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AUTHOR: 
 
 LIVIUS, TITUS 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 LIVY, THE HANNIBALIAN 
 WAR... 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 LONDON 
 
 DA IE : 
 
 1910 
 
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 lib. 21-22. 1910. 
 Livius, Titus. 
 
 lAvy, the Hannibalian war: beinp o-irt «f tu 
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ELEMENTARY CLASSICS 
 
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 LIVY 
 
 HANNIBALIAN 
 
 WAR 
 
 G. C. ^'!ACAULAY 
 M. A. 
 
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 LIVY 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR 
 
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited 
 
 LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA 
 MELBOURNE 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO 
 ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. 
 
 TORONTO 
 
MAP OF HANNroAi;S ROUTE 
 
 Mtuxmlay'a l-iyy ■ 
 
 Loudoii, Miuiuilkiu i(0o. LV^ 
 
 SUtnfonrili Geog'^Estah'^Latidon. 
 
Clemcntarn Classics 
 
 Livy 
 
 The Hannibalian War 
 
 Being part of the Twenty-first and 
 Twenty-second Books of Livy 
 
 Adapted for the Use of Beginner's by 
 
 G. C. Macaulay, M.A. 
 
 Late Fellow of Trinity College, Camhridtje 
 
 WITH VOCABULARY 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED 
 ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 
 
 1910 
 

 First Edition 1880. 
 
 Reprinted 1882, 1888, 1885, 1880, 1889, 1891, 
 
 1895, 1896, 1903. 
 
 Re-isflue, with illustrations 1902. 
 
 Reprinted 1902, 1906. 
 
 Second Edition 1908. 
 
 Reprinted 1910. 
 
 
 OLA800W : PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 BY ROBERT MACLKHOSE AND CO. LTD. 
 
K<»MAN Li:(;i(»N.\!:ii;s. 
 
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 iil'itiif fJir heni 
 
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i 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This book is not a selection of extracts, nor is it an 
 edition of any part of the actual text of Livy. It 
 does not seem to me possible, judging from my own 
 experience in teaching, to use any part of the text 
 of I.ivy as it stands, in the lower forms of schools, 
 for which I understand this series is designed. The 
 (b'fficulties of his rather rhetorical and fanciful style 
 will hardly be absent in any extracts. At the same 
 time everyone who has had practical experience in 
 teaching must be aware of the want of Latin 
 reading-books fit for elementary teaching. Caesar 
 is often too difficult for beginners, Cornelius Xepos 
 is not satisfactory in style, and hardly any others 
 can be mentioned. It seemed to me that thou^'-h 
 
 T • • ^ 
 
 lAvy as It stands is unfit for the purpose, yet out 
 of it a fairly satisfactory book nn'ght be made, 
 and that a contiruious narrative of a not very Ion*' 
 period of history was likely to be more interesting 
 and useful than either disconnected extracts or 
 meagre summaries. Accordingly the text of Livy 
 has here been largely re-wiitten and simplified, 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 and this is the part of the work on which most 
 hibour has been expended and to which much the 
 most importance is attached. Besides this, details 
 have occasionally been added from Polybius (the 
 excellent version of Casaubon being sometimes used 
 for this purpose) ; and in cases where Livy's account 
 seems to be incorrect, e.g. the passage of the Alps 
 and other points of geography, I have ventured 
 sometimes to omit or alter that which causes diffi 
 culty in harmonising his account with others. 
 Probably, on these points at least, everyone will 
 agree with Niebuhr, that where Livy differs from 
 Polybius, his authority is worthless. For any errors 
 of Jjatinity in the text I ask pardon and hope that 
 they may be few. The division into chapters is, of 
 course, my own. 
 
 The notes are rather copious, but I have en- 
 deavoured always to avoid as far as possible such 
 direct help as would save labour and thought, and 
 I have made a point of always where possible 
 giving references to the grammar on points of 
 syntax instead of explaining them myself, though 
 the latter might often have been more easily done.' 
 It will often be found that the key to the meaning 
 of a sentence is to be found in a rule of syntax, and 
 I am convinced that notes of this kind are more 
 likely than any others to stimulate thought I hope 
 that knowledge of the rules referred to will be 
 rigorously exacted from boys who use this book. 
 
 I 
 
 I have added in many cases the references to Roby's 
 ' Latin Grammar for Schools,' which I hope may be 
 useful to teachers if not to boys. It will be found 
 that the references to the grammar become rather 
 less frequent as the book proceeds, and I have not 
 invariably repeated them when the same point occurs 
 many times. 
 
 I have called attention where I could to pecu- 
 liarities in Latin style and idiom, as writing for 
 boys who are probably called upon to do prose 
 composition as well as translation. 
 
 I have to acknowledge obligations throughout to 
 Mr. W. W. Capes, whose edition of the 21st and 
 22nd books I have had always before me. 
 
 The notes have now been corrected in several 
 points, and the grammar references adapted to the 
 Ke vised Latin Primer. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction ^ 
 
 The Hannibalian War . . . . i 
 
 Notes gj 
 
 I^^DEX 102 
 
 VoCABirLARY 206 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Map of Hannibal's Route . 
 Roman Legionaries (in Colour) . 
 Roman Camp 
 
 Map 
 
 Carthaginian Coin issued in Spain 
 Aries of Wood, formerly at Saountum . 
 Aries, from the Arch of Septimius Severus 
 Catapulta 
 
 TURRIS 
 
 Juno Lanuvina. (Statue in the Vatican) . 
 Wearing the Toga. (Statue at Dresden) . 
 Juno Lanuvina. (Coin of L. Procilius, 
 
 B.C. 79) . 
 Prow OF a Roman Ship ofHannibalian Times 
 Juno Lanuvina and an Augur. (Coin of Q. 
 
 cornuficius, b.c. 44-42) 
 Bronze Coin, struck in Etruria during 
 
 THE HaNNIBALIAN WaR . 
 
 Gold Roman Coin of 60 Sesterc;es, struck 
 
 DURING THE HaNNIBALIAN WaR 
 
 North Shore of Lake Trasimeno 
 Lectisternium. (Coin of C. Coelius Caldus, 
 
 B.C. 61) 
 
 Warship and Standards. (Coin of M. 
 
 Antonius) 
 
 Pulvinar for Lectisternium. (At Munich) 
 
 Frontispiece, 
 fdcep. V 
 xi 
 
 ] 
 } 
 
 >» 
 
 »» 
 
 »> 
 
 >> 
 
 a 
 
 >> 
 
 7 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 55 
 
203 
 
 Porta Principalis sinistra 
 
 Auxilia 
 
 incerti 
 
 numeri 
 
 m 
 
 i» 
 
 
 J" 
 
 a 
 
 Auxilia 
 
 coh.i 
 Delect i 
 Pedites S 
 
 1 Kiimtri 
 
 ^O 
 
 :i6ruiti 
 
 Pied it 
 
 E quiCes 
 
 -5^ 
 
 9-0 
 5?- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Auxilia 
 incerti 
 numeri 
 
 ■:? 
 
 FORUM 
 
 o .4ra 
 =1 O 
 
 Hksta ti 
 
 ^'rinjci >e,s 
 • ' ■ 
 
 
 . .§: 
 
 •1' 
 
 o:ioriii^ 
 
 I 
 
 Fvedit 
 
 »s 
 
 Eqiiite^' 
 
 I 
 
 :HAst< ti. 
 
 Prjr.(:i]ies 
 
 
 r 
 5. 8 
 
 *T i.rii 
 
 2 bl'iitji 
 
 • QDAES. 
 (rOBIUM 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 T- 
 
 -?~ 
 
 s 
 
 'i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7t5 
 
 yr»rii 
 
 7 hq'Htm 9 
 
 coh.» l« 
 Delect 
 Pedite 
 
 Auxilia 
 
 3 
 
 ]uit 
 
 PjCdit ;s 
 Socior im 
 
 !S 
 
 E |uit !S 
 
 Ppdit 
 So ;ior im 
 
 o O 
 
 5*0 
 " "I 
 
 to 
 
 tSO 100 (60 100 too 
 
 Porta Principalis dextra 
 
 50 
 
 SOO 
 
 aoo 
 
 s 
 
 a. Praetorium b. Praefecti Scale of Pedes <!• Tribunal e. Prae»idium 
 
 c. Qua««tor 9 . ipo 290 300 ^oo 500 60 f ^ug. 
 
 Roman Camp. 
 (Schreibtjr- Anderson.) 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This book treats of the history of Rome from 219 to 
 217 B.C., rather more than two years. At that tmie 
 Rome was mistress of " Italy," by which name we 
 understand, not the whole of modern Italy, but that 
 part of it which lies south of a line drawn from the 
 river Macra on the west, to the Rubicon north of 
 Ariminum. North of this line was Gallia Cis- 
 alpina, and over some of the tribes of Gauls who 
 inhabited this country Rome had lately established a 
 supremacy, to be maintained chiefly by means of 
 the colonies of Placentia and Cremona. Besides 
 this Rome had dominion over Sicily, which had 
 been won in the First Punic War (264-241 B.C.), and 
 had been constituted a province. She had also ni 
 her possession the coasts of Sardinia and Corsica on 
 the west, and on the east she had established her 
 supremacy in the Adriatic over the coast of Illy- 
 ricum and the island of Corcyra. She had alliances 
 with the Greek colonies of Massilia (Marseilles) 
 near the mouth of the Rhone, and of Saguntum and 
 Emporiae in Spain. She could bring into the field 
 
Xll 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 700,000 infantry and 70,000 cavalry. Already the 
 foundations of the Roman Empire had been laid. 
 
 We may ask how it came about that a single 
 city, at first neither larger than other cities of 
 Italy nor more skilled in arts of war or peace, was 
 enabled to extend her power so widely as this? 
 And this question can partly be answered without 
 going over the whole ground of her history. The 
 answer is to be found first in the physical geo- 
 graphy of the country. If we turn to the map of 
 Italy, we shall see that the Apennines run down 
 the whole length of the peninsula, but they do not 
 keep to the centre of it. In the north they approach 
 very near the Adriatic or east coast, and run along 
 parallel to it for about 250 miles, expanding into 
 broad table-land, after which the main range ap- 
 proaches the west coast leaving plains or low hills 
 on the east, and so continues to the southern extre- 
 mity of the peninsula. We see, then, that wide 
 plains are left in the north on the west of the 
 mountains, and in the south on the east. The 
 former are the plaitis of Etruria, Latium, and Cam- 
 pania ; the latter, of Lucania and Calabria. But we 
 observe also another point. The west coast of Italy 
 is much more indented with bays, and has many 
 more islands than the east. The rivers too have 
 a longer course, and are therefore larger. Hence 
 the conveniences for navigation are greater. Add 
 to this that the soil, partly from volcanic agencies, 
 
 INTRODUCTION' 
 
 xni 
 
 IS more fertile, and we perceive at once that the 
 population of the great western plains is likely 
 to increase most in wealth and civilization, and to 
 obtain supremacy over the east. 
 
 In some countries, as in Greece, a large number 
 of small States have existed for a long time side by 
 side without being absorbed into one another. In 
 Greece this was owing to the fact that they were 
 separated from one another by mountain barriers 
 very difficult to break through. But in Italy this 
 was not the case: the mountains seldom form an 
 impassable barrier, and they do not divide the 
 country into small districts, but leave extensive 
 plains on either side. It was natural then that the 
 various peoples who inhabited it should at some 
 tmie or another be united under a single head. 
 And that ruling State was likely we have seen to 
 come from the rich country of the west ; and in that 
 country no city is more central, or has a more con- 
 venient natural position, than Rome. Situated on 
 the Tiber, the largest navigable river of the penin- 
 sula, and being on the border between Etruria and 
 Latium, her position was most favourable for com- 
 merce. Founded probably as an outpost to guard 
 Latium from the attacks of the Etruscans, she natu- 
 rally gained a supremacy over the other cities of 
 Latium, whom she protected from the common 
 enemy ; and, though conquered at one time by the 
 Etruscans, who were a highly civilized trading 
 
XIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 people, she succeeded in preventing them from be- 
 coming the supreme power in Italy. The Greeks, 
 who were the rivals of the Etruscans in those seas, 
 inflicted severe naval defeats upon them about 
 474 B.C., and not many years after this the Gauls 
 attacked them in the north, and being then weak- 
 ened they were no longer able to resist Rome, who 
 subjugated the southern part of their territory and 
 left them powerless. Meanwhile Rome united the 
 Latin cities under her supremacy, and was engaged 
 with them in war against the Samnites, the brave race 
 who lived in the mountain-land in the centre of the 
 peninsula. These were finally subdued after three 
 wars desperately contested, in 290 B.C., and there 
 remained only the south of the peninsula. This 
 was full of Greek colonies, many of which, as Ta- 
 rentum, Thurii, Crotona, had long been great and 
 wealthy cities. The city of Tarentum called in the 
 help of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, an able leader of 
 a warlike people. He gained victories over the 
 Romans, but they would not accept peace, and his 
 army was wasted in fruitless enterprises, until at 
 last he was defeated by the Romans at Beneventum, 
 and finally left Italy, 275 B.C., after which the whole 
 of the south fell an easy prey to Rome, and she was 
 mistress at last of a united Italy, 265 B.C. To 
 Sicily the step was easy, but it was one which 
 brought Rome into collision with Carthage. This 
 city, situated on the north coast of Africa at the 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 point nearest to Sicily, had been founded by the 
 Phoenicians or Canaanites of Tyre and Sidon. The 
 Phoenicians were above all a trading people. They 
 had alliances with the Etruscans in early times, 
 and the two nations disputed with the Greeks the 
 naval supremacy in the western seas. The trade of 
 the Phoenicians extended as far as the North Sea and 
 the West Coast of Africa. They had settlements or 
 trading-stations also in Spain (Gades, perhaps the 
 Tarshish of the Bible), in Sardinia, in Malta, and 
 m Sicily. In the latter island, the largest and 
 richest of the Mediterranean, their contests with the 
 Greek colonies were continual, and it was here that 
 they first met Rome, and waged against her a war 
 of twenty-three years, which goes by the name of 
 the First Punic {i.e. Phoenician) War, 264-241 B.C. 
 The Romans were superior on land, for their 
 enemies generally employed mercenary troops hired 
 from the peoples under their rule, and even the 
 Carthaginian navy was matched at last by the 
 Romans, and peace was made on condition that 
 Sicily was given up to Rome. This was the first 
 Roman "province." 
 
 The years which ensued were spent by the Car- 
 thaginians in preparation for a new war. Hamilcar 
 surnamed Barca resolved to organize an army which 
 should be a match for the Romans on land, and for 
 that purpose he went to Spain, where his army was 
 trained in contirmal fighting with hardy tribes, and 
 
XVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 increased by the addition to it of those whom it had 
 conquered. Meanwhile the Romans had gained pos- 
 session of Sardinia and Corsica, and had established 
 their supremacy on the Adriatic by suppressing 
 the pirates, and reducing to dependence some part 
 of the opposite coast. 
 
 We have now reached the crisis when these two 
 powers are to decide with one another the question 
 which is to rule in the western basin of the Medi- 
 terranean, and it is at this point that our narrative 
 begins. 
 
 The Government of Rome. 
 
 It is important to have clear ideas about the 
 actual government of Rome at the time of this war. 
 It was called a *' republic," which implies perhaps 
 that it had some kind of self-government, but that 
 does not tell us much. We want to know first who 
 carried on what is called the executive government — 
 that is to say, secured order and the administration 
 of justice, and managed the foreign policy of the 
 State — and, secondly, who passed the laws. For in 
 every well-ordered State these two powers, the 
 executive and the legislative, are in the hands of 
 different persons : those who carry out the laws 
 have not by themselves the power of altering 
 them or making new ones. So it was therefore 
 at Rome : the power of passing laws was in the 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 xvii 
 
 
 hands of the people, inhabitants of Rome and the 
 country immediately round it, who voted according 
 to various arrangements, by centuries or by tribes, 
 which need not here be described further than to 
 say that in the centuries high birth and property 
 had a greater voting power than in the tribes. The 
 same individuals voted in each case, but according 
 to a different arrangement. By the people in 
 centuries the chief magistrates were elected — the 
 censors, consuls, and praetors; and by the same 
 people voting in tribes special officers were elected 
 to protect the rights of the commons, who had the 
 power of absolutely forbidding any action of any 
 madstrate : these officers were called tribunes of 
 the common people {trihuni plehis). They had the 
 powder of proposing resolutions to the assembly of 
 the tribes, which when they w^ere passed were 
 called plebiscita, and were perhaps valid as laws 
 at the time of which we are speaking without the 
 consent of the Senate given either before or after, 
 though that was considered necessary in all matters 
 which concerned not the special rights of the people 
 but the general sjovernment of the State. A resolu- 
 tion passed by the people voting by centuries was 
 called lex ; and such resolutions required the 
 previous assent of the Senate, given by what was 
 called a senatus consultum. On the whole, the 
 people had in their hands the election of magis- 
 trates and the passing of laws, and finally the 
 
XVlll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 formal decision of the question of war or peace. 
 Practically however this last was in the hands of 
 the Senate, who conducted the foreign policy gene- 
 rally ; and the Senate had for the most part in its 
 hands the proposal of laws to the people, though as 
 we have seen the tribunes might propose measures to 
 the tribes without its previous consent : whether its 
 sanction afterwards was necessary is not quite certain. 
 As to the executive government, we shall perhaps 
 be inclined to think that it was in the hands of the 
 magistrates elected by the people, but we shall find 
 that this is not altogether the case. At first no 
 doubt the two consuls had supreme power and were 
 bound only to consult the Senate ; but for several 
 reasons the power of the consuls was less at this 
 time than it had been. One of these reasons was 
 the division of their functions with other magis- 
 trates. At first the office had been open only to 
 patricians ; that is the original families of Rome 
 and those who by special favour had acquired their 
 privileges. When these could not prevent its being 
 thrown open to the commons — that is to say, the 
 main body of the later settlers in Rome, among 
 whom were plenty of wealthy and distinguished 
 men — they did their best to lessen its importance, 
 and its powers were divided by the institution 
 of new offices, e.g. the censorship and the praetor- 
 ship, to which at first no plebeian could be elected. 
 The Consul after this had little to do except to 
 
 INTFODUCTION 
 
 XIX 
 
 preside over the Senate and the elections, and to 
 command the armies of the Republic. It was only 
 in great emergencies that the full power of the 
 consulship (or rather of the regal office) was revived 
 temporarily in the person of the Dictator. A 
 second reason why the magistrates were less power- 
 ful is the fact that they were elected only for a 
 single year. It is impossible for a man who is to 
 resign his office at the end of a year, to carry out any 
 great policy of his own ; and consequently, if there 
 is in the State any permanent authority capable of 
 forming and directing the policy of the State, he will 
 probably be its servant rather than its master. 
 
 At Rome there was such a permanent body. It 
 was the Senate. And the government of Rome 
 at this time and for long afterwards, in fact till 
 her conquests were finished, was practically in the 
 hands of the Senate. This assembly consisted of 
 300 members, and these were for the most part 
 elected indirectly by the people; for though the 
 nomination of members was in the hands of the 
 censors, they were bound by custom to nominate 
 all who had been elected to a high magistracy, 
 and those who were once nominated were members 
 for life. The censor however had power to nomi- 
 nate other members, and to remove any name 
 from the roll for misconduct. The Senate car- 
 ried on all negotiations with foreign powers and 
 received the complaints of subjects and allies; 
 
XX 
 
 INTRO D UCTION. 
 
 the whole financial system of the State was 
 under its control ; it determined how a war was 
 to be carried on, what troops were to be levied, 
 to what provinces the magistrates should be sent, 
 and it had the power of prolonging the com- 
 mand of the magistrates, or of rendering them 
 absolute if it judged that the Republic was in 
 danger. Besides this, it had a general control over 
 the law courts, and special powers of proposing 
 laws, and the means of checking any action of a 
 magistrate by the tribune's veto, which was often 
 at the service of the Senate. "Called to power 
 not by the accident of birth but by the free choice 
 of the nation, holding office for life and so not 
 dependent on the ever-varying opinion of the 
 people, embracing in it all that the people possessed 
 of political wisdom and practical statesmanship, 
 absolutely disposing of all financial questions and 
 controlling foreign policy— the Roman Senate was 
 the noblest embodiment of the nation ; and in con- 
 sistency and political sagacity, in unanimity and 
 patriotism, in grasp of power and unwavering 
 courage, the foremost political corporation of all 
 times — an 'assembly of kings,' which well knew 
 how to combine despotic energy with republican 
 self-devotion. Never was a State represented in 
 its external relations more worthily than Rome in 
 its best times by the Senate." (Mommsen, Hist, of 
 Rome, Bk. ii. ch. 3.) 
 
Mat-tu Jay's Livy- 
 
 Landon : ^Macmill'<m te Co- L • • 
 
 StOJifardl^ Gfog^Bsti^ 
 
THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 1. Licet mihi praefari belliim maxime omnium ^* 
 memorabile, quae iiiiquam gesta sint,^ me scripturum, 
 quod Hannibale duce^ Carthaginienses ji^portance 
 cum populo Romano gessere. Nam neque p^^^JJ?^ w^r^^^ 
 validiores opibus ullae inter se ^ civitates ^\^\ ^^\l^^ ^" k 
 
 ^ which it was ^ 
 
 gentesque contulerunt arma, neque his ^"■'^ged. 
 ipsis^ tantum unquam virium^ aut roboris fuit, et 
 adeo varia fort una belli anceps^que fuit, ut prope 
 periculum^ fuerint^ ii, qui vicerunt. 2. Odiis 
 etiam prope maioribus certaverunt quam viribus. lo 
 Fama est etiam, Hannibalem,^ annorum ^ ferme 
 novem, quum pater Hamilcar exercitum in Hispa- 
 niam traiecturus sacrificaret, altaribus^ admotum, 
 tactis sacris,'* iuravisse, se, quum primum ^ posset, 
 hostem fore populo Romano.^ ir, 
 
 3. Mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distu- 
 leruntM)ellum. Medius Hasdrubal inter itwaspost- 
 patrem ac filium octo ferme annos ^ impe- time bj^th^e 
 Hum obtinuit.2 Is plura consilio quam vi HamiicL, 
 gerens, hospitiis"^ magis quam bello aut ^-^^^^^ 
 ;irmis rem Carthaffiniensem auxit. Sed nihilo^ ei 
 
 20 
 
 * These numbers refer to the corresponding figiircs in the Xot.es. 
 L. A € 
 
THE HANNIBALIAN JVAR. 
 
 ,1 
 
 Carthaginem traiicerent ^ ac sociorum po- 
 ili Roraani querimonias deferrent. 
 9. Dum ea Romani parant ^ consultant- 
 
 sadors to 
 
 warn Hanni- ^ "^ . . • j r *. 
 
 bai. Mean- pull Romani querimoiiias deterrent. 
 
 while Sagun- ^ _ . , 
 
 turn is _ 
 
 2^tt' que, iam Saguntum summa vi oppugnaba 
 5 tur. Civitas ea longe opulentissinia ultra ^ Hiberum 
 fuit, sita passus mille ^ ferme a mari. Hannibal in- 
 festo exercitu ingressus fines, pervastatis* passim 
 agris, urbem tripertito aggreditur.^ 10. Angulus 
 muri erat in patentiorem,i quam caetera circa, vallem 
 10 vergens ; adversus eum vineas - agere instituit, per 
 quas aries moenibus admoveri posset.^ Sed haud- 
 quaquam prospere res evenit. Et turris ingens im- 
 minebat, et murus, ut^ in suspecto loco, supra ceterae 
 modum altitudinis^ emunitus^ erat, et inventus ^ 
 isdelecta, ubi plurimum periculi^ ostendebatur, ibi 
 vi maiore obsistebant. 11. Iam non pro moenibus 
 modo cmicare, sed er ampere in stationes 
 SiT"^*"' hostium conati sunt Quibus certamini- 
 bus baud pluresi Saguntini quam Poeni cadebant. 
 2oUt2 vero Hannibal ipse, dum murum incautius 
 subit,3 tragula femur* graviter ictus cecidit, tanta 
 trepidatio fuit, ut non multum abesset,^ quin ^ 
 opera et vineae desererentur. 12. Inde per paucos 
 dies quies ^ certaminum erat : postea acrius coortum 
 25 est bellum, pluribusque partibus^ vineae coeptae 
 sunt 3 agi admoverique aries. Multitudine* super- 
 abant Poeni. '^ Iam feriebantur arietibus^ muri 
 quassataeque multae partes erant : tres turres re- 
 pente, quantumque inter eas muri^ erat, cum fra- 
 
 Carthaginian Coin issued in Spain, (jp. 4.) 
 
 Aries of Wood, formerly at Saguntum. (Baumelster.) 
 
 Aries, from the Arch of Septimius Severus. 
 (Schreiber- Anderson. ) 
 
THE HANNIBALIAN WAR 
 
 gore ingenti prociderunt. Ea ruina^ captum esse 
 oppidum crediderunt Poeni. Saguntini autem, con- 
 serto velut patent! campo praelio, inter ruinas muri 
 tectaque urbis repugnabant. Illorum spes, horum^ 
 desperatio animos irritat, itaque acrius utrinque 5 
 pugnatum est.^^ Quum diu anceps fuisset certa- 
 men, clamorem repente oppidani tollunt^^ hostem- 
 que in ruinas ^'^ muri expellunt, inde impeditum ^^ 
 trepidantemque in castra redigunt. 
 
 13. Interim Roma ^ legatos venisse 2 nuntiatum 10 
 est ; quibus ^ obviam nuntii ab Hannibale r^^^ Roman 
 missi sunt, qui dicerent,* Hannibali in refI?^S^an 
 tanto discrimine rerum non operae pre- proceed to 
 tium^ esse legationes audire. Non ad- Carthage. 
 missi protinus Carthaginem ^ venerunt ; sed ea i5 
 quoque irrita legatio fuit/ 14. Hanno unus^ sena- 
 tum obtestatus est, ne Romanum suscipe- Hanno pro- 
 rent 2 bellum ; monuisse se ait, ne Hamil- nlnnS^^ 
 caris filium ad exercitum mitterent : non doings;^ ^ ^ /^^ 
 manes 3 eius viri quiescere, nee unquam, donee san- 20 
 guinis Barcini* quisquam superesset,^ quietura^ 
 Romana foedera. 15. " luvenem flagrantem cupi- 
 dine ^ regni, viamque unam ad id 2 bellum existiman- 
 tem, ad exercitus misistis. Saguntum vestri cir- 
 cumsedent exercitus unde arcentur foedere ; ^ mox 25 
 Carthaginem circumsedebunt Romanae legiones. 
 Legatos ab sociis venientes bonus* imperator vester 
 in castra non admisit ; ius gentium^ nihili<^ fecit; 
 hi tamen ad nos veniunt; auctorem culpae depos- 
 
THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 cunt. " 16. Aegates ^ insulas Erycem^que ante I 
 oculos proponite. Nee puer hie flux erat, sed pater 
 ipse 3 Hamilcar. Tunc Tarento^ non abstinueramus 
 ex foedere,'^ sicut nunc Sagunto non abstinemus. 
 
 6 Di victoriam ei populo dederunt, qui foedus non 
 ruperat. Carthagini*^ nunc Hannibal vineas tur- 
 resque admovet ; Carthaginis moenia quatit ariete : 
 Sasunti ruinae (falsus utinam vates sim^) nostris 
 capitibus incident. 17. Dedemus ergo Hanniba- 
 
 10 lem ? dicet aliquis. Scio nieam levem auctoritatem 
 esse ^ propter paternas - inimicitias ; sed Hamilcarem 
 eo 3 periisse laetatus sum, quod si ille viveret bellum 
 iam haberemus* cum Romanis, et hunc iuvenem 
 odi atque detestor, nee dedendum esse solum cen- 
 
 15 seo ^ ad piaculum <' rupti foederis, sed, si nemo de- 
 poscat,^ devehendum in ultimas maris terrarumque 
 oras, unde quietae civitatis statum sollicitare ne- 
 queat.^ 18. Ego ita^ censeo, legatos extemplo 
 Romam mittendos esse, qui senatui - satisfaciant ; ^ 
 
 20 alios, qui Hannibali nuntient, ut exercitum Sagunto 
 abducat,* ipsumquc Hannibalem ex foedere Romanis 
 
 dedant." ^ 
 
 19. Quum Hanno finem loquendi fecisset, nemini 
 but the certare cum eo necesse f uit ; senatus enim 
 
 25ca?thag''irc- propc ouiuis Hanuibalis ^ fuit. Respon- 
 hiractiol?^ sum inde legatis Romanis est,2 bellum 
 ortum ab Saguntinis, non ab Hannibale esse; popu- 
 lum Romanum iniuste facere,^ si Saguntinos vetus- 
 tissimae Carthaginiensium societati praeponeret. 
 
Catupulta. 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAB. 7 
 
 20. Dum Romani tempus terunt^ legationibus 
 mittendis,- Hannibal paucorum militibus TheFiegeof 
 dieriim quietem dedit. Interim animos proceeds, 
 eorum nunc ira in hostes, nunc spe praemiorum 
 accendit : praedam captae urbis edixit militum ^ 5 
 fore.* Saguntini novum murum ab ea parte,^ qua 
 patefactum oppidum ruinis erat, reficiebant. Inde 
 oppugnatio eos aliquanto^' atrocior '' quam ante 
 adorta est; nee, qua primum ferrent ^ opem, scire 
 poterant. 21. Ipse Hannibal, qua turris mobilis/ 10 
 omnia munimenta urbis superans altitudine,^ age- 
 batur, hortator aderat. Quae quum ^ admota moeni- 
 bus esset/ et catapultis per tabulata dispositis 
 defensores exturbasset, -^ Hannibal quingentos fere 
 Afros cum dolaoris ad subruendum ^' ab imo murum 15 
 mittit ; nee erat difficile opus, quod caementa non 
 calce '^ durata erant, sed interlita luto, structurae 
 antiquae modo. Ruebat ^ muri pars, armatorumque 
 agmina. ^n urbem vadebant. 22. Locum quoque 
 editum capiunt muroque circumdant, ut castellum 20 
 in ipsa urbe velut arcem haberent ^ Saguntini 
 murum interiorem ad nondum captam partem urbis 
 intercludendam 2 ducunt. Utrinque summa vi et 
 muniunt et pugnant ; simul crescit inopia omnium ^ 
 longa obsidione et minuitur exspectatio externae opis, 25 
 quum tam procul Romani, unica spes,* abessent.^ 
 
 23. Erat in exercitu Hannibalis Alcorus qui- 
 dam Hispanus, Saguntinis publice ^ ami- Aieomsad- 
 
 T • T • TT '1 1 vises sub- 
 
 cus. Is pacis condiciones ex Hannibale mission. 
 
 Turris. 
 
8 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 sciscitatus, in urbem venit. Ductus in senatum, 
 *'Ego," inquit, "ne ignoraretis,^ esse aliquas salutis 
 et pacis vobis condiciones, pro ^ vetusto hospitio, 
 quod mihi vobiscum est, ad vos veni. Neque enim 
 5 ab Romanis * vobis ulla est spes nee vestra vos iam 
 aut arma aut moenia satis defendunt ; itaque pacem 
 affero magis necessariam quam aequam. 24. Urbem 
 vobis ^ adimit,'^ agros relinquit, locumque assignabit, 
 in quo novum oppidum aedificetis.^ Aurum et ar- 
 
 10 gentum omne publicum privatumque ad se iubet 
 deferri ; * corpora vestra salva fore ^ pollicetur, si 
 inermes cum singulis ^ vestimentis velitis ^ Sagunto 
 exire. Haec victor hostis imperat : equidem baud 
 despero, aliquid ex his remissurum esse ; sed vel ^ 
 
 16 haec patienda censeo potius, quam trucidari corpora 
 vestra, rapique ante ora vestra coniuges ac liberos 
 sinatis."^ 25. Ad haec audienda^ circumfusa pau- 
 latim multitudine permixtum senatui erat populi 
 concilium. Repente primores, secessione facta, pri- 
 
 20 usquam responsum daretur, argentum aurumque 
 
 in forum coUatum in ignem ad id raptim factum 
 
 coniiciebant,2 eodem^que semet ipsi praecipitabant. 
 
 26. Quum ex eo pavor ac trepidatio totam urbem 
 
 The city is pervasissct, alius subito tumultus ex arce 
 
 taken by -^ _ 
 
 25 storm. auditur. Turris diu quassata prociderat, 
 
 perque ruinam eius cohors Poenorum impetum fece- 
 rat, signumque imperatori dederat, nudatam^ cus- 
 todiis - solitis esse urbem. 27. Hannibal, non cunc- 
 tandum ^ esse in tali occasione ratus. totis viribus 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 9 
 
 aggressus urbem cepit, signumque dedit, ut omnes 
 puberes2 interficerentur.^ Quod imperium crudele, 
 ceterum prope necessarium erat; non enim iis 
 parci'* potuit, qui aut inclusi cum coniugibus ac 
 liberis domos super se ipsos concremaverunt, aut 5 
 armati non, nisi morientes, a pugna destiterunt. 
 28. Captum oppidum est cum ingenti praeda. 
 Quanquam enim multa ab dominis de industrial cor- 
 rupta erant, et captivi militum praeda fuerant,^ 
 tamen et aliquantum pecuniae ^ constat et multam lo 
 pretiosam supellectilem vestemque missam esse* 
 Carthaginem.^ 
 
 29. Ubi Romae ^ nuntiatum est Sagunti excidium, 
 tantus simul maeror patres sociorumque vexation and 
 peremptorum misericordia et pudor non Rome. 15 
 
 lati auxilii^ et ira in Carthaginienses metusque cepit, 
 velut si iam ad portas hostis esset,^ ut trepidarent* 
 magis quam consulerent.^ Reputabant enim, neque 
 hostem acriorem secum congressum esse, nee rem 
 Romanam^ tam imbellem unquam f uisse : Sardos^20 
 Corsosque et Histros atque Illyrios Romana arma 
 vix exercuisse, Gallicos motus tumultum^ verius 
 quam bellum fuisse : Poenos veteranos milites, inter 
 Hispanas gentes nunquam victos, sub duce acerrimo 
 Hiberum transituros '^ esse ; tracturos secum excitos 25 
 Hispanorum populos ; concituros avidas semper ar- 
 mor um 10 Gallicas gentes; bellum in Italia ac pro 
 moenibus Romae gesturos esse. 30. Consules tum 
 erant Romae P. Cornelius Scipio et Ti.^ Sempronius 
 
10 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 Levies and Ldhgus. Cornelio Hispania, Sempronio 
 preparations. ^fi.ica2 cum Sicilia proviiiciae^ datae sunt. 
 Sex in eum annum decretae* legiones,^ et sociorum, 
 quantum consulibus videretur,*^ et classis, quanta 
 
 5 parari posset. Quattuor et viginti peditum Roma- 
 norum millia conscripta sunt, et mille octingenti 
 equites, sociorum quadraginta millia peditum, quat- 
 tuor millia et (luadringenti equites ; " naves ducentae 
 viginti quinqueremes,^ celoces viginti deductae^ sunt. 
 
 10 Latum inde ad populum est,i<^ vellent inherent ^^ 
 populo Carthaginiensi helium indici ; eiusque helli 
 causa supplicatio ^- per urhem hahita atque adorati 
 dii, ut hene ac feliciter eveniret.i^ 31. Inter consules 
 ita^ copiae divisae : Sempronio datae legiones duae, 
 
 15 (quae quaterna millia erant peditum et treceni 2 
 equites,) et sociorum sedecim millia peditum, equites 
 mille octingenti; naves longae^ centum sexaginta,* 
 celoces duodecim. Cum his copiis Ti. Sempronius 
 in Sicilian! missus est, iussus in Africam transmit- 
 
 20 tere,'^ si ad arcendos^' Italia Poenos alter' consul 
 satis esset. Cornelio minus copiarum^ datum est, 
 quia Manlius praetor cum praesidio in Galliam^ 
 mittehatur : sexaginta quinqueremes datae et duae 
 Romanae legiones cum suo iusto equitatu ^^ et quat- 
 
 25 tuordecim millihus sociorum peditum, equitihus ^^ 
 mille sexcentis. Duas legiones Romanas et decem 
 millia sociorum peditum, mille equites socios, sex- 
 centos Romanos ^^ Gallia provincia hahuit. 
 
 32. His ita comparatis, ut omnia iusta^ ante 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 11 
 
 helium fierent, legatos maiores natu in Second em- 
 Africam mittunt ad percontandos 2 Car- thagl^" ^*'*' 
 thaginienses, puhlicone consilioS Hannihal Sagun- 
 tum oppugnasset,'* et, si faterentur,^ ut indicerent 
 populo Carthaginiensi helium. Romani postquam 5 
 Carthaginem venerunt,« quam Q. Fahius, maximus 
 inter illos natu, nihil ultra quam quod mandatum 
 erat percontatus esset, turn ex Carthaginiensihus 
 unus disceptare de foederum iure incepit : et quae- 
 rendum esse ait, non privato puhlicone ' consilio 10 
 Saguntum oppugnatum esset, sed utrum iure an 
 iniuria.8 Negavit eo foedere, quod ah Hasdruhale 
 cum Romanis ictum esset,^ ohligari posse Cartha- 
 ginienses : quia nee senatus nee populi iussu ictum 
 esset. Quinetiam Romanorum ipsorum exemplum 15 
 afferehat, qui quum C. Lutatius^o consul foedus 
 sine auctoritate senatus icisset, negavissent 11 se eo 
 teneri. 33. Turn Romanus sinu ex toga Declaration 
 facto, "Hie, inquit, helium et pacem porto; 2]t»'^B*c' 
 utrum placet sumite." Clamatum est hand minus 20 
 ferociter,! utrum vellet,^ daret;3 et quum is, sinu 
 effuso, helium dare dixisset, accipere^ se omnes 
 responderunt, et, quo acciperent animo, eodem^ se 
 gesturos. 
 
 34. Legati Romani ah Carthagine, sicut iis 25 
 Romae imperatum erat,i in Hispaniam, xheambas- 
 ut civitates in societatem pellicerent aut S?n"ove7 *^ 
 averterent a Poenis, traiecerunt.2 At Sa oaiiHctribis 
 guntinae cladis recens memoria irritam ^;t^^^"i« 
 
12 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 legationem fecit ; itaque, nequiqiiam peragrata His- 
 pania, in Galliam transeunt.^ 35. Hie quum verbis 
 extolleiites gloriam populi Romani petissent, no 
 Poenis per agros suos transitum darent,i tantus 
 srisiis dicitur ortus2 esse, ut vix a magistratibus 
 iuventus sedaretur;^ adeo stx)lida* impudensque 
 visa est postulatio. 36. Sedato tandem fremitu, 
 responsum legatis est, neque Romanorum in se^ 
 meritum2 esse neque Carthaginiensium iniuriam, 
 10 ob quae 3 aut pro Romanis aut adversus Poenos 
 sumerent ^ arma : sed contra audire ^ se, gentis suae 
 homines agro Italiae pelli a populo Romano stipen- 
 diumque pendere et cetera indigna^ pati. Certe ' se 
 nolle bellum a Romanis in se avertere agrosque 
 15 suos pro alienis « populandos obiicere. 37. Massi- 
 liae benigne ab sociis i excepti cognoverunt, praeoccu- 
 patos iam ab Hannibale Gallorum animos esse. Ita 
 legati Romam redeunt, civitatemque omnem exspec- 
 tatione belli erectam inveniunt, constante^ fama, 
 20 iam Hiberum Poenos transmisisse.^ 
 
 38. Hannibal Sagunto capto Carthaginem No- 
 Hannibai vam ^ in hibcma concesserat, ibique au- 
 ci?tege,m. (litis, quae Romae quaeque Carthagine2 
 silS'' acta forent,3 Hispani generis milites convo- 
 25 ofTbsoIS'r cavit, dixitque, pacatis ^ iam omnibus His- 
 paniae populis, in alias terras transferendum esse 
 bellum, ut, non pacis solum,^ sed etiam victoriae 
 bonis,« praeda et gloria, fruerentur. 39. "Itaque, 
 inquit, quum longinqua instet^ militia incertumque 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 13 
 
 sit, quando domos vestras iterura visuri sitis,^ si 
 quis vestrum suos invisere vult, commeatum^ do. 
 Primo vere edico adsitis,* ut diis iuvantibus bellum 
 incipiamus." Omnibus fere visendi domos ultro^ 
 oblata potestas grata erat. Vere primo ad edictum 5 
 convenere. 
 
 40. Hannibal interea, ne, dum ipse Italiam pe- 
 teret,^ aperta Romanis Africa ab Sicilia^ esset, 
 valido praesidio firmare eam statuit. Hispaniam 
 Hasdrubali fratri destinat firmatque eam Africis 10 
 maxime praesidiis, Hispanis in Africam missis : 
 utrosque meliores procul ab domo futuros esse 
 milites ratus. 
 
 41. Profectus Carthagine Nova exercitum ad 
 Hiberum duxit et praemissis,^ qui Gallo- ^lq leaves his 15 
 rum animos donis conciliarent 2 Alpium- ^Qr^tritiiT' 
 que transitus specularentur, tripertito co- ^^^^%^} 
 
 pias traiecit. Nonaginta millia peditum, EbroTnd^ 
 duodecim millia equitum Hiberum tra- Pyrenees, 
 duxit. Ilergetes inde Bargusiosque et Ausetanos 20 
 et Lacetaniam, quae subiecta Pyrenaeis montibus 
 est, subegit, orae^que huic omni praefecit Hanno- 
 nem, ut fauces, quae Hispanias Galliis^ iungunt, in 
 potestate essent. Decem millia peditum Hannoni 
 ad obtinendam ^ regionem data et mille equites. 25 
 42. Tria millia inde Carpetanorum abierunt do- 
 mum. Hannibal, quia revocare aut vi retinere 
 nolebat, ne ceterorum feroces^ animi irritarentur, 
 supra septem millia hominum remisit, quos gravari 
 
u 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN PFAR. 
 
 militia senserat, Carpetanos quoque ab se dimissos 
 esse simulans. Iiide cum reliquis copiis Pyre- 
 naeum traiis<jressus ad oppidum Iliberrim castra 
 locavit. 43. Gallorum aliquot populi territi conve- 
 5 and reassures ncrunt. Quod ubi Hauuibali iiuntiatum 
 
 the Gallic 
 
 tribes. est, moram magis quam bellum metuens, 
 
 oratores ad regulos eorum misit, dixitque, hospitem 
 se Galliae non hostem advenisse, uec stricturum 
 ante gladium, quam in Italiam venisset.^ Quibus 
 10 auditis donisque insuper acceptis, reguli exercitum 
 per fines suos cum pace transmiserunt. 
 
 44. In Italia interim, quum nihil ultra, quam 
 Hiberum transiisse Hannibalem, Romam 
 
 15 
 
 Itali/. 
 
 cfsTipine perlatum esset, Boii ^ repente defecerunt, 
 
 ^''^^^^- non tam ob veteres in populum Romanum 
 
 iras, quam quod Placentiam Cremonamque colonias 
 in agrum Gallicum nuper deductas^ aegre patieban- 
 tur. Itaque armis arreptis, tantum terrorist fece- 
 runt, ut non agrestis modo multitudo, sed ipsi 
 
 20 triumviri '^ Romani, qui ad agrum assignandum ^ 
 venerant, ditfisi ^ Placentiae moenibus Mutinam 
 confugerent." 45. Mutinae quum obsiderentur, le- 
 gati ab Gallorum principibus ad colloquium vocati 
 violata fide ^ comprehensi sunt : negaveruntque 
 
 25 Galli, nisi obsides - sibi redderentur,^ se eos dimis- 
 suros. Quum haec de legatis nuntiata essenf* et 
 Mutina praesidiumque in periculo essent, L. Man- 
 lius praetor ira accensus agmen Mutinam ducit. 
 46. Silvae tunc circa viam erant; ibique inexplo- 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN PFAR 15 
 
 rato profectus in insii;...s praecipitavit,i multaque 
 cum caede suorum aegre in apertos campos emersit. 
 Ibi castra communita et refecti sunt militum animi, 
 quanquam ad quingentos - cecidisse ^ constabat. 
 Iter deinde de integro ^ coeptum, nee, dum per 5 
 patentia loca ducitur ^ agmen, apparuit hostis ; ubi 
 rursus silvae intratae sunt, tum postremos adorti 
 septingentos milites occiderunt, sex s'igna e ade- 
 mere. Inde Romani Tannetum,^ vicum propin- 
 quum Pado, contendere. Patres C. Ati- After some jo 
 Hum praetorem cum una legione Romana tl^tWsTvu!t, 
 et quinque millibus sociorum auxilium ferre Manlio 
 iubent; qui sine ullo certamine (abscesserant enim 
 metu hostes) Tannetum pervenit 
 
 47. Et P. Cornelius, in locum eius, quae missa 15 
 cum praetore erat, nova conscripta led- 
 
 Scipio sails 
 
 one, profectus ab urbe sexaginta navibus to meet 
 
 ^«.-,^i. T^i • T • Hannibalin 
 
 praeter oram Jl,truriae Ligurumque et Spain, but 
 inde balyum montes pervenit Massiliam, Marseilles 
 et ad proximum ostium 1 Rhodani (pluri- crossed the 20 
 bus enim divisus amnis in mare decurrit) ^^'■''"^*'^' 
 castra locat, vixdum satis 2 credens Hannibalem 
 superasse Pyrenaeos montes. 
 
