MASTER NEGA TIVE NO 92-80534-5 MICROFILMED 1992 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the . r, • ^» "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code -- concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: HOLMES, DAV H. TITLE: SEVERAL PAPERS ON THE PHILOSOPHY... PLACE: BROOKLYN, N.Y DA TE : 1903 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT RTfiT TOHR APHTC MICROFORM TARGET Master Negative # Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record w^mmmm ^ tm u i w wr'vmmm- n iri) ■ ■ »» i n I I im^^^'r^' ■ 9 >—^'^>" ■i n M il ■■ t l M l I I I 88Ti3 EHl 1 Holinas, David H ^9^^" Several papers on the philosophy of the composi- tion of verbs with prepositions, as illustrated by the Greek of Thucydidest by David Hf Holmes ••• Brooklyn, N.Y., Eastern District High School, 1903. 39 p, 18^- cm. Reprint no. 1, from the New York Latin leaflet, 19 01-'02.. Restriction.i on Use: '^(^rvr. v TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA REDUCTION RATIO:____£xV'_ FILM SIZE:_____^3X>?p^_ IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA Q^ IB IIB DATE FILMED: ^7^_1j2,=^_ INITIALS__I23J??2 RLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC VVOODBRIDGE, CT 1 r Association for Information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm III iiiiliiiihiiiliiiilii rryr Inches iliiiilii TTT 1 lllllllllllllllllllll T M I 1 M I 2 IIIIIIIH MT lllllll 1.0 .25 liiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiilmiliiii Trr THTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTJTTT I I I I I I 3 IM 2.8 2.5 IIP-° 1 5.6 ^ 2.2 *" 3.6 UiL ^ ■^ II 4.0 2.0 LI t: ^ liiUU. 1.8 1.4 1.6 MflNUFflCTURED TO flllM STflNOqRDS BY fiPPLIED IMRG^, INC. \ \ Several Papers on the Philoso- phy of the Composition of Verbs with Prepositions — as Illustrated bv the Greek ot Thiicydides ■%' 15 V DAVID H HOLMhS, PhD Eastkrn District High School, Brookl-j n-New Vork j Some- time Fellow and Scholar in Johns Hovkins Univer- sity y Formerly Professor or Latin in the Univer- sity OF Kansas; Author of ** Index I vsiacis" Etc Reprir' \<> i From The New York ] ;uin I.ea.lcc, i Eastern Districi Higi Schoo! Brooklyn ^' • York 1903 tl-'.? %%T^l LHI This book is due two weekt from the last date stamped below, and if not returned or renewed at or before that time a fine of five cents a day will be incurred. 1 M 2 * «3° d FEB 15 193" - ' I^P K > fa 4 ..^-'f ] f I \ 1\ i.V I i ''^ 9 J \\ \ Several Papers on the Philoso- phy of the Composition of Verbs with Prepositions — as Illustrated by the Greek of Thucydides BY DAVID H HOLMES, PhD Eastern District High School, Brooklyn-New York ; Some- time Fellow and Scholar in Johns Hopkins Univer- sity ; Formerly Professor of Latin in the Univer- sity of Kansas; Author of ** Index Lysiacus'' Etc Reprint No i From The New York Latin Leaflet, 1 901 -'02 Eastern District High School Brooklyn-New York 1903 ( O \ ? r fU :5 IJL TO MY PRINCIPAL WILLIAM T VLYMEN, PhD under whose encouragement and support The New York Latin Club and The New York Latin Leaflet were founded and the establishment of The New York High School College Entrance Scholarship Fund was undertaken, and whose patience and kindly encouragement are sources of gratification and inspiration to all of his teachers, the following pages are sincerely inscribed. 434:397 ( Reviews of "Die mit Propositionen zusammen- gesetzten Verben bei Thukydides " (Berlin Weidmann 1895), of which the following papers constitute aretranslation into English, will be found in Deutsche Litteraiurzeitung, No 24, 1895. Wochenschrift filr klassische Fhilologie, No 45, 1895. Berliner philologische Wochenschrift, No 15, 1896. Zeitschrift filr die oestreichischen Gymnasien, No 47. 1896. ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE NEW YORK LATIN CLUB Several Papers on the Philosophy of the Com- position of Verbs with Prepositions in Qreelc —as Illustrated by the Greek of Thucydides DAVID H HOLMES HARRY F TOWLE ARCHIBALD L HODGES EUGENE W HARTER HIRAM H BICE FIRST PAPER Analysis of Treatment Upooiuiov 1. Definition and Scope of Subject 2. Justification and Aim I A Consideration of the Individual Prepositions (i) avd (2) avTl (3) a7r6 (4) did (5) kn (6) h (7) €771 (8) k {ek) (9) '^«^« (10) ^^'^ (") ^'7 (aiv) (12) irapd (13) Trepi (14) TTp6 (15) ^P^c (16) vTTip (17) V7r6 II Statistical Tables (i) Explanation (2) Table I General Table of Statistics (3) Table II Showing Prepositional Ranges III An Examination of the Statistics (i) Introductory (a) Fundamental notion of the verb 2 Composition of Verbs (b) Fundamental notion of the preposition (c) Kinship of motion and place (2) Internal Modification (3) External Modification (4) Statement of Main Thesis i) Physical Motion 2) Motion as Existence 3) Motion as Speech 4) Motion as Thought and Perception 5) Objections refuted (a) l3d72io (b) rpd(l>u (c) Uveo/iat (d) arahj 6) Evidence from diprothetics 7) Evidence from triprothetics 8) Suggested Corollaries (a) Favoritism of Verbs for Prepositions (b) Extension and Reinforcement (c) Exclusion (d) Usurpation (e) Phraseological Expressions (f) Loss of Color of Prepositions (g) Relative Consciousness of Prepositions 1) Argument from diprothetics a) Principles underlying diprothetic composi- tion b) Tendency toward strength of combination 2) Argument from triprothetics (i) Statement of Theorem (2) Statement of Corollaries ^r^ \ k r I WITH Prepositions 3 Definition and Scope of Subject In Greek the subject of composition in general has