IN CHINA 
 
 Henry F. Williams 
 
STATUES LINING APPROACH TO MING TOMB, NANKING 
 
In China 
 
 BS 
 
 Re^. Henn? F. Williams, D.D. 
 
 A SketcK of fKe Foreign Missions 
 
 of 4»e 
 
 Presbyterian 
 CHURCH, u. s. 
 
 Executive Committee of Foreign Missions 
 MasKville, Tennessee 
 
 Educational Department 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The purpose of this small volume is to supply a con- 
 densed account of the heginning, progress and results of 
 the missionary activities of the Presbyterian Church, U. 
 S. (Southern) in China. It is intended for use by mis- 
 sion study classes, Church Schools of Missions, and, where 
 the general text hooks on China are used, as a supple- 
 mental study of the work of our denomination in China 
 
 I'he necessary limitation in space has made it impossible 
 to indulge the desire of the writer to make full mention, 
 by name, of our faithful, self-sacrificing missionaries who 
 have for varying lengths of time, served the Church as 
 our representatives in China. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgment is made for the use of copi- 
 ous minutes of station conferences held by Rev. Egbert 
 Mb Smith, D.D., Executive Secretary, during his official 
 visit to our Mission fields in the Orient. 
 
 The kindly assistance of friends who have read the 
 manuscript of this booklet and made helpful suggestions 
 is mentioned with appreciation. — H. F. W. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Chapter I 7 
 
 China — Geography, Greatness in Extent, History, Popu- 
 lation, Literature — Achievements of Missions — Great Need 
 and Opportunity. 
 
 Chapter II . 15 
 
 Beginning of Presbyterian U. S. Mission — Conditions 
 Found by Early Missionaries. 
 
 Chapter III 21 
 
 A Travel Survey — A Study in Geography. 
 
 Chapter IA^ 27 
 
 Mid-China Mission — The Field — Station Sketches. 
 
 Chapter 49 
 
 North Kiangsu Mission — The Field — Station Sketches. 
 
 Chapter A^I 75 
 
 A Second Survey — Statistical Summary — Some Present 
 Facts. 
 
CHINA 
 
 “When China is moved it will change the face of the 
 globe .” — Napoleon at St. Helena. 
 
 Chapter 1 
 
 THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE 
 
 China is called by its own people, “The Middle King- 
 dom."’ On the ancient maps, China was placed in the mid- 
 dle. A series of islands and headlands along the west 
 represented such countries as England, Germany, Hol- 
 land, Portugal and India. The southern and eastern 
 edges of the map were dotted with islands representing 
 Japan, Formosa, Java, Siam, and Burma. The continents 
 of North and South America and Africa were not shown 
 on this Chinese map. In these later years the people of 
 China, largely through Christian education, are better 
 informed of the geography of their country and of the 
 world.. Other names given to China are : “The Flowery 
 Land,” “The Celestial Kingdom,” “Hills of Tang,” and 
 “Far Cathay.” 
 
 Two Great Rivers 
 
 China is a great country in extent, population, history 
 and literature. It has its great rivers, great desert, great 
 wall and the Grand Canal. The two great rivers of 
 China and the Grand Canal are of especial interest to the 
 Presbyterian Church, U. S. (Southern) on account of 
 
10 
 
 IN CHIN A 
 
 walls as a means of defense. They have 2300 walled 
 cities. Over two thousand years ago they undertook to 
 keep out their enemies, especially the Tartars, by build- 
 ing the Great Wall, still accounted one of the wonders 
 of the world. It is made of brick and stone laid up in 
 thick walls and filled in with earth. It varies from fifteen 
 to thirty feet in height and is carried through valleys and 
 over mountains, sometimes to the tops of almost inac- 
 cessible peaks, in an unbroken line for fifteen hundred 
 miles. The Great Wall and the walled cities have ceased 
 to be important as means of defense, but they are expres- 
 sive of the achievements of a great people and have been 
 an important factor in the missionary history of China. 
 
 Great History and Literature 
 
 China has a great history, great in its period of at 
 least four thousand years, and equally great as a record 
 of the events of one of the most remarkable nations of all 
 history. The “one thing” lacking by people and rulers 
 is the saving knowledge of Jesus Christ and the prevail- 
 ing principles of His Kingdom. China’s only hope in 
 this day of its governmental chaos and uncertainty is in 
 its acceptance of Christianity, changing the nation from 
 heathen to Christian. 
 
 China has a great literature, the work of a compara- 
 tively few great scholars. The missionary is most deeply 
 interested in the literature of the non-Christian religions, 
 such as Buddhism, Confucianism, etc., but the new day 
 in educational matters in China places an enlarged re- 
 sponsibility on the Christian education of young China. 
 The vast examination halls have fallen into decay or the 
 sites have been used for government school buildings. 
 
IN CHIN A 
 
 11 
 
 Shall the education of the future be purely intellectual, 
 often outright skeptical, or shall it be Christian? The 
 answer is to be made by the evangelical churches of the 
 so-called Christian nations. 
 
 These great facts and conditions are mentioned because 
 they have, and will continue to have, a direct relation to 
 the missionarv service of our Southern Presbyterian 
 Church in China. There are also three outstanding pres- 
 ent day facts that relate to the missionary occupation of 
 China: (1) the great results, (2) the great need, (3) 
 the great opportunity. ' 
 
 Achievements of Protestant Missions 
 
 The achievements of Protestant missions in China 
 along the three general lines of missionary occupation 
 (evangelism, Christian education, and medical missions) 
 have been far greater than the early missionaries had 
 reason to expect, except as they relied upon the promise 
 of blessing as they went to the “uttermost parts of the 
 earth” in obedience to the command of their Lord. The 
 great National Christian Conference which met in Shang- 
 hai, May, 1922, afiforded an unparalleled opportunity for 
 an investigation of the missionary occupation of China. 
 Twelve hundred delegates represented all the Christian 
 forces of the eighteen provinces of China proper, and 
 Manchuria, Mongolia and Thibet. The Centenary Con- 
 ference of 1907 which celebrated the one hundredth an- 
 niversary of the arrival of Robert Morrison in Canton 
 was composed mainly of missionaries and representatives 
 of mission boards and other missionary agencies. A 
 feature of the 1922 Conference that marks the progress 
 of Christianity in China was the fact that the Chinese 
 
12 
 
 IN CHIN A 
 
 delegates, in numljers and ability, were equal to foreign 
 delegates. Five strong commissions were appointed to 
 deal with subjects relating to the “Chinese Church.” The 
 aljle chairmen of two of the commissions, and the major- 
 ity of members of the committees, were Chinese. 
 
 Statistics show that the Protestant Church in China 
 has a membership of approximately 375,000, a four fold 
 increase since the Boxer uprising in 1900. In addition 
 to the church memljership there is a long 'list of native 
 leaders who have been trained in the six thousand Chris- 
 tian schools, ranging from the primary school to the uni- 
 \ersity, and a large estimate should be made of the gen- 
 eral influence of Christianity among all classes of people. 
 Dr. Charles R. Erdman who attended the Shanghai Con- 
 ference, says; “It is in the reports of such a great Con- 
 ference as this which met in Shanghai, .that one who de- 
 sires a glimpse at missionary enterprise in China can find 
 a gateway into a field of remarkable intei'est and import- 
 ance. He will learn that six thousand men and women, 
 from distant homes, are now labouring as Christian mis- 
 sionaries in this one land of the Far East, and that, de- 
 spite their denominational differences, they are consciously 
 one in their purpose, their efforts and their hopes.” 
 
 “The foreign Protestant forces, notwithstanding the 
 deficiency in numbers and inadequacy of equipment, ai'e 
 organized for advance along all lines of evangelical, edu- 
 cational and medical work. The Chinese Church, as never 
 before, realizes that if China is to be fully evangelized 
 it must be accomplished by tbe Chinese. The leaders of 
 the native church feel this responsibility and are plan- 
 ning for large things to l)e undertaken by a self-support- 
 ing, self-propagating church. So deeply did this senti- 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 13 
 
 merit prevail in the 1922 National Christian Conference 
 that its Chinese president fervently exclaimed, “This is 
 the birthday of the Chinese Christian Church.” 
 
 Great Need and Opportunity 
 
 As encouraging as are the results of missionary work 
 in China since the arrival of Morrison one hundred and 
 seventeen years ago, there remains a great need. It 
 will require all the energies of Protestant Chri.stianity to 
 meet this need. All the work and achievement of the 
 past are only a hopeful beginning. Three hundred and 
 seventy-five thousand would seem a considerable number 
 of members of churches in even so large and populous a 
 country as China, hut that number out of four hundred 
 
 CHINESE PASTOR AND FAMILY 
 
14 
 
 / N C 1 1 1 N A 
 
 million is less than one Protestant church member in one 
 thousand, or on a percentage basis, less than one-half of 
 one per cent. In vast unreached areas, including thou- 
 sands upon thousands of rdllages, in the great walled 
 cities and in thickdy populated rural districts there are 
 unnumbered millions who know nothing of the Savior and 
 are without the blessings of the accepted Gospel that not 
 only saves the soul, but ministers to mind and body. 
 
 The need is, in itself, a great opportunity. It is a felt 
 need and the doors are open. It is a door that can be 
 closed by a failure to enter. Rev. Egbert W. Smith, D.D., 
 in speaking of conditions, needs and missionary oppor- 
 tunities says : “The conservatism which was hoary with 
 unnumbered centuries when our oldest modern nation 
 was born, is today shaken to its center. After sixty 
 years of losing conflict with the methods of modern com- 
 merce, modern science, modern warfare, modern civiliza- 
 tion, China is at last convinced that unless she learn these 
 modern methods, she is doomed to be exploited, robbed, 
 tramped upon, and perhaps devoured piecemeal. 
 
 “With this harsh outside pressure has gone another 
 influence exerted from within. One hundred and seven- 
 teen years of Protestant mission work in China has built 
 up a strong native church. It has permeated the vast 
 mass of Chinese society with some knowledge of the up- 
 lift and brotherhood that Christianity represents. And 
 in the minds of multitudes of thoughtful Chinese, not yet 
 Christians, it has wrought the conviction that the secret 
 of individual and national welfare, the key of China’s fu- 
 ture greatness, is held not in the dead hand of her ancient 
 sages, hut in the living hand of Jesus Christ, the Son of 
 God.” 
 
Chapter 11 
 
 EARLY DAYS 
 
 The first General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, 
 U. S. held after the close of the Civil War, declared “that 
 the carrying out of the great command of our Lord was 
 regarded as the great end of her organization, and obe- 
 dience to it as the indispensable condition of her Lord’s 
 promised presence.” At the time this declaration was 
 made, the Executive Committee of Foreign Missions was 
 considering the opening of a mission in China. 
 
 The following is quoted from an account of the begin- 
 ning of our foreign work : “At the Southern terminus of 
 the Grand Canal of China, there lies a city beautiful for 
 situation. It is the capital of the populous province of 
 Chekiang, and bears a name well known to many of the 
 churches in our own land — Hangchow. On one side of 
 it flows the broad and bright Tsien-tang River, famous 
 for the tidal wave, the “bore” which, with foaming crest, 
 and roaring sound, rushes up from Hangchow Bay. On 
 the other side is the picturesque West Lake, its islets 
 crowned with tea houses and pavillions, and Its clear 
 waters reflecting like a mirror, the rocky hills and gentle 
 eminence on which stands the Needle Pagoda and the 
 tower of the Thunder Peak. The city- has a wall of 
 wide circuit, faced .with hewn stone, and broad enough 
 for three carriages traveling abreast. The streets are 
 narrow and not very clean. The houses are generally 
 of two stories, with walls stuccoed white, and roofed 
 with tiles. Besides the provincial buildings, the city con- 
 
16 
 
 I N C HINA 
 
 tained the great examination hall, in which at the triennial 
 examinations, over ten thousand students competed for 
 the second literary degree. lie fore the Taiping War, the 
 population of Hangchow was estimated at one million, 
 it was taken by the Taiping rebels twice, with great 
 carnage, and has since been gradually making up its loss. 
 It has now inside and outside of the city walls, a popula- 
 tion of perhaps eight hundred thousand. In this city was 
 ])lanted the first foreign mission station of the Presby- 
 terian Church, U. S.” 
 
