The Toint Mandate 
 
 An American joint mandate for Constantinople, 
 Anatolia, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbeijan will 
 serve to 
 
 I. Extend and consolidate the rule of the Turks and 
 promote Pan-Turanianism; 
 
 II. Kill the Armenian race and nationality ; 
 
 III. Smother Christianity in the Near East; and 
 
 IV. Bring the forces of Mohammed under the influence 
 of 24,000,000 Turanians preparatory to an eventual 
 inevitable conflict between Islam and Christendom. 
 
 Articles by 
 
 JAMES W. GERARD— "A Turkish 'Mandate'— 
 Pan-Turanianism and Pan-Islamism Under 
 American Protection." 
 
 GEN. BAGRATUNI — "Pan-Turanianism — a Seri- 
 ous Menace to the Peace of the World." 
 
 HENRY W. JESSUP— "American Aid to Armenia 
 Without a Mandate." 
 
 L. P. CHAMBERS— "Armenia as a Barrier in the 
 Way of Pan-Turanianism." 
 
 W. D. P. BLISS— "A Free All-Armenia vs. 
 Turanian-Bolsheviki Alliance." 
 
 VAHAN CARDASHIAN— "A Turkish Scheme." 
 
 A Turkish Empire Under 
 American Protection 
 
TURAIS IANS 
 
 Turks 
 
 □ a aaaa 
 
 S: OOO.OOO 
 
 Tartars i 
 
 K<JMM}$N06HAl\ 
 
 X X XX XXX 
 
 S. 000,0 00 
 
 BASHKIRS; 
 
 
 /.Soo.ooo 
 
 A/R6/SSSSt 
 
 0 ooooooo 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 Turkomans, 
 
 1 1 1 II II Mill 
 
 /.Zoo, 000 
 
 UzBBKS &. 1 
 
 
 3,600. ooo 
 
 KASHGARLYKS& ) 
 TAKANTCKYS: j 
 
 
 2. ooo.ooo 
 
 PAN-TURANIAN MAP 
 
 a . , The . T V rks °. f Al i* toli 2, " e Turanians by race. There are 19,000,000 other Turanians outside of Turkey who are seoarated from their kinsmen of 
 Anatolia by Armenia. The Turks of Anatolia, in order to effect a junction with their fellow Turanians beyond ^^jTi^JtV^Mi 
 State stretching from Constantinople to Central Asia, attempted the extermination of the Armenian race. (See Gen. Bagratuni's article in this book.) 
 
ARMENIA AS IT WILL REAPPEAR ON THE MAP, 
 
 According to the terms of a Memorandum officially presented by the Delegation of Integral Armenia to the Peace Conference in Paris, on February 
 26, 1919. Area, between 125,000 and 135,000 sq. m. Population, 4,300,000, divided approximately as follows: Armenians, 2,500,000; Other Christians, 500,000; 
 Turks, Circassians, Arabs, Persians, 500,000; Tartars, 300,000; Kurds, 200,000; Other Religions, '300,000. 
 
The American Committee for the 
 Independence of Armenia 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 James W. Gerard, Chairman 
 
 Charles Evans Hughes 
 Elihu Root 
 Henry Cabot Lodge 
 John Sharp Williams 
 
 Alfred E. Smith 
 Frederic Courtland Penfield 
 Charles W. Eliot 
 Cleveland H. Dodge 
 
 GENERAL COMMITTEE 
 Charles Evans Hughes, Honorary Chairman 
 James W. Gerard, Chairman 
 
 \\ illiam Jennings Bryan 
 Alton B. Parker 
 Elihu Root 
 Henry Cabot Lodge 
 John Sharp Williams 
 Charles S. Thomas 
 Lyman Abbott 
 Gov. Bartlett, N. H. 
 James L. Barton 
 Gov. Beeckman, R. I. 
 Alice Stone Blackwell 
 Charles J. Bonaparte 
 Gov. Boyle, Nev. 
 Nicholas Murray Butler 
 Gov. Campbell, Ariz. 
 Gov. Carey, Wyo. 
 Gov. Catts, Fla. 
 Gov. Cooper, S. C. » 
 Gov. Cox, Ohio 
 Charles Stewart Davison 
 Rt. Rev. J. H. Darlington 
 Cleveland H. Dodge 
 Gov. Dorsey, Ga. 
 Charles W. Eliot 
 Rt. Rev. William F. Faber 
 Admiral Bradley A. Fiske 
 Lindley M. Garrison 
 James Cardinal Gibbons 
 Martin H. Glynn 
 Samuel Gompers 
 Madison Grant 
 Lloyd C. Griscom 
 Gov. Harding, Iowa 
 Gov. Harrington, Md. 
 Albert Bushnell Hart 
 Sara Duryea Hazen 
 Myron T. Herrick 
 
 John Grier Hibben 
 
 Gov. Holcomb, Conn. 
 
 Iiamilton Holt 
 
 George A. Hurd 
 
 Richard M. Hurd 
 
 Henry W. Jessup 
 
 Robert Ellis Jones 
 
 Gov. Larrazolo, N. Mex. 
 
 Gov. Lister, Wash. 
 
 Edward C. Little 
 
 Julian W. Mack 
 
 Norman E. Alack 
 
 William T. Manning 
 
 Elizabeth Marbury 
 
 Rt. Rev. Wm. H. Moreland 
 
 Gov. Norbeck, S. Dak. 
 
 Frederic C. Penfield 
 
 George Haven Putnam 
 
 Rt. Rev. P. N. Rhinelander 
 
 Ernest W. Riggs 
 
 Wm. Henry Roberts 
 
 Gov. Robertson, Okla. 
 
 Jacob G. Schurman 
 
 Gov. Smith, N. Y. 
 
 Gov. Sproul, Pa. 
 
 Oscar S. Straus 
 
 Rt. Rev. A. C. Thompson 
 
 Gov. Townsend, Jr., Del. 
 
 Rt. Rev. B. D. Tucker 
 
 Rt Rev. Wm. W. Webb 
 
 Benjamin Ide Wheeler 
 
 Everett P. Wheeler 
 
 Rt. Rev. J. R. Winchester 
 
 Stephen S. Wise 
 
 Gov. Withycombe, Ore. 
 
 Gov. Yager, Porto Rico 
 
 4 
 
The following memorandum was telegraphed to the Presi- 
 dent on December l8, IQIQ: 
 
 To the President, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 "There is now a movement afoot designed to have 
 America accept mandates in the Near East. We do 
 not believe that the American people can be fairly 
 asked to assume so hazardous a responsibility, or that 
 they should assume an obligation under which the 
 Turks will become the principal beneficiaries, with 
 the unavoidable result that they will gain in strength 
 and, at the termination of the term of our mandate, 
 resume their national pastime of murder and rapine. 
 We are confident that you cannot possibly sympathize 
 with an arrangement that is advocated by the Turks 
 themselves, — an arrangement which will offer them 
 a favorable opportunity to promote their Pan- 
 Turanian ambition, for the furtherance of which they 
 entered the war and, as a preliminary step in their 
 programme, attempted the extermination of the 
 Armenian people. A joint mandate establishes a link 
 between the Turks of Constantinople and of Anatolia, 
 the Tartars of the Caucasus and the Turkomans, 
 Uzbeks, Sarts, Bashkirs, Kirghisses and other Tura- 
 nians beyond the Caspian, and thus plays into the 
 hands of the Young Turks in their Pan-Turanian 
 policy. We are now being asked to enable the 
 Turks to achieve under our protection that which 
 they failed to attain through the war. We feel that 
 even the discussion of a mandate will postpone the 
 adoption of what we believe should be our attitude 
 toward Armenia. 
 
 Representative American opinion has already ex- 
 pressed itself with convincing emphasis in favor of 
 the creation of an Armenian State that will unite 
 Ararat with Cilicia and which alone can become an 
 effective barrier against the Pan-Turanian am- 
 bition of the Turks of Anatolia. We believe the 
 
 5 
 
American people will gladly sanction America's ex- 
 tending necessary aid to Armenia during her for- 
 mative period. We therefore respectfully ask that 
 the Administration declare itself in favor of Ameri- 
 ca's extending direct aid to Armenia; to that end, 
 formulate a definite continuing policy, and, as a 
 preliminary step in that direction, recognize at 
 once the Armenian Republic. This recognition 
 will enable the Armenian government to borrow 
 the necessary funds to meet the most pressing 
 needs of its starving people, and will also be a 
 practical step toward the creation of a united 
 Armenia." 
 
 (Signed) James W. Gerard 
 
 Charles Evans Hughes 
 Alton B. Parker 
 Elihu Root 
 
 Frederic Courtland Penfield 
 Nicholas Murray Butler 
 Jacob Gould Schurman 
 John Grier Hibben 
 Philip N. Rhinelander 
 Bradley A. Fiske 
 
 Ex-President Eliot of Harvard, says : 
 
 "I hope America will help Armenia to organize a 
 stable and independent government by lending her all 
 necessary means." 
 
 6 
 
A TURKISH "MANDATE" 
 Pan-Turanianism and Pan-Islamism Under 
 American Protection 
 
 By James W. Gerard 
 
 Ex- Ambassador to Germany 
 * * * 
 
 The foundation of the international policy of the late 
 Abd-ul-Hamid was based on the influence that he sought to 
 exercise over the Islamic world. He became obsessed with 
 the idea that if he could command the obedience of 200,000,- 
 000 Moslems under his sceptre, then the maintenance of his 
 tottering throne could be made secure as against European 
 encroachments. 
 
 So, he became the foremost Pan-Islamist of his time. 
 But he did not succeed in his ultimate purpose. 
 
 The Young Turks saw the reason for the failure of the 
 policy of Pan-Islamism pursued by Hamid. They realized 
 that about five million Turks in the Turkish Empire could 
 not possibly dominate the minds and hearts of the Islamic 
 world. So, they thought that the first thing for them to do 
 would be to effect a junction with their kinsmen, — the Tar- 
 tars, Turkomans, Bashkirs, Uzbeks, Sarts and Kirghisses in 
 the Caucasus and beyond the Caspian, — since all these tribes 
 or races, like the Turks themselves, trace their origin to the 
 Turanian stock. They believed that if they could accomplish 
 that end, then there would be a homogeneous Turanian unit 
 numbering about 24,000,000, and then they could set out to 
 take up the Pan-Islamic policy of Abd-ul-Hamid. But the 
 Turks of Anatolia were separated from their kinsmen of the 
 Caucasus and the Trans-Caspian by the Armenians. There 
 fore, it was necessary for the Turks to get rid of the Ar- 
 menians, as a preliminary step in the direction of pushing 
 ahead their policy of Pan-Turanianism. 
 
 Thus, the Young Turks entered the war with the specific 
 purpose of establishing a connecting link between them- 
 selves and the Tartars and other Turanians of the Caucasus 
 and Trans-Caspian and of laying the foundation of a Turan- 
 
 7 
 
ian Empire that would extend from the Golden Horn to 
 Central Asia. 
 
 The Turks failed in attaining their objective through the 
 war, because they were unable to get rid of the Armenians 
 as thoroughly as they expected they would. They did 
 destroy or disperse the majority of Turkish Armenians, but 
 they were held up for over six months by Russian Arme- 
 nians, and the ensuing armistice hindered the further oper- 
 ation of their Pan-Turanian scheme. 
 
 We are now being asked to enable the Turks to 
 achieve under our protection that which they failed 
 to attain through the war. 
 
 That is what a joint mandate by America for the major 
 portion of the former Turkish Empire and of the Transcau- 
 casus means. The Turks are heartily and extremely anxious 
 that America should accept such a mandate. They hope that 
 through American capital and constructive genius they will 
 be educated and reorganized in the course of twenty or 
 thirty years, when, through the sympathy and support of 
 Islam, they will be sufficiently strong to defy the Christian 
 world. 
 
 A joint mandate for the regions above indicated may be 
 of some practical interest to certain financiers and ambitious 
 politicians. Such an arrangement may also suggest some 
 fascinating opportunity for missionaries to convert the 
 Turks or other Islamic races. But it ought not to be for- 
 gotten by our good American missionary friends that as 
 long as a Turkish political unit exists, so long will it be well 
 nigh impossible to make inroads into the religion of the 
 Turk, — a religion which the Turk proposes to use as an in- 
 strument for the promotion of his political ambitions. 
 
 An American joint mandate, such as the one that 
 is being advocated, will serve to extend and con- 
 solidate the rule of the Turks and promote Pan- 
 Turanianism; kill the Armenian race and nation- 
 ality; smother Christianity in the Near East, and 
 bring the forces of Mohammed under the influence 
 of 24,000,000 or more Turanians preparatory to an 
 eventual inevitable conflict between Islam and 
 Christendom. 
 
 A joint mandate is absolutely and clearly a scheme in 
 the interest and for the benefit of the Turks and only of the 
 Turks. 
 
 8 
 
It has been asserted by certain persons that the creation 
 of an Armenian State is impracticable. The creation of an 
 Armenian State will be impracticable if we confine that 
 State only to the mountainous district of Armenia; but when 
 we bring the boundaries of that State down to the Medi- 
 terranean, as we must, then Armenia will be self-sufficient 
 and self-supporting. That the Turks have destroyed one- 
 half out of the million and a half Armenians who lived in 
 Turkish Armenia is a gruesome fact ; but we shall not permit 
 the Turks to be benefited by a majority gained by murder. 
 
 When some people talk of the impracticability of creat- 
 ing an Armenian State they mean this : The Turks have al- 
 ready destroyed one-half and driven from their homes the 
 other half of the Armenian population of Turkish Armenia. 
 So, we should recognize the condition that the Turks have 
 created; compensate the Turks by turning Turkish Armenia 
 over to them; confine the Armenians to Russian Armenia, 
 which alone cannot, of course, become a self-sufficient eco- 
 nomic bloc, and, therefore, no Armenian State can or should 
 be created. 
 