received but little attention. So far as I know, the chapter which I have undertaken has not been treated at all. And, while the virginity of the soil is not its least attractive feature and does not of necessity insure a rich yield, yet I believe that Greek offers greater inducements to the student of this chapter of the subject than either Sanskrit or Latin. For we are not beset on the one hand by the obscurity re- sulting from a lack of crystallization in the early Sanskrit, nor on the other by the subtlety re- sulting from metaphorical usage in the more recent Latin. Yet there will be sufficient of both obscurity and subtlety remaining to satisfy and justify, if not, indeed, to mystify, though it is not difficult to see that my task is lightened by the limitations given to my subject. The question of composition in general presents many different phases. But when we have confined our discussion to the composition of verbs with prepositions, we have before us at least a definite if not an easy task. Yet to stop here is still to include too much, for there still remain three perils to be avoided. The first of these is the prin- ciples governing the change of meaning caused by composition. Principles and causes doubtless there are, but as yet undiscovered. To know and under- stand all the causes would require, it seems to me, all the original situations which led the way to the first step in the change, together with the situations giving rise to the second, and so on, most of which 4 Composition of Verbs must have been from the necessity of the case collo- quial, and hence not preserved in the records access- ible to us. The second is the much vexed question, full of unsolved riddles, the principles underlying the case constructions of compounds. In seeking to avoid this peril I cannot reproach myself, seeing that grammarians have uniformly treated it with the same respect. The constructions of the cases— whether due to the verb or to the preposition or to both, and to what extent the influence of each is felt,— are ques- tions that have been standing puzzles ever since Greek Philology became a science. The third is the influence of the preposition in composition on the voice of the verb. Here again the mist has not yet cleared away. Even Rutherford in his A'e7c> Phvyni- chus, after bewildering us with a maze of rhetoric, leaves us still ill at ease. I have endeavored, there- fore so to state my subject as to enable me to escape these dangers. I shall confine myself to Thucydides for good and sufficient reasons. In the first place his history is sufficiently comprehensive in scope, kind and material, so that results based on his language, will be for the most part applicable to the whole of the language. Again, he occupies a place midway between the early and late periods of classical Greek. The forms have had time to crystallize, but their usage has not yet become seriously warped from its natural course. Thirdly, he is also quite accessible by reason of von R<;j>pn^s Index TJnuvdideiis 2Xi^ the attention he has received in Ljddell^d Scott' s lexicon . If any justificatioiTirneeded for undertaking such ) \y H ► "I WITH Prepositions 5 a task, it is found in the interest and instruction which attach to the answers to the following ques- tions : (i) What are the combinable prepositions? (2) What are the combinable verbs? (3) What verbs combine with only one preposi- tion? with only two? with only three? etc. (4) As the range of prepositions increases, how is the range of verbs affected? (5) What class of verbs possesses the greatest af- finity for prepositions, and why? (6) Has the preposition lost its color in any com- pounds ? (7) If so. in what compounds and how is it shown ? (8) What verbs have the greatest ranges of prepo- sitions? (9) What prepositions have the greatest ranges of verbs? (10) What compounds are used more than the simples and have usurped as it were the places of the simples? (11) What prepositions are the favorites of the different verbs? (12) What verbs are the favorites of the different prepositions? (13) What is the range of diprothetics and tri- prothetics both from the point of view of the preposi- tion and of the verb? (14) In short, what are the principles underlying the limitations of the composition of verbs with prep- ositions? 6 Composition of Verbs (15) Are these principles ever set aside, and if so, by the action of what counter-influences? To answer the above questions for Thucydides will be the modest aim of these papers. It is perhaps pos- sible to predict the answers to some of these ques- tions, but it is none the less pleasing to have one's predictions verified by actual results. With this aim in view, then, I shall present the following material : ist, A consideration of the individual prepositions with statistics. 2d, Statistical tables for monoprothet- ics, diprothetics and triprothetics. 3d, An examina- tion of the statistics. '» ^ WITH Prepositions ^4^ / SECOND PAPER I A Consideration of the Individual Prepositions The test of a proper preposition is its ability to combine with verbs. It is only necessary to strike cififi out of the list of proper prepositions to get the range of combinable prepositions in Thucydides. They all occur in their simple form (''H' and ^W^ twice each). The compounds of K like the prepo- sition, are mostly confined to poetry. avd. The case of ava is different. While the sim- ple preposition is confined mostly to phrases and poetry, it survives in composition, having a range of 77 verbs in Thucydides. Its favorite verb is x^W^'^: with which it occurs 144 times. It is the favorite preposition of 5 verbs, not counting its exclusives. It combines exclusively with 17 verbs, of which 9 are aTvaE elpr/utva. In one of these, avolyw^ui. the place of the simple has been usurped by the compound m prose. The simple olyvvfn belongs to poetry. In ava/JcKco and ava/Mo>, we have probable usurpations of old simples which had passed out of the language m pre-historic times. 