, to request Dr. E. M. Hunt, secretary of the State Board of Health, and the sanitary committee of City Council to meet them in a conference concerning said organi- zation. On June 15th, the conference was held at the City Hall and measures for the organization of a board of health, under the State sanitary code of 1880, and its supplements, was adopted. At the annual meeting in September, a resolution was adopted, The Camden City Medical Society . 189 which became a constitutional provision in 1887, providing for monthly meetings of the society at the dispensary ; for the appointment of an essayist by the president and for the serving of a collation after each meeting. This marked an era in the history of the society, and since then regular monthly meetings have been held, except during July and August, under the conditions named in the resolution. At this meeting, a paper on "Burns and Scalds" was read by Dr. D. Benjamin. Dr. J. F. Walsh was elected president ; Dr. O. B. Gross, vice-president, and Dr. W. A. Davis, secretary and treasurer. In November, Dr. A. M. Mecray read a paper on " Puerperal Convulsions" and, in December, Dr. H. F. Palm presented a paper on " Negative Points in Practice." Doctors Joseph H. Wills, an A. B. of Haverford College, 1868, A.M. of the same, 1871, M. D. of the University of Pennsylvania, 1880, and ex-resident physician and surgeon of the Pennsylvania and Orthopaedic Hospitals of Philadelphia; Jesse J. Wills, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1884, George W. Henry and Philip W. Beale were elected members. [1886.] A spirit of progress was manifest in the society throughout the year. Papers were read by Prof. H. F. Formad, of Philadelphia, on "Criminal Abortion"; by Prof. John V. Shoemaker, of Philadelphia, on "Lupus"; by Dr. W. H. Iszard, on "Post-partum Hemorrhage," and Dr. C. G. Hoell, on "Quinine." Dr. O. B. Gross was elected president; Dr. W. A. Davis, secretary and treasurer; Doctors Taylor, Mecray, Godfrey, Gross, Benjamin, H. H. Davis, W. A. Davis and Walsh were elected as the representatives of the society in the Board of Managers of the City Dispensary, and Dr. John W. Donges, Dr. Daniel Strock, Dr. Nehemiah Davis, a graduate of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1878, and Jefferson Medical College, 1886; Dr. Alexander McAlister, Ph. G. of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1882, and M. D. of the University of Pennsylvania, 1885 ; Dr. William S. Jones, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1878; Dr. Frank G. Stroud, Jefferson Medical College, 1885, and Dr. William R. Powell, Jefferson Medical College, 1877, were elected members. 190 History Medical Profession Camden County. . [1887.] Regular monthly meetings were held at the City Dispensary (No. 46 North Third street), the upper room of which was furnished for the use of the society. The consti- tution and by-laws were revised by a committee, consisting of Doctors Townsend, Godfrey, Ireland, H. H. Davis, W. A. Davis and Benjamin, to provide for monthly meetings (except in July and August) ; for the election of officers and of honorary and contributing members and for the government of the society. The revision became operative in 1888. The following papers were read during the year: "The Cause of Cough," by Dr. W. S. Jones; "Croup and Diphtheria," by Dr. D. Benjamin; "The Removal of the Uterine Appendages, with Exhibition of Specimen," by Dr. Alexander McAlister; "The Treatment of Phthisis by Gaseous Enemata," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills ; "Ovariotomy," with a report of a case with recovery, by Dr. J. F.Walsh; "Ovariotomy," with a report of a case, by Dr. Alexander McAlister, and "Abdominal Section," with the report of a case, by Dr. J. F. Walsh. The election of the officers for the year is not recorded in the minutes of the society. Dr. William Shafer, a graduate of Eeesburg Academy, 1872, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1884, and Dr. Robert Casperson, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1884, and subsequently a student at London and Paris, were elected members, and Dr. Harry H. Sherk, of Cramer Hill, was elected a corresponding member of the society. [1888.] The revised constitution and by-laws provided for the election of the officers of the society in January. Dr. H. H. Davis was elected president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, vice- president; Dr. W. A. Davis, secretary ; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer ; Dr. Daniel Strock, annual reporter ;. Dr. H. F. Palm, librarian ; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray and D. P. Pancoast were elected the standing com- mittee, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, E. E. B. Godfrey, W. A. Davis, D. Benjamin, E. P. Townsend, H. H. Davis, A. M. Mecray and J. F. Walsh, the representatives in the manage- ment of the City Dispensary. The following papers were read during the year: "A Plea for Pure Milk," by Dr. Daniel Strock; "The Venom of Reptiles and Insects," by Dr. D. P. The Camden District Medical Society. 191 Pancoast ; " Laparotomy for Plastic Peritonitis," by Dr. J. F. Walsh ; " Trichina Spiralis," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills, in which microscopical views of the parasite taken from cases in his practice were shown ; " Eeucorrhea," by Dr. W. H. Ireland ; "Infant Feeding," by Dr. William Shafer ; "Uterine Hemor- rhage," by Dr. E. P. Townsend; "Tetanus," by Dr. D. Strock. Prof. John V. Shoemaker, of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, was elected an honorary member and Dr. John F. Eeavitt, a graduate of the University of the City of New York, was elected to membership. [1889.] The first meeting of the society, for the year, was held January 10th, when the following officers were elected : President, Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey ; vice-president, Dr. Daniel Strock ; secretary, Dr. W. A. Davis ; treasurer, Dr. George T. Robinson ; annual reporter, Dr. Daniel Strock ; librarian, Dr. H. F. Palm ; standing committee, Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray and D. Benjamin; dispensary managers, Doctors A. M. Mecray, H. H. Davis, H. Genet Taylor, W. A. Davis, E. E. B. Godfrey, E. P. Townsend, O. B. Gross and D. Benjamin. Dr. O. W. Braymer was elected to membership. The following papers were read during the year: "Nasal Catarrh," by Dr. W. S. Jones; "The Cause of Typhoid Fever," by Dr. W. H. Ireland; " Typho-malarial Fever," by Dr. George T. Robinson; "Typhlitis," by Dr. W. A. Davis; "The Human Countenance in Health and Disease," by Dr. J. F. Eeavitt ; "Surgical Shock," by Dr. Harry Jarre tt; "Evolution of the Four-cavity Heart," by Dr. O. B. Gross. In June, Dr. J. F. Walsh resigned from active, and was elected to honorary, membership. Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society. [1885.] As previously arranged, a social meeting of the society was held February 10th, to which a large number of guests were invited. This was the first meeting of the society in February, and its success led to a change in the constitution, providing for its continuance. The meeting was under the care of Doctors E. E. B. Godfrey, H. Genet Taylor and A. M. Mecray, the committee of arrangements, who selected cholera 192 History Medical Profession Camden County. as the subject for discussion, because of its prevalence in Europe, in epidemic form, during 1884. In that year, Koch discovered the comma bacillus, and claimed that it was always present in cholera, found in no other disease and afforded the only means of propagating the malady. The subject was of special interest, and Dr. John R. Stevenson, of Haddonfield, who had had experience with the disease in Camden in the epidemic of 1866, was selected to present it. The subject of his paper was "A Germ of Cholera in New Jersey." Prof. Peter D. Keyser, of Philadelphia, exhibited, at the same time, a specimen of the comma bacillus of Koch under the micro- scope. The subject was well presented and discussed. Cholera, however, did not gain a foothold in this country, because of quarantine restrictions. The annual meeting of the society was held at the West Jersey Hotel, Camden, May 12th. Dr. J. W. Snowden read the annual report and Dr. Alexander Marcy read a paper on diphtheria, advocating a mercurial treatment both locally and internally. A resolution was introduced and adopted, disquali- fying from membership any physician accepting " a profes- sional position or attending by the day, week, month or year any corporation, railroad company or any private or public society for a less consideration than the schedule of prices adopted by the society." The object of the resolution was to compel the surgeons of the Pennsylvania and the Camden and Atlantic Railroad Companies, and the physician to the Catholic societies of Camden, to resign their positions. To offset it, a counter-resolution was adopted " expressive of the great detri- ment to the medical profession and the society, for physicians owning drug-stores to prescribe medicines without charging legitimate fees, unless done in the spirit of charily*." The primary resolution was introduced by a physician operating a drug-store and, consequently, at the following semi-annual meeting, both resolutions were agreeably rescinded. The following were elected officers for the ensuing year : President, Dr. E. B. Woolston ; vice-president, Dr. W. H. Ireland ; secre- tary-, Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; treasurer, Dr. A. M. Mecray ; chair- man of the standing committee, Dr. J. W. Snowden ; censor The Camden District Medical Society . 193 for five years, Dr. J. R. Stevenson. Doctors Daniel Strock and Joseph H. Wills were elected members. The amendment to the constitution, providing for a meeting of the society on the evening of the second Tuesday in February, introduced by Dr. Godfrey, was adopted. At the semi-annual meeting in November, Dr. J. W. Snowden made the report for the section on medicine and Dr. W. A. Davis reported for the section on obstetrics. [1886.] At the February meeting of the society, Dr. Wil- liam Pepper, of Philadelphia, read a paper on " Typhoid Fever," which was discussed with fervor by a number of the members and invited guests. . Its causative agent was not then believed to be a living entity and the nitrate-of-silver treatment was advocated by Dr. Pepper. At the annual meeting, May nth, Dr. B. B. Woolston presided ; Dr. J. W. Snowden read the annual report, reciting the appearance at the County Almshouse of three cases of typhus fever, which were quarantined and the further spread- ing of the disease checked. He also advocated the employ- ment of salicylic acid, then coming into use, in the treatment of rheumatism. Dr. Charles H. Shivers presented a paper on "Thrombosis Complicating Labor," and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey spoke of the necessity for the appointment of an inspector of plumbing for Camden and of making the street-cleaning service a part of the public service, under the direct supervi- sion of a board of health. Dr. William H. Ireland was elected president ; Dr. O. B. Gross, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer; Dr. Alexander Marcy, censor for five years ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of the standing committee, and Doctors Joseph E. Hurff, of Blackwood ; Jesse J. Wills, William Warnock and George T. Robinson, of Camden, and Dr. James A. Walmsley, of Glou- cester City, were elected members. Dr. G. W. Bough man, of Gloucester, resigned, because of his removal to Delaware. Delegates to the State and other Medical Societies were appointed. Dr. John R. Stevenson was appointed to prepare a "History of Medicine and Medical Men of the Society" for publication in Prowell's History of Camden County. 13 1 94 History Medical Profession Camden County. The November meeting was held on the 9th instant. The following papers were presented in the section on surgery, which was the only section to report: "Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds," by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey; "Strangulated Hernia," by Dr. O. B. Gross; "Fracture of the Lower End of the Radius," by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey. The medical history of Camden county, which Dr. Stevenson was appointed to prepare,, was presented and received with much favor and three hundred copies were ordered for distribution. A committee, consisting of Doctors John R. Stevenson, of Haddonfield ; H. E. Branin r of Blackwood; C. G. Garrison, of Merchantville ; H. A. M. Smith, - of Gloucester City, and E. P. Townsend, of Camden, were appointed to investigate and report on the present and prospective water-supply of the towns and cities of the county. [1887.] Dr. Thomas G. Morton delivered an address on "Antiseptic Surgery," at the February meeting, in which he illustrated the antiseptic principles of Dr. Joseph Lister and demonstrated, from the results of a series of surgical cases, that suppuration, erysipelas and pyaemia arise from pyogenic organisms. On May 10th, the annual meeting was held at Gloucester City. Dr. John W. Snowden read the annual report, with a report of the following special cases: "Scarlatina," by Dr. Alexander Marcy; "Tapping the Pleural Sac in Empyema, with Recover," by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey; "The Treatment of Phthisis by Gaseous Enemata," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills, and "Traumatic Tetanus," by Dr. L. L. Glover, of Haddonfield. Dr. O. B. Gross was elected president ; Dr. William H. Iszard, vice-president; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, secretary; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer; Dr. E. P. Townsend, chairman of the standing committee; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, censor for five years, and the usual delegates were elected. Upon the volun- tary retirement of Dr. H. Genet Taylor from the secretaryship of the society, a committee, of which Dr. D. Benjamin was chairman, was appointed to procure a suitable testimonial expressive of the appreciation of the society for his long-con- tinued and faithful services. Dr. Taylor was elected secretary of the society in i860 and served until 1862, when he entered The Camden District Medical Society. 195 the United States service as assistant surgeon of the Eighth Regiment, N. J. V. In 1864, upon his resignation from the army, he was re-elected to the position and served in that capacity until 1887, a quarter century of service. The follow- ing were elected members of the society: Dr. Lawrence L. Glover, of Haddonfleld, Jefferson Medical College, 1882, and Doctors William S. Jones, Alexander McAlister, Robert G. Taylor, George W. Henry and William Shafer, of Camden. At the semi-annual meeting, November 8th, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey made the report for the surgical section and Dr. W. A. Davis for the obstetrical, during which the latter exhibited the obstetric forceps devised by Dr. D. Benjamin and stated that they possessed the combined virtues of a Hodge and a Simpson forceps and could be obtained of the surgical instrument makers in Philadelphia. Doctors W. H. Ireland, D. Benjamin, H. Genet Taylor, E. P. Townsend and E. h- B. Godfrey were appointed a committee to revise the constitution and by-laws. The committee on the water-supply of Camden county, appointed the previous year, made in substance the following report : Wells were almost exclusively the source of supply throughout the county until 1845, when water from the Delaware river was introduced into Camden. In 1883, in an effort to introduce water into Gloucester City from Newton creek, springs were found in digging the basin and proved of sufficient volume to supply the city. In 1886, water was introduced into Merchantville from springs along Pensaukin creek. In 1887, water was introduced into Haddonfield from springs along the north branch of Cooper's creek, in the vicinity of Ellisburg. Professor George H. Cook, State Geolo- gist, is authority for the statement that "the springs along Newton, Pen- saukin and Cooper's creeks arise from the lower sand strata interposed between the clay beds which underlie the marl beds." The committee condemned the use of wells as a source of supply, except at Blackwood, and stated " there seems to be an inexhaustible supply of good, wholesome water, for any future population, from the springs along the streams in Camden county and the springs should be guarded from an influx of sewage or surface drainage." Dr. William S. Long, of Haddonfield, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1878, ex-interne of the Philadel- phia Hospital, i879-'8o, visiting physician to St. Christopher's Hospital, 1882, surgeon to the Pennsylvania Railroad, Ken- sington Station, i88i-'85 ; Dr. John W. Marcy, of Merchant- 196 History Medical Profession Camden County. ville, a student at Lafayette College and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1885 ; Dr. Guilford Gunter, and Dr. F. G. Stroud, of Camden, were elected members. Dr. Stroud resigned the following year and located at Moores- town, N. J. [1888.] The first meeting of the society for this year was held February 14th, with the following programme : " The Treatment of Typhoid Fever," by Dr. A. M. Mecray ; "The Treatment of Spermatorrhoea," by Dr. J. F. Walsh; " Intubation versus Tracheotomy," by Dr. W. S. Jones ; " Tedious Labor," by Dr. C. H. Shivers. The annual meeting was held at Gloucester City, May 8th, with Dr. O. B. Gross in the chair, who delivered the annual address. The following papers were read : The annual report, by Dr. E. P. Townsend ; " Trichinosis," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills; "Sarcoma of the Kidney," with the report of a case in a child sixteen months old, by Dr. William S. Long ; " Eleven Broken Bones, with Compound Dislocation of Shoulder, with Recovery," by Dr. D. Benjamin ; "Sulphurous- acid Poisoning," by Dr. Daniel Strock. The position of historian of the society was created, on motion of Dr. Godfrey. Dr. William H. Iszard was elected president; Dr. W. A. Davis, vice-president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, secretary ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. John R. Stevenson, his- torian ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, censor for five years, and Dr. E. P. Townsend, chairman of the standing committee. In accordance with the resolution adopted at the annual meeting, in 1887, the society presented ex-secretary H. Genet Taylor with a series of resolutions, engrossed and framed, and a silver cup and pitcher, as an expression of their regard for his faithful service for a quarter of a century. The presentation speech was made by Dr. D. Benjamin ; the reception, on behalf of Dr. Taylor, by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey. The November meeting was held at the City Dispensary on the 13th inst. The revised constitution, as presented by the committee appointed the previous year, was adopted. The following papers were read : " The Treatment of Diphtheria," by Dr. E. P. Townsend; "The Treatment of Typhoid Fever," The Medical Society of New Jersey . 197 by Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey; " Recent Advances in Surgery," by Dr. Alexander McAlister ; "Antiseptic and Aseptic Surgery," by Dr. J. F. Walsh. A section on hygiene was established. Dr. Robert Casperson and Dr. Harry H. Sherk were elected to membership. [1889.] The regular meeting of the society was held, in. February, with the following papers: "Empyema," by Dr. Alexander McAlister; "The Use of Quinine in Labor," by Dr. H. H. Sherk ; "Nervous Conditions," by Dr. H. E. Branin. Dr. John K. Bennett, of Gloucester City, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1878, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1887, was elected a member. The annual meeting of the society was held at Gloucester City, May 14th, with the president, Dr. William H. Iszard, in the chair, who delivered an address on " Expert Testimony." Dr. E. P. Townsend made the annual report and Dr. John R. Stevenson a report as historian. Dr. W T . A. Davis was elected president ; Dr. H. H. Davis, vice-president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, secretary ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. John R. Stevenson historian ; Dr. H. E. Branin, censor for five years,, and Dr. E. P. Townsend, chairman of the standing committee. The November meeting of the society was held at the West Jersey Hotel on the 12th inst. Reports were made from the sections on medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and hygiene. The water-supply of Camden was made the subject of discussion and Doctors Ireland, Gross, Iszard, Benjamin, Strock, Townsend and Godfrey were appointed to present a report defining the position of the society in relation to it. Dr. Robert G. Taylor resigned from active membership and was elected an honorary member. Section IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [1885.] The society met at Long Branch, with Doctors J. R. Stevenson, O. B. Gross, D. W. Blake, J. M. Ridge and E. L. B. Godfrey present as Camden's representatives, and Dr. J. W. Snowden as a Fellow and reporter. The by-laws and the rules of the society were revised. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was nominated third vice-president, on the first ballot. 198 History Medical Profession Camden County. [1886.] During this year, the society met at Sea Girt, with the attendance, from Camden county, of Dr. J. W. Snowden as Fellow and reporter, Doctors W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, D. Benjamin, E. L. B. Godfrey, H. A. M. Smith and J. R. Stevenson as delegates, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor as third vice-president. Dr. Taylor delivered an address on "Medical Education," in which he reviewed the legislative history of the society, with special reference to the medical enactments of 1830, '51 and '54, in their relation to medical education, and claimed that medical education brought into existence the American Medical Association. Following his efforts in the interests of medical reform, made at the meeting of the American Medical Association in 1884, Dr. D. Benjamin intro- duced a resolution to the effect "that this society can con- sistently recommend only those medical colleges that compel a preliminary examination and at least a three years' course of study." The resolution was adopted and contributed, in a great measure, towards an extension of the curriculum of study in the medical colleges of Philadelphia and New York and made clear to many of the leading members of the medical profession in New Jersey, the need of a State Board of Medical Examiners. The society, however, subsequently refused to further the appointment of such a board. Dr. D. Benjamin was appointed essayist for the ensuing meeting ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected second vice-president; Dr. D. Benjamin, a delegate to the American Medical Association ; Dr. W. A. Davis, to the Delaware State Medical Society, and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, a member of the committee of arrangements for the next meeting. [1887.] On June 14th, the society met at Beach Haven and, after a session of much interest, was elaborately enter- tained at a banquet given by C. F. Parry, owner of the Hotel Baldwin. Among the delegates, Doctors J. M. Ridge, C. G. Hoell, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, J. Orlando White, Alexander McAlister, W. H. Iszard, E. P. Townsend, J. R. Stevenson, H. E. Branin, J. F. Walsh, H. F. Palm, J. W. Walmsley, Alexander Marcy, Charles G. Garrison and Sophia Presley were present from Camden county. Dr. H. Genet Taylor The Medical Society of New Jersey . 199 attended as second vice-president and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey as a member of the committee of arrangements. Dr. D. Benjamin, essayist, read a paper on "The Present Position of Antiseptic Practice" and, after referring to the marvelous experiments and successes of M. Pasteur, and their application to surgery by Dr. Joseph Lister, said that "antiseptic practice is based upon the demonstration that putrefaction and decay are due to the presence and action of living germs, or micro- organisms, and that many, if not all, of the contagious or infectious diseases are also due to the same cause." He spoke of "the habitat and methods of distribution of germs," reviewed the recent growth of antiseptic practice and claimed that " the adoption of the system is absolutely necessary in private practice by any physician who assumes the responsi- bility of a case." Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected first vice- president. [1888.] The society met at Schooley's Mountain, in June, with Doctors J. R. Stevenson, H. A. M. Smith, H. H. Davis, E. L. B. Godfrey, Daniel Strock, W. H. Iszard and W. A. Davis present as delegates from Camden. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, a member of the business committee and a delegate to the American Medical Association; Dr. W. H. Iszard, a delegate to the Massachusetts Medical Society, and Dr. W. A. Davis, to the Delaware Medical Society. [1889.] The society met, in June, at Asbury Park, with President H. Genet Taylor in the chair, who delivered an address on "Retrospection of the Medical Society of New Jersey, with some Suggestions as to its Improvement." After reviewing the organization of the society in 1766, the Colonial legislation of 1772, its re-enactment by the State in 1783, the incorporation of the society in 1790, its re-charter in 18 16 and renewal in 1830, and the medical enactments of 1851, '54 and '80, he suggested, for its advancement, the establishment of sections for the principal medical subjects, the journalizing of the Transactions and the founding of a medical library. The last suggestion was carried into effect and space has been pro- vided in the State Library, at Trenton, for the purposes of the 200 History Medical Profession Camden County. society. The yearly Transactions of the different State Medical Societies are being added to it and the library numbers many hundred volumes at this time. As a mark of respect for the president, Dr. Taylor, Rutgers College conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts, at its commencement in June. Among the more important subjects for the consideration of the society, at this meeting, was the report of the committee "On the Propriety of Establishing a State Board of Medical Examiners," which report Dr. John R. Stevenson, of Haddon- field, prepared. Dr. Stevenson presented an elaborate review of medical legislation within the United States* and considered with particularity that of New Jersey. The report of the com- mittee was adverse to the establishment of such a board and was adopted by a large majority vote of the society. In the following year, a State Board of Medical Examiners was estab- lished, independently of the society, and will be considered under its own section. Dr. D. Benjamin was made chairman of a committee to represent the society at the National Conven- tion for the revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia. The delegation from the Camden County Society, which at this time numbered forty-six members, consisted of Doctors D. Benjamin^ John R. Stevenson, E. L,. B. Godfrey, D. W. Blake, W. A. Davis, W. S. Jones and E. B. Woolston. Dr. Godfrey was appointed the essayist for the next meeting by President Taylor. Section V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association. [1885.] The eleventh annual meeting of the association took place at Trenton, November 19th and 20th, with Rev. F. R. Brace, of Blackwood, and Doctors Dowling Benjamin and E. L. B. Godfrey present as members of the executive council. Dr. Joseph H. Raymond, of Brooklyn, N. Y., presented a paper on " The Collection and Final Disposal of Garbage," which was discussed by appointment, by Dr. Godfrey. [1886.] The session of 1886 was held at Trenton, November 12th. Rev. F. R. Brace discussed the paper of * Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1889. The New Jersey Sanitary Association . 201 Professor Charles Jacobus, of New Brunswick, on "Physical Restraint and Relaxation in the School-room," and Dr. Dow- ling Benjamin, that of Dr. Shippen Wallace, of Burlington, on " Preserved Foods." Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was elected second vice-president and Dr. Benjamin was made chairman of the executive council. [1887.] The thirteenth annual meeting of the associa- tion was held at Trenton, October 28th. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey delivered an address on " The Collection and Disposal of Gar- bage." As to the collection, the contract system and the system by which the supervision of the work devolves directly upon the municipal authorities were discussed, with the con- clusion that the latter offers the better results, if made a branch of the street-cleaning service, under the control of a superin- tendent, responsible to the executive or health authorities. The removal of garbage was considered also, both as to time and method, and galvanized iron or non-absorbent receptacles, and water-tight garbage carts, or water-tight barrels with covers, were recommended. Its disposal was considered from five stand-points : (1) Mixing with ashes and throwing upon vacant lots; (2) feeding to swine; (3) making into composts; (4) removal to sea ; (5) burning. The first was strongly condemned ; the second was regarded as objectionable ; the third, as non-remunerative in comparison with other similar waste ; the fourth, as a good method for cities bordering on the coast ; the fifth, as the best solution when garbage has no mar- ketable value, or cannot be carried out to sea. The general adop- tion of the cremation of garbage, for inland cities, was believed to be only a matter of time. Dr. Dowling Benjamin discussed a paper presented by Dr. Shippen Wallace, of Burlington, on "Poisons in Food of Animal Origin," dwelling especially on tyrotoxicon in milk. [1888.] The session of this year was held in the Assembly Chamber, at Trenton, on December 7th. The presi- dent, Dr. Henry Mitchell, occupied the chair. Dr. Daniel Strock read a paper on " Impure Milk as a Cause of Disease." After stating the general interest of the public in milk, because of its universal use, the quality of milk was discussed, the 202 History Medical Profession Camden County. danger of tyrotoxicon poisoning and the transmission of the germs of typhoid fever, phthisis and other diseases were clearly defined and the conclusion reached that it is the duty of the State to protect its citizens against contaminated as well as adulterated milk. Dr. Dowling Benjamin was elected president and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was made a member of the executive council. [1889.] The fifteenth annual meeting of the association was held at the State House, Trenton, November 22nd and 23rd, with the president, Dr. Dowling Benjamin, in the chair, who delivered an address on "The Thermometry of Hygiene." The subject had engaged the attention of Dr. Benjamin for a number of years and, from actual tests, he had ascertained the varied temperatures in different parts of the sick-room at the same time. He showed, by means of diagrams, the variations between the center and sides, floor and ceiling, of a room and between the vicinity of windows and the remote corners. His address was well received and extensively published by medical and sanitary journals. Dr. Daniel Strock and Dr. W. A. Davis discussed, by appointment, a paper on "The Climatic Treatment of Gastro-intestinal Diseases in Children," by Dr. Boardman Reed, of Atlantic City, and advocated the need of a change of climate, the sterilization of milk and water and hygienic methods of clothing. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey discussed a paper presented by Dr. G. F. Wilbur, of Asbury Park, on " The Need of Medical Officers for School-districts," and advocated medical supervision over school interests, because it would best tend to prevent bad physical tendencies in school- children, and remove faulty construction in school-houses. Dr. Godfrey was elected second vice-president. Section VI. — The Board of Health of the City of Camden. [1885.] The "Act Concerning the Protection of the Public health and the Record of Vital Facts and Statistics," approved March n, 1880, and the "Act Relating to Local Eoards of Health," approved March 22, 1881, made mandatory The Board of Health of the City of Camden. 