COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE .HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD Dk-ooA yX64068323 HIV29 Ami Around the world den RECAP Columbia Bnib intbeCitpofBetogorfe College o( ^fjp^icians anb burgeons ^^ ji^eference Itibrarp Presented by k DR. WILLIAM J. OIES^^ to enrich the lihrary resources a^ja.il&hle to holders ofthe GlES FELLOWSHIP in Biolosicdl Chemistry Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/aroundworlddentiOOambl TRACK OF STEAMSHIP CITY OF CLEVELAND ON CRUISE AROUND THE WORLD. AROUND THE WORLD DENTISTRY BY HENRY LOVEJOY AMBLER, M.S., D.D.S., M.D., D.H. AUTHOR OF TIN FOIL AND ITS COMBINATIONS FOR FILLING TEETH. FACTS, FADS AND FANCIES ABOUT TEETH. HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN OHIO DENTAL ASSOCIATION. MEMBER NATIONAL DENTAL ASSOCIATION. OHIO STATE DENTAL SOCIETY. NORTHERN OHIO DENTAL ASSOCIATION. CLEVELAND CITY DENTAL SOCIETY. IN PREPARATION: HISTORY OF DENTISTRY IN CLEVELAND, OHIO. ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR. cleveland, ohio. The Judson Printing Co. 1910 ^D DOO ^i^^^ '^y ^^^ ^^^ land, and crossing the equator twice, and looking for dentistry all the time, is what the writer has been doing, and he proposes in the following pages to present a brief sketch of dentistry as he found it, together^wit^ several "snap shots" which have never appeared in public. Copyrighted 1910, by HENRY LOVEJOY AMBLER. All rights reserved. The Hamburg--American Steamship Cleveland left New York October i6th, 1909, with six hundred and fifty passengers, bound on a cruise around the world, and let it be said, that this is the first time that any ship with a load of passengers ever went entirely around the world. It remained for the Yan- kees (Clark's) to inaugurate such a stupendous undertaking. Eight days out from New York we arrived at Madiera, a pro- vince of Portugal. Funchal, the main city, beautifully set in a background of loity hills, has about 50,000 inhabitants, includ- ing seven or eight hundred English, but the natives generally are in a state of ignorance and superstition. According to the laws of Portugal, no one can practice dentistry without passing an examination in the medical school of Lisbon, Coimbra or Oporto. The dentist (Jayme De Sa), whom we saw here two years ago, has departed, leaving the field to Agevedo Ramos, who is a native but took his D. D. S. in Chicago; his office is in the third story of a good building in the busy part of the citv. In Gibraltar, F. B. Bostwick, D. D. S., has an office on the main street; the double door opens onto the sidewalk, and on one door there is ani oblong, well-polished brass plate, viz. : Dr. F. B. Bostwick, D. D. S., Dentist; you have to ring the bell before you can enter, then go up one flight of stairs to his office, which is a good one ; we were told he was the best in the city of 28,000 population. Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean and to the commerce of nations, and is owned by the British. Joseph Vazquez, Surgeon-Dentist in Gibraltar, has an office on the main street, the door of a hallway opens onto the side- walk, and on the building on a large brass plate appears his name as above. Go up one flight of stairs to his office, which is in a two-story building — this is the height of most of the build- ings on the street. We took a snapshot of the brass plate and doorway. We saw a sign on a window, viz. : Barber — Shampooing — Teeth Extracted. We saw Parke, Davis & Co.'s preparations on sale here in drug stores. Naples occupies one of the most beautiful sites in the world and has a population of about 564,000, including ninety dentists, among whom are no Americans, one Englishman, two Germans, one of whom has his wife for an assistant, and A. Augusto, D. D. S. (U. S. A.), the rest are mostly natives. The best dentists here generally have offices in their residences, still there are a great many who have offices in public buildings. Here is a pic- ture of a sign sixteen feet long. OFFICE FROXT OF JOSEPH VASOUEZ. For the second time in two years we called on Dr. Vincenzo Guerini, Surgeon-Dentist of the Surgical Clinic of the univer- sity, appointed to the Royal House, editor of the Journal L'Odonto Stomatologia. He has a beautiful suite of offices and several assistants. Again we saw the life-size bronze bust of the lamented Dr. W. D. ^filler, but the bust of Dr. T. W. Brophy had been sent to him in Chicago. DEXTAL SIGN IX NAPLES. OFFICE OF DR. GUERINI, NAPLES. If a native studies for six years and graduates as an M. D. he is entitled to practice medicine, surgery or dentistry. If an alien wishes to practice dentistry, he must pass an examination and obtain the degree of M. D. from one of the Royal Italian universities. The government has appointed a special commis- sion for the purpose of drafting a special dental law, and many hope to see a dental college established on the plan of the Amer- ican dental college. Port Said has three dentists, Jean M. Anagnostopoulo, N. Gallery, George Stamphi. Luxor one, As- OFFICE OF DR. STFFN, CAIRO. souit two, Assouan one, Suez two, Tantah four, Zagazig one. There were no dental "ads" in the directories of any of the above places. In Alexandria there are twenty-two dentists ; among them A. F. Leuty, an American, who has relatives in Gleveland, Ohio. Among others are Mile. Florence, J. Antonopoulo, N. Haviaro- poulos, G. Mastorakis, A. Tambacopoulo. C. Ash and Sons have a dental depot here. PYRAMIDS— CAIRO. From left to right : — Miss Hills, Mrs. Ambler, H. L,. Ambler. Cairo, with a population of about 750,000, has fifty-seven dentists, among them, F. H. Henry, who was graduated from the Kansas City Dental College, and has been here about six years. J. Francis Steen, from Toronto, successor to Charles Fa- ber, has been here two years, and is finely located opposite Shep- heard's Hotel, in a fashionable part of the city DAXIELE GALLERY'S SIGN, CAIRO. There are three native dentists here who went to the United States for a degree and then returned to practice ; among the other dentists, several nationalities are represented, as can easily be inferred : A. Alcee, J. Bauer, C. Bertomy, M. Ciardi Ciardo, H. Demirdjan, Aly El Bakey, G. Flexor, D. Maria Glantz, Mile. S. Hekimian, Henriette Hornik, Mile. A. Pantazopoulon, Mme. E. Stein. Many of these have good offices and equipment. Dan- iele Callery, Surgeon-Dentist, has a sign (French and Arabic) several feet wide, which reaches across the street. 10 Dr. Gatineau keeps in a drug store window for an "ad" a g-lass-covered frame about ten by twelve inches, which contains twelve macroscopic sections of human teeth and six teeth with gold shell crowns. The following picture shows Mr. L. Nadel, the druggist (chemist here), in the courtyard of his store hold- ing the elass case referred to so that the writer could get a snap-shot. L. XADIiL, CAIRO. In the dental depot of Ash & Sons we saw Tricresol and Formalin, the combination prepared by Dr. Buckley of Chi- cago; also the orthodontia appliances of Dr. Angle, and several of White's productions, and a foreign atlas of Radiographs, showing the development of the first and second denture ; also the Zepto Antiseptic Tartar Remover which is a pencil made of fine tooth powder, held together with a binding substance. 