 Armenia, extending from the Black Sea to the 
 Mediterranean, separates the Turks of Anatolia from 
 their kinsmen of the Caucasus and Trans-Caspian, 
 and thus puts an end to a movement which is plainly 
 dangerous to the peace of the world. Then it follows 
 that, if there were no Armenia, the interest of Chris- 
 tian civilization would require that one should be 
 created. 
 
 It shall be the task of i\merica, and for that matter of 
 Christendom, to permit the Armenian refugees to get back 
 to their homes; offer about a million Armenians in other 
 countries to return to the land of their forefathers, and 
 rescue about two hundred thousand Armenian women and 
 children who are now living a life of misery and shame in 
 the harems of the Turks and of the Kurds. These things 
 can be done, if America were to lend moral and economic aid 
 to Armenia. That done, the Armenians will constitute over 
 sixty per cent, of the population of Armenia to be. 
 
 When we recall the fact that the Turks in Turkey 
 were never over twenty-five per cent, of the popula- 
 tion of the Turkish Empire, then we must conclude 
 that the Armenians, in point of numbers, will estab- 
 
 9 
 
lish a satisfactory claim to the possession of their own 
 land. 
 
 The Armenians ask America to aid them during- their 
 formative period. They want us to lend them economic aid, 
 and civil and military advisory aid, and also about one regi- 
 ment of American troops. The Armenian government can 
 easily create a force of 50,000 trained men (that govern- 
 ment now has 18,000 men under arms), if we supply neces- 
 sary equipment. I am informed that this force will be ample 
 for the occupation of the non-occupied parts of Armenia. 
 The small American contingent that is required is intended 
 to accompany the Armenian army of occupation, so that the 
 Turks and the Kurds may know that the Armenians are en- 
 gaged in a legitimate errand by the authority of the Peace 
 Conference and that they do not mean to hurt them, and 
 also that they may know that America is back of Armenia, so 
 that no unnecessary resistence may be offered, if any. 
 
 The Armenians now have a government in northern Ar- 
 menia, known as the Republic of Armenia. That government 
 has been in existence now for over eighteen months. It is not, 
 of course, as efficient a machine as it ought to be ; but in 
 view of the most difficult conditions under which it has been 
 brought into being, it would be unfair to expect of it a 
 greater measure of stability and efficiency. A nation whose 
 members are forced to live on a quarter of a pound of 
 bread per day can hardly be expected to be very efficient. 
 
 That the Armenians possess sufficient moral fitness for 
 self-rule has never been seriously questioned. According to 
 districts, the rate of literacy among the Armenians ranges 
 from 35% to 75%. The Armenians are the best educated 
 people in the Near East and South-Kastern Europe. I un- 
 derstand that there were, in 1914, six thousand Armenian 
 students in the colleges and universities of Russia alone, and 
 that in 1914 there were over 15,000 Armenians in Russia 
 who had received a college or university education. The 
 Armenians in Russia number about 2,000,000. 
 
 I believe that America will aid Armenia to become a free 
 and independent nation. I also believe that the American 
 people will have nothing to do with a proposition under 
 which the murderous Turks are to share with the survivors 
 of their victims the advantages of American aid and efforts. 
 
 10 
 
PLEDGES MADE TO ARMENIA BY THE STATESMEN 
 AND LEADERS OF THE ALLIED AND 
 ASSOCIATED POWERS. 
 
 President Wilson, in his message of January 8, 1918, con- 
 ceded to Armenia the right to "fullest autonomy." 
 
 * * * 
 
 Mr. Lloyd George, on January 5, 1918, solemnly declared 
 in the House of Commons that the recognition of the sepa- 
 rate condition of Armenia shall constitute one of the war 
 aims of Great Britain. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Mr. Balfour, replying to an interpellation by Mr, Ramsay 
 MacDonald in the House of Commons on July 11th, 1918, 
 said : 
 
 "His Majesty's Government is following with earnest 
 sympathy and admiration the gallant resistance of the 
 Armenians (in the Caucasus) in defence of their liberties 
 and honour. I would refer the Honorable Member to the 
 public statements made by leading statesmen among the 
 Allied Powers in favor of a settlement (of the Armenian 
 Case) upon the principle of self-determination " 
 
 * * * 
 
 M. Clemenceau, by a letter dated July, 1918, and ad- 
 dressed to the Armenian National Delegation, Paris, said : 
 
 "France, the victim of the most unjust of aggressions, 
 has included in her peace terms the liberation of oppressed 
 nations. 
 
 "The spirit of self-abnegation of the Armenians, their 
 loyalty towards the Allies, their contributions to the For- 
 eign Legion, to the Caucasian front, and to the Oriental 
 Legion have strengthened the ties that connect them with 
 France. 
 
 "I am happy to confirm to you that the government of 
 the Republic, like that of Great Britain, has not ceased to 
 place the Armenian nation among the peoples whose fate 
 the Allies intend to settle according to the supreme laws 
 of Humanity and Justice." 
 
 * * * 
 
 11 
 
Baron Sonino, Italian Foreign Minister, on February 8, 
 1919, cabled Mr. Gerard, Chairman, The American Commit- 
 tee for the Independence of Armenia, that, 
 
 "I am very happy of the occasion offered me to express 
 once more the sentiments of heartfelt sympathy with which 
 the Royal Government follows the constant and noble 
 efforts of Armenia for her independence and unity. 
 
 On December 10, IQl8 , Senator Lodge offered a 
 resolution in the Senate in favor of the independence 
 of Armenia, comprising Russian Armenia, Persian 
 Armenia, and Turkish Armenia, including Cilicia. 
 This resolution was reoffered by him in May, IOIQ, 
 and it has been re-embodied in the resolution of Sen- 
 ator Williams, dated Sept. Q, IOIQ. 
 
 * * * 
 
 At a banquet held under the auspices of the Amer- 
 ican Committee for the Independence of Armenia, 
 on February 8, IOIO , a representative American au- 
 dience, after having heard Mr. Justice Hughes, Ex- 
 Secretary Bryan, and Ex- Ambassador Gerard, 
 adopted the resolution of Senator Lodge as the plat- 
 form of the American Committee. 
 
 * * * 
 
 On March 3, 1919, The American Committee For The 
 Independence Of Armenia presented to President Wilson 
 two sets of printed petitions, signed by Twenty thousand 
 Ministers, Rectors and Priests; 85 Bishops; 40 Governers of 
 the States and 250 College and University Presidents, 
 whereby the petitioners respectfully asked the President 
 
 "to do your utmost to secure and insure the Inde- 
 pendence of Armenia, including the Six Vilayets, 
 Cilicia and the littoral of Trebizonde in Turkish 
 Armenia; Russian Armenia and Persian Armenia; 
 to exert your great influence to the end that the 
 Peace Conference may make requisite arrange- 
 ments for helping Armenia to establish an inde- 
 pendent Republic, and to obtain adequate repara- 
 tion for the terrible losses the Armenian people 
 have suffered during the war." 
 
 12 
 
PAN-TURANIANISM — A SERIOUS MENACE TO THE 
 
 PEACE OF THE WORLD 
 
 By Major- General Bagratuni 
 
 Former Chief of Russian Army Intelligence Service of Turkestan ; 
 Former Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District, etc. 
 
 * * * 
 
 In 1914, a society was organized in Constantinople, styled 
 as the Yeni-Turan Society (meaning - , New Turan), of which 
 Enver Pasha, the then Turkish Minister of War, became 
 President. The Turks of Constantinople and of Anatolia 
 belong to the Turanian branch of the human family who mi- 
 grated from Central Asia to their present habitat during- the 
 10th, 11th, and succeeding centuries. The purpose of the 
 Yeni-Turan Society was to establish a connecting- link be- 
 tween the Turanians of Anatolia and Constantinople and 
 those of the Caucasus and the Transcaspian, and to found a 
 Turkish State, stretching from Thrace to Central Asia, with 
 its capital at Constantinople. The Young Turks earnestly 
 started the Pan-Turanian movement in 1908, at the time of 
 their accession to power, when I had occasion to order the ar- 
 rest of several of their emessaries from Constantinople, who 
 were conducting Pan-Turanian propaganda in Turkestan. 
 
 The Turanians number about 24,000,000, of whom 
 19,000,000 live outside the boundaries of the former Turk- 
 ish Empire. There are seven principal distinct branches of 
 them with minor sub-branches. Thev are to be found 
 in patches, or connecting blocks, in Thrace, Anatolia, 
 the Transcaucasus, northern Persia, the western, northern, 
 and northwestern coasts of the Caspian, and beyond the 
 Caspian, in the regions of Orenburg, Samara, Kazan, Ufa, 
 and within the boundaries of Chinese Turkestan and the 
 northern frontiers of India. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The titles, the habitat and the estimated numbers of the 
 principal Turanian races are indicated below: 
 
 1. TURKS: 
 
 In Constantinople region, in Anatolia, with consid- 
 
 13 
 
erable numbers in parts of Armenia and southern 
 Caucasus 5,000,000 
 
 2. TARTARS, KUMUKS and NOGHAI: 
 
 In northern Persia, eastern Transcaucasus, centered 
 at Baku, and northwestern coast of the Caspian, and 
 in Ural- Volga regions 5,000,000 
 
 3. BASHKIRS: 
 
 In the region of Astrakhan and south of Ufa 1,500,000 
 
 4. TURKOMANS: 
 
 Along the eastern coast of the Caspian, around Aral 
 Sea, in the region of Khiva and northwestern part 
 of Persia 1.200,000 
 
 5. UZBEKS and SARTS: 
 
 In the regions of Khiva, Bokhara and Tashkend, and 
 spread over as far as Pamir, northern frontier of 
 India and western China 3.500,000 
 
 6. KIRGHISSES: 
 
 In northwestern Turkestan. They constitute a link 
 between the Tartars of Ufa, the Bashkirs of As- 
 trakhan, the Turkomans of the eastern coast of the 
 Caspian, the Uzbeks and the Sarts of Tashkend and 
 the Kashgarlyks and the Tarantchys of China 6,000,000 
 
 7. KASHGARLYKS and TARANTCHYS and others: 
 
 They are the two principal Turanian races in western 
 
 China 2,000,000 
 
 All these races trace their origin to the Turanian stock; 
 they speak allied languages or dialects, and profess Moham- 
 medanism. 
 
 If we permit the Turks of Constantinople and of Ana- 
 tolia, who initiated and direct the Pan-Turanian movement, 
 to establish a connecting link with their kinsmen beyond Ar- 
 menia, then they will have no serious difficulty in building 
 up a homogeneous Turanian State, and later in commanding 
 the sympathy and support of the Islamic world, particularly 
 of the 67,000,000 or more Moslems of India. Possibly the 
 only two Islamic nations that cannot be won over by them 
 are the Persians and the Arabs of Arabia. 
 
 The Young Turks entered the war for the purpose of 
 pushing their Pan-Turanian ambition to a successful conclu- 
 sion, and, therefore, attempted to exterminate the Armenian 
 people who stood in the way of their objective. They failed. 
 But they have not given up that scheme. There is only one 
 way by which Pan-Turanianism, as it is understood by the 
 
 14 
 
Young Turks, can be gotten rid of. That can be done by- 
 separating the Turks of Anatolia from the Turanians of the 
 Caucasus and beyond the Caspian. 
 
 An Armenian State, stretching from the Black Sea to the 
 Mediterranean, can become that separating barrier. There- 
 fore, I agree with Ambassador Gerard that, if there were no 
 Armenia, the interest of western civilization would demand 
 that one should be created. 
 
 If the Armenians are given a little initial help, they can 
 successfully defend the frontier of western civilization 
 against the schemes of Asiatic marauders. I am acquainted 
 with all the races and nationalities of the near and middle 
 east, and I can say that the Armenian makes a better soldier 
 than the men of any race in those regions. The Turanians, 
 the Persians, the Kurds and others have considerable power 
 of physical endurance, but they lack the dash, the skill, the 
 discipline and the patriotic idealism of the Armenian soldier, 
 who is the equal of the best Aryan soldier. 
 
 Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President, University of Califor- 
 nia, says : 
 
 "I think that the United States ought to assume 
 the care and oversight of Armenia's interest if she 
 does it for any nation. The intervention need not be 
 expected to last many years. The Armenians under- 
 stand self-government and will adjust themselves to 
 the modern demands thereof very quickly. W e know 
 them as a people better, probably, than any other 
 Eastern stock, and we have occasion to sympathize 
 with them and the Greeks who are in like estate." 
 