 48. Hannibal Gallorum aliis metu aliis pretio pa- 
 catis, iam in Volcarum pervenerat agrum, Hannibal 35 
 gentis validae. Colunt circa utramque Rbon?h/ 
 ripam Rhodani, sed, ut flumen muni- pSiition'Som 
 mentoi haberent, omnibus ferme suis 2^1 ^a^'' 
 trans Rhodanum traiectis ulteriorem ripam armis 
 
16 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 obtinebant. Ceteros accolas fliiminis Hannibal pel- 
 licit donis ad naves undique contrahendas 2 fabri- 
 candasque : itaque ingens coacta vis est navmm 
 lintriumque ; novasque alias Galli ex singulis ^ arbo- 
 5ribus cavabant, deinde et ipsi milites alveos in- 
 formes, nihil, dummodo innarc aquae et capere 
 onera possent,'* curantes, raptim faciebant. 49. lani- 
 que omnibus satis ad traiiciendum paratis, terre- 
 bant hostes ex adverse,^ omnem ripam equis viris 
 10 que obtinentes. Quos ut averteret, Hannonem 
 Bomilcaris filium vigilia prima noctis cum parte 
 copiarum adverse flumine 2 ire iter ^ unius diei iubet 
 et, quam* occultissime traiecto amni, circumducere 
 agmen, ut adoriatur & ab tergo hostem. Is quinque 
 15 et viginti millia ^ progressus traiecit fluvium, copi- 
 asque nocturno itinere fessas brevi quiete refecit. 
 Deinde secundum" amnem ire perrexit, fumoque 
 duci significavit, se baud procul abesse. 50. Quod 
 ubi accepiti Hannibal, dedit signum ad traiicien- 
 20dum. Navium agmon ad excipiendura 2 impetum 
 fluminis parte superiore transmittebat, ut tran- 
 quillitatem infra traiicientibus lintribus praeberet. 
 Equorum pars magna nantes ^ loris a puppibus tra- 
 hebantur. Galli occurrebant cum variis ululati- 
 25 bus, cantu^que solito, quatientes scuta super capita 
 vibrantesque dextris tela. Glamor repente ab tergo 
 ortus, castris ab Hannone captis. Galli utrinque 
 oppugnati, qua patere iter visum est, perrumpunt, 
 trepidique in vices passim suos diffugiunt. Hanni- 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 17 
 
 bal, ceteris copiis per ^ otium traiectis, castra ad 
 fluvium ipsum locavit. 51. Elephanti nondum 
 traiecti erant, qui 1 quidem, quanquam parere ma- 
 gistris consueverant, intrare aquam non Theeie- 
 audebant. Propterea ratem 2 ducentos ^^^''^^^^^ are 
 
 I 1 Q . carried across ^ 
 
 longam pedes,^ qumquaginta latam a the river, 
 terra in amnem porrexerunt, religatam pluribus 
 retinaculis pontisque in modum * humo iniecta con- 
 stratam, ut beluae audacter velut per solum ingre- 
 derentur. Altera ratis, longa pedes centum, ad 10 
 traiiciendum flumen apta, huic copulata est; turn 
 elephanti per stabilem ratem tanquam viam acti, 
 ubi in minorem transgressi sunt, extemplo resolutis 
 vinculis, ab actuariis navibus ad alteram ripam per- 
 tracti sunt. Excidere quidam trepidantes metu in 15 
 flumen, quorum Indi ^ deiecti periere, ipsi servati 
 sunt. Proboscides enim supra aquam extollebant, 
 quibus simul respirabant et aquam, quae inciderat,^ 
 efflabant; itaque quaerendis pedetentim vadis in 
 terram evasere. 52. Dum elephanti traiiciuntur, 20 
 interim Hannibal Numidas equites quin- Cavalry skir- 
 gentos ad castra Romana miserat specu- scipio'sre- 
 latum,! ubi et quantae copiae essent,2 et ^"ty?^^""^ 
 quid facere pararent. Huic alae equitum trecenti 
 Romanorum equites occurrere ; quos Scipio, de Han- 25 
 nibale iam certior factus, ad exploranda omnia 
 miserat. Numidae fugati in castra se recepere ; 
 Romani prope vallum progressi speculatique omnia 
 redierunt ad consulem, qui extemplo cupidus dimi- 
 
 L. B 
 
18 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 candi» copiaa omnes adverse flumine ducerc per- 
 rexit " 53. Triduo i fere post, quam 
 
 Scipio finds I exit. w«- :, j ^ „ 
 
 the cartta- Hannibal a ripa Rhodam movit, ad castra 
 giniaii camp li"'"" r , • j i „;j;(. 
 
 deserted, and |,„gtinn, yeiiit, ceterum ubi deserta vidit, 
 
 ^ ilay'to meet ,^gg ^^^^ gg tantum praegressos assecu- 
 
 ■* the"oth?r °" turum, ad mare rediit, miratus Poenos 
 
 A?p3 ' ° hac via Italian petere audere. Cn. Scipj- 
 
 onem fratrem in Hispaniara adversus Hasdrubalera 
 
 misit: ipse cum exiguis copiis Genuam repetut, 
 
 ,0 eo, qui circum Padum crat, exercitu Italiam defen- 
 
 surus.2 
 
 54 Hannibali ad Rhodanum obviam venerant 
 
 HanniW, Boiorum Icgati regulusque Magalus, qui 
 ?"g" u arm^; sc duccs ^ itincrum et socios periculi fore 
 r, affirmabatit. Haec contioni '^ per iuterpretem decla- 
 rabant; delude Ha.u.ibal, quia multitudinem iter 
 immensum Alpcsquc metuere videbat. adhortatus 
 est milites, " mirari se, ait, rcpoutinum terrorem : 
 multo maioi-em enim partem itineris emensam ^ esse, 
 20 Pyreuaeos montes superat..s, Rhodanum amnem, tot 
 miUilnis* Gallorum proliibentibus, traiectum, in 
 conspectu Alpes habere,-^ quarum alteram latus 
 Italiae" esset." 55. Nullas protects terras coelum 
 contiugere nee inexsuperabiles hun.ano gcneri > esse ; 
 25 Alpes quidem "- habitari, coli, gignere atque alcre 
 animantes ; pervias fauces ^ esse exerc.tibus. tos 
 ipsos, quos cernerent. legatos Alpes pedibus trans- 
 aressos. Militi quidem armato, nihil secum praeter 
 instrumenta belli portanti, nihil invium aut incx- 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 19 
 
 superabile esse." 56. His adhortationibus incitatos 
 
 ad iter se parare iussit. Postero die pro- 
 
 fectus adverso flumine Rhodani, mediter- the Rhone 
 
 nt ^^• ."^ r\ . t it to the island 
 
 ranea Ualliae petiit. Quarto die ad Insu- of the auo- 
 lam perveiiit. Ibi Isara Rhodanusque ^^^^^' 5 
 
 amnes diversis ex Alpibus decurreiites, agri^ ali 
 quantum complex! confluunt in unum : mediis 
 campis Insulae nomen inditum est. 57. Ista regio 
 similis est figura illi quam in Aegypto Delta ^ vo 
 cant, ambo frequentes populo, et frumenti feraces.^ 10 
 Hanc incolunt Allobroges, gens nulla Gallica gente 
 opibus aut fama inferior. Turn discors erat, duo- 
 bus fratribus de regno certantibus. Han- where he set- 
 nibal arbiter factus imperium maiori,^ qui abon* th?"^ 
 a fratre pellebatur, restituit. Ob id meri- ^"^'^^^^i^". 15 
 tum'* commeatu copiaque rerum omnium, maxime 
 vestimenti,^ est adiutus Rex ipse, cum suis militi- 
 bus agmen secutus, securum iter usque ad Alpes 
 praestitit.*^ 58. Itaque ad ipsum Alpium aditum cum 
 bona pace incolentium ^ ca loca Gallorum ^nd reaches 20 
 perventum est.^ Tum ex propinquo visa ringerofthe 
 montium altitudo nivesque caelo prope -^^p®' 
 immixtae, terrorem renovarunt. Erigentibus in 
 primos agmen -^ clivos apparuerunt immi- where he 
 
 , . . . , . . meets with 
 
 nentes tumulos * insidentes montani ; qui, resistance, 25 
 si insidias occuluissent,^ coorti repente ingentem 
 stragem Poenis dedissent.^' 59. Hannibal con- 
 sistere signa iussit : Gallisque ad visenda loca 
 praemissis, castra quam extentissima potuit^ valle 
 
20 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 locavit. Turn per Gallos, qui se immiscueraiit 
 colloquiis montanorum, edoctus, iiiterdiu tantum 
 obsideri saltum,2 nocte in sua quemque dilabi tecta, 
 aiigustiis appropiiiqua])at, castrisque baud procul 
 5ab hoste positis, ubi primum degressos tumuhs 
 montanos3 gensit, ignes acceiidi* iussit, inipedimen- 
 tisque cum equite relictis et maxima parte peditum, 
 , .^^ ipse cum expeditis raptim angustias^ 
 
 which with r * u 4.r»« 
 
 somediffi- evasit iisque ipsis tumuhs, quos hostes 
 
 culty is over- ^ '^ ,. ^_ _, . i • i^ 
 
 j^conie. tenuerant, consedit. 60. Prima demde 
 
 luce castra mota et agmen reliquum incedere coepit. 
 lam montani signo dato ex castellis^ ad sUtionem 
 solitam conveniebant, quum repente coiispiciunt 
 alios super caput imminere, alios via 2 transire 
 15 hostes. Immobiles parumper defixi sunt; deinde 
 ut tumultu misceri agmen ^ videre, equis maxime 
 consternatis, decurrerunt in hostem. 61. Tum vero 
 simul al) hostibus, simul ab iniquitate ^ locorum 
 Poeni oppugnabantur, plusque inter ipsos, sibi^ 
 aoquoque contendente,^ ut periculo prius evaderet, 
 quam cum hostibus certaminis* erat. Equi maxime 
 territi trepidabant, et icti forte aut vulnerati adeo 
 consternabantur, ut stragem^ ingentem simul •^ 
 hominum ac sarcinarum facerent;^ multosque 
 25turba8 praecipites in immensum altitudinis^ deiecit, 
 sed maxime iumenta cum oneribus devolvebantur. 
 62. Hannibal parumper continuit suos,^ ne tumul- 
 tum augeret; deinde, postquam vidit periculum 
 esse ne exueretur impedimentis <5 exercitus, decurrit 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 21 
 
 ex superiore loco, et hostem impetu ipso^ fudit. 
 Mox omnes per angustias traducti : castel- He emerges 
 lum inde, quod caput eius regionis erat, vai?ey"anr° 
 vicosque circumiectos cepit, et captivo pfJesKis 
 cibo ac pecoribus per triduum exercitum ^^^^' 5 
 
 aluit; et, quia neque a montanis nee loco * magnopere 
 impediebantur, aliquantum eo triduo viae^ con- 
 fecit. 
 
 63. Perventum inde est ad frequentem cultoribus 
 alium populum.i Ibi non bello aperto, The next 10 
 sed fraude et insidiis prope est circum- ^ilds^friend. 
 ventus. Castellorum enim principes cum guppues^^ 
 olivae ramis^ et coronis obviam iverunt, g^'i<5e8for 
 
 ' the main 
 
 memorantes^ se amicitiam velle experiri ascent. 
 Poenorum, commeatum itinerisque duces * et obsides 15 
 daturos esse; modo ne iniuriam agris faceret.^ 
 Hannibal non temere credendum ^ ratus, benigne 
 tamen respondit, obsidibusque, quos dabant, acceptis 
 et commeatu, duces eorum sequebatur. 64. In- 
 sidias tamen metuens impedimenta et equites prae- 20 
 mittit, ipse post cum robore peditum cir- Hannibal 
 cumspectans sollicitus incedit. Ubi in tr^chery 
 angustiorem locum ventum est, barbari ex h^irre^r^^"^ 
 insidiis ab tergo praecipue coorti sunt ^^ckedina 
 lam, nisi firmatum extremum agmen fuis- "arrow defile. 25 
 set, ingens in eo saltu accepta esset ^ clades : verun- 
 tamen etiam sic^ magna iumentorum atque homi- 
 num multitudo periit; nam barbari superiora loca 
 obtinentes,^ comitati ab latere* agmen saxa devol- 
 
99 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 vebant, et usque adeo ad extremum peiiculi coinici- 
 Haitofthe ebant, ut Hannibal cogeretur^ ad rupem 
 infantry at candidaiu separatim ab equis iumentisque, 
 
 the white *■ -yj. 
 
 Rock. y t iiis praesidio esset, pernoctare. V ixque 
 
 5 tandem nocte tota angustias agmen superavit. Pos- 
 tero die equites et iumenta secutus summum Al- 
 pium iugum petebat : montanis iam segnius et 
 latrocinii magis quam belli more incursantibus. 
 Elephanti quidem, quacunque incederent, tutum ab 
 10 hostibus, insolito spectaculo territis, agmen praebe- 
 
 bant.<5 
 
 65. Nono diei in iugum 2 Alpium perventum 
 Arrival on est, et biduum 3 ibi stativa castra habita 
 of thepa"f sunt, fessisque labore ac pugnando quies 
 
 15 data militibus; iumenta aliquot, quae prolapsa 
 in rupibus erant, sequendo vestigia agminis in 
 castra pervenere. Terrorem nivis casus, occidente 
 iam sidere Vergiliarum,* adiecit. Hannibal, quum 
 milites despondere animos^ vidisset, adhortari cona- 
 
 2obatur, Italiam ostc^ntans^ subiectosque montibus 
 Circumpadanos campos ; moenia^que eos^ tum tran- 
 scendere, ait, non Italiae modo sed etiam Romae ; 
 cetera plana, prolivia fore; uno aut summum » 
 alteroio praelio areem et caput Italiae in potestate 
 
 25habituros esse. 66. Procedere inde agmen coepit, 
 iam nihil hostibus praeter parva furta tentantibus. 
 The descent Cctcrum iter multo, quam in ascensu, 
 Semper! difficilius f uit ; Alpcs cuim ab Italia 1 
 
 plerumque arrectiores sunt. Omnis ferme via prae- 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 23 
 
 ceps, angusta, lubrica erat, ut^ neque sustinere se a 
 lapsu, nee, qui titubassent,^ recipere se possent. 
 
 67. Ventum deinde ad locum, qui* recenti lapsu 
 terrae in mille pedum spatium ^ abruptus -njey come 
 erat. Ibi quum velut ad finem viae equites ^ifer^iThe ^ 
 constitissent, miranti Hannibali, quae res PtaVbra"^"^ 
 moraretur^ agmen, nuntiatum est locum i^nd^^P' 
 iiivium esse. Digressus deinde ipse ad locum vi- 
 sendum, et circumducere agmen quamvis longo am- 
 bitu instituit. 68. Ea vero via ^ insuperabilis erat ; 10 
 nam, quum super veterem prioris hiemis ^^^ ^^^^ .^ 
 nivem nova praesentis anni cecidisset, impossible 
 
 ^ . „. J. to get round 
 
 haec- quidem, quia mollis erat et moaica by another 
 
 ,.,.„<.., ^. . • • way, owing 
 
 adhuc altitudine,^ facile vestigium recipie- to the state 
 
 ^ . . . of the snow. 
 
 bat ; * Ut ^ vero tot hommum lumentorum- i5 
 
 que incessu dilapsa est, per nudam infra glaciem<^ 
 fluentemque tabem"^ liquescentis nivis ingredieban- 
 tur. Taetra ibi luctatio erat, lubrica glacie citius 
 pedes fallente, quod in proclivi erat, nee stirpes 
 circa radicesve, ad quas pede aut manu quisquam 20 
 adhaerere posset,^ erant. Iumenta secabant etiam in- 
 finmm ingredientia nivem, ut^ velut pedica^^ capta 
 baererent in dura et alte concreta glacie. Tandem, 
 nequicquam iumentis atque hominibus ^1^^^ ^re 
 fatigatis, castra illic posita sunt. 69. Inde n'iakeanew ^5 
 ad viam per rupem praecipitem munien- {iec^^/Vie^ 
 dam 1 milites duxit Hannibal ; ac iumentis ^•*^^«- 
 quidem equisque transitum uno die expedivit, quos 
 transmisit statim, dimisitque ad pascua in locis, 
 
24 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 ubi nulla nix reperiebatur. Tertio tandem die 
 elephantos traiecit, iam prope fame absumptos ; nuda 
 enim fere caciimina sunt, et, quicquid pabuli^ est, 
 They arrive obruuut nivcs. luferiora ^ valles apri- 
 5 vaiiej^^and*^ ^^^ habeut, Hvosque et humano eultu ^ 
 p^ain Oct diguiora loca. 70. Iride ad planum de- 
 218 B.C. scensum est, toto itinere a Carthagine 
 
 Nova quinque mensibus confecto, Alpibus quin- 
 Extent of decim diebus ^ superatis. E copiis resta- 
 
 Hannibal's . ...... ,. 
 
 10 losses. bant incolumes viginti millia peditum, sex 
 
 equitum. L. Cincius Alimentus, qui captus est ab 
 Hannibale, scribit, se ex ipso Hannibale audisse, 
 postquam Rhodanum transient,'^ triginta sex millia 
 hominum ingentemque numerum equorum et aliorum 
 
 15 iumentorum amisisse.^ 
 
 71. Hannibal, Insubrium fines ingressus, con- 
 He helps fectum inopia ac laboribus exercitum 
 againsrSo^^ reficere instituit. Posthac Taurinos, qui 
 Taunni, bellum adversus Insubres moverant, ad 
 
 20 societatem pellicere tentavit, quumque id ^ recusa- 
 vissent, caput gentis vi expugnavit. 72. Interea 
 P. Cornelius consul, qui Pisas ^ navibus venerat, 
 exercitu- a Manlio Atilioque accepto, in Hanni- 
 aud finds balcm fcstiiiabat, ut cum hoste nondum 
 
 2^ on the nortif Tcfccto mauus conscrerct. Iam prope in 
 of the Po. conspectu erant exercitus, et Padum tra 
 iecisse^ consulem Hannibali nuntiatum est. Primo 
 vix credidit famae, quia paucis ante diebus'* Scipi- 
 onem ad Rhodanum reliquerat; nee minus admira- 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 25 
 
 batur Romanus Hannibalis audaciam et fortunam, 
 quum ne tentaturum quidem^ Alpes transire, et, si 
 tentasset,^ misere periturum esse, sibi persuasisset. 
 73. Castris ad Ticinum amnem positis, Scipio mi- 
 lites adhortatus est. " Si eum," inquit, Scipio's 5 
 
 S1J66Cll to Ills 
 
 " exercitum, milites, educerem in aciem, array, 
 quem in Gallia mecum habui, supersedissem ^ loqui ; 
 non enim opus esset adhortari aut eos equites, qui 
 equitatum hostium ad Rhodanum flumen egregie 
 vicerunt,2 aut eas legiones, cum quibus fugientem ^ 10 
 hunc ipsum hostem secutus sum. Nunc, quia ille 
 exercitus in Hispania provincia mea bellum gerit 
 ego vero, ut consulem ducem adversus Hannibalem 
 haberetis,* hue adveni, novo imperatori ^ apud novos 
 milites pauca verba facienda sunt. Vobis, milites, 15 
 pugnandum est^ cum iis, quos terra marique priore 
 bello'' vicistis, a quibus stipendium per 
 viginti annos exegistis, a quibus capta^ the First 
 Siciliam ac Sardiniam habetis. 74 Nee and reminds 
 
 .ii. . 1 ' 1 . them that 
 
 nunc lUi, quia audent, sed quia necesse est, even in Gaul 20 
 
 , . . . Hannibal 
 
 pugnaturi sunt ; nisi creditis, eos, qui had declined 
 
 .,. 1 . 1 , , .,ia battle. 
 
 exercitu incolumi pugnam detrectaverint,^ 
 duabus partibus^ peditum equitumque in transitu 
 Alpium amissis, plus spei^ nactos esse. At enim 
 pauci quid em ^ sunt, sed vigentes animis corpori- 25 
 busque. Effigies immo.^ umbrae hominum, fame, 
 frigore, illuvie enecti, contusi inter saxa rupesque ; 
 praeusti ^ artus, membra torrida "^ gelu, fracta arma, 
 claudi ac debiles equi. Cum hoc equite, cum hoc^ 
 
26 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 pedite pugnaturi estis ; reliquias hostium, iion 
 hostes habebitis ; ac vereor ne, quum vos pugna- 
 veritis, Alpes vicisse Hannibalem videantur.^ Sed 
 ita forsitan decet, foederum ruptorem ducem ac 
 5 populum deos ipsos sine ulla humana ope profli- 
 gare,io nos profligatum conficere. 75. Experiri 
 oportet utrum alios repente Carthaginienses terra 
 ediderit,^ an iidem sint qui ad Aegates pugnaverint^ 
 insulas.3 Vos ego milites non eo solum animo, quo 
 10 adversus alios hostes soletis, pugnare velim,'* sed 
 cum indignatione quadam, velut si servos videatis^ 
 vestros arma repente contra vos ferentes. Licuit*^ 
 „, . ad Erycem'' clausos fame interficere; licuit 
 
 attack was victriccm classcm in Africam traiicere at- 
 
 both un- 
 
 15 grateful and quc intra paucos dies sine ullo certamine 
 
 Carthaginem delere ; veniam dedimus pre- 
 
 cantibus, emisimus ex obsidione, pacem cum victis 
 
 fecimus. Pro ^ his impertitis furiosum iuvenem se- 
 
 quentes oppugnatum^ patriam nostram veniunt. 
 
 20 76. Atque utinam pro decore tantum ^ hoc vobis 
 et non pro salute esset ^ certamen ! Non de pos- 
 sessione Siciliae ac Sardiniae, sed pro Italia vobis 
 est pugnandum. Nee est alius ab tergo ^ exercitus, 
 qui, si nos vincamur,^ obsistat^ hosti; hie est obstan- 
 
 25 dum milites, velut si ante Romana moenia pugne- 
 mus.*^ Unusquisque se non corpus suum, sed coniu- 
 gem ac liberos armis protegere putet;^ nee domes- 
 ticas^ solum nunc agitet curas, sed identidem hoc 
 animo reputet, nostram nunc intueri**^ virtutem 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 27 
 
 senatum populumque Romanum, et, qualis nostra 
 virtus fuerit, talem ^^ fortunam Romani imperii fore." 
 77. Haec^ apud Romanes consul. Hannibal rebus 
 prius quam verbis adhortandos esse milites 
 
 , ,. ^ . ,. . Hannibal 
 
 ratus, captivos montanos in medio exercitu lets his 5 
 
 statuit, armisque Gallicis ante pedes eorum figMfo" 
 proiectis, interrogare interpretem iussit, ^^ °™' 
 ecquis decertare ferro vellet,^ ea lege^ ut vinculis 
 levaretur, armaque et equum victor acciperet, victus * 
 autem morte a malis liberaretur. Quum ad unum ^ 10 
 omnes pugnam poscerent, deiecta in id* sors est, 
 et quisque, ut sors exciderat,'' gaudio exsultans, 
 cum sui moris tripudiis arma capiebat. Aliquot 
 spectatis paribus ^ reliquos abduci iussit. Quos 
 quum miserarentur ^ spectatores, mortuorum vero 15 
 fortunam laudarent, dux in mediam contionem 
 ingressus ita apud eos locutus fertur.^^ 
 
 78. " Si eundem mox in aestimanda fortuna vestra 
 habebitis animum, quem in alienis^ 
 
 CaSl- and thea 
 
 tells his 
 soldiers that 
 
 20 
 
 confined as 
 thej' now are 
 in an enemy's 
 land. 
 
 bus spectandis paulo ante habuistis, vici- 
 
 mus,2 milites; non enim spectaculum modo ivkJ'tSror 
 
 illud sed veluti imago vestrae condicionis ^^f,«P'!!^*^?„^^ 
 
 erat. Vobis enim fortasse maiora vincula 
 
 quam captivis vestris fortuna circumdedit. 
 
 Dextra laevaque maria claudunt, nullam ne ad effu- 25 
 
 gium quidem ^ navem habentes. * Circa Padus 
 
 amnis maior ac violentior Rhodano, ab tergo Alpes 
 
 urgent. Hie vincendum aut moriendum est, milites, 
 
 ubi primum hosti occurristis. 79. Et eadem for- 
 
28 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAR. 
 
 tuna, quae necessitatem pugnandi imposuit, prae- 
 mia vobis victoribus i proponit, quibus ampliora 
 homines ne optare quidem 2 solent. Si Siciliam 
 Thoymust tantum ac Sardiniam parentibus^ nostris 
 * paTwr'ongs, ^^eptas Fecuperaturi essemus/ satis tamen 
 s^lod b^l ^"™P^^ P^®^^^ ®s«®"t ^ quicquid Romani tot 
 Rome/'^ triumphis partum possident, id omne ves- 
 
 trum cum ipsis dominis ^ futurum est. 
 Satis adhuc in vastis Lusitaniae et Celtiberiae mon- 
 10 tibus sine ullo emolumento tot laborum ^ pericu- 
 lorumque gessistis bella; tempus est^ iam opu- 
 lenta vos stipendia^ faeere, tantum itineris per tot 
 montes fluminaque et tot armatas gentes emensos.^ 
 80. Nec^ tarn difficilem existimaritis 2 victoriam 
 15 fore, quam magni nominis^ bellum est; saepe et 
 contemptus hostis cruentum certamen edidit, et in- 
 cliti populi reges levi momehto * victi sunt. Nam 
 dempto hoc nominis Romani fulgore,^ quid est, cur 
 illi vobis comparandi sint?^ Pugnabitis veterani 
 20 cum exercitu tirone, hac ipsa aestate caeso, victo, 
 circumsesso a Gallis,^ ignoto adhuc duci suo igno- 
 ranti^que ducem. An ego me cum semestri^ hoc 
 conferam duce, qui, alumnus ^^ prius vester quam 
 imperator, saepe ante oculos cuiusque vestrum mili- 
 25 taria facinora edidi, vestrae virtutis spectator lau- 
 datorque toties fui ? 81. Inferimus bellum in 
 Italiam, tanto audacius pugnaturi quam hostes, 
 quanto maior est animus inferentis vim ^ quam ar- 
 centis. Accendit praeterea et stimulat animos dolor, 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 29 
 
 iniuria, indignitas.2 Ad supplicium depoposcerunt ^ 
 me ducem primum,* deinde vos omnes ; deditos ^ 
 ultimis cruciatibus affecturi fuerunt.^^ Crudelissima 
 ac superbissima gens omnia sui arbitrii ^ facit; 
 circumscribit includitque nos terminis montium 5 
 fluminumque, neque eos, quos statuit, terminos ob 
 servat. 82. Duos consules huius anni, unum in 
 Africam, alterum in Hispaniam miserunt. Nihil 
 usquam nobis relictum est, nisi quod armis vindi- 
 caverimus.i Illis timidis et ignavis esse licet, quos 10 
 sua terra per tuta itinera fugientes 2 accipiet : 
 vobis necesse est fortibus viris esse, et aut vincere 
 aut in proelio potius quam in fuga mortem oppetere. 
 Si hoc bene fixuni in animo est, iterum dicam, 
 vicistis ; nullum enim contemptu ^ mortis telum 15 
 ad vincendum acrius homini ab dis immortalibus 
 datum est." 83. His adhortationibus quum utrin- 
 que ad certamen accensi militum animi The Romans 
 essent, Romani ponte Ticinum iungunt,i Tidnul!^ 
 tutandique pontis causa 2 castellum insuper impo- 20 
 nunt; Poenus, hostibus opere occupatis,^ Maharba- 
 lem cum ala Numidarum, equitibus quingentis, ad 
 populandos sociorum populi Romani agros mittit; 
 Gallis parci '* quam maxime iubet, principumque ani- 
 mos ad defectionem sollicitari. Ponte perfecto Roma- 25 
 nus exercitus in agrum Insubrium traductus quinque 
 millia passuum ab Ictumulis consedit. 84. Ibi 
 Hannibal castra habebat ; revocatoque propere Ma- 
 harbale atque equitibus, quum instare certamen 
 
30 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAR. 
 
 ceriieret, vocatis ad contionem militibus certa prae- 
 Hannibai ^^^ proponit ; agrum sese daturum i esse 
 KIwTrdrto "^ Italia, Africa, Hispania, ubi quisque 
 his army. vellct ; si quis pecuniam quam agrum 
 5 maluisset, 2 ei se argentx) satisfacturum ; soci- 
 orum iis, qui cives Carthagiuienses fieri vellent, 
 potestatem facturum^ esse; servis quoque dominos 
 secutis libertatem proponit, biua^que pro iis man- 
 cipia domiuis, ait, se redditurum. Eaque ut rata^ 
 10 scireut fore, agnum laeva manu, dextera silicem 
 retinens, deos precatus, ut, si falleret,^ ita, se macta- 
 rent,^ quemadmodum ipse agnum, secundum preca- 
 tionem caput pecudis saxo ^ elisit Tum vero omnes 
 proelium uno animo et voce una poscebant. 
 15 85. Apud Komanos haudquaquam tanta alacritas 
 The Romans ^^^^'y ^^^ supcr cctcra rcccutibus etiam ter- 
 rlged by"' ^^^^ ^^^^'^ prodigiis ; nam et lupus intra- 
 omeiKs. ygj,3^|. castra, laniatisque obviis ipse intac- 
 
 tus evaserat, et examen apum in arbore praetorio 
 •20 imminente consedei-at. Quibus procuratis,i Scipio 
 scipiowith ^^^^ equitatu iaculatoribusque expeditis 
 meeirttmt of profcctus ad castra hostium speculanda, ob- 
 tho enemy. yj^jg Hauuibali factus est et ipsi 2 cum equi- 
 tibus ad exploranda circa ^ loca progress©. Utrisque^ 
 •23 oriens pulvis signum propinquantium hostium fuit. 
 86. Constitit utrumque agmen et ad proelium se 
 expediebant.i Scipio iaculatores et Gallos cquites 
 in fronte locavit, Romanos sociorumque robur in 
 subsidiis.- Hannibal frenatos ^ equites in medio 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 31 
 
 posuit, cornua Numidis firmavit. Vixdum clamore 
 sublato, iaculatores* hostium impetu territi fuge- 
 runt inter subsidia ad secundam aciem. Inde 
 equitum certamen erat aliquamdiu anceps, donee 
 Numidae, qui in cornibus erant, circumvecti ab 5 
 tergo*"^ se ostenderunt. 87. Pavor inde perculit 
 Romanos, auxitque pavorem consulis vul- r^^ Romans 
 nus periculumque, qui quidem pubes- are repulsed, 
 centis^ filii auxilio servatus esse, dicitur. Hie 
 erat iuvenis, penes quem perfecti huiusce belli 2 10 
 laus est, Africanus ob egregiam victoriam^ de Han- 
 nibale Poenisque appellatus. Fuga iaculatorum 
 maxime effusa erat; equitatus consulem in castra 
 nusquam trepide cedendo reduxit. 
 
 88. Hoc primum cum Hannibale proelium fuit; 15 
 quo apparuit, equitatu meliorem Poenum 
 esse, et ob id campos patentes,i quales n^gbt'rTtires 
 sunt inter Padum Alpesque, Romanis bello Susfand 
 gerendo non aptos esse. Itaque proxima PoTma-'' 
 nocte, iussis militibus silentio vasa colli- *'^"*^''*' 20 
 
 gere, castra ab Ticino mota, festinatumque ad 
 Padum est, ut sine tumultu atque insectatione hostis 
 copias traiiceret. 89. Prius Placentiam pervenere, 
 quam satis sciret^ Hannibal ab Ticino pro- Hannibal 
 fectos esse ; tamen scxcentos, in citeriore i^idl'^Jos^f^' 25 
 ripa moratos, segniter ratem 2 solventes JJ^'^erTp 
 cepit. Transire pontem non potuit, quod Sffrom'' 
 extrema iam resoluta erant. Itaque con- Piacentia. 
 verso itinere biduum advcrso flumine progressus 
 
32 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 A rising of 
 Gauls in the 
 Roman camp 
 induces 
 1" Scipio to 
 withdraw to 
 higher 
 ground on 
 the rivoi 
 
 est; tandem loco invento, ubi flumen rate iun- 
 geret,^ Magonem cum equitibus praemisit; ipse 
 legationibus Gallorum audiendis* moratus, traiicie- 
 bat gravius peditum agmen. Mago equitesque 
 5 Placentiam contendunt. Hannibal paucis post 
 diebus^ sex millia^ a Placentia castra communivit. 
 90. Insequenti nocte caedes in castris Romanis ab 
 auxiliaribus Gallis facta est. Duo inillia 
 peditum et ducenti equites, vigilibus ad 
 portas trucidatis, ad Hannibalem transfu- 
 gere; (juos Poenus benigne allocutus et 
 dona pollicitus in civitatem quemque suam 
 he waitrfo?*^^ ad sollicitandos^ popularium animos dimi- 
 his colleague, git. Scipio cacdcm earn signum defectionis 
 15 omnium Gallorum esse ratus, quamquam gravis adhuc 
 vulnere erat, tamen quarta vigilia ^ noctis insequentis 
 tacito agmine profectus, ad Trebiam fluvium in loca 
 altiora collesque impeditiores equiti^ castra movit. 
 91. Minus quam ad Ticinum fefellitji missisque 
 20 Hannibal primura Numidis, deinde omni equitatu, 
 turbavisset^ utique novissimum^ agmen, nisi avidi- 
 tate praedae in vacua Romana castra Numidae de- 
 vertissent. Ibi dum tern pus terunt,'* emissus hostis 
 est de manibus ; ^ et quum iam transgresses Trebiam 
 25 Romanos conspexissent, paucos citra flumen inter- 
 ceptos occiderunt. Scipio coUegam ratus exspec- 
 tandum esse, iam enim revocatum ex Sicilia audi- 
 erat, locum, qui prope flumen tutissimus stativis 
 est visus, communiit. 92. Hannibal quum baud 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JFAR, 
 
 33 
 
 procul inde consedisset crescente in dies i inopia, ad 
 Clastidium vicum, quo magnum frumenti 
 numerum^ congesserant Romani, misit. seS'the 
 Ibi dum vim parant, proditione, Dasio Saga^Snesat 
 Brundisino praefecto praesidii corrupto, ^^^'^^^^""- 5 
 traditum est Hannibali oppidum. Id horreum fuit 
 Poenis sedentibus ad Trebiam. In captivos, ut 
 fama clementiae in principio rerum colligeretur, 
 non saevitum est.^ 
 
 93. Quum ad Trebiam terrestre cbnstitisset bel- 10 
 lum, interim circa Siciliam et a Sempronio Meanwhile 
 consule et ante adventum eius terra ^heCartha- 
 
 ginian fleet 18 
 
 manque bellum gestum. Vidnti naves a r^^pu^sed 
 
 ^ , . *^ *-> fiotn Lily- 
 
 Oarthaginiensibus ad populandam Italiae i>aeum. 
 Oram missae erant, quinque et triginta in Siciliam is 
 ad sollicitandos veteres socios Lilybaeum^ue occu- 
 pandum. Ea re cognita, omnia apud Lilybaeum 
 parata sunt ante hostium adventum a M. Aemilio 
 praetore, cuius Sicilia provincia erat. Itaque, 
 conserta pugna, fugatae naves Punicae, septem cum 20 
 militibus nautisque captis. Secundum banc pugnam 
 Ti. Sempronius consul in Siciliam traiecit: ^j^^ ^^^^^ 
 mox literae ab senatu de transitu in ?e"^pi*omus 
 
 _. ^ is called to 
 
 Italiam Hannibalis, et ut collegae statim JoinScipio. 
 ferret 2 auxilium, traduntur. Milites, ut Ariminum^ 25 
 intra dies quadraginta convenirent, iureiurando 
 adegit;^ quo facto ^ ad Scipionem pervenit. 
 
 94. Iam ambo consules Hannibali oppositi sunt; 
 quorum alter vulnere confectus protrahi bellum 
 
34 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 malebat, ferocior alter nullam dilationem patie- 
 
 batur : et hostium praedatoribus pulsis, 
 Trebia, he is ayx\ in afiji'iim Gallicum inter Trebiam 
 
 urercnt to ^ ° 
 
 Having 
 reached the 
 
 check the 
 ravages of 
 5 Hannibal. 
 
 , , prepares an 
 ambush for 
 him, 
 
 Padumqiie missi erant, gaudio elatus re- 
 stitutes a se militum animos jactabat, 
 nee quemquam esse praeter eollegam, qui dilatam 
 dimicationem 1 vellet.- Siimulabat et tempus pro- 
 pinquum comitioruni,-^ ne in novos consules bellum 
 differretur,* et occasio^ in se unum^ vertendae 
 
 10 gloriae, dum aeger collega erat. Itaque, nequic- 
 quam dissentiente Cornelio, parari ad propinquum^ 
 certamen milites iubet. 
 
 95. Hannibal, quum, quid optimum foret^ hosti, 
 Hannibal cemeret, vix ullam spem habebat, temere 
 atque improvide quicquam consules ac- 
 turos : tamen quum alterius ^ ingenium, 
 fama prius, deinde re cognitum, percitum et ferox 
 sciret esse, adesse gerendae rei occasionem putabat ; 
 quumqiie paratos pugnae esse Romanos a specula- 
 
 20 toribus Gallis relatum esset, locum insidiis circum- 
 spectare coepit. 96. Erat in medio rivus altis 
 utrinque clausus ripis et circa obsitus palustribus 
 herbis et virgultis vepribusque, quibus fere inculta 
 vestiuntur. Quem ubi vidit, "Hie erit locus," 
 
 26 Magoni f ratri ait, " quem teneas.^ Delige centenos ^ 
 viros ex omni pedite at-que equite, cum quibus ad 
 me vigilia prima venias ; nunc corpora curare 
 tempus est." Mox cum delectis Mago aderat, 
 quibus Hannibal singulis novenos^ sibi similes 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 35 
 
 eh'gere imperavit. 97. Ita cum mille equitibus 
 Magone et mille peditibus ad insidiarum locum 
 dimisso, Hannibal prima luce Numidas equites 
 transgressos Trebiam flumen obequitare iubet hos- 
 tium portas iaculandoque in stationes and draws 5 
 elicere ad pugnam hostes, deinde cedendo the"rivcn ^ 
 sensim citra flumen pertrahere. Haec mandata 
 Numidis ; ceteris ducibus peditum equitumque 
 praeceptum, ut prandere omnes iuberent, deinde 
 armatos instratis^que equis signum exspectare 10 
 
 98. Sempronius ad tumultum ^ Numidarura pri- 
 mum omnem equitatum, deinde sex millia peditum, 
 postremo omnes copias avidus certaminis 2 eduxit. 
 Erat forte bruniae tempus et nivalis dies : accedebat, 
 quod 3 raptim eductis hominibus * atque equis, non 15 
 capto ante cibo, nihil caloris ^ inerat, et eo acrior 
 afflabat frigoris vis. Ut vero refugientes The Romans. 
 Numidas insequentes aquam ingressi sunt^^ and coUHro ' 
 (et erat pectoribus tenus aucta nocturno ^v^iief/^'^ 
 imbri), tum egressis riorebant omnibus^ ^K*^*^!"'A''*'' 20 
 
 *^ . ^ attacked by 
 
 corpora, ut^ vix armorum tenendorum the enemy, 
 potentia esset, et simul lassitudine et, procedente 
 iam die, fame etiam deficiebant. 99. Hannibalis 
 interim miles,i ignibus ante tentoria factis oleoque 
 per manipulos, ut mollirent artus, misso et cibo per 25 
 otium 2 capto, ubi transgressos flumen hostes nuntia- 
 tum est, alacer animis corporibusque arma cepit 
 atque in aciem ^ processit. Baliares ^ locat ante 
 signa ac levem armaturam, octo ferme millia 
 
36 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 hominum, dein graviorem armis peditem ; in corni- 
 bus circumfudit decani millia equitum, et ab corni- 
 bus ^ in utramque partem divisos elephantos statuit. 
 100. Duodeviginti millia Romanorum erant, socium i 
 
 5 Latinorum viginti, auxilia praeterea Cenomanorum ; 
 ea sola in fide manserat Gallica gens. Proelium a 
 Baliaribus ortum est. Equitatus Komanus, qui vix 
 iara decern millibus equitum Numidarum resistebant, 
 obruti sunt insuper velut nube iaculorum a 
 
 10 Baliaribus coniecta. Ad hoc 2 elephanti eminentes ab 
 extremis cornibus, equis maxime non visu modo, sed 
 odore insolito territis, fugam late faciebant. Pedestris 
 pugna par animis ^ magis quam viribus erat, quum 
 Poenorum paulo ante curata corpora essent, contra * 
 
 15 Romanorum ieiuna fessaque et rigentia gelu tor- 
 perent. 101. Restitissent tamen, si cum pedite 
 solum pugnandum fuisset, sed et Baliares, pulso 
 equite, iaculabantur in latera, et elephanti iam in 
 mediam aciem sese tulerant, et Mago Numidaeque, 
 
 20 and the simuP latcbras eorum praeterlata acies 
 
 ImbvisiTtake cst, cxorti ab tergo ingentem tumultum ac 
 i^n'"'^' terrorem fecere. Simul novus terror 
 additus, fusis Gallorum auxiliis in sinistro cornu 
 positis. Itaque, quum iam circumventi 2 pugnarent 
 
 25 decem millia ferme hominum, quum alia ^ evadere 
 Some cut ncquisscut, media Afrorum acie cum in- 
 
 theirway ^eiiti cacdc hostium perrupere, et quum 
 
 through to & ^ * a • ' i. 
 
 piacentia; ncquc in castra reditus esset tlumine mter- 
 clusis,^ neque prae ^ imbri satis decernere possent, qua 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 37 
 
 suis opem f errent, ^ Placentiam '^ recto itinere per- 
 venere. 102. Qui flumen petiere,^ aut gurgitibus 
 absumpti sunt, aut inter cunctationem ingrediendi 
 ab hostibus oppressi ; pauci transgressi few only 
 
 •^ ^„^i. -m- • • -1. returned to 
 
 m castra pervenere. Funs msequendi their camp. 5 
 hostis Poenis flumen Trebia fuit, et ita torpentes 
 gelu in castra rediere, ut vix laetitiam victoriae 
 sentirent. Itaque insequenti nocte prae- g^jpj^, ^^^^ 
 sidium castrorum et quod reliquum exer- ^^*^ ^"'■• 
 
 t- ^ ^ vivors, re- 
 
 citus 2 in castris erat, quietis Poenis, ab ^^m^-. 10 
 Scipione Placentiam perductum est. 
 
 103. Romam tantus terror ex hac clade perlatus 
 est, ut iam ad urbem Romanam crederent infestis 
 signisi hostem venturum, nee quicquam spei aut 
 auxilii esse, quo a portis moenibusque vim arcerent. 15 
 Ita 2 territis Sempronius consul advenit, ingenti 
 periculo per effusos passim ad praedandum ^ hostium 
 equites transgressus. Comitiis ^ consularibus habitis 
 in hiberna rediit. Creati consules Cn.^ Election of 
 Servilius et C. Flaminius. rSme."*^ 20 
 
 104. Interea Numidae equites in Gallia Cisalpina 
 passim vagabantur, Romanis^que omnes undique 
 clausi 2 commeatus erant, nisi quos Pado naves 
 subveherent.3 Ad prima veris signa 
 Hannibal, quum animadvertisset moleste attempt^ to 25 
 Gallos ferre, quod in ipsorum"* regione bel- A^un^nes, 
 lum traheretur,^ hostium fines invadere ^^"^•'^* 
 constituit. Itaque profectus ex hibernis exercitum 
 in Etruriam ducere conatus est. 105. Transeuntem 
 
38 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 Appenninum adeo atrox adorta tempestas est, lit 
 but is driven Alpium prope foeditatem superaverit. 
 atorrn/ * Vento mixtus imber qiium ferretur in ipsa 
 ora, primo constitere : deinde quum iam spiritum 
 
 5 intercluderet nee reciprocare ^ animam sineret, 
 aversi a vento paruniper consedere. Turn vero 
 ingenti sono caelum strepere 2 et inter horrendos 
 f ragores niicare ignes ; capti auribus ^ et oculis metu 
 omnes torpere ; * tandem eftuso imbre, quum eo 
 
 10 magis accensa vis venti esset, ipso illo, quo deprensi 
 erant, loco castra ponere necessarium visum est. 
 106. Id vero laboris velut de integro ^ initium 
 fuit ; nam nee explicare ^ quicquam nee statuere ^ 
 poterant nee, quod statutum esset,"^ manebat, onniia 
 
 15 perscindente vento et rapiente. Et mox tantum 
 nivosae grandinis montibus deiectum est, ut omni- 
 bus omissis procumberent homines, tegminibus suis 
 magis obruti quam tecti ; tantaque vis frigoris 
 insecuta est, ut ex ilia miserabili hominum iumen- 
 
 20 torumque strage,^ quum se quisque extollere ac 
 levare vellet, diu nequiret,'' quia, torpentibus rigore 
 nervis " vix flectere artus poterant. Biduum eo 
 loco velut obsessi mansere ; multi homines, multa 
 iumenta, elephanti quoque ex iis, qui proelio ad 
 
 25 Trebiam facto superfuerant, septem absumpti. 
 
 107. Degressus Appennino retro ad Placentiam 
 castra movit, et ad decem millia^ progressus con- 
 sedit. Ibi cum Sempronio consule pugnatum est 
 incerto eventu. Nox proelium diremit, et, sicut 
 
THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 39 
 
 aequata ferme pugria erat, ita clade pari discessum 
 est ; sed maior Komanis quam pro immero - iactura 
 fuit, quia equestris ordinis aliquot et tribuni mili- 
 tum quiu(|uc et praefecti soeiorum tres sunt inter- 
 fecti. Secundum earn pui^nani Hannibal in Ligures, r, 
 Sempronius Lucani concessit. 
 
 108. Komae aut circa urbem multa ea hieme 
 prodigia^ facta aut, quod evenire solet Pr<>dif,Mes 
 motis semel in religioneni aninn's, multa •*,* JSleeuuntly 
 nuntiata et temere credita sunt, in ()uis - ^"•*""^- lo 
 
 iuirenuum infantem semestrem in foro olitorio 
 triumphum clamasse,^ et in foro l)oario bovem in 
 tertiam contignationem sua sponte escendisse atc^ue 
 inde tumultu habitatorum tei-ritum sese deieeissc, et 
 navium speciem de caelo attulsisse, et aedem Spei, i.-. 
 que est in foro olitorio, fulmine ictam, et l.aiuivii 
 hastam se commovisse et corvum in aedem lunonis ^ 
 devolasse atque in ipso pulvinari '' consedisse, et 
 in agro Amiteinino multis locis homiiumi specie 
 procul Candida veste visos '"' nee cum ullo congressos,'' 20 
 et in Piceno lapidibus pluvisse,*^ et Caere -^ sortes ^^ 
 extenuatas, et in (4allia lupum vigili '^ gladium ex 
 vagina raptum abstulisse. 109. Ob caetera pro- 
 digia^ libros- adire decemviri iussi : quod Tiie 
 
 1 • 1-1 1 • ^ •• • 1^- ex].i;ition 
 
 autem lapidibus pluvisset' in riceno, oftiiom. 25 
 
 novendiale sacrum^ edictum et subinde aliis pro- 
 curandis prope tota ci vitas operata fuit. Nam 
 primum omnium urbs lustrata^ est hostiae((ue 
 maiores '"• caesae, et donum ex auri pondo quadra- 
 
40 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAIL 
 
 ginta'^ Lanuvium lunoiii portatum est et signum 
 aeneum matronae lunoni in Aventiiio dedicaverunt, 
 et lectisternium ^ Caere, ubi sortes extenuatae erant, 
 imperatum, et supplicatio Fortunae in Algido ; 
 
 5 Romae quoque lectisternium et supplicatio ^ ad 
 aedem Herculis, et Genio ^^ maiores hostiae caesae 
 quinque, et C. Atilius Serranus praetor vota susci- 
 pere iussus, si per decern annos respublica eodem 
 stetisset^^ statu. Haec procurata votaque^^ magna 
 
 10 ex parte ^^ levaverant religione ^* animos. 
 
 110. Consulum designatorum i alter Flaminius, 
 Fiaminius, cui cac Icgioucs, quac Placentiae hiber- 
 sut beiiig"" nabant, sorte evenerant, edictum et litteras 
 imtrkiianii^^ ad consulem misit, ut is exercitus idibus 
 
 ^^ w?tirout7he Martiis Arimini adesset ^ in castris. Huic 
 legal cere- j,j proviucia ^ consulatum inire consilium 
 
 monies and t^ 
 
 enters on his q^qx, meiiiori ^ veterum certaminum ^ cum 
 
 office at 
 
 Ariniinum, patHbus,^ quac tribunus plebis et quae 
 217 B.C. postea consul prius de consulatu, dein de 
 
 20 triumpho habuerat, invisus etiam patribus ob 
 legem, quam Q. Claudius tribunus plebis adverso 
 senatu atque uno '' patrum adiuvante C. Flaminio 
 tulerat,^ ne quis senator, cuive senator pater fuisset,^ 
 maritimam navem, (juae plus quam trecentarum 
 
 25 amphorarum ^^ esset,^^ haberet. Id satis habitum 
 ad fructus ex agris vectandos ; quaestus ^'- omnis 
 patribus indecorus visus. 111. Ea res invidiam 
 apud nobilitatem suasori legis Flaminio, favorem 
 apud plebem alterumque inde consulatum peperit. 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 41 
 
 Ob haec ratus, auspiciis ementiendisi Latinarumque 
 feriarum- mora et aliis impedimentis retenturos 
 se in urbe, simulato itinere privatus clam in pro- 
 vinciam abiit. Ea res, ubi palam facta est, novam 
 insuper iram infestis iam ante patribus movit : non 5 
 cum senatu ^ modo, sed iam cum diis * immortalibus 
 C. Flaminium bellum gerere. Revocandum uni- 
 versi ^ retrahendumque censuerunt et cogendum 
 omnibus prius in deos hominesque fungi officiis, 
 quam ad exercitum et in provinciam iret. 112. Q. 10 
 Terentius et M. Antistius legati ^ ad eum profecti 
 nihilo magis moverunt, quam priore consulatu 
 litterae^ moverant ab senatu missae. Paucos post 
 dies magistratum iniit, immolantique ei^ vitulus 
 iam ictus e manibus sacrificantium sese quum prori- 15 
 puisset, multos circumstantes cruore respersit. Id 
 a plerisque in omen magni terroris'* acceptum. 
 Legionibus inde duabus a Sempronio prioris anni 
 consule, duabus a C. Atilio praetore acceptis, in 
 Etruriam per Appennini tramites exercitum ducere 20 
 coepit. 
 
 113. Iam ver appetebat. Itaque Hannibal 
 iterum ex hibernis movit. Galli, quos Hannibal 
 praedae populationumque conciverat spes, J^hS^"^ 
 
 ters. 
 
 quar- 
 
 postquam suas terras sedem belli esse 
 premique utriusque partis exercituum 1 hibernis 
 videre, verterant in Hannibalem ab Romanis odia; 
 pctitusque saepe principum insidiis, ipsorum inter 
 se fraude- servatus erat, et mutando nunc vestem, 
 
 25 
 
42 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 nunc tegumenta capitis, sese ab insidiis munierat. 
 Ceterum hie quoque ei timor causa fuit maturius 
 nioveiuli ex hiberuis. 
 
 114. Per idem tenipus Cn. Servilius consul Romae 
 5 Scruples at idibus Mai'tiis magistratum iniit. Ibi, 
 
 Rome about . ... ^ii* -i t 
 
 Fiaiuiniua. quum dc VQ ])ublica Fcttulisset/ redin- 
 tegrata in C. Flaminium invidia est : duos se con- 
 sules creasse, unum habere ; illi enim neque iustum 
 imperium - neque auspicium esse. Magistratus id ^ 
 
 10 a (U)nio, sacris rite perfectis, secum ferre ; nee priva- 
 tum auspicia secpii, nee sine auspiciis profectum in 
 externo ea solo concipere posse. 115. Augebant 
 Prodigies. mctum piodigia ex pluribus simul locis 
 nuntiata. His expositis auctoribus^que in curiam 
 
 15 introductis, consul de religione patres consuluit. 
 Deere turn, ut ea prodigia partim maioribus hostiis,'-^ 
 partim lactentibus procurarentur,^ et uti suppli- 
 cation per triduum ad omnia pulvinaria haberetur. 
 116. I>um consul placandis Romae dis haben- 
 
 20 Hanuibui do(iuc (Hloctui dat operam, Harniibal 
 v-iiiT'^«)f'tho*^ profeetus ex hibernis, quia iam Flami- 
 Arno; and nium consulcm Arrctium pervenisse fama 
 
 with Kroat *■ 
 
 difficulty tra- q^^c^^ quum ^ aliud loud us, ceterum com- 
 
 vcrsoH the ' t^ '^ ^ ^ 
 
 swamps. modius osteiidcretur iter, propiorem viam 
 
 25 per paludem petit, quo fiuvius Arnus per eos dies 
 solito magis inundaverat- Hispanos et Afros 
 primos ire iussit ; sequi Gallos, ut id ^ agminis 
 medium esset; novissimos'* ire equites ; Magonem 
 inde cum expeditis Numidis cogere agmen, maxime 
 
THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 43 
 
 Wearing the To|?a. 
 Statue at Dresden. 
 
 (Schreiber-Anderson.) 
 (p. 11.) 
 
 Juno Lanuvina and an Augur. 
 
 (Coin of Cornuficius, 
 
 B.C. 44-42.) 
 
 {p. 39.) 
 
 Juno Lanuvina. 
 (Coin of L. Procilius, B.C. 79.) 
 
 ip. 39.) 
 
 Prow of a Roman Ship of 
 
 Hannibalian times. 
 
 (Hill's Greek and Roman Coins.) 
 
 (p. 65.) 
 
 Bronze Coin, struck in Etruria during 
 
 the Hannibalian War. 
 
 (Head of Negro and Elephant.) 
 
 (p. 43.) 
 
 Gold Roman Coin of 60 Sesterces, struck 
 
 during the Hannibalian W^ar. 
 
 (Head of Mars and Eagle on a thunderbolt.) 
 
 {p. 43.) 
 