203 the organization of boards of health in the townships and cities throughout the State. Notwithstanding these statutory laws, the City Council of Camden, the source of municipal authority, continued its sanitary administration through its sanitary committee until 1885. In April of that year, the Camden City Medical Society held a special meeting and appointed a committee, consisting of Doctors E. L. B. Godfrey, H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, J. F. Walsh and Dowling Benjamin, to request the sanitary committee of Council to meet them in a conference, to which Dr. E. M. Hunt, of the State Board of Health, was invited, con- cerning the organization of a board of health for the city of Camden. A joint meeting was held at the City Hall, June 15th, at which Dr. John D. Leckner and Messrs. Mead, Ivins, Harman and James, of the sanitary committee of City Council, and Dr. E. M. Hunt and the special committee of the Camden City Medical Society were present. This conference resulted in the organization of a board of health, July 15th, under an ordinance of Council and the State laws, with the following members: Messrs. Leckner, Mead, James, Ivins, Harman, Thompson and Carman. A permanent organization was effected by the election of Dr. John D. Leckner, chairman, and D. Cooper Carman, secretary. The rules of the Paterson Board of Health were adopted and ordinances relating to contagious diseases, drainage and nuisances were enacted. On November nth, the annual meeting of the board was held and resulted in the election of Dr. John D. Leckner, president ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ; J. Willard Morgan, solicitor, and Septimus Knight, inspector. The organization of this board and that of Newark, according to the report of the State Board of Health for 1885, "placed the State, as a whole, under special and definite laws for the protection of the public health, so that now each city and township has the plan of organization and the power for effective administration." A report to the State Board of Health was made by Septimus Knight, in which it was stated that " the laws regulating the public health are not very extensive, but that they are being enlarged for the maintenance of the health of the city." 204 History Medical Profession Camden County. [1886.] An ordinance, relating to the establishment of a board of health for the City of Camden, was enacted May 27, 1886, in accordance with the legislative Act concerning boards of health, approved April 27th. It provided that the board should consist of seven persons, who should be nomi- nated by the Mayor of the city and confirmed by Council, and that their appointment should be for a term of four years. The following appointments were made by the Mayor and subse- quently confirmed by Council : Dr. W. B. E. Miller, Charles Watson, William T. Mead, Dr. John D. Leckner, George F. Hammond, Herman W. Miller and Dr. John W. Donges. The board organized June 28, 1886, with the election of Dr. John D. Leckner as president ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ; J. Willard Morgan, solicitor, and Septimus Knight, inspector. New rules were adopted ; monthly meetings were ordered and the annual meeting was set for the last Monday in June. This was a year of sanitary progress. The board took an active interest in city sanitation and rendered effective work, especially in preventing the dumping of mud along the water-front. School-houses, manufacturing establishments and other public buildings were inspected, the water-supply examined, the drainage of the city inquired into, nuisances abated, slaughter- houses removed, and garbage was more thoroughly collected. The report of the inspector to the State Board included these items together with a review of the general sanitary condition of the city. [1887.] During this year, the rules and regulations were enlarged and the sanitary code amended to perfect the work of the board, especially the duties of the inspector, who exhibited commendable energy in preventing the dumping of mud along the water-front of the city. Two thousand dollars were appropriated by City Council for the purpose of the board. A general vaccination was ordered and an effort was made to create a fund for the establishment of a municipal hospital, because of a threatened invasion of small-pox. On June 27th, the new board organized for the year with the election of Charles Watson- as president ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ; Henry M. Snyder, solicitor; Dr. John D. Leckner, inspector, The New Jersey State Board of Health. 205 and Septimus Knight as assistant inspector. Messrs. Thaddeus P. Varney and William T. Mead were appointed members of the board. [1888.] The sanitary code of the board was revised, with an increase of its powers, and a second unsuccessful effort was made to found a municipal hospital for the care of conta- gious diseases. In order that the inspector might become familiar with the exact location of contagious diseases, the board prepared a map of the city to mark them as they were reported. On June 25th, Dr. George R. Fortiner was appointed a member of the board, which consisted at this time of Charles Watson, George F. Hammond, Herman W. Miller, William T. Mead, Thaddeus P. Varney and Dr. John W. Donges. The board organized with the election of Charles Watson, presi- dent ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ; Mahlon F. Ivins, treasurer, and Dr. John D. Leckner and Septimus Knight, inspectors. [1889.] The power and influence of the board were greatly extended during this year. A plumbing inspector was appointed and an ordinance passed, prescribing his duties. The cremation of garbage was discussed and Newark and other cities were visited and inspected in this particular ; but the appropriation of the board did not warrant the expenditure that a satisfactory cremating-plant would require. On June 29th, the annual meeting was held and the following officers were elected: President, George F. Hammond; secretary, Thaddeus P. Varney ; medical inspector, Dr. John D. L,eckner ; plumbing inspector, Septimus Knight ; assistant secretary and assistant inspector, Eugene B. Roberts. Doctors John W. Donges and George R. Fortiner were members of the board. Section VII. — The New Jersey State Board of Health. [1885.] By the medical Act of 1883 (a supplement to the Act approved March 12, 1881), it was made the duty of practi- tioners of medicine and surgery, in New Jersey, to record their diplomas, with date and place of graduation, or a certificate in case of twenty years' practice, with the clerk of the county in 206 History Medical Profession Camden County. which the practitioner lived. These names were required to- be indexed and forwarded to the State Board of Health by the county clerk, who transmitted this year the names of twenty- one physicians, graduates of the following colleges : Jefferson Medical College, ten ; University of Pennsylvania, six ; Hahnemann Medical College, three ; Ohio Medical College, one, and Howard College one. Reports to the State Board were made by Septimus Knight, of Camden ; Dr. F. E. Williams, of Delaware township ; Dr. Joseph E. Hurff, of Gloucester township ; J. Stokes Coles, of Haddon, and Dr. P. W. Beale, of Stockton. [1886.] Under the law relating to boards of health, local boards in cities, towns, townships, boroughs, etc., were required to make an annual report to the State Board of Health on or before the first day of October, and to answer any inquiries that might be addressed to them by the State Board. In accord- ance with this section of the law, reports were made from Camden by Inspector Septimus Knight ; Gloucester City, by Dr. James A. Walmsley ; Delaware township, by Joseph G. Evans ; Haddon, by Dr. F. E. Williams ; Merchantville, by William H. Moses. The medical registration for the year showed sixteen recorded diplomas from the following institu- tions : Jefferson Medical College, four ; Hahnemann Medical College, three ; one each' from Albany Medical College, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Michigan College of Medicine, Electropathic College, University of New York, Detroit Medical College and Pennsylvania Medical College. [1887.] During this year, twenty-four physicians regis- tered at the office of the county clerk, three of whom subse- quently became members of the County Medical Society. In accordance with the printed schedule sent, in October, to the local boards for their annual reports, responses were made by Septimus Knight, of Camden ; John H. Jackson, of Centre ; Dr. William S. Uong, of Delaware; J. Stokes Coles, of Haddon, and Edward C. Pedigree, of Stockton. [1888.] The board made an inspection of the charitable and penal institutions throughout the State, and presented a The New Jersey State Board of Health. 207 detailed report to the Governor, in which defects in structure and sanitary management were set forth, and the needed alter- ations and improvements outlined. The visit to the Camden County Almshouse was made by Dr. E. M. Hunt, the secretary, on April 25 th. At this time, Dr. Henry E. Branin was the physician and Charles F. Adams the steward. Dr. Hunt stated that the structural arrangement and sanitary care were of the best. The County asylum was visited at the same time and its management was commended, except that classification of the insane was not enforced. The Camden jail was visited, March 10th, and April 25th and condemned "as a disgrace to our common civilization and a menace to the health of the people." This report led to its reconstruction and enlarge- ment by the Board of Freeholders. The water-supplies of Camden, Gloucester City, Haddonfield and Merchantville were inspected. Camden was stated to contain a population of 52,884, supplied with 5,000,000 gallons of water per day. Its source of supply, the Delaware river, was stated to be in danger of contamination. The water is pumped from the Delaware, at Pavonia, into a reservoir, thence into a stand- pipe one hundred and twenty-seven feet in height and five feet in diameter. The water-works at Gloucester City were erected in 1883, and the water is taken from springs and from Newton creek and pumped into a stand-pipe, with a capacity of 145,000 gallons, seventy-five feet in height and eighteen feet in diameter. The population of the city was 5,966. Haddonfield, with its population of 1,950, is supplied with water taken from springs along the north branch of Cooper's creek. The works have a pumping capacity of 700,000 gallons per day and were erected in 1887 ; the stand-pipe is one hundred and ten feet in height, with a diameter of fifteen feet. The water-works of Merchantville were erected in 1887, and the supply is taken from thirteen springs along Pensauken creek, which flow into the basin. The stand-pipe is one hundred feet high, eight feet in diameter and has a capacity of 40,000 gallons. In accordance with the State requirements, the printed schedule of questions, sent to local boards of health, was gener- 208 History Medical Profession Camden Cotinty. ously responded to, and Inspector Knight made a report on the location, climate, soil, water-supply, streets, houses, lights, refuse, market-houses, slaughter-houses, manufacturing estab- lishments, schools, charitable institutions, cemeteries, health codes and vital statistics of Camden. Similar reports were made from Centre township, the board of which consisted of Ezra C. Bell, John Hutchingson, David H. Williams and C. C. Clark, with Dr. F. E. Williams as inspector; from Delaware township, with J. A. Meredith, William Graff, S. T. Coles and W. D. Coles as members, and Dr. W. S. Long as inspector ; from Gloucester City, with Dr. J. A. Walmsley, Dr. D. W. Blake, William J. Thompson, T. K. Costello and J. Edgar Parker as members, and Patrick Mealey as inspector ; from Gloucester township, with George Brewer, Charles Stevenson, Dr. J. E. Hurff, Seth C. Bishop and Joseph S. Steward as members; from Haddon township, with John Stoy, W. C. Nicholson, Samuel Wood and J. Stokes Coles, as members, and Dr. F. E. Williams as inspector ; from Stockton township, with George Molineaux, Benjamin Abbott, Frank Horner, Charles K. Seddenger and Dr. Jerome Artz as members ; from Wins- low township, with Josiah Albertson, H. M. Jewitt, E. A. Russell, Zober Venton and M. G. Burdsall as members. The medical registry of the year included thirty-four physicians, some of whom had registered during the previous year. During 1883, the quinquennial report of vital statistics was made by the board, and those relating to Camden county, Camden and Gloucester City were as follows : Camden county: — marriages, 433 ; births, 1,685; deaths, 1,598; popula- tion, 15,936 ; death-rate, 20.06. Camden : — marriages, 2,057 ! births, 3,690 ; deaths, 4,391 ; population, 41,659; death-rate, 21.08. Gloucester City: — marriages, 184; births, 695 ; deaths, 481 ; population, 5,347 ; death-rate, 17.99. The first decennial report of the board was made this year. For the ten years ending June 30, 1888, the death-rate per thousand was as follows : For the State, 19.15 ; for Camden county, 19 ; for Camden, 20 ; for Gloucester, 19. In the county, including Camden and Gloucester City, consump- tion ranked as the most common cause of death ; then followed, Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association. 209 in the order of statement, diarrhceal diseases, acute lung diseases, nervous diseases of children, adult brain and spinal diseases, diseases of the heart, croup and diphtheria and typhoid fever. Zymotic diseases have been a most prolific cause of death in the county. [1889.] The board made a report of the " Sewer Systems of New Jersey," including those of Camden and of Gloucester City, and, in October, transmitted twenty-three inquiries con- cerning health matters to the local boards. The Camden board made an exhaustive report and stated that typhoid fever and diphtheria were the most prevalent diseases of the year ; while the boards of Gloucester City, and of the townships, reported a healthful condition. The board of Gloucester City consisted of Dr. J. A. Walmsley, Dr. D. W. Blake, W. J. Thompson, E. J. Steer, Patrick Mealey and W. H. Grey, with Dr. J. K. Bennett as health inspector ; that of Centre town- ship was composed of B. C. Bell, J. M. Haines, D. A. Shreeve and J. H. Jackson, with Dr. W. B. Jennings as inspector ; that of Delaware township, of William Graff, W. D. Coles, E. W. Coffin, and John A. Merideth, with Dr. W. S. Long as inspec- tor ; that of Gloucester township, of George Brewer, S. C. Bishop, J. B. Sickler, Dr. J. E. Hurff and J. S. Stewart ; that of Stockton township, of Dr. Leolf Reese, B. P. Abbott, George Molineaux, Charles Pedigree and H. K. Eeddington ; that of Waterford township, of B. W. Bennett, John Hampton, William Haines, W. D. Walton, W. H. Norcross and Edward Stafford ; that of Winslow township, of H. M. Jewett, Elias Russell, Charles Albright and M. G. Burdsall. Sixty-five physicians registered at the office of the county clerk during the year, several of whom were from Philadelphia. Section VIII. — Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association. [1885.] The necessity for a hospital in Camden, coupled with the delay in opening to the public the institution founded by the Cooper family, led to the soliciting of subscriptions, by a number of ladies, under the direction of Mrs. S. B. Northrop, 14 210 History Medical Profession Camden County. for the purpose of " establishing an institution where cases of sudden sickness or accident could be taken and temporarily cared for, and where homoeopathic treatment could be given to such worthy persons as were unable to employ a physician." The project was inaugurated in the early part of January and met with such general acceptance that a meeting of the subscribers was called, January 30th, and the Camden Homoeo- pathic Hospital and Dispensary Association was then organ- ized, with a membership comprising all of the homoeopathic physicians in Camden, and those persons who had contributed to the fund the amount of five dollars and upwards. A consti- tution and by-laws were adopted, and a board of trustees, consisting of twenty gentlemen, and a board of lady managers, comprising thirty ladies, were elected. Hon. E. Ambler Armstrong was elected president of the Board of Trustees ; James M. Stradling and B. Frank Sutton, vice- presidents ; Dr. Silas H. Quint, secretary ; Charles Watson, treas- urer ; and Dr. Purnell W. Andrews, Dr. Thomas R. Black- wood, Dr. J. K. Bryant, Charles P. Bowyer, John Campbell,. Jr., E. N. Cohn, G. W. Coles, S. S. E. Cowperthwaite, Harris Graffen, William Groves, C. M. Hogan, Charles Hollingshed, Dr. E. Melville Howard, Dr. Henry F. Hunt, D. G. Langen- dorf, Dr. M. F. Middleton, J. E. Roberts, H. S. Scull, Dr. A. E. Street and Dr. E. R. Tullis, members. The Board of Lady Managers consisted of Mesdames Purnell W. Andrews, J. K. Bryant, John Campbell, Jr., W. H. Chamberlain, George Dobbins, A. E. Griffith, J. R. Grubb, M. W. Hall, Charles Hollingshed, E. Melville Howard, Henry F. Hunt, Mahlon F. Ivins, Luther V. Kellum, D. G. Langendorf, J. C. Meteer, M. F. Middleton, S. B. Northrop, W. M. Patton, Silas H. Quint, John Rogers, Franklin Roop, Samuel Russell, H. S. Scull, J. M. Stradling, George E Taylor, E R. Tullis, S. H. Morrison, and the Misses E. Fayetta Jennings, S. E. Roberts, and Ada Peacock. On February 5th, a charter was procured \ the building at the northwest corner of Arch and Fourth streets was secured and, on March 2nd, two wards and an out- patient department were fitted up. The following medical and surgical staff was appointed: Surgeons, Doctors E. M. The Cooper Hospital. 211 Howard, M. F. Middleton, S. H. Quint, J. D. Leckner and G. D. Woodward ; physicians, Doctors J. K. Bryant, P. W. Andrews, E. R. Tullis, J. R. Blackwood and Anna E. Griffith ; consulting surgeon, Dr. W. H. Van Lennep. The association secured the annual appropriation of the city for the care of the poor (Section I) amounting to $1,500 and thus started under favorable circumstances. In the follow- [1886.] ing year, the appropriation of City Council for the care of the indigent sick was increased to $1,800 and evenly divided between the association and the Camden City Dispensary, and the city was divided into medical districts (Section I) under their care and supervision. The establishment of this hospital was the second effort of the kind in Camden ; the first having been made in 1867, when the managers of the Camden City Dispensary fitted a ward, for the care of accidents and other sickness, which they abandoned in 1869, because of the want of funds to maintain it. The Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association, after two years of life under its primary [1887.] organization, was converted into a stock company. The management purchased the property on the southeast corner of West and Stevens streets, fitted it for hos- pital purposes and continued its work there until the fall of 1890, when, owing to various causes, the association voted to close the hospital. Efforts were made during the following year to revive the work, but without success, and, through the advice of Dr. J. D. Leckner, the president of City Council, and others, measures were taken to organize the West Jersey Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, in order to retain the part of the appropriation of Council, for the care of the indigent sick, which the former association had previously secured.* Section IX. — The Cooper Hospital. [1887.] The history of The Cooper Hospital has been referred to in Chapter VIII, Section VI. The hospital building was begun in 1875 an d completed in 1877, at a cos t of *From the minutes of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association. 212 History Medical Profession Camden Cotinty . $95,645.48. The original endowment of the sisters, Sarah W. and Elizabeth B. Cooper, was $200,000, exclusive of the land upon which the hospital stands, which was jointly donated by their brother, Alexander Cooper, and themselves, and was valued at $50,000. Deducting the cost of construction from the endowment fund, there was left a balance of $104,354.52, which, as an invested fund, the Board of Managers deemed insufficient "to support the hospital upon a scale commensu- rate with the probable demands upon its charity." The dedication of the hospital to the public was delayed, therefore, until August 11, 1887. During the ten years intervening between the completion and the dedication of the hospital, the income received from the invested endowment fund amounted to $80,924.65, which, together with $25,000 bequeathed by Sarah W. Cooper, in 1880, and a supplementary gift of $25,000 from Elizabeth B. Cooper, increased the invested endowment fund to $235,279.17. This, added to the cost of constructing the building, and the value of the grounds upon which it stands, made the gift of the Cooper family to the hospital, up to the time of dedication, amount to $380,924.65.* Since the dedication of the hospital, the invested fund has been increased by liberal bequests from Mrs. Abigail M. Wright, a sister of the Coopers; from John W. Wright, her son (the first secretary and treasurer of the Board of Managers), and from Alexander Cooper, the first president of the institution. The Cooper Hospital was dedicated and opened to the public August 11, 1887, with formal ceremonies at the hospital, consisting of an historical address by Peter L. Voorhees, of the Board of Managers, and an address by Hon. E. A. Armstrong, president of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association. Previously to the dedication, extensive alterations, repairs and improvements, amounting to $30,516.46 were made in the interest of sanita- tion, and the most advanced appliances in medicine and surgery were procured. The attending staff were afforded thorough aseptic and antiseptic facilities for the care of injuries and disease. In the interval referred to, a number of changes * By-laws and Rules of The Cooper Hospital, June 22, 1887. The Cooper Hospital. 213 took place in the Board of Managers. Of the original trustees who subsequently became incorporators of the institution, Albert W. Markley, Charles P. Stratton .and Dr. Thomas F. Cullen had died, and were succeeded, respectively, by William B. Cooper, Richard H. Reeve and Dr. John V. Schenck.* In 1882, Dr. Schenck died and was succeeded by David M. Chambers. At the time of the dedication of the hospital, the Board of Managers consisted of the following gentlemen : President, Alexander Cooper; secretary and treasurer, John W. Wright; managers, Peter L. Voorhees, Rudolphus Bingham, Joseph B. Cooper, Augustus Reeve, William B. Cooper, Richard H. Reeve and David M. Chambers. On June 2 2d, the managers appointed the following attending medical staff: Physicians, Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, D. P. Pancoast and W. A. Davis ; surgeons, Doctors E. L. B. Godfrey, O. B. Gross, D. Benjamin and J. F. Walsh; patholo- gist, Dr. Joseph H. Wills; interne, Dr. Harry Jarrett. The staff held their first meeting, July 13th ; elected Dr. H. Genet Taylor chairman, and arranged the assignments for duty at the hospital as follows: During July, August and September, Dr. A. M. Mecray, attending physician, and Dr. D. Benjamin,, surgeon ; October, November and December, Dr. D. P. Pancoast, physician, and Dr. O. B. Gross, surgeon; January, February and March, Dr. W. A. Davis, physician, and Dr. J. F. Walsh, surgeon ; April, May and June, Dr. H. Genet Taylor, physician, and Dr. E. Iy. B. Godfrey, surgeon. A dispensary service was established, and an arrangement was made with the managers of the Camden City Dispensary for the compounding of prescriptions at the dispensary. The opening of The Cooper Hospital inaugurated a new era in the progress of medicine in Camden County. Previously to this, the greater portion of the surgical injuries occurring in Camden were attended at the Philadelphia hospitals, and, as soon as the wards of The Cooper Hospital were thrown open to patients, the members of the attending medical and surgical staff were confronted with the gravest medical and surgical problems, which were solved with almost unvarying success. * Address on the Origin, History and Purpose of The Cooper Hospital, bv Peter Iy. Voorhees. 214 History Medical Profession Camden County. [1888.] From August 11, 1887, to December 31, ic there were treated three hundred and seventy patients within the wards of the hospital (one hundred and sixty-five of whom were medical and two hundred and five surgical), and one thousand, three hundred and twenty-five in the out-patient department. There were seventy surgical operations performed, including twenty amputations, one suprapubic hysterectomy, two exploratory laparotomies for carcinoma, one laparotomy for gunshot wound of the intestines and one for perityphlitis, two ovariotomies and one cystotomy. During 1888, Dr. Harry Jarrett was elected surgical interne and Dr. B. W. Macfarland medical interne. Upon the expiration of their respective terms of service, Dr. Jarrett began medical practice in Camden and Dr. Macfarland, in Bordentown. [1889.] During the year ending December 31st, three hundred and seventeen cases were treated in the wards; fifty- nine surgical operations were performed and one thousand, six hundred and forty-three patients were treated in the out-patient department of the hospital. Dr. William Martin, now of Bristol, Pa., and Dr. S. F. Ashcraft, of Mullica Hill, N. J., served as resident physicians. A. THE COOPER HOSPITAL TRAINING-SCHOOL FOR NURSES. [1887.] Following the opening of The Cooper Hospital, this training-school for nurses was inaugurated in 1887, and has contributed materially to the success of the institution. The period of study in the training-school covers a term of two years, including a probationary month, and, during this time, the pupil is lodged and boarded at the hospital and is paid nine dollars per month for the first year and twelve dollars per month during the second year. The ward-training includes nursing in accidents and emergencies; in surgical, medical, obstetrical and gynaecological cases; and a course of invalid cookery at the Drexel Institute, from February 1st to June 1st, of each year. The pupils also attend the course of lectures, given twice a week, by the attending staff of The Cooper Hospital. The following are the graduates of the school : In 1890, Belle Neely, Kate Stow, Lily D. Baltz and Florence The Ninth International Medical Congress. 215 Wise; 1891, M. S. Dare, Maud F. Reynolds, Charlotte S. Gibson and Eleanor Myers ; 1892, Laura B. Bunting, Emma E- Steelman, Arabella B. Hutton and Mary E. Johnson; 1893, Dessie Kimble, Catharine Butler, Annie T. Dunmire and Amelia Y. Richardson ; 1894, Charlotte E. Parke, Irene T. Fallon, Anna Cooper Campion and Jennie H. Stiles. In September, 1890, Miss Rachel Bourke, a graduate of the Training Schools of the Massachusetts General and McEean Hospitals, was elected chief nurse at The Cooper Hospital and placed in charge of the training-school. Under her direction, the course of instruction has been extended to two years and arrangements have been made with the Drexel Institute for a course in invalid cookery. Through the efforts of Miss Bourke, the school has attained marked success. Section X. — The Ninth International Medical Congress. [1887.] In response to an invitation, extended by the American Medical Association in May, 1884, to the Eighth International Medical Congress, assembled that year at Copen- hagen, Denmark, to hold its next meeting in America, in 1887, the ninth congress assembled at Washington, D. C, September 6th, and remained in session for six days. The list of delegates and members embraced more than three thousand physicians, including many of the most distinguished practi- tioners of Europe, Asia and America. The congress was welcomed to the United States by President Cleveland and the Honorable Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, after which the inaugural address was delivered by Dr. Nathan S. Davis, of Chicago, the president of the congress. The work of the congress was divided into eighteen sections, each in charge of a president, and the results were published in six large volumes, which were distributed, free of charge, to the members of the congress. Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey was appointed, "by the executive committee, a member of the Section on Public and International Hygiene, of which Dr. Joseph Jones, of New Orleans, was president. The preparations for the meeting of the congress excited much controversy 216 History Medical Profession Camden County. and engendered much ill-feeling in the medical profession throughout the country. The invitation was extended, as has been stated, by the American Medical Association at its meeting in Washington, in 1 884. The committee, appointed by the association, visited Copenhagen, and formally extended the invitation with fraternal greetings to the Eighth Congress, which was accepted. At the meeting of the association, in New Orleans, in 1885, the committee submitted a report and a plan of action, without providing for representation by delegates from any medical society, national, state or county, limiting its membership to such persons as the executive committee should invite, and then proceeded to select from the larger cities officers for sections, without regard to their membership in the association or in other societies. The report aroused such antagonism in the association that it was not accepted, and the executive committee, appointed to arrange for the meeting of the congress, was enlarged to consist of one representative from each State and Territory, the District of Columbia, the Army, Navy and Marine Hospital Service. This committee was empowered to revise, alter and amend the plan of the original committee and to select a chairman and secretary. This action caused a general quarrel in the medical profession of the United States and occasioned the withdrawal of the original committee and their special appointees to the congress. The new committee met in New York, in September, and transferred the management of the congress to an executive committee, composed of the president of the congress, the secretary-general, the treasurer, the chairman of the finance committee, and the presidents of sections. This concession failed to harmonize, however, the original differences. The subject became one of professional comment throughout the country and, at the November meet- ing of the Camden County Medical Society, a resolution was adopted and forwarded to the County Medical Societies through- out the State, supporting the transference of the future man- agement of the congress to an executive committee, composed of the officers of the congress, and stating "that this action should be sufficient to silence criticism and to enlist the Camden County Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children. 