COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX64070816 R K656 D43 1914 The twentieth centur RECAP ULD BOO Columbia Winibtv^itp in tf)t €itv of JlebJ |f orfe ^'\%^~ ^cijool of Hental anb 0tal burger? C ^VH S^efeirence %ihvavv 7 J The Twentieth century mould book Containing Illustrations and Measurements of Twentieth Century, Dentsply, Solila Teeth, Crowns and Dentsply Facings Together with Much Useful Information concerning their Manipulation. (THIRD EDITION) The DENTISTS' Supply Company Candler Building-, Times Square 220 West Forty-second Street :: New York, N.Y., U. S. A. Ctobu V Copyrighted, 1908 BY The Dentists' Supply Company New York Press of ioNTROSS & ClARKK Co. 30 Ferrv Street New York PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION Since the second edition of the Twentieth Century Mould Book was published, important improvements in the formation of vulcan- ite teeth, in articulators and methods of articulation have been re- corded. In 1909 we introduced to the dental profession the first anatomi- cal bicuspids and molars to be commercially manufactured. They have now been extensively copied, but are still superior. They are now regularly furnished with selected moulds of vulcanite teeth, as described in the following pages. In 19 1 2 we announced Solila Teeth as an improvement on plati- num pin teeth at lower prices. They have large diameter, pure gold pins, greatly strengthened by cores of regular Twentieth Century pin metal. These pins are soldered in. We introduced also Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings, which have proved so welcome to many careful dentists. These, and the regular long pin Facings are illustrated and described in this book. Descriptions of our Porcelain Crowns, in all forms, will be found in a separate book "The Crown Book'' which may be had free, on request. If our efforts to improve the teeth with which dentists must work, the articulators and the methods of articulation are successful, we shall be content. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY MOULD BOOK THIRD EDITION. Dec. I, 1913. FOREWORD. To The Dental Profession. In the following pages we offer some entirely new methods for selecting artificial teeth. For the first time the selection of artificial teeth is reduced to a science, At the same time such selection is made so much more rapid, easy and accurate, as to confer distinct benefits on every dentist who adopts the new methods. Every mould of Twentieth Century and Solila Teeth, Crowns, Facings and Dentsply and Pointed Pin Facings has been measured in millimeters and the information so arranged as to facilitate rapid and accurate selection. Many dentists have failed to make use of the very important mechanical advantages offered by the varying lengths of bite, shut and ridge-lap. This book makes these advantages plain. They make it much easier for the dentist to select teeth to conform to the mechanical requirements of the various cases. Behind each Mould are definite plans and careful study. Each Mould is made to fill a clearly recognized need, to enable dentists to fit a particular case with a tooth which not only harmonizes in outline with the face, but meets the mechanical requirements, as determined by the comparative depth of ridge and length of lip, and the length of the ridge from one tuberosity to the other. It will also be easy to select from among the moulds of proper width, one which will permit the pins to set on the ridge, the incisal edges of the anteriors to come at the labio-incisal angle of the trial plate and that part of the plate exposed in laughing to be occupied by the teeth. There need never again be need for ordering teeth as "large" or "small." Exact orders for exact needs should be the rule. There is no department cf dentistry into which the introduction of scientific measurements is so much needed as the Prosthetic. If the introduction of exactness where all has been indefinite, require 4 a little patience and practice we ask that for your own sake you exer- cise that patience which we have so willingly exerted in your behalf. In return we promise you such artistic results, such increased con- venience and such time and labor saving as you have never known in prosthetic work before. There will be no need to send models to dealers. There will be no need to wax on teeth to see if they will come out right. With the aid of the celluloid measure the mould numbers may be quickly obtained. After a little practice it should be possible to select the best mould for any given case in three or four minutes. Thanking you for past favors and assuring you of our untiring industry in all that will be for your benefit, we remain, Yours respectfully, THE DENTISTS' SUPPLY COMPANY. < ^ ^ u f in'™' I' yyr - i ' * -. 1 ■ . ^ 1 •h !r ^ ' k - -'.^g^Hfc #^PP 1 \- t dl^^pa^H 1 le^ 'jiP'. ^Bm ^^^r-'f r L ^nzz: ^.... ^^^^^^^■n LI-V'-^^^. ^ i! — . 7 4 y f"" 1 1 Si ^^J i M SS^p ■ m^ ^S ^^^^2 i IS , Us 1 .J The Candler Building, Times Square. 220 West 42d Street, New York, N. Y., U. S. A. The Offices and Salesrooms of the Dentists' Supply Company occupy the entire 14th and 15th floors, over 20,000 square feet of floor space. 10 J h 11 2 a U Q ±^ L H 12 .■fwrqafe,, .^^ 13 14 — <;jwffe e IIIIIIIWI -ill h 15 CHAPTER 1 The Twentieth Century Method OF Selecting Teeth is based on the fact that it is compar- atively easy to determine in advance the dimensions of the required teeth in millimeters. The teeth may then be most advantageously selected from tables in which the sizes of artificial teeth are recorded in millimeters. Selection of vulcanite teeth for dentures may be divided Into two parts, selection for appearance and selection for mechanical suitability. Selection for Appearance. This has to do more especially with the anterior teeth. It largely de- termines the lengths and widths of the teeth, and the character of outline which will harmonize best with the patient's face. Such selection is made easy by the fact that there are some pretty constant relations between the positions of the lips and the sizes of the natural teeth, which can be used as guides. They are: That nature places the cutting edges of the upper centrals about 1.5 m.m. below the edge of the upper lip when at rest. This gives proper ex- pression to the upper lip and the proper outward turn to the edge of the lower lip. The teeth then show to The cutting edges of upper natural centrals normally come 1.5 m.m. be- low the rest line of the lips. No. 1 In smiling, 3 persons in 4, raise the upper lip to the level of the necks of the natural centrals. No. 2 17 Properly made trial plates are essential to articulation of artificial teeth. Base plates of composition should be shaped over the models, strengthened with wire, and wax ridges added. No. 3 Edentulous patient showing drooping of soft tissues following extraction of teeth. The labial ends of the alae and septum droop and the tissues in the labial triangle sink inward. (This picture and No. 6- were taken in the same light at the same time, and il- lustrate very clearly the possibilities in restoration.) No. 4 advantage in speaking. The edges of the artificial upper centrals should be similarly placed. About three people out of four raise the upper lip, in smiling, till its edge is level with the necks of the upper centrals. This prevents the ex- posure of much gum. In hearty laughing the lip is raised above the necks. The necks of the upper arti- ficial centrals may with advantage be located on the same level. There will then be no unpleasant display of gum. If the orifice of the mouth is well proportioned to the face, the distal angles of the artificial cuspids may well come opposite the corners of the orifice. Upper anteriors of this width are likely to harmonize with the patient's face. If the orifice is large or small in proportion to the face, it is well to mark the locations of its corners and make any desired change later. The necks of the lower centrals may well come on the same level as the edge of the lower lip when de- pressed by the depressor muscles. This prevents the exposure of the lower gums, under ordinary condi- tions. How TO Apply These Positions OF THE Lips. It Is necessary to make proper trial plates. Insert them In the mouth, trim for length and fullness until the lips rest in the desired positions, and 18 Patient with trial plates in position. The labial ends of the alae and septum are pushed up to place, vivifying the ex- pression. The lips are built ^ out in harmony with the general facial con- tour. Note the animated and vigor- ous expression. No. 5 Patient with trial plates properly built u]j and out as in illustration No. .5. The tissues in the labial triangle, the alae and septum, and the corners of the orifice of the mouth have been lifted by making the plate high over the cusijid eminence. Contrast the apiiearance here and in No. 4. No. then mark on the wax the locations of the lips. Proper trial plates can be made after only one manner. That is by making proper models of both jaws, by shaping over them baseplates of some substance which will sup- port the teeth during the several op- erations of denture making, and by shaping on each baseplate a rim of wax, which takes the place of the teeth, and which can be trimmed for length and fullness. The upper trial plate is placed in the mouth and trimmed to be verti- cally 1.5 m.m. (1/16 inch) longer than the upper lip in the median line. The lower trial plate is warmed and placed in the mouth and the jaw is pressed upward until the lips touch lightly in repose. An instrument is carefully placed between the lips as they lie touching, is moved to one corner of the ori- fice of the mouth and then the other, and the locations of the corners marked on the wax. The patient is then caused to raise the upper lip as in smiling, and the level of its edge is marked on the wax. This is the high line. The lower lip should then be de- pressed by the depressor muscles and the level of its edge marked on the wax. This is the low line. Selecting the Proper Tooth Outline. Having registered the requirements as to sizes of the teeth, it will be well 19 The white line is drawn from the low- est point of the opening into the ear, to the lowest point of the wing of the nose. It is parallel with the oc- clusal plane of the natural teeth. The occlusal surfaces of the trial plates should be made parallel with the line. No. 7 Shaping the occlusal surfaces of the upper trial plate to be parallel with the line on the face by pressing a table knife upward against the soft- ened ridge of the upper trial plate. No. 8 to select a mould which will harmo- nize with the face. In general it may be said that the mould should have the same general outlines as the face. A wide face with full curves should have a wide mould with full curves. A thin face with flat curves requires a narrow mould with flat curves. Such a mould may be easily secured. There has been much attention given to the classification of faces on the basis of temperaments, ner- vous, sanguine, lymphatic, etc. As this is not a text book, it may suf- fice to say here that the scientific world now places little faith in the classification by temperaments, and many of the more advanced thinkers openly scout it as unscientific and im- practicable. For the practitioner of dentistry who cannot go deeply into the study of temperaments, it need only be said that the study is difficult and bewildering and that the results are not satisfactory. The following method, suggested by Dr. F. H. Berry, is believed to be the best known. Dr. Berry's method is briefly to make a sketch of the outline of the patient's face, seen full front, from the middle of the forehead down- ward, as shown in illustration No. ii and invert it, when it will be found to be the outline of a tooth which will harmonize in character with the face. When this has been done, the data is at hand for selection from the point of view of appearance and we may 20 Marking high line on trial plate. No. 9 turn to another equally important point, namely Selection FOR Mechanical Fitness. The fact that a mould is of the right length and width to produce a certain pleasing effect, does not in- sure its being of such mechanical fit- ness that the dentist can put the teeth easily into their proper places. It is easily possible to learn in advance of the actual selection, just what di- mensions a mould must have to go to place with a minimum of grinding. The first requirement is to make sure that the anteriors will go between the surface of the ridge and the labio- incisal angle of the trial plate. Then the desired width of the full set should be ascertained, in order that they may be of correct width to bring the second molars in proper locations. Both these dimensions may be easily gotten. The lingual surface of an anterior Marking location of corners of orifice foOth is dlvidcd intO thrCC partS, thc on tnal plate. ■*■ No. 10 This outline on a face indicates the outline of artificial tooth that will appear well. Dr. Berry's method. No. 11 bite, shut and ridgelap. The bite and shut are supposed to sit below the upper ridge or above the lower ridge as in illustration No. 13. The ridgelap is supposed to lap the ridge to carry the labial side of the tooth to the high line or low line. The first essential then is to learn the amount of free space between the surface of the ridge and the labio- Incisal angle of the trial plate. The 21 Marking the location of the low line on lower trial plate. No. 13 bite and shut of the mould must not be longer than this distance, or the teeth will not go easily to place. To determine this distance, hold the upper trial plate with the palatal surface upward, and thrust a pin through from the labial surface of the ridge at the median line so that it may be seen from the palatal, where it would just touch the deep- est part of the ridge. Illustration No. 1 6 shows half a trial plate with the pin in position. The distance from the pinhole to the labio-incisal angle of the trial plate will be the greatest distance available for the combined bite and shut. After the trial plates are out of the mouth a vertical mark should be made on each side of the upper trial plate to indicate how far back the teeth are to extend. From this mark on one side, around to a similar mark on the other side, will be the width of the full 14 teeth set up. Four different mechanical conditions in plates where teeth of the same length and width are indicated. In the upper left illustration, there is little alveolar absorption and a tooth with short combined bite and shut is indicated. In the upper right illustration, there is more absorption. A tooth of the same length, but with longer combined bite and shut is required. In the lower left illustration, the ab- sorption is still greater, and in the lower right illustration it is complete requiring a long bite and shut. Four moulds of teeth having the same lengths but different combined bites and shuts are indicated for these dif- ferent mechanical conditions. Twen- tieth Century teeth permit selection to suit such cases. The moulds used are shown in illustration No. 14. The short bite mould has less cutting power than the longer bite teeth. It crushes through food rather than cuts through. It also makes a more awk- ward place for the tongue. No. 13 Getting the Dimensions of the Required Teeth in Millimeters. With each Twentieth Century Mould Book will be found a flexible millimeter rule. This is made of celluloid as being more easily bent and less affected by shrinkage. The celluloid for the measures was es- pecially selected and seasoned before the measures were made. With this celluloid rule, measure the distance from the high line of the Mould 4. Conibiiied bite and shut iV^ mm. Mould 11. Combined bite and shut 6 mm. Mould 13. Combined bite and shut 7 mm. Mould 14. Combined bite and shut TV^ mm. Enlarged photographs of the four cen- trals indicated m illustration No. 13 All ctntrals are of the same length and the six anteriors from all the moulds are of similar combined width (See the note regarding these teetli, under illustration No. 13). No. 14 upper trial plate to the labio-Incisal angle of the trial plate. Illustration No. 1 8. That is the length of the exposed surface of the upper central. In Twentieth Century and Dentsply Teeth add i m.m. for collar, to go into the vulcanite. Write down "Length Central m.m." Measure from the pinhole to the labio-incisal angle. That distance is the greatest length of bite and shut mechanically suitable for the case. Write down "bite and shut m.m." Invert the upper trial plate. Bend the measure along the incisal edge and measure from the mark for the distal angle of one cuspid to the mark for the distal angle of the other cuspid, as in illustration No. 19. That is the width of the upper six anteriors, set up. Write "Combined width six anteriors m.m." Measure around the trial plate from the mark for the distal side of one second molar to the mark for the distal side of the other second molar. That distance is the width of the full 14 teeth, set up. Write "width full 14 set up. m.m." The Dimensions of Lovi^er Teeth. When full upper and lower den- tures are being made together, with Twentieth Century or Dentsply Teeth, it will not be necessary to measure for the dimensions of the lower teeth, since the uppers and lowers in the first 42 vulcanite moulds shown in Table No. i, this book, Side view of properly marked trial plate after removal from mouth. No. 15 Section of trial plate in No. 1.5. Pin level with surface of ridge. The dis- tance from pin hole to occlusal sur- face of ridge equals the greatest available bite and shut in the tooth. No. 16 have been carefully carded to cor- rect widths of uppers and lowers. In the Assortments, described in Chap- ter IV, the upper and lower anteriors which articulate well are given in the Articulation Chart which accom- panies each Assortment. When it is desired to obtain the dimensions for lower teeth, the length of the lower centrals may be gotten by measuring from the rest line to the low line and adding i m.m, for collar. The greatest length of bite and shut available may be ascertained with a pin in the same manner as on the upper trial plate. The width of the lower anteriors may be ascertained by measuring around the trial plate from opposite the tip of one upper cuspid to a mark opposite the tip of the other upper cuspid. This is possible because the distal angles of the lower cuspids come directly below the tips of the upper cuspids. COLLAR COMBINED BITE AND SHUT No. 17 RIDGE LAP BITE Selecting Teeth by Measurements. These For the ordinary methods of selec- tion, the millimeter dimensions would be of little value. But each Twen- tieth Century and Dentsply mould has been carefully measured in those diameters which correspond with the measurements on the trial plates. It is necessary therefore only to turn to the tables of such dimensions of the teeth, and select the mould or moulds which most closely correspond 24 Measuring the trial plates vertically for length of central. No. 18 with the requirements. This is very much more rapid and satisfactory than selection by the ordinary method of examining many teeth. How TO Use the Tables of Tooth Measurements. In the column marked "Length of Central," locate all the moulds hav- ing centrals of the length required. There will usually be several moulds in which the centrals are of the right lengths. Then from among the moulds having the right length of cen- trals, separate those having the ant- eriors nearest the correct width, as shown in the column marked "Width six Anteriors". The next column to the right re- cords the width of the full 14 teeth of each mould, when set up. From among those so far correct, select those moulds in which the width of the 14 is satisfactory. From among those remaining as satisfactory, select one in which the combined bite and shut of the central is correct, as shown in the adjoining column on the right. This should not be much greater than the distance from the pin hole to the cutting edge of the trial plate. It is better if it is not much less. For the possibili- ties in this dimension see illustration No. 13. It will sometimes be necessary to On the right— Bite measured in iiius- make concessIons in onc or more of tration Nos. 14 and 15. i ^ 1 r j-U On the left— Teeth selected from meas- the mcasuremcnts, Dut centrals ot tne urements. _ . ^ ^, „„ correct length and anteriors ot ap- No. 20 " Measuring trial plate for width of ■ anteriors and fourteen. Eyistance between marks at corners of mouth, 45 millimeters. Distance between marks for second molars, 108 milli- meters. No. 19 Patient for whom bites were made in illustration No. 20, wearing the teeth shown in illustration No. 20 No. 21 Patient for whom lowers were selected by this method. No. 32 Models mounted by means of the Inci- sor Guide. No. 23 proximately the correct width and bite and shut may nearly always be obtained. Dentists who have on hand the Assortments described in Chap- ter IV, may easily change the width of the full 14 as desired, by using different bicuspids and molars. Example. Suppose that the measurements on the trial plate indicated that teeth were required of the following dimensions: Length of central 1 1 >^ m.m. Combined bite and shut 7 m.m. Width 6 anteriors 47 m.m. Width full 14 108 m.m. The tables show that there are 4 moulds having centrals exactly 11 5^ m.m. long, and 28 moulds having cen- trals within >4 m.m. of that length. A millimeter is equal to 1/25 of an inch and /^ m.m. either way in such selections is close enough. Of these 32 moulds, 22 have the six upper anteriors within i m.m, either way of the right combined width. Of these 22 moulds, 13 have practically the right width of full 14, set up. Of these 13 moulds, 10 have approximately the correct bite and shut. These moulds are Moulds 29- 65-12-71-26-78-8-76-109-49 and they are practically correct in all the im- portant dimensions. From among these, one mould may be selected which harmonizes in outline with the 26 Setting the mouth piece of the Snow Face Bow into the upper trial plate. No. 24 Patient with Snow Face Bow in posi- tion. No. 25 Trial plates mounted on the Gysi Sim- plex Articulator with face bow. No. 26 patient's face, and the order for the teeth be made out by the mould number. it may take some time to select the first two or three sets by this method, but after the technic is learned, selection may be made in 5 minutes. Advantages. Several advantageous results are obtained by the Twentieth Century Method of Selection. They are: Once the technic is learned, much time is saved. The confusion resulting from see- ing many moulds is avoided. Selection Is made by the dentist, who is the person most competent to select. Orders may be more Intelligently sent and more quickly and accurately filled. Anteriors of the right length and width to harmonize with the face are secured. This overcomes the very common effect of selecting anteriors too short or too narrow. The patient does not expose more of the bicuspids and molars in smil- ing than should be the case. The bicuspids and molars are kept back where the jaw Is able to do the most grinding, and in this way the patient gets the best chewing value from the plate. 27 CHAPTER II. Selecting The Shade. Having secured the measurements for the mould, care must be taken to select the shade which will harmonize with the colors in the complexion. If this be carefully done there will be none of the ghastly and conspicuous appearance which characterizes many sets of artificial teeth. The well selected plate should be inconspicuous because it harmonizes so well with the rest of the face that it does not draw unto itself special attention. Geti it firmly in mind that there are few if any cases requiring white teeth. Every complexion usually shows several colors or shades, including the yellow or pink of the flesh, the blue, gray, brown or the black of the eye, and the color of the hair. If the face be looked at with the eyelids half closed so that one looks through the lashes, all the elements will often blend into one general shade. It is with this general shade that the tooth selected must harmonize in color to produce the best results. If the dentist, before extracting, will carefully match the shade of any remaining natural teeth and record it, the selection of arti- ficial teeth may be made simple and very satisfactory. Just as the selection of artificial teeth has been made largely mechanical by the methods outlined in this book, so the selection of shades can be made largely mechanical by an intelligent use of the Twentieth Century Shade Guide. Pay attention to the light in which the patient sits. The patient's face should be well illuminated, but when the remaining teeth and the Shade Guide Tooth are exposed, the light should not fall on them in such way as to reflect a glaze, since this will mislead the dentist who is making the selection. Neither the remaining natural teeth nor the artificial teeth should be allowed to become dry during the matching, but each should show the slight moisture characteristic of the mouth. If the natural tooth be kept dry a few moments, it will so change color that the shade which matches it while dry will not match it at all when moist. A little moisture on the artificial tooth will make it appear as it will in actual use. Shut off side lights. 28 How TO Use the Twentieth Century Shade Guide. Our task is to decide what color is required for the case and what shade of that color. There are two ways of doing this. Some dentists are so skillful at detecting colors that by a mere glance at the face they can decide that a yellow or a gray or a blue tooth is necessary. But the great majority of dentists arrive at this conclusion from intelligently using the sample teeth. The Twentieth Century Shade Guide shows six colors: white, blue, yellow, gray, green and brown. There are twenty-five shades of these colors as follows : There are four whites : Nos. i and 2 whitish, No. 3 a bluish white, No. 4 milk white. There are eight shades of yellow: Nos. 5 and 8 cream yellows, Nos. 7, 9, 10, and 15 straw yellows, Nos. 16, 20 and 21 yellows. There are four blues: Nos. 6 and 12, light blues, the blue in No. 6 being almost wholly in the incisal third; Nos. 13 and 18 dark blues. Three grays: No. 11 light gray, No. 14 gray, No. 22 dark gray. Nos. 17 and 19 are greens. No. 23 is a green brown and Nos. 24 and 25 are browns. Let us try the sample teeth representing these shades under the lip and select that which harmonizes best. Let us, however, keep away from the four shades of white. If we find that we must come back tO' these, well and good, but the chances are that we shall do well to stay away from them. We may try first, a yellow. Of the yellow shades perhaps No. 10 is most representative. Lay aside the other sample teeth and place No. 10 under the lip, moistening it against the lip as the No- 27 natural teeth are moist. Allow it to remain in position long enough for the color in the tooth and the colors in the complexion to make a clear impression on the mind. It can then be decided whether yellow harmonizes with the com- plexion or represents a contrast. If it represents a contrast, we 29 shall look for another color. If it harmonizes, but the shade does not seem to be exactly right, we can easily determine which of the eight yellows harmonizes best, and order therefrom. If it does not harmonize, it will be well to try sample tooth No. 12 which is a light blue, under the lip in the same way. Should blue harmonize with the complexion and the shade be a trifle too dark, sample tooth No. 6 may be put into position since it is lighter than No. 12 and has nearly all of the blue in the incisal edge. Should No. 12 not be dark enough, Nos. 13 and 18 will offer darker blues. If neither the yellow nor the blue suit the complexion. No. 1 1 or No. 14 may be tried in the same way. Should these be of the right color but not dark enough in shade, No. 22 is a dark gray and will supply the lack. Should none of these be what is desired, No. 17 may be tried for a green, No. 23 for a blend of green and brown, Nos. 24 and 25 as browns. If after careful consideration none of the above colors are suitable, it will probably be found that one of the whites will be what Is desired and for this purpose No. 4 which is a milk white, and No. 3 which is a blue white, will probably answer. A method for determining the color which is in successful use by many dentists is to determine what color predominates in the complexion first. They do this by laying the shade guide teeth, one at a time, against the cheek and determining which of the colors pre- sented there harmonizes best with the skin. They also determine which of the shades of that color is most harmonious. If this shade now be tried under the lip it will usually be found to pro- duce a very pleasing effect in combination with the rest of the face. In selecting teeth do not work too rapidly, but do not look too long at one time. Five seconds is as long as the vision is color true at one time. Many short trials are preferable to fewer long ones. The results from it are so very much more satisfactory than from less careful selection of teeth that it well repays the exercise of what little patience is required to learn this part of prosthetic work. 30 COMPARATIVE vSHADH CHART. For tiiatcliinu other shade Kuides with Twentieth Century- Sliades. To match a shavide 97, " 55, " 99, medium " ' 100, large A50, same as mould 99 " 29.5 " 30. " 31. " 32.5 with longer bicuspids. 93, same as mould 100, with longer bicuspids. Regularly Carded with Certain Anteriors. The demand for the anatomical bicuspids and molars almost Instantly became so great as to largely replace what we call "the old moulds." We therefore selected from our long line of moulds, 42 of the most popular upper vulcanite moulds, and the lower 36 moulds which best articulate with them, and regularly "card" or furnish these 42 moulds with the anatomical bicuspids and molars. The numbers of these moulds are as follows: Upper mould J_ * 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 Articulating lower 39 67 39 39 67 51 A5 51 67 A5 67 14 67 Upper mould 17 18 19 ^ 21 22 23 35 36 42 44 45 47 Articulating lower 14 14 67 39 67 67 3 39 67 14 27 103 A 5 Upper mould 48^ 50^ _51^ 52 65 67^ 6S^ 70 7S Articulating lower A5 16 67 52 51 67 14 67 78 Upper mould ^7^ 88 89 90^ 93 103 104 Articulating Lower 87 10 67 67 93 3 103 The 42 Upper Anterior Moulds and 13 Lowers. Careful observers in the profession and the dental trade have long been of the opinion that it is unnecessary for manufacturers to bewilder dentists by the seemingly endless list of moulds from which selection may be made. We manufacture Ihundreds of moulds of vulcanite teeth, as can be seen by a study of the pages of this book. Other manufacturers do likewise. It is, however, the experience of practically every tooth manu- facturer and dental depot that the greater proportion of teeth are selected by dentists from certain moulds, relatively few in number. One manufacturer states that 80% of his business is in five moulds. While such is not the case with us, the greater proportion of the business is confined to relatively few moulds. That is, these moulds are ordered again by the depots for their customers. They are, in fact, selected by the dentists themselves from among the many moulds, and are endorsed with continual favor as the best moulds. The ideal method of offering dentists teeth is to offer them, first of all, this line of selected moulds, with the assurance that they have long been found equal to practically all the demands of ordin- ary practice; and then to offer, as secondary, a longer line from which choice may be made if the first line is not sufficient. We have done this. The dentists and depots have selected from our hundreds of moulds 42 upper vulcanite moulds and enough lower vulcanite moulds to articulate with them. We card these moulds regularly with anatomical bicuspids and molars, so that it is not necessary, when ordering them, to specify anatomical moulds. The dimensions of these upper moulds form Table No. i. 37 Advantages to You. You are assured, first of all, that these moulds have been found best by hundreds of dentists, through a number of years. You know at once that selections from these moulds represent the best selections possible. You are spared search through many moulds with less desirable characteristics. You have other advantages. We have long been persuading depots to confine the bulk of their tooth stocks to these moulds and carry all the shades. Many depots are complying. Any de- pot will comply when assured that its customers desire it. If you make your selections from these 42 moulds, your dealer will all the more willingly keep them in stock in all shades. You are, therefore, more likely to find just what you want at hand when wanted, than if the depot stock is divided among hundreds of moulds, some of which move but slowly. It will, therefore, be to your own advantage to make selections from these moulds, so far as possible. Our other vulcanite moulds may be had with anatomical bicus- pids and molars, on special order, and with some little delay. But they are not regularly carded with anatomical bicuspids and molars. CHAP'j j:k IV. ASSORTMKN 1 S IN VULCANIll': Tiu/rii. These assortments are specially selected office stocks. They are offered in the following quantities: No. 6io, equivalent to ii x 14 " 710, " " 28 X 14 " loio, " " 58 X 14 " 1210, " " 116 X 14 They differ from these quantities of teeth as ordinarily selected In that the teeth are arranged in partial sets, that is in sets of 6 teeth for the upper and lower anteriors and of 8 teeth for the upper and lower posteriors. These assortments offer to the dentist advantages of great im- portance. Advantages. A much wider range of moulds and shades in anteriors is se- cured, than when full sets are purchased. If, for instance. Assort- ment lOio were purchased in full sets of 14 teeth each, there would not be more than 40 uppers and 18 lowers. Assortment lOio contains 61 sets of upper anteriors and 21 sets of lower an- teriors. It is for the anterior teeth only that a wide range of moulds is necessary. The assortments make it possible to properly fit many more cases than would the same quantity of teeth in full sets. The Assortments contain anteriors as follows : No. 6io (equivalent to 11x14) 10x6 uppers, 5 x 6 lowers. 710 ( " " 28x 14) 30x6 " 10x6 " " loio ( " " 58 X 14) 61x6 " 21 X 6 " " 1210 ( " " ii6x 14) 122x6 " 42x6 " The moulds and shades comprising these assortments have been selected by the profession at large. They are those moulds and shades which have been most frequently re-ordered by dentists and have been thus practically stamped with approval. ' The proportions of upper and lower anteriors and of anteriors to posteriors have been determined in the same manner. These Assortments have found welcome places in thousands of offices and the relative numbers of teeth have met with general com- mendation. Bicuspids and Molars, slightly enlarged The Bicuspids and Molars are in the anatomical moulds ,of The Dentists' Supply Co. In Assortment 610, only two of these moulds can be included because of the small number of teeth in the Assortment. In Assortment No. 710, three of these moulds are included. In Assortment 1 010, 4 are included. In Assortment 12 10, the larger number of teeth permits including all five moulds. Directions for the combinations of ajnteriors with the different moulds of posteriors are given in The Articulation Chart which accompanies each Assortment. But the dentist is further benefited by being able to make such combinations of anteriors and posteriors as any unusual conditions in the case may require. 40 Assortment 610 MOULD SHADE MOULD Sn 67iiiiiiio ,, SSSR ADE MOULO ^^^^ SHADE iHi7 AHie ^ 7 9''^ f^S] ' ' 1 ' r 1Kfl|9a^ T T Y f I 16^^ 799^ 797«| 20 9S9 14 13 A4AAA pfyyi •ffff CMI20 Ml 14 MI16 #•4 •#20 Assortment 610 One hundred and fifty-four teeth, the equivalent of 11x14. Exhibits 1x6 in each of the ten most popular medium moulds of upper anteriors and 1x6 in each of the lower anteriors necessary to articulate with those uppers. Exhibits also 2x8 upper mould 97; 2 x 8 lower 97; 2 x 8 upper mould 99: 2x8 lower 99. The shades in the anteriors range from medium to dark and are those most favored. The shades of the bicuspids and molars permit natural shadings of sets, as per chart accompanying each selection. This arrangement is believed to be the best possible in this quantity. (An articulation chart like this accompanies each assortment.) ARTICULATION CHART FOR ASSORTMENT 610 HOW TO ARTICULATE ANTERIORS Upper moulds 4-19-22-36-90 and 67 with lower 67 " " 5 and 35 with low^er 39 " " 9 w^ith low^er A5 SUGGESTED COMBINATIONS OF ANTERIORS AND POSTERIORS Upper Anteriors 4-22-36-67 with posteriors of mould 97 5-9-19-35-51 " " " 99 The lower bicuspids and molars should be of the same mould number as the uppers HOW TO SHADE IN BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS Anteriors of shades 8 and 10 with posteriors of shade 7 " " 7 and 9 " " " 16 or 20 11-13-14 " " " 14 16 and 20 " " " 20 41 Upper and lower bicuspids and molars of the same mould num- ber should always be chosen for any given case. Upper bicuspids and molars No. 99, for instance, articulate with lower bicuspids and molars No. 99, but not at all with lower bicuspids and molars Nos. 97-98 or 100. Directions for Articulating the Teeth are furnished with each Assortment in the form of an Articula- tion Chart. This chart explains how to select upper and lower anteriors to articulate together, how to combine anteriors and pos- teriors and how to secure more pleasing color effects than would otherwise be possible. The Articulation Chart for Assortment 1 2 10 is here given to illustrate the practical value of this informa- tion. ARTICULATION CHART FOR ASSORTMENT 1210. HOW TO ARTICULATE ANTERIORS Upper Moulds 15-18-42-52-68 With Lower 14 " " 44 27 " " 4-7-11-13-16-19-21-22-36-51-67-70-89-90 67 " " 2-5-6-20-35 39 " " 8-10-65 51 " " 9-12-47 A5 " " 23-103 3 " 45-104 103 " " 50 A50 " " 78 78 " " 87 87 " " 88 10 " " 48 19 " " 93 93 SUGGESTED COMBINATIONS OF ANTERIORS AND POSTERIORS Upper Anteriors 15-18-42-44-52-68-70 With Posterior Mould 98 " " 13-16-21-36-89 55 " " 4-11-22-67 97 " " 2-5-6-7-8-9-12-19-20-23-35-47-48 51-65-88-90-103 99 " " 10-45-78-87-104 100 11 i( 50-93 A50 HOW TO SHADE IN BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS Anteriors of Shades 4-5-6-8-9-10 With Posteriors of Shade 7 11-13-14 14 17 (dark) 17 7-15-16 20 20-21 21 24 t i 25 42 A WiDK Ran(;k (jf Shades in Anii^kkjks. It is just as much of an advantage to have a wide range of shades at hand as it is to have a wide range of moulds. It is evi- dent that the greater the proportion of anteriors in any gi\en quantity of teeth, the wider the range of shades made possible. In the larger assortments it is possible to have more than one mould in the most popular shades, so that the stock may be used for more cases without being depleted. When vulcanite teeth are purchased in quantities of 28 x 14, i^S X 14, or 116 X 14 and in full sets, the number of shades in anteriors is limited by the relatively great proportion of posterior teeth present. But in these Assortments, fewer posterior teeth are present and the number of shades may be increased. Thus in As- sortment 710, equivalent to 28 x 14, there are among the upper ante- riors 3 X 6 of shade 5, 3 x 6 of shade 6, 4 x 6 of shade 7, 3 x 6 of shade 8, 4 x 6 of shade 9, and 3 x 6 of shade 10, to say nothing of the darker shades 13-14-15-16 and 20. In Assortment 10 10, equivalent to 58 x 14, there is the follow- ing wide range of moulds and shades in the upper anteriors: 2x6 shade 4:5x6 shade 6:7x7 shade 7:6x6 shade 8:7x6 shade 9 : ^ X 6 shade 10:3x6 shade 11:3x6 shade 13:3x6 shade 14 : 4x6 shade 1 5 : 4 x 6 shade 16:4x6 shade 20:1x6 shade 2 i : 1x6 shade 24. In Assortment 12 10 equivalent to 116 x 14 the range of moulds and shades is still greater. :iliilii| W^' iiiiii iiiiii a^iiiiii ^^ T^''^lSiKllTjTE iiiili5^^%ii«iii/^i 43 Assortment 710 The equivalent of 28x14 teeth in Twentieth Century porcelain moulds and shades. Selected to give the greatest ser\-ice. the best articulation and the most natural shading-. Furnished in Twentieth Century Teeth, Dentsply Combination Sets, Solila Combination Sets and Dentsply Vulcanite Teeth, the mould numbers being the same in all these forms. 