'Tt will whiten the teeth and is harmless in every particular. When the point is worn off it can be sharpened with a knife. Moisten 11 the end of the pencil in water, and rub the teeth with medium pressure until the tartar is removed — any child can use it." Sabas J. Mohbat has a large hosiery store in connection with a few dental goods ; here we saw Oxapara from Ransom and Randolph; Cavitine, files, carborundum wheels from White's, and a German punch for punching holes in metal back- ings, exactly the size of the pins and their distance apart in the artificial tooth ; it was a simple instrument, but eft'ective. We saw a placard, viz. : ''Customers are requested to pay prompt cash their purchase in precious metals." MUMMY OF RAMSe;S II. Mr. Mohbat said there was kind of a dental college in Con- stantinople in connection with the medical college, and that since the young Turks came into power, that anyone who wishes to practice dentistry must pass an examination before the Medico- Dental Board ; a dentist from Cairo cannot go to Constantinople and practice without first passing this board. No dental college in Cairo, and practically no dental books for sale. A person who presents a genuine diploma from a regularly incorporated and properly recognized dental college in the United States can practice dentistry here upon application and identifi- cation at the Sanitary Department. 12 "One day we went to see one of the oldest gates in Cairo, which is supposed to be haunted by an evil spirit. Several old women approached the gate cautiously, spit three times over their left shoulder, to exorcise the demon, and then peered be- hind the door with much the same expression that some of their sex in the Occident assume, when they look timidly under a bed at night. They wanted to see if the evil spirit was at home, but the demon was evidently out that day. Accordingly, the women left what answered for their cards. One inserted in a crevice of the gate an old tooth, and hobbled away, believing MUMMY OF PRIKST. she would thenceforth have no toothache ; another tied a lock of hair to a rusty nail, believing this would exempt her from headache." — Stoddard. In the great Egyptian museum we saw the mummy of Ramses the Second (19th dynasty), and it looked as if during the process oi mummification there had been a paste used which at present covers all the teeth except one-half of the upper right cuspid and a portion of the buccal surface of a bicuspid. The mummy is five feet and eight inches in height. The mummy of Mahir Pra (jpriest) of the eighteenth dy- nasty shows three upper incisors which are very good and have not been filled. 13 The mummy of Lady Amanit, a priestess of Hathon, has the mouth partly open showing a full denture of good teeth, without any fillings as far as we could observe. This mummy w^as reclining in a glass case, but as tourists are not allowed to carry cameras into the museum, and no official had photographed her, we are unable ta present her picture. Mummies generally do not show their teeth, because they were covered with embalming paste, or the lips have not shrunken enough to show them. Some of the dentists here advertise by having large glass cases, outdoors fastened to the wall, filled with dental speciijiens. We present a picture of one. CASE OF DEXTAL SPECIMENS. ^Mohammedans were formerly forbidden to have a tooth extracted without permission from the Sultan. Mahomet re- quired the faithful to wash their mouths three times before en- tering a mosque. Here we purchased a book of two hundred and fifty pages bound in paper and entitled Prompt Aid to the Injured; it is a translation into Arabic of a book sold in the United States un- der a similar title, and many of the illustrations are just the same. We saw Glycothymoline, Listerine, and other United States dentifrices for sale in the pharmacies. In speaking about oriental dentistry, Sir Henry Layard says: "I had slept little, as I was suffering from toothache. 14 The Sheik declared there was a skillful dentist in the encamp- ment, and I made up my mind to put myself in his hands. He was accordingly sent for and proved to be a tall, muscular Arab, whose instruments consisted of a short knife or razor and a kind of iron awl. He bade me sit on the ground, and then took my head firmly between his knees. After cutting away the gums he applied the awl to the roots of the tooth, and, striking the other end of it with all his might expected to^ see the tooth fly into the air, but it was a double one, and not to be removed by such means. The awl slipped and made a severe wound in my palate. He insisted on a second trial, declaring he was sure to succeed, but the only result was that he broke ofif a large piece of the tooth, and I had suffered sufficient agony to decline a third experiment." Bombay, India, population about 800,000, has about 150 dentists ; Americans, D. H. Davidson, Chicago Col. Dent. Sur. ; H. P. Neeper, Dent. Col., Keokuk, Iowa; W. N. Winder, St. Louis University; one Australian with his D. D. S. from the United States; six others are English, and the rest are natives, bad and indifferent. Fees of American dentists are about viz. : Gold fillings, $3.00 to $8.00 ; amalgam or cement, $3.00 ; extrac- tion, $3.00; upper or lower denture on vulcanite, $40.00. Missionaries receive a reduction from the above fees. While the writer was there, a meeting was held of the Bom- bay branch of the British Medical Association, before which was being considered a bill "For the Registration of Medical Prac- titioners in Bombay," but as for dentistry, anybody who pleases can try to- practice. No dentists advertise in the city directory, but some of the English and native dentists have a standing ''card" in the daily paper. If there are any dental books here they are published in English. No dental journal, college or society, so far as we know, in India. The American dentists operate by appointment, and they say patients seldom fail to keep their dates. There are many Parsees here, but they are very clannish, and only patronize a Parsee dentist. In Dr. Winder's office we saw a circular fan 20 inches in diameter, mounted on an upright base which stood on the floor; it was run at a slow speed by a kerosene oil lamp, which heated the air inside of a cylinder. 15 There is a surgical supply house here which keeps a few dental goods from S. S. White, London and Berlin ; we saw gold foil cylinders from Carl Wolrab, Leipzig. We present a picture of Khunderao Dentist (at the right) and his brother, taken on the street around the corner from his office, and another picture of the brother, who is a dentist, stand- ing in front of the office ; on the roof is a sign in English, Hindu KHUNDERAO AND HIS BROTHER. and Arabic. After "going the rounds" we must admit that this office caps the climax. The office ( ?) front is under the sign, and it only presents the appearance of a black hole. This office is at the edge of the sidewalk, on a busy street, and is about six feet high, five long and four wide, and is built of boards ; about two and one-half feet above the sidewalk is the floor of the office on which the dentist and his patients sit, as there are no chairs or stools ; hanging on the wall is a small glass 16 case with a few pairs of forceps and crude instruments and a full denture on vulcanite. He showed me a letter in reply to one he wrote to the Consolidated Dental Manufacturing Co. of New York; he chews betel nut, which produces an expectoration about the color of strong tobacco juice; this makes his teeth a dark brownish-yellow and finally black ; he wears a small black skullcap, a loose dark colored cotton shirt and trousers, and KHUNDERAO'S OFFICE. over all a thin, black coat. The betel nut is used by a great many men, and some women, in tropical countries as a substi- tute for tobacco. It is sold at small native stands and by street peddlers. The "chaw" is made