217 sympathies and support of the medical profession of the United States." In 1886, the American Medical Association met at St. Louis, when Doctors B. A. Watson, I. N. Quimby and E. L. B. Godfrey represented the Medical Society of New Jersey. The association gave further emphatic approval of the work of the general and the executive committees of the congress, in their efforts to popularize it among the medical fraternity, by extending membership in the congress to all regular physicians who should register and take out tickets of admission. The early interest manifested by the Camden County Medical Society in the work of the congress, led to a large represen- tation from Camden, consisting of Doctors H. Genet Taylor, James M. Ridge, John W. Snowden, J. W. Donges, H. H. Davis, O. B. Gross, Alexander McAlister, S. T. Banes, J. W. Sutton and E. L. B. Godfrey, all of whom registered and became members of the congress. Section XL — The Camden County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. [1887.] Under the ' ' Act for the Incorporation of Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children," approved April 18, 1876, the Camden Society was organized January 26, 1887, with the following members: Alexander G. Cattell, E. A. Armstrong, Dr. S. H. Quint, H. D. Speakman, Wilbur F. Rose, F. W. Ayer, D. M. Chambers, B. C. Reeve, Samuel H. Grey, Dr. Joseph H. Wills, William Bettle, I. C. Martindale, Rev. W. C. Strickland, Dr. W. A. Davis, John W. Wright, John L- Westwood, H. M. Cooper, Edward Dudley, Peter L. Voorhees, Peter V. Voorhees, E. N. Cohn, John F. Starr, Watson Depuy, B. F. Archer, W. H. Davis, R. H. Reeve, William H. Allen, George Holl, V. G. Bennett, Dr. W. T. Collins, W. B. Tyler, A. McCully, John Farrell, J. Henry Hayes, Dr. H. Genet Taylor, Louis T. Derousse, G. Buck- waiter, J. R. Eastlack, Mrs. E. L. B. Godfrey and Mrs. A. R. Varney. The certificate of incorporation was filed in the office of the Secretary of State, Trenton, January 31, 1889. The object of the society is the prevention of cruelty to children in Camden county, and the enforcement of existing and 2i8 History Medical Profession Camden County. prospective laws relating to their welfare. The society was formed largely through the efforts of Dr. Joseph H. Wills, -of Camden, and has accomplished much good. The Acts relating to the protection of children, approved March 4, 1880, January 30, 1883, and March 9, 1885, have increased the power and influence of the society. The officers for 1889 were Samuel H. Grey, president; Edward N. Cohn, and Isaac C. Martindale, vice-presidents; Wilbur F. Rose, treasurer; Abel Smith, secretary; Samuel H. Grey, Dr. Joseph H. Wills, Dr. S. H. Quint, Louis T. Derousse, F. W. Ayer, H. M. Cooper, D. M. Chambers, H. D. Speakman, J. Henry Hayes, I. C. Martindale, B. C. Reeve, and Wilbur F. Rose, managers; Hon. E. A. Armstrong and Charles R. Stevenson, solicitors, and Doctors Joseph H. Wills and S. H. Quint, surgeons. The society has grown in popular favor because it has extended a helping hand to children in need of protection and of the comforts of a home. The Camden City Dispensary has freely provided a room for the use of the officers of the society, since its formation. Section XII. — Military Interests. A. MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW JERSEY. On July 12, 1886, Brigadier-General and Surgeon-General Theodore R. Varick resigned, after a service of seventeen years in the State forces, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel John D. McGill, surgeon, First Brigade, N. G. N. J., who was commissioned Brigadier-General and Surgeon-General, July 13, 1886. On June 28, 1888, First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon George T. Robinson resigned from the Sixth Regi- ment, National Guard, and was succeeded by Dr. Daniel Strock. B. THE MILITARY ORDER OF SURGEONS OF NEW JERSEY. [1889.] In response to a call issued May 12, 1889, by Major E. L. B. Godfrey, surgeon Sixth Regiment, N. G. N. J., and signed by a number of ex-surgeons of the United States Milita ry In teres ts . 2\g Volunteer Service and medical officers of the National Guard of New Jersey, The Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey was organized at the Coleman House, Asbury Park, June 18, 1889, with the election of the following officers: President, Surgeon-General John D. McGill, of Jersey City ; vice-presidents, Major J. H. H. Love, Montclair, and Major H. Genet Taylor, Camden ; secretary, Major E. L. B. Godfrey, Camden, and treasurer, Major Joseph D. Osborne, of Newark. The invita- tion to take part in the organization of the order was extended to those medical officers " who have served, and those who are now serving in the military service, under commissions issued by the Governors of New Jersey, and also those medical officers who served in the war of the Rebellion, under commissions of a corresponding rank issued by the war and navy departments of the government of the United States." The object of the order is the discussion of military surgery the promotion of friend- ship among the members of the order and the advancement of the interest of the medical officers in the National Guard of New Jersey. On July nth, an adjourned meeting of the order was held at the headquarters of the First Brigade, N. G. N. J., Sea Girt, when the organization was completed by the adoption of a constitution and of an insignia, consisting of a pendant and button. At this meeting, Lieutenant Daniel Strock, assistant surgeon, Sixth Regiment, N. G. N. J., was elected a member. In 1 89 1, the State Military Board officially approved of the institution of the order and, on June 29th, an order was issued from the Adjutant-General's office, Trenton, that "The Order of Military Surgeons of New Jersey may wear the insignia, which they have adopted, on dress or undress uni- form." During this year new officers were elected with the exception of the secretary who retained his position until 1893, when he was elected vice-president and Major Daniel Strock was elected secretary. In 1894, Lieutenant- Colonel E. L. B. Godfrey, Medical Inspector of the National Guard, was elected president; Major Daniel Strock was re-elected secretary, and First Lieutenants and Assistant Surgeons Orange W. Braymer and Wilson Gill Bailey, of the Sixth Regiment, were elected members. The order has 220 History Medical Profession Camde?t County. assisted in perfecting the medical department of trie National Guard and in advancing- military surgery in New Jersey. C. THE ASSOCIATION OF MILITARY SURGEONS OF THE UNITED STATES. This association was organized at Chicago, largely through the influence of Surgeon-General Nicholas Senn, of Illinois, on September 17, 1891, for the purpose of advancing military and accidental surgery and the welfare of the civilian soldier. The association embraces in its membership medical officers of the United States Army and Navy and of the National Guard of the several States, and was, in a degree, the outgrowth of The Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey, whose insignia, with slight modifications, was adopted. The second meeting of the association was held in St. Louis, in 1892, when Lieutenant-Colonel Godfrey and Major Strock were made members. The third meeting was held at Washington, D. C, the fourth at Chicago and the fifth at Buffalo. D. THE NEW JERSEY SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1889.] This society was founded April 30, 1889, for the purpose of keeping alive the patriotic spirit of the men who achieved American independence, and of collecting and preserving records and documents relating to the Revolution. Any male descendant of an ancestor engaged in establishing the independence of xAmerica is entitled to membership. The society has done much to collect and preserve the revolutionary annals of New Jersey, and valuable data, relating to the battles of Red Bank, Trenton, Springfield, Princeton and Monmouth, are in its possession. Among the members from Camden are Dr. Dowling Benjamin, who was admitted April 24, 1893 ; Dr. George R. Fortiner, admitted December 13, 1892, and Edward Francis Moody, Henry Samuel Fortiner and Charles Heath Heyl. Medical Enactmen is. 221 Section XIII. — Medical Enactments. A. PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. [1889.] On April 16th, a supplement to the medical Act of 1880 was approved, which, after prescribing the fines or imprisonment for practicing medicine without conforming to the medical Act of 1880, exempted from its provisions any physician who shall file with the county clerk an affidavit setting forth an experience of twenty years of medical practice in any one locality. B. VETERINARY SURGEONS. On March 4, 1889, an "x\ctto Protect the Title of Veter- inary Surgeons, and to Regulate the Practice of Veterinary- Medicine" was approved. The Act provided that veterinary surgeons should be graduates from legally chartered veterinary- colleges ; for the registration of their diplomas with the clerk of the county in which they intended to practice ; for a fine or imprisonment for fraudulent registration of a diploma, and for the furnishing, each year, by the county clerk, of a registered list of practicing veterinarians to the State Board of Health. This Act re-enforced the law approved March 18, 1885, which provided for the promotion of veterinary science and the incor- poration of veterinary societies. Under this Act, the following registrations have been made in the office of the clerk for Camden county : Dr. W. B. E. Miller, a graduate of American Veterinary College of New York, 1879; Doctors A. T. Sellers, John Oliver George and Harry B. Cox, graduates of the same college in 1887, 1894 and 1895, respectively; Dr. Charles S. Williams, a graduate of the Veterinary Depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania, 1887 ; Doctors Edgar H. Landis, Leonard Pearson, John J. Maher and T. J. Kean, graduates of the University, 1890; Doctors Harry Walter and George A. Smith, graduates of the University, 1892, and Dr. Enoch H. Moore, a graduate of 1894 ; Dr. James McCoart, a graduate of the Veterinary College of Philadelphia, 1864; Dr. John Compton Kingston, a graduate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of London, 1877, and Dr. Thomas H. Ash, a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, 222 History Medical Profession Camden County. 1881. On February 5, 1884, the Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation of New Jersey was organized and incorporated, April 15,, 1885. Dr. W. B. E. Miller, of Camden, was one of the corporate members and has held the position of president and trustee. The association has thrown a safeguard around the rights and privileges of the veterinarians of the State and has elevated the standard of the profession by scientific intercourse. Section XIV. — Medical Professorships and Lectureships. [1889.] The medical profession of Camden has furnished a number of professors and lecturers for the medical colleges of Philadelphia, and for the New Jersey Training School for Nurses. In 1859, Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was elected professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General Therapeutics in Penn Medical University of Philadelphia, a position retained by him until the close of the college term in i860. In i860, Dr. George S. F. Pfeiffer was elected professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the same university, and retained the position until 1864, when he was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the United States Volunteer service; in 1880, Dr. H. M. Howard was elected lecturer on Botany in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, afterwards made lecturer on Pharmacy, and subsequently promoted to the position of associate professor of Materia Medica, a position which he still retains; in 1887, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was elected lecturer on Fractures and Dislocations in the Medico- Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; in 1889, he was made lecturer on Gynaecology in the same college, and, at this time, clinics on Gynaecology were established at The Cooper Hospital,, under the control of Doctors W. A. Davis and E. L,. B. Godfrey. Dr. Dowling Benjamin succeeded Dr. Godfrey as lecturer on Fractures and Dislocations, which position he retained for three years. Dr. Godfrey resigned from the lectureship on Gynaecology, in 1893, after having been con- nected with the Medico-Chirurgical College for six years. In the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, Doctors Dowling Benjamin, W. A. Davis, O. B. Gross, Daniel Strock, Joseph H. Physicians. 223. Wills, George T. Robinson,* Joseph L. Nicholson, W. R. Powell, O. W. Braymer and E. L. B. Godfrey hold lectureships. Dr. W. S. Jones holds the position of chief of the department of Diseases of the Throat at the Jefferson Medical College Hospital. Section XV. — Physicians. [1885.] During this year, Dr. Alexander McAlister located in Camden ; Doctors Lawrence L. Glover and William S. Long, at Haddonfield, and Dr. John W. Marcy, at Merchant- ville. Dr. C. G. Hoell opened a drug-store on Federal street above Second ; Dr. N, Davis opened a drug-store at Broadway and Spruce streets, and Levi B. Hirst purchased the drug-store at the corner of Federal street and Haddon avenue. [1886.] In 1886, Dr. Howard G. Bonwill, a graduate of Jeffer- son Medical College of this year ; Doctors George D. Woodward, William R. Powell, Robert Casperson and Nehemiah Davis began medical practice in Camden, and Dr. Henry H. Sherk, a student at Lebanon College, a graduate of Phila- delphia College of Pharmacy, 1880, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1886, located at Cramer Hill. George D. Borton, druggist, was appointed Collector for the Port of Camden, a position once held by Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, and Dr. John R. Stevenson was elected a member of the New Jersey Historical Society and appointed on the genealogical committee. [1887.] In 1887, Dr. William T. Collins located in Camden, having moved from Smyrna, Delaware. Dr. Collins was graduated from Dickinson College in 1854, and from Jefferson Medical College in 1857. In 1863 and 1864, he served as a surgeon in the Rebellion, as has been noted ; in 1872, as a presidential elector from Delaware for General Grant; in 1876, as president of the Republican State Conven- tion of Delaware ; in 1877, as president of the Delaware State Medical Society, and in 1886, as president of the -Smyrna Board of Health. Dr. John G. Doron, an A. B. of Brown University, 1884, and M. D. of the University of Pennsylvania, 1887, located in Camden, and Dr. George R. Fortiner, a * Deceased. 224 History Medical Profession Camden County. graduate of Penn Medical University, 1879, was graduated from Hahnemann Medical College ; Stanley C. Muschamp, druggist, served as a member of the Board of Education, and was largely instrumental in the founding of the Manual Training [1888.] School. In 1888, Dr. S. Bryan Smith, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, located in Camden. During the year, Dr. Alexander Marcy, Sr., retired from medical practice. Dr. Marcy was educated at Amherst College, 1859, an d University of Pennsylvania, 1861, and brought to the profession a mind well trained to grapple with the problems of life and death. Dr. Marcy was closely identified with the State, County and City Medical Societies, and with the Camden City Dispensary, of which he was one of the incorporators. He was the first physician to introduce the use of the hypo- dermatic syringe to the medical profession of Camden ; the first to employ strychnia, hypodermatically, in cases of collapse, and the first to administer mercury, locally and internally, [1889.] in the treatment of diphtheria. In 1889, Doctors Frederick M. Eaton, Allan S. Ironside and William S. Moslander were graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, and located in Camden. Dr. Ironside had previously studied medicine at the Toronto School of Medicine, and practiced for a time at Florence, New Jersey. Section XVI. — Deaths. [1885.] During the period from 1885 to 1890, the profession was called to record the death of Doctors Alexander J. McKelway, Peter V. Schenck, Napoleon B. Jennings, James A. Armstrong, Reynell Coates, J. R. Haney, E. J. Snitcher, John R. Snowden. William Warnock and Pharmacist 0. H. Taylor. Dr. Alexander J. McKelway was graduated from Princeton in 183 1, and from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1834. He served with distinction as surgeon of the Eighth Regiment, N. J. V., during the Civil War, and rose to the position of division surgeon on the staff of Major-General Joseph Hooker. After the war, he located at Blackwood, but subsequently Deaths. 225 removed to Williamstown, where he died, in 1885. He was not a member of the County Medical Society.* Dr. Peter V. Schenck, a brother of John V. Schenck, died March 12, 1885. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in i860, and entered the regular army, as has been noted. In 1867, he was admitted a member of the Camden County and City Medical Societies. In 1868, he located at St. Louis, where he became distinguished in hospital and private practice. Dr. Napoleon B. Jennings died at his residence at Haddon- field, April 17, 1885, of phthisis. He was graduated from Jefferson Medical College, in 1856, and located at Haddonfield, where, by his skill and genial nature, he secured in an eminent degree the confidence of the community. He was president of the County Medical Society in 1861, and, in 1872, a charter member of Haddonfield Lodge, F. and A. M., and its second master. Dr. James A. Armstrong died November 1st, of apoplexy, at the bedside of a patient. He was a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1855, and of the University of Pennsyl- vania, 1 86 1 ; surgeon of the Seventy-third and also of the Seventy-fifth Regiments Pennsylvania Volunteers, and partici- pated in many of the battles of the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War. After the war, he served on the surgical staff of Satterlee Hospital and subsequently located in Camden. In 187 1, he was elected coroner of Camden county and, in 1 876, a member of the County Medical Society. Dr. Armstrong was actively interested in the Camden County Bible Society and was an elder in the First Presbyterian Church. [1886.] Dr. Reynell Coates was born in Philadelphia, December 10, 1802; graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1823, and went to India that year as surgeon of a trading-ship, beginning his practice in Philadelphia upon his return in the following year. In 1829, ne was elected professor of Natural Sciences in Allegheny College, Pa., a position he held one year, when he returned to Philadelphia. In 1834, he abandoned practice and turned his attention to literature, taking * Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1885. 15 226 History Medical Profession Camden County. a front rank among American medical writers and exercising a powerful influence upon the medical policy of the day. He also^ became distinguished as a lecturer on medical subjects. As a lyric and dramatic poet ; as a political and scientific writer and as an editor and novelist, he was famous among his contem- poraries. Among his works are the following: "The Gambler's Wife," " The Exile of Connecticut," "The Mimic Chase," " Reminiscences of a Voyage to India," " Manners and Habits of Deep-Sea Fish," " The Battle of the Gold Fish," "The Lightning of the Waters," "Night at Sea," "The Heart's Best Dream," " We Part No More"; in poetry ^ "Through the Cave of Despair," "The Mountain Child," "Eighteen To-morrow," "The Grecian Maid," "The Nautilus," " The Island Lyre" ; on scientific subjects, "Popular Medicine," "First Lines in Physiology," "First Lines in Natural Philosophy," also monographs in The Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine, numerous contributions to the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the American Journal of Medical Sciences of Philadelphia, and an oration on " Medical Instruction in America," delivered before the Philadelphia Medical Society; in fiction, a novel, "The Fire-Doomed," and contributions in both prose and verse to the Western Literary Magazine of Cincinnati, "Friendship's Offering'''' and the Boudoir Annual of Boston, and the Leaflets of Memory, of which Dr. Coates was the editor.* Othniel G. Taylor died soon after his resignation from the dispensary, from inflammatory rheumatism. Mr. Taylor was a son of Dr. O. H. Taylor and brother of Dr. H. Genet Taylor. He was appointed pharmacist and superintendent of the Camden City Dispensary, March 21, 1865, and served continuously until his resignation in January, 1886, a period of twenty-one years. This unusually long term of service made him well known to the physicians of Camden, with whom he was very popular. [1887.] On August 27th, Dr. John R. Haney died at his residence on Kaighn's avenue, of Bright's disease. Dr. Haney was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1861 and *Dr. John S. Hart in Graham's Magazine of Literature and Art, October, 1846. Deaths. 227 served as an acting assistant surgeon in a United States Army Hospital for several months. In 1870, he located in Camden and opened a drug-store on Kaighn's avenue, which he super- vised in connection with his practice. In 1883, he was elected president of the County Medical Society and, in 1884, he served as a member of the Board of Education. [1888.] Dr. Elijah J. Snitcher died of pneumonia on February 5th. Dr. Snitcher was a graduate of Exeter Academy, N. H., and of the Chicago Medical College, in 1874, after which he served as interne in St. Mary's Hospital, Chicago. He was a faithful and skillful servitor of his patients and possessed the respect and confidence of both the profession and the public. Dr. John W. Snowden died of cancer at his residence at Hammonton, May 28th. Dr. Snowden was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1 844, and located at Ancora. He joined the Camden County Medical Society, in 1849, and was rarely absent in the thirty-nine years of his membership, serving as president in 1855, and also in 1875. In 1878, he was appointed chairman of the standing committee and served for nine years. In 1882, he was made president of the Medical Society of New Jersey, being the fifth physician from Camden county to hold that position. Dr. Snowden exerted a marked influence in the community on account of his skill and accomplishments. [1889.] Dr. William Warnock died of phthisis at Burlington, during the year. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1880, and served for two years as surgeon on the Red Star Trans-continental line of steamers, after which he located in Camden. He served for a term as district physician of the Camden City Dispensary. CHAPTER XL THE PERIOD FROM 1890 TO 1895. Section i. — The Camden City Dispensary. [1890.] The annual meeting of the association was held January 14th, with President Maurice Browning in the chair. Nine hundred and fifteen medical and surgical cases were reported to have been treated and fifteen hundred and ninety- eight prescriptions compounded, from an expenditure of $3,307.72. Messrs. Maurice Browning, David M. Chambers, Richard H. Reeve, Henry B. Wilson, Peter V. Voorhees, Rudolphus W. Birdsall and Howard M. Cooper were elected members of the Board of Managers by the contributors of the dispensary, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, W. A. Davis, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, E. P. Townsend, Dowling Benjamin and E. L. B. Godfrey, by the Camden City Medical Society. The board organized by electing Maurice Browning president ; David M. Chambers, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary, and Richard H. Reeve, treasurer. The medical staff were re-elected. On February 27th, a special meeting was held to consider the sale of the dispensary build- ing and lot, No. 46 North Third street, to the West Jersey Title and Guarantee Company, for $4,500. The sale took place on March 12, 1890, for the sum named ; the building was removed and the vaults of the company were built upon the site. The dispensary service was then established at No. 532 Market street, until a new building could be erected. On March 15th, the dispensary received a legacy of $500 from the estate of Joseph B. Cooper, and, on July 8th, the salary of Dr. H. F. Palm, interne and superintendent, was increased to $500 per annum. [1891.] The annual meeting was held January 13th. There was the same number of cases treated and of prescriptions compounded as in the previous year. The treasurer reported $7,773.90 in his possession from the following sources : Balance 228 The Camden City Dispensary . 229 from 1890, $812.65 ; sale of dispensary building, $4,500 ; inter- est on invested funds, $637 ; rent from United States Pension Board, $60; appropriation from City Council, $1,200; legacy from Joseph B. Cooper, $500 ; total, $7,773.90. Those members of the Board of Managers, elected by the contributors, were re-elected, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, W. H. Ireland, W. H. Iszard, E. P. Townsend and E. L. B. Godfrey represented the Camden City Medical Society in the board. The board organized with the re-election of its former officers. On May 19th, the vacant lots at 725, 727 and 729 Federal street were purchased for $2,859.50 for building purposes and, on June 30th, the building plans submitted by Moses and King, architects, were adopted by the board and a building committee was appointed, who at once began the construction of the present edifice. Up to this time, the pharmacist of the dispensary had been elected by the Camden City Medical Society, but, in order to place all officials of the institution under the supervision of the managers, the constitution and by-laws of the dispensary were revised to meet this need. The city appropriation of $1,200 for the indigent sick was again secured, and Dr. Joseph H. Wills was elected district physician for the First and Third wards, and Dr. O. W. Braymer for the Fifth and Sixth wards. A legacy of $500 was received from Rachel Cooper, on December 5th. [1892.] Following the adoption of the plans for a new dispensary building, June 30th, 1891, the managers proceeded to erect the present building, which was completed and dedicated to the public use, January 8, 1892. The new edifice has a frontage of thirty-four feet and is eighty-six feet in depth. It is two stories in height ; built of brick with Indiana limestone trimmings ; the first floor arranged for dispensary, clinical and lecturing purposes, and the second for the use of the Camden City Medical Society, in whose rooms provisions have been made for the Cooper and Mulford libraries. The cost of construction was $8,323.03, which, added to the purchase price of the lots, $2,859.50, made the entire cost $11,182.53. The dedicatory ceremonies included an " Histor- ical Sketch of the Camden City Dispensary," by H. Genet 230 History Medical Profession Camden County. Taylor, A.M., M. D., and addresses by Hon. Christopher A. Bergen, M. C, and Rev. William Boyd. The annual meeting of the Board of Managers was held January 12th, with Presi- dent Browning in the chair. The representatives of the con- tributors were re-elected members of the board, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, 0. B. Gross, D. Benjamin, E. P. Townsend and E. L. B. Godfrey were elected to the board from the City Medical Society. The officers of the preceding year were re-elected. The revised constitution was adopted and T. J. W. Phillips, Ph. G., was elected pharmacist in the place of Dr. H. F. Palm, resigned. The following consulting and attending staff were elected : Consulting physicians, H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, William A. Davis and James M. Ridge ; consulting surgeons, O. B. Gross, E. L. B. Godfrey, D. Benjamin and Daniel Strock ; attending staff, — medicine, H. F. Palm, G. W. Henry, William Shafer and B. S. Lewis ; surgery, Alexander McAlister, J. H. Frick, F. L. Horning and John F. Eeavitt ; gynaecology, William H. Ireland, H. H. Davis, J. S. Baer and Milton M. Osmun ; eye and ear, E. P. Townsend, William R. Powell and Robert Caspersou ; diseases of the throat, William S. Jones; diseases of the skin and pathologist, George T. Robinson ; district physicians, Joseph H. Wills and O. W. Braymer ; microscopist, Albert P. Brown, Ph. G. ; pharmacist, Thomas J. W. Phillips, Ph.G. [1893.] The construction of a new building and the enlargement of the corps of physicians increased the work and usefulness of the dispensary . At the annual meeting, January 17th, four thousand, three hundred and ninety-four cases were reported to have been treated, and ten thousand, one hundred and seventy-one prescriptions compounded. The lay members of the Board of Managers were re-elected, except that Samuel H. Grey succeeded Rudolphus W. Birdsall, who had removed from the city. Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, W. A. Davis, O. B. Gross, Daniel Strock, W. H. Ireland, J. S. Baer and E. E- B. Godfrey represented the City Medical Society. The old officers were re-elected, with the exception that Hon. Henry B. Wilson was elected vice-president of the board in The Camden City Dispensary . 231 place of David M. Chambers, declined, and, with few excep- tions, the medical staff were re-appointed. The appropriation of City Council for dispensary service was again renewed. The first appropriation of City Council to the Camden City Dispensary was made in 1868. The sum was $300, which was annually granted until 1879, when the amount was increased to $1,600; the city was divided into three districts, and physi- cians were appointed for each district. At this time, a salary of $200 per annum was granted each district physician. Previously to this, all dispensary work had been gratuitous on the part of its medical staff. The annual appropriation of $1,600 for the sick poor was continued until 1885, when the sanitary committee of City Council asked for a bid from the Board of Managers, because of the desire of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association to compete for the work of caring for the indigent sick of the city. The managers refused to do this and the Homoeopathic Association secured the entire appropriation for that year. In 1886, City Council increased the appropriation to $2,400, and divided it equally between the two associations named, and, since then, each has received $1,200 per annum. [1894.] During this year, two thousand, eight hundred and forty-five cases were treated at the dispensary, and six hundred and thirty-six at their residences. The work of the institution for the year in the clinical rooms and outdoor service made a total of twelve thousand, nine hundred and eighty-four visits. The following managers were elected for the ensuing year : Maurice Browning, Henry B. Wilson, Richard H. Reeve, David M. Chambers, Samuel H. Grey, Peter V. Voorhees, Howard M. Cooper and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, W. A. Davis, O. B. Gross, D. Benjamin, W. R. Powell, J. G. Doron and E. L. B. Godfrey. Maurice Browning was elected president ; Henry B. Wilson, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary, and Richard H. Reeve, treasurer. The following constituted the consulting and attending staff : Con- sulting physicians, H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, E. L. B. Godfrey, W. A. Davis, J. M. Ridge and G. T. Robinson ; con- sulting surgeons, O. B. Gross, D. Benjamin, J. H. Wills, Daniel 232 History Medical Profession Camden Cvunty. Strock and W. R. Powell ; attending staff, — medicine, J. G. Doron, A. H. Lippincott, E. A. Y. Schellenger and G. E. Kirk ; surgery, F. L. Horning, J. F. Stock, W. G. Bailey and W. I. Kelchner ; gynaecology, J. S. Baer, O. W. Braymer, W. S. Bray and S. Presley; eye and ear, Robert Casperson and C. B. Donges ; throat and skin, J. L- Nicholson, W. W. Kaighn, E. E. De Grofft and W. S. Miller ; pathologist, E. B. Hirst ; district physicians, W. H. Pratt and W. S. Miller ; microscopist, W. S. Bray ; pharmacist, Thomas J. W. Phillips. Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society. [1890.] The records of the society for the year are incomplete. At the annual meeting, January 9th, Dr. Daniel Strock was elected president ; Dr. Howard F. Palm, vice- president ; Dr. William A. Davis, secretary ; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer; Dr. Howard F. Palm, librarian ; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Alexander M. Mecray and Dowling Benjamin were elected members of the standing committee, and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, Benjamin, Strock, W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, Townsend and Godfrey, managers for the Camden City Dis- pensary. [189 1.] The annual meeting of the society was held January 8th, when the retiring president, Dr. Daniel Strock, delivered an address on "The Hygiene of Every- Day Life." Dr. Howard F. Palm was elected president; Dr. Alexander McAlister, vice-president ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, secretary ; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer; Dr. Daniel Strock, his- torian ; Dr. Howard F. Palm, librarian ; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray and E. P. Townsend were elected members of the standing committee ; Doctors Taylor, Mecray ,, W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, Townsend, Ireland and Godfrey, managers for the dispensary, and Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis was elected to membership. At the February meeting, a paper was- read by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, on " Laceration of the Cervix Uteri " ; in March, one on " Artesian Wells," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills; in June, Dr. W. H. Ireland spoke on "The Manage- ment of the Secundi after Parturition and Abortion"; in The Camden City Medical Society. 