 15 
 
CILICIA— THE LUNGS OF ARMENIA 
 
 * * * 
 
 Cilicia is the Mediterranean outlet of Armenia. Under 
 the provisions of the Anglo-French Sykes-Picot Compact of 
 1916, Cilicia was allotted to France. In 1917, following the 
 defection of Russia and the entry of America into the war, 
 the Armenians, in view of the repeated declarations made by 
 the statesmen and leaders of the Allied and Associated Pow- 
 ers in favor of the principle of self-determination of peoples, 
 set themselves to the task of lending as much military assist- 
 ance to the Allied arms as it lay within their power. It is a 
 fact of common knowledge that the Armenians of Russian 
 Armenia took over the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 
 and fought the advancing Turks for over five months. And 
 the Armenians in foreign countries organized volunteer bat- 
 talions, of which they placed eight at the disposal of France 
 in Palestine. The only other troops France had under her 
 flag in Palestine were about 300 Syrians and a battalion of 
 Algerians. The Armenians fought under the supreme com- 
 mand of General Allenby, and according to his testimony, 
 took a leading part in the victory of Allenby over the Turks. 
 These troops occupied the coast of Lebanon for France, and 
 they also occupied Cilicia. The French commanders who led 
 the Armenians to Cilicia told them that they were on their 
 way to the redemption of their fatherland. But now that the 
 war is over,, a great many Frenchmen feel that the cotton 
 fields and the iron ores of Cilicia ought not to pass out of the 
 hands of France. Also, some people think that the Arme- 
 nians have been terribly reduced in numbers, and that, there- 
 fore, it would be best for them that Cilicia be not made a part 
 of Armenia. The Armenians object to this line of reasoning 
 on practical grounds, which may be summarized as follows : 
 
 1. Cilicia is about 15,000 square miles in area, or it con- 
 stitutes about one-eighth part of Armenia. 
 
 If the seven-eighths are not beyond the capacity of the* 
 Armenians to carry, an additional one-eighth part would 
 not too heavily weigh on them. Cilicia has today a popu- 
 lation of 415,000, out of which about 200,000 are Arme- 
 nians, 95,000 Moslems, and the balance other elements. 
 Possibly not 1,000 out of these 200,000 Armenians would 
 
 16 
 
move out of Cilicia, if Cilicia were to be detached from 
 Armenia. If Cilicia were to be detached from Armenia, 
 several hundred thousand Armenians, who would other- 
 wise immigrate into Armenia from foreign countries, 
 would remain where they now are. If Cilicia were to be 
 detached from Armenia, a considerable number of Arme- 
 nians who are now in the interior of Armenia will move 
 to Cilicia. Thus, the severance of Cilicia from Armenia 
 will be a deterrent factor to the emigration to Armenia 
 of hundreds of thousands of Armenians who are now in 
 foreign countries. 
 
 2. Cilicia is the essential economic artery of Armenia.* 
 
 Armenia major is surrounded on all sides by Tartars, 
 Persians, Arabs and Turks and Cilicia offers Armenia the 
 only outlet through which she can establish direct contact 
 with the civilized world. 
 
 3. Cilicia is historically an integral part of Armenia. 
 
 Over 3,300 years ago, when the Armenians first immi- 
 grated into Asia Minor from their original home in South- 
 eastern Europe, they lived for several hundred years in 
 Northern Cilicia. Again, when they lost the kingdom of 
 Armenia Major in the eleventh century, they returned to 
 Cilicia, and there they established and maintained the 
 Kingdom of Lesser Armenia or Cilicia from 1080-1375. 
 During the mediaeval ages, the ten harbors of this king- 
 dom were among the most renowned in the Mediter- 
 ranean, and the Gulf of Alexandretta and its adjacent 
 waters were known as the Sea of Armenia. This king- 
 dom became the base and the ally of the Crusaders. Fol- 
 lowing the downfall of all of the five States, which the 
 Crusaders had founded in the East, Lesser Armenia, sin- 
 gle-handed, fought and retarded the westerly advance of 
 the Mameluke and the Turko-Tartar, for a period of 85 
 years, f 
 
 * Armenia should include the Russian and Turkish Armenias, with 
 outlets at Trebizonde and on the Mediterranean, in Cilicia, the ancient 
 home of Armenia. Without Cilicia, Armenia will be like a man without 
 a pair of lungs — will be asphyxiated. — From an editorial headed "The 
 Passing of Turkey," in The Evening Post, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1918. 
 
 f In May, 1895, following the 1894 massacre, the Ambassadors of 
 the Powers at Constantinople agreed upon a set of reform measures 
 for all of Turkish Armenia, including the Six Provinces and Cilicia, 
 to which the Sultan gave his adhesion. This new reform measure, like 
 its predecessors, has not been carried out. The boundaries of Arme- 
 nia — Turkish. Russian and Persian — are as well defined and fixed as 
 those of England. 
 
 17 
 
The staff of experts on Near East of the American Peace 
 Mission to the Peace Conference recommended that Cilicia 
 be made a part of Armenia. 
 
 The President, by a cable dated March 20, 1919, and ad- 
 dressed to Mr. Bryan, expressed himself as being in sym- 
 pathy with the attitude of the Armenians on the subject of 
 Cilicia. 
 
 On February 16, 1919, the New York Times said editori- 
 ally: 
 
 "One thing is to be made secure — that there is to 
 be no Armenian irredenta, in so far as the overlap- 
 ping of populations may make it possible. Armenia 
 lias earned the right to full national liberty. Cilicia 
 is within the sphere of influence allotted to France 
 by the treaties of IQl6, but French economic interest 
 could be guaranteed without interfering with the po- 
 litical sovereignty of the Armenians in Armenian ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 "The Armenians were mistreated chiefly because 
 they were Christians and held to their religion inflex- 
 ibly, incidentally because they were economically 
 superior to the Turks and dangerous to the Germans. 
 
 "A nation that has been sacrificed for the faith 
 and the civilization of Europe should not again be 
 betrayed, in whole or in part, by Europe and America. 
 
 "Armenia is as much a moral test of the Peace 
 Conference as is Belgium." 
 
 From the point of view of the interest of France, it would 
 be extremely unfortunate if France were to insist on the pos- 
 session of Cilicia. V. C. 
 
 18 
 
AMERICAN AID TO ARMENIA 
 WITHOUT A MANDATE 
 
 By Henry W. Jessup 
 
 * * * 
 
 In an analysis of the League Covenant in the League 
 of Nations Magazine for June, 1919, I pointed out that the 
 development of certain backward nations under Art. XXII 
 of the revised Covenant formed "a sacred trust of civiliza- 
 tion," and that peoples not yet able to stand by themselves 
 were contemplated as infants in international law, for 
 whom the League of Nations might appoint guardians, who 
 would be subject to all the duties and obligations of such 
 an officer, but with the same difference in the relationship 
 of tutelage as obtains in our municipal law where a guard- 
 ian acts for an infant under fourteen and for one over 
 fourteen. And taking the example of Armenia, I quoted 
 the fourth paragraph of Art. XXII : "Certain communities, 
 formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire, have reached 
 a stage of development where their existence as independ- 
 ent nations can be provisionally recognized, subject to the 
 rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a man- 
 datary until such time as they are able to stand alone." 
 This differentiates such a people as the Armenians from the 
 peoples of Central Africa, for example. As to such latter 
 wards of civilization nothing is said as to consulting their 
 wishes in the selection of the mandatary or in the determi- 
 nation of the character of the mandate, but in regard to 
 the illustration of Armenia, it is obvious that its wishes 
 "must be a principal consideration in the selection of the 
 mandatary," and in respect to the latter, Par. II of Art. XXII 
 applies, with its phrase as to entrusting tutelage of this 
 ward to such "advanced nation . . . willing to accept." 
 
 During the past few years nearly every household in 
 the United States has had its sympathies and interest 
 aroused to the extent of contributing to the assistance of 
 the Armenian people, tortured, slaughtered and deported 
 by the savage Turks and Kurds. But the idea of our Gov- 
 ernment accepting a mandate and becoming accountable 
 to some super-government has met with much antagonism, 
 
 19 
 
and at the same time the new republic of Armenia has itself 
 considered whether, if it be recognized as a sovereign nation 
 by the great powers, it will not itself diminish its sove- 
 reignty and impair its dignity by accepting the position 
 of the ward of a mandatary. The question thus emerges 
 whether the result which the majority of the American 
 public wishes to accomplish cannot be secured without run- 
 ning counter to either of these prejudices. I believe that 
 this can be accomplished through the ordinary instrument- 
 alities of diplomatic relationship. 
 
 A. Let the Government of the United States recog- 
 nize the new republic of Armenia as a sovereign nation 
 and appoint a minister as its diplomatic representative to 
 negotiate a treaty with the new republic, under which ad- 
 ministrative advice and assistance may be afforded, with 
 all the advantages and none of the disadvantages inherent 
 in the scheme of the covenant of the League of Nations. 
 The Council of The League would welcome the elimination 
 of this one problem in the Near East from its own agenda, 
 and the influence of the United States when a member of 
 The League, or even sooner, could be exerted in demanding 
 the delimitation, under an International Boundary Commis- 
 sion, of the territorial boundaries to be granted to the new 
 republic. 
 
 B. The nature of the administrative advice and assist- 
 ance and the extent to which it shall be given would then 
 repose where it really belongs, and the governments directly 
 interested would determine whether the treaty should cover 
 merely financial assistance or the appointment of adminis- 
 trators of the finances of Armenia until such time as it 
 should be able to repay any loan which we might make, or 
 whether it should extend to the furnishing of munitions and 
 men to enforce the "No Trespassing" signs that would be set 
 up against the Turks and Kurds and the Tartars and 
 Georgians. But it seems clear- that if the moral influence of 
 Might plus Right is to be greater now than it was before the 
 Great War, the fact 'that we are the ally of Armenia, or that 
 we are back of the new government with money, and with 
 men if need be, would be as effective against these savages 
 of the Turkish Empire as the actual sending of troops. 
 
 C. Under such a treaty the Armenians, with American 
 administrative advice, could develop the great agricultural 
 and mineral resources of the nation, and I venture to predict 
 that in ten years the republic could be self-supporting and 
 
 20 
 
in twenty years the United States' loan would have been 
 repaid. 
 
 D. One great fact must be ever kept in mind in viewing 
 this whole subject, and that is, that the moment security of 
 life and liberty is assured in the provinces of their former 
 domicile, the men and the families of Armenia would re- 
 patriate themselves by tens of thousands, for it is only the 
 extremities of persecution and torture that ever drove them 
 from their native land. 
 
 This solution is consistent with the desires of the recently 
 organized government of the Armenian republic. It is con- 
 sistent with the theory underlying the covenant of the 
 League of Nations, but it is totally inconsistent with the 
 suggestion, made by apparently well-meaning- but singularly 
 ill-advised, self-styled "friends of Turkey," that the United 
 States should accept a mandate for Armenia and Turkey 
 together. Is our memory so short that we can contemplate 
 making any covenant of assistance directly or through the 
 League with the heirs, executors, administrators or assigns 
 of Abdul the Damned ? The Turks have no claim on Amer- 
 ican affection or respect. A mandate for Turkey and Ar- 
 menia together would be a travesty on common sense. The 
 peoples are not e jusdem generis. Their interests are mut- 
 ually hostile. It reminds one of the American showman in 
 Vienna before the war who exhibited a "Happy Family" in a 
 cage, consisting of a leopard, a wolf, a hyena and a lamb, 
 and when asked how long they had cohabited the cage, he 
 replied, "Two years — but," he added meditatively, "the lamb 
 has to be renewed occasionally." 
 
 The United States wants no hyena farms. Let Europe 
 or the League solve the Turkish situation. Europe created 
 it by her selfishness and jealousies. Internationalize Con- 
 stantinople if you like, but limit the Turks to Anatolia. They 
 can possibly govern themselves, although incapable of justly 
 governing others. Give them Greek neighbors on the west- 
 ern Asia Minor littoral and a strong Armenia on the east and 
 to the south, and let us confine our national aid to those 
 worthy of it, who can be trusted to profit by it, whose suffer- 
 ings have won sympathy in hundreds of thousands of Amer- 
 ican homes. 
 
 If, under treaty with Armenia, entered into with her as 
 a sovereign state duly recognized by our State Department, 
 we extend aid and protection, then, I say, if the Turks ag- 
 gress again, teach them as the men of Succoth were taught. 
 
 21 
 
It is the only lesson they deserve or have the wit to com- 
 prehend. 
 
 Finally, the argument for our taking on the Near East 
 is based entirely on philanthropic grounds. If it wins out, 
 it will be because it appeals to Americans determined to re- 
 store her rights to stricken Armenia. Hence it is gross fal- 
 lacy to reason, as some do, that because the Turks, by 
 massacre and deportation, have eliminated the Armenians 
 as a present factor in certain provinces, therefore those 
 provinces must not be included in New Armenia. That would 
 be to effectuate the very purpose the Turks have pursued all 
 along. Shall the United States pull Turkish chestnuts from 
 the still smouldering fires of brutal persecution? 
 
 * * * 
 
 A RESTORED ARMENIA 
 
 By Edward C. Little 
 * * * 
 
 "Armenia should extend from the Mediterranean to in- 
 clude Adana clear to the Caucasus. While the Armenians 
 are not as thick around there as they would be if they hadn't 
 killed so many of them, they are the intellectual force and 
 the progressive factor in all that country through there, 
 and with a little encouragement would soon dominate it 
 thoroughly. 
 
 "All that the Armenians really need or seriously seek is 
 a policeman's commission to enforce laws in that country. 
 They can do the rest. In my experience on the western 
 frontier, I learned that the gun-man who was a policeman 
 generally got the better of the gun-man who was an outlaw, 
 because he had a better backing and it put the other fellow 
 upon the defensive, everything else being equal. At present 
 Turkey is the gun-man with the policeman's badge through 
 all that country. Give Armenia that and it will come out all 
 right. 
 
 "However, it probably would add considerably to their 
 prestige and standing if America accepted the task of aiding 
 Armenia and perhaps established a regiment of marines for 
 a while at the Mediterranean end of Armenia." 
 
 22 
 
AMERICAN AID TO ARMENIA 
 
 * * * 
 
 If America were to assume the task of aiding Ar- 
 menia, she would be called upon to: 
 
 A. Secure from the Powers the recognition of the 
 independence of Armenia, including Russian and 
 Turkish Armenias, with its littorals on the Black 
 and Mediterranean Seas. 
 
 B. Secure for Armenia adequate indemnity. 
 
 There are several ways by which an indemnity may be 
 secured. Possibly the most feasible one is the following: 
 
 Assess the Turkish public debt of about $800,000,000 
 on the several dismembered parts of Turkey, except one, 
 namely, Constantinople ; impose on Constantinople a cer- 
 tain tax as its share of the Turkish public debt, and assign 
 that sum to Armenia as her indemnity. 
 