97 9||#04a#|i 7 99<»«**f»*8Mi 2 W^W* 020 44 Assortment 1010 The equivalent of 58x14 teeth in Twentieth Century porcelain moulds and shades. Selected to give the greatest service, the best articulation and the most natural shading. Furnished in Twentieth Century Teeth, Dentsply Combination vSets, Solila Combination Sets and Dentsply Vulcanite Teeth, the mould numbers being the same in all these forms. (fj illustrations, of which tliis is No. 2) 45 Assortment 1010 (Continued) (5 illustrations, of which this is No. 3) The Lower Anteriors MOULD ■ . ■ SHADE MOULD 98 iiiiif i 7 99 < 98 fllltftlt 7 99 < 98 iiH4<»a 20 99 < ^, mm, A A A A, mm ... j ^^M^piw 14 lill iilUk §11 ^ -fc|, <^ j^i^. afck' PflWvVvTO- 20 H*»f*ff 2. 97aaiiiHi» 7 99 ( 97tttt|||MHl7 50| -gUflltUft 14 50 L jjmhS^ 97 aftiiilftW 20 100 #ftllililS 7 99iaiinti7 ioo#aiiii|gi4 99##tilMWl7 100^M(HNNM|20 99®oii#iMi4 iooaiiiiiiS2i (5 illustrations, of which this is Nn. i) 4G Assortment 1010 (Continued) (5 illustrations, of which this is No. 5) Advantagfx)us Color Effects in Posteriors. These Assortments make easily possible color effects in dentures which cannot otherwise be gotten without much trouble. This Is done by the use of bicuspids of darker shades than the anteriors. If a full denture is made of teeth all of one shade, It appears unnatural because the color is either too dark for the front of the mouth or too light for the back of the mouth. Dentists have sought to overcome this defect by breaking up several full sets of teeth to get teeth for one denture. This is time consuming and ex- pensive. In these Assortments, the bicuspids are darker In shade than the anteriors but harmonious with them. When the anteriors have been selected, it is only necessary to select the posteriors of proper size and of the shade in the Articulation Chart, as harmonious with that shade of anteriors. The result will be that the teeth in the posterior part of the mouth will be darker than those in front, and the denture will be much more natural in appearance than will otherwise be the case, 47 Anteriors of shades 4-5-6-8-9-10 may be used with posteriors of shade 7. Anteriors of shades 1 1-13 with posteriors of shade 14. Anteriors of shades 7-15-16 with posteriors of shade 20. This possibihty of easily securing pleasing color effects has com- mended these Assortments to many dentists. They would not now willingly be without the means of securing such effects. Economic Advantages. The dentist who has one of these Assortments on hand reaps certain economic advantages, as follows : The teeth are at hand for instant use. This often effects an economy in time which is equal in value to the cost price of the teeth. The depot may be closed, or it may be temporarily out of that mould in that shade. At any rate, it takes time to send, even if the depot be in the same building. Sometimes it is advisable to rush a case for certain patients. Then every moment counts. Having the teeth at hand certainly saves time. The dentist makes his own selection. That dentist who desires to keep his reputation at the front, will recognize that no one but himself should select teeth for his patients. No one else can select so well as he. If the teeth are at hand, it is easy to quickly shape up a base plate, or to shape an impression into the form of a temporary base-plate and mount on it the teeth he has selected and try them in the mouth. Size, outline, color and shade may then be finally settled on to the satisfaction of all concerned. If the first set is found unde- sirable, the second may be quickly substituted. Thus one sitting rnay be made to do what has often spoiled two sittings. Fewer teeth are lost. If teeth are bought in full sets of 14, the necessities of practice require breaking many sets, sometimes for the use of only 3 or 4 teeth. There gradually accumulates a stock of odd teeth whose working value is less than they cost, es- pecially when it is remembered that miscellaneous teeth may be bought at less cost than full sets, if many are to be used, 48 These Assortments are arranged in partial sets, so that it is not necessary to break a full 14, but either a set of 6 or a set of 8 can be broken. The proportions of anteriors and posteriors have been so carefully worked out, that practically no dead stock accumulates. This saving will be appreciated by the careful dentist. Filling in the used teeth. In order to keep the stock up to its full working value, teeth should be ordered to replace those used, before the Assortment is depleted. Arrangements can easily be made with the depot to do this at the same price as teeth in full sets. The mould and shade numbers can be determined from the wax. The economic advantages from Assortments loio and 12 10 are greater than those from Assortments 710 and 610 because the range of moulds and shades is greater and the stock of any given mould in a given shade is larger and not so quickly exhausted. Anatomical Moulds in the Assortments. The bicuspids and molars in the vulcanite tooth assortments of The Dentists' Supply Company are anatomical in form. In the larger assortments, Nos. lOio and 1210, moulds 97-98-55-99-100 are present in sufficient quantities to form a most valuable office stock. Anatomical Moulds in Several Forms of Teeth. The anatomical moulds are offered in Dentsply Platinum Pin Teeth, plain vulcanite, Dentsply Combination Sets, plain vulcanite, Sollla Combination Sets, pinless posteriors, Twentieth Century Teeth, all pin, plain vulcani'te. Twentieth Century Combination Sets, plain vulcanite. 49 CHAPTER V. The Twentieth Century Principle in Tooth Making. The Twentieth Century principle is that it is more scientific and efficient to solder in tooth pins than to bake them in. It is based on the fact that baking platinum pins into porcelain teeth cracks the porcelain, often to such an extent as to weaken the tooth. Also on the fact that the baking of the porcelain to the pins unfits the tooth to oppose all its strength to the stress of mastication. The Twentieth Century principle bakes the platinum into the tooth in such form that It cannot fracture the porcelain, and solders the pins to the platinum after the porcelain is baked. It attaches the pins to the tooth in such way that the tooth may oppose its great- est strength to the stress of mastication. Both of these practices were perfected and applied by The Dentists' Supply Company and are exhibited only In Twentieth Century Teeth and Sollla Teeth. How Platinum Came to Be Used for Tooth Pins. Three Important reasons controlled the selection of platinum for tooth pins : I. It was the only metal which would endure the rather crude methods of tooth manufacture in vogue when it was selected. 2. Most of the porcelain teeth of that day, were soldered to metal plates. Plati- num pins were neces- Section of platinum pin vulcanite tooth made in the days cq rv fnr flip QnlrlprinCT when platinum pins were large. The porcelain is broken along ^'^^Z ^^^ ^-"^ auiuciiiig the entire length of the pin embedded in porcelain. nrnppcc No. 3S piULCbS. 3. Platinum was cheap, and the pins could be large without increasing the cost of the teeth. It is now dear and the pins are smaller and weaker. 50 The Chemistry of the Mouth Played no Part. Among those dentists who still prefer platinum pin teeth, the statement is common, "No metal other than platinum will withstand the oral fluids." And they think that platinum was selected for tooth pins because of its resistance to the fluids. Such is not the case. The chemistry of the oral secretions was not nearly so well known then as it is to-day. There is no reason to suppose that any consideration of the oral fluids played the slightest part in the selection of platinum for tooth pins. This is all the more likely because the men who selected platinum were the manufacturers, and platinum was selected for manufacturing reasons. They would doubtless have been willing to select any other material which would have withstood equally well their manufacturing processes. Platinum Advances in Price. With the passing of the years and the demand for platinum increased and the supply decreased, the price advanced, somewhat as shown in illustration No. 33 until in 19 12, the price reached $46 per ounce, or approximately 12 times what it had been when its use in tooth pins began. Platinum pins became very expensive. Farsighted men, anticipating the advances in the price of plati- num, began some years ago, a search for a substitute which could be used as tooth pins. No one found the substitute metal, but a plan was devised for the use of platinum in different form and smaller quantities during the process of baking the teeth, and the attachment of pins of other metals after the baking was complete. This avoided the exposure of the pins to the great heat required to bake the teeth. The Dentists' Supply Company, after a long period of experi- mentation, successfully applied the method to the commercial manu- facture of teeth. The method, thus perfected, consisted in shaping platinum into the form of a split ring, with a flange at one end, and baking two of these rings, commonly called "anchorages" into the tooth in such positions that after the baking of the porcelain was completed, pins could be inserted into the openings in the centre of the rings or anchorages, and soldered there at a lower heat than the baking of the porcelain required. 51 ' , 1900 1901 1902 ?05 1904 1505 1906 1907 1906 1309 1910 1 ?11 1912 1 915 •^50 = = 1 45 48 47 46 45 / °"\ 44 f 43 / 42 / 41 * 40 t ■59 , 38 1 57 1 1 1 ?6 { 75 1 ?4 1 77 ^ 1 — 72 — {- 1 51 1 1 1 70 29 1 23 1 /'•/ 27 1 \ « 26 ,' ' "1 Z5 «t !< v'j 24 r* 27 1 22 21 y 20 19 »»*' ■ .._ y 18 , '.' 17 16 . 15 . - 1 1 : No. 33 52 Scclion of an "old Uiikj" platinum pin vulcanite tooth. Porcelain shattered on both sides of pin from inside head to surface of tooth. No. 34 Till': InvI'LNIoks Biii^dij) I5i:'1'ii:k Tiiax Tiikv Knkvv I'he great thought of the inventors was that they could offer to the profession teeth with large, strong pins, which could be sold at low- er prices than plati- num teeth were even then commanding. But, as often hap- pens they solved at the same time, other problems quite as important as that which formed the object of their search. For they solved the problem of baking perfect porcelain teeth and also the problem of enabling the tooth to oppose Section of Twentieth Century Tooth showing anchorage with Jfg entire Strenffth porcelain perfectly fused about it. Pin soldered to anchorage. * Depression at inner end of anchoraee is where solder lay before it j cirPCC drew up about pin. Magnified 1 diameters. 10 slFebS. No. .35 What Microscopic Inspection of Teeth Reveals. If teeth be ground by hand on suitable stones, polished on Arkansas stones stained in fuchsin, and examined under a microscope, a number of important facts can be determined. The first great fact is that it is impossible to bake solid platinum pins into high fusing porcelain without rendering many of the teeth imperfect. It is the experience of every manufacturer of platinum pin teeth, that a considerable proportion of the teeth are visibly imperfect. And it is. now known that many which are apparently free from defects when seen by the naked eye, are im- perfect when seen through the microscope. The internal defects, as revealed by the microscope, vary from a small crack about the internal head of the pin to a series of cracks extending in all directions, and seriously weakening the tooth. Micro-photographs of these different forms of cracks in the porcelain will be found in illustrations Nos. 32 and 34. The easy failure of many platinum pin teeth in service is doubtless accounted for by the fact that in those teeth the cracks were extensive and greatly reduced the resisting power of the tooth. The Cracks in Teeth Made Years Ago. It is not uncommon to hear dentists say, "But the teeth I bought years ago did not have such cracks. They gave good service." This is merely another illustration of the fact that memory retains some experiences while rejecting others. In the teeth of years ago, the pins were large and the cracks were numerous. For it seems to be the rule that the cracks in the tooth are almost exactly in proportion to the size of the mass of platinum baked in. In other words, the baking in of large masses of platinum causes many cracks; the baking in of smaller masses causes fewer cracks. Illus- trations Nos. 32 and 34 are made from platinum pin teeth of years ago. And while the manufacturer and dentists knew nothing of the existence of such cracks, they were present as here shown, and they reduced the strength of the teeth in direct proportion to their number and size. How THE Anchorages Avoid Cracking the Porcelain. They are split rings and have neither the expanding nor con- tracting power of the solid platinum pins. They cannot push the porcelain away as they expand. They cannot resist its contraction during baking, and they cannot pull it out of position as it cools, all of which the solid platinum pins do. The anchorage is split on one side to destroy Its expanding and contracting power. The ex- panding and contracting power of the porcelain Is then superior to that of the anchorage, and governs its movements. As the 54 porcelain contracts in vitrifying, it forces the anchorage to contract. And in most Twentieth Century teeth examined under a microscope, the anchorage which was slightly opened before baking, is found wholly closed as the result of its forcing together by the contracting porcelain. The result of the controlling action of the porcelain is that the porcelain is not cracked during cooling and bakes perfectly about the anchorage. Twentieth Century Teeth are thus perfect inter- nally, the very location where platinum pin teeth are so often imperfect. The Merits of Platinum Pins and Composition Pins. But the whole question is by no means solved with the baking in of the anchorages. There comes then the question of what pins are best. And here the Twentieth Century principle de- parted successfully from the use of platinum as pins. With the advances In the price of platinum, the prices of teeth In which It was used as pins have advanced and the pins have grown very much smaller. Pure platinum Is too soft for tooth pins. It must be alloyed with Iridium. It is very diffi- cult to alloy the platinum evenly and sometimes a brittleness of the pin wire results which causes the pins to fail under very slight strains. Even when alloyed with that proportion of iridium which gives best results, the pins are soft. They stretch and bend, and the heads are easily marred. The pins In Twentieth Century teeth are not subjected to the heat of baking the porcelain, so It Is possible to use pins of materials which do not exhibit so many defects. This material being less expensive, the pins can be made larger and stronger. A high fusing composition Is employed. Pins made of It are soldered to the anchorages. They have been In constant use for fourteen years. Teeth containing more than lOO millions of these pins have been supplied to the dental profession. They have rendered better average service than any other porcelain teeth. And after this long and extensive trial, they are to-day more popular than ever before. The Mechanical Advantages of Soldering in the Pins. Even the largest artificial tooth Is but a small object to resist the heavy and oft repeated strains to which It Is subjected In masti- cation. In anterior teeth that strain may be of 50 or 60 pounds repeated hundreds of times daily. In posterior teeth it may be much greater. And it is important that each tooth shall be con- structed in such way as to exhibit its greatest strength. The prac- tice of baking the pins into the porcelain prohibits the tooth rrom exhibiting its entire strength. The method of soldering in the pins permits the tooth to exhibit its full strength. The soldering-in method is therefore mechanically superior. Illustrations Nos. ^6 and 37 show the directions from which an upper incisor receives masticatory strain. Illustration A shows a PLATE /TOOTH Unsupported BY RUBBER MOVING STRAIN PLATINUM ANCHORAGE -/PORCELAIN DIPS DOWN LEAVING SPACE AROUND PIN No. 36 Section of plate and baked-in pin tooth showing porcelain attached to pin. A-B is Che direction in which the tooth must move. No. 37 Section of plate and Twentieth Century Tooth. Porcelain dips down and is not in Hirect contact with the pin. tooth with a baked-in pin. Strain from the lower teeth forces the tooth in the direction of the line A-B, with the result that the force is brought to bear first on the tiny right angles of the porce- lain adjacent to the pin, here marked C and D. The angle C being small and incapable of either bending or of withstanding the strain, usually breaks. And the pin is torn away from the porcelain at the point D. The tooth thus materially weakened, falls a prey to some of the succeeding strains, perhaps when the patient Is "eating soft bread." In Twentieth Century and Solila Teeth, the porcelain does not lie in contact with the pin at the points C and D, but dips down before it reaches the pin, leaving a small open space about each pin. The pin is nowhere attached directly to the porcelain, but only to the anchorage. During the process of vulcanizing, the little space about the pin is filled with vulcanite, which forms a relatively soft cushion to ease off any strains to which the tooth may be subjected. 56 7 he pins are attached to the porcelain through the anchor- ages, which have been purposely located in the strongest part of the tooth. Any strain to which the tooth is subjected, is therefore not opposed by tiny portions of the tooth, but by the whole body of the tooth itself. This form of construc- tion undoubtedly ac- counts for a part of that superior strength which Twentieth Century teeth have exhibited in practice. Section of tootli with baked-ni composition pins, magnified 10 diameters Heat required to fnse porcelain has oxidized pin. Gas bubbles plainly show. This is by no means the worst specimen in our collection. No. 38 Baked-in Composition Pin Teeth. When the success of Twentieth Century teeth was seen to be assured and seriously threatened the business of manufacturers of platinum pin teeth, several makers rushed into the market with teeth designed to stem the tide of Twentieth Century tooth success. These substitutes generally consisted of teeth with base metal pins baked into the porcelain. They were foredoomed to failure, be- cause platinum is the only metal so far discovered which can be successfully baked into teeth of high fusing porcelain. Those manufacturers who baked base metal pins into teeth of high fusing porcelain, found the pins so badly oxidized by the heat of baking, and by certain chemical changes which occur in the bak- ing, as to have little tensile strength. However, the teeth were put on the market, but within a few years were discarded by those members of the profession who insisted upon serviceability in the teeth. Some manufacturers lowered the fusing points of their porcelain to where the pins could withstand the heat, and still make these teeth for dentists whose sole interest in teeth consists in buy- ing them at the lowest possible price. After 14 years of continuous manufacture. Twentieth Century teeth are approved by more dentists and enjoy a larger sale than ever before. 57 CHAPTER VI SoLiLA Teeth are offered as an improvement on platinum pin teeth for vulcanite work at lower prices. They have pure gold pins soldered to platinum anchorages in the same way that Twentieth Century pins are. These pins are strengthened by central cores of regular Twentieth Century pin metal. The cores are entirely covered by the gold, except some- times a small spot in the centre of the head. Thus only pure gold is exposed to the oral fluids. Solila teeth offer the following advantages over platinum pin teeth; The pins are at least 80% stronger than the platinum pins common to vulcanite teeth of to-day. The porcelain in the teeth has not been subjected to the shat- tering action of solid platinum pins. It is therefore perfect and is capable of resisting greater stress. The mechanical construction is such as to enable the tooth to oppose its entire strength to stress. The porcelain does not lie in contact with the pins where they emerge from the tooth. A little space is left about each pin. Into this the vulcanite enters and forms a cushion which "eases off" strains upon the tooth. The strain is not borne by small and weak parts of the tooth, as in baked-in pin teeth, but is carried at once to the strongest part of the tooth. The tooth, thus opposing its entire strength to the strain, is less likely to break. As less platinum is used in the manufacture of these teeth and gold is now less expensive than platinum, they can be sold at lower prices than platinum pin teeth. They are, therefore, offered as substitutes for platinum pin teeth at lower prices. The moulds and shades are the same as in Twentieth Century teeth. 58 CHAPTER VII Artificial Tooth Terms. An Understanding of Them Is Important TO Every Dentist. All our tooth products are made of porcelain, the elements of which are mined from the earth, selected with great care, purified and ground to a powder. This powder is then mixed with metallic oxides which, when baked, yield the shades seen in the natural teeth. The powder thus shaded is moistened and packed into moulds shaped like natural teeth and baked at a temperature approximat- ing 2700 degrees Fahr, In the descriptions of artificial teeth several terms are used, the meaning of which should be perfectly clear. They are Translu- cency, Strength, Shades and Moulds. Translucency. If you examine carefully a number of makes of artificial teeth you will notice that there is a decided difference in the appearance of the porcelains. Some appear very opaque. That is, they look like the porcelain of a dish. The light does not enter into the sur- face. You cannot seem to see into the porcelain. On the other hand, some porcelains appear quite translucent. They admit light to the outer layers. It seems as if you could see farther into them than into the opaque porcelains. Translucency is very important in artificial teeth. These teeth must often set beside translucent natural teeth. If the porcelain be opaque it will appear dead beside the natural teeth, no matter how carefully the colors are matched. A mere glance at the mouth will show that some of the teeth are artificial. The artificial porcelain imitates nature in proportion as it is translucent. This renders artificial teeth or crowns made of trans- lucent porcelain very difficult of detection. It makes artistic work possible where the mere lack of translucency would defeat it. 59 Twentieth Century porcelain is the most translucent porcelain ever offered to the dental profession. You seem to see right into the outer layers of teeth composed of it. The light is not reflected as from a dead surface. When well selected teeth and crowns of Twentieth Century porcelain are placed in the mouth and kept moist beside the natural teeth, it is difficult to detect them. The translucency of teeth is greatly affected by the amount of glaze. Porcelains glazed to a shiny finish have a glass-like appear- ance. The finish of Twentieth Century Teeth closely simulates that of the natural teeth. They are glazed neither too little which would make them appear dead, nor too much which would make them appear glassy. The above qualities are very valuable in secur- ing good results, and we commend them to your careful attention. Strength. Strength is an important factor in the success of a porcelain. It depends on several things. First, the elements of which the porcelain is made must be right. They must be selected with intelligence and care. The selected elements must be manipulated properly. The grinding, mixing with flux, and baking must be performed in exactly the correct manner or all the care which has been previously exerted will be lost. In the selection of materials and their manipulation, Twentieth Century porcelain receives a care and skill which are not surpassed and, we believe, not equalled. We believe it is stronger than any other porcelain offered the dental profession. It will withstand as much strain as an artificial tooth should receive. Shades. When the porcelain elements have been properly selected and ground they must be shaded. Shades are obtained by using metallic oxides which develop the desired colors at a very high temperature. Here the selection must be as careful and intelligent as in select- ing the other porcelain elements. Only those metallic oxides which will produce colors similar to those found in natural teeth may be used, and from among these must be selected those which yield stable colors. So carefully is this process of selection conducted that the colors in Twentieth Century Porcelain almost exactly reproduce those found in the natural teeth. 60 When just the right colors have been secured, they must be properly blended. Here it is that art manifests itself. No natural tooth is all one color but in the various parts may exhibit either several different colors or several different shades of the same color. For instance, nearly all teeth show some shade of yellow at the cervical end. The middle third of the tooth may show a gray or a blue or a yellow, while the tip may show a \'ery light yellow, a very light blue or white. Twentieth Century colors are so artistically placed that the finished teeth show the variations common to the natural teeth. Moulds. Twentieth Century Moulds are obtained by careful study of the natural teeth and adapting the information so gained to prac- tical use. Natural teeth present a thousand variations in different individuals, but these variations seem to centre about ideal forms which find expression but rarely. Twentieth Century Teeth seek to produce the ideal forms for which nature strives. It is sometimes stated that the moulds of arti- ficial teeth are not sufficiently natural! If by naturalness it is in- tended to express the variations from the general form which are seen in individual mouths, there is some truth in this statement. The experiment of exactly reproducing natural teeth has been thoroughly tried. Artificial teeth have been made which exactly reproduced the variations seen in individual mouths. 7 hey proved a complete failure. No dentist would buy them. The general term '"Mould" deals with the shape of the various parts of the tooth, but that each part may be accurately described, particular terms are necessary. These are "length," "width," "out- line," "thickness," "bite," "shut," and "ridge-lap." Length. M:^ A The length of a tooth is the distance from the cut- ■^ ting edge to the neck in an anterior, and from the tip ^ of buccal cusps to the neck in the posterior. ^- ^ The length of the anterior teeth largely determines < width > , . . , 1 • 1 1 1 the artistic results achieved by a plate. That part of the plate exposed in laughing should be teeth when the proportions of lip and ridge permit it. Cases often present in which the patient lifts the lips in laughing so as to expose a very considerable area of the ridge. In such cases the length of the an- teriors should receive careful consideration in order that as much of the exposed part of the plate may be occupied by teeth as is con- sistent with artistic results. Other cases present in which the teeth are required to set alm.ost entirely under the ridge, not lapping it at all. Still other cases show marked absorption. Here the dentist must choose between moulds of very different lengths. So important is the matter of length of the centrals that the moulds have been classified as "short," "medium" and "long," by the lengths of the centrals. Width. f~~^ A The width is as important as the length. In select- 's ing vulcanite teeth, however, it is less important to note ^ the width of individual anteriors than the width of the ^— — ^ six anteriors taken together. It is the anteriors as a whole which, when exposed, show harmony with the face or lack of it. Twentieth Century Anteriors are so well propor- tioned that when six of the right width have been selected the widths of the individual teeth rarely require attention. The width of the full 14 is important, as has been explained in the Twentieth Century Method. In some cases it will be desired to use given anteriors, but to make the 14 wider or narrower. This may be done by selecting posteriors of different widths which harmonize with the given an- teriors. ■, ,.! : ■ I Thickness. This is the linguo-labial diameter of an anterior tooth and the linguo-buccal diameter of a posterior. Both thick and thin moulds have their uses. If a ridge be thick, the thick moulds will often be found to suit it better and to permit the pins to extend further lingually. Note for instance Mould 52, For so short a mould it is quite thick. The outline illustration shows how far lingually the pins reach. Note how different Mould 27 is in this respect. When it is desired to have little bulk to lingual, ^52!*^ the thin moulds are valuable. Outline. The outline of an artificial tooth is the continuous curve formed by the incisal edge, the approximal surfaces and the neck. It may vary greatly in teeth having the same length and width as in moulds 5 and 23 shown herewith. The curves may be flat in one and round- ing in another. For a patient having flat curves in the face, or narrow chin, an artificial tooth having flat approximal curves and a narrow neck should be selected. For Q one having rounding curves or plump features, teeth Mould . ° ^ . f f ) ^ Mould 5- having rounder approximal surfaces and more bulging 2:3. labial surfaces are indicated. A careful examination of the outline curves as shown under each mould will indicate the harmony between the curves in that mould and any desired face which may be chosen. The length and width of an artificial tooth is determined mechan- ically by the Twentieth Century Method, but the outline must be left to the dentist's artistic judgment. Setting Teeth on the Bonwill Circle. The width of the six anteriors on the denture will vary some- what according to the circle on which they are set. The measure- Bonwill circle for plain upper moulds 2-6-7-8-9-10-22-26-28-29-35-38-44-56-65-66-71-76-70-81-88-93. 63 rnents here given are for the width of the anteriors and full fourteen when set on the Bonwill circle. To make a Bonwill circle, construct an equilateral triangle ha\- ing sides four inches long. Draw a line from the apex to the centre of the base. Learn the combined width of the central, lateral and cuspid. With a pair of compasses take this width as a radius. Place one point of the compass at C and mark the line CD at E. With the same radius and £ as a centre draw a circle through C and for some distance on each side. With the same radius, place one point of the compass at C and mark the circle just drawn at F and G. Draw a line from G to A and from F to B. The line FCG represents the curve on which the cutting edges of anteriors having that width should be set. The lines AG and BF represent the line of the buccal cusps of the pos- terior teeth. It will often be found helpful to fashion a curve of this sort for setting the anteriors. ^p(^ wHf ^f '^^ ^* '^m ^^^^ ^1^^ 04 CHAPTER VIII TABLE NO. 1 Plain Vulcanite Upper Moulds WITH ANATOMICAIv BICUSPIDS AND MOI^ARS ARRANGED BY SIZR. This table exhibits the plain vulcanite upper moulds in Twentieth Century, Solila and Dentsply teeth, which regularly com- prise anatomical bicuspids and molars. For plain vulcanite upper moulds not regularly comprising anatomical bicuspids and molars, see Table No. 2. Twentieth Century, Solila, and Dentsply Vulcanite teeth are made in the same moulds and with the same mould numbers. The several dimensions are grouped in the order of their relative importance, from left to right, SHORT MOULDS. (AI^I^ DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* 1 3 O Approx. width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle Approx. width full 14 set on Bonwill Circle o| o III 2 Cut and description on page 52 8M 39 94 6 3 6M 52 98 71 42 sy. 40 95 6M 33^ 6M 14 98 71 44 Wi 45 100 b% 2% 7J^ 27 98 72 17 9 41 96 5M 3 7 14 98 72 68 9 42 97 5K 2K 7 14 98 73 21 9H 43 102 6 3 7 67 55 73 18 9% 41 96 6 3 6M 14 98 74 15 ^% 42 97 6 3 6% 14 98 74 36 9 43 102 6 3 7M 67 55 74 22 9% 45 104 6 3 7^ 67 97 77 70 9^ 44 99 6K 3 7)^ 67 98 78 48 9% 48 100 7 3^ 8 19 99 75 MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* 4 10 43 102 4M 2 7 67 97 75 11 10 43 102 5M 2K 7 67 97 78 16 10 42 103 4M 2 7 67 55 79 89 10 42 98 7 3^ 7 67 55 76 67 10 40 99 6K 2M 6% 67 97 76 19 10 K 43 104 6 3 7 67 99 79 90 lOK 42 104 m 4 7 67 99 80 51 11 42 104 lYi 3 7 67 99 80 *Owinsr to the many processes involved in makinsr teeth, these measurements are subject to slijrht variations. 65 TABLE NO. 1 [Continued.) Plain Vulcanite Upper Moulds WITH ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS ARRANGED BY SIZE MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. ( Continued. ) (Alyl^ DIMENSIONS ARE IN MIIvI.IMETERS. )* Mould No. I^ength of Central Approx. width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle Approx. width full 14 set on Bonwill Circle |l| IIS O.tJ PQ g «5 ^0 1) ii ■0 .3.1:2 " 1 ■a .9 V 13 10 43 104 7 3 1% 67 55 81 20 10 44 105 6K 3 w. 39 99 81 88 10 45 106 6K 3H 7H 10 99 82 5 10 44 105 6K 3 7H 39 99 82 (J 10 45 106 5K 2K 7K 39 99 83 23 10 45 106 6 2K 7% 3 99 83 7 103/3 45 106 7M 4 7K 67 99 83 2 lOM 45 106 6>^ 3^ 7K 39 99 84 35 lOH 45 107 7K 4 7% 39 99 84 9 10% 45 106 m 4 7% A5 99 85 65 11 46 107 6K 3 7M 51 99 85 12 11 46 107 6K 3K 7% A5 99 86 103 iiK 47 108 9 4 7M 3 99 86 47 lOK 47 108 6 2M 8 A5 99 87 87 11 46 111 8K 4 8 87 100 87 104 11 48 113 8}^ 4 8M 103 103 88 LONG MOULDS (Alvlv DIMENSIONS ARE IN MIUJ METERS.)* 78 llM 46 HI 7K 4 7M 78 100 88 10 11% 45 110 8 4 7M 51 100 89 8 12 45 110 7K 3H m 51 100 89 50 13 47 109 8K ^% 8 50 A50 90 45 12 49 114 7 3 8K 103 100 90 93 13 49 114 9 4>^ 8M 93 93 91 * Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 6G TABLE NO. 2 Plain Vulcanite Upper Moulds NOT REGULARLY COMPRLSING ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS SHORT MOULDS. (AIJ, DIMENSIONS ARE IN MIU^IMETERS.)* Approx. Approx. 'O.rt n « h s Mould I^ength width 6 anteriors width full 14 a a o rt ii a Si 5|-S re O-s' No. of Central set on set on ■;; i; 3 a .S-g Bon will Bonwill C K X u <« U 4] o Circle Circle < & •0 32 9H 44 104 63/2 3 7^ 70 92 73 9 44 112 5y2 2 7M 73 92 43 9K 47 114 6H 3 8 43 93 94 9M 51 116 I'A S'A 8K 19 94 MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. (ALIv DIMENSIONS ARE IN MIL,LIMETERS.)* 14 10 43 105 m 3^ 7 al4 94 31 10 42 103 5 2 6% 7 95 41 10 43 103 5^ 2M 7 8 95 37 lOH 43 104 7 3 7 a37 96 30 103^ 42 100 7 3 7 a30 96 27 101^ 40 101 %Vo 4 63^ 25 97 91 11 42 99 5)^ 2 6% 91 97 72 10 47 115 6K 3 W2 72-78 98 24 103^ 43 108 iy2 Wz 7 1 98 79 103^ 45 108 73^ 4 7% 79 99 39 10% 43 103 7 2% 7^ 8-2 99 25 10% 44 107 63^ 3 7% 5-3 100 92 10% 45 110 7^ 4 7% 92-5 101 40 11 44 105 7^ 43^ 7 8 101 28 11 45 106 5K 2 7.3i 16 102 29 11 45 109 7 3% 7,^ 1 102 63 11 44 103 5^ 2H 71^ 8 103 46 11 M 44 105 9^ 3H 7H 3 103 66 11 M 45 114 83^ 33^ 73^ 66 104 75 9% 50 116 6H 3 93-^ 75 104 71 103^^ 45 108 6 3 8 71 105 69 10% 48 115 63^ 1% 8>^ 69 105 1 11 46 107 83^ 4 7% 5 106 105 11 47 116 W2 4 8>^ 105 106 107 iiM 49 119 m 4>^ 8>^ 107 107 26 ii>^ 45 106 ^% 3 7>^ 11 108 81 11 >^ 45 108 9>^ 5)^ 7>^ 5 108 76 12 45 109 8>^ 4 7>^ 5 109 38 12 45 105 7 ZYz 7>^ 11 109 56 12 45 109 8^ 4^ 7M 5 110 49 12 48 107 7>^ 4 8 49 110 86 12 48 109 ^% 4 8 6 111 96 12 50 118 ^Vz 4 %% 96 111 95 13 48 113 9>^ 5 8 95 112 74 13 >^ 46 108 9 5 7% 74 112 101 12 49 115 10 4>^ 8>^ 101 113 64 12 50 113 7 3>^ 9 18 113 84 n% 53 123 8^ 3>^ 9K 84 114 85 12 65 138 9 4 12 None 114 82 14% 57 128 13 6>^ 9^ 82 115 83 15% 52 123 13>^ 6 9 83 115 * Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. TABLE NO. 3 Plain Vulcanite Upper Moulds ARRANGED NUMERICAIvIvY THIS TABIvE IS DESIGNED TO AFFORD INFORMATION CONCERNING MOUI.DS WHEN THE MOUI.D NUMBER IS KNOWN. Moulds numbered in thi.s face of type, 2 — 4 — 5 — 6 — 7, are regularly carded with anatomical bicuspids and molars. The other moulds may be had so carded on special order. (AI,I, DIMENSIONS ARE IN MII^I^IMETERS.j* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL i ii -a- i; ^ 5-0 ^ 6 •a 1 s 3 a i> -a 3-2 as pq III •S SCO n- '^3 If iia 3 V ■r < Si 5^ ^ HJ dj ui bo 3 CO S » 1 11 7% 4 4 3 8% 46 107 6-28-5 106 2 lOK 7% 3% 2% 4% 6% 45 106 39 99 84 4 10 " 7 2 2 6 4% 43 102 67 97 75 5 10 7% 3 3 4 6% 44 105 39 99 82 6 10 7% 2% 2% 5 5% 45 106 39 99 83 7 10K3 7% 4 3 3% 7% 45 106 67 99 83 8 12 7^ 3% 3% 5 7% 45 106 51 100 89 9 10% 7% 4 3 3% 7% 45 106 A5 99 85 10 11% 7% 4 3% 4M 8 45 110 11-16-5 100 89 11 10 7 2% 2% 5 5% 43 102 67 97 78 12 11 7% 3% 2% 5 6% 46 107 A5 99 86 13 10 7% 3 3% 3>^ 7 43 104 67 99 81 14 10 7 3% 3% 3 7% 43 105 al4-2-3 94 15 9% 6% 3 2% 4 6 42 97 14 98 74 16 10 7 2 2 6 4% 42 103 67 99 79 17 9 7 3 2 4 5% 41 108 14 98 72 18 9K 6% 3 2% 4 6 41 96 14 98 74 19 lOK 7 3 2% 5 6 43 104 67 99 79 '20 10 7% 3 3 4 6% 44 105 39 99 81 21 9M 7 3 2% 4 6 43 102 67 97 73 22 m 7% 3 2% 4 6 45 104 67 97 77 23 10 7M 2% 3 4% 6 45 106 3 99 83 24 lOK 7 3% 3% 3% 7% 43 108 1 98 25 10% 7% 3 3 4% 6% 44 107 5-3-65 100 26 iiM 7% 3 3 5% 6% 45 106 11-16-3 108 27 lOK 6% 4 4 2% 8% 40 100-101 25-7 97 28 11 7% 2 3 6 5% 45 106 65-16-3 102 29 11 7% 3% 3 4>^ 7 45 109 1-16-5 102 30 lOK 7 3 3% 4 7 42 100 a30-3-2 96 31 10 " 6% 2 2% 5% 5 42 103 7-2-70 95 32 9% 7% 3 3 3>^ 6% 44 104 70-10-9 92 35 lOK 7% 4 3 3% 7% 45 107 39 99 84 36 9 " 7% 3 2% 3M 6 43 102 67 97 74 37 10% 7 3 3% 4 7 43 104 a37-3-2 96 38 12 7% 3% 3 5% 7 45 105 11-16-74 109 39 10% 7% 2% 4 4 7 43 103 8-2-10 99 40 11 7 4% 2% 4 7% 44 105 8-2-3 101 41 10 7 2M 2% 5 5% 43 103 7-8-2 95 42 8% 6% 3% 2% 3% 6% 40 95 14 98 71 43 9^ 8 3 3 3M 6% 47 114 43-30-19 93 * Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 68 TABLK NO. S-'iCoiUinned) TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEETH I'l^AIN ri'I'ERS. TABLK OF MOULDS ARRANGED NUMERICALLY K^.\^^ DIMEN.SION.S AKK IN MII^MMETERS.J* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL nil 14 m Circle es with oulds '^1 ^ 6 ___-s "C ^ ^ S' 1^ - 0_ ^_ V ^^ - s ^ " B-Cl o c s X ■J, '5, 3.| '^ 1 <-2 So s = a 44 8M 7K 2y 2K sy 5K 45 101 27 98 72 45 12 8K 3 33^ by 7 49 114 103 100 90 46 llM 7K 3><$ 5^ 234 9K 44 105 3-5-11 103 47 lOK 8 2j4 3 5 6 46 108 A5 99 87 48 9% 8 sy 3 33^ 7 48 110 A5 99 75 49 12 8 4 3 5 73^ 48 107 49-16-6-78 110 50 13 8 4% sy 5 8K 47 109 12-13-6 A50 90 61 11 7 3 4 4 7M 42 104 67 99 80 52 8M 6M 3 2K 3 6 39 93 52-9 98 71 56 12 7% 4M sy 4 8K 45 109 6-5-28 110 63 11 73^ 2K 2% 6 5K 44 103 8-7-10 103 64 12 9 3M sy 5 7 50 113 18-19-101 113 G5 11 7M' 3 3 5 63^ 45 107 51 99 85 66 11 >^ IVa 3>^ 4M 3K 8K 45 114 66 104 07 10 6% 2y sy 4 6>^ 40 99 67-7-2 97 76 68 9 7 2y 2y 4 5K 42 97 14 98 73 69 10% 8M 2y sy 4% 6M 48 115 69-75-19 105 70 9^ 7K 3 3 3^ 6M 44 99 67 98 78 71 10 K 8 3 2>^ 5 6 45 108 71-5-6 105 72 10 7K 3 3 4 6K 47 115 72-73-43 98 73 9 7Ki 2 3 4 5H 44 112 73 92 74 13K 7% 5 sy 5 9 46 108 74-6-16 112 75 9^ 9K 3 3 3% 6M 50 116 75-69-19 104 76 12 7^ 4 4 4 83^ 45 109 5-6-28 109 78 UK 7K 4 3 4M 73^ 46 111 78 100 88 79 io>^ 7^3 4 3 3H m 45 108-109 79-5-6 99 81 11 M 7M 534 sy 2^ 9M 45 108 6-5-16 108 82 14M 9M 6>| 6 2K 13 57 128 82 115 83 15M 9 6 7 2% 13K 52 123 83 115 84 11^ 9M 3K 4K sy 8M 53 123 84 114 85 12 12 4 4K sy 9 65 138 none 114 86 12 8 4 4 4 8K 48 109 6-5-19 111 87 11 8 4 4 3 8M 46 111 87 100 87 88 10 7^ 3><; 2M 4 6M 45 106 10 99 82 89 10 7 sy sy sy 7 42 98 67 98 76 90 10 M 7 4 3 sy 7K 42 104 90-67 99 80 91 11 6M 2 3 6 5K 42 99 91-2-7 97 92 lOM 7K 4 3 3% 7M 45 110 92-5-103 101 93 13 sy, 4M 4 4)^ 9 49 114 93 93 91 94 %M 8K sy sy 2y 7K 51 116 19-30-43 94 95 13 8 5 4 4 9M 48 118 95-12-13 112 96 12 8K 4 5 3 9>^ 50 118 96-12-18 111 101 12 8K 43^ 5 234 10 49 115 101-107-18 113 103 IIM m 4 4K 3 9 47 108 g 99 86 104 11 sy, 4 4 3 83^ 48 113 103 100 88 105 11 sy 4 4 3 83^ 47 116 105-101-104 106 107 ri% sy 43^ 3>^ sy 8H 49 119 107-104-101 108 similar tables precede the I_ji- ma0% Fourteens [14s] Sixteens [16s] L. '.^.vJ ir Mjji^kj '' ii t' /; \%jj/ ij V i /j% /^ i:/""\\ » Twenty-eights [28s] §'%J) ^\J\J)'\^\J)\j)\j'\^ ^-^^ V Plain Vulcanite Upper Moulds REGULARLY COMPRISING ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS IN TWENTIETH CENTURY, DENTSPLY AND SOLILA TEETH. SHORT MOULDS. SHORT AND NARROW. 