233 October, a paper on " Milk Sterilization " was read by Dr. Nehemiah Davis ; in November, one on "Diphtheria," by Dr. Daniel Strock, and in December, one on " Rectal Polypi," by Dr. Sophia Presley. Dr. Alexander Marcy, of Riverton ; Dr. John R. Stevenson, of Haddonfield; Dr. H. H. Sherk, of Cramer Hill, and Doctors H. A. M. Smith and D. W. Blake, of Gloucester City, were elected corresponding members, and Dr. J. Howard Frick and W. F. H. Osmun, the former a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in 1888 and the latter in 1889, were elected active members of the society. [1892.] The annual meeting of the society was held in the new dispensary building, January 14th, in the rooms assigned to the society by the dispensary managers. Dr. H. F. Palm presided and delivered an address on " Ye have the Poor always with You," and Dr. D. Strock read an historical account of the society for the past year. Dr. Alexander McAlister was elected president ; Dr. George T. Robinson, vice-president and treasurer ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, secretary ; Dr. H. F. Palm, librarian; Dr. Daniel Strock, historian; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray and E. P. Townsend were elected members of the standing committee, and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, Benjamin, Gross, W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, Townsend and Godfrey, managers for the dispensary. At the February meeting, Dr. Joel W. Fithian, a graduate of South Jersey Institute and of Jefferson Medical College, 1887, and ex-interne of St. Luke's Hospital, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was elected to membership. Dr. Dowling Benjamin discussed the subject of " Ovarian Tumors" and exhibited a pathological specimen. In March, Dr. J. S. Baer read a paper on the " Diagnosis and Treatment of Uterine Fibroids" ; in April, Dr. James G. Stanton was elected a member and Dr. Henry F. Formad, of Philadelphia, exhibited a unique specimen of enlarged colon ; in May, Dr. Daniel Strock read a paper on "Emergencies in Labor" ; in June, Dr. Joel W. Fithian read a paper on "Diabetes Mellitus " ; Doctors Grant E. Kirk, Ph.G., and Walter S. Bray, the former a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1891, and the latter in 1887, and Rowland I. Haines, a former student at Swarthmore College and a graduate 234 History Medical Profession Camden County. of the University of Pennsylvania, 1890, were elected mem- bers, .and Dr. William B. Jennings, of Haddonfield, corre- sponding member; in September, Dr. H. F. Palm, who had been appointed chairman of a committee on the registration of mid wives, reported that he had examined the records of births at the City Hall and fonnd that there were twenty-six rnidwives in active practice in Camden ; that they had attended about twenty-five per cent, of the cases reported; and that he had supplied them with a copy of the law requiring their registration at the office of the county clerk. Dr. J. Howard Frick read a paper on cholera and exhibited the comma bacillus. On September 16th, a special meeting of the society was called to consider what steps should be taken in the event of the appearance of cholera, then epidemic in various parts of Europe and present at the New York Quarantine, at Jersey City, and at New Brunswick, where one death occurred. Resolutions were adopted, reciting the contagious nature of the disease, its mode of transmission and the effects of thorough sanitation in its prevention and treatment, with the offer to assist the Board of Health, upon request, should the disease invade the city. Dr. Robert Casperson read a paper on " Abortion," at the October meeting, and Dr. Edward Phelan, a graduate of McGill University, Canada, was elected a corre- sponding member. On October 27th, a special meeting was held to hear a paper on the observations and discoveries by Dr. George T. Robinson, of the changes that take place in the blood during disease. Dr. Robinson claimed to be the first to discover certain changes that take place in the blood in acute diseases, particularly diphtheria, which can only be recognized by the spectroscope. In November, Dr. James M. Ridge dis- cussed "The Chemical Analysis and Microscopical Examina- tion of Water" ; in December, Dr. B. S. Lewis read a paper on "The City's Death-rate and Sanitary Plumbing," and Dr. Jacob F. Stock, Ph.G., and Dr. Wilson Gill Bailey, graduates of Jefferson Medical College, the former in 1890 and the latter in 1 89 1, and Dr. Sylvan G. Bushey, a graduate of Wyoming Seminary in 1887 and of Jefferson Medical College in 1891, were elected members. The Camden City Medical Society. 235 [1893.] The annual meeting was held at the rooms of the society, January 12th. Dr. Alexander McAlister delivered the annual address on the " Dangers of Malt Liquors as Galac- tagogues " and Dr. Daniel Strock read the historical record for the past year. The treasurer reported the annual income of the society to be four hundred and forty-nine dollars and sixty- nine cents, and the constitution was amended to provide for the meeting of the society on the third Wednesday night, instead of Thursday, of each month. Dr. George T. Robinson was elected president ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, vice-president and secretary; Dr. O. W. Bray mer, treasurer ; Dr. Daniel Strock, reporter ; Dr. H. F. Palm, librarian ; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray and J. M. Ridge were elected members of the standing committee and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, W. A. Davis, Gross, Strock, Ireland, Baer and Godfrey, managers of the dispensary. Dr. D. Benjamin exhibited a diseased ovary which he had recently removed. The stated meeting of February was held with an attendance of twenty-eight members. Dr. D. W. Blake read a paper on " Intestinal Hemorrhages in Typhoid Fever" ; in March, Dr. O. W. Braymer reported an operation of " Oophorectomy" ; in April, Dr. O. B. Gross read a paper on " Hemorrhoids " ; in May, Dr. W. S. Bray gave an illustration of " Hypnotism " ; in June, Dr. John R. Stevenson read an historical paper on " Our Fortieth Anniversary," and Dr. Ahab H. LJppincott, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1892, was elected a member; in September, Dr. J. S. Baer read a paper on " Ovariotomy." The constitution was amended to provide for a legislative committee of three mem- bers to make a report, at the regular, special or annual meetings, of all new medical laws. Dr. Eugene E. De Grofft, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1875, and a member of Salem and Gloucester County Medical Societies, was elected a member ; in October, a painting called the "First Dissection" was presented to the society by Colonel John R. Johnston, the artist, through Dr. James M. Ridge, and accepted by Dr. O. B. Gross on behalf of the society. This was made the occasion of a special meeting which was followed by a banquet. Colonel Johnston had previously presented to the society the portraits of 236 Histoiy Medical Profession Camden Comity. Dr. Thomas F. Cullen and Dr. James F. Ridge, which, with those of Doctors L. F. Fisler, Reynell Coates, Richard M. Cooper, Othniel H. Taylor and Colonel Thomas McKeen, now adorn the rooms of the society. In November, the subject of diphtheria was discussed by Dr. George T. Robinson ; Dr. Joseph ly. Nicholson, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1890, and ex-resident of Cooper and Philadelphia Hospitals, was elected a member, and Dr. William W. Kain, Ph.G., a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1893, and Dr. William H. Pratt, Ph. G., a graduate of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, 1893, were elected corresponding members. In December, the nominations for officers for the ensuing year were made and Dr. E. A. Y. Schellenger, graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1892, and ex-resident physician of The Cooper Hospital, was elected a member. [1894.] At the annual meeting, January 10th, Dr. Joseph H. Wills was elected president ; Dr. O. W. Braymer, vice- president ; Dr. Sophia Presley, secretary ; Dr. A. H. Lippincott, treasurer ; Dr. Joseph L. Nicholson, librarian ; Dr. Daniel Strock, historian ; Doctors J. M. Ridge, G. E. Kirk and W. S. Bray were elected members of the standing committee ; Doctors George W. Henry and D. Benjamin, members of the legislative committee, and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, Baer, Robinson, W. A. Davis, Stock, Gross and Godfrey, representatives of the society in the Board of Managers of the Camden City Dispen- sary. The treasurer reported the income of the society to be $378.87 for the year. Dr. Daniel Strock presented a history of the society for the past year and Dr. George T. Robinson delivered the annual address. In February, Dr. H. H. Sherk read a paper on " La Grippe " ; in March, the society received the portrait of Dr. Reynell Coates, presented by Dr. D. Benjamin ; in April, no medical discussion took place ; in May, the " Present and Prospective Sources of the Water-supply of Camden" was discussed; in June, Dr. Benjamin read a paper on " Typhoid Fever in Camden " ; in September, Dr. O. B. Gross read a paper on " Lactic Acid as a Remedial Agent," and Doctors Edward Phelan and William I. Kelchner, the latter a former student at Schuylkill Seminary, Keystone State The Camden District Medical Society 237 Normal School, and a graduate of the University of Pennsyl- vania, 1893, were elected members; in October, Dr. J. Howard Frick read a paper on "Ophthalmia Neonatorum"; in November, Dr. Judson Daland, of Philadelphia, spoke on the "Diagnosis of Blood Diseases," and Dr. William H. Pratt was elected a member; in December, Dr. William W. Kain, Ph.G., and Dr. William E. Miller, Ph.G., the latter a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1893, were elected members. At the annual meeting in January, 1895, Dr. Joseph H. Wills de- livered the annual address ; Dr. Daniel Strock read an historical sketch of the society for the past year ; Dr. O. W. Braymer was elected president ; Dr. William S. Jones, vice-president ; Dr. Sophia Presley, secretary; Dr. A. H. Lippincott, treasurer; Dr. Daniel Strock, historian ; Dr. S. G. Bushey, librarian; Doctors James M. Ridge, W. S. Bray and George T. Robinson were elected members of the standing committee ; Doctors E. E. De Grofft, J. W. Donges and Robert Casperson, members of the leg- islative committee, and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, W. A. Davis, Benjamin, Powell, Doron, Gross and Godfrey, managers to the dispensary. Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society. [1890.] The February meeting of the society was held on the nth instant, at the West Jersey Hotel. The following papers were read: "Pneumonia," by Dr. E. P. Townsend ; "Salpingitis," by Dr. Alexander McAlister, and "Puerperal Fever," by Dr. H. F. Palm. The forty-fourth annual meeting of the society was held at Gloucester City, May 15th, with the president, Dr. William A. Davis, in the chair, who delivered an address on "The Anti- septic Treatment of Typhoid Fever." The society at this time numbered forty-three members. Dr. John R. Stevenson read the historical record of the society during the past year, and Dr. E. P. Townsend reported for the standing committee that Camden county had had less than the usual amount of sick- ness, aside from the prevalence of the epidemic of la grippe, which will be considered subsequently. The advisability of 238 History Medical Profession Camden County . establishing a State Board of Medical Examiners was com- mented upon adversely by a number of the members. Dr. H. H. Davis was elected president ; Dr. D. W. Blake, vice-president ; Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey, secretary; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer; Dr. John R. Stevenson, historian ; Dr. E. P. Townsend, chair- man of the standing committee, and Doctors Stevenson, Marcy, Branin, Smith and Taylor were elected censors. The usual delegates to the State Medical and corresponding societies were appointed. Dr. E. L,. B. Godfrey declined re-election to the secretaryship, because of pressure of work, and Dr. H. F. Palm was elected to succeed him. Dr. A. M. Mecray, for the same reason, declined re-election as treasurer, and Dr. George T. Robinson was elected to fill the vacancy. Doctors Sophia Presley and Harry Jarrett were elected members, and Dr. D. P. Pancoast resigned because of removal from the county. Dr. Presley was graduated from the Granville Female Seminary, Ohio, in i860; from the Woman's Medical College of Philadel- phia, in 1879; served as resident physician in the Hospital for Women and Children, Philadelphia, for one year, and then located in Camden. She was the first female physician elected a member of the society. Dr. Harry Jarrett was graduated from Jefferson Medical College, 1887, and served as medical and surgical interne in The Cooper Hospital for two years. The November meeting was held at the West Jersey Hotel, on the nth, when the following papers were presented: "Antiseptic Midwifery," by Dr. William H. Ireland; "Rib Presentation," by Dr. J. F. Leavitt ; " Retroflexion of the Uterus," by Dr. E. Iy. B. Godfrey; "Tetanus," by Dr. H. H. Sherk; "Abdominal Surgery," by Dr. O. B. Gross. Doctors Orange W. Braymer and Frank L. Horning were elected members. Dr. Braymer was graduated from Allegheny College, in 1886, with the degree of A. B., and from Jefferson Medical College, in 1888. In 1889, Allegheny College conferred on him the degree of A. M. and, in 1892, the degree of Ph. D. Dr. Horning was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1889. [1891.] The February meeting of the society was held at the West Jersey Hotel, on the 10th instant. Dr. Daniel Strock read a paper on "A Report of the Hyderabad Chloro- The Camden District Medical Society. 239 form Commission".; Dr. Alexander McAlister, a paper on "A Case of Volvulus of the Ileum," and Dr. Joseph H. Wills, a paper on "Artesian Wells as a Source of Drinking- Water." Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis and Dr. Joseph S. Baer, graduates of Jefferson Medical College, 1888, were elected members. The forty-fifth annual meeting of the society was held at Westville, May 12th. This was the first time the annual meeting was held beyond the county limits. Dr. John R. Stevenson presented the history of the society, and Dr. E. P. Townsend read the report of the standing committee and considered the prevalence of la grippe and other diseases. The president omitted the annual address. Dr. Duncan W. Blake was elected president ; Dr. Howard F. Palm, vice-presi- dent ; Dr. A. T. Dobson, secretary ; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer; Dr. John R. Stevenson, historian; Dr. E. P. Towns- end, chairman of the standing committee, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Alexander Marcy, H. E. Branin, J. R. Stevenson and H. A. M. Smith were elected censors. Delegates were elected to the State Medical and other societies. The November meeting was held at Haddonfield for the first time since 1849. Dr. O. W. Braymer read a paper on "Diphtheria"; Dr. Dowling Benjamin, a paper on "Abdominal Section for Ventral Hernia," and one on "Ligation of the Femoral Artery for Popliteal Aneurism " ; Dr. Harry Jarrett, one on " Intra-capsular Fracture"; Dr. James M. Walmsley, one on " Hygiene of Public Schools," and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, one on "The Physician in Literature." Doctors W. F. H. Osmun, of Camden; Charles H. Jennings, of Merchantville, and William H. Kensinger, of Cramer Hill, graduates of Jefferson Medical College, 1889, were elected members. [1892.] The February meeting was held at the Camden City Dispensary building, on the 9th instant, with Dr. D. W. Blake in the chair. Dr. William H. Iszard read a paper on "La Grippe." There were a number of distinguished guests present, including Doctors W. P. Melcher and R. H. Parsons, of Mt. Holly, and Professors H. A. Hare and J. V. Shoemaker, of Philadelphia. Doctors William T. Collins, William R. Powell, Ph. G. ; James G. Stanton, Nehemiah Davis, Ph. G., 240 History Medical Profession Camden County . and John J. Haley, Ph. G. (a former student at Swarthmore College and a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1890), were elected members. The annual meeting was held at Westville, May 10th. Dr. E. P. Townsend, in the report of the standing committee, said in substance that la grippe, with the various sequelae, was generally prevalent ; that diphtheria had occurred in all parts of the county, and that scarlet fever had prevailed extensively in Camden. Dr. John R. Stevenson read the history of the society during the past year and Dr. Sophia Presley a paper on "Puerperal Fever." Dr. Howard F. Palm was elected president ; Dr. E. P. Townsend, vice-president ; Dr. A. T. Dobson, secretary; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer; Dr. John R. Stevenson, historian; Dr. E. P. Townsend, chairman of the standing committee ; Doctors Ridge and Marcy were elected permanent delegates to the State Medical Society and Dr. Joel W. Fithian was made a member. The regular November meeting was not held, because of the failure of the secretary to call it, and a special meeting was appointed in consequence, November 15th, when Dr. A. M. Mecray, from the section on practice of medicine, read a paper on " Cholera " ; Dr. Alexander McAlister, a paper on "Appen- dicitis" ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, one on "Tumors of the Jaw," and Dr. James M. Ridge, one on " Intestinal Obstruction." Dr. John G. Doron was elected a member. The medical census of the county was taken during the year and showed that there were one hundred and seventeen practicing physicians located as follows : In Camden, sixty-five regular, twenty homoeopathic and five eclectic physicians, total ninety ; in Haddonfield, five regular and two homoeopathic, total seven ; in Gloucester City, six regular and two homoeopathic, total eight ; in Berlin, three regular ; in Merchantville, two regular and two homoeopathic, total four ; in Atco, one homoeopathic ; in Blackwood, two regular; in Mt. Ephraim, one homoeo- pathic ; in Marl ton, one regular physician, making the entire number one hundred and seventeen, of which eighty-four were regular, twenty-eight homoeopathic and five eclectic prac- titioners. The medical census of 1852 (Chapter III, Section The Camden District Medical Society. 241 II) shows that there were twenty-seven practitioners, and that of 1872 (Chapter VII, Section III), fifty-two within the comity. [1893]. The February meeting of the society was held on the 15th inst., with a large attendance. Dr. B. S. Lewis read a paper on " Asiatic Cholera " and Dr. John V. Shoemaker, of Philadelphia, addressed the members on " Cerebrin." The forty-seventh annual meeting was held at the West Jersey Hotel, May 9th, with Dr. Howard F. Palm in the chair. The society numbered at this time fifty-six members. Dr. John R. Stevenson presented the historical record for the year ;, Dr. Daniel Strock read the annual report and gave a brief r&sume of the prevailing diseases and Dr. H. F. Palm delivered the annual address. Dr. Augustus T. Dobson was elected presi- dent ; Dr. Henry H. Sherk, vice-president; Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis, secretary; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer; Dr. John R. Stevenson, historian ; Dr. H. A. M. Smith, senior censor, and Dr. Daniel Strock, chairman of the standing committee. The usual delegates to the State Medical and corresponding societies were appointed . Dr. J. Orlando White resigned from the society, because of discontinuing the practice of medicine. The November meeting of the society was held at the rooms of the Camden City Medical Society on the 14th instant, with Dr. H. H. Sherk, vice-president, in the chair. The society officially inspected The Cooper Hospital, by invitation of its Board of Managers and Attending Staff, and were entertained at a lunch. Upon re-assembling, the following papers were presented through their respective sections: "The Antisepsis of Midwifery," by Dr. J. S. Baer; "Salpingitis," by Dr. Alexander McAlister; " The Treatment of Diphtheria," by Dr. E. L. B.Godfrey; "Tetanus," by Dr. Daniel Strock; "Amputations," by Dr. O. B. Gross; "Compound Fractures of the Skull," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills. Dr. John R. Stevenson, chairman of the Board of Censors, presented the resignation of Dr. A. T. Dobson from the presidency of the society, and Doctors -S. G. Bushey, J. F. Stock and Wilson Gill Bailey . were elected members. [1894.] The February meeting of the society was held in the rooms of the Camden City Medical Society, on the 13th 16 242 History Medical Profession Camden County. instant, with Dr. H. H. Sherk in the chair. Dr. H. Augustus Wilson, of Philadelphia, read a paper entitled "Can a Physician Honorably Accept the Commissions Frequently Offered by Orthopaedic-Instrument Manufacturers?" which was pointedly discussed. Dr. Frederick W. Marcy, a graduate of the Univer- sity 7 of Pennsylvania, 1891, and ex-resident physician of The Cooper Hospital, and Dr. Ahab H. Lippincott were elected members. The forty-eighth annual meeting of the society was held May 8th, Dr. H. H. Sherk presiding. The membership of the society included sixty-three physicians, and among the corre- sponding delegates were Doctors Franklin Gauntt, of Burling- ton ; George E. Reading, of Woodbury ; James Hunter, of Westville; L. M. Halsey, of Williamstown, and H. A. Stout, of Wenonah. Dr. John R. Stevenson presented the historian's report, and Dr. Daniel Strock the annual report, in which an exhaustive review of the diseases incident to the past year was made, and the therapeutic virtues of a number of new remedies were considered. Dr. Strock submitted reports of medical cases from Doctors Taylor, Ridge, Davis, Mecray, Baer, McAlister, Braymer, Palm, Gross, Bailey and Godfrey, of Camden ; Doctors Stevenson and Jennings, of Haddonfield ; Dr. Hurff, of Blackwood, and Dr. Blake, of Gloucester City, and the following list of surgical operations : Laparotomy for plastic peritonitis, and amputation of the thigh, by Dr. Gross ; five coeliotomies for tubo-ovarian disease, by Dr. Baer; vaginal hysterectomy, by Drs. Goodell and Mecray ; three abdominal sections, by Dr. McAlister; removal of a goitre, by Dr. Bailey; three cases of compound fracture of the skull, with recovery, by Dr. Wills ; suprapubic cystotomy, litholapaxy, amputation of thigh, by Dr. Strock ; hysterectomy, by Dr. Godfrey. Ever since the annual meeting was held, in 1891, at Westville (beyond the county limits), exception had been taken to its legality, and, in order to ascertain the correctness of this, the opinion of Judge David J. Pancoast was obtained, which was "that the business meetings of the society cannot be held lawfully outside of the county." The following officers were elected : President, Dr. H. H. Sherk ; vice-president, The Medical Society of New Jersey. 243 Dr. Alexander McAlister; secretary, Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis; treasurer, Dr. John G. Doron ; historian, Dr. John R. Steven- son ; chairman of the standing committee, Dr. Daniel Strock ; senior censor, Dr. H. E. Branin. The usual delegates were appointed. The November meeting of the society was held on the 13th, with Dr. H. H. Sherk in the chair and Doctors Thomas J. Smith, of Bridgeton, Levi B. Hirst, Joseph L. Nicholson, William H. Pratt, Paul Mecray, Milton Osmun and G. E. Kirk, of Camden, present as visiting members. Doctors Edward Phelan, E. A. Y. Schellenger and E. E. De Grofft were elected members. The following papers were read: "A Case of Prolapse of the Laryngeal Ventricle," by Dr. William S. Jones; "A Case of Strontium Poisoning," by Dr. H. H. Sherk; "Scarlet Fever," by Dr. Joseph E. Hurff; "Epithe- lioma," by Dr. Alexander McAlister; "Gunshot Wounds of the Intestines," by Dr. O. B. Gross; "Fracture of the Skull," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills; "The Pathology of Insanity," by Dr. J. M. Ridge; "Antiseptic Properties of Creolin," by Dr. George T. Robinson; "Eclampsia," by Dr. W. H. Ireland, and "Obstetrical Blunders," by Dr. H. F. Palm. Section IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey. [1890.] The one hundred and twenty-fourth annual meeting of the society convened at the Heath House, Schooley's Mountain, June 10, 1890, with Dr. B. A. Watson, of Jersey City, in the chair. A summary of the membership of the district societies of New Jersey, for the last two decades, showed three hundred and fifty-three members in 1870, four hundred and ninety-nine in 1880, and six hundred and seventy-six in 1890. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, the appointed essayist, read a paper on "Endometritis," and considered the acute and chronic forms of the disease, as it affects either or both the neck and body of the uterus, and outlined the treatment. Dr. Dowling Benjamin presented a report of the convention for the revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, held at Washington, D. C, May 6th, and 244 History Medical Profession Camden County. stated, in substance, that strong influences from wholesale drug-houses were brought to bear on delegates to favor certain specialties, but the Pharmacopoeia of 1890 would be in advance of that of 1880. Dr. H. Genet Taylor presented the report of the committee on the Fellows' Prize Essay. The Camden District Medical Society was represented by Doctors W. H. Iszard, D. Benjamin, O. B. Gross, W. A. Davis, E. P. Townsend and E. E- B. Godfrey. Dr. E. P. Townsend was elected a member of the standing committee, being the fourth delegate from Camden county to hold this position. The standing committee was first instituted in 1820. Doctors Isaac S. Mulford, Richard M. Cooper and Bowman Hendry constituted the committee in 1854, aim ^ r - R- M. Cooper served as a member in 1856 and 1857. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was made a member of the business committee and of the committee on honorary membership ; Doctors Alexander Marcy and O. B. Gross were appointed delegates to the Pennsylvania Medical Society ; Dr. W. A. Davis was appointed to the Delaware State Medical Society ; Dr. D. Benjamin, to the American Medical Association, and Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey, a member of the committee of arrangements. [189 1.] The one hundred and twenty-fifth annual meeting was held at Eong Branch, June 23d. Dr. E. J. Ill, of Newark, read a paper entitled "An Attempt to Show what New Jersey Surgeons have Done in Abdominal Surgery." He reported one hundred cases of abdominal section in his own practice and referred to similar operations performed by Doctors Benjamin, Gross, Strock, McAlister, Ireland, Palm, Taylor, Donges and Godfrey. The by-laws of the society were amended to provide for the election of permanent delegates by district societies, one for each thirty members, once in three years, provided that each permanent delegate shall have been a member of a district society for five years, and in good standing. Doctors E. E. B. Godfrey, Daniel Strock, H. E. Branin, D. Benjamin, Alexander McAlister and D. W. Blake comprised the Camden delegation. Dr. E. P. Townsend was re-elected a member of the standing committee ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, a member of the honorary committee ; Dr. E. E. B. The Medical Society of New Jersey . 245 Godfrey was elected a member of the committee on Fellows' Prize Essay, and, with Dr. D. W. Blake, a member of the committee of arrangements for the next meeting. [1892.] The one hundred and twenty-sixth annual meeting was held at Atlantic City, June 28th, with Dr. E. J. Marsh in the chair. The meeting was of unusual interest because of the large number of delegates and visiting physicians present. The committee of arrangements, appointed at the preceding meeting, were empowered to add to their number, and the following physicians comprised the committee : Doctors Dowling Benjamin, W. A. Davis and E. L. B. Godfrey, of Camden ; Boardman Reed, T. B. Thompson and W. M. Pollard, of Atlantic City ; D. W. Blake, of Gloucester City, and Joseph C. Marshall, of Tuckahoe. Dr. Godfrey was elected chairman. A special, complimentary train, over the Philadelphia and Atlantic City railroad, from Camden to Atlantic City and return, was tendered to the committee of arrangements for the delegates and invited guests ; a special, complimentary train, over the Camden and Atlantic City railroad, from Atlantic City to Longport and return, was tendered by Mr. A. O. Dayton, and free yacht excur- sions on the ocean were given by Colonel John E. Mehr. Doctors W. H. Ireland, George T. Robinson, P. W. Beale, H. F. Palm and W. H. Iszard comprised the Camden delegates ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor was present as a Fellow ; Dr. E. P. Townsend, as a member of the standing committee ; Doctors James M. Ridge and Alexander Marcy attended as permanent delegates, and Doctors D. Benjamin, W. A. Davis, D. W. Blake and E. E. B. Godfrey, as members of the committee of arrangements. The society was welcomed in addresses by Dr. Willard Wright, Mayor of Atlantic City ; Dr. Boardman Reed and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey. A number of important papers were read. Dr. E. P. Townsend was re-elected a member of the standing committee; Dr. Daniel Strock was elected a delegate to the Pennsylvania Medical Society ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, to the Rhode Island Society; Dr. W. H. Osmun, to the American Medical Society, and Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey was elected corresponding secretary of the society. This 246 History Medical Profession Camde?i County. position was instituted in 1807, and Dr. Godfrey was the first physician from Camden county to hold the office. [1893.] The one hundred and twenty-seventh annual meeting was held at Asbury Park with president George T. Welch in the chair. Doctors W. H. Ireland, H. H. Sherk, Joel W. Fithian, W. H. Iszard, William Kensinger and D. Benjamin were reported as the delegate representatives from Camden. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was present as a Fellow ; Dr. Daniel Strock, as a reporter ; Doctors Alexander Marcy and J. M. Ridge attended as permanent delegates and Dr. E. L. B. ' Godfrey as corresponding secretary. Dr. D. Benjamin, in discussing the report of the standing committee, said, in substance, that typhoid fever had become milder in character since the adoption of intestinal antiseptics as the basis of treat- ment, and that during the past two years the mortality from the fever had been reduced to two per cent, in The Cooper Hospital. Dr. W. B. E. Miller, veterinary surgeon of Camden, discussed the subject of bovine and human tuberculosis ; expressed his belief in their relationship and advocated the necessity of the inspection of dairy herds by veterinarians. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was re-elected corresponding secretary; Dr. William H. Iszard was elected a member of the standing committee, in the place of Dr. Townsend ; Dr. Alexander McAlister was elected a delegate to the American Medical Association and Doctors Daniel Strock and E. L- B. Godfrey were appointed by the president to represent, with others, the society in the Pan-American Medical Congress. [1894.] The one hundred and twenty-eighth annual meeting was held at Hotel Breslin, Lake Hopatcong, June 26th, with Dr. John G. Ryerson in the chair. Doctors William B. Jennings, B. S. Lewis, D. W. Blake, Alexander McAlister, D. Benjamin, John W. Marcy and Joseph W. Hurff were recorded as delegates ; James M. Ridge and Alexander Marcy as permanent delegates; Daniel Strock as reporter from Camden county and E. L. B. Godfrey as corresponding secretary. Dr. W. H. Iszard was re-elected a member of the standing committee and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, as corre- sponding secretary and a member of the business committee ; New Jersey Sanitary Association . 