 C. Send to Armenia civil and military missions, 
 whose functions shall be to reorganize the Arme- 
 nian Government, and exercise over it a necessary 
 measure of advisory supervision for a period of five 
 to ten years; 
 
 D. Dispatch to Armenia possibly one regiment of 
 troops for a brief period. 
 
 The Armenian Republic, (in the Caucasus), which in- 
 cludes about one-half of the Armenians that are to be 
 in united Armenia, can easily create a force of 50,000 men. 
 This size of a force will be ample for the protection of 
 the frontiers of Armenia and the occupation of the non- 
 occupied parts of Armenia. The small American force 
 that is required is to accompany the Armenian regiments 
 into the non-occupied parts of Armenia, as a notice to 
 the Turks and Kurds that the Armenians are engaged 
 in a legitimate errand by authority of the Peace Confer- 
 ence and also as an evidence of the active interest that 
 America takes in the welfare of Armenia. 
 
 23 
 
ARMENIA AS A BARRIER IN THE WAY OF PAN- 
 
 TURANIANISM 
 
 By L. P. Chambers, Ph.D. 
 
 Professor of Psychology and Philosophy, 
 American College for Girls, Constantinople 
 
 # * * 
 
 The great war was fought to establish the right of small 
 nations to freedom and self-determination; and there were 
 certain territorial adjustments which followed so inevitably 
 from these principles that they themselves took on the dig- 
 nity of principles and were embodied by President Wilson in 
 his fourteen points and by Premier Lloyd George in his state- 
 ment of the aims of the war. Among these territorial ad- 
 justments were included the return of Alsace-Lorraine to 
 France; the restoration of Polish independence, and the lib- 
 eration of the subject races of Turkey. So axiomatic, indeed, 
 were these points regarded that anyone who ventured to 
 suggest that Alsace-Lorraine be left to Germany or that 
 Poland be not set free, would have been charged not only 
 with enmity to France and Poland, but also with treason to 
 the sacred cause which the Entente armies had espoused. 
 But the liberation of the subject races of Turkey from the 
 brutality of Turkish misrule is no less sacred a task in this 
 Twentieth Century Crusade; and already Arab and Jew 
 have secured their independence. Not so, however, the Ar- 
 menians who are yet awaiting the decisions of the Peace 
 Conference with regard to Turkey. If, however, having 
 established freedom and justice throughout the greater part 
 of the world, the Allies should fail to secure Armenian inde- 
 pendence, whether because of Turkish threats, or because 
 Armenia is small and remote and not worth the trouble, or 
 again because they are unable to harmonize their conflict- 
 ing interests in Turkey, — it would be evidence of the lack of 
 sincerity in our pretensions that we are fighting for the 
 establishment of a principle, not merely in self-defense, and 
 not at all for gain. 
 
 It is sometimes argued that the granting of independence 
 to the Armenian provinces of Turkey would be a violation 
 of Turkey's rights. But no nation can claim for itself a 
 
 24 
 
right which it refuses to accord to another. The right which 
 any nation claims to independence is based on the same right 
 of all. To be an ardent advocate of Armenian independence 
 is not, therefore, a mark of Turkophobia; for the claim of 
 the Armenians is based on the principle adopted by the Peace 
 Conference, that any people, whether Armenians or Turks, 
 are worthy of independence as soon as they prove them- 
 selves capable of self-government. Britain is seeking to 
 extend this principle to India and to Egypt ; and the United 
 States to the Philippines. On the same principle, not only 
 have Poland, Tcheko-Slovakia and Yugo Slavia been lib- 
 erated, but also Arabia and Palestine. Some of these new 
 States may require for a while the protection and guidance 
 of a mandatory, and Armenia no less than others. But it 
 is hard to believe that any solution of the Armenian problem 
 which would leave the Armenians the only unliberated na- 
 tion in the Near East, should be contemplated by any one 
 who is in sympathy with the aims of this war as enunciated 
 by the Allied statesmen and by President Wilson. 
 
 But the Armenians, it is urged, are so scattered and deci- 
 mated that nowhere, not even in Armenia proper, do they 
 form a majority of the population; so that the Armenian 
 minority would be dominated by the Moslem majority and 
 their independence would gain them nothing, or else the 
 Moslem majority would be dominated by an Armenian 
 minority, which would not be just. But even if the assertion 
 that there are more Moslems than Armenians in Armenia be 
 true, this must not be confounded with a Turkish majority; 
 for the Moslems of Armenia are Kurds, Circassians, Lazes, 
 etc., with comparatively few Turks. Furthermore, with the 
 Armenian, love of country is an obsession, almost a mania, 
 and thousands of Armenians the world over, including those 
 scattered throughout Turkey, are eagerly awaiting the op- 
 portune moment to return "home." This is not a mere fond 
 hope; it is a settled resolution. And the return of her scat- 
 tered sons will in a few years give the Armenian a decided 
 majority in his own land. Moreover, w T ith the union of 
 Russian Armenia with Turkish Armenia, the Armenian ele- 
 ment will constitute the majority population in Armenia. 
 
 But there is another side to this question. If the Ar- 
 menian is not now in the majority in Turkish Armenia, it is 
 because a more than Prussian brutality has by the thousands 
 driven him to exile or done him to death. And to accept this 
 fact as an argument against erecting Armenia into an inde- 
 
 25 
 
pendent state, would be to sanction the methods whereby 
 the present state of affairs was brought about. But just as 
 he is no true friend of the criminal who enables him to 
 escape a just punishment, so is he no true friend of the Turk 
 who would allow him to retain power over a race he has so 
 cruelly misruled. For if the Turk is ever to learn to rule, he 
 must be taught that misrule will not be tolerated by human- 
 ity. But to refuse the plea of the Armenian race for in- 
 dependence, after all the atrocities they have suffered at the 
 hands of the Turks, would be equivalent to condoning the 
 Armenian massacres as a method of government; and to 
 condone pillage, rape and massacre as a method of govern- 
 ment would not only be an eternal disgrace to civilization, 
 but would also confirm the Turk in brutality. Britain 
 learned her greatest lesson in colonial administration, when 
 the thirteen American colonies revolted against injustice 
 and secured their independence. 
 
 If Turkey is ever to learn the lesson of just administra- 
 tion, she must learn it in the same way; for unless she loses 
 the land she has maladministered, the lesson will never be 
 learned; and subject Turk as well as subject Armenian will 
 be doomed to remain the hapless prey of a corrupt 
 bureaucracy. 
 
 But it is feared that an independent Armenian Republic, 
 surrounded on all sides by hostile Moslem hordes, would be 
 difficult to protect. It is not, however, Armenia, but the 
 Armenians who are to be protected; and to leave the Ar- 
 menians under the Turks, far from being a protection, would 
 simply expose them to a continuation of the brutal oppres- 
 sion from which they seek to escape. Any one who supposes 
 that the Armenians would be protected under Turkish rule, 
 has not learned the lesson of six hundred years. The Turk- 
 ish theory of government is that of the absolute subjection 
 of conquered races. The equality of all races and justice 
 for all he may profess by his lips; but these ideas are utterly 
 foreign to his theory and practice of government. As an in- 
 dependent state, the Armenians could arm in self-defense; 
 but as a subject race, any resistance, armed or unarmed, 
 which they might oppose to Turkish oppression, would be 
 regarded as sedition and punished by brutal reprisals, as 
 has been done in the past. Indeed, the Turk is already 
 threatening reprisals against the Armenian, inasmuch as he, 
 inspired by the declarations and promises of Allied states- 
 men, openly voiced his aspirations and hopes for an inde- 
 
 26 
 
pendent Armenia. But to have aroused Armenian hopes, 
 only to disappoint them at the last; to have encouraged them 
 to speak of "freedom" and then to leave them to the mercy 
 of a government which would not fail to punish them for 
 having used that word, would be a base betrayal of a small 
 but valiant race. Nor, if Armenia remained a province of 
 Turkey, could the League of Nations interfere in the internal 
 affairs of Turkey, in case of Armenian massacres; whereas 
 the League would be pledged to protect an independent Ar- 
 menia against territorial aggression from outside. Only as 
 an independent state, then, have the Armenians any chance 
 of protection from Turkish oppression. 
 
 Furthermore, the creation of an independent 
 Armenia is necessary if the world is to be freed from 
 the Pan-Turanian menace. It is because Armenia 
 lies across the path of a mid-Asiatic Turanian Em- 
 pire, to extend from Thrace to Chinese Turkestan, 
 and from Central Russia to India, that Turkey most 
 bitterly opposes Armenian independence. 
 
 But this war was a struggle between two ideals — that of 
 world dominating empire and that of a league of free nations ; 
 and the latter ideal won, as indeed it was bound to do if there 
 is any right in justice and any righteousness with God. 
 Hence, to refuse Armenia's plea to come into the League of 
 Nations as an independent state would be not only a palpable 
 violation of the ideal for which this war was fought and 
 won, but it would be a violation of that ideal in favor of its 
 opposite ideal, the ideal that made the war and lost it. 
 Pan-Germanism, Pan-Turanianism, Pan-Islamism, Pan- 
 Mongolianism, Pan-Slavism, Pan-Anglosaxonism, all belong 
 to a day that is past. We are entering upon an era not of 
 domination by one race, but of the co-operation of all. It is, 
 however, only because he dreams of an empire that once was 
 and might possibly again come to be that the Turk desires to 
 retain Armenia. If Turkey is ever to be a bona-fide member 
 of a league of free democracies, she must give up her im- 
 perial ideas and welcome Armenia also, as a free nation, into 
 that league. 
 
 There are some who would wish to conciliate Moslem 
 public opinion in India, Egypt and elsewhere, by not further 
 mutilating the empire of the Caliph. But Moslem Indian 
 troops assisted in the capture of Jerusalem and of Bagdad; 
 
 27 
 
for this was not a war between Moslem and Christian, but 
 between tyranny and democracy, and the Moslems of India 
 recognize in British liberal traditions the safeguard of their 
 rights. It is Turkish atrocities that have brought indignity 
 upon the Caliphate, and not the victory of Entente arms in 
 Palestine and Mesopotamia. The liberation of Armenia 
 might work injury to the imperialistic dreams of the Sul- 
 tan-Caliph, recently ally of the Hun, but it cannot affect his 
 moral prestige. It is the corruption and cruelty of Turkish 
 rule which has dealt that a serious blow, and the liberation 
 of Arabia and Palestine have seemed but the natural result 
 of Turkish misrule. One of the liberated states, however, 
 is a Moslem state, the home of Islam and of its earliest Ca- 
 liphs. With Mecca, Medina, Bagdad and Jerusalem lost to 
 him, the retention of Van and Erzroom is a matter of utter 
 insignificance, as far as the religious prestige of the Caliph is 
 concerned. The danger of arousing Moslem public opinion 
 by a further reduction of Turkish territory is the least of the 
 problems raised by Armenia's liberation. 
 
 On the other hand, the failure to recognize Armenian in- 
 dependence would raise more difficulties than it would avoid. 
 A just solution of the Armenian question will ultimately 
 solve its own problems ; an unjust solution would continually 
 create new ones. 
 
 It is because it is a question of justice and not of 
 prudence merely, that the advocacy of Armenian in- 
 dependence seems to me to be the duty of those who 
 are interested in the future of the Armenian people, 
 but also of those who are interested in the cause of 
 human liberty the world over. 
 
 It is not a question of liking or disliking the Arme- 
 nians as a people. Like all other peoples, the Armenian 
 character possesses its proportion of defects and virtues. 
 But above all, they are a people endowed with a keen sense 
 of nationality and an ardent yearning for liberty. And of 
 all peoples in the world, the democracies of Britain, France, 
 Italy and the United States should be the last to turn a deaf 
 ear to the appeal of any people for independence. 
 
 28 
 
WHY TAKE TURKEY? 
 
 An Editorial in the N. Y. Times, Tuesday, Nov. 4, 1919 
 
 * * * 
 
 There is much to be said in favor of an American mandate for 
 Armenia. Something can be said, though not very much, in favor of 
 an American mandate for Constantinople. More can be said against 
 it. It is hard to see what can be said in favor of an American man- 
 date for a residuary Turkish state in Anatolia ; or, worst of all, for an 
 American mandate over the whole Turkish Empire. 
 
 Perhaps something can be said for it, but it has not been said yet. 
 Mr. Grasty's dispatch in Sunday's Times presented the arguments 
 which are being made in Paris by those who favor an American man- 
 date for what is described as "all the Turkish-speaking territory," 
 but which turns out in fact to be the Turkish-speaking territory, plus 
 the territory where Greek or Armenian is the principal language, 
 plus the Trans-Caucasian republics of Georgia, Russian-Armenia, and 
 Azerbeijan, which suddenly comes into the argument out of nowhere 
 in particular. The reasons given for this piece of statecraft are some- 
 what diverse. We are to save the remains of Turkey from the rival- 
 ries of European powers, which sounds like the argument of somebody 
 who does not like the Greeks. "A mandate for Armenia in order to 
 be successful would have to include Constantinople," because one- 
 eighth of the population of that city is Armenian ; which is equivalent 
 to saying that an Irish republic would have to include Boston, or that 
 union of Jugoslavia would be incomplete without the mining districts 
 of Western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Another argument is that it would save the feelings of the Turks, 
 "who are willing to have properly accredited Armenians formerly 
 resident in Turkey come back, but don't want Russian Armenians." 
 It may be that the world will have to submit to Turkish ideas as to 
 what x^rmenians are properly accredited, but America does not want 
 to become accessory after — and perhaps before — the fact of murder 
 and worse crimes. 
 
