‘^^^%ecbnd Series Bulletin No. 6 THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLUBS SYLLABUS NO. VII HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY, 1826-1920 By William Whatley Pierson, Jr., Ph.D. Professor of History in the University of North Carolina NEW YORK AUGUST, 1921 The Institute of International Education 419 West 117th Street, New York Stephen P. Duggan, Ph.D. DIRECTOR Mary L. Waite EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Telephone: Morningside 8491 Cable Address; “Intered” ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD Herman V. Ames L. H. Baekeland Marion Le Roy Burton Nicholas Murray Butler Stephen Pierce Duggan Dr. Walter B. James Alice Duer Miller Paul Monroe John Bassett Moore Henry Morgenthau Dwight W. Morrow E. H. Outerbridge Henry S. Pritchett Mary E. Woolley BUREAU DIVISIONS Europe Stephen P. Duggan Far East Paul Monroe Latin America Peter H. Goldsmith Scholarships and Fellowships Virginia Newcomb International Relations Clubs Margaret C. Alexander Institute of International Education International Relations Clubs Syllabus No. VII Hispanic-American History, 1826-1920 By William Whatley Pierson, Jr., Ph.D. Professor of History in the University of North Carolina August, 1921 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Columbia University Libraries https://archive.org/details/hispanicamericanOOpier INTRODUCTORY NOTE In the establishment of the independence of South America the United States have the deepest interest. I have no hesitation in asserting my firm belief that there is no question in the foreign policy of this country, which has ever arisen, or which I can conceive as ever occurring, in the decision of which we have had or can have so much at stake. — Henry Clay: The Emancipalion of South America. In view of the great interest manifested in Hispanic America at the present time, no plea need be made for the study of its history, if, indeed, it be ever necessary to make a plea for the study of history in any field. In respect of the United States, this interest is due in part to the opening of the Panama canal and to the questions that have arisen between our government and the nations of the Carib- bean, and in part to the demands and results of the recent war, which have impressed upon our people the importance of oppor- tunities for trade that formerly either did not exist or were not recognized. Those who have given thought to the subject are convinced that the economic, political, diplomatic, intellectual and social importance of the Hispanic-American countries renders urgent a thorough study of them and a sympathetic understanding of their history, institutions, languages, literature and customs. The appreciation of these considerations, and the new sense of obligation and opportunity that springs from it, seem to mark the dawning of another era in the history of the western hemi- sphere; for, according to James Bryce, the part that the peoples of the Hispanic-American republics are to play “must henceforth be one of growing significance for the Old World as well as for the New.” It may be assumed that this new era will be of a char- acter distinctly inter-american, and it is to be hoped that this re- cently awakened interest on the part of our people in whatever pertains to the southern countries of America will develop broadly and steadily and will endure throughout the long future. Students who desire to study the subject more in detail will find valuable aid in the following bibliographies: the several monu- mental works of Jose Toribio Medina, covering Chile, Argentina and Mexico; P. H. Goldsmith’s A Brief Bibliography (The Mac- millan Company) ; the Bibliographic Hispanique, an annual publi- cation of the Hispanic Society of America; and the lists and cata- logues of books, pamphlets, periodicals and maps prepared by the Pan American Union and printed by the United States government. The last mentioned are: the lists that relate to Brazil (1901), Central America (1902), and Chile (1903), compiled by P. Lee Phillips; the catalogue of books, periodicals, etc., which may be consulted in the library of the Pan American Union, and which ap- peared successively in 1905, 1907, 1909 and 1914; and many lists of works that treat of the Hispanic-American countries sepa- rately. They cover Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Paraguay. A valuable list of bibliographies is given in the articles by C. K. Jones, entitled “Hispanic-American Bibliographies,” published in the Hispanic- American Historical Review (1920-1921). The magazine just al- luded to is to be recommended, not only for its own articles and reviews, but also for the bibliographical lists it contains of recently published books and articles that relate to the Hispanic countries of America. Inter-America, founded four years ago by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, has published, in its English issues, numerous important articles translated from Hispanic- American sources, and files of it may be consulted in many libraries. By permission of the University of North Carolina, certain parts of my Syllabus of Hispanic American History are reproduced here. William Whatley Pierson, Jr. Chapel Hill, North Carolina CHAPTER I EARLY RELATIONS OF HISPANIC AMERICA WITH THE UNITED STATES: THE MONROE DOCTRINE 1. Diffusion of revolutionary ideas and political opinions of the United States in South America 2. Part played by Spanish-Americans in the war of independence in the United States 3. Part played by the United States in the Hispanic- American wars of inde- pendence; diplomatic relations of United States and the de facto govern- ments and peoples of Hispanic America, 1810-1822; early Pan American- ism of Henry Clay 4. Early ideas as to an American concert 5. Jefferson and John Adams on South America 6. Early statements of the Monroe Doctrine 7. Evolution of Monroe Doctrine during the revolutionary wars; the part of Hispanic America 8. The attitude of the European states toward Hispanic America after the Congress of Vienna a. Effects of the American revolutionary wars upon European politics and diplomacy b. The policy of intervention as conceived by Metternich c. The Holy Alliance and the Concert of Europe d. Application of the policy of intervention e. The congresses of Laibach, Troppau, Verona f. The attitude of Great Britain 9. Recognition of the Spanish-American countries by the United States, 1822 10. The Canning- Rush- Adams correspondence 1 1 . The message of Monroe 12. Reception of the Monroe Doctrine in South America and in Europe 13. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1828; proposals of alliance made by the South American countries to the United States 14. Their recognition by Great Britain, Spain and other European states Readings: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1914 Bigelow, John, American Policy Bingham, Hiram, The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth Bryce, James, South America, Observations and Impressions: 422-451 Calderon, F. Garcia, Latin America, its Rise and Progress: 58-85 Chadwick, F. E., The Relations of Spain and the United States (2 Vols.) Coolidge, A. C., The United States as a World Power Edgington, F. B., History of the Monroe Doctrine Gilman, Daniel C., James Monroe Hall, A. B., The Past, Present and Future of the Monroe Doctrine (Syllabus No. II of this series) Hart, A. B., The Monroe Doctrine Koebel, W. H., British Exploits in South America: 163-254 Manning, W. R., Early Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Mexico Moore, J. B., Digest of International Law (sections on the Monroe Doctrine) Paxson, F. L., The Independence of the South American Republics Quesada, Ernesto, La doctrina Monroe Robertson, W. S., Reception of the Monroe Doctrine {Political Science Quarterly, 1915) Shepherd, W. R., Bolivar and the United States {Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918) Torres, Manuel, An Exposition of the Commerce of South America CHAPTER II POLITICAL THEORIES AND EARLY REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS 1. The monarchial idea versus the republican; opinions of the revolutionary leaders; Bolivar, San Martin, Rivadavia, Belgrano, Sucre, Paez, etc. 2. Early political parties or groups, and their theories a. Unitary; federalist; conservative; and radical b. Liberal and conservative writers on politics: Lastarfia, Bilbao, Echeverria, Montalvo, Vigil, Sarmiento, Bello, Alberdi, Herrera, Acosta c. Influence of France on political theorists 3. Political factions Military; clerical; civilian; lay 4. Party methods and politics 5. Ballots and elections; restrictions of the suffrage 6. Popular apathy in political affairs; personal politics 7. Character of governments a. Federal and unitary b. Revolution