247 Dr. Alexander McAlister was elected a delegate to the American Medical Association; Dr. J. S. Baer, to the New Jersey Pharmaceutical Society; Doctors D. W. Blake and W. H. Ireland were elected delegates to the Pennsylvania Medical Society, and Dr. B. S. Lewis was made a member of the committee of arrangements. Dr. John R. Stevenson pre- sented a paper on "La Grippe in Haddonfield." Section V. — New Jersey Sanitary Association. [1890.] The sixteenth annual meeting of the association was held at Trenton, December 12th, with Colonel George P. Olcutt in the chair. Important papers were read by Colonel George E. Waring, Dr. E. M. Hunt, Prof. J. C. Smock and others. James Owen, C.E., presented a paper on "The Death- rate of Different Localities in New Jersey" and stated that the death-rate throughout New Jersey depended more upon the conditions under which populations live than on the location of their territory. In quoting the death-rate of sixteen cities, he placed that of Camden at 19.4. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey discussed by appointment a paper on "Gymnastics, Past and Present," presented by Prof. C. H. Raymond, of Lawrence- ville, and discountenanced the old system of physical training, claiming that it is not muscular hardness but muscular adapta- bility and pliability that is most to be desired. Dr. Godfrey was elected first vice-president of the association. [189 1.] The seventeenth annual meeting of the associa- tion was held at Trenton, December 5th. Important papers were read by a number of sanitarians. Dr. Daniel Strock discussed the question of tuberculosis; advocated its commu- nicability and the necessity of teaching the public this fact. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey read a paper on "The Removal and Disposal of Garbage." Dr. Godfrey was elected president and Dr. Strock and Richard H. Reeve of Camden were elected members of the executive council. [1892.] The eighteenth annual meeting of the associa- tion convened at the Laurel House, Lakewood, December 9th, with the president, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, in the chair. The 248 History Medical Profession Camden County . attendance was unusually large and twenty new members were enrolled. Among those present were Doctors H. Genet Taylor, D. Benjamin, Daniel Strock, W. A. Davis, Henry F. Hunt, B. S. Lewis, W. B. E. Miller, and A. T. Sellers, and Messrs. Richard H. Reeve and Henry B. Francis, of Camden, and Arnold H. Moses, of Merchantville. Dr. E. 0. Shakespeare, Port Physician of Philadelphia ; Dr. Joseph F. Edwards, of the Pennsylvania State Board of Health ; Dr. William B. Atkinson, secretary of the American Medical Association, and Dr. Peter D. Keyser, of the Philadelphia Board of Health were present by invitation of the president. Among the papers read were "Architecture in Relation to Sanitation," by Arnold H. Moses, and "The Cause and Prevention of Diphtheria," by Dr. Daniel Strock. Dr. Strock reviewed the efforts of Pasteur, Klebs and Lceffler, and the laws governing the propagation and growth of the bacillus of diphtheria, and discussed its pre- vention and treatment from the stand-point of its bacillary origin ; Doctors Benjamin and Miller discussed " Sanitary Milk-control" and Dr. B. S. Lewis and Mr. Henry B. Francis spoke on the subjects of plumbing and drainage. Dr. Godfrey delivered an address on "The Progress of Sanitation in New Jersey" and reviewed the sanitary Acts of 1799 and 181 2 ; the work of the State Sanitary Commission of 1866; the Public Health Commission of 1874; the organization of the New Jersey Sanitary Association in 1875, and the establish- ment of the State Board of Health in 1877. Dr. Daniel Strock was re-elected a member of the executive council and Dr. Godfrey was made an honorary member of the council. [1893.] The annual meeting of the association was held at Lakewood. Dr. Daniel Strock and Henry B. Francis were present from Camden and took an active part in the pro- ceedings. [1894.] The twentieth annual meeting convened at Trenton, December 8th. with Dr. A. B. Pollard in the chair. Mr. Henry B. Francis discussed the ventilation of school- houses and of public sewers and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey spoke concerning special legislation for the prevention of the spread of consumption. Dr. Daniel Strock was elected recording New Jersey State and Local Boards of Health. 249 secretary of the society and Mr. Henry B. Francis was made a member of the executive council. Section VI. — New Jersey State and Local Boards of Health. [1890.] The chief objects for which the State Board of Health has labored, since its establishment in 1877, are the centralization of information relating to the public health and its diffusion among local authorities to enable them to render effective sanitary service. This has been accomplished by means of its annual reports, its inspectors' guide, its public circulars, its printed inquiries to local boards and its publi- cation of the vital statistics of the State. In October of each year, the board transmits a printed schedule of inquiries to local boards of health, in the various townships and cities of the State, relating to health matters, which, under the law, must be annually reported. With the work of these boards and their reports, the physicians of the county have been closely connected. The report from Camden for this year, made by Eugene B. Roberts, health inspector, considered the subjects of water-supply, diseases of animals and slaughter-houses, and stated that typhoid fever, scarlet fever and diphtheria were the most prevalent diseases of the year. The following officers and members comprised the Camden board : George F. Hammond, president ; T. P. Varney, secretary ; H. M. Snyder, solicitor ;. Dr. J. D. Leckner, medical inspector ; and Herman W. Miller, Dr. John W. Donges, Charles Watson, Dr. George R. Fortiner and Frank B. Delaplaine. [189 1.] In 1 89 1, the same officers and members comprised the Camden board, except that Frank H. Burdsall succeeded T. P. Varney, and M. F. Ivins was elected treasurer. The water-supply, sewage, school-houses and general inspection of the city were reported, with the statement that six hundred cases of scarlet fever and diphtheria occurred in the city duiing the year. [1892.] In 1892, Frank H. Burdsall served as president of the board ; T. P. Varney, secretary ; M. F. Ivins, treasurer ;. 250 History Medical Professio?i Camden Comity. Dr. J. D. Leckner, medical inspector; and H. B. Francis, plumbing inspector. Allen C. Wood, George F. Hammond, Charles Watson, Dr. William S. Moslander, Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis and Dr. George R. Fortiner served as members. Considerable progress was made in municipal sanitation. The office of nuisance inspector was created, and effective work was accomplished by the medical, plumbing and nuisance inspectors. The city was reported to have thirty-seven miles of sewers, nineteen school-houses, one hospital, two dispensaries, two homes for friendless children and five cemeteries. A total of eight hundred and sixty-two cases of typhoid fever, scarlet fever and diphtheria was reported. [1893.] In 1893, Dr. George R. Fortiner served as president of the board, with George F. Hammond, Charles Watson, Frank H. Burdsall, Allen C. Wood, Dr. William S. Moslander and Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis as members, and Dr. John D. Leckner as medical inspector. An elaborate report to the State Board was made for the year, including six hundred and seventy-three cases of contagious disease, two hundred and twenty-two of which were typhoid fever, one hundred and thirty-six were scarlet fever and three hundred and fifteen diphtheria. [1894.] In 1894, Dr. William S. Moslander was elected president, with Charles Watson, Allen C. Wood, George F. Hammond, Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis, Dr. William Shafer and Dr. M. F. Middleton as members ; Dr. John D. Leckner, medical inspector, and H. B. Francis, plumbing inspector. The number of inspectors was increased by the additional appointment of Dr. W. B. E. Miller as inspector for meat and food. [1895.] In 1895, Dr. William S. Moslander was re-appointed a member of the board by Mayor J. Leighton Westcott and Dr. S. G. Bushey was appointed in the place of Dr. William Shafer. [i890-'95.] The Gloucester City Board of Health for 1890 comprised the following members : Doctors J. A. Walms- ley and D. W. Blake, Messrs. H. M. Horley, E. J. Steer, Patrick Mealey, W. A. Ginz and D. F. Lane, and Dr. J. K. New Jersey State a?id Local Boards of Health. 25 1 Bennett, inspector. Improvements in the water-supply made by driving four artesian wells, and the expenditure of $20,000 on sewers and inlets lessened in a marked degree the malaria in the city. In 1891, Dr. D. W. Blake was elected president ; D. F. Lane, secretary, and Dr. J. K. Bennett, inspector. In 1892, Dr. D. W. Blake served as a member of the board with Dr. John J. Haley, inspector. Extensive improvements were made in drainage and the whole city was inspected by order of the board. In 1893, John W. Warner was elected president of the board ; Dr. John J. Haley, inspector, and Dr. D. W. Blake served as a member. Ten artesian wells were driven, from seventy-five to two hundred feet in depth, and the general health of the city was improved. In 1894, John W. Warner served as president ; Dr. D. W. Blake, as chairman of the sanitary committee, and Dr. John J. Haley, as inspector. "The water-supply from artesian wells proved an important factor in the health of the city. [1891-95.] The Haddonfield Board of Health was organ- ized in 1 89 1. At this time there were no physicians on the board. In 1893, George D. Stewart was elected president; Dr. John R. Stevenson, secretary, and Dr. William B. Jennings, inspector. Dr. Stevenson made an exhaustive report to the State Board of Health on the location, water-supply, dwell- ings and natural' drainage of Haddonfield and of the con- tagious diseases. In 1894, Doctors Stevenson and Jennings were re-appointed to their respective positions. [1892-95.] In 1892, the Merchantville Board of Health was reorganized and Doctors D. H. Bartine and John W. Marcy were made members. Merchantville was reported to the State Board as being located on a ridge of sandy soil, ninety-nine feet above high-water mark and one mile in width, sloping on the north to the Delaware river and on the south and east to Cooper's creek valley. In 1893, Dr. D. W. Bartine was elected president and Dr. John W. Marcy, medical inspector; both were re-elected in 1894. [1890-95.] In the Boards of Health for Centre, Dela- ware and Haddon townships, Dr. William B. Jennings, of Haddonfield, served as medical inspector for the period from 252 History Medical Profession Camden County. 1890 to 1895 ; in the Gloucester township board, Dr. Joseph E. Hurff, of Blackwood, served as a member during the same period; in the Stockton township board, Dr. J. A. George served as a member in 1890, Dr. Jerome Artz in 1892 and Dr. L. Reese in 1893. In the Boards of Health of Waterford, Winslow and Pensaukin townships, no physicians served as members during this period. The report of the New Jersey State Board of Health on the vital statistics of Camden county shows the average death- rate of the county for five years (July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1893) to have been 19.72 per cent, per thousand and due in a great measure to diarrhceal diseases, from which there were thirteen hundred and forty-seven deaths; to consumption,. from which there were eleven hundred and thirty-five deaths j diphtheria and croup, six hundred and seventy-three deaths; typhoid fever, three hundred and forty-two deaths; scarlet fever, ninety-two deaths, and remittent fever, fifty-seven deaths, Diarrhceal diseases furnished the most common cause of death, especially in infants and children, during the statistical period mentioned. This was due to high atmospheric temperature, absence of rain-fall, impure water and milk supply, adultera- tion of food, etc. Consumption stands second in the list of the death-causes of the county. It is the most prevalent and fatal malady that affects mankind and causes about one-seventh of the deaths in the State. It is a communicable and preventable disease, conveyed by the bacillus tuberculosis, first demonstrated by Koch, of Germany, who claimed it to be invariably asso- ciated with the disease. The bacilli are discharged from the lungs in the expectoration and, becoming dry, are blown about and thus reproduce consumption in susceptible subjects. All tuberculous discharge should be destroyed and, in this matter, health authorities can render an incalculable service by educating the public. In 1890, Koch announced the dis- covery of tuberculin and claimed it capable of curing a large percentage of consumption. Diphtheria stands third in the list and should engage the attention of health officers, because it is largely spread through the medium of the public schools. The bacillus diphtherise is The State Board of Medical Examiners . 253 not infrequently present on the subject after the recovery from the disease, and, hence, domiciliary quarantine, cleanliness and disinfection should be rigidly enforced. Of the common and often fatal prevalence of typhoid fever, which stands next on the list, health authorities are agreed. It ranks among the most serious of prevailing diseases, especially in Camden. The bacillus of Eberth is believed to be its causa causans ,- and, since it is most generally diffused by excremental filth and , carried in water, the appearance of the fever should especially engage the attention of health officers. The fever bears a dis- tinctive relationship to polluted water, and also to the milk- supply of cities; so that its prevention and limitation is the duty of local government. Scarlet fever is a contagious and, in a great degree, a preventable disease and calls for segre- gation and isolation of cases and subsequent disinfection of the premises in which it occurred. Epidemics not infrequently arise in the vicinity of slaughter-houses. Remittent fever has markedly diminished in prevalence in the county within the last twenty-five years. In the early history of the county, the great areas of wet and undrained land, and the exposure of new strata of soil to the fermenting influence of heat and moisture, made it one of the chief enemies of the inhabitants. With the extended and continuous cultivation of the soil, the disease has decreased in prevalence and has become more amenable to treatment. Section VII. — The State Board of Medical Examiners. The history of medical legislation in New Jersey began in 1665, when the Duke of York, the proprietor of the province, promulgated a code of medical laws, known as the "Duke's Laws," which remained in force until 1772. During this period of one hundred and seven years, the founding of Prince- ton College in 1746, the first president of which was Dr. Jonathan Dickinson ; the outbreak of the French and Indian war in 1758; the establishment of the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1765; the formation of the Medical Society of New Jersey in 1766, and the organization of a medical school 254 History Medical Profession Camden County. in New York in 1767 enlarged the opportunities for medical study and advanced the cause of medical practice and legisla- tion within the Colony of New Jersey. In 1772, through the influence of the Medical Society of New Jersey, the Colonial Assembly enacted a law governing the practice of medicine, the provisions of which have been considered. This was the second law enacted in New Jersey concerning medical practice and it expired by limitation in 1777. In 1775, the Revolution arrested further efforts towards medical legislation, but, in 1783, the society secured there-enactment of the colonial law of 1772. This law remained in force until 1816, when the society was re-incorporated and provisions were made for examinations, preliminary to medical licensure, by censors of the State Medical Society, instead of by Judges of the Supreme Court, as the laws of 1772 and 1783 provided. The restraining law of 1816 remained operative until the medical enactments of 185 1 and 1854, because of which the State Medical Society voluntarily surrendered its examining and licensing privileges, in 1866.* From 1866 to 1880, no legal restrictions were exercised over the practice of medi- cine in New Jersey. In 1880, an Act governing medical practice was passed by the Legislature, which was further supplemented by a restraining measure in 1883^ But this enactment proved worthless to prevent the registration of fraudulent diplomas and to protect the public and the medical profession from charlatans and quacks. The establishment of a State Board of Medical Examiners, charged with the exam- ining, licensing and registration of physicians, became a necessity. [1890.] On May 12, 1890, "An Act to regulate the practice of medicine and surgery, to license physicians and surgeons and to punish persons violating the provisions there- of" was passed by the Legislature and approved, which pro- vided for the appointment by the Governor of " five old-school physicians, three homoeopathic physicians and one eclectic physician" to constitute the State Board of Medical Exam- * Chapter VI, Section I. t Chapter IX, Section VI. The State Board of Medical Examiners. 255 iners. The powers and duties of the board were denned in the Act, which went into effect July 4, 1890. The board organized September 7th; elected Dr. William L. Newell, of Millville, president; Dr. W. P. Watson, of Jersey City, secretary, and Dr. A. H. Worthington, of Trenton, treasurer, and formulated regulations for conducting examinations. The first examina- tions were held October 8, 1890, and between that and [189 1.] the corresponding date in 1891 one hundred and one candidates were examined, but only eighty-two were licensed to practice medicine within the State. In com- parison with previous years, the number of registered physi- cians within the State was greatly diminished; a condition of affairs that offered food for reflection for the medical colleges of adjoining States. The board also secured the revocation of the charter of the Medical and Surgical College of New Jersey, located at Jersey City. Dr. Rowland I. Haines, of Camden, was licensed by the board during the year. [1892.] During the fiscal year ending October 12, 1892, the board examined one hundred and forty-three candidates and issued one hundred and eleven licenses to practice medi- cine within the State, including licenses to Doctors Duncan W. Blake, Jr., of Collingswood ; Oscar L. Grumbrecht, of Cramer Hill, and Samuel G. Bushey, Clarence B. Donges, Mary Anna Howell, Grant E. Kirk, Henry A. Lacey, Ahab H. Lippincott, Edward D. Phelan, George H. Richardson, Edward A. Y. Schellenger and Charles T. Shinn, of Camden. On March 28, 1892, the passage of an " Act to regulate the practice of midwifery in the State of New Jersey" was secured by the board, which provided for the examination, licensing and registration of midwives and placed them on a professional basis under the direct supervision of the board. Under this Act, certificates to practice midwifery were issued, during the year, to Elizabeth Burns, Margaret Buttner, Jane Countryman, Mary Gilmore, Priscilla Green, Mary A. Gunby, Anna E. Jennings, Cornelia S. Kaighn, Elizabeth Moseley, Susan Sweeten and Theresa Tokarska, of Camden. Amend- ments to the medical Act of 1890 were secured which exempted surgeons of the United States Army, Navy and Marine Hos- 256 History Medical Profession Camden Cou?ity. pital Service ; consulting physicians from other States and internes in hospitals and asylums within the State, while acting as such, from the provisions of the law. [1893.] During the fiscal year ending October nth, one hundred and fifty applicants for medical license were examined and certificates to practice medicine within the State were issued to one hundred and fifteen physicians, among whom were Doctors Wilson Gill Bailey, Lawrence R. Grier, William W. Kain, William I. Kelchner, William W. Knowlton, Fred- erick W. Marcy, William H. Pratt, William H. Slocum and Wendell P. Wingender, of Camden, and Dr. James Winter Walmsley, of Gloucester City. Thirty women were licensed to practice midwifery, among whom was Caroline T. Dougherty, of Camden. [1894.] Although the law establishing a State Board of Medical Examiners had advanced the standard of medical education among the incoming members of the medical pro- fession to a higher grade than ever before attained, and though the practice of midwifery had been regulated within the State, its provisions were found to be insufficient, and, in con- sequence, the board secured the passage of a new law, which was approved May 22, 1894, that still further advanced its powers and privileges and the common interests of the medical profession. Its provisions became operative July 4th. This law provided for the appointment, by the Governor, of a State Board of Medical Examiners, to consist of nine members of recognized professional ability and honor, including "five old-school physicians, three homoeopaths and one eclectic"; empowered the board to elect its officers, to hold meetings at the capitol on the third Tuesday of June and September of each year, to examine applicants for the practice of medicine within the State, to issue certificates, to revoke licenses for cause and to punish unlawful practitioners. Doctors Edwin de Baun, of Passaic; F. B. Lane, of East Orange; A. H. Worthington, of Trenton ; A. K. Baldwin, of Newark ; E. L. B. Godfrey, of Camden ; G. F. Wilbur, of ilsbury Park ; Win. L. Newell, of Millville; A. Uebelacker, of Morristown, and Wm. Perry Watson, of Jersey City, were appointed members of The Cooper Hospital. 257 the board by Governor George T. Werts. Dr. Godfrey was made examiner in obstetrics and gynaecology. Requirements for license to practice medicine and surgery within the State of New Jersey and rules for conducting medical examinations were issued by the board. During the year ending July 3, 1894, one hundred and thirty candidates were examined and one hundred and ten certificates were issued. During these four years of the existence of the board, five hundred and twenty- four candidates were examined and four hundred and seventeen were licensed to practice medicine and surgery. The rejected applicants comprised 18.81 per cent, in 1891, 24.47 per cent, in 1892, and 22 per cent, in 1893. Among those licensed during the year were Doctors Emerson P. McGeorge, William E. Miller, Marcus K. Mines, Milton M. Osmun, Paul M. Mecray and Levi B. Hirst, of Camden; Dr. George W. McKensie, Jr., of Haddonfield, and Dr. Joseph W. Martindale, of Cramer Hill. Mrs. Betty Stern was granted a license as a midwife. Section VIII. — The Cooper Hospital. [i890-'95.] The work of The Cooper Hospital steadily increased and rendered manifold service to the community in the period under consideration. Situated at the junction of the great railroads centering in Camden, its doors have swung widely open to receive accident cases from any part of the State, and most of those occurring between Trenton and Cape May have found help and comfort within its wards. Not less attention has been paid to those seeking relief from diseases of a strictly medical nature. From the opening of the hospital, August 11, 1887, to December 31, 1894, two thous- and, nine hundred and twenty-seven patients were treated within its wards, and sixteen thousand, nine hundred and fifty- eight within its out-patient departments. The latter patients made, during the period, thirty thousand, six hundred and thirty-two visits. There were five hundred and eight surgical operations performed, including one hundred and seventy-two amputations, also laparotomies for Caesarian section, hysterec- tomy, extra-uterine pregnancy, ovarian tumors, abscess, intes- tinal adhesions, stab wounds of the abdomen, chronic periton- 17 258 History Medical Profession Camden County. itis, carcinoma, appendicitis, gun-shot wounds of the abdomen y cystic ovaries, hernia, pyosalpinx and atresia of the rectum. Neurectomy, lithotomy, internal urethrotomy, resection of the lower jaw and a great variety of major operations should be added to the list. Since the dedication of the hospital,, a number of changes have taken place in the Board of Managers and in the attend- ing and resident staff. Of the Board of Managers, William B. Cooper, Joseph B. Cooper, John W. Wright and Alexander Cooper have died. Both William B. and Joseph B. Cooper served on the Board of Managers of the Camden City Dispen- sary, as well as that of the hospital, and contributed to the success of each by their active interest and generous donations. John W. Wright, a nephew of Dr. Richard M. Cooper, was the first secretary and treasurer of the institution and gave so much of his time and money to its establishment that his name has been perpetuated upon an enduring tablet placed within the room of the managers* Alexander Cooper, a brother of the founders of the great charity, was its first president. From the incorporation of the hospital, he took the heartiest interest in its welfare and T at his death (1893), supplemented his former munificence by a generous legacy. Harry Genet Taylor, Jr., and Richard Cooper Taylor, sons of Dr. H. Genet Taylor, are grandsons of Alexander Cooper. The present Board of Managers consists of the following gentlemen : President, Augustus Reeve ; secretary and treasurer, Richard H. Reeve ; managers, Peter L. Voorhees, Rudolphus Bingham,, David M. Chambers, Alexander C. Wood, Peter V. Voorhees, Richard M. Cooper and Dr. H. Genet Taylor. A number of changes have taken place in the attending staff since their appointment in 1887 (Chapter X, Section IX). In June, 1889, Dr. J. F. Walsh resigned from the surgical staff and was succeeded by Dr. Daniel Strock ; in September of the same year, Dr. D. P. Pancoast resigned from the medical staff and was succeeded, in October, by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, trans- ferred from the surgical staff; in February, 1890, Dr. Joseph H. Wills, pathologist, was appointed to the surgical vacancy and Dr. George T. Robinson was appointed pathologist ; in The New Jersey Training School for Nurses. 259 June, 1894, Dr. Dowling Benjamin resigned from the surgical staff and was appointed obstetrician to the hospital. Dr. Ben- jamin was succeeded by Dr. Joseph L. Nicholson. Near the close of the year, Dr. William R. Powell was appointed ophthal- mologist to the hospital. The attending staff is as follows : Physicians, H. Genet Taylor, Alexander M. Mecray, William A. Davis and E. L. B. Godfrey ; surgeons, Onan B. Gross, Daniel Strock, Joseph H. Wills and Joseph L,. Nicholson ; obstetrician, Dr. Dowling Benjamin ; ophthalmologist, Dr. William R. Powell ; pathologist, Dr. George T. Robinson.* Dr. Paul M. Mecray has since succeeded Dr. Robinson, as pathol- ogist. The following changes have taken place in the resident staff of the hospital : Dr. Harry Jarrett was appointed resident physician in 1887 ; Doctors Harry Jarrett and B. W. Macfar- land were appointed resident physicians in 1888; Doctors William Martin and S. F. Ashcraft, in 1889 ; Doctors Joseph L,. Nicholson and Morris B. Miller, in 1890; Doctors A. H. Scofield and F. W. Marcy, in 1891 ; Doctors E. A. Y. Schell- enger and Paul M. Mecray, in 1892 ; Doctors Paul M. Mecray and J. K. F. Stites, in 1893, and Doctors J. R. Noel and J„ Winter Walmsley, in 1894. In 1890, Mrs. J. S. Wilson, appointed matron at the opening of the hospital, was succeeded by Thomas Waring as superintendent and Anna Waring as matron, and Miss Rachel Bourke was appointed chief nurse of the hospital and superintendent of its training school for nurses. Section IX. — The New Jersey Training School For Nurses. [1889-90.] Recognizing the necessity for trained and skillful nurses to execute with loyalty and obedience the direc- tions of the physician in the sick-room, the attending staff of The Cooper Hospital resolved to supply this deficiency by organizing a training school for nurses. On September 7, 1889, the Camden Training School for Nurses, which subse- quently became the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, * Deceased. 260 History Medical Profession Camden County. was organized at The Cooper Hospital, under the care of its attending- staff, and was chartered during the following month. Since then, the system of nursing has been revolutionized in West Jersey ; the monthly nurse has been relegated to the past; aseptic and antiseptic methods of nurse practice, and what to observe and record in the progress of disease, have been inculcated. The management of the school was vested in a Board of Trustees, consisting of Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Alexander M. Mecray, E. L. B. Godfrey, Dowling Benjamin, William A. Davis, Onan B. Gross, Daniel Strock and Joseph H. Wills. Dr. Taylor was elected president; Dr. Mecray, vice-president ; Dr. Strock, secretary, and Dr. Davis, treasurer. A course of didactic and clinical instruction, covering the fall and spring months through a period of two years, was arranged and the following lecturers were appointed : Medical nursing, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey ; surgical nursing, Dr. Dowling Benjamin ; obstetrical nursing, Dr. William A. Davis ; anatomy and physiology, Dr. O. B. Gross ; dietetics, Dr. Daniel Strock, and hygiene, Dr. Joseph H. Wills. The school was formally opened at The Cooper Hospital, October n, 1889, with intro- ductory addresses by Dr. William Pepper and the president, Dr. H. Genet Taylor. There were a number of students enrolled and lectures were regularly given during the school year. On February nth, Dr. George T. Robinson was elected a member of the faculty and of the Board of Trustees, and lecturer on general nursing. [i8o,o-'9i.] The second year of the school was inaugu- rated, September 30th, under the same managers and faculty, and with twenty-three matriculants. Introductory addresses were made by Dr. H. Genet Taylor, Dr. William H. Parrish, of Philadelphia, and Rev. J. R. Westwood, of Camden. Lectures were regularly given during the school year. On June 1st, the first commencement was held at Morgan's Hall, when the president conferred the diploma of the school on the following graduates: Lottie M. Evans, Carrie Haberstroh, Jessie F. Haberstroh, Grace E. Powell, Emma M. Richardson, K. E. S. Waugh and Thomas A. J. Williams, of Camden ; Mary E. Ketchum, of Montclair, N. J., and Rachel C. Wildman, of The New Jersey Training School for Nurses. 261 Media, Pa. The address to the graduates was delivered by E. L. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. D., and the president's prize, consisting of a gold cross, lettered with the name of the recipient and the following inscription, "Presented by the Camden Training School for Nurses for Passing the Best General Examination," was presented to Mrs. Emma M. Richardson by Hon. Christopher A. Bergen, M. C, with honorable mention of Mrs. Grace E. Powell and Miss Lottie M. Evans. [i89i-'92.] The third year of the school opened with an increased number of matriculants and with enlarged oppor- tunities for instruction through the removal of the classes for didactic teaching to the lecture-room in the new building of the Camden City Dispensary, where the first lecture was given in March. Medical, surgical and gynaecological clinics were continued at The Cooper Hospital. On May 18th, the lecture- ship on general nursing was abolished and Dr. Robinson was assigned to the lectureship on physiology, the change taking place at the close of the school year. The second annual commencement was held in the First Presbyterian Church, June 6, 1892, when the diploma of the school was conferred on Alliher E. Kimper, Charlotte A. Ogden, Catherine Piatt, May E. Stebbins, Ruth Evans Sheppard and Maggie D. Wrif- ford, of Camden ; Laura B. Bunting, of New York, and Lucy C. Mann, of Philadelphia. The address to the graduates was delivered by Dowling Benjamin, M.D., and the president's prize was presented to Miss May E. Stebbins by Judge Charles G. Garrison, with honorable mention of Miss Laura B. Bunting. [i892-'93.] The fourth year of the school was inaug- urated in October, with twenty-four matriculants and with an increased curriculum and staff of instructors. Miss May E. Stebbins and Miss Ruth E. Sheppard were elected demon- strators. Scarlet and white were adopted as the colors of the school. In February, 1893, a legislative Act was passed, empowering any training school for nurses in New Jersey to confer the degree of Medical and Surgical Nurse (M. S. N.), provided that instruction be given in medical, surgical and obstetrical nursing, and in anatomy, physiology, dietetics and 262 History Medical Profession Camden County. hygiene. Following this (March 30, 1893), the name and title of the school was changed to the New Jersey Training School for Nurses ; a new constitution was adopted ; the Board of Managers was increased to fifteen members (nine of whom must be members of the faculty), and the teaching force was enlarged by the election of five instructors. The privilege of holding clinics at the Camden Count}- Insane Asylum, and at the Camden Home for Friendless Children, was secured. Under the new constitution, which provided for the annual meeting in iVpril, Gen. William J. Sewell, Hon. Edward Bettle, Hon. Henry B. Wilson, A. G. Dawson, D. D., Peter V. Voorhees, Esq., and Rudolphus Bingham were elected additional managers ; Dr. William R. Powell was elected instructor in the care of diseases of the eye ; Dr. Orange W. Braymer, in surgical nursing; Dr. J. S. Baer, in gynaecological nursing; Dr. H. C. Branin, in nervous diseases, and Dr. J. G. Doron, in medical nursing. The officers and the original managers were re-elected and the curriculum of study was extended from the first week in October to the last week in May. The third annual com- mencement of the school was held in the First Baptist Church, June 6th, when the diploma of the school, w T ith the degree of M. S. N., was conferred upon Jennie H. Derousse, Lillian F. Patterson, Clorinda H. Simmons and Naomi B. Watson, of Camden ; Carolyn A. Borden, Florence E. Revell and Alicia B. Thompson, of Philadelphia, and Margaret W. Satterthwaite, of Crosswicks, N. J. The honorary degree of M. S. N. was conferred on Florence Nightingale. The address to the grad- uates was delivered by William A. Davis, M.D., and the presi- dent's prize was presented by Samuel H. Grey, Esq., to Margaret W. Satterthwaite, with honorable mention of Mrs. Clorinda H. Simmons. The degree of M. S. N. was also conferred on all former graduates. [1893-94.] The Training School increased in popular favor and many improvements were made during the year. Class-rooms in the dispensary were leased; a free maternity service was established ; extra appliances for demonstration pro- cured ; the curriculum enlarged ; the number of instructors increased and quiz classes and a post-graduate course estab- The New Jersey Training School for Nurses. 