 Gallos,^ si taedio laboris longaeque viae dilaberen- 
 tur^ aut subsisterent, cohibentem. 117. Primi, 
 qua modo^ praeirent duces, per praealtas fluvii ac 
 profundas voragines, hausti pacne limo imniergen- 
 tesque se,^ tamen signa sequebantur. Galli ^ iieque 5 
 sustinere se prolapsi neque assurgere ex voraginibus 
 poterant, nee aut corpora aiiimis aut animos spe 
 sustinebaiit, alii fessa aegre trahentes membra, alii, 
 ubi scmel victis taedio animis procubuissent, inter 
 iumenta passim iacentia morientes ; maximeque 10 
 omnium vigiliaC* conficiebant per quatriduum iam 
 et tres noctes toleratae. 118. Quum, omnia obti- 
 nentibus aquis, nihil, ubi in sicco fessa sternerenti 
 corpora, inveniri posset, cumulatis in aqua sarcinis 
 insuper incumbebant, aut iumentorum itinere toto 15 
 prostratorum passim accrvi ad quietem parvi tem- 
 poris necessarium^ cubile dabant. Ipse Hannibal 
 aeger oculis^ ex verna intemperie, elephanto, qui 
 uiuis superfuerat, quo^ altius ab aqua exstaret, 
 vectus, vigiliis tamen et nocturno humore gravante ^ 20 
 caput, et quia medendi nee locus nee tempus erat, 
 altero oculo capitur.^' 
 
 119. Multis hominibus iumentisque foede amissis, 
 quum tandem de paludibus emersisset, ubi piaminius 
 
 Jl f" A T*T*P t" i 1 1 Til 
 
 primum in sicco potuit, castra locat, cer- is eager to 25 
 
 , • r i. pursue hira ; 
 
 tiorque per exploratores praemissos tactus 
 est, exercitum Romanum circa Arretii moenia esse. 
 Consulis deinde consilia atque animum et situm 
 regionum itineraque et copias^ ad commeatus ex- 
 
44 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 pediendos summa cura exquirebat. Regio erat in 
 primis^ Italiae fertilis, Etrusci campi, qui Faesulas 
 inter Arretiumqiie iacent, frumenti ac pecoris et 
 omnium copia rerum opulenti; consul ferox ab^ 
 
 5 consulatu priore et non modo ** legum ^ aut patrum 
 maiestatis, sed ne deorum quidem satis observans ; 
 banc insitam ingenio eius temeritatem fortuna 
 prospero civilibus bellicisque rebus successu aluerat. 
 120. Itaque satis apparebat, nee deos nee homines 
 
 10 consulentem ferociter omnia ac praepropere ac- 
 turum ; eo^que magis agitare eum atque irritare 
 and irritated Pocuus i)arat, ct in mcdios Etruriae agros 
 rJv"g*es"'^*^^ praedatum profectus quam maximam 
 potest vastationem caedibus^ incendiisque consuli 
 
 15 procul ostendit. 121. Flaminius, postquam res 
 sociorum ferri agique vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, 
 per mediam iam Italiam vagari ^ Poenum atque 
 obsistente nullo ad ipsa Romana moenia ire oppug- 
 disrcgards uauda, cotcris omnibus in consilio salutaria 
 
 20 counsels. magis quam speciosa suadentibus, col- 
 
 legam exspectandum,^ ut coniunctis exercitibus,^ 
 communi aninio consilioque rem gererent, interim 
 equitatu auxiliisque ab effusa* praedandi licentia 
 hostem cohibendum esse, iratus se ex consilio pro- 
 
 25 ripuit, signumque simul itineris pugnaeque proposuit. 
 122. Quo facto, quum ocius signa convelli iuberet, 
 et ipse in equum insiluisset, equus repent corruit 
 consulemque laps urn super caput effudit. Territis 
 omnibus, qui circa orant, velut omine foedo, insuper 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAK 
 
 45 
 
 nuntiatur, signum omni vi moliente signifero con- 
 velli nequire. Conversus ad nuntium, "Abi," 
 inquit, " nuntia, effodiant^ signum, si ad convellen- 
 dum manus prae metu obtorpuerunt." ^ Incedere 
 inde agmen coepit, primoribus ^ territis duplici 5 
 prodigio, milite laeto ferocia ducis, quum spem 
 magis quam causam spei intueretur. 
 
 123. Hannibal, quod agri ^ est inter Cortonam ur- 
 bem Trasumennumque lacum, omni clade Hannibal 
 belli pervastat, quo magis iram hostis ad [or wm'be- ^^ 
 vindicandas sociorum iniurias acuat ; et TrasTmene^ 
 iam pervenerant ad loca apta insidiis, ubi audthehiiis, 
 maxime montes Cortonenses Trasumennus subit. Via 
 tantum interest perangusta, velut 2 ad id ipsum de 
 industrial relicto spatio ; deinde paulo latior pate- 1 5 
 scit campus; inde colles insurgunt.* Ibi castra in 
 aperto locat, ubi ipse cum Afris modo Hispanisque 
 consideret;^ Baliares ceteramque levem armaturam 
 post montes ^ circumducit ; equites ad ipsas fauces 
 saltus, tumulis ^ apte tegentibus, locat, ut, ubi 20 
 intrassent^ Romani, obiecto equitatu clausa omnia 
 lacu ac montibus essent. 
 
 124. Flaminius quum pridie solis occasu ad lacum 
 pervenisset,! inexplorato postero die vix- into which 
 dum satis certa luce angustiis 2 superatis, ^"^ ^'^^^^' 25 
 postquam in patentiorem campum pandi agmen 
 coepit, id tantum hostium,^ quod ex adverso erat, 
 conspicit ; ab tergo ^ ac super caput ^ insidiae fefelle- 
 runt. Poenus ubi, id quod petierat, clausum lacu 
 
46 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 ac montibus et circumfusum suis copiis habuit 
 hostem, signum omnibus dat simul iiivadendi. 
 His army, 125. Qui u])i, qua cuique proximiim fiiit, 
 midTufin, decucurrerunt, eo magis Komanis subita 
 
 sificceVr atque improvisa res fuit, quod orta ex 
 
 lacu nebula campo densior quam montibus sederat, 
 agminaque hostium ex plurilnis collibus ipsa inter 
 se satis conspectai eoque magis pariter decucurre- 
 rant. Romanus^ clamore undique orto se circum- 
 
 10 ventum esse sensit, et ante in f rontem ^ lateraque 
 pugnari coeptum est, quam satis instrueretur * acies 
 aut expediri arma stringique gladii possent.^ 
 
 126. Consul, perculsis onunl)us, ipse impavidus 
 turbatos ordinc, vertente se quoque^ ad dissonos 
 
 15 clamores, instruit, ut tempus locusque patitur, et 
 quacunque adire audirique potest, adhortatur et 
 stare ac pugnare iubet : non enim inde votis aut 
 imploratione deum, sed vi ac virtute evadendum"^ 
 esse ; per medias acies ferro viam fieri posse, et, quo 
 
 ootimoris minus sit,^ eo miiuis ferme periculi esse. 
 
 127. Ceterum prae strepitu ac tumultu nee con- 
 silium nee imperium accipi poterat, tantumque 
 aberat,! ^t sua signa atque ordines et locum 
 noscerent, ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque 
 
 25 pugnae competeret animus, opprimercnturque qui- 
 dam onerati magis iis quam tecti. Et erat in tanta 
 caligine maior usus aurium quam oculorum. Ad 
 gemitus vulneratorum ictusque corporum aut ar- 
 morum et mixtos strepentium paventium^que 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 47 
 
 clamores circumferebant ora oculosque. Alii fu- 
 gientes pugnantium globo illati haerebant ; alios ^ 
 redeuntes in pugnam avertebat fugientium agmen. 
 128. Deinde ubi in omnes partes impetus capti ^ 
 sunt, et ab lateribus montes ac lacus, a fronte et ab 5 
 tergo hostium acies claudebat, apparuitque, nullam 
 nisi in dextera ferroque salutis spem esse, turn sibi 
 quisque dux factus et nova de integro exorta pugna 
 est, non ilia ordinata per hastatos principesque ac 
 triarios,'^ nee ut in sua legione miles aut cohorte aut lo 
 manipulo esset;^ fors conglobabat et animus suus 
 cuique pugnandi ordinem dabat, tantusque fuit 
 ardor animorum, ut eum motum terrae, qui mul- 
 tarum urbium Italiae magnas partes prostravit aver- 
 titque cursu rapidos amnes, mare fluminibus invexit, i5 
 montes lapsu ingenti proruit, nemo pugnantium 
 senserit.* 129. Tres ferme horas pugnatum est et 
 ubique atrociter ; circa consulem tamen andthecon- 
 acrior infestiorque pugna est. Eum robora «"^ ^^ ^^"^''^ 
 virorum ^ sequebantur, et ipse, quacunque in parte 20 
 premi ac laborare senserat suos, impigre ferebat 
 opem, insignemque armis hostes summa vi petebant 
 et tuebantur cives, donee Insuber eques, cui Ducario - 
 nomen erat, facie quoque^ noscitans consulem, 
 " En," inquit, " hie est," popularibus suis,^ " qui 25 
 legion es nostras cecidit agrosque et urbem est 
 depopulatus ; iam ego banc victimam manibus ^ 
 foede peremptorum civium dabo." Subditisque cal- 
 caribus equo per confertissimam hostium turbam 
 
48 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAR. 
 
 impetum facit, obtruncatoque prius armigero, qui se 
 venienti obviam obiecerat, coiisulem lancea trans- 
 fixit; spoliare cupientem triarii'^ obiectis sciitis 
 arcuere. 130. Magnae partis fuga inde primum 
 5 coepit ; et iam nee laciis nee montes pavori obsta- 
 bant; per omnia arta praeruptaque velut caeei 
 evadunt, armaque et viri super alium alii ^ praecipi- 
 tantur. Pars magna, ubi locus fugae deest, per 
 prima vada paludis in aquam progressi, quoad eapi- 
 10 tibus humerisque exstare possunt,'- sese immergunt ; 
 fuere, quos inconsultus pavor nando etiam capessere 
 fugam impulerit;^ quae ubi sine spe erat, aut 
 defieientibus animis hauriebantur gurgitibus aut 
 nequicquam* fessi vada retro aegerrime repetebant, 
 i5atque ibi ab ingressis aquam hostium equitibus 
 passim trucidabantur. 13L Sex millia ferme primi 
 Some cut agmiiiis, per adversos ^ hostes eruptione 
 thriug^,^ impigre facta, ignari omnium, quae post 
 se agerentur,2 ex saltu evasere, et, quum in tumulo 
 'joquodam constitissent, clamorem modo ac sonum 
 armorum audientes, quae fortuna pugnae esset,^ 
 neque scire nee perspicere prae caligine poterant. 
 Inclinata denique re,"* quum incalescente sole dis- 
 pulsa nebula 5 aperuisset diem, tum liquida*^ iam 
 25 luce montes campique perditas res stratamque 
 ostendere foede Romanam aciem. 132. Itaque, ne 
 in se procul conspectos immitteretur eques, sublatis 
 raptim signis, quam citatissimo poterant agminei 
 sese abripuerunt. Postero die quum super 2 cetera 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 49 
 
 sur- 
 
 extrema fames etiam instaret, fidem but 
 dante^ Maharbale, qui cum omnibus ;;cxt'daTt^^^ 
 equestribus copiis nocte consecutus erat, gentTnfmr- 
 si arma tradidissent,^ abire cum singulis ^"*^- 
 vestimentis se passurum esse, sese dediderunt ; 5 
 quae Punica religione^ servata fides ab Hannibale 
 est, atque in vincula omnes coniecti. 
 
 133. Haec est nobilis ad Trasumennum pugna 
 atque inter paucas memorabilis populi 217 b.c. 
 Romani clades. Quindecim millia Roman- each side. 10 
 orum in acie caesa ; decem millia sparsa fuga per 
 omnem Etruriam diversis itineribus urbem petiere; 
 duo millia quingenti hostium in acie, multi postea 
 ex vulneribus periere. Multiplex ^ caedes utrinque 
 facta traditur ^ ab aliis. Ego Fabium ^ aequalem 15 
 temporibus huiusce belli potissimum auctorem 
 habui. Hannibal, captivorum* qui^ Latini nomi- 
 nis^ essent, sine pretio dimissis, Romanis in vincula 
 datis, segregata ex hostium coacervatorum cumulis 
 corpora suorum quum sepeliri " iussisset, Flaminii 20 
 quoque corpus funeris causa magna cum cura in- 
 quisitum non invenit.^ 
 
 134. Romae ad primum nuntium cladis eius cum 
 ingenti terrore ac tumultu concursus in Consterna- 
 
 e tioii at 
 
 forum populi est factus. Matronae vagae Rome. 2r 
 
 per vias, quae repens clades allata, quaeve fortuna 
 cxercitus esset,^ obvios percontantur ; et quum 
 turba in comitium ^ et curiam ^ versa magistratus 
 vocaret, tandem baud multo ante solis occasum 
 
50 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 M. Pomponius praetor "Pugna" inquit "magna 
 victi sumus." 135. Et quanquam nihil certius ^ ex 
 eo auditum est, tameii alius ab alio impleti rumoribus 
 domes referunt, consulem cum magna parte copiarum 
 5caesum; superesse paucos aut fuga passim per 
 Etruriam sparsos aut captos ab boste. Quot casus 
 excrcitus victi fuerant, tot in curas dispertiti animi 
 eorum erant, quorum propinqui sub C. Flaminio 
 consule meruerant, ignorantium quae cuiusque 
 10 suorum ^ fortuna esset ; nee quisquam satis certum 
 habuit,3 q^iid aut speraret aut timeret. 136. Postero 
 ac deinceps aliquot diebus ad portas maior prope 
 mulierum quam virorum multitude stetit, aut 
 suorum aliquem aut nuntios de iis opperiens ; cir- 
 15 cumfundebanturque obviis sciscitantes, neque avelli, 
 priusquam online omnia in(iuisissent,i poterant. 
 Inde varies vultus digredientium ab nuntiis cer- 
 neres,2 ut cuique laeta aut tristia nuntiabantur, 
 gratulantesque aut conselantes redeuntibus domes » 
 •20 circumfuses. 137. Feminarum praecipue et gaudia 
 insignia erant et luctus. Unam in ipsa porta 
 sospiti filie repente oblatam in amplexu eius 
 exspirasse ferunt ; alteram, cui mors filii false nun- 
 tiata erat, maestam sedentem demi, ad primum 
 25 conspectum redeuntis filii gaudio nimie exanimatam. 
 Senatum praetoresi per dies aliquot ab orto usque 
 ad occidentem solem in curia retinent, censultantes, 
 quenam duce aut quibus cepiis resisti 2 victeribus 
 Poenis posset. 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN 1VAR. 
 
 51 
 
 138. Priusquam satis certa consilia essent, repens 
 alia nuntiatur clades, quattuor millia equi- News of 
 
 A. r^ r^ J. ' , . further dis- 
 
 tum cum L>. Oentenio propraetore ^ missa aster arrives. 
 ad cellegam ab Servilie consule, in Umbria, quo post 
 pugnam ad Trasumennum auditam 2 averterant iter, 5 
 ab Hannibale circumventa.s Eius rei fama varie 
 homines affecit. Pars, occupatis maiore aegritndine 
 animis, levem ex comparatione priorum ^ ducebant 
 recentem equitum iacturam ; pars non id quod 
 acciderat per se aestimabant, sed, ut in affecto 10 
 cerpore quamvis levis causa ''^ magis quam in 
 valido gravis sentiretur,^ ita tum aegrae et affectae 
 civitati, quodcunque adversi incideret, non rerum 
 magnitudine, sed viribus extenuatis,^ quae nihil, 
 quod aggravaret, pati possent, aestimandum esse. 15 
 139. Itaque ad remedium iamdiu neque q y^^^^^^ 
 desideratum neq ue adhibitum, dictaterem ^ ^aximus is 
 
 ,. , . . ' appointed 
 
 dicendum, ci vitas confudt : et quia consul dictator by 
 aberat, a que une 2 dici posse videbatur, nee *^^ nbsence 
 
 . _^ ' of the consul, 
 
 per occupatam armis Punicis Italiam facile 217 b.c. ^ 
 
 erat aut nuntium aut litteras mitti, dictaterem 
 populus 3 creavit Q. Fabium Maximum et magistrum 
 equitum 4 M. Minucium Rufum ; hisque negotium 
 a senatu datum,^ ut mures turresque urbis firma- 
 rent^ et praesidia dispenerent, quibus locis videre- 25 
 tur,7 pontesque rescinderent fluminum : pro urbe ac 
 penatibus dimicandum esse, quando Italiam tueri 
 nequissent ^ 
 
 140.^ Dum haec in Italia geruntur,2 Cn. Cor- 
 
52 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 r,= <;pmm» in Hispaniam cum classe et exercitu 
 :f:; '"'' Jl,* quum ab ostio Rhodani profec- 
 Cn.' scipio in ^^^ Pyrcnaeosquc montes circumvectus 
 ^TZ^o j^^poriis appulisset classem, exposito ibi 
 5 exercitu orsus a Laeetanis omnem oram usque ad 
 hX::; Aun^n parti, renovandis soc.et.U^^^^^ 
 Itim novis iustituendis Romanae dicionis fecit. 
 Tdlciliata^ clementiae fama, non ad « n.ant.mos 
 Lodo populos, sed in .editerraneis q-^- - -- 
 lotanis ad ferociores iam ^ gentes valmt ; nee pax 
 T Tnnd eos sed societas etiam armorum parta 
 modo apud eos, seu &uv. ..nhnrtpsH ex 
 
 est validaeque aliquot auxihorum cohortes ex 
 
 iis conscriptae sunt. 141- Hannoms cis 
 S^m^ Hibcrum provincia erat ; eum reliquerat 
 
 ,5 Hannibal ad regionis --\ P-t^'-'^^nll^r^ 
 priusquam alienarentur on.nm, obvmm eundum 
 ratus, castris in conspectu hostium positis, m aciem 
 eduxit. Kec Ron.ano differendum certamen visum, 
 nuippe qui sciret,3 eum Hannone et Hasdrubale sibi 
 .oLicandum^ esse, malletque adversus smgulos 
 separatim quam adversus duos simul rem gerer. 
 Nee magni certaminis ^ ea dimicatio f mt. Sex mdha 
 hostium caesa, duo capta cum praesidio eastrorum; 
 nam et castra expugnata sunt, a^ue ipse dux cum 
 25 aliquot principibus capiuntur,^ et Cissis, propin 
 quJm cas'tris oppidum, expugnatur. Cetenim praeda 
 oppidi i^arvi pretii^ rerum fuit, ac vihum manci- 
 piorum « castra militem ditavere, non ems modo 
 exercitus, qui victus erat, opibus, sed et ems, qm 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 53 
 
 cum Hannibale in Italia militabat, omnibus fere 
 caris rebus, ne gravia impedimenta essent, citra^ 
 Pyrenaeum relictis. 
 
 142. Priusquam certa huius cladis fama accidit, 
 transgressus Hiberum Hasdrubal cum octo „ ^ r. . ^ 
 
 ^ *-' Hasdrubal 
 
 millibus peditum, mille equitum, ^ tan- ^^^^^s up. 
 quam ad primum adventum Romanorum occur- 
 surus,2 posUjuam perditas res^ ad Cissim amissaque 
 castra accepit,* iter ad mare convertit. Haud pro- 
 cul Tarracone ^ classicos milites navalesque socios lo 
 vagos palantesque per agros, quod ferme fit, ut 
 secundae res negligentiam creent,^ equite passim 
 dimisso cum magna caede ad naves compellit ; nee 
 diutius circa ea loca morari ausus, ne ab Scipione 
 opprimeretur, trans Hiberum sese recepit. Et is 
 Scipio raptim ad famam novorum hostium agmine 
 acto, quum in paucos praefectos navium animad- 
 vertisset,*^ praesidio Tarracone modico relicto, Em- 
 porias cum classe rediit. 143. Vixdum digresso eo, 
 Hasdrubal aderat, et Ilergetum populo, Theiier- 20 
 qui obsides Scipioni dederat, ad defecti- by^nksdru^"^ 
 onem impulso, cum eorum iuventute agros ^^ *° ^®^^^*' 
 fidelium Romanis sociorum vastat. Excito deinde 
 Scipione hibernis, toto cis Hiberum rursus cedit 
 agro. Scipio relictam ab auctore defec- are reduced 25 
 tionis Ilergetum gentem quum infesto weui^iTther 
 exercitu invasisset, intra paucos dies, ^'^^^^^ 
 pluribus quam ante obsidibus imperatis,i Ilergetes 
 pecunia etiam multatos 2 inius ^ dicionem que recepit. 
 
54 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 144 Inde in AuseUnos, socios et ipsos^ Poenorum 
 pro^edit, atque urbo eorum obscssa. Laeetanos aux- 
 Lm finitiml ferente. nocte. baud P-ul -m urbe, 
 quum intrare vellent, except ins.d.is. Caesa ad 
 .duodecim miUia; exuti pr6pe omnes -nus domo 
 passim per agros diffugere ; nee obsesses aba uUa res 
 Lm iniqua oppug.uu.tibus hiems tuUbatur. Tn- 
 gi„ta dies» obsidio fuit, per quos raro unquam n x 
 Lnus quattnor pedes ^ alta iacuit, adeoque p « os 
 10 ac vineas Komanorum operuerat, ut ea sola, igmbus 
 ILuoties eoniectis ab boste, etiam tutamentun.o 
 St^ Postremo quum Amusieus pru.ceps eorum 
 ad Hasdrubalem profugisset, vigi,.ti argenti talent.s 
 deduntur.8 Tarraconem in biterna reditum est. 
 .145 Postero anno in His,«.nia tenu manque 
 coeptum bellum est. Hasdrubal ad eum 
 ''^ ""^ navium numerum, quem a fratre mstruc- 
 
 tum paratumque ac..epe.-at, decern adi^ecit ; quadra- 
 Lnta navium classem Himilconi trad.t, atque .U 
 .0 Carthagine 1 profeetus naves prope terram, exer- 
 citum in Utore dueebat, paratus confl.gerc, qua- 
 cunque parte copiarum hostis oecurnsset. Cn 
 Scip o postquam movisse ex h.bcrms hostem audi- 
 vit, pnmo idem consilium babuit ; demde mmus' 
 .. terra propter ingentem famam novorum aux.horum 
 concurrere ausus, delecto milite nav.bus .mpos^o 
 qninque et triginta navium classo ire obv.am host. 
 Tgil Altero^ ab Tarracone die ad stat.onem 
 decern miUia passuum distant^m ab ost.o Hiben 
 
 
54 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 144 I„de in Auseunos, socios et ipsos ' Poenorum 
 pLdit, atque urbe eorum obsessa, Laeetanos aux- 
 Sumfinitii ferente. -etc, baud procul >am u,be, 
 nuum intrare velle.it, exccpit ins.dus. Caesa ad 
 
 5duodecim miUia, exuti pioi«- „ „i:„ ,,ik res 
 
 „„ ,i;ff„irprp • nee obsessos alia una rts 
 ruiwim ner agios ainugcie , "c^. " 
 
 ™ iniqna oppugnantibus hienis tuUbatur. Tn- 
 SI d e?^ obsiL fuit, per qiios raio unquam mx 
 Ss quattuor pedes^ alu iacuit. adeoque pbiteos 
 . "lel Roniai^nini oi.,uei.at ut ^ ^^^^^^, 
 alinnoties coniectis ab boste. etiam tutamentum 
 S' Postienio quum Amusieus pvineeps eornm 
 IrHasdnibalom profugisset, viginti ai-genti .^entis 
 de.luntur.« Tarraconem in hibcrna reditum est. 
 ,.145 Postero anno in His,>ania teri-a manque 
 eoeptnm bellum est Hasdiubal ad eum 
 ^'- '^"- navium numeium, -luem a fratie mstruc- 
 
 tum paratumque acceperat, decern a.lieeit ; quadra- 
 ginta'navium classem Himilconi tradit, atque it. 
 .oCaithagine^ protect us naves prope terram exei- 
 citum in litore dueebat, paratns eonfligere, qua 
 cunque parte copiarum bostis occurrisset. U. 
 SeSo poBtquam movisse ex bibernis hostem audi- 
 v'primo idem consilium babuit ; deinde minus 3 
 . IVopter ingent^m famam -orum aux^.>orum 
 
 concurrere ansus, -lelecto m, ite '--''«« /Tfrtl 
 quinque et triginta navinm classe ire o^vam b-t^ 
 Jergit. Altered ab Tarraeone die ad tatim^m 
 decern miUia passuum disUntem ab ostio Hiben 
 
Walker &CcckereUsc. 
 
 North Shore of Lake Trasimeno (p. 44.) 
 /After How and Leigh.) 
 
 (After How 
 
 Ijcctisterniuni. 
 rCoin of C. CocUus Caldus, 
 '^ B.C. ei.) (p. 39.) 
 
 Warship and Standards. 
 (Coin of M. Antonius.) (p- &&.; 
 
 ^J^^^Z ^ ->""^ 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 55 
 
 amnis pervenit. 146. Inde duae Massiliensium specu- 
 latoriae ^ praemissae rettulere, classem 
 
 P„.^* „ , • , • M • • Surprise of 
 
 unicani stare in ostio fluminis, castraque the Cartha- 
 
 in ripa posita. Itaque ut improvidos ft'theVnouth 
 
 incautosque opprimeret, sublatis ancoris ""^ ^^'^ ^^'"''- 5 
 
 ad hostem vadit. Multas et locis altis positas 
 
 turres Hispania habet, quibus et speculis et propug- 
 
 naculis adversus latrones utuntur. Inde primo con- 
 
 spectis hostium navilms, datum signum Hasdrubali 
 
 est, tumultusque prius in terra et castris quam ad 10 
 
 mare et ad naves est ortus, nondum aiit pulsu 
 
 remorum audito aut aperientibus 2 classem promon- 
 
 toriis ; turn repente eques alius super alium ab 
 
 Hasdrubale missus vagos in litore quietosque in 
 
 tentoriis suis, nihil minus ^ quam hostem aut proe- 15 
 
 lium eo die exspectantes, conscendere naves pro- 
 
 pere atque arma capere iubet ; classem Romanam 
 
 iam baud procul portu esse* 147. Haec equites 
 
 dimissi passim imperabant ; mox Hasdrubal ipse 
 
 cum omni exercitu aderat, varioque omnia tumultu 20 
 
 strepunt, ruentibus in naves simul remigibus mili- 
 
 tibusque, fugientium magis e terra quam in pug- 
 
 nam euntium modo. Vixdum omncs conscenderant, 
 
 quum alii oris funes ^ resolvunt,^ alii, ne quid teneat, 
 
 ancoralia incidunt ; raptimque omnia ac praepro- 25 
 
 pere agendo,^ militum apparatu nautica ministeria 
 
 impediuntur, trepidatione nautarum capere et ap- 
 
 tare arma miles * prohibetur. 148. Et iam Great sue- 
 
 Komanus non appropinquabat modo, sed Romans. ^ 
 
56 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 direxerat etiam in pugnam naves. Itaque non 
 ab hoste et proelio magis Poeni quam suomet ipsi 
 tumultu turbati, tentata verius pugna quam inita, 
 in fugam averterunt classem, et quum adversi amnis 
 6 OS lato agmini et tarn multis simul venientibus hand 
 intrabile esset, in litus passim naves egerunt, atque 
 alii vadis, alii sicco litore excepti, partim armati, 
 partim inermes^ ad instrucUm per litus aciem 
 suorum perfugere ; duae tamen primo concursu 
 locaptae erant Punicae naves, quattuor suppressae. 
 Romani quanquam terra hostium* erat armatomque 
 aciem toto praetentam ^ litore cernebant, baud cunc- 
 tanter insecuti trepidam hostium classem naves 
 omnes, quae non aut perfregerant proras litori 
 15 illisas aut carinas fixerant vadis, religatas « puppi- 
 bus in altum extra xere ; ad quinque et vigmti 
 naves e quadraginta cepere. 
 
 149 Ea victoria Komani toto eius orae man 
 potiti erant. Itaque ad Oiuisam classe 
 20 See't^r:!^ profecti ; ibique escensio ab navibus in 
 outoppTsf ■ terram facU. Quum urbem vi cepissent 
 *^^"- captamque diripuissent, Cartbagmem ^ 
 
 inde petunt, atque omnem agrum circa depopulati 
 postremo tecta quoque iniuncta^ muro portisque m- 
 25 cenderunt. Inde iam praeda gravis ad Longunticam 
 pervenit classis, ubi vis magna sparti erat, ad rem 
 nauticam congesta ab Hasdrubale. Quod satis in 
 usum fuit sublato, ceterum omne mcensum est. 
 150 Nee continentis modo praelecta est ora, sed in 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 57 
 
 Ebusum insulam transmissum.^ Ibi urbe, quae 
 caput insulae est, biduum ncquicquam summo la- 
 bore oppugnata, ubi in ^ spem irritam frustra teri 
 tempus animadversum est, ad populationem agri 
 versi sunt, direptisque aliquot incensisque vicis, 5 
 maiore quam ex continenti praeda parta quum in 
 naves se recepissent, ex Baliaribus insulis legati 
 pacem petentes ad Scipionem venerunt. Inde flexa 
 retro classis reditumque in citeriora ^ provinciae, 
 quo omnium populorum, qui Hiberum accolunt, lo 
 multorum et ultimae Hispaniae legati concurre- 
 runt ; populi amplius centum viginti * dicionis 
 Romanae ^ facti sunt obsidibus datis. Igitur terres- 
 tribus quoque copiis satis fidens Romanus usque ad 
 saltum Castulonensem est progressus ; Hasdrubal in is 
 Lusitaniam ac propius Oceanum concessit. 
 
 151. Quietum inde fore videbatur reliquum 
 aestatis tempus, fuissetque per Poenum i^^^^^J^^^^^ 
 hostem ; ^ sed praeterquam quod ipsorum iiergetes. 
 Hispanorum inquieta avidaque in novas res 2 sunt 20 
 inffenia, Mandonius Indibilisque, qui antea Ilerge- 
 tum regulus fuerat, postquam Romani ab saltu 
 recessere ad maritimam oram, concitis popularibus 
 in agrum pacatum sociorum Romanorum ad popu- 
 landum venerunt. Adversus eos tribuni militum 25 
 cum expeditis auxiliis a Scipione missi Easily sup- 
 levi certamine, ut tumultuariam manum,^ vro^^^^. 
 fudere omnes, occisis quibusdam captisque magna- 
 que parte armis * exuta. 152. Hie tamen tumultus 
 cedentem ad Oceanum Hasdrubalem cis Hiberum ad 
 
58 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN IVAR. 
 
 tutandos socios retraxit. Castra Punica in agro 
 Ilersavonensium, castra Romaiia ad Novam classem ^ 
 erant, qiuim fama repens alio '^ avertit^ bellum. 
 Celtiberi, qui priiicipes ^ regionis suae legates 
 5 niiserant ol)sidesque dederant Romanis, 
 
 The Celtiberi . . ci • • 'x* .^ 
 
 gain sue- nuutio misso a Scipione exciti arma 
 
 ceases • • /~A 1 * * * 
 
 against capiuiit provinciamque uartnaginiensium 
 
 uasdrubai. ^^^.^^ excFcitu invaduut. Tria oppida vi 
 
 expugnant ; iude cum ipso Hasdrubale duobus proe- 
 
 10 liis egregic pugiiant ; ad quiudecim millia » hostium 
 
 occideruut, quattuor millia cum multis militaribus 
 
 signis capiuiit. 
 
 153. Hoc statu rerum in Hispania P. Scipio in pro- 
 p. Scipio vinciam venit, prorogate ^ post consulatum 
 
 15 fcoiherln impcHo ab senatu missus, cum triginta 
 Si)ain. lon^is uavibus ^ et octo millibus milituin 
 
 magnoque commeatu advecto. Ea classis cum magna 
 laetitia civium sociorumque portum Tarraconis ex alto 
 tenuit.3 Ibi milite ^ exposito profectus Scipio fratri 
 
 20 se coniungit, ac deindo communi animo consilioque 
 gerebant bellum. Occupatis^ igitur Carthaginiensi- 
 bus Celtiberico bello, baud cunctanter Hiberum 
 transgrediuntur, nee uUo viso hoste, Saguntum 
 pergunt ire, quod ibi obsides totius Hispaniae tra- 
 
 25 ditos ^ ab Hannibale fama erat modico in arce custo- 
 diri^ praesidio. Id unum pignus inclinatos ad 
 Romanam societatem omnium Hispaniae populorum 
 animos morabatur, ne sanguine liberorum suorum 
 culpa defectionis lueretur. 154. Eo vinculo His- 
 paniam vir unus soUeiti magis quam fideli ^ consilio 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 59 
 
 exsolvit. Abelux erat Sagunti nobilis ^y^tj^^j^^^^* 
 Hispanus, fidus ante Poenis ; tum, qualia2 the Spani^sh 
 plerumque sunt barbarorum ingenia, cum p^^^J^J^^'} ^^'^^ 
 fortuna mutaverat fidem. Ceterum trans- Romans. 
 fugam sine magnae rei proditione venientem ad 5 
 hostes nihil aliud quam unum vile at<iue infame 
 corpus esse ratus, id agebat,^ ut quam maximo 
 emolumento novis sociis esset.^* Circumspectis 
 igitur omnibus, quae fortuna potestatis eius ^ 
 poterat facere, obsidibus potissimum tradendis ani- lo 
 mum adiecit, cam unam rem maxime^ ratus conci- 
 liaturam Romanis principum Hispaniae amicitiam. 
 155. Sed quum iniussu Bostaris praefecti satis 
 sciret nihil obsidum custodes facturos esse, Bosta- 
 rem ipsum arte aggreditur. Castra extra urbem in i5 
 ipso litore habebat Bostar, ut aditum ea parte inter- 
 cludcret Romanis. Ibi eum in secretum abductum,i 
 velut ignorantem monet, quo statu sit '^ res : metum 
 continuisse^ ad cam diem Hispanorum animos, quia 
 procul Romani abessent ; ^ nunc cis ^ Hiberum castra 20 
 Romana esse, arcem tutam perfugiumque novas 
 volentibus res ; itaque, quos metus non teneret, 
 beneficio et gratia devinciendos esse. 156. Mi- 
 ranti^ Bostari percontantique, quodnam^ donum 
 efhcere tantam rem posset, "obsides" inquit " in 25 
 civitates remitte. Id et privatim parentibus, quorum 
 maximum momentum in civitatibus est suis, et pub- 
 lice populis gratum erit. Vult sibi quisque credi,^ 
 et habita fides* ipsam plerumque obligat fidem. 
 Ministerium restituendorum domos^ obsidum mihi- 
 
60 
 
 THE IIANNIBALIAN JFAR. 
 
 met deposco ipse, ut opera <5 quo(|ue impensa con- 
 silium adiuvem meum et rei suapte" natura gra- 
 tae quantam insuper gratiam possim^ adiiciam." 
 
 157. Homini iion ad cetera^ Punica ingenia callido 
 5 ut persuasit, nocte clam progressus ad hostium sta- 
 
 tiones, conventis^ quibusdam auxiliaribus Hispanis 
 et ab his ad Scipionem perductus, quod affert expio- 
 mit, et fide 3 accepta dataque ac loco et tempore 
 constituto ad obsides tradendos, Saguntum redit. 
 
 10 Diem insequentem absumpsit cum Bostare mandatis 
 ad rem agendam accipieiidis. Dimissus, quum se 
 nocte iturum, ut custodias hostium falleret, consti- 
 tuisset, ad compositam cum iis'* horam excitatis 
 custodibus puerorum profectus, veluti ignarus in 
 
 15 praeparatas sua fraude insidias ducit. In castra 
 Romana perducti ; cetera omnia ^ de reddendis obsi- 
 dibus, sicut cum Bostare constitutum erat, acta. 
 
 158. Maior aliquanto^ Romanorum gratia fuit in 
 re pari,2 qviam quanta Carthaginiensium ^ 
 fuisset.* Illos ^ enim graves superbosque 
 in rebus sccundis expertos^ fortuna et 
 timor mitigasse videri potuisset ; Romanus 
 primo adventu, incognitus ante, ab re 
 
 dementi liberalique initium fecerat, et Abelux, vir 
 25 prudens, hand frustra " videbatur socios mutasse. 
 Itaque ingenti consensu defectionem omnes spec- 
 tare ; s armaque extemplo mota forent, ni hiems, quae 
 Romanos quoque et Carthaginienses concedere in 
 tecta coegit, intervenisset.^ 
 
 The Romans 
 20 set them 
 free and gain 
 credit for it 
 among the 
 Spanish 
 tribes. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Tlie Grammar commonly referred to is the Revised Latin Primer. 
 
 § refers to sections in the I^tin Primer. 
 
 ch chapters of this book. 
 
 R. ',] sections in Roby's ' Latin Grammar for Schools. 
 
 l.-l. omnium : Latin Primer, § 259. (R. 520.) 
 
 2. gesta sint, § 467. (R- 765. ) 
 
 3. H. duce, § 237. (R. 504.) The name ' Hannibal ' means 
 'favour of Baal.' 
 
 4. inter se ... contulerunt anna, ' engaged in war with one 
 another.' . 
 
 ^ iosis referring to what has been said of the greatness of 
 the two countries : though so great in past times, yet never 
 before greater than at this time. ' Even these. 
 
 6. vlrium, §260. (R. 522.) 
 
 7. anceps, properly ' two-headed ' {amho-caput) : op. praeceps. 
 
 (R. 803.) ,^ ^ , . , 
 
 8. periculum means here not merely ' danger, but rum. 
 
 9. fuerint, §421. (R. 702.) 
 
 2.— 1. Hannibalem ... iuravisse, § 414 (a). (R- 537.) 
 
 2*. anncftTim ... novem : genitive of quality, § 128. (R. 524.) 
 
 3. altaribus, singular in meaning. 
 
 4. tactis sacris, § 237. • 
 
 5. quum primum, ' as soon as.' 
 
 6. populo Romano, § 218. 
 
 3.— 1. distulerunt, § 198. (R. 814.) 
 2. annos, § 278. 
 
62 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 3. obtinuit. Ohtinere does not mean * to get,' nor does 
 occupare mean * to keep,' but xme versd. 
 
 4. hospitiis (§ 240), ' private treaties of friendship,' such as 
 two families might have with one another : here they were 
 entered into between Hasdrubal and the Spanish chieftains : 
 he married a Spanish wife. 
 
 5. nihilo, § 244. 
 
 6. iram interfecti domini. The genitive here expresses 
 cause or origin. Observe that where we should use a sub- 
 stantive, ' the murder of his master,' in Latin we often have 
 a participle or adjective : so sunmini^ tnoiis =^ the top of the 
 mountain ' ; amissa Sardinia = ' the loss of Sardinia' : concrete 
 for abstract. 
 
 7. eo fult habitu, 'such an expression,' § 234. (R. 502.) 
 
 8. visus sit, § 421. (R. 702.) 
 
 4. — 1. ut, * on c(mditi(m that ': ea lege lU is the full expres- 
 sion. The clause is consecutive. 
 
 2. Hiberus, 'the Ebro.' 
 
 3. Sagiintinis mediis, etc. One would think from this ex- 
 pression that Saguntum (a colony from Zakynthus, whence its 
 name) was on or near the Ebro, whereas it was a long way to 
 the south of that river : but the historians of the time did not 
 know much geograph3% and one of the best, Polybius, thought 
 that Saguntum was north of the Ebro. It is very doubtful 
 whether Saguntum was really mentioned by name in this treaty 
 at all. The Romans of course wished to prove that Hannibal 
 was breaking treaties when he attacked it : the treaty perhaps 
 only said that the allies on both sides should hv. secure from 
 attack. Saguntum was in alliance with Rome. 
 
 5. — 1. vixdum puberem. He was really about 23 years 
 old : perhaps he had returned to Africa at his father's death. 
 
 2. Hamilcarem ... redditum sibi esse, § 414 (?>). (R. 535.) 
 
 3. parendum, etc. , § 375. 
 
 4. discemeres f i.e. it would have been difficult to decide 
 (if one had been present) : an implied condition ; see § 439 (b) 
 and ch. 17, note 4. (R. 644.) 
 
 5. esset, § 420 and § 411. (R. 750 and 620.) 
 
 6. plurimum audaciae, § 260, (R. 522.) With the verb a 
 dative should be supplied, § 224. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 7. ad pericula capessenda, § 379. ad, especially with the 
 gerund, often expresses a purpose or end. See ch. 13, note 4. 
 
 8. caloris ... patiens, § 262. (R. 5*25.) 
 
 9. temperans cibi, ' moderate in eating.' 
 
 10. Equitum, etc., § 259. (R. 520.) 
 
 11. princeps [primns-capio) \\gtg= primus. 
 
 12. ingentia vitia. These charges made against Hannibal 
 by an enemy are not very readily to be accepted. Polybius, 
 a very careful historian, who was not a Roman but a Greek, 
 thinks that he was not cruel but avaricious. As to his faith- 
 lessness there is not much evidence of it, but he was no doubt 
 crafty and fond of stratagem. • 
 
 13. Punica perfidia or fides (cp. ch. 132) was proverbial 
 among the Romans ; perhaps there was no more ground for 
 the phrase than for 'perfidious Albion,' used of England by 
 Napoleon I. 
 
 14. religlo is prett}-^ nearly what we mean by * conscientious- 
 ness,' the feeling which keeps one from breaking faith or 
 violating any obligation. 
 
 15. meruit. From the first meaning, * to acquire a share of 
 something ' (cp. the Greek At^pos), merere or mereri (for it is 
 also deponent) comes to mean ' to earn pay,' and then generally 
 ' to deserve reward ' by any service. Here it means ' to serve 
 as a soldier,' for merere slipeiidia, ' to earn soldier's pay.' 
 
 16. duci, § 222. Magno fiUuro dnci, 'one who was to be,' 
 etc. 
 
 17. esset, § 452 (6), quae=' such as.' (R. 704.) 
 
 6. — 1. Ex quo die = ex eo die quo. 
 
 2. niliil = 7io«. 
 
 3. morandum (supply esse), § 382. 
 
 4. deinde. Observe that connecting particles are often left 
 out in Latin. 
 
 5. ne ... opprimeret, § 423. (R. 678.) 
 
 6. inferre bellum, § 369. (R. 534.) 
 
 7.— 1. Quibusoppugnandis, §379. (R. 548.) Quihus stsinds 
 for et his. Observe the use of the gerundive instead of a sub- 
 stantive : cp. note 6 on ch, 3, ira7n interfecti domini. 
 
 2. haud, § 396. 
 
64 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAB. 
 
 3. Romana anna, * the hostility of the Romans.' 
 
 4. movebantur, ' was likely to l)e,' etc. 
 
 5 parte : i.e. the territory south of the Ebro, which had 
 not* all been conquered by Carthage, though assigned to her 
 by treaty with Rome. 
 
 6. dicione, also spelt diticyM. ; cp. nuiitiua, contio, 
 
 7. petiisse, § 370. pdere means ' to aim at.' 
 
 8. flnitimis domiUs gentibus, § 237. Translate by a sub- 
 stantive : ' the conquest of,' etc. 
 
 9. id bellum ; i.e. with Saguntum. 
 
 10. posset, § 423, 'might.' The principal clause here is 
 positive : hence ut is used ; cp. ch. 38, note 5. 
 
 11. expugnat : § 337 ; cp. accipit just below. 
 
 12. pugna ... habita, § 237. Translate by past partic. act. 
 
 13. in deditionem accipere means ' to grant terms of sur- 
 render.' Look out deditio. 
 
 14. trans ; that is, from a Roman's point of view : i.e. S. of 
 the river. 
 
 15. Carthaginiensium, § 254. 
 
 8.— 1. Romam, § 211. 
 
 2. placuit, ' it was resolved,' § 414 (a). 
 
 3. ad re8...in8piciendas, § 379; ad expresses a purpose; 
 cp. ch. 5, note 7. 
 
 4. vlderetur, § 468. 
 
 5. denuntiarent, § 453. (R. 680.) 
 
 6. ab used before vowels, and often before consonants, 
 except labials, />, />, /, 1^ m. 
 
 7. Bociis, § 194. 
 
 8. ut ... abstineret, § 417. 
 
 9. traiicerent, § 453. (R. 680.) 
 
 9.— 1. parant, § 338. (R. 595.) 
 
 2. ultra, used as trans in ch. 7 : south of the river. 
 
 3 passus mille, § 282. The pasms was 5 Roman feet, and 
 theRoman foot was al)Out lU^ (1165) English inches ; so that 
 mille pasms is about 1618 English yards. Pamu^ seems to 
 mean the double pace, frtjm the place where the foot leaves 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 65 
 
 the ground to the place where the same foot is put down 
 again. The English military pace is 30 inches, which, 
 doubled, is within two inches of the Roman pas8iu9. 
 
 4. pervastatis flnibus: cp. ch. 7, note 12. The use of 
 the deponent partic. ingreasus marks the deficiency of the 
 language here. 
 
 5. aggreditur, § 337. (R. 594.) 
 
 10, — 1. patentiorem ; i.e. less broken by rocks. 
 
 2. vineas. Vinea means ' an arbour of vines ' ; but as a 
 military term it means a roof by which soldiers might be 
 sheltered while undermining or battering the walls of a 
 town. The roof rested on posts 8 feet high, and was either 
 carried or wheeled up to the walls. Here several were often 
 joined together, so that a large number could work under 
 them. The rooif was covered with raw hides, as a protection 
 against fire thrown from the walls. (See Smith's * Dictionary 
 of Antiquities.') 
 
 3. posset, §453. (R. 680.) 
 
 4. ut = 'as was natural.' 
 
 5. ceterae .. altitudinis, ' the height in other places.' 
 
 6. emunitus, ' built up.' 
 
 7. inventus generally means ' young persons ' collectively, 
 and here is used with plural verb, § 199, 3. (R. 944.) 
 
 8. plurimum periculi, § 260. 
 
 11. — 1. hand plures: a mild way of saying that the loss 
 was heavier on the Carthaginian side ; so in Greek ovk TJKKrra 
 often means ' most. ' 
 
 2. ut, § 428. Note that iU is followed by the indicative in 
 temporal clauses. 
 
 3. subit, §338. (R. 595.) 
 
 4. femur, § 213. 
 
 5. abesset, § 421. 
 
 6. quin, § 419. (R. 712. ) 
 
 12. — 1. quies, 'cessation.' 
 
 2. pluribus partibus, § 268. 
 
 3. coeptae sunt. When this verb is followed by a passive 
 infinitive, it is generally itself also passive. (R. p. 137.) 
 
66 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 4. multitudine, § 2.35. 
 
 5. Poeni. This and the adjective Pu7iiciis mean of course 
 'Phoenician.' 
 
 6. arietibus, § 240. 
 
 7. muri, § 260. 
 
 8. ea ruina, § 241. 
 
 9. Ulorum . . . horum, to \m taken with amnios. lUe, the 
 former ; hie, the latter : the first heing, as it were, at a 
 greater distance off. 
 
 10. pugnatum est, § 301. (R. 569.) 
 
 11. toUunt, § 337. (R. 594.) 
 
 12. in ruinas, for they had got inside the wall. 
 
 13. impeditum, because they were among the ruins of the 
 wall. 
 
 13.— 1. Roma, §274. 
 
 2. venisse, § 414 (a). (R. 5.37.) 
 
 3. quibus, § 218. 
 
 4. dicerent, § 453. A purpose may be expressed by ( 1 ) ut 
 or qui with subj. ; (2) nd with accus. of gerund or gerundive ; 
 (3) causa (abl.) with genitive ; (4) fut. participle. If negative, 
 by ne with subjunctive. 
 
 5. operae pretium. Look in the dictionary for this phrase. 
 (R. 516.) ^ 
 
 6. Carthagrinem, § 211. 
 
 14.— 1. unu8 = .so/us. Hanno was a rival and enemy of the 
 family of Hamilcar. 
 
 2. ne...suscipereiit, §417. (R. 672.) So ne. . . miUereut 
 just below. 
 
 3. manes properly means * the good (or kind) people ' ; it 
 gets its common sense fiom the habit people had of giving 
 good names to the spirits that they feared : so the Furies 
 were called Enme7iides =' kind g(Kldesses.' 
 
 4. Barcini. Hamilcar was called Barca {i.e. lightning). 
 
 5. superesset, § 467. (R. 765. ) 
 
 6. quietura, * would rest undisputed.' 
 15.— 1. cupidine, § 241. 
 
 2. ad id, i.e, 'regnum.' 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 67 
 
 3. unde arcentur foedere : see note 3 on ch. 4. 
 
 4. bonus : ironically said. 
 
 5. ius gentium, ' international law,' which protected am- 
 bassadors. 
 
 6. nibili, § 257. (R. 494. ) 
 
 7. deposcunt, 'demand his surrender.' A common way of 
 making amends to an enemy was to surrender the person 
 who had offended them. 
 
 16.-1. Aegates, off Lilybaeum, where the Carthaginians 
 were finally defeated in the First Punic War, 241 B.C. 
 
 2. Erycem, Mount Eryx, in the west of Sicily, held by 
 Hamilcar against the Romans in the First Punic War. 
 
 3. pater ipse. The argument is, if Hamilcar himself was 
 beaten by Rome, how much more this boy. 
 
 4. Tarento, § 229. 
 
 5. ex foedere, 'according to our agreement by treaty.' (R. 
 817/>.) J J \ 
 
 6. Carthagini, etc. ; i.e. he is bringing ruin on Carthage by 
 his action against Saguutum. 
 
 7. Sim, §.359. (R. 666 6.) 
 
 17. — 1 . meam . . . esse, § 4 1 4 (/>). ( R. 5.35. ) 
 2. patemas, 'against his father,' Hamilcar. 
 .3. 60, explained by quod, etc. 
 
 4. si Yiveret.haberemus, § 4.39 (/>). The imperfect or 
 pluperf. subj. in conditional clauses implies that the condition 
 is not fulfilled: 'If he were alive' (which he is not): ch. 
 122, note 2. (R. 6.38.) 
 
 5. censeo, used of giving a vote for some course of action. 
 
 6. piaculum, a victim offered to atone for something wrong ; 
 used also of sacrifices to avert evil omens. 
 
 7. deposcat, §440. (R. 6,38.) 
 
 8. nequeat, § 455. 
 
 18. — 1. ita, explained by what follows. 
 
 2. senatui, § 216. 
 
 3. satisfaciant, §453. (R. 680.) 
 
 4. abducat, §417. (R. 6.38.) 
 
68 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAR. 
 
 5. dedant, § 4o3. 
 
 19.— 1. Hannibalis, ' in favour of Hannibal,' § 254. 
 
 2. responsiun est, etc., § 301. (R. 569.) 
 
 3. ortum . . . facere. Infinitives in oblique enunciation keep 
 the tenses which would be used in the siinie statement ex- 
 pressed directly. (R. 766. ) The verbs which follow a relative 
 or conjunction, and are therefore subjunctive (§ 467), depend 
 for their tenses on that of the verb which introduces the 
 whole statement (§411). (R. 619, etc.) That verb is here 
 respon.'nim est : hence we have praepovere.t^ which in the 
 direct statement would be praeponit : * Bellum ortum ab S. 
 est, populus R. iniuste facit, si ... praeponit' ; § 438. (R. 641.) 
 Do not confuse it with § 439. 
 
 20.— 1. terunt, § 338. 
 
 2. mittendis, § 379. 
 
 3. militum, § 254. 
 
 4. fore : see note 3 on ch. 19. 
 
 5. ab ea parte, 'on that side.' 
 
 6. aliquanto, 'considerably.' 
 
 7. atrocior, 'more fierce.' 
 