up viz. : An oblate green leaf with a peppery taste, about two by three inches taken from a climbing vine called Piper, is placed in the hand and the upper side of the leaf is partly daubed with a paste of lime (sometimes made by burning coral), then over this is daubed a paste of some aromatic herb (which has the odor of allspice), or a little 17 catechu, or myrrh, or tobacco, flavoring it to suit their cus- tomers, then on all this is placed some small pieces of betel nut and the leaf is folded into a small triangular fprm ready to be placed between the cheek and teeth; if the vendor of such "chaws" makes up any in advance, he puts a small wooden pin into the leaf, after he folds it, so as to keep it from unfolding. Of course, the pin is removed before placing the "chaw" in the mouth. The betel nut grows in clusters on a small slim tree, called the Areca nut palm ; it has a thick husk, inside of which is a nut about the size of an ordinary nutmeg (of which it re- minds us), the nut is generally cut into thin slices before being used. In a volume entitled "Imperial Guide to India," appears the following: "J. M. Tarachand, Dental Surgeon (from Guy's Hospital, London), Albert building, Hornby road, Fort Bom- bay. The best dental establishment in Bombay where high- class dental work is done." An "ad" from a Bombay daily newspaper, viz. : "Dental Surgeon, M. S. Nicholson, best artificial teeth guaranteed to fit well, painless extraction under local anesthetics, decayed teeth permanently filled in with silver, cement or gold, 37 Hornby Road." Several resident American dentists in different parts of India told the writer that there was no dental law, and from what he has seen he is fully prepared to believe it. We note that W. H. Michael, in regard to India, says : "Regularly grad- uated dentists, before they can practice, must take out a license, which is simply a municipal tax." Yes, but what about the thousands of irregulars who never saw or even heard of a dental college? We saw Glycothymoline, Sozodont, Colgate's and Graves' dentifrices for sale here. The fakirs in India, in order to gain respect, sympathy and backsheesh (tips), will hold a piece of red-hot iron between their teeth until it becomes cold. The snake charmers extract the venomous fangs of poisonous snakes before they perform with them ; nevertheless 20,000 persons die here yearly from snake bites. The rosary is generally worn in Eastern countries by Budd- hists, Hindus, Mohammedans, etc., and the beads are made of stone, wood, bone, ivory, coral or pearl, but some use human teeth in place of beads. These rosaries are used to tally their worship, and the number of beads in a rosary varies greatly. 18 • Mr. E. S. Wright says : "At Delhi the Hindoo men go to the well — generally a pool — and sit on the steps with their feet in the water and take their brass bowls and pour water over their naked bodies, and the surplus runs back into the pool, then they take another bowl full and rinse out their mouths and clean their teeth and spit the surplus into the pool ; then they take a bowlful of this water to drink. After this the women come and fill brass jars with water and carry it away for domes- tic use." In India we saw the seller of lemonade with his gaily deco- rated glass vessel on his back, and his clinking brass cups in his hand, shouting, "A remedy for the heat — cheer up your hearts. Take care of your teeth." Dr. L. told the writer that he saw a native bathing in the Irawaddy river, and when he had finished he dipped his finger and thumb in the mud and scoured his teeth. Agra, India, has about 180,000 population, mostly natives, and only four dentists, all of whom are natives and have learned what little they know about dentistry from some itinerant dentist who has been in the city, or else they have gone to Bombay (849 miles away) and worked in some dental office for a short time and then returned home and put out their sign as dentist. This they can easily do, as there is no law to prevent anybody from practicing — or trying to. Wazirkhan is the name of one of the dentists. Pasted on the wall of an old one-story building we saw a large piece of paper, on which was printed. Painless Dentistry. Occasionally an English dentist comes here and stops at the hotel, and prac- tices for a few weeks. This is the city where the Taj-Mahal (Tomb of Mahal), the most magnificent architectural structure in the world, is located. The island of Ceylon is two hundred and forty by one hun- dred and seventy miles, and is a British crown colony, the pre- vailing languages are Portuguese, Singalese and Eurasian, but thousands speak more or less English. The capital is Colombo, which has about 150,000 population, of which two thousand are white, and among them are ten Americans. Drs. Arthur and Atkins Smith (brothers) have been here five years. They also have offices at Kandy and Nuwara Eliya. The latter is a health resort, six thousand feet above sea level. They were both grad- uated from the Pennsylvania Col. Dent. Surgery. 19 Among other cards in a frame in the most fashionable Galle Face (hotel), their cards appear, viz.: D. Arthur Smith, D. D. S. ; W. Atkins Smith, D. D. S., room ten, Grand Oriental Hotel, Colombo; and occasionally this card appears in the news- paper. There are also three Enghsh, one German and twenty native dentists; the latter advertise more or less in the newspa- pers, and their fees are from one rupee (32c) up, according to the wealth of the patient, and we heard that the work was as poor as the price. Fees of American dentists are about ten rupees each for amalgam or cement fillings, or extracting, and about twenty ru- pees for a gold filling. Fees for gold or vulcanite prosthesis vary, according to the ability of the patient to pay. Part of an "ad" in a newspaper here is, viz. : "Our teeth are not so obliging as to decay only in places where we can conveniently reach them with the tooth brush. Odol destroys the microbes and arrests all bacterial and fermentation processes which attack the teeth. It follows that every one who used Odol regularly every day takes the greatest care of his teeth and mouth that scientific discovery has up to the present time made possible." With this "ad" was a "cut" of a cuspid and molar. The only law here regarding dentistry provides that, "Dentists must not administer anesthetics." Kandy (Ceylon), with a population of about 11,000, has an American dentist. Dr. Hacha, who was graduated from the dental department of the Aledico Chirurgical College, Philadel- phia. He has been here about one year, and is homesick. Dr. Wm. Macleod, a Scotchman, who was graduated from the dental department of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, Atlanta, comes here every two months from his other office up in the mountains. This is the town which has been made famous by contain- ing The Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the Tooth of Buddha), To us the tooth looked like a blunt "cuspid," carved in ivory about three inches long and correspondingly thick. From our present knowledge of human anatomy we fail to see how any human being could have grown such a tooth. The pictures of the tooth make it look more like an incisor than a cuspid. Buddha must have had a sweet tooth, because it is preserved in Kandy. In the Temple of the Sacred Tooth is an image of Buddha cut from a single block of crystal, and another carved out of a 20 BUDDHA. single emerald. The temple is built of granite, with a large amount of quasi-Hindu ornamentation, and is in fairly good condition, and is often referred to as the