263 lished. The introductory lecture was given by Dr. H. Genet Taylor, and an increased number of pupils was enrolled. Lectures were regularly given and, before the close of the year, the teaching force numbered nineteen, including, besides those previously named, Doctors Eugene E. De Grofft, J. Howard Frick, E. A. Y. Schellenger and William H. Pratt, who were elected instructors, and Miss Mattie A. Fox, M. S. N., as demonstrator in the place of Miss Ruth E. Shep- pard, M. S. N., who resigned at the close of the term. Dr. O. W. Braymer, instructor in surgical nursing, and Dr. J. S. Baer, instructor in gynsecological nursing, also resigned at the close of the yean A prize, conferred by the faculty for the best thesis on a subject pertaining to nursing and called " The Faculty Prize," was established. The fourth annual com- mencement was held in the First Methodist Church, May 28, 1894. The address to the graduates was delivered by O. B. Gross, M. D., and the degree of M. S. N. was conferred on Kate A. Baldwin, Ida Fricke, Mattie A. Fox, Linda L. Fortiner, Harriet E. Keys, Sallie J. Miller and Amelia Y. Richardson, of Camden ; Annie H. Collins, of Cramer Hill ; Mary L. Connell, of Philadelphia, and Marie Ernestine Welch, of Tacoma, Washington. The president's prize was presented to Miss Mattie A Fox by J. B. Graw, D. D., with honorable mention of Miss Ida Fricke, and the faculty prize was presented by James William Marshall, D. D., to Mrs. Marie E. Welch, with distinguished mention of Miss Mattie A. Fox and Miss Linda L. Fortiner. [1894-95,] The prosperity of the school still con- tinued. The opportunity to obtain thorough instruction in nursing, without the necessity of spending an apprenticeship in a hospital, proved a popular innovation. Young women were quick to see that the course of instruction offered unusual advantages to those desiring a knowledge of anatomy, physiology, hygiene and dietetics, as well as the principles of nursing, and also enabled them to meet with greater intel- ligence and skill the many duties of the home. The faculty, instructors and demonstrators of the school consisted of the following: Dr. H. Genet Taylor, A.M., M.D., lecturer on 264 History Medical Profession Camden County . ethics of nursing ; Alexander M. Mecray, M. D., clinical lecturer on medical nursing; E. L. B. Godfrey, A.M., M. D., lecturer on medical nursing; William A. Davis, M. D., clinical lecturer on gynaecological nursing ; Onan B. Gross, M. D., lecturer on anatomy ; Daniel Strock, M. D., lecturer on dietet- ics ; Joseph H. Wills, A. M., M. D., lecturer on hygiene and massage ; George T. Robinson, M. D., lecturer on physiology; Joseph L. Nicholson, M. D., lecturer on surgical nursing ; Henry E. Branin, M. D., instructor in nursing in nervous diseases; John G. Doron, A. B., M. D., instructor in medical nursing ; William R. Powell, M. D., instructor in care of the eye and ear ; Eugene E. De Grofft, M. D., instructor in surgical nursing ; J. Howard Frick, M. D., E. A. Y. Schellenger, M. D., and William H. Pratt, M. D., quiz class instructors ; Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., demonstrator of invalid cook- ing ; Miss Mattie A. Fox, M. S. N., demonstrator of bathing, bed-making, etc. The introductory lecture was given October 1, 1894, to a large class of matriculants, by Dr. John B. Roberts, of Phila- delphia, and regular didactic and clinical lectures were con- tinued throughout the year at The Cooper Hospital, the City Dispensary, the Children's Home and the County Insane Asylum. The commencement exercises of the school were held in the North Baptist Church, Monday evening, June 3d, when the degree of M. S. N. was conferred on the following graduates: Kathleen Holloway, Cornelia M. Kreh and S. Virginia Levis, of Philadelphia; Jesse E. Huston, Ida Virginia Tains and Florence L. Treen, of Camden ; Edith M. Robinson, of New York City ; Estelle Noble Keilholtz, of Baltimore, Md.; Clara I. Lewis, of Binghampton, N. Y., and Maty Carpenter Smith, of Salem, N. J. The valedictory address was delivered by Daniel Strock, M. D.; the president's prize was presented by Charles Van Dyke Joline, A.M., to Estelle Noble Keilholtz, of Baltimore, for having passed the best general examination in all branches, with honorable mention of S. Virginia. Levis, of Philadelphia, and the faculty prize was presented by Albert G. Lawson, D. D., to S. Virginia Levis, for having written the best thesis on " Nursing in Typhoid Fever," with honorable mention of Jessie E. Huston. The New Jersey Training School for Nurses. 265 A. ALUMNI AND ALUMN4 ASSOCIATION OF THE NEW JERSEY TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES. [1892-95.] The Association of Alumni and Alumnae of the New Jersey Training School for Nurses was organized September 20, 1892, for "the purpose of promoting the pros- perity of the school and the maintenance of kindly feeling and interest between its members." At this time, Miss Charlotte A. Ogden, M. S. N., '92, was elected president; Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., '92, vice-president; Miss Ruth E. Sheppard, M. S. N., '92, secretary, and Miss Margaret D. Wrifford, M. S. N., '92, treasurer. A constitution and by-laws were adopted ; a distinctive uniform and badge were decided on and the motto " Nisi Dominus Frusta" was voted to be the motto and guide of the association. The first meeting of the associa- tion during commencement week was held Monday evening, June 5, 1893, when the annual address was delivered by Charles Van Dyke Joline, Esq. On September 20, 1893, Mrs. Emma M. Richardson, M. S. N., '91, was elected president; Miss Ruth E. Sheppard, M. S. N., vice-president; Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., secretary, and Miss Margaret D. Wrifford, M. S. N., treasurer. On May 25, 1894, Judge Howard Carrow delivered the annual address before the association, and, at the September meeting, Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., was elected presi- dent; Miss Charlotte A. Ogden, M. S. N., vice-president; Miss Margaret D. Wrifford, M. S. N., secretary, and Mrs. Alliher E. Kimper, M. S. N., '92, treasurer. On May 31, 1895, Board- man Reed, M. D., of Atlantic City, delivered the annual address before the association. Miss Mattie A. Fox, M. S. N., '94, was elected president; Mrs. Clorinda H. Simmons, M. S. N., '93, vice-president; Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., secretary, and Miss Margaret D. Wrifford, M. S. N., treasurer. B. THE CAMDEN NURSE DIRECTORY. [1891.] The Camden Nurse Directory was established at the Camden City Dispensary, November, 1891, by the faculty of the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, for the con- venience and protection of graduated and trained nurses and 266 History Medical Profession Camden County . for the purpose of furnishing the citizens of West Jersey with competent and reliable nurses at short notice. The directory is governed by rules, formulated by the faculty of the school, and founded upon the common and accepted interests of physi- cians, nurses and patients. It is under the direction of a superintendent, T. J. W. Phillips, pharmacist and superintendent of the dispensary, where a register of the names, addresses, terms and engagements of nurses is kept. Section X. — The Camden Day Nursery Association. [1890-91.] In the early part of 1890, the Camden Day Nursery Association was organized to provide the working mothers of Camden with daily shelter and food for children too young to leave untended and alone. Two public meetings were held; the first, at Trinity Baptist Church, on April 5th, when Miss Jane Addams, of the Northern Day Nursery of Philadelphia, gave an address explaining the work ; the second, at the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, on April 14th, when Mrs. S. B. Northrop presided, and the Camden Day Nursery Association was formally organized. For the first six months, the work was experimental and the organization was temporary. Sufficient funds were collected in this interval to warrant the founding of a nursery and, on July 14th, the institution was opened at 214 Benson street. A special effort was made to enlist the churches in the work and eleven, representing five denominations, formed contributing auxiliaries and furnished thirty-one managers. In October, the first annual meeting was held ; a Board of Managers was elected, on a basis of three from each church containing an auxiliary, and the following officers were elected by the board to serve for the year ending October, 1891 : President, Mrs. E. L. B. Godfrey; vice-presidents, Mrs. S. B. Northrop, Mrs. Charles S. Dunham, Mrs. Thomas A. Tidball ; treasurer, Mrs. Howard R. Sharp ; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Richard Twelves ; recording secretary, Mrs. Eva M. Holmes ; secretary of donations, Mrs. W. H. Brooks ; consulting physicians, Doctors Dowling Benjamin and S. Bryan Smith ; advisory The Camden Day Nursery Association. 267 board, Wilson H. Jenkins, Esq. ; T. B. Harned, Esq. ; W. A. Davis, M. D. ; E. M. Howard, M. D. ; Colonel John Hood and Frank H. Burdsall. Subscriptions of one dollar, or more, entitled the donor to membership in the association, and the total receipts from April, 1890, to October, 1891, when the first financial year closed, were $1,112.92. The cost of maintaining the nursery for the same period was $814.12. This provided a comfortable house, a matron and assistant and three meals per day for the children. The mothers were taxed six cents per day for each child, to prevent the charity from encouraging pauperism. The total attendance for the year was one thousand, nine hundred and twenty-nine children. The managers for the year, in addition to the officers named, were : Mesdames Dowling Benjamin, William E. Clement, Theodore B. Culver, William A. Davis, E. A. Downs, Kate Goodwin, Thomas H. Harris, Thomas B. Harned, P. W. Hirst, E. M. Howard, Carrie Jefferies, Hannah Jackson, Wilson H. Jenkins, John W. Johnson, Charles H. Knowlton, Elmer Morton, J. H. Rorer, William Reed, Charles Samson, John .F. Starr, Jr., C. R. A. Van Valin, Richard Wells, Charles E. Young, and the Misses Hannah R. Hood, A. Morris, Ida Northrop and Jennie Nesbitt. [1892.] During this year, the number of churches con- tributing through auxiliaries increased to fourteen ; the subscription list more than doubled itself and numbered nearly seven hundred, and the total receipts were $1,108.41. The total number of children cared for was two thousand, eight hundred and forty-nine, and the cost of maintenance was $1,032.23. The officers were the same as last year, excepting that the third vice-president, Mrs. Thomas A. Tidball, resigned on account of removal to Philadelphia. In the Board of Managers there were several changes. Mesdames J. C. Bailey, George Finlaw, Israel Fish, L,. E. Farnham, May I. Felton, Harry L. Jones, J. H. Knerr, Harry Knight, R. R. Longland, William C. Eore, George I. Lewis, Oscar C. Molan, Alexander Milliette, William E. Needham, Martha E. Nixon, Frederick A. Rex, J. Ridgeway and John Stiles replaced Mesdames 268 History Medical Profession Camden County. Benjamin, Clement, Culver, Davis, Goodwin and Miss Morris, who had resigned. [1893.] The receipts for this year were $1,133.60 and the expenses were $1,234.20. Two thousand, five hundred and seventy children were cared for. The institution was removed in May from 214 Benson street to 426 Steven street, where it obtained much larger and more comfortable quarters. Owing to the removal from Camden of Mrs. T. A. Tidball, third vice-president, and Mrs. Eva Holmes, recording secretary, their places were filled, respectively, by Mrs. Charles H. Knowl- ton and Mrs. Charles Samson. The other officers remained the same as in previous years. The changes in the Board of Managers were as follows: Mesdames H. B. Hanford, A. L,. Hurff, W. Haco Cooper, C. G. Thompson, Elmer J. Carll, Josiah S. Hackett, Charles L. Prince, G. R. Underhill, A. E. Gausler, W. T. Waters, A. R. Hillaker and Miss Anna Smith replaced Mesdames Jones, Needham, Nixon, Ridgeway, Van Valin and the Misses Hood and Northrop, who had resigned, or whose term of office had expired, and Mrs. E. A. Downs and Mrs. J. H. Rorer, who died during the year. Mr. F. Way land Ayer was elected to the advisory board in place of Mr. Frank H. Burdsall, resigned. The consulting physicians were re-elected. [1894.] The year ending October, 1894, the Day Nursery closed its book with a balance in bank, though it had received only $950.74 in subscriptions and donations. The location of the nursery was changed in May from 426 Stevens street to 319 Washington street. Mrs. E. L,. B. Godfrey, who had served as president since the organization of the nursery, declined re-election on account of ill-health and was made honorary president ; Mrs. Charles S. Dunham was elected president; Mrs. Charles H. Knowlton, Mrs. George Finlaw and Mrs. John F. Starr, Jr., vice-presidents; Mrs. Howard R. Sharp, treasurer ; Mrs. Charles Samson, recording secretary ; Mrs. Richard Twelves, corresponding secretary ; Mrs. W. H. Brooks, superintendent of donations, and Miss Anna Smith, assistant. The consulting physicians and advisory board were the same as last year. In the Board of Managers, The Medical Department of the N. G. N.J. 269 Mesdames A. E. Emery, E. E. De Grofft, C. S. Holdcraft, Eva M. Holmes, Emily Fenner, C. H. Davis, and J. C. Russell replaced Mesdames 0. C. Molan, George I. Lewis and Elmer Morton, whose terms had expired, and Mrs. S. B. Northrop, who had resigned on account of removal to New York City. Mesdames William J. Sewell, Richard T. Miller, George A. Vroom, Samuel D. Bergen, Walter Zimmerman, John A. Seeds, S. G. Bailey, Thomas E. Mulford and Miss Amanda Heyl were elected managers-at-large. The total number of officers and managers was fifty-nine. The churches containing auxiliaries were St. Paul's and St. John's Protestant Episcopal ; Centenary, Broadway, Tabernacle and First Methodist ; First and Second Presbyterian; North, Trinity, Tabernacle, Linden and First Baptist, and the Unitarian auxiliary. The public schools which specially contributed to the nursery are the John S. Read, E. A. Stevens, Linden, I. S. Mulford, George Genge, < Broadway, Central, Northeast, C. K. Evered and C. S. Bergen.* Section XL — The Medical Department of the National Guard of New Jersey. [1892.] In the reorganization of the National Guard of New Jersey, in 1869, the surgeon-general was given "general supervision over the medical department of the State forces and empowered to issue from time to time such regulations, subject to the approval of the commander-in-chief, as the necessities of the case may require." Professional examina- tions were made a preliminary condition to the issuing of a commission to medical officers of the National Guard, and, consequently, the medical department has constantly maintained the respect and confidence of the State forces. Through the efforts of Surgeon-General John D. McGill, the department has been brought to a high degree of excellence. The first step in this direction was the organization of The Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey (Chapter X, Section XII). In 1892, a supplement to the Act for the reorganization of the National Guard (1869) was enacted by the Legislature, approved March 23, 1892, and issued from the office of the adjutant-general, March 31st, providing for the establishment of the medical * Reports of the Camdeii Day Nursery Association. 270 History Medical Profession Camden County . department as a separate department ; for the commissioning of two medical inspectors, each with the rank and emoluments of lieutenant-colonel, and for the formation of a hospital and ambulance corps of twenty-four men. All medical officers and hospital stewards, as well as the hospital and ambulance corps, were placed under the direction and control of the surgeon- general. Under this Act, Major Mortimer Lampson, of the Fourth Regiment, N. G., and Major E. L. B. Godfrey, of the Sixth Regiment, N. G., were each promoted and commissioned lieutenant-colonel and medical inspector on the staff of Surgeon- General McGill, March 23, 1892. Following the promotion of Major Godfrey to an inspectorship, Lieutenant Daniel Strock, who was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the Sixth Regiment, N. G., February 1, 1890, was promoted major and surgeon of the Sixth Regiment and commissioned May 24, 1892. [1893.] In 1893, the Sixth Regiment was divided into two battalions, and, on July 1st, Dr. Orange W. Braymer was commissioned first lieutenant and battalion assistant surgeon of the first battalion, and, on September 2d, Dr. Wilson Gill Bailey was commissioned first lieutenant and battalion assistant surgeon of the second battalion. On March 17, 1893, the Act, approved March 23, 1892, "establishing the medical department of the National Guard as a separate department," was modified by a supplement providing for the enlistment of a hospital and ambulance corps for each brigade of the National Guard, under the immediate control of the brigade surgeons and under the general medical control of the surgeon-general ; for the profes- sional examination of surgeons and assistant surgeons before being commissioned, and of hospital stewards before being warranted. In March, 1894, Charles S. Ogden, Ph.G., was warranted hospital steward of the first battalion, Sixth Regi- ment, N. G., and in July, Dr. Eugene E. De Grofft was warranted hospital steward in the second battalion, both succeeding Dr. Levi B. Hirst, who was honorably discharged by reason of expiration of service. [1895.] In 1895, the powers and prerogatives of the medical department were further enlarged by legislative enact- The Epidemic of La Grippe. 271 merit. The office of assistant surgeon-general was created; the hospital and ambulance corps was increased to two officers and sixty men ; the office of medical inspector was continued, and all surgeons, assistant surgeons, hospital stewards and the hospital corps were made a part of the department and subject to the orders of the surgeon-general. Under this Act, L,ieu- tenant-Colonel E. h. B. Godfrey, medical inspector, was promoted colonel and assistant surgeon-general, and was com- missioned April 13, 1895. Section XII. — The Epidemic of La Grippe. [1890.] The most wide-spread epidemic that has ever visited Camden county, or, in fact, the United States, made its first appearance in the latter part of December, 1890. The disease was generally known as influenza. It was called by the French La Grippe and by the Germans, Blitz-catarrh, but became finally known in this country as the "Grippe." It was first observed at St. Petersburg about October 15th, and spread over European Russia within a month. In November, it appeared in Germany, France and other Continental States, visiting England and the United States in December and extending to China and Japan. It was a true pandemic disease. It made its appearance in Camden during the last week of December and, before the close of February, afflicted, more or less severely, seventy-five per cent, of the population of the city. According to Dr. William Pepper, "three out of every four of the eleven hundred thousand people of Philadelphia, suffered from influenza in a greater or less extent." The sickness- rate was far in excess of the death-rate, but the malady not infrequently left depressing and often fatal sequelae in its train. The deaths in Camden numbered one hundred and seventy- seven for January, 1890, while those for January, 1889, numbered ninety-five. The etiology of influenza was due to a bacillus and the constitutional symptoms arose from the absorp- tion of influenza-toxin. It was an infectious disease, but this does not account for simultaneous outbreaks in widely-separated countries. The disease began with a chill, followed by fever, 272 History Medical Profession Camden County. headache, pains throughout the body and extremities and catarrhal affection of the air-passages, frequently leading to pneumonia, while in other instances it would expend itself on the nervous system or within the gastro-intestinal track. Albuminuria was frequently a concomitant condition. The epidemic re-appeared in the winters of 1891-92, i892-'93 and 1 894-' 95, but became milder in form and less general in extent at each re-appearance. Section XIII. — The West Jersey Homceopathic Dispen- sary and Hospital Association. [189 1.] The articles of incorporation of this association were signed May 15, 1891, by Walter M. Patton, George R. Danenhower, Frank H. Burdsall, John T. Cox, Leander W. Goldy, Clayton W. Nichols, Theodore B. Culver, Robert T. Lacey, Samuel G. Rudderow, Edward W. Sharp and Bmelius Senseman, and filed with the clerk of the county under the "Act for the Incorporation of Hospitals and Charitable Institu- tions," approved March 9, 1877. The incorporators were empowered to manage the affairs of the association for the first year. The constitution adopted by the association provided that its membership shall consist of those who annually con- tribute five dollars or more for its maintenance, except that a contribution of one hundred dollars or more shall consti- tute the donor a life member ; that it shall be governed by a Board of Trustees, one third of whom shall be elected at the annual meeting ; that no physician shall be eligible for election on the board; that the trustees shall appoint a staff of physicians, of such number as shall be deemed best, who shall constitute the professional board which shall have full control of the medical management of the association, and shall also appoint a Board of Lady Managers who shall take charge of the household matters of the association. On May 15th, the Board of Trustees organized, with the election of Walter M. Patton, president ; George R. Danenhower, vice-president ; John T. Cox, secretary, and S. G. Rudderow, treasurer. The building, No. 3 North Fifth street, was rented and fitted for West Jersey Homeopathic Dispensary and Hospital Asso. 273 dispensary purposes and the following professional board was appointed : Medical director, Thomas R. Blackwood ; surgeons, George D. Woodward and E. M. Howard ; diseases of women, Anna E. Griffith and Willis H. Hunt; eye and ear, E. M. Howard and F. M. Eaton; nose, throat and lungs, J. M. Hinson; heart and kidneys, P. W. Andrews and W. C. Williams. Daily clinics were established and, on October 19th, the following changes were made in the professional board: Gynaecology, George D. Woodward ; diseases of women and children, T. R. Blackwood; medical treatment of women, Anna E. Griffith; skin diseases, W. C. Williams; heart and kidneys, O. L. Grumbrecht ; eye and ear, F. M. Eaton and E. M. Howard ; nose, throat and lungs, J. M. Hinson and O. L, Grumbrecht. The following ladies' advisor}- committee on ways and means was appointed, which led to the organization of a Eady Board of Managers : Mesdames S. B. Northrop, J. C. Meeteer, W. M. Patton, L. V. Kellum, Charles L. Prince, Harry Hollinshed, Alfred S. Freeman, John F. Starr, Jr., J. H. Shel- mire, L. W. Goldy, George A. Munger, G. W. Wakefield and Miss E. Fayetta Jennings. Frank H. Burdsall resigned from the Board of Trustees and D. G. Langendorf was elected to fill the vacancy. Eighty-seven cases were reported to have been treated since the opening of the dispensary, June 4th. [1892.] The second year of the association opened with bright prospects. A part of the appropriation of City Council for the care of the indigent sick was secured and the property of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary Asso- ciation, located at the corner of West and Steven streets, was purchased and opened to the public, March 25th. City physi- cians were appointed in accordance with the requirements of the city appropriation, and Dr. Oscar L. Grumbrecht was assigned to the northern and Dr. F. M. Eaton to the southern district. Dr. A. S. Ironside was elected a member of the professional board. The annual meeting of the association was held May 9th, when D. G. Langendorf, S. M. Rudderow and E. W. Sharp were elected members of the Board of Trustees for three years and the officers of the board were re-elected. The professional board reported that five hundred iS 274 History Medical Profession Camden County. and sixty-five cases had been treated since the opening of the dispensary; that two thousand one hundred and thirty-five prescriptions had been compounded and that Dr. C. M, Williams had resigned from the board, because of his removal from the city. The Lady Board of Managers reported the hospital to be divided into two well-equipped wards, con- taining six beds and one cot and three private rooms, well furnished. Their officers were as follows : President, Mrs. S- B. Northrop ; first vice-president, Mrs. J. C. Meeteer ; second vice-president, Mrs. C. E. Prince ; treasurer, Mrs. John F. Starr, Jr., and secretary, Mrs. A. S. Freeman. In October, an obstet- rical ward was established in the hospital and placed under the care of Doctors T. R. Blackwood and Anna E. Griffith ;. Doctors F. M. Baton and O. E. Grumbrecht were appointed on the professional board and Dr. A. S. Ironside was elected city physician in place of Dr. Grumbrecht. [1893.] The annual meeting of the association was held May 2 2d. The professional board reported eight thousand eight hundred and seventy-two cases treated in the dispensary ; thirteen thousand prescriptions compounded ; forty-nine cases admitted to the hospital since March, 1892, and seventy-nine surgical operations performed. The hospital staff was consti- tuted as follows: Surgeons, G. D. Woodward and E. M. Howard ; physicians, O. E. Grumbrecht and F. M. Eaton ; obstetricians, Anna E. Griffith, T. R. Blackwood and W. W T . Knowlton. Dispensary staff: Medical director, T. R. Black- wood ; gynaecologists, G. D. Woodward, Anna E. Griffith and O. L. Grumbrecht; surgeons, G. D. Woodward and E. M. Howard ; oculists and aurists, E. M. Howard and F. M. Eaton ; nose and throat, J. M. Hinson ; chronic diseases, A. S. Ironside; general medicine, O. E. Grumbrecht and W. W. Knowlton ; city physicians, F. M. Eaton and A. S. Ironside. Consultants : Surgical, W. B. Van Eennep ; medical, Wallace McGeorge. Walter M. Patton was elected president of the association ; George R. Danenhower, vice-president ; S. G. Rudderow, treasurer ; John T. Cox, secretary, and Robert T. Eacey, Clayton W. Nichols and John T. Cox, mem- bers of the Board of Trustees for three years, and T. I. Miscellaneous Interests. 275 Gifford for the unexpired term of E. W. Sharp. The board elected Dr. W. W. Knowlton city physician for the first district and Dr. F. M. Eaton for the second district. In November, M. F. Ivins was elected a member of the Board of Trustees for the unexpired term of W. E. Anthony. [1894.] The annual meeting of the association was held May 14th, with the election of the following officers and members of the Board of Trustees : President, Walter M. Patton ; vice-president, Clayton W. Nichols; secretary, W. M. Kaighn; treasurer, D. G. Eangendorf, and Walter M. Patton, M. F. Ivins and W. M. Kaighn, members of the board for three years. The professional board submitted the following report : The number of cases treated in the hospital and dispensary for the year ending April 30th was five thousand, nine hundred and fifty-seven ; prescriptions compounded, four- teen thousand, one hundred and twenty-six ; visits made by city physicians, four thousand and sixty-three ; surgical opera- tions performed, sixty-seven ; obstetrical cases attended, eight. The Board of Lady Managers submitted a report of donations secured, and other work accomplished, that evidenced their helpfulness to the association. Section XIV.— Miscellaneous Interests. A. THE PAN-AMERICAN MEDICAL CONGRESS. [1893.] At the meeting of the American Medical Associa- tion in Washington, D. C, 1891, a resolution was adopted extending an invitation to the medical profession of the Western Hemisphere to assemble in the United States in an Inter-Continental American Medical Congress and a committee, consisting of one member from each state and territory and one each from the army, navy and marine hospital service, was appointed to effect a permanent organization of the proposed congress, and to determine the time and place at which the same should be held. Dr. E. J. Marsh, of Paterson, was appointed on the committee as the representative from New Jersey. The committee prosecuted their work diligently ; named the con- gress the "Pan-American Medical Congress"; decided to hold 276 History Medical Profession Camden County. the same at Washington, D. C, September 5, 6, 7 and 8, 1893, and secured the adoption of a joint resolution from the Senate of the United States and the House of Representatives, authorizing and requesting the President to invite the several governments of the Western Hemisphere to send official dele- gates to the congress. The resolution met with executive approval, July 18, 1892, and invitations were accordingly sent and promptly responded to. The committee formulated general and special regulations for the government of the congress ; established twenty-two sections for professional work ; appointed a number of sub-committees and elected Dr. William Pepper, of Philadelphia, president of the congress, and Dr. Edward J. Ill, of Newark, vice-president for New Jersey. Like other States, New Jersey was entitled to one delegate for each District or County Medical Society, as well as State delegates. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was appointed one of the delegates to represent the Medical Society of New Jersey with Dr. Daniel Strock as his alternate. Dr. Godfrey was also detailed by the surgeon- general of the State to represent the medical department of the National Guard in the section of military surgery. The proceedings of the congress did much to promote the interest of the medical profession in this and other countries, especially in hygiene, quarantine and kindred questions of inter-state interests. B. THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Since the organization of the American Medical Associa- tion in 1846, the physicians of Camden county have frequently represented, through a delegated relationship, the County and State Medical Societies in its deliberations. All delegates are made permanent members of the association upon the filing and approval of their credentials and are continued as such so long as they remain members of their local societies and pay their annual dues to the association. The following members of the Camden County Medical Society have become permanent members of the association : Doctors Richard M. Cooper and Othniel H. Taylor, 1847; John V. Schenck and Charles D. Hendry, 1849; Isaac S. Mulford, 1850; Thomas F. Cullen, Miscellaneous Interests. 