 8. ferrent : indirect question combined with deliberative 
 conjunctive (i? .358 and § 420). Expressed directly, the question 
 would be qua feramun optm /* Ferrent, because dependent on 
 scire pot eraiit, §411. 
 
 21. — 1. turris mobilis. Wooden structures were used to 
 put the attacking party on a level with the defenders of the 
 wall, or even above them. 
 
 2. altitudine, § 235. 
 
 3. Quae (iMvan. = et cum ea. 
 
 4. admota esset, § 435. 
 
 5. exturbasset; i.e. from the walls. 
 
 6. ad subniendum, § 379. ad with gerund or gerundive 
 often expresses a purpose : see ch. 13, note 4. 
 
 7. calce = ' mortar.' 
 
 8. ruebat : compare the meaning of niirm. 
 
 22.— 1. haberent, § 411, Note. 
 
 2. ad ... intercludendam : see note 6 on ch. 21. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 69 
 
 3. omnium, neuter : objective genitive. 
 
 4. unica spes, § 194. 
 
 5. abessent, § 426. 
 
 23. — 1. publice ; that is, he had an official appointment to 
 protect their interests abroad, though not a Saguntine him- 
 self. Such a person was called in Greek irpb^evos, and stood 
 in the place of a permanent ambassador or consul. Tluis 
 Alkibiades (being an Atlienian) was the representative at 
 Athens of Spartan interests, so far as they were not opposed 
 to Athenian interests. 
 
 2. ignoraretis : § 41 1. The tense shows that veni is historic 
 and not primary. (R. 607, etc.) 
 
 3. pro, ' in accordance with ' ; compare the use of ex, ch. 16, 
 note 5. 
 
 4. ab Romanis : see note 6 on ch. 8. 
 
 24.— 1. vobis, § 220. 
 
 2. adimit ; i.e. ' he proposes to take.' 
 
 3. aediflcetis, § 453. 
 
 4. deferri, § 417, Note 2. 
 
 5. fore, § 443. 
 
 6. singulis : distributive, § 313. 
 
 7. si . . . velitis. Subjunctive because dependent on oraiio 
 ohliqiva. In direct speech there would be a future indicative 
 in both clauses of the condition, ' Corpora vestra salva erunt 
 si inermes ... voletis Sagunto exire.' 
 
 8. vel. ' even.' 
 
 9. quam ... sinatis, ' than that you should,' etc. ; a mixture 
 of constructions, as if it had been written haec patiamini 
 iiecease esse {(or ftatienda esse) censeo, qnam ... sinatis. 
 
 25- — 1- ad baec audienda : final ; cp. ch. 13, note 4. 
 
 2. secessione facta . . . aurum collatum ... in ignem ad - id 
 factum . . . coniiciebant. Observe the use of participles where 
 we should break up the one sentence into many : ' departed, 
 collected, made a fire,' etc. 
 
 3. eodem, adverb. 
 
 26—1. nudatam ... esse urbem, § 414 (/>), Signum diderat 
 is here equivalent to a verb of declaring. 
 2. custodiis, § 229. 
 
70 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 27.— 1. cunctandum, § 301. (R. 569.) 
 
 2. puberes, tliose of fifteen and upwards. 
 
 3. interficerentur, § 417. Siynum dtdit is here equivalent 
 to a verb of commanding. 
 
 4. parci, §301. (R. o69.) 
 
 28. — 1. de industria, 'on purpose': cp. oh. 123. 
 
 2. militum praeda fuerant : see cli. 20. Their value was 
 not therefore included iti that which was sent home. 
 
 3. aliquantum pecuniae, § 260. (R. 522.) 
 
 4. missam esse, in agreement with the nearest of the 
 subjects : for construction see § 414 («). The subject of comtal 
 is the whole of the sentence besides. (R, 537.) 
 
 5. Carthaginem, § 273. 
 
 29.— 1. Romae, § 272. 
 
 2. non lati auxilii : cp. irajti iuterftcti domim, ch. 3, note 6. 
 
 3. esset, § 449. 
 
 4. trepidarent, §421. (R. 702.) 
 
 5. consulerent, §421. 
 
 6. rem Romanam, ' the Roman State.' 
 
 7. Sardos, etc., the peoples against whom Rome had fought 
 since the First Punic War. Et marks them ofl' into two 
 sections, in the West and in the East, the component parts of 
 which are coupled by que, atque. (R. 860.) 
 
 8. tumultum, 'a rel>ellion'; used of risings in Italy, 
 whether among Uauls or others. The Gauls in the North of 
 Italy were not at this time sulxlued by Rome. (See 
 Introduction. ) 
 
 9. fuisse . . . transituros, etc. The tenses are of course the 
 stime as if it were stated directly : see note 3 on ch. 19. 
 
 10. armorum, § 262. (R. 525.) 
 
 30.— 1. Ti.= Tiberius. T.= Titus. 
 
 2. Africa : not that Africa or any part of it had been con- 
 quered, but this was to be the direction of his military 
 operations. 
 
 3. provinciae means here the places where the Consul was 
 to exercise his functions, his sphere of action. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 71 
 
 4. decretae. No Roman legions could be sent into the 
 field except by the Senate's resolution, renewed each year. 
 With the allies, i.e. the other Italians, we see they were not 
 so strict. 
 
 5. legiones. A Roman legion consisted of between 4000 
 and 5(X)0 infantry, with about 3(X) cavalry. Hence we see 
 that the total number of Roman infantry levied was about 
 25,000, and of cavalry about 1800. 
 
 6. videretur: subj. because hypothetical. 
 
 7. peditum ... equites, § 311. 
 
 8. quinqueremes, 'ships with five banks of oars.' These 
 were the ordinary war vessels of this time. In earlier times 
 the Athenians had used ordinarily ' triremes,' carrying about 
 220 men, which atUined a very great speed by rownig. 
 Sailing ships were much slower, and were used for merchan- 
 dise. °In fact, oars partly stood in the place of steam. 
 
 9. deductae ; i.e. from the building yards and ship-houses 
 to the sea. 
 
 10. latum ad populum est. The formal decision of the 
 question of peace and war rested with the people voting by 
 centuries. {Popidm is not the same as plthfi.) It is clear, 
 however, that the Senate really decided everything. 
 
 11. veUent iuberent ; indirect question. This is the regular 
 formula in such cases. 
 
 12. supplicatio, a public service, consisting of processions 
 to the various temples, either for prayer or thanksgiving. 
 
 13. eveniret, § 417. 
 
 31.— 1. ita, 'as follows.' 
 
 2. quatema-.treceni, distributive numerals, 'so many to 
 each legion.' 
 
 3. naves longae, ' war vessels. ' 
 
 4. centum sexaginta, § 89. 
 
 5. transmittere : intrans. ; cp. ch. 150. 
 
 6. ad arcendos : final. 
 
 7. alter, * one ' (of the two). 
 
 8. copiarum, § 260. (R. 522.) 
 
 9. in Galliam; i.e. Gallia Cisalpina, the north of Italy, 
 where disturbances were imminent among the Gauls. See 
 ch. 44. 
 
72 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 10. 8U0 iusto equitatu ; i.e. 300. 
 
 11. equitibus ; i.e. sociorum. 
 
 12. Romanos ; i.e. equites. 
 
 32. — 1. iusta, 'the proper ceremonies.' A war declared 
 with due forms was imtum helium, according to Roman ideas. 
 
 2. ad percontandos . . . ut indicerent. This change of con- 
 struction shows that ad with gerundive is equivalent to a 
 final clause. Percontari is also written percunctari. 
 
 3. publico consilio, ' with the sanction of the State.' 
 
 4. oppugnasset, § 420. 
 
 5. si faterentur, standing, in historic sequence, for n 
 fateantar in oratio recta. The whole sentence is really 
 indirect command, witli the verb of command suppressed, 
 being the orders given to the ambassadors. 
 
 6. venerunt. Temporal conjunctions (except quum and 
 dum, § 430 and § 435) are regularly followed by perfect 
 indicative: ch. 11, note 2. 
 
 7. private publicone ; an unusual form of double question. 
 See § 400. ^ 
 
 8. iniuria, the opposite of iure. 
 
 9. ictum esset, § 467. (R. 765.) 
 
 10. C. Lutatius. He made the treaty at the end of tlie 
 First Punic War, B.C. 241. 
 
 11. negavissent, § 469. 
 
 33.— 1. ferociter : ferox is applied to a person of a spirited, 
 warlike dispositicm. 
 
 2. vellet, § 468. In oratio recta : 2Urum ins, da. 
 
 3. daret, §417. (R. 672.) 
 
 4. accipere ... gesturos. In 07'afio recta: accipimua ... 
 yeremua. 
 
 5. quo ., animo, eodem = eod'ew ariivio, qito. 
 
 34.— 1. imperatum erat, §§ 299, .302. 
 
 2. traiecerunt, like transmittere, used intransitively. 
 
 3. taranseunt, § 337. (R. 594. ) 
 
 35.— 1. darent ; i.e. Galli darenf. See § 417 (/>). (R. 672.) 
 2. risus dicitur ortus, § 370. In these cases Latin prefers 
 
 NOTES, 
 
 73 
 
 the personal construction where we use the impersonal, ' it is 
 said,' etc. 
 
 3. sedaretur, § 421. (R. 702.) 
 
 4. Btolida. = 8ttUta. 
 
 36. — 1- in se, referring to the speakers, the Gauls. 
 
 2. meritum, * service ' : ch. 5, note 15. 
 
 3. quae, referring to both meritum and iniuHam. 
 
 4. sumerent, §452. (R. 704.) 
 
 5. audire . . . pelli. Observe the tense. 
 
 6. indigna', 'indignities.' 
 
 7. certe, ' in any case.' 
 
 8. pro alienis, ' to save other people's.' 
 
 37. — 1. ab sociis. Rome had an old alliance with Massilia 
 (Marseilles), a (Jreek colony, which once rivalled Carthage in 
 the trade of the Mediterranean. 
 
 2. constante, 'steadily maintaining.' 
 
 3. transmisisse : cp. ch. .34, note 2. 
 
 38.— 1. Carthaginem Novam (now Cartagena), the chief 
 Punic settlement in Spain, situated on the S.E. coast. 
 
 2. Romae . . . Carthagine, § 272. 
 
 3. acta forent, § 420 {h). (R. 750.) 
 
 4. pacatis; i.e. reduced to submission. 
 
 5. ut non pacis solum, etc. Non . . . solum belongs to pads, 
 and the clause is not a negative one : cp. ch. 6, n. 10. 
 
 6. bonis, § 242. 
 
 39.— 1. instet, §426. 
 
 2. visuri sitis, § 420 (a) and § 114. This is the regular 
 and only future subjunctive. (R. 617.) 
 
 3. commeatum, ' leave of absence. ' 
 
 4. adsitis, § 417 (6). (R. 672.) 
 
 5. ultro, literally ' beyond ' (what was expected) ; hence 
 'unasked.' 
 
 40. — 1. peteret, subjunctive because sulx)rdinate to esset, 
 but the more usual expression would be dum petit, § 467, 
 Note 2. 
 
74 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 2. ab Sicilia, ' on the side of Sicily ' : cp. ch. 20, note 5. 
 
 41. — 1. praemissis {exploratorilnis)^ etc. 
 
 2. conciliarent, § 453. 
 
 3. orae, the coast land by which the roads ran. 
 
 4. Hispanias . Galliis : plural, because referring to the 
 several divisions of each, 
 
 5. obtinendam = tenendam : ch. 3, n. 3. 
 
 42. — 1. feroces : see note 1 on ch. 33. 
 
 43. — I- ante ... quam venisset. Hannibal states his inten- 
 tion, which however he was not allowed to carry out. 
 
 44. — Boii, the most powerful and restless tribe of Cisalpine 
 Gaul. 
 
 2. colonias . . deductas. These colonies were garrisons of 
 Latins and otlier allies, phmted in newly -conquered territory, 
 and occupying the land as settlers ; they served to secure the 
 conquest. 
 
 3. terroris, § 260. (R. 5'22.) 
 
 4. triumviri, 'commissioners.' 
 
 5. ad agrum assignandum, ' to allot land ' to the settlers. 
 
 6. difflsi, § 127. 
 
 7. confugerent, § 421. (R. 702.) 
 
 45. — 1- fide. This word means 'a promise,' especially of 
 protection. Compare the phrase infidem recipere. 
 
 2. obsides. These hostages had l)een given at the end of 
 the last (Jallic war. 
 
 3. redderentur. In orafio recta : vin reddantur ; § 443. 
 
 4. essent. Observe the chanj^e of tense. 
 
 46.-1. praecipitavit, intrans. 
 
 2. ad quingentos, ' (men) to the number of,' etc. 
 
 3. cecidisse, § 414 {a). (R. 5.37.) 
 
 4. de integro, ' afresh ' ; i.e. ' from the beginning.' 
 
 5. ducitur, § 338. 
 
 6. signa. There was one standard to each century (com- 
 manded by a centurion), and sixty centuries to the legion. 
 
 7. Tannetum, § 211. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 75 
 
 47. — 1. proximiun ostium, i.e. the eastern mouth. 
 
 2. satis, 'quite.' We are not told who gave the information. 
 
 48. — 1- munimento, § 225. 
 
 2. contrahendas, § 379. 
 
 3. singulis. The distributive numeral implies that one tree 
 made one boat. 
 
 4. possent, § 442. 
 
 49.— 1- ex adverse, 'opposite.' 
 
 2. adverse flumine, 'up the river.' 
 
 3. ire iter, § 212. 
 
 4. quam, with superlative adjective or adverb, means 'as ... 
 as possible.' 
 
 5. adoriatur, § 411. (R. 621.) 
 
 6. millia, i.e. passuum. See note 3 on ch. 9. 
 
 7. secundum ; literally, ' following ' (sequor). Here the 
 opposite of adverso jiumine. 
 
 50. — 1. accepit. Accipere often means ' to learn,' by report 
 or otherwise. 
 
 2. ad excipiendum, i.e. ' to receive and break.' 
 
 3. nantes, § 199, 3. (R. 944.) 
 
 4. cantu. All barbarians advance to battle with yells or 
 
 songs. 
 
 5. per expresses here the permanent condition. 
 
 51. — 1. qui = e^ ii. 
 
 2. ratem, 'a raft.' 
 
 3. pedes, § 283. 
 
 4. pontis in modum, 'after the manner of,' etc. The 
 elephants were first accustomed to be afloat on the fixed raft 
 and then led on to the other, which was cast loose. 
 
 5. Indi, the drivers, who came with the elephants from Asia. 
 
 6. inciderat ; i.e. into their mouths. 
 
 52.— 1. speculatum, § 386. 
 
 2. essent, § 420 {b). (R. 750.) 
 
 3. dimicandi, § 376. 
 
 4. perrexit, ' proceeded.' 
 
76 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 53.-1. triduo, §277. 
 
 2. defensurus expresses the purpose, equivalent to ws with 
 fut. partic. in Greek : cp. ch. 13, note 4. 
 
 64. — 1. duces, 'guides.' 
 
 2. contioni, ' tlie assembled troops ' (conventio). 
 
 3. emensam. This past partic., though from a deponent 
 verb, has sometimes a passive meaning. 
 
 4. tot millibus . . . proMbentibus, 'in spite of the opposi- 
 tion of,' etc. 
 
 5. habere. Supply se. 
 
 6. Italiae, 'belonging to Italy.' 
 
 7. esset : why subj. ? 
 
 55.— 1. generi, § 222. 
 
 2. Alpes quidem, ' the Alps indeed ' ; so far from being 
 impassable, were even habitable. 
 
 3. fauces, ' the gorges,' mountain valleys leading upwards. 
 
 66.— 1. agri, § 260. 
 
 57. — 1. Delta, Circek, neut. indecl. : the letter A, which in 
 shape is like the figure made by a river {e.g. the Nile) 
 running into the sea through several mouths. 
 
 2. frumenti feraces, § 262 (R. 525) {ferax, der. from/cro). 
 
 3. maiori = maiori natu. 
 
 4. meritum is anything which deserves a return — * a 
 service.' 
 
 5. vestimenti, as a precaution against the cold of the Alps. 
 
 6. securum iter praestitit, ' made the march safe.' Prae- 
 stare means sometimes 'to stand surety for a person': here 
 it means 'he guaranteed (the safety),' securum being the 
 'oblique complement,' § 206. 
 
 58. — 1. bona pace incolentium, ' with the good leave of,' 
 etc. 
 
 2. perventum est, § 299. (R. 569. ) 
 
 .3. erigentibus ... agmen, 'as they were,' etc., dat. after 
 apparuerujit. The ascent here is only that of an outlying 
 range. 
 
 4. tumulos, accus. after insidentes. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 77 
 
 5. occuluissent ... dedissent, § 4.39 (?>). Past tenses of subj. 
 are used in conditions where it is implied that the condition 
 was not fulfilled : 'if they had,' implying that they did not. 
 See ch. 122, note 2. (R. 638.) 
 
 6. stragem dedissent, ' would have inflicted,' etc. 
 
 59 _1. quam extentissima potuit : see note 4 on ch. 49 ; 
 potuit is often omitted. (R. 683.) 
 
 2. obsideri saltum, § 414 {h). 
 
 3. degressos montanos, § 414 {h). 
 
 4. ignes accendi, in order that no suspicion might arise of 
 his movement. 
 
 5. angustias. Evasit is used transitively, but periculo 
 ei'ixderet occurs, ch. 61. 
 
 gQ^ 1. ex castellis, ' from their fortified villages.' Such a 
 
 place is called a cast el lo in Italy now. 
 
 2. via, 'by the road,' below the heights. 
 
 3. agmen, ' the colunm,' used of soldiers on the march ; 
 aciea, of an army in battle array. 
 
 61.— 1. iniquitate ; literally, ' unevenness ' : both the enemy 
 and the nature of the ground*^ were against them. 
 
 2. sibi, 'selfishly.' 
 
 3. contendente, § 2,37. (R. 504.) 
 
 4. plus . . . certaminis, § 260. (R. 522. ) 
 
 5. stragem, der. from stemo. 
 
 6. simul ; i.e. together with their own fall. 
 
 7. facerent, §421. (R. 712.) 
 
 8. turba, ' the confusion.' 
 
 9. immensum altitudinis, § 260, ' a. vast depth ' : comp. ad 
 extremum periculi, ch. 64. 
 
 62.— 1. continuit suos : he was on the heights above, ch. 59. 
 
 2. impedimentis, § 229. (R. 512. ) 
 
 3. impetu ipso ; i.e. the ' mere charge' was enough. 
 
 4 a montanis . . loco ; observe the use and the omission of 
 a, §§ 239, 240. 
 
 5. viae, § 260. Having got over one difficult pass, he is 
 now in open and level valleys, through which he marches to 
 the main ascent. 
 
78 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 63. — 1. populum, 'a district.' 
 
 2. olivae ramis. The culture of the olive ia ao important 
 in S(nithern Europe that it is almost everywhere a symbol of 
 industry and peace. 
 
 3. memorantes, ' stating. ' 
 
 4. duces, 'guides.' 
 
 5. modo ne faceret, § 442. (R. 396.) 
 
 6. credendum, § 299 and § 414 {h). (R. 569 and 535.) 
 
 64. — 1. fuisset . . . accepta esset. See ch. 122, note 2. 
 (R. 6.38.) 
 
 2. etiam sic, 'even as it was.' 
 
 3. obtinentes, 'occupying.' 
 
 4. ab latere, 'on the flank.' 
 
 5. ut Hannibal cogeretur, etc. This was to cover the passage 
 of the cavalry and haggage out of the defile : probably the rock 
 in question was alx)ve the pass, and he took up a position 
 which checked the enemy's movements. 
 
 6. tutum praebebant, ' rendered safe ' : comp. securum 
 praestitif, ch. 57, note 6. 
 
 65. — 1. nono die, nine days after leaving the plains. 
 
 2. iugum ; i.e. the top of the pass. 
 
 3. biduum, § 278. (R. 460.) 
 
 4. occidente iam sidere Vergiliarum ; i.e. the constellation 
 of the Pleiades, the setting of which (in October) marks the 
 beginning of winter. 
 
 5. despondere animos ; literally', ' to give up courage.' 
 
 6. Italiam ostentans, etc. No extensive view can be got 
 from tlie top of the passes, but imagination would supply 
 much. 
 
 7. moenia ; i.e. the Alps v/hich shut in Italy on the North. 
 
 8. eos excludes reference to himself. 
 
 9. summum, adverb, 'at moat.' 
 
 10. altero (literally, ' second ') = * two.' 
 
 66. — 1. ab Italia, 'on the side of Italy' : op. ah latere, ch. 64, 
 note 4. 
 
 2. ut ; i.e. adeo uf, consecutive. 
 
 3. titubassent: ch. 145, note 2. (R. 650 (/>).) 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 79 
 
 67. — 1. in mille pedum spatium ; i.e. the path had been 
 carried away for a distance of 1000 feet. 
 
 2. quae res moraretur, § 420 (/>), object of miranii. (R. 750. ) 
 
 68. — 1- ea ... via ; i.e. the way round. 
 
 2. haec, the new-fallen snow. 
 
 3. altitudine, § 234. 
 
 4. vestigium recipiebat ; i.e. afforded a footing (so long as 
 it was not much trodden). 
 
 5. ut, §428. (R. 72.3.) 
 
 6. nudam glaciem, the last year's snow, formed into a sort 
 of glacier. 
 
 7. tabem, used of any melting substance. 
 
 8. posset, § 452 {h). (R. 680.) 
 
 9. VLt = ita iU. 
 
 10. pedica, § 240. 
 
 g9__l. ad viam...muniendam, § .379. (R. 547.) The 
 object was to restore the road where it had been carried away, 
 by cutting a path along the face of the rocks which had been 
 left bare. Munire is the usual word for road -making. 
 
 2. pabuli, §260. (R. 522.) 
 
 3. inferiora, ' the lower regions.* 
 
 4. cultu, § 243. (R. 495.) 
 
 70.— 1- quindecim diebus ; i.e. nine for the ascent, two at 
 the top of the pass, and four for the descent, nearly all of 
 which last were spent in getting past the landslip. 
 
 2. transierit, § 467. (R. 765.) Posfquam is regularly 
 followed by the perfect tense. 
 
 3. amisisse. Hannibal of course is the subject. 
 71.— 1. id ; i.e. his proposal. 
 
 72.— 1. Pisas, §273. (R. 464.) 
 
 2. exercitu, etc. His own had been sent on to Spain under 
 his brother : ch. 53. 
 
 3. Padum traiecisse, § 414 (a). (R. 537.) 
 
 4. diebus, § 280. 
 
80 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 5. ne tentaturum quidem, §414 {h). (R. 53o.) ne...quidem 
 are separated always by the word to which they most closely 
 belong, § 398. 
 
 6. si tentasset (in oratio recta, si tenfaverit), § 439 (a). 
 (R. 638.) 
 
 73. — 1. educerem . . . supersedissem : ch. 122, note 2. 
 
 2. vicerunt, alluding to the skirmish in ch. 52. 
 
 3. fugientem. It suits his purpose to suggest that Hannibal 
 in leaving him Ixjhind was flying from him. 
 
 4. haberetis, because adreni is used as a historic tense, 
 'I came,' §411. 
 
 5. imperatori, § 222. 
 
 6. pugnandum est, § 382. 
 
 7. priore bello ; i.e. the First Punic War. 
 
 8. capta, § 198, 4. 
 
 74.— 1. detrectaverint, § 467. (R. 765.) The occasion was 
 when Hannibal was at the Rhone. 
 
 2. duabus partibus ; i.e. out of three, ' two- thirds.' 
 
 3. spei, §260. (R. 522.) 
 
 4. at enim pauci quidem. This states a possible objection, 
 ' but it may be said they are few indeed but,' etc. Quidem 
 (like jj^p) has often a concessive meaning, though apparently 
 in a principal clause. (R. 677, a, b.) 
 
 5. immo, ' nay rather. ' 
 
 6. praeusti, 'frostbitten.' 
 
 7. torrida means ' parched,' either with heat or cold, ex- 
 plained here by gelu. 
 
 8. hoc, *of this kind.' 
 
 9. vereor ne ... videantur. The fear is that the \'ictory 
 which the Romans will win may be attributed rather to the 
 powers of Nature. 
 
 10. deos ... profligure, § 414 (a). 
 
 75.— 1. ediderit, § 420 {h). (R. 750.) 
 
 2. pugnaverint, § 467. (R. 765.) 
 
 3. Aegates insulas. The decisive battle at the end of the 
 First Punic War, 241 B.C. 
 
 NOTES 
 
 81 
 
 4. velim, § 352. 
 
 5. videatis, § 449. (R. 660.) 
 
 6. licuit ; i.e. we had it in our power after :he First Punic 
 War to do this, but we abstained, and here is our reward. 
 Seipio's statements are exaggerated. 
 
 7. ad Erycem. Mount Eryx in Sicily, which Hamilcar 
 held against the Romans from B.C. 247 till the battle of the 
 Aegates insulae, B.C. 241, and then was compelled to 
 surrender. 
 
 8. pro, 'in return for.' 
 
 9. oppugnatum, §386. (R. 553.) 
 
 76.— 1. tantum, 'only.' 
 
 2. asset, §359. (R. 666 {b).) 
 
 3. ab tergo : cp. ab latere, a f route, etc., ch. 64, note 4. 
 
 4. vincamur : see ch. 122, note 2. 
 
 5. obsistat, § 452 (6). (R. 680.) 
 
 6. pugnemus, § 449. (R. 660.) 
 
 7. putet, § 360. 
 
 8. domesticas; i.e. those just mentioned of wife and 
 children. 
 
 9. intueri, etc., § 414(c). 
 
 10. talem . . . fore : the infinitive construction marks this as 
 the principal clause. 
 
 77. — 1- Haec ... consul. Appendix III. , Ellipsis. 
 
 2. ecquis... vellet, § 420(6). (R. 750.) Ecquis is an in- 
 terrogative form of the indefinite quin, § 100. 
 
 3. ea lege, 'on the condition.' 
 
 4. victor ... victus. (R. 652.) Conditional in meaning. 
 
 5. ad unum, ' to a man.' 
 
 6. in id, ' for that purpose.' 
 
 7. exciderat. The lots were cast by shaking up the names 
 in a vessel, and taking those which first jumped out. 
 
 8. paribus ; i.e. contests between selected pairs. 
 
 9. miserarentur ; i.e. they pitied those who remained in 
 slavery as compared not only with the victors, but also with 
 those wlio liad been killed in single combat. 
 
82 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 10. locutus fertur, § 370. The personal construction is 
 preferred in these cases : cp. ch. 35, 2. 
 
 78. — 1. alienis; i.e. of the Gallic prisoners. 
 
 2. vicimus. Past for future, to express the certainty ot 
 the result. 
 
 3. ne ad efTugium quidem, much less therefore for attack, 
 § 398. 
 
 4. habentes, accus. 
 
 79.— 1. victoribus: cp. ch. 77,4. (R. 642.) 
 
 2. ne optare quidem, ' so far from expecting more, not even 
 their wishes can go farther.' 
 
 3. parentibus, § 221. 
 
 4. recuperaturi essemus, §§ 114, 439 (h). (R. 638.) 
 
 5. cum ipsis dominis ; i. e. when the owners of them are 
 ours. 
 
 6. tot laborum : genitive after emolumeuto. 
 
 7. tempus est. Used with infinitive clause, like oportet. 
 
 8. opulenta stipendia, * profitable campaigns.' 
 
 9. emensos, agreeing with vos. 
 
 80. — 1. nee, for et ne. 
 
 2. existimaritis, § 347. 
 
 3. magui nominis stands for an adjective. 
 
 4. memento (from moveo), 'an impulse.' 
 
 5. fulgore means the false glitter (prestige) attaching to 
 the name. 
 
 6. Bint, §420 (a). (R. 750.) 
 
 7. a Oallis, ' by Gauls ' ; contemptuously spoken. The 
 events are related in ch. 44-46. 
 
 8. ignoto . . . ig^noranti, because Scipio had only just taken 
 the command : ch. 71. 
 
 9. semestri. Scipio became consul in March ; it was now 
 October or November. The constant change of command was 
 often a disadvantage to the Romans. 
 
 10. alumnus, because brought up in the camp. 
 
 81.— 1. inferentis vim, ' the aggressor.' 
 2. indignitas : cp. indigna pati, ch. 36. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 83 
 
 3. depoposcerunt, § 150, 1. 
 
 4. primum: adverb. 
 
 5. deditos, ' if we had been surrendered ' : cp. ch. 77, 4. 
 
 6. aflfecturi {nerunt = afecis8ent, § 440 [d). (R. 628.) 
 
 7. sui arbitrii, ' subject to its will.' 
 
 82.— 1. vindicaverimus, pointing to the future. 
 
 2. per tuta itinera fugientes, as opposed to the difficulties 
 lying between the Carthaginians and their home. 
 
 3. contemptu, §231. 
 
 83.— 1. iungunt, literally 'yoke'; that is, 'connect the 
 two banks. ' 
 
 2. tutandi pontis causa : see ch. 13, note 4. 
 
 3. occupatis, i.e. ' taken up beforehand,' always with a 
 notion of seizing and anticipating. 
 
 4. parci, §§ 299, 302. 
 
 84.-1. sese daturum. Poll icitus est is implied in ^rae^nta 
 proponit. 
 
 2. vellet ... maluisset: velfet {rdit in oratio recta), ch. 145, 
 note 2 ; maluisset [maluerit in oi-aiio recta), ch. 72, note 6, and 
 ch. 122, note 2, implying that the choice is to be made after 
 the victory : the primary tense, pointing to future time, 
 becomes historic only because in historic consecution. 
 
 3. protesUtem facturum, ' he would give them the oppor- 
 tunity ' (of gaining that privilege). 
 
 4. bina, distributive, § 313. 
 
 5. rata, 'fulfilled.' 
 
 6. falleret {fcdlam in oratio recta), ' if he proved fcalse to 
 his promises.' See above on maluisset. 
 
 7. mactarent, § 417 {h). 
 
 8. saxo ; i.e. sUice, ' the flint knife.' Primitive instruments 
 are often retained in religious ceremonies. 
 
 35 _1 . procuratiS. The occurrence of a portent was always 
 followed by measures to avert the anger of the gods. This 
 was called procuratio. 
 
 2. et ipsi: i.e. 'he too'; ipsi strengthens et : ch. 144, 
 note 1. 
 
 3. circa, adverb. 
 
84 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 4. utrisque : generally singular ; the sense is the same. 
 86.— 1. expediebant, § 199, 3. 
 
 2. in'subsidiis, 'in n^serve as supports.' The troops here 
 were all cavalry, ligiit or heavy. 
 
 3. frenatos. The light Nuniidian horse rode without reins. 
 
 4. iaculatores ; i.e. on the Roman side. 
 
 5. ab tergo, ' in the rear ' : cp. ab latere, a f route. 
 
 87. — 1. pubescentis. He was in fact 17 years old. 
 
 2. perfect! ... belli, ' of finishing the war ' : cp, ira interfecti 
 domini='vage for the slaying of his master': ch. 3, note 6 
 (concrete for abstract). 
 
 3. victoriam, the battle of Zama, B.C. 202. 
 
 88. — 1- campos patentes, the plain of Lombardy, where 
 cavalry would meet with few obstacles. 
 
 89. — 1. sciret, subj. because it implies their purpose of 
 concealing the fact, § 427. 
 
 2. ratem, ' the bridge of boats.' 
 
 3. flumen iungreret, § 455. 
 
 4. legationibus . . audiendis : ablative after moratm, ex- 
 pressing that in which he spent his time ; traiiciehat implying 
 that it took some time. 
 
 5. diebus, § 280. 
 
 6. millia: supply ;>a.w«we. Both armies are now south 
 of the Po, and (probably) on the west side of the Trebia ; but 
 some historians think that Scipio was now cm the east side of 
 that river, and that Hannikl had passed on still further to 
 the eastward, cutting him off from Rome. However that 
 may be, Scipio soon put the river Trebia between the two 
 armies : ch. 90. 
 
 90. — 1- BOllicitandos ; i.e. to instigate them to revolt. 
 
 2. vigilia. The night had four watches. 
 
 3. equiti = "qnitatni. 
 
 91. — 1. fefellit, 'escaped notice" (of the enemy). 
 
 2. turbavisset : ch. 122, note 2. 
 
 3. utique novissimum : to be taken together ; * at any rate 
 the rear.' (R. 901.) 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 85 
 
 4. tenint, § 338. 
 
 5. emissus e manibus, as we say, ' slipped through their 
 fingers.' 
 
 92.— 1. indies, 'daily.' 
 
 2. numenim, 'quantity,' 
 
 3. non saevitum est, 'no great harshness was used.' 
 Observe the reluctance of the Roman historian to give 
 Hannibal credit for humanity. 
 
 93. — 1- Lilybaeum. At the western point of Sicily. 
 
 2. ferret, § 417 {h). 
 
 3. Ariminum (Rimhii) ; see map. 
 
 4. adegrit, 'he bound,' 
 
 5. quo facto ; i.e. the meeting having been effected. They 
 made their journey independently of one another. 
 
 94.— 1. dilatam dimicationem ; see note on ch. 87, 'perfecti 
 belli. 
 
 2. veUet, § 467. 
 
 3. comitionim, 'the election of consuls.' Tempus pro- 
 pinqitum is concrete for abstract. 
 
 4. ne ... diflferretur ; i.e. tirnore ne. 
 
 5. occasio {stimrdahat). 
 
 6. in se unum, ' to himself alone.' 
 
 7. propinquum, 'immediate.' 
 
 95.— 1. foret, § 420(6) (R. 750) {not 'would be'). The 
 advantage of the Romans lay in delay, because Hannibal's 
 supplies would thereby be exhausted, 
 
 2. alterius, * one ' of the two consuls. 
 
 96. — 1- quern teneas, 'suitable for you to occupy.' 
 
 2, centenos : distributive, 100 from each, viz. cavalry and 
 infantry ; 200 altogether. 
 
 3. singulis novenos ; so that the total would be 2000. 
 
 97. — 1. instratis, participle, 'saddled,' 
 
 98. — 1. tumultum here means 'an irregular attack,' some- 
 times 'an insurrection,' 
 
 2. certaminis, § 262. (R, 525.) 
 
86 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAR. 
 
 3. accedebat quod, § 416. (R. 713.) 
 
 4. liominibus, § 220. 
 
 5. caloris, § 260. 
 
 6. ingrressi sunt, § 428. 
 
 7. omnibus, § 221. 
 
 8. \kX = adeo ut. 
 
 99. — 1. miles, coWectixe = milites : cp. equeSj ch. 90. 
 
 2. per otium, * at their leisure.' 
 
 3. aciem, ' the order of battle ' ; aymen being the * order of 
 march.' 
 
 4. Baleares. These were slingers, etc. , from the islands of 
 Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica. 
 
 5. ab comibus, ' on the wings ' : cp. ch. 76, note 3. 
 
 100. 1. BOCivLm = 80€iorMm. 
 
 2. ad hoc, ' in addition to this.' 
 
 3. animis, 'in the courage displayed by both sides.' 
 
 4. contra, adverb. 
 
 101. — 1. simul, for simid atque. 
 
 2. circumventi. Cavalry and Gauls having been driven 
 back, the infantry was surrounded. 
 
 3. alia ; supply via. 
 
 4. interclusis, ' because they were cut off by the river.' 
 
 5. prae, 'on account of.' 
 
 6. ferrent, §§ 358, 420 {h). The subjunctix-e here serves a 
 double purpose for an indirect question and for the delibera- 
 tive conjunctive. 
 
 7. Placentiam. From this also they were probably divided 
 by the Trebia (ch. 89, note 6), but might cross it at the town 
 itself in safety : cp. ch. 20, note 8. 
 
 102. — 1. flumen petiere ; i.e. endeavoured to return to the 
 camp. 
 
 2. quod ... exercitus, § 260. 
 
 103.— 1. infestis signis; i.e. with hostile march. 
 
 2. ita, with terrills. 
 
 3. ad praedandmn, with effusoa. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 87 
 
 4. comitiis. The consul regularly presided over the 
 elections. 
 
 5 Cn. and C. are the abbreviations of Gnaeus and Gaius. 
 The letter C originally stood for the hard sounds of K and 
 G without distinction. When G was invented the old use 
 of C survived in these abbreviations, though not m the lull 
 names. 
 
 104.— 1. Romanis, § 221. 
 
 2. clausi, 'cut off.' 
 
 3. subveherent, § 452 (such as). 
 
 4 ipsonun : not s^ia because that would refer to the subject 
 of the principal clause, Hannibal ; ipse is often used as a 
 secondary reflexive pronoun. 
 
 5. quod ... traheretur, § 469. The subjunctive implies that 
 this was the complaint of the Gauls. 
 
 105 _1. reciprocare; lit. 'to move backwards and for- 
 wards' ; here, of the act of breathing. 
 
 2. strepere . . . micare . . . torpere, § 372. (R. 539. ) 
 3 capti auribUB, 'attacked in,' etc. Often it means so 
 attacked as to lose the use of the part mentioned. Captus 
 omnihiis memhris=' having lost the use of his hmbs : cp. cU. 
 118, altero ocido capitur. 
 
 106 _1. deintegro, 'afresh.' 
 
 2. explicare, ' to unfold (the canvas).' 
 
 3. statuere, ' to set up (the poles).' 
 
 4. quod statutum esset : subjunctive, because indefinite 
 and hypothetical : ch. 145, note 2. 
 
 5. Btrage, derived from stenio. 
 
 6. nequiret, §421. (R. 712.) 
 
 7. nervis, ' muscles.' 
 
 107.— 1. ad decem millia, 'to a point ten miles from the 
 town. ' 
 2. pro nmnero, ' in proportion to the number ' (of the slain). 
 
 108 —1 prodigia. Livy is not credulous about these, but 
 simply copies them down from the records of the porUiJices. 
 2. in quis ; supply nuntiatum est. 
 
88 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN IFAB. 
 
 3. trlumpliuin clamasse ; i.e. 'had cried lo triumphe' the 
 usual shout at a triumph. /' » ^ '^ 
 
 4. aedem lunonis ; i.e. at Lanuvium. 
 
 5. pulvinari' a cushioned seat' (from pw/nwM,s a cushion) 
 placed before the images of g(xis. 
 
 6. visos; i.e. '(persons) were seen.' 
 
 7. nec cum uUo congressus ; i.e. ' held no communications 
 with anyone. 
 
 8. lapidibus pluvisse, a meteoric or volcanic shower. 
 
 9. Caere, indecl. : abl. Caere. 
 
 10. sortes. Tiiese lots which shrank were slips of wood 
 or metal with words on them, which were consulted like an 
 oracle, by drawing at random. 
 
 11. vigili, §220 (a). 
 
 109.— 1. Ob caetera prodigria ; i.e. to know what measures 
 to take ; see note 1 on ch. 85. 
 
 2. libros : the sibylline books, which were in charce of a 
 l>oard of ten {decejnviri aacris faciundis). 
 
 3. pluvisset: virtual oratio ohliqua, §469. The truth of 
 tlie statement is not vouched for by Livy. 
 
 4. novendiale sacrum. This was the established remedy 
 for a fall of stones. ^ 
 
 5 lustrata. This was done by a procession round the city 
 walla, with prayers and sprinkling of holy water ; ordinarily 
 performed at the end of every five years {Imtriim). 
 
 6 hostiae maiores ; i.e. 'full-grown animals,' opposed to 
 lacteiUes, ch. 115, note 2. ' i'i' 
 
 7. ex auri pondo quadragrinta = ex quadraginta {IihH») auri 
 pondo. londo means ' by weight,' the original form being 
 libra pojido = & pound ; then it came to be used by itself in- 
 declinable. Qmt pondo ? = how many pounds ? 
 
 8. lectisternium : ' the offering of banquets in the temples.' 
 
 9. suppllcatio : a series of prcxjessions, in which all joined, 
 to the various temples, accompanied by a religious service. 
 
 10. Oenio, the guardian spirit of the Roman people. 
 
 11. vota suscipere si . . stetisset, 'to undertake vows (to 
 t)e paid) in the event that, ' etc. (Stetismt, in historic sequence 
 tor steterit, primary : ch. 84, note 2, and 122, note 2.) 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 89 
 
 12. liaec procurata votaque ; i.e. 'the provision of this,' 
 etc. Concrete for abstract : ch. 3, note 6. 
 
 13. magna ex parte, ' in a great measure.' 
 
 14. religione; i.e. the feeling of awe which the prodigies 
 inspired. 
 
 110.— 1. designatorum. So called from their election till 
 the ides of March, when they actually took office : see ch. 114. 
 
 2. adesset, § 417 {h). 
 
 3. in provincia ; i.e. the province of Ariminum (or Gallic 
 Umbria). This soon after ceased to be a province. Gallia 
 Cisalpina was not yet one. 
 
 4. memori, agreeing with huic. 
 
 5. certaminum, § 265. Flaminius had proposed an agrarian 
 law 232 B.C. for dividing land in the north of Italy among the 
 people. In 223, when consul, he had gained a victory over 
 the Gauls, though the Senate had found a flaw in his election 
 and recalled him before the battle. On his return he cele- 
 brated a triumph, though the Senate refused permission. 
 
 6. pataibus, 'the Senate.' 
 
 7. uno, ' alone.' 
 
 8. tulerat, 'had proposed.' 
 
 9. cuive senator pater fuisset, 'or the son of a senator': 
 ch. 84, note 2. 
 
 10. amphorarum. The amphora was a liquid measure equal 
 to six gallons, used as a measure of the capacity of ships. 
 
 11. esset, §468. 
 
 12. quaestus, 'commercial speculation.' The people are 
 always jealous of the combination of power and wealth. In 
 Sallust's ' Jugurtha ' the tribune Memmius complains, penes 
 eosdem et summam gloriam et maximas divitias esse. 
 
 lll._l. ementiendis, 'tampering with.' 
 
 2. Latinarum feriarum, the ancient festival of the Latin 
 league, when the consuls offered sacrifice on the Alban mount. 
 
 3. non cum senatu, etc. ; i.e. ' (people said) that not with 
 the Senate,' etc. 
 
 4 cum diis : because the consuls had to offer sacrifices on 
 the Capitol when they took office, which Flaminius neglected. 
 
90 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 5. universi. This must be exaggerated, for nothing effec- 
 tive was done. This account is probably hostile to Flaminius. 
 
 112. — 1. legati, 'commissioners.* 
 
 2. mterae, the letter of recall, which Flaminius had dis- 
 regarded : ch. 110, note 5. 
 
 3. immolanti ei, ' while he was sacrificing,' implying that 
 misfortune was portended to him by the event. 
 
 4. in omen magni terroris, ' as a terrific portent.' 
 
 . 113. — 1. exercituum depends on hihemisy and has the geni- 
 tive utriusque partis dependent upcjii it. 
 
 2. ipsonim inter se fraude, * their treachery to one another' ; 
 the conspiracies being disclosed by the conspirators them- 
 selves. 
 
 114.— 1. de republica rettulisset. Referre is ' to consult 
 the senate,' de republica, * on the state of public affairs.' 
 
 2. iustum imperium, because the imperium was formally 
 conferred by a lex curiata moved for by the consul. 
 
 3. id; i.e. the ampiciuni or 'divine sanction,' testified by 
 omens. This Flaminius had not taken with him, because he 
 lett Rome as a private person, nor could he obtain it {concip- 
 ere) except on Roman soil, of which a province was not part. 
 
 115. —1. auctoribus, ' the witnesses who vouched for them.' 
 
 2. maioribus bostiis, opposed to lacteiUibus ; cp. ch. 109 
 note 6. ^ ' 
 
 3. procurarentur : see note 1 on ch. 85. 
 
 4. supplicatio : see note 9 on ch. 109. 
 
 116.— 1. quum, 'although.' The ordinary passes were 
 being guarded by the consuls at Arretium and Ariminum. 
 
 2. inundaverat, intrans. 
 
 3. id, ' those troops. ' 
 
 4. novissimos, 'last.' 
 
 5. Gallos after cohiheutem. 
 
 6. dilaberentur, ' fall out of the ranks': ch. 84, note 2 (so 
 praeirent below). 
 
 117.— 1. qua modo, conditional {si modo) : cp. ch. 145, 
 note ti, 
 
 2. immergentes se, 'plunging into deep water.' 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 91 
 
 3 GaUi. Compare the character of the Gauls given by 
 C*sar, ' Bellum Gallicum,' iii. 19 ; ut ad hella smcipienda 
 Gallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis ac mmime 
 resistens ad calamitates perferendas mens eorum est. 
 
 4. vigiliae, ' want of sleep.' 
 
 118—1. steraerent, § 453. (R. 680.) 
 
 2. necessaxium, properly of that to which one is driven by 
 necessity ; hence of that which is barely sutfacient. 
 
 3. oculis, § 235. 
 
 4. quo = w^ eo, § 453. 
 
 5. gravante, agreeing with humare, but referring also to 
 vigiliis. 
 
 6. altero occulo capitur : see note 3 on ch. 105. 
 
 119.— 1. copias, ' the means.' 
 
 2. in primis ; i.e. regionibus, ' equal to the best.' 
 
 3. ferox ab, etc. His spirit was raised by successful insub- 
 ordination. 
 
 4. non modo = nou modo non. 
 
 5. lepum, §262. (R. 525.) 
 
 120.— 1. eo, ' for that reason ' : often with comparatives. 
 2. caedibus, etc., § 240. 
 
 121.— 1. vagari, infinitive clause in apposition to *id,' 
 § 414(c). ^ , 
 
 2. collegam exspectandum ... cohibendum esse, namely 
 
 that,' etc. 
 
 3. coniunctis exercitibus, § 237. 
 
 4. effusa, 'unrestrained.' 
 
 122.-1- effodiant, § 417 (a). (R- 672.) 
 
 2 obtorpuerunt, § 438. As a rule, in conditions the indi- 
 cative is used if the event supposed is one which may actually 
 have occurred or be occurring at the time when the words are 
 used. The subjunctive either refers to the future (m primary 
 tenses, present or perfect), or, if used of past and Present in 
 historic tenses, imperf. or plupf.), implies that the event sup^ 
 posed has not occurred and is not occurring. (But the tuture 
 indicative is also used as equivalent to present subjunctive.) 
 (R. 638, 639.) 
 
92 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 3. primoribus, the members of the aristocracy in the armv • 
 opposed always to Flaminius. ^ ^ * 
 
 123.— 1. agri, § 260. 
 
 2. velut ... reUcto BpsLtio = veiiU spatium relictum sit. 
 
 3. de industria, 'on purpose.' 
 
 Pint; ""a^^^ J^IY^';* ' *t^^ ^^ ^ ^y^ th« ^»"« again come 
 the asT" ' P^'"^ '^ ^^""^ half-way through 
 
 5. consideret, §411, Note. 
 
 6. post montes ; i.e. so as to be concealed in the hills by the 
 side or the pass. *^ 
 
 7. tumulis, ' mounds ' near the lake. 
 
 8. intrassent, § 432. 
 
 .2^'V\ ."^""T -. Pervenisset, etc. Observe how the clauses 
 are Imked together into one sentence by quum, ablative abso- 
 lute, and postqiiam, where in English we should break it into 
 separate sentences, e.g. 'The consul had encamped in the 
 evening on the side of the lake... he had made a forced 
 march, and had arrived at his position so late that he could 
 not examine the frmnnrl h..f^r.^ i,;^ t.-„„i.. .i . , ^oum 
 
 not examine the ground before him. Early the next mornrng 
 
 (Arnold, ' Hist, of Rome,' vol. iiiT 
 
 he set forward again,' etc 
 p. 89.) 
 
 2. angrustiis, ' the narrow defile ' at the entrance of the pass 
 
 3. id . . . hostium, § 260. (R. 522. ) 
 
 4. ab tergro ; i.e. the cavalry. 
 
 5. super caput ; i.e. the light-armed troops. 
 125.-1. inter se .. conspecta, ' visible to one another.' 
 
 2. Romanus, ' the Romans ' generally. 
 
 3. in frontem, etc.. in the direction of, etc. 
 
 § 427!^'(r!'698T' ^^''' '"^ ^^'*' ""^ """^ ^""^ ^^"' ^^ ^"• 
 5. possent : subjunctive, not because these actions did not 
 
 on fh?f f Vk "* ^^'^"'? ^''^' ^'""^ '' ^^°"g^»t «^ as depending 
 on that of the principal sentence. f b 
 
 .J^^^'~}:u^^^^^?' .^^''"' gnisque. This clause gives the 
 reason of the confusion {turbatos ordiiie). 
 
 2. evadendum, § 382. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 93 
 
 3. Bit, § 467. The sentence depends on a (historic) present, 
 to be supplied from itihet. 
 
 VZl -\ tantum aberat ut...ut vix, etc. Tantum aheat 
 is followed by two ut clauses, the first substantival (being the 
 subject of the verb), the second consecutive, § 422, Note 1. 
 
 (R. 712, h.) . c ^ V, . 
 
 o strepentium . . . paventium. Strepere is used of the shouts 
 oflhe victors. We should say here 'cries of triumph and 
 panic ' : cp. fremitus indiijnantium, * murmurs of indigna- 
 tion.' Concrete for abstract : cp. note 6 on ch. 3. 
 
 3. alii ... aUos, expressing the complete confusion of every- 
 thing. 
 
 128.— 1- capti, 'checked,' and so rendered useless: cp. 
 note 3 on ch. 105. 
 
 2 hastatos . principes . triarios; i.e. the first, second, 
 and third line of the Roman legion. The first two consisted 
 normally of 1200 men each, and the third always of bOO. 
 
 3. ut .. esset, consecutive, ' in such a form that,' etc. 
 
 4. senserit, § 421. (R. 712.) 
 
 129 - 1. robora virorum. As we say, ' the flower of the 
 army,' the stoutest and best soldiers. 
 2. Ducario, § 224, Note. 
 
 3 facie quoque ; i.e. not only by his dress. 
 
 4. popularibus suis, with inquit. The Gaul refers to the 
 war of 123 B.C., in which Flaminius defeated the Insubrians. 
 
 5 manibus. The idea of off-ering victims to the spirits of 
 the dead who demand vengeance is ancient and natural. 
 
 6. triarii. The men of the third line or reserve were tried 
 veterans, faithful here to the last. 
 
 1^ -1 super alium alii. The reference is to Ijoth ar^na 
 and^iri, the two together being equivalent to cum armis vvn. 
 
 § 160. ^ ^, 
 
 2. quoad capitibus . . exstare possunt ; i. e. as far as they can 
 
 without being out of their depth. 
 