Tooth Shrine. The legend of the Sacred Tooth is viz. : It was brought to Ceylon early in the third century by the Princess Kalinga, who concealed it in her hair. It was taken by the Malabarsin, 13 15 A. D., and again carried to India. Years later Bahu Third re- covered and secreted it, but in 1560 it was rediscovered by the Portuguese, taken to Goa and burned by the Archbishop in pres- ence of the Viceroy and Court. Not at all discouraged, Wi- krama Bahu manufactured another tooth from a piece of dis- colored ivory. This is very large and is encased in gold bands, 21 and guarded on an altar in the "holy of holies," and every even- ing at sunset, when the doors are opened, receives the worship and offerings of flowers from the faithful (women predominat- ing), who crowd the corridors w^hen the evening bells are struck. The herd of one hundred sacred elephants is brought out every year when the tooth is escorted through the city streets in grand procession. The temple has a courtyard surrounding it, the outer walls of which are decorated with hideous frescoes of the various punishments inflicted in Buddhist hell. The Tooth is preserved TEMPLE OF SACRED TOOTH. in a gold and jeweled shrine, covered by a large silver bell, in the center of an octagonal tower with pointed roof. The kings and priests of Burma, Siam and Cambodia send regular yearly tribute to the Temple of the Sacred Tooth, and more or less reverence is paid to it in India, China and Japan. In October, 1909, the newspapers stated that Dr. D. B. Spooner had recently discovered in an ancient shrine part of the cre- mated remains of Buddha, who died 482 B. C. Probably this is true, because portions of his remains were buried or en- tombed in eight different places. Calcutta, with a population of about 900,000, has five Amer- ican, four English, and twenty native dentists. Among the for- mer are D. R. and M. L. Smith, graduates of the Indiana Dental College. They have several rooms and assistants. Among the 22 latter is V. Smith, a graduate of the dental department of the University of Michigan. Fountain cuspidors, foot engines and lathes are in evidence, but some say they use electric engines and lathes. Drs. Smith have their residence, office, laboratory and dental depot in the same building on a good street. In the depot they have goods from White and Ash, and here we met (almost) Dr. F. G. Hawks worth, who is doing this Eastern NATIVES WORSHIPING SACRED TOOTH. country for The S. S. White Company. The Smiths also have a branch office in Darjeeling. Boyes and CoUis have the Amer- ican D. D. S. Wood and Ranger (English) is the oldest firm here. They have a formal appointment on the staff of the ^led- ical College of Calcutta, and receive a salary from the English government for giving some lectures in the college and doing more or less dentistry in the free clinic. They have held the above appointment for several years. Some of the American and English dentists have a "card" in the newspaper. Fees 23 among these are about viz. : Amalgam or cement filling or ex- tracting a tooth, $1.50; partial set on \ailcanite, $10.00: full up- per or lower, $20.00. One said he used a centrifugal casting machine. Saw the Cosmos, Brief and Items in one or two offices. Some of the native dentists worked for a time for some Amer- ican or English dentist, then they open an office for themselves, as there are no dental laws. They advertise some in the news- OFFICE OF i;OYFS AXD COLITIS. papers, and their prices are about viz. : Amalgam or cement filling or extracting, one rupee (32c) ; vulcanite upper or lower, $8.00; vulcanite with one tooth, $2.00 or $3.00. Most of these natives chew betel nut, a description of which we have already given. Some of them repair watches, etc., as you will see from the following "ad" copied from a newspaper : Pebble Spec should be at once used if there is a slightest defect in your eye- sight. Chakravabti Bros., Dentists, Opticians, 27 College street. 24 The card of another native (old settler), viz.: Dr. P. Hal- dar, V. L. M. S., Surgeon-Dentist, Teacher, Calcutta Medical Institution, 19 Bowbazar street and i Gunga Narian Dutt's Lane, Patriaghatta. Part of a newspaper "ad," viz. : A few drops of "Floriline" on a tooth brush produces a pleasant lath- er, which cleanses the teeth from all parasites or impurities, hardens the gums, prevents tartar, stops decay and makes the teeth pearly-white. OFFICE OF DASS, DASS AND CO. Another newspaper "ad," viz. : Dental Notice. Dr. C. D. Boyes, D. D. S. (U. S. A.), and Dr. Arthur Collis, D. D. S. (U. S. A.), L. D. S., R. C. S. (Eng.), Medalist, Charing Cross Hospital (London), No. 2 Chowringhee. Hours of consulta- tion 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Dass, Dass & Co. are native dentists, and we present a pic- ture of their office front, which is three feet above the street and has double doors locked with a padlock. 25 We saw on sale, Glycothymoline, Colgate's and Graves' dentifrice. In many places in India a twig of the Nim (tree), after the bark is pulled off, is used as a tooth brush (?), then it is thrown away. About 50 of these twigs can be had for one cent, and they are sold at a few dental depots, and occasionally in the Orient they are furnished free to guests in hotels. These brushes (?) are made from twigs five or six inches long, one end is sharpened to a point, for a toothpick, and the other is split into fine fibres, and when saturated in a liquid is soft enough to use as a substitute for a bristle brush. Here we purchased a "palate brush," which consists of a small tuft of bristles about the size of the end of an ordinary lead pencil, mounted at a right angle on the end of a bone handle six inches long. The Bengal Surgical Works manufacture all sorts of surgi- cal, dental and veterinary instruments. J. C. Sirkar, manager. Ashby & Co., dentists, have an "ad" in the city directory, viz. : "High class mechanical dentistry from impression or model ; re- duced price, superior work; also manufacturers and dealers in all sorts of tooth powder, soap, washes, pastes, brushes and anti- septics, etc. Try them." Rangoon (Burma) has a population of 325,000, which in- cludes about 5,000 Europeans. R. H. Langdale (Ohio Col. Dent. Sur.), H. B. Osborn (Uni. Pa.), and E. R. Gray are associated together here, and also in Assam and Simla. They have been here for three years, and are doing well. They take the Cosmos and Outlook. Dr. Osborn gave the writer the in- formation herein, and also a specimen of native dentistry, con- sisting of three incisors carved from one block of ivory which had been worn for several years, being held in place with liga- tures which passed through a hole drilled horizontally through the base of the block, the ends of the ligature being tied around the adjoining natural teeth. This specimen was made by a man who combines dentistry and carpentry. It is very badly discol- ored, because the wearer chewed betel nut. W. M. Cameron, an American, who graduated in Philadel- phia, Pa., just came here to begin practice. Fees among the American dentists are about viz : Amalgam or cement filling, or extracting a tooth, five rupees (one rupee is thirty-two cents) ; partial set on vulcanite, fifteen rupees, and 26 five rupees for each additional tooth up to anything less than a whole upper or lower, for which latter they get sixty rupees. A few plates are made of dental alloy, and a very few of gold, each swaged. The missionaries here (who are largely Amer- ican) receive a rebate of about one-third on the above fees. The Chinamen here are among the wealthiest class, and often