277 1855; A Dickenson Woodruff, 1858 ; H. Genet Taylor, 1870; John W. Snowden, 1872 ; Onan B. Gross and N. B. Jennings, 1880; Isaac B. Mulford and E. L,. B. Godfrey, 1881 ; D. P. Pancoast, 1883; Dowling Benjamin, W. A. Davis, J. W. Donges and W. H. Ireland, 1884 ; Alexander McAlister, 1885 ; O. W. Braymer, 1891 ; Henry E. Branin, 1892 and J. M. Ridge, H. F. Palm and John F. Leavitt, in 1893. C. THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL HOME. [1890.] The preliminary steps for the organization of the home were taken in 1888 and, after a series of meetings, the organization was effected and the home formally opened in Camden, April 15, 1890. The constitution states that the object of the home shall be " to provide for the aged and infirm members of the Methodist Episcopal Church a com- fortable home, with clothing, employment, medical aid and other necessary attendance and religious privileges," and directs that the management shall be vested in two boards ; viz., a Board of Trustees and a Board of Managers, the former consisting of nine gentlemen and the latter of ladies repre- senting the Methodist Episcopal churches of Camden county. The organization was effected by the election of George R. Danenhower president of the Board of Trustees; J. T. Seymour, secretary ; Frank Wells, treasurer, and Dr. A. E. Street, J. R. Carson, Joseph E. Roberts and B. Plumber as members. Mrs. David Baird was elected president of the Board of Managers; Mesdames Daniel Erdman and John Gourley, vice-presidents ; Miss Lida Mayhew, recording secre- tary ; Mrs. J. S. Baer, corresponding secretary, and Miss Harriet M. King, treasurer, with a standing committee from the different Methodist churches. Doctors J. H. Frick, J. S. Baer, Sophia Presley, W. S. Moslander and E. L,. B. Godfrey were appointed medical attendants. Nine inmates were ad- mitted during the year. [189 1.] During 1891, a site for the home was secured at Collingswood and the corner-stone of the present structure was laid July 9, 1891. The enterprise has proved of great usefulness in this community, not alone in affording a home to 278 History Medical Profession Camden County. the aged and infirm, but also in cementing, into closer unity, the membership of the various Methodist churches of the county. The officers of the Board of Trustees were re-elected, with the exception that Thomas Hollinshed and D. S. Risley were elected in the place of Joseph E. Roberts and B. Plumber. In the Board of Managers, Mrs. W. T. Collins succeeded Mrs. John Gourley as one of the vice-presidents ; Miss Clara M. Doughty succeeded Mrs. J. S. Baer as corresponding secretary ; Mrs. George E. Fry succeeded Miss Harriet M. King as treasurer, and the office of financial secretary was established and Mrs. Anna Parker elected to fill it. With these excep- tions, the officers and members of the Board of Managers remained unchanged. The medical advisers of the preceding year were succeeded by Dr. Eli R. Tullis. After 1891, no medical appointments were made by the board, but in the reports of 1892, '93 and '94, the committee on sick express obligations to Doctors William Shafer, E. R. Tullis, S. Bryan Smith, Wallace McGeorge, F. M. Eaton, W. S. Moslander, S. H. Quint and H. C. Garrison for gratuitous professional services, and to Dr. B. S. Lewis and Messrs. R. S. Justice, U. F. Richards and George J. Pechin for donations of medicine. D. THE HADDONFIELD TRAINING SCHOOL FOR BACKWARD CHILDREN. The establishment of the Haddonfield Training School for Backward Children, in 1883, testifies in an eminent degree the good that can be accomplished by woman, when actuated and urged forward by the love of her kind. This school was founded by Margaret Bancroft, of Philadelphia, whose experi- ence as a teacher in the public schools impressed her with the great need of patient, individual instruction in order to develop the indifferent and sluggish minds of backward children to the degree of proficiency of which they are capable. In order to accomplish this work, Miss Bancroft resigned her position and opened the training school at Haddonfield. From its inception the school has been a success, and the method of instruction employed and the results yielded have attracted national Miscellaneous Interests. 279 attention. Dr. W. W. Keen and Mr. Charles Lippincott, of Philadelphia, have materially aided Miss Bancroft in her efforts, .and Dr. Bowman H. Shivers, of Haddonfield, has been the medical supervisor of the school since 1883. In 1888, Miss Jean M. Cox became associated with Miss Bancroft in the work.* E. THE CAMDEN CITY MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SOCIETY. [1891-95.] The Camden City Medical and Surgical Society was organized November 16, 1891, for the purpose of furthering the scientific and professional interests of the physi- cians of Camden. The constitution and by-laws provide for reports, at each regular, monthly meeting, from sections on practice of medicine, surgery, pathology, chemistry, therapeu- tics, hygiene and dietetics, and thus afford a broad field for medical discussion and improvement. This is further supple- mented by a question-box, a feature that has frequently given rise to interesting debates. At the organization of the society, Dr. E. P. Townsend was elected president; Dr. W. H. Iszard, vice-president; Dr. W. F. H. Osmun, secretary, and Dr. J. S. Baer, treasurer. The officers for 1892 were as follows: President, Dr. W. H. Ireland ; vice-president, Dr. W. H. Iszard ; secretary, Dr. W. F. H. Osmun; treasurer, Dr. Alexander McAlister: For 1893 '■> president, Dr. W. H. Iszard ; vice-president, Dr. D. W. Blake; secretary, Dr. S. G. Bushey; treasurer, Dr. J. S. Baer: For 1894; president, Dr. D. W. Blake; vice-president, Dr. H. F. Palm; secretary, Dr. H. H. Sherk, and treasurer, Dr. J. F. Leavitt. In addition to the physicians named, Doctors J. W. Fithian, A. H. Lippincott, W. B. Jennings, B. S. Lewis, P. W. Beale, Harry Jarrett, George T. Robinson, A. M. Mecray, C. M. Schellenger, Edwin Tomlinson, William Shafer, J. H. Frick, Sophia Presley, G. W. Henry, F. G. Stroud, C. B. Donges, G. E. Kirk, Edward Phelan, W. H. Kensinger, Charles Jennings, and W. P. Wingender are members of the society.! * Woman's Progress, for August, 1893. t M.S. Notes of Dr. A. H. Lippincott. 280 History Medical Profession Camden Coninly.. F. POLITICAL INTERESTS. Since the erection of Camden county, the medical profes- sion has been prominently represented in national, state, county and municipal politics. Dr. Reynell Coates was a candidate for vice-president of the United States in 1852 (Chapter V, Section IV) ; Dr. William H. Iszard served in the Legislature of 1873-74 as a representative from Gloucester county; George D. Borton, Ph. G., of Camden, served as a member of the Legislature in 1883, and Dr. George W. Henry, of Camden, in the Legislature of 1893. Doctors Thomas G. Rowand, Duncan W. Blake, James A. Armstrong, William H. Iszard, John D. Leckner, P. W. Beale, Edwin Tomlinson, H. H. Davis, George W. Henry, James G. Stanton and E. R. Smiley (Chapter III, Section IV) have filled the office of coroner. Dr. L. F. Fisler held the position of Mayor of Camden seven terms (Chapter VII, Section VII). Dr. John W. Donges served as president of City Council in 1883, Dr. J. D. Leckner in 1887 and Dr. W. B. E. Miller, D. V. S., in 1892; Doctors L. F. Fisler, Frederick P. Pfeiffer, C. W. Sartori, William S. Jones, B. S. Lewis and P. W. Beale have also served as members of that body. Dr. L. F. Fisler and George D. Borton served as collector of customs for the Port of Camden. In the Board of Education, Doctors Isaac S. Mulford,, Sylvester Birdsell, Thomas W. Rowand, Charles W. Sartori, J. H. Austin, James M. Ridge, Max. West, John R. Haney r Alexander M. Mecray, J. D. Leckner, Dowling Benjamin, H„ H. Davis and M. F. Middleton and druggists J. C. De La Cour, Herman Miller, Stanley C. Muschamp and Richard S. Justice have served as members. G. PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS. [i890-'95.] Among the physicians who located in Cam- den during the period from 1890 to 1895 are the following : Dr. Clarence B. Donges and Dr. Grant E. Kirk, Ph.G., gradu- ates of Jefferson Medical College, 1891, and Dr. Henry A. Lacey, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1891 ; Dr. Nathan A. Cohen, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1886, the Veterinary Department of the University Miscellaneous hite rests. 281 of Pennsylvania, 1890, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1892 ; Dr. Marcus K. Mines, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1892 ; Dr. William E. Miller, Ph. G., a graduate of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, 1893, and Dr. Rowland I. Haines, of the same University, 1890; Dr. Wendell P. Wingender, Ph. G., a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1893 ; Dr. William W. Knowlton, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1893 ; Dr. Levi B. Hirst, Ph. G., and Dr. Milton M. Osmun, Ph. G., graduates of Jefferson Medical College, 1894; Dr. Emerson P. McGeorge, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1894, and Dr. William B. Christine, a student at Pennington Sem- inary and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1877. Dr. Leolf Reese, a graduate of Penn Medical University, 1862, and of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, 1882 ; Dr. Oscar L. Grumbrecht, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1890; Dr. Jerome L. Artz, a graduate of Cleveland Medical College, Ohio, and Dr. Joseph W. Martindale, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1894, located at Cramer Hill. In 1893, Dr. Wallace McGeorge began the practice of medicine in Camden. Dr. McGeorge was graduated from Hah- nemann Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1868, and has been identified the greater part of his professional life with public interests. In 1868, he began medical practice at Hightstown; moved to Woodbury in 1872 and to Camden in 1893. He was one of the organizers of the New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical Society in 1869, one of its incorporators in 1870, and has held the office of treasurer, secretary and president, and is now its corresponding secretary. He has also been actively identified with the American Institute of Homoeopathy and with the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society, of which he has served as president. In 1877, he was elected Mayor of Woodbury ; in 1879, a member of the Common Council of Woodbury; in 1886, coroner of Gloucester county. He also served as school trustee, commissioner of deeds and notary public in Gloucester county, besides being an active member in the Order of Odd Fellows, Sons of Temperance, Red Men, Knights of Pythias, Legion of the Red Cross and other associations. 282 History Medical Profession Camden County. In 1890, Bucknell University conferred the honorary degree of A. M. on Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, and, in 1893 and 1894, he was elected vice-president of the Alumni Association of Jefferson Medical College. H. MAJOR SURGICAL OPERATIONS. Previously to the opening of The Cooper Hospital, in 1887, a large percentage of the major operations in Camden county were performed in Philadelphia hospitals, but most of the sur- gical cases resulting from railroad accidents were attended by Dr. Dowling Benjamin, surgeon to the Camden and Amboy Rail- road and by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, surgeon to the Camden and Atlantic Railroad. Cases occurring along the line of the roads were brought into Camden for surgical treatment. With the opening of The Cooper Hospital, the majority of surgical acci- dents, as well as cases requiring operative treatment, were removed to the hospital. Of the major operations, amputations of the hip-joint have been performed by Doctors O. B. Gross and Daniel Strock; amputation of the thigh, by Dr. George D. Woodward and others; amputations of the shoulder-joint, by Doctors Dowl- ing Benjamin, O. B. Gross and E. L. B. Godfrey ; knee-joint, by Doctors Benjamin, Gross, Strock and Godfrey ; extra- uterine pregnancy, by Doctors Gross, Strock and Godfrey ; hysterectomy, by Doctors Benjamin, Braymer and Godfrey; Caesarian section, by Dr. Benjamin ; abdominal section, by Doctors J. F. Walsh, Alexander McAlister, Dowling Benjamin, O. B. Gross, Daniel Strock, J. S. Baer, Joseph L,. Nicholson, O. W. Braymer, H. H. Sherk and E. h. B. Godfrey; suprapubic cystotomy, by Doctors Walsh, McAlister and Strock ; litho- lapaxy, by Doctors Benjamin and Strock, and exsection of part of the small intestines, by Dr. Gross. Most of these operations were performed at The Cooper Hospital under the most thorough antiseptic and aseptic conditions. Several physicians of Camden have contributed to the list of surgical inventions. Dr. Dowling Benjamin has invented an obstetric forceps, manufactured by Snowden, of Philadelphia; an axis-traction instrument, uterine cervix Miscellaneous Interests. 283 "holders, plaster-of-Paris bandage roller, and an improvement on Day's extension splint ; Dr. J. S. Baer has invented tissue- forceps, an aseptic obstetric case and a bivalve speculum. This latter instrument is made by Gemrig, of Philadelphia, and contains a ratchet attachment and a French lock, in place of the ordinary screw, that admits of its separation for aseptic purposes. Dr. Joseph H. Wills has invented a needle-forceps, and an ether-bottle which is used in the Pennsylvania Hos- pital. I. DEATHS OF PROMINENT PHYSICIANS. [1894.] Joseph F. Garrison, M.D., D.D., died in Camden, January 30, 1894. Dr. Garrison was graduated from Princeton College in 1842, from the University of Pennsylvania in 1845 and began the practice of medicine at Swedesboro, where his father, Dr. Charles Garrison, had practiced many years. In 1855, Dr. Garrison abandoned the profession of medicine and was ordained a minister in the Episcopal Church. During the year, he was installed as rector of St. Paul's Church, Camden, where he remained until 1884, a period of twenty-nine years, when he resigned to accept the chair of Canon Law in the Philadelphia Divinity School. During the period of his rectorship, he was elected an honorary member of the Camden County Medical Society, in which he kept an active interest. Dr. Garrison was an acknowledged authority in church and masonic history. Dr. Jesse J. Wills died in Camden, May 20, 1894. Dr. Wills was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1884, opened an office in Camden and became a member of the City Medical Society in 1885 and of the County Medical Society in 1886. J. THE COOPER MEDICAL CLUB. [i894-'95.] The Cooper Medical Club was organized January 13, 1894, by the attending staff of The Cooper Hospital, for the purpose of perpetuating the name of Dr. Richard M. Cooper, and of cultivating the professional and social interests of its members. The membership of the club is limited to those physicians who have been, are now, or who 284 History Medical Profession Camden County. may hereafter be, officially connected with The Cooper Hospital. The first meeting of the club was held March 27, 1894, at which a banquet was served and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, William A. Davis, Dowling Benjamin, O. B. Gross, Daniel Strock, Joseph H. Wills, George T, Robinson, D. P. Pancoast, J. F. Walsh, Harry Jarrett, B. W. MacFarland, G. Hudson McCuen, E. A. Y. Schellenger, William Martin, J. C. Farrar, J. H. Frick, S. F. Ashcraft, F. W. Marcy,. J. L. Nicholson, P. M. Mecray and E. L. B. Godfrey became members. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected president ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, vice-president ; Dr. Harry Jarrett, secretary, and Dr. F. W. Marcy, treasurer. The annual meeting and banquet of the club was held at Rudolph's Cafe, February, 1895. Dr. A. M. Mecray was elected president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, vice-president ; Dr. E. A. Y, Schellenger, secretary; Dr. O. B. Gross, treasurer, and Doctors Paul M. Mecray, J. L. Nicholson, J. D. Farrar, D. Benjamin and G. Hudson McCuen, members of the executive committee. K. COLLEGE AFFILIATIONS OF PHYSICIANS. One hundred and ninety-six physicians have been identified with the medical profession of Camden county since its organi- zation. Of this number, forty-six have taken degrees in the arts, sciences or philosophy, or have pursued partial or special courses at scientific or literary colleges. Twenty were graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and twenty-six were either graduated, took a partial course or received honor- ary degrees from the following institutions : Three from Buck- nell University ; two each from Princeton, University of Penn- sylvania, Lafayette, Swathmore and Philadelphia High School ; one each from Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, Cornell, Dicken- son, Haverford, Lebanon, Peddie Institute, Rutgers, U. S. Naval Academy, Waterville, Williams and Yale. Twenty medical institutions are represented by alumni among the physicians of the county, past and present. Seventy- seven practitioners were graduated from Jefferson College; sixty- three from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- Miscellaneous Interests. 285 vania ; twenty-seven from Hahnemann College* ; four from Penn Medical University ; three from Pennsylvania Medical College ; two each from the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia and the University of New York ; one each from Chicago Medical College, Cleveland Medical College, College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, Dartmouth Medical College, Eclectic College of Philadelphia, Georgetown Medical College, McGill University, New York Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital for Women, Philadelphia College of Medicine, Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, University of Maryland and Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. The veterinarians of Camden county are graduates of the following institutions : Eight from the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania; four from the American Veterinary College of New York and one each from Veterinary College of Philadelphia, the Ontario Veterinary College and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London. The dentists of Camden county are graduates of dental colleges and are registered under the State Board of Examina- tion and Registration in Dentistry. In closing this review of the medical profession of Camden county, the high honor the profession has reflected on the county and the incalculable benefit it has rendered its citizens are clearly obvious. Erected near the close of the first half of the present century, the county required but few active medical practitioners at that time, because of its comparatively sparse population. The Medical Society of New Jersey then governed medical practice throughout the State and its diploma alone gave legal standing to the physician and surgeon. With the beginning of the latter half of the century, the licensure of the society was practically abrogated by legislative enactment, and equal rights and privileges in medical practice were ac- corded to the graduates of all legally incorporated medical * The Hahnemann Medical College was consolidated with the Homoeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia, in 1869 (Scharf and Westcott's History of Philadelphia) and the graduates of the latter college are classed with those of the former. 286 History Medical Profession Camden County. colleges. The number of physicians steadily multiplied and, in consequence of this and the proximity of Camden county to the medical schools of Philadelphia, the profession has always kept abreast of the great advance in medical thought. From the discovery of anaesthetics, in the year of the organization of the Camden County Medical Society, to the adoption of the latest methods of aseptic and antiseptic medical practice and the recent claims of serum-therapy, there has not been a discovery in medical science, which in any degree mitigates the pangs of disease, that has not been adopted by the medical profession of Camden county. In the International Medical Congress, the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Medicine, the Medical Society of New Jersey, the New Jersey Sanitary Association, the New Jersey State Boards of Health and Medical Examiners, the New Jersey Historical Society, the Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey, The Cooper Hospital, the Camden County Insane Asylum and Hospital and the Camden City Dispensary, the profession has rendered distinguished service. Not alone in strictly profes- sional work have Camden county physicians brought character and reputation to the profession and honor and fame to the county, but in the domain of politics, literature, education and in the military service of both State and Nation, they have enriched the sum of human endeavor. In politics, the profes- sion has furnished a candidate for Vice-president of the United States, members of the State Legislature and county and municipal officials ; in literature, it has provided a State his- torian, local historians, a poet and novelist, a dramatist and a musical composer and numerous writers on scientific and medical subjects; in educational matters, it has furnished professors and lecturers in four of the most prominent medical colleges of Philadelphia, in the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, and members of the educational boards of the state, city and county ; in the military service it has furnished medical officers for the United States Army and Navy, the Marine Hospital Service and the National Guard of the State. The homoeopathic physicians of Camden county have rendered honorable and efficient service to the county and the The Closing Review. 287 principles in medicine for which they contend. They have been closely identified with the World's Congress of Homoeo- pathic Physicians, the American Institute of Homoeopathy, and the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia ; while the organization of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society, the incorporation of the New Jersey State Homoeo- pathic Medical Society and the founding of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary were largely effected through their efforts. They have furnished members of the City Council of Camden and the Camden Boards of Health and of Education, and have liberally contributed to the literature of their professional creed. The kindred professions of dentistry and pharmacy have won honorable recognition in both state and county; the former, through the New Jersey State Dental Society, and the latter, through the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the New Jersey State Board of Pharmacy and the New Jersey Pharma- ceutical Society. In estimating the good accomplished by the rapid strides of medical science and the wide diffusion of medical and sanitary knowledge, a large share of credit for the great advance made in the physical welfare of the citizens of Camden county, and the establishment of her charitable institutions, must be accorded to the medical profession of the county. Index. K PAGE Abbott, Benjamin, 208 Abels, William , 130 Academy : Exeter, 227 U. vS. Naval 108 West Jersey,.... 108 Achuff, Dr. J. Newton,... 88, 91, 93, 99 Ackley, Dr. Henry, 52, 54, 60, 82, 103 Act, Conscription , 76 Adams, Charles F., 207 Aikman, John, 102 Albertson , Josiah , 208 Albright, Charles, 209 Alexander, Mrs. H., 102 Allen, Elizabeth, 142 Allen, Dr. Harrison, 74 Allen, Dr. S. E-, 100 Allen, William H., 217 Allis, Dr. Oscar H., 157 Almshouse, Camden County, 158, 168, 180, 193, 207 Amputations, 257 Hip-joint, 282 Knee-joint, 282 Shoulder-joint, 282 Andrews, Dr. John R., 8, 29, 43, 66 Andrews, Dr. Purnell W., 84, 100, 117, 210, 273 Andrews, Mrs. Purnell W., 210 Anthony, W. E., 275 Antitoxin 143 Apprentices, Medical, 3, 4, 21, 24 Appropriations, Camden City Council, 92, 107, 129, 130, 151, 185, 204, 211, 231, 273 Archer, Benjamin F., 68, 95, 217 Archer, Mrs. George F., 102 Armstrong, E. Ambler, 103, 210, 212, 217 Armstrong, Dr. James A., 25. 39. 79. !32, 134. 146, 178, 225 Army, United States, 27, 67 Medical Department of, 69,71, 78, 88 Artery, Ligation of Femoral, 239 Artz, Dr. Jerome L., 99, 101, 117,119, 208, 252, 281 Ashcraft, Dr. S. F., 214, 259, 284 Association : page Alumni and Alumnse, N. J. Train- ing School, 265 American Medical, 23, 24, 35, 49, 62, 63, 158, 276 Members of, 24, 276 American Medical Colleges, 35, 159 Camden Day Nursery, 266 Camden Druggists, 180 Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, 209 Camden Literary and Library,.... 122 Military Surgeons of U. S., 220 N. J. Pharmaceutical, 123 N. J. Sanitary, 139, 147, 173, 200, 247 Members of, 140 Officers of, 140, 249 N.J. Veterinary, 222 North Ward Bounty, 89, 92 W.J. Dental, 118 W. J. Homoeopathic Dispensary and Hospital 272 Young Men's Christian 176 Asylum, Camden County Insane, 136, 207, 262 Atkinson , J. Earl , 1 02 Atkinson, Thomas B., 102 Atkinson, Dr. William B., 63, 248 Austin, Dr. John H., 56, 82, 99, 100, 120, 122 Ayer, F. W., 187, 217, 268 Ayer, Mrs. F. W 102 B Bacillus : Comma, 192, 234 Diphtherias, 252 Tuberculosis, 252 Typhosus, 213 Baer, Dr. B. F 154 Baer, Dr. J. S., 144, 230, 239, 242, 262, 263, 277, 279, 282, 283 Baer, Mrs. J. S., 277 Bailey, Dr. George W., 142 Bailey, Mrs. J. C, 267 Bailey, Mrs. S. G., 269 19 290 History Medical Profession Camde?i Cotmty. PAGE Bailey, Dr. Wilson G., 219, 232, 234, 241, 242, 256, 270 Baird, Mrs. David, 277 Baker, Dr. Charles A., 108 Baldwin, Dr. A. K 256 Baldwin, Kate A., 263 Balear, Dr. Ezra, 6 Baltz, Lilly T., 214 Bancroft, Dr. E. R., 100 Bancroft, Margaret, 278 Banes, Dr. S. T., 146, 217 Barrows, Dr. George, 8, 45 Bartholomew, Dr. G. W., 34, 50 Bartine, Dr. D. H., 79, 96, 106, 119, 251 Beale, Dr. Philip W., 39, 98, 119, 144, 158, 170, 175, 176, 178, 180, 206, 279 Belden, Dr. O. S., 72 Bell, Ezra, C, 170, 208 Benjamin, Dr. Dowling, 56, 120, 136, 140, 144, 153, 158, 159, 171, 174, 177, 180, 187, 195, 198, 199, 200, 202, 213, 220, 222, 228, 230, 245, 248, 259, 260, 266, 277, 282, 284 Benjamin, Mrs. Dowling, 267 Bennett, B. W., 209 Bennett, Dr. John K., 178, 197, 209, 251 Bennett, Volney G., 217 Bergen, Hon. C. A 230,261 Bergen, Mrs. S. D., 269 Beringer, George M., 45 Bettle, Edward, 103, 262 Bettle, William, 142,217 Bingham, Rudolphus, 97, 129, 141, 151, 213, 258, 262 Birdsell, Rudolph W, 187, 228, 230 Birdsell, Dr. Sylvester, 32, 40, 44, 52, 54, 56, 66, 83, 97, 182 Bishop, Seth W...... 208 Bishop, Dr. William S., 28, 81, 91, 93 104 Blackwood, Dr. Benjamin W. , 8, 15, 34, 43 Blackwood, Dr. John, 5 Blackwood Dr. Thomas R., 99, 100, 117, 119, 175, 211, 273 Blake, Dr. Duncan W. Sr.. 39. 78, 83, 134, 208, 233. 239, 245, 246, 250, 279 Blake, Dr. Duncan W. Jr., 255 Blanc, Dr. William 118 Bloomfield, Dr. Samuel, 5 Board. U.S. Pension, 177 Boker, William H., 170 Bonsall, Henry L,., 66, 140 Bonwill, Dr. Howard G., 223 Borden, Carolyn A., 262 Borton, George D., 56, 123, 180, 223 PAGE Bottomley, John T., 103 Bottomley, Mrs. John T., 102 Boughman, Dr. George W.....H3, 193 Bourke, Rachel 215, 259 Bourquin, Frederick, 122, 140 Bowden, Charles F., 146 Bower, Dr. Elmer E., u& Bowyer, Charles P., 210 Brace, Rev. F. R., 25, 140, 174, 200 Brackett, Prof. C. F., 148, 169 Braddock, Charles S., 45 Braddock, William H., 175, 180 Braker, Benjamin F., 66 Branin, Dr Henry E., 57. 58, 63, 64, 98, 119, 136, 140, 158, 169, 181, 262, 277 Bray, Dr. W. S., 232, 233 Braymer, Dr Orange W., 103, 119, 120, 144, 191, 219, 223, 229, 235, 237, 238, 262, 263, 270, 277, 282 Brewer , George , 208 Brick, P. C, 102 Bridges, 164 Brigade : First Brigade, N. J. V., 6S Second Brigade, N. J. V., 69 N J. Brigade, 67, 68 Brooks, Sarah, 100 Brooks, Mrs. William H 266 Brown, Albert P., 45, 124, 146, 180 Brown, Dr. L,. W., 100 Browning, Benjamin H., 102 Browning, G. Genge, 146 Browning, Maurice, 103, 129, 151, 187, 22S Bryant, Dr. J. Kemper, 83, 101, 210 Buckwalter, Geoffrey, 187, 217 Budd, Hiram E., 170 Bunting, DauraB., 215, 261 Burdsall, Frank H., 187, 249, 268, 272, 273 Burdsall, M. G 20S Burling, Col. George C, 73 Burlington , 1 Burn s , Elizabeth , 255 Bushey, Dr. S. G., 234, 241, 250, 255, 279 Butcher, Mrs. Elizabeth 103 Butler, Catharine, 215 Buttner, Margaret, 255 C Camden, City of, 9, 10, 37, 38, 44, 53. 54. 55. 62, 109, 122, 125, 250 Campbell, John, Jr 210 Campbell, Mrs. John, Jr., 210 Campion, Anna Cooper, 215 Carles, Dr. Samuel, 43, 57, 66 Carll, Mrs. Elmer J., 268 Index. 291 PAGE Carman, D. Cooper, 203 Carpenter, Thomas P., 91, 102 Carrow, Howard, 103, 265 Carson, J. R., 277 Carter, Hannah F., 142 Casperson, Dr. Robert, 190, 197, 230 Cattell, Alexander G., 217 Cattell, Elijah G., 102 Census, Medical of Camden County, 15. 33. I", 113, 154, 163, 165, 240 Censors, N. J. State Medical, 21 Centennial , The, 144 Chamberlain, Mrs. W. H., 210 Chambers, David M., 67, 103, 152, 187, 213, 217, 228, 258 Chambre, Rev. A. St. John, 71 Chew, Dr. Ezekiel C, 8, 32 Chew, Dr. Henry F.,...8o, 96, 118, 120 Children, Camden Home for Friendless, 102, 262 Cholera, 25, 43, 46, 52, 86, 87, 94, no, 139, 192, 234 Christine, Dr. William B., 119, 281 Church, St. Paul's P. E-, 8, 106 Clark, Dr. C. F., 6, 149 Clawson, Dr. J. E., 153 Clement, Dr. Evan, 5 Clement, Maria M., 143 Clement, Mrs. William E-, 267 Clinics, Medical, 130, 186, 273 Club, Cooper Medical, 283 Coates, Dr. Reynell, 38, 66, 88, 109, 119, 122, 225 Cochran , Samuel , 45 Cceliotomy, 242 Coffin, E. W., 209 Cohen, Dr. J. Solis, 157 Cohen, Dr. Nathan A 118, 280 Cohn, E. N., 210, 217 Coles, Dr. Abram, 86 Coles, George W., 210 Coles, J. Stokes, 170, 206 Coles, S. T., 208 Coles, W. D., 208 College : Allegheny, 225, 238 Amherst, 62 Dickinson , 223 Lafayette , 1 96 Lebanon, 223 Princeton , 1 08 , 253 Rutgers 16, 200 Swarthmore, 175, 233, 240 Waterville, 131 Williams, 88 Yale, 34 Colleges : Literary, 284 Medical , 99 , 284 Veterinary , 2 84 Collins, Mrs. Annie H., 263 Collins, Dr. William T., 80, 119, 123, 217, 223, 239 Collins, Mrs. William T., 278 Comfort, Dr. J. J., 93.94. 13 6 Commission, State Health, 127, 139 Commission, State Sanitary,.... 95, 139 Company, West Jersey Title, 228 Congress : Fifth International Medical, 138, 144 Homoeopathic Medical, 145 Ninth International Medical, 215 Pan-American Medical , 275 Connell, Mary L., 263 Consumption, 60, 190, 194, 252 Convention , Geneva, 78 Cooper, Alexander,... 141, 212, 213, 258 Cooper, Dr. Clark J.,. 98, 100, 117, 120 Cooper, David E. , 142 Cooper, Elizabeth B., 141, 212 Cooper, Esther L-, 129 Cooper, Howard M., 142, 217, 228 Cooper, Dr. Isaac, 100 Cooper, John , 142 Cooper, Joseph B., 107, 129, 141, 151, 152, 187, 188, 213, 228, 258 Cooper, Joseph W. , 107 Cooper, Mrs. Lucy S., 142 Cooper, Rachel , 229. Cooper, Dr. Richard M. , 8, 11, 16, 17, 18, 24, 30, 31, 40, 46,. 52, 58, 85, 91, 95, 107, 112, 115, 126,. 129, 139, 141, 276 Cooper, Richard M., 258 Cooper, Sarah W 141, 214 Cooper, William B.,... 152, 188, 213, 258 Cooper, William D., 141 Cooper, Col. William H., 121, 177 Cooper, William J. , 142 Cooper, Mrs. W. Haco, 268 Coroners, Camden County,... 39, 56, 280 Corps, Hospital and Ambulance, 70, 78, 270 Costello, T. K., 208 Council, Camden City, 166, 167, 171, 172, 188, 203 Officers and Members,... 