 "A mandate for Armenia alone would be a gold brick," but "a 
 mandate over the whole territory, with Constantinople as head- 
 quarters, would be something worth while," is the argument in Paris. 
 It would cost us, we are told, only twenty years' work and a billion 
 dollars and an army of 50,000 men. Worth while, undoubtedly, for 
 the Turks ; hardly for the Armenians or the Greeks or the United 
 States. 
 
 What is the real motive of the men in the shadows who have 
 persuaded some statesmen of talent and integrity to demand this 
 billion-dollar gold brick? It will have to be a better argument than 
 any of the pretexts so far advanced. 
 
 29 
 
A FREE ALL-ARMENIA 
 
 vs. 
 
 A TURANIAN-BOLSHEVIKI ALLIANCE 
 
 By Dr. W. D. P. Bliss 
 
 # * * 
 
 The world must now choose between a free all-Armenia 
 and a Turanian-Bolsheviki alliance, to be possibly reinforced 
 by a Bolshevikized Germany. 
 
 The Powers of the Entente are now engaged in the task 
 of partitioning Turkey. If the Allied policy be carried out, 
 then the world will be in danger of being forced into the 
 resumption of a war which will likely be more cruel and 
 more destructive than the one that has been suspended. But 
 it is not yet too late to avert the threatening catastrophe. 
 
 England is now in virtual occupation of Arabia, Mesopo- 
 tamia and the major portion of Syria. France is in control of 
 part of Syria, and is seeking to assert her indefensible claim 
 for Cilicia, which is an essential part of Armenia. Italian 
 troops are in occupation of part of Southern Anatolia, in the 
 district of Iconeum. The whole western coast of Asia Minor 
 is in Greek hands. Armenia is rightly demanding independ- 
 ence, but the vital parts of her lands are being taken away 
 from her by the Powers on the pretext that Armenian num- 
 bers have been reduced by Turkish massacres. Constanti- 
 nople will likely be internationalized. And there remains 
 only northwestern Anatolia to be allotted to the Turks. 
 
 The first hope of the Turk was that the Allies would dis- 
 agree, just as the Balkan Allies did after the Balkan war of 
 1912-13. To this end Turkish diplomats have been busy, 
 both in Constantinople and Paris, trying to foment jeal- 
 ousies and differences between Great Britain and France. 
 But now, if Mr. Clemenceau and Mr. Lloyd George have got 
 together, the Turk's last peaceful hope has gone. 
 
 Recent advices from Constantinople and all parts of Asia 
 Minor indicate, however, that he will not submit to the com- 
 plete dismemberment of his empire without at least one des- 
 perate effort with arms. But the Turk does not mean to fight 
 single-handed. He counts on uniting with him his Turanian 
 
 30 
 
and other neighbors, the Kurds, Persians, Tartars, Circas- 
 ians, Afghans, Georgians and perhaps the Russian Bolshe- 
 viki. 
 
 The Cabinet recently formed in Constantinople is friendly 
 to the Young Turk movement. There are three chief leaders 
 of this party — Talaat, Enver and Djamal. It is significant 
 that at present they are all out of Turkey trying to create 
 alliances and, it appears, with success. Djamal is in Berne 
 and in constant touch with Berlin. Talaat is reported in 
 Berlin on his way to Moscow — converted to communism. 
 Enver is stirring up the Tartars and the Kurds. 
 
 For months Bolshevist agitators have been stirring Af- 
 ghanistan against England. The Turk hopes to unite West- 
 ern Asia and Bolshevist Russia against the European powers 
 — possibly Germany, too. 
 
 To appreciate the full situation, it is necessary to realize 
 the possibilities of this alliance and put several facts to- 
 gether. The recent military successes of the Bolsheviki, and 
 especially their present plan of sending overwhelming forces 
 into Esthonia, mean that they are going to come into direct 
 contact with Germany. If Germany this winter be hard 
 pressed economically — and this seems now to be the indica- 
 tion — the Independent Socialists of Germany, who have al- 
 ready declared unanimously for the Bolsheviki, finding the 
 Bolsheviki next door, may overturn the present government 
 and extend Bolshevist rule from Berlin to Western Siberia. 
 And then with the Bolsheviki, working, as they already are, 
 in Central Asia, one may find an alliance that will spread 
 from Berlin to Samarkand, and from the Arctic Ocean to 
 the Persian Gulf. 
 
 This is what the Turk is now working for, and the pres- 
 ent policy of the Allies is driving him into it. This Turkish 
 policy is not new. Four years ago a Young Turk leader pro- 
 claimed the Socialism of Islam. In 1914 a Yeni-Turan (New 
 Turanian) Society was formed in Constantinople, with En- 
 ver Bey as its President. In April, 1918, the Tasvir-i-Efkiar, 
 as organ of the Young Turks (the Committee of Union and 
 Progress), said it was their policy to penetrate at once Egypt 
 and Turan (Central Asia), to open a road "to these Moslem 
 countries such as Afghanistan and India," and "with the aid 
 of Allah and the assistance of our Prophet," unite "300,000,- 
 000 of our coreligionists." These, of course, are Turkish fig- 
 ures. 
 
 31 
 
Nor is this only a Turkish dream. It is the policy of the 
 Bolsheviki as well. Weeks ago Trotzky said, "We Russians 
 are good at languages. We can learn Hindustani." Central 
 Asia is already largely in their hands. There is direct rail 
 connection from Berlin through Central Asia to Samarkand, 
 and even beyond to Andijan, on the borders of China. All 
 Central Asia is Turanian. One may ride from the Bosphorus 
 almost to Peking and talk some dialect of Turkish, or akin to 
 Turkish, practically all the way. And Central Asia can sup- 
 ply Germany. In recent years Turkestan has been largely 
 covered with cotton plantations. The grain and corn of 
 Ukrainia and Central Asia could feed all Eastern Europe and 
 Western Asia. The sheep in Central Asia are said to number 
 two per inhabitant. The Asiatic steppes are swarming with 
 cattle. In the Caucasus, Ural, and Altai Mountains, and 
 other regions, are coal, iron, copper, and other minerals, 
 while the oil fields of Baku and elsewhere are well known. 
 All of this is counted on by the clever Bolsheviki and the 
 Young Turks. They at least know what they are doing. 
 
 Europe and America do not seem to know what they are 
 doing. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Armenia is the key to the situation. 
 
 If you will look at the map, you will see that Armenia — 
 stretching from the Caucasus to the Mediterranean — lies 
 between Turkey and her Turanian allies. If Armenia be 
 made independent and enabled to defend herself, she can cut 
 off the Turk from his allies. This is what happened in the 
 world war. Then the Turks sought a Turanian alliance. But 
 the Armenians stood in their way. They said at Constanti- 
 nople, "If we can win the Caucasus we can win the war." 
 
 It is not generally known that at a conference of repre- 
 sentative Armenians meeting in a theatre at Erzrum in Au- 
 gust, 1914, a Turanian delegation offered to create a free 
 autonomous Armenia, under German guarantee, if the Ar- 
 menians would support Turkey in the war. But the Ar- 
 menians dared to say "No." It was that "no" that led to the 
 massacre and deportation of the Armenians. However, it 
 was with individual Kurds and Tartars, it was not fanata- 
 cism nor race hatred, nor greed, that determined the Turkish 
 policy. The Turkish view was that it was a military neces- 
 
 32 
 
sity. The Turk thought it a choice between deporting" the 
 Armenians and being themselves deported out of Constan- 
 tinople and large portions of Asia Minor. They chose to 
 deport the Armenians. That is the Turkish view of the 
 deportations. 
 
 But the Turks did not get the Caucasus and they were 
 defeated by the Armenians. Ihsan Pasha of the right wing 
 of the Turkish Caucasus army said: "Had it not been for 
 the Armenians we would have conquered the Caucasus." 
 General Liman Von Sanders, the German commander in 
 Syria, said: "The collapse of the Turkish Palestinian front 
 was due to the fact that the Turks, against my orders and 
 advice, sent all their available forces to the Caucasus and 
 Azerbaijan, where they fought the Armenians." England 
 was beaten by the Turks at the Dardanelles and Kut-el- 
 Amara, but they were beaten by the Armenians in and near 
 the Caucasus. 
 
 What the Armenians did then, they can do again. The 
 Turks are not as strong as they were in the war. General 
 Bagratuni, the Armenian General now in this country, says 
 the Armenians can put into the field 50,000 trained men if 
 they can be given ammunition, and with very little aid can 
 cut off the Turks from Central Asia. This will bring peace 
 there, and peace is all that Asia Minor needs. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Senator Charles S. Thomas, Democrat, Member Senate 
 Foreign Relations Committee, on December 16, 1918, said: 
 
 "I heartily approve of the Lodge Resolution, and 
 of every resolution which favors Armenian independ- 
 ence. I not only approve it heartily but I would go 
 further and place under Armenian subjection as many 
 Turks as may be necessary for the reconstruction of 
 the Armenian country. 
 
 "Of course it is impossible to compensate Arme- 
 nia for the terrible butchery of her people and impos- 
 sible for the Allies to retaliate in kind upon the Turks; 
 but upon that country should be placed the burden of 
 retribution to the full extent that retribution may be 
 in the power of the Allies to enforce." 
 
 33 
 
A TURKISH SCHEME 
 
 By Vahan Cardashian 
 
 * * * 
 
 On June 22, 1919, eight out of nine members of the Exec- 
 utive Committee of the American Committee for the Inde- 
 pendence of Armenia, including Charles Evans Hughes, Elihu 
 Root, Henry Cabot Lodge, John Sharp Williams, James W. 
 Gerard, Alfred E. Smith, Frederic Courtland Penfield and 
 Charles W. Eliot, sent the following cable message to the 
 President, in Paris: 
 
 "We believe that without regard to party or creed the 
 American people are deeply interested in the welfare 
 of the Armenian people and expect to see the restoration 
 of the independence of Armenia. When the unspeakable 
 Turks were perpetrating their diabolical crimes upon 
 men, women, and children of Armenia, American hearts 
 were stirred with impotent horror. But with the tri- 
 umph of right over primitive barbarity we had hoped 
 that the Peace Conference would make it one of its 
 first duties to take necessary steps to put a stop to the 
 agony of Armenia and recognize her fidelity and services 
 to our cause. We now believe that the prevailing in- 
 security of life and intense want in the major portion of 
 Armenia make immediate action an imperative and sa- 
 cred duty. We therefore respectfully urge that, as a 
 first step in that direction, and without waiting for the 
 conclusion of peace, either the Allies or America or both 
 should at once send to Caucasus Armenia requisite food, 
 munitions and supplies for fifty thousand men, and such 
 other help as they may require to enable the Armenians 
 to occupy the non-occupied parts of Armenia, with- 
 in the boundaries defined in the Memorandum of the 
 Delegation of Integral Armenia. We trust that it may 
 be possible to secure prompt and full justice for 
 Armenia." 
 
 Upon receipt of the foregoing message, the President 
 designated a special committee of Americans to prepare a 
 reply. This committee included also Mr. Henry Morgenthau. 
 The committee's report, which was duly transmitted to Mr. 
 
 34 
 
Justice Hughes, who had headed the cable message to the 
 President, stated among other things, that, said committee 
 had consulted with General Harbord, that, in its opinion, 
 Colonel Haskell be designated as High Commissioner of the 
 Powers to Armenia, and that General Harbord be commis- 
 sioned to go to Armenia to investigate conditions there on 
 behalf of the United States. General Harbord selected twen- 
 ty-five experts and advisors for his staff, and the title of his 
 mission was given as the "American Military Mission to Ar- 
 menia." But, before the departure of the Mission for Arme- 
 nia, its title was changed to "American Military Mission to 
 the Near East." General Harbord, in seven weeks, traveled 
 about ten thousand miles throughout countries whose areas 
 are larger than those of France, Germany and Spain com- 
 bined. The party stopped at a great many important centers 
 for a few hours or a day or two at the most. Quite naturally 
 it was a physical impossibility for him and his associates to 
 conduct any serious investigation of conditions that obtained 
 in the Near East. 
 
 General Harbord now brings us a report which, in sub- 
 stance, supports the joint mandate scheme which Mr. Mor- 
 genthau had been advocating for a year or more.* 
 
 General Harbord's report substantially states that the as- 
 sumption by America of a mandate for Armenia alone would 
 be impracticable, (by x\rmenia he means Russian Armenia 
 alone; the Turks having massacred or dispersed the Ar- 
 menians in Turkish Armenia, he would offer Turkish Ar- 
 menia to the Turks) and that the only mandate that should 
 be considered by America, if any, should include Constanti- 
 nople, Anatolia, Turkish Armenia and the Russian Trans- 
 caucasus. 
 
 The scheme that is thus being suggested presents two 
 main distinct elements that should be considered; One is 
 that, the Russian Transcaucasus, the title to which rests in 
 Russia, — one of the allied powers — is to be detached from 
 Russia, without regard to the will of Russia, and united with 
 the major important part of what was formerly Turkey — a 
 defeated enemy of the allied and associated powers; and the 
 other is that, in this proposed copartnership, the principal 
 
 * The report of the Harbord Mission has not been officially pub- 
 lished. But, the nature of the recommendations of the Mission has 
 been "forecasted" by credible news correspondents and commented 
 upon broadcast. This article is a necessary comment on what has been 
 forecasted. (See p. 29.) 
 
 35 
 
races shall be the Turco-Tartars, Armenians, Greeks and 
 Georgians. That is, the Tartars, who are the kin and core- 
 ligionists of the Turks, will be brought in to help swell the 
 Turkish numbers with the unavoidable result of reducing 
 further the proportion of Christian numbers already reduced 
 by Turkish massacres. 
 