they will pay for gold fillings and bridge-work. Pyorrhea is prevalent among the natives, and also among the Europeans who have been here for some years. Dr. Rainsford, an English dentist, practices here, and also two Eurasians, and about twenty natives. Diatoric teeth made by Ash are used very largely for partial and full dentures. No dental depot here. Most supplies come from Smith Brothers, Calcutta. Native dentists, Chinese included, will mount one tooth on vulcanite for two rupees, and their other operations are in keep- ings with this attenuated fee. One of them practices dentistry and carves in stone, and here follows the "ad" of ariother, clipped from the newspaper : "Highest Class Mechanical Dentistry, Vulcanite, Dental Alloy, Gold combinations. Tubes and Gum sections. Repairs to all above, plastic, Gutta Percha, Metallic Amalgam fillings. Punctuality Guaranteed. Best Materials only used. Teeth carefully Extracted Chang Why Sun and Son, Dentists and Photographers." In India there is no dental journal, no society and no law. An illustration of the way some natives look at dentistry is found in the following : A native came into the office and told Dr. Osborn he wanted to buy an outfit to practice dentistry, and the doctor pointed to his chair, engine, and diflr'erent instruments, and asked him if he knew what any of them were for. He replied that he did not, so the doctor advised him to abandon the idea of trying to be a dentist. In Dr. O.'s office we saw pic- tures of Drs. Truman, Kirk, Smith, Wright and Cassidy. In Mandalay, Burma, in the grounds of the Royal Palace, is a high tower — or temple — which stands inside of the east gate — in which a tooth of Gaudamas Buddah was enshrined. Singapore (an island OAvned by the British) has a popula- tion of about 300,000, including about 2,500 whites and 1,500 soldiers. American and European dentists, viz. : E. G. Curry from University Pa. ; Naughton from Philadelphia Dental College ; 27 Bowes from Royal College Dental Surgery, Toronto ; Butler from dental department Guy's Hospital, London. Some of the above subscribe for the Cosmos or Digest. The Japanese, Chi- nese and Indian dentists (?) number about one thousand — so a dentist informed me — and we can understand it might be true, because there is no law to prevent anyone from trying to prac- tice, but they are contemplating the attempt to pass a law ; neither is there any fee bill among the good, bad, or indifferent dentists. Some of the signs were, viz. : Ah Sin Shoo Gun, Ladv TEMPLE IN MANDALAY. Dentist ; Miss Fambou, Lady Dentist ; Fones Brothers, Crown and Bridge Work ; Extraction Painless by a Japanese dentist. Living here is expensive, and the best offices are in some good building on a main street. We saw on sale Glycothymoline, Sozodont, and Colgate's dentifrices. This is the greatest tin market in the world, because it is found throughout the Malay peninsula and on several adjoin- ing islands. We saw a specimen of ore, in a private collection, from the Bundi mine, which weighed two hundred and fifty pounds, and another in the museum, which weighed twelve hun- 28 dred. There are dozens of tin (teemah) mines, but at present a large portion of the ore comes from the northwestern part of the Malay peninsula. The companies owning and working the mines are mostly English. The most primitive way of getting tin is by placer mining, which is carried on to a slight extent at this time; another way is "open mining" — digging into a moun- tain side and picking and blasting away the rocky ore; another way, introduced by the English, is to sink a shaft and use the modern methods of mining. This has only been partially suc- cessful on account of the opposition of the natives. The ore obtained by the last two methods is crushed and the impurities removed, then the tin is melted and run into ingots of various sizes. In riding on the cars from Singapore to Johore we saw "open mining" going on. The English have several large com- panies here which control tin, gutta percha and rubber, of which we secured several specimens. Guthrie & Co., Ltd., with head- quarters in London, was established in 1821. TIN MINES— S]E;LANG0'R. Most of the mining is done by the Chinese on shares, and on an island near Singapore, The Straits Trading Co. have large crushers and smelters getting out tin bullion. The tin from the island of Banka near by is the nearest pure, and it is from this that Ambler's cohesive tin foil is manufactured. 29 Major Woodruff suggests tin foil as a lining for hats in the tropics, as it is a protection from the chemical rays of the sun. Singapore handles about $50,000,000 worth of tin yearly, and about one-half of it comes to the United States. At pres- ent a ton is worth about $700.00, but it varies in price. At a little shop we purchased several rough tin castings of miniature cats, dogs and birds. Batavia, the chief city of Java (south of the equator, and owned by the Dutch), has a population of about one hundred and twelve thousand. Of this number about eleven thousand are Europeans. There are seven good dentists here, among them, A. L. J. C. van Hasselt, a native of Holland, who studied at home and afterward at the Chicago College of Dental Sur- gery, where he was graduated in 1900. Then he came here and took an office in a nice bungalow, where he also resides ; the office and laboratory are "up to date" in equipment, and he is the first one so far that I have actually seen using an electric engine at the chair. He is practicing (some) orthodontia after the C. S. Case method; there being no dental depot here, he orders a large stock of materials from Roujoux and Tollig, Paris ; he subscribes for the Cosmos, and has for an assistant a very bright Chinaman. There is a Board of Dental Examiners here, composed of three M. D's. and Dr. Hasselt, which gives an examination in the theory and practice, and grants a certificate to successful candidates, but this only permits them to practice in Java. Graduates of dental colleges in the United States or Europe must pass the board here or in Holland before opening an office. The Japanese are positively required to take the same ex- amination. Probably there are fifteen persons here who call themselves dentists, the greater part of them being Chinese, who charge "any old price" for what they do, which mainly consists of extracting, with an occasional attempt to make a "plate." The sign of one consisted of an oblong shield of thick brass, on one side of which was the name of himself and father, on the other side was painted several Chinese "lucky charac- ters," then the lower part of the brass plate had seven holes drilled through it. Into these holes were tied strings, each of which held seven human teeth, and he wanted ten dollars for his sign, because it had been in the family so long that if he sold it he would lose his good luck. In his four by six office he had 30 several bottles of medicine (mostly in form of powder), labeled in Chinese. On a shelf we saw some roots and part of a snake's skin ; these he uses to doctor his patients with. His dress is a suit of cheap sleeveless Pajamas, and the brass sign referred to shows as a white spot over his right shoulder. CHINESE DENTIST (?)— BATAVIA. We called on another cheap Chinese dentist on the same street (but this one had a coat on), and he has a sign like the one just described, but he said he would not sell it, still after considerable quibbling — through an interpreter, which we took with us — he set a fabulous price on it, so we decided to get along without it. It seems to be difficult to obtain a picture of a Chinese dentist, because they are so superstitious. We hired a carriage and a guide and drove six miles to get the pic- ture shown here. This is a sample of the difficulties and ex- pense we incurred several times during "the cruise." 