 3 fuere quos ... impulerit. Sunt qui (indefinite) is followed 
 
 by subjunctive, § 452 (c) (such that). 
 4. nequicquam, with/e^si. 
 
94 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAB. 
 
 thJoVlhe'pLT"'^ '"• '''^ ""^^ '''''' ""^ '''^'^''' - 
 
 2. ag:erentur The subjunctive expresses their uncertainty 
 as to what might be happening. Quae auebantur would be a 
 dehnite reference to the facts known by the historian 
 
 3. esset, §420(6). (R. 750.) 
 
 4. Inclinata re, ' ^hen the battle was decided.' 
 
 5. dispulsa nebula : concrete for abstract ; cp. ch. 127 
 note 2, and ch. 3, note 6. , f ^ '• i^/, 
 
 6. llquida, 'clear.' 
 
 132.-1. agmine, used of the order of march, as opposed 
 
 2. super, * over and above. ' 
 
 3. fidem dante=rjr>o///c«?>?^e. 
 
 4. tradidissent : in oratio recta, tradideritis : ch. 84, note 2. 
 
 5. Punica religrione : cp. notes 13 and 14 on ch. 5. 
 
 133.— 1. multiplex, 'many times' (what I have reckoned). 
 
 2. facta traditur, § 370, and ch. 77, note 10. 
 
 3. Fabium, Q. Fabius Pictor, the father of Roman history, 
 who took part in this war. ^ 
 
 4. captlvorum, partitive genitive. 
 
 5. qui ... essent, 'any who were.' 
 
 6. Latini nominls ; i.e. not necessarily natives of Latium 
 but Italians to whom Rome gave certain political rights. 
 
 7. segregrata sepeliri. We should say, ' to be separated 
 a/ifl? buned ': ch. 124, note 1. ^ 
 
 8. Inquisltum non invenit, ' he looked for hvt did not find.' 
 134.-1. esset, § 420 (h). (R. 750.) 
 
 2. comitium, the place where magistrates would address 
 the people, adjoining the Forum. 
 
 3. curiam, where the Senate was sitting. 
 
 135.— 1. certius, 'more definite.' 
 
 2. suorum, after cyinsqne ; § 259. (R. 520.) 
 
 3. certum babuit, 'felt sure.' 
 
 , 136.— 1. inquisissent. The subjunctive expresses their 
 intention rather than the fact that they did so ; p. 163, iv. 2. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 95 
 
 2. cerneres, § 355. (R. 644.) 
 
 3. domos, § 273. 
 
 137^ 1. praetores, for the consuls were not there. 
 
 2. resisti, §299. (R. 569.) 
 
 133 _1. propraetore, the regular title of a consul's dele- 
 gate. * Proconsul is the governor of a province : ch. 153, note 1. 
 
 2. post pugiiam...auditam, concrete for abstract: 'after 
 the news of the battle ' : ch. 3, note 6. 
 
 3. circumventa : supply esse. 
 
 4. priorum : i.e. iachirarum. 
 
 5. causa, ' a malady.' 
 
 6. sentiretur, § 467: dependent on exisfimahant ...aesti- 
 mandnm esse. So also incideref,, aggravaret, posseiU. 
 
 7. viribUB extenuatis : opposed to rerum magnitudine, ' the 
 exhaustion of,' etc. Cp. ISici/ia amissa, ivterfectus dmninus, 
 pugna audita^ etc. : ch. 3, note 6. 
 
 139 _i. dictatorem. The dictator was absolute, and super- 
 seded' all other magistrates. His term of office was limited to 
 six months, but he usually resigned when the special thing 
 was done for which he was appointed. 
 
 2. uno = «o/o. 
 
 3. populus. Usually the Senate decided that a dictator 
 should be appointed, and a consul nominated the man. Here, 
 as the consul was not present, they did not venture to nominate 
 {dicere) at all, but had recourse to popular election, as for a 
 consul. 
 
 4. magistrum equitum : nominated usually by the dictator ; 
 he was not really in command of the cavalry, but simply second 
 in rank to the dictator. 
 
 5. negotium datum =mawd!a<itm. 
 
 6. firmarent, § 417 (c). 
 
 7. videretur, 'seemed good.' 
 
 8. dimicandum esse., nequissent. Indirect statement after 
 a verb to be supplied. 
 
 140 1. We now return to the events in Spain of the pre- 
 vious year, the year in which Hannibal was crossing the 
 Alps. An account of these events is a necessary part of the 
 
96 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 history of the war, for liere the Romans gained successes 
 which m some degree balanced the victories c^ Hann S 
 1 he importance of the Spanish war cannot be estimated t^ 
 high y ; for by disputing the possession of Spain, the iSia^ 
 deprived their enemy of his best nursery of solTersTrom 
 which otherwise he would have been able to raise arm; afte^ 
 army for the invasion of Italy. But its importance consisted 
 not so much in tJie particular events, as in its beingTpt\m 
 
 success oMh^'p "'" ^"^ti"-° '"^"'""f ^^Pl^nation in the 
 of 20 mo ri^n ^'''S' Their army haS originally consisted 
 whn?/H^^ i' f"^/- '^«»P'« brought some reinforcements; 
 while Hasdrubal and Hanno in their two armies had a force 
 not much superior : hence, after the total defeat of Hanno 
 
 success FTsr' Tf ''^ ^""^^"^ ^''^ ^"^ -han-Cf 
 success. i^or Spanish levies were now no longer to l)e 
 
 depended on, while the Romans were inviting the nations of 
 Spain to leave the Carthaginians and come ovfrlo them f n 
 this contest between the two nations, which should most 
 influence the minds of the Spaniards, ihe ascendency of t^^^^^ 
 drawn" asTv'""' "^^^^-'J^^ ^^own ; and the na^^/es were 
 (Arrid «m^forvn?p""'H*^ attraction, to the worthier." 
 ^Arnold, History of Rome,' vol. iii. p. 135 ) 
 
 2. geruntur, § 338. 
 
 3. Cn. Cornelius Sclplo, brother of P. Scipio the conmil wlin 
 
 4. in Hispaniam ... missus : see ch. 53. 
 
 5. circumvectus ; i.e. by sea. 
 
 preaicut. (K. 517.) Dmo is s.\s<, wrtten ditio. A similar 
 
 (cJ/Jr'cXe^-. hJ!!" "".^."^ r^^'^y '""^^"•'^ '^ ^^" together' 
 S' in tt.! ff ^ ^ ^""? together' or ' M^in to one- 
 
 selt , in the latter meaning used either of persons or things. 
 
 8. ad, as far as,' with rafuit. 
 
 9 ferociores iam ; i.e. where they U^gan to be more, etc. 
 
 10. auxlliorum, used of allies beyond Italy. 
 
 11. cohortes. A cohort was from 3(X) to 600 men. 
 
 thJ riV7r!' '^'' ^''''" ^"'P^""'' P^'"^ ^^ ''^"^ '' '«" the north of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 97 
 
 2. eundum, § 382. 
 
 3. sciret, § 454. (R. 718.) 
 
 4. dimicandum, § 382. 
 
 5. magni certaminis, § 255 : * it did not involve a very 
 serious struggle.' 
 
 6. capiuntur: Appendix 11 1. (Synesis). Ipse dux \s gram- 
 matically the subject. Observe the variation to the historic 
 present. 
 
 7. parvi iiTetM = vifium : § 255. 
 
 8. rerum . . . mancipiorum, depending on praeda. 
 
 9. citra, from the point of view of the armies in Spain : 
 'on the south of the mountains.' 
 
 142 —1. equitum. MUle may be used either as an adjective 
 indeci. or as a substantive followed by genitive. Millia is 
 always a substantive. 
 
 2. tanquam occursurus, like w5 witli future partic. in Greek, 
 expresses the purpose (ch. 13, note 4). 
 
 3. perditas res ; i.e. that a decisive defeat had been sus- 
 tained. 
 
 4. accepit; i.e. ' received information.' 
 
 5 Tarracons, situated on a high rock near the sea, the 
 great stronghold of the Romans in this war, as Carthago ^ova 
 of their enemies. Its harbour was not very good. 
 
 6. ut .. creent, § 415. The clause is here in apposition to 
 quod, which is the subject of the principal verb. 
 
 7. animadvertisset, 'inflicted punishment.' 
 
 143. — 1- imperatis, in its transitive sense used personally 
 in the passive. 
 
 2 multatos. The want of a past partic. active causes that 
 the passive partic. should be used (not necessarily as ablative 
 absolute). 
 
 3. ius, 'the Roman authority.' 
 
 144.— 1. etipsos: ch. 85, note 2. 
 
 2. ad, ' as many as ' ; the expression ad duodecim miflia 
 being here used as subject to the verb : cp. ch. 148, near the 
 end. 
 
 3. dies, § 278. 
 
 G 
 
98 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAR. 
 
 4. quattuor pedes, § 283. 
 
 5. pluteos : much the same as vineae^ but perhaps smaller 
 and lighter. 
 
 6. tutamentum. The more usual construction is dative, 
 tutamento, ^ 225. 
 
 7. fuerit, § 421. 
 
 8. deduntur, like deditio, used of capitulation. 
 
 145. — 1. Carthagine ; i.e. Carthago Nova. 
 
 2. occurrisset : subj., because virtually conditional. 'If 
 the enemy should meet me either on land or on sea, I mean 
 to engage him.' Si occurrat, conjlicturm sum. (R. 628.) 
 Paratus coujlitjere stands for the future participle. Here 
 the const^cution of tenses is historic ; hence occurrisset : ch. 
 84, note 2. 
 
 3. minus, equivalent to a negative. 
 
 4. BlX&ro — seciuido. 
 
 146.— 1. specula toriae ; i.e. naves. 
 
 2. nondum . . . aperientibus ; i.e. 'still hiding.' 
 
 3. nihil minus = qnidvis pot ins. 
 
 4. classem ... esse, § 413. " In oblique narration the three 
 forms of indirect speech are frequently combined under the 
 government of one principal verb." 
 
 147. — 1. funes, the hawsers attached to the stern. 
 
 2. resolvunt. "With qnnin the subjunctive implies that 
 the event exercises or might exercise an influence on the 
 event named in the principal sentence" (R. 722) : hence the 
 former event must be more or less antecedent to the latter. 
 Here, however, the action expressed by the temporal clause 
 is subsequent to conscenderaiU. The indicative is also used 
 when the intention is merely to mark the time, and not to 
 indicate connection. The sentence here might have run 
 quu?n vix conscendissent . . . resolvnnt. 
 
 3. agendo, etc., 'by reason of the hurried action.' 
 
 4. miles, collectively for miiites ; so perhaps Bomanus 
 below. 
 
 148.— 1. ipsi strengthens snomet, for which see § 96(a). 
 2. inermes, from arma : cp. excepti, from capio. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 99 
 
 3. suppressae, 'sunk.' 
 
 4. hostium, ' in the possession of the enemy,* § 254. 
 
 5. praetentam. Prae in composition often implies position 
 or motion along the edge of a tiling ; cp. praelegere oram, 
 ♦ to coast along the shore ' : ch. 150. 
 
 6. religatas : cp. ch. 143, note 2. Another example is cap- 
 tamque diripuissent^ ch. 149. 
 
 149.-1. Carthaginem : ch. 145, note 1. 
 2. iniuncta. No buildings ought to adjoin the walls of a 
 fortified ^own. 
 
 150. _1. transmissum, § 299. (R. 569). Transmittere is 
 often used as an intransitive verb. 
 
 2. in, ' with a view to.' 
 
 3. citeriora; i.e. from a Roman point of view : the part 
 called afterwards Hispama cittrior. Of course Spain was 
 not a Roman province at this time, though the vi or A provmcia 
 is used here. 
 
 4. populi ampUus centum viginti. The omission of quam 
 yf'ith plus, minus, amplius, etc., is not uncommon. 
 
 5. dicionis Romanae : see ch. 140, note 6, and ch. 154, 
 note 5. 
 
 151 _i fuisset per Poenum hostem : a condition inform- 
 ally expressed. (R. 642.) 'If only the Carthaginians had 
 been concerned.' 
 
 2. novas res, 'change,' esp. of government; i.e. 'revolu- 
 tion.' 
 
 3. ut tumultuariam manum, ' being, as they were, a mere 
 band of insurgents.' 
 
 4. armis, § 229. 
 
 152. 1. Novam classem : the name of a place ; position 
 
 uncertain. 
 
 2. alio, adverb. 
 
 3. avertit : see ch. 147, note 2. 
 
 4. principes=j[>rj7Ht: 'first of the tribes in their part of 
 the country.' 
 
 5. ad quindecim millia : see ch. 144, note 2. 
 
100 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 153 __1. prorogate. The practice of appointing a consul 
 or praetor to command in a province after the expiration of 
 his regular office soon after this Injcame general. He would 
 then be called pro-consul. 
 
 2. longis navitous, 'war ships.' Oneraria is a merchant 
 ship or transj)ort. 
 
 3. tenuit, 'reached.' 
 
 4. milite : ch. 147, note 4. 
 
 5. occupatis : ch. 83, note 3. 
 
 6. traditos ; i.e. to the governor of the town. , 
 
 7. custodiri, § 414 («). (R. 537.) 
 
 154.— 1. soUerti magls quam fldeli : a mild description of 
 an act of gross treaciiery. 
 
 2. qualia : here = talia enim. 
 
 3. id agebat, 'he made it his object.' 
 
 4. ut ... esset : substantival clause, because in apposition tc 
 wZ, the object of agehaf, but the vt has also a final sense. 
 
 5. potestatis eius : ch. 140, note 6. 
 
 6. unam . . . maxime = maxiint omnium. 
 
 155.— 1. abductum : ch. 143, note 2. 
 
 2. sit, §420{/>). (R. 750.) 
 
 3. continuisse : ch. 146, note 4. 
 
 4. abessent, § 4^7. 
 
 5. els, from the speaker's point of view : S. of the river. 
 
 156. —1. miranti, etc., after inqiiit. The participles to be 
 translated by clauses. 
 
 2. quodnam, § 100 ; the adjectival form. 
 
 3. credi, §§ 299, 302. 
 
 4. habita fides : ' trust reposed ' in a man : Jidem is the 
 ' faithful service ' in n^turn. 
 
 5. domos, § 273. 
 
 6. opera, ' pains or trouble in doing ' a thing. 
 
 7. suapte, § 96 (c). 
 
 8. possim : sulx)rdinate to the final clause, but it might be 
 subj. in any case : see ch, 145, note 2, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 101 
 
 157.— 1. ad cetera, etc., * equal to....' Certainly the 
 man acts with almost incredible folly. 
 
 2. conventis. This verb is sometimes transitive ; hence 
 its use personally in the passive. 
 
 3. fide : promise of protection on the one hand and service 
 on the other. 
 
 4. cum iis ; i.e. the Romans. 
 
 5. cetera omnia; that is, they were restored to their 
 families by Abelux, but in the name of the Romans. 
 
 158.— 1. aliquanto, § 244. 
 
 2. in re pari ; i.e. bj-^ the same action. 
 
 3. Carthaginiensium. Supply gratia. 
 
 4. fUisset; i.e. if they had done as they intended: so 
 potuifiset in tiie next sentence. 
 
 5. illos. lUe commonly means the former, hie the latter, 
 because the first mentioned is the more distant. But here 
 the Carthaginians, though mentioned last, are the more 
 distant in the mind of the writer. 
 
 6. expertos : passive, ' found by experience to be,' etc. ; 
 fortmia here means ' ill fortune.' 
 
 7. baud frustra, ' not without good reason' ; i.e. the seces- 
 sion of Abelux, a man of foresight, was taken as evidence 
 that the Romans were the l>etter allies. 
 
 8. spectare, 'aim at,' § .372. (R. 5.39.) 
 
 9. forent . . . intervenisset ; seech. 122, 2. (R. 638.) 
 
INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 103 
 
 INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 [In each case the Number of the Chapter and that of the Note is 
 
 referred to.] 
 
 A, 62. 4. 
 
 a6, 8. 6. 
 
 ab ea parte, 20. 5 : cp. 40. 2 ; 
 
 64. 4, etc. 
 ahest. {tantum abest ut...iU)y 
 
 127. 1. 
 accipere, 50. 1 : 142. 4. 
 acicft, 99. 3. 
 ad (to the number of), 46. 2 : 
 
 144. 2. 
 ad wium, 77. 5. 
 ad, with gerundive, 5. 7 : 21. 
 
 6, etc. 
 ad verso Jlumine, 49. 2. 
 Aegates insulae, 16. 1 : 75. 3. 
 id agerCy 154. 3, 4. 
 agmen, 60. 3. 
 aifai'ia, 2. 3. 
 alter, 31. 7 : 65. 10. 
 amphora, 110. 10. 
 anceps, 1. 6. 
 
 animadvertere in, 142 7. 
 Ariminum, province of, 110. 
 
 3. 
 at enim, 74. 4. 
 auspicium, 114. 3. 
 auxilia, 140. 10. 
 
 Baleares, 99. 4. 
 .Bo»i, 44. 1. 
 
 a (for Gaius), 103. 5. 
 
 Caere, 108. 9. 
 
 cantus, 50. 4. 
 
 cap<?w, 105. 3: 128. 1 : cp. 118.7. 
 
 Carthago, for C. Nova, 145. 1 : 
 
 149. 1. 
 Carthago Nova, 38. 1. 
 castellnm, 60. 1. 
 cavalry, complement of, 31. 10. 
 censeo, 18. 5. 
 circumvectus, 140. 5. 
 cU, citra, 141. 1, 10 : 150. 3, etc. 
 Cn. (for Gnaeus), 103. 5. 
 cognate accus. : 49. 3. 
 cohors, 140. 11. 
 rolonia, 44. 2. 
 comitia, 94. 3. 
 comitium, 134. 2. 
 commeatus, 39. 3. 
 conciliare, 140. 7. 
 concrete for abstract, 3. 6 : 7-1, 
 
 8: 29.2: 54.4: 127.2, etc. 
 condition, future, expr. by pri- 
 mary tenses of subj., 
 122. 2. 
 
 , expr. by fut. partic. 
 
 in apodosis, 81. 6. 
 
 , implied, 5. 4 : 158. 4. 
 
 , indicative mood in, 
 
 122.2. 
 
 condition, informally ex- 
 pressed, 77. 4: 79. 1: 
 81. 5: 151. 1. 
 
 , unfulfilled, expr. by 
 
 historic tenses of subj. 
 17. 4: 58. 5, etc. 
 
 , virtual, with relative, 
 
 66. 3 : 145. 2. 
 
 contio, 54. 2. 
 
 convenire, 157. 2. 
 
 dare stragem, 58. 6. 
 deditio, 7. 13 : cp. 144. 8. 
 deducere, 30. 9. 
 de industria, 28. 1 : 123. 3. 
 de integro, 46. 4 : 106. 1. 
 deliberative conjunctive, 20. 8. 
 Delta, 57. 1. 
 deposcere, 15. 7. 
 de^ignatus, 110. 1. 
 denpondere animos, 65. 5. 
 dicio (ditto) 7. 6 : 140. 6. 
 dicionift facer e, 140. 6: 150. 5: 
 
 cp. 154. 5. 
 dictator, 1.39. 1, 3. 
 in die^, 92. 1. 
 dam, withpres. ind. 11. 3: 46. 
 
 5 : 140. 2, etc. , but cp. 40. 1 . 
 dux (a guide), 54. 1 : 63. 4. 
 
 ecquis, 77. 2. 
 ellipsis, 77. 1. 
 emeivius (pass.), 54. 3. 
 ementiri. 111. 1. 
 Kryx, 16. 2 : 75. 7. 
 et, que, etc., 29. 7. 
 evadere (with accus.), 59. 5. 
 ex adverao, 49. 1 : cp. 20. 5. 
 excidere (of lots), 77. 7. 
 exfoedere, 16. 5. 
 6xper<?t« (pass. ), 158, 6. 
 
 Fabiut Pictor, 133. 3. 
 
 fances, 55. 3. 
 
 ferax, 57. 2. 
 
 feriae Latinae, 111. 2. 
 
 /erox, 33. 1 : 42. 1. 
 
 Jides, 45. 1 : 156. 4 : 157. 3. 
 
 Flaminius, 110. 5. 
 frenati {eqnites), 86. 3. 
 frustra, 158. 7. 
 fidgor, 80. 5. 
 funis, 147. 1. 
 
 future partic. used condition- 
 ally, 81. 6. 
 
 ,expr. purpose, 53. 2: 
 
 142. 3. 
 
 future subjunctive, 39. 2. 
 
 Gallia Cisalpina, 31. 9. 
 Galliae, 41. 4. 
 Gauls, character of, 117. 3. 
 Genius, 109. 10. 
 
 Hamihar Barca, 14. 4. 
 
 Hannibal, 1.3: 5. 12. 
 
 Hanno, 14. 1. 
 
 hic...Ule, 12. 9: 158. 5. 
 
 Hispaniae, 41. 4. 
 
 historic infin. 105. 2 : 158. 8. 
 
 historic present, 9. 5: 12. 11: 
 
 34. 3, etc. 
 hospitium, 3. 4. 
 hostiae maiores, 109. 6. 
 lactentes, 115. 2. 
 
 tV/e, 158. 5. 
 imperatus, 143. 1. 
 impersonal use of verbs in the 
 
 passive, 12. 10 : 19. 2 : 27. 
 
 1, 4 : 34. 1, etc. 
 Indi, 51. 5. 
 indigna, 36. 6. 
 inermis, 148. 2. 
 iniuria, 32. 8. 
 idsidere (with accus.), 58. 4. 
 
104 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 inter .se, 1. 4 : 125. 1. 
 ipse, 62. 3 : 85. 2. 
 ipse (as reflexive), 104. 4. 
 iungere {jlumeu), 8:J. 1. 
 ills (jentium, 15. 5. 
 iusta, 32. 1. 
 
 iustum imperinm, 114. 2. 
 inventus, 10. 7. 
 
 lapidihns jyinere, 108. 8. 
 Latinum nomen, 133. 6. 
 lectisterninm, 109. 8. 
 m %f , 77. 3. 
 iegio, 30. 5. 
 levy, .30. 4. 
 /t7>ri Sihyllini, 109. 2. 
 lustrare, 109. 5. 
 Lulalhis, C. 32. 10. 
 
 maqister equitum, 139. 4. 
 maior {natn), 57. 3. 
 manes, 14. 3 : 129. 5. 
 measure, ablat. of, 158. 1. 
 mereri, 5. 15. 
 mfr'dum. 36. 2 : 57. 4. 
 w«7«.s (collective), 147. 4: 153. 
 
 4 : cp. 90. 3, etc. 
 mille, 7nilh'a, 142. 1. 
 ininux, 145. 3. 
 munire viam, 69. 1. 
 
 navis lomja, 31. 3 : 153. 2. 
 
 oneraria, 153. 2. 
 
 specnlatoria, 146. I. 
 
 ne ... quidem, 72. 5. 
 necessarium, 118. 2. 
 A'ova dassis, 152. 1. 
 novae res, 151. 2. 
 novendiale sacrum, 109. 4. 
 
 oblique narration, 146. 4. 
 
 , tenses in, 19. 3 : 
 
 29.9: 36.5. 
 ohtinere, 3. 3: 41. 5: 64. 3. 
 
 occnpatus, 83. 3. 
 olive, 63. 2. 
 opera, 156. 6. 
 
 participial construction, 25. 2 : 
 
 156. 1, etc. 
 passus, 9. 3. 
 past participle active, want of 
 
 in Latin, 7. 12 : 9. 4 : 143. 
 
 2 : 148. 6, etc. 
 patres, 1 10. 6. 
 pax, 58. 1. 
 
 ]>er otium. 50. 5 : 99. 2. 
 periculnm, 1. 7. 
 personal construction of dici- 
 
 tur,etc.,35. 2: cp. 77. 10. 
 piaculum. 18. 6. 
 plate i, 144. 5. 
 pondo, 109. 7. 
 jwfndus, 30. 10. 
 
 (for retfio), 63. 1. 
 
 potestatem facere, 84. 3. 
 />ra€ (in composition), 148. 5. 
 praecijntare (intr. ) 46. 1. 
 praestare, 57. 6 : cp. 64. 6. 
 pi-iiiceps,5. 1 1 : (with partitive 
 
 genitive) 152. 4. 
 procojisuf, 153. 1. 
 prornratio, 85 1. 
 f>rodi(fia, 108. 1. 
 propraetor, 138. 1. 
 proroijare, 153. 1. 
 proviuna, 30. 3 : 150. 3. 
 pvheres, 27. 2. 
 pvhlice amicus, 23. 1. 
 ptdvinar, 108. 5, 
 Punica fides, 5. 13. 
 purpose, 13. 4. 
 
 , expr. by fut. partic. 
 
 53. 2 : 142. 3. 
 
 , tt^ with gerundive, 5. 
 
 7: 21. 6, etc. 
 , causa with genit. 83. 2, 
 
 /iVD^X TO THE NOTES. 
 
 105 
 
 qnaestus, 110. 12. 
 
 quality, genitive of, 141. 6, 8. 
 
 gnam, with superlative, 49. 4 : 
 
 59. 1. 
 quam, omitted, 150. 4. 
 .s«?i/ ^?«t, 130. 3. 
 quidem, 74. 4. 
 quinqutremes, 30. 8. 
 (/w^mi (although), 116. 1. 
 qnum (with indie), 147. 2: 
 
 152. 3. 
 quuin primiim, 2. 5. 
 
 referre, 114. 1. 
 
 religio, 5. 14. 
 
 res, 142. 2. 
 
 res Romana, 29. 6. 
 
 rohora inrorum, 129. 1. 
 
 rtfcre, 21. 8. 
 
 Saquntnm, 4. 3. 
 
 8a^/s, 47. 2. 
 
 secundum, 49. 7. 
 
 semestris dux, 80. 9. 
 
 siqnum, 46. 6. 
 
 «i7^a;, 84. 8. 
 
 singidi, 48. 3. 
 
 8f;?-<e.s, 108. 10. 
 
 Spain, war in, 140. 1. 
 
 spectare, 158. 8. 
 
 specidatoria, 146. 1. 
 
 stoUdxis, 35. 4. 
 
 structure of sentences, 124. 1 
 
 133. 7, 8. 
 
 subjunctive after quicunque, 
 
 145. 2 : cp. 156. 1. 
 summum, adverb, 65. 9. 
 supplicatio, 30. 12 : 109. 9. 
 sujyprimere, 148. 3. 
 synesis, 50. 3 : 130. 1 : 141. 7. 
 
 T. (for Titus), 30. 1. 
 tahts, 68. 7. 
 Tarraco, 142. 5. 
 temporal conjunctions, 11. 2. 
 Ti. (for Tiberius), 30. 1. 
 turridus, 74. 7. 
 trailcere, 34. 2. 
 transmittere. 31. 5 : 37. 3. 
 Trebia, position of armies on, 
 
 89. 6. 
 triarii, 129. 6. 
 triumviri, 44. 4. 
 tumultus, 29. 8 : 98. 1. 
 turris mobilis, 21. 1. 
 
 ?f/^ro, 39. 5. 
 
 ar^i? unum, 77. 5. 
 
 7r;i?<s, 14. 1 : 154. 4. 
 
 «< (on condition that), 4. 1. 
 
 nt (when), 11. 2. 
 
 ut (for a^/eo ?*/)» 66. 2 : 98. 8. 
 
 utique, 91. 3. 
 
 Verg iliac, 65. 4. 
 vigilia, 90. 2. 
 vivea, 10. 2. 
 vota susciperCf 109. 11. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 N.B.— Tho numbers attached to verbs indicate the conjugation. The 
 numbers attached to other words mark the declension. Of verbs the 
 perfect and supine are given, and occasionally the infinitive ; of sub- 
 stantives the genitive case ; and of adjectives the terminations of gender 
 in the nominative, or, if there is one only, the genitive. 
 
 Derivations or etymological connexions are indicated by the words 
 given in square brackets. The quantity of syllables is occasionally 
 marked. 
 
 Abbreviations.— a., active, i.e. transitive ; abl. or ablat., ablative ; ace. 
 or accus., nccumtii-e \ adj., tuijectioe; adv., adverb; ch., chapter; cp., 
 compare; compar., comparative; conj., conjunction; dat, dative; def., 
 defective; dep., deponent; esp., especially; t, feminine ; fr., from; gen., 
 genitive; impers., impersonal; indecl., indeclinable; ind. , indicative ; inf., 
 infinitive; ht., literallir, m. , masculDie ; n., neutt-r gender (of suhstsintivefi), 
 neuter, i.e. intransitive (of verbs); partic, participle ; perf., perfect ; plur., 
 plimil; prep., preposition; \mm. , pronoun ; rel., relative; sing. , singular ; 
 subj., subjunctive ; superlat., sui^erlative ; sup., supine ; v., verb; w.', with. 
 
 a, ab {see note 6 on ch. 8), 
 
 prep. w. ABL. (of place), 
 
 from ; initiiim facere ab, to 
 
 begin inith ; (of agent) bp ; 
 
 (of position or direction) in, 
 
 on, e.g. a fronte, in front ; 
 
 ab latere, on the flank, 
 ab-nilco, xi, ctum, v. a .'J, fake 
 
 away, wifJidraw. [diico.] 
 Abelux, cis, m. 3, a Spaniard 
 
 of Saguntiun. 
 ab eo, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, v. 
 
 n., go a^vay. [eo.] 
 ab-ripio,ripere, ripui, reptum, 
 
 V. a. 3, cai-ry off. [rapio.] 
 ab-rumpo, rupi, ruptum, v. 
 
 a. 3, break aioay. [rumpo.] 
 abs-cedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 
 3, depart, [cedo.] 
 abs-tineo, tinui, tentuni, v. a. 
 
 and n., keep away, [teneo.] 
 
 ab-sum, esse, fui, v. n., he 
 absent, beivant{ng{^\ DAT.), 
 [sum.] 
 
 ab-stlmo, psi, ptum, v. a. 3, 
 carry away, destroy, con- 
 sume (of time), [sumo.] 
 
 ac, conj. (only before con- 
 sonants), and. 
 
 ac-cedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 3, approach ; be added, 
 often impersonal with 
 *quod.' [ad, cedo.] 
 
 ac-cendo, di, sum, v. a 3, 
 ■sf^t on fire, infiame, increase. 
 [cp. candeo.] 
 
 ac-cido, i, no sup., v. n. 3, 
 arrive, happen, [ad, cado.] 
 
 ac-cipio, cipgre, cepi, ceptum, 
 V. a. 3, receive^ hear, [ad, 
 capio.] 
 
 ac-cola, ae, m. 1, dweller 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 107 
 
 near{w. gen. of place), [ad, 
 colo. ] 
 acer, acris, acre, adj. (corn- 
 par, acrior), sharp, spirited. 
 acervus, i, m. 2, heap. 
 acies, ei, f. 5, live of battle, 
 
 battle-field. 
 acriter,*adv., compar. acrius, 
 
 vigorously. 
 actuarius, a, um, adj. (of a 
 vessel),/or rowing, [actus. ] 
 acuo, ui, utum, v. a. 3, 
 
 sharpen. 
 
 ad, prep. w. acc, to, towards, 
 
 for (of purpose), according 
 
 to, compared to, in addition 
 
 to, a.9 many as. 
 
 ad-do, didi, ditum, v. a. 3, 
 
 add. [do.] 
 ad-eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. 
 n., approach, consult, [eo.] 
 ad-haereo, si, sum, v. n. 2, 
 
 cli7ig to. [haereo.] 
 ad-hibeo, ui, itum, v. a. 2, 
 
 apply, [habeo.] 
 ad-hortatio, onis, f. 3, exhor- 
 tation, encouragement, [hor- 
 
 tor.] 
 ad-hortor, atus, v. dep. i, 
 
 encourage, [hortor.] 
 ad-buc, adv., as yet, still (of 
 
 time), [hue] 
 ad-ig^o, egi, actum, v. a. 3, 
 
 drive, bind (by oath), [ago.] 
 ad-iicio (or ad-icio), ilcere, 
 
 ieci, tectum, v. a. 3, apply, 
 
 add. [iacio.] 
 ad imo, emi, emptum, v. a. 3, 
 
 take away, [emo.] 
 ad-itus, us, m. 4, vay oj 
 
 approach, [ad-eo.] 
 * ad-iuvo, iuvi, ifitum, v. a. 1, 
 
 assist, [iuvo.] 
 
 ad-miror, atus, v. dep. 1, 
 
 wonder at. [niiror.] 
 ad-mitto, si, ssum, v. a. 3, 
 
 admit, [mitto.] 
 ad-moveo, movi, niotum, v. a. 
 
 2, bring to. [moveo.] 
 ad-orior, ortus, v. dep., at- 
 tack, [ad ; orior, lit. rise 
 against. '\ 
 ad-5ro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 entreat, [ad, oro, 7>my <o.] 
 ad-sum, esse, fui, v. n., he 
 present, hdp (w. DAT.), 
 [sum.] 
 ad y^bo, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 carry to, bring, [veho.] 
 ad-venio, veni, ventura, v. n. 
 
 4, arrive, [venio.] 
 ad-ventus, us, m. 4, arrival. 
 
 [ad venio.] 
 ad-versus, a, um, adj., op- 
 posite, opposing ; ex ad- 
 verso, opposite ; adverso 
 flumine, against the stream ; 
 adversum (as subst.), mis- 
 fortune, [vertc] 
 ad-versus, adv., opposite, 
 
 against, [verto.] 
 aed'es, is, f. 3, temple. 
 aedifico, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 build, [aedes.] 
 Aegates (insulae), ium, f. 3, 
 a group of islands off the 
 west coast of Sicily, 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj., ill; 
 
 stijfering. 
 aegre, adv., with difficulty. 
 Superl. aegerrime. [aeger.] 
 aegritudo, Inis, f. 3, gnef. 
 
 [aeger.] 
 Aegyptus, i, f. 2, Egypt. 
 Aemilius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 family name. 
 
108 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 agneus, a, um, adj., brazen. 
 
 [aes] 
 aequaiis, e, adj., contempo- 
 rary. [ae(|uus.] 
 aequo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 balance, [aequus.] 
 aequus, a, uin, B-iXy, favour- 
 able. 
 aestas, atis, f. 3, mmmer. 
 aestimo, avi, atmn, v. a. 1, 
 
 value, estimale. 
 Afer, fri, m. 2, African. 
 af-fectus, us, hi. 4, /eelimj. 
 
 [atiicio.] 
 af-fSro, afferre, attuli, alla- 
 tnm, V. a., bring, bring for- 
 ward, [ad, fero.] 
 af-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. 
 a. 3, afect', crueiatu afficere, 
 to torture, [ad, facio.J 
 af-firmo, avi, atum, v. a. 1. 
 ansert, declare, [ad, firnio. ] 
 af-flo, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 blow (upon), [ad, flo.] 
 af-fulgeo, Isi, no sup., v. n. 
 2, shiw, appear. [ad, 
 fulgeo.] 
 Africa, ae, f. 1, the continent 
 
 of Africa. 
 Africanus, i, m. 2, the sur- 
 name assumed by P. Cor- 
 nelius Scipio after the 2nd 
 Punic War. 
 ager, gri, m. 2, land, country, 
 
 territory. 
 agr-gravo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 make worse, annoy, [ad, 
 gravis.] 
 ag-gnredior, gredi, gressus, v. 
 dep. 3, approach, attack. 
 [ad, gradior.] 
 aglto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 drive, urge ; consider, [ago. ] 
 
 agrmen, minis, n. 3, troop^ 
 army (in marching order) ; 
 march, [ago.] 
 agnus, i, m. 2, lamb. 
 ago, egi, actum, v. a. 3, 
 drive ; do ; vineas age re, to 
 inore for ward shelters ; ferre 
 et agere, to plunder (carry 
 and drive spoil) ; id agere 
 ut, to make it an object to, etc. 
 agresti8,e,adj. , of the country. 
 
 [agcr.] 
 aio, V. def., say, (present 
 tense used also as a per- 
 fect). 
 ala, ae, f. 1, ^roo/> (of cavalry), 
 properly a iving, the cav- 
 alry being stationed on the 
 wings of the army, 
 al^cer, cris, ere, adj., eager, 
 
 readg. 
 alacritas, atis, f. 3, eager- 
 ness, [alacer.] 
 Algidus, i, m. 2, a mountain 
 
 near Rome, 
 alia, adv., by another way. 
 alieno, avi, atum, v. a. I, 
 surrender, lose, [alienus.] 
 alienus, a, um, adj., belong- 
 ing to another, not one's own. 
 [alius.] 
 Alimentus, i, m. 2, L. Cincivs 
 Aliment us, a Roman taken 
 prisoner by Hannibal, who 
 recorded events in the 2nd 
 Punic War. 
 aliquam-diu, adv.. for some 
 
 time, [diu.] 
 aliquanto, adv. , considerably. 
 
 [aliquantus.] 
 aliquantum, i, n. 2, a con- 
 siderable amount, [aliquan- 
 tus. j 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 109 
 
 aliquis, quid, indef. pron., 
 
 some, [alius, quis.] 
 aliquot, adj. indecl., some 
 
 (plur.). [alius, quot.] 
 aliquoties, adv., sometimes. 
 
 [alius, quoties.] 
 alio, adv., in another direc- 
 tion, [alius.] 
 alius, a, ud, adj., other; alii 
 
 .. alii, some ... others. 
 Allobrox, gis (plur. AUo- 
 brSges, um), m. 3, Allo- 
 brogian. See Map. 
 al-loquor, locutus, v. dep. 3, 
 
 address, [ad, loquor.] 
 aio, ui, turn, V. a. 3, support 
 
 (with food). 
 Alorcus, i, m. 2, the name of 
 
 a Spaniard. 
 Alpes, ium, f. plur. 3, the 
 
 Alps. 
 altaria, ium, n. plur. 3, a 
 
 high altar, [altus.] 
 alte, adv., deeply, [altus.] 
 alter, a, um, adj., one (of 
 two) ; the other (of two) ; a 
 second (numeral). 
 altitudo, inis, f. 3, height. 
 
 [altus.] 
 altum, i, n. 2, the deep (sea) ; 
 
 deep water, [altus.] 
 altus, a, um, adj., high, deep. 
 alumnus, i, m. 2, foster-s >n. 
 
 [alo. ] 
 alveus, i, m. 2, trough, bed 
 
 (of a river), 
 ambitus, us, m. 4, circuit. 
 
 [ambio.] 
 ambo, ae, o, adj. plur., both. 
 amicus, i, ni. 2, friend. 
 
 [amo.] 
 Amiteminus, a, um, adj., of 
 Amitemum, a town of the 
 
 Sabines at the foot of the 
 Apennines, 
 a-mitto, misi, missum, v. a. 
 
 3, lose, [mitto.] 
 amnis, is, vn. 3, river. 
 amphora, ae, f. 1, a liquid 
 measure, equal to six gal- 
 lons, 
 amplexus, us, m. 4, embrace. 
 
 [amplector.] 
 amplius, adv., more, [am- 
 pins.] 
 amplus, a, um, adj., large. 
 Amusicus, i, m. 2, the name 
 
 of a Spanish chieftain. 
 an, conj., or, or ivhether ; 
 used also to introduce a 
 direct question, in which 
 case it need not be trans- 
 lated. 
 anceps, cipitis, adj., doubt- 
 ful, [anibo, caput, tioo- 
 headed. ] 
 ancora, ae, f. 1, anchor. 
 ancorSJe, is, n. 3, cable. 
 
 [ancora.] 
 angulus, i, m. 2, corner. 
 angustiae, arum, f. 1 (plur.), 
 narrow pass, defle. [an- 
 gustus.] 
 angustus, a, um, adj., nar- 
 row, [ango, / draw tight.] 
 anima, ae, f. 1, breath. 
 anim-ad-verto, ti, sum, v. a. 
 3, observe ; animadvertere 
 in, to punish, [animus, ad, 
 verto.] 
 animans, ntis, partic. used 
 as subst., living being, m. 
 of men, n. of beasts, 
 animus, i, m. 2, spirit, cour- 
 age, [cp. anima.] 
 annus, i, m. 2, year. 
 
110 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAll 
 
 ante, prep. \v. acc, before^ 
 
 in front of. 
 ante, adv. (of time), before. 
 
 Sei' also ante({uain. 
 ante-quam, con]. , before {-with 
 
 a verb) ; also separated, 
 
 ante ... quam. 
 antiquus, a, um, adj., ancient. 
 
 [ante.] 
 Antistius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 plebeian name, 
 aperio, ui, turn, v. a. 4, open, 
 
 display. 
 apertum, i, n. 2, open ground. 
 
 [aperio. ] 
 apertus, a, um, paitic. of 
 
 aperio, exposed, open. 
 apis, is, f. 3, bee. 
 apparatus, us, m. 4, gettimj 
 
 ready, [ad, paro.] 
 ap pareo, ui, Itum, v. n. 2, 
 
 appear, be evident, [ad, 
 
 pareo. ] 
 ap-pello, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 call (by a name), 
 ap pello, puli, pulsum, v. a. 
 
 3, hrin/j to shore, [ad, pello. ] 
 Appennlnus, i, m. 2, the 
 
 Apennine mountain range. 
 
 See Map. 
 ap-p6to, ivi or ii, itum, v. n. 
 
 and a. 3, approach, attack. 
 
 [ad, pello.] 
 ap propinquo, avi, atum, v. 
 
 n. 1 ( w. DAT. ), approach. 
 
 [ad, propinquus.] 
 apricus, a, um, adj. , sunny. 
 
 [aperio.] 
 apto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, get 
 
 ready, [aptus.] 
 aptus, a, um, adj., ft, pre- 
 
 jxired. 
 &pud, prep. w. accus. , in 
 
 presence of; to (of address), 
 
 among. 
 aqua, ae, f. 1, water. 
 arbiter, tri, m. 2, umpire. 
 arbitrium, ii, n. 2, decision^ 
 
 power, [arbiter.] 
 arbor, is, f. 3, tree. 
 arceo, ui, no sup., v. a. 2, 
 
 keep away, order to stay 
 
 away. 
 ar-cesso, ivi, itum, v. a. 3, 
 
 send for. [ad, cede] 
 ardeo, arsi, arsum, v. n. 2, 
 
 be on fire. 
 ardor, is, m. 3, heat, excite- 
 ment, [ardeo.] 
 argentum, i, n. 3, silver ^ 
 
 money. 
 aries, ietis, m. 3, raw, batter- 
 ing-ram. 
 Arimlnum, i, n. 2, Rimini, a 
 
 town in Umbria on the 
 
 shore of the Adriatic, 
 arma, oriim, n. 2 (plur.), 
 
 arms (military), 
 armatus, i, m. 2, armed men. 
 
 [armo. ] 
 armatura, ae, f. 1, collective, 
 
 armed soldiers (with adj. 
 
 levis, light-armed soldiers). 
 
 [armo.] 
 armi-g^er, geri, m. 2, shield- 
 bearer, attendant, (arma, 
 
 gero. ) 
 Amus, i, m. 2, the river Arno, 
 
 in Etruria. 
 Arretium, ii, n. 2, Arezzo, a 
 
 town in Etruria. 
 ar-rigo, rexi, rectum, v. a. 3, 
 
 excite, [ad, rego.] 
 ar-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, 
 
 v. a. 3, seize, [ad, rapio.] 
 ars, tis, f. 3, skilly stratagem. 
 
 VOCABULABY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 artiis, uuni, ni. 4 (plur.), 
 
 limbs. 
 artum, i, n. 2, narrow place. 
 
 [artus, 7^arrow^] 
 arx, cis, f. 3, stronghold. 
 
 [arceo. ] 
 a-scendo, di, sum, v. n., climb 
 
 up. [ad, scando.] 
 a-scensus, us, m. 4, ascent. 
 
 [ascendo. ] 
 asper, era, erum, adj., rough. 
 a-spicio, spicere, spexi, spec- 
 turn, V. a. 3, look upon. 
 
 [ad, specie] 
 as-sfiquor, secutus, v. dep., 
 
 overtake, [ad, sequor.] 
 as-signo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 allot, [ad, signo, mark out 
 
 for.] 
 as-surgo, surrexi, surrectum, 
 
 V. n. 3, rise up. [ad, surgo. ] 
 at, conj., but ; at enim, but it 
 
 may be objected. 
 Atilius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 name. 
 atque, conj., and also. 
 atrOcitas, atis, f . 3, ferceness. 
 
 [atrox.] 
 atrOciter, adv., fiercely. 
 
 [atrox.] 
 atrox, ocis, adj.,/erce. 
 auctor, is, m. 3, cawse (used 
 
 of persons) ; perpetrator ; 
 
 witness, authority (for a 
 
 statement), [augeo.] 
 auctoritas, atis, f. 3, judg- 
 ment, [auctor.] 
 audacia, ae, f. 1, boldness. 
 
 [audax.] 
 audacius, adv., compar. of 
 
 audacter. 
 audacter, adv., boldly, [au- 
 dax.] 
 
 audeo, an sus sum, v. n. 2, 
 
 dare. 
 audio, ivi, itum, v. a. 4, hear. 
 au-fgro, ferre, abstuli, abla- 
 
 tum, V. a., take away, [ab, 
 
 fero. ] 
 augeo, xi, ctum, v. a. 2, m- 
 
 crease. 
 auris, is, f. 3, ear. 
 aurum, i, n. 2, gold. 
 Ausetanus, i, m. 2, name of a 
 
 people near the foot of the 
 
 Pyrenees. [Ausa, a town 
 
 in Spain.] 
 au spicium, ii, n. 2, omen-, 
 
 divine sanction, obtained by 
 
 a magistrate on taking 
 
 office by performing certain 
 
 rites, [avis, specie] 
 aut, conj., or. 
 autem, conj., but. 
 auxiliares, ium, m. 3 (plur.), 
 
 auxiliary troops. [aux- 
 
 ilium.] 
 auxillum, ii, n. 2, help ; aux- 
 
 ilia(plur. ), auxiliary troops. 
 a-vello, velli, vulsum, v. a. 3, 
 
 tear away, [a, vello.] 
 Aventinus, i, m. 2, Mount 
 
 Arentine at Home. 
 a-verto, ti, sum, v. a. 3, tium 
 
 away, drive back, [a, verto. ] 
 avidXtas, atis, f. 3, greediness. 
 
 [avidus.] 
 avidus, a, um, adj., eager 
 
 (for), w. GEN. [aveo.] 
 
 Baliares, ium, m. 3 (plur.), 
 natives of the Balearic 
 islands off the east coast of 
 Spain, used as slingers in 
 Hannibal's army. 
 
 barbarus, i, m. 2, a native (of 
 
112 
 
 THE IIANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 an uncivilized country, e.g. 
 Spain). 
 
 Bargiisii, orum, m. 2(plar. ), 
 a tribe in tiie N. K. of Spain. 
 
 bellicus, a, um, adj., of war. 
 
 bellum, i, n. 2, vmr. 
 
 belua, ae, f. 1, a gnat heanl. 
 
 b^ne, adv., mdl. [bonus.] 
 
 beneflcium, ii, n. 2, kinduesH. 
 [bene, facio.] 
 
 benig^ne, adv., kindly, [be- 
 nign us. ] 
 
 biduum, i, n. 2, a period of 
 two days, [bis, dies.] 
 
 binl, ae, a, adj. (plur.), two 
 for each, [bis.] 
 
 bis, adv., t trice. 
 
 boarius, a, um, adj., of cattle; 
 forum boarium, the cattle 
 market, at Rome. 
 
 Boli, orum, m. 2 (plur.), a tribe 
 of (iauls in Nortii Italy. 
 
 Bomilcar, is, m. 3, a Cartha- 
 ginian name. 
 
 bonus, a, um, adj., good ; 
 bona, n. plur., as subst., 
 advantages. 
 
 bos, 1)6 vis, m. f. 3, o.r, cow. 
 
 Bostar, is, m. 3, the Cartha- 
 ginian commandant of Sa- 
 guntum. 
 
 brevis, e, adj., short. 
 
 bruma, ae, f. 1, the winter 
 solstice (Dec. 21st), winter. 
 fbrevis, because of tiie short 
 days.] 
 
 Brundisinus, a, um, adj., of 
 Brundisiuni (Brindisi), a 
 town in the S. E. of Italy. 
 
 C, abbreviation for Gaius, a 
 Roman name : see note 5 
 on ch. 103. 
 
 cacumen, inis, n. 3, peak (of 
 
 a iiill). 
 cado, cecidi, casum, v. n. 3, 
 
 fall. 
 caecus, a, um, adj., blind. 
 caedes, is, f. 3, slaughter. 
 
 [caedo.] 
 caedo, cecidi, caesum, v. a. 3, 
 
 rut to pieces, kill. [cado. ] 
 caelum, i, n. 2, sky. 
 caementum, i, n. 2, hewn 
 
 stone, [caedo. ] 
 Caere, n. indecl., a city of 
 
 Etruria. 
 calcar, is, n. 3, spur, [calx, 
 
 a heel.] 
 caligo, Inis, f. 3, darkness, 
 
 mist. 
 callidus, a, um, adj., crafty. 
 
 [calleo.] 
 calor, is, m. 3, heat, [caleo.] 
 calx, Icis, f. 3, lime. 
 campus, i, m. 2, plain. 
 candldus, a, um, adj., white. 
 
 [candeo. ] 
 cantus, us, m. 4, chant, song. 
 
 [cano. ] 
 capesso, ivi, itum, v. a. 3, 
 
 undertake, attempt, [capio. ) 
 capio, cap6re, cepi, captum, 
 
 v. a. 3, capture, take, hold, 
 
 stop ; also in passive (of 
 
 physical powers),fee«yM?vrf: 
 
 captus oculis, depHved of 
 
 eyesight. 
 captivus, i, m. 2, prisoner ; 
 
 also as adj., captured. 
 
 [capio. ] 
 caput, capitis, n. 3, head, 
 
 capital (town), 
 carina, ae, f. 1 , keel (of a ship). 
 Carpet&ni, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 
 a people of Spain. 
 
 VOCABULABY. 
 
 113 
 
 Cartala, ae, f. 1, a town in 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, e, adj., Car- 
 thaginian ; Carthaginienses 
 (as subst.), Carthaginians. 
 
 Carthago, Tnis, f. 3, Carthage. 
 
 Carthago Nova, f., Cartagena 
 on the S.E. coast of 
 Spain. 
 
 cams, a, um, adj., dear, 
 valuable. 
 
 castellum, i, n. 2, fortress, 
 fortified village, [castrum.] 
 
 castra, orum, n. 2 (plur.), 
 camp. 
 