 Our Pioneer Missionary 
 
 The pioneer of our distinctly foreign missionary work 
 was the Rev. E. B. Inslee. Prior to the Civil War, Mr. 
 Inslee, a member of the Mississippi Presbytery, had done 
 good ser\ice as a missionary in China for ten years, lo- 
 cated at Ningpo. During the time of the war, he sup- 
 j)orted himself on the field. At the close of the war he 
 returned home and in 1866 earnestly solicited our South- 
 ern Presbyterian Church to send him to China to lay the 
 foundation of a new mission. Those who knew Mr. In- 
 slee personally speak of him as a man who loved the 
 cause of his Master and pitied the people of China. He 
 was humble and kindly in service and the peo])le were 
 attracted to him as a friend. So earnest was his desire 
 to return to China that he felt that he had heard the sum- 
 mons of God to begin a work in that field. The call was 
 not unheeded and i\Ir. Inslee and Iris family were sent 
 out in June, 1867. Thus began our first foreign mission- 
 ary work outside of America, and Hangchow was the 
 first mission station of our work in the Chinese Empire. 
 Mr. Inslee’s decision to locate at Hangchow was a wise 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 17 
 
 one. No better point of entrance could have been selected. 
 Until his arrival, probably no missionary had ever regu- 
 larly preached within the walls of the city. 
 
 Following the going out of Mr. and Mrs. Inslee, a 
 second band of missionaries was sent out to assist our 
 pioneer missionary. Rev. J. L. Stuart, Rev. M. H. Hous- 
 ton and Rev. Ben Helm were sent to the field in March, 
 1868. Rev. George W. Painter was one of our early 
 
 REV. E. B. INSLEE 
 
 First Foreign Missionary of the Presbyterian Church. U. S. 
 
18 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 missionaries in China. From this comparatively obscure 
 Ijeginning fifty-five years ago, the chain of stations has 
 lengthened and the field broadened until our missions in 
 China include a territory -extending from Hangchow to 
 Hsuchoufu, over five hundred miles long, and from the 
 sea to the Grand Canal and beyond. In 1899 a division 
 of this great field was made by which the IMid-Chlna 
 Mission includes all the stations south of the Yangtze 
 River except Chinkiang, and the North Kiangsu Mission 
 includes Chinkiang and the stations north of the Yangtze. 
 
 In considering the experiences of our pioneer mission- 
 aries in China we should remember the long and tedious 
 journey from the home land to the field, occupying many 
 weeks and sometimes months of most uncomfortable sea 
 travel. The immense throngs of people they encountered 
 in cities, villages and country districts must have almost 
 overwhelmingly impressed them with the magnitude of 
 their task. The territory of our missions includes the 
 most thickly populated section of China. It is estimated 
 that two-thirds of the four hundred million people of 
 China live in the two great valleys of the Yangtze and 
 Yellow River. 
 
 Conditions Found by the Pioneers 
 
 The pioneers found the conditions of the people to he 
 extremes. There was a wealthy class, comparatively 
 small, and the unnumbered multitude of the very poor. 
 There was a class of literati, highly educated from the 
 Chinese standpoint. From this scholar class came all 
 the higher officials in the, at that time. Empire. At the 
 other e.xtreme the jreople were ignorant and superstitious 
 beyond description. The walled cities were generally 
 inaccessible to foreigners. The few exceptions were cities 
 
I N C II I N A 
 
 19 
 
 open to foreigners under treaties with foreign govern- 
 ments. 
 
 Heathenism of various kinds dominated all the people 
 including the higher, middle and lower classes. The 
 missionary with his message of peace was unwelcome, 
 and in a number of fields that have been opened, the 
 opi)osition was so violent as to endanger the lives of our 
 pioneer missionaries. 
 
 Diseases of all kinds, from the ordinary sickness to 
 the most loathsome leprosy, were prevalent without proper 
 medical attention. The Chinese doctor would treat the 
 superstitious Chinese patient by most cruel methods, such 
 as inserting a needle into the flesh that the evil spirit 
 causing the sickness might be driven out. The efficient 
 services of the missionary doctor and trained nurse were 
 unknown. There were no hospitals and dispensaries in 
 the entire field where the missionary physician and nurse 
 could minister to both soul and body. 
 
 There was no practical system of education for the 
 masses of ignorant and superstitious people. Dense ignor- 
 ance and gross superstitions went hand in hand. In- 
 fanticide was commonly prevalent in the killing of girl 
 babies. Space does not permit further details hut enough 
 has been said to give a practical understanding of the 
 enormous and seemingly impossible task facing our first 
 missionaries in China as they began the missionary cam- 
 paign among the eighteen million Chinese adjacent to the 
 Grand Canal for five hundred miles. The pioneers, and 
 the missionaries who have followed them, went out at the 
 command and under the promise of their Lord, confi- 
 dent of final victory. How, and how well they have 
 succeeded will l)e briefly told in the following chapters. 
 
Chapter III 
 
 A TRAVEL SURVEY 
 
 South of Yangtze River 
 
 A brief survey in the form of an imaginary travel sketch 
 to all our principal mission stations in China, using the 
 map as a guide, will give general information as to the 
 location, extent, and importance of our share of territory 
 and population in the evangelization of China. 
 
 The ocean voyage from the homeland ends at Shang- 
 hai, a city that has grown from a fishing village about a 
 thousand years ago, to a port of world-wide importance 
 with a native population of over a million. Shanghai is 
 “the national headquarters of missionary work, the chief 
 seat of commerce, the home of progress, in short, the 
 nerve center of China whose influence reaches out to the 
 remotest corner of the land.” 
 
 We begin with a journey to Hangchow, a large city 
 about one hundred and twenty miles southwest of Shang- 
 hai. In the early days, the t’dp was made by houseljoat, 
 requiring a week or more, usually under most uncomfort- 
 able travel conditions. Later canal boats towed by steam 
 launches were used, lessening the time and discomforts 
 of the trip. In recent years a good railroad has been con- 
 structed by the Chinese, eiial)ling the traveler to go from 
 Shanghai to Hangchow in a few hours. 
 
 The cities to be visited in our imaginary tour include 
 all the main mission stations of the Presbyterian Church, 
 
9 ? 
 
 1 N C U I N A 
 
 LI. S., south of the Yangtze River. Hangchow and Kash- 
 ing are located in the northwest portion of Chekiang 
 Province, the smallest of the eighteen provinces of China 
 proper. It is a pro\ ince of great historic and antiquarian 
 interest. The scenery is a comhination of mountain and 
 plain. The dense population supplies a field for the most 
 aggressive missionary service. 
 
 Shanghai, Soochow, Kiangyin, Chinkiang and Nan- 
 king are in that part of Kiangsu Province south of the 
 Yangtze River. Of this part of China it has been said 
 that no country in the world is so well watered, and it 
 would he difficult to find anywhere a territory as rich 
 and fertile and as densely populated. 
 
 Kashing, counting the stations going north, the second 
 of our mission stations along the Grand Canal, is sixty 
 miles from Hangchow. The journey can be made by 
 canal, or better, by rail on the Shanghai and Hangchow 
 Railway. 
 
 Our map survey will take us to Soochow. By canal 
 the distance is sixty miles from Kashing. The journey 
 can he made by rail to Shanghai, thence to Soochow on 
 the Shanghai and Nanking Railway. 
 
 Continuing our journey by rail to Wusih, an important 
 city, we leave the Grand Canal and the railroad and go 
 by houseboat about thirty miles in a northeast direction 
 on a large branch c-anal to Kiangyin, located on the 
 ^Hngtze River about halfway between Shanghai and 
 Nanking. 
 
 Returning to Wusih we continue our journey by rail to 
 Chinkiang, located on the south hank of the Yangtze 
 River about one hundred fifty miles by rail from Shang- 
 hai. 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 23 
 
 Nanking, situated on the Yangtze River, al)out forty 
 miles of Chinkiang, the ancient capital of the Ming dynasty 
 and a city of great historical interest, is reached via the 
 Shanghai and Nanking Railway. 
 
 North of the Yangtze River 
 
 Our field survey takes us to our station cities north 
 of the Yangtze River. We travel in a canal boat, more 
 or less comfortable, according to the number of passengers 
 and the condition of the weather. Entering the Grand 
 Canal on the north side of the Yangtze River, we con- 
 tinue a most interesting journey. Villages, towns, cities, 
 large and small, are passed. The canal is crowded with 
 thousands of canal boats, some of them for passengers, 
 others with cargoes of freight. The boats are towed by 
 men as the old-time canal boats in our country were 
 
 CHINESE FARM HOUSE, THRESHING GRAIN 
 
24 
 
 IN CHIN A 
 
 drawn by animals along the tow-path. It is one hundred 
 and twenty miles to our first destination, and the time 
 occupied in the journey hy steam launches varies from 
 twenty-four to thirty hours — sometimes longer. This 
 is a speedy trip compared with the time required in the 
 days before steam launches. In due time we arrive at 
 the city of Hwaianfu, the first of our mission stations 
 on the Canal north of the Yangtze. On this canal voyage 
 we have passed by three large walled cities, only one of 
 which is occupied by missionary workers. The steam 
 launch, with its tow for canal boats, will proceed to 
 Tsingkiangpu, but as visitors to our mission fields, it is 
 probable we will be met at Hwaianfu by a company of 
 missionaries in the little launch, the Marian Sprunt, a 
 gift of Mr. James Sprunt, of Wilmington, North Car- 
 olina as a memorial to his daughter, Marian. A speedy 
 and comfortable passage is made to Tsingkiangpu, ten 
 miles to the north of Hwaianfu. 
 
 Tsingkiangpu is as far to the north on the Canal as 
 the larger canal boats, drawn by steam launches, can go. 
 We must here engage a houseboat which, by sail, row- 
 ing, or being towed by men along the canal, will convey 
 us on our journey northward. Near this city there are 
 several locks in the canal, and time will be saved by 
 sending the boat ahead and making a short journey by 
 wheelbarrow to a village and general landing place beyond 
 the locks. As we proceed on our journey we have a 
 better appreciation of the poverty of the people and their 
 terrible experiences in the famine region. The boat will 
 sometimes make .such slow progress that we may walk 
 along the shores in advance and hold brief meetings with 
 the people in the villages. We soon cease to be surprised 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 25 
 
 to find they are not only poor and ignorant in things of 
 this life, but are in poverty and ignorance concerning 
 things spiritual to such degree that they have never even 
 so much as heard the name of Jesus. 
 
 Sixty miles from Tsingkiangpu, we arrive at the city 
 of Sutsien, the third of our mission stations north of the 
 Yangtze. The trip from Tsingkdangpu to Sutsien can 
 be made by Chinese cart, the road much of the way being 
 along the hanks of the Grand Canal, or on the old Yellow 
 River embankments that in ancient and modern times 
 were built to control the floods of this “River of Sorrow'’ 
 before its channel was turned farther north. 
 
 We continue our journey from Sutsien in a north- 
 westerly direction to Hsuchoufu. The Chinese cart, a 
 heavy lumbering vehicle, without springs, drawn by two 
 mules driven tandem, is to be our conveyance. We are 
 traveling over the wide plain which was once the bed 
 and the valley of the Yellow River. Unless we make 
 especially good speed it requires about two days and halt 
 to cover the eighty miles from Sutsien to Hsuchoufu. The 
 missionaries will have provided food and bedding. We 
 stop for dinner at some convenient town, and spend the 
 night in the crude Chinese inn. As we near the city 
 of Hsuchoufu, the country is more broken, and in the 
 distance there are ranges of high hills or low mountains. 
 We pass along a wall built in the centuries past, through 
 the gate of a second wall built around these cities of the 
 north, then through the main wall, and enter the city. 
 Hsuchoufu can also be reached by railway on a main line 
 running from Nanking to Peking. 
 
 In a further travel survey of the stations in Noi*th^ 
 Kiangsu we will again start from Chinkiang. Our first 
 
26 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 Nisit will be to Taichow. Crossing the Yangtze from 
 Chinkiang, we enter one of the well-nigh innumerable 
 canals that supply the means of communication, and 
 proceed by houseboat to Taichow, a city about fifty miles 
 to the north of Chinkiang, and about the same distance 
 east of the Grand Canal. 
 