'Ava does not occur as first ele- ment in diprothetics or triprothetics. The range of the simple «^«, like afupi, is largely poetic. avrl. The simple preposition civrl occurs 52 times ^4 \ 1 8 Composition of Verbs in Thucydides. It is found in composition with 80 verbs, of which 48 are monoprothetic, 27 diprothetic and 5 triprothetic. No other preposition occurs more than once in triprothetics. Its favorite verb is i^x^'> with which it combines 41 times. Other favorites are 'Kyrr^f^^ and d^rov. It combines exclusively with 10 verbs, of which 7 are cnra^ elprjfiEva. aTTo. The simple a-b occurs 634 times. It has a combinable range of 114 verbs, of which 112 are monoprothetic, and 2 diprothetic. The favorite verb is LKvhjuai, in composition with which it occurs 192 times. It is the favorite preposition of 22 verbs, not counting its exclusives. It is the exclusive prepo- sition of 23 verbs, of which 15 are n^n^ nfniuha. In ^iravrdid, we have a usurpation of the simple (ivrau^ which is limited to poetry. The compounds aTzonTEivo), its passive cnzodvyaKG), and cKpiKvhfiai are equivalents of their respective simples, except in the perfect and pluperfect of OvyoKO), which are rarely compounded in Attic Greek, never in Thucydides. In a7^o/./^•//^ we have a complete usurpation, the form b}lviu being re- stricted to poetry. Homer has ^'o 6//17// in so-, called tmesis, where the prepositional element was strongly felt. To say, however, with Liddell and Scott, that a-o/lviii is a stronger form of 6/ />•///, pre- supposes a weaker o/j.via for Attic prose, which does not exist; cl-o^jxhu is stronger than arroKreivu^ just as bl?.v/LLt is stronger than Krelvu. 'ATzexOdvouai is a usur- pation of the poetic ^.r^^. (^td. In the simple form (^td occurs 534 times. It has a range of loi verbs, 98 of which are monopro- thetic and 3 diprothetic. ^Oeipco is its favorite verb. f 'iV [f i \> WITH Prepositions 9 with which it combines 151 times. It is the favorite of 14 verbs, though the favoritism is not so sharply defined as in the prepositions treated above. It has an exclusive range of 18 verbs, of which 10 are (X7ra^ elprjiiha. In iha(pMpu^ we have an effort to usurp di:ipo)^ the proportion standing 375 -i- The place of wfw, largely confined to poetry, is taken in prose by its compounds; ^^^a being its favorite preposition by more than 4 to i. ff. The preposition H occurs in simple form 897 times. It has a range of 89 verbs of which 85 are monoprothetic, 4 diprothetic. "E^.to/za/ {I'/dtiv) is its favorite verb, with which it combines 47 times. ne//7rw is also a marked favorite. 'E^" is favorite preposition of 8 verbs, not counting its exclusives. The favoritism of ef for verbs or of verbs for ^^ is not strongly marked. Its exclusive range consists of 17 verbs of which 9 are arra^ elpr^fitva. The simple dprvo) is superseded by the compounds in ko.t ; yiyi^ofiai and t/Mv are also favorites, all 3 having f^r^ for their favor- ite preposition. It is the favorite prepositional ele- ment of 23 verbs. Here as in all cases excliisives are not counted. It has an exclusive range of 20 verbs, of which 5 are aira^ tipiifitva. There is no case of complete usurpation with ^-2 in Thucydides. Though the simple of kirLfie/.tofiai or tTrifi^Ao^uni does not occur, yet its meaning is sharply differentiated from that of the simple. The spheres are different. tc. 'Ef occurs 1692 times in Thucydides, ranking next to fi', and like i^', governing but one case. Its range of verbs is limited to 23, all of which are mono- prothetic. Its combinable range is less than that of any other preposition in proportion to the number of its occurrences as a simple preposition. Its favorite verb is /3«//s with which it is found 65 times, and of which it is also a favorite preposition, ranking next to T^pog. It is the favorite preposition of only i verb, aKovrl^u^ and has no exclusives and no usurpa- tions. Kara. The preposition ^«-ft occurs in simple form 861 times. It has a range of 105 verbs, 104 mono- prothetic and I diprothetic. 'l(^r?/fu is its favorite verb with which it occurs 260 times, and of which it is also the favorite preposition. It is the favorite preposition of 16 verbs and has an exclusive range of ^A V WITH Prepositions II I -fj^V \ 25 verbs, of which 12 are a^o^ Eipvfitva. In naTayvvfu we have a usurpation in the active voice. Ka^/sV«'» Kadijiiai and nadiC^i^ are usurpations. The simples are poetic, ^fo//a^ and '^'^ are late Greek. fiera. Mera occurs 619 times. It is restricted in the range of its verbs to 24, of which 22 are mono- prothetic and 2 diprothetic. Its favorite verb is 'iGTrj^t. Leaving out its only exclusive, inTaut'/Ft^ it cannot be said to be the favorite preposition of any verb. Mera is not a general favorite in composition. ^vv. Hrr occurs 35 times. It is not, strictly speak- ing, an Attic preposition, surviving chiefly in legal and religious phrases. It has a range of 153 verbs, of which 102 are monoprothetic, 50 diprothetic