52 §j\j 6&^® MOULD 52. Dimensions of centrals: length S% mm., width 6% mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2% mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 39 mm. Approximate width full 14, 94 mm. No collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. One of the two smallest plain upper moulds. The centrals have their greatest width at the line between the incisal and middle thirds, are made to set with just a pleasing slant to the ridge and are nicely separated at the necks. The cuspids are of good size in proportion to the centrals and laterals. This mould and mould 42 in shades 1, 2 and 4 are very popular in the Canadian provinces and wherever French people are found. Indications. For small faces where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6 mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised about 7% mm. Useful in making plates without anterior gums. MOULD 42. Dimensions of centrals: length of central incisor 3% mm., width G% mm., bite 3 1/3 mm., shut 2 2/3 mm., ridge-lap 3% mm. Approximate width of combined anteriors, 40 mm. Approximate width full 14, 95 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Tl A very small mould having flat curves in its outlines and rather flat labial surfaces. Its outside length is the same as that of mould 52, but it has a collar ] mm. deep and when this is covered with rubber, the exposed enamel surface is only iVa mm. long. This mould dififers from 52 in that the greatest width is nearer the cutting edge and the approximal curves are straighter. This differ ence can be best understood by comparing the outlines of the centrals as shown in the illustrations. The cuspids in this mould are slightly wider than those in 52, and for this reason the combined anteriors are slightly wider. Like mould 52 this mould in shades 1, 2 and 4 is very popular among French people. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anterior from lower mould 14. Indications. For small faces where the features are more square than in mould 52. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6^/4 mm. below the ridge and the lip is raised only about iVz mm. As this mould has a collar it is not so well adapted for making plates without anterior gums as mould 52. MOULD 44. Dimensions of centrals: length 8^ mm., with 7 1/3 mm., bite 2% mm., shut 2^ mm., ridge-lap 3^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 100 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5^^ mm. Deep collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The centrals are the same length as in the two preceding moulds, but con- siderably wider. When the collars are covered with rubber, the enamel surface of the centrals is almost square. Laterals and cuspids are wide in proportion to centrals. The bite of the anteriors is very hollow. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 08 to form 14's. Articulates well with lower moulds 10-24-27. Indications. For short, wide faces, where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plates comes about' 5V2 mm. below the surface of ridge and the lip is raised only a little over 7 mm. The very hollow bite of the anteriors makes this mould valuable where the lower anteriors set well forward. MOULD 17. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 41 mm. A longer, slightly narrower mould than No. 44 with more rounding angles' and pleasing appearance. Approximate width full 14, 96 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5% mm. Deep collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. A short mould of good comparative width but with pleasing proportions, rounding angles and narrower laterals and cus])ids than in mould 44. Anteriors from this nimild conihino well with posteriors from mould 98 to form ]4's. Articulates well with lower moulds. Indications. For short faces somewhat wider than for moulds 52 and 42. Valuable where the bite is very close and the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes only .5'/. mm. below the surface of ridge. MOULD 68. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2^ mm., shut 2^/^ mm., ridge-lap 4 mn. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 mm. Approximate width full 14, 97 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, by^ mm. Very narrow collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The outline of the centrals in this mould is much like that in mould 52, save that mould 68 has narrower necks and the greatest width is at the cutting edge. The laterals are nearly as long as the centrals and the cuspids are but little longer than either. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. ticulates well with anteriors from lower mould 14. Ar- Indications. For rather small ipersons having oval faces and small mouths. When you have a small, delicatelj^ built lady with an oval face, delicate skin, fine hair, and when the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes only 5J/2 mm. below the Tidge but the lip is raised 8 mm. in laughing, this mould will prove valuable. MOULD 21. Dimensions of centrals: length qVz mm., width 7 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 2 mm., ridge-lap 3^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 102 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Outlines of anteriors practically the same as in mould 42, only on a larger scale. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 97 to form 14's. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. hVjr oval faces of less than medium length, Init good pro- portionate breadth. J*"or cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6J/4 mm. below the ridge and lip is raised about sy^ mm. MOULD 18. Dimensions of centrals: length 9% mm., width 634 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2^ mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 41 mm. Approximate width full 14, 96 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The anteriors present rather flat labial surfaces with flat curves in the out- lines which carry the width up into the middle third and then taper to medium necks when the collars are covered with rubber. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 14. Indications. For faces slightly less than medium long and narrow in pro- portion, with flat curves. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 6 mm. below the ridge and lip is raised 8^ mm. ^a MOULD 15. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 2/3 mm., width 6 2/3 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2 2/3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 mm. Approximate width full 14, 97 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bi- cuspids and molars. Almost long enough to be classed as medium length. Anteriors have their greatest width at junction of incisal and middle thirds. The approximal sur- faces are quite flat and slope to medium wide necks and show fair sized inter- dental spaces. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. Articulates well Avith lower mould 14. Indications. For faces of slightly less than medium length and narrow in proportion. For cases where the arch requires a narrow 14. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6 mm. below ridge and the b'p is raised about 9 mm. SHORT MOULDS. SHORT AND MEDIUM WIDE. MOULD 36. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7% mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2 2/3 mm., ridge-lap 3 1/3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 74 to 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 101-102 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Considerably less than medium long. The centrals and laterals are made to set almost perpendicular to the ridge and carry their greatest width well up into the middle third so that up to the point where the rubber covers the collar, they show little space between the necks of the centrals. The centrals are thicker than medium and present rounding curves with compara- tively flat labial surfaces. The anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 97 to form 14's, and articulate well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of less than medium length but medium width and quite full in the lower half, rather inclined to be flat. With this mould the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate may come 6 mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip be raised about 8 mm. MOULD 48. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 2/3 mm., width 8 mm., bite 3 1/3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 1/3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 48 to 49 mm. Approximate width full 14, 110 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Medium collar. A wide, square looking mould of a good deal the same dimensions as mould 43 but quite dififerent appearance. This mould has its greatest width in the incisal third and carries it cervically by rather flat curves. When seen on the wax the teeth look square because of the collar, but when this is covered with rubber, much of the square look is removed. The meslo-incisal angle is quite sharp and the disto-incisal angle but little rounded. The an- teriors are made to set almost perpendicular to the ridge. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould A5. Indications. For wide faces of medium length or slightly less, having more tendency to angularity than in mould 43. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised 9 mm. Valuable in cases where the mouth is wide between the corners of the lips, but the size of the arch requires medium bicuspids and molars. MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND NARROW. MOULD 4. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 2 mm., ridge-lap 6 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 43 mm. 73 Approximate width full 14, 102 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. A thin, flat mould of very pleasing outline. The mesial surface bulges mesially from the mesio-incisal angle, so that these angles in the two centrals are somewhat separated. The neck is of medium width, surmounted by a collar, and the distal surface is quite rounded. Laterals and cuspids in good proportion to the centrals, the cuspid having a specially prominent distal angle. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 97 to form 14's. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould A5. Indications. For faces of less than medium width in the upper part and tapering to medium wide chins by fairly round curves, but where the features are not very plump. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 4J^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 9 mm. For cases where the shrinkage of the gum has been more linguo-labial than vertical, since this tooth is intended to set to labial of the ridge rather than beneath it. 89 MOULD 89. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 1/3 mm., shut 3 1/3 mm., ridge-lap 3 1/3 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 42 mm. Approximate width full 14, 97 to 98 mm. Slight collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. This mould is so well proportioned that when seen by itself it seems a medium tooth in all respects. The greatest width is carried well up to the middle third, and the neck, aside from the collar, is medium wide. The labial surfaces are neither flat nor bulging but are just nicely rounding. The tooth sets on a slight slant to the ridge, this slant being slightly more noticeable in the lateral. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of medium length and slightly less than medium width, with chins which taper to medium oval. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9 mm. in laughing. The character of the ridge-lap is such that when the pins rest on the surface of the ridge, this tooth will make very little bulk to labial. 67 « y^#^ /f% f% /f^r^ ir'^ MOULD 67. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 mm., width 6 2/3 mm., bite 2^ mm., shut ZVz mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width of 6' anteriors, 40 mm. Approximate width full 14, 99 mm. Collar; quite pro- nounced in the anteriors. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. 76 A lap lateral mould. It lends itself particularly to artistic work by the dentist, ])ecausc it departs somewhat from the usual ap]jearance, through the shape of its laterals. The centrals have .^ood width, which they carry well up to the middle third, and ])y the IiuIr-c of their labial surface, create an im- pression of strenoth. The laterals have a lon^ mesial angle to lap the distal surface of the central. The disto-incisal angle, is cut away. The cuspids assist the impression made by the laterals, being rather narrow and having the point of the cusps well to mesial. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 97 to form 14's. Plain lower mould 67 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Indications. For faces of medium length, but slightly less than medium width, with rounding lines and plump features. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes GVj mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9 mm. in laughing. This mould dififers considerably as to its intentions from those heretofore described, because it is intended for cases where vertical absorption of the ridge is considerable, but where, for mechanical reasons, it is desired to use a short bite tooth. In this mould the long shut carries the incisal edge down as desired, making the short bite possible. The ridge-lap is such that the tooth will set somewhat in front as well as somewhat under the ridge, its thickness taking the place of an undesirable bulk of rubber, and the labial surface bulging to harmonize with full features. The laterals may be set in the ordinary fashion, or lend themselves readily to being set with sHghth^ more slant than the centrals, as lap-laterals. MOULD 22. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 2/3 mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2 2/3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 44-45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 103-104 mm. Deep collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Of nearly medium length and full medium width. Flas greatest width in incisal third with ciuite straight mesial surfaces and rounding distal surfaces. Wide necks which show but little space between centrals. Collar. Laterals and cuspids of good widths in proportion to centrals. The anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 97 to form full 14's, and articulate well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of slightly less than medium length and full medium width, so that they look wide in proportion. For those faces which carry their width down by rather straight cheeks and present wide chins. This is a rather thick mould intended to set more in front of the gum than under it. For cases where the absorption has taken a form which thinned the ridge linguo-labially. and some fdling in is necessary to bring the lip to proper position. Should be used where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6 mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised 9 mm. 77 70 * MOULD 70. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 1/2 mm., width 7 1/3 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap Zy^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors 44 mm. Approximate width full 14, 99 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. This mould and mould 21 illustrate how two moulds may have practically the same measurements and yet be entirely unlike in appearance, due to differ- ences in outline. A little comparison of these moulds as shown in the illustra- tions will be profitable. In length and width the centrals of the two moulds are practically alike. Mould 21 carries its width well up into the cervical third, presenting a wide neck with little space between the necks of the centrals when in place. It gives an impression of up-and-down squareness. Mould 70 is intended to set on more of a slant, has its greatest width in the incisal third and the approximal surfaces begin at once to converge toward comparatively narrow necks which leave quite a space between the two cen- trals. The thickness of the anteriors in the two moulds is about the same but the outline illustrations show that the ridge-lap in mould 70 is so much more per- pendicular that the tooth is not calculated to set under the ridge, but almost entirely in front of it. The labial surfaces are consequently more bulging. The anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 98 to form full 14's. Plain lower mould 70 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of about the same width through the Malar bones as mould 21 but narrower below that.. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6 mm. below the ridge, but the ridge is thin enough to require bulk to labial. This mould is for faces in medium flesh. Its surfaces are too bulging and its curves too rounding to harmonize with a face so thin as to be lanky or angular. MOULD. 11. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2% mm., shut 2^ mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approxima:te width 6 anteriors, 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 102 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. A very dainty mould. The centrals have their greatest width at the junction of the middle and cervical thirds. Necks medium wide, and well separated. Labial surfaces flat. The cuspids are wide in proportion to the centrals, and the labial surfaces are more bulging. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 97 to form 14's. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of less than medium length, with oval chin and rather flat curves. For faces where the features are not plump and rounded. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 5J/2 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 9 mm. in laughing. m MOULD 16. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 2 mm., ridge-lap 6 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 mm. Approximate width full 14, 103 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. This mould is distinguished by the fact that all the otlier teeth are small as compared with the centrals. The centrals carry their width well into the middle third, and taper to mediumly rounded necks. They are made to set on a very slight slant to the ridge. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For medium long faces, of less than medium width with rather narrow chins and rather flat features. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes iVz mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised about 9 mm. This means that the ridge would not show much vertical absorption but might show a good deal of linguo-labial absorption. This mould is intended to set in front of the ridge and supply bulk in cases where bulk is necessary. 19 MOULD 19. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^ mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2% mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width combined anteriors, 43 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 104 mm. Quite a deep collar. Ana- tomical bicuspids and molars. A mould which taken by itself looks larger than measurements indicate owing to the fact that the centrals seem large in proportion to the laterals and cuspids. The centrals have their greatest width just above the incisal edge, and when the collar is covered with rubber, show quite a space between the necks. The necks are medium wide, and the distal surfaces quite straight. The laterals are quite long and narrow, and the cuspids are not large. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower inould 67. Indications. For faces of medium length and practically medium width 79 which carry their width well down to an oval chin. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 6 mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised about 9^ mm. in laughing. For cases where the ridge shows less absorption than inould 37. The hollow ridge-lap allows this tooth to set quite well under the ridge, and yet extend the porcelain up to the high line. This is rather a thick mould and the pins will reach well into the plate. MOULD 90. Dimensions of centrals: length 105^ mm., width 7 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 to 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 103-104 mm. Collar quite marked in the anteriors. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. A Haskell mould. The centrals have their greatest width in the upper part of the incisal third, and taper at the necks, which, when the collar is covered, are quite narrow. The distal surface is noticeably rounding with a round distal angle. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. Articulates with anteriors from plain lower mould 67. Indicatione. For faces of medium length and medium width in the upper parts. Tapering to narrow chins. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 7^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 93^ mm. in laughing. This mould provides for considerable vertical absorption of the ridge, without the use of the unduly long bite. When the pins rest on the surface of the ridge this mould will not make undue bulk to labial. MOULD 51. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 imm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 or 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 103-104 mm. Medium collar. A lap lateral mould. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The outlines of the anteriors in this mould are almost identical with the outlines of mould 67, save that the dimensions are larger and that the disto- incisal angle of the lateral is not cut away so much. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of full medium length, and nearly full medium width. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate come? lYz mm. below the surface of ridge, and the lip is raised about 10 mm. when laughing. 80 MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE 13 H m^m MOULD 13. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 1/3 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3% mm.: ridge-lap 3^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 104 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. A wider and stronger mould than 11, much thicker, having its greatest width in the incisal third, with sharp mesio-incisal angles, and nearly straight incisal edges. The width is carried up to comparatively wide necks which, however, are much less square when the collars are covered with rubber, than on the wax. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of medium length, slightly less than medium width with strong chins. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, the lip is raised 9 mm , and the anteriors may with advantage set partly under the ridge, instead of in front of it as in moulds 4 and 11. In such cases this mould will supply the necessary bulk to cover the ridge, without using an undue amount of rubber. MOULD 20. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 1/3 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width of 6 an- teriors, 44 mm. Approximate width full 14, 105 mm. No collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The width of the anteriors in this mould is a trifle less than medium, but the width of the molars is such that it must be considered a medium mould The centrals are slightly less than medium wide, having their greatest width in the incisal third, and sloping to medium wide necks. The distal surface and disto-incisal angle are noticeably rounded. The cuspids are notice- ably long in proportion to the centrals, and are of good width. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 39. Indications. For faces of medium width in the upper part sloping to medium chins. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9 mm., and where the anteriors need to set in front of the ridge. 81 N_^ X^ ^ MOULD 88. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 1/3 mm., bite 3% mm., shut 2% mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 106 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. One of the shortest of the medium long, medium wide moulds. The an- teriors have rather straight mesial surfaces, which carry their width well up to wide necks, leaving small interdental spaces. All the anteriors of this mould are quite wide. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 10. Indications. For faces of not more than medium length, of good compara- tive width, such as would be apt to be found in fleshy people of medium height or a trifle less. For cases where the opening of the mouth is slightly wider than ordinary; where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9 mm. Such cases usually have broad ridges, and require a thick mould of teeth. This mould just meets such needs. MOULD 5. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 mm., width 7% mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 44 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 105 mm. Collar, Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The typical medium mould. The anteriors of this mould are medium in width and length, the greatest width being in the incisal third, and tapering to medium wide necks. When the collar is covered by rubber, there will be sufficient interdental spaces. The laterals and cuspids are in good proportion to the centrals. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates with anteriors from lower mould 39. Indications. For the general run of faces which show medium length and width, this mould will be found more serviceable than any other single mould. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6^/2 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 9 mm. in laughing. Owing to the form of the ridge-lap this tooth is valuable in cases where the ridge is thin and it is necessary to have some bulk to labial. This mould should form part of every quantity order. 82 MOULD 6. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 2% mm,, shut 2^^ mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 106 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicus- pids and molars. One of the shorter of the medium moulds. Has its greatest width in the incisal third and tapers to a neck slightly narrower than medium. When the neck is covered with rubber, there will be medium wide interdental spaces. The cuspids are medium in all respects. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates with anteriors from lower mould 39. Indications. For faces slightly narrower than mould 5, of medium width in the upper part, but tapering to chins slightly narrower than medium. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 51/^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 9 mm. in laughing. ./TTk /tr\. \mii^'%^' MOULD 23. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 mm., width 73^ mm., bite 2% mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4^ mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 106 mm. No collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Owing to the fact that this mould is quite wide in proportion to its length, the centrals look shorter than, they really are. The anteriors of this mould set on a very slight mesial slant, and have wide necks. The cuspids seem rather small in proportion to the centrals. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 3. Indications. For faces of about medium length, wide in proportion, with rather flat curves. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 6 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 9 mm. For cases where the tooth needs to set somewhat in front of the ridge, as well as beneath it. Suitable for plates without gums. ffl ^v MOULD 7. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 1/3 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 1/3 mm. Approximate width of 6 83 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 106 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. This mould has its greatest width at the junction of the incisal and middle thirds, tapering to a medium wide neck. The mesio-incisal angle of the central incisal is sharp and the disto-incisal angle considerably rounded. The incisors set on quite a slant with the ridge, leaving a wide interdental space. The laterals are slightly narrower than in mould 6. The cuspids are medium in all respects. The anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 67. Indications. For faces of good width in the upper part, tapering by rounding curves to medium wide chins. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 7^ mm. below the ridge and the lip is raised about 9 mm. The form of the ridge-lap is such that this mould will set con- siderably in front of the ridge. This makes it valuable in cases where the ridge is thin. MOULD 2. Dimensions of upper centrals: length lOJ^ mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3 1/3 mm., shut 2 2/3 mm., ridge-lap ^Yz mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 106 mm. Collar. Ana-» tomical bicuspids and molars. When separated from other moulds, the outlines of the anteriors of this mould seem long and narrow with fiat curves, and flat labial surfaces. Their greatest width is at the upper part of the incisal third, and the necks are quite wide. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 39. Indications. For faces of medium length, 'but a little narrow in propor- tion, with flat curves, and holding their width well toward the chin. For faces where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 6^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9>4 mm. MOULD 35. Dimensions of upper centrals: length lOYz mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap zYz mm. Approximate width of 6 an- teriors, 45 or 46 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 106-107 mm. No collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. A most excellent medium mould in all dimensions, differing from mould 5, which is the standard medium mould, principally in outline and the fact that 84 it has no collar. The centrals show their greatest width at the upper part of the incisal third, and have wide necks, leaving narrow interdental spaces. The laterals are as long as the centrals. The cuspids are of medium length, with quite sharp cusps. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 39. Indications. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 7^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9y2 mm. When the pins set on the surface of the ridge this mould will extend quite well under the ridge, and make but little bulk to labial. By grinding, this iridge-lap can easily be shaped so that the anteriors will set almost entirely beneath the ridge. Suitable for plate without anterior gums. This mould will harmonize with a very large number of faces of medium length and width, and it is suggested that dentists who do not care to take the trouble to select a particular mould for each face will attain good results in a majority of cases by keeping this mould and mould 5 in stock. 9 MOULD 9. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 2/3 mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 2/3 mm. Approximate vsndth of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate vvidth of full 14, 106 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^ mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. This mould is middle way between the smallest and the largest in this class. It has a strong outline, with wide neck, and shows rather wide inter- proximal spaces between the centrals. The centrals are made to set on a noticeable slant to the ridge. The laterals are of good size, and the cuspids of medium size in proportion to the centrals. Anteriors from this mould com'bine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould A5. Indications. This mould will be found valuable in cases where the labio- incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 7^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, but where from mechanical reasons, such as the elongating of the lower incisors, it is necessary to use a short shut and long bite. The ridge-lap is not much hollowed, and sets outside the ridge as well as underneath it. For faces of medium length rather wide in the upper part, and with chins of good width. MOULD 65. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 11 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width of 6 an- teriors, 46 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 107 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. In length this mould is half way between the longest and shortest in this medium class. The anteriors are of good width, gently rounding curves, and show medium wide interdental spaces. The laterals and cuspids are of good proportionate width. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 51 to form 28's. Indications. Valuable in cases where the ridge is long in proportion to the lip, and is freely exposed in laughing. For ridges thick from lingual to labial. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate come about 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 10 mm. in laughing. This mould will harmonize with strong faces which are just on the border line between medium and large. 103 MOULD 103. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 11^ rnm. plus, width 754 mm., bite 4 mm,, shut i%. mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 47 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 108 mm. No collar. Ana- tomical bicuspids and molars. This mould is on the border line between medium and large. The centrals have their greatest width in the incisal third and taper by pleasing curves to medium necks, separated by wide interdental spaces. The laterals and cuspids are narrow in proportion to the centrals. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with anteriors from lower mould 3. Indications. For faces a little larger than medium, with medium wide chins and sufficiently plump features not to be angular. For cases where the ridge is very short, and the lip very long, so that the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 9 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 10^ mm. The short ridge-lap makes it possible for this tooth to set almost under the ridge, and it will be found valuable in many cases of marked alveolar absorption. ,'' l~x .-^U^^vk^-U^ MOULiD 12. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 11 mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 3% mm., shut 2]4. mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 46 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 107 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. 86 This is one of the larger medium moulds. The centrals are intended to set quite perpendicular to the ridge. They have very straight approximal sides, carrying their greatest width to the cervical third. The laterals are intended to set on more of a slant and show a wider interdental space. The cuspids are of medium size, compared with the centrals, but the very deep collar leaves a rather short enamel surface. All the anteriors have quite bulging surfaces. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. This mould articulates well with lower mould A5. Indications. A careful study of the relations of the bite, shut and ridge-lap as shown in the outline figure of the central, indicate that this mould is de- signed for those cases where the upper anteriors, instead of sloping downward and outward as should usually be the case, are compelled, by the smallness of the lower arch, to set straight up and down, or downward and inward. For strong, heavy faces, most often male. For faces where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 6^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 10 mm. MOULD 47. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^ mm., width 8 mm., bite 2^ mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 47 mm. Approximate width full 14, 107-108 mm. No collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The first of the medium length moulds which is more than medium wide. Centrals have very pleasing outline. Carry their width up through the middle third and taper to medium necks which show good interdental spaces. Laterals long in proportion to centrals. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. Articulates well with anteriors from lower mould A5. Indications. For faces of medium length, rather more than medium width and inclined to be fleshy. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 6 mm. below the surface of the ridge but the lip is raised 9^ mm. The ridge-lap is such that this mould extends well up the labial surface of the ridge. Suitable for plates without gums in front. MOULD 87. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 8 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 46 mm. Approximate width full 14, 111 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. 87 A very pleasing mould. The centrals have their greatest width in the incisal third, and carry it well up but round off to mediuhi necks. Distal surfaces rounding. Laterals have same general outline with flatter curves. Cuspids have narrow necks and markedly sloping distal surfaces. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 100 to form 14's. Plain lower mould 87 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Indications. For well proportioned faces of full medium length. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 8^ mm. below the surface of the ridge and the tooth needs to set partly under the ridge. This mould indicates a very long lip or marked absorption. The bite is long and avoids undue bulk of rubber over the ridge. 104 mf^Y^^" W;' MOULD 104. iDimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 8% mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors,. 48 mm. Approximate width full 14, 113 mm. No collar. Anatomical bi- cuspids and molars. One of the larger medium moulds. A wide mould with pleasing anteriors. The greatest width of the centrals is near the incisal edge, the interdental space quite long, the necks wide. The laterals are long in proportion to the centrals and have narrow necks. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 100 to form 14's. Articulates well with lower mould 103. Indications. For faces of full medium length and more than medium width, rounding to ample chins and showing large mouths. For cases where the ridge from tuberosity to tuberosity permits the use of a wide mould. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes S^A mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised 10 mm. The cen- tirals may set nearly under the ridge. The long shut makes a very long bite unnecessary. MOULD 78. Dimensions of centrals: length 11^ mm., width 7% mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap i%^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 46 mm. Approximate width full 14, 111 mm. Rather deep collar. Ana- tomical bicuspids and molars. One of the most popular moulds of its size. The anteriors exhibit their greatest widths just above the incisal edges, and taper by pleasing curves to medium wide necks. This mould may well form a part of every quantity order. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 100 to form 14's. Plain lower mould 78 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Indications. For faces longer than medium and rather narrow, with pleasantly rounded features and medium chin. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 7^ mm. below surface of ridge and lip is raised about IOJ/2 mm. 10 ^ MOULD 10. Dimensions of centrals: length 11^ mm., width 7% mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3% mm., ridge-lap 4^4 rnrn. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 110 mm. Rather deep collar. Ana- tomical bicuspids and molars. Gracefully tapering outline to incisors, medium wide necks and rather long and wide interdental space. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 100 to form 14's. Articulates well with lower mould 50. Indications. For rather long, narrow faces. For use where the lip is of medium length, and the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 8 mm. below surface of ridge and the lip is raised about 11 mm. MOULD 8. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3% mm., shut Z% mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 110 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The outlines of the incisors are much like that in mould 78, but this mould is slightly longer and a trifle narrower. The greatest width is nearer the incisal edge. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. Articulates well with lower mould 51. Indications. For long faces of medium width, where the greatest width is near the forehead. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 7^/2 mm. below the surface of ridge, and lip is raised about 11 mm. The short shut permits making a plate thin over the ridge. S9 LONG MOULDS. (ifT} O MOULD 45. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width S% mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3^4 mm., ridge-lap 5^^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 49 mm. Approximate width full 14, 114 mm. Medium collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The proportions of the anteriors a^re so pleasing as to make the mould seem smaller than it really is. It is really an excellent medium mould slightly enlarged in all dimensions. Anteriors have their greatest width near cutting edge, medium necks and leave medium interdental spaces. Rather flat labial surfaces. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 100 to form 14's. Articulates well with lower mould 103. Indications. For well proportioned faces of more than medium size. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes about 7 or 7J/2' mm. below the surface of ridge and lip is raised about 11 mm. in laughing. This mould should form part of all quantity orders. MOULD 50. Dimensions of centrals: length 13 mm., width 8 mm., bite 4f^ mm., shut S% mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 47 mm. Approximate width full 14, 109 mm. Slight collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The length of the anteriors is such as to make them look narrower. The greatest width is carried up through the middle third. Necks are quite wide, the interdental spaces small. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould A50 to form 14's. Articulates well with lower mould 50. Indications. For very long faces and for partial cases where some of the anteriors must be supplied and the natural teeth show recession of the gums. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of the upper trial plate comes 8J/2 mm. below the surface of ridge and lip is raised 12 mm. 90 — -^ V L- ' ^ A MOULD 93. Dimensions of centrals: length 13 mm., width 8^ mm., bite 4:% mm,, shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 49 mm. Approximate width full 14, 114 mm. A very long mould, only slightly over medium wide. Has its greatest width in incisal third and tapers by flat curves to wide necks. Anteriors from this mould combine well with posteriors from mould 93 to form 14's. Plain lower mould 93 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Indications. For long faces and cases where the ridge is so absorbed or the lip so long that the incisal edges of the centrals must come 9 or 9}^ mm. below surfaces of ridge. Valuable where anteriors must be replaced under these conditions. Does not require undue bulk of rubber over ridge. 91 Twentieth Century Vulcanite Teeth. NOT REGULARLY COMPRISING ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS PLAIN UPPERS. SHORT MOULDS. SHORT AND NARROW. MOULD 32, Dimensions of centrals: length 9 1/3 mm., width 7}i mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 2/3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 44 mm. Approximate width full 14, 104 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 4i>4 mm. Deep collar. The measurements show the enamel surface of the centrals to be nearly as wide as it is long but the very decided slant on which the anteriors are made to set, and the full curves, keep the mould from appearing square. Quite a wide interdental space shows between the centrals. Laterals and cuspids are quite wide in proportion to centrals. Bicuspids and molars medium long, sharp, prominent cusps, deep sulci. Excellent occlusal surfaces. Distance from pins to point of lingual cusps, short. Ridge-lap long and hollow. Articulates well with lower moulds 70-10 to form 28's. Indications. For faces of slightly less than medium length, but of medium width. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes eVa mm. below the ridge, and the lip is raised 8l^ mm. MOULD 73. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7 1/3 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 44 to 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 112 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 5^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. 92 This mould would be classed as less than medium wide if judged by the widths of the incisors, but the mesio-distal diameters of the bicuspids and molars so extend the width of the full 14 as to make its classification under "Medium Wide" necessary. A square looking mould when seen on the wax but appearing finite dif- ferently when the deep collar is covered with rubber and only the proper enamel surface is exposed. The enamel surface of the central is nearly as wide as it is long. This mould is made to set nearly perpendicular to the ridge, has its greatest width at the junction of the cervical and middle thirds. The out- line may be observed in the illustration. The laterals are as long as the cen- trals but the mesial surfaces slope away more as they go cervically. They have an extremely deep collar. The cuspids are but little longer than the centrals, have short, wide enamel surfaces and very deep collars. Bicuspids and imolars. Very deep collars with short, well rounded enamel surfaces. The occlusal surfaces are of good size and the cusps are well marked, especially in the bicuspids. The bite is short, the shut of medium length and the ridge-lap medium long and hollowed. This mould is a trifle thicker than medium. The anteriors combine well with posteriors from moulds 72-,36-32-70 to form full 14's and articulate well with lower mould 73 to form 28's. Indications. The impression one gains from this mould is one of strength. It is indicated for short, wide faces, especially male, where it must resist a powerful thrust from the lower teeth. To increase its resistance it is given the deep collar and strong support by the rubber. Would be useful where the lower anteriors remain and have been worn down by the force of occlusion. SHORT MOULDS. SHORT AND WIDE. 43 MOULD 43. Dimensions of centrals: length 9}i mm., width 8 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3M mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 47 to 48 mm. Approximate width full 14, 113 to 114 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5% mm. No collar. The anteriors present, for so wide a mould, a very pleasing outline. The mesial surfaces round so as to separate the mesio-incisal angles of the cen- trals and to leave quite a long interdental space. The disto-incisal angles are noticeably rounded. The centrals are made to set on quite a slant to the ridge. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size compared with the cen- trals. The cusps are rounding and the occlusal surfaces of the molars are such that they will articulate with teeth having very short bites, or natural teeth which are a good deal worn. 93 . . Plain lower mould 43 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 43-30 to form 28's. Indications. For fleshy faces of less than medium length with rounding features. If the pins are set on top of the ridge the anteriors will not make much bulk to labial. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite is about eVs mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised about 8 mm. Valuable for plates without gums in front. MOULD 94. Dimensions of centrals: length 9M mm., width 8^4 mm., bite 3^ mm., shut 3^ mm., ridge-lap 2M mm. Approximate width 6 anteri- ors, 51 mm. Approximate width full 14, 116 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5}^ mm. Collar. A short mould of much squarer outline than mould 48. When the collar is covered, the enamel surface is as wide as it is long. This mould is shaped to set practically perpendicular to the ridge. The centrals have their greatest width in the middle third. The laterals and cuspids are wide in proportion to the centrals. The bicuspids and molars are not noticeably large but have fairly prom- inent cusps with deep, well defined sulci. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 19-30 to form 28's. Indications. For short faces of great width. The patients for whom this mould is suitable are almost certain to be fleshy, the ridge to be rather thick linguo-labially and the lip thick and short. These patients cannot usually lift the lip much above the ridge in laughing. This mould is suitable for cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 7V2 mm. below the ridge and the lip is raised about 8^/4 mm. 9G®ffi MOULD 14. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3% mm., shut 3),i mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 43 to 44 mm. Approximate width full 14, 105 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7}^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5},^ mm. No collar. The outlines of the anteriors of this mould are practically what the out- lines of the centrals in mould 13 would be if that mould had no collar. The bicuspids and molars are less than medium long, but present medium size occlusal surfaces with medium prominent cusps and deep sulci. They will be found useful in moderately close bite cases. The indications for the use of this mould are practically the same except that it is more available for plates without gums in front. Articulates well with lower moulds 2-3. 94 9933® MOULD 31. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 6 2/3 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 2 3^2 mm., ridge-lap 5^2 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 mm. Approximate width full 14, 103 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Slight collar on anteriors. A thin, dainty mould. Centrals have greatest width in incisal third; slope by pleasing curves to medium necks. Laterals quite wide at cutting edge; have narrow necks. Anteriors show medium wide interdental spaces. Pos- teriors are without collar, are of medium length, have rounding buccal sur- faces, medium prominent cusps, and deep sulci. Articulates well with lower moulds 7-17. Indications. For rather small and dainty faces such as women of small stature and nervous temperament frequently present. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes 5 mm. below surface of ridge and lip is raised about 9 mm. By grinding of the slight collar on the anteriors this mould can readily be adapted for plates without anterior gums, a use for which the form of ridge-lap peculiarly adapts it. fflffl" MOULD 41. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2^^ mm., shut ZYz mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width of com- bined anteriors, 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 103 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 51>i mm. Required vertical space second molar, 4J^ mm. Collar. When seen by itself this mould seems to be medium wide. The centrals have their greatest width in the middle third, and carry it well upward to wide necks which look wider when seen on the wax, because of the collar. The laterals are nearly as long as the centrals and present much the same outline. The bicuspids are medium long, and but for the collar, have narrow necks. The buccal surfaces are bulging with a well marked ridge, quite sharp cusps, good occlusal surface, and well defined sulci. The molars are fairly long, with strongly marked buccal surfaces and good occlusal surfaces with sharp sulci. Articulates well with lower moulds 7-8. Indications. For medium long faces, of nearly medium width, rather full in the lower third. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes 5^2 nam. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9 mm. in laughing. The slope of the ridge-lap is such that it will set partly under the ridge and partly in front of it. 95 MOULD 37. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 1/3 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 1/3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width combined anteriors, 43 to 44 mm. Approximate width full 14, 104 mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. No collar. The anteriors of this mould present a singularly pleasing outline. The centrals have their greatest width at the middle third, carried to a medium wide neck, with a beautiful curve, have a bulging distal surface and a round- ing disto-incisal angle. The laterals show the same general outline though possibly a little straighter, and the same is true of the cuspids. The bicuspids are of medium length with gently bulging buccal surfaces, medium large occlusal surfaces, prominent cusps and deep sulci. The molars are medium long, with fine occlusal surfaces. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 3-2 to form 28's. Indications. For faces of medium length, nearly medium width, and symmetrical oval outline. It is suggested that this mould is more suitable for people whose faces have not yet begun to show the marks of age. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 9 mm. in speaking and laughing. Such cases show considerable vertical absorption, but the medium long shut makes it possible to get the necessary length with a slightly less than medium bite. The ridge-lap is such that this mould will set partly under the ridge, and may be ground so that it will set more so. MOULD 30. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^^ mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 1^ mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 mm. Approximate width full 14, 100 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. No collar. Outlines of centrals like mould 19, as per illustration, save that this mould has no collar and the incisal edges are more nearly at right angles with the long axes of the teeth. Bicuspids and molars long and narrow with quite straight buccal surfaces and small occlusal surfaces. Quite thick lingual cusps. These bicuspids and molars could not be used where the bite in this region is close. Articulates well with lower moulds 3-2. Indications. For faces of medium length, with oval outlines, and with medium wide chin, and where it is desired to make a plate without gums in front, or is not thought necessary to support the cervical end of the teeth 96 deeply in the rubber. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 9V2 mm. in laughing. In cases where there is considerable vertical absorption of the ridge in front, the length of the shut permits carrying the incisal edge down to the rest line without using an unusually long bite. 27 MOULD 27. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^2 mm., width 6^2 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2^^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 40 or 41 mm. Approximate width full 14, 100 or 101 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Quite a deep collar. This is a lap lateral mould, and is intended to assist the dentist in getting away from the strictly regular setting of artificial teeth which is too general- ly employed. The laterals are made to laf) the distal angles of the centrals, which round away to facilitate this setting. The enamel surface of the cen- trals is of slightly less than medium length, and quite narrow. The greatest width lies at the junction of the middle and incisal thirds and when the col- lar is covered with rubber, there is sufficient space between the necks. An accurate idea of the laterals can best be gained by studying the illustrations. The cuspids are of medium length and width in proportion to the centrals. The bicuspids and molars are of medium length, have narrow necks, and occlusal surfaces of good size and well marked. Plain lower mould 25 was made especially to articulate with this mould. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 7-17 to form 28's. Indications. For narrow faces of medium length or slightly less, and tapering to oval chins. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 8^^ mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 9% mm. in laughing. For cases where there is considerable absorption of ridge and a tooth of medium shut must be employed to carry the incisal edge down to the rest line without undue length of bite. This should receive attention from the dentist, since the shape of the laterals permits many different ar- rangements of the anteriors. In setting this mould both laterals should not be set in the same position, but varying degrees of slant and lapping may be employed with decided artistic advantage. MOULD 91. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 6 94 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 6 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 42 to 43 mm. Approximate width full 14, 99. Combined bite and shut of 97 central, 5% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5% mm. Medium deep collar. An extremely short bite mould. The outline of the central is long and narrow, with medium wide neck, and the distal angle considerably rounded. The laterals and cuspids are in excellent proportion to the centrals. The anterior teeth present flat labial surfaces. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size, with short cusps and well defined sulci. Plain lower .mould 91 was made especially to articulate with this mould. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 91-2 to form 28's. Indications. For faces of medium length but less than medium width, and tapering gently to chins of medium width. For cases where the ridge is long in proportion to the lip, so that the labio-incisal angle of bite comes only 5^^ ,mm. below the surface of the ridge. Valuable in those cases where the lip is raised high in laughing, since if the pins are set on the ridge, this tooth will cover a space 10' mm. long. The form of ridge-lap leaves quite a bulk to labial, which is sometimes desirable. ffiQ3" MOULD 72. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width T^ mm,, bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 47 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 115 mm. Combined bite and shut of central 6% mm. Required vertical space second molar, S^-^ mm. Very deep collar. The outlines of all teeth of this mould are so much like those in imould 73, that it is unnecessary to describe them further than to say that they are larger in every dimension. A reading of the description of mould 73 and the comparison of the dimensions, will furnish all necessary information. Plain lower mould 72 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Lower moulds 72-73 articulate well with this mould. MOULD 24. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10^4 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 1/3 mm., shut 3 2/3 mm., ridge-lap Z^ mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 43 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 107 or 108 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7}>i mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Collar. A very pleasing mould and suitable for a large number of cases. The centrals have their greatest width at the junction of the incisal and middle thirds, and the mesial surfaces bulge so that the mesio-incisal angles are 98 slightly separated. The laterals are rather small in proportion to the cen- trals. The cuspids are of medium size. This mould has its greatest thickness in the cervical third, and in this section the anteriors present quite bulging labial surfaces. This mould articulates well with lower mould 1 to form 28's. The bicuspids in this mould are short, narrow mesio-distally, with round- ing cusps, and well defined sulci. The molars are short, but have very large occlusal surfaces with deep sulci. Indications. Well suited to pretty, rounding faces of medium length and plump features. For cases where the smallness of the lower arch demands that the upper anteriors shall be perpendicular instead of pointing outward, as is normally the case. The thickness of this mould in the cervical third helps achieve this result in an artistic manner. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of bite comes about TVa mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised 9V2 rnm. MOULD 79. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10^^ mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap S],^ mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 or 46 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 108 or 109 mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, 7 J^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5% mm. Collar. A strictly medium mould, the centrals showing good breadth with round- ing curves. They have their greatest width at the junction of the incisal and middle thirds. The mesio-incisal angles are separated and interdental spaces of good width show between the necks. The laterals are practically as long as the centrals. The bicuspids are of medium length, with good occlusal surfaces, promi- nent cusps and well defined sulci. The molars are shorter and show a shorter bite. The lingual cusps on the posterior are quite thick. Plain lower mould 79 was made especially to articulate with this mould. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 79-5 to form 28's. Indications. For faces of medium length and good width, with plump features. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 7% mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised about 9V2 mm. MOULD 39. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 2/3 mm., width lYz mm., bite 2 2/3 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width of 6 • 99 anteriors, 43 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 103 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Slight collar, A lap lateral mould, rather thick. The centrals have bulging labial sur- faces and wide necks giving an immediate impression of strength. The laterals are marked by narrow necks, and pronounced mesio-incisal angles to permit setting them as lap laterals. The cuspids are rather narrow in pro- portion to the centrals. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size, with rounding cusps and fairly well defined sulci. The buccal surfaces of the bicuspids are quite bulg- ing. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 8-2 to form 28's. Indications. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 10 mm. in laughing. For cases where the ridge is thin, and bulk is needed labially. The form of the ridge-lap is such that it extends well up in front of the ridge. A mould well suited for male faces of medium dimensions and rather strong features. The lap lateral in this mould makes it easier to secure an artistic setting than would be the case with ordinary laterals. /~"4»* \ 25 MOULD 25. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 2/3 mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 2/3 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 44 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 107 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5^^ mm. Collar. This mould verges a little towards those having wide anteriors. The centrals have their greatest width in the incisal third, carried by rather flat curves to rather wide necks. They are made to set on something of a mesial slant, and when the collars are covered show medium interdental spaces. The laterals and cuspids are in excellent proportion. All the anteriors present rather flat labial surfaces. The bicuspids and molars are without collars, are quite long in proportion to the anteriors and present good size occlusal surfaces, with well defined cusps and sulci. The bicuspids and molars have thick lingual cusps to permit grinding. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 5-3 to form 28's. Indications. For rather wide faces of medium length, with wide chins and flat curves. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes GVg mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised 10 mm. 100 • 92 MOULD 92. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 10 2/3 mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 2/3 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 110 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. Very slight collar. A medium length mould of good width which tapers to necks narrower than medium, leaving wide interdental spaces. Owing to the thickness of the mould, the labial surfaces are rather bulging. This is especially marked in the cuspids. The bicuspids are of medium length with prominent cusps and deep sulci. The mesial half of the occlusal surface of the first bicuspid slopes cervically as it nears the mesial surface, so that the buccal cusps of the opposing lower bicuspids may drive the upper plate upward and backward. The molars are of medium length and have an almost horizontal ridge-lap. They are fitted to set on top of the ridge. Plain lower mould 92 was made especially to articulate with this mould. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 92-5 to form 28's. Indications. For faces of medium length and good width, rather rounding features and rather pointed chins. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about TVs mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised about 10 mm. The short ridge-lap permits the central to set almost under the ridge. 40 MOULD 40. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm,, width 7 mm., bite 4^ mm., shut 2^ mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 44 or 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 105 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7}^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5% mm. Collar. A thick mould with noticeably thick cuspids. The centrals are quite nar- row in proportion to their length and carry their width well upward to wide necks. Laterals are of medium size in proportion to centrals. The bicuspids are of medium size, the second presenting a considerably larger occlusal surface than the first. The molars are rather small in propor- tion to the other teeth. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 8-2 to form 28's. Indications. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes 7^2 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised about 10 mm. in laughing. Especially adapted for cases where it is desired to make a thin plate directly below the ridge, or where the lower anteriors come close to the upper ridge, yet the upper lip hangs far down. 101 The thickness of the cuspids lends itself to an artistic arrangement by the dentist, since few artificial plates are sufficiently prominent in the cuspid region to restore anything like a normal expression. At the same time they will accommodate lower cuspids which have moved up to undue prominence. The outlines of the anterior teeth harmonize with a face of medium length, nearly medium width, and medium wide chin. 28 MOULD 28. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 11 mm., width 7y2 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 6 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriorsl, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 106 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 5J^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Collar. The outlines of the centrals in this mould are characterized by rather straight, approximal surfaces which converge to medium wide necks. The approximal surfaces of the laterals and cuspids are not quite so straight. The labial surface as shown in this outline is very straight. The bicuspids and molars are short, have quite prominent buccal surfaces, fairly prominent cusps, and well defined sulci. This mould articulates well with moulds 65-16 to form 38's. Indications. Suitable for faces of full medium length, with prominent bony framework, with rather thin flesh, so as to be what is commonly known as angular. For cases where the ridge is fairly long so that the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about SVa mm. below it, and the lip is raised about 10 mm. MOULD 29. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 11 mm., width T^ mm., bite 3 2/3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 1/3 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 109 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Collar. A thick bulging mould. Centrals have their width near the incisal edge, a rounding outline and medium wide necks, separated by interdental spaces of moderate width. The laterals and cuspids are of medium size in proportion to the centrals. All the anteriors in this mould are intended to set with quite a imesial slant. All have bulging, labial surfaces, especially the cuspids, in which the ridge from cusp to neck is decidedly marked. The bicuspids are narrow mesio-distally. The molars have large, almost square, occlusal surfaces. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 1-16 to form 28's. 102 Indications. For plump faces of medium length and width. Like moulds 13 and 24, this mould is intended to set vertically to the ridge so far as outward slant is concerned. It is quite a thick mould, and makes less rubber necessary over the ridge than a thinner mould. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 7 mm. below the surface of the ridge, and the lip is raised 10 mm. Wj 63 MOULD 63. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 11 mm., width lYz mm., bite 2 1/3 mm., shut 2 2/3 mm., ridge-lap 6 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 44 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 103 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Collar. A flat mould, having its greatest width very close to the cutting edge and characterized by straight mesial surfaces of the incisors, with very flat curves in the distal surfaces. This leaves a wide interdental space which extends down to the incisal third. The bicuspids and molars are small in comparison with the anteriors. The first bicuspid presents a small occlusal surface, the second bicuspid a medium sized one. Both of the molars are narrow linguo-bucally. This mould articulates well with lower moulds 8-7 to form 28's. Indications. For faces of full, medium length or more with large bony development, so that the cheeks are inclined to be flat. For cases where the ridge and lips are of normal length, but the patient has the habit of raising the lip high on the ridge. This mould may be used with advantage where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 5% mm. below the ridge and the lip is raised about 10 mm. MOULD 46. Dimensions of upper centrals: length 11 M mm., width 7% mm., bite 3^ mm., shut 5^^ mm., ridge-lap 2M mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 44 to 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 105 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5f^ mm. Collar. Collar more noticeable in the posteriors. The centrals of this mould carry their width so far cervically as to make them square looking. They are made to set on quite a mesial slant and show good interdental spaces. The laterals are quite narrow in proportion to the centrals. The cuspids are of medium width. The bicuspids are of good length, but narrow mesio-distally. The first is smaller than the second. The molars are rather long and have medium sized occlusal surfaces. 10;5 This mould articulates well with lower moulds 3-5 to form 28's. Indications. For faces of medium length, or slightly over, which carry their width well down toward the chin. For cases where the ridge is very short, and the labio-incisal angle of bite comes QVs mm. below it. While the length of the centrals of mould 103 is practically the same, in this mould the mechanical requirements differ from the fact that mould 103 shows a longer bite, with not so long a shut. This mould is intended for cases when the distance between the incisal edges of the lower anteriors and the surface of the upper gum is at least 6 mm. 66 H 66 MOULD 66. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 1/3 mm., width 7M mm., bite S}^ mm., shut 41-4 mm., ridge-lap 3 1/3 mm. Approximate width of 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width of full 14, 114 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. No collar. The narrowness of the centrals in this mould would entitle it to a place among the narrow moulds, but the width of the full 14 classes it as medium wide. The laterals are fully as long as the centrals. The cuspids are long and wide. The bicuspids and molars are large in all diameters, with prominent cusps and very deep sulci. The bicuspids and molars have very thick lingual cusps, which permit extensive grinding. This mould articulates well with lower mould 66 to form 28's. Indications. For cases which require comparatively narrow front teeth, but large bicuspids and molars. Cases sometimes present where the mouth, as represented by the opening between the lips is small, but the ridge is very long from tuberosity to tuberosity. Sometimes in these cases teeth have been extracted many years, and the ridge is extensively absorbed. The form of ridge-lap fits the anteriors to set partly under the ridge, and to carry the incisal edge down 8% rnm. according to how the centrals are set. For cases where the high line is about lOVs mm. above the labio-incisal angle of bite. MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND WIDE. 75 MOULD 75. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 2/3 mm., width 9 1/3 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 2/3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 104 50 mm. Approximate width full 14, 116 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 6}^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. No collar. The centrals are nearly as wide as they are long. The greatest width is in the middle third. Necks wide. Interdental space short and narrow. The laterals show straighter outlines than the centrals. The labial surfaces of all the anteriors look quite flat. The bicuspids are of medium length, with medium size occlusal surfaces, prominent cusps and medium deep sulci. The molars are of medium size, short bite and medium deep sulci. All the posteriors have collars to assist in their retention. Plain lower mould 75 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 69-19. Indications. For short faces of great proportionate width. Valuable for plates without anterior gums. For cases where the length of lip permits the tooth to set pretty well under the ridge. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about QV^ mm. below the ridge and the lip is raised 9 mm. ©e©® MOULD 71. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 ^.^ mm., width 8 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2% mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 108 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Collar. ' The centrals show a rounding outline with its greatest width near the middle third. Medium wide necks with medium interdental spaces. Laterals are small and present outlines similar to those of centrals and very narrow necks. Cuspids of good size. The bicuspids are of medium length, have small occlusal surfaces. The molars are short. The first molars have large occlusal surfaces with excellent markings. The seconds are not so large but are equally well marked. Plain lower mould 71 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 5-6. Indications. For fleshy faces of about medium length but wider than medium, with chins rather narrow in proportion. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of bite comes about 6 mm. below the surface of ridge and the lip is raised about QVa mm. MOULD 69. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 2/3 mm., width 8*4 mm., bite 2% mm., shut Z% mm., ridge-lap 4 2/3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteri- ors, 48 mm. Approximate width full 14, 115 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5% mm. Deep collar, lO.T When the deep collar is covered with rubber, the enamel surface of the centrals is nearly as wide as it is long. The greatest width lies at the junction of the incisal and middle thirds; the mesio-incisal angles are slightly separated and the interdental space is short and narrow. The laterals have a similar out- line, much narrowed. The bicuspids are medium long, have bulging buccal surfaces, and large occlusal surfaces showing prominent cusps and deep sulci. The molars are short with good size occlusal surfaces, showing prominent cusps and deep sulci. Plain lower mould 69 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 75-19. Indications, For wide faces which carry the width well down into the lower third, so as to make rather square outlines. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of bite is carried about 6^/2 mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised 10 mm. The ridge-lap is sufficiently hollow to carry the pins well under the ridge. MOULD 1. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 7 2/3 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 4G mm. Approximate width full 14, 107 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5*^ mm. Collar. A rather square looking mould when seen on the wax, where the collar is exposed; not nearly so square looking when the collar is covered with rubber. Large and strong looking with the greatest width near the middle third. Laterals of good size in proportion to centrals. Cuspids seem rather small. Bicuspids and molars small in proportion to centrals. Cusps rounding. The sulci are fairly well defined in the bicuspids but are faint in the molars. Articulates well with lower moulds 6-28. Indications. Harmonizes with large, strong faces in medium flesh. For cases where the mouth is wide from cuspid to cuspid. Desirable also in broad arches where small posteriors are advised. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about SVs mm. below the surface of ridge and lip is raised about 10 mm. 105 'i 105 MOULD 105. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width S^ mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 47 mm. Approximate width full 14, 116 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. No collar. 106 The outlines and dimensions of the anteriors in this mould are practically identical with those in mould 104 except that the cuspids are narrower and shorter, making the width of the combined anteriors less. The bicuspids are larger than in mould 104 and the molars smaller. The width of full 14 is 3 mm. less than in mould 104. Plain lower mould 105 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 101-104. Indications. For faces similar to those for mould 104 with smaller mouths. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about SVg mm. below the surface of the ridge. 207 MOULD 107. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 M mm., width 8 1.2 mm., bite 4J^ mm., shut Z}^ mm., ridge-lap 3M mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 49 mm. Approximate width full 14, 119 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 8^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, G),^ mm. No collar. Outlines of anteriors similar to those in mould 105, save on a larger scale and with slightly rounder curves. The first bicuspid is small and the occlusal surface slopes away mesially so that the impact of the opposing tooth shall drive the plate up and back. The second bicuspid is of medium size. Both have short cusps and shallow sulci. The molars are long mesio-distally and greatly increase the width of the full 14. They have short cusps and well defined sulci. Plain lower mould 107 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 104-101. Indications. For large faces with wide mouths, and medium to wide chins. For cases where the ridge is long between tuberosities and there is consider- able absorption or a long lip so that the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 8V2 mm. below the surface of the ridge. The short shut avoids bulk of rubber over the ridge, and the long bite carries the cutting edge down as described. LONG MOULDS. LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. The narrowest of the long moulds are the size determined as medium wide. This is sufficiently narrow for upper moulds of such length and in several cases gives a very narrow appearance as will be seen from the illustrations of moulds 81, 8 and 38. The first five moulds here described, viz., Nos. 26, 81, 78, 10 and 8, are practically of the same length. They differ in other respects. 