 The next in the chain of stations between the Grand 
 Canal and the Yellow Sea, extending northward, is the 
 city of Yencheng. Its location is about sixty miles north 
 of Taichow and about eighty miles east of Hwaianfu. 
 The usual routes followed in going from stations north 
 of Chinkiang to Yencheng is from Hwaianfu and Tsing- 
 kiangpu by canals. 
 
 Our next and last station in North Kiangsu is Haichow. 
 The visitor to this city will leave the Grand Canal at 
 Tsingkiangpu and make the quickest journey by Chinese 
 cart. The trip can also be made by canal or on a wheel- 
 barrow. Haichow may also be reached in about the same 
 length of time, three days, by Chinese cart or in an in- 
 definite period of time by canal, or barrow, from Sutsien. 
 
 By reference to the map the reader will see the large 
 stretch of territory included in this rapid survey. We 
 have traveled from Hangchow in the south to Hsuchoufu 
 and Haichow in the north “a blue line of missions” over 
 five hundred miles in length. The width of the field, 
 east and west, is from seventy-five to one hundred miles 
 west of the Grand Canal to the Yellow Sea on the east. 
 No section of China ofifers a larger, more important, and 
 inviting field for missionary occupation. 
 
Chapter IV 
 
 MID-CHINA MISSION STATIONS 
 
 The stations of our Mid-China Mission are situated 
 along and near the Grand Canal, an artificial stream that 
 reflects greater credit on the men who devised and con- 
 structed it than even the building of the great wall of 
 China. The importance of the canal to the whole country 
 is an indication of its importance in the establishment 
 and development of our mission stations in China. The 
 Grand Canal and the almost innumerable small branch 
 canals have been utilized l)y missionaries from the earliest 
 days in the evangelization of China. 
 
 The principal stations of our Mid-China Mission are 
 Hangchow, Soochow, Kashing, Kiangyin, and Nanking. 
 
 HANGCHOW, OUR FIRST STATION 
 
 Hangchow, opened in 1867 is the capital of Che- 
 kiang Province, is situated on the Grand Canal with a 
 latitude the same as New Orleans and the climate is about 
 the same but with greater extremes of temperature. It 
 is a great commercial and educational center and from a 
 Chinese standpoint, a well built city. There are extensive 
 manufactures of silk, tobacco and fans. The estimated 
 population is about 800,000. Hangchow is one of the 
 eighteen provincial capitals. In 1200 A.D. it was the 
 capital of the Chinese Empire. It is the largest city in 
 which we have a mission in China and the largest in any 
 
28 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 of our mission fields. It is a great non-Christian religi- 
 ous center to which many thousands of pilgrims go every 
 year to visit the numerous and remarkable heathen tem- 
 ples. 
 
 Early Days at Hangchow 
 
 .A. full account of the work at Hangchow would in- 
 clude much of the early history of our foreign mission 
 work. The men and women who opened the work in 
 the Hangchow field were our veteran missionaries. The 
 hardships of the outward journey and the trials on the 
 field far e.xceeded those of the present day. Soon after 
 the arrival of Mr. and Mrs. Inslee, the health of Mr. 
 Inslee began to decline. Repeated changes of climate 
 in China failed to bring relief and he returned to the 
 United States, with his family, in the fall of 1870, and in 
 the following spring, (1871) he died in New Orleans. 
 In the service of his Master, J\Ir. Inslee had freely spent 
 
 STUART MEMORIAL CHURCH, HANGCHOW 
 A Memorial to Rev. J. C. Stuart. 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 29 
 
 all of his patrimony, and in his last moments he com- 
 mended his family, a wife and seven children, to “God 
 and the Church.” His trust was not in vain as a fund 
 was raised for the support of his family. The failing 
 health of other missionaries reduced the force until one 
 missionary, Mr. Houston, had the care of the two hoard- 
 ing schools and all the general services of the station. 
 
 The early reports also tell of brightening prospects. 
 'Fhe mission was reinforced by the arrival of Rev. and 
 Mrs. H. C. DuBose and Mrs. Annie Randolph. Mrs. 
 Randolph at once took charge of the girls’ boarding 
 school which greatly prospered under her efficient man- 
 agement until failing health forced her to give up the 
 work. Mrs. Randolph went to Japan where she was able 
 (o continue in missionary service until 1892 when her 
 health compelled her permanent retirement and she re- 
 luctantly returned to the homeland. Much interesting- 
 history and personal mention cannot he given in as 
 brief sketches as a small book is expected to contain. 
 
 Equipment and Union Schools 
 
 The equipment in Hangchow consists of missionary 
 residences and a chapel for a fully organized and self- 
 supporting- church. In the early days, separate schools 
 for hoys and girls were organized by Mr. Inslee. Owing 
 to lack of equipment and teachers, the school for boys 
 was discontinued for a time, and is now merged into 
 the Union Christian College. Our principal educational 
 work in Hangchow has been the Hangchow Girls’ School. 
 During- its history of over fifty years, the school has been 
 the pride of the mission. It was our first school for 
 girls on the foreign field and has been recognized as one 
 
30 
 
 / N C II I N .-I 
 
 of the first important schools established for girls in the 
 then Chinese Empire. The girls going out from this 
 school are found in almost every department of service. 
 They are wives of evangelists, Bible women, teachers in 
 Christian schools and wives and mothers in Christian 
 homes. The first Young YTmen’s Christian Association 
 in China was organized in this: school. Following the 
 principle of consolidation of schools of higher grade, 
 the girls’ schools of the Presbyterian Churches, U. S., 
 and U. S. A., and the Northern Baptist Mission were 
 consolidated under the name of Hangchow Union Girls' 
 School. This is now a prosperous institution doing a high 
 grade of work for girls. 
 
 The Union Christian College, under the control and 
 jointly supix)rted by the Presbyterian Churches, LT. S. 
 and U. S. A., is located a few miles from the center of 
 the city of Hangchow. The buildings erected and in 
 process of erection are located on a hill overlooking the 
 Tsien Tang (Hangchow) River. This College is the 
 only institution of its class for boys in the Province of 
 Chekiang among fifteen million people. The educational 
 ])olicy by which the Presbyterian schools of Hangchow 
 and other points in the Mid-China Mission have been or- 
 ganized provides a regular course from the primary 
 schools to the college. The location of the two union 
 schools in Hangchow, when thoroughly equipped, will be 
 “the capstone of our Presbyterian educational system in 
 this part of China.” 
 
 In a section of the city some distance from the mis- 
 sion compound, the Stuart Memorial Church has been or- 
 ganized with a good church building. At another point 
 in the city there is a chapel where good work has been 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 31 
 
 done, including evangelistic and Bible work, a day school 
 and a clinic which for many years was in charge of Miss 
 E. B. French. 
 
 In the vicinity of Hasigchow there is an extensive coun- 
 try field in which there is a large country population in 
 \’illages and on farms where out-station work is systemat- 
 ically conducted. For many years Rev. and Mrs. J. L. 
 Stuart had charge of a remarkable work in the Tehtsing 
 district, aliout thirty miles from Hangchow. In an early 
 report it is mentioned that Mr. and Mrs. Stuart, going 
 out in a houseboat, spent thirty-four days visiting sixty- 
 four places and one hundred and twenty-one families of 
 Christians and inquirers. A number of churches have 
 been organized in the Hangchow out-station field under the 
 direction of missionaries assigned by the mission, and 
 Chinese preachers and teachers. 
 
 Statistics. The following statistics are condensed 
 from last Annual Report ( 1923) : Organized congregations 
 13 with a membership of 729 and a Christian constituency 
 of 929; other places of worship, 5; out-stations, 15; Sab- 
 bath schools, 19 with a membership of 854; 9 schools 
 with 207 students; foreign force, 15; Chinese workers, 4. 
 
 SOOCHOW 
 
 SoocHOw, an important center, the capitol of Kiangsu 
 Province, on the Grand Canal, aliout 120 miles north of 
 Hangchow and fifty-four miles west of Shanghai on the 
 Shanghai and Nanking railway, is a city famous for its 
 literary men, beautiful gardens, public buildings and all 
 kinds of artistic Chinese manufactures, with a population 
 of 500,000. Soochow has been called “The Paris of 
 China.’’ On account of its numerous lakes and canals 
 
32 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 surrounded by beautiful plains, it has also been called 
 “The Venice of China.” The city was founded during 
 the life of Confucius, B.C. 500. It is about four miles in 
 length north to south, and nearly three miles in breadth. 
 
 . The wall around the city is about thirteen miles in length. 
 Of the seven pagodas seen in and around the city the 
 Great Pagoda is the highest in China. The Tiger Hill 
 Pagoda, the leaning tower of Soochow, is 1300 years old. 
 
 The Work Opened 
 
 Soochow was opened in 1872. Rev. and Mrs. H. C. 
 DuBose, were among our earliest missionaries in the 
 Soochow field. Dr. DuBose, by his preaching, his literary 
 work including a large number of religious works in the 
 Chinese language and his leadership in the anti-opium 
 movement, made a profound impression on the people 
 of China. He died in March, 1910. There are two 
 centers from which work is being conducted in the Soo- 
 chow field. The older being South Soochow, located in 
 the heart of the city where there are two missionary homes 
 and a chapel. The evangelistic services from this center 
 include services in the chapel and an extensive out-station 
 field which is made easily accessible by houseboat and 
 motor boat along the numerous canals radiating from 
 the city. The outstanding need of the Soochow city work 
 has been a church building and it is hoped that in the near 
 future plans for securing an adequate fund to erect a 
 DuBose Memorial Church will be successful. 
 
 Elizabeth Blake Hospital 
 
 In the early days of the Soochow work, a dispensary 
 was conducted in the home of one of the missionaries. 
 In 1897 this dispensary was moved to a location outside 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 33 
 
 the city walls, and work was opened in North Soochow. 
 In this second center in Soochow, we have an excellent 
 property on which are located a number of missionary 
 residences, a good stone church building, the George C. 
 Smith Memorial School for Girls, and the buildings of the 
 Elizabeth Blake Hospital. The experiences leading up 
 to the establishment of this hospital are a very interest- 
 ing part of the history of our work in Soochow, and of 
 our hospital work in all our mission fields, as it was th6 
 first hospital established in our foreign field. Prof, and 
 Mrs. J. R. Blake of South Carolina, considering where 
 they might make an investment yielding the largest re- 
 turns in religious dividends, established the Elizabeth 
 Blake Hospital on a site that, after considerable delay, was 
 obtained outside the North Soochow Gate in 1896. In 
 connection with the hospital there is a, department foi 
 the insane. Instruction is given to medical students and 
 nurses. All of the hospital buildings are of brick. The 
 canal passes the hospital and the entire water front lying 
 in front of the hospital belongs to the mission. The 
 recent erection of two new buildings, increasing the total 
 number to seven, will greatly increase the efficiency of 
 the work, not only in the hospital, but in supplying neces- 
 sary room for the medical and nurses training depart- 
 ments. 
 
 The School for Girls 
 
 Our girls school is the out-growth of the Sibley Home 
 and School for Girls following upon the early work of 
 Miss Anne Safford and continued by the self-denying 
 labors of Miss Elizabeth Flemming. The present ade- 
 quate building was erected by Mrs. George C. Smith as 
 a memorial to her husband. The course of study has 
 
 — 3 “ 
 
34 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 been steadily advanced until the missionary and Chinese 
 teachers now have in sight a full high school course. A 
 deep spiritual interest prevails among the students and 
 teachers. 
 
 A large section of country is accessible to Soochow 
 by means of many canals which intersect the fertile plain 
 in every direction. It is estimated that within a radius 
 of twenty miles there is a jxipulation of a million people. 
 Preaching points, with chapels, have been opened in a 
 number of large market towns. As in all out-station fields 
 it is said of Soochow, “the work” is large and successful. 
 
 Statistics. In the Soochow field there are five or- 
 ganized congregations and tenj other places of worship 
 with 414 communicants and a Christian constituency of 
 665. There are 12 out-stations; 7 Sabbath schools rep- 
 resenting a membership of 500 ; five days schools with 
 223 students; foreign workers, 17; Chinese workers, 15; 
 hospital in-patients, 465, and 1759 in the clinic. 
 