 Castulonensis, e, of Castulo. 
 [Castulo.] 
 
 casus, us, m. 4, accident, mis- 
 fortune, [cado. ] 
 
 catapulta, ae, f. 1, cataprdt, 
 an engine for throwing 
 stones, javelins, etc. 
 
 causa, ae, f. 1, cause; abl., 
 causa, on account if, w. 
 
 GEN. 
 
 cavo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 hollow out. [cavus. ] 
 cedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 3, 
 
 retreat, loithdraw. 
 celox, cis, f. 3, swift -sailing 
 
 ship, critter. 
 Celtiberi, orum, m. 2 (pi.), a 
 
 people of the N. E. of Spain. 
 Celtiberla, ae, f. 1, a district 
 
 in Spain. 
 Celtibericus, a, um, adj., 
 
 Celtiberian. 
 Cenomani, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 
 a tribe of Gauls in North 
 
 Italy, 
 censeo, ui, um, v. a. 2, rote. 
 centeni, ae, a, numeral adj., 
 
 a hundred of each, [centum.] 
 
 Centenius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 name, 
 centum, indecl., a hundred. 
 cerno, crevi, cietum, v. a. 3, 
 
 see. 
 certS,men, inis, n. 3, contest. 
 
 [certo.] 
 certe, adv., certainly, in any 
 
 case, [certus.] 
 certo, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 CO Ji tend. 
 certus, a, um, adj., clear, 
 
 fixed ; cei tiorem facere, to 
 
 inform. 
 ceterum, conj., but ; lit. for 
 
 (he rest, [ceterus.] 
 ceterus, a, um, adj., the rest. 
 cibus, i, m. 2, food. 
 Cincius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 name, 
 circa, adv., round. 
 circum, prep. w. acc. , round. 
 circum, adv., round. 
 circum do, dedi, datum, v. a. 
 
 1, surround, [do.] 
 circum-duco, duxi, ductum, 
 
 V. a. 3, lead round, [duco.] 
 circum-fero, ferre,tuli, latum, 
 
 V. a., turn round, [fero.] 
 circum-fundo, ffidi, fusum, v. 
 
 a. 3, j^our round, encircle ; 
 
 also reflexive in passive, to 
 
 gather round. 
 circum-iicio, iicere, ieci, iec- 
 
 tum, v. a. 3, throw round ; 
 
 in passive, lie round, [iacio.] 
 circum-padanus, a, um, adj., 
 
 routid the Padus. [Padus.] 
 circum-scribo, psi, i)tum, v. 
 
 a. 3, limit, confine, [scribo.] 
 circum -sedeo, sedi, sessum, v. 
 
 a. 2, blockade (of an army). 
 
 [sedeo.] 
 
 H 
 
 l\ 
 
114 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JVAK 
 
 clrcum-specto, avi, atum, v. 
 a. 1, look about y search for. 
 [spec to.] 
 
 circum-spicio, spexi, speetum, 
 V. a. 3, examine, [specio.] 
 
 circum-sto, steti, v. n. 1, 
 stand round, [sto.] 
 
 circum-veho, vexi, vectiini, 
 V. a. 3, carrif round ; in 
 passive, sail roundy ride 
 round, [veho.] 
 
 circuin-vSnio, veni, ventnm, 
 V. a. 3, surround^ defeat. 
 [venio.] 
 
 ds, prep. w. Acc., on the 
 nearer side of \ ' cis Hi- 
 benim ' means either N. or 
 S. of the river, ac(;ording 
 as the narrative is written 
 from a Roman or a Cartha- 
 ginian standpoint. 
 
 Cisalpinus, a, iini, adj., o?i 
 this side of the Alps, i.e. 
 nearer to Rome. [cis, 
 Alpes.] 
 
 Cissis, is, f. 3, a town in 
 Spain. 
 
 citatus, a, urn, adj., hurried. 
 [cito.] 
 
 citerior, us, adj. (compar. 
 from eiter), nearer. 
 
 eitius, compar. of cito. 
 
 cito, adv., quickly. 
 
 citra, prep. w. acc, on the 
 nearer side of (see cis) ; also 
 used as adverb. 
 
 civilis, e, adj., of a citizen, of 
 peace, [civis.] 
 
 civis, is, m. 3, citizen^ fellow- 
 countryman ; Roman citizen, 
 as opposed to the allies. 
 
 civitas, atis, f. 3, state, 
 country, [civis.] 
 
 clades, is, f. 3, disoMer, 
 
 slaughter. 
 clam, adv., secretly, [celo.] 
 clamo, avi, atum, v. a. and 
 
 n. 1. exclaim, proclaim. 
 clamor, oris, m. 3, shout, ay. 
 
 [clamo.] 
 classicus, a, um, adj., of the 
 
 jieet ; classicus miles, a 
 
 marine. 
 classis, is, f. ^, fleet (of ships). 
 Claudius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 name, 
 claudo, si, sum, v. a. 3, shut in. 
 claudus, a, um, adj., lame. 
 Clemens, tis, adj., kind. 
 dementia, ae, f. 1, kindness, 
 
 humanity. 
 clivus, i, m. 2, hill. 
 Cn., alobreviation for Gnaens. 
 
 See note 5, ch. 103. 
 co-acervo, avi, atum, v. a. 
 
 1, heap together. [cum, 
 
 acervus.] 
 coepi, isse, ptum, v. a. 3 (no 
 
 present tense in use), heqin ; 
 
 used in passive when fol- 
 lowed by passive infinitive, 
 co-gnosco, novi, nitum, v. a. 
 
 3, fnd out, hear, [cum, 
 
 gnosco. ] 
 co-go, co-egi, co-actum, v. a. 
 
 3, collect y keep together, com- 
 pel, [cum, ago.] 
 co-hibeo, ui, itum, v. a. 2, 
 
 keep together, check, [cum, 
 
 habeo. ] 
 cobors, tis, f. 3, cohort, a 
 
 division of from 300 to 600 
 
 men. 
 col-lega, ae, m. 1, colleague, 
 
 partner (in office), [cum, 
 
 lego.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 115 
 
 col-ligo, legi, lectum, v. a. 
 
 3, gather together, acquire. 
 
 [cum, lego.] 
 
 collis, is, m. 3, hill. 
 
 colloquium, ii, n. 2, parley, 
 
 conversation, [cum, loquor.] 
 
 colo, ui, cultum, v. a. and n. 
 
 3, dwell, inhabit. 
 colonla, ae, f. 1, colony, 
 
 settlement, [colonus.] 
 com-itium, ii, n. 2, the place 
 of assembly for electi(»ns at 
 Rome ; comitia (plur. ), the 
 elections, [cum, eo.] 
 comltor, atus, v. dep. 1, ac- 
 company, [comes.] 
 com-meatus, us, m. 4, leave 
 of absence ; supplies (of 
 provisions, etc. ). [cum, 
 meo.] 
 com-modus, a, um, adj., con- 
 venient, [cum, modus.] 
 com-moveo, mOvi, motum, v. 
 
 a. 2, more, [moveo.] 
 com-munio, ivi or ii, itum, v. 
 
 a. A, fortify, [munio.] 
 communis, e, adj., common, 
 
 combined, [cum, munis.] 
 com-paro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 get ready, [cum, paro.] 
 com-pello, puli, pulsum, v. 
 a. 3, dHve. [cum, pello.] 
 com-peto, ivi or ii, itum, v. 
 n. 3, be sufficient, be capable. 
 [cum, peto.] 
 com-plector, plexus sum, v. 
 dep. , embrace, surround. 
 [cum, plecto.] 
 com-pono, sui, situm, v. a. 3, 
 
 arrange, [cum, pono.] 
 com-prehendo (com prendo), 
 di, sum, v. a. 3, seize. 
 [cum, prehendo.] 
 
 con-c6do, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 
 3, retire, [cum, cedo.] 
 con-cieo, civi, cTtum, v. a. 2, 
 
 rouse, stir up. [cum, cieo.] 
 con-cilio, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 gain, win over. 
 con-cilium, ii, n. 2, assembly. 
 con-cipio, cipere, cepi, cep- 
 
 tum, V. a. 3, take up. 
 con-cr^mo, avi, atum, v. a. 
 
 1, bum. [cum, cremo.] 
 con-cretus, a, um (partic. of 
 
 concresco),co»»,7ea^ec/. [cum, 
 
 cresco.] 
 con-curro, curri, cursum, v. 
 
 n. 3, meet, engage in battle 
 
 (w. DAT.), [cum. curro.] 
 con-cursus, us, m. 4, con- 
 course, attack, [con-curro.] 
 condicio, nis, f. 3, condition 
 
 (of a treaty). 
 con-fero, ferre, tuli, collatum, 
 
 V. a., bring together, com- 
 pare, [cum, fero.] 
 con-fertus, a, um (partic. of 
 
 confercio), close packed. 
 
 [cum, farcio.] 
 con-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
 
 V. a. 3, accomplish, wear 
 
 Old, destroy, [cum, facio.] 
 con-fligo, xi, ctum, v. n. 3, 
 
 flght. [cum, fligo.] 
 con-fiuo, xi, no sup., v. n. 3, 
 
 flow together, [cum, fluo.] 
 con-fugio, fugere, fugi, v. n. 
 
 3, fly for refuge, [cum, 
 
 fugio.] 
 con-gero, gessi, gestum, v. a. 
 
 3, gather together, [cum, 
 
 gero.] 
 con-globo, avi, atum, v. a. 
 
 1, collect together, [cum ; 
 
 globus, a ball.] 
 
116 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 con-gredior, gredi, gressus, 
 
 V. dep. , meet. [cum, 
 
 gradior.] 
 con-iicio, iieere, iectnm, v. 
 
 a. 3, throw, throw together. 
 
 [cum, iacio.] 
 con-iungo, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 join tof/efhcr. [cum, iuugo. ] 
 con-iunx, iugis, m. and f. 3, 
 
 Jiushaiuiy wife, [coniungo. ] 
 Conor, atus, v. dep. 1, try. 
 con-scendo, di, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 dimh up, embark in. [cum, 
 
 scando. ] 
 con-scribo, psi, ptum, v. a. 3, 
 
 enrol, enlist, [cum, scribo.] 
 con sensus, us, m. 4, a/free 
 
 ment, unanimity. [cum, 
 
 sentio.] 
 consequor, secutus, v. dep. 
 
 3, follow, pursue, [cum, 
 
 seqnor.] 
 con-s6ro, ui, turn, v. a. 3, 
 
 join ; conserere manus or 
 
 pugnam, to join battle, en- 
 
 (jaije. [cum, sero.] 
 con-sido, sedi, sessum, v. n. 
 
 3, take up position, [cum, 
 
 side] 
 con-silium, ii, n. 2, skill, 
 
 prudence, plan ; council (of 
 
 war). 
 con-sisto, stiti, stltuni, v. n. 
 
 3, take one's stand, come to 
 
 a standstill, stop, [cum, 
 
 sisto.] 
 consdlor, atus, v. dep. 1, 
 
 conifort. [cum, solor.] 
 con-spectus, us, m. 4, siijht, 
 
 vieiv. [cum, specio.] 
 con-spicio, spicere, spexi, 
 
 spectum, V. a. 3, see. [cum, 
 
 specie] 
 
 con-stans, tis, adj., steady, 
 routinuiwj. [cum, sto.] 
 
 con-stemo, stravi, stratum, 
 V. a. 3, spread over, otyer- 
 throw. [cum, sterno.] 
 
 con-stituo, ui, utum, v. a. 3, 
 iletermine. [cum, statuo.] 
 
 con-sto, stiti, statum, v. u. 1, 
 used impersonally ; con- 
 stat, it is atjreed, it is cer- 
 tain, [cum, sto.] 
 
 con-suesco, suevi, suetum, v. 
 n. 3, he accustomed, [cum, 
 sueo.] 
 
 consul, is, m. 3, consul. See 
 Introd pp. xiv. and xv. 
 
 consularis, e, adj., of the con- 
 sul, for the election of con- 
 suls, [consul. ] 
 
 consulatus, us, m. 4, cons^d- 
 ship [consul.] 
 
 consulo, ui, tum, v. a. and n. 
 3, deliberate, consult. 
 
 consulto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 deliberate about, [consulo.] 
 
 con-temno, mpsi, mptuni, v. 
 a. 3, despise, [cum, tetnno.] 
 
 con-temptus, us, ra, 4, con- 
 tempt, [contemnc] 
 
 con-tendo, di, tum, v. n. 3, 
 exert oneself , hasten, [cum, 
 tendo. ] 
 
 con-tignatio, onis, f. 3, story 
 (of a house). [cum;tignum, 
 a beam.] 
 
 con-tinens, tis, f. 3, main- 
 land, [cum, teneo.] 
 
 con-tineo, ui, tentum, v. a. 
 
 2, hold together, restrain. 
 [cum, teneo.] 
 
 con-tingo, tigi, tactum, v. a. 
 
 3, touch, reach to ; happen. 
 [cum, tango.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 117 
 
 contio, nis, f. 3, assembly, 
 
 speech, [cum, venio.] 
 contra, prep. w. acc. , against, 
 
 opposite. 
 contra, adv., on the other 
 
 hand. 
 con-traho, traxi, tractum, v. 
 
 a. 3, draw together, collect. 
 
 [cum, traho.] 
 con-tundo, tudi, tusum, v. a. 
 
 3, bruise, [cum, tundo.] 
 con-vello, velli, vulsum, v. 
 
 a. 3, pluck up; convellere 
 
 signa, to pluck up the stan- 
 dards, i.e. decamp, [cum, 
 
 vello.] 
 con-venio, veni, ventum, v. 
 
 a. and n. 4, meet, come 
 
 together, [cum, venio.] 
 con-verto, ti, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 turn, change. [cum,verto.] 
 con-voco, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 call together, [cum, voco.] 
 co-orior, ortus, v. dep., rise 
 
 up, begin, [cum, orior.] 
 copia, ae, f. I, plenty, supply; 
 
 in plur. means, troops. 
 copulo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 join, [copula. ] 
 Cornelius, ii, m. 2, name of 
 
 a celebrated Roman clan, 
 
 to which belonged the 
 
 family of Scipio among 
 
 others, 
 comu, us, n. 4, horn, wing 
 
 (of an army), 
 corona, ae, f. 1, wreath. 
 corpus, oris, n. 3, body. 
 cor-rumpo, rupi, ruptum, v. 
 
 a. 3, destroy ; bribe, [cum, 
 
 rumpo.] 
 cor-ruo, rui, v. n. 3, fall. 
 
 [cum, ruo.] 
 
 Corsi, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 Corsicans. 
 
 Cortona, ae, f. 1, a town of 
 Etruria. ^^e Map. 
 
 Cortonensis, e, adj., of Cor- 
 tona. 
 
 corvus, i, m. 2, raven. 
 
 cre-do, didi, ditum, v. n. 3, 
 believe, trust (w. DAT. ). [do.] 
 
 Cremdna, ae, f. 1, a town of 
 Cisalpine Gaul. See Map. 
 
 creo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 make, appoint (to an office). 
 
 cresco, crevi, cretum, v. n. 
 3, grow, increase. 
 
 cruciatus, us, m. 4, torture. 
 [crucio.] 
 
 crudelis, e, adj., crud. [cru- 
 dus.] 
 
 crudelitas, atis, f. 3, cruelty. 
 [crudelis.] 
 
 cruentus, a, um, adj. , bloody. 
 [cp. cruor.] 
 
 cruor, oris, m. 3, blood. 
 
 cubile, is, n. 3, bed. [cubo.] 
 
 culpa, ae, f. \,faidt. 
 
 cultor, oris, m. 3, inhabitant. 
 [colo.] 
 
 cultus, us, m. 4, habitation, 
 cultivation, [colo.] 
 
 cum, prep. w. abl., with, 
 together with ; written after 
 its case with personal pro- 
 nouns — mecum, tecum, se- 
 cum, nobiscum, vobiscum. 
 In compound words the 
 form ' com ' or ' con ' is 
 always used. 
 cumulo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 heap up. 
 cumiilus, i, m. 2, heap. 
 cunctanter, adv., slowly. 
 [cunctor.] 
 
118 
 
 TEE HANNIBALIAN fFAB. 
 
 cunctatio, onis, f. 3, delay, 
 hesitation, [cunctor.] 
 
 cunctus, a, um, adj., all, the 
 whole, [con-iuiictus. ] 
 
 cupido, Tnis, f. 3, desire, am- 
 bition, [cupio. ] 
 
 cupldus, a, uni, adj., desirous, 
 (w. GEN.), [cupio.] 
 
 cur, adv., ivhy (in interroga- 
 tive). 
 
 cura, ae, f. 1, thought, care. 
 [qiiaero.] 
 
 curia, ae, f. 1, senate house. 
 
 curro, cucurri, cursam, v. n. 
 
 3, run. 
 
 cursus, us, m. 4, course. 
 
 [curro.] 
 custodia, ae, f. 1 (generally 
 
 in plur.), guards, sentinels. 
 
 [custos.] 
 custodio, ivi or ii, itum, v. a. 
 
 4, gvjard. [custos.] 
 custos, udis, m. 3, guard, 
 
 keeper. 
 
 Dasius, ii, m. 2, name of the 
 commandant of Clastidium. 
 
 de, prep. w. abl. , from, con- 
 cerning, over (of a victory). 
 
 debilis, e, adj., feeble, [de, 
 habilis.] 
 
 decern, numeral indecl., ten. 
 
 decemviri, orum, m. 2 (plur. ), 
 commissioner H, board of ten 
 persons, [decern, vir.] 
 
 de-cemo, crevi, cretum, v. a. 
 3, distinguish, decide, order 
 (e.g. a levy of troops), 
 [cerno.] 
 
 de-certo, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 contend, fight, [certo. J 
 
 decet, uit, v. n. 2, impers., 
 it is fitting. 
 
 de-claro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 declare, proclaim, [clarus.] 
 de-curro, cucurri or curri, 
 
 cursum, v. n. 3, run doivn. 
 
 [curro.] 
 decus, oris, n. 3, glory. 
 
 [decet. ] 
 de-decus, oris, n. 3, disgrace, 
 
 [decus.] 
 de-dico, avi, atum, v. a. 
 
 1 , consecrate, dedicate. 
 
 [dicare. ] 
 de-ditio, Onis, f. 3, surrender^ 
 
 capitulation, [dedo.] 
 de-do, dedldi, dedltum, v. a. 
 
 3, surrender, [do.] 
 de-duco, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 bring down, la unch. [d u co. ] 
 de-fectio, onis, f. 3, revolt. 
 
 [de-ficio.] 
 de-fendo, di, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 irrotect. 
 de-fensor, oris, m. 3, defender. 
 
 [defendo.] 
 de-fero, ferre, ttili, latum, 
 
 V. a., convey, deliver (esp. 
 
 an accusation), [fero.] 
 de-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
 
 V. a. 3, fail, faint ; revolt. 
 
 [facio.] 
 de-figo, xi, xum, v. a. 3, fi.Xy 
 
 stupefy, [figo.] 
 de-iicio, iicere, ieci, iectum, 
 
 V. a. 3, throw down, throw 
 
 off, cast (of lots), [lacio.] 
 dein, adv., after this, then. 
 
 [cp. inde.] 
 deinceps, adv. , next following, 
 
 snrressively. [dein, capio. ] 
 deinde, adv., after this, then. 
 
 [inde.] 
 de-leo, cvi, etum, v. a. 2, 
 
 destroy. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 119 
 
 de-lig:o, legi, Iectum, v. a. 3, 
 choose, pick out. [l6go.] 
 
 Delta, indeclin., the letter A 
 in the Greek alphabet. 
 
 demo, dempsi, demptum, v. 
 a. 3, take away, [de, 
 
 emo.] 
 denique, &dv., finally. 
 densus, a, um, adj., thick, 
 
 close. 
 de-nuntio, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 intimate, command, [nun- 
 
 tius.] 
 de-populor, atus, v. dep., lay 
 
 waste, [populus.] 
 de-posco, poposci, v. a. 3, 
 demand (a person for pun- 
 ishment), [posco.] 
 de-prendo, di, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 seize, catch, [prehendo.] 
 de-scendo, di, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 descend, [scando.] 
 de-s^ro, ui, turn, v. a. 3, 
 leave, evacuate, [de ; sero, 
 I join.'\ 
 de-sidero, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 mixs, ivant. 
 de-signatus, a, um, partic. of 
 designo, elect, applied to 
 magistrates between their 
 election and the beginning 
 of their term of office, 
 de-sisto, stlti, stitum, v. n. 3, 
 
 stop, cease. 
 de-speratio, onis,f. 3, despair. 
 
 [spero.] 
 de-spero, avi, atum, v. n. 
 1, despair, be hopeless. 
 [spero.] 
 de-spondeo, di, sum, v. a. z, 
 give up ; despondere ani- 
 mos, to give up courage, 
 despond, [spondeo.] 
 
 de-stmo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 apjtoint. 
 de-sum, esse, fui, v. n., be 
 wanting, fail (w. DAT.), 
 [sum.] 
 de-testor, atus, v. dep. l, 
 
 abominate, [testor.] 
 de-trecto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 refuse, [tracto.] 
 deus, i, m. 2, god. 
 de-veho, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 carry away, [veho.] 
 de-vSnio, veni, ventum, v. n. 
 
 4, come down, [venio.] 
 de-verto, ti, sum, v. a. and 
 
 n. 3, turn aside, [verto.] 
 de-vincio, vinxi, vinctum, 
 V. a. 4, biiid, attach. 
 [vincio.] 
 de-v6lo, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 fly down, [volare.] 
 de-volvo, volvi, volutum, v. 
 
 a. 3, roll down, [volvo.] 
 dextera or dextra, ae, f. 1, 
 right hand ; properly from 
 dexter, adj., with mauus 
 to be supplied, 
 dicio, onis, f. 3, dominion, 
 
 power. 
 dico, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, say, 
 tell (w. DAT. of person); 
 appoint (to an office), 
 dictator, Oris, m. 3, dictator, 
 a magistrate elected at 
 Rome only iu emergencies ; 
 his power was absolute, 
 but lasted only six months, 
 [dicto.] . 
 
 dies, ei, m. (sometimes t. m 
 
 sing.) 5, day. 
 dif-fero, ferre, distiili, dila- 
 tum, V. a., put off. [dis, 
 fero.] 
 
120 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JFAR. 
 
 dif-flclUs, e, adj., diffiaUt. 
 
 [(lis, facilis.] 
 
 dif-f ido, fisus sum, v. n. 3, din- 
 
 trust (\v. DAT.), [dis, fido.] 
 
 dif-fugio, fiigere, ffigi, v. n. 
 
 li,/lee in dijferent directions. 
 
 [dis, fugio.] 
 
 dignus, a, urn, adj., worthy, 
 
 sufficient. 
 di-gredior, gredi, gressiis, v. 
 dep. 3, go aside, [dis, gra- 
 dior.] 
 di-l&bor, lapsus, v. dep. 3, 
 slip away, disperse, [dis, 
 labor.] 
 di-latio, on is, f. 3, delay. 
 
 [dilatus, from differo.] 
 di-lectus, us, m. 4, levy (of 
 
 soldiers), [dis, lego.] 
 di-micatio, on is, f. 3, evf/tuje- 
 
 7nent, battle, [dimico.] 
 di mico, avi, atum, v. ii. 1, 
 engage (in battle), [dis, 
 mico.] 
 di-mitto, misi, missum, v. a. 
 3, se7id about, send away, 
 let go. [dis, mitto,] 
 di-rlgo, rexi, rectum, v. a, 3, 
 draw up (troops, etc., for 
 battle), [dis, rego. ] 
 dir-imo, emi, emptum, v. a. 
 3, break off, interrupt, [dis, 
 emo.] 
 di-ripio, ripere, ripui, rep 
 turn, V. a. 3, plunder, [dis, 
 rapio. ] 
 dis-cedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 '^, part, depart, [dis, cedo.] 
 dis-cepto, avi, atum, v. a. and 
 n.\, dispute, [dis, capto.] 
 dis-cemo, crevi, cretum, v. 
 a. 3, distinguish, decide, 
 [dis, cerno.] 
 
 dis-cors, cordis, adj., at 
 
 variance, [dis, cor.] 
 dis ciimen, inis, n. 3, crisis, 
 
 danger, [discerno.] 
 dis-iicio, iicere, ieci, iectum, 
 V. a. 3, scatter, [dis, iacio.] 
 dis-pello, puli, pulsum, v. a. 
 3, drire asunder, disperse, 
 [dis, pello.] 
 dis pertio, ivi or ii, itum, v. 
 a. 4, divide, [dis, partio.] 
 dis-pono, posui, positum, v. 
 a 3, distribute, arrange. 
 [dis, pono.] 
 dis-sentlo, sensi, sensum, v. 
 11. 4, differ (in opinion), 
 [dis, sentio.] 
 dis-sonus, a, um, adj., dis- 
 cordant, [dis, sonus.] 
 di stans, tis, partic. of disto, 
 
 distant, [dis, sto.] 
 dito, avi, atum, v. a. 1, en- 
 rich, [dis = dives.] 
 diu, adv., compar. diutius, 
 
 for a long time, [dies.] 
 di-versus, a, um, adj., diffe- 
 rent, [dis, verto.] 
 di-vido, visi, visum, v. a. 3, 
 
 divide, [cp. viduus.] 
 divus, i, m. 2, god. 
 do, dedi, datum, v. a. 1, give, 
 deliver ; opera m dare, to 
 take pains. 
 doceo, ui, ctum, v. a. 2, teach. 
 doiabra, ae, f. 1 , axe. [dolo. ] 
 dolor, Oris, m. 3, pain, grief. 
 
 [doleo.] 
 domesticus, a, um, adj., oj 
 
 home, [domus.] 
 dominus, i, m. 2, master, 
 
 ford, owner, [domo.] 
 domo, ui, Itum, v, a. 1, sub- 
 due. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 121 
 
 domus, us, f. 3, 4, house, 
 home ; domi, at home. 
 
 donee, conj., until. 
 
 donum, i, n. 2, gift, [do.] 
 
 dubie, adv. , doubtfully ; baud 
 dubie, without doubt, [du- 
 bius.] 
 
 Ducarius, ii, m. 2, name of 
 an Insubrian Gaul. 
 
 du centi, ae, a, num. adj., 
 two hundred, [duo, cen- 
 tum.] 
 
 diico, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, lead; 
 carry along (a wall) ; think. 
 
 dum, conj., while, until. 
 
 dum-modo, conj., provided 
 that, [dum, modo.] 
 
 duo, ae, o, numeral, two. 
 
 duo d6cim, indecl. numeral, 
 twelve, [duo, decem.] 
 
 duo de-vlginti, indecl. nu- 
 meral, eighteen, [lit., two 
 from twenty. '\ 
 
 duplex, plTcis, adj., two-fold. 
 [duo, plico.] 
 
 duro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 harden, [durus.] 
 
 durus, a, um, adj., hard. 
 
 dux, cis, m. 3, commander, 
 guide. 
 
 e, ex, prep. w. abl., out of, 
 of (partitive) ; according 
 to ; magna ex parte, in 
 great meonsure ; ex coin- 
 paratione, by comparison. 
 
 Ebtlsus, i. f. 2, Iviza, an 
 island off the east coast of 
 Spain. 
 
 ec-quis, ec-quid, pron. in- 
 terrogative substantival, 
 whether any, any? (in ques- 
 tions), [quis.] 
 
 e-dico, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, pro- 
 claim, [dico.] 
 
 e-dictum, i, n. 2, proclama- 
 tion, [edico.] 
 
 e^tus, a, um, partic. of edo, 
 elevated (of position). 
 
 e-do, didi, ditum, v. a. 3, put 
 forth, cause, [do.] 
 
 e-doceo, ui, ctum, v. a. 2, 
 inform, [doceo.] 
 
 e-dflco, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, lead 
 forth, [duco. ] 
 
 ef-fero, ferre, ex-tilli, elatum. 
 v. a., raise ; elatus, elevated 
 (in spirits), [ex, fero.] 
 
 ef-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
 v. a. 3, produce, bring about. 
 [ex, facio.] 
 
 ef-figies, ei, f. D,form, ghost. 
 [effingo.] 
 
 ef-flo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, blow 
 out. [ex, flo.] 
 
 ef-fodio, fodere, fO<H, fossum, 
 V. a. 3, dig out. [ex, fodio.] 
 
 ef-fundo, fudi, fusum, v. a. 3, 
 pour out, throw off. [ex, 
 fundo.] 
 
 ef-fusus, a, um, partic. (from 
 effundo), scattered, unre- 
 strained. 
 
 6go, mei, pers. pron., /. 
 
 ego-met, mei-met, / myself. 
 
 [ego-] 
 e-gredior, gredi, gressus, v. 
 
 dep. 3, come out. [e, 
 
 gradior.] 
 
 e-gregie, adv. from egregius. 
 
 e-greglus, a, um, adj., ex- 
 cellent, [e, grex.] 
 
 elephantus, i, m. 2, elephant. 
 
 e-licio, Iicere, licui, licitum, 
 v. a. 3, draw out. [e, 
 Iacio.] 
 
122 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 e-lido, si, sum, v. a. 3, crush. 
 
 [e, laedo.] 
 e-ligo, legi, leetiim, v. a. 3, 
 
 choose out. [e, lego.] 
 e-mentior, mentitus, v. dep. 4, 
 
 falsi /'y. [e, mentior.] 
 e-mergo, si, sum, v. n. 3, 
 
 come forth ^ get clear, [e, 
 
 mergo. ] 
 e-metior, mensus, v. dep. 4, 
 
 traverse ; partic. also used 
 
 in passive sense, traversed. 
 
 [e, metior, lit. measure 
 
 out.'\ 
 e-mico, ui, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 dart forth, [e, mice] 
 e-mineo, ui, v. n. 2, project. 
 
 [e, mineo.] 
 e-mitto, misi, missuni. v. a. 
 
 3, send forth^ let go. [e, 
 
 mitto.] 
 e-molumentum, i, n. 2, profit. 
 
 [emolior.] 
 Emporiae, arum, f. 1 (plur.), 
 
 a town on the N.F]. coast 
 
 of Spain. See Map. 
 e-munitus, a, um, partic. 
 
 {from emunio), built up. 
 
 [e, munio.] 
 en, interjection, lo ! 
 e-nectus, a, um, partic. (from 
 
 eneco), iconi out. £e, neco.] 
 enim, con j., /or. 
 eo, adv., thither, for this 
 
 reason ; eo magis, so much 
 
 the more (answered by quo). 
 
 [is.] 
 eodem, adv., to the sam.e place. 
 6ques, Itis, m. 3, horseman, 
 
 cavaJ.ry (collect), [equus, 
 
 eo.] 
 equestris, e, adj., of cavalry, 
 
 of blights (the order next 
 
 to the senators at Rome. 
 
 [eques.] 
 equidem, Sidv., indeed, for my 
 
 part, [quidem.] 
 equitatus, us, m. 4, cavalry. 
 
 [eques.] 
 equus, i, m. 2, horse. 
 ergo, adv., therefore, then. 
 e-rigo, rexi, rectum, v. a. 3, 
 
 raise, excite, [e, rego.] 
 e-xipio, ripere, ripui, reptum, 
 
 V. a. 3, snatch away, [e, 
 
 rapio.] 
 e-rumpo, rupi, ruptum, v. 
 
 n. 3, break out, scUly forth. 
 
 [e, rumpo.] 
 e-ruptio, onis, f. 3, sally. 
 
 [erumpo.] 
 Eryx, ^cia, f. 3, a mountain 
 
 and town in the west of 
 
 Sicily. See note 7, ch. 75. 
 e-scendo, di, sum, v. n. 3, 
 
 mount up. [e, scando.] 
 e-scensio, Onis, f. 3, disem- 
 barkation, [escendo. ] 
 et, conj., and, also, even; 
 
 et ... et, both . . . aiid. 
 et-iam, conj., a^«o, even, [et.] 
 Etruria, ae, f. 1, a country of 
 
 Italy. See Map. 
 Etruscus, a, um, adj., of 
 
 Etruria, Etruscan. [Etru- 
 ria. ] 
 e-vd,do, si, sum, v. n. and a. 
 
 3, come out (sometimes w. 
 ABL. ), come out of {w. acc). 
 [e, vado.] 
 
 e-v6nio, veni, ventum, v. n. 
 
 4, t7im out, happen, fall 
 (by lot), [e, venio.] 
 
 e ventus, us, m. 4, isstie, 
 
 residt. [evenio.] 
 ex, see e. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 123 
 
 ez&men, Inis, n. 3, swarm. 
 
 [ex, ago.] 
 ex-animo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 kill, [ex, anima.] 
 ex-cedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 3, go Old (sometimes w. 
 ABL.). [ex, cedo.] 
 ex-cidium, ii, n. 2, destruc- 
 tion, [exscindo.] 
 ex-cido, I<li, no sup., v. n. 3, 
 
 fall out. [ex, cado.] 
 ex-cio or cieo, ivi or ii, itum, 
 V. a. 4, rouse, stir up. 
 [ex, cieo.] 
 ex-cipio, cipere, cepi, cep- 
 tum, V. a. 3, receive, catch. 
 [ex. capio.] 
 ex-cito, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 roM.se (from sleep), [excio.] 
 exemplum, i, n. 2, example, 
 
 precedent. 
 ex-eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum, v. 
 n.i go forth (sometimes w. 
 ABL.). [ex, eo.] 
 ex-erceo, ui, Itum, v. a. 2, em- 
 ploy, exercise, [ex, arceo.] 
 ex-ercitus, us, m. 4, army. 
 
 [exerceo.] 
 ex-igo, egi, actum, v. a. 3, 
 enforce (payment). [ex, 
 ago.] 
 ex-iguu8, a, um, adj., small, 
 
 few. 
 
 ex-istimo, avi, atum, v. a. 
 1, think, consider. [ex, 
 aestimo.] 
 
 ex-orior, ortus, v. dep. 3 and 
 4, spring up. [ex, orior.] 
 
 ex-pedio, ivi or li, itum, v. a. 
 4, clear (of encumbrance), 
 get ready ; expeditus unen- 
 cumbered (by baggage). 
 [ex, pes.] 
 
 ex-pello, ptili, pulsum, v. a. 
 3, drive out. [ex, pello.] 
 
 ex-perior, pertus, v. dep. 4, 
 try. 
 
 ex-plico, avi or ui, atum or 
 itum, v. a. 1, unfold, [ex, 
 plico. ] 
 
 ex-plorator, oris, m. 3, scout. 
 [exploro.] 
 
 ex-ploro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 reconnoitre, examine. 
 
 ex-pono, posui, positum, v. a. 
 3, set forth (in speech) ; dis- 
 embark, [ex, pono.] 
 
 ex-promo, psi, ptum, v. a. 3, 
 declare, [ex, promo, bring 
 
 02U.] 
 
 ex-pugno, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 take by assault. [ex, 
 
 pugno.] 
 ex-quiro, quisivi, quisitum, 
 
 v. a. 3, inquire about, [ex, 
 
 quaere] 
 ex-solvo, solvi, solutum, v. a. 
 
 3, rdea-^e. [ex, solve] 
 ex-spectatio, onis, f. 3, ex- 
 pectation, [exspecto.] 
 ex-specto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 wait for. [ex, specto.] 
 ex spiro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 die. [ex, spiro, breathe out 
 
 life.] 
 ex-sto, no perf. or sup., v. n. 
 
 1, stand out. [ex. sto.] 
 ex-sulto, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 leap up. [exsilio.] 
 ex-templo, adv. , immediately. 
 ex tentus, a, um, adj., uide. 
 
 [extendo.] 
 ex-tenuo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 diminish, [tenuis.] 
 externus, a, um, adj.,/ore«Y/n. 
 [exterus.] 
 
124 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 ex-tollo, no perf. or sup., v. 
 
 a. 3, nuKjnijy. [ex, tollo.] 
 extra, prep. w. acc, ouUide. 
 ex-traho, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 ilraw out. [ex, traho.] 
 extremus, a, um, adj., last; 
 
 extremum (as subst.) ex/re- 
 
 mify. [extra.] 
 ex-tuii, perf. of effero. 
 ex- turbo, avi, atuin, v. a. 1, 
 
 drive away, [ex, turbo.] 
 ex-uo, ui, utnm, v. a. 3, 
 
 atrip, deprive. 
 
 Fabius, ii, m. 2, name of a 
 Roman clan» to which be- 
 longed Q. Fabius Maximus, 
 appointed dictator (ch. 
 139), and Q. Fabius Pictor, 
 the historian mentioned in 
 ch. 133. 
 
 fabrico, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 build, [fabrica.] 
 
 fades, ei, f. 5, face. 
 
 facile, adv., easily . [facilis.] 
 
 facinus, oris, n. 3, deed, ex- 
 ploit, [facio.] 
 
 facio, facere, feci, factum, v. 
 a. 3, doy make, produce ; 
 verba facere, to make a 
 speech. 
 
 factum, i, n. 2, deed, [facio.] 
 
 Faesiilae, arum, f. 1. (plur.). 
 Fiesole, a town in Etruria. 
 A^ee Map. 
 
 fallo, fefelli, falsum, v. a. 3, 
 deceive, break promise; cause 
 to slip ; escape notice. 
 
 falso, adv. ^falsely, [fallo.] 
 
 falsus, a, um, adj., false. 
 [fallo.] 
 
 f9,ma, ae, f. 1, report, reputa- 
 tion. [fari.J 
 
 fames, is, f. 3, hunger. 
 fateor, fassus, v. dep. 2, con- 
 fess, [fati.] 
 fatigo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 treary. [cp. fatiscor.] 
 
 fauces, ium, f. 3 (plur.), 
 mountain pass. [lit. = 
 throat. ] 
 
 favor, oris, m. 3, popularity. 
 [faveo.] 
 
 feliciter, adv., prosperoudy, 
 [felix.j 
 
 femina, ae, f. 1, woman. 
 
 femur, oris, n. 3, thigh. 
 
 ferax, acis, adj. , fertile, [fero. ] 
 
 fere, adv., about, aj/most, 
 generally. 
 
 feriae, arum, f. 1. (plur.), 
 festival. 
 
 ferio, no perf. or sup., v. a. 
 4, strike. 
 
 ferme, adv., about, generally. 
 
 ffiro, ferre, tuli, latum, v. a. 
 3, })ear, bring, propose (a 
 question or a law) ; report; 
 ferre et agere, to plunder. 
 
 ferocla, ae, f. 1, confidence, 
 pride, [ferox.] 
 
 ferociter, adv., confidently, 
 proudly, [ferox.] 
 
 ferox, ocis, adj., confdent, 
 proud. 
 
 ferrum, i, n. 2, iron. 
 
 fertilis, e, ad]., fertile, [fero.] 
 
 fessus, a, um, adj., weary. 
 
 festino, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 hasten. 
 
 fidglis, e,a.di.,faithfuly honest. 
 [tides.] 
 
 fides, ei, f. 5, faith, allegi- 
 ance, promise ; fidem dare, 
 to give a pledge ; see note 
 3, ch. 157 : tidem habere. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 125 
 
 to repose confidence (in a 
 ])erson) ; see note 4, ch. 156. 
 
 fido, lisus sum, v. n. 3 (w. 
 DAT. or ABL.), trust in. 
 
 fidus, a, um, adj., faith fid 
 (w. DAT.), [fides.] 
 
 figo, xi, xum, v. a. 3,./?x. 
 
 flgiira, ae, f. 1, shape, [fingo.] 
 
 fllius, ii, m. 2, son. 
 
 flnis, is, m. 3, bovvdory ; m 
 plur., territory. 
 
 finitimus, a, um, adj., neigh- 
 bouring, [finis.] 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, v. n. 
 (used as passive of facio), 
 become, be done, happen. 
 
 flrmo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 strengthen, [firmus.] 
 
 flagro, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 bum. 
 
 naminius, ii, m. 2, name of 
 a Roman clan. 
 
 flamma, ae, f. 1, flame. 
 
 flecto, xi, xum, v. a. 3, bend, 
 
 turn. 
 flumen, Inis, n. 3, river. 
 
 [fluo.] 
 fluo, xi, xum, v. a. 3, flow. 
 fluvius, ii, m. 2, river, [fluo.] 
 foede, adv., horribly, [foe- 
 
 dus, adj.] 
 foeditas, atis, f. 3, horrors. 
 
 [foedus, adj.] 
 foedus, eris, n. 3, treaty, [cp. 
 
 fides.] 
 fors, tis, f. 3, chance. 
 forsitan, adv. ,perhaps. [fors. ] 
 fortasse, adv., perhaps, [fors.] 
 forte, adv. , by chance, [fors. ] 
 fortis, e, adj., brave. 
 fortuna, ae, f. I, fortune; 
 
 also as proper name, For- 
 
 time. [fors.] 
 
 forum, i, n. 2, market-place, 
 
 forum. 
 fragor, oris, m. 3, crash, 
 
 [frango.] 
 frango, fregi, fractum, v. a. 
 
 3, break. 
 frater, tiis, m. 3, brother. 
 fraus, dis, f. 3, treachry. 
 fremitus, us, m. 4, murmur- 
 ing, noise, [fremo.] 
 freno, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 bridle ; frenatus, furnished 
 with bridles. 
 frfequens, tis, adj., crowded. 
 frigus. oris, n. 3, cold. 
 frons, tis, f. 3, front, van. 
 fructus, us, m. 4, crop. 
 
 [fruor.] 
 frumentum, i, n. 2, corn, 
 
 [cp. frux.] 
 fruor, fructus or fruitus, v. 
 
 dep. 3, enjoij (w. abl.). 
 frustra, adv., to no purpose, 
 
 for nothing, [cp. fraus.] 
 fiiga, ae, f. \, flight, [fugio.] 
 fiigio, fiigere, fiigi, fugltum, 
 
 V. n. 3, flee. 
 fugo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, ]nit 
 
 to flight, [fuga.] 
 fulgor, oris, m. 3, sjdendotir. 
 
 [fulgeo.] 
 fulmen, Inis, n. 3, lightning. 
 
 [fulgeo.] 
 fumus, i, m. 2, smoke. 
 fundo, fudi, fusunj, v. a. 3, 
 
 scatter, rout. 
 fungor, functus, v. dep. 3, 
 
 perform (w. abl.). 
 funis, is, m. 3, rope. 
 funus, eris, n. 3, burial. 
 furiosus, a, um, adj., mad. 
 
 [furiae.] 
 furtum, i, n. 2, theft, [fur.] 
 
126 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN fTAR. 
 
 GalUa, ae, f. 1, Gaul—eiihev 
 
 Cisalpine or Transalpine 
 
 (i.e. the Nortii of Italy or 
 
 France). 
 
 GaUicus, a, uni, adj., of the 
 
 GanU. 
 Callus, i, m. 2, a Gaul-, 
 Oalli, the Gauls, a Celtic 
 race, inhabiting North Italy 
 and France, 
 gaudium, ii, n. 2, joy. 
 
 [gaudeo.] 
 gelu, us, n. A, frost. 
 gremitus, us, ni. 4, <)roan. 
 
 [geino.] 
 Genius, ii, m. 2, Genius, 
 tutelary ilt'ity (of Rome), 
 fcp. gigno.] 
 grens, tis, f. 3, nation, tribe. 
 
 [cp. gig no.] 
 Genua, ae, f. 1, Genoa, a 
 town of Liguria. See 
 iMap. 
 gfinus, iiris, n. 3, race. [cp. 
 
 gigno.] 
 giro, gessi, gestum, v. a. 3, 
 
 hear, carry on (war, etc.). 
 gigno, genui, genltuni, v. a. 
 
 3, produce. 
 glacies, ei, f. 5, ice. 
 gladius, ii, m. 2, sword. 
 globus, i, m. 2, mass. 
 glomgro, avi, atuni, v. a. 1, 
 (father tofjether. [glomus, 
 cp. globus.] 
 gloria, ae, f. 1, fjlory. 
 grando, Inis, f. 3, hail. 
 gratia, ae, f. 1, kindness, 
 (/rare, (jraiitude (w. (;en. of 
 the person towards whom 
 it is felt), [gratus.] 
 gratulor, atus, v. dep. 1, con- 
 gratulate, [gratus.] 
 
 gratus, a, um, adj., pleasing, 
 (jrareftU. 
 
 gravis, e, adj., heavy, heavy 
 armed, harsh. 
 
 gravlter, adv., heavily, se- 
 verely, [gravis.] 
 
 grravo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 oppress ; gi-avor (pass, ), he 
 wearied ( w. abl. ). [gravis. ] 
 
 gurges, itis, m. 3, eddy, 
 stream. 
 
 habeo, ui, Ttum, v. a. 2, have, 
 hold, keep ; perform ; con- 
 sider ; habere pugnam, to 
 fight a battle ; habere fidem, 
 to repose confidence. 
 
 habUis, e, adj., adapted. 
 [habeo.] 
 
 liabitator, oris, m. 3, inhabi- 
 tant, [habito.] 
 
 hablto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 inhabit, [habeo.] 
 
 habitus, us, m. 4, appearance. 
 [habeo.] 
 
 baereo, haesi, haesum, v. n. 
 2, stick fast. 
 
 Hamilcar, aris, m. 3, name of 
 the father of Hannibal, sur- 
 named Barca. 
 
 Hannibal, alis, m. 3, a Car- 
 thaginian name. 
 
 Hanno, onis, m. 3, name of a 
 Carthaginian officer. 
 
 Hasdrubal, alis, m. 3, name 
 of a son-in-law of Hamilcar 
 Barca ; also of a brother of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 hasta. ae, f. 1, spear. 
 
 hastatus, a, um, adj., armed 
 with a spear-, hastati, the 
 men of tliv first rank in the 
 Roman legion, [hasta.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 127 
 
 hand, adv., not, chiefly with 
 
 adjectives and adverbs, 
 haudqua-quam, adv., by no 
 
 means. 
 haurio, hausi, haustum, v. a. 
 
 4, swallow up. 
 herba, ae, f. 1, grass. 
 Hercules, is, m. 3, Hercules. 
 hibema, orum, n. 2 (plur.), 
 
 winter quarters, [hibernus.] 
 hiberno, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 winter, [hibernus.] 
 Hiberus, i, m. 2, the Ehro, a 
 
 river of Spain. See Map. 
 hie, adv., here. 
 hie, haec, hoc, pron., this, he. 
 hic-ce, haec-ce, hoc-ce, pron., 
 
 thU rery. [hie] 
 hiems, emis, f. 3, winter, 
 
 sfonn, bad weather. 
 Himilco, onis, m. 3, name of 
 
 a Carthaginian officer, 
 hinc, adv., hence, [hie] 
 Hispania, ae, f. 1, Spain. 
 
 [Hispanus.] 
 Hispanus, a, um,a.d}., Spanish, 
 
 Spaniard. 
 Histri, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 
 the Istrinns, on the east 
 
 shore of the Adriatic, 
 homo, hiis, m. 3, person, man. 
 hora, ae, f. 1, hour. 
 horrendus, a, um, gerundive 
 
 of horreo, terrible, [lit., to 
 
 be shuddered aL] 
 horreum, i, n. 2, storehouse 
 
 (of grain). 
 hortator, oris, m. 3, encou- 
 
 rager. [hortor.] 
 hospes, Itis, m. ^, friend. 
 hospitlum, ii, n. 2, friend- 
 ship, bond of friendship. 
 
 [hospes.] 
 
 hostia, ae, f. 1, victim. 
 hostis, is, m. 3, enemy ; often 
 
 in plural, 
 hue, adv., hither. 
 humanus, a, um, of man. 
 
 [homo.] 
 hiimor, oris, m. 3, moisture. 
 
 [humeo.] 
 humus, i, f. 2, ground, earth; 
 
 humi, on the ground. 
 
 iaceo, ui, Itum, v. n. 2, lie. 
 laeto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, tosSy 
 
 boast, [iacio.] 
 iactiira, ae, f. 1, loss, [iacio.] 
 iaculator, oris, m. 3, javelin 
 
 thrower, [iaculum.] 
 iaciilor, atus, v. dep. 1, hurl 
 
 javelins, [iaculum.] 
 iaciilum, i, n. 2, javelin. 
 
 [iacio.] 
 iam, adv., now, already. 
 iam-diu, adv., now for a long 
 
 time, [diu.] 
 iam-dudum, adv., long ago. 
 
 [dudum.] 
 ihi, adv., there. 
 ieo, ici, ictum, v. a. 3, strike, 
 
 wound ; icere foedus, to 
 
 make a treaty. 
 Ictumiili, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 
 a town in North Italy, 
 
 situation uncertain, 
 ictus, us, m. 4, bloiv. [ico.] 
 idem, eadem. Idem, pron., 
 
 same. 
 identidem, adv., again and 
 
 a(jain. [idem, idem.] 
 idus, uum, f. 4 (plur.), the 
 
 ides (the dividing day) — the 
 
 15th of March, May, July, 
 
 and October, the 13th of 
 
 the other months. 
 
128 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 ieiunus, a, iim, adj., hungrf/. 
 igltur, adv., there/ore. 
 i-gnarus, a, um, adj., itjjio- 
 
 rant. [in, giiarus.] 
 i-gnavus, a, um, a(ij., lazy, 
 cowardly. [m,not\ gnavus.] 
 igrnis, is, m. %fire. 
 i-gnoro, avi, atiim, v. a. 1, 
 he iijnorant of. [ignarus.] 
 i gndtus, a, um, adj., un- 
 known, [in, not ; giiotus — 
 notus. ] 
 Ilergavonenses, ium, m. 3 
 (plur.), a people of 8pain. 
 See Map. 
 Ilergetes, um, m. 3 (plur.), 
 a people of Spain. See Map. 
 niberris, is, f, :?, a town just 
 north of the Pyrenees, ^^ee 
 Map. 
 11-latus, a, um, partic. of in- 
 
 fero. 
 ille, a, ud, pron., he, she, it ; 
 
 that, 
 ilhc. adv., there, [ille.] 
 il lido, si, sum, v. a. 3, dash 
 aijaimt (w. dat.). [in, 
 laedo.] 
 illuvles, ei, f. 5, ///A. [ilhio.] 
 Illyrius, a, um, adj., lUyrian, 
 a people on the east of the 
 Adriatic, 
 im bellis, e, adj., nn warlike. 
 
 [in, 7iot ; bellum.] 
 imber, bris, m. 3, raiii. 
 im-mensus, a, um, adj., end- 
 less, vast, [in, not ; mensus. ] 
 im-mergo, si, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 pluniff" hi. [in, mergo,] 
 im-mineo, ui, v. n. 2, ham/ 
 ov»r (w. DAT. ) impend, [in, 
 mineo.] 
 im misceo, miscui, mixtum. 
 