and I triprothetic. In respect of range of combinable verbs, it stands second in the list of prepositions, being next to ^ttI. Its favorite verb is iia'ivi.K with which it combines 130 times and of which it is the favorite preposition. It is the favorite preposition of 10 verbs. It has an exclusive range of 19 verbs, of which 13 are ""fl-f tlpr^/uha. There are no usurpa- tions with ^I'v. Tzapa. The preposition r:apa occurs in simple form 282 times. It combines with 54 verbs of which 48 are monoprothetic and 6 diprothetic. El/i/ is its favorite verb, with which it occurs 173 times and of which it is the favorite preposition. It is the favor- ite preposition of 7 verbs and has a range of 8 ex- clusives, 4 being cma^ upiifiha. Uapa has no usurpa- tions. While a^vio) is found in Attic prose only in composition (except twice in Plato), and in Thu- s\ 12 COMTOSITION OF VkRP.S V 1 V WITH Prepositions 13 cydides only with ^«/>« and err l {Kara, once), yet the spheres of each are sharply defined. irepi nepl occurs 478 times. It has a range of 43 verbs, all of which are monoprothetic. Its favorite verb is ylyvo/uat, with which it combines 48 times. It is the favorite preposition of 3 verbs and is the ex- clusive of 2, both of which are ii'^; apyuha. W^p has no usurpations. Tzpo. H/;o occurs 80 times. It has a combinable range of 105 verbs, 69 being monoprothetic, 35 dipro- thetic and i triprothetic. Xw/>tw is its favorite verb with which it combines Z7 times. It is the favorite preposition of 7 verbs and is the exclusive preposition . of 6, I of which is ciTza^ tlpr^phov. Rpo has no usur- pations. rrpog. The preposition -por occurs in simple form 861 times. It has a combinable range of 74 verbs of which 56 are monoprothetic, 17 diprothetic and i tri- prothetic. Its favorite verb is [^d/JoK with which it occurs 67 times and of which it is also the favorite preposition, being a little in advance of h'^ It is claimed by 11 verbs as a favorite and by 2 as an exclusive. No ^tto^ tlpjjpeva and no usurpations oc- cur with ^poc vrrep. TTTf/y occurs 64 times and has a range of 11 verbs, all of which are monoprothetic. Its favorite verb is l^cimo, with which it occurs 9 times. It is not a favorite of any verb and has but i exclusive which is aira^ np7]fi£vnv. No usurpations. vTTo. The simple ino occurs 422 times. Its range of combinable verbs consists of 58, of which 45 are monoprothetic, 12 diprothetic and i triprothetic. Its favorite verb is (ipx^, with which it combines 94 times and of which it is the favorite preposition. 3 verbs claim it as their favorite preposition and 5 as an exclusive, of which i is aira^ elpjjfihov. In v-oTrrtvu and i'noroTztio we have usurpations of otztevu found only in Aristophanes, and roTzho used once by Eusta- thius, the Homeric commentator. 14 Composition of Verbs WITH Prepositions 15 THIRD PAPER II Statistical Tables This portion of the work consists of four tables.* The first shows all the simple verbs in Thucydides which combine with prepositions to form other verbs. It indicates the prepositions so used and the number of occurrences of both compounds and simples. It gives the complete statistics for monoprothetics based on simple verbs. I have taken no ac- count of compounds whose verbal elements are not referable to simple verbs. Accordingly I have omitted verbs like ^TrtKovpeo), TrfwOvfieofiat, kyxeipio), re- ferable to e7TiKovf)oc, dvim and x^h^ respectively. On the other hand such verbs as h^lSufit, ^vfiTrpoBv^eofiat, are included, being referable to the simples ^l^o)f^^ and 77 po6i\u£o/uat. A compound like nanjyopto)^ although the verbal element "^mop^^ does not exist, is in- cluded, since *^we6; is referable to ayopevco. An- other example is hudiaLrao^at {diaLrdo)). Such verbs are starred. The second table shows the same facts "^^^[^i^T^^raphical limitations of The Nevv York Latin Leaflet from whfch these papers are reprinted, made itnecessary to represent the m^n features of the original four tables in the two tables here dven The original four tables gave all the details herein. described, fnd can be consulted in the monograph (pp. 13-27) as originally pub- lished Tn Gern^an under the Me: Die mit Prdpositzonen ^usammen- gc^^tzUnV^ben bei Thukydides : Weidmannsche Buchhandlung : Berlin : 1895 : 47 S : M i, 60. for the diprothetics and triprothetics as the first table for the monoprothetics. The third table shows the different combinations of prepositions as seen in diprothetics and triprothetics. The fourth shows the relative range of the prepositions, their favorite verbs and statistics. It also combines for the sake of convenience some of the more salient points of the other tables. It is impossible that the statistics shown by the appended tables should be absolutely without error. Infallibility belongs only to the enthusiasm of youth. However, the statistics have been proved and reproved several times, and it is believed that no false impres- sions can be gotten from the figures indicated. Ill An Examination of the Statistics Introductory The preposition is a local adverb. The prevalent definition of the verb is predication. There is no kind of predication that does not imply motion, actual or potential. At any rate in the consideration of the preposition or its relation to the verb, we are justified in making that element predominant which is necessarily the most funda- mental. Motion in a verb, then, is that quality in a verb which is capable of direction. The fundamental notion of the preposition is one of place. The deviations from this notion, the trans- fers from place to time, or the paling out of the original color, all have their basis in the primal notion of place. i6 Composition of Verbs O '- o 3 I- ,. O 1-3 ^r^ 3 "^ ^ »o ■»* /^ »~ I- =L 3 3 =i-vC- 3 -« ^>j 3 3 O Ci. .1 1.