 KASHING 
 
 Kashing, opened in 1895, is one of the eleven pre- 
 fectures of Chekiang Province. The city walls were built 
 about the year 897, A.D., upon a site of some repute from 
 feudal times. Situated on the Grand Canal nearly mid- 
 way between Hangchow and Soochow, it marks the high- 
 est reach of tidewater from Shanghai. Canals connect 
 with the bay ports on the south, and with the mountains 
 on the west. The Shanghai and Nanking and the Shang- 
 hai and Hangchow railways give easy communication to 
 Hangchow in the South and, via Shanghai, to the north 
 and west. 
 
 Kashing is noted for its great scholars, superior fruits. 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 35 
 
 excellent rice, salt-fish market, brick, tiles, and durable 
 brass work. The city abounds with Confucian, Buddhist 
 and Taoist temples. A careful estimate, based upon a 
 last census taken with reference to immigration and birth 
 rate, fixes the population for the city and suburbs at 
 100,000 and for the department, including the city, 2,- 
 000,000. 
 
 How Entrance was Effected , 
 
 The entrance of the gospel into Kashing required a 
 long siege. For over thirty years representatives of dif- 
 ferent missions in China had endeavored to enter the city 
 without success. In 1892 the best that our missionaides 
 could do was to get a foothold in Sinchang, a town nine 
 miles distant. By that kind of patient and tactful effort, 
 combined with continued prayer, known only to the pioneer 
 missionary, entrance was finally gained to the city in 
 
 A MISSIONARY HOUSEBOAT PROPELLED BY SAIL 
 OR ROWING 
 
36 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 1895. The door by which the entrance was gained was 
 the medical work. The first place to be occupied was a 
 small room for a dispensary. Healing and preaching 
 went on together until a group of believers was formed 
 and soon property was secured for a chapel, hospital, 
 school and missionary residences. When one of the mis- 
 sionaries first entered the north gate at Kashing and 
 paused at a shop within the gate to offer a tract to. a 
 man at the door, he was met with a look of unutterable 
 contempt. Within that same north gate there is a fine 
 com]iound on which has been erected dwellings for the 
 missionaries, hospital buildings, and school buildings. 
 
 Kashing Schools 
 
 The Kashing High School, originally called the Axon 
 Memorial School, began, as nearly all mission schools 
 begin, with the smaller boys and a very elementary course 
 of study. Under the excellent administration of mission- 
 ary teachers, the standards of the school have been 
 steadily raised until now its graduates are qualified to 
 enter the missionary colleges. One cannot visit this school 
 without becoming conscious of the spiritual atmosphere 
 pervading the entire work. By the wise purchase of land, 
 a splendid location adjoining the station compound was 
 secured for the school buildings. The Kashing High 
 School, with over 300 students, is our largest school in 
 China. Its popularity is shown in the application of 240 
 hoys for admission of whom only .eighty could he received 
 on account of lack of room. The Educational Commis- 
 sion that went over China makfng an examination of 
 schools of all grades gave the highest praise to the spirit 
 and methods of our Kashing schools. When people ask 
 “Where do you get your school spirit?’’ the answer is 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 37 
 
 “From Christ’s living, vital power and presence in our 
 school family.” This answer is applicable to all our mis- 
 sionary schools. 
 
 The Kashing Christian Institute is a progressive iorm 
 of institutional church work which has proven very popu- 
 lar. In a recently erected building, gospel preaching, 
 reading and recreation rooms, a book room and night 
 classes are maintained. 
 
 A school for girls conducted under many disadvan- 
 tageous circumstances has been an evangelistic agency 
 through which mothers in Chinese homes have been 
 reached. There is a strong demand and an excellent field 
 for a well equipped girls’ school of high school grade at 
 Kashing. 
 
 The Kashing Hospital 
 
 The hospital at Kashing has been one of the most im- 
 portant and successful lines of missionary activity from 
 the very beginning of the work. There is an inadequacy 
 of buildings and facilities, but notwithstanding these 
 limitations, many thousands of patients are treated in the 
 daily clinic, and many hundreds, as hospital in-patients, 
 receive treatment for more serious ailments. The medi- 
 cal work at Kashing has a deserved wide reputation. A 
 number of Chinese men and women have been trained 
 for hospital work, among them well qualified physicians 
 and nurses. The evangelistic side of the medical work, 
 as in all other of our station hospitals, is never subordi- 
 nated to the physical welfare of the patients. While the 
 people wait for their turn to be admitted to the exami- 
 nation room, they are gathered in the chapel and the 
 gospel is faithfully preached to them by the Chinese ev- 
 angelists and the missionaries. Many, as in all mission 
 
38 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 hospitals, who have gone to the hospital for the healing' 
 of the body only, have gone away with spiritual healing 
 to “tell their friends what great things the Lord hath done 
 for them.” The B. M. Palmer Memorial building is an 
 appreciated addition to the hospital equipment. 
 
 The Out-Station Field 
 
 The out-station fields occupy a place second only to that 
 of the central station. In a brief account of our work 
 in China it is not possible to give details of the splendid 
 work and encouraging results of our missionaries who 
 have the general direction of this work in the villages, 
 many of them large towns, and country districts near the 
 main stations. A highly successful work has been in 
 progress for many years in the Kashing field. Churches 
 have been organized, buildings erected, village schools 
 established and qualified Chinese pastors working under 
 the direction of the Chinese Presbytery, are placed in 
 charge as rapidly as the “way is clear.” The development 
 and general care of the out-station field requires a mis- 
 sionary of ability and experience and who has the physi- 
 cal and spiritual qualifications for hard service. 
 
 Statistics. The last statistical report shows that in 
 the Kashing field there are 14 organized congregations, 
 with 1070 members: 14 out-stations: a foreign force of 
 17 and a Chinese force of 24; a Christian constituency 
 of 1628; 13 Sabbath schools with 1088 members; 10 
 schools of all grades with 663 students. In the hospital 
 there are 2 missionary and 4 Chinese physicians and 5 
 medical assistants. In the 8 hospital buildings and 2 dis- 
 jiensaries there were 18,361 individuals treated and 50,424 
 treatments given ; additions to the churches, 102. 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 30 
 
 KIANGYIN 
 
 Kiangyin, opened in 1895, is a city of some forty- 
 live thousand population, located near the southern bank 
 of the Yangtze River about half way between Chinkiang 
 and Shanghai. It is some thirty miles from the Grand 
 Canal. Its military importance, including the historic 
 fortifications guarding the Yangtze River, and its loca- 
 tion in the center of one of the most densely populated 
 portions of China make it a missionary center of great 
 importance. 
 
 The Kiangyin field conprising the magistracy of Kiang- 
 yin is roughly rectangular in form, about thirty by fifteen 
 miles in extent. The total population is considerably over 
 half a million. It is a rich agricultural section with a dense 
 rural population distributed among numerous villages and 
 small towns. A recent census shows fifty-two market 
 towns and forty-five villages in the magistracy. 
 
 Difficulty in Opening the Work 
 
 The first attempt to organize a Protestant work at 
 Kiangyin was made in the spring of 1894. A beginning 
 was made by renting a native house on a small piece of 
 land outside the east gate of the city. The gentry, assisted 
 liy the magistrate, made every effort to stop the work. 
 The opposition culminated in a riot gotten up by the gentry 
 which was attended liy the secretary of the magistrate who 
 was present to see that no violence was done the mission- 
 aries provided they would leave the place. Under the 
 circumstances the missionaries were compelled to tem- 
 porarily abandon the station. 
 
 In the spring of 1895 a second effort was made to open 
 a station at Kiangyin. When the missionaries presented 
 
40 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 themselves at the door of the yamen of the magistrate 
 they were compelled to wait for two hours and a half be- 
 fore they were granted an audience. A letter from the 
 American Counsul was given the magistrate who read it 
 in a most prefunctory manner, and looking up, his face 
 expressing hatred and contempt, said “Is that all?” The 
 missionaries replied, “Yes, we have presented our case. 
 We have no more to say except that we hope our request 
 will be granted.” The magistrate answered. “Very well ; 
 good-bye,” and rose from his seat, thus signifying that 
 the interview was over. An attempt by the missionaries 
 to speak further was met by the magistrate saying, “Get 
 out, get out,” waving them away as if they had been 
 criminals and were driven from the presence of injured 
 law. But the effort was not given up. Entrance was 
 finally gained but it was evident to the missionaries that 
 the atmosphere was charged with opposition and that 
 the slightest mistake would set the whole community in 
 a blaze of opposition. At a later date a missionary was 
 put in charge of the station. A native Christian day 
 school teacher and an ex-soldier, who was also a Chris- 
 tian, took possession of the rented property in the early 
 part of May, 1895. The work encountered eveiT possible 
 opposition. Some progress was made until the spring 
 of 1896 when an attempt was made to break up the mis- 
 sion by riot. The writer of the original deed to the prop- 
 erty, thinking to frighten the missionaries into giving 
 money, secretely buried a child in the rear yard of the 
 compound and circulated the story that the missionaries 
 were killing the children and using their eyes for medicine. 
 -A. demand was made for permission to search the premises 
 which was readily granted. The leader of the riot led 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 41 
 
 the crowd to the place where he had hid the body of the 
 child and unearthed it. This precipitated a riot, and the 
 missionaries, barely escaping with their lives, took refuge 
 in the Kiangyin fort where they were given protection. 
 The furnishings were destroyed and the mission building 
 was wrecked but not burned. Within a few days the 
 plot was divulged and the missionaries were completely 
 exonerated. The opposition of the people following the 
 riot was finally broken down by the uniform kindness of 
 the missionaries, preaching the gospel, the practice of 
 medicine and personal work. In 1897 the work that had 
 been started at Wusih was moved to Kiangyin, making one 
 strong station. More than two years after the first at- 
 tempt to open the station, the first openly confessed in- 
 quirer was received. 
 
 In striking and happy contrast with the turbulent and 
 almost tragic conditions of the early days at Kiangyin 
 are present achievements. The work has the friendshi]^ 
 of thousands of rich and poor in the city and surrounding 
 country. The one convert has multiplied until there are 
 two organized churches in Kiangyin. The small inade- 
 , quate rented quarters have been succeeded with a finely 
 located mission compound with a chapel, missionary resi- 
 dences, excellent school buildings and hospital buildings, 
 one of which is for women. 
 
 The Kiangyin Schools 
 
 There are two excellent schools of academy grade in 
 Kiangyin — the James Sprunt Academy for boys and the 
 Luola Murchison Siu’unt Academy for girls. The two 
 buildings were erected by Mr. James Sprunt of Wilming- 
 ton, North Carolina. In the school for boys, the atten- 
 
42 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 dance is limited only by the ability to accommodate the 
 students. Especial effort is made among the boys to get 
 in personal touch with every student by divi'ling the whole 
 body into groups and making one Christian teacher re- 
 '■•ponsible for a direct personal appeal. 
 
 In the Luola Murchison Sprunt School for girls the 
 attendance is as large as can be accommodated. This 
 school is becoming the destination of graduates from the 
 large and growing girls’ grammar schools in the city. The 
 spiritual results in these two schools have been most grat- 
 ifying. Thel following is quoted from the last Annual 
 Reixjrt regarding the work in our Kiangyin schools : 
 “In every fresh influx of pupils into our mission 
 schools there are some who- begin to grow and flour- 
 ish like flowers in a greenhouse. ‘This is what I’ve 
 b'een waiting for all my life!’ is their attitude. And it is 
 for such as these that the door must be kept carefully 
 open. Our constituency at home will please not get the 
 idea that all is beautiful and perfect in our schools, and 
 poor and vile in the others. In many technical and 
 mechanical features, and in some good, modern, educa- 
 tional methods, the good average government school is 
 ahead of the average mission school and we should like 
 to move forward in these respects. But what we rejoice 
 in is that there comes a light into the faces of so many of 
 our ])upils that was altogether wanting when they came; 
 and many a parent comes saying, T know the standards 
 of conduct in your honorable school are high, and I bring 
 my child here because I feel safe.’ or a boy says, ‘My 
 father told me, I am too old to change ; but I want you 
 to go and learn this doctrine and so I am here.’ ” 
 
IN CHIN A 
 
 43 
 
 The Hospital Work 
 
 Our excellent hospital at Kiangyin, under the direction 
 of Dr. George C. Worth and his Chinese assistants, is 
 one of the most successful agencies in the Kiangyin field. 
 The location is admirable. The number of patients treated 
 in the clinic and taken care of in the hospital is only limited 
 by the capacity of the buildings. A number of competent 
 medical helpers, both men and women, have been trained 
 in this hospital. The Chinese doctors who get their train- 
 ing in our hospitals, are in many cases, outstanding .men 
 in the medical profession. The trained nurses also receive 
 thorough instruction which qualifies them for a work un- 
 known to China until the day of medical missions. A 
 group of the Kiangyin gentry gave expression to their 
 appreciation of the hospital by contributing $2,000.00, 
 Me.xican, to erect and equip a ward for poor patients. The 
 group organized to stamp out the use of opium in the 
 magistracy sent smokers to the hospital to be cured, re- 
 serving a small ward and paying the expenses of the poor. 
 Rev. H. C. DuBose, D.D. was for many years a promi- 
 nent leader in the anti-opium movement in China. There 
 are two objectives in all our hospitals ; first to develop 
 Chinese doctors to a point where they can take the place 
 of the medical missionary both in general practice and 
 the management of hospitals and allow the missionary to 
 open new fields ; and second, to see that hospital and all 
 medical work is regarded as a missionary agency, keeping 
 the evangelistic message in prominent place in connection 
 with the healing of the body. 
 