31 Thus far it has been impossible or impracticable to make these fellows cease their slaughter. Anyhow, they only work on the very poorest classes, who otherwise would not get any- thing in the way of dentistry. In the harbor we saw a French steamship, named Lemaire; thus forcibly reminding us of the dentist by the same name who came to America with the French army in 1781. A large part of the island of Borneo is owned by the Dutch, but the northwestern part is owned by the English, who have large coal mines, and the port is Labuan, with about 1,500 pop- ulation, including forty-five whites ; most of the remainder came from the Malay states or China. There is no dentist here, and as far as we are aware never has been as a permanent resident. About three years ago an English dentist came here and re- mained a few weeks, during which time he was busy. All the dentistry done here consists of extracting, which can be done by R. E. Adamson (Edinburgh, M. D.), or A. Cleverton (Lon- don, M. D.), as they are permanent residents, and also have medical charge of the coal miners. There are no laws restrict- ing the practice of dentistry, and no license is required. A great many native men and women chew betel nut — a description of which we have given — and we do not see that their teeth are any more than fairly good, as we saw numbers of middle aged and elderly people who had lost one or more teeth, and the remaining ones were more or less incrusted with salivary calculus. We saw several of the business men who were wearing gold shell crowns which they had obtained when in Singapore. For the entertainment of the six hundred and fifty Amer- icans who were on the "cruise," a band of thirteen warriors were brought to Labuan from the interior, and of all the sights we saw of anything, anywhere, this for us capped the climax. The teeth of the younger members were quite good, none had been lost, but two of the older wild men had lost several. The chief of this tribe was about forty-five years old, and his upper incisors and cuspids had been cut down two-thirds of the way, gingivally, with a stone or half round file, leaving the sur- faces quite smooth and crescent shaped. After the prize spear throwing, shooting arrows, sham battles and war dances, we took a "snap-shot" of the chief and his lieutenants. The idea in cutting the teeth in above manner is to pro- 32 duce an appearance of ferociousness. This tribe of wild men is called "Head-hunters," because a man is not allowed to marry until he can present the head of an enemy to his betrothed, and when they kill an enemy they cut off the head and carry it away. The lieutenants' teeth were badly discolored with betel nut and incrusted with calculus, but they had not been filed or ground, and they were somewhat younger and had a full upper and lower dentures. So far as we are aware, nobody has ever CHIF,F OF HFAD HUNTERS AND TWO NFAR CHIEFS. taken pictures just like the above, and for a great many reasons. The above record is made from personal examination. Con- siderable rubber is shipped from Labuan. No automobiles here. Manila has a population of about 225,000, including about twenty dentists, viz. : ten Americans, one Englishman, one Ger- man, three Spaniards and one colored man from America. On the other islands there are about twenty dentists. The city di- rectory contains the names of fourteen dentists, among them Mrs. C. Farinas, Chu Lai Chenk, Chu Tze Fung, Kao Zanchung, but none of the fourteen have any special "ads." Jose Arevalo (whom we had the pleasure of meeting), the oldest dentist here, has retired in favor of his son, Bonifacio, 33 who has a large office and two assisants. In the reception room he has curios and bric-a-brac for sale, and he is also president of "Paraluman," a company empowered to purchase lands, raise crops, build their own manufacturing plants, and market the products.; he is sending out thousands of circulars printed in Spanish and Tagal asking for stock subscriptions (similar to our style). They show the estimated profit of the company will be forty per cent. OFFICU UF DK. STKPHFXS. We present a picture of the front of Dr. Stephens' office in the second story of a Spanish building on the Escolta — Main street. It is said here that the gods prescribe dog's flesh, snake stomachs, verdigris, dragon bones, and powdered oyster shells for the toothache. Some native dentists can do soldering with thin cocoanut oil and a mouth blow-pipe. 34 In the book store we saw Marshall's and Johnson's text books, and in drug stores Glycothymoline, Listerine, Sanitol. At Watson's drug store we saw the best supply of dental materials, the majority of which were from the S. S. White Co. Here, in order to keep engine burs, etc., from rusting, they put them in special glass jars, with a hollow stopper which con- tains large pieces of lime to absorb any moisture present. OFFICE OP DR. MARSHALL. The writer had a pleasant visit with Dr. John S. Marshall, the well-known author and examining and supervising dental surgeon, U. S. A., who is doing so much good for our profes- sion and the army. He has been here for twenty months, and has a fine, well equipped office, in which he is carrying on a work which should be heartily supported by all. He kindly fur- nished us with a set of blanks, such as are used by the army dental corps. In the army outfit we noted Ransom and Randolph's swag- ing device for crowns, etc. ; Cogswell's rubber-dam holder, Ames' cement, Butler's pluggers and carborundum point, and Varney's pluggers. The Bureau of Science has a few dental books, and regu- larly receives dental journals gratis, which are bound and pre- served as a nucleus for a library for a future dental college. There is a dental society here which meets about every 35 month. ]\Iost of the natives and some of the Americans are members of it. A Hmited amount of dental instruction is given in the San Jose medical school, in the Spanish language, and under the dental law those who pass the examinations are entitled to prac- tice in provincial towns where no other Americans are located. What Dr. Ottofy has done in Manila. In 1904, when he was at the Dental Congress in St. Louis, he made appeals to dealers for dental supplies to equip a dental infirmary for the poor in ]\Ianila. In this Avay he secured $800.00 worth, and this was supplemented by some of his own outfit and a donation bv Dr. Xewberne. The clinic depended, for a time, on the sis- ters of St. Paul's Hospital, where it was installed May i, 1905. For a time all income was passed to the sisters, and they paid a very small salary to a native assistant who worked forenoons. Later the clinic became self-supporting, and the hospital only housed the clinic free of charge, and now there is a small sur- plus, which will be used to purchase further equipment. Xo charge is made for treatment or extraction, but for oth- er operations a very small charge is made (if a patient can pay), but eighty per cent, of the patients pay nothing, and the average charge for each operation is about twenty-five cents. From ]\Iay i. 1905, to X'ovember 30, 1909, including the sub-clinic at Billibid prison, opened June 22, 1906, and visited by the assistant every Friday afternoon, the operations num- bered 11,779; operations at the prison were free, but some of the prisoners paid small sums from their own funds. The serv- ice