 V. a. 2, mingle in. [in, 
 
 misceo.] 
 
 im-mitto, mlsi, missum, v. a. 
 
 3, send against, [in, mitto. ] 
 
 immo, adv., nay rather. 
 
 im-mobilis, e, adj., motionless. 
 
 [in, not ; moveo.] 
 im-molo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 sacrifice. [in ; mola, the 
 sacrificial meed. ] 
 Ixn-mortalis, e. adj. , immortal. 
 
 [in, not ; mors.] 
 im-pavidus, a, um, adj., /ear- 
 
 less. [in, not ; paveo.] 
 im-pedimentum, i, n. 2, 
 hindt^ance, haggage (in 
 plur.). [impedio.] 
 im pedio, ivi or ii, itum, v. 
 a. 4, hinder, encumber, [in, 
 pes.] 
 im peditus, a, um, adj., diffii- 
 
 cnlt (of ground). 
 im pello, pali, pulsum, v. a. 
 
 3, drive, [in, pello.] 
 im pendo, di, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 expend, [in, pendo.] 
 imperator, Oris, m. 3, com- 
 mander, [impero. ] 
 imperium, ii, n. 2, command, 
 
 lordship, [iinpero.] 
 im-pfiro, avi, atum, v. a. and 
 n. 1, command 'y order, w. 
 DAT. of person, acc. of 
 thing, 
 im-pertio, ivi or Ii, Itum, v. 
 a. 4, bestow ; impertita, n. 
 plur., benefits, [in, partio.] 
 impetus, us, m. 4, rushy 
 
 attack, [in, peto.] 
 im pign^-e, adv.,ac/»vc/y. [im- 
 
 piger.] 
 im-pleo, evi, etum, v. a. 2, 
 Jill, [in, pleo.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 129 
 
 im-ploratio. onis, f. 3, en- 
 treaty, [in, ploro.] 
 
 im-pdno, posui, positum, v. 
 a. 3, lay upon, impose, [in, 
 pono.] 
 
 im- provide, adv., carelessly 
 [improvidus.] 
 
 im providus, a, um, adj.,ca?e- 
 less. [in, 7iO^ ; provideo.] 
 
 im-provisus, a, um, adj., un- 
 expected, [in, not ; pro- 
 video.] 
 
 im-puli, perf. of impello. 
 
 imus, a, um, superl. adj., 
 lowest ; imum, as subst., the 
 bottom, [cp. infimus.] 
 
 in, prep. w. acc. or abl. — (i.) 
 vv. ACC. : to, towards, into, 
 against, for (a purpose) ; in 
 annum, for a year ; in 
 omen, for a sign, (ii.) w. 
 ABL. : in, among, on. 
 
 in-calesco, calui, v. n. 8, grow 
 hot. [caleo.] 
 
 in-cautus, a, um, adj., un- 
 suspecting, [in, not ; caveo. ] 
 
 in-cedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 3, advance, [cede] 
 
 in-cendium, ii, n. 2, confla- 
 gration, [incendo.] 
 
 in-cendo, di, sum, v. a. 3, set 
 on fire. 
 
 in-certus, a, um, adj., ?m- 
 certain. [in, not ; certus.] 
 
 in-cessus, us, m. 4, tread. 
 [incedo.] 
 
 in-cido, cidi, casum, v. n. 3, 
 fall upon (w. DAT.), enter, 
 happen, [cado. ] 
 
 in-cido, cidi, cisum, v. a. 3, 
 cut. [caedo.] 
 
 incipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, 
 V. a. 3, begin, [capio.] 
 
 in-cTto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, stir 
 up, excite, [citus.] 
 
 in-clino, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 turn. 
 
 in-clitus, a, um, adj., re- 
 nowned, [clueo.] 
 
 in-cludo, si, sum, v. a. 3, shut 
 in. [claudo.] 
 
 in cognitus, a, um, adj., un- 
 known, [in, not ; cognosco.] 
 
 in-colo, ui, cultum, v. a. 3, 
 inhabit, [colo.] 
 
 in columis, e, adj., safe, in 
 good condition. 
 
 in-consultus, a, um, adj., in- 
 considerate, [in, not ; con- 
 sulo.] 
 
 in-cultus, a, um, adj., uaste ; 
 inculta, n. plur., waste 
 places, [in, not ; colo.] 
 
 in-curso, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 attack, [incurro.] 
 
 inde, adv., thence, after that, 
 then, [is.] 
 
 in dec5rus, a, um, adj., un- 
 seemly, [in, not ; decorus.] 
 
 Indibilis, is, m. 3, name of a 
 Spanish chieftain. 
 
 in dico, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, de- 
 clare (war, etc.). [dico.] 
 
 in-dignatio, onis, f. 3, dis- 
 jileasure. [indignus.] 
 
 in-digrnitas, at is, f. 3, insult. 
 [indignus.] 
 
 indignus, », um, adj., un- 
 iporthji ; indigna, n. plur., 
 indignities, i.e. treatment 
 which one has not deserved, 
 [in, not; dignus.] 
 in-do, didi, ditum, v. a. 3, 
 
 gire. [do.] 
 ind-oles, is, f. 3, character, 
 disposition, [in, olesco.] 
 
130 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 in-duco, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 lead in. [<iuco.] 
 Indus, i, m. 2, Indian. 
 industria, ae, f. 1, dilujence ; 
 
 de industria, on jmrpose. 
 in eo, ire, ii orivi, Itum, v. n. 
 
 and a., enter, befjin. [eo. ] 
 in-ermis, e, adj., unarmed. 
 
 [in, nof ; arma.] 
 in-explorS,to, adv., irifhoufex- 
 
 amiiiiw) beforehand, [in, 
 
 not ; explore] 
 in-exsuperabilis, e, adj., 
 
 insnperable. [in, not ; 
 
 S'.ipero.] 
 in-fS,mis, e, adj., disreputable. 
 
 [in, not ; fama. ] 
 In fans, tis, ni. or f. 3, infant. 
 
 [in, not ; fari.] 
 inferior, us, com par. adj., 
 
 lower ; inferior to, with 
 
 ablat. of comparison, [in- 
 fra.] 
 il-fero, ferre, tuli, illatum, 
 
 V. a. , carry arjainstiw. DAT. ) ; 
 
 inferre bellum, to wage ivar. 
 
 [f ero. ] 
 in-festus, a, um, adj., hostile, 
 
 fierce. 
 inflmus, a, um, superlat. adj., 
 
 lowest, [cp. imus.] 
 in-formis, e, adj., shapeless. 
 
 [in, not ; forma.] 
 infra, prep. w. acc, below. 
 infra, adv., below. 
 in-genium, ii, n. 2, character. 
 
 [gigno.] 
 in-gens, tis, adj., immense. 
 
 [in, not; gigno.] 
 in-genuus. a, um, adj., free- 
 bom, [ingeno.] 
 in-gn^edior, gr6di, gresaus, v. 
 
 dep. 3, enter, [gradior.] 
 
 in -humanus, a, um, adj., in- 
 
 human, [m, not ; homo.] 
 in-iicio, iicere, ieci, iectuni, 
 
 V. a. 3, throve over. [iacio.J 
 in-imicitia, ae, f. 1, enmity . 
 
 [in, not ; amicitia.] 
 in-iquitas, atis, f. 3, nneven- 
 
 ness, difficulty, [iniquus.] 
 in iquus, a, um, adj., uneven, 
 
 unfavourable. [in, not ; 
 
 aequus.] 
 in-itium, ii, n. 2, beginning. 
 
 [ineo.] 
 in-iungo, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 attach, [iungo.] 
 in-iuria, ae, f. 1, wrong ; 
 
 iniuria (ablat.), unjustly. 
 
 [in, 710^ ; ius.] 
 in-iussu, ablat. , without orders 
 
 (w. r.EN.). [in, 7io^; iussu.] 
 in. ivLBte, adv., unjustly, [in, 
 
 not ; iu8tus.] 
 in no, navi, natum, v. n. 1, 
 
 Jloat upon (w. DAT.), [no.] 
 in opia, ae, f. 1, ivant. [in, 
 
 nof ; opis.] 
 inquam, v. defect., say. 
 in-qui§tus, a, um, adj., rest- 
 less, [in, not; quietus.] 
 in-quiro, quisivi, quisitum, 
 
 V, a. 3, search for, enquire 
 
 about, [quaero.] 
 in-sectatio, onis, f. 3, pur- 
 suit, [sector.] 
 in-sequor, secfitus, v. dep., 
 
 follow, [sequor.] 
 in-sero, sevi, situm, v. a. 3, 
 
 implant, [sero. ] 
 in-sideo, sedi, sessum, v. a. 2, 
 
 occupy, [sedeo.] 
 in sidiae, arum, f. 1 (plur.), 
 
 ambush, treachery. [in- 
 
 sideo.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 131 
 
 in-signis, e, adj., conspicuous. 
 
 [signum.] 
 in silio, ui, v. n. 4, leap upon. 
 
 [salio. ] 
 in-situs, partic. of insero. 
 in-solitus, a, um, adj., 7in- 
 
 usual, [in, not ; soleo.] 
 in-spicio, spicere, spexi, spec- 
 
 tum, V. a. 3, look into ; 
 
 examine, [specio. ] 
 instituo, ui, utum, v. a. 3, 
 
 establish, begin, [statuo.] 
 in-sto, stiti, no sup., v. n. 1, 
 
 be at hand, press upon (w. 
 
 DAT.). [sto.] 
 in-8trd,tus, a, um, partic. of 
 
 'nasiemo, saddled, [sterno.] 
 in-strumentum, i, n. 2, Im- 
 plement, [instruo.] 
 in-struo, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 draw up (in military sense), 
 
 equip, [struo.] 
 Insuber, bris, m. 3, Insu- 
 
 brian, a tribe of Cisalpine 
 
 Gaul. See Map. 
 insula, ae, f. 1, island. 
 in-siiper, adv., besides, in 
 
 addition, [super.] 
 in-superabilis, e, adj., im- 
 
 passable, [in, ?io<; supero.] 
 in-sum, fui, v. n., be in (w. 
 
 DAT.), [sum.] 
 in-surgo, surrexi, surrectum, 
 
 V. n. 3, rise, [surgo] 
 in-tactus. a, um, adj., un- 
 touched, [in, 770/ ; tango. ] 
 integer, gra, grum, adj., 
 
 untouched ; de integro, 
 
 afresh, [in, 7?o/ ; tango.] 
 in-temperles, ei, f. 5, bad 
 
 v)eather. [in, nof ; tempero. ] 
 inter, prep. w. acc, among, 
 
 amid, between, during. 
 
 inter-cipio, cipere, cepi, cep- 
 
 tum, V. a. 3, cut off. [capio.] 
 inter-cludo, clusi, clusum, 
 
 V. a. 3, stop, shut off.- 
 
 [claudo.] 
 inter-diu, adv., dtiring the 
 
 day. [inter, dies.] 
 inter-eS,, adv. , meanwhile. 
 
 [inter, is.] 
 inter-ficio, ficere, feci, fec- 
 
 tum, v. a. 3, kill, [facio.] 
 inter-im, adv., meanwhile. 
 
 [inter, is.] 
 interior, ius, compar. adj., 
 
 inner, [cp. intra.] 
 inter-lino, levi, lltum, v. a. 
 
 3, smear between, interlay. 
 
 [lino.] 
 inter-pres, pretis, m. 3, in- 
 terpreter. 
 inter-rogo, avi, atum, v. a. 
 
 1, ask. [rogo.] 
 inter-sum, fui, v. n. (w. dat.), 
 
 be between, [sum.] 
 inter-venio, veni, ventum, 
 
 V. n. 4, interrupt, prevent. 
 
 [venio.] 
 intra, prep. w. acc, within. 
 
 [inter.] 
 intrabilis, c, adj., capable of 
 
 being entered, [intro.] 
 intro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 enter, [in.] 
 intro -duco, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 bring in. [duco.] 
 in-tueor, tultus, v. dep. 2, 
 
 gaze upon, [tueor.] 
 in-undo, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 overflow, [unda,] 
 in-v&do, vasi, vasum, v. a. 3, 
 
 invade, at tuck, [vado.] 
 in-v6ho, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 carry in. [veho.] 
 
132 
 
 THE UANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 In-vSnio, veni, ventum, v. n. 
 
 4,^/ind. [venio.] 
 in-vidia, ae, f. 1, hatred. 
 
 [invideo.] 
 in-viso, i, um, v. a. 3, visit. 
 
 [vise] 
 in-visus, a, um, adj., hated 
 
 (w. DAT.), [invideo.] 
 in-vius, a, um, adj., pathles<i. 
 
 [in, not ; via.] 
 ipse, a, um, pron., self^ him- 
 self, herself itself, [is.] 
 ira, ae, f. 1, awjer. 
 ird.tus, a, um, adj., angry. 
 
 [ira.] 
 ir-rito, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 excite, provoke. 
 ir-ritus, a, um, adj., useless. 
 
 [in, not ; ratus.] 
 is, ea, id, pron., that ; /te, she, 
 
 it ; such. 
 Isara, ae, f. 1, the Is^re, a 
 
 tributary of the Rhone, 
 iste, a, ud, pron., that, this 
 
 of yours, [is.] 
 ita, adv., so, thus, [is.] 
 Italia, ae, f. 1, Italy. 
 itaque, conj., and so. [ita.] 
 iter, itineris, n. 3, journey, 
 
 march, [ec] 
 itfirum, adv., again, a second 
 
 time. 
 iubeo, iussi, iussum, v. a. 2, 
 
 cojnmand. 
 iug^m, i, n. 2, yoke, ridge (of 
 
 a mountain). [iungo.J 
 iumentum, i, n. 2, a beast of 
 
 harden, [iungo.] 
 iungo, xi, ctum, v. a. S,join ; 
 
 ponte iungere,<o 6Wfl?»/<? oi^er. 
 luno, onis, f. 3, Juno. 
 iuro, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 swear. 
 
 ius, iuris, n. 3, right, law, 
 
 authority ; iure, justly. 
 ius-iurandum, iuris-iurandi, 
 
 n. 2, oath, [ius, iuro.] 
 iussu, (ahlat. of iu.ssus), hy 
 
 orrfer (w. GEN.), [iubeo.] 
 iussum, i, n. 2, command. 
 
 [iubeo.] 
 iustus, a, um, adj., Hght, 
 
 proper, complete, [ius.] 
 iuv6nis, is, m. 3, young 
 
 man. 
 iuventus, iitis, f. 3, young 
 
 men (collective), [iuvenis.] 
 iiivo, iuvi, iutum, v. a. 1, 
 
 help. 
 
 L., abbreviation for LucitLS, 
 a Roman name. 
 
 labor, oris, m. 3, toil. 
 
 labor, lapsus, v. dep. 3, slip, 
 fall. 
 
 labdro, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 toil, be hard pressed. 
 [labor.] 
 
 lacdro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 tear, [lacer. ] 
 
 Lacetania, ae, f. 1, a district 
 of Spain, at the foot of the 
 Pyrenees. See Map. 
 
 lactens, tis, f. 3, unwearied 
 awmaZ (offered as a victim), 
 [partic. of lacteo, with 
 hostia understood.] 
 
 lacus, us, ni. 4, lake. 
 
 Laeetani, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 a tribe of Spain on the 
 N.E. coast. See Map. 
 
 laetitia, ae, f. 1, joy. [lae- 
 tus.] 
 
 laetor, atus, v. dep. 1, re- 
 joice, [laetus.] 
 
 laetus, a, um, adj.. rejoicing. 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 133 
 
 laeva, ae, f. 1, left hand. 
 [from adj. laevus, with 
 manus understood.] 
 lancea, ae, f. 1, spear. 
 lanio, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 ttar. 
 Lanuvium, ii, n. 2, a town of 
 
 Latium. 
 I&pis, idis, m. 3, stone. 
 lapsus, us, m. 4, slipping, 
 fail ; lapsus terrae, a land- 
 slip, [labor.] 
 lassitude, Inis, f. 3, weariness. 
 
 [lassus. ] 
 late, adv., far and wide. 
 
 [latus.] 
 latebrae, arum, f. 1 (plur.), 
 
 hiding-place, [lateo.] 
 Latlnus, a, um, adj., of 
 Latium, Latin. [Latium.] 
 latro, onis, m. 3, robber. 
 latrocinium, ii, n. 2, robbery. 
 
 [latro.] 
 l&tus, a, um, adj., wide, 
 
 broad. 
 13,tus, a, um, partic. of fero. 
 latus, eris, n. 3, side. 
 laudator, oris, m. 3, praiser. 
 
 [laudo.] 
 laudo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 praise, [laus.] 
 laus, dis, f. 3, praise, glory. 
 lecti-stemium, ii, n. 2. See 
 note 8, ch. 109. [lectus, 
 sterno.] 
 legatio, onis, f. 3, embassy. 
 
 [legatus. ] 
 legSltus, i, m. 2, ambassador, 
 
 lieutenant, [lego. ] 
 legio, onis, f. 3, legion. See 
 
 ch. 30, note 5. [lego.] 
 16vis, e, adj., light, small, 
 trifling. 
 
 Ifevo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, re- 
 lieve, [levis.] 
 lex, gis, f. 3, law, condition. 
 
 [lego.] 
 liber, era, erum, adj.,/ree. 
 liber, bri, m. 2, book. 
 liberalis, e, adj., generous. 
 
 [liber.] 
 liberi, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 
 children. 
 libero, avi, atum, v. a. 1, set 
 
 free, [liber.] 
 libertas, atis, f. 3, freedom. 
 
 [liber.] 
 licentia, ae, f. 1, freedom, 
 
 boldness, [licet.] 
 licet, ui, V. impers. , it is law- 
 fid (w. DAT. ) ; licet mihi, / 
 may. 
 Ligures, um, m. 3 (plur.), 
 Ligurians, a people on 
 the coast of the Gulf of 
 Genoa. 
 Lilybaeum, i, n. 2, a town 
 near the western extremity 
 of Sicily. See Map. 
 limus, i, m. 2, mud. 
 linter, tris, f. 3, boat. 
 liquesco, licui, v. n. 3, melt. 
 
 [liqueo.] 
 liquidus, a, um, adj., clear, 
 
 transparent, [liqueo.] 
 littera, ae, f. 1, letter (of the 
 alphabet) ; litterae (plur.), 
 a despatch, epistle. 
 loco, avi, atum, v. a. 1, place, 
 
 pitch (camp), [locus.] 
 locus, i, m. 2, plur. loca, n., 
 place ; in locum (w. gen.), 
 in place of. 
 longe, adv., ?)2/./a^. [long«s.] 
 longinquus, a, um, adj., dis- 
 tant, [longus.j 
 
134 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 Longuntica, ae, f. I, a town 
 
 of Spain. 
 longus, a, um, adj., long; 
 
 navis longa, a nhip of war. 
 Longus, i, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 surname. 
 loquor, locutus, v. dep. 3, 
 
 speakf say. 
 lorum, i, n. 2, thong. 
 lubrlcus, a, um, adj., alip- 
 
 pety. 
 Luca, ae, f. 1, Lucca^ a town 
 
 in Etruria. See Map. 
 luctatio, onis, f. 3, struggle. 
 
 [luctor.] 
 luctus, us, m. 4, grit/, [lugeo.] 
 luo, i, Itum, V. a. 3, atone 
 
 for. 
 liipus, i, m. 2, wolf. 
 Lusitania, ae, f. 1, the western 
 
 part of Spain, 
 lustre, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 purify. [lustrum.] 
 Lutatius, ii, m. 2, name of a 
 
 Roman clan, 
 lutum, i, n. 2, mud. [luo.] 
 lux, cis, f. 3, light, day ; 
 
 prima lux, daybreak. 
 
 [luceo.] 
 
 M., abbreviation for Marcus, 
 i, m. 2, a Roman name, 
 [marcus, a hammer.] 
 
 macto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 alay (in sacrifice). 
 
 maestus, a, um, adj., sorrow- 
 fid, [cp. maereo.] 
 
 Magalus, i, m. 2, a Gallic 
 chieftain. 
 
 magis, compar. adv., more. 
 [cp. magnus.] 
 
 magister, tri, m. 2, master. 
 [cp. magnus.] 
 
 magistratus, us, m. 4, magis- 
 trate, office, [magister.] 
 
 mag^iitudo, inis, f. 3, size, 
 importance, [magnus.] 
 
 magrn-cpfire, adv., greatly. 
 [magnus, opus.] 
 
 magnus, a, um, adj., (freat. 
 
 Mago, onis, m. 3, brother of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 Maharbal, illis, m. 3, son of 
 Himilco, a distinguished 
 Carthaginian cavalry offi- 
 cer. 
 
 maiestas, atis, f. 3, greatness, 
 dignity, [maior. ] 
 
 maior, us, compar. adj., 
 greater ; maior natu, older ; 
 maiores, ancestors, [mag- 
 nus.] 
 
 male, adv., badly, [malus.] 
 
 xnalo, malle, ui, v. a., choose 
 rather, prefer. [magis, 
 volo. ] 
 
 malum, i, n. 2, evil, misfor- 
 tune, [mains.] 
 
 malus, a, um, adj., bad. 
 
 mancipium, ii, n. 2, slave. 
 [manus, capio ] 
 
 mandatum, i, n. 2, command. 
 [mando.] 
 
 mando, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 entrust, command, [manus, 
 do.] 
 
 Mandonius, ii, m. 2, a Spanish 
 cliieftain. 
 
 maneo, mansi, sum, v. n. 2, 
 remain. 
 
 m9jies, ium, m. 3 (plur.), 
 spirit (of a dead person) ; 
 spirits (of the dead), [ma- 
 nus, adj.] 
 
 manipiilus, i, m. 2, company; 
 in the Roman army the 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 135 
 
 legion contained thirty 
 manipuli. 
 Manlius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 clan name, 
 m&niis, us, f. 4, hand, body 
 
 of men ; manus conserere, 
 
 to engage in battle. 
 mare, is, n. 3, sea. 
 maritimus, a, um, adj., on 
 
 the sea-shore, sea-going. 
 
 [mare.] 
 Martius, a, um, adj., of 
 
 March, [Mars.] 
 Massilia, ae, f. 1, Marseilles. 
 
 ^Ve Map. 
 Massilienses, ium, m. 3 (plur. ), 
 
 the people of Marseilles, 
 matrona, ae, f. 1, married 
 
 woman ; also as a title, 
 
 matrona luno, Juno who 
 
 presides over marriage. 
 
 [mater.] 
 maturius, compar. adv., 
 
 earlier, [mature.] 
 maxlme, superlat. adv., most, 
 
 especially, [magnus.] 
 maximus, a, um, superlat. 
 
 adj., greatest ; maximus 
 
 natu, eldest, [magnus. ] 
 Maximus, i, m. 2, surname 
 
 of Quintus Fabius. 
 mecum, for cum me, roith 
 
 me. 
 medeor, no perf., v. dep. 2, 
 
 remedy, heal. 
 mediterraneus, a, um, adj., 
 
 inland; used in neut.^ 
 
 plur., understand Moca.' 
 
 [medius, terra.] 
 medius, a, um, adj., middle, 
 
 in the middle ; medium ag- 
 
 men, the middle of the 
 
 column. 
 
 melior, ius, compar. adj., 
 better, used as comparative 
 of bonus, 
 membrum, i, n. 2, limb. 
 mfemor, is, adj., mindful. 
 
 [cp. memini.] 
 memorabilis, e, adj., worthy 
 
 to be related, [memoro. ] 
 memoria, ae, f. 1, mtmoi-y, 
 
 [memor.] 
 memoro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 relate, declare, [memor.] 
 mensis, is, m. 3, month. 
 mereo, ui, itum, v. n. 2, earn ; 
 serve (as a soldier), for 
 •mereo stipendium.' 
 meritum, i, n. 2, desert, ser- 
 vice, [mereo.] 
 metuo, ui, utum, v. a. 3, /ear. 
 
 [metus.] 
 metus, us, m. 4, fear. 
 meus, a, um, possessive pron., 
 
 my, mine, [mei.] 
 mice, ui, no sup., v. n. 1, 
 
 dart, flash. 
 miles, Itis, m. 3, soldier, the 
 
 soldiers (collective). 
 militaris, e, ad]. , of a soldier. 
 
 [miles.] 
 militia, ae, f. 1, military ser- 
 vice, campaign, [miles.] 
 mill to, avi, alum, v. n. I. 
 serve (as a soldier), [miles. ] 
 mille, indecl. in sing. ; plur. 
 millia, ium, n. 3, thousand. 
 See ch. 14-2, note 1. 
 mlnisterium, ii, n. 2, employ- 
 
 ment. [minister.] 
 minor, atus, v. dep. 1, 
 
 threaten. 
 minor, compar. adj., smaller, 
 used as comparative of 
 ' parvus.' 
 
136 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN JFAR. 
 
 Minucius, ii, m. 2, name of a 
 Roman clan. 
 
 minuo, ui, utum, lensni. 
 [minus.] 
 
 minus, compar. adv., less; 
 sometimes almost equiva- 
 lent to a negative, not. 
 [minor.] 
 
 minus, n. of minor, used as 
 subst., less (w. GEN.). 
 
 miror, atus, v. dep. 1, won- 
 der^ admire. 
 
 misceo, scui, xtum, v. a. 2, 
 min<jb\ confuse. 
 
 miserabills, e, adj., wretched. 
 [miseror.] 
 
 mlsere, adv., miseraUy. 
 [miser.] 
 
 misericordia, ae, f. 1, pity 
 
 (w. (iKN. of o])ject). [miser, 
 cor.] 
 
 miseror, atus, v. dep. 1, pity 
 
 [miser.] 
 mitigo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 make ijentle. [mitis.] 
 mitto, mlsi, inissum, v. a. 3, 
 
 send. 
 mobilis, e, adj., moveable. 
 
 [moveo.] 
 modicus, a, um, adj., mo- 
 derate, small, [modus.] 
 modo, adv., oidy, provided 
 
 that ; modo ne, provided 
 
 that .. not ; modo ... modo, 
 
 now ... now. 
 modus, i, m. 2, measure, 
 
 limit. 
 moenia, orum, n. 3 (plur. ), 
 
 walls, [cp. munio.] 
 mdles, is, f. 3, mass. 
 moleste, adv., with difiindty ; 
 
 moleste ferre, to he annoyed i 
 
 at. [moles.] 
 
 molior, Itus, v. dep. 4, strive. 
 
 [moles.] 
 mollio, ivi or ii, itum, v. a. 
 
 4, so/ten. [mollis.] 
 mollis, e, adj., soft, [moveo.] 
 momentum, i, n. 2, iinpidse, 
 
 iiijlnence. [moveo.] 
 moneo, ui, itum, v. a. 2, 
 
 advise, ivatni. 
 mons, tis, m. 3, mountain. 
 
 [mineo.] 
 montanus, a, um, adj., of the 
 
 mountains; montani, wow/i- 
 
 taineers. [mons.] 
 mora, ae, f. 1, delay. 
 morior, mortuus, v. dep. 3, 
 
 die. 
 moror, atus, v, dep. 1, delay. 
 
 [mora. ] 
 mors, tis, f. 3, death, [mo- 
 rior.] 
 mortuus, a, um, partic. of 
 
 inorior, dead. 
 mos, ris, m. 3, custom, man- 
 ner. 
 motus, us, m. 4, movement, 
 
 disturbance ; terrae motus, 
 
 earthquake, [moveo. ] 
 moveo, movi, motum, v. a. 
 
 2, move, stir up, begin ; 
 
 also movere (understand 
 
 * se ' or ' castra '), to move^ 
 
 intrans. 
 mox, adv., .soo«. 
 mulier, eris, f. 3, woman. 
 multiplex, icis, adj., many 
 
 times as great, [multus, 
 
 plico.] 
 multitudo, inis, f. 3, number, 
 
 population, [multus.] 
 multo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 punish ; pecunia multare, 
 
 to fine, [multa.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 137 
 
 multo, adv., by much, [mul- 
 tus.] 
 
 multum, adv., much. 
 
 multus, a, um, adj., much, 
 many (in plural). 
 
 munimentum, i, n. % fortifi- 
 cation, defence, [munio.] 
 
 munio, ivi or ii, itum, v. a. 
 4, fortify ; construct (a 
 road), [cp. moenia.] 
 
 mums, i, m. 2, ivall. 
 
 Mutina, ae, f. 1, Modena, in 
 Northern Italy. See Map. 
 
 muto, avi. atum, v. a. J, 
 change, [moveo.] 
 
 nam, con j.,. /or. 
 
 namque, con j., /or. 
 
 nanciscor, nactus, v. dep. 3, 
 obtain. 
 
 natura, ae, f. 1, nature. 
 [natus.] 
 
 natus, i, m. 2, son. [partic. 
 of nascor.] 
 
 natus, us, m. 4, birth, [nas- 
 cor. ] 
 
 nauta, ae, m. 1, sailor, [na- 
 vis.] 
 
 nauticus, a, um, adj., of the 
 sailors, [nauta. ] 
 
 navaiis, e, adj., of ships-, 
 socii navales, the ahip^s 
 crews. 
 
 navis, is, f. 3, ship. 
 
 ne, conj., not (in prohibi- 
 tions), that. ..not (in in- 
 direct command or advice) ; 
 that... not, lest (in final 
 clauses) ; ne ... quidem, not 
 even. 
 -n6, enclitic particle, mark- 
 ing a question, not trans- 
 lated in direct questions ; in 
 
 indirect questions, whether, 
 or ichether. 
 nebula, ae, f. 1, mist. 
 nee (=neque), conj., and 
 ...noty nor; nee ...nee, 
 neither ... nor. 
 necessarius, a, um, adj., in- 
 dispensable, barely sufficient. 
 [necesse.] 
 necesse, adj., n. indecl. , «ece«- 
 
 fiary. 
 necessitas, atis, f. 3, necessity. 
 
 [necesse. ] 
 negligentia, ae, f. 1, careless- 
 ness, [negligo.] 
 n6go, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 deny. 
 neg-otium, ii, n. 2, business, 
 
 task, [nee, otium.] 
 nemo, Inis, m. 3, no one. [ne, 
 
 homo.] 
 neque, see nee. 
 nequiquam, adv., in vain. 
 
 [ne, quiquam.] 
 nervus, i, m. 2, sineic. 
 ni, see nisi, 
 nihil, indecl. n., nothing; as 
 
 adv., not at all. 
 nihilum, i, n. 2, nothing; 
 nihilo, by nothing, in no 
 respect, [ne, hilum.] 
 nimius, a, um, adj., too much, 
 
 excessive, [nimis.] 
 nisi or ni, conj., if... not, 
 
 unless. 
 nivalis, e, adj., snowy, [nix.] 
 nivosus, a, um, adj., mixed 
 
 with .fnow. [nix.] 
 nix, nivis, f. 3, snow. 
 no, navi, no sup., v. n. 1, 
 
 swim. 
 nobilis, e, adj., /awows, dis- 
 tinguished, [nosco.] 
 
138 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 nobilitas, atis, f. 3, the nohlea 
 
 (collective). [nol)ilis.] 
 nobis-cum, for cum nobis, 
 
 ivilli MS. 
 nocturnus, a, urn, adj., hy 
 
 nitjht. [nox.] 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, v. n., he 
 
 nnwil/iutj. [non, volo.] 
 nomen, Inis, n. 3, name, 
 
 [nosco.] 
 non, adv., not. [ne, unum.] 
 nonaginta, indecl. numeral, 
 
 ninety, [nonus,] 
 non-dum, adv., no^ye^. [non, 
 
 diim.] 
 nonus, a, um, num. adj., 
 
 ninth, [novein.] 
 nos, nostri or nostrum, pron., 
 
 we. 
 nosco, novi, notum, v. a. 3, re- 
 
 cotfii/se ; novi ( perf . ), I know. 
 noscito, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 recofjnise. 
 noster, tra, trum, poss. pron. , 
 
 our, ours, [nos.] 
 Nova Classis, Novae Classis, 
 
 f. 1, 3, a port in Spain, 
 
 position uncertain, 
 novem, indecl. num., nine. 
 noven-dialis, e, adj., laatinq 
 
 nine days, [novein, dies.] 
 noveni, ae, a, adj., distri- 
 butive numeral, nine each. 
 
 [novem.] 
 novus, a, um, adj., new '^ 
 
 novae res, change of govern- 
 
 ment ; novissimus, lant. 
 nox, nootis, f. 3, night. 
 nubes, is, f. 3, cloud. 
 nudo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 .strip, [nudus.] 
 nudus, a, um, adj., naked, 
 
 bare. 
 
 nullus, a, um, adj., no, none. 
 
 [ne, uUus.] 
 numgrus, i, m. 2, number, 
 
 quantity. 
 Numida, ae, m. 1, Numidian, 
 
 used also as an adjective, 
 nunc, adv., now, nunc... 
 
 nunc, at one time ...at an- 
 other time. 
 nunquam, adv., never, [ue, 
 
 unquam.] 
 nuntio, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 announce, [nuntius.] 
 nuntius, ii, m. 2, messenger, 
 
 news. 
 mipeT, a.dv., lately, [novus.] 
 nusquam, adv., nowhere, in 
 
 no part. [ne» usquam.] 
 
 ob, prep. w. acc., on account 
 
 of. 
 ob-equito, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 ride up to. [equito.] 
 ob-iicio, iicere, ieci, iectum, 
 
 V. a. 3, throw against, 
 
 throw in the way, expose. 
 
 [iacio.] 
 obl9.tu8, partic. of offero. 
 ob-ligfo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 hind. [llgo. ] 
 ob-ruo, ui, fltum, v. a. 3, 
 
 cover, overwhelm, [ruo.] 
 ob-sero, sevi, situm, v. a. 3, 
 
 plant over, [sero.] 
 ob-servans, tis, adj., careful 
 
 (w. (JEN. of object), [ob- 
 
 servo.] 
 Ob-servo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 respect, regard, [servo.] 
 ob-ses, idis, m. 3, hostage. 
 
 [obsideo.] 
 ob-sideo, sedi, sessum, v. a. 
 
 2, besiege. [sedeo.J 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 139 
 
 obsidio, onis, f. 3, siege, [ob- 
 sideo.] 
 ob-sisto, stiti, stitum, v. n. 3, 
 resist (sometimes w. dat.). 
 [sisto.] 
 Ob-8to, stiti, statum, v. n. 1, 
 rem^A*?w/er(w. DAT.) [sto.] 
 ob-testor, atus, v. dep. 1, im- 
 plore, [testor.] 
 Ob tineo, tinui, tentum, v. a. 
 
 2, hold, cover, [teneo.] 
 ob-torpesco, torpui, v. n. 3, 
 
 grow numb, [torpeo.] 
 ob-trunco, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 slay, [truncus.] 
 ob-tiili, perf. of ofFero. 
 ob-viam, adv., in the way ; ire 
 obviam (w. DAT.), to meet. 
 [via.] 
 ob-vius, a, um, adj., in the 
 
 way, meeting, [via.] 
 OC-casiO, onis, f. 3, opportu- 
 nity, [occldo.] 
 oc-ca.8U8, us, m. 4, setting. 
 
 [occldo. ] 
 OC-cido, cidi, ciisum, v. n. 3, 
 set{oi heavenly bodies),/a//. 
 [ob, cado.] 
 oc cido, cidi, cisum, v. a. 3, 
 
 kill, [ob, caedo.] 
 oc-culo, ui, tum, V. a. 3, con- 
 ceal, [cp. celo.] 
 oc-culte, adv., secr6</y, superl. 
 
 occultissime. [occulo.] 
 oc-cumbo, cubui, cubltum,/ie 
 
 doivn. [ob, cumbo.] 
 oc-ciipo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 ■seize, occupy, [ob, capio.] 
 oc-curro, curri, cursum, v. n. 
 3, meet (usually w. dat.). 
 [ob, curro.] 
 Oceanus, i, m. 2, the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 ocius, compar. adv., more 
 
 quickly, [ocior.] 
 octingenti, ae, a, numeral 
 adj., plur., eight hundred. 
 [octo, centum.] 
 octo, indecl. numeral, eight. 
 oculus, i, m. 2, eye. 
 odi, odisse, osum, v. a. def. ; 
 
 perf. in pres. sense, hate. 
 odium, ii, n. 2. hatred, ani- 
 mosity, [odi. ] 
 odor, oris, m. 3, smell. 
 of-ffiro, f erre, obtttli, oblatum, 
 V. a. , offe.r, grant, [ob, f ero. ] 
 of-flciuni, ii, n. 2, duty, [opem, 
 
 facio.] 
 Olcades, um, m. 3 (plur.), a 
 people of Spain. See Map. 
 oleum, i, n. 2, oil. 
 olim, adv. , formerly. [oUe, 
 
 for ille.] 
 oUtorius, a, um, adj., of vege- 
 tables, [olus.] 
 oliva, ae, f. 1, olive. 
 omen, inis, n. 3, sign, omen. 
 o-mitto, misi, missum, v. a. 
 3, leave out, drop, [ob, 
 mitto.] 
 omnia, e, adj., all, every. 
 onSro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 weigh dawn, [onus.] 
 onus, 6ris, n . 3, burden. 
 Onusa, ae, f. 1, a place in 
 
 Spain. 
 opera, ae, f. 1, help, pains; 
 operae pretium, ivorth the 
 trouble ; operam dare, to 
 take pains, [opus.] 
 o-perio, ui, tum, v. a. 4, cover. 
 
 [cp. aperio.] 
 operor, atus, v. dep. 1 , work, 
 be busied (especially with 
 sacred things), [opus.] 
 
140 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN 1VAR. 
 
 opis, gen. (no noni.), f. 3. 
 
 help ; in plur., power, re- 
 sources. 
 oportet, uit, v. impers. 2, it 
 
 is riijht. 
 op-perior, peritus or pertus, 
 
 V. dep. 4, waif for. 
 op-p6to, ivi or ii, Itum, v. a. 
 
 3, meet (death), [ob, pcto.] 
 oppidS,nus, a, um, adj., towns- 
 
 m<in. [oppidum.] 
 oppTdum, i, n. 2, toiim. 
 op pdno, posui, positum, v. a. 
 
 3, set against ( w. dat. ). [ob, 
 
 pono.] 
 op-primo, pressi, pressum, v. 
 
 A. l\, fall upon, destroy, [ob, 
 
 premo.] 
 op-pugnatio, onis, f. 3, attach 
 
 [oppugno.] 
 op-pugno, avi, atiim, v. a. 1, 
 
 attack, [ob, pugno.] 
 optimus, a, um, superl. adj., 
 
 best. 
 opto, avi,atuiTi, v. a. 1, desire. 
 opulentus, a, uin,adj. ^wealthy, 
 
 profitable, [opes.] 
 opus, eris, n. 3, work\ in plur., 
 
 xie<je works. 
 opus, n. indecl., need (with 
 
 the verb sum). 
 era, ae, f. 1, nhore. 
 orator, oris, m. 3, orator, am- 
 bassador, [oro.] 
 ordino, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 arrange, [ordo.] 
 ordior, orsus, v. dep. 4, herfin. 
 ordo, Tnis, m. 3, order, rank. 
 orior, ortus, v. dep. 4, ri-se, 
 
 boffin, spring ; ab orto sole, 
 
 from sunrise. 
 oro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, pray 
 
 for. [os, oris.] 
 
 OS, oris, n. 3, mouth ; in plur., 
 
 face. 
 OS, ossis, n. 3, bone. 
 OS tendo, di, sum or tum, v. 
 
 a. 3, show, [ob, tendo.] 
 OS tento, .avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 point out. [ostendo.] 
 ostium, ii, n. 2, mouth (of a 
 
 river), [os.] 
 dtium, ii, n. 2, leisure ; per 
 
 otium, at leisure. 
 
 P., abbreviation for Publius, 
 
 a Roman name, 
 pabiilum, i, n. 2, fodder, 
 
 ffra.<is. [op. pasco.] 
 paco, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 pacify, subdue, [pax.] 
 Padus, i, m. 2, the river Po. 
 
 See Map. 
 paene, adv., almost. 
 paenitet, uit, v. impers. 2, it 
 
 repents. 
 palam, adv., openly; palam 
 
 facere, to maJce known. 
 palor, atus, v. n. 1, wander 
 
 about. 
 palus, udis, f. 3, marsh. 
 paluster, tris, e, a.dj., marshy, 
 
 (of plants) growing in 
 
 marshes, [palus, ] 
 pando, i, pansum or passum, 
 
 v. a. 3, open, ex/end. 
 par, pjlris, adj., equal; also 
 
 used as subst. n., a pair. 
 parco, peperci, parcltum or 
 
 parsum, v. n. 3, spare (w. 
 
 DAT. ). 
 
 parens, tis, m. and f. 3, 
 
 parent, [pario.] 
 paxeo, ui, itum, v. n. 2, obey 
 
 (W. DAT.). 
 
 pario, parere, peperi, partum, 
 
 VOCABULABY. 
 
 Ul 
 
 V. a. 3, bring forth, produce, 
 gain. 
 parXter, adv. ,equally, together. 
 
 [par.] 
 paro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, get 
 
 ready. 
 pars, tis, f. 3, part, territory; 
 
 pars .. pars, some ... others. 
 
 partim, adv. , partly ; partim 
 
 partim, some . . . others. 
 
 [pars.] 
 parumper, adv., for a little 
 
 while, [parum.] 
 parvus, a, um, adj., little, 
 
 small. 
 pascua, orum, n. 2 (plur.), 
 
 pastures. 
 passim, adv., in every direc- 
 tion, [pando.] 
 passus, us, m. 4, pace. See 
 
 eh. 9, note 3. [pando.] 
 pate-facio, facere, feci, fac- 
 tum, V. a. 3, lay opni. 
 [pateo, facio.] 
 patens, tis, adj., open, acces- 
 sible, [pateo.] 
 pateo, ui, v. n. 2, lie open. 
 pater, tris, m. 3, father ; in 
 
 plur. , the senate. 
 patemus, a, um, adj., of a 
 
 father, [pater.] 
 
 patesco, tui, no sup., v. n. 3, 
 
 be opened, extend, [pateo.] 
 
 patiens, tis, adj., capable of 
 
 bearing (w. gen. ). [patior. ] 
 
 patior, pati, passus, v. dep. 
 
 3, endure, aJlow. 
 patria, ae, f . 1 , native country. 
 
 [pater.] 
 pauci, ae, a, adj. (plur.),/ew, 
 
 a few. 
 paulatim, adv., gradually. 
 [paulum.] 
 
 paulo, adv., by a little, a short 
 
 time (before or after). 
 pavor, oris, m. 3, ;>a«ic. 
 
 [paveo.] 
 pax, pacis, f. 3, peace, [cp. 
 
 paciscor.] 
 pectus, oris, n. 3, breast. 
 pecunia, ae, f. 1, money. 
 
 [pecus.] 
 pficus, Oris, n. 3, fock, herd. 
 pficus, ildis, f. 3, animal. 
 pedes, Itis, m. 3, foot soldier ; 
 (collective) infantry, [pes, 
 eo.] 
 pedester, tris, e, adj., on foot, 
 
 of infantry, [pedes.] 
 pedetentim, adv. , step by step, 
 
 cautiously, [pes, tendo.] 
 
 pedica, ae, f. 1, snare, [pes.] 
 
 pel-licio, lic6re, lexi, lectum, 
 
 V. a. 3, entice, [per, lacio.] 
 
 pello, pepflli, pulsum, v. a. 3, 
 
 drive away, rout. 
 penates, ium, m. 3 (plur.), 
 household gods, home. [cp. 
 penitus, penetro.] 
 pendeo, pependi, no sup., v. 
 
 n. 2, hang. 
 pendo, pependi, pensum, v. 
 a. 3. pay. [lit. weigh ; cp. 
 pendeo. ] 
 penes, prep, w, acc, belong- 
 ing to, in the power of. 
 per,* prep. w. acc, through, 
 during ^ over, by means of; 
 per se, by himself or them- 
 selves ; per otium, a< leisure ; 
 per hostem, so far as the 
 enemy were concerned. 
 per-agn^o, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 traverse, [ager.] 
 per-angustus, a, um, adj., 
 very narrow, [angustus.] 
 
142 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 per-cello, culi, culsum, v. a. 
 
 3, strike, [op. celer.] 
 per-citus, a, urn, adj., excit- 
 
 able, [percieo.] 
 per-contor, atus, v. dep. I, 
 
 ask. 
 per-cutio, cutere, cussi, cus- 
 
 siim, V. a. 3, strike, [quatio. ] 
 per-do, didi, ditum, v. a. 3, 
 
 lose, destroy, [do.] 
 per-duco, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 lead through, [duco.] 
 per-eo, Ire, ii, ituni, v. n., 
 
 perish, he destroyed, [eo.] 
 per-fero, ferre, tali, latum, v. 
 
 a. ^endiir e, convey y announce. 
 
 [fero.] 
 per-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
 
 V. a. 3, finish, [facie] 
 per-fidia, ae, f. 1, treachery. 
 
 [fides.] 
 per-friiigo,fregi, fractuni, v. a. 
 
 3, break throiigh. [f range] 
 per-fugrio, fugere, ffigi, fugl- 
 
 tum, V. n. 3, escape, [f ugio.] 
 per-fuffium, ii, n. 2, refuge. 
 
 [fugio.] 
 per-go, perrexi, perrectum, 
 
 V. n. 3, jyroceed. [per, rego.] 
 peri-culum, i, n. 2, danger. 
 per imo, emi, emptum, v. a. 
 
 3, destroy. [emo, take 
 
 array. '\ 
 per-misceo, miscui, mixtum 
 
 or mistum, v. a. 2, mingle. 
 
 [misceo.] 
 per-nocto, avi, atiim, v. n. 1, 
 
 paxs the night, [nox.] 
 per-opportunus, a, um, adj., 
 
 very seafionnble. [opportu- 
 
 nus.] 
 per-rumpo, rnpi, ruptum, v. a. 
 
 3, break through, [nimpo.] 
 
 per-scindo, scldi, scissum, v. 
 
 a. 3, tear, [scindo.] 
 per-spicio, spicere, spexi, 
 
 spectum, V. a. 3, see clearly. 
 
 [specio.] 
 per-suadeo, si, sum, v. n. 
 
 2, persuade (w. DAT.). 
 
 [suadeo. ] 
 per-traho, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 draw over, [traho.] 
 per-vado, si, sum, v. a. 3, go 
 
 through, [vado. ] 
 per-vasto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 lay waste utterly, [vasto.] 
 per-venio, veni, ventum, v. 
 
 n. 4, arrive, [venio.] 
 per-vius, a, um, adj., pass- 
 able, [via. ] 
 pes, pedis, m. 3, foot, either 
 
 simply or as a measure of 
 
 length. 
 peto, ivi or Ii, itum, v. a. 3, 
 
 seek, aim at, attack^ ask, 
 
 ask for. 
 piaculum, i, n. 2, atonement. 
 
 [pio.] 
 Picenum, i, n. 2, a district of 
 
 Italy, N.E, of the Apen- 
 nines, 
 pignus, oris, n. 3, pledge. 
 Pisae, arum, f. 1 (plur.), Pisa, 
 
 in Etruria, See Map. 
 Flacentia, ae, f. 1, Piacenza 
 
 in North Italy. See Map. 
 placeo, ui, Itum, v. n. 2, 
 
 please (w. DAT.); placuit, 
 
 it was resolved. 
 pl9,co, avi, atum, v. a. 1, ap- 
 pease, [cp. placeo.] 
 planum, i, n. 2, level ground. 
 planus, a, um, adj., level. 
 plebs, plebis, f. 3, the common 
 
 people, [cp. plenus.] 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 143 
 
 plerumque, adv., generally. 
 plus, pluris, compar. adj. 
 (superl. plurimus), more, 
 several (in plur.); also as 
 subst. n., plus, more; 
 plurimum, very much. [cp. 
 plenus.] 
 plus, adv. compar., more. 
 pliiteus, i, m. 2, shelter. See 
 
 ch. 144, note 5. 
 pluvius, ii, m. 2, rain. 
 
 [pluo.] 
 poena, ae, f. 1, punishment. 
 
 [cp. punio.] 
 Foeni, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 Carthaginians (lit. Phceni- 
 cians). 
 polliceor, Itus, v. dep. 2, 
 
 promise, [liceor, hid.] 
 Pomponius, ii, m. 2, a Ro- 
 man clan name, 
 pondo, adv., by weight. See 
 
 ch. 109, note 7. 
 p6no, posui, p6situm, v. a. 3, 
 
 place, pitch (of a camp). 
 pons, tis, m. 3, bridge. 
 popuiaris, is, m. 3, country- 
 man, [populus.] 
 populatlo, onis, f . 3, plunder- 
 ing, [populo.] 
 populor, atus, v. dep. 1, lay 
 
 waafe. [populus.] 
 poptQus, i, m. 2, people, tribe, 
 
 district. 
 por-rigo, rexi, rectum, v. a. 
 3, stretch out, extend, [pro, 
 rego.] 
 porta, ae, f. 1, gate. 
 porto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 carry. 
 portus, us, m. 4, harbour. 
 posco, poposci, no sup., v. a. 
 3, demand. 
 
 pos sessio, onis, f. 3, posses- 
 sion, [possideo.] 
 pos-sideo, sedi, sessum, v. a. 
 
 2, possess, hold, [sedeo.] 
 possum, posse, potui, no 
 sup., V. n., he able, may. 
 [potis, sum.] 
 post, prep. w. ACC, after, be- 
 hind. 
 post, adv., afterwards. 
 post-ea, adv., afterwards. 
 
 [post.] 
 posterns, a, um, adj., next; 
 posteri, posterity, [post.] 
 post-hac, adv., after this. 
 
 [post.] 
 post quam, conj., when. 
 postremo, adv. superlat., at 
 
 last, [posterns.] 
 postrSmus, a, um, superlat. 
 
 adj., last, [posterus.] 
 postulatio, onis, f. 3, de- 
 mand, [postulo.] 
 potentia, ae, f. 1, power. 
 
 [potis.] 
 potestas, atis, f. 3, potver, 
 
 permission, [potis.] 
 p6tio, onis, f. 3, drink. 
 
 [poto.] 
 potior, Itus, V. dep. 4, gam 
 posfiessim, of (w. gen. or 
 ABL. ). 
 potissimus, a, um, super- 
 lat. adj., most important \ 
 potissimum, adv. , most. 
 [potis.] 
 potius, adv. compar., rather. 
 prae, prep. w. abl., before, 
 
 by reason of. 
 prae-altus, a, um, adj., very 
 
 deep, [altus.] 
 prae-beo, ui, Itum, v. a. '-, 
 give, render, [prae, habeo.] 
 