 Kiangyin is the center of a large country work in which 
 the missionaries in charge are assisted by associate Chinese 
 
44 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 Ijreachers of ability. A numljer of churches have been 
 organized and several chapels erected. 
 
 Statistics. The following is taken from the last statis- 
 tical report of Kiangyin station ; In the 5 organized con- 
 gregations and 1 1 other places of worship there are 848 
 communicants and a Christian constituency of 1478. There 
 are 16 out-stations. In 22 Sabbath schools are 820 impds 
 and in the 14 day schools of all grades there are 692 stu- 
 dents. In the hospital there are one foreign and three 
 native physicians. There are six hospital buildings and 
 one dispensary. 6014 individuals were treated. In the 
 Kiangyin field is a foreign force of 16; native workers; 
 24. 
 
 NANKING 
 
 Nanking is one of the greatest historical cities of 
 China. It was the seat of government of the Ming Dy- 
 nasty. Not far from the city is the remarkable tomb of 
 the first emperor of this dynasty. Nanking is situated on 
 the south bank of the Yangtze River. Several railroads, 
 built or projected, radiate from this great business center. 
 The ancient wall surrounding the city, twenty-two miles 
 in length, seventy feet high, thirty feet wide with thir- 
 teen gates, is considered one of the finest of the many city 
 walls in China. Nanking is known far and wide as a 
 great literary center and is noted for various industries. 
 
 Our work at Nanking has been largely in cooperation 
 in union movements. An increasing interest in the union 
 of the Chinese churches in connection with the Pres- 
 byterian U. S. and Presbyterian U. S. A. resulted in the 
 establishment of the Nanking Union Theological Semin- 
 ary. An e.xcellent site inside the walls was secured on 
 which a number of buildings have been erected. There 
 are now five of the Central China missions cooperating in 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 45 
 
 the control of the Seminary — The Presbyterian Church 
 U. S., Presbyterian Church U. S. A., Southern Method- 
 ist, Northern Methodist and Disciples. The Seminary 
 serves our two China missions. The total enrollment 
 of students last year was 127 with a graduating class 
 of fifty. A Bible School, organized in connection with 
 the seminary, has been separated from the seminarv 
 with the result of a “Solid advance along all lines.” Our 
 church is represented loy four professors on the seminary 
 faculty. The Union Women’s Bible School in which 
 our church is cooperating, is doing a fine work in training 
 Chinese women for Christian service. 
 
 The Nanking Union Hospital, maintained by the mis- 
 sions of evangelical denominations working in Nanking, 
 with a physician of our church in charge, is a hospital of 
 high standing. 
 
 LUOLA MURCHISON SPRUNT ACADEMY, GIRL’S SCHOOL, 
 KIANGYIN. 
 
46 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 An organization that has already been greatly used in 
 the promotion of, the gospel is the Evangelistic Union 
 W'ork for Central China, of which our Rev. P. F. Price, 
 D.D., is secretary. 
 
 The Synod of Five Provinces 
 
 An event of outstanding importance, taking place at 
 Nanking was the formation of the Presbyterian Synod. 
 While the plans for the establishment of the seminary 
 were being developed, the matter of the union of the 
 two branches (Presbyterian Church U. S. Presbyterian 
 Church, U. S. i\.) working in Central China made steady 
 progress. In 1906 at a meeting of foreign and Chinese 
 representatives in Nanking, a Synod was formed to be 
 known as the Synod of Five Provinces — Chekiang, 
 Kiangsu, Anhwei, Hunan, and Hupeh. 
 
 Our missionaries, principally engaged in union move- 
 ments, are active in the city and surrounding field. Our 
 missionary women find large opportunity for evangelistic 
 work. 
 
 TUNGHIANG AND CHANGCHOW 
 
 Tunghiang. Before it was possible to open a station 
 in Kashing, work was opened in the town of Sinchang. 
 Lack of space prevents giving an account of the diffi- 
 culties and successes of the work in Sinchang. In 1905, 
 when it was felt there was no room for future expansion, 
 the work in Sinchang was moved to Donchang, now called 
 Tunghiang, an important town in the center of a heirt 
 shaped field about eighteen miles from Kashing. For 
 a number of years a successful work was carried on in 
 this city of 20,000 people and in the surrounding country. 
 After Kashing station was opened with hospital and 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 47 
 
 school facilities, the work as a regular station in Tung- 
 hiang was gradually discontinued and finally moved to 
 Kashing. Both Sinchang and Tunghiang are now out- 
 stations of the Kashing field. 
 
 Changchow. Changchow, a prefectural city on the 
 Shanghai and Nanking Railway situated about half wky 
 l>etween Suchow and Chinkiang, was, at one time, a 
 station of the Mid-China Mission with a missionary in 
 charge. The importance of the field and its occupancy 
 as one of a chain of mission stations made it very desirable 
 that we should occupy this field permanently, but owing 
 to lack of workers and funds for equipment, it was found 
 impossible to continue the work^ 
 
 Shanghai. Shanghai, the greatest port in China, is 
 the center of a large number of missionary activities, 
 and is especially noted as a headquarters for the publi- 
 cation of missionary literature. The Chinese are great 
 readers and it is of primary importance that they be given 
 a Christian literature. Shanghai is not one of our regular 
 stations but it is an important city to our China work 
 as the headquarters of the joint treasurer of the two 
 missions, and the office of the publication, “The Chris- 
 tian InteUigeuccr,” a church paper with a large circula- 
 tion, representing all the Presbyterian bodies having mis- 
 sions in China. 
 
 The accounts of the work in the stations of the Mid- 
 China Mission have been taken up in order of their open- 
 ing. Chinkiang was opened in 1883, but as it is a station 
 of the North Kiangsu Mission the descriptive notes will 
 be found in the next chapter. 
 
48 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 ENTERING THE GRAND CANAL, NORTH SIDE OF THE 
 YANGTZE RIVER 
 
Chapter V 
 
 NORTH KIANGSU MISSION STATIONS 
 
 The Field 
 
 The North Kiangsu Mission field begins along the 
 Yangtze River about one hundred and fifty miles north- 
 west of Shanghai, and extends farther northwest about 
 three hundred miles. It is the Egypt of China. Much 
 of it is low and subject to overflow. On this delta soil 
 the most bountiful crops of wheat, maize, caffercorn, rice, 
 millet, beans, peanuts and sweet potatoes are grown. 
 Layer upon layer of silt has been deposited over the whole 
 land, till only isolated hills stand out here and there like 
 islands out of the sea. Here is where “China’s Sorrow” 
 has ix)ured its destroying flood, and every inch of the 
 unfathomed silt is vocal with the moans of amazing num- 
 bers of hungering, suffering people. In contrast with the 
 official and rich classes are the millions of extremely 
 poor and densely ignorant people in large cities and in 
 almost innumerable villages in the rural districts. The 
 population of the North Kiangsu Mission field, a district 
 about the size of the state of Virginia and half of North 
 Carolina, is conservatively estimated as fifteen million. 
 
 Famines in North Kiangsu 
 
 The famines in Kiangsu, especially the great famine of 
 1907 which occurred in the region occupied by our North 
 
50 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 Kiangsu Mission stations, have ijeen.snch an important 
 factor in opening the way for the preaching of the gospel 
 in all that section of China, that some mention of them 
 is an essential part of this sketch. It so occurred that the 
 members of the North Kiangsu Mission, in large degree, 
 were the leaders in the distribution of the relief which the 
 generous contributions of the j^eonle of the United States 
 made possil)le. Our missionaries, with the co-operation 
 of the missionaries of other denominations, gave up all 
 other work and devoted themselves to the saving of the 
 lives of as many of the people as their jjhysical strength 
 would allow. The stories of heroism in this and other 
 famines will never he fully written, but they will find 
 their reward in the day when the Lord shall say, ‘‘Inas- 
 much as ye did it unto one of the least of these ye did it 
 unto me.” 
 
 'Fhe relief work commended itself to the officials and 
 gentry in all the cities. The appreciation, not only of the 
 
 “And the poor have the gospel preached unto them” 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 51 
 
 starving, but of the wealthy and official classes, was cor- 
 dial and outspoken. “Constant effort was made to keep 
 before the officials and the jjeople the motive of the relief 
 work, viz.; disinterested friendliness growing out of the 
 teachings of our Saviour : and they realized this to a re- 
 markable degree and often remarked that the help which 
 China received came from Christ.’’ When the magistrate 
 of Hwaianfu presented a handsome memorial tablet to 
 the station expressing his thanks, the leading man who 
 came to announce the gift suggested that it be hung in 
 the chapel in honor of the Savior, as the Chinese knew 
 the charity bestowed had been due to him. A profound 
 and widespread impression for good was made upon the 
 Chinese by the relief work, not only tending to promote 
 kindly feeling between China and other countries, but 
 also to o]:>en the hearts of multitudes of people to the 
 gospel. 
 
 CHINKIANG 
 
 Chinkiang (1883), is the only station of the North 
 Kiangsu Mission south of the Yangtze River in Chinkiang. 
 1'his city, with a population of about 325,000, is one of 
 the most important in this section of the republic. The 
 Yangtze River supplies a medium of communication to 
 the sea in the one direction and far into the interior in the 
 other. The Grand Canal, with numerous intersecting 
 canals, flowing from the Yangtze on the south and also 
 o])ening into the Yangtze on the north side, provides 
 communication to the north and south. The railroad from 
 Shanghai to Nanking has greatly added to the impor- 
 tance of the city as a receiving and distributing center. 
 The city is beautifully situated and its hills, on one of 
 which our mission buildings are located, are a refuge 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 52 
 
 from the oppressive summer heat. There are large sub- 
 urbs along the canal. Five of these suburban cities can 
 be seen from our station grounds. 
 
 It w'as decided to open Chinkiang as a station in the 
 fall of 1883. Rev. S. I. VVoodbridge, D.D., now editor 
 of the Chinese Christian Intelligencer, was the first mis- 
 sionary. A very beautifuly located piece of land outside 
 the city on a high hill, nearly a mile from the west gate 
 of the city, was purchased. On this property missionary 
 homes and school buildings have been erected. The usual 
 ex]ierience of small beginnings and slow growth pre- 
 vailed. With the arrival of the additional missionaries, 
 cha]:)els were opened in the city, educational work begun 
 and out-stations opened in the surrounding territory. The 
 number of inquirers, believers and baptized members in- 
 creased until in 1909 the number was sufficient to or- 
 ganize a Presbyterian Church and the hope of the mis- 
 sionaries during sixteen years of self-sacrificing service 
 was realized. A large field for evangelization remains 
 to be occupied in Chinkiang. Large results have followed 
 the seed sowing of our own missionaries and other de- 
 nominations, but it is estimated that at least one-third of 
 the population is unevangelized, that is, there are consid- 
 erably over 100,000 men, women and young people in 
 Chinkiang who have not heard the gospel message. 
 