107 QQCTTO MOULD 26. Dimensions of centrals: length 11^^ mm., width 7^^ mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 5^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 106 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Deep collar. But little larger than the largest of the "medium long" group. Centrals show very pleasing outline which makes them look smaller. Rather narrow necks. Interdental space rather long and gracefully tapering. Laterals of good size in proportion to centrals. Cuspids medium. Bicuspids are quite long. The first bicuspid has a rather small occlusal surface; the second is of medium size. The molars are rather long and present medium size occlusal surfaces. The cusps in bicuspids and molars are round- ing with deep sulci. Articulates well with lower moulds 11-16. Indications. For faces slightly longer than medium and rather narrow with pleasantly rounded features and medium chin. For cases where the labio- incisal angle of bite comes only about eVg mm. below the surface of ridge and lip is raised about lOV^ mm. (6©© MOULD 81. Dimensions of centrals: 11 J^ mm., width 7^^ mm., bite 5% mm., shut S% mm., ridge-lap 2^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Appproximate width full 14, 108 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9H mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. Collar. A Haskell mould. Of the same length and width as mould 26, but is much thicker linguo- labially, has a long bite, longer shut and very much shorter ridge-lap. The outline of the incisors is more bulging, the necks narrower, the interdental space longer and wider. The bicuspids are much larger than in mould 26, have deep sulci, and rounding cusps. The molars are of medium size with the occlusal surfaces similarly marked. The lingual cusps of bicuspids and molars are very thick to permit grinding and retain strength. Articulates well with lower moulds 6-5. Indications. For faces of same dimensions as described under mould 26, but with plumper features. For cases where the ridge is much shorter in pro- portion to the lip and the labio-incisal angle of bite comes QVs mm. below sur- 108 face of ridge, while the lip is raised about lO'/a mm. Such conditions require a tooth to set almost under the ridge, which this mould does. The long bite and short shut permit meeting these conditions without making a bulky plate. MOULD 76. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 7H mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 109 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5% mm. Collar. The outlines of the anteriors of this mould are like those of mould 8, save that the necks are narrower and the curves slightly more rounding. The bicuspids are much larger than in mould 8, have narrow necks with faint transverse ridges, bell shaped crowns, medium size occlusal surfaces, medium prominent cusps and deep sulci. The molars show these character- istics, but have less prominent cusps. Articulates well with lower moulds 5-6-28-16. Indications. For faces having the proportions of mould 8, but where wider bicuspids and molars are indicated. MOULD 38. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3% mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 5% mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 105 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Collar. The proportions of this mould make it look narrow. The centrals set quite perpendicular to the ridge, have flat curves and carry the width well cer- vically to comparatively wide necks. Laterals show same characteristics. The bicuspids are rather short with deep collars, rounding cusps, deep sulci and medium occlusal surfaces. The molars are fairly long, with well marked buccal surfaces and good size occlusal surfaces with deep sulci. Articulates well with lower moulds 11-16. Indications. For long narrow faces which carry their width well down- ward by rather flat curves. For cases where the ridge is fairly long in propor- tion to the lip so that the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 8% mm. be- low the surface of the ridge, while the lip is raised 11 mm. This necessarily exposes considerable of the ridge and this mould covers it well. 109 56 *i MOULD 56. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 7% mm., bite 4i>^ mm., shut 3% mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 45 mm. Approximate width full 14, 109 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8^i mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. Collar. A Haskell mould. The outlines of all the teeth of this mould are practically the same as in mould 81, save that these centrals are Vz mm. longer and all the anteriors have narrower necks. Articulates well with lower moulds 6-5. Indications, This mould and mould 81 form excellent examples of the mechanical indications for selecting between moulds of the same length, width and outline. Mould 81 has a very long bite, medium shut and short ridge-lap. It is in- dicated where the lip hangs far below the ridge. Mould 56 has a shorter bite, the same shut and a longer ridge-lap. It is indicated where the ridge is longer so that the lip does not hang so far below it when at rest, but exposes more ridge when raised as in laughing. Mould 56 is for cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes SVa mm. below the sur- face of the ridge and is raised about 11 mm. 49 MOULD 49. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 8 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 48 mm. Approximate width full 14, 107 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5"^^ mm. Collar. A flat looking mould. Greatest width of incisors in incisal third. Medium necks. Rather long interdental space. Laterals and cuspids of good size. Bicuspids are long, with narrow necks, marked by transverse grooves and medium size occlusal surfaces with sharp buccal cusps and well defined sulci. Molars have small occlusal surfaces. Markings correspond with those on bicuspids. Plain lower mould 49 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 16-6. Indications. For long faces rather wide at the upper part and tapering by flat curves to medium wide chins. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes TVz mm. below surface of ridge and lip is raised 11 mm. 110 06 MOULD 86. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 8 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 48 mm. Approximate width full 14, 109 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 3.4 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7]^ mm. Collar in the anteriors. A Haskell mould. One of the widest of the medium wide moulds. The anteriors carry the width into the middle third, have wide necks and show narrow interdental spaces. The bicuspids are rather short, without collar, have very straight buccal surfaces, and medium size occlusal surfaces with prominent cusps and deep sulci. The molars are of good proportionate size to the bicuspids. Both bicus- pids and molars have thick lingual cusps to permit grinding. Articulates well with lower moulds 6-5. Indications. For long faces of good width. For cases where lip and ridge are of good proportionate length so that the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about SVs mm. below the surface of the ridge and the lip is raised about 11 mm. 96 '; MOULD 96. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width S% mm,, bite 3 mm., shut 5f^ mm., ridge-lap 3^^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 70 mm. Approximate width full 14, 117 mm. Combined bite and shut, 8J^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6% mm. The anteriors are quite large as seen in the illustration, but when the collar is covered with rubber, they look much smaller. The centrals set with a pleasing mesial slant. This is noticeably increased in the laterals. If the anteriors are set to bring the cutting edges in proper positions, a most natural and pleasing arrangement of the anteriors will be secured. The bicuspids and molars present medium size occlusal surfaces with rather shallow sulci and medium prominent cusps. This favors easy articulation by the dentist. Ill Was made to articulate with plain lower mould No. 96. Articulates also with plain lowers Nos. 12-18. Indications. For faces of more than medium size such as often present with people of large frame and medium flesh. MOULD 95. Dimensions of centrals: length 13 mm., width 8 mm., bite 5 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 48 mm. Approximate width full 14, 113 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7},^ mm. Slight collar. The centrals carry their width cervically by quite straight approximal surface, to wide necks. They show very small interdental spaces. The laterals are of good size in proportion to the centrals. The bicuspids and molars are long, with thick lingual cusps over pins. The shut is long and the ridge-lap medium. The cusps are short and the sulci shallow. The molars have very short cusps and shallow sulci. Articulates well with lower moulds 95-12. MOULD 74. Dimensions of centrals: length 13 ''^ mm., width 7 94 mm., bite 5 mm., shut Z^i mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 46 mm. Approximate width full 14, 108 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Deep collar. The anteriors of this mould have their greatest widths in the incisal third and taper by flat curves to narrow necks. This leaves long interdental spaces. The bicuspids are long, narrow mesio-distally, have narrow necks, prom- inent cusps and deep sulci. The molars are similar but are not narrow mesio- distally. Plain lower mould 74 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 6-16. Indications. For long narrow faces. For cases where the lip so over- hangs the ridge as to bring the labio-incisal angle of bite 9 mm. below surface of ridge, and where the lip is raised 13 mm. Such cases present to every dentist and this mould greatly assists in getting artistic results. 112 LONG MOULDS. LONG AND WIDE. 101 101 MOULD 101. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 8 3-^ mm., bite ^% mm., shut 5 mm., ridge-lap 21^2 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 49 mm. Approximate width full 14, 115 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 10 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 1.^ mm. No collar. Does not look like so large a mould as it really is. Anteriors have very pleasing outlines, with medium necks, shapely curves. First bicuspid is small and the occlusal surface slopes away to mesial so that the opposing tooth will drive the plate up and back. Second bicuspid of medium size with shallow cusps and sulci. Molars are long, with short bite and shallow cusps and sulci. Lingual cusps of second bicuspid and molars thick over pins. Plain lower mould 101 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Articulates well with lower moulds 107-18. Indications. For large, well proportioned faces. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 10 mm. below the surface of ridge, and anteriors must set almost under ridge. L^seful where anteriors are to be sup- plied in cases showing marked absorption. The bite is long and helps avoid undue bulk of rubber over ridge. ffi MOULD 64. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 9 mm., bite 3i>^ mm., shut Z}^ mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 50 mm. Approximate width full 14, 113 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5^ mm. A wide looking mould of pleasing outline. When the collars of the anteriors are covered with rubber, the necks are only medium wide, and leave well shaped interdental spaces. Disto-incisal angles prettily rounded. A very thin mould for its size. All the anteriors have fiat labial surfaces. Laterals made to set on quite a mesial slant. Cuspids wide and rather flat. Bicuspids and molars have rather narrow necks and bell shaped crowns. Medium size occlusal surfaces with well defined sulci and excellent cusps. Articulates well with lower moulds 18-19. 11.S Indications. For long, wide faces such as large, fleshy people sometimes present. For wide arches. For cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite co.mes about 7 mm. below surface of ridge and lip is raised about 11 mm. Valuable where a thin mould must be used to avoid bulk under upper lip. MOULD 84, Dimensions of centrals: length 11 ^^^ mm., width 9}^ mm., bite 3 y2 mm., shut 4 % mm., ridge-lap 3 ^^ mm. Approximate width 6 anteri- ors, 53 mm. Approximate width full 14, 123 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8}^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6% mm. No collar. The outlines of the incisors are rounding, show the greatest width at the junction of the middle and incisal thirds and taper to comparatively narrow necks. The laterals are of good width in proportion to the centrals and cuspids. While the bicuspids are large teeth as compared with any of the ordinary moulds they are none too large in proportion to the anteriors. They present well marked occlusal surfaces, medium shut, slightly hollowed ridge-lap, and a lingual cusp which is thick over the pins. The molars are, if anything, a trifle short in proportion to the bicuspids, and the ridge-lap is such as to per- mit setting them nearly on top of the ridge. The porcelain in the lingual cusps over the pin is thick and may be ground, if necessary, to a considerable extent. Plain lower mould 84 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Indications. For very large people, with large round faces and wide arches. The anteriors from this mould are sometimes useful where the natural anteriors have moved out of position, owing to long previous extrac- tion and either one wide tooth or two very small ones must be used to fill the gap. This condition is more likely to exist where the lower incisors have driven the uppers forward. 85 MOULD 85. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 12 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4^^ mm., ridge-lap Z% mm. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 65 mm. Approximate width full 14, 138 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5'^i mm. No collar. A very large mould of slightly greater length than mould 84, but of one- third greater width in the centrals. The laterals are nearly as long as the centrals and quite wide. The cuspids are noticeably wide. The labial surfaces 114 of the anteriors are quite flat and the tooth is thin in proportion to its size. The bicuspids and molars are in good proportion to the anteriors and while they are really large teeth, do not appear so in the set. The occlusal surfaces are well marked and show very prominent buccal cusps with deep sulci. The ridge-lap is quite long and not hollowed in the bicuspids, and short and hol- lowed in the molar. No lower mould articulates well with it. Indications. For faces of medium or more than medium length and of great proportionate width. In fact, the face with which this mould is to har- monize should be as wide as it is long. This mould can only be used for arches very much wider than normal. The width of this mould may be roughly determined by the fact that if one third molar be taken ofif, the remaining thir- teen teeth are as wide from side to side, as one of the pieces of wax on which Twentieth Century Teeth are mounted. This tooth is intended to set well under the ridge but the long shut leaves room to grind as may be desired in this respect. MOULD 82. Dimensions of centrals: length 14 M mm., width 9}^ mm., bite 6^ mm,, shut 6 mm., ridge-lap 2M nim. Approximate width 6 anteriors, 57 mm. Approximate width full 14, 128 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 13 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. Collar. An extremely large mould. Anteriors have greatest width in middle third. The necks are wide and show narrow interdental spaces. Bicuspids very large, with short bite, shallow sulci and lingual cusps, thick over pins. Molars are long, with good occlusal surfaces and faint sulci. Also have thick lingual cusps. Plain lower mould 82 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Molars are long, with good lingual cusps thick over pins. Indications. For absorption cases where the measurements indicate teeth of this size. Anteriors will set under ridge. The bite is as long as can well be and for its length this mould does not require much rubber over ridge. MOULD 83. Dimensions of centrals: length 15 94 mm., width 9 mm., bite 6 mm., shut 7 mm., ridge-lap 294 mm. Approximate v^ridth 6 anteriors, 52 mm. Approximate width full 14, 123 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 13^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 9 mm. No collar. IIJ The longest Twentieth Century mould, but not so wide as mould 82. Outlines of anteriors very pleasing, considering the great length. Bicuspids and molars very long. Bicuspids have large occlusal surfaces. Molars are medium in proportion. Posteriors have thick lingual cusps. Plain lower mould 83 was made especially to articulate with this mould. Indications. For cases showing marked absorption of ridge, or any case where these measurements will fit. The ridge-lap permits these teeth to set directly under ridge. BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS WITH HALF CUSPS. These moulds have no lingual cusps. They are for use where the bite is extremely close. The ridge-laps are hollow, permitting the pins to set directly on the ridge. MOULD 1. 1st bicuspid— Length, 8}^ mm. Width, 6^ mm. Bite, 2 mm. Combined bite and shut, 4i.^ mm. 2nd bicuspid — Length, SYz mm. Width, 7 mm. Bite, 23-^ mm. Com- bined bite and shut, 5 mm. 1st molar — Length, 8^6 mm. Width, 9J^ mm. Bite, 2}^ mm. Com- bined bite and shut, 5 mm. 2nd molar— Length 7i^ mm. Width, 9 mm. Bite, 2 mm. Combined bite and shut, 43>4 mm. Combined width of bicuspids and molars, 32 mm. 2 «< MOULD 2. 1st bicuspid — Length, 10 mm. Width, 6 ^^ mm. Bite, 2 ^^^ mm. Combined bite and shut, 5 mm. 2nd bicuspid — Length, 10 mm. Width 7 mm. Bite, 3 mm. Combined bite and shut, 5% mm. 1st molar — Length, 9 mm. Width, 9 mm. Bite, 3 mm. Combined bite and shut, 5}^ mm. 2nd molar — Length, 8 mm. Width, 9 mm. Bite 2^2 mm. Combined bite and shut, 5 mm. Combined bite of bicuspids and molars, 31),^ mm. 116 3 r- MOULD 3. 1st bicuspid — Length, 9 mm. Width, GH mm. Bite, 3 mm. Combined bite and shut, 51^2 mm. 2nd bicuspid — Length, 91^ mm. Width, 7 mm. Bite 3^2 mm. Combined bite and shut, 6 mm. 1st molar — Length, 8i>2 mm. Width, 9^2 mm. Bite, 3 mm. Combined bite and shut, 5^^ mm. 2nd molar — Length, 8 mm. Width, 9 mm. Bite, 2^2 mm. Combined bite and shut, 5 mm. Combined width of bicuspids and molars, 32 mm. 117 CHAPTER XI. Plain Vulcanite Lower Moulds IN TWENTIETH CENTURY, SOIvIIvA AND DENTSPIvY TEETH. Helpful Hints Regarding Selection. Tables Showing Millimeter Measurements, Cuts and Descriptions. Selecting Lower Teeth. Where lower teeth are desired to articulate with upper teeth which are being selected at the same time, we suggest that a mould be taken from the column which shows what lower moulds articu- late with the chosen upper mould. Since the first edition of this book was published, new cardings of upper and lower anteriors in 42 moulds have been arranged and are shown in Table No. i. The relations between these upper and lower anteriors are very nearly the relations common in good natural dentures. In the other vulcanite moulds, the cardings have not been changed. POINTS m ^ UPPER COSF: 118 Only a fev/ lower moulds are of proper width to articulate with any given upper. Those of proper width for each upper will be found in the table of uppers, in the column headed "Articulates with lower moulds." When, however, a set of lowers must be selected to articulate with natural teeth on the upper jaw or with an upper plate where the mould of the teeth is unknown, the following hints will prove useful. Get a model of the lower jaw and a model of the upper teeth or plate. Moisten the ridge of the lower model with water and adapt a base plate over it. Soften enough wax, make into a roll of proper length and thickness, place on top of the base plate adapted over the lower ridge, and fasten the two together by means of a hot spatula or by pouring melted wax between the base plate and the roll. By trimming the occlusal, labial and lingual surfaces this makes a trial plate. Put this in the patient's mouth and trim it until the edge in front comes just where the edges of the lower anteriors should come. Trim it occlusally so that it will keep the jaws a little more than the right distance apart. When this has been done, soften the upper occlusal surface of this built-up bite and have the patient bite the uppers into it enough to bring the lips into proper relation. Have the patient depress the lip with the depressor muscles and mark the low line on the wax. If the upper model be placed in the imprints selection of teeth will be easy and rapid. Mark a median line. Make a mark opposite the point of each upper cuspid and a mark opposite the disto-buccal cusp of each up- per second molar. Thrust a pin through the wax horizontally on a level with the ridge and leave the pin hole. With the millimeter measure in hand our work will be simple. Measure from the cutting edge of the upper central to the low line and add 2.5 mm., 1.5 for underbite and i for collar. This is the length of the central. xMeasure between the points of the upper cuspids following around the trial plate. This is the width of the six anteriors. Measure between the marks opposite the disto-buccal 119 cusps of the upper second molars. This is the width of the full 14. Measure from the pin hole to the cutting edge of the incisor. This gives the combined bite and shut. By using these measurements in connection with the table ar- ranged according to size, pages 121-124, in the same way that the measurements are used for the upper teeth, a mould may be quickly selected which will meet all the mechanical requirements of the case. How THE Dimensions For Lower Moulds Are Obtained. Dimensions of central. The "length" represents the greatest vertical diameter of the tooth. The "width" represents the great- est horizontal diameter. The "combined bite and shut" is gained by adding the length of the bite and shut and one-half millimeter additional for working space. It may therefore be used just as it reads. The widths of the incisors, six anteriors and full 14's were taken when the teeth were set to articulate with uppers set on the Bonwill circle. The width of any anteriors or full 14 may be altered by slight manipulations of the teeth which will readily suggest themselves to any practical dentist. The plain upper moulds with which any lower articulates best are given in order of excellence of articulation, the best being given first. When the number of an upper mould is in blacker type, the lower was designed especially to articulate with that upper. Plain Lower Moltlds in 6's (anteriors) Only. Following the descriptions of the plain lower moulds in full sets (14's) will be found illustrations and measurements of 18 special lower moulds which are made in anteriors only. The cuts show the moulds so well that no detailed descriptions, other than the measurements should be necessary. These moulds are very popular in Europe. 120 TABLE NO. 4 Plain Vulc^anitk Lovvkr Moulds REGULARLY COMPRISING ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS. (all DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL. Approx. Approx. Cut width four width six Approx. width Articulates best with and Mould Kequhed descrip- No. vertical mcisors anteriors 14 plain upper tion on Length Width Bite Shut space atiovti ridge set up set up set up moulds page 52 8 w. 2K 3 21^ 20 32 90 52 125 14 9 41^ 3 31/^ 21^ 20 32 90 42-17-18 125 27 8^ 5 2 2 4K 21 34 92 44 126 67 9^ 41/^ 3 4 2^ 21 33 97 67-18-11 126 A5 91^ 5 3H 4 2 24 37 101 5 126 10 91/^ 5 2^ 4 3 22 35 99 15-17-18 127 3 10 W^ 21/^ 3^ 4 21 35 99 23-103 127 51 10 5 21/^ 51/^ 2 23 35 99 4-14-19 127 103 lOK 5 4 31/^ 254 23 36 106 103-29-92 128 78 11 51/^ 3 4 4 23 37 107 12-25-26 128 87 11 51/^ 4 W9. 2H 26 41 111 87-45-48 128 93 12H 5H 4>i 5 3 25 41 111 93-95 1 129 TABLE NO. 5 Plain Vulcanite Lower Moulds NOT REGULARLY COMPRISING ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS. SHORT MOULDS. (all DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 121 TABLE NO. S-{Contimied) PLAIN VULCANITE LOWER MOULDS NOT REGUI.ARI,Y COMPRISING AN ATOMIC AI, BICUSPIDS AND MOI^ARS. (AI,I, DIME;nSIONS are in MILOMETERS)* MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL. Approx. width six Approx. width full Articulates best with Cut Mould Required and No. vertical anteriors 14 descrip- Length Width Bite space above set up set up upper moulds tion on of central of central of central ridge at page central 8 10 4 43^ 73^ 34 92 39-40-63 137 1 10 3K 5 73^ 36 102 7-20-24 137 2 10 3>^ 5 8 35 93 2-8-14 138 A19 10 4 5 73^ 36 101 19 138 A30 10 3 4K 8M 34 92 30 139 A35 10 3 5 83^ 37 105 35 138 A14 10 3 43^ 8K 35 97 14 140 90 lOM W2 4M 8 35 94 90 139 91 lOM IK 4M 5K 33 94 91 140 65 lOM 3 5 6K 37 97 65-10-13 141 66 lOM Wi 4M 9 36 102 66 141 16 11 5 4M 9 35 97 10-12-26 142 6 113^ 4 5 8 40 115 1-9-12 142 40 10 3 5M 7 38 101 23-1-9 143 71 10 3 53^ 8 39 104 71-23-25 143 79 10 33^ 5M 7K 37 103 79-9-1 144 104 lOK 4 5H 8K . 38 109 104-105- 107 144 101 103^ 4K 5M 8 40 106 101-104- 105 145 5 11 3K 5% 8 37 102 12-23-25 145 49 11 3 5M 9 39 102 49-9-47 146 105 11 4^ 5^ 9 37 104 105-104 146 19 10 33^ 6 ^y2 41 115 45-94-64 147 69 10^ 3H 6 7 42 111 69-75-104 147 107 101^ 4 6 8H 41 109 107-101- 104 148 18 11 3M 6 7 42 106 64-93-101 148 LONG MOULDS. 25 12 4 4 W2 33 91 27 149 11 12 5 5 83^ 36 97 8-10-26 149 95 12 4M 5 10 37 101 95 150 96 IIM 3K 6 8K 40 109 96 150 28 12 6 5M W2 38 102 1-76-86 151 12 13 6 5H 93^ 41 107 50-45-74 151 74 13 5 5M 9H 36 98 74-38 152 13 14 4 W2 12 40 101 50-74-49 152 84 11^ 4M 6M 9 46 117 84 153 82 13 5 6)^ 11 45 117 82 153 83 14>^ 6 6K 12 44 117 83 154 * Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 122 TABLE NO. 6 Plain Vulcanite Lower Moulds ARRANGED NUMERICAUvY THIS TABLE IS DESIGNED TO AFFORD INFORMATION CONCERNING MOULDS WHEN THE MOULD NUMBER IS KNOWN. Moulds numbered in this face of type, 2-4-5-6-7, are regularly carded with ana- tomical bicuspids and molars. The other moulds may be had so carded on special order. (all DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL. Approx. Approx. Cut width four width six Approx. width Articulates best with and Mould descrip- No. Length Width Bite Shut Ridge- incisors anteriors I 14 plain upper tion lap set up set up set up moulds on 10 page 1 5 3K 3K 3 22 36 102 7-20-24 137 2 10 5 33^ 4 23^ 21 35 93 2-8-14 138 3 10 4% 2^ 33^ 4 21 35 96 2-4-6 127 5 11 5% 33^ 4 33^ 24 37 102 12-23-25 145 A5 9^ 5 33^ 4 2 24 37 100 5 126 6 113^ 5 4 3^ 4 23 40 115 1-9-12 142 A6 9 5 23^ 4 2H 23 37 99 6 130 7 9% 4^ 33^ 3 334 21 32 90 11-19-22 133 8 10 43^ 4 3 3 21 34 92 39-40-63 137 9 9^ 5 3 3 334 22 36 92 88-71-6 131 10 9^ 5 2^ 4 3 22 35 93 15-17-18 127 11 12 5 5 3 4 22 36 97 8-10-26 149 12 13 53^ 6 3 4 26 41 107 50-45-74 151 13 14 5^ 4 7H 2H 26 40 101 50-74-49 152 14 9 43^ 3 3H 2K 20 32 93 52-18-42 125 A14 10 43^ 3 5 2 21 35 97 14 140 16 11 m 5 33^ 2J^ 21 35 97 10-12-26 142 18 11 6 33^ 3 43^ 27 42 106 64-93-101 148 19 10 6 3^ 3.^ 3 26 41 115 45-94-64 147 A19 10 5 4 3 3 23 36 101 19 138 21 9 5 3 2H 33^ 21 35 100 36-4-5 130 24 9J^ 4M 2 23^ 5 21 34 94 16-15-19 132 25 12 4 4 5 3 21 33 91 27 149 27 8H 5 2 2 43^ 21 34 92 15-16-17 126 28 12 5M 6 3 3 24 38 102 1-76-86 151 30 8J^ 5M 3K 23^ 23^ 26 41 103 43-48-94 134 A30 10 43^ 3 53^ 13^ 20 34 92 30 139 A35 10 5 3 5 2 24 37 105 25 138 A37 9K 5 2^ ^¥2 IM 22 36 99 37 132 40 10 5% 3 ^V2 3>^ 24^ 38 101 23-1-9 143 43 9 5H 3K 3 23^ 25 40 103 43-72-94 135 49 11 5% 3 5M 2^ 25 39 102 49-9-47 146 51 10 5 23^ 5H 2 23 35 95 51-4-14 127 52 8 43^ 2^ 3 2^ 20 32 87 52-42-68 125 53 93^ 5 3 43^ 2 22 36 100 20-6-5 133 65 lOH 5 3 3 4M 23 37 97 65-10-13 141 66 10^ 4M 43^ 4 2M 21 36 102 66 141 67 93^ 4K 3 4 2>^ 21 33 93 67 126 68 9K 5 2 43^ 3 21 35 92 68 133 69 103^ 6 3M 3 4 27 42 111 69-75-104 147 70 83^ 5H 2 23-^ 4 24 36 99 70-32-36 134 71 10 W2 3 4J^ 23^ 25 39 104 71-23-25 143 72 9 5V2 23^ 3 3^ 24 38 106 72 135 73 9 5 23^ 3 33^ 22 35 104 73 131 ♦Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 12.'} TABLE NO. ^—{Continued) PLAIN VULCANITE LOWER MOULDS (all DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL. Approx. Approx. Cut width width Approx. Articulates and Mould four six width best with descrip- No. mcisors anteriors 14 plain upper tion Length Width Bite Shut Ridge- set up set up set up moulds on lap page 74 13 W^ 5 4 4 24 36 98 74-38 152 75 9 6 31/^ 3 214 27 43 106 75-69 136 78 11 51/^ 3 4 4 23 37 100 78-12-25 128 79 10 534 3H 314 3 26 37 103 79-9-1 144 82 13 61/^ 5 514 214 29 45 117 82 153 83 141/^ 6K 6 514 3 28 44 117 83 154 84 \y% 6«4 4H 4 314 30 46 117 84 153 87 11 51/^ 4 414 214 26 41 109 87-45-48 128 90 lOK 4K 31^ 4 2^4 22 35 94 90 139 91 lOj^ ^y-?. 1^/^ 3K. 514 20 33 94 91 140 92 9^4 514 4 3^4 214 24 37 102 92-103-7 136 93 12 y^ 5K 4^ 5 3 25 41 108 93-45 129 95 12 5 414 5 214 23 37 101 95 150 96 11 1^ 6 314 414 314 25 40 109 96 150 101 lOK ^% 4K 3 3 26 40 106 101-104- 105 145 103 lOK 5 4 3H 2% 23 36 102 103-29-92 128 104 lOK 5J^ 4 4 2M 25 38 109 104-105- 107 144 105 11 5M 414 4 214 25 37 104 105-104 146 107 lOM 6 4 4 W2 27 41 109 107-101- 104 148 TABLE NO. 7 Plain Lower Moulds in 6's (anteriors) ONLY DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL. Combined Required Length width six vertical space Illus- Mould trated No. anteriors above on page Width Bite Shut Ridge-lap set up ridge at central A W2 4 IH 5 2 29 7 158 Al 12 6 2K 53^ 4 43 8M 155 A2 11^ 5 3 6 2^ 36 93^ 156 A3 11 5M 2 5 4 39 73^ 156 A4 12 6 W2 5M 4 44 8K 156 4 12^ 4M W2 73^ 13^ 34 113^ 156 15 9 4 3 4 2 34 73^ 156 20 16 5 3M lOK 2 38 14K 157 22 14K 5 4>^ 53^ 4K 36 103^ 157 23 16J^ 4M 5 6 53^ 33 113^ 157 26 19M 5M 63^ W2 5^ 40 143^ 157 31 11 4 23^ 6 2M 30 9 157 32 11 5 3 6 2 35 93^ 158 33 13K 43^ 3 ! 8 2>^ 34 \\y2 158 34 12^ 5 33-^ ' 63^ 2>^ 35 103^ 158 35 12>i 43^ 3 7 2K 33 io>^ 158 36 11^ 4H 3 1 5 33^ 34 8K 159 29 11 5 3 7 1 36 103^ 159 37 12 5 3 ■ 9 none 35 123^ 159 60 16 5K 5 7 4 41 viy^ 159 *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. Plain Vulcanite Lower Moulds REGULARLY COMPRISING ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS. The moulds illustraR'd on this pase and ihc four foUowing rcyularly comprise anatomical bicuspids and molars. 52 • C3^ MOULD S2. Dimensions of centrals: length 8 mm., width 41.2 mm., bite 2}^ mm,, shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 2^4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 20 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 32 mm. Combined width full 14, (approximately) 90 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The smallest plain lower mould. Dainty outlines. Narrow necks. Small cuspids. Articulates with upper mould 52. Anteriors combine with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. /O v p,^ 74 CQ MOULD 14. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 414 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3],^ mm., ridge-lap 2^^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 20 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 32 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 91 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. This is a slightly longer mould than the preceding. The anteriors are as narrow as those in mould 52, have narrow necks. Show narrow interdental spaces. Articulates with upper moulds 42-17-18-15. Anteriors combine with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. 125 27 * MOULD 27. Dimensions of centrals: length SVz mm., width 5 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 2 mm., ridge-lap 4:^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 4:% mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 34 mm. Combined width full 14 (approxi- mately), 92 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Compared with mould 52. Centrals same length but a trifle wider. Cuspids noticeably wider. The curves in the outlines of the anteriors are much flatter, and when the collars are covered the interdental spaces are wider and extend further up the teeth. Articulates well with upper mould 44. Anteriors combine with posteriors from mould 98 to form 14's. MOULD 67. Dimensions of centrals: length dVz mm., width 4^^ mm., bite 3 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap ZVz mm. Combined width 4 incisors, 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, 33 mm. Combined width full 14, 93 mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, ly^ mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. A very small mould with laterals which are noticeably wide in proportion to the centrals and cuspids. The anteriors have narrow necks and show rather wide interdental spaces which reach well up the teeth. This mould was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould 67. Articulates also with plain upper moulds 18-11-27. Combines well with posteriors from moulds 55, 97 and 99 to form 14's. 'T^'^^\\r^T^ MOULD A5. Dimensions of centrals: length 9^2 mm., width 5 mm., bite ZVz mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Combined width of 4 incisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 37 mm. Combined width full 14, 100 mim. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. Anteriors are of singularly pleasing outline with plainly marked develop- mental grooves on the labial surfaces. Articulates with plain upper moulds No. 5. Anteriors combine with posteriors from plain lower mould 99 to form 14's. 126 /4^,(i^,f^^ MOULD 10. Dimensions of centrals: length 9)^ mm., width 5 mm., bite 2% mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Medium collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 22 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 93 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The outlines of the anteriors in this mould make it valuable in many cases where no special indications present. The necks are medium wide, the curves medium full, and the result very pleasing. Articulates well with upper moulds 15-17-18-21-42-44-68. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. Indications. The combined bite and shut are rather long and indicate use where the ridge has absorbed quite a good deal. uo r^i^Q MOULD 3. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 4?4 mm., bite 2% mm., shut Z% mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6% mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Com- bined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 96 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The anteriors are practically identical with those of mould 8, save that they are slightly wider. Articulates well with upper mould 99. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 99 to form 14's. Indications. The anteriors require GVz mm. vertical space above the ridge. MOULD 51. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 5 mm., bite 2}>i mm., shut 5}^ mm., ridge-lap 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, SM mm. Combined width 4 incisors, 23 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, 35 mm. Combined width full 14, 95 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. 127 On looking at this mould, one notices immediately that the cutting edges of the incisors are not set at right angles with the vertical axes of the teeth, but that they slope at the distal angle. This permits a slight irregularity at the cutting edge which is more artistic than exact regularity. It articulates with plain upper moulds 4-14-19-22-39-30. The anteriors combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 99 and 100 to form 14's. 203 MOULD 103. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 M mm., width 5 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3J6 mm., ridge-lap 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 8 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 23 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 102 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and .molars. The anteriors have their greatest width near the middle third, medium wide necks, and present very narrow interdental spaces. Articulates well with upper moulds 103-29-92. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 100 to form 14's. 78 * MOULD 78. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 5^^ mm., bite 3 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^^ mm. Combined width 4 incisors, 23 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, 37 mm. Combined width full 14, 100 mm. Collar. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The incisors have their greatest widths at the cutting edge and taper by rather flat curves to wide necks. The labial surfaces are quite flat. This mould was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould 78. Articulates well with plain upper moulds 12-25-26-46-71-20. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from lower mould 100 to form 14's. MOULD 87. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 5% mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4^^ mm., ridge-lap 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central. 128 9 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 26 mm. Com- bined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 41 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 109 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The incisors have their greatest widths near the cutting edges and taper by flat curves to rather narrow necks, leaving interdental spaces of me- dium lengths. Articulates well with upper moulds 87-45-48. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould 100 to form 14's. Indications. The combined bite and shut in the anteriors is quite long, 9 mm., while the ridge-lap is short. This mould is indicated where absorption is considerable. 93 MOULD 93. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 1^ mm., width 5^^ mm., bite 4k% mm., shut 5 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 10 mm. Deep collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 25 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 41 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 108 mm. Anatomical bicuspids and molars. The incisal edges of the anteriors are nearly at right angles with the vertical axis. The greatest width is at the junction of the incisal and middle thirds. The necks are rather narrow. Articulates well with upper moulds 93-45. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from mould A93 to form 14's. Indications. The combined bite and shut of the anteriors indicate that they require 10 mm. space above the ridge. 1-29 CHAPTER XII. Plain Vulcanite Lower Moulds NOT REGULARLY COMPRISING ANATOMICAL BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS. The following moulds do not regularly comprise anatomical bicuspids. These anteriors may be had with anatomical bicuspids and molars on special order. SHORT MOULDS. MOULD A6. Dimensions of centrals: length, 9 mm., width 5 mm., bite 2% mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2^4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 23 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, (approximately), 37 mm. Combined width full 14, 99 mm. Slight collar. When set in rubber the anteriors seem short but of medium width. The first bicuspid is small. The second bicuspid and molar are medium. The cusps are rather prominent and the sulci fairly deep. Articulates with plain, upper moulds No. 6. Anteriors combine well with posteriors from plain lower moulds Nos. 9-10-24. MOULD 21. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 2% mm., ridge-lap 3% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Deep collar. Com- bined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 100 mm. Outlines of anteriors practically same as those in mould 27, but longer. The bicuspids and molars are larger in all dimensions. The cusps are prominent and sulci deep. Distance from lower side of pins to top of lingual cusp is shorl, permitting tooth to set on top of ridge in fairly close bites. Articulates well with upper moulds 36-4-5-13-70-22. 130 MOULD 73. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 5 mm., bite 2% mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap ZYz mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Very deep collar. Com- bined width 4 incisors (approximately), 22 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 104 mm. So deep are the collars in this mould that when they are covered with rubber the enamel surface is shorter than in any mould so far described. This gives the tooth a short appearance when on the plate. The bicuspids and molars are larger than in any of the above moulds with rounding cusps and medium sulci. Can be used in fairly close bite. The 14 in this mould is wider than any other 14 in the short narrow moulds. This mould articulates well with upper mould 73. Indications. Valuable where some teeth remain and show short crowns, but where considerable absorption has occurred following extractions of some. MOULD 9. Dimensions of centrals: length 9M mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap Z^i mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6}^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Medium collar, on anteriors only. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 22 mm. Com- bined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 92 mm. The anteriors are similar in length and width to those in mould 73. but as the collar is very much less deep, the appearance of the enamel surface is entirely different, as per illustration. The bicuspids and molars are the smallest of any mould yet described except .52, with distinctly rounding cusps and medium deep sulci. They can be used in medium close bite, but not in so close bite as mould 27. This mould articulates well with upper moulds 88-23-71-6-23. Indications. The rather long bite and shut indicate the use of this mould where the ridge has absorbed considerably. 131 MOULD 24. Dimensions of centrals: length dVz mm., width 494imm., bite 2 mm., shut 2% mm., ridge-lap 5 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 5 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 4 mm. Rather deep collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors (approximately), 34 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 94 mm. The narrow necks make this mould look wedge shape and afford inter- dental spaces which run well up the teeth. The bicuspids and molars are of good size with fairly prominent cusps and deep sulci. They show short bite and shut and long hollow ridge-lap, and will be useful in close bites. This mould articulates well with upper moulds 16-15-19-21-44-88. Indications. Valuable in cases where the ridge is thin and high. The long ridge-lap will make its use possible in the cases where bulk to labial is desired. A37 MOULD A37. Dimensions of centrals: length 9% mm., width 5 mm., bite 2'^ mm., shut 5J^ mm., ridge-lap l)>i mm. Combined bite and shut of central 8^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 22 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 99 mm. No collar. The incisors have quite straight approximal surfaces and carry their great- est widths nearly to the incisal third. The bicuspids and molars show prominent cusps and deep sulci. The occlusal surfaces are well marked for holding and grinding food. The first bicuspid is smaller than medium; the second is medium in size. The molars are medium in size and are characterized by a decided inward slope of the buccal surface as it rises from the cervical margin. This would bring the buccal cusps in nearly right positions for upper teeth where the upper jaw was noticeably narrow in the back portion. This mould was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould No. 37. Articulates with plain upper moulds Nos. 6-14-19. 132 MOULD 53. Dimensions of centrals: length 9% mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 4}^ mm., ridge-lap 2 mm. Combined width 4 incisors, 22 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, 36 mm. Combined width full 14, 100 mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. No collar. The laterals and cuspids are quite wide in proportion to the centrals. The first bicuspid is quite small. The second is medium in size. The molars are of medium size. All the posteriors have short, rounding cusps and shallow sulci. They have lingual cusps thick over the pins. This is a new mould. It was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould 20. Articulates also with plain upper moulds 23-71-7-13. Combines well with posteriors from moulds 5-19-43-79-103 to form 14's. 68 MOULD 68. Dimensions of centrals: length 9^4 mm., width 5 mm., bite 2 mm., shut 4^4 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined width 4 incisors, 121 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, 35 mm. Combined width full 14, 92 mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7}i mm. Collar. The incisors have narrow necks and rather flat curves. This gives them a wedge shape appearance. The interdental spaces are quite wide and extend about half way up the teeth. The bicuspids and molars are short. The first bicuspid is very small. The second is small. The first molar is medium and the second small. All have short rounding cusps and shallow sulci. This is a new mould. It was ,made especially to articulate with plain upper mould 68. Articulates also with plain upper moulds 18-11. MOULD 7. Dimensions of centrals: length d% mm., width 4% mm., bite 3f^ mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3M rnm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 4 mm. Slight collar. 133 Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors (approximately), 32 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 90 mm. The longest and narrowest mould of this group. Anteriors present nar- row necks and show quite long interdental spaces. First bicuspid small, second medium. Cusps of posteriors are rounding, with well defined sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 11-19-22-67-16-31. Indications. For use in narrow arches. The combined bite and shut are quite long in proportion to the length of the tooth and indicate use of this mould where there is moderate absorption. MOULD 70. Dimensions of centrals: length 8^^ mm., width 5M mm., bite 2 mm., shut 2^ mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 5 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Collar. Com- bined width 4 incisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14, (approximately) 99 mm. The anteriors are very short and look comparatively wide. Have medium wide necks, full curves and present rather short wide interdental spaces. The bicuspids and molars present quite large occlusal surfaces with me- dium prominent cusps and rather deep sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 70-32-36-22-14-31. Indications. The combined bite and shut are short and indicate the use of this mould where absorption has been very slight, making what is known as a close bite. MOULD 30. Dimensions of centrals: length 8^^ mm., width 5% mm., bite 3^^ mm., shut 2 3-2 mm., ridge-lap 2i.^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^4 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 4^.^ mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 26 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors (approximately), 41 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 103 mm. Very similar in outline to mould 70, but wider, especially the cuspids. The bicuspids and molars are of practically the same si/ce, but the buccal surfaces of the molars in this mould are retreating. Articulates well with upper moulds 43-48-94. Indications. Combined bite and shut much longer than in mould 70, and indicate use where absorption is greater. l.'^4 MOULD 72. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 5^2 mm., bite 2}^ mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3^2 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 6 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Very deep collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors, (approximately) 38 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 106 mm. The collar is such that when covered with rubber the enamel surfaces are materially shortened. The necks are rather narrow and leave interdental spaces of fair width. The bicuspids and first molar are large, the second molar of medium size. They present bulging buccal surfaces, rounding cusps and medium deep sulci. Articulates well with upper mould 72. Indications. The combined bite and shut of the anteriors is short and this mould can be used where absorption is slight. It is a thick mould, linguo-labially as per the outline illustration. The bicuspid and molars are made to set on the ridge. They require an open bite in their region. 43 ZXJ(? MOULD 43. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 5?4 mm., bite 3% mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 2y2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 25 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 40 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 103 mm. The approximal surfaces of the anteriors are rather straight, through the incisal and middle thirds, and taper to narrow necks, which leave a short, rather wide, interdental space. The first bicuspid is small, the second medium in size. The molars pre- sent rather large occlusal surfaces. All the posteriors have bulging buccal surfaces, rather sharp cusps, and well defined sulci. They all have thick lin- gual cusps which will permit extensive grinding. Articulates well with upper moulds 43-72-94. Indications. This mould has a long bite and rather short shut. The ridge-lap is such shape that the tooth will set nearly on top of the ridge. 1 .3.") MOULD 92. Dimensions of centrals: length 9% mm., width 5M mm., bite 4 mm., shut 5% mm., ridge-lap 2}i mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. Collar. Com- bined width 4 incisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 37 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 102 mm. The anteriors are quite narrow, with flat curves and medium wide necks, leaving narrow interdental spaces. The first bicuspid is medium in size, the second is large. Both molars are large. All the posteriors have very bulging buccal surfaces, short round- ing cusps, and fairly well defined sulci. They have thick lingual cusps, which permit extensive grinding where necessary. Articulates well with upper moulds 92-103-7-9. Indications. This and mould 7 are the longest of the short moulds, but this mould is considerably wider than seven. The combined bite and shut in this mould comprise nearly the whole tooth, indicating its use where the absorption is such that the anteriors can set on top of the ridge. Very thick lingual cusps in the bicuspids, together with the shut, require that they set on top of the ridge, and confine the use of this mould to fairly open bites. MOULD 75. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 6 mm., bite 3^ mm., shut 3 m'm., ridge-lap 2'^,^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 27 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 43 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 106 mm. The only mould which is short and wide. The anteriors are very thin linguo-labially, have noticeably flat labial surfaces, medium wide necks, and leave interdental spaces of medium length and width. Considering their length the anteriors of this mould are very wide. The first bicuspid is very small, the second is of medium size. The first molar presents a large occlusal surface, the second medium. Both molars are noticeably oblique. All the posteriors have bulging buccal surfaces, rounding cusps, faint sulci, and thick lingual cusps. Articulates with upper moulds 75-69. Indications. Valuable where it is desired not to make bulk to labial, and the absorption is great enough to permit the anteriors to set on top of the ridge. The posteriors require a fairly open bite. 136 MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. MOULD 8. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width i% mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm, ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7},^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 41.4 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 34 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 92 mm. The anteriors are so narrow as to make them seem longer than they really are. They taper by flat curves to narrow necks and leave long nar- row interdental spaces. The first bicuspid is small, the second medium; the molars are compar- atively small. The buccal surfaces are not very bulging. The cusps are rounding and the sulci fairly well defined. The full fourteen is one of the narrowest offered. Articulates well with upper moulds 39-40-63-89-2-19. Indications. For narrow arches where there is considerable absorption. The anteriors require iVo mm. vertical space above the ridge; the bicuspids HVp, mm., and the second molars 4^/2 mm. MOULD 1. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., vndth 5 mm., bite 5% mm., shut 3^2 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Deep collar on an- teriors. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 22 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14, (approximate- ly) 102 mm. The anteriors show very narrow necks, leaving quite a long and wide interdental space. The first bicuspid is medium size, the second rather large, and both molars are noticeably large. All the posteriors present rather prominent cusps and deep sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 7-20-24-29. Indications. The combined bite and shut in the anteriors are quite long, 7y2 mm. and indicate the use of this mould where a fair degree of absorption has taken place, so that the anteriors may have 7Va mm. vertical space above the ridge. The bicuspids require .5 mm. vertical space above the ridge, and the second molars 5 mm. 137 ^3 MOULD 2. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3^^ mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5},^ mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 93 mm. The anteriors have practically the same measurements as in mould 1, but haA'e wider necks and leave much narrower interdental spaces. The bicuspids and molars are long with rather flat buccal surfaces, medium size occlusal surfaces, fairly prominent cusps, and rather deep sulci. The bite and shut are short and the ridge-lap long and hollow. Articulates well with upper moulds 2-5-14-30-32-36-37-40. Indications. The combined bite and shut are long, 8 mm., and the ridge- lap very short, indicating that this mould is intended to set on top of the ridge. The bicuspids require 6 mm. vertical space above the ridge, and the second molars 5^^ mm. AJ9 MOULD A19. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 5 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, T^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Combined width 4 in- cisors (approximately), 23 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14, 101 mm. Collar. Anteriors are quite wide in mesial third, but taper to rather narrow necks. First bicuspid small. The second bicuspid and molars are medium. The cusps are not very prominent and the sulci only medium deep. . Articulates with plain upper mould No. 19. A35 g MOULD A35. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 5 mm., ridge-lap 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8^^ 138 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. Combined width 4 in- cisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximate- ly), 37 mm. Combined width full 14, 105 mm. No collar. Anteriors have rather flat approximal curves converging to medium wide necks. The first bicuspid has a small occlusal surface; the second medium. The molars have quite large occlusal surfaces. The cusps are fairly prominent and the sulci are medium deep. Articulates with plain upper mould No. 35. A 30 f MOULD A30. Dimensions of centrals length 10 mm., width 4:% mm., bite 3 mm., shut 5^ mm., ridge-lap 1^ mm. Combined bite and shut of cen tral, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6% mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 20 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approx- imately), 34 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 92 mm. No collar. The anteriors are quite thick mesio-distally and are characterized by very rounding labial surfaces in the middle and cervical thirds. In this region they lend themselves readily to fine mechanical work on a plate. The first bicuspid is small. The second is larger. Both molars are small. The cusps of the bicuspids and molars are fairly rounding and the sulci medium deep. The occlusal surfaces are finely carved. This mould was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould No. 30. Articulates also with plain upper moulds Nos. 89-90. 90 MOULD 90. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 M mm., width A% mm., bite 3% mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 22 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 94 mm. When the length of this mould is considered the width of the entire 14 is really very narrow. The anteriors have narrow necks, and leave rather long interdental spaces. The first bicuspid presents a very small occlusal surface, the second bi- cuspid medium, and the molars distinctly large in proportion to the rest of the set. The buccal surfaces are bulging, the cuspids prominent, and the sulci fairly deep. The bicuspids of this mould are distinguished by the fact that the lingual cusps are very narrow. All the posteriors have lingual cusps 130 which are very thick over the pins. The bite is long, due to the thick lingual cusps, the shut medium and the ridge-lap short and somewhat hollowed. Articulates well with upper mould 90. Indications. The combined bite and shut occupy nearly the length ol the anteriors, and indicate the use of this mould where they can have 8 mm. vertical space above ridge. The bicuspids require 8 mm. vertical space, and the second molars 6 mm. A 74 MOULD Al4, Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 41.4 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 5 mm., ridge-lap 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6% mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approx- imately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 97 mm. No collar. The incisors appear even narrower than they are because of the complete absence of collar. This however lends itself to making a very neat plate. The occlusal surfaces of the bicuspids and molars are well marked but the cusps are not prominent and the sulci are shallow. The first bicuspid is small. The second bicuspid and both molars are medium in size. Articulates with plain upper moulds Nos. 19-5-37. This mould was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould No. 14. MOULD 91. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^^ mm., width i}^ mm., bite 11^ mm., shut 5}i mm., ridge-lap 5% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5^^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5}^ mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 20 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors (approximately), 33 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 94 mm. The anteriors in this mould are very narrow and taper by flat curves to narrow necks which leave long interdental spaces of considerable width. The posteriors are long with moderately rounding buccal surfaces, narrow necks, very short rounding cusps, fairly well defined sulci, and thick lingual cusps over the pins. The occlusal surface of the first bicuspid is small, that of the second medium size, and the occlusal surfaces of the molars are quite large. Articulates well with upper mould 91. Indications. The bite and shut of the anteriors are very short, 5y2 mm., the ridge-lap long and somewhat hollowed indicating the use of this mould for small mouths with slight absorption. The bicuspids require 6 mm. ver- tical space, and the second molars SVs rnm. 140 MOULD 65. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^2 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4I2 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 6^-^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5^ mm. Deep collar in the anteriors. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately) 23 mm. Com- bined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 37 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 97 mm. When the deep collar is covered with rubber the enamelled surfaces of the anteriors are less than the length of mould would indicate. The necks are fairly wide and leave moderate interdental spaces. The cuspids are dis- tinguished by a pronounced prominence of the distal angle. The posteriors are of medium length with moderately bulging buccal sur- faces, prominent cusps and deep sulci. They present medium size occlusal surfaces. Articulates well with plain upper moulds 10-13-26-28-35-38-65. Indications. The anteriors require 6Vs mm. vertical space above the ridge, indicating the use of this mould where the absorption is slight but the ridge is thin. The bicuspids require oVa mm., and the molars SVa mm. 66 MOULD 66. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 94 mm., width 4 94 mm., bite 4^ mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. Deep collar. Com- bined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 102 mm. The centrals are quite narrow for their length but the laterals are quite wide. They taper by flat curves to medium wide necks and leave long narrow interdental spaces. The bicuspids and molars are long with bulging buccal surfaces, promi- nent cusps, deep sulci and thick lingual cusps over pins. The occlusal surface of the first bicuspid is small, that of the second medium, the first molar large and the second molar medium. Articulates well with upper mould 66. Indications. The combined bite and shut are long, 9 mm., and indicate the use of this mould where absorption is extensive. The second bicuspids re- quire SVfi mm. vertical space above the ridge, and the second molars 7 mm. HI MOULD 16. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 494 mm., bite 5 mm., shut 3f^ mm., ridge-lap 2^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5% mm. Deep collar on anteri- ors. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 97 mm. The incisors are decidedly narrow for their length. The necks are narrow and the curves in the outline fiat. The cuspids are of medium width. The bicuspids are quite long, the molars medium wide, medium bulging buccal surfaces. Occlusal surfaces as follows: first bicuspid, small; second medium; first molar, large; second medium. Articulates well with upper moulds 10-12-26-38-49-78. Indications. The combined bite and shut are quite long, 9 mm,, and indi- cate use of this mould in cases showing rather extensive absorption. The bicuspids require 7 mm. vertical space above ridge, and the second molars 5% mm. 6 t MOULD 6. Dimensions of centrals: length liy2 mm., width 5 mm., bite 4 mm., shut Sf^ mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Deep collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 23 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 40 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 115 mm. The centrals, laterals and cuspids are of excellent proportionate widths. The interdental spaces are wide and long. The bicuspids are medium long, the molars rather short. All have medium bulging buccal surfaces. Occlusal surfaces as follows: first bicuspid, small; second, medium; molars, medium; cusps, short and rounding; sulci, shallow. Articulates well with upper moulds 1-9-12-47-81-86. Indications. The combined bite and shut in the anteriors are medium in length and indicate the use of this mould where absorption is medium; the ridge thin and the tooth needs to lap the ridge. The bicuspids require 7 mm. vertical space above the ridge, and the sec- ond molars 5 mm. 142 MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. 40 40 MOULD 40. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 5M mm., bite 3 mm., shut 3^2 mm., ridge-lap 3^2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 24^4 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 38 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 101 mm. The centrals and laterals are of good proportionate widths, while the cuspids are rather narrow and have noticeably short cusps. Interdental spaces are short and narrow. The bicuspids are of medium length with rather flat buccal surfaces. The molars show much more bulging buccal surfaces. The cusps of the posteriors are fairly prominent, with deep sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 23-1-9-71-48-47. Indications. Useful for plates without gums in front. The anteriors re- quire 7 mm. vertical space above ridge, the bicuspids 6V2 mm., and the second molars 6 mm. The molars will be found valuable where the upper arch is narrow in the molar region. The buccal surface inclines inward in the occlusal third and throws the buccal cusps well toward the tongue. This permits proper articu- lation with narrow upper plates, without setting the lower molars out of position. MOULD 71. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 5 3-^ mm., bite 3 mm., shut 4^ mm., ridge-lap 2^4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 25 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approxi- mately), 39 mm. Width full 14, 104 mm. The width of the necks in the anteriors makes them look short and wide. The bicuspids are small with short, rounding cusps and well-defined sulci. The molars have quite large occlusal surfaces with short cusps and shallow sulci. Articulates with plain upper mould 71. 143 79 M MOULD 79. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 5% mm., bite 3 3-^ mm., shut 3]>^ mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Very slight collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 26 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors (approximately), 37 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 103 mm. The centrals are wider than mould 40, but the laterals are a little narrow- er, and the cuspids a good deal narrower, the result being that the 4 anteriors are but little wider and the 6 anteriors actually narrower than in mould 40. The first bicuspid is small, the second medium, and the molars rather large. The cusps are short and rounding, and the sulci only fairly deep. Bicuspids and molars have thick lingual cusps. Articulates well with upper moulds 79-9-1-12-71. Indications. For wide mouths where vertical absorption of the ridge is not marked. Anteriors require 7y3 mm. vertical space above ridge, bicuspids 7 mm., and second molars 6 mm. Useful for plates without gums in front. 104 MOULD 104. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^4 mm., width 5)>i mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2}^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, S% imm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 25 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 38 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 109 mm. A slightly longer mould, intermediate in width between 40 and 79. The anteriors are well proportioned. Narrow interdental spaces. The first bicuspid is small, the second medium, and the molars large. All have short, rounding cusps and faint sulci. Lingual cusps quite thick. Articulates well with upper moulds 104-105-107. Indications. For fairly wide mouths where vertical absorption is mod- erate. Anteriors set mostly on ridge and lap it but little. They require SVo mm. vertical space, the bicuspids 7 mm., and the second molars 7 mm. Useful for plates without gums in front. 144 107 MOULD 101. Dimensions of centrals: length 10^2 mm., width 5% mm., bite 4:}i> mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, Q],^ mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 26 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 40 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 106 mm. Incisors have their greatest width far enough below the incisal edges to separate the incisal angles. Taper by very pleasing curves to narrow necks, leaving interdental spaces of medium width and length. First bicuspid small, second medium; molars large. All have short round- ing cusps and faint sulci. The molars are distinguished by the fact that the lingual cusps project so far over the pins. This makes its use possible in a rather close bite. Articulates well with upper moulds 101-104-105-107-64-45. Indications, Combined bite and shut in molars is long, 8 mm., and indi- cates use where vertical absorption is considerable. Owing to the absence of collar, these anteriors are useful for plates without gums. The bicuspids require 7 mm. vertical space above ridge, and the second molars eVs mm. MOULD 5. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 5 94 mm., bite 3% mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 3% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approxi- mately), 37 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 102 mm. The approximal surfaces of the anteriors are quite straight and the necks wide, leaving long narrow interdental spaces. The first bicuspid is small, the second is quite large. The molars medi- um. The cusps are rounding and the sulci well defined. Articulates well with upper moulds 12-23-25-71-76-79. Indications. The combined bite and shut are medium, 8 mm., and indi- cate use of this mould where vertical absorption is not great. The biscupids require mm. vertical space above the ridge, and the second molars 5 mm. 145 49 MOULD 49. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 5% mm., bite 3 mm., shut 51^ mm., ridge-lap 2^^^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Combined width 4 in- cisors, 25 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, 39 mm. Combined width full 14, 102 mm. The incisors have their greatest widths slightly below the cutting edges, so that the incisal angled of adjacent teeth are a little separated. The necks are rather narrow and leave medium interdental spaces. The bicuspids are medium in size. The first molar is quite long; the sec- ond is shorter. The occlusal surfaces show short cusps and shallow sulci. This mould was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould 49. It articulates well with plain upper moulds 9-47-50-56-81. 105 MOULD 105. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 5% mm., bite 4:},^ mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2^^ mm. Cortibined bite and shut of central, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 25 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors (approximately), 37 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 104 mm. Quite wide anteriors with narrow necks and showing quite long and wide interdental spaces. The first bicuspid is small, the second medium, and the molars large. All the posteriors have short, rounding cusps and faint sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 105-104. Indications. The anteriors require a space 9 mm. high to permit them to set on the ridge. The bicuspids require 8 mm. to permit them to set on ridge. The measurements indicate this mould only in cases showing consid- erable vertical absorption. The second molars require 7 mm. vertical space above the ridge. 146 MEDIUM LONG MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND WIDE. MOULD 19. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 6 mm., bite 3^ mm., shut 3^2 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 26 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 41 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 115 mm. The anteriors have their greatest width near the incisal edges and taper to rather narrow necks, leaving interdental spaces of good size. The posteriors are of medium size, short, with narrow necks, prominent cusps and deep sulci. The first bicuspid is smaller than the second. Articulates well with upper moulds 45-94-64-43-86-G9. Indications. The anteriors reciuire a space TVa mm. high to permit pins to set on ridge, the bicuspids require the same space, and the second molars 6 mm. The use of this mould is confined to cases having wide mouths. 69 t 69 MOULD 69. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 ^.^ mm., width 6 mm., bite ^Yz mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Deep collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 27 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 42 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 111 mm. When the collars of the anteriors are covered with rubber the enamel sur- faces are very short, being practically 8 mm. long. The necks are wide, the curves full, and the interdental spaces short. The posteriors are of medium size with fairly prominent cusps and deep sulci. The first bicuspid is smaller than the second. Articulates v/ell with upper moulds 69-75-104-105. Indications. The anteriors require a space 7 mm. high to permit the pins to set on ridge. It requires 7 mm. to permit the second bicuspid pins to set on ridge, and 6 mm. for the second molars. 147 107 MOULD 107. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 1^^ mm., width 6 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 % mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 27 mm. Combined width 6 an- teriors (approximately), 41 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 109 mm. The dimensions of the anteriors are similar to those in mould 69, but the difference in outlines makes the moulds entirely unlike. These anteriors have narrow necks and show wide and high interdental spaces. The first bicuspid is medium, the second quite large, and the molars are large, especially mesio-distally. The posteriors show short rounding cusps and medium deep sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 107-101-104-105-93. Indications. This mould is indicated for wide arches with wide mouths and for cases where there is considerable absorption. The anteriors and bi- cuspids require a space SVz mm. high. Valuable for plates without anterior gums. The second molars require 7 mm. vertical space. MOULD 18. Dimensions of centrals: length 11 mm., width 6 mm., bite 3^ mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4:% mm. Combined bite and shut of central. 7 mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 27 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 42 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 106 mm. The approximal sides of the incisors lie in contact through the incisal third and then taper to medium wide necks. The labial surfaces are wide and rather flat. The posteriors are long, with narrow necks, rounding cusps and fairly deep sulci. The first bicuspid is smaller than the second. Articulates well with upper moulds 64-93-101. Indications. For wide mouths but where wide postejriors are not indi- cated. The combined bite and shut of anteriors is 7 mm., and indicates this mould where vertical absorption is not extensive. Bicuspids require vertical space of GVz mm. above ridge, and second molars 7 mm. 148 LONG MOULDS. LONG AND NARROW MOULD 25. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 4 mm., bite 4 mm., shut 5 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, dVz mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5y2 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 21 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 33 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 91 mm. A very narrow mould in proportion to its length, both as regards the width of the anteriors and the full 14. The anteriors show very flat curves, narrow necks and leave long interdental spaces. The posteriors are of medium length, have narrow necks, prominent cusps and deep sulci. The occlusal surfaces of the bicuspids are medium, of the molars small. Articulates well with upper mould 27. Indications. The use of this mould is restricted to small mouths and narrow arches and to cases where vertical absorption is marked. The an- teriors require 9V:> mm. above the ridge, the second bicuspid requires 7 mm., but the second molar requires only SVs mm. MOULD 11. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 5 mm., bite 5 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, S% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 5}/^ mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 22 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 97 mm. The anteriors are slightly wider than in mould 25 and carry the width further cervically leaving shorter interdental spaces. The bicuspids and molars are long. The bicuspids have rather straight buccal surfaces, but in the molars the buccal surface is shaped to throw the buccal cusps well toward the lingual. The occlusal surfaces are of medium size with rounding cusps and medium deep sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 8-10-26-38-51-74. Indications. The anteriors require SVs mm. above surface of ridge, the bicuspids require 7 mm. and the second molar 5 or SVs mm. This indicates use where there is much vertical absorption in front. 140 95 MOULD 95, Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 5 mm., bite 41^ mm., shut 5 mm., ridge-lap 21.2 mm. Combined width 4 incisors, 23 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors, 37 mm. Combined width full 14, 101 mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, 10 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7}i mm. Slight collar. The incisors have their greatest widths at the junction of the middle and incisal thirds. The necks are medium wide. Interdental spaces not very wide and do not extend far up the teeth. The bicuspids and molars are rather long. The first bicuspid is small; the second is large. The first molar is large and the second rather small. The bicuspids and molars have short cusps, medium deep sulci and thick lingual cusps thick over pins to permit grinding. This mould was made especially to articulate with plain upper mould 95. It articulates also with plain upper* moulds 50-49-1-87. LONG MOULDS. LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. 96 * MOULD 96, Dimensions of centrals: length 11 1.^ mm., width 6 mm., bite 3% mm., shut 4:% imm., ridge-lap 314 mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 8% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6% mm. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 25 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 40 mm. Combined width full 14, 109 mm. Anteriors have their greatest widths at the cutting edges and are made to set very close together in this region. Have rather narrow necks, and very pleasing outlines when collars are covered with rubber. Bicuspids have medium large occlusal surfaces. The molars have quite large occlusal surfaces. Made to articulate with plain upper mould 96. Articulates also with plain upper mould No. 96. 