&^ 's 4lAJJ:5.MJ-3 Si 9|dLUlS spunoduioD JO 9SuBi Ul ^UB^ M t-H M M M HH h-l ONoo cnO t^'-' "-lO ininN cn^tvoO l^^^ ^^ ^^^ M M M MM H^MM d3Jd MBj -B qDll[A\ •A\ sqj9A 10 n rtoo CO CO M vO O r^ CO t^ M CO a M M M M M qa3A 9;U0AB} -AV s9DU9janDoo _i.^_^ ^1 M r^oo coxno ^O coco r-i>0^ 5^ 5- C^ ^ 'J coao o O c^ CO r- rf coO a i_i M M C4 M M vn.3riUd/3 ^viiv M M M MM S9ATSnpX3 1^ O coao r--coO u->mmcoc^vOC^>-'»^ sDn9q:ioadux in SDU9qioadiQ r-* c< CO "^ c^ o^ C^ M CO M C^ O O CO M c^ SDUsqi -oadouoj^ sqj9A JO 9SU'B"^ 9|duilS JO S90U9JinDDO i-»co c< 00 in in rx r^ rf M O^co in M CO "^ M N CO CO 00 a O CI O "^ "^O "^ in i^oo M O CO O in CO in-'i-cO'^coin'rfMCO c^ CI c^ "^ "^ r^ '^■^ in CO CO O O M O inco t^ M M w c>inc-* -^c^ C>0 M coco r-^co O O CI ^O CO O M '^ CO "H- (L) .-. Q- t/) ^ -s ^f^ "P -3 "r* 'C 'G 'S 'CJ *<:: '■<> >to "^ ^e ^a i_ I r:. ^ CL^® '^ ^'^ ^'^ , fe fc vl e cir e. ci. t^ ^ .Si' i ^u^ N t^ N b -=D-=^ T WITH Prepositions liable II S/iOTvincr Pret^ositional Ramycs 17 <( I ( S—Paivo)^ epxojuat (eWeiv)^ ?ia^i3dvcj^ Number of verbs combining with: 16 prepositions : i — /3ttZ/iw 13 12 prepositions : 2—nif)to) (9) -ofiai (3), eljut 9 prepositions : 6— a>7f//w, /3^/3dfw, j'pa^w, Kaleu^ M. ITU, OIKEU 8 prepositions : 5— //fi^w, rdcrcrw, re/;^/f6;, (paivD^ X^P^^ 7 " : 7 — a/^^'/^-dcrjw, ytyvuaKO)^ ddov^ elnov^ ttol- 6 prepositions : is—f^or/dio)^ dixo/iaL^ (h(l)KG)^ fA/cw, yKCj^ KfHVD (3) -o//rt/ (3), voeD (3) -o/za^ (3), ok/fw (4) -oiiai (2), 6^)dw, 6f)fiiC(o, TToXejueu, anevdi^o)^ aravpSa), arpecpu^ t£?Jo) 5 prepositions : 22—d}uvii;o/uai, alpu^ podu^ SeUvv/uc, elp. yo), epydi^o/iai^ r/yeojuat^ laxo), Kelevu (3) -o//«f (2), klv6v^ Vebu^ KOTTTio, KpOVG)^ At) W, ?A>U, judxO/IGl^ TTljUTTAff/U^ TrXf^pOU^ pr/yvvjui^ CTTrdw, ari/Joj^ rpiTTu^ (j>evycd^ ojOecj 4 prepositions : iS—dyopevcj^ aKovu^ dnTu (3) .oiiat (i), fSovlevG) (3) -o^a^(i), J^rJ/jd^T/cw, rJi^w, klavvu^ epo)^ ^^0^(3) -o/za^ (l), K?.yG)^ Krdofiat^ /uiyvvjui^ infivyGKO)^ bfptiAcj^ ttoAu opK^D^ TcpdaoLj^ GKOTricj^ (popeo) 3 prepositions 2 V «4 32 97 181 Total not including 10 middles : 387 i8 Composition of Verbs It is unnecessary to demonstrate the interdepend- ence and kinship of the notions of motion and olace Place involves motion just as the preposition involves the verb. It also lies implicitly in the na- ture of the subject that certain forms of motion will have a natural affinity for certain relations of place, while some forms of both motion and place will absolutely refuse to coalesce. This >s dt,e to the different modifications of motion assumed by the verb By modification of motion, we mean : the al- teration of its color, the definition of its kind, or the indication of its direction. Absolutely pure motion is free from such modification. If there were a verb which designated motion without reference to color, direction or kind, it could be said to express pure motion. But pure motion does not exist in language. Language begins with concrete notions, however general the application which the expres- sion of that notion may have had, after the notion had once taken form. Thus there are verbs vv-^^iich express motion in a more general way than others. E g dfH, however concrete the notion for .vhich it originally stood, is used for so many different kinds of motion, that, for purposes of these papers, it can be said to express relatively pure motion. The motion in a verb may be modified either in- ternally or externally. -/ N WITH Prepositions 19 mJ 1i^ FOURTH PAPER Internal AIodification For purposes of the present papers, verbs may be divided into two classes: those expressing actual motion, and those expressing potential motion. Verbs of actual motion include those verbs which express motion with its kind, direction or color more or less distinctly marked. Verbs of potential motion include verbs of existence, speech, thought, perception. Verbs expressing relatively pure motion are rare, but language does not require many. The verbs el/u^ epXOfZQL (kA6tiv) and more remotely, fiairu)^ furnish the best examples of relatively pure motion in the language. That dut is well selected is attested by the follow- ing considerations: I It is used for various kinds of motion without distinction. Thus, for zvalking: II 7 213: 7ro(7(7Lv 7/U finKf)d iStf-iuc; for hastening: Od 15 213: a7j: avTog Kalkov dovp slaerai ; for ^ight of birds: II 17 756; for the motion of things: II 3 611: neleKvgelGLvdLcuhvpoq-^ etc. II It is shown by the al- most equal balance of the "whither" and "whence" re- lations as seen in the composition of the verb with the 20 Composition of Verbs prepositions o-Trh and ^pk. a-t'iu occurring 22, times and -/'««'/« 29 times. This consideration is not set aside by the fact that i^~^ occurs 83 times m compo- sition with this verb, because i-l is hostile, the sphere of i'lha,. in Thucydides being military— a fact constantly to be borne in mind. Hence the pre- ponderance of f'Ti is of no account in this connection. •E,,X0'uu(e7Mv) is a good example also, as shown by the following facts: I It is frequently used with a supplementary participle showing the manner or the kind of the motion. Thus, // n 715 : 'z^'^' '^^r^'<^«' »'^ 10 510: '^^>iimvoQmij<:\ Od 6 Ao: ^oM',mv ,m<'^»^\ 11 5 204: m:iK e'M/^ovHa ; of flying: Od 14 334- I" fact the use of this verb of the motion of spears, javelins, or of natural phenomena such as rivers, wind and storm, clouds and stars, time and sound is too frequent to need confirmatory references and quite sufficient to denote the relative purity of the idea of motion contained in it. II Another evidence is furnished bv the fact that ii>.X"f^"' plays the part ot present to both '}^<^ and '«W", two verbs of motion with exactly opposite points of view. Ill Here again we find that same prepositional balance as in the case of *'/", except that in this case the preposi- tions are i^« and em, a^ipxoi"^' {^-^1.) and e^W'>/'ai (em/Mv) each occurring 76 times. Next to «/" and f/'A","«' ('>''""). though by a consid- erable interval, ranks i^ain.,. In .3a,V<. at least the color becomes visible. Yet no little freedom is also here manifest, as a participle often accompanies the verb to show the kind of motion. Thus, // 2 167: prj kliaca ; and id 2 665 : l^v ^f^)'""- Another evidence y WITH Prepositions 21 is that certain tenses of l^ah'io are represented by f///^ and t()xofiai {fWht). These three verbs, ^li^t^ tpxo/uai (t/Mv) and i^aln.)^ sus- tain very much the same relation to what are ordi- narily classed in the grammars as verbs of motion, as TTo/Zw does to what are more broadly termed verbs of action. The moment color is given to the motion of a verb, that moment internal modification sets in and the sphere of the verb is narrowed. The first curtail- ment is given to the idea of motion in the expression of its character or kind. Thus, ;:^^//>6>, -tfi-u^ -i-rco, (ptfKo^ 'LOTi/fu^ Ti6i/iu^ Q'(j; and ^'/-tio. 6tu), T()f(pio, ctc. Still further curtailment, and more important in this con- nection, is seen in verbs which express with greater or less definiteness, the direction of their motion. Thus, f'/'Kco^ (uxo[iai^ 6i(l)Kt.)^ aKo/.ovfiio). etc. Verbs in which the idea of motion is obscured or even lost in the color of the action, form another group, by far the largest, owing to the almost endless varieties of activity. As soon as a new activity is introduced into life, a new verb is created in language. Thus the history of the verb becomes the history of civili- zation. It is evident that verbs like "^/.tM^, ;H^/w, fwxofinf^ etc, have more color or are more picturesque than f/7//, 7Tt-^/77L) or vkco; while verbs like fit>X('^, /c/frrr^j, o/JiVfif^ Kai(.)^ etc, possess still less motion if not indeed also still more color. Thus, the idea of motion may be almost wholly supplanted as in verbs like fi'^^w and ^iijOKu). Thus we see that the idea of motion in a verb is modified internally in color, kind or direc- tion. 0^ \ * 22 COMPOSITIOX OF VeRBS External Modification In external modification the problem is simpler. It it not germane to our subject to discuss here the ex- ternal limitations of motion effected by adverbial or adnominal means. Such influences do not effect any change in the character of the motion expressed by the verb. I have already defined what I mean by the term modification. External modification is limited to direction and hence to the prepositions. We have to do here with prepositions in composition only. Our subject might be stated thus: The limits set to external modification by internal modification. It is evident that certain kinds of motion are inconsistent with certain varieties of direction. Such limitations are natural. Again certain other kinds of motion may be so characteristic of certain departments of literature as to be confined more or less strictly to these depart- ments. On the other hand, the department may be of such a nature as to exclude certain varieties of direction or of modification. Again, the affiliation of a certain kind of motion for a certain direction may be so strong as bv that very fact to refuse affiliation with other directions in no way hostile in themselves thus bringimr about usurpation from the point of view of tiie direction, and exclusion from the point of view of motion. Such limitations are empirical and artificial. Having thus seen that the principal elements at the basis of verb and preposition are motion, place, direc- tion let us see how these elements affect the compo- ./ WITH PkEI'OSITIOXS 23 sition of verbs with prepositions, so far as indicated by the language of Thucydides ; and what light they throw on the questions of range, affinity, favoritism, loss of color, etc, announced at the beginning of our discussion. Perhaps the most practical way of getting at a re- sult is to collect all the verbs having the greatest com- binable range of prepositions together, and place side by side with them those verbs having the next high- est range, and so on to a point where a clear observa- tion can be made of the change which takes place in the kind, direction or character of the motion ex- pressed by them, as their prepositional ranges be- come narrower. See Table II, page 17, for a list arranged for this purpose. As I have already shown, relatively pure motion is best seen in cl/J-iy ^/M'^V^'^^^ (t/Oelr) and ,^(iiy(^. This mo- tion is stamped with a certain character in the verbs, ISd?:Ao), ayo). txo), (pepu, etc, is given manner in 7TA£io^ TT/Trrw, 'i(77?/iN, dfo), ctc, dircctlou in '/'vw, /f/Vw, kKouai, (hG)KO), etc, while in verbs like //'lv'V^^^ avcr.K'Ko), etc, the color of the action is more prominent than the notion of motion, which continues to grow less in apX(^, (U'G), ye/do), and is scarcely felt at all in //'^//^>w, ei'f^o;. 