 We now have an organized church in the city, a church 
 at the South Gate and a new chapel recently opened. A 
 considerable territory, with important out-stations, is in- 
 cluded in the Chinkiang field, in which, including the city, 
 there is a ]X)pulation of 2,000,000. 
 
 In several of the out-stations, there are organized 
 churches and there is hope of soon organizing additional 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 53 
 
 churches at several points. Primary and intermediate 
 schools, taught by Chinese Christian teachers, are feeders 
 to the school of academy grade at the central station. 
 
 Our outstanding educational work in Chinkiang is the 
 Burton Memorial School for Boys, opened in 1906. From 
 the beginning, this building has not been adequate to ac- 
 commodate all the students who desire to attend the school. 
 In 1918 the Hawley Memorial, an eight-room building 
 was erected, which has greatly added to the school equip- 
 ment. When adequate equipment is provided, it is 
 Ijlanned to divide the school into two departments, the 
 high school to be known as the Burton Memorial, and the 
 higher primary school to be known as the Hawley Me- 
 morial. The Annual Report (1923 ) shows an enrollment 
 of one hundred and eighty-three. Fifty applicants were 
 turned away for lack of room. A deep spiritual interest 
 pervades the school. “Thirty-six students united with 
 the church during the year and there were only eight who 
 did not signify their willingness to accept Christ as their 
 Saviour.” 
 
 VILLAGE SHRINE 
 
54 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 The Missionary Academy 
 
 The general plan, purpose and results of our foreign 
 mission schools of academy grade can be best stated by 
 quoting from a report made several years ago of the 
 Burton Memorial School at Chinkiang: “Of a total en- 
 rollment of 375 students during a series of years, some 
 dropped out after a year or more; some completed the 
 higher primary course, hut did not enter high school. In- 
 \estigation showed that failure to complete the entire 
 course in 90 per cent of the cases was due to a lack of 
 funds. All of the students remained in the school long 
 enough to receive a full knowledge of God and the plan 
 of salvation. During the time covered by the report, six 
 of the students died, all of whom had made a profession 
 of faith in Christ. Some of the graduates from the high 
 .school went into higher institutions of learning, others 
 filled ]>ositions of usefulness in teaching, preaching and 
 in business. Three of the ex-students held positions in the 
 Chinese jx^st ofifice ; three went to work in banks ; a few 
 were employed in foreign business houses ; eight secured 
 jjositions in mission schools and one in a Government 
 school ; four became interpreters for the Chinese laborers 
 in Euro])e; three became preachers in our own mission, 
 fi\ e went to college ; three to medical schools ; three studied 
 nur.sing in mission hospitals and many went to work in 
 Chine^^e business houses.'’ 
 
 During the year covered by the report, the students 
 came from the following social classes: official class, 6; 
 scholar class, 20; merchant class, 55; artisan class, 4; 
 farmer class. 17; laboring class, 17; .scattering, 12. Of 
 the total enrollment, only 35 came from Christian homes. 
 
I'he large majority came from government schools and 
 non-Christian homes. 
 
 A hospital has long been a pressing need in the Chin- 
 kiang station and field. A memorial fund, adecpiate for 
 the erection and ecpiipment of a first-class hospital, has 
 been provided and the Goldsby King Memorial Hospital 
 is now in the process of construction outside the West 
 Gate. It will be a large addition to the work locally and 
 in the surrounding territory. 
 
 Statistics — In Chinkiang station and field there are 
 six organized churches with 938 communicants and a 
 Christian constituency of 1,653. There is a foreign force 
 of nine, and twenty-three native workers. In the fourteen 
 .Sabbath schools there is a membership of 1,021 and in 
 twenty-.seven day schools there are 731 students. 
 
 TSINGKIANGPU . 
 
 It will he noted that the sketches of our mission stations 
 are continued in the order of their opening. Tsing- 
 kiangpu is on the Grand Canal about one hundred and 
 thirty miles north of Chinkiang. The population of the 
 city is 150,000; of the station and field, 2,000,000. 
 
 In the early days of the work the iieople were turbulent 
 and manifested strong op^xisition to the missionaries. 
 During the Boxer troubles our missionaries were com- 
 pelled to flee for their lives. The missionaries were 
 stoned and driven from villages when making itineraries. 
 By patient and persistent service among the people, es- 
 pecially the relief work of missionaries during the terrible 
 famines, prejudice was broken down. Now a missionary 
 writes, “The future is bright with promise at Tsingki- 
 angpu.’’ The people are more friendly than ever before 
 
56 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 and in all lines the harvests following the years of faith- 
 ful service are at hand. 
 
 The evangelistic work at Tsingkiangpa is represented 
 hy an organized church supporting a Chinese pastor. A 
 church building seating four hundred has been erected 
 hy the Chinese members. There are a number of addi- 
 tional preaching places throughout the city. The out- 
 station field is large and includes two organized churches. 
 The itinerating missionaries, as is common in all our out- 
 station work, cannot possibly meet the calls for visits to 
 almost unnumbered villages that are waiting for the 
 gospel. 
 
 have two prosperous schools in the station, one 
 for boys and another for girls. These schools are 
 crowded with pupils. Recent additions of dormitory 
 rooms are inadequate to provide for the boys coming 
 from outside the city who desire to attend the school. The 
 
 GENERAL HOSPiTAL, TSINGKIANGPU 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 57 
 
 school work is held in high esteem by the Chinese of al! 
 classes. 
 
 The hospital at Tsingkiangpii is a splendidly equipped 
 building requiring the services of two physicians with 
 native Chinese helf>ers in conducting the work. Nearly 
 all of the newer hospital equipment has been supplied by 
 generous friends, including electric light for the hospital 
 and the residences of the two physicians. 
 
 Statistics. The statistics of Tsingkiangpu station and 
 field show three fully organized churches with twenty- 
 eight other places of regular worship and the church 
 membership of 704 with a Christian constituency of 1,584. 
 In 27 schools are 606 students. In the hospital there 
 are two foreign doctors, one native doctor, two dispen- 
 saries, with a total number of 13,072 individuals treated 
 and 53,122 treatments given. Fourteen missionaries with 
 23 native workers are reported at the central and out- 
 station field. 
 
 Tsingkiangpu as a Base 
 
 Tsingkiangpu was opened as a base for activities in 
 the whole northern section of our China field now in- 
 cluded in the North Kiangsu Mission. From this station 
 as a center, pioneer work was carried on in fields now 
 worked from Sutsien, Hsnchoufu, Haichow, Hwaianfu 
 and a part of the present Yencheng field. When the work 
 was established in certain localities in the immense field 
 the meed for outlying stations became apparent and sta- 
 tions were opened in the following order: Sutsein, Hsu- 
 clioufu, Hlwaianfu, Haichow and Yencheng. 
 
58 
 
 IN CHIN A 
 
 SUTSIEN 
 
 Sutsien, sixty miles north of Tsingkiangpu on the Grand 
 Canal, was opened in 1891. The history of Sutsien runs 
 back into the time of the kings of Judah. If its name, “De- 
 lightful,’’ was a prophecy, it has been a long time in com- 
 ing true. Its records for 1,500 years are little more than 
 notes of floods, famines, blood and groans. Of old the 
 city was built on the banks of the Yellow River, and 
 it and all the country around was subject to overflow. 
 For a period of 600 years the whole river was scarcely 
 ever a score of years in the same channel, and the people 
 learned full well what “China’s Sorrow’’ meant. 
 
 In the beginning the missionaries met with strong op- 
 position, but the work is now well established in this city 
 of 50,000 people. This comparatively small city afifords 
 an excellent center from which to reach a teeming coun- 
 try population. The city and field have a population of 
 some two million people. 
 
 In the city of Sutsien there is an organized church. The 
 evangelistic work in the out-station field is most encourag- 
 ing. The following extract taken from a letter received 
 from a missionary is illustrative of the results of evan- 
 gelistic work in China: “The fruits of a Christian life 
 are more and more apparent. A farmer gives his o.xen 
 and men-servants rest on the Sabbath day, and he keeps 
 up his services in the church in his hamlet. His only 
 son is in the school and he supjwrts his son-in-law in the 
 Christian school so as to try to give him a Christian edm 
 cation. His daughter had been betrothed to him in in- 
 fancy, and the father saw his son-in-law growing up out 
 of sympathy with Christianity. The Christians, of their 
 own accord, have changed their former custom of call- 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 59 
 
 ing their children such names as ‘Deception,’ ‘Killer,’ 
 ‘Lock-up,’ etc., and now one hears ‘Renewed,’ ‘Great 
 Favor,’ ‘Love,’ ‘Truth’.” 
 
 I 
 
 The Schools and Hospital 
 
 The educational work in this station includes an ex- 
 cellent school for hoys with accommodations for boarding 
 pupils. The number of students is limited only by the 
 ability to accommodate the boys who would attend the 
 school. There is also a school for girls in which good 
 work is being done. 
 
 The Laymen’s Missionary Movement has a special in- 
 terest in the excellent hospital building erected by gifts 
 made at the first general convention of laymen, held in 
 Birmingham, Alabama, in 1909. The building is well 
 located on a plot of ground outside the city walls. In 
 
 ITINERATING BY WHEELBARROW 
 
60 
 
 IN CHIN A 
 
 this hospital, during the year, 27,476 treatments were 
 given. The following statement regarding the needs of 
 Sutsien applies in greater or less degree to all our mis- 
 sion stations in China. First of all, are reinfoi'cements 
 and adequate erjuipment. Radiating in all directions from 
 this center there is a large out-station field. A few years 
 ago it was reported that “about 1,200 out of 6,000 square 
 miles were, in a sense, occupied, leaving four-fifths of the 
 territory unoccupied.’’ The needs of the people justify 
 an urgent appeal and the results of the work in the past 
 justify the prediction that with an increased number of 
 workers and an enlarged equipment, the future has greater 
 victories to be achieved. 
 
 Statistics. The Annual Report of Sutsien station 
 shows four organized churches and 54 other places of 
 worship, with 1,804 communicants, and a Christian con- 
 stituency of 3,805. In 24 Sabbath schools are 1,524 pu- 
 pils. The 67 schools have an enrollment of 1,732 stu- 
 dents. There are 9 foreign workers and 33 native work- 
 ers. 
 
 HSUCHOUFU 
 
 lIsucHoi’FU (1896). Passing through the out-station 
 field of Sutsien extending north and northwest, we pass 
 into the out-station field of Hsuchoufu, extending to the 
 south and southwest from the central station. Hsuchoufu 
 is one of the most important cities in this part of China. 
 It is a wide-awake, progressive, growing city, with a 
 thickly populated outlying field. It marks the northern 
 boundary of our North Kiangsu stations, being about 
 two hundred and eighty miles from Chinkiang. The pop- 
 ulation, including the suburbs, is about 180,000. The 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 61 
 
 Grand Canal passes some thirt}' miles to the east. 
 Hsuchoufn has recently become an important railroad 
 center. One line rims east and west ; another, the main 
 line, north and south, giving railroad connection, as mis- 
 sionaries say, “between Shanghai and London.” The 
 area of the Hsnchoufu field is estimated to be 3,600 square 
 miles with a population of 180,000. 
 
 As at other stations, strong opposition was manifested 
 on the part of the gentry to the work of the first mis- 
 sionaries. They were compelled to withdraw for a time, 
 hut returning after a year, under somewhat dififerent con- 
 ditions, the .station was fully opened in 1896. As a result 
 of years of hard, patient and self-sacrificing service, there 
 are two organized churches in H/suchoufu and a number 
 of preaching points in and near the city. The well-located 
 compound contains several missionary residences, a church 
 building that will seat three hundred and fifty people, 
 separate hospitals for men and women, and school build- 
 ings. Among those who have accepted the gospel are na- 
 tive preachers, teachers, medical attendants and Bible 
 women trained by working with the missionaries. 
 
 The Two Schools at Hsuchoufu 
 
 The Julia Farrior Sanford Memorial School for Boys, 
 now of high school grade, began in 1897 with five small 
 hoys taught in a rented Chinese room in the central part 
 of the city. Three of these hoys have been members of 
 the church for years, one is a hospital assistant, one a 
 Chinese pastor and one is in business. Such are the first 
 fruits of years of succeeding growth in the school until 
 the last report (1923) shows an attendance of one hun- 
 dred sixtj'-nine, the full capacity of the school. A large 
 
62 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 WEST GATE, HSUCHOUFU, ON THE LEFT IS THE WALL OF 
 THE STATION COMPOUND 
 
 percentage of the pupils are Christians. More than thirty 
 I)oys are reix)rted as going out to preach and teach in 
 difficult parts of the city on Sundays. 
 