has proved to be valuable to the government by creating a healthier condition among the prisoners, and thus increasing their usefulness. Dr. Ottofy has asked the authorities for $170.00 with which to purchase an equipment (from The S. S. White Co.) for an office in the prison, and he also asks them to pay a small salary to a native assistant. ^Ir. George N. Wolf, Director of Prisons, informed Dr. Ottofy (Xov. 11, 1909) that he favors his proposal, and that $170.00 will be expended in an outfit, etc., as has been suggested. There is a young man in prison, convicted for a long term, who was an assistant to a dentist, but he was misled by older persons and joined a band of outlaws, and they were caught ; he could help do the dental work and thus lessen its expense. Billibid prison is the only substantial one on the islands, 36 and' to it all persons, sentenced to a period of years from any of the islands, are sent, and the inmates vary from three to four thousand. Dr. Ottofy took up the matter of instituting- free dental service in the public schools with the Secretary of Public In- struction, who is in favor of the project. The consent of the Superintendent of Schools, and the Director of Public Health must also be obtained. His plan to get an outfit, is to furnish part himself and ask for donations, and with a small cash surplus from St. Paul's clinic, to purchase the rest. Cement, amalgam, gutta-percha, etc., will be donated by manufacturers in the United States. The above equipment will be placed in one of the schools, and services will be rendered to such children as are willing to re- ceive them, viz. : treatments, plastic fillings, instructions in hy- giene, and extracting after school hours. In 1902 he found in 12,458 teeth of school children, that 3,485 were carious, and that the sum total of dental services rendered to these children consisted of three fillings, two amalgam and one gold. Thus far Dr. Ottofy has not received any pay for his services in doing part of the work and supervising the rest, but he gets satisfaction from the fact that one thousand people year- ly get relief from dental lesions through his intervention, not- withstanding they think the Sisters of Mercy at the hospital, and the benevolent government at the prison are the ones to be thanked. He showed the writer a hollow wooden nose, carved by a native dentist, but it was a failure because wax was used to hold it in place. The doctor replaced it with one of vulcanite, held in place with spectacles. At another time he made a nose for a Chinaman, who sold it to a friend who had also lost his nose. Then he returned to the doctor and asked him to make another one free of charge. In another case he made a nose and lip for a woman who had not been out of the house for twelve years. The natives and Chinese are very fond of gold in the front teeth; the dentists and jewelers often make ornaments for them, viz.: a small piece of gold is cut into V-shape and the points are slightly rounded. To the back of this is soldered two very thin half clasps, so that when it is crowded in between the teeth it will hold its place. These ornaments can be changed about the mouth or loaned to friends on festive occasions. The custom of pointing the upper incisors is prevalent 37 among the Negritos. The operation is performed viz. : A block of wood is placed on the lingual surface of the tooth and the point of a bolo is pressed firmly against the labial surface and then the bolo is struck a sharp blow with a stone, so that a cor- ner (approximo incisal angle) of the tooth is broken off, and then the operation is repeated on the other corner of the tooth. This makes the six front teeth look something like a saw. Many have this done for "style," but the warriors think it makes them look ferocious. The Igorots use their finger dipped in sand in place of tooth brushes, and they have a system of barter, the standard being a bundle of rice. This never varies in value and represents a certain amount of food. In India the poorest classes use Cowry shells as a substitute for money ; about fifty of them are equal in value to an American cent. The writer purchased some in the country eight hundred and forty miles from Bombay. Dr. Oliver says that the Moros stain their teeth black with a dye made from cocoanut milk and iron filings. Dr. Sorber says : "Betel-nut chewing seems to be common to Christian and Moro. Among the latter every man carries in his girdle a brass box containing betel-nut, tobacco, lime mixed with a red substance (said to be oxid of iron), and leaves from a kind of pepper plant called 'Buyo.' The betel, tobacco and lime are folded up in one of the leaves and the whole inserted in the mouth. The saliva takes on the color of blood and the teeth are gradually stained darker, until in old age they are prac- tically black. The Moros have a fashion of grinding the labial surfaces of the upper incisors concave with a stone. This prac- tice seems to be confined to males over twenty years of ao-e. No reason for this mutilation was given, except that it was the custom." The germs of lockjaw are found in the soil, and in some parts of the Philippines the disease is prevalent, but in the hu- man body the germ can only develop in wounds that are not ex- posed to the air, thus punctured wounds are the most danger- ous, and they should be opened and thoroughly disinfected. The Dental Law, enacted January lo, 1903, provides (in part) : That the Commissioner of Public Health shall appoint a Board of Dental Examiners, with the consent of the Board of Health, consisting of three reputable dentists who are gradu- ates from dental colleges, recognized by the National Associa- 38 tion of Faculties and Examiners in the United States. The Board shall issue a certificate to each one who furnishes proof of receiving a diploma from a legal dental college and in addi- tion passes an examination before the Board. The law does not apply to artisans engaged in the mechanical construction of arti- ficial dentures or other oral devices, nor to physicians and sur- geons in legitimate practice. The Board can refuse to issue cer- tificates and also revoke them for good cause. Penalties at- tached vary from fines of twenty-five to one hundred dollars, and imprisonment for not more than ninety days. Board of Examiners : President, H. C. Strong ; Secretary and Treas- urer, A. P. Preston ; Antonio Vergel de Dros ; all residents in Manila. One of the coming industries on the islands will be rubber and gutta-percha, as the demand for them is rapidly increasing and prices have doubled during the past ten years. The cost of starting plantations is not great ; no cultural skill is required, and the best land in the world for the purpose can be had here in unlimited quantities at two dollars an acre. "In Mindanao rice and fish is the principal diet, and betel- nut chewing is the proper salad course. Chewing betel is a refined practice that gives the teeth the appearance of having swallowed a bucket of red lead. The male popoulation dress on the half shell, a gee string and a cigaret, proving an elab- orate uniform. The ladies insist upon a rational costume, and some even go so far as to take the enamel off their teeth." Canton, a very old Chinese city, with a population of about 2,000,000, has no European dentist, but the Europeans, when they want any dentistry, generally take a sail of ninety miles on the Pearl river to Hongkong. There are numbers of native dentists ranging from one who has a reception room with pic- tures, embroidered screens, carved furniture, emblems of good luck and