6nj(7K(i), The same variation in color is also seen in verbs expressing potential motion. Thus, in verbs of ex- istence, f^i/i'i and yiyvoiifu may be taken as being most nearly colorless. The metaphysical idea of motion in such verbs often becomes physical when given direction. But the idea of motion fades out ;^s the \ 24 Composition of Verbs WITH Prepositions 25 idea of existence gives place to condition. Cf s<^w, evdaiuovtb). In like manner, in the case of verbs of speech, ayoptvu)^ eIttov and '/tyt-o {(prj^n not occurring in compo- sition) may be said to be most nearly colorless. But the idea of speech assumes character in /vo/fw aad ypdcpu^* still more so in /3oaw, (hiKw/u/^ still more so in ijjr^(l)t^o)-ojuaij bfivvfii^ /uaprvptu-ofiaf^ and becomes faint in Again in verbs of thought and perception. This va- riety of potential motion finds its purest expression in the verbs votD-onai^ y^rcjcTKco (olofiai not being used in composition), becoming colored in Kpivu-ofja/ on the one hand, and in d(hv, opdcj a,nd (iko no on the other; while in //////'// n^,), (poStu and I/ttKio the mobility of the thought is replaced by color, and in aindarouai and juavddro) the notions of thought and perception are mixed. It appears therefore from this general survey of the combinable verbs, with the aid of the statistical tables given above, that the range of prepositions is largest in the case of those verbs which express motion most nearly in its purity, actual or potential, physical or in the form of existence, speech, thought, or perception; and as those notions give place to definition of color, kind or direction, the range of prepositions grows less. That is to say : /;/ general, the range of combinable prepositions of a verb is in direct ratio to the nearness with which the verb expresses pure motion. ♦The constructions o{ ypCK^Lo ]w%\.\{y this classification. Until other authors are examined in the same way, however, we cannot safely go further than to say that the indications for Thucydides point in this direction, and even here there are a few possible ob- jections. These are not many and not difficult to answer. f 26 CoMPOSiTiOxN OF Verbs A WITH Prepositions 27 FIFTH PAPER Objections Refuted I It may be urged that /M//w, although not ex- pressing pure motion as we have defined it, inasmuch as the character of the motion is designated, never- theless has a larger range of prepositions than any other verb including any of those instanced as verbs of relatively pure motion. That is to say, ;^^''//^ heads the list with a range of 16 prepositions, no other single verb in Thucydides having more than 14. 'Ttto is the onlv preposition out of the 17 proper prose prepositions with which it does not combine. But both aucpl and i'^o are in its Homeric range. On the other hand, due has a range of only 12, n^X<>H^" (^'^''") 13, and l^aivco 13. In reply, there are three considera- tions that must not be overlooked: (i) Not one of the verbs dut^ epxoiuu {^/(itiv) and :^(i'^'^'> has in its sim- ple form a complete tense-system, and hence they supply each other's deficiencies. Take the three verbs as one, however, and the range of prepositions in- creases to 15. (2) The absence of ovr> from the range of dm. ^pxofiai (tvem') and M'^'^^-^ is significant. It is due to the intense feeling of ^ht/. This con- sciousness of cirr} shows itself in other ways to be noticed later on. Its sensitiveness is so marked as to attract a verb of more feeling or color than mere motion, and hence it is found with verbs like ayiDvl^oimc^ elrrov^ 'igt7//u, Taaau)^ etc. This community of feeling between verb and preposition we shall have occasion to notice again in still other manifestations. That the feeling of ''^^'^ in composition is stronger than that of any other preposition, appears in dipro- thetics and triprothetics. Its range of diprothetics relative to its whole combinable range is greater than that of any other preposition and it is first element in 5 out of 9 triprothetics. (3) t"^'^'^'^^' is a military term. Thucydides is a military history. Every possible turn to perhaps the most comprehensive mili- tary term in the whole range of the language, would most naturally be necessary, owing to the military character of the department. This would account for the large prepositional range of -'■'>>''' in Thucydides. In Homer on the other hand, where the department is the same, its range is limited to 14, including the poetic «o///, v/hile /^'?/i"<'> alone has a range of I5< which increases to 17, counting ^i!'oi in connection with epxofifii^ (d/Mv) and din, nrr} still being the missing link. This infiuence of department manifests itself again in a negative way in Demosthenes, where -^'///'-^ stands 15 (daSaZ-Zi'^ the most military of all military terms, naturally being missing), while the duf-tpx^'!^^^'- and i^nivG) — combination stands 16. II Another objection of very much the same sort might be raided from the fact that }/"'ot^ in the verbs of speech, has a range of 9 prepositions, which is larger than that of any of the verbs cited as express- in^ relatively pure speech, ('r^opevD, drrov or /«^;f«^ /^. 