 'The Mary d'honipson Stevens School for Girls is mak- 
 ing steady growth in numbers and development. The 
 1923 report shows an enrollment of one hundred and fifty, 
 50 ])er cent increase over the previous year. A large per- 
 centage of the older girls are Christians. The industrial 
 department has grown until a si>ecial teacher has to he 
 enpdoyed. 
 
 Hospitals for Men and Women 
 
 'I'he two hospitals, with separate buildings for men and 
 women, are crowded with patients. Recent reports tell 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 63 
 
 of wards and private rooms l)eing full to overflowing. 
 Thomas Rogers Memorial Woman’s Hospital, in cliarge 
 of Dr. Nettie Grier, has been an untold blessing to thou- 
 sands of women in both body and soul. Dr. Grier was 
 suddenly compelled to go to Pekin for a serious surgical 
 operation. Just before the operation, a telegram was 
 handed to her, which read : “Hsuchoufu Christians are in 
 ]>rayer for you,” and all that day Christians who loved 
 Dr. Grier were fasting and praying. “No wonder,” some 
 one said, “the surgeons were surprised at the rapid re- 
 covery.” 
 
 Out-station Field and Statistics 
 
 The out-station field, large in extent and densely popu- 
 lated, has been evangelized as fully as could be done 1)\' 
 an inadequate force. Churches have been organized, pri- 
 mary schools opened and an increasing number of preach- 
 ing points have been opened in the villages. This work 
 has been carried on under dangerous conditions owing to 
 the ])revalence of robbers and political turmoil. A great 
 work has been done, but a greater remains. Of tbe six 
 thousand villages in this field with an average jwpulation 
 of three hundred, only twelve hundred have Christians. 
 
 .St.ntistics. In the three organized congregations and 
 36 other jrlaces of worship, there are 901 communicants 
 and a Chri.stian constituency of 1,957. In 28 Sabbath 
 schools there is a membership of 1,430 and in the 24 dav 
 .schools are 805 students. In the two hospitals two for- 
 eign and two Chinese physicians gave 54,168 treatments 
 to 12,801 individuals. Thirteen foreign workers with a 
 native force of 29 are connected with the Hsuchoufu field. 
 
64 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 HWAIANFU 
 
 Hwaianfu ( 1904). Hwaianfu i.s a prefectural city, lo- 
 cated on the Grand Canal about one hundred and ten 
 miles from Chinkiang, and ten miles south of Tsingkiang- 
 pu. Hwaianfu was visited regularly by missionaries from 
 Tsingkiangpu until 1904, when it became a regular sta- 
 tion Vv'ith a resident missionary. As a prefectural city it 
 governs six districts. The population is estimated at 180,- 
 000. The three walls in their present and past location 
 divide the city into the new, the old and the interlying 
 city. It takes its name from the Hwai River, which at 
 one time had its course by ihe city, but its waters have 
 been diverted into a lake and canal. A large number of 
 wealthy Chinese, especially of the official class, who are 
 very conservative people, reside, in the city. While many 
 of them are friends of the missionaries, they have been 
 slow to accept the gospel. There is a striking difference 
 between T.singkiangpu and Hwaianfu; the former is a 
 commercial city, the latter more of a residential city. The 
 location of Hwaianfu makes it an admirable point for 
 
 CITY WALL, HWAIANFU — INTERIOR. NOTE WATCH- 
 TOWERS 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 65 
 
 evangelistic work. The area of the field, seventy miles 
 long and fifty wide, is three thousand five hundred square 
 miles, with a population of 1,500,000 — four hundred and 
 twenty-eight to a, square mile. 
 
 The progress of Hwaianfu was distressingly slow, 
 largely as a result of inadequate equipment, but brighter 
 days have recently come. A recent report says; “This 
 has been a year of encouraging progress. During the 
 year a church has been organized and the Chinese have 
 called a pastor.” 
 
 Schools, Hospital, Statistics 
 
 The Boys’ School, opened at the request of Christians 
 and inquirers who do not want their children educated 
 under the influence of non-Christian teachers, is prosper- 
 ing. The Girls’ School is well attended. The number of 
 pupils, one-third of whom are from aristocratic families, 
 doubled during the year of the last report. 
 
 A clinic is conducted regularly from the Tsingkiangpu 
 Hospital. During the year 6,908 individuals were treated. 
 
 A few years ago, one of our pioneer missionaries stated 
 that in Hwaianfu out-station field there were twenty good- 
 sized towns that should be opened. If each town in- 
 cluded a radius of five miles the average population would 
 be 6,500, or a total population of 1,400,000. These figures 
 indicate the tremendous task the entire North Kiangsu 
 Mission field presents in both territory and masses of 
 people, millions of whom have never heard the name 
 of Jesus. 
 
 Statistics. Organized congregations, 1 ; other places 
 of worship, 11; church members. 87; Christian constitu- 
 ency, 537; Sabbath schools. 12; pupils, 522; day schools. 
 
66 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 12; students, no rejwrt ; foreign force, 7; native -work- 
 ers, 15. 
 
 TAICHOW 
 
 Taichow (1908). Taichow is an important city about 
 fifty miles northeast of Chinkiang and is reached by canal 
 boat. This city was, for a number rd years, an out-stktion 
 work of the Chinkiang field. The population of the city 
 is 300,000 and in the field, 1,500,000. 
 
 There was great opposition to the gospel and the mis- 
 sionaries had great difficulty in securing an entrance to 
 the city. The Chinese evangelist working with Rev. C. N. 
 Caldwell was beaten almost to death. When the place 
 was opened as a regular station in 1908 Dr. Caldwell 
 could find no house in which to live and was compelled to 
 occupy a small houseboat. There were many difficulties 
 in purchasing land and getting adequate buildings. Not- 
 withstanding these sometimes almost overwhelming obsta- 
 cles, a firm footing has been gained. The present prop- 
 erty consists of three foreign built residences, the Sarah 
 ^^"alker iMemorial Hospital, a chapel with rooms for the 
 family of a native preacher, located in the center of the 
 city, a new building for The Wichita Falls Boys’ School, 
 and a location for The Harriet Hunt Girls’ School. Re- 
 garding the jiresent work in Taichow we quote from the 
 last Annual Report : “This has been a year of many 
 \icissitudes and problems, yet one of joy and satisfaction 
 in the Lord's work. The hospital work has been dis- 
 tinctly encouraging. We especially rejoice in the new 
 hospital building.’’ Tbe school for boys has an increased 
 attendance having among its students sons of some of the 
 most prominent gentrv in the city. 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 67 . 
 
 Statistics — In Taichow field there are 2 organized con- 
 gregations and 7 other place of worship, with 199 commun- 
 icants, and a Christian constituency of 558. In 4 Sabbath 
 schools there is a membership of 260. In 6 'day schools 
 there are 214 students. During the year one medical mis- 
 sionary with three assistants gave 6,421 treatments to 6,238 
 individuals. Eight missionaries with a native force of 
 1 1 reported in the Taichow field. 
 
 HAICHOW 
 
 Haichow (1908). From the time of the establish- 
 ment of our mission stations in the North Kiangsu Mis- 
 sion the missionaries have made extensive and repeated 
 journeys from Hwaianfu. Tsingkiangpu and Sutsien in 
 
 WATER BUFFALO, MUCH USED AS OXEN IN CENTRAL 
 CHINA 
 
68 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 an easterly direction toward the China Sea. Missionaries 
 have given very little account of the hardships they en- 
 dured, but there were hardships and many of them. There 
 was strong opposition to foreigners. The missionaries 
 were the first foreigners to visit large sections of this great 
 region, in which there is an immense population. These 
 visits were gradually extended until they finally reached 
 Haichow, about one hundred miles north of Tsingkiangpu, 
 and eighty-five or ninety miles northwest of Sutsien. Hai- 
 chow, “the city by the sea,” has a population of about 
 25,000 people. 
 
 Extent of Haichow Field 
 
 The extent and needs of the Haichow field are elo- 
 quently expressed in a letter from Rev. W. M. Junkin, 
 written when he and a fellow missionary visited that city 
 to open the work. The following extract is quoted : “I 
 climbed to the top of Haichow Mountain, which over- 
 looks the city. This barren rock mountain, quite pictur- 
 esque, but as dead as the empty forms of heathen moral- 
 ity all around it, must be a thousand or twelve hundred 
 feet high. It was a beautifully clear day and I could see 
 for miles and miles in all directions. To the east I could 
 see the blue ocean which stretches out to America with 
 its Christian churches and lovely homes. In other direc- 
 tions as far as the eye could reach, were village after vil- 
 lage, town after town, hundreds of them. I knew these 
 villages and towns and the busy city below were teeming 
 with men and women and boys and girls and not a single 
 Christian in all this great multitude — comfortless, godless 
 and hopeless.” 
 
 A brighter day has come. Land was finally secured 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 69 
 
 and from small beginnings the work has grown until we 
 now have in Haichow, chapels, missionary homes, good 
 buildings for the boys’ school and a girls’ school, ,and ar. 
 excellent hospital plant. The homes of both the rich and 
 poor are open to the missionaries “in a most wonderful 
 way.” The outlook is one of encouragement. 
 
 The Helen Lavine Graliam Hospital has been recently 
 much improved by the installation of electric light and 
 hot water heating plants and the ac'dition of much new 
 operating equipment. 
 
 Statistics. There are in the Haichow field, 24 places 
 of worship, with 378 communicants; in 6 Sabbath schools 
 we ha\'e a membership of 600; in 14 day schools, 354 
 students ; in 2 hospital buildings, 1 missionary physician 
 and two medical assistants gave 6,421 treatments. 
 
 YENCHENG 
 
 Yexcheng (1910). Yencheng is the most recently 
 opened station of the North Kiangsu Mission. It had 
 long been regarded as a field of great importance. A 
 missionary, writing of Yencheng and the field, says : 
 “Where and what is Yencheng? Suppose we take the 
 name for a pneumonic. ‘Yen’ means salt, and ‘cheng’ 
 from the sea. So this is the salt cily. Now, salt — Chi- 
 nese salt — comes from the sea. Hence, Yencheng must be 
 a city njar the sea. So it is ; about forty miles from the 
 Yellc<w Sea on the ^st, and about 200 miles north of 
 Shanghai. Thus you can spot us on any map, though 
 your English map may not mark the place because it is 
 not known to) English-speaking people. Our field is 
 bounded on the east by the sea ; on the west, about sixty 
 miles away, by the Tsingkiangpu and Hwaianfu territory. 
 
70 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 On the northwest we touch the Haichow field, to the south 
 the Taichow territory, and on the southwest we touch 
 the field of another mission, but in all this field, with over 
 1,500,000 people, there are no other missionaries. Some- 
 body tresh on geography can suggest a state with which 
 to comjjare us. Is not West \'irgina aljout the size and 
 pojxilation of our Yencheng field? 
 
 Opposition Followed by Success 
 
 Alissionaries met with the usual heathen opposition and 
 difficulty in getting a location in the opening of the station, 
 but these obstacles have been largely overcome. There 
 are missionary homes, a chapel for an organized church, 
 quarters for two schools and a hospital building on a fa- 
 vorably located mission compound. The hospital, the 
 only one in that territory, met with prejudice and opposi- 
 tion at first, but it now has official recognition and the 
 appreciation of thousands of the diseased people treated 
 by the foreign physicians and native assistants. 
 