happiness, down to the one who has a four by six re- ception room, operating room and laboratory all in one, opening onto the sidewalk in a street six feet wide. The latter had a basket of plaster casts, a little wax, plaster and a few crude tools, and his personal appearance corresponded with his office. His business was extracting mostly, but occasionally he tried to make a partial "plate" on vulcanite. Impressions were taken with common yellow beeswax. There are no licenses issued to American dentists practic- 39 ing in Treaty Ports ; the dentist simply comes and opens an of- fice. There are no restrictions on an American practicing any- where in China if he has a diploma from a reputable American dental college. There are no laws or regulations governing anyone who practices dentistry here. In China a large amount of tin is beaten out into foil, to be used as graveyard money, which the Chinese burn at funerals to give the dead funds to establish themselves in the world to which they are going. Dr. Faith Sai So Leong is said to be the only Chinese woman who has ever studied dentistry. Ten years ago (when she was thirteen ) :\Irs. E. J. Xickerson of San Francisco adopt- ed little Sai, who spent many of her leisure hours in the labora- tory of her cousin, who was a dentist. She entered the Dental Department of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and at the end of the course ranked among the highest. She practiced in San Francisco until the fire of 1906. which destroyed her office and equipment, but she has opened another office in Oak- land, Avhere she has a flourishing practice. Mctoria, the chief city of Hongkong, an island owned by the English, with a population of about 325,000, has five Amer- ican dentists: J- ^^^ Xoble ( Uni. Pa.), who has been here for twenty years; E. Evan Jones (Uni. Pa.) for six years; Mc- Kean, Campbell and Smith have been here for shorter periods. Some of these make inlays and use gas, electricity, and com- pressed air, and each is a law unto himself so far as fees are concerned. There are six Japanese and about thirty Chinese dentists, who work for any price they can get, and as there is no dental law or fee bill, anyone can try their hands, as proven by the fact that an itinerant dentist ( ?) goes about the market place ex- tracting teeth and tying them to a string around his neck, and he already has a long necklace. The city directory only gives the names of twelve dentists, and among them are Chaun. Chuckson, To, Tung, Yamasaki. Kwong Sang Hong keeps dental materials, consisting of wax, plaster and a very few teeth. The nearest place to obtain much of anything is at Wat- son's in ^lanila, as he has quite a line of White's goods. We saw a number of the natives wearing gold shell crowns. Here is a picture of a Chinese dentist's sign fastened to the wall out- doors. It shows a large glass case containing dental specimens 40 and a colored chart of a dissection of the fifth pair of nerves. The American and Chinese flags are displayed over the case. SIGN OF CHINESE DENTIST. The following picture shows a group of three of the better class of Chinese dentists. Nagasaki, Japan, with a population of about 170,000, has five dentists, all Japanese. Kinzo Moriyama was graduated from' the dental college in Portland, Oregon, and also has a cer- tificate from the Dental Board of Examiners, same state ; one side of his card is in English, and the other Japanese, and he is called the American dentist. K. Fujimoto studied dentistry in Tokio. He has two Mor- rison chairs, three foot engines (one a White), a fountain cuspi- dor, a large assortment of instruments, and teeth from I. Shiku- sawa's porcelain teeth factory, Nagoya, Japan. All of these teeth are diatoric, and some of them are a shiny black, as the custom of married women wearing black teeth has not entirely 41 disappeared. We brought a set of these black porcelain diatoric teeth home with us. They say that when a girl gets married she has her teeth stained black. We saw a few females with the upper and lower front teeth black, but in this city they were scarce, so the style is falling into disrepute, or else there are very few married women here. A dentist here said they painted them with a solu- tion of iron as often as necessary in order to blacken them, and that he had often been asked to blacken them, but he declined, CHINESE DENTISTS. and whenever possible he refuses to mount black artificial teeth. Among his teeth were several sets of S. S. White's, and none of them were black such as they formerly made for Japanese trade. One dentist notes in his "ad" that, "Only up-to-date instru- ments used." He showed the writer a lower set mounted on celluloid, but said vailcanite was generally used. Here we pur- chased a finger guard, made of heavy brass in cylinder form, graduated in size and made of three pieces jointed together, to be used on the first finger of the left hand when extracting or filling, so that if the patient tried to close the mouth they could not bite the dentist's finger. We also purchased a long horn 42 handle tooth brush, with the center of the handle cut down so thin that is could be bent into half a circle for a tongue scraper. In the stores we saw on sale Euthymol, Calox, Sanitol, Colgate, Lyon's dentifrices. A dentist here had Hollingsworth's crown and bridge system, and White's swaging apparatus. Kobe, Japan, has a population of about 275,000, including two American dentists, Drs. Perl and Richmond, who were graduated in the United States, and one native, who was grad- uated from the dental college in Portland, Oregon, and about thirty who have Japanese licenses. Dr. T. Asahina was born near Kobe, graduated from the dental department of the Uni- versity of California in 1903, and has a certificate from the State Board of Dental Examiners, practiced in San Francisco until the earthquake, when he lost his office and equipment, then he came to Kobe. His appointment card, viz,. "Payment is ex- pected for all professional services as soon as completed. Pa- tients are expected to keep their appointments punctually or to give twenty-four hours' notice, as the hour specified will be re- served for them, and necessarily a charge must be made for time lost." This card is printed in English, but his calling card is printed in English and Japanese. He calculates to make from ten to fifteeri yen per hour (one yen is fifty cents, U. S.). Extracting one tooth, two and one-half yen ; one plastic filling, five yen ; one crown, fifteen yen. He was in St. Louis at the International Dental Congress, 1904. He has an up-to-date of- fice. Only a very few dental goods are kept here, as Osaka is the base of supplies. In addition to the above, there are fifty or one hundred fakirs who extract teeth and try to make "plates," but they are so difficult to get hold of and prove anything against them, that nowithstanding the law they go unpunished, unless they injure a patient so seriously that he (or she) has them arrested, and semi-occasionally this does happen. Osaka, Japan, is 2,500 years old, and has about 900,000 population, including about seventy-five native dentists, three of whom studied in the United States, and many others have diplomas from one of the dental colleges in Tokio. One of the leading dentists is Dr. Nishimura Sukezo, who is president of the dental society which has about fifty members. Kioto, a former capital of Japan, is 1,100 years old, and has about 360,000 population, and several good native dentists 43 (about sixty), among them Dr. T. ]\Iotonaga, who attended the International Dental Congress at St. I