 The scheme that is committed to our consideration is purely 
 Turkish, without regard to the motives or reasons of its 
 non-Turk proponents. The logic of this statement can be 
 readily seen by reference to the principal purposes for the 
 attainment of which Turkey entered the war. The Turks 
 entered the war to expel from Turkey the entente influ- 
 ence and, after having eliminated the Armenian race which 
 stood as a barrier between them and the Turanians beyond 
 Armenia, to effect a junction with the Turco-Tartars of the 
 Caucasus and the Trans-Caspian, and thus establish the foun- 
 dation of a strong and homogeneous Turkish State, as a pre- 
 liminary and necessary step in the direction of assuming the 
 leadership of the Islamic world. Thus, a blanket mandate for 
 the regions above described would be nothing else but the 
 beginning of the fulfillment of a grandiose ambition which 
 induced the Turk to embark on a war of unexampled brutal- 
 ity and destruction.* 
 
 * Damad Ferid (Sherif) Pasha, President of the Turkish Delega- 
 tion to the Peace Conference, in his memorandum dated June 17, 1919, 
 which he submitted to that body, put all the blame for the entry of 
 Turkey into the war and the atrocities committed by the Turkish gov- 
 ernment during the war on the Committee of Union and Progress ; 
 absolved the Sultan and the government which the Turkish Delegation 
 represented of all responsibility, and advocated that the territorial 
 integrity of Turkey should be preserved. The writer of these lines 
 has had sufficient personal association with Turkish ministers, 
 ambassadors and officials of all grades — young and old — and 
 also with the common Turkish people, to enable him to make the 
 deliberate statement that murder and plunder of Christians have 
 always been favored by an overwhelming majority of the Turks. The 
 exceptions are so few that no particular attention need be given them 
 in considering this phase of the Turkish question. Turkish history 
 has been uniformly marked with blood, fire and destruction. The 
 Turks have never ruled with justice and efficiency, and they have not, 
 during their entire career, contributed one jot to the make-up of our 
 civilization. Between 1821 and 1914 they massacred Greeks, Nesto- 
 rians, Maronites, Bulgarians, Serbs, Armenians and Macedonians. Dr. 
 Ahmed Riza, President of the Turkish Senate, who is also the leader 
 of the so-called liberal wing of the Young Turk party, during his 
 exile in Paris, justified in his paper, "Meshveret," the Armenian mas- 
 sacres of 1894-96. The Young Turks, in 1909, nine months after their 
 accession to power, in conspiracy with Abd-ul-Hamid, planned and car- 
 
 36 
 
It would appear that if moral considerations are not to 
 play a determining- role in connection with the adjustment 
 of the Turkish case, considerations of policy and of reason 
 should. It is repeatedly asserted that the numerical insuf- 
 ficiency of the Armenians makes it difficult to create at once 
 an Armenian State within the boundaries claimed by the 
 Armenians. The premise upon which this conclusion is 
 based is not supported by the facts of the case. But as- 
 suming- that it were so, then again it would be clearly inex- 
 pedient and unwise, from the point of view of the interest 
 of civilized society, to establish a precedent whereby a ruling 
 nation may destroy with impunity a subject race and then 
 be allowed to profit by a majority gained by calculated mur- 
 der. Also, it should be granted as a general principle, that no 
 political entity that is not based on racial or national foun- 
 dations or considerations can operate successfully. The 
 history of the Turk is an eloquent testimony to the logic of 
 this principle.. Primarily the Turk has failed as a ruler be- 
 
 ried out the Cilician massacres, and Abd-ul-Hamid, for his own account, 
 plotted an abortive coup against the Young Turks, which took place on 
 the same day that the massacres were started. The ringleaders of the 
 Cilician massacres remain unpunished. The so-called Turkish liberals, 
 who lived in Switzerland during the Great War, and who are now at 
 the helm of the new Turkish Government, did not raise a voice of pro- 
 test against the Armenian horrors of 1915. No right-thinking person 
 can offer one word of apology for the policy of the Turks against their 
 subjects ; and no intelligent person would advocate that the Turks 
 should be entrusted once more with the government of any part of 
 Turkey. The unfitness of the Turk to rule the subject races, or even 
 himself, is no longer a debatable question. In so far as the Armenians 
 are concerned, they are definitely resolved not to have any further 
 direct or indirect political connection with the Turk. Armenia will 
 no longer be a pawn in a selfish game. Unfortunately, there are to be 
 found, even to-day, a few men here and there whose visions are so de- 
 fective and whose souls are so completely imbued with the discredited 
 Machiavellian school diplomacy, that they advocate doing "full jus- 
 tice" to the Armenians by assuring for them, under some makeshift 
 arrangement, "security of life, honor and property," instead of giving 
 them unconditionally what, according to the laws of God and man, 
 belongs to them. Men with such mentality and morality have a very- 
 great responsibility for the ills of the past, and it would be manifestly 
 unwise and immoral to pay the slightest heed to their arguments or 
 advice in the adjustment of Turkish affairs, which must be based on 
 reason and justice. As for the Armenian horrors of 1915, the direct 
 responsibility for them belongs to the Turks, who perpetrated them ; 
 to the Germans, who possessed absolute power to prevent them, . and 
 did not, and to the neutral world, which did not make an earnest and 
 timely effort to mitigate, if it could not prevent, this most ghastly and 
 colossal crime in recorded history. 
 
 37 
 
cause of his native barbarity and the superiority of the civil- 
 ization of his Christain subjects over his civilization. But, 
 even without these, the national individuality of the Arme- 
 nian and the Greek, which distinguishes them from the Turk 
 by origin, tradition, language, faith and aspirations, would 
 have made impossible the successful government by the Turks 
 of the Greeks and the Armenians. It should also be granted 
 that a mere opportunity for the untrammelled enjoyment of 
 cultural and religious autonomy cannot satisfy the instinc- 
 tive aspirations for nationality of a nation gifted with the 
 necessary attributes that make for nationhood. That the 
 Turk, Greek and Armenian populations now overlap each 
 other and are mixed with each other is true; but this can be 
 no bar to the building up of separate nations of each, provided 
 they possess necessary elements for separate statehood. The 
 negative argument is based on artificial conditions which 
 can and must be cured by repatriation, immigration and 
 emigration. All newly created states go through processes 
 of readjustment and of reintegration. 
 
 2*C jjc j}v 
 
 Now for a clear understanding of the subject under dis- 
 cussion we must necessarily make a closer study of the geo- 
 graphical, ethnological and political aspects of the territories 
 for which America is asked to become mandatary. 
 
 The Russian Caucasus: The Caucasus has an area of 
 180,703 square miles and an estimated population of 14,000.- 
 000. It comprises two geographical divisions, namely, Cis- 
 caucasia or northern Caucasus, and Transcaucasia, or south- 
 ern Caucasus. 
 
 Ciscaucasia contains four out of the fourteen adminis- 
 trative divisions of the old viceregency of the Caucasus. It 
 has an area of 96,672 square miles and an estimated popula- 
 tion of 7,000,000. (Ciscaucasia does not enter into the con- 
 sideration of the subject under discussion, but is mentioned 
 here by way of clarifying the explanations that are to fol- 
 low. ) 
 
 Transcaucasia, for which it is advocated that America 
 should accept a mandate, together with certain portions of 
 former Turkey, contains ten out of the fourteen adminis- 
 trative divisions of the old viceregency of the Caucasus. 
 It has an area of 84,131 square miles, and comprises Georgia, 
 Russian Armenia and Russian Azerbeijan. According to 
 the Russian statistics of 1917, Transcaucasia had a popula- 
 
 38 
 
tion of 6,995,400, of which 2,517,000 were Turco-Tartars, 
 1,786,800 Armenians, and 1,780,400 Georgians. Again, ac- 
 cording to the Russian census of 1917, Russian Armenia, 
 which is now known as the Republic of Armenia, had a popu- 
 lation of 2,159,000, of which 1,293,000, or sixty per cent., 
 were Armenians, and the next largest elements were four 
 principal Moslem races, which together numbered 588,000. 
 or twenty-seven per cent, of the population. 
 
 ♦ ♦ ^ 
 
 In the spring of 1917, after the outbreak of the Russian 
 Revolution, the then Kerensky Government created in and 
 for Transcaucasia a special administrative body, styled as 
 the Commissariat of Transcaucasia. But, in November, 
 1917, when the Bolsheviki overthrew the Kerensky Govern- 
 ment and established the Soviet rule in Russia, Transcau- 
 casia declined to recognize the authority of the Bolsheviki, 
 and the Commissariat of Transcaucasia, on November 28, 
 1917, declared itself the supreme authority in Transcaucasia. 
 
 In February, 1918, the Seim, or the legislative assembly 
 of Transcaucasia, convened in the city of Tiflis, accepted the 
 resignation of the Commissariat, and, in its place, instituted 
 a temporary government composed of several ministries. 
 And under the force of the then prevailing external and 
 internal political conditions, the Seim of Transcaucasia, on 
 April 22, 1918, declared itself as an independent state under 
 the name of the Federal Democratic Republic of Transcau- 
 casia. Thus, the three principal peoples of Transcaucasia, 
 Armenians, Georgians and the Tartars of Azerbeijan, be- 
 came parties to the Federation, with their respective terri- 
 tories. But this Federal Republic of Transcaucasia scarcely 
 lasted five weeks. The cause of its instability was the fact 
 that the political tendencies of the three constituent nations 
 were different, even conflicting with each other. The point 
 at issue was the attitude of Transcaucasia to the war then 
 still raging. 
 
 Since the beginning of the war, the sympathy of the Tar- 
 tars was wholly with the Turks. When in December, 1917, 
 the Russian armies abandoned the Caucasian front, and the 
 Turkish forces started their forward march, the Tartars 
 openly allied themselves with the Turks. The Georgians 
 had for a long time been in communication with Germany. 
 They were seeking the protection of Germany and were at 
 all times ready to withdraw from the war, provided the in- 
 dependence of Georgia was recognized. 
 
 39 
 
But the Armenians elected to remain and did remain 
 loyal to the cause of the Entente and the associated powers; 
 mustered together whatever fighting forces they could and, 
 single-handed, challenged the advancing Turkish armies. 
 
 . These internal conflicts daily becoming more emphatic, 
 made it impossible for Armenians, Georgians and Tartars 
 to work in harmony within the sphere of a single state. 
 
 Thus, on May 26, 1918, the Seim declared the termina- 
 tion of the Federal Republic of Transcaucasia and relin- 
 quished its authority. On the same day, Georgia declared 
 her independence; and after two days, namely, on May 28, 
 1918, Armenia and Azerbeijan likewise declared their own 
 independence. 
 
 From that day began the existence of the Republic of 
 Armenia. 
 
 * * * 
 
 The obvious unwisdom of America's accepting a mandate 
 for Georgia and Azerbeijan is that those geographical units 
 belong to Russia, and in view of their considerable natural 
 wealth and important strategical positions, and also in view 
 of the attitude that the Georgians and Tartars assumed to- 
 ward Russia in the moment of her difficulties, one would 
 be led to believe — and this belief is based on what the 
 writer knows to be the views of Russian leaders on the sub- 
 ject — that reorganized Russia will not willingly permit 
 Georgia and Azerbeijan to be detached from her body. In 
 the case of Armenia, this dimcultv does not exist. Arme- 
 
 7 ml 
 
 nians have been faithful to Russia throughout the war. Ar- 
 menian resident ministers have been received by Kolchak 
 and Denikine. Russian Armenia is not essential to the main- 
 tenance of Russian rule or influence in the Caucasus. 
 Russian Armenia is a landlocked country, devoid of any par- 
 ticular economic value, such as Baku and Batum possess. 
 Russian leaders have repeatedly stated that if Russian Ar- 
 menia wishes to unite with Turkish Armenia, which they 
 recognize as an inevitable necessity, then Russia will raise 
 no objection to any such union. From the point of view of 
 mandate,* it should be stated that Russian Armenia alone is 
 insufficient to constitute the nucleus of an independent state. 
 But when we speak of Armenia, we mean Russian and Turk- 
 ish Armenia united, the latter of which has outlets on the 
 Black and Mediterranean Seas, and which is richer is re- 
 sources than all the sixteen or more states which have been 
 created or are likely to be created as a result of the Great War. 
 
 40 
 
The former Turkish Empire: The former Turkish Em- 
 pire has an area of 694,960 square miles and an estimated 
 population of eighteen to twenty millions. It has six geo- 
 graphical divisions, namely — 1. Turkey in Europe, 12,000 
 square miles. 2. Asia Minor or Anatolia, 193,800 square 
 miles, of which 20,625 square miles constitute parts of Ar- 
 menia Minor and Lesser Armenia or Cilicia. 3. Armenia, 
 101,000 square miles.* 4. Syria, including Lebanon and 
 Palestine, 80,285 square miles. 5. Mesopotamia, 156,500 
 square miles. 6. Arabia (Yemen and Hijaz) 172,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 It is being suggested that America accept a blanket man- 
 date for Constantinople, Anatolia and Armenia. The pro- 
 posed arrangement excludes the Arabic speaking sections of 
 former Turkey, and keeps together the Armenians, Greeks 
 and Turks. The scheme that is thus proposed fully meets 
 with the wishes of the Turks, and is absolutely opposed to 
 the wishes and interests of the Armenians and the Greeks. 
 There are no moral, political or economic considerations that 
 would suggest the advisability of keeping together these 
 three irreconcilable races under one political leadership. The 
 impossibility of the task has been fully demonstrated, be- 
 cause apart from the consideration of the inaptitude of the 
 Turk to rule alien races, or even himself, the Armenian and 
 the Greek rightly aspire to become free and independent not 
 only from Turkish association, but also from any other for- 
 eign domination. Of course, if America wishes to accept a 
 
 * Turkish Armenia has an area of 101,000 square miles, and Russian 
 Armenia an area of 26,491 square miles. What constitutes Turkish 
 Armenia has been defined in four international documents since 1878. 
 