144 
 
 THE IIANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 prae-ceps, cipTtis, adj., head- 
 long, precipitous. [prae, 
 
 caput. ] 
 prae cipio, cipere, cepi, cep- 
 
 tum, V. n. 3, enjoin, [prae, 
 
 capio. ] 
 prae-cipito, avi, atiim, v. a. 
 
 and n. 1, throiv down ; also 
 
 (in trans. ) fall, [praeceps. ] 
 praecipue, adv. , especially. 
 
 [praecipio.] 
 praeda, ae, f. 1, booty. 
 praedator, oris, ni. 3, jdun- 
 
 derer. [praedor. ] 
 praedor, atus, v. dep. 1, 
 
 plundi'V. [praeda.] 
 prae-eo, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, 
 
 V. n., f/o before, [eo.] 
 prae fan, fatus, v. defect. 1, 
 
 say beforehand, [fari.] 
 prae-fectus, i, m. 2, com- 
 
 mnndtr. [praeficio.] 
 prae-ficio, ficere, feci, fectuni, 
 
 V. a. 3, place in command 
 
 over (w. DAT.). 
 prae-gredlor, gressus, v. n. 
 
 4, f/o before, [gradior.] 
 prae-leg^o, legi, lectum, v. a. 
 
 3, coast along, [lego.] 
 prae-mitto, misi, missuni, 
 
 V. a. 3, send forward. 
 
 [mitto.] 
 praemium, ii, n. 2, jtrizey 
 
 reward, [prae, enio] 
 prae-occupo, avi, atum, v. a. 
 
 I, occupy beforehand, [oc- 
 
 cupo,] 
 
 prae paro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 prepare, [paro. ] 
 prae-pdno, posui, positum, v. 
 
 A. \^, prefer, [pono,] 
 prae-propere, adv., very 
 
 hastily, [properus.] 
 
 prae ruptus, a, urn, adj., 
 ru(j</ed. [rumpo.] 
 
 prae-sens, tis, adj., present. 
 [prae, sum.] 
 
 prae-sidium, ii, n. 2, giiard, 
 garrvion. [praesideo.] 
 
 praesto, stiti, stitum, v. a. 1, 
 perform, fjnarantee. [sto.] 
 , prae-tendo, di, tum, v. a. 3, 
 stretch along, [tendo.] 
 
 praeter, prepos. w. acc, be- 
 sides, except^ along. 
 
 praeter-ea, adv. , besides. 
 [praeter.] 
 
 praeter-fero, ferre, tuli, la- 
 tum, v. a., carry ;)a,.s^ [fero.] 
 
 praeter-mitto, misi, missum, 
 v. a. 3, omit, [mitto.] 
 
 praeter- quam, adv., besides. 
 [praeter.] 
 
 praetor, oris, m. 3, the prae- 
 tor, a Roman magistrate, 
 charged first with the ad- 
 nnnistration of justice. 
 
 praetorium, ii, n. 2, the 
 generaVs tenty head-quar- 
 ters, [praetor.] 
 
 prae-ustus, a, um, &d]., frost- 
 bitten, [prae-uro, to bum 
 at the end.'\ 
 
 prandeo, di, sura, v. n. 2, 
 take breakfast. 
 
 precatio, onis, f. 3, prayer. 
 [precor.] 
 
 precor, atus, v. dep. 1 , pray. 
 [preces.] 
 
 pr6mo, pressi, pressum, v. a. 
 3, press, oppress. 
 
 pretiosus, a, um, adj., valu- 
 able, [pretium.] 
 
 pretium, ii, n. 2. price, value^ 
 payment ; operae pretium, 
 ivorth the trouble. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 145 
 
 pri-dle, adv., on the day be- 
 fore, [prae, dies.] 
 primo, adv., at first. 
 primSres, um, m. 3 (plur.), 
 
 the chief men. [primus.] 
 primum, adv.,/rs«. 
 primus, a, um, adj. super!., 
 first, earliest \ primum ag- 
 men, thefroiU of the column. 
 [prae.] 
 prin-ceps, cipis, m. 3, a chtej ; 
 also as adj. , chief, [primus, 
 capio.] . 
 
 prin-cipium, ii, n. 2, begin- 
 ning, [prince ps.] 
 prior, us, adj., former. 
 
 [prae. ] 
 prius, adv., first (of two). 
 
 [prior.] 
 prius-quam, conj., before 
 
 that, [prius. ] 
 privatlm, adv., privately. 
 
 [privatus.] 
 privfttus, a, um, a,A.y , private. 
 
 [privo.] 
 
 pro, prep. w. abl., bejore, 
 
 for, in accordance with, in 
 
 proportion to, in return for. 
 
 proboscis, Idis, f. 3, trunk. 
 
 [Greek irpopoaKis.'] 
 pro-cedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 
 3, go forward, [cedo.] 
 pro-cido, cidi, no sup., v. n. 
 
 3, /a//, [cado.] 
 pro-clivis, e, adj., down-hill, 
 
 easy, [clivus.] 
 procul, adv. , far off. [pro- 
 cello.] 
 pro-cumbo, cubui, cub! tum, 
 V. n. ^, fall down, [cumbo.] 
 pro-euro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 provide for, expiate. See 
 ch. 85, note 1. 
 
 pro-digium, ii, n. 2, portent. 
 
 [cp. digitus.] 
 pro-ditio, onis, f. 3, treachery, 
 
 delivering up. [prodo.] 
 pro-fecto, adv., certainly. 
 
 [pro, factum.] 
 pro-ficiscor, fectus, v. dep. 3, 
 
 set out. [facio.] 
 pro-fiigo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 overthrow. 
 pro-fugio, fugfire, fugi, ftigi- 
 tum, V. n. Z, fly for refuge. 
 [fugio.] 
 pro-fundus, a, um, adj.,rfeep. 
 pro gredior, grfidi, gressus, 
 V. dep. 3, advance, [gra- 
 dior.] 
 pro-bibeo, ui, itum, v. a. Z, 
 oppose, prevent, [habeo.] 
 pro-iicio, iic6re, ieci, iectum, 
 V. a. 3, throw down, [iacio. ] 
 pro-iabor, lapsus, v. dep., 
 
 slip down, [labor.] 
 pro montorium, ii, n. 2, head- 
 land, [mens.] 
 prope, prep. w. acc, near, 
 
 nearly. 
 prope, adv., almost. 
 propere, adv., hurriedly. 
 
 [properus.] 
 propinquo, avi, atum, v. n. 
 
 1, approach, [prope.] 
 propinquus, a, um, adj., wear, 
 (w. DAT.), immediate; as 
 subst., relative, [prope.] 
 propior, us, adj. compar., 
 
 nearer. 
 pro-pono, posui, positum, v. 
 a. 3, set before, display. 
 
 [pono.] 
 pro-praetor, oris, m. 3, i^^-o- 
 praetor, the delegate of the 
 consul, [praetor.] 
 
146 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 propter, prepos. w. acc, on 
 
 account of. [prope.] 
 propter-ea, adv., on that ac- 
 count, [propter.] 
 pro pugrnaculum, i, n. 2, de- 
 fence, [propugno.] 
 prora, ae, f. 1, prow. 
 pro-ripio, rip6re, rlpui, rep- 
 
 tum, V, a. 3, tear away ; 
 
 se proripere, to rush out. 
 
 [rapio.] 
 pro-rogo, avi, at urn, v. a. 1, 
 
 extend (a period of oflBce). 
 
 [rogo. ] 
 pro-ruo, rui, nltum, v. a. 3, 
 
 throw doivn. [ruo.] 
 pro-8p§re, adv., fortunately. 
 
 [prosperus.J 
 pro-sperus, a, um, adj., /or- 
 
 tiuiate. [spes.] 
 prostemo, stravi, stratum, 
 
 V. a. 3, throwdown. [sterno. ] 
 pro-tSgo, texi, tectum, v. a. 
 
 1, protect, [tego.] 
 pro-tinus, adv., immediately. 
 
 [teuus.] 
 pro-traho, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 proloiuj. [traho.] 
 provincia, ae, f. 1, province. 
 
 See ch. 30, note 2. 
 proximuB, a, um, adj. super- 
 
 \'d.t., nearesty nt'xt. [prope.] 
 prudens, tis, adj., discreet. 
 
 [pro video.] 
 pubes, eris, adj. , grown up. 
 pubesco, bui, v. n. 3, growing 
 
 up. [pubes.] 
 publico, adv., publicly. 
 publicus, a, um, adj., public^ 
 
 belonging to the JState. 
 
 [populus.] 
 pudor, oris, m. 3, shamt. 
 
 [pudeo.] 
 
 puer, i, m. 2, hoy. 
 
 pueritia, ae, f. 1^ boyhood. 
 
 [puer.] 
 pugna, ae, f. 1, battle. 
 pug^o, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 Jight. [pugna.] 
 pulsus, us, m. 4, stroke. 
 
 [pello.] 
 pulvinar, aris, n. 3, a cov/^h. 
 
 6ee ch. 108, note 5. [pulvi- 
 
 nus.] 
 pulvls, eris, m. 3, dust. 
 Punlcus, a, um, adj., Cartha- 
 ginian. [Poeni.] 
 puppis. Is, f. 3, ship's stemy 
 
 ship. 
 piito, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 think. 
 Pyrenaei, orum, adj. (supply 
 
 ' montes '), the Pyrenees. 
 
 See Map. 
 
 Q. for Quintus, a Roman 
 name. 
 
 qua, adv., ivhere. [qui.] 
 
 qua-cunque, adv., wherever. 
 
 quadrag^inta, numeral in- 
 decl., jorty. [quattuor.] 
 
 quadrin genti, ae, a, nume- 
 ral adj., four hundred. 
 [quattuor, centum.] 
 
 quaero, quaesivi or li, quae- 
 situm, V. a. 3, seeky ask. 
 
 quaestus, us, m. 4, gain^ 
 commerce, [quaero.] 
 
 qualis, e, adj., such aSy a^. 
 [quis.] 
 
 quam, adv. , thaUy as (answer- 
 ing to tarn), hotv ; also 
 (with superl.) quam celer- 
 rime, a.v quickly as possible ; 
 quam maximus, as great as 
 possible, [qui. ] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 147 
 
 quam-vis, con]., althovxjU. 
 
 [quam, volo.] 
 quando, conj., wheUy since. 
 quan-quam, conj., although. 
 [quam.] . 
 
 quanto, adv., by how rmich, 
 
 in proportion as. [quantus. ] 
 quantus, a, um, adj., as great 
 
 asy as much as. [quam. J 
 quartus, a, um, adj., Jourth. 
 
 [quattuor.] 
 quasso, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 .shake, [quatio.] 
 quatemi, ae, a, four each. 
 
 [quattuor.] 
 qu&tio, quatere, quassi, quas- 
 
 sum, V. a. 3, shake. 
 quatari-duum, i, n. 2, Jour 
 
 days, [quattuor, dies.] 
 quattuor, numeral indecl. , 
 
 four. 
 
 quattuor-decim, numeral in- 
 decl. , fourteen, [quattuor, 
 
 decern.] , 
 
 -que, conj. enclitic, and\ 
 
 que ... que, both ... and. 
 quem-ad-modum, adv., as. 
 
 [lit. after what manner.] 
 querimonla, ae, f. 1, com- 
 plaint, [queror.] 
 qui, quae, quod, rel., whOy 
 
 whaty which. . 
 
 quia, conj., because, [qui.] 
 qui-cunque, quaecunque, 
 quodcunque, relat., who- 
 ever y whatever, [qui.] 
 quid, interrog. adv., ichy ^ 
 
 [quis.] , 
 
 qui-dam, quae-dam, quoa- 
 dam, pron., a certain (one). 
 
 [qui.] 
 qiddem, adv., indeed; ne 
 ...quidem, not even. 
 
 quies, etis, f. 3, rest, sleep. 
 quiesco, evi, etum, v. n. 3, 
 
 rest, [quies.] 
 quietus, a, um, adj., peace- 
 ful, [quies.] 
 quin, conj., that... not, but 
 
 that, [qui, ne.] 
 quin-decim, numeral indecl., 
 fifteen, [quinque, decem.] 
 quin-etiam, adv., moreover. 
 [quin.] , 
 
 quin-genti, ae, a, numeral 
 &d]., fve hundred, [quin- 
 que, centum.] 
 quinquaginta, numeral in- 
 decl., //<y. [quinque-] 
 quinque, numeral indecl., 
 
 five. , . 
 
 quinque-rgmis, is, f. 3, a ship 
 with fve banks of oars. 
 [renins.] 
 quippe, adv. and conj., »n- 
 deedysince ; esp. with relat., 
 since /, Ae, etc. [quia.] 
 quis, quid (qui, quae, quod, 
 adj.), interr. pron., whof 
 what? ivhich? also indef. 
 pron., anyoney anylhmgy 
 esp. with 'si'or 'ne. 
 quis-nam, interr. pron., who f 
 
 what? [quis.] 
 quis-quam, quae quam, quic- 
 quam or quid-quam, pron., 
 anyoney anything, [quis.] 
 quis-que, quae-que, quod- 
 que (quid que), pron., each. 
 
 [quis.] 
 quis-quis, quic-quid, pron., 
 
 whoever y whatever, [quis. J 
 quo, conj., whither, where, m 
 
 order that; with compar., 
 
 in proportion as (answering 
 
 to*eo'). [qui.] 
 
148 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 quo-ad, conj., as far as. 
 [qui, ad.] 
 
 quod, conj., because, [qui.] 
 
 quondam, adv. , formerly. 
 [quum.] 
 
 quoque, conj., also. 
 
 quot, adj. indecl., as many 
 as, answering to * tot.' 
 
 quum, conj., when, since, al- 
 though. See ch. 147, note 2. 
 
 radix, icis, f. 3, root. 
 
 ramus, i, m. 2, branch, [cp. 
 radix.] 
 
 rapidus, a, um, adj., rapid. 
 [rapio.] 
 
 rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, 
 V. a. 3, carry off. 
 
 raptim, adv., hurriedly, [ra- 
 pio.] 
 
 raro, adv., seldom, [rarus.] 
 
 ratis, is, f. 3, raft, boat. 
 
 ratus, a, um, adj., confirmed. 
 [reor.] 
 
 recedo, cessi, cessum, v. n. 
 3, retreat, [cedo.] 
 
 recens, tis, adj.,/re.<<A, late. 
 
 re-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, 
 V. a. 3, take back, recovery 
 receive ; ae recipere, to re- 
 treat, [capio.] 
 
 reciproco, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 give and take ; reciprocare 
 aniinain, to breathe, [reci- 
 proous.] 
 
 rectus, a, um, adj., straight. 
 [rego.] 
 
 re-cupero, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 win hack. [cp. capio.] 
 
 re-cuBO, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 refuse, [causa.] 
 
 red-do, didi, ditum, v. a. 3, 
 give backy render. [re<l, do. ] 
 
 red-eo, ivi or ii, Itum, v. n., 
 go back, [red, eo.] 
 
 red-igo, egi, actum, v. a. 3, 
 drive back, reduce. 
 
 red-integro, avi, atum, v. a. 
 1, renew, [integer.] 
 
 red-itus, us, m. 4, retuniy 
 way of retwm. [redeo.] 
 
 re-dtlco, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 bring back, [duco.] 
 
 re-fero, referre, rettuli, re- 
 latum, V. a., bring backy 
 report, [fero. ] 
 
 re-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
 V. a. 3, build anetv ; re- 
 fresh, [facio.] 
 
 re-fiigio, fuggre, fiigi, fugl- 
 tum, V. a. 3, fee back. 
 [fugio.] 
 
 rUgio, onis, f. 3, district. 
 [rego.]^ 
 
 regnum, i, n. 2, power y king- 
 dom, [rego.] 
 
 reg^ilus, i, m. 2, chieftain. 
 [diminutive of rex.] 
 
 relig^io, onis, f. 3, conscien- 
 tiousness, fear of the gods. 
 
 re-ligo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 moor (of a ship or raft), 
 [ligo.] 
 
 re-linquo, iTqui, lictum, v. a. 
 3, leave, [linquo.] 
 
 reliquiae, arum, f. 1 (plur.), 
 remains, [relinquo.] 
 
 re-llquus, a, um, adj., re- 
 maining, [relinquo.] 
 
 re -medium, ii, n. 2, remedy. 
 [medeor.] 
 
 remez, Igis, m. 3, rower. 
 [remus.] 
 
 re-mitto, misi, missum, v. a. 
 3, send hack, relax, [mitto.] 
 
 remuB, i, m. 2, oar. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 149 
 
 re-n6vo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 renew, [novus.] 
 reor, ratus, v. dep. 2, think. 
 
 [res.] 
 repens, tis, adj., sudden -, 
 
 also as adv. , suddenly. 
 rfipente , adv. , suddenly, [re - 
 
 pens.] 
 repentinus, a, um, adj., 
 
 sudden, [repens.] 
 repferio, repperi, repertum, 
 
 V. a. A, find, [pario.] 
 re-peto, ivi or li, itum, v. a. 
 
 3, return to. [peto.] 
 re-pugno, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 resist, [pugna.] 
 reputo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 consider, [puto.] 
 res, rei, f. 5, thing, eventy cir- 
 cumstances; res Romana, 
 the Roman power or for- 
 tune ; res nautica, naval 
 operations, the fleet. 
 re-scindo, scidi, scissum, v. a. 
 
 3, break down, [scindo.] 
 re-sisto, stlti, v. n. 3, resist 
 (w. DAT.), stand firm. 
 fsisto.] 
 re-solvo, solvi, solutum, v. a. 
 
 3, let loose, [solvo.] 
 re-spergo, si, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 besprinkle, [spargo.] 
 re-spiro, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 
 breathe, [spiro.] 
 re-spondeo, di, sum, v. n. 2, 
 
 answer, [spondeo.] 
 re-sponsum, i, n. 2, answer. 
 
 [respondeo.] 
 res-puWica, rei-publicae, f. 1, 
 statCy commonwealth, [res, 
 publicus.] 
 re-stituo, ui, iitum, v. a. 3, 
 restore, [statuo.] 
 
 re-sto, stiti, no sup., v. n. 1, 
 
 remain, [sto.] 
 retinaculum, i, n. 2, cable. 
 
 [retineo.] 
 re-tineo, tinni, tentum, v. a. 
 
 2, hold back, [teneo.] 
 re tralio, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, 
 
 drag back, [traho.] 
 retro, adv., back, [re.] 
 re-voco, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 recall, [voco.] 
 rex, regis, m. 3, king, [rego.] 
 Rhodanus, i, m. 2, the Rhone. 
 
 See Map. 
 rideo, si, sum, v. n. 2, laugh. 
 rigeo, ui, v. n. 2, be stiff. 
 rigor, oris, m. 3, stiffness. 
 
 [rigeo.] 
 ripa, ae, f. 1, bank (of a 
 
 river), 
 risus, us, m. 4, laughter. 
 
 [rideo.] 
 rite, adv., duly. [cp. ritus.] 
 rivus, i, m. 2, stream. 
 rotour, 5ris, n. 3, endurancCy 
 
 the strongest part (also in 
 
 plur. ). 
 Roma, ae, f. 1, Rorne. 
 Romanus, a, um, adj., Roman. 
 
 [Roma.] 
 Rufus, i, m. 2, a Roman sur- 
 name, [lit., red-haired.^ 
 ruina, ae, f. 1, fodly ruin. 
 
 [ruo.] 
 rumor, Oris, m. 3, report. 
 rumpo, rupi, ruptum, v. a. 3, 
 
 break. 
 ruo, rui, rGtum, v. n. 3, /aa, 
 
 rush. 
 rupes, is, f. 3, rock, [rumpo ] 
 ruptor, oris, m. 3, breaker. 
 
 [rumpo. ] 
 rursus, adv., again. 
 
150 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 sacri-fico, avi, atum, v. n. 1, 
 sacrifice, [sacrum, facio.] 
 
 sacrum, i, n. 2, festival ; in 
 plur., sacrifice, [sacer.] 
 
 saevio, ii, itum, v. n. 4, act 
 cruelly, [saevus.] 
 
 Sa^ntinus, a, um, adj., of 
 Sagnntum ; Saguntini, Sa- 
 guntincH. [Saguntum.] 
 
 Sagnintum, i, n. 2, a town in 
 Spain. /See Map. [Zd»cu»'^os.] 
 
 saltus, us, m. 4, pass, forest. 
 
 salus, litis, f. 3, safety. 
 [salveo.] 
 
 8aluta,ris, e, adj., advan- 
 tageous, [salus.] 
 
 salvus, a, um, adj., safe. 
 
 Salyes, um, m. 3 (plur.), a 
 people of the Maritime 
 Alps. See Map. 
 
 sanguis, Inis, m. 3, blood, 
 family. 
 
 sarcina, ae, f. 1, burden, 
 baggage, [sarcio. ] 
 
 Sardi, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 the Sardinians. 
 
 Sardinia, ae, f. 1, an island 
 in the Mediterranean. See 
 Map. 
 
 s§.tis, adv., enough, quite. 
 
 satis-facio, facere, feci, fac- 
 tum, V. n. 3, give satisfac- 
 tion, apologize (w. dat. ). 
 [satis, facio.] 
 
 saxum, i, n. 2, roch, stone. 
 
 scio, scivi or scii, scitum, v. 
 a. 4, know. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. 3, a Roman 
 surname. 
 
 sciscltor, atus, v. dep. 1, en- 
 quire, [scio.] 
 
 scribo, psi, ptum, v. a. 3, 
 write. 
 
 scutum, i, n. 2, shield. 
 
 se, sui, pron. reflect, ace, 
 himself, herself, itself, them- 
 selves. 
 
 secessio, onis, f. 3, with- 
 drawal, [se-cedo. ] 
 
 s6co, cui, ctum, v. a. 1, 
 cut. 
 
 se-cretus, a, um, adj., apart. 
 [se-cerno.] 
 
 se-cum, for cum se. 
 
 secundum, prep., following, 
 down (the stream), accord- 
 ing to. [sequor.] 
 
 sScundus, a, um, adj., second; 
 favourable ; secundae res, 
 prosperity, [sequor. ] 
 
 securus, a, um, adj., safe. 
 [se, cura.] 
 
 secHtus, partic. of sequor. 
 
 sed, conj., but. 
 
 sedecim, num. indecl., six- 
 teen, [sex, decem.] 
 
 sedeo, sedi, sessum, v. n. 2, 
 sit, remain. 
 
 sedes, is, f. 3, sea^, aXwde. 
 
 sedo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, quiet. 
 [cp. sedeo ] 
 
 segnis, e, adj., lazy. 
 
 se^lter, adv., lazily; com- 
 par. segnius. 
 
 se-gr6go, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 separate, [grex.] 
 
 sfimel, adv., once. 
 
 se-mestris, e, adj., of six 
 months' standing. [sex, 
 mensis.] 
 
 se-met = se. 
 
 semper, adv., always. 
 
 Sempronius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 clan name. 
 
 senSLtor, oris, m. 3, a senator. 
 [senatus.] 
 
 VOCABULABY. 
 
 151 
 
 senatus, us, m. 4, the senate. 
 
 [senex.] 
 sensim, adv., gradually. 
 
 [sentio.] 
 sentio, sensi, sensum, v. a. 4, 
 
 feel, perceive. 
 separatim, adv., apart, [se- 
 
 paro.] 
 sepeUo, ivi or ii, sepultum, 
 
 V. a. 4, bury. 
 
 septem, numeral indecl. ,seven. 
 
 septm genti, ae, a, numeral, 
 
 seven hundred. [septem, 
 
 centum.] 
 
 sfequor, secutus, v. dep. •>, 
 
 follow. 
 series, ei, f. 5, succession. 
 
 [sero, Ijoiyi.] 
 Serranus, i, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 surname, [sero, / sow.\ 
 Servilius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 clan name, 
 servo, avi, atum, v. a. l, 
 
 keep, preserve. 
 servus, i, m. 2, slave. 
 se-se = se. 
 
 sen, conj .,or if. [ = si ve. ] 
 sex, numeral indecl. , six. 
 sexaginta, numeral indecl., 
 sixty, [sex.] . 
 
 sex-centi, ae, a, numeral, six 
 hundred, [sex, centum.] 
 
 si, conj., if. 
 
 sic, adv., so, thus, as tt icas. 
 
 siccus, a, um, adj., dry; sic- 
 
 cum, a dry place. 
 SiciUa, ae, f. 1, Sicily, bee 
 
 Map. 
 sic-ut, conj., as. [ut.J 
 sidus, eris, n. 3, constellation. 
 signi-fer, 6ra, erum, adj., 
 
 standard bearer, [signum, 
 
 fero.] 
 
 signlfico, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 make hiowii. [signum, 
 
 facio.] 
 signum, i, n. 2, standard, 
 
 signal. 
 silentium, ii, n. 2, silence. 
 
 [sileo.] 
 sXlex, Icis, m. 3, flint. 
 silva, ae, f. \, forest. 
 simiUs, e, adj., like (w. dat.). 
 simul, adv., at the same time; 
 
 also conj., as soon as. 
 simulo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 pretend, [similis.] 
 sine, prep. w. abl., without. 
 singuli, ae, a, adj., one each. 
 sinister, tra, trum, adj., tejt. 
 sino, sivi, situm, v. a. 3, 
 
 allow. 
 sinus, us, m. 4, fold. 
 situs, us, m. 4, position, [smo. J 
 situs, a, um, adj., situated. 
 
 [sino.] 
 societas, atis, f. 3, alliance. 
 
 [socius.] . . 
 
 socio, avi, atum, v. a. 1, join. 
 
 [socius. ] 
 socius, ii, m. 2, ally ; navales 
 
 socii, crews of ships. 
 sol, is, m. 3, sun. 
 soleo, solltus, sum, v. n. -, 
 
 be accustomed. 
 solltus, a, um, partic, usual; 
 
 solitum, usual {thing), [so- 
 
 soU-ers, tis, adj., skilfd. 
 
 [ars.] 
 solli cito, avi, atum, v. a. i, 
 
 disturb, tempt. [solhcitus.J 
 soUi-citus, a, um, adj., 
 
 anxious, [cieo.] 
 solum, adv., only, [solus. J 
 solum, i, n. 2, ground. 
 
152 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 sOlus, a, uin, adj., alone. 
 
 solvo, solvi, solutum, v. a. 3, 
 loose, [se, luo.] 
 
 somnus, i, m. 2, sleep. 
 
 sdnus, i, m. 2, sound, noise. 
 
 sors, sortis, f. 3, lot. [sero, 
 I join.] 
 
 sospes, Itis, adj., safe. 
 
 spargro, SL, sum, v. a. 3, 
 scatte7\ 
 
 spartum, i, n. 2, esparto grass 
 (used for ropes, etc. ). 
 
 spatium, ii, n. 2, iiUervaly 
 distance. 
 
 species, ei, f. 5, appearance. 
 [specio. ] 
 
 speciosus, a, um, adj., bril- 
 liant, [species. ] 
 
 spectaculum, i, n. 2, sight. 
 [specto.] 
 
 spectator, Oris, m. 3, looker- 
 on, [specto.] 
 
 specto, avi, atura, v. a. 1, look 
 at, have in view, [specio. ] 
 
 specula, ae, f. 1, loatch-iower. 
 [specio.] 
 
 speculator, oris, m. 3, scoiU. 
 [speculor.] 
 
 speculatorius, a, um, adj., 
 for exploring ; speculatoria, 
 ae, as subst., a vessel of 
 observation, [speculor.] 
 
 speculor, atus, v. dep. 1, ex- 
 plore, [specula. ] 
 
 spero, avi, atum, v. a. I, 
 hope, [spes.] 
 
 spes, ei, f. 5, hope. 
 
 spirltus, us, m. 4, breath. 
 [spiro.] 
 
 spdlio, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 strip^ plunder, [spolium.] 
 
 sponte, abl., as adv., volun- 
 tarily, [spondeo.] 
 
 stabilis, e, sAy, fixed, [sto.] 
 
 statim, adv., immediately. 
 
 statio, Ouis, f. 3, position^ 
 guard-post, [sto.] 
 
 stativus, a, um, adj., station- 
 ary ; stativa (castra), per- 
 manent camp, [sto.] 
 
 statue, ui, utum, v. a. 3, 
 place, set up ; determine. 
 [status.] 
 
 status, us, m. 4, position, con- 
 dition, [sto;] 
 
 stemo, stravi, stratum, v. a. 
 3, lay doivn, extend. 
 
 stimulo, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 incite, urge on. [stimulus. ] 
 
 stipendium, ii, n. 2, pay, tri- 
 bute ; campaign, [stipis.] 
 
 stirps, pis, f. 3, root. 
 
 sto, steti, sttltum, v. ii. 1, 
 stand, remain, lie at 
 anchor. 
 
 stolidus, a, um, adj., stupid. 
 [cp. stultus.] 
 
 strages, is, f. 3, defeat. 
 [stemo.] 
 
 strepltus, us, m. 4, noise. 
 [strepo.] 
 
 strepo, ui, Itum, v. n. 3, make 
 a noise, resound. 
 
 strlngo, inxi, ictum, v. a. 3, 
 draw (a sword). 
 
 Btructflra, ae, f. 1, building. 
 [struo.] 
 
 suadeo, suasi, suasum, v. a. 
 and n. 2, advise. 
 
 sua pte = sua. 
 
 suasor, Oris, m. 3, supporter. 
 [suadeo.] 
 
 Bub, prep. w. acc. or abl., 
 under— (\) w. acc, sub 
 noctem, at nightfall ; (2) 
 w. ABL., under. 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 153 
 
 sub-do, d6re, dldi, dltum, v. 
 
 a. 3, plunge into, [do.] 
 sub-eo, ii, itum, v. a. , go under, 
 
 approach, undergo. [eo.J 
 BUb-igo, egi, actum, v. a. 3, 
 
 subdue, [ago.] 
 sub iicio, iicere, ieci, lectum, 
 
 \. 9^.'^, place under, [lacio.] 
 Bub-inde, adv., immediately 
 
 after, [inde.] 
 BUbito, adv. , suddenly, [su b- 
 
 itus.] 
 Bubitus, a, um, adj., sudden. 
 
 [subeo, come up.] 
 BUb-latus, partic. of tollo. 
 BUb-ruo, ui, tttum, v. a. 3, 
 
 undermine, [ruo.] 
 Bub-Bidium, ii, n. 2 reserve, 
 
 fnnyport. [sub, sedeo.] 
 BUb-sisto, stiti, stitum, v. n. 
 
 3, stand still, [sisto.] 
 Bub-vebo, xi, ctum, v. a. 6, 
 
 bring up. [veho.] 
 BUC-cessuB, us, m. 4, sw:cess. 
 
 [succedo.] ^ 
 
 suf-flcio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
 
 V. a. 3, appoint instead. 
 
 [sub, facio.] 
 8Uin,esse,fui,no.sup.,v.n.,oe. 
 
 Buinmum, adv., at most. 
 
 [summus.] 
 summus, a, um, adj., super- 
 Isit., highest, greatest; sum- 
 mus mons, the top of the 
 mountain, [superus.] 
 sumo, mpsi, mptum, v. a. 6, 
 
 take, [emo.] , 
 sue met = suo. 
 
 BupeUex, lectllis, f. 3, house- 
 hold goods. 
 super, prep. w. acc, above, 
 over, besides ; alius super 
 alium, one after another. 
 
 superbus, a,um, adj. ,hau{)hty. 
 
 [super.] 
 superior, us, adj. compar., 
 
 upper, [superus.] 
 Bupero, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 overcome, surpass, sur- 
 mount, [super.] 
 Buper-sfideo, sedi, sessum, v. 
 
 n. 2, <mit. [sedeo.] 
 Buper-Bum, esse, fui, no sup., 
 
 V. n., survive. 
 sup-plex, Icis, m. Z,supphanl. 
 [sub, plico.] ^ „ , f 
 Bup-plicatio, onis, f. 3, day oj 
 public prayer. [supplico.J 
 Bup-plicium, ii, n. 2, punish- 
 ment, [supplex.] 
 sup-primo, pressi, pressum, 
 V. a. 3, sink (a ship), [sub, 
 premo.] ^ 
 
 supra, prep. w. acc, above, 
 beyond, more than, [su- 
 perus.] 
 Bur-go, surrexi. surrectuni, v. 
 
 n. 3, rise, [sub, rego.] 
 Bus-cipio, cipere, cepi, cep- 
 tum, V. a. 3, umlertake, take 
 upon wie self [sub capio.] 
 su-spectus, a, um, adj., sus- 
 pected, mistrusted. [su- 
 spicio.] 
 sus-tineo, ui> tentum, v. a. 
 
 2, hold up, support. 
 8UU8, a, um, possess, pron., 
 his own, her otvn. Us own, 
 their own. [se.] 
 
 tabes, is, f. 3, malting sub- 
 stance, slush, [tabeo.] 
 
 tabulatum, i, n. 2, story (of 
 a house), [tabula.] 
 
 tacitus, a, um, adj., sUent. 
 [taceo.] 
 
154 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR, 
 
 taedium, ii, n. 2, weariness. 
 
 [taedet.] 
 taeter, tra, trum, adj., hor- 
 rible. 
 Taffus, i, m. 2, the river 
 
 Taqus in Spain, 
 talentum, i, n. 2, a talent, a 
 sum oJF money equal to 
 about £240. 
 talis, 8, adj., nuch. 
 tam, adv., so. 
 
 tamen, adv. , nevertheless, how- 
 ever, [tarn.] 
 tandem, ad v. ,a^ length, [tam. ] 
 tango, tetigi, tactum, v. a. 3, 
 
 touch. 
 Tannetum, i, n. 2, a village 
 of North Italy. See Map. 
 tan-quam, adv., as it ivere, 
 
 as if. [tam, quam.] 
 tanto, adv., by so much. 
 
 [tantus.] 
 tantum, adv., .so much, only. 
 
 [tantus.] 
 tantus, a, um, adj., so much, 
 
 so great, [tam.] 
 Tarentum, i, n. 2, a town in 
 
 South Italy. 
 Tarraco, Onis, f. 3, Tarra- 
 gona, a town in Spain. 
 See Map. 
 Taurini, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 a tribe of North Italy. 
 See Map. 
 tectum, i, n. 2, house, shelter. 
 
 [tego.] 
 tecum, for cum te. 
 tegmen, Inis, n. 3, covering. 
 
 [tego.] 
 tfigo, xi, ctura, v. a. 3, cover, 
 
 shelter. 
 tegumentum, i, u. 2, covering. 
 [tego. J 
 
 telum, i, n. 2, weapon, mis- 
 sile. 
 temgre, adv., rashly, hastily. 
 temeritas, atis, f. 3, rashness. 
 
 [temere.] 
 temperans, tis, adj., m^e- 
 
 rate, [tempero.] 
 tempestas, atis, f. 3, storm. 
 
 [tempus.] 
 tempus, 6ria, n. 3, time. 
 teneo, ui, tum, v. a. 2, hold, 
 bind, occupy, reach (a port), 
 tento, avi, atum, v. a. 1, at- 
 tempt, [tendo.] 
 tentorium, ii, n. 2, tent. 
 
 [tendo.] 
 tenuB, prep. w. abl., as far 
 as, up to (stands after its 
 case). 
 Terentius, ii, m. 2, a Roman 
 
 clan name, 
 tergum, i, n. 2, back; ab 
 
 tergo, behind. 
 terminus, i, m. 2, limit. 
 tero, trivi, tritum, v. a. 3, 
 
 wear, vyaste. 
 terra, ae, f. 1, earth, land. 
 
 [cp. torreo, / dry. ] 
 terreo, ui, itum, v. a. 2, 
 
 frighten. 
 terrestris, e, adj., on land; 
 terrestres copiae, land 
 forces, [terra.] 
 terror, oris, m. 3, fear. 
 
 [terreo.] 
 tertius, a, um, numeral adj., 
 
 third, [tres. ] 
 Ti., abbreviation for Tiberius, 
 
 a Roman name. 
 Ticinus, i, m. 2, the river 
 
 Ticino. See Map. 
 timeo, ui, no sup., v. a. 2, 
 fear. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 155 
 
 timldus, a, um, ad]., /mr/wZ, 
 
 faint-hearted, [timeo.] 
 Umor, oris, m. 3, fear, [ti- 
 
 vneo.] .. 
 
 tiro, onis, m. 3, recruit ; as 
 
 adj., tiro exercitus, a newly 
 
 levied army. 
 titubo, avi, atum, v. n. i, 
 
 stumble. 
 toga, ae,f.l,f707C^' the futer 
 
 garment of a Roman citizen, 
 
 of white woollen stuff. 
 toiero, avi, atum, v. a. i, 
 
 endure, [cp. tuli.] 
 toUo, sustuli, sublatum, y. a. 
 
 3 rai^e, take away, destroy. 
 toriientum, i, n. 2, torture. 
 
 Sdu8,a,um,adj,;jarr^e^^^ 
 pinched (with cold), [tor- 
 reo.] 
 
 tot,adj., indecl.,sowawy. 
 
 toties, adv., «o mxiny tim^s. 
 
 [tot.] ,. , ; 
 
 totus, a, um, ad].,»t'We. 
 tara-do, dldi, dltum, v a. 6, 
 deliver up ; report, [trans, 
 
 traduce, xi, ctum, v. a. 6, 
 
 lead across, [trans, duco.] 
 
 tragula, ae, f. 1, .?«^-e^"^- 
 
 trlSo^^xi, ctum, v. a. 3, draio, 
 drag ; protract. , 
 
 tra-iicio, iicere, leci, lectum, 
 v. a. and n. 3, conrey across; 
 
 qo across, [iacio.] 
 trames, itis, m. 3, path 
 tranquiUitas, atis, f . .^, «"" 
 
 ncis. [tranquillus.] 
 trans, prep. w. acc across, 
 
 on the other side oj. 
 
 tran-Bcendo, di, sum, v. a. 3, 
 
 cro.s.s' (mountains). [scando.J 
 trans-eo, ivi or ii, Itum, v. a. 
 
 andn., go across, [eo.] 
 trans-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, 
 
 v. a. 3, remold. [fero.J 
 trans figo, xi, xum, v. a. 6, 
 
 pierce, [figo.] 
 trans-ffiga, ae, m. 1, deserter. 
 
 [fugio.] , . . 
 
 trans-fiigio, fugere fu£, fu- 
 gltum, v. n. 3, aeseri. 
 
 f fugio.] 
 
 trans gredior, gr6di, gressus 
 v. dep. 3, cross, [gradior.] 
 
 trans-itus, us, m. 4, passage. 
 [transeo.] 
 
 trans mitto, misi, missum, v. 
 n. 3, cross over; origin- 
 ally transitive, cp. traucio. 
 [mitto.] , 
 
 Trasumennus, i, m. A lane 
 
 Trasimene in Etruria. 
 Trebia, ae,f. l,ariverof N. 
 
 Italy. -See Map. 
 tre-cei, ae, a, distributive 
 
 nvimeTa.Uhreehundredeach. 
 tre-centl, ae, a, numeral, 
 
 three hundred. 
 tremo, ui, no sup., v. n. rf, 
 
 tremble. 
 trepidatio, onis, f. 3, panic. 
 
 [trepido.] 
 trepido, avi, atum, v. n. i, 
 
 hurry, be in a panic L^re- 
 
 pidus.] ,. . 
 
 trepidus, a, um, adj., t« con- 
 
 fiision, in a panic. 
 tres, tria, numeral, three. 
 trlarii, orum, m. 2 ^piur.), 
 
 the men of the third rank 
 
 (in the legion). Seedn.l^, 
 
 note 2. [tres.] 
 
156 
 
 THE EANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 tribunus, i, m. 2, tribune; 
 tribunus plebis, a Roman 
 magistrate {see Introd. 
 p. xiii.) ; tribunus militum, 
 an officer in the Roman 
 army, 
 tri-duum, i, n. 2, a period of 
 
 three days, [tres, dies.] 
 tri-ennlum, ii, n. 2,aperiodof 
 three years, [tres, annus.] 
 trig^nta, numeral indecl.. 
 
 thirty, [tres.] 
 tri pertito, adv., in three 
 
 divisions, [tres, partior.] 
 tri-pudium, ii, n. 2, dance. 
 tristis, e, adj., sad, gloomy. 
 triumphus, i, m. 2, triiunph, 
 the solemn entry of a 
 general into Rome after a 
 victory, 
 trium-viri, orum, m. 2 (phir.), 
 board of three, commis- 
 sioners, [tres, vir.] 
 trucido, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 slay, massacre. 
 tu, tui, pers. pron., Ihoti, 
 
 plural, vos. 
 tueor, tuitus, v. dep. 2, de- 
 fend. 
 tiiU, perf. of fero. 
 turn, adv., then. 
 tumultuarius, a, um, adj., 
 imurqent, irregular (of 
 troops, etc.) [tumultus.] 
 tumultus, us, m. 4, insurrec- 
 tion, disturbance, irregular 
 attack, [cp. tumeo.] 
 tumulus, i, m. 2, hUl. [tu- 
 meo.] 
 tunc, adv., then. 
 turba, ae, f. 1, crowd, con- 
 fusion. 
 turbo, avi, atum, v. a. ], 
 
 disturb, throw into confusion. 
 [turba. ] 
 
 turrls, is, f. 3, tower. 
 
 tutamentum, i, n. 2, protec- 
 tion, [tutor.] 
 
 tutor, atus, v. dep. I, protect. 
 [tutus.] 
 
 tutus, a, um, adj., safe. 
 [tueor.] 
 
 tuus, a, um, possessive pron., 
 thy, thine, [tu.] 
 
 ubi, conj., when, where. 
 ubi-que, adv., everywhere. 
 
 [ubi.] 
 ullus, a, um, adj., any (with 
 
 negative). 
 ulterior, us, compar. adj., 
 
 further, on the other side. 
 
 [ultra.] 
 ultimus, a, um, superl. adj., 
 
 furthest, last, extreme. 
 
 [ultra.] 
 ultra, prep. w. acc, beyond, 
 
 on the other side of-, also 
 
 as Hiiv., further, sometimes 
 
 followed by quam. [ille.] 
 ultro, adv., unasked, unpro- 
 voked. See ch. 39, note 5. 
 
 [cp. ultra.] 
 uluiatus, us, m. 4, yell, [ululo.] 
 umbra, ae, f. 1, shadow. 
 Umbria, ae, f. 1, a district of 
 
 Central Italy. See Map. 
 unde, adv., from which, 
 
 whence. 
 undi-que, adv., from all 
 
 sides, [unde.] 
 unicus, a, um, adj., single, 
 
 only, [unus.] 
 uni versus, a, um, adj., all 
 
 together, all with one accord. 
 
 [unus, verto.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 157 
 
 un-quam, adv., ever. 
 
 unus, a, um, numeral, one, 
 alone ; ad ununi, to a man. 
 
 unus-quisque, una-quaeque, 
 unum-quodque, each one. 
 
 urbs, is, f. 3, city. 
 
 urgeo, si, no sup., v. a. -^, 
 press upon, coiifne. 
 
 UB-quam, adv., anywhere. 
 
 usque, adv., continuously; 
 usque ad, as far as ; usque 
 adeo, to such an extent. 
 
 usus, us, m. 4, use, employ- 
 ment, [utor.] 
 
 ut, conj. and adv.— (1) with 
 indie, as, when; (2) with 
 subj., in order that (final), 
 (so) that (consecutive), that 
 (after verbs of command) ; 
 (3) as adv., hou). 
 uter, tra, trum, pron., ivhicJi 
 of the two, whichever of the 
 
 two. 
 uter-que, utra-que, utrum- 
 
 que, pron., each of the two, 
 
 both. 
 uti, for ut. 
 utl-nam, adv., that! I wish 
 
 that, [ut, how.] 
 uti-que, adv., anyhow, at any 
 
 rate, [ut, how.] 
 utor, usus, V. dep. 3, -use (w. 
 
 ABL.)- ^ ,, . , 
 
 utrin-que, adv., on both sides. 
 
 ["ter.] 
 utrum, adv., tvhether, intro- 
 ducing double questions, 
 direct or indirect, answered 
 by *an.' [uter.] 
 
 Vaccaei, orum, m. 2 (plur.), 
 a people of Spain, on the 
 river Douro. See Map. 
 
 vacuus, a, um, adj., empty. 
 vado, no perf, or sup., v. n. 
 
 vadum, i, n. 2, shallow, 
 
 shoal. 
 vagina, ae, f. 1, sheath. 
 vagor, atus, v. dep. 1, wan- 
 der, [vagus.] 
 vagus, a, um, adj., wander- 
 ing. 
 v&leo, ui, itura, v. n. 2, pre- 
 vail, have influence. 
 validus, a, um, adj., strong. 
 
 [valeo.] 
 vallum, i, n. 2, rampart. 
 
 [cp. vallus, a stake.] 
 varie, adv., w different ways. 
 
 [varius.] 
 varius, a, um, adj., c/ia«(/»jgr, 
 
 different. 
 vas, vasis, n. 3, utensil ; (in 
 
 plur.), baggage. 
 vastatio, Onis, f. 3, devasta- 
 tion, [vasto.] 
 vasto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, lay 
 
 waste. 
 vastus, a, um, adj., desolate, 
 
 immense. 
 
 vates, is, m. 3, prophet. 
 
 -v6, enclitic, or. 
 
 vecto, avi, atum, v. a. 1, con- 
 vey, [veho.] 
 
 vfiho, xi, ctum, v. a. 3, carry; 
 (in pass.) ride. 
 
 vel, conj., or; even. [cp. 
 volo.] . 
 
 velut, adv., as it were, just 
 
 as, as if. 
 veluti, for velut. 
 v6nia, ae, f. 1, pardon, 
 
 favour. 
 v6nio, veni, ventum, v. n. 4, 
 
 come. 
 
158 
 
 THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. 
 
 ventus, i, m. 2, wind. 
 vepres, is, m. 3, hramhle- 
 
 bush. 
 ver, veris, n. 3, apring. 
 verbum, i, n. 2, xoord. 
 vereor, veritus, v. dep. 2, 
 
 fear. 
 Vergiliae, arum, f. 1 (plur.), 
 
 the Pleiads. See cli. 65, 
 
 note 4. 
 vergo, no perf. or sup. , v. n. 
 
 3, incline, be situated. 
 vernus, a, uni, adj., of spring. 
 
 [ver.] 
 vero, adv., (1) truly, indeed, 
 
 compar. verius ; (2) but. 
 
 [verus.] 
 verto, ti, sum, v. a. 3, turn, 
 
 direct. 
 verun-tamen, conj., however. 
 
 [verum, tameu.] 
 vester, tra, truni, posHess. 
 
 pron. , your, yours (address- 
 ing more than one person). 
 
 [vos.] 
 vestigium, ii, n. 2, footprint, 
 
 step. [vestigo.J 
 vestimentum, i, n. 2, gar- 
 ment, [vestio.] 
 vestio, ivi or ii, itum, v. a. 4, 
 
 clothe, cover, [vestis.] 
 vestis, is, f. 3, clothing. 
 veterSnus, a, um, adj., of 
 
 long standing, veteran. 
 
 [vetns.] 
 v6tU8, eris, adj., old. 
 vetustus, a, um, adj., ancient. 
 
 fvetus.] 
 via, ae, f. 1, v)ay, road. 
 vibro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 brandish. 
 victlma, ae, f. 1, victim, 
 
 sacrijice. 
 
 victor, oris, m. 3, conqueror ; 
 
 also as adj., victorious. 
 
 [vinco.] 
 victoria, ae, f. 1, victory. 
 
 [vinco.] 
 victrix, icis, adj. f., victo- 
 
 rious ; also used in neut. 
 
 plur. [victor.] 
 vicus, i, m. 2, village. 
 video, vidi, visum, v. a. 2, 
 
 see ; (in passive), seem. 
 vigeo, no perf. or sup., v. n. 
 
 2, be vigorous, 
 ylgil, is, m. 3, sentinel. 
 vigilia, ae, f. 1, watch, a 
 
 division of the night, among 
 
 the Romans a fourth part ; 
 
 in plur. ,sleeplessness. [vigil. ] 
 viginti, numeral indecl. , 
 
 twenty. 
 vilis, e, adj., worthless. 
 vinco, vici, victum, v. a. 3, 
 
 conquer. 
 vinculum, i, n. 2, bond, 
 
 fastening, [vincio.] 
 vindico, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 
 claim, win. 
 vinea, ae, f. 1, shelter. See 
 
 ch. 10, note 2. [vinum.] 
 violentus, a, um, adj., im- 
 petuous, [violo.] 
 violo, avi, atum, v. a. I, 
 
 break, violate, [vis.] 
 vir, viri, m. 2, mail. 
 virgultum, i, a. 2, thicket. 
 
 [virga.] 
 virtus, utis, f. 3, manliness, 
 
 excellence, [vir.] 
 vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, f. 3, 
 
 force, quantify, number ; 
 
 plur. vires, ium, strength. 
 viso, si, sum, v. a. 3, surrey ^ 
 
 go to see, visit, [video.] 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 159 
 
 visus, us, m. 4, aspect. 
 
 [video.] 
 vita, ae, f. 1, life, [vivo.] 
 vitium, ii, n. 2, fault. 
 vitulus, i, m. 2, calf. 
 vivo, xi, ctum, v. n. 3, live. 
 vix, adv., scarcely. 
 vix-dum, adv., scarcely yet. 
 
 [vix.] . 
 
 vobis-cum, for cum vobis. 
 voco, avi, atum, v. a. 1, call. 
 Volcae, arum, m. 1 (plur.), 
 
 a people of Southern Gaul. 
 
 See Map. 
 v6lo, velle, ui, no sup., v. a., 
 
 wish. 
 
 vor&go, Inis, f. 3, gulf. 
 [voro.] 
 
 vos, vestri, or vestrum, pers. 
 pron. (plur.), you (ad- 
 dressing more than one 
 person). 
 
 v6tum, i, n. 2, vow, prayer. 
 [voveo.] 
 
 voveo, vovi, votum, v. a. 2, 
 vow. 
 
 vox, vocis, f. 3, voice, [voco.] 
 
 vulnfiro, avi, atum, v. a. 1, 
 wound, [vulnus.] 
 
 vulnus, eris, n. 3, wound. 
 
 vultus, us, m. 4, face, ex- 
 pression. 
 
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MACMILLA.N S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS -Continued. 
 
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