 Motor boats on the canals multiply many times the work of mis- 
 sionaries in the outstatioin fields. 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 71 
 
 Hospital Management 
 
 The following statement by one of the physicians in 
 charge of one of our largest hospitals regarding treat- 
 ment of i^atients is applicable, in the main, to all our hos- 
 pitals : 
 
 “In the hospital dispensary each patient pays a definite 
 amount for one treatment, this being the equivalent of 
 about one and a half cents gold. This fee includes treat- 
 ment and medicine. Patients referred to the hospital are 
 charged according to their ability to pay. A man’s known 
 financial alnlity and his appearance, clothes, and vocation 
 are considered in making this estimate. The wealthy class 
 are required to make substantial payments, while the mass 
 of poor people pay but little ; many pay nothing. The esti- 
 mating of a man’s ability is done by the foreign doc- 
 tor in charge, assisted by a competent Chinese assistant. 
 An increase in the number of patients during any period 
 does not necessarily mean a corresponding increase in 
 hospital receipts. The amount of charity work done 
 is always to be considered. We could make our hospital 
 self-supporting in one month if we so desired, but to do 
 so we would have to change the whole character of our 
 work by cutting out an immense amount of charity and in 
 so doing, defeat the primary object of the hospital.’’ 
 
 There are three churches in the out-station field of ^^en- 
 cheng. The work is conducted from four centers. Ade- 
 quate occupancy of this great field would require an out- 
 station in each hundred square miles of territory — one 
 hundred and thirty in all. A great work has been achieved 
 but there still remains a tremendous and needy unoccupied 
 field. 
 
72 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 Statistics. Organized congregations, 5 ; other places 
 of worship, 23; church members, 1,030; Christian con- 
 stituency, 1,546; Sabbath schools, 10; pupils, 514; day 
 schools, 9; students, 159; foreign physicians, 1; native 
 physicians, 1 : hospital buildings, 2 ; dispensaries, 1 ; indi- 
 viduals treated, 5,792; treatments given, 8,177; foreign 
 force, 9; native workers, 25. 
 
 A Yencheng School Incident 
 
 Several }ears ago the four biggest girls in the Girls' 
 School at Yencheng were compelled by their parents to 
 leave. Why? They were all from heathen homes, but 
 these girls v/ere so influnced by the gospel that when or- 
 dered by their parents to prepare incense for burning on 
 one of the Chinese feast days, they refused to obey be- 
 cause they had decided never again to worship idols or do 
 anything to assist in it. They had listened well to the 
 gospel, and during some special meetings for women, all 
 four had said they wanted to follow Christ. 
 
 An Appeal for North Kiangsu 
 
 A splendid beginning has been made in the opening of 
 stations, both in location and progress of the work, but 
 an enormous population is yet unevangelized. A mis- 
 sionary, writing in behalf of himself and fellow-workers, 
 says : “Our great desire is that our branch of the Pres- 
 byterian Church should see this great field as we see it — 
 a desperately destitute field, a field for our particular 
 church. Two-thirds of Kiangsu Province, inhabited by 
 fifteen million or more people, is occupied almost exclus- 
 ively by our mission. Come up to the help of the Lord. 
 Occupy North Kiangsu for Christ, our King. He leads 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 73 
 
 to victory. These people will some day own him Lord. 
 Will you have a share in the glorious triumph and help 
 to ha,sten that good day?” 
 
 Spread the Gospel Society 
 
 In a report made several years ago mention is made of 
 the Bu Dao Hwai, or “Spread the Gospel Society,” which 
 is organized over the whole territory. The members are 
 mostly men, though there are some women. This is 
 worked entirely by the Chinese themselves. The mem- 
 bers all promise to do personal work. They go singly, or 
 in groups, on Sundays and preach at various points. There 
 are thirty such organizations in the field. The two in 
 Sutsien, in the church and the boys’ school, hold services 
 at from twelve to twenty different places every Sunday. 
 
 Craft ©f Priests and Nuns 
 
 The deceit and crafty tricks of the Buddhist priests and 
 nuns are a grrat obstacle to the spread of the gospel in 
 the home. An old man was an earnest Buddhist and gave 
 generously all his lifetime to the upkeep of the temples 
 in his cit}'-, and after his death the priests came to request 
 the son to continue his father’s lavish gifts. The son was 
 a young progressive and contemptuously refused their re- 
 quest, saying, “My father wasted too much money on you 
 lazy beggars in his lifetime, be assured I will not be that 
 foolish.” The priests went away in a hot rage and, after 
 some consultation, this was their revenge. They bought 
 a turtle and kept it in a pond within the temple courtyard. 
 Each day a priest would tap upon the side of the pond 
 with a stick and not until the turtle would answer the 
 summons would he receive his food. After six months 
 
74 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 of constant training, the priests all assembled at the home 
 of the unbelieving son and rent their clothes and filled 
 the air with their cries. The son, of course, came out to 
 see what was the trouble, and they answered that it dis- 
 tressed them so to see to what a low level his sainted 
 father had fallen because of the son's stinginess : that he 
 had returned to earth in the shape of a turtle. The son 
 refused to believe this tale at first, ijut after persuasion 
 consented to go and see. When he was taken to the pond, 
 the priest tapped on the side and called the turtle by his 
 father’s name. The turtle came for his usual feed. The 
 son was overcome with contrition and weeping, fell at 
 the feet of the priests, and promised to ]:)ay whatever they 
 required. 
 
 COURTYARD, CHINESE INN 
 
Chapter VI 
 
 A SECOND SURVEY 
 
 Outstanding Facts 
 
 In a preceding chapter a survey was made in the form 
 of an imaginary tour through that part of China in which 
 our principal mission stations are now located. The ob- 
 ject of the first survey is a study of the geography of our 
 China Missions. In the same chapter brief mention is* 
 made of some of the social conditions of the people con- 
 fronting our pioneer missionaries. A second survey, made 
 after fifty-seven years of missionary effort, discloses mar- 
 velous changes in general conditions and such progress in 
 evangelization, Christian education, and the ministry of 
 healing that the church at home and the workers on the 
 field may gratefully exclaim, “What hath God wrought !” 
 
 The violent opposition has changed to a welcome to the 
 missionary and an earnest appeal for the gospel. The 
 gates of the cities are no longer closed, but are wide open 
 to the missionary. Hundreds and hundreds of villages 
 have heard the message of salvation. The ignorant have 
 had opportunity for Christian education in schools of all 
 grades, from primary to college. In theological semi- 
 naries, Bible schools and medical schools, Chinese pas- 
 tors, evangelists, Bible teachers, day school teachers, phy- 
 sicians and trained nurses have l^een trained and are qual- 
 ified to be co-workers with our missionaries in all lines 
 of missionary activities including administration. Churches 
 
76 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 have been organized ; presbyteries, synods and a General 
 Assembly of the Presbyterian Church have been consti- 
 tuted and are in successful operation under the control, 
 largely, of the Chinese ministers and church officers. 
 
 Regarding the ability and efficiency of the Chinese 
 preachers, one of our missionaries of much experience in 
 church organization says : “The organization of the Chi- 
 nese preachers has increased in efficiency and these men 
 show a grasp of situations, and a zeal and courage in 
 working them out that they did not know a few years ago. 
 In reproving, rebuking and exhorting they get to the root 
 of the matter. Cases of men taking advantage of the 
 uame of the Church are handled fearlessly and well. 
 Money matters are not now directly administered by the 
 missionary, but are run on a budget system through the 
 presbyteries and the local Christian bodies. The Chi- 
 nese preachers are accurate and scrupulous, and they show 
 a disposition to wait their turn and take their chance in 
 desired buildings and repairs.” 
 
 Well-equipped hospitals have taken the place of the 
 unsanitary Chinese rented rooms of the earliest times. 
 Hundreds of thousands have been treated in the hospitals 
 and clinics and multitudes have gained their first knowl- 
 edge of the Great Physician. Medical missionaries, 
 through schools of medicine and hospital training, have 
 sent out competent Chinese physicians and trained nurses 
 to take the places of the ignorant and superstitious doc- 
 tors of a half century ago. 
 
 The living and working conditions of the missionaries 
 of the present are in happy contrast, in the main, with 
 the conditions in the early days. Instead of inconvenient, 
 unsanitary places in which to live and work, nearly all 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 77 
 
 Goddess of Mercy with a Thousand Hands. Covered with gold leaf. 
 One of very few images expressing mercy. 
 
78 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 our missionaries have comfortable homes, located in com- 
 pounds protected by surrounding walls, with school build- 
 ings, hospitals and other buildings conveniently placed. 
 Much remains to be done in the line of equipment that 
 will add to sanitary conditions and general efficiency, but 
 the great advance made since the beginning days is worthy 
 of note in our second survey. 
 
 Such are some of the victories of the Cross in our China 
 Mission helds, achieved by our inadequate forces with in- 
 adequate equipment. The work is still “great and large” 
 but we may be greatly encouraged by what has been ac- 
 complished to set ourselves, as a church, to the speedy 
 evangelization of our share of the 400,000,000 people of 
 China. 
 
 Statistical Summary 
 
 The following statistical summary is compiled from the 
 last annual reports received from the missions: 
 
 Regular stations, Mid-China Mission, 5 ; Noi'th Kiang- 
 su Mission, 8; missionaries,, Mid-China, 81 ; North Kiang- 
 su, 81 ; total, 162. Chinese workers, all classes, both mis- 
 sions, 267 ; out-stations, both missions, 217 ; organized 
 churches, 61 ; other places of regular worship, 299; church 
 members, 9,150; Christian constituency, 16, 477; Sabbath 
 schools, 164; membership, 9,513; schools, higher element- 
 arA' and middle schools, 57 ; other schools, 171 ; hospital 
 buildings, 25; total treatments in one year, 199,404; 
 schools for nurses, 5 ; union educational institutions — 
 theological seminaries and Bible schools, 2. 
 
 Outstanding Facts 
 
 The first outstanding fact is that the advance of the 
 mission stations, beginning at Hangchow in 1867, has 
 
IN CHINA 
 
 79 
 
 been made with the strategy and precision of a military- 
 campaign . So signal has been the wisdom with which the 
 field has been occupied, that in reviewing the past we are 
 led to see that the opening and extension of the work in 
 this field is of the Lord and not of men. 
 
 second outstanding fact is that by right of spiritual 
 exploration and possession the entire territory, with its 
 teeming millions of people, has been assigned to our 
 branch of the Presbyterian Church. As certainly, there- 
 fore. as we have seen the hand of the Lord in the past, 
 we have indication of his purpose concerning our future 
 work in China. It is ours by more than human assign- 
 ment, and its evangelization becomes a responsibility we 
 cannot escape if we would. 
 
 A third fact is the remarkable way in which the some- 
 times especially hard fields have become, not only acces- 
 sible to the gospel, but fields in which the people are ap- 
 pealing for light. The day of opposition has passed ; the 
 hour of opjxjrtunity is at hand. The people are coming 
 to see that our missionaries are engaged in a mission of 
 love and are bearers of a message of blessing and peace 
 hitherto unknown to them. 
 
 A fourth encouraging fact is that just at the time 
 when the country is open to the missionaries comparativelv 
 ease and speedy communication is being established by- 
 means of railroads now in operation, and projected lines. 
 It will not be long until the means of communication be- 
 tween our principal stations in China will not be by house- 
 boat, Chinese cart, wheelbarrow or on foot. These anti- 
 quated travel conveyances have been partially displaced by^ 
 the bicycle, motorcy-cle, motor boat and railwayv The 
 day is at hand when our ambassadors of Jesus Christ in 
 
so 
 
 IN CHINA 
 
 China may go swiftly on their way to deliver the gospel 
 message. 
 
 A fifth outstanding fact, which will be seen by refer- 
 ence to the map to which attention is again called, is that 
 the location of our mission stations is such that a reason- 
 able advance, for which the church should immediately 
 make provision, will enable an adequate missionary force 
 to rapidly cover the entire field. It is an inspiring study 
 to trace, city by city, the line of stations from Hangchow 
 to Hteuchoufu, and then, follow the line of stations through 
 the central part of the territory lying between the Grand 
 Canal and the Yellow Sea from Chinkiang to Haichow. 
 
 The ear must be dull that cannot hear the call of God 
 to our historically missionary church; not to enter, for 
 entrance has already been made ; not to begin, for we are 
 far past the period of begininng our work in China; but 
 to make haste to complete the work by sending the men 
 and the women that are ready to go, and supplying ade- 
 quate funds for support and equipment. This is well 
 within the aliility of the home church It is a reasonable 
 possibility for the Southern Presbyterian Church to com- 
 plete the evangelization, in this generation, the millions of 
 China for which she has made herself responsible by 
 definite assignment and solemn acceptance. Shall it be 
 done ?