 1. Under Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin, the provinces of Erzerum, 
 Van, Bitlis, Harpoot, Diarbekir and Sivas, which have an area of 
 96,600 square miles, were recognized as constituting- parts of Armenia. 
 
 2. Under the terms of the Ambassadors' Memorandum of 1895, said 
 Six Provinces and Cilicia were recognized as Turkish Armenia. 
 
 3. Under the terms of the Reform Measure, dated February 8, 1914, 
 agreed upon between Germany and Turkey on the one side, and Rus- 
 sia, representing the Entente and the Armenians, on the other, acting 
 by direction of the Ambassadorial Conference of London of 1913, said 
 Six Provinces and the Province of Trebizond, which have an area of 
 109,100 square miles, were considered as parts of Turkish Armenia. 
 At the suggestion of Germany, Cilicia, or Lesser Armenia (the Bagdad 
 Railroad crosses through it), was to become a separate subject of 
 treatment. 4. Under Article XXIV of the terms of the armistice 
 granted to Turkey by the Allies, dated November 1, 1918, the above 
 mentioned Six Provinces were referred to as the "Six Armenian Vila- 
 vets." 
 
 41 
 
mandate for Constantinople, or for Anatolia, or even for 
 the moon, it is for America to determine. But if the sug- 
 gestion for the acceptance by America of a unitary mandate 
 for the three geographical entities is being urged in the 
 interest of Armenia, then it should be clearly and emphati- 
 cally stated that the interest of Armenia does not require 
 any such arrangement. 
 
 The scheme of a joint mandate is being advocated by the 
 Turks, and for the Turks, because it serves the Pan-Turanian 
 purpose of the Turks. The so-called Nationalist Govern- 
 ment of Kernel Pasha is also advocating a joint mandate. 
 Under that scheme the Armenians of Constantinople, Ana- 
 tolia, Georgia, and Azerbeijan would have no inducement 
 to go back to Armenia. Under that scheme, the Armenians 
 would wisely remain where they are, because with the ex- 
 piration of the term of mandate, the Turks will be in a more 
 favorable position than ever before to assault Armenian life, 
 honor and property. Otherwise, the mandatary of those 
 regions must remain there forever. 
 
 The proponents of joint mandate assert that a mandate 
 for Armenia alone is impracticable because they seek to con- 
 fine Armenia to Russian Armenia only — about one-fifth of 
 Armenia — which has no access to the sea and is alone insuffi- 
 cient in the economic sense. Under their scheme, the Turks, 
 having succeeded in destroying or driving out of their homes 
 a million and a half Armenians of Turkish Armenia, ought 
 to be permitted to profit by their crimes.* 
 
 A point which has been repeatedly mentioned as con- 
 stituting an argument against the creation of an Armenian 
 State is that within the Armenia to be Armenians will be in 
 the minority. This view is not founded on facts. In 1913, 
 the population of Turkish Armenia was estimated at 3,788,- 
 
 * Any proposition for the settlement of the Armenian case which 
 does not immediately put all of Armenia on the map as a separate Ar- 
 menian State, will not be acceptable to the Armenians. The case of 
 Armenia must not be mixed or bound up with that of any other geo- 
 graphical division or racial entity of Turkey, or with the alleged special 
 interest or claim of another nation. Armenia belongs to the Armenians 
 in the same sense that France belongs to the French. The Turks 
 and the Kurds, who are invaders and wrong-doers, may remain in 
 Armenia, if they so elect, and they will be assured of an impartial rule ; 
 but, their spurious and pretended claims as to their own numbers, etc., 
 have no more weight and validity than the claim of a criminal to the 
 possession of the house of his neighbor whom he has murdered. The 
 slightest suggestion of willingness on the part of the Powers to lend 
 
 42 
 
000, of which 1,403,000 were Armenians, 1,635,000 Turks, 
 Kurds and other Moslems, and the balance other Christian 
 and non-Christian communities. On this estimated population 
 was based the decision of the Ambassadorial Conference at 
 London, in 1913, by and under which Turkish Armenia, ex- 
 clusive of Cilicia, was placed under international control. 
 It should, however, be conceded that the Turks claim a 
 larger number of population for themselves than the num- 
 ber conceded by the Armenians. As a matter of fact, Guinet, 
 French statistician, puts the number of the Moslem popula- 
 tion of Armenia at 2,400,000, which is 462,000 more than 
 conceded by the Armenians, since Guinet includes Kizil- 
 Bachiz and Yezidiz among the Turks, which the Armenians 
 rightly do not. But even on the basis given by Guinet, the 
 Armenians make a good showing. In 1914, there were 
 2,008,000 Armenians in Turkey, one million of whom have 
 possibly perished. So that with the repatriation of the 
 Armenian refugees who are now in Russian Armenia (350,- 
 000), and in Mesopotamia, Syria and Anatolia (about 250,- 
 000), there will be three-quarters of a million Armenians in 
 Turkish Armenia. The Moslem elements in Turkish Ar- 
 menia now hardly number between a million and a million 
 and a half. (By Moslem elements we understand, Turks, 
 Kurds, Circassians and others). It should be recalled that 
 the President of the Turkish Delegation to the Peace Con- 
 ference stated that the Moslems of Turkey have been re- 
 duced in numbers by no less than three millions. It is a 
 fact that the largest proportion of the Moslem losses was 
 suffered in Turkish Armenia, as a result of Russian invasion, 
 when the Moslems fled westerly, and died by the thousands 
 from pestilence, starvation and exposure. In the fall of 
 
 ear to the arguments of the Turks, or of those who argue like Turks, 
 will be tantamount to condonation and approval of the Turk's crimes. 
 It will mean that they are willing to take advantage of the result of 
 their own omission. It will mean that they are willing to establish a 
 precedent whereby a ruling nation may destroy a subject race, as a 
 means of disposing of the rightful claims of that race. The point 
 at issue is one of essential morality which cannot be determined 
 by hair-splitting arguments as to relative numbers. That sort of pre- 
 tended evidence by criminals must be ruled out by a court of equity. 
 Had the Powers done their duty since 1878, there would have been over 
 four million more Armenians than there are to-day. The fact is, how- 
 ever, that with the union of the Russian and Persian Armenias to 
 Turkish Armenia, the Armenians will constitute not less than sixty-six 
 per cent, of the population of the reunited Armenia. 
 
 43 
 
1917, the normal Turk and Kurd population of about 551,- 
 000 in the Provinces of Van, Bitlis and Erzrum had been 
 reduced to 96,000, and in the City of Diarbekir, out of a 
 resident and refugee Moslem population of 63,000 only 6,000 
 were left. 
 
 4 s 4 s 
 
 To recapitulate: There are 1,293,000 native Armenians 
 in Russian Armenia; there will be three-quarters of a mil- 
 lion native Armenians in Turkish Armenia; there are 
 494,000 Armenians in Georgia and Azerbeij an, '100,000 Ar- 
 menians in Persian Armenia, and about a half million 
 Armenians in other regions, the great majority of whom 
 are now prepared to migrate to Armenia, provided that 
 Armenia include her natural boundaries. Thus the question 
 of population, as it has been stated above, will be adjusted 
 by repatriation, emigration and immigration. Armenians 
 will immigrate into Armenia, and a great many Turks will 
 emigrate to Anatolia, where there is ample room for them. 
 We estimate that there will be in the proposed Armenian 
 State a minimum of two and a half million Armenians and 
 a maximum of one million Moslems, out of a population of 
 about four and a half millions. 
 
 In connection with the question of the proportion of 
 populations, it is well to recall the facts that the Turks, in 
 1865, constituted about fifteen per cent, of the population of 
 the then Turkish Empire; that in 1914, they constituted not 
 more than twenty-five per cent, of the population of Turkey, 
 and that they are now the minority population even in Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 It would appear that the principal reason for the hesi- 
 tancy on the part of America to extend a helping hand to 
 Armenia to organize her government is that the leaders 
 of the Entente Powers have lacked necessary clarity in 
 their public declarations on the subject. When it is stated 
 that the Powers of the Entente have been overburdened 
 with responsibilities in Asia and in Africa, and that it is for 
 America to carry a part of the white man's burden, the 
 clear implication is that they are unwilling, if offered the 
 opportunity, to add Armenia to the list of their possessions. 
 That is not the fact. Great Britain and France are not 
 carrying any burdens in administering Mesopotamia or 
 Syria or any other part of the former Turkish Empire. They 
 have gone there willingly, and they would be extremely 
 
 44 
 
reluctant to get out of there. They would be very anxious 
 indeed to take hold of Armenia if it were offered to them, 
 but the fact is that Great Britain does not want France in 
 Armenia, and France does not want Great Britain there. 
 These observations should serve to dissipate the fear that 
 has naturally found lodgment in the minds of a great many 
 Americans that America is being offered a gold brick by 
 being asked to help Armenia. It is likewise erroneous to 
 assume that America, by undertaking the task of helping 
 Armenia, would be protecting directly or indirectly the En- 
 tente possessions in the east. The specific purpose for which 
 America is to go into Armenia is to help the Armenians or- 
 ganize their government, and not to protect the Armenian 
 frontiers against any hostile attack in which, if one were to 
 take place, all the nations would and should be equally 
 interested. Armenia will have on her northern, north- 
 eastern and northwestern frontiers Russia, without whose 
 acquiescence Russian Armenia cannot be made a part of 
 Armenia, and with her acquiescence no trouble can be ex- 
 pected from that source. On her southeastern frontiers 
 there are Persia, Mesopotamia and Syria, which will be 
 under the influence or guidance of Great Britain and France. 
 On her western frontier there will be a reduced Turkey, 
 whose army will be demobilized, and whose population will 
 not be larger than the Armenian population of Armenia. 
 It is therefore difficult to see as to how and why America 
 should be confronted with any contingency that would im- 
 pose upon her the task of fighting hostile nations by helping 
 Armenia. At this moment Armenia asks of America a few 
 battalions for the moral effect that their presence will neces- 
 sarily have; food, munitions and supplies for an army of 
 30,000 men in Armenia, and food for civil population until 
 the next crop. Give the Armenian arms, and the Turk, the 
 Kurd and the Tartar will leave him undisturbed. 
 
 For her unyielding fidelity to the Christian faith, for 
 her heroic loyalty to the allied cause, and for the services 
 that she will hereafter render to the cause of civilization in 
 the Near East, Armenia is entitled to the prior support and 
 sympathy of America. It is through America only that she 
 can hope to secure the fulfillment of her aspiration of cen- 
 turies — the unity and independence of historic Armenia. 
 
 45 
 
ARMENIA'S SHARE IN THE WINNING OF THE WAR 
 
 LORD ROBERT CECIL/ "In the beginning of the War, the Russian Ar- 
 
 on October 3, 1918, wrote: menians organized volunteer forces, which bore 
 
 the brunt of some of the heaviest fighting in the 
 Caucasian campaign. After the Russian Army's 
 breakdown last year, the Armenians took over 
 the Caucasian front (over two hundred miles 
 long), fought the Turks for five months, and 
 thus rendered very important services to the 
 British Army in Mesopotamia. (They also cap- 
 tured Baku from the Turko-Tartars, and held it 
 from March to July, 1918, until the arrival of 
 the British.) They served alike in the British, 
 French and American armies, and have borne 
 their part in General Allenby's victory in Pales- 
 tine. The services rendered by the Armenians 
 to the common cause can never be forgotten." 
 
 EX-PREMIER KERENSKY "At the outbreak of the War, the Turks cap- 
 
 on August 20, 1918, said: tured Sary-Kamish, and were marching on 
 
 Tiflis. All the high officials, including the Vice- 
 roy, were preparing for a hasty flight. Of all the 
 races of the Caucasus, the Armenians alone stuck 
 to their posts, organized volunteer forces and, 
 by the side of their Russian comrades, faced the 
 formidable assaults of the enemy, and turned his 
 victorious march into a disastrous rout." 
 
 GEN. VOX LUDEXDORFF, "The principal factor that forced the breakdown 
 in his book, states: of the German Army in the west was due to the 
 
 lack of fuel supply, because the Turks did not get 
 to Baku in time." 
 
 It should be recalled that the Russian- 
 Caucasus Army went home in December, 
 1917; that the Turks and Tartars fought the 
 Armenians, who remained the only faithful al- 
 lies of the allied and associated powers, and that 
 the Turks did not reach Baku until September, 
 1918; that is, eight months after the defection of 
 Russia. 
 
 GEX. LIMAX VOX SAXDERS, "The collapse of the Turkish Palestinian front 
 German Commander in was due to the fact that the Turks, against my 
 Syria, following Turkey's orders and advice, sent all their available forces 
 surrender. to the Caucasus and Azarbeijan, where they 
 
 fought the Armenians." 
 
 GEX. ALX/EXBY, "I am proud to have Armenian contingents un- 
 
 After Turkey's debacle in der my command. They fought brilliantly and 
 Palestine, telegraphed to took a leading part in the victory." 
 President Armenian Xa- 
 tional Delegation, Paris: 
 
 46 
 
ARMENIA AND THE ARMENIANS 
 
 The Armenians, a race of the Indo-European stock, 
 (Alpine Aryan like the Swiss, North Italian and most Greeks) 
 about 1300 years B. C, left their original home in Thrace, 
 Southeastern Europe, crossed the Bosphorous over into By- 
 thinia, pushed Easterly into Cappadocia, and Northern Cili- 
 cia, and in about the 8th century B. C. reached the region of 
 the mountain of Ararat, where they founded the State of 
 Armenia * "Herodotus"; "Plonius"; "J. De Morgan." 
 