as a means of political action 8. Early constitutions; separation of powers 9. The office of the executive a. Constitutional powers in various countries b. Prestige and dignity of office c. Early t>-pes of executives: tyrants; dictators; liberators; restorers; caudillos; regeneradores 10. Character and powers of congress; congress versus president; experiments with unicameral legislatures 11. Influence of English and French cabinet systems of government 12. The judiciary in Hispanic America a. Constitutional powers and position in administration b. Judicial review of legislation 13. Early conventions and platforms; “plans;” pronunciamentos 14- Municipal government a. General characteristics b. Police systems c. Public service d. Prisons Readings; Alberdi, Juan Bautista, Las bases y pimtos de partida para la organizacion polUica de la Republica Argentina ■, Estudios economicos — — , Del Gobierno en Sud America Alvarez, Agustin, South America; ensayo de psicologia politica Amunategui, M. L., Vida de don Andres Bello Calderon, F. Garcfa, Latin America, its Rise and Progress: 100-350 Fuenzalida Grandon, Alejandro, Lastarria y su tiempo Herrera, Julio, Anarcuismo y defensa social Ingenieros, Jose, Sociologia Argentina Lastarria, J. V., Lecciones de politica positiva en la Academia de Bellas Letras Pereyra, Carlos, El pensamiento de Alberdi Sarmiento, D. F., El Facundo , Life in the Argentine Republic Shepherd, W. R., Latin America: 81-96 Unquera, A., Balbin de, Andres Bello, su epoca y sus obras Books on individual countries CHAPTER III POLITICAL HISTORY, 1826-1914 1. The three phases a. 1826-1850, age of dictators b. 1850-1876, struggle for stability c. 1876 — ^ — ■, rise of great states and economic progress 2. Typical dictators a. Garda Moreno — Ecuador b. Ram6n Castilla — Peru c. Rosas — Argentina d. Paez and Guzman Blanco — Venezuela e. Santa Anna and Diaz — Mexico f. Estrada Cabrera — Guatemala g. Francia and Solano Lopez — ^Paraguay h. Melgarejo— Bolivia 3. The states of South America a. Argentina (i) The presidency of Rivadavia (a) Educational and economic reforms (b) Political parties; federalism versus unitarism (7] (c) The war with Brazil; Argentine claims to Uruguay; battle of Ituzaingo; operations of Admiral Brown ; the treaty of peace (d) Overthrow of Rivadavia’s government (2) The problem of caudillism in Argentina; separatist movements within certain provinces; Ramirez, Bustos, Lopez, Quiroga, Jose Aldao, Ferre, Ibarra (3) Civil war; conflict between Buenos Aires and the provinces; Dorrego; Lavalle; Rosas; battle of Tablada; triumph of Rosas (4) The era of Rosas (a) Methods of government ; the mazorca (b) Exile of the unitarists; resistance of General Paz (c) Effects of his rule upon the country (d) Relations with foreign powers; European intervention (e) Intervention of Rosas in Uruguay; support of Oribe; the siege of Montevideo (f) Efforts to overthrow Rosas (5) General Urquiza; the alliance to destroy Rosas; invasion of Argen- tina; battle of Caseros, 1851 (6) Presidency of Urquiza ; constitution of 1853 (7) Separatism in Buenos Aires; Derqui and Mitre; battle of Pavon (8) Administration of Mitre (9) Sarmiento and educational reform; increased prosperity; Avellaneda (10) President Roca; the southward movement in Argentina; internal improvements (i i) Juarez Celman; the panic; efforts of Roca and Mitre to prevent civil war; Pellegrini; Saenz Pena; Roca’s second administration (12) Boundary disputes with Chile and Brazil; arbitration treaty ; economic development; currency legislation (13) Contemporary government and politics (a) Provincial and national powers; right of intervention; state of siege (b) The federal district of Buenos Aires (c) Quintana; Figuroa; Roque Saenz Pena Readings: Bunge, A. E., Ferrocarriles argentinos Chandler, C. L., The Argentine Southward Movement (Bulletin Pan American Union, 1914) Escobar, J. B., Los presidentes argentinos Groussac, Paul, Los que pasaban (biographical) , Estudios de historia argentina Hirst, W. A., Argentina Ingenieros, Jose, Sociologia argentina Koebel, W. H., Argentina, Past and Present Lamos, Andres, La Obra econdmica de Bernardino Rivadavia Levene, R., Lecciones de historia argentina Lopez, V. F., Historia de la Republica de Argentina (Vols. IX and X) Martinez, A. B. and Lewandowski, Maurice, The Argentine in the Twentieth Century 18 ] Merou, Garcia, Historia de la Republica Argentina Mitre, B., Historia de San Martin, (4 vols.) Martinez, Paz, E., Dalmacio Velez Sarsfield y el codigo civil argentine Pennington, A. S., The Argentine Republic Pilling, William, trans., Historia de Belgrano, (3 vols.) Ramos Mejia, Jose N., Rosas y su tiempo, (3 vols.) Tornquist & Co., Ernesto, The Economic Development of Argentina during the Last Fifty Years b. Brazil (1) Brazil and Portugal, 1807-1822 (a) Arrival of Joao VI ; political and economic reforms (b) The kingdom of Brazil; policy toward Uruguay (c) Anti-Portuguese sentiment in politics (d) Portuguese revolution of 1820; recall of Joao VI; demand for constitution in Brazil (e) The regency of Pedro; the revolution; independence of Brazil; establishment of the empire; the constitution (f) Services of Lord Cochrane. (2) The reign of Pedro I, 1822-1831 (a) Absolutist tendencies; operation of the constitution (b) The character and services of Pedro I ; general policies (c) The revolution in Uruguay; the war with Argentina; invasion of Brazil; battle of Ituzaingo (d) The Portuguese problem; abdication of Pedro I (3) The regency, 1831-1840 (a) Services of Feijo (b) Political disorders; problems of federalism; secessionist tenden- cies in Rio Grande do Sul (c) Vasconcellos ; the Andrades (d) The emperor declared of age (4) The reign of Pedro II, 1840-1889 (a) Character, training, political theories (b) Establishment of order; economic prosperity; educational, parliamentary, administrative, and political progress; Marquis de Parana, Caxias, the Rio Brancos (c) Diplomatic policies; intervention in Uruguay, the war against Rosas (d) The war against Paraguay: alliance of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay; services of Brazil; general results (see Paraguay) (e) Anti-slavery movement in Brazil ; legislation ; political significance (f) Republican sentiment; Benjamin Constant (g) Deposition of the emperor; the army question; establishment of the republic (5) The republic; federal constitution of 1891 ; political parties (6) Early disorder, 1891-1893, Deodoro da Fonseca, Peixoto, Mello; election of Dr. Prudente de Moraes Barros; progress toward stability (7) Administrations of Campos Salles ; Rodriguez Alves ; Alfonso Penna ; boundary disputes and arbitrations with British Guiana and Bolivia (8) The westward movement in Brazil (9) Colonization experiments and achievements; state and national (10) Contemporary government and politics Readings : Buley, E. C., North Brazil , South Brazil Cambridge Modern History (Vol. X, 310-339; Vol. XII, 674-676) Denis, Pierre, Brazil Domville-Fife, C. W., The United States of Brazil Elliott, L. E., Brazil Fabricatore, Carlo, La Rivoluzione del Bresile Grossi, V., Storia della Colonizazione Europea al Brazile Koebel, W. H., British Exploits in South America; 281-373 Lima, M. de Oliviera, Historia diplcmdtica do Brazil e reconhecimiento do Imperio Martin, P. A., Causes of the Collapse of the Brazilian Empire {Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev., 1921) Mulhall, M. G., Rio Grande do Sul and its German Colonies Pinheiro, C. M., Historia do Brazil (12 vols.) Ribeiro, Joao, Historia do Brazil Silva, J. M. Pereira da, Historia da fundagdo do Imperio Brazileiro Varnhagen, F. A. de, Historia Geral do Brazil (Vol. II) Watson, R. G., Spanish and Portuguese South America (Vol. II, 256-270) Winter, N. O., Brazil and Her People of Today c. Chile (1) Government and dictatorship of Bernardo O’Higgins (2) Revolutionary disorders; General Freire; party politics; federalism versus unitarism; presidential changes (3) Success of the pelucones; work of Prieto and Portales; the constitu- tion of 1833 (4) The conservative regime, 1831-1871; the ten year presidents, Prieto, Bulnes, Manuel Montt, Perez (a) The traditions of order (b) War with the Perii-Bolivia confederation of Santa Cruz; battle of Yungay (c) Conservative politics and legislation; educational and ecclesiasti- cal problems (d) War with Spain, 1865 (e) Revival of the liberal party; election of Errazuriz (5) The problem of the Araucanian Indians (6) The War of the Pacific (a) The northern boundary of Chile in history (b) Discovery and development of guano and nitrate deposits (c) Immigration of Chileans in disputed region; Chilean capital invested; law of 1842; military demonstration at Mejillones (d) Treaties respecting disputed territory, 1866, 1874, 1875; the Perii-Bolivia