178, 211, 280 Countryman , Jane, 255 County, Atlantic, 2, 58 County, Camden, 2, 9 County, Old Gloucester, 1, 2 Cowan, N. F., 103, 146 Cowperthwaite, S. S. E., 210 Cow-pox, 173 Cox, Harry B., 221 Cox, Jean M., 279 Cox, John T , 272 Coxe, Dr. Daniel, 2, 3 Coxe, Col. Daniel, 98 2g: History Medical Professioii Camden County. PAGE Craig, Dr John, 5 Cross, The Red, 78 Cullen, Dr. Thomas F., 32, 34, 40, 44, 53, 59, 63, 68, 87, 91, 92, 98, 115, 129, 141, 150, 213, 276 Culver, T. B., 272 Culver, Mrs. T. B., 267 Curtis, George W. N., 102 Cystotomy, 214, 242, 282 D Daland, Dr. Judson, 237 Danenhower, George R., 272, 277 Dare, Mrs. M. S., 215 Davis, Dr. H. H., 39, 56, 98, 103, 120, 143, 144. I5i» 154, 155, 178, 187, 190, 217, 228, 230, 238 Davis, Dr. Nehemiah, 175, 189, 223, 233, 239 Davis, Dr. William A., 98, 132, 140, 144, 152, 153, 176, 187, 189, 197, 202, 213, 217, 222, 228, 230, 232, 245, 248, 259, 260, 267, 277, 284 Davis, Mrs. William A., 267 Dayton, A. O 245 Dayton, William C, 187 Dean, Dr. Richard C, 34, 50, 56, 81 Death-rate : Camden , 247 Camden County, 252 New Jersey, 247 DeBaun, Dr Edwin 256 DeGrofft, Dr. E E-, 119, 179, 232, 235, 243, 263, 270 DeLaCour, Joseph C, 56, 92, 102, 107, 122, 124 DeLaCour, Joseph L-, 124, 146, 180 Delaplaine, Frank B., 249 Delegates, Permanent, 240, 244 Delinquent Patients, 40, 89 Dentists, Camden County, 118, 285 Dentistry, N.J. State Board of, 118 Depuy, Watson, 217 Derousse, Jennie H., 262 Derousse, Louis T., 103, 140, 146, 169, 174, 217 Diarrhoea, 25 2 Diarrhoea, Kensington, 61 Diphtheria, 135, 143, 155, 192, 250, 252 Diploma, N. J. State Medical Society, 85 Directory, Camden Nurse, 265 Dispensary, City, 54 Dispensary, Camden City, 41, 87, 89, 107, 129, 151, 166, 185, 228 Dissection, The First 235 Districts, Medical, 21, 186 Dobbins, Mrs. George, 210 Dobson, Dr. A T.,....i52, 158, 239, 241 Donges, Dr Clarence B., ...232, 255, 279 PAGE Donges, Dr. John W., 80, 119, 130, 143, 151, 154, 166, 167, 178, 189, 204, 217, 249, 277 Doron, Dr. John G., 103, 176, 223, 230, 240, 243, 262 Dougherty, Caroline T., 256 Doughty, Clara M , 278 Downs, Mrs. E. A , 267 Drowning, Resuscitation of the, — 132 Druggists, Camden, 44, 97> 143. J 74, 180 DuBois, Dr. William G. ,....101, 117, 175 Dudley, Edward 217 Duffield, Dr. J. E., 118 Dunham, Mrs. Charles S., 266 Dunmire, Annie T., 215 Dysentery, 41, 52, 54, 113 Eastlack, J. R., 217 Eaton, Dr. Frederick M., 101, 117, 224, 273, 278 Eclectics, 113 Education, Camden Board of, 56, 83, 97, 126, 280 Education, N. J. State Board of 126 Education, Medical, 21, 23, 35, 36, 159, 198 Educational Interests, 55> 56, 83, 97, 122, 144 Edwards, Dr. Joseph F., 248 Edwards, Dr. Joseph G., 100 Elector, Presidential, 223 EUisburg, ...52 Elmer, Dr. William, 58 Elverson, Mrs Joseph, 102 Empyema, 194, 197 Enactments, Medical,. ..35, 41, 162, 221 Epidemics, 25, 43, 46, 51, 52, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 87, 94, no, 112, 114, 122, 135, 139, 143, 155. 165, 192, 271 Erdman, Mrs. Daniel, 277 Essayists, Medical, 59, 60, 86, 139, 198, 200, 243 Ether-bottle, Will's, 283 Ethics, Code of, 16, 23, 40, 100, no, 192 Evans, Hettie G., 142 Evans, Joseph G., 206 Evans, Lottie M., 260 Evans, William J., 142 Examinations, Medical, 24, 29, 35, 42, 160 Examination, Post-mortem, 88, 89 Examiners, N. J. State Board of Medical, 160, 198, 200, 238, 253 Experts, Medical, 115, 156 Eyre, Mary E., 142 Index. 293 Fair, The Sanitary, 78 Fallon, Irene T., 215 Farnham, Mrs. L. E-, 267 Farr, Edward L-, 142 Farrar, Dr. J. C, 284 Farrell, John, 217 Fee-bill, 16 Fees : Censors, 16 Diploma, 19 Emergency , 32 Licentiate, 34 Obstetric, 62, 88, 109 Professional , 62 , 109 Fellows, N. J. State Medical Society, 31.47 Felton, Mrs. George G.,...: 102 Felton, Mrs. May I., 267 Fevers : Intermittent, 41, 65, 112 Malarial, 51, 64, 135 Remitting, 33, 41, 254 Scarlet, 112, 155, 249, 254 Spotted, 62, 65 Typhoid, 41, 135, 193, 246, 249, 252, 254 Typhus, 155, 168, 180, 193 Yellow, 41, 51, 131 Few Smith, Eliza L., 102 Fines, 92 Finlaw, Mrs. George, 267 Fish, Mrs. Israel, 267 Fisler, Dr. Lorenzo F., 6, 13, 17, 19, 25, 38, 40, 54, 78, 87, 91, 94, 124, 178 Fithiau, Dr. Joel W., 123, 233, 240, 279 Fithian, Dr. Joseph, 6 Fitzwater, Sarah, 102 Forceps : Baer 's 283 Benjamin's Obstetrical, 195, 283 Obstetric, 116 Will's, 283 Formad, Dr. Henry F., 169 Fortiner, Dr. B. E 118 Fortiner, Dr. George R. , 98, 99, 101, 117, 144, 146, 205, 220, 223, 249, 250 Fortiner, H. S., 146, 220 Fortiner, Dr. Ida, 99. 117, 144 Fortiner, Mrs. Linda L 263 Foster, Dr. J. J., 56 Fox, J. B 187 Fox, Mattie A., 263, 265 Francis, Henry B., 140, 248, 250 Freeman, Mrs. Alfred S., 273 French, Margaret B., 142 Frick, Dr. J. Howard, 230, 233, 263, 277, 279, 284 Fricke, Ida, 263 Friends, Society of, 2, 13, 142 Fry, Mrs. George E., 278 Gamble, William H., 114 Garbage, Collection of, .....201, 205 Gardiner, Dr. D. E., 100 Gardiner, Dr. D. R., 100 Gardiner, Dr. J. W., 175 Gardiner, Dr. Richard, 100 Gardiner, Dr. William G., 101 Garrison, Dr. Charles G ,...120,155,261 Garrison, Dr. H. C, 101, 278 Garrison, Dr. Joseph F., 57, 68, 89, 93, 120, 283 Garrison, Samuel B., 87, 89 Gauntt, Dr. Franklin,. ..77, 114, 169,242 Gausler, Mrs. A. E., 268 Gelston, Dr. William H., 118 George, Dr James A., 101, 117, 252 George, Dr. John Oliver, 221 Gibbon, Dr. Quinton, 76 Gibson, Charlotte S., 215 Gifford, T. I., 275 Gill, John, 142, 169 Gilmore, Mary, 255 Gloucester City, 2, 155, 157 Gloucester, Medical Profession of Old, 2, 8, 10 Glover, Elisha V., T02 Glover, Mrs. George, 102 Glover, Dr. Lawrence L-, 121, 194, i95> 22 3 Godfrey, Dr. E. L. B., 120, 130, 132, 134, 140, 144, 146, I47> 156, 161, 167, 173, 177, 186, 191, 194, 200, 201, 213, 215, 219, 220, 222, 228, 230, 238, 243, 247, 256, 259, 260, 270, 276, 277, 282, 284 Godfrey, Mrs. E. L. B., 217, 266 Goitre, Removal of, 242 Goldsmith, Martin, 82, 98, 124 Goldy, Leander, W., 272 Goldy, Mrs. Leander W., 102, 273 Goodell, Dr. William, 114 Gourley, Mrs. John, 277 Graff, William, 208 Graffen, Harris 210 Graham, John R., 102 Graw, Rev. Dr. J. B., 263 Green, Dr. C. M., 154, 155 Green , Priscilla, 255 Grey, Samuel H., 67, 103, 187, 217, 230, 267 Grey, Mrs. Samuel H., 102 Grey, W. H., .-. 209 Grier, Dr. Lawrence R 256 Griffith, Dr. Anna, E., 99, 100, 117, 123, 210, 273 294 History Medical Professio?i Camden Coimty. PAGE Grigg, Dr. Jacob, 32 Griscom, Sarah C., 143 Gross, Dr. O. B., 120, 131, 132, 136, 137, 144, 147, 151, 172, 178, ii>8, 189, 194, 213, 217, 222, 228, 230, 242, 259, 260, 277, 282, 284 Gross, Dr. S. D., in Groves, William, 210 Grubb, Mrs. John R., 210 Grumbrecht, Dr. Oscar L,., 101, 255, 273, 281 Guard, N. J. National. 67. 96, 97, 121, 177, 269, 276 Gumby, Mary A., 255 Gunter, Dr. Guilford, 175, 196 Gynecology 134, 222, 273 H Haberstroh, Mrs. Carrie, 260 Haberstroh, Jessie F., 260 Hackett. Mrs. Josiah S., 268 Haddonfield, 2, 11, 12 Hahnemann, Dr. Samuel, 99 Haines, Caroline S., 142 Haines, J. M 209 Haines, Dr. Rowland I., 98, 119, 143, 233, 255, 281 Haines, Susan S., 142 Haines, William, 209 Haley, Dr. John J., 177, 240, 251 Hall, Mrs. M. W., 210 Halsey, Dr. L. M., 242 Hamilton, Dr. William A., T53, 156 Hammoni, George F., 204, 249 Hampton , Jobn , 209 Haney, Dr. John R., 108, 113, 122, 123, 157, 226 Hanford, H. B., 103 Hanford, Mrs. H. B 268 Hare, Dr. Hobart A., 239 Harned, John F., 122 Harned, Thomas B., 267 Harned, Mrs. Thomas B., 267 Harris, Dr. Jacob, 5 Harris, Dr. Samuel, 4, 7 Harris, Mrs. Thomas H., 267 Hatton, Dr. Louis, 83 Hayes, J. Henry, 217 Health, Boards of: Camden City, 158, 171, 188, 202, 249 Gloucester City 171, 250 Haddonfield , 25 1 Merchantville, 171, 251 Centre Township 171, 251 Delaware Town ship. 171,251 Gloucester Township, 171, 252 Haddon Township, 171, 251 Pensaukin Township, 252 Stockton Township, 171, 252 Waterford Township, 252 PAGE Health Boards of: Winslow Township, 171, 252 Health, N. J. State Board of, 147, 165, 169, 170, 172, 203, 205, 249 Hendry, Dr. Bowman, 6, 7, 55 Hendry, Dr. Bowman, 2d., 12, 19, 30, 63, 73, 77, 87, 91, 104 Hendry, Dr. Bowman, 3d, 73, 77 Hendry, Dr. Charles D., 8, 11, 17, 24, 32, 34, 104, 276 Hendry, Dr. Thomas 5, 6 Henry, Dr. George W., 39, 119, 174, 180, 189, 195, 230, 279 Hernia, 60 Heulings, Dr. I. W., in, 114, 158 Heyl, Amanda, 269 Heyl, Charles H., 220 Hillman, Abel, 170 Hillman, Alfred, 170 Hinson, Dr. Jacob M., 101, 117, 273 Hirst, Dr. Levi B., 119, 120, 177, 223, 232, 257, 281 Hirst, Mrs. P. W., 267 Historian : City Medical Society, 232 County Medical Society, 196 History of Camden, Fisler's, 54 History of Camden City Dispensary, Taylor's, 229 History, Camden County Med. Society, Cooper's, 112 History, Camden County Med. Society, Stevenson's, 7, 193, 194 History, Cooper Hospital, Voorhees, 141 History of New Jersey, Mulford's, 25 Hoell, Dr. Conrad G., 98, 119, 153, 158, 223 Hoffecker, G. S. 175 Hogan, C. M., 210 Holl, George, 217 Hollingshed, Charles, 210 Hollingshed, Mrs. Charles, ....102, 210 Hollingshed, Mrs Harry, 273 Hollingshed , Thomas , 2 78 Holloway, Kathleen, 264 Holmes, Mrs. Eva M., 266 Home, Methodist Episcopal, 277 Homoeopathy, 33, 34, 43, 50, 99, «3i n 7, 165, 286 Homoeopathy, American Institute of, 23, 43, 99, 100, 101 Hood, Col. John, 267 Hood , Hannah, 267 Hoover, Dr. Francis, 6, 8 Horner, Frank , 208 Horner, John , 170 Horning, Dr. Frank L-, 230, 238 Horley, H. M 250 Hospital : Beverly, U. S. A., 77 Index. >95 PAGE Hospital : Camden County, 169 Camden Homoeopathic, 185, 208 The Cooper, 129, 141, 211, 236, 238, 24I, 242, 257, 282, 283 Women and Children, 238 Military, 78 Mower, U. S. A., 79, 92 Municipal, 204 Orthopedic, 189 Pennsylvania, 189 Philadelphia, 1 95 , 236 Presbyterian , 132 Rhode Island, 132 Satterlee, U. S. A., 79, 80 Small-pox, 122, 166 St. Christopher's, 195 St. Joseph's 106 St. Luke's, 233 St. Mary's, 226 W. J. Homoeopathic, 272 U. S. Marine 132 Howard, Dr. E. M., 99, 101, 117, 140, 144, 176, 210, 222, 267, 273 Howard, Mrs. E- M., 210, 267 Howell, Dr. Benjamin P., 6, 76 Howell, Dr. Mary Anna, 255 House, Perseverance Hose, 90, 92 Hufty, Col. S. C, 146 Hugg, Dr. I. N., 80, 106 Hunt, Dr. Ezra M., 95, 139. 147. 166, 169 Hunt, Dr. Henry F., 83. 98, 99, 100, 117, 145, 210, 248 Hunt, Mrs. Henry F., 210 Hunt, Dr. Willis H., 117, 120, 144, 273 Hunter, Dr. James 242 Hurff, Dr. Joseph E., 119, 170, 171, 175, 181, 193, 206, 246, 252 Hurff, Mrs. A. D., 267 Huston, Jessie E. , 264 Hutchingson, John, 208 Hutton, Arabella B., 215 Hydrophobia, 52 Hygiene : Section of, 197 Thermometry of, 202 Hypodermics, 93 Hysterectomy , 214, 282 I 111, Dr. E. J., 244, 276 Ingersoll, Dr. D. B., 161 Inoculation , 4 Inspector : City Sanitary, 204, 250 Meat, 250 PAGE Inspector : Medical, N. G. N. J., 270 Nuisance, 250 Plumbing, 204, 250 State Sanitary, 172 Institute : . Peddie, 132 Philotechnic, 97 South Jersey, 233 Insurrection, Whiskey, 7 Internes, Hospital , 256 Intestines, Exsections of, 282 Inventions, Surgical,.... 195, 282 Ireland, Dr. William H., 108, 113, 123, 130, 147, 193, 229, 230, 277, 279 Ironside, Dr. Allen S., 101, 224, 273 Irwin, Dr. A., 118 Irwin, Dr. Samuel B., 25, 132, 135 Iszard, Dr. William H., 39, 80, 119, 133, 137, 140, 147, 154, 196, 229, 246, 279 Ivins, Mahlon F., 205, 249, 275 Ivins, Mrs. M. F., 210 J Jackson, Major E. J., 97 Jackson, Mrs. Hannah, 267 Jackson, John H. , 206 Jail , Camden , 207 Jarrett, Dr. Harry, 98, 120, 213, 238, 259, 279, 284 Jefferies, Mrs. Carrie, 267 Jenkins, Wilson H., 267 Jenkins, Mrs. Wilson H., 267 Jenner, Dr. Edward, 167 Jennings, Anna E-, 255 Jennings, E. Fayetta, 102, 210, 273 Jennings, Dr. Charles H., 99, 239, 279 Jennings, Dr. Napoleon B., 51, 57. 64, 99. ii4. 120, 225, 277 Jennings, Dr. W. B., 209, 234, 246, 251, 279 Jessup, Dr. John J., 17, 27, 45 Jewett, H. M., 208 Johnson, Mrs. John W., 267 Johnson, Mary L., 215 Johnston, Col. John R. 235 Joline, C. V. D., 264, 265 Joline, Mrs. C. V. D., 102 Jones, Mrs. Harry L., 267- Jones, Dr. George H., 175 Jones, Dr. William S., 147, 178, 189, 195, 223, 230 Jurisprudence, Medical,... 116, 155, 156 Justice, Richard S.,....56, 144, 180, 278 K Kaighn , Cornelia S. , 255 Kaighn, W. M 275 Kain, C. Henry, 140, 146 >g6 History Medical Profession Camden Coitnty. Kain, Dr. W. W.,„98, 232, 236, 237, 256 Kean, Dr. T. J., 221 Keen, Dr. W. W., 157, 279 Keilholtz, Estelle Noble, 264 Kelchner, Dr. William I., 119, 232, 236, 256 Kellum, Mrs. Luther V., 210, 273 Kemble, Elwood W., 130 Kensinger, Dr. William, 239,279 Ketchum, Mary E., 260 Keys, Harriett E., 263 Keyser, Dr. Peter D., 96, 192, 248 Kimble, Dessie , 215 Kimper, Mrs. AlliherE., 261, 265 King, Harriet M., 277 Kirk, Dr. Grant E. , 119, 232, 233, 255, 279,280 Kirkpatrick, Dr. Alexander, 100 Knerr, Mrs J. H., 267 Knight, Mrs. Harry, 267 Knight, Septimus, 203, 206 Knowlton, Mrs Charles H., 267 Knowlton, Dr. William W., 101, 117, 256, 274, 281 Kreh, Cornelia M., 264 Lacey, Dr. Henry A., 99, 255, 280 Lacey, Robert T., 272 La Grippe, 271 Lampson, Dr. Mortimer, 270 Landis, Dr. Edgar H., 221 Dane, D. F., 250 Lane, Dr. F. B., 256 Langendorf, D. G 210, 273, 275 Langendorf, Mrs. D. G, 2 to Laparotomy, 191, 214, 242, 257, 282 Laws .Dental , 118 Laws, Medical : ^665) 3, 4 1772) 4, 21, 160, 254 ;i783) 5 ;i786) 5 (1790) 5 ^1816) 6, 21, 254 ;i8i8) 6, 22 [1823) 31 [1830) 22, 28, 60 [1851) 20, 28,35 [1854) 20, 31, 34, 41, 43, 46, 49, 50, 59, 85, 160 '1864) 60, 85 1866) 43, 50,85, 170 1870) '. 117 1876) 146 1877) 147. 272 1878) 147 1879) 147 1880) 43, 156, 160, 162, 164, 250 1881) 164 Laws, Medical : (1882) 164 (1883) 160. 162, 164, 205 (1884) ' 117, 165 (1885) 146, 162 (1889).. 221 (1890) 160, 254 (1892) 255 (1894) 256 Laws : Midwifery, 255 Medico-Military, 269 Nurses, 261 Pharmaceutical, 124 Quarantine, 53 Sanitary, '. 202, 248 Veterin ary , 221 Lawson, Rev. Dr. A. G., 262, 264 Learning, Dr. Jonathan, 76 Leavitt, Dr. JohnF.,...i9i, 230, 277, 279 Leckner, Dr. John D., 39. 5 6 , 98, 101, 117, 120, 142, 144, 178, 203, 204, 2JCI, 249 Lectureships, Medical, 146, 182,222 Ledington, H. K., 209 Lee, Emmor H., 124, 143 Legacies : Alexander Cooper , 258 Elizabeth B. Cooper, 141, 185 Esther L. Cooper, 108, 129 Joseph B. Cooper, 188, 228 Rachel Cooper, 229 Dr. Richard M. Cooper, 108, 115, 128, 129, 133, 141 Sarah W. Cooper 141 William B. Cooper, 188 John Morgan, 152, 181, 185 Legion, Order of Loyal, 96, 145 Legislature, Members of, 280 Lehman, J. E., 123, 180 Lewis, Dr. Benjamin S., 119, 140, 178, 230, 232, 239, 241, 247, 248, 250, 278, 279 Lewis, Clara I., 264 Lewis. Mrs. George I., 267 Levis, S. Virginia 264 Librarian, City Medical Society,... 190 Libraries : R. M. Cooper Medical, 128 I. B. Mulford Medical 182 Medical Society of N. J., 199 Lippincott, Dr A. H, 98, 234, 235, 236, 242, 255, 279 Lippincott, Helen, 142 Literature, The Physician in,.. .86, 239 Litholapaxy , 242 , 282 Long, Dr. William S., 119, 195, 196, 206, 223 Longland, Mrs. R. R., 267 Lore, Mrs W. C, 267 Inde: 297 Love, Dr. J. H. H. ( 2 i 9 Lowe, Isaac L., I02 Lucas, John, "j,, Lummis, Dr. Dayton , 5 6 an Macfarland, Dr. B. W., 214 259 284 MacPherson, Frank S...... i 4 2 Maher, Dr. John J., 221 Malaria, 5I ^V """ '' Malin, Dr. H. H., ?..'.. .*[$ So Mann, Lucy C, 261 Marcy, Dr. Alexander, 59, 62, 65, 66, 83, 88, 91, 93, 98, 107, "3. 130, 134, 151, 185, 224, 233, 240, 246 Marcy, Dr. Frederick W., Marcy, Dr. John W., 242, 256, 259, 284 ™ 1 , .,, "' J 95- 223. 246, 251 Markley, Albert W., i 4I 213 Markley, Major Hamilton, ' 96 Marsh, Dr. F. J., 148, 245, 27s Marshall, Dr. J. C, 24s Marshall, Rev. Dr. J. W., 263 Martin, Dr. William, .....U^^g, 284 Martindale, Isaac C, 122, 146' 217 Martindale, Dr. Joseph W.,...'..2 5 7' 281 Masonry, 98> 9g> „ 4j I2Q Mayor of Camden, M , T . , IO > 38, 125, 250, 280 Mayhew, Lida, 277 Mead, William T., '.'" 2o i Mealy, Patrick, 2o 9 ,"25o Mecray, Dr. Alexander M., 56, 80, 88, 93, 94, 98, 99, 106, 107, 120, 122, 129, 131, 151, i 54) ^7, 213, 228, 230, 238, 259, 260, 279, 284 Mecray, Dr. Paul M., 257, 259, 284 Mehr, Col. John F., ......„.!. 245 Medicine, American Academy of, 14^ Meeteer, Mrs. Joseph C...... 210 273 Melcher, Dr. William P., J 3°i I3Ij 132, 134, 137, 2-?q Merchantville „.....„. Si Meredith, J. A., ' 2 o8 Michellon, Frank F., ^67 Michellon, James P., 167 Middleton, Dr. M. F., 56, 98, 99, 100, 117, 122, 144, 146, 178, 2IO 2^0 Middleton, Mrs. M. F., !.2io Midwives, 7 2 - 233, 242, 246, 279, 282 McCuen, Dr. G. Hudson, 284 McCullough, Dr. Joseph W., 79 ' II3, x 54> 158, 169, 180 McCully, A ....217 McGeorge, Dr. Emerson P., ior, 257 281 McGeorge, Dr. Wallace, 99, 100, 117, 119, 142, 274, 278, 281 McGill, Dr. E. K., ..101, 117 McGill, Dr. John D 218, 219, 269 McGrath , Dr. John M. , 96 McKeen, Col. Thomas, 68, 87,89, 107, 114, 129, 151, 152, 183 298 History Medical Profession Camden County. McKelway, Dr. A. J., 71-77, 224 McKensie, Dr. G. W., Jr., 257 N Narcotism, 116 Navy, U. S. 27,56,81 Navy, Medical Department, 55 Neall, Dr. D. W., 118 Neeley, Belle, 214 Nesbitt, Jennie, 267 Newell, Dr. William L.,----74, 255, 256 Newkirk, Matthew, 102 New Jersey : Colony of, 2, 4 Constitution of, 10 East and West, 2 Governor of, 47 State of, 2 Nichols, Clayton W., 272, 275 Nicholson, Dr. Joseph L., 103, 222, 232, 236, 259, 282, 284 Nicholson, Mrs. Joseph L. , 102 Nicholson, W. C, 208 Nixon, Mrs. M. E 267 Noel, Dr. J. R., 259 Northrop, Ida 267 Northrop, Mrs. S. E., 209, 266, 273 Nurses : Cooper Hospital Training School, 214 N.J. Training School, 103, 259 O Oakley, Dr. Lewis W., 97 Obstetrics, 62, 88, 109, 116, 133, 182 Odd Fellows, 59, 119 Ogden, Charles S , 270 Ogden, Charlotte A., 261, 265 Okie, Dr. R. B., 108, 113 Olcutt, Col. George P., 247 Operations, Major Surgical, 282 Orphanage, West Jersey,.. 142 Osborne, Dr. Joseph D., 219 Osmun, Dr. Milton M.....230, 257, 280 Osmun, Dr. W. F. H., 232 239, 279 Ossium, Fragilitas, 88 Otto, Dr. Bodo, 5 Ovariotomy, 190, 214, 282 Owen , James, 247 F= Palm, Dr. Howard F., 151, 154, 157, 175, 178. 186, 228, 230, 232, 238, 240, 277, 279 Pancoast, Dr. D. P., 79, 98, 108, no, 113, 123, 129, 131, J 36, 151, 180, 213, 277, 284 Pancoast, Dr. Joseph, in Parham, Dr. William, 8, 57 Parish, Dr. W. H., 260 Parker, Mrs. Anna, 278 Parker, Charlotte E., 215 Parker, J. Edgar 208 Parsons, Dr. R. H., 239 Party : Democratic 66 Free Soil, 39, 66 Native American, 38, 66 Republican, 39, 66 Whig, 66 Patterson, Lillian F., 262 Patton, Walter M., 272 Patton, Mrs. W. M., 210, 273 Peacock, Ada, 210 Peacock, Dr. Robert H., 101, 175 Pearson, Dr. Leonard, 221 Pechin, GeorgeJ 98, 278 Pedigree, Edward C, 206 Pedigree, Charles, 209 Pepper, Dr. William, 169, 193, 260, 274, 276 Perkins, Dr. C. W., 100 Pfeiffer, Dr. Frederick P., 80, 98, 106, 120, 167, 178 Pfeiffer, Dr. G. S. F., 45, 77, 100, 146, 176, 183, 222 Pharmacopcea, U. S 243 Pharmacy : College of, 284 N.J. State Board of, 124, 287 Phelan, Dr. Edward, 234, 236, 243, 255, 279 Phillips, Dr. E. K., 100 Phillips, T. J. W., 230, 266 Philosophy : Bachelor of, 132 Doctor of, 184, 238 Physician, County, 146 Pierson, Dr. William, Sr., 86 Pierson, Dr. William, Jr., 86 Piatt, Catherine, 261 Plumber, B...... 277 Pneumonia, 133 Politics, 9, 37. 55, 58. 61, 63, 65, 178, 2S0 Port, Collector of, 223 Portraits, Medical , 236 Potts, Robert B., 102 Poverty, Society for Relief of, 187 Powell, Mrs. Grace E., 260 Powell, Dr. William R., 98, 103, 120, 189, 223, 230, 239, 259, 262 Pratt, Dr William H., 103, 232, 236, 237, 256, 263 Pregnancy, Extra-uterine, 88, 113, 257, 282 Presley, Dr. Sophia, 142, 143, 175, 232, 236, 238, 277, 279 Prince, Mrs. Charles L-, 268, 273 Professorships, Medical, 183, 222 Index. 299 Pugh, Dr. J. Howard, 77 Pvothorax, 158 Q Quinby, Dr. I. N., 217 Quint, Dr. Silas, H., 101, 117, 120, 123, 136, 210, 217, 278 Quint, Mrs. Silas H., 210 F2 Railroads : Camden and Atlantic, 133. !37, 245. 282 Camden and Amboy, 282 Philadelphia and Atlantic City, 245 West Jersey, 138 Raughley, Dr. William C, 175 Read, Edmund E., 102 Read, E. E.,Jr., 140, 146, 187 Read, Joseph J., 91, 103 Read, Mrs. Joseph J., 102 Read, Mrs. W. T., 267 Reading, Dr. George E., 242 Record, Dr. E. J., 16, 34, 43 Red Bank, Battleof, 5 Reed, Dr. Boardman, 161, 245, 265 Reese, Dr. Eeolf, 209, 252, 281 Reeve, Augustus, 141, 142, 213, 258 Reeve, Benjamin C, 142, 187, 217 Reeve, Elizabeth C, 143 Reeve, Mary R. C, 143 Reeve, Rebecca C , 142 Reeve, Rebecca C. W., 142 Reeve, Rebecca H. C, 143 Reeve, Richard H., 140, 142, 152, 185, 213, 217, 228, 247, 258 Regiments : Eighth, N.J. V., 71, 79 Fifth, N.J. V. 72, 79 Fourth, N.J. V., 72, 79 Second, N.J. V., 68 Sixth, N. J. V. 73, 79 Sixth, N. G. N. J., 121, 218, 270 Twenty-fourth, N.J. V., 74, 79 Registration, Medical, 156, 162, 165, 205, 20S, 284 Reinboth, Joseph D. , 102 Reporter, N. J. Medical and Surgical, 49 Republic,' Grand Army of the 145 Revell, Florence E., 262 Revolution : Sons of the American, 220 War of the 2, 5 Rex, Mrs. F. A., 267 Reynolds, Maud F., 215 Rheumatism , 1 93 Rhoads , Charles , 103 Rhoads, Mrs. Charles, 102 Richards, U. F., 122, 278 PAGE Richardson, Amelia Y., 215, 263 Richardson, Mrs. Emma R 260, 265 Rickards, Dr. Jennie, 175 Ridge, Dr. James M., 56, 57. 83. 86, 88, 91, 93- 107, 119, 122, 129, 136, 138, 144, 145. 148, 178, 217, 230, 240, 246 Ringel, Simeon T. , 83, 124, 180 Risley, D. Somers, 278 Risley, Dr. James C, 8, 11, 16, 17 Roberts, Eugene B., 205, 249 Roberts, Dr. John B., 264 Roberts, J. E., 210, 277 Roberts, S. E., 210 Robinson, Edith M 264 Robinson, Dr. George T., 98, 103, 146, 152, 153, 177, 186, 193, 218, 222, 230, 232, 234, 235, 238, 259, 260, 279, 284 Rogers, Mrs. John C. 210 Roop, Mrs. Franklin, 210 Rorer, Mrs. J. H., 267 Rose, Wilbur F., 167, 187, 217 Rowand, Dr. Thomas G., 39,45,56, 67, 74, 97, 99, no, 134. 146, 222 Rudderow, Samuel G., 272 Russell, E. A., 208 Russell, Mrs. Samuel, 210 Ryerson, Dr. John G., 247 S Salem, 1 Samson, Mrs Charles, 267 Sanitation, Camden City, 166, 204 Sanitation in New Jersey, 95, 139, 248 Sartori, Dr. Charles W., 56, 82, 98, 121, 122, 148 Satterthwaite, Margaret W., 262 Saunders, Dr. T. J 6 Schellenger, Dr. C. M., 98, 131, 151, 154, 155. 166, 279 Schellenger, Dr. E. A. Y., 103, 232, 236, 243, 255, 259, 263, 284 Schenck, Dr. John V., 16, 24, 40, 51, 52, 54, 65, 86, 88, 91, 107, 114, 116, 129, 138, 151, 181,213, 276 Schenck. Dr. Peter V., 69, 93, 225 Schofield, Dr. A. H., 259 Schools : Harvard Medical, 144 Haddonfield Training, 278 Philadelphia High, 62, 65 Public 55. 97. 202 Scovel, Col. James M., 7 6 > I21 Scull, Mrs L,aura W. 143 Scull, H. S., 210 Scull, Mrs. H. S., 210 Secretary, N. J. Med. Society, Corres- ponding, 245 300 History Medical Profession Camden County. Section : Abdominal, 190, 242, 244, 282 Caesarian, 257, 282 Seddinger, Charles K., 208 Seeds, Mrs. John A., 269 Sellers, Dr A. T , 221, 248 Sellers, Dr. Jesse, 41 Seminary, Pennington, 12, 152 Senn, Dr. Nicholas, 220 Senseman , Emelius , 272 Settlements : Dutch, 1 English 1 Swedish, 1 Severns, William, 103 Sewell, Gen. William J., 75, 96, 121, 161, 177, 178, 187, 262 Sewell, Mrs. W. J., 269 Seymour, J. F., 277 Shafer, Dr. William, 140, 175, 190. 195, 230, 250, 278, 279 Shakspeare, Dr. E O., 248 Sharp, Mrs. Annie S., 142 Sharp, Dr. Edgar B , 101, 119, 144 Sharp, Edward W., 272 Sharp, Mrs. Horace M., 102 Sharp, Mrs. Howard R., 266, 268 Sharp, Dr. L. L., 98, 120 Sharpless, Harvey, 142 Shelmire, Mrs. J. H., 273 Sheppard, Ruth E 261, 263, 265 Sherk, Dr. Harry H., 190, 197, 223, 233, 242, 279, 282 Shinn, Dr. Charles T., 255 Shivers, Dr. Bowman H., 57, 83, 99, 100, 117, 279 Shivers, Dr. Charles H., 114, 121. 123, 154, 196 Shoemaker, Dr. John V., i57> T 9 r > 2 39. 2 4i Shreeve, D A., 209 Shreve, Dr. Joseph, 100 Sickler, J. B., 209 Sickler, Dr. J. R., 6, 8, 10, 58 Simmerman, Mathias, 170 Simmons, Mrs. Clorinda H., 262, 265 Skull. Fracture of, 156, 242 Slavery, 65-67 Slocum, Dr. W. H., 256 Slough, Charles E., 180 Small- pox, 61, 63, 64, 107, 114, 122, 155, 165, 168, 173, 204 Smallwood, Dr. R. M.....I7, 28, 34, 56 Smiley, Dr. E. R., 39, 175 Smith, Abel 187 Smith, Dr. Frederick M., 118 Smith, Dr. George A., 221 Smith, Dr. H. A. M.,„93, 135, 233, 241 Sm ith, Jeremiah, 91 Smith, Mary Carpenter, 264 Smith, Dr. S. Bryan, 99, 101, 117, 224, 266, 278 Smith, Dr. Thomas J.,... 88, 91, 93, 243 Smock, J. C, 247 Snitcher, Dr. Elijah J., 123, 131, 132, 134, 152, 153, 227 Snowden, Dr. John W., 17, 27, 50, 133, 154, 161, 227, 277 Snyder, Henry M., 204, 249 Society, Camden City Medical, 40, 52, 60, 87, 108, 131, 153, 165, 188, 232 In Cholera Epidemic, 94 Constitution, 40, 190 Essayist, 189 Fee-Bill, 54 Fees, 62, 88, 109 Honorary Members, 89, 191 Limitation of Membership, 40 Monthly Meetings, 189 Organization of City Board of Health, 188, 203 Organization of the Camden City Dispensary , 90 Re-organization , 109, 153 Rooms of the Society, 90 Suspension of Meetings, 153 Voluntary Organization, 41 Society, Camden City Medical and Surgical, 279 Society, Camden County Bible, 25 Society Camden District Medical, 10, 31, 50, 63, 92, no, 133, 154, 163, 179, 191, 216, 237 Annual Meeting, 12, 134 Banquet to N. J. Med. Society, 133. *37 Censors, 18, 22, 46, 58, 134, 154 Code of Ethics, 16 Committee of Arrangements, 135 Complimentary Trains, 133, i37> 138 Constitution, n, 31, 34, 93, 134, 195, 196 Cooper Legacy, 115, 128 Cor responding Societies, 113 Dues, 16, 92 Expulsion of Members, 50 February Meeting, 158, 191 ; 193, 196 Fee-Bill 16 Fees, 34 History, 15. 94 Honorary Members, 93, in, 113, 155, 158, 197 Limitation of Membership, 34 Medical Census, 15. 32, 33. 112, 113, 154, 163 Meetings outside of County, 242 Office of President declared vacant, 16 Index. 301 Society, Camden District Medical : Organization 10-12, 18 Permanent President, 115 Sections, 133 , 197 Semi-Annual Meeting, „ ,. I2 > 32, 114. 134 Standing Committee, 33, 134, 135 Term of Office 31 Society, Camden Microscopical, 146 Society, Delaware State Medical, ...223 Society, Gloucester District Medical, 6 Society, Medical, of New Jersey, 17, 27, 46, 58, 85, 115, 137, 160, IQ 7. 199. 2 43 Censors, 18, 21-23, 27, 46, 49, 58, 60, 85 Centennial Anniversary, 85 Complimentary R. R. Trains, 133. I 37, 138. 245 Corresponding Secretary , 245 Corresponding State Societies, 58 Diploma, 19, 27, 30, 85 District Societies, 6, 18, 21, 22, 86 Essayists, 59, 60, 86, 139, 198, 200, 243 Fellows, 31, 47 1 ncorporation , 5 , 85 Incorporators,. 5 , 7 Licentiate Fees, 34, 49 Medical Degree 85 Meetings at Atlantic City, 116, 137, 161, 245 Meetings in Camden, 19, 59, 62, 63, 65 Meetings at Cape May, 138, 162 Nominating Committee, 49 Organization, 4, 21, 85 Permanent Delegates, 240, 244 Presidents 29, 46, 115, 138 Re-incorporation, 21, 85 Re-organization, 60, 85 Semi-Annual Meetings, 18, 29 Special Meeting 31, 34 Standing Committee. 18, 30, 58, 244, 246 Suspended Meetings, 5 Transactions 49 , 1 99 Society, N.J. Historical, 223 Society, N.J. Pharmaceutical 180 Society, N. J. State Dental 118 Society, N. J. State Homoeopathic Medical, 43, 100, 145 Society, Philadelphia County Medical, r 79 Society, Prevention of Cruelty to Children 217 Society , Relief of Poverty , 1 87 Society, Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, 19, 179 Society, N. J. Homoeopathic Medical 100, 112, 117 Speakman, H. D., 217 PAGE Spectroscope , 234 Speculum, Baer's, 233 Stanton, Dr. James G-, 39, 175, 239 Stanton, Dr. James H., 175 Starr, Jesse W. , 102 Starr, Hon. John F. , 76, 103 Starr, Mrs. John F., 102, 217 Starr, Mrs. John F. Jr., 267, 273 Statistics, Vital, 208, 252 Stebbins, May E 261, 265 Steelman, Emma L., 215 Steer, E. J-, 250 Stern, Mrs. Betty, 257 Stevens, James H., 102 Stevenson, Charles, 208 Stevenson, Charles R., 217 Stevenson, Dr. John R., 59. 62, 65, 76, 78, 83, 87, 91, 94, 146, !92, 193, 197, 200, 223, 233, 242, 247, 251 Stevenson, R. B., 170 Stevenson, Richard G., 144 Steward , Hospital , 270 Steward, Joseph S . , 208 Stewart, George D., 251 Stiles, Jennie H., 215 Stimson, S. M., 102 Stites, Dr. J. K. F., 259 Stock, Dr. J. F., 45, 232, 234, 241 Stout, Dr. Daniel M......I2, 19, 83, 163 Stout, Dr. H. A., 242 Stowe, Kate, 214 Stoy, John, 208 Stradling, J. M., 210 Stradling, Mrs. J. M., 210 Stratton, Charles P., 141, 2(3 Stratton, Dr. James, 5, 10 Street, Dr. A. E., 118, 176, 210,277 Street, Dr. Charles W., 11S Street, Dr. Christopher S., 118 Street, Dr. T. G., 100 Street, L. H., 180 Street, Dr. Marvin A., 118 Strickland, Rev. W. C, ..217 Strock, Dr Daniel, 140, 175, 189, 193, 201, 218, 219, 220, 222, 230, 232, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 2 58> 2 59. 260, 270, 276, 282, 284 Stroud, Dr. F. G., 186, 189, 196, 279 Sullivan, Dr. John I,., 93 Surgeons : National Guard, N. J., 97, 121, 177, 269 N. J. Military, Order of, 218, 269 Railroad , 1 92 , 1 95 Revolutionary, 5 U. S. Army, 69, 77, 255 U. S. Navy, 81 U. S. Pension, 177 Veterinary, 221 302 History Medical Profession Camden County. Surgeon General of N.J. ,..97, 218, 269 Surgeon General of N. J., Assistant, 271 Surgery : Abdominal, 244 Antiseptic, 190, 194, 199 Major, 282 Sutton, B. Frank, 210 Sutton, Dr. John H., 175, 217 Sweeten, Susan, 255 Synnott, Dr. Martin S., 8, 149 Synnott, Thomas W., 142 T Tallman, Dr. Benjamin, 5 Tarns, Mrs. Ida Virginia, 264 Taylor, George E., 103 Taylor, Mrs. George E., 210 Taylor, Dr. H. Genet, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 70, 77, 83, 91, 93, 9 6 > 97. 98. 103, 107, 108, 120, 121, 127, 129, 133, 138, 139, 145, 146, 151, 154, 161, 177, 178, 185, 194, 196, 197, J 99. 2I 3> 2I 7> 2 I9) 228, 230, 258, 259, 260, 277, 284 Taylor, H. Genet, Jr., 258 Taylor, Marmaduke B., 106 Taylor, Othniel G.,....92, 124, 186, 226 Taylor, Dr. Othniel H., 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 38, 40, 51, 53, 89, 91, 104, 115, 276 Taylor, Richard Cooper, 258 Taylor, Dr. Robert G. , 66, 83, 131, 149, 195. 197 Taylor, Dr. William G.,...io8, 129, 131 Tenotomy, 87 Test, Richard W., 91, 107, 124, 180 Thacker a , Dan iel , 142 Thoman, F. G., 124 Thomas, Dr. W. G., 45, 51,54 Thompson, Alicia B., 262 Thompson, Mrs. C. G., 268 Thompson, Dr. T. B. 245 Thompson, William J., 208 Thompsonians, 13 Thornton, Dr. Jacob P., 8, 11, 17 Tidball , Mrs". Thomas A. , 266 Tokarska, Theresa, 255 Tomlinson, Dr. Edwin, 39, 114, 134, 163, 279 Townsend, Dr. E. P., 154, 157. 178, 186, 244, 279 Treen, Florence I,., 264 Trichina, 191 Troth .Henry, 142 Troth, Mary L-, 143 Truscott, J. Lynn, 187 Tuberculin, 252 Tuberculosis, 246 , 247 Tullis, Dr. Eli R., 101, 117, 120, 144, 210, 278 Tullis, Mrs. E. R., 210 Tuttle, Dr. C. P 118 Twelves, Mrs. Richard, 266 Tyler, W. B., 217 Ty rotoxicon , 201 Tyson, Dr. James, 169 \J Uebelacker, Dr. A., 256 Underhill, Mrs. G. R., 268 University : Brown 223 Bucknell, ..108, 114, 282 Cornell, 144 Pennsylvania 4, 253 Uterus, Rupture of, 112 Vaccination, 166. 167, 173, 204 Van Benschoten, George, 172 Van Leer, Dr. Benjamin, 5 Van Lennep, Dr. W. H., 211, 274 Van Valin, Mrs. C. R. A., 267 Vansant, J. A., 103 Vansant, Mrs. J. A., 102 Varick, Dr. Theodore R.....97, 148, 218 Variola 51 Varioloid, 51 Varney, Mrs. A. R., 217 Varney, Thaddeus P., 205, 249 Ven ton , Zober , 208 Veterans, Sons of, 145, 176 Veterinarians 221, 285 Voorhets, Peter, L., 102, 141, 212, 213, 217, 258 Voorhees, Peter V. , 187, 217, 228, 258, 262 Vroom, Mrs. George A., 269 ML Wakefield, Mrs. G. W., 273 Wallace, Dr. C. J., 101 Wallace, Dr. Shippen, 201 Wallace, Dr. S. G., 118 Wallins, Dr. M. W., 100 Walmsley, Dr. James A., 98, 119, 140, 144, 193, 206, 250 Walmsley Dr. J. Winter, 256, 259 Walsh, Dr. J. F., I3 1 , J 32, 135. 146, 186, 189, 191, 213, 258, 282, 284 Walter, Dr. Harry, 221 Wars : Civil, 62, 63, 67, 89 French and Indian, 4, 253 " 1812," 5 Mexican, 10 Revolutionary, 2, 5 Ward, E. A., 169 Ward, Dr. Walter, 100 hid ex. 303 Waring, Anna, 143, 259 Waring, Thomas, 259 Warner, Dr. J. C, 6 Warner, J. W., 251 Warnock, Dr. William, I 75» 187, 193, 227 Water-supply : Camden, 53, 62, 119, 194, 195, 207 Gloucester City, 195, 207, 251 Haddonfield, 195, 207 Merchantville, 195, 207 Waters, Mrs. W. T., 268 Watson, Dr B. A., 217 Watson, Charles, 204, 210, 249 Watson, Mrs. Joseph H., .' 102 Watson, Naomi B , 262 Watson, Dr. W. P 255, 256 Waugh, Mrs. K. E. S., 260 Weatherby, Dr. J. C 6 Weatherby, Joseph P., 187 Welch, Dr. George T., 246 Welch, Mrs. Marie E., 263 Wells, Frank, 277 Wells, Mrs. Richard, 267 Wentz, Thomas, 169 West, Dr. B. R., n8 West, Dr. Maximilian , 98, 131, 132, 133, 134 Westcott, Hon. J. Deighton, 250 Westcott, Dr. Thomas D., 108, 113 Westcott, Dr. William A., 175 Westville , 242 Westwood, Rev. John R., 260 White, Dr. J. Orlando, 88, 94, 107, 108, in, 121, 131, 153, 241 Wickes, Dr. Stephen, 140 Wilbur, Dr. G F.,- 256 Wilcox, Rev. Moses, 187 Wildman, Rachel C, 260 Wiley, Dr. John, 73 Wilkinson, Dr. R M 101 Williams, Dr. Alban, 74 Williams, Dr. Charles S., 221 Williams, David H., 208 Williams, Dr. F. E-, 99, 101, 117, 144, 171, 206 Williams, Thomas A. J., 260 Williams. Dr. W. C, 117 273 Wills, Dr. Daniel, 3 Wills, Dr. Jesse J., 186, 189, 193, 283 Wills, Dr, Joseph H., !75. 179, 186, 189, 193, 194, 213, 217, 222, 229, 232, 236, 242, 259, 260, 283, 284 Wilson, George E., 96 Wilson, Mrs. George E., 102 Wilson, Dr. H. Augustus, 242 Wilson, Henry B., 103, 187, 228, 2 o, 262 Wilson, Mrs. Henry B., 102 Wilson, Isaac P., 169 Wilson, Lewis H., 143 Wilson, Thomas A., 91, 107 Wingender, Dr. W. P. ,....256, 279, 281 Wise, Florence, 215 Wistar , Josiah , 142 Wood, Alexander C. ,...'. 142, 258 Wood, Allan C, 250 Wood, Dr. J. B., 118 Wood, Mary Emma S , 142 Wood, Samuel, 208 Wood. Susan S., 142 Woodhull, John T., 146 Woodruff, Dr. A. D.,..8, 12, 19, 34, 113 Woodward, Dr. George D., 99, 101, 117, 175, 211, 223, 273, 282 Woolston, Dr. Elijah B., 57, 68, 77, 134, 192 Worrell, Dr. M. F., 118 Worthington, Dr. A. H., 255, 256 Wright, Mrs. Abigail M., 212 Wright, John W., 141, 212, 213, 217, 258 Wright, Dr. Willard, 161, 245 Wroth, Dr. J. H., 133, 137. 146, 151, 157 Wynn, Dr. E. S., 98 V York , Duke of, 1,3 Young, Mrs. Charles E., 267 Young, Dr. I. Gilbert,. ..59, 65, 83, 158 Zell, Col. T. Elwood, 96 Zimmerman, Mrs. Walter, 269