150 ©e®® MOULD 28. Dimensions of centrals: length 12 mm., width 5^ mm., bite 6 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9J^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 38 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 102 mm. The anteriors carry their greatest widths cervically nearly half the length of the enamel surface. When the collars are covered, interdental spaces of moderate length and width will be seen. The first bicuspid is small, the second medium; the first molar large and the second medium. The cusps are prominent, somewhat rounding and sep- arated by deep sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 1-76-86-49-56. Indications. The combined bite and shut in the anteriors are so long that they require QVs mm. vertical space. The second bicuspid requires 7 mm., and the second molar requires 6 mm. MOULD 12. Dimensions of centrals: length 13 mm., width 5^4 mm., bite 6 mm., shut 3 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9% mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 26 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 41 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 107 mm. The outlines of the anteriors are practically like those of mould 93, allow- ing for the greater length and absence of collar. The bicuspids and molars are quite long, but seem not to be so in com- parison with the anteriors. The buccal surfaces are quite straight, the cusps rounding and the sulci deep. Articulates well with upper moulds 50-45-74-86-93. Indications. The anteriors require gVg mm. vertical space so that they may set on top of the ridge; the bicuspids require 7 nxni. and the second molar 6 mm. 151 74 MOULD 74. Dimensions of centrals: length 13 mm., width 5M mm., bite 5 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9*'^ mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. Deep collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 24 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 36 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 98 mm. The anteriors carry their greatest width through the middle third, taper to medium wide necks and leave short, narrow interdental spaces. The posteriors are quite long, have narrow necks, short cusps and shal- low sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 74-38. Indications. The anteriors require a vertical space of dVz mm. above the ridge, and lap it 4 mm. The bicuspids require about 8 mm., and the second molar about 6 mm. MOULD 13. Dimensions of centrals: length 14 mm., width 5 3-^ mm., bite 4 mm., shut 7^ mm., ridge-lap 2^^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 12 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 8 mm. Collar medium deep on anteriors, very deep on posteriors. Combined width 4 incisors (approxi- mately), 26 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 40 mm. Com- bined width full 14 (approximately), 101 mm. Narrow in proportion to its length. The incisors taper from near the incisal edges to medium wide necks and present long, narrow interdental spaces. The posteriors are very long with very deep collars, medium size occlusal surfaces, short rounding cusps and deep sulci. Articulates well with upper moulds 50-74-49-81. Indications. For cases showing extensive vertical absorption since the anteriors require 12 mm. vertical space; the bicuspids require 9 mm., and the second molar 8 mm. 152 LONG MOULDS. LONG AND WIDE. 84 MOULD 84. Dimensions of centrals: length 11% mm., width 6 94 mm., bite 4:% mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 3M mm. Combined bite and shut of cen- tral, 9 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 6 mm. No collar. Com- bined width 4 incisors (approximately), 30 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 46 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 117 mm. The shortest of the long moulds. The anteriors are all wide, the centrals being practically as wide as the laterals. The necks are wide enough to leave very small interdental spaces. The bicuspids and molars are large, with rounding cusps and deep sulci. The first bicuspid is smaller than the second. Articulates well with upper mould 84. Indications. For wide mouths and arches wide from one tuberosity to the other. The anteriors have hollow ridge-lap and will set in 9 mm. vertical space. The posteriors also have hollow ridge-lap. The bicuspids will set in 7 mm. vertical space and the second molar in 6 mm. Useful for plates without anterior gums. MOULD 82, Dimensions of centrals: length 13 mm., width 6% mm., bite 5 mm., shut 5^4 mm., ridge-lap 2}^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 11 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 8 mm. Collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 29 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 45 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 117 mm. All the teeth are large in all dimensions. The incisors have their greatest width near the cutting edge and taper to medium wide necks, leaving long in- terdental spaces of medium width. The posteriors are large with short rounding cusps and shallow sulci. All have thick lingual cusps, long shut and slightly hollow ridge-lap. Articulates well with upper mould 82. 153 Indications, The combined bite of the anteriors and shut occupy 11 mm., and indicate the necessity of that much vertical space above the ridge. The bicuspids require 9 mm. vertical space, and the second molar 8 mm. vy v^ MOULD 83. Dimensions of centrals: length 14^^ mm., width QYz mm., bite 6 mm., shut 5}^ mm, ridge-lap 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 12 mm. Required vertical space second molar, 7 mm. No collar. Combined width 4 incisors (approximately), 28 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (ap- proximately), 44 mm. Combined width full 14 (approximately), 117 mm. An extremely long mould. The incisors have their greatest width about the middle third, and taper slowly to rather wide necks, leaving small inter- dental spaces. The posteriors are long, with narrow necks, but the occlusal surfaces are not large in proportion to the other dimensions. The cusps are short and the sulci shallow. The lingual cusps are thick. The shut is rather short, and the ridge-lap hollow. Articulates well with upper mould 83. Indications. For wide mouths and arches showing extreme absorption. The anteriors require 12 mm. vertical space above the ridge, the bicuspids require 9 mm., and the second molar 7 mm. It is important that artificial teeth be set in the proper vertical slant. That is, the upper molars should not slant out too much, or the lo'wers too much inward. It is one of the advantages of the anatomical moulds that they may be set in proper positions and the occlusal surfaces have the slopes re- quired for articulation. On this account, as well as others, the use of anatomical moulds is strongly recommended. 154 TO SECURE EXTREMELY SHALLOW BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS. When none of our plain lower bicuspids and molars are suffi- ciently shallow to set in proper positions, Saddleback bicuspids and molars, lowers, with regular double-headed vulcanite pins may be ordered from Saddleback Facing Moulds Nos. 2-3-7-10 and 13, shown below. 10 As these teeth may not be regularly carried in stock by your dental depot, orders should be sent us direct to be filled through your dealer. , A few of these shallow teeth should be kept on hand by every dentist, since they are often very useful. The dimensions can be obtained with sufficient accuracy from the illustrations which are the same sizes as the teeth. TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEETH PLAIN LOWERS IN 6's. Al i-i MOULD Al. Dimensions of centrals: length, 12 mm., width, 6 mm., bite 2% mm., shut, 5% mm., ridge-lap, 4 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, S% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 43 mm. No collar. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 95-18-12-93 to form 14s. 155 /\2 « MOULD A2. Dimensions of centrals: length, IV/z mm., width, 5 mm., bite, 3 mm., shut, 6 mm., ridge-lap, 2% mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 9^4 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Long narrow anteriors with medium narrow necks. Narrow interdental spaces. This mould shows a medium bite, long shut and short ridge-lap. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 74-11-28-16 to form 14s. A3 H MOULD A3. Dimensions of centrals: length, 11 mm., width, 5% mm., bite, 2 mm., shut, 5 mm., ridge-lap, 4 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 7% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 39 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 74-11-18-28-95-105 to form 14s. A4 MOULD A4. Dimensions of centrals: length, 12 mm., width, 6 mm., bite, 2% mm., shut, 5^ mm., ridge-lap, 4 mm. Required vertical space above) ridge at central, 8% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 44 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 12-13-93-95 to form 14s. MOULD 4. Dimensions of centrals: length, 12^ mm., width, 43^ mm. bite, S% mm,, shut, 7^ mm., ridge-lap, 1^/^ mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 11^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 34 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 11-74-13 to form 14s. 15. — No Illustration, MOULD 15. — Dimensions of centrals: length, 9 mm., width, 4 mm., bite, 3 mm., shut 4 mm., ridge-lap 2 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 7% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 34 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 7-8-17-67-10 to form 14s. 156 20 MOULD 20. Dimensions of centrals: length, 16 mm., width, 5 mm., bite, 3^ mm., shut, 10^ mm., ridge-lap, 2 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 1^% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 38 mm. MOULD 22, Dimensions of centrals: length, 1^% mm., width, 5 mm., bite, 4:% mm., shut, 5^ mm., ridge-lap, 4^ mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, IQi^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 13-93 to form 14s. 23 a MOULD 23. Dimensions of centrals: length, 1Q^^ mm., vndth, 4^ mm., bite, 5 mm., shut 6 mm., ridge-lap, 5y^ mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, ll^/^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 33 mm. MOULD 26, Dimensions of centrals: length, 19^ mm., width, 5% mm., bite, Gy^ mm., shut, 7% mm,, ridge-lap, 5^ mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 14^' mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 40 mm. MOULD 31. Dimensions of centrals: length, 11 mm., width, 4 mm., bite, 2% mm., shut, 6 mm., ridge-lap, 2^ mm. Required vertical space above ridg,e at central, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 30 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 25-74-16 to form 14s. 157 32 ri MOULD 32. Dimensions of centrals: length, 11 mm., width, 5 mm., bite, 3 mm., shut, 6 mm., ridge-lap, 2 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, ^Yz mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 7S-25-5 to form 14s. MOULD 33. Dimensions of centrals: length, l^Yz mm., width, 4^ mm., bite, 3 mm., shut 8 mm., ridge-lap, ^Yz mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 11^^^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 34 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 13-93-74 to form 14s. 34 MOULD 34. Dimensions of centrals: length, 12^^ mm., width, 5 mm., bite, ZYz mm., shut QY2 mm., ridge-lap, 2Y2 mrn. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 10^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 13-93-74 to form 14s. A. — No Illustration. MOULD A. Dimensions of centrals: length, 8^ mm., width, 4 mm., bite, IY2 mm., shut, 5 mm., ridge-lap, 2 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 29 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower mould 52. 35 MOULD 35. Dimensions of centrals: length, I2Y2 mm., width, 4^ mm., bite, 3 mm., shut, 7 mm., ridge-lap, 2Y2 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, IOY2 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 33 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 74-11-25 to form 14s. 158 36 *■ MOULD 36. Dimensions of centrals: length, IV/z mm., width, 4'/^ mm., bite, 3 mm., shut, 5 mm., ridge-lap, 3^ mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, S% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 34 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 25-74-11 to form 14s. 29 MOULD 29. Dimensions of centrals: length, 11 mm., width, 5 mm., bite, 3 mm., shut, 7 mm., ridge-lap, 1 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 10^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 36 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 90-91-65-79-78 to form 14s. MOULD 37. Dimensions of centrals: length, 12 mm., width, 5 mm., bite, 3 mm., shut, 9 mm., ridge-lap, none. Required vertical space above ridge at central, S% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 35 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower moulds 90-91-78-65-74 to form 14s. 60. — No Illustration, MOULD 60. Dimensions of centrals: length, 16 mm., width, 5%. mm., bite, 5 mm., shut, 7 mm., ridge-lap, 4 mm. Required vertical space above ridge at central, 12i/^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors (approximately), 41 mm. Combine well with posteriors from lower mould 83. The lower vulcanite moulds regularly comprising anatomical bicus- pids and molars have been carded so that the lower anteriors are of correct widths for the upper anteriors. Allowances have been made, however, for slight irregularities in the lower anteriors, which do so much to make dentures look natural. I'j'j CHAPTER XII Gum Vulcanite Moulds In Twentieth Century, Solila and Dentsply Teeth With Measurements, Illustrations and Descriptions. In selecting gum teeth the considerations are slightly different from those involved in choosing plain teeth, owing to the fact that the anterior teeth on each block are in fixed relations to each other. Each anterior block manifests several characteristics which should be considered. First comes the curvature, mesio-distally. Some arches are very flat in front, showing a nearly straight line between the cuspid eminences. Others are much curved. Some arches show marked prominences in the cuspid regions while others curve regularly from median line to tuberosity. Moulds having anterior blocks with the proper curvature should be chosen. The indications in some cases are for anterior blocks with full or even bulging gums, while others call for medium full or re- treating gums. These considerations, together with the gum mark- ings, have much to do with the appearance of the finished set. By means of the illustrations and descriptions, these characteristics of each mould may be accurately determined. Following the gum moulds in sets of 14s, will be found a line of gum moulds in 4s Front, that is in two blocks each showing the central and lateral. These will be found very useful for partial cases and for many repair cases. How The Gum Moulds Are Measured. The "length" of the central is determined by measuring the labial surface from the highest point of the festoon of the gum to the cutting edge in the median line. ■ -■ i-T «/ Etc.' .-.•.. 160 ^ The "width" of the central is ^k the distance between mesial and ^B distal surfaces at the widest part a^L of the tooth. —m^dK^% '^^^ "bite" is similar to the SHUT <' f}^7.\'7 ] bite in plain upper teeth. -^ / -.^COMBINED The "combined bite and shut" /''' \ /,--'' BITEahdSHUT is learned by adding together the BI'TE— — W^ bite and shut, with the addition of one-half millimeter to allow for rubber between ridge and block. The "Width 3 anteriors" was obtained by laying the celluloid measure along the labial surfaces of the teeth as close to the cutting edge as possible. The distance from the mesial angle of the cen- tral to the distal angle of the cuspid is taken as the width of the anteriors. This does not include any of the block outside of the teeth. The width of the bicuspids was gotten by measuring, with calipers, from the contact point on the mesial surface of the first bicuspid to the contact point on the distal surface of the second bicuspid. This does not include any of the block outside the teeth. The molars were measured like the bicuspids. The width of the full fourteen is gotten by adding together the widths of the blocks and adding 3 millimeters to allow for joints in setting up. In the wide moulds 4 millimeters are added. This has been found by experience to be about what Is required. The Lower Gum Moulds were measured in the same way. The greater interest in the articulation of artificial dentures, which has been manifested of late, is marked by a distinct preference for plain vulcanite teeth in preference to gum teeth. For this reason, the anatomical moulds are furnished in plain vulcanite teeth only, and not in gum teeth. 101 TABLE NO. 8 TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEETH— GUM UPPERS TABLE OF MOULDS ARRANGED NUMERICALLY (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL Width three anteriors Width Width Width full fourteen Articulates best with Cut and Mould descrip- No. Length Width Bite Combined bite bicuspids molars lower gum moulds! tion on page and shut 1 8 7 3 6H 21 12 163^ 102 4-3 170 2 8 7 3 63^ 21 12 17 103 4-3 171 3 7H 7 2 5K 21 13 18 107 7-4 166' 4 8 6^ 2H 6 21 12 16 101 2-3 167 5 8 7 3 7 22 123^ 17 106 10-6 171 6 9 73^ 3 5^ 22 12 163^ 104 52-1 182 7 12 8 4 8 25 14 21 124 13 192 8 10 8 33^ 7 25 13 17 114 12 191 9 10 8H 33^ 7 25 13 19 118 120 192 10 10 83^ 5 9 25 13 18 116 12 191 11 8 7 3 6 21 12 16 101 7-4 171 13 8 W2 2 6 22 12H 17 106 11-10 177 14 10 8 3>^ 73^ 23 13 17 109 53-9 191 15 9H 7H 3>^ 7 23 13 153^ 107 8-11 188 16 9 IVi 4 7^ 23 13 18 112 16-8 182 17 8 IVi 33^ 7 23 12 16 106 6-11 177 18 9 6K , 1^ 53^ 21 12M 17 104 6-7 180 19 10 7 3 7 22 123^ 17 106 10-4 189 20 8 7 23^ 6 21 12 17 103 7-4 172 21 9 7 3K 8 22 123^ 17 M 107 10-6 180 22 8 7 2H 7 22 13 17 107 10-4 172 23 9 lYi 33^ 7 23 13 17 109 11-51 182 24. 8 6H 2K 6 21 12 163^ 102 3-2 168 25 7H 7 2 53^ 20 12 163^ 100 7-3 167 27 8J^ 7 23^ 5^ 22 123^ 163^ 105 6-51 179 28 lOH 8 5 8H 25 13 18 114 28 198 29 8 7 . 3 7 21 12 17 103 4-3 173 32 8 7H 3 7H 22 12^ 16^ 105 11-51 178 33 8 7 2J^ 6 21 12 17 103 2-4 173 34 8 63^ 2>^ 6 20 UK 16 98 2-3 168 35 7H 63^ 2H 53^ 19 10 15 91 35 167 36 9 8 33^ 7 23 13 18 112 9-1 188 37 8 7 4 7^ 21 iiM 163^ 101 3-4 173 38 9 73^ 2 6 23 13 17 110 11-7 181 39 10 73^ 3^ 7K 22 11^ 16 102 11-4 190 40 9 73^ 3 7 22 123^ 18 108 11-51 183 41 9 7 3 7 22 IIH 17 104 52-11 180 42 8 7 2 6^ 20 12>i 18 104 7-52 174 43 8 7 33^ 63^ 21 12 K 163^ 103 8-6 174 44 10 73^ 33^ 7 22 13 17 107 11-51 190 45 8 7 3 6^ 21 113^ 16K 101 4-3 175 46 9 7 33^ 7 22 123^ 18 108 4-10 181 47 9 7>^ ^Yi 7 21 13 17 105 11-51 183 48 9 7^ 33^ 7 21 12K 18 106 11-10 184 50 9 7^ •3 63^ 22 12 16 103 11-8 184 51 8 7 2K 6 21 12 16 100 3-2 175 52 8 6>^ 33^ 7 21 12 18 105 51-11 169 53 8 6>^ 23^ 6 21 12 18 105 7-52 169 54 8 6H 3 63^ 20 12 173^ 102 3-4 170 55 8 7 3 6K 21 12 18 105 7-10 175 ♦Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. fBlack-faced type indicates a lower mould made especially to articulate with that upper. All moulds are arranged in order of excellence of articulation, the best being first. 162 TABLE NO. V>—{,Conlim(ed) TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEETH— GUM UPPERS (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL 1 Width width Articulates ' Cut and Mould Width Width full best with descrip- No. Combined anteriors bicuspids molars lower gum tion on Length Width Bite b!t2 and shut moulds t page 56 9 7H 3^ W2 22 12 17 105 11-51 185 57 8 7j/3 IH 5 22 12 17 105 6-7 178 58 8 8 2 6 23 13 17H 111 52-11 179 59 10 7 IH 6 21 13 17 105 6-8 189 60 9 ly-?. 4 7 23 13 17 109 9-16 185 61 9 7^2 3 6 22 12 17 105 4-7 186 62 9 7i/^ 4 6^ 23 13 18 111 9-16 186 63 9 73/2 2 5 22 123^ 17 106 11-6 186 64 8 7 2 51^ 20 12 17 105 64-4 176 65 9 IV-?. 4 73^ 24 13 18 114 9-16 187 66 5 6^ 2 6 20 12 17 101 52-7 166 67 8 7 2 6H 20 IIH 17 100 6-7 176 68 10 7^« 4 9 23 ' 13 18^ 113 68-9 193 69 9 7^ 2K^ 6H 22 12 17 105 6-11 187 70 8^2 7 4 7 21 12 16 100 19 194 71 8^ 7 4 72 21 12 17 102 17 195 72 9 6 4 8 21 12 17 102 8 195 73 9 7 5 8 23 13 17 108 14 196 74 8 72 4 7 22 13 18 108 18 194 75 9 7 32 7 23 13 18 110 14 196 76 8 72 3 7 21 13 18 106 15 193 77 9 7 42 9 22 13 17 106 17 197 89 10 7 5 9 24 13 18 112 15 197 TABLES OF UPPER GUM MOULDS ARRANGED BY SIZE SHORT MOULDS SHORT AND NARROW t Dimensions of Central Width anterior block Width bicuspid Width molars Width full fourteen set up Articulates best with lower gum Cut and Mould No. Combined descrip- tion on Length bite and shut moulds! page 66 5 6 20 12 17 101 52-7 166 3 7H 53^ 21 13 18 107 7-4 166 35 lYi W2 19 10 15 91 35 167 25 7^ W2 20 12 163^ 100 7-3 167 4 8 6 21 12 16 101 2-3 167 24 8 6 21 12 16H 102 3-2 168 34 8 6 20 ^Wi 16 98 2-3 168 52 8 7 21 12 18 105 51-11 169 53 8 6 21 12 18 105 7-52 169 54 8 6H 20 12 17 H 102 3-4 170 1 8 63^ 21 12 163^ 102 4-3 170 2 8 6H 21 12 17 103 4^3 171 5 8 7 22 123^ 17 106 10-6 171 11 8 6 21 12 16 101 7-4 171 flncludes all moulds where the enamel surface of the central is 8 mm. long or less and 7 mm. wide or less. *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. §Black-faced type indicates a lower mould made especially to articulate with that upper. All moulds are arranged in order of excellence of articulation, the best being first. 163 TABLE NO. %—{Contimie(£) TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEETH— GUM UPPERS SHORT M.Om.'D^— {Continued) (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* SHORT AND NARROW t—C'on^ 173^ 107 10-6 180 41 9 7 22 1134 17 104 52-11 180 46 9 7 22 1234 18 108 4r-10 181 flncludes all moulds where the enamel surface of the centrals is over 8 and not more than 9 mm. long and 7 mm. wide or less. *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. §Black-faced type indicates a lower mould made especially to articulate with that upper. All moulds are arranged in order of excellence of articulation, the best being fisst. 164 TABLE NO. \>,~{Conthmed) TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEE! H-GUM UPPERS LONG MOULDS (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* MEDIUM LONG AND MEDIUM WIDEf Dimensions of Central Width anterior block Width bicuspid Width molars Width full 14 Articulates best with lower gum Cut and No. Combined descrip- tion on Length bite and shut moulds§ page 38 9 6 '23 13 17 110 11-7 181 6 9 ^Vi 22 12 16J^ 104 52-1 182 16 9 iVi 23 13 18 112 16-8 182 23 9 7 23 13 17 109 11-51 182 40 9 7 22 12J^ 18 108 11-51 183 47 9 7 21 13 17 105 11-51 183 48 9 7 21 123^ 18 106 11-10 184 50 9 6^ 22 12 16 103 11-8 184 56 9 lYi 22 12 17 105 11-51 185 60 9 7 23 13 17 109 9-16 185 61 9 6 22 12 17 105 4^7 186 62 9 6^ 23 13 18 111 9-16 186 63 9 5 22 12^ 17 106 11-6 186 65 9 7.1^ 24 13 18 114 9-16 187 69 9 6>i 22 12 17 105 6-11 187 73 9 8 23 13 17 108 14 196 75 9 7 23 13 18 110 14 196 77 9 9 22 13 17 106 17 197 89 10 9 24 13 18 112 15 197 tincludes all moulds where the enamel surface of the central is over 8 mm. long and not over 9; and where it is between 7 and 8 mm. wide. MEDIUM LONG AND WIDE 36 23 13 18 112 9-1 188 LONG AND MEDIUM WIDEf 15 9?^ 7 23 13 15^ 107 8-11 188 19 10 7 22 12K 17 106 10-4 189 59 10 6 21 13 17 105 6-8 189 39 10 7^ 22 UK 16 102 11-4 190 44 10 7 22 13 17 107 11-51 190 tincludes all moulds where the enamel surface of the central is over 9 mm. long but not more than 10 mm.; and between 7 and 8 mm. wide. LONG AND WIDE 8 10 7 25 13 17 114 12 191 68 10 9 23 13 18K 113 68-9 193 14 10 7J^ 23 . 13 17 109 53-9 191 9 10 7 25 13 19 118 120 192 7 12 8 25 14 21 124 13 192 10 10 9 25 13 18 116 12 191 •Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. § Black-faced type indicate.? a lower mould made especially to articulate with that upper. All moulds are arranged in order of excellence of articulation, the best being first. 165 Twentieth Century Vulcanite Teeth GUM UPPERS. SHORT AND NARROW. MOULD 66. Dimensions of central: length 5 mm., width QYz mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 101 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 7 mm. The shortest upper gum mould. The enamel surface in all the anteriors is considerably wider than it is long. The anterior block is quite flat, and may be used in a comparatively wide arch. The gum of the anterior blocks is prominent over the cuspids and then slopes away rapidly to meet the bicuspid blocks. The depressions between the roots of the anteriors are very faint. The ridge side of the anterior blocks is noticeably hollowed at the cuspid, indicating the use of this mould over ridges prominent in that region. The bicuspids and molars have prominent cusps, and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 52-7. MOULD 3. Dimensions of central: length 71^ mm., width 7 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central 5^^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 107 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The dimensions of the anteriors of this mould are similar to those in mould 35, but the anterior block is more curved, indicating its use in an arch not so flat between the cuspids. The bicuspids are slightly wider than those in mould 25, and the molars considerably wider. The result is that this set is noticeably wider than in mould 25. This mould also requires slightly more vertical space for the anteriors, and a full millimeter more for the posteriors. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 7-4. 166 MOULD 35. Dimensions of central: length 71^ mm., width G'\>^ mm., bite 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5^^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 10 mm. Width molars, 15 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 93 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. The gum is inclined to be flat above all the anleriors and shows no prom- inence over the cuspid. The anteriors are small with straight sides and comparatively wide necks. The anterior blocks are quite well curved. The bicuspids and molars are small with prominent cusps and fairly deep sulci. The result is that the full fourteen is very narrow. This mould articulates well with lower gum mould 35. MOULD 25. Dimensions of central: length 7^^ mm., width 7 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5 % mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 1>^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 100 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks shows no prominence over the cuspid. It rounds away evenly from the central. The enamel surface of the centrals is nearly as wide as it is long, and it tapers to a rather wide neck. The laterals are more triangular and are set on more of a slant. The bicuspids are medium in size with prominent cusps and deep sulci. , The molars are rather small. The anterior blocks of this mould are rather flat. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 7-3. MOULD 4. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width GYz mm., bite 2}^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. 107 Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5^^ mm. Width full 14, 101 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anteriors is medium full with scarcely visible depres- sions between roots. It curves evenly from the central and presents no prominence over the cuspid. The enamel space of the centrals is longer than in any of the moulds so far described, with comparatively straight sides, and medium wide necks. The anterior blocks are medium round. The bicuspids are rather small. The molars are of medium size. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 2-3-4. 24 MOULD 24. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width, 6^^ mm., bite 2i>^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, IQM mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 102 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of cen- tral, 5 mm. Gum of anterior blocks is quite flat. It shows depressions between roots quite plainly and slight prominences over the cuspids. The centrals are quite narrow in proportion to their length, with medium wide necks. The anterior blocks are medium rounding. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size, with prominent cusps and well defined sulci. This mould will be useful where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 6 mm. below the surface of the ridge. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 3-2-4. 34 MOULD 34. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width G% mm., bite 2^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 11 ^.^ mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 98 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anteriors is rather flat. It shows faint depressions and very slight prominences over the cuspids. The centrals are of the same dimensions as those in mould 24, but the anterior block is narrower and a good deal more curved. The laterals are quite irregular, somewhat on the lap-lateral style. 168 The bicuspids and molars arc rather small. They show prominent cusps and deep sulci. The whole fourteen is quite narrow, indicating its use in small mouths. The bicuspids and molar blocks require only 5 mm. vertical space, and may l)c used for quite a close bite. This mould articulates well with lower L'um mould 2-3. 52 MOULD 52. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 6^2 mm., bite SVz mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 ;mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is very smooth. It shows almost no de- pression and is not prominent over the cuspids. The centrals are much like those in mould ?A, but the laterals have much wider necks and the cuspids are considerably larger in all dimensions. The re- sult is that the anterior blocks are each one a millimeter wider than in mould 34. The anterior blocks are rather flat. The bicuspids are medium in size, while the occlusal surfaces of the molars are rather large. All the posteriors present sharp, prominent cusps and deep sulci. The anteriors are indicated in cases where the labio-incisal angle of bite comes about 7 mm. below the ridge. The posteriors require space as indi- cated. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 51-11. 53 MOULD 53. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 6^i mm., bite 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central 4 mm. While the anterior blocks do not show any marked prominences over the cuspids, the ridge sides of the gums are hollowed to allow them to fit ridges prominent in the cuspid region. This makes the labial side straighter from central to cuspid than in many of the moulds. The cuspids slant mesially and somewhat inward to align with the incisors. The measurements are practically identical with mould 52, but the an- teriors have narrow necks, and the anterior blocks are more rounding. This mould also requires slightly less space between the ridge and labio- incisal angle of bite. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 7-52-51. 109 MOULD 54. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width G)'^ mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^4 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 3-^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 5^ mm. Width full 14, 102 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is very thin and retreats immediately above the festoon. It makes this mould valuable where it is necessary to avoid bulk under the upper lip. The dimensions of the anteriors are nearly the same as those in moulds 53 and 52, but the anterior blocks are more rounding and a trifle narrower. The bicuspids are a little smaller, and the molars noticeably smaller. The re- sult is that the full fourteen is two millimeters narrower. This mould is indicated for cases presenting the same size arch and the same distance from ridge to labio-incisal angle of bite as in the two moulds above, but where the mouth is narrower. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 3-4-2. MOULD 1. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 1-^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 5'^i mm. Width full 14, 102 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 The anterior blocks show medium full gums. The cuspid is set well out- ward and the ridge side of the gum is hollowed behind it to permit this block to fit ridges prominent in the cuspid region. The depressions on this gum are faint. The anterior blocks are quite rounding. The anteriors appear slightly wedge shape, due to the narrow necks. The bicuspids and molars are medium in width, and have prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould is indicated for arches narrow from side to side, and where the labio-incisal angle of bite come about 6J^ mm: below the ridge. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 4-3. 170 MOULD 2. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, Qlz mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 103 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is medium full and shows quite plainly de- pressions between the roots. The cuspid is set far enough forward to give the teeth due prominence in that region and the ridge side of the gum is con- siderably hollowed behind the cuspid. The dimensions are the same as those for mould 1, but the anterior blocks are .more rounding. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 4-3-3. MOULD 5. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 ^-^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14. 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show medium full gums, with very faint depres- sions and very slight prominences over the cuspids. The anteriors show quite straight approximal sides with medium wide necks. The anterior blocks are quite rounding. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size, prominent cusps, and deep sulci. The anteriors are indicated where the labio-incisal angle is about 7 mm. below the ridge. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 10-6-11-51. MOULD 11. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. 171 Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Vertical space, molars, 9 mm. Width full 14, 101 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. The gum of the mould shows the depressions between the roots of the anteriors rather plainly. There are no prominences over the cuspids. This mould is practically identical with mould 4, except that the anterior blocks are more curved. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 7-4-3. 20 MOULD 20. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 103 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. A lap-lateral mould. Anterior blocks show medium full gums, with especial prominences over the lateral roots. The ridge sides of the anterior blocks are evenly hollowed. The anterior blocks are medium curved. The appearance of the anteriors is distinguished by the especially long mesial angle of the laterals, and their positions with reference to the centrals. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates Avell with lower gum moulds 7-4. MOULD 22. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors^ 22 mm.. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 107 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. ' The anterior blocks show a thin gum which retreats immediately above the festoon. The prominences over the roots and the depressions between them are plainly marked, and there is a noticeable prominence over each cus- pid. The ridge side of these blocks is but slightly hollowed over the centrals and laterals, but much more so over the cuspid. It will, therefore, fit ridges prominent in the cuspid region. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 10-4-11-8. MOULD 29. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm- Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 103 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The ri^ge side of the gum of the anterior blocks is hollow over the cus- pid to permit it to fit ridges prominent in this region. The labial surface is smooth, showing faint depressions between the roots and no prominence ■over the cuspids. The anteriors are as shown. The anterior blocks are quite flat. The bi- cuspids and molars are medium with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould requires 7 mm. between the ridge and the labio-incisal angle of bite. It articulates well with lower gum moulds 4-3. 33 MOULD 33. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 23'^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 15 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 103 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The first bicuspid in this mould is small; the second medium; the molars small. The posteriors all show prominent cusps, with deep sulci. Articulates well with lower gum moulds 2-4-3. The gum of the anterior blocks is inclined to be very flat and smooth and shows no prominences over the cuspids. 37 MOULD 37. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7}^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 11 J>^ mm. Width molars, 16^^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 5% mm. Width full 14, 101 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. 173 The measurements of this mould are practically identical with those of mould 43, but the shape of the gum portion of the block is quite different. In mould 43 the gum shows a decided prominence over each cuspid, which makes the anterior blocks rather flat as far distally as the cuspid eminence. In this mould the blocks are not prominent over the cuspid, and rounds gradually from the centrals to the bicuspids. The cuspids in this mould are smaller than in mould 43. The anterior blocks are quite flat. Articulates well with lower gum moulds 3-4. 42 MOULD 42. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6}^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 1^ mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5% mm. Width full 14, 104 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is only medium full. The depressions be- tween the roots are plainly visible, and there is a prominence over each cuspid. This makes the labial surface of these blocks rather straight. The anterior blocks are quite flat. The measurements are practically the same as those in mould 29, but the laterals and cuspids set on less of a slant towards the ridge, and show wider necks. Articulates well with lower gum moulds 7-52. 43 MOULD 43. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12^^ mm. Width molars, 16 1^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 5% mm. Width full 14, 103 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The ridge sides of the anterior blocks are hollowed over the cuspids to allow them to fit ridges prominent in this region. The prominence of the cus- pids makes the labial surface quite straight. Anterior blocks are quite flat. The anteriors project farther below the pink of the gums and the cus- pids are considerably larger than in mould 42. The bicuspids are the same size, but the molars are noticeably smaller. The sulci in the posteriors are unusually deep, resulting in long cusps. Articulates well with lower gum moulds 8-6-51. 174 MOULD 45. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite, 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, Q% mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, llf^ mm. Width molars, 16^2 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 101 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. This mould is distinguished by the fact that the anteriors instead of set- ting nearly perpendicular to the gum, incline noticeably outward. This makes a block which is thick linguo-labially over the ridge. This mould will be useful in cases where the absorption is such that the anteriors need to slope forward in order to give the lips their proper expres- sion. Articulates well with lower gum moulds 4-3. MOULD 51. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm Width ,bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 100 mm. Cuspids on separate block. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. This mould is distinguished by having the cuspids on a separate block. This permits setting the blocks holding the centrals and laterals almost straight, and arranging the cuspids as desired. The bicuspids and molars are small, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. The whole fourteen is narrow. Articulates with lower gum moulds 3-2. 35 MOULD 65. Dimensions of central: length S mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, e^^^mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm, 175 The gum over each cuspid is quite prominent and makes the blocks nearly straight on the labial surface. The bicuspids are rather small. The molars are rather large with square stirfaces. All the posteriors show prominent cusps and deep sulci. Articulates well with lower gum moulds 7-3 0-6-8. 64 MOULD 64. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The measurements are practically the same as those of mould 57, but the appearance of the anterior blocks is entirely dififerent, due to the difference in the shape of the gums. The gum in this mould is much less prominent than that in 67, and the natural depressions between the roots of the anteriors are delicately indicated. The anteriors slope slightly outward, but not to such an extent as in mould 67, and do not form such an angle with the gum. The cuspid in this mould has a noticeable mesial slant and slants also somewhat inward. The bicuspids and molars have slightly smaller occlusal surfaces, shorter cusps and more shallow sulci than in mould 67. Articulates well with lower gum moulds 64-4. This mould will fit well ridges that are quite prominent in the cuspid region. MOULD 67. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6% mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 11^^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 100 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 7 mm. The gum is very deep over the centrals and curves down to the cuspids in quite a different manner than any previously shown. The gum is also quite full. That is, it is made to represent a plump or prominent gum, having its greatest plumpness about 2 mm. above the festoon about the neck of the central. It 176 then rounds in noticeably to form the festoons. The ridge side of this gum is so hollowed that it will best fit ridges prominent in the central and lateral region. The anteriors project down and out, and the block is quite rounding. The bicuspids are rather small. The molars are medium. The sulci are deep, and the cusps prominent, the molar cusps especially so. While the anteriors of this mould project in somewhat the same way as those of mould 45, the appearance is made entirely different by the flatness of the gum in mould 45, and its plumpness in this mould. Articulates with lower gum moulds 6-7. SHORT AND MEDIUM WIDE. MOULD 13. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7I2 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12^4 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5% mm. Width full 14, 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show a fairly full gum. The depression between the roots of the anteriors is delicately shown and the cuspid sets far enough out to give the blocks a somewhat straight labial surface. The ridge side of the block is very hollow. The incisors are of medium size, with medium wide necks. The bicuspids and molars are medium with slightly rounding cusps and fairly deep sulci. The hollow on the ridge side of the anterior blocks is such as to indicate the use of this mould where the ridge is quite prominent in the anterior re- gion, and the blocks need to curve about it. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 11-10-6-51. MOULD 17. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5}^ mm. Width full 14, 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central 4 mm. 177 The gum in the anterior blocks is retreating and thin. The eminences caused by the roots and the depressions between them are plainly shown, but there is no special eminence over the cuspid. The hollow on the ridge side of these blocks is such as to indicate their use where the gum is rather flat. The anteriors are of quite good size with rather narrow necks. The bicuspids and molars are small, with prominent cusps and fairly deep sulci. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 6-11. MOULD 32. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7% mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7}^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12i>2 mm. Width molars, 16 ^.^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is medium full, very smooth, and shows no prominence over the cuspid. The anterior teeth flare outward, noticeably more than in most of the moulds so far described. The cuspid sets quite well forward and the ridge sides of the blocks are so hollowed that they will fit ridges prominent in the cuspid section. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size, with medium prominent cusps and rather deep sulci. This mould should be valuable in cases where the lower anterior teeth come well forward and it is desired to avoid bulk under the upper lip. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 11-51-8-6-10. 57 MOULD 57. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7}i mm., bite 1}^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 4 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum is medium full, with very gentle markings. The ridge side of the blocks is so shaped as to closely fit ridges not especially prominent in the cuspid regions. The bicuspids and molars are small, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 6-7-4-2. 178 SHORT AND WIDE. MOULD 58. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 8 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 14 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5% mm. Width full 14, 111 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The anterior blocks show a medium full gum, with faint depressions between the roots. There are no prominences over the cuspids. The ridge side of the blocks is more deeply hollowed over the laterals, and will closely fit ridges prominent at that point. The anterior teeth are of medium size. The centrals show rather wide necks, but the necks of the cuspids and laterals are rather narrow. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size. The bicuspids have very sharp cusps and deep sulci, but the cusps of the molars are not so prominent. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 52-11-8. MEDIUM LONG AND NARROW. MOULD 27. Dimensions of central: length 8^^ mm., width 7 mm., bite 2^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5% mm. Width 3 anteriors 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 1^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gum in the anterior blocks is medium full and very smooth. It shows no depressions between the roots, and no prominences over the cuspids. The labial surfaces of the cuspids are large and have prominent ridges. Articulate well with lower gum moulds 6-51. 179 MOULD 18. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width G'^^ mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 104 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anteriors show quite full gums, with depressions between the roots of the anteriors. While there is no special prominence over the cuspid, this tooth is set well outward making the labial side of the gum rather straight. The ridge side of the anterior blocks is hollowed deeply behind the cuspids to fit ridges prominent in this section. The anterior blocks are quite straight. The bicuspids and molars are a trifle less than medium in size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 6-7-8-10. 27 MOULD 21. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 107 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show a retreating gum, with marked depressions between the roots. The cuspid is set well outward and there is a prominence over the root. The result being that the labial surface of the block is rather flat. The ridge side of the gums is slightly more hollowed over the cuspid. The anterior blocks are rather flat. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 10-6-51. MOULD 41. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite S% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm, 180 Width bicuspids, 11^2 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 104 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show medium full gums, quite smooth. The laterals are set well outward and there is a slight depression over the root. The ridge side of the gum is slightly more hollowed behind the cuspid. The anterior blocks are quite flat. The laterals are set with the distal angle twisted outward, almost lapping the central. This lends an appearance of naturalness. The bicuspids are a trifle smaller than medium, and the molars medium. All have very prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 52-11. 46 MOULD 46. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12}^ mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5}^ mm. Width full 14, 108 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show a full gum, with broad depressions between the root. There is no especial prominence over the cuspid, but the ridge side of the anterior blocks are more deeply hollowed at this point. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size. The cusps are prominent and the sulci deep. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 4-10. MEDIUM LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. MOULD 38. Dimensions of central: length 8^ mm., width 7^^ mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5}ri mm. Width full 14, 110 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The anterior blocks show a medium full gum, with gently rounding prom- inences over the roots and shallow depressions between. The cuspid is set quite well outward, and the ridge side of the blocks are so shaped that they will fit ridges prominent in this region. The labial side of the gum, however, is not especially prominent over the cuspid. The bicuspids and molars are medium in all respects. This mould articulates with lower moulds 11-7-8-51. 181 MOULD 6. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5 3.^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 1,^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 104 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show quite a full gum. The prominences over the roots and the depressions between them are very faintly indicated. The root of the cuspid is set well outward. The ridge side of the blocks is quite flat over the central and lateral, but quite deeply hollowed over the cuspid and will fit ridges prominent in this region. The bicuspids are medium in size with prominent cusps and deep sulci. The molars are also medium with short cusps and shallow sulci. This mould articulates with lower moulds 52-1-11-8. MOULD 16. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7% mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7}^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 112 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The anterior blocks show a medium full gum, almost 'entirely free from markings. There is no prominence over the cuspids. The ridge side of the block is rather shallow and curves evenly from the central. The bicuspids are of medium size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. The molars are also medium, but have shorter cusps and shallow sulci. This mould articulates well with lower gum moulds 16-8. MOULD 23. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3 % mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. 182 Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 109 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Medium full gum showing slight depressions between the roots but no prominence over the cuspid. The ridge side of the block is evenly hollowed throughout, and is designed to fit ridges which show no special prominences. The centrals are of full medium size, with medium wide necks. The necks of the laterals and cuspids are narrow. The bicuspids and molars are medium size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-51. MOULD 40. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width IVz mm., bite 3^2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 J^ mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 108 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is full but not bulging, and the depressions between the roots of the anteriors are plainly shown. No special prominence over the cuspid. The gum sides of the blocks are evenly hollowed and are intended for ridges not especially prominent in the cuspid region. The anterior blocks are quite curved. The proportions of the anterior teeth are very pleasing for faces of medium size. The bicuspids are medium and the molars inclined to be small. The cusps are fairly prominent, and the sulci fairly deep. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-51-1. MOULD 47. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width lYz mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gums of the anterior blocks are quite full, and show neither prom- inences over the root nor depressions between them. The ridge sides of the blocks are evenly hollowed. The anterior blocks are rather flat. The bicuspids and molars are rather small, with slightly rounding cusps and medium deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-51-8. 183 MOULD 48. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm,, width 7^^ mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 121.^ mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gums of the anterior blocks are medium full, but the prominences over the roots and the depressions between give them the appearance of being less full than they are. There is no especial prominence over the cuspid, but the cuspid is set well outward, and the ridge sides of the block are more deeply hollowed in this region to fit ridges prominent at the cuspid. The anterior blocks are very rounding. The central is full medium size, the lateral and cuspid a trifle smaller in proportion. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size, with fairly prominent cusps and medium deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-10-1. MOULD 50. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7}i mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, G}>i mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 ram. Width full 14, 103 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. This mould is immediately distinguished by the prominence of the lateral, which stands forward slightly out of line, somewhat as the lap-lateral moulds do in the plain teeth. It gives an added appearance of naturalness. The gum of the anterior blocks is quite full but not bulging. In proper lights it shows faint depressions between the roots. The anterior blocks are quite curved. The ridge sides of the anterior block are evenly hollowed, and are intended for ridges evenly curved. The bicuspids are medium in size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. The first molar is rather small, and the second molar very small. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-8-6. 184 MOULD 56. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 71.2 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5],^ mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is almost full enough to be called bulging. It shows no special prominence over the cuspid. The upper margin of the block is so curved as to make the porcelain of the gum deepest over the cuspid root. The anterior blocks are medium curved. The centrals are full medium size, with wide necks. The cuspids slope noticeably mesially. In proportion to the anteriors the bicuspids and molars seem rather small. The bicuspids have prominent cusps and deep sulci, and the molars shorter cusps, more rounding. This mould articulates with lower trum moulds 11-51. MOULD 60. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7^2 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 109 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gums of the anterior blocks are quite full, and plainly show depres- sions between the roots. There is no especial prominence over the cuspid, but the upper margin of the block curves in such way as to carry the gum high at this point. The ridge sides of the block are most deeply hollowed over the lateral and will fit ridges most prominent in this region. The centrals are of good size. The lateral and cuspid are rather large in proportion. The bicuspids and molars are full medium size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 9-16. 185 MOULD 61. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7'^ mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is quite full, and shows plainly the depres- sions between the roots. It is most prominent over the lateral. The ridge sides of the block are most deeply hollowed over the lateral, to fit ridges prominent in this region. The anterior blocks are quite curved. The first bicuspid is small, the second somewhat larger. Both molars are small. The posteriors all show prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 4-7. MOULD 62. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 111 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show medium full gums, with depressions between the roots. There is quite a prominence over the cuspid. The ridge sides of the anterior blocks are slightly more hollowed at the cuspid to fit ridges which show slight prominence in this region. The anteror blocks are rather flat. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size, with slightly rounding cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 9-16. MOULD 63. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7'^i mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. 186 Width bicuspids, 12 1,^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The anterior blocks show full gums, most prominent over the lateral, and with slight depressions between the roots. The cuspid is set quite well out- ward, but has no prominence over it. The ridge sides of the blocks are slightly more hollowed in the cuspid region to fit ridges prominent at that point. The anterior blocks are rather flat. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This ,mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-6. MOULD 65. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 71^ mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, lYz mm. Width 3 anteriors, 24 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 114 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 9 mm. The anterior blocks show bulging gums with faint depressions between the roots. The prominence over the cuspid is not very well marked on the labial side of the gum, but the cuspid is set well outward, and the ridge sides of the block are considerably hollowed behind it to fit ridges prominent at that point. The blocks are very curved. The bicuspids and molars seem small in proportion to the anterior blocks. They have prominent cusps, deep sulci, and retreating gums. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 9-16. MOULD 69. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7^^ mm., bite 2}4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, Gy2 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. This mould is distinguished by having the cuspids on separate blocks. The gums of the anterior block are quite full and show a faintly marked depression between the roots. The blocks are almost straight. The bicuspids and molars are a trifle less than medium in size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 6-11. 187 MEDIUM LONG AND WIDE. MOULD 36. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 8 mm., bite 3^^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 112 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show full gums, with very faint markings. The cuspid is set far enough outward so that the labial surface of the block seems quite straight. The ridge surface of the block is considerably hollowed behind the cuspid to fit ridges prominent at this point. The anterior blocks are of medium curve. The bicuspids and molars show prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 9-1. LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. MOULD 15. Dimensions of central: length dVz mm., width 7^^ mm., bite 3 ^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 15 1^ mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 107 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The anterior blocks show medium full gum, with very faint markings. The ridge sides of the anterior blocks are not deeply hollowed, and will fit ridges which curve gradually from the central, with no especial promi- nences. The anterior teeth are of medium size with narrow necks. The bicuspids are of medium size with prominent cusps and deep sulci. Compared with the rest of the set the molars are noticeably small. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 8-11. 188 MOULD 19. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks have quite full gums, with broad depressions between the roots. The gum sides of the blocks are slightly more hollowed back of the cuspid, and will fit ridges which show a slight prominence in this region. The anterior blocks are quite flat. The central has a wide neck, but the lateral and cuspid have narrow necks. All three are set on a noticeably mesial slant. The first bicuspid is small, the second medium. The molars are small. All the bicuspids have prominent cusps, with deep sulci. Articulate well with lower gum moulds 10-4-8. MOULD 59. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite l}^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5^^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 105 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 rnrn. The gum of the anterior blocks is rather flat, and shows prominences over the roots, with broad depressions between. The cuspids are set quit-e well for- ward, and slight prominences over the cuspid roots make the labial sides of the blocks quite straight. On the ridge side, the gum is hollowed behind the cuspid, and will fit ridges which show slight prominence in this region. The anterior blocks are medium curved. The anterior teeth have narrow necks, and are set on more of a down- ward and outward slope than in many moulds. The bicuspids are medium. The molars are rather small. All have prom- inent cusps with deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 6-8-10. 189 MOULD 39. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width TVz mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7y2 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 113^ mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 102 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. A lap-lateral mould, with rather full gums, and very faint prominences over the roots. The cuspids are set quite well outward and the ridge side of the gum is hollowed behind them to fit ridges prominent in the cuspid region. The anterior blocks are medium curved. The position of the laterals in these blocks is such as to give the plate a more natural appearance than where the laterals are in perfect position. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size, with sharp cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-4-1. MOULD 44. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm,, width TYz mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 107 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The upper margin of the gum in the anterior blocks is so curved that the gum is deepest over the cuspid. The gums are medium full with well marked prominences over the roots, and depressions between. These blocks will fit ridges which are slightly prominent in the cuspid region. The anterior blocks are quite curved. The bicuspids are small. The buccal cusp is about medium size, but the lingual cusp is extremely short in the linguo-buccal diameter. The molars are medium in size. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 11-51. 190 LONG AND WIDE ' \ ■' MOULD 8. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 8 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 25 mm. Width bicuspids, IZ% mm. Width molars, ll\-i mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 114 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The anterior blocks show medium full gum, with broad prominences and depressions. The ridge side of the blocks is about equally hollowed through- out for ridges presenting no especial prominences. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum mould 12. 10 -w' MOULD 10. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 8i^ mm., bite 5 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 25 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 13 mm. Vertical space, molars, 7 mm. Width full 14, 116 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, ^Vz mm. The gum of the anterior blocks rounds away evenly and shows no emi- nences over the roots and no depressions between them. The ridge side of each anterior block is deeply and evenly hollowed to fit a prominent ridge. The anterior teeth have well developed individual characteristics as per illustration. The bicuspids and molars are of medium size with prominent cusps and deep sulci. MOULD 14. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 8 mm., bite Zy^. mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 109 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5^^ mm. 191 The anterior blocks are very deep, and show a medium full gmm, which does not bulge in the vertical diameter. The prominences over the roots are quite broad, and the depressions are plain. The anterior blocks are medium curved. The bicuspids and molars are slightly larger than medium, with promi- nent cusps and deep sulci. This mould articulates with lower gum moulds 9-53. MOULD 9. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 8^^ mm., bite 314 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 25 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 20 mm. Vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 118 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm., over the lateral, 7 mm., over the cuspid, 6 mm. The upper margins of the anterior blocks are so curved that the gum is deepest over the lateral. This is to allow the use of these blocks in cases where the gum is freely exposed in laughing, but where the presence of the frenum prevents the gum being higher in the median line. The gum of the anterior blocks is quite full and shows noticeable prominences over the cuspids. The gum side of the blocks is imost deeply hollowed back of the cuspid to fit ridges prominent in this locality. The anterior teeth are large, and set on a noticeable slant. The bicuspids and molars are a little larger than medium, with prominent cusps and deep sulci. The full fourteen is very wide. This mould articulates with lower gum mould 120. MOULD 7. Dimensions of central: length 12 mm., width 8 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 25 mm. Width bicuspids, 14 mm. Width molars, 21 mm. Vertical space, molars, 8 mm. Width full 14, 124 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. A very large mould. The gum of the anterior blocks is quite full, with faint markings. There is a prominence over the root of each cuspid and the gum behind the cuspid is more hollowed to fit ridges prominent in this region. The anterior blocks are less than medium curved. 192 The bicuspids and molars are large, with prominent cusps and deep sulci, and the full fourteen is very wide. This mould articulates with lower gum mould 13. GU MOULD 68. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 7^^ mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, ISM mm. Vertical space, molars, 7 mm. Width full 14, 113 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks shows faint depressions between the roots of the teeth. The anterior blocks are rather flat but are well hollowed on the ridge sides. The anterior teeth are of very pleasing form and show faintly marked transverse ridges. The bicuspids are medium in size with fairly deep sulci and sharp cusp. The molars are also medium in size but have shallow sulci and short but sharp cusps. New Gum Moulds 76 MOULD 76. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Width full 14, 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is relatively smooth, showing broad, shal- low eminences and shallow depressions between the teeth. The lingual side of the upper blocks is evenly hollowed to fit ridges not prominent in the cuspid region. A lap-lateral mould. The centrals sit on a noticeable slant to the median line, carry their width well up to the cervical third, and present rather wide necks. 193 The laterals have long mesial angles which lap the distal surfaces of the centrals. They maintain the straight-sided character of the central, but slope to rather narrow necks. The cuspids slope noticeably toward the median line and preserve well the character shown in the laterals. The bicuspids and molars have well defined occlusal surfaces of medium size and pleasing character. This mould articulates with gum vulcanite lower mould No. 15. MOULD 74. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7^ mm., bite 4 mm. Comibined bite and shut, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width' bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Width full 14, 108 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is very even, showing broad, shallow de- pressions between the roots of the teeth. The lingual side of the blocks is noticeably hollow at the cuspids, to fit ridges prominent in this section. A short wide mould, in which the size and shape of the laterals over- come the effect of the rather wide central, and give a pleasing effect to all four anteriors. The cuspids are not noticeably large, but have a good deal of character in the labial surfaces and appear well in the mouth. The bicuspids are slightly larger than medium. The molars are medium in size. This mould articulates well with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 18. MOULD 70. Dimensions of central: length 8% mm., width 7 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 16 mm. Width full 14, 100 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is so marked as to produce most pleas- ing changes of light and shade. The eminences over the roots of the latera,l and cuspid are well marked as are the depressions between the teeth. The gum is carried out in such way as to make a considerable prominence in the cuspid region. A straight-sided mould, tapering to a pleasing neck. The character of the curves in the approximal surfaces of the laterals softens the straight- sided outline in such way as to give a really pleasing effect. The cuspids are 194 like the laterals in character and are well proportioned to the other anteriors. The anterior blocks are rather flat and are well calculated to carry out the cuspid eminence where the patient needs fulness at the corners of the mouth. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size with well defined occlusal surfaces. This mould articulates with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 19. MOULD 71. Dimensions of central: length 8^4. mm., width 7 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7% mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Width full 14, 102 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks shows sufficient markings to have good character. The festoons over the roots of the teeth are fairly prominent but round softly away into the gum above. The lingual side of the anterior blocks is well hollowed at the cuspids. The centrals present an evenly curved outline which will harmonize with a good many faces which show no marked character. The approximal curves are even and pleasing, and the labial surfaces are smooth and practically free from the markings. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size with well marked occlusal surfaces. This mould articulates well with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 17. MOULD 72. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 6^^ mm., bite 4 ram. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Width full 14, 102 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is relatively smooth, showing very slight eminences over the central and lateral roots, but more pronounced eminences over the cuspids. The lingual sides of the anterior blocks are well hollowed at the cuspids to fit ridges prominent in this region. This is a mould of a type formerly known as "nervous." The anterior teeth have the outline of the teeth frequently seen in people of what is called the "nervous temperament." The labial surfaces are marked enough to break up the light, hurt not enough to show the markings unless closely observed. The laterals and cuspids carry out very well indeed the character of the cen- tral and make the mould suitable for people with rather long, narrow faces, with gently curving outlines and medium narrow chins. This mould articulates with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 8. 195 MOULD 73. Dimensions of central: length 9 num., width 7 mm., bite 5 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Width full 14, 108 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is very smooth showing no eminences over the central or lateral roots and only slight eminences over the cuspids, and slight depressions between the lateral and the cuspid. The lingual sides of the anterior blocks are well hollowed at the cuspids to fit ridges prominent in this region. The anterior blocks are given their special character by the shape of the laterals, which are shorter than the centrals which are set on a decided slope toward the median line, and which have distal angles noticeably cut away as if by wear from the lower anteriors. The result is that the blocks have a very pleasing character. The gum is smooth with just enough undula- tion to give pleasing lights and shadows. The cuspid eminences are not par- ticularly marked. This mould articulates well with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 14. MOULD 75. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 23 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 nim. Width of full 14, 110 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is smooth, showing no eminences above any of the roots and only very shallow depressions where the gum goes down between the teeth. The lingual sides of the gum blocks are evenly hollowed in order that they may fit more perfectly ridges showing no special eminence at the cuspid region. The upper anteriors differ by pleasing curves to medium wide necks. The laterals are set to lap the centrals somewhat and are slightly more prominent at the distal angle of the centrals. The bicuspids and molars are medium in size with well marked occlusal surfaces. This mould articulates with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 14. 196 MOULD 77. Dimensions of central: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 4^ mm. Combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 22 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Width full 14, 106 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is relatively smooth showing very slight eminences over the roots and very shallow depressions between the roots. The lingual sides of the anterior blocks are well hollowed at the cuspid to fit ridges prominent in this region. The anteriors of this mould have smooth surfaces. The labial surface of the central might be called bulging. The curve of the anterior blocks is flat and the cuspid eminence is well carried out. The bicuspids are medium in size and the molars a trifle smaller than medium, noticeably the second molar. This mould articulates well with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 17. MOULD 89. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 7 mm., bite 5 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 9 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 24 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Width full 14, 112 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. The gum of the anterior block is very smooth. There is practically no- eminence over the roots of the centrals, but the roots of the lateral and cus- pid show plainly. The lingual sides of the anterior blocks are especially well hollowed at the cuspid to fit ridges prominent in this region. The centrals and laterals in this mould carry their widths up through their incisal halves and then taper to medium round necks. The labial sur- faces are without the markings seen in many artificial teeth and resemble teeth which have been worn smooth by lip action. The bicuspids are slightly larger than medium. The first molar is of good size, but the second molar is. noticeably smaller in order not to carry the molar block too far back on the model. This mould articulates with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 15. 197 28 '•^^ MOULD 28. Dimensions of central: length lO^/^. mm., width 8 mm., bite 5 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, &i/^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 25 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Width full 14, 114 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. The gum of the anterior blocks is strongly marked. The festoons of gum over the root of each tooth are prominent and the depressions between the roots are marked. The central and cuspid roots are prominent, the lateral roots retreating slightly. The anterior blocks are relatively flat and are evenly hollowed from the lingual side, to accommodate ridges not prominent in the cuspid region. This is a large mould, but the outlines soften the appearance of size, so that in mouths where it is indicated, it does not appear noticeably large. All three anterior teeth set with only slight mesial slopes. This mould articulates well with lower gum vulcanite mould No. 28. TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEETH GUM UPPERS— 4's FRONT. TABIvB OF UPPER GUM MOULDS— 4's FRONT. (ALI, DIMENSIONS ARE IN MII^WMETERS.)* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL Combined Width Cut and Mould Depth of Combined Gum Central Descrip- No. I2 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3^ mm. Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm. Labial surface of central quite rounding. Gum quite prominent. MOULD 2. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3^^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm. The gum is medium full. Shows a well marked depression 'between the teeth. MOULD 3. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 8 mm., bite Z% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^^ mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 7 mm. Combined width of central and lateral, 14 mm. A very deep gum over the central. Gum is full and only faintly marked. Ridge side of block is well hollowed. MOULD 4. Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., width 8 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Depth of gum above festoon Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm. 199 of central. 7 mm. Medium full gum faintly marked. The ridge side of the gum is quite hollow. MOULD 5. Dimensions of centrals: length 5 3-4 mm., width 7 mm,, bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5^ mm. Combined width central and lateral, 13 mm. Centrals are much wider than they are long. The gum is full, almost bulg- ing, and is but faintly marked. The gum portion of the block is quite thick. It is evenly hollowed on the labial surface. MOULD 6. Dimensions of centrals: length 8 mm,, width 8 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 5 f4 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 15 mm, A short wide central. A medium full gum with shallow depressions be- tween the roots. Lingual side of block quite hollow. MOULD 7. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 8% mm,, bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7'^^ mm. Depth of gum above fes- toon of central, 4^^ mm. Combined width of central and lateral, 17 mm. Large central and lateral, well separated. Well marked depressions be- tween the teeth. Gum medium full. Ridge side of the block is well hollowed especially over the lateral. 200 MOULD 8. Dimensions of centrals: length 8^.^ mm., width 7 mm., bite iy2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, BYz mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, iYz mm. Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm. A very pleasing mould with medium full gum. MOULD 9. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm. The teeth slope outward more than with most moulds, making the gum seem rather retreating. In reality the gum is medium full. MOULD 10, Dimensions of centrals: length 10 mm., vsddth 7 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm, A rather flat, straight gum with a depression between the teeth. MOULD 11. Dimensions of centrals: length QYz mm., width 7 mm., bite Z}^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^4 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4J>^ mm. Combined width central and lateral, 15 mm, A medium full gum, faintly marked