treaty of alliance of 1873; international aspects of the situation; Argentina involved; Chilean military and naval preparations (e) Alleged treaty violation by Bolivia; the question of taxes on nitrate; military occupation of Antofagasta; war between Chile and Bolivia; failure of Peruvian mediation; Peru involved in the war; attitude of Hispanic-American countries (f) The war on the sea : Prat and Grau; Battle of Angamos; block- ades; international complications (g) The war on land; comparative resources; battles of Dolores and Tarapaca; incapacity of Prado and Daza; retreat from Cama- rones; campaign in Peru; battles of Chorillos and Miraflores; guerilla warfare against army of occupation (h) The treaty of Ancon; the Tacna and Arica provision; profits of the w^ar; prestige of Chile (i) Chilean politics during the war; Pinto and Santa Maria (7) Administration of Santa Maria; liberal measures (8) Balmaceda and the struggle between president and congress (a) Political and economic causes (b) The constitutional question; operation of the cabinet system (c) The civil war: activities of the navy under Jorge Montt; cam- paign around Iquique; battles of Concon and Placilla (d) The “Itata” affair; the attack on sailors of the “Baltimore” (9) The administration of Jorge Montt; reconstruction; diplomatic relations between Chile and the United States; relations with Bolivia; Chile and the execution of the Treaty of Ancon. (10) Boundary dispute with Argentina; treaty of arbitration and con- ciliation; the “Christ of the Andes” (11) Contemporary government and politics (a) The cabinet system in Chile (b) Contemporary political parties (c) Local government (12) Economic, educational, and social progress Readings: Amunategui, M. L., and Vicuna Mackenna, Benjamin, La dictadur a de 0 ’ Hig- gins Barros Arana, Diego, Historia general de Chile (12 vols.) , Historia de la guerra del Pacifica Belaunde, Victor Andres, Nuestra cnesHon con Chile Blanlot Holley, Anselmo, Historia de la paz entre Chile y el Peru Borchard, E. M., Opinion on the Controversy between Peru and Chile Bulnes, Gonzalo, La Guerra del Pacifica (10 vols.) ', Las causas de la guerra entre Chile y el Peril Caivano, Tomas, Narracion historica de la guerra de Chile con el Peril y Bolivia , Historia de la guerra de America, entre Chile, Peru y Bolivia Calderon, F. Garda, Latin America, its Rise and Progress: 164-179 Egana, Rafael, Historia de la dictadura y la revolucion en Chile en i 8 gi , The Tacna and Arica Question Gutierrez, Alberto, La Guerra de i 8 yg Hancock, A. U., ^ History of Chile: 200-455 Macy, Jesse and J. W. Gannaway, Comparative Free Government: 663-672 Markham, C. R., The War between Peru and Chile Maurtua, V. M., The Question of the Pacific Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe, Narracion historica de la guerra de Chile contra el Peru y Bolivia Perez Canto, J ulio, El confiicto despues de la victoria Reinsch, P. S., Parliamentary Government in Chile {American Political Science Review: Vol. Ill, 507 et seq.) Scott Elliott, G. F., Chile Vicuna Mackenna, Obras historicas sobre Chile , La guerra del Pacifico d. Uruguay (1) The Brazilian occupation and administration; Uruguayan resistance; the expedition of the “Thirty-Three”; war between Argentina and Brazil ; battle of Ituzaingo (2) The independence of Uruguay; constitution of 1830 (3) Political parties in Uruguay; Lavalleja, Rivera, Oribe (4) Relations of Uruguay with Rosas; siege of Montevideo; participation of Uruguay in the overthrow of Rosas (5) General Flores; the Brazilian intervention of 1865 (6) War with Paraguay (see Paraguay) (7) Progress toward political stability; President Cuestas, 1897-1903 (8) Economic and educational development ; ecclesiastical legislation (9) Contemporary government and politics; Jos6 Batlle y Ordbnez Readings: Acevedo, P. B., Historia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay Araujo, Orestes, Gobernantes del Uruguay (2 vols.) Koebel, W. H., Uruguay Mascaro, Pedro, Revista del Archive Administrativo 6 colleccidn de documentos para servir al estudio de la historia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay (3 vols.) Miranda, J. O., Compendia de historia nacional Mitre, M. de Vedia, y, El gobierno de Uruguay San Martin, J. Zorrilla de. La epopeya de Artigas e. Peru (1) Bolivar as President of Peru; rivalry of Santa Cruz and La Mar; relations with Ecuador (2) Administration of Gamarra; civil war, 1833-1835; Bolivian inter- vention; partition of Peru; the Peru-Bolivian confederation (3) The Chilean attack on the confederation; battle of Yungay; con- tinued civil war (4) Ramon Castilla; constitution of i860 (5) Pezet and the Spanish intervention; Prado; battle of Callao (6) Balta; Prado; financial difficulties (7) The alliance with Bolivia, 1873 (8) War with Chile; the Peruvian case (see Chile) (9) Dictatorship of Caceres; the “Peruvian Corporation”; revolution of 1895; Pierola (10) Efforts of Peru to have Treaty of Ancon fulfilled (11) Contemporary government and politics Readings: Knock, C. R., Peru Lorente, Sebastian, Historia del Peru desde la Proclamacidn de la independencia Markham, C. R., ^ History of Peru Martin, P. F., Peru in the Twentieth Century Rene-Moreno, Gabriel, Bolivia y Peru Riva Agiiero, Jose de la. La historia en el Peru Vivian, E. C. H., Peru Wright, M. R., Peru f. Bolivia (i) Presidency of Sucre; Bolivar’s constitution (2j Dictatorship of Santa Cruz; formation of the Peru- Bolivia con- federation (3) The war with Chile, 1837-1839 (4) Ballivian as dictator; Peruvian aggressions, 1841; battle of Yngavi; relations between the two countries (5) Belzii; Linares; Melgarejo; Morales; Daza (6) The War of the Pacific (see Chile) (7) Campero; Pacheco; Arce; Alonso; Pando; sale of the Acre territory (8) Contemporary government and politics Readings: Guzman, A., Libertad 0 despotismo en Bolivia Lopez, M. 0 ., Bosquejo de la historia de Bolivia Valdes, R. S., Estudio htstorico de Bolivia Walle, Paul, Bolivia Wright, M. R., Bolivia g. Paraguay (1) The rule of Francia, 1813-1840 (a) Personality and character of Dr. Francia (b) Attitude toward foreigners; diplomatic isolation (c) Maintenance of order; tyranny; personal achievements (d) State socialism ; church policies (e) Francia and the Indians (2) Dictatorship of Carlos Antonio Lopez (a) Changes in foreign policy (b) The problem of river navigation and trade (c) Foreign interventions; relations with the United States, Brazil Great Britain (d) Nepotism (3) Francisco Solano Lopez as dictator, 1862-1870 (a) The military spirit in Paraguay (b) Ambitions and preparations of the dictator (c) The dispute with Brazil respecting the intervention in Uruguay (d) The war with Brazil and Uruguay; invasion of Matto Grosso (e) Violation of Argentine territory and neutrality; war withArgentina (f) Invasion b)’ the allies; under Mitre; under Caxias; battles around Humaita and Asuncion; death of Lopez, 1870; end of the war; Brazilian occupation of Paraguay (4) Paraguay since the war; social and political conditions; immigration; Dominguez; Gondra; Baez Readings; Decoud, J. S., Paraguay Dominguez, Manuel, El alma de la raza Funes, Gregorio, Hisloria civil del Paraguay Hardy, M. L., Paraguay Koebel, W. H., Paraguay ■, In Jesuit Land iVIacdonald, Alexander K., Picturesque Paraguay Mitre, B., Guerra del Paraguay Nabuco, Joaquin, La guerra del Paraguay O’Leary, J. E., Nuestra epopeya Pereyra, Carlos, Francisco Solano Lopez y la guerra del Paraguay Posada, Adolpho, La Republica del Paraguay Robertson, J. P., and W. P. Robertson, Letters on Paraguay Thompson, George, The War in Paraguay Washburn, C. A., History of Paraguay (2 vols.) Yubero, G., El Paraguay moderno h. Colombia (1) Parties and politics, 1822-1830; relations of Bolivar and Santander (2) Separation of Venezuela and Ecuador from the Granadine confedera- tion (3) Political disorders, Nueva Granada (1832); Santander as president; secessionist tendencies (4) Herran-Mosfpiera regime; conservative successes; relations of church and state (5) Constitutional changes; the problem of Panama (6) Colombia under Mosquera; civil war, 1875-1876 (7) Administration of Nunez, 1879-1883, 1885-1891; constitution of 1886 (8) Civil war, 1899-1902 (9) Colombia and the isthmian canal; concessions; the Hay-Herriin treaty, the Panama revolution; Marroquin (10) The Colombian grievance against the United States; relations with the Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Harding administrations (11) The Reyes administration (12) Contemporary government and politics Readings; Arboleda, Gustavo, Historia conlempordnea de Colombia Eder, P. J., Colombia Levine, V. C., Colombia Nunez, Rafael, La Republique de Colombia Otero, J. M. Quijano, Compendia de la historia patria Petre, F. L., The Republic of Colombia Posada, Eduardo, El