 King Herachia of Armenia was an ally of Nebuched- 
 nezzar in the capture of Jerusalem 600 B. C. King Tigranes 
 of Armenia was the ally of Cyrus the Great in the conquest 
 of Babylonia and the consequent liberation of the Jews from 
 70 years' captivity 538 B. C. 
 
 Under Tigranes the Great, (fl. 1st Century B. C.) Arme- 
 nia attained the height of her glory and power, and extended 
 from the Caspian to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, 
 from the Caucasus to the Mesopotamian plains, with an area 
 exceeding 500,000 square miles and a population of 25,000,- 
 000. "Langlois"; "Lanormant." 
 
 Religion. — Armenia has the first Christian National 
 Church in the world. Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew 
 preached the Gospel in Armenia. Since, in unbroken succes- 
 sion, the Church has had 137 Pontiffs, whose seat, since 309, 
 (with occasional transfers elsewhere) has been at Etch- 
 Miadzin, the Great Monastery, in Russian Armenia. 
 
 Of the 4,470,000 of Armenians the world over (in 1912), 
 about 150,000 are, since 1830, under the jurisdiction of the 
 Church of Rome; about 100,000 have joined, since 1847, 
 Protestant denominations, through the American mission- 
 aries, and the remainder are the adherents of the Apostolic 
 Church of Armenia. To-day the Church has 100 Bishops and 
 Archbishops; about 10,000 ecclesiastics of lower rank and 
 3909 parishes. 
 
 * The Illyrians,.\vho are the present Albanians, the Phrygians, who 
 have been subsequently merged in the Greeks, and the Greeks were the 
 immediate neighbors of the Armenians in Thrace, and they all belong 
 to the same branch of the Aryan family. 
 
 47 
 
Bertrand Bareilles writes as follows of this Church : 
 
 "In the essentially democratic constitution of the 
 Armenian Church, there is inherent a liberality of 
 thought ; and the first thing which strikes us when we 
 study the framework of her society is, that her clergy do 
 not form a distinct and separate class." 
 
 Post-Christian Period. — Following her conversion to 
 Christianity, Armenia was in continual death-grapple with 
 the Zoroasterian Persia and the ever surging hordes of bar- 
 barians from the wilds of Asia. Armenia was the highway 
 upon which crossed and recrossed the alien enemies of civili- 
 zation — the Arab, Mongol, Tartar, Turk. The Armenians, 
 isolated and separated from the rest of civilization, repre- 
 sented the West in the East and fought its first battles. And 
 now exhausted by the swelling- and pressing tide of the pagan 
 and Moslem forces, they retreated Westerly and set up the 
 Kingdom of Lesser Armenia, along the coast of the Mediter- 
 ranean, in 1080. Here they became the active allies of the 
 Crusaders. But with the collapse of that unfortunate move- 
 ment they fell a prey to the wrath and vengeance of the 
 Mameluke Sultan of Egypt. King Lean VI, after eight 
 months' defense of Sis, his capital, laid down his arms in 
 May, 1375, and thus ended the independence of Armenia. 
 Armenia was eventually divided between Turkey, Russia and 
 Persia. "Dulaurier"; "Stubbs"; "Neumann." 
 
 Sir Edwin Pears makes the following observations 
 about them : 
 
 "They are physically a fine race. The men are usually 
 tall, well built and powerful. The women have a healthy 
 look about them which suggests good motherhood. They 
 are an ancient people of the same Indo-European race as 
 ourselves, and speak an allied language. During long 
 centuries, they held their own against Persians, Arabs, 
 Turks and Kurds. Whenever they have had a fighting 
 chance they proved their courage. ... A large pro- 
 portion of them remained tillers of the soil. In com- 
 merce they are successful not only in Turkey, but in 
 France, England and India. Though subject to persecu- 
 tion for centuries under Moslem rule (because of their 
 Christian faith, their superior intelligence, their industry 
 and thrift), they have always managed to have their race 
 respected." 
 
 Language — Literature — Arts — Music. — Villefroi, Dore 
 St. Martin, Hubschmann recognize the Armenian as one of 
 the Indo-Germanic languages that has attained the highest 
 
 48 
 
degree of development, by a varied and ancient intellectual 
 culture. 
 
 Sir Henry Norman considers the ancient, mediaeval and 
 modern Armenian literature, including works of imagina- 
 tion, novels, romance and poetry, comparable to any other 
 literature. 
 
 F. D. Lynch, referring to the architecture of a few of 
 the 1,001 churches and other ruins of Ani, the capital of 
 Armenia in the 9th century, expresses the opinion that the 
 Armenians were the originators of the Gothic style of archi- 
 tecture, and further says : "These monuments of an ancient 
 civilization leave no doubt that the Armenian people may be 
 included in the small number of races who have shown them- 
 selves susceptible of the highest culture." 
 
 Sir Edwin Pears considers the Armenians as the most 
 artistic and musically talented race in Turkey. 
 
 Armenians in Foreign Lands and Under Alien Rule. — 
 During and after their independence, many Armenians dis- 
 tinguished themselves, almost in every field of the life of the 
 country in which they settled. 
 
 Nerses, the favorite of Theodora and the Commander-in- 
 Chief of the legions of Justinian; Dadarshis, the renowned 
 general of Darius Hystaspis; Proersios, the teacher of St. 
 Gregory Nazianzen, of St. Basil, and of Julian the Apostate; 
 Isaac, the Exarch of Ravenna, who held sway over Italy 
 (625-643) were Armenians. According to Gelzer, it was dur- 
 ing the reigns of the twelve Armenian Emperors, such as 
 Maurice, Leo, Basil, Zemisces, and of Empress Theodora 
 Augusta, that Byzantium reached the zenith of her glory 
 and power. 
 
 In 1410, the Armenian nobility fought with the armies 
 of Poland against the German invaders, and thus contributed 
 to the victory of Grunwaldt, without which "the German 
 deluge would have effaced Poland." 
 
 In 1683, five thousand Armenian warriors aided Sobieski 
 in beating back the high tide of the Turk invasion from the 
 gate of Vienna, which victory saved Europe from the threat- 
 ened domination of the Turk. 
 
 In 1812 it was an Armenian General, Prince Pakraduni, 
 that matched his skill against that of Napoleon at Moscow, 
 and thus struck the mortal blow at the ambition of the Great 
 Emperor. 
 
 During the Russo-Turkish war of 1877, of the dozen or 
 more Armenian generals in the Russian army, Loris Melikoff 
 
 49 
 
was the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus forces, who 
 subsequently became the Prime Minister of Russia and 
 drafted her first constitution. 
 
 According to Lord Cromer, "the Armenians have at- 
 tained the highest administrative ranks, and have at times 
 exercised a decisive influence upon the conduct of public 
 affairs in Egypt." 
 
 The first Prime Minister of Egypt, following British 
 occupation, was an Armenian. Lucasz, who was the Prime 
 Minister of Hungary in 1913, was also an Armenian. 
 
 Prince Malcolm, one of the first leaders of the Persian 
 reform movement ; Aivazovsky, the greatest marine painter 
 of the 19th century; Althen, who introduced to France the 
 cultivation of rubic tinctorum; Manuelian, one of the fore- 
 most of the histologists of our time ; the late Dr. Kassabian 
 of Philadelphia, who was one of the leading Roentgen ray 
 investigators in the world; the late Governor Thomas Cor- 
 win of Ohio, who also at one time became Secretary of the 
 U. S. Treasury, belong to the Armenian race. 
 
 In Turkey, the Armenians have been one of the principal 
 constructive forces, despite the oppressive and obstructive 
 Turk rule, and they have, together with the Greek, supplied 
 the Turk with his manifold wants. Even the Turkish print- 
 ing press, the Turkish grammar and the Turkish theatre 
 owe their origin to the initiative of the Armenian. 
 
 General Sherif Pasha, the former Turk Ambassador at 
 Stockholm, made the following statement in October, 1915: 
 
 "If there is a race which has been closely connected with 
 the Turk by its fidelity, by its services to the country, by the 
 statesmen and functionaries of talent it has furnished, by 
 the intelligence which it has manifested in all domains — 
 commerce, industry, science and the arts — it is certainly the 
 Armenian." 
 
 Prof. Von Eucken, the foremost German authority on 
 the Near East, says of them : "Any one who is to some extent 
 acquainted with the political and intellectual history of the 
 Armenian nation, and knows with what enormous difficul- 
 ties this people of an ancient civilization has had to struggle, 
 and has especially to-day to contend with, will be filled with 
 sincere respect for a people who could accomplish so much 
 in the midst of all those tribulations." 
 
 50 
 
Dr. Paul Rohrbach, the well known German Orientalist, 
 writes as follows : 
 
 "We may say without exaggeration that not only in 
 Armenia proper, but far beyond its boundaries, the economic 
 life of Turkey, rests, in great part, upon the Armenians." 
 
 Dr. Barton, Secretary of the American Board of Com- 
 missioners for Foreign Missions, formerly President of the 
 Euphrates College, Armenia, writes as follows in the Octo- 
 ber issue, 1918, of The World Court: 
 
 "In the modern intellectual revival in Turkey the Ar- 
 menians were the first to respond. They not only eagerly 
 fostered modern education among themselves and in their 
 own country, but thousands of bright Armenian young men 
 and women have studied in the educational centers of the 
 world and have won distinction by the superiority of their 
 intellect and their unconquerable desire and zeal for educa- 
 tion. There is no race on the face of the earth more worthy, 
 by its inheritance, its intrinsic worth, its intellectual capacity 
 and ability, its traditional industry, its peaceful temper and 
 spirit, its domestic hopes and purposes, of a free and inde- 
 pendent existence. In no commercial enterprise, no form of 
 industry, no profession, and in no institution of learning in 
 Turkey or elsewhere do the Armenians take second place. 
 
 "It was at this race that the blow of destruction was pri- 
 marily aimed by the government of the Young Turks in the 
 winter of 1914 and the spring of 1915. This historic, edu- 
 cated and refined people were maltreated in a thousand 
 forms, starved and exiled. Its greatest crime is that in con- 
 tact with its Turkish neighbors, it has far outstretched all 
 the rest in enterprise and industry; and in religion it has 
 stood firmly against the persecution of its Mohammedan 
 over-lords, refusing to exchange Jesus Christ for Mo- 
 hammed." 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
The Population of Armenia m 1914 
 
 
 l urKisn 
 
 Caucasian 
 
 
 
 
 \ rmpnia 
 
 * vi insula 
 
 Armenia 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1,41K5,UUU 
 
 1 on^ nnn 
 
 i,zyo,uuu 
 
 2,699,000 
 
 3,211,000 
 
 
 447,000 
 
 65,000 
 
 512,000^ 
 
 Christians 
 
 Turks 
 
 943,000 
 
 61,000 
 
 1,005,000" 
 
 
 
 
 537,000 
 
 537,000 
 
 2,308,000 
 
 
 482,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 556,000 
 
 Moslems 
 
 
 210,000 
 
 
 210,000 . 
 
 
 
 303,000 
 
 38,000 
 
 341,000" 
 
 341,000 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 Other Religio 
 
 
 3,788,000 
 
 2,072,000 
 
 5,860,000 
 
 to 
 
 Total Number of Armenians m 1914 
 In Armenia: 
 
 Turkish Armenia 1,403,000 
 
 Caucasian Armenia 1,296,000 
 
 Contiguous Regions of Armenia: 
 
 The other regions of Turkish Asia 440,000 
 
 The other regions of the Caucasus 508,000 
 
 In Persia • 140,000 
 
 In More Distant Regions: 
 
 In Constantinople and in Turkey, in Europe 183,000 
 
 In Russia and in the Caucasus 250,000 
 
 In Europe, in Egypt and India 120,000 
 
 In America 130.000J 
 
 2,699,000 
 
 - 1,088,000 
 
 683,000 
 
 Total '• 4,470,000 
 
THE STAFF OF THE SECOND BATTALION OF ARMENIAN VOLUNTEERS IN THE CAUCASUS IN NOVEMBER, 1914. 
 
 n addition to over 160,000 men Russian Armenians contributed to the Russian Army, Armenians raised volunteer contingents which, according to 
 Kussian and Turkish testimony, saved the Russian Caucasus front from certain disaster in 1914. and later made possible the successes of 
 the Russian arms on that front. Following the break-down of the Russian Army in the Fall of 1917, Armenians organized volunteer 
 legions, which fought the Turkish Army for seven months, and thus saved not only the position of the British \rmy 
 in Mesopotamia and indirectly contributed to the success of the British Army in Palestine, but made it impossible 
 for the Turks to effect a junction with the millions of Tartars of the Caucasus, which was the principal 
 part of the scheme of the Turkish campaign on the Caucasus front. 
 
ARMENIAN VOLUNTEERS WHO FOUGHT IN PALESTINE IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER, 1918, UNDER THE SUPREME 
 
 COMMAND OF GENERAL ALLENBY. 
 
 The Armenians contributed to the Palestine front eight battalions, which, according to General Allenby, took a leading part in the decisive 
 victory over the Turks. These troops, officially designated as the "Armenian Legion," are now in occupation of 
 Cilicia or Lesser Armenia, and certain parts of Armenia Minor and Major. 
 
The American Committee 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Independence of Armenia 
 
 ONE MADISON AVENUE 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Teiiphokk 2545 Gkamercy 
 
 To the Editor: 
 
 You are at liberty to use, without any restriction, the con- 
 tents of the book entitled, "The Joint Mandate Scheme." 
 
 (Signed) JAMES W. GERARD 
 
DATE DUE 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 2 1 '69 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAYLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U S A.