28 Composition of Verbs True, ayopevu has a range of but 4, nTzov 7, and /^';w 5. But here again, as in the case of verbs of rela- tively pure physical motion, no one of the verbs makes a complete system of Attic tenses. Taken collectively they have a range of 10 prepositions. Tpdc^io had the advantage in that it started life as a verb of actual motion. Its later legal sphere was again in its favor. That >y^^/oa> should get the better of the verbs most nearly colorless in the orators, is what would be expected from the legal technique employed in that department. Accordingly, in De- mosthenes, the proportion is 13 for }/>«9^, as against 8 for the group ayopd'u^ el-ov and >h ^^• III A third objection may be found in the narrow range of prepositions of the verbs LKvhfnu and ^rt'/.'/M), in which the notion of motion clearly predom- inates. Here again the community of feeling be- tween verb and preposition comes into play, espe- cially in the case of lnvtofiai. In lnvtoiiat, ''arrive", the point of view of the motion is 'Svhence". The notion is not so much ''Come to", as ''come from to". Hence «^o is the preposition for which iavto^aL has the strongest affinity. But the addition of (iTTo did not create any modification in the idea of the verb. The notion was still "arrive", the point of view of the motion being simply reinforced. Now began a race between iKvtouai and h6iKvto( in 17 diprothetics, while of triprothetics, «'"' has 5. V f { V/ k WITH Prepositions 37 and ^t'^ 7r/)d, tt^joc and ^'^ro, have each one. The ab- sence of £7r2 in triprothetics would seem to militate against this view, but coincident with this absence, it occurs as a second element in 8 out of the 9 tri- prothetics in Thucydides, reinforced by (ivrl in 5 out of the 8 cases and by T^m in one, thus indicating the fading out of the color of ^tt^ in diprothetics. This tendency to make that combination in which there will be the most strength, shows itself in an- other way. In the formation of a diprothetic, when there exists a choice between monoprothetics in EK or oTrd, or between f/f and '^m, or between ^^^'« and cLVTi, the forms in f/c, ^k and ^«'« are chosen. The exceptions can usually be explained. Thus ay(o (see Table II) has f« instead of (i^o as second element in diprothetics ; f v^^ f /^ 3 times, «7ro once ; epxofiai^ EK instead of arro ; 't(jr?/iLLt does not count, as other considerations are involved, such as loss of color of Kara and the military character of a^/W/////, accounting for the preponderance of these elements here. In this phenomenon we are limited to the class of diprothetics which represent the plastic side. Naturally enough, those simples predominate here in which the motion is least obscured. Where modification is necessary, room and mobility are needed. It follows that the second elements of diprothetics represent two opposite conditions of things: ist, loss of color of the preposition; 2d, vividness of preposition. In the first case, rein- forcement was aimed at; in the second, modification of the idea of the verb. Hence there is greater diprothetic feeling in the latter class than in the .aws^-^fawsw:* 1 38 Composition of Verbs former, and from this follows the comparative ease with which diprothetics of the former class were formed and their consequent preponderance over the latter class. In triprothetics, the principle of reinforcement again is chiefly operative, and here naturally enough, the second element is the least conscious. It is noticeable that £77! is second element in 8 of the 9 triprothetics in Thucydides. Summary In the foregoing discussion I have succeeded in deducing the following general principle for Thu- cydides : In general the range of coinbinable prepositions of a verb is in direct ratio to the nearness with which the verb expresses pure motion. From the demonstration of this theorem can be deduced the following corollaries: 1 A verb unites most readily and first with that preposition which is in a sense an extension of its own meaning. 2 The converse is also true, that that preposition has the greatest affinity for those verbs which are in line with its own direction. 3 The character of a verb is best shown by its favorite prepositions, or more narrowly, the best index of a verb is its favorite preposition. 4 The converse is also true, that the character of a preposition is best shown by its favorite verbs. t; Favoritism is extension, extension leads to ex- i }• WITH Prepositions 39 elusion, exclusion leads to usurpation. All con- tribute toward the loss of color of the preposition. 6 Loss of color in the preposition is attended with a decline of the simple, a narrow range of com- binable prepositions, followed, perhaps, by emerg- ence in late Greek of the simple or of a strength- ened compound. 7 Those monoprothetics which are extensions of their simples or which reinforce the point of view of the simple, enter most into diprothetic compo- sition. 8 Those prepositions which preponderate in monoprothetics, preponderate also as second ele- ments in diprothetics. 9 Those prepositions have lost most color which appear most as second elements in diprothetics. 10 Those prepositions are most conscious which appear as first elements in diprothetics. 11 In general, in the formation of diprothetics from a given simple, the formation is made on the basis of the monoprothetics in f«, f'C and nard, in- stead of in ano^ TTpog and avrl^ where choice is pos- sible. 12 In triprothetics, the first element is the most conscious, the second the least, while the third is variable. It is the operation of the above principles that defines the Limitations of the Composition of Verbs with Prepositions in Thucydides. % /4 ;»»«»«-« s \ l5;0LUMBIA UNIVERSITY 0032018649 w\ ( V « ■<3^^» •v«^,ifc^Hii»&«w«^'^