canal de Panama Sarmiento, J. M. Perez, Colombia Scruggs, W. L., The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics i. Venezuela (1) Separation from Colombia (2) The ascendancy of General Paez, 1830-1846; administrations of Vargas and Soublette (3) The Monagas brothers; abolition of slavery (4) Federalism, 1858-1868 (5) Dictatorship of Guzman Blanco, 1870-1889 (6) Crespo and Andrade (7) The Venezuelan boundary dispute (a) The Guiana boundary in history (b) Appeal to the United States on the basis of the Monroe Doctrine, relations of the United States and Great Britain (c) The arbitration (8) Dictatorship of Castro (9) Second Venezuelan crisis; blockade by Great Britain, Germany and Italy; arbitration (10) Overthrow of Castro; presidency of Gomez Readings; Aguado, Pedro de, Historia de Venezuela Alvorado, Lisandro, Historia de la revolucion federal en Venezuela Baralt, R. M., and R. Diaz, Resumen de la historia de Venezuela (2 vols.) Carbonell, Diego, The Natural Sciences in Venezuela Dalton, L. V., Venezuela Fortoul, Jose Gil, Historia constitutional de Venezuela: Vol. II Guinan, G., Historia conlempordnea de Venezuela Rojas, J. M. de, Bosquejo historico de Venezuela Scruggs, W. L., The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics j. Ecuador (1) Independence; the work of General Flores (2) The presidency of Rocafuerte (3) Second administration of Flores; civil war (4) Constitutional changes; Urbina and Robles (5) Dictatorship of Garcia Moreno (a) Reforms in taxation and administration; public improvements (b) Church policies and legislation (c) Attitude toward Europe [15] (d) Assassination of Garcia Moreno; disorders (6) Borrero; Veintemilla; Camano; Flores; Cordero (7) Contemporary government and politics; boundary disputes Readings: Calindo, E. V., La integridad territorial de la Republica del Ecuador Cevallos, R. F., Compendio de la historia del Ecuador Destruge, C., Ecuador Knock, C. R., Ecuador Mejia, Jose, Ecuador Moncayo, Pedro, El Ecuador de 1825 a iS^^, sus hombres, sus inslituciones, y sus leyes Wolf, Teodoro, Geografia y geologia del Ecuador 4. Mexico a. The empire of Iturbide; transition to republic; part of Santa Anna b. Political disorders; Victoria; Guerrero; federalism and unitarism; foreign interventions c. Relations with Texas (1) Migration of citizens of the United States (2) Slavery in Texas; Mexican legislation respecting slavery and immi- gration (3) The Texas revolution ; independence of Texas d. The war with the United States (1) The Texas boundary dispute (2) Annexation of Texas (3) The war; military campaigns; governmental changes in Mexico (4) The treaty of peace; Mexican losses e. The “War of the Reform” (1) The career of Santa Anna (2) Political parties and rival platforms; anti-clerical legislation; con- stitution of 1857 (3) Resort to force; the campaign; church party defeated; Juarez f. Maximilian (1) Appeal of clerical party to Napoleon III; his plans (2) The economic aspect; suspension of payment on foreign claims and debts; joint expedition of Great Britain, Spain and France; with- drawal of Great Britain and Spain (3) Establishment of the empire; its troubles and failure; republican resistance; withdrawal of French support (4) Attitude of the United States g. Republican restoration; factional disputes following death of Juarez h. The Dfaz regime (1) The first term, 1876-1880; strong government (2) Administration of Gonzalez (3) Resumption of office by Dfaz (1884-1910) (4) Character of the Dfaz rule; achievements in internal improvements; education; industry; the administration; the jefes politicos; sup- pression of opposition; reelections 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, 1910 (5) Work of Limantour; Romero; Corral (6) Decay of the system; campaign of Madero i. The revolution-contemporary period (1) Succession of governments; Madero; Huerta; Carranza; Villa; Obregon (2) Social, political, economic, racial aspects of the revolution (3) The United States a factor in the government of Mexico; problem of recognition; embargo on arms; intervention (4) The alien investor and concessionaire; safety of property and person in Mexico (5) The constitution of 1917; problem of the land; petroleum controversy j. Diplomatic relations with the United States; with Japan; with Germany Readings: Alaman, L., Historia de Mejico Alvorado, Salvador, La reconstricccion de Mexico Bancroft, H. H., History of Mexico (6 vols.) , Biography of Porfirio Diaz Bulnes, Francisco, El verdadero Judrez y la verdad sobre la intervencion y el imperio , El verdadero Diaz y la Revolucion Burke, U. R., A Life of Benito Judrez Chamberlain, J. P., Property Rights under the New Mexican Constitution (Pol. Sci. Quar., 1917) Estrada, R., La revolucion y Francisco I. Madero Fornaro, Carlos de, Mexico and Carranza Fortier, A., and J. R. Ficklen, Central America and Mexico Garcia, Genaro, Judrez (Refutation of Bulnes) , (ed.), Documentos historicos Mexicanos (7 vols.) Gibbon, T. E., Mexico under Carranza Gonzalez, A. P., La Revolucion y sus heroes Hannay, David, Diaz Kendall, J. J., Mexico under Maximilian Lara, L. Gutierrez de, and E. Pinchon, The Mexicali People Martin, P. F., Maximilian in Mexico Noll, A. H., From Empire to Republic , History of Mexico Obregon, T. Esquivel, Democracia y personalismo Priestley, H. I., Modern Mexican History (Syllabus No. VI in this series) Ramirez, J. F., Mexico durante su guerra con los Estados Unidos Riva Palacio, Vicente (ed.), Mexico d traves de los siglos (4 vols.) Rives, George L., The United States and Mexico, 1821-1848 (2 vols.) Romero, Matias, The United States and Mexico Rowe, L. S., The Mexican Revolution, its Causes and Consequences (Pol. Sci. Quar., 1912) Smith, Justin H., The Annexation of Texas , Our War with Mexico (2 vols.) Stevenson, S. Y., Maximilian in Mexico — A Woman’s Reminiscences Trowbridge, E. D., Mexico Today and Tomorrow Valdes, M., Memorias de la guerra de la reforma 5. The Central American states a. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador and Nicaragua (1) Race distribution; resources; social conditions (2) Projects of union: 1823-1839; 1842; 1848; 1852; 1862; 1872; 1876; 1887; 1889; 1895; 1897 (3) The confederation; Arce; Morazan; the unionists and separatists (4) The ascendancy of the conservatives, 1839-1871; Rafael Carrera (5) William Walker and Central America (6) Central America and the Mosquito coast; Great Britain and the United States; the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty; subsequent negotiation (7) Political and governmental problems (a) Revolution as a mode of expressing political dissent (b) The harboring of political refugees; revolutions prepared on foreign soil (c) Dictators in Central American history (8) Political history (9) The peace conference of 1907; influence of the United States and Mexico (10) Establishment of the Central American court of justice and arbitration (a) Organization and composition; important cases (b) The case against Nicaragua, 1917; disruption (11) The United States and Nicaragua; intervention; treaty of 1916; the Melendez doctrine Readings: Barrantes, F. Montero, Elementos de historia de Costa Rica Blakeslee, G. H., (ed.), Mexico and the Carribean (W. E. Browning, The Central American Republics and their Problems) Fortier, A., and J. R. Ficklen, Central America and Mexico Gavidia, F., Historia moderna del Salvador Guardia, G. F., Costa Rica Guzman, F. A. de Fuentes y, Historia de Guatemala Koebel, W. H., Central America Martin, P. F., Salvador of the Twentieth Century Munro, D. G., The Five Republics of Central America Montiifar, Lorenzo, Walker en Centro America Palmer, Frederick, Central America and its Problems Peralta, D. M. M. de, Costa Rica y costa de mosquitos Ramirez, M. Castro, Cinco ahos de justicia centro-americana Scroggs, W. O., Filibusters and Financiers Villafranca, Richard, Costa Rica Winter, N. O., Guatemala 6. The insular republics a. Cuba (i) Cuba in the early part of the nineteenth century; Spanish adminis- tration (2) Plans made in South America for the revolutionizing of Cuba; the Panama congress (3) Cuba in diplomacy: attitude of the United States; opinion in Cuba for annexation; efforts of Great Britain and France to secure Cuba (4) Slavery in Cuba (5) Filibusters; Narciso Lopez (6) The “Black Warrior” incident; the Ostend manifesto, 1854 (7) The ten years’ war, 1868-1878 (a) Causes of the revolt ; resistance of Spain ; Prim; Canovas (b) Relations of Spain and the United States; the “Virginius” affair; the United States and the Cuban insurgents (c) The problem of reform; Cuban demands (d) Quesada; Maceo; Garcia; Marti (8) The Cuban revolution of 1895 (a) Administration of Martinez Campos (b) General Weyler and the reconcentrado policy (9) The Spanish-American War (a) Interests of the United States in Cuba; protests against Spanish practices (b) Destruction of the “Maine” (c) The war; relations with the Cubans (d) Status of Cuba in the Treaty of Paris (10) Military occupation by the United States (a) Services of General Wood (b) Progress of the island: order; sanitation and public health; social conditions; public improvement; education; finances and industries (c) The constitutional convention; political parties (d) The Platt Amendment (e) Investments of citizens of the United States (11) Republican government in Cuba ^ (a) Administration of Estrada Palma (b) The second intervention of the United States; policies of Governor Magoon (c) Jose Miguel Gomez; Menocal (d) Diplomatic and economic relations with the United States (e) The problem of self-government in Cuba Readings: Annual Report of the United States Secretary of War, 1902-1906 Cabrera, R., Cuba and the Cubans Caldwell, R. G., Lopez Expeditions to Cuba, 1848-1851 Callahan, J. M., Cuba and International Relations Canini, I. E., Four Centuries of Spanish Ride in Cuba Forbes Lindsay, C. H., Cuba and her People of Today Hill, R. T., Cuba and Porto Rico Johnson, W. F., The History of Cuba (5 vols.) Jones, C. L., Caribbean Interests of the United States Ortiz, Fernando, Los negros esclavos Quesada, Gonzalo de, The War in Cuba Report of the Military Governor of Cuba (8 vols.) Robinson, A. G., Cuba and the Intervention Saco, Jose Antonio, Historia de esclavitud desde los tiempos remotos hasta nuestros dias Sagra, Ramon de la, Historia de la tsla de Cuba (13 vols.) Verrill, A. H., Cuba Past and Present Watterson, Henry, History of the Spanish-American War Wood, Leonard, The Military Government of Cuba (Am. Acad, of Pol. and Soc. Sci., 1903) Wright, I. A., Cuba. Zaragoza, Z., Las insurrecciones en Cuba b. Haiti and Santo Domingo (1) Monarchy and republicanism in Haiti and Santo Domingo (2) Social and racial problems (3) Political disorders; character of the political revolutions (4) International relations (a) Financial conditions, foreign claims (b) Interventions (c) Relations of Santo Domingo and the United States; the Monroe Doctrine as applied to the Caribbean (d) Haiti and the United States (5) Attitude toward the United States (6) Contemporary government and politics Readings; Eves, C. A., West Indies Fiske, A. K., West Indies Garcia, Jose Gabriel, Compendia de la Historia de Santo Domingo Hazard, Samuel, Santo Domingo, Past and Present Hollander, J. H., Report on the Debt of Santo Domingo (Sen. Ex. Document, 1st session, 59th Congress) Leger, J. N., Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors St. John, Spencer, Haiti, the Black Republic Schoenrich, Otto, Santo Domingo 7. Panama a. Secessionist tendencies in Panama b. The revolution ; recognition by the United States c. The republic; the canal treaty d. Relations with Colombia and the United States e. Boundary disputes with Costa Rica; arbitration Readings: Abbott, W. J., Panama and the Canal ' Bishop, F., Panama, Past and Present Bunau-Varilla, Philippe de, Panama; The Creation, Destruction and Resurrection Bunau-Varilla, Philippe de, The Great Adventure of Panama Cause, F. A., and C. C. Carr, The Story of Panama Villegas, A. R. de. The Republic of Panama General readings for political history Akers, C. E., History of South America Amunategui, M. L., Ensayos biographicos (4 vols.) Calderon, Garcia, Latin America: 86-231 Cambridge Modern History (Vol. XII, 672-689) Carbonell, Miguel A., H ombres de nuestra America Colmo, A., Los paises de la America latina Dawson, T. C., The South American Republics (2 vols.) Dodd, W. F., Modern Constitutions (2 vols.) Domville-Fife, Great States of South America Knock, C. R., The Republics of Central and South America Koebel, W. H., South America Opisso, Alfredo, Historia de Espaha y de las Republicas Latino- Americanos (25 vols.) Porter, R. P., The Ten Republics Rodriguez, J. I., American Constitutions Shepherd, W. R., Hispanic Nations of the New World; A Chronicle of Our Southern Neighbors Sweet, W. W., History of Latin America CHAPTER IV RELATIONS WITH ONE ANOTHER AND WITH EUROPE 1 . Boundary disputes and commissions ; the principle of uti possidetis de 1810 2. Filibustering expeditions and reprisals 3. The status of Uruguay 4. The war against Paraguay 5. The Chile-Perii-Bolivia war; the Tacna-Arica question 6. International standing of Latin America 7. The problem of unity a. Proposals for a league of states of Spanish origin b. Proposals for inclusion of Brazil in this league c. Congresses of Hispanic- American countries: Panama (1826), Lima (1848, 1864, 1897), Santiago de Chile (1856) d. Programmes of arbitration, proposals for codification of international law for the Americas e. Congresses for health and sanitation conventions: Rio de Janeiro (1887, 1906), Lima (1888), Washington (1902, 1905), Mexico City (1907), San Jose de Costa Rica (1909) f. Scientific congresses: Buenos Aires (1898), Montevideo (1901), Rio de Janeiro (1905), Santiago de Chile (1908), Washington (1916) g. Control of river commerce, the international rivers 8. Central American affairs; arbitration agreement 9- The so-called A. B. C. Alliance 10. Relations with Europe Diplomatic: economic; cultural 11. European interventions in Hispanic-American affairs Examples of European intervention: France and Great Britain at Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Spain and France in Mexico; France, Great Britain and Spain in Mexico; Spain in the Dominican Republic and Peru ; Great Britain at Corinto; Germany, Great Britain and Italy in Venezuela Readings: Alvarez, A., Le dr oil international americain Calderon, Garcia, Latin America: 335-350 Cambridge Modern History: Vol. XII, 689-702 Koebel, W. H., The South Americans: 41-63 Lima, M. de Oliviera, La sociedad de las naciones americatias cn el derecho de gentes {Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras) Lobo, Helio, 0 Tribunal Arbitral Brasileiro-Boliviano Moore, J. B., Brazil and Peru Boundary Question Quesada, Ernesto, La evolucion del panamericanismo Shepherd, W. R., Hispanic Nations of the World; 96-106 Torres Caicedo, Jose Maria, Union latino-americana Urrutia, F. J., La evolucion del principio de arbitraje en America CHAPTER V LATER DIPLOMATIC AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES I. Development and extension of the Monroe Doctrine a. The Jackson-Van Buren attitude b. Polk's revival, interpretation, and restriction c. Monroe Doctrine in the fifties (1) Connection with slavery issue (2) The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and the Monroe Doctrine d. The Maximilian episode; attitude of Secretary Seward e. The United States and the Chilean war with Spain f. Grant and the Nationalization of the Doctrine g. The Santos claim in Ecuador; Alsop claim in Chile h. Expressions of opinion, and policy by Hayes, Garfield, and Blaine i. Cleveland-Olney extension; the Venezuela crisis j. Monroe Doctrine and imperialism k. Roosevelt-Taft period; “paramount interests”; the protectorates (1) The second Venezuela crisis (2) The Monroe Doctrine and the Caribbean; Central America; the Hague conference of 1907 (3) Influence of the expansion in the Philippines on the doctrine (4) The Magdalena Bay incident of 1912; Lodge Resolutions [22] I. Wilson doctrine; Mobile Speech, 1913; Mexico; the Caribbean m. Monroe Doctrine and claims against Hispanic-American countries (1) Contractual: Alsop, Cerutti, Landreau (2) Tortuous: case of Moreno; Benton case; Renton case n. The Monroe Doctrine and the recent war Readings: Appropriate sections of Edgington, Bingham, Hart, Bigelow American Foreign Relations Barrett John, Latin America of Today Bonilla, Policarpo, Wilson Doctrine Hall, A. B., The Monroe Doctrine and the Great War Lobo, Helio, De Monroe a Rio Branco Moore, J. B., A Digest of International Law: Vol. VI, 368-604; 714-715 , Principles of American Diplomacy: 246-269 Reddaway, W. F., Monroe Doctrine Saenz Pena, Derecho publico americano Vicuna Mackenna, B., Historia de la Administracion Montt Wilson, G. G., The Monroe Doctrine after the War (League of Nations, Vol. I, No. 5) 2. Hispanic-American attitude toward the United States a. In politics and diplomacy b. In commerce Readings: Bulnes, F., L’ Avenir des nations hispano-americaines Gondra, Cesar, Los Estados Unidos y las naciones americanas Merlos, S. R., America latina ante el peligro Sotolongo, F. C., El imperialismo norte-americano Ugarte, Manuel, El porvenir de la America Espafiola Weyl, W. E., American World Policies: Chap. XV 3. Efforts at cooperation and friendship a. Evolution of Pan Americanism b. The Pan American Union (1) Organization and purposes (2) Control and accomplishments c. Pan American congresses: Washington (1889); Mexico City (1902); Rio de Janeiro (1906); Buenos Aires (1910) d. Interamerican financial congresses: Washington (1915); Buenos Aires (1916) e. The peace and arbitration treaties f. Intellectual relations; scientific congresses, increase of trade and travel; exchange of teachers and college professors g. Proposals of an interamerican league of nations 4. The Drago doctrine and the Porter doctrine 5. Hispanic America at the Second Hague Conference [23] Readings: Drago, L. M., La Republica Argentina y el caso de Venezuela Hull, W. L., The United States and Latin America at the Hague Kennedy, Crammond, The Drago Doctrine {North American Review, 1907) Laspiur, E. Sarmiento, La doctrina Drago y la locucion de piano empleado por Calvo Moulin, H. A., La doctrine de Drago Quesada, Ernesto, La doctrina Drago {Revista de Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1919) Vivot, A. N., La doctrina Drago 6. The Platt Amendment; relations with Cuba; interventions 7. Caribbean interests of the United States a. Political and economic conditions in the Caribbean area; effects and in- fluences of the Spanish-American War b. Strategic importance; United States as a Caribbean power (1) Porto Rico as a dependency (2) Territorial government; the insular cases; the question of citizenship (3) The Virgin Islands c. Dominant position of the United States (1) In commerce (2) Financial agreements with Santo Domingo, Haiti and Nicaragua (3) The Panama canal as a factor in the problem; status of the Republic of Panama with respect to the United States (4) Naval bases of the United States; lease of the Corn Islands; the Bryan-Chamorro treaty (5) Interventions of the United States; the quasi-protectorates d. Relations between the United States and Venezuela, Colombia, Central America e. Attitude of Caribbean peoples toward the United States; problem of self- determination f. Contemporary tendencies Readings: Arili, B. Gonzalez, La Republica Dominicana y los Estados Unidos Blakeslee, G. H., (ed.), Mexico and the Caribbean Booy, Theodoor de, and Paris, The Virgin Islands Bonsai, S., The American Mediterranean Gonzalez, Salvador Rodriguez, El Golfo de Fonseca en el derecho publico centro- americano , La doctrina Melendez Henriquez Urena, M., Los Estados Unidos y la Republica Dominicana Jones, C. L., The Caribbean Interests of the United States 8. The isthmian canal a. Treaties and plans for construction; possible routes b. The French enterprise; failure and scandals c. The United States and the canal (i) The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty; treaties with Nicaragua (2) Attitude toward the French project (3) Influences of the Spanish-American war upon the United States (4) The Hay-Pauncefote treaty d. Negotiations with Colombia for canal concession (1) Selection of Panama route; proposed purchase of French company’s rights and equipment (2) The Hay-Herran treaty (3) Rejection of treaty by Colombian senate e. Secession of Panama (1) The revolution in Panama (2) Alleged activities of the French company (3) Protection of the Panama railroad by the United States under treaty of 1846; success of the revolution (4) Recognition of Panama by the United States (5) The Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty f. Construction of the canal, 1904— 1915 g. Possible economic and political effects h. The Colombian grievance against the United States; diplomatic develop- ments; proposed settlement; treaty ratified by United States Senate, 1921 9. Wilson administration a. Hispanic-American policy b. Relations with Mexico c. Achievements and criticism Readings: Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1914 Barrett, John, The Panama Canal; What It Is, What It Means Bishop, Farnham, Panama, Past and Present Bryce, James, South America: 484-520 Calderon, Garcia, Latin America: 298-312 Chandler, C. L., Inter~American Acquaintances Flack, H. E., Spanish American Diplomatic Relations preceding the War of i8q8 Cause, F. A., and C. C. Carr, The Story of Panama Latane, J. H., America as a World Power: 255-285 , The United States and Latin America; 261-334 Lockey, J. B., Pan Americanism, its Beginnings Maurtua, La idea panamericana y la cuestion del arbitraje Moore, J. B., Principles of American Diplomacy: 365-419 United States Senate Document No. 744, 6ist Congress, 3d session Usher, R. G., Pan- Americanism Williams, M. W., Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy The New Pan Americanism, Parts I, II, and III (World Peace Foundation) CHAPTER VI TRADE RELATIONS OF HISPANIC AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES 1. Origins of trade 2. Development of trade during the nineteenth century a. Comparative predominance of the United States to about 1850 b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession c. Increased European competition after Franco- Prussion war 3. History of trade in the twentieth century 4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with United States; with Europe 5. Character of the trade a. Standard articles imported and exported b. Non-competitive goods and raw products c. Competitive goods 6. Purchasing power of Hispanic- American countries 7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to Hispanic-American habits of business 8. Obstacles in the way of trade a. Lack of merchant marine b. Established habits and traditions of trade c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of trade (1) Market demands (2) Transportation problems (3) Tariff administrations d. Long term credits e. Lack of organization to secure the trade 9. Methods for improvement 10. The Webb-Pomerene Act 11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the Panama Canal 12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic America Readings: Atlas America-laiina Aughinbaugh, W. E., Selling Latin America Austin, O. P., Trading with our Neighbors in the Caribbeati Babson, R. W., The Future of South America Bonsai, Stephen, The American Mediterranean Bott, Ernesto J. J., El Comercio entre los Estados Unidos y la America latina durante la gran guerra Chandler, C. L., Inter -American Acquaintances Cooper, C. S., Understanding South America Commerce Reports (Daily Consular and trade reports, Bureau of For. and Dom. Trade, Dept, of Commerce) Filsinger, N., Exporting to Latin America Hough, B. O., Practical Exporting (26] O’Malley, Frank, Our South American Trade and Its Financing (Foreign Com. Ser. No. 3) Pepper, C. M., American Foreign Trade Reports of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Dept, of Com- merce (Latin American Division) Savay, N., The Science of Foreign Trade Shepherd, W. S., Latin America: 168-179 , Our South American Tra^de {Political Science Quarterly, Dec. 1909) South American Supplement, London Times United States Consular Reports United States Department of Commerce and Labor Reports United States House Document No. 154, 59th Congress, 2d session United States House Document No. 737, 6oth Congress, 2d session (Fisher, Ethnography and Commercial Importance of Latin America and the West Indies) Verrill, A. H., South and Central American Trade Conditions of Today: 168-197 Wilson, Otto, South America as an Export Field (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81, 1914, Dept, of Commerce) CHAPTER VII HISPANIC AMERICA AND THE WORLD WAR 1. Economic and political influences of the war 2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution of the war 3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group of belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors in the situation; Germany as a menace 4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of Pan Americanism; the financial congresses 5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; Ruy Barbosa’s indictment of Germany; the Luxburg and Zimmermann dispatches 6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the war 7. Hispanic America in the war a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uruguay c. The neutral countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Salvador, Venezuela d. Services of Brazil and Cuba 8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the prominent part played by Brazil 9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase 10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a member of the Supreme Council; the states which joined the League 11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an inter-american league of states 12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America [27] Readings: Acosta, A., El doctor Hipdlitdjlrigoyen Alzamora, I., La cuestion peruano-chilena Barbosa, Ruy, Brazil in the Hour of Victory {Inter-America. 1919) Bogono, L. Barros, Tacna and Arica; the Solution of the Question through Its Transfer to Bolivia Colmo, A., Mi neutralismo Ferrara, O., La doctrina de Monroe y la liga de las naciones Gaillard, Gaston, Amerique latine et Europe occidentale Goldsmith, P. H. (Trans.), South American Opinions on the War (I. Chile and the War, by Carlos Silva Voldosola. II. The Attitude of Ecuador, by Nicolas F. Lopez. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Div. for Inter- course and Education, Pub. No. 14) Gutierrez, Gustavo, La neutralidad y beligerancia de Cuba durante la guerra actual Kirkpatrick, F. A., South America and the War Lavalle, J. B. de, Pdginas de historia diplomdtica contempordnea Martin, P. A., Latin America and the War (League of Nations, II, No. 4) Nieto, G. Gallardo, Neutralidad de Chile ante la guerra europea Quesada, Ernesto, El “peligro Aleman” en Sud America Rocuant, E., La neutralidad de Chile Rowe, L. S., Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Commerce and Industry of Peru The (London) Times History of the War, (Vol. XV). Wagner, E. R., L'Allemagne et V Amerique Latine Yearbooks and periodicals CHAPTER VIII CONTEMPORARY HISTORY, PROBLEMS, AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF HISPANIC AMERICA I . Political a. Political and governmental stability b. Politics in practice and principle c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections d. Restrictions of the ballot e. Professional men in politics f. Absence of political experience by the masses g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and political philosophy h. Appearance of new political issues i. Electoral reform; Argentina j. Civil service in Hispanic America k. State or church control over education l . Municipal government (i) History of progress (2) Public Utilities; fire departments; police system ; waterworks; public sanitation; municipal ownership m. Social legislation n. Passing of the South American type of revolution Readings: Alvarez, Agustin, Historia de las Instituciones Litres Calderon, Garcia, Latin America: 222-248, 365-677 Espinosa, Roberto, La evolucion democrdtica Gonzales, Enrique Vera y, Elementos de historia contempordnea de America Heredia, , Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela Lima, M. de Oliviera, La evolucion de la America latina Ross, E. A., South of Panama Scruggs, W. L., The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics Shepherd, W. R., Latin America: 141-150 2. Social and religious a. Social (1) Population (a) Census statistics available (b) Population and resources (2) Social types; Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and civilized; mixed races; negro (3) Laboring classes and types: “vaquero”; “roto”; “pelao”; "Cholo” “gaucho”; “llanero”; industrial laborers (4) Labor system and laws (a) Peonage [1] Feudal status of labor in colonies [2] Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt [3] The “inquilino” and “colono” [4] Ignorance, wages, and living conditions [5] Peon in government and politics [6] Peonage in Mexico; in South America (b) Labor regulations in general (c) Labor organizations (d) Dearth of labor in certain countries (e) Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico; organized labor; socialist and Bolshevist propaganda (5) Aristocratic and professional society (6) Language (7) Position of woman (a) In society (b) Family life (c) The matter of divorce (8) Amusements and social customs (a) Sports and games (b) Carnivals and festivals (c) Dress and etiquette . [29I (d) Gambling and lotteries (e) Social customs in business (9) Influence of the Basques in Hispanic America (10) The “Gallegos,” Catalonians, Andalusians and other Spanish types in modern Hispanic America Readings: Bingham, Hiram, Across South America Bland, J. O. P., Men, Manners and Morals in South America Bryce, James, South America: 432, 528-530 Bunge, O. C., Nuestra America Calderon, Garcia, Latin America: 283-290 Colmo, A., America latina Dickman, E., Democracia y socialismo Ruzo, A., PoUtica social Shepherd, W. R., Latin America: 121-141 — — , Psychology of the Latin American {Journal of Race Development, 1919) Solas, J. C., Civilizacion y barbarie Vera Estanol, Jorge, Carranza and his bolshevik regime Zavalea, C., Defensa social de nacion b. Religious (1) Prevalence of Roman Catholic church (2) Church and state; tendency toward separation (3) Clericalism in politics (4) The work of the church (5) Toleration in Hispanic America (6) Protestant missionary activities (7) Foreign opinion of Hispanic- American morality (8) Work of the Catholic church in education and charity Readings: Ayarragaray, Lucas, La iglesia en America Brown, H. W., Latin America Klein, Julius, The Church in Spanish American History {Catholic Historical Review, 1917) Koebel, W. H., The South Americans: 41-44, 91-108, 152-169 Lee, John, Religious Liberty in South America Neely, T. B,, South America, Its Missionary Problems Speer, R. E., South A merican Problems 3. Immigration a. History of immigration in the nineteenth century (1) Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion; revolutions; greater inducements of the United States; economic reasons (2) Increase since 1857; ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration (3) Drift toward the southern republics (4) Immigration in the North American republics b. Political and economic effects of immigration c. Effects on society d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English, French, Portu- guese, Oriental, Turkish and Syrian immigration e. Favorite occupations of aliens f. The question of assimilation and citizenship Readings: Atlas America-latina Berne, P., L’ immigration europeenne en Argentina Calderon, Garcia, Latin America: 290-298, 323-335 Koebel, W. H., The South Americans: 152-169 , British Exploits: 481-551 Mulhall, The English in South America Shepherd, W. R., Latin America: 81-84, 126-129, 169 Villegas-Pulidos, G. T., Los extranjeros en Venezuela Wintzer, Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika 4. Financial a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America (1) Standards and values (2) Paper currency (3) Fluctuations b. Capital and banking (1) Number of banks (2) Domestic and foreign control of banking (3) Branch banks (a) European (b) United States (4) Scarcity of capital c. Hispanic- American finance (1) Credits, exchange, solvency (2) Stock exchanges (3) Bond issues (4) Public debts (5) Sinking funds (6) Insurance (7) Trusts and corporations d. Foreign influences upon financial policies e. Business enterprises (1) Habits of business (2) Buying and selling; advertising f. Tariff systems (1) Tariff for revenue (2) Rates: specific rather than ad valorem (3) Variations and complexity g. Taxation (1) On personal property (2) On lands and real estate (3) On industries (4) Licenses and concessions h. Internal improvements and public works (1) History of internal improvements in Hispanic America (2) Public works; postal service; parcel post i. Movement for single, Pan American monetary standard j. Movement for Pan American, standardized tariff system Readings: Aughinbaugh, W. E., Selling LatiH America Babson, R. W., The Future of Latin America Crosby, Latin American Monetary System and Exchange Conditions Hurley, Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, Dept, of Commerce) Reports of the Board of Trade (Eng.) Roper, The Postal Service and the Latin American Trade Shepherd, W. R., Latin America: 47-48, 150-153, 173 South American Year-Book United States Consular Reports Verrill, A. H., South and Central American Trade Conditions of Today Williams, J. H., Argentine International Trade under inconvertible Paper Money Wolfe, Foreign Credits (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of Commerce) 5. Industrial a. The most important industries (1) Mining (a) Areas of ore fields (b) Facilities (c) Acquisition of mining properties (d) Labor supply; laws regulating labor in mines (e) Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate, coal, and other mines (2) Stock-raising (a) Areas adapted (b) Cattle, horse, sheep ranches (c) Stock- yards and slaughter-houses (d) Wool and hides Readings: Atlas America-latina Whelpey, Trade Development in Argentina (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Depart- ment of Commerce and Labor) (3) Rubber (a) Areas of growth (b) Processes employed (c) Labor supply; labor scandals; “black gold” (4) Agriculture (a) Arable lands and climatic conditions (b) Agriculture in connection with stock-raising (c) Ownership of land (d) The agrarian situation in Hispanic America (e) The “haciendas,” “fazendas;” the “chacras” and “potreros” (f) Ag^ricultural products: coffee, cacao, yerba, foodstuffs (5) Manufacturing (a) General characteristics: domestic and factory methods (b) Connection with other industries (c) Obstacles in the way (d) Products; foodstuffs, textiles, machinery b. European and American capital invested in industries c. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America Readings: Gemmingen, , Die Entwickelung der Fabrikindustrie im latinischen Amerika Holm, G., The Argentine Grain Growers’ Grievances Koebel, W. H., The South Americans: 132-151, 193-204 Pearson, H. C., The Rubber Country of the Amazon 6. Commercial a. History of Hispanic- American commerce b. Exports and imports (1) Character and value (2) Destination c. Commercial enterprises d. Trade marks and their use e. Customs regulations f. Modern transportation and communication (1) Development of transportation facilities (2) Survival of colonial methods in certain areas (3) Pack trains, stage routes, llama trains (4) Roads and highways (5) Land transportation (a) Railroads: trunk lines; short lines (b) International and transcontinental lines (c) Projected lines (d) Horse cars and trolleys; subways (e) Mileage and rates (f) Freight rates (g) Capital and ownership (6) Water transportation (a) River steamers and barges (b) Oceanic lines (c) Harbor facilities (d) Rates g. Communication (1) Telegraph lines (2) Cable lines (3) Postal service; international service h. The metric system of weights and measures i. Concessions and monopolies (i) Procedure in obtaining them (2) Policies of^various countries in relation thereto (,^) Attitude of the United States toward them Readings; Atlas America-latina Aughinbaugh, W. E., Selling Latin America Babson, R. W., The Future of Latin America Domville-Fife, Great States of South America Gueydan, Transportation Facilities of Colombia and Venezuela. (Dept, of Com- merce Koebel, W. H., The South Americans: 304-358 Report of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the Commerce Department Reports of Bureau of Trade Relations of the State Department Shepherd, W. R., Latin America: 168-191 Sheridan, Transportation Rights to the West Coast of South America (Sp. Agts. report Ser. 72, 1913. Bur. of For. and Dom. Commerce) Tariff Systems of South American Countries (Bur. of For. and Dom. Com.) Trade Mark Registration in Latin America (Tariff series, No. 31, ibid.) United States Federal Trade Com. Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uru- guay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru Verrill, A. H., South and Central American Trade Conditions of Today 7. Educational and cultural a. Educational (1) General characteristics (2) Percentages of illiterates in various countries (3) Educational progress (4) Obstacles to popular education (5) Foreign influences in education (a) European teachers in Flispanic America (b) American teachers in Argentina in 1868; educational reforms of Sarmiento (c) Influence of United States at present (6) Administration of schools (7) Elementary and secondary education (8) Higher education in Hispanic America (a) Universities [1] Faculties, courses, and equipment [2] Libraries and publications [3] Students (b) Scientific pursuits [1] Observatories and other establishments for study of geography, ethnology, and zoology [2] Schools of medicine and surgery (c) Industrial and technical education (9) Urban and rural education (10) Popular interest in education [34] (11) Non-official efforts for promotion of education (a) Congresses and teachers’ associations (b) Private schools and institutions (c) Publications and lectures (12) Educational reforms needed b. Cultural achievements in general (1) Public charity (a) Control and sources of revenue (b) Societies and institutions for social service (2) Public libraries (3) Journalism (a) Status of the press in various countries (b) Notable newspapers (c) Recent development (d) Magazines and periodicals (4) Literature (a) General characteristics (b) European, and particularly French, influence (c) Representative literary men and their works [1] Novelists, essayists, poets Ricardo Palma, Rodo, Alencar, Gonzalvez Diaz, Zorrilla de San Martin, Echeverria, Sarmiento, Ruben Dario, Chocano, Blanco Fombona, etc. [2] Flistorians Alaman, the Amunategui, Barros Arana, Genaro Garcia, Icaz- balceta. Vicuna Mackenna, Mitre, Jose Toribio Medina, Oliviera Lima, etc. [3] Jurists Bello, Calvo, Velez Sarsfield, Ambrosio Montt, etc. (5) Arts (a) General characteristics (b) Achievements in music; the drama; architecture; painting; and sculpture Readings : Alvarez, Agustin, Educacion moral Amedeo, Tomas, Agricu'tural Instruction in Argentina (Bull., Pan Amer. Union, 1920) Amunategui, M. L., La alborada poetica en Chile Amunategui, Solar, D., Bosquejo historico de la literature chilena Blakeslee, G. H., (ed.) Latin America: 30-46, 299-306 Brandon, E. E., Latin American Universities and Special Schools (United States Bureau of Education, bulletin. No. 30), 1912 Calderon, Garcia, Latin America; 249-282 Coester, Alfred, The Literary History of Spanish America Eder, P. J., Colombia: Chap. 16 Goldberg, Isaac, Studies in Spanish American Literature Hirst, W. A., Argentina: Chap. 14 Henriquez Urena, M., Rod 6 y Rubin Dario Koebel, W. H., The South Americans: 109-132 Lamborn, , Mexican Paintings and Painters Lopez, Zanelli, Mujeres chilenas de letras Mejia, E. Bravo, Organizacion de las escuelas rurales Mitjans, Aurelio, Historia de la literatura cubana Monroe, Paul, An Encyclopedia of Education (see discussion under the names of each country) Oyuela, Calixto, Antologia poetica hispano-americane (3 vols.) Shepherd, Latin America: 192-250 , Education in South America {Rev. of Rev., May, 1908) , Higher Education in South America {Columbia University Quarterly, Dec., 1907) , La literatura y el periodismo Starr, F., Readings from Modern ^Mexican Authors Umphrey, Spanish American Poets of Today and Yesterday {Hispania, 1919) Uriarte, Ramon, Galeria poetica centro-americana (3 vols.) Walle, Paul, Bolivia: Chap. 6 Warner, Library of the World's Best Literature: Vol. 15 Wright, M. R., Bolivia , The Old and the New Peru , The Republic of Chile 136 1 PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS 1919 Announcement of Founding of Institute. 1920 Bulletin No. i. First Annual Report of the Director. Bulletin No. 2. For Administrative Authorities of Universities and Colleges. Bulletin No. 3. Observations on Higher Education in Europe. Opportunities for Higher Education in France.' Opportunities for Graduate Study in the British Isles. For the International Relations Clubs Syllabus No. I. Outline of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Syllabus No. H. The Past, Present and Future of the Monroe Doctrine. Syllabus No. HI. The History of Russia from Earliest Times. Syllabus No. IV. The Russian Revolution. Syllabus No. V. The Question of the Balkans. Syllabus No. VI. Modern Mexican History. Syllabus No. VH. Hlspanic-American History. 1921 Bulletin No. i. Bulletin No. 2. Bulletin No. 3. Bulletin No. 4. Bulletin No. 5. Second Annual Report of the Director. Opportunities for Higher Education in Italy. Serials of an International Character (Tentative List for Libraries) Educational Facilities in the United States for South African Students. Guide Book for Foreign Students in the United States. / ADVISORY COUNCIL Addams, Jane Alderman, President Edwin Ames, Dean Herman V. Andrews, Fanny Fern Biggs, Dr. Herman Blakeslee, Professor G. H. Brookings, Robert S. Bruere, Henry Bull, Dr. Carroll G. Burton, President M. L. Byrne, James Coolidge, Professor Archibald Cravath, Paul D. Cunliffe, Professor J. W. Davis, Katherine B. Downer, Professor Charles A. Ely, Professor Richard T. Filene, A. Lincoln Finley, Dr. John H. Fosdick, Dr. Harry E. Gilbert, Cass Gildersleeve, Dean V. C. Goodnow, President F. J. Hadley, Dr. A. T. Hale, Dr. George E. Harrington, Governor E. C. Hazen, Professor Charles D. Hibben, President J. G. Howe, Professor Henry M. Hughes, Hon. Charles E. Jenks, Professor Jeremiah Judson, President H. P. Keppel, Frederick P. Keyser, Professor C. J. Lovett, President Edgar Lowell, President A. L. MacCracken, President H. N. Woolley, Pres Mali, Pierre Main, President J. H. T. Mannes, David Marling, Alfred E. Meiklejohn, President A. Milliken, Professor R. A. Moore, Professor E. H. Morgan, William Fellowes Neilson, President W. A. Noyes, Professor Arthur A. Payne, President Bruce R. Pendleton, President Ellen T. Pupin, Professor Michael 1. Putnam, Herbert Richardson, Dr. E. C. Robinson, Dr. Edward Sachs, Professor Julius Salmon, Dr. Thomas W. Schwedtman, Ferdinand C. Severance, Mrs. C. A. Shanklin, President W. A. Shorey, Professor Paul Shotwell, Professor J. T. Showerman, Professor Grant Stimson, Henry L. Stokes, Dr. Anson Phelps Storey, Professor Thomas A. Suzzallo, President Henry Thomas, President M. Carey Todd, Professor Henry A. Townsend, Hon. John G. Vincent, Dr. George E. Wald, Lillian D. White, Professor Henry C. Wilkins, Professor Ernest H. Wilson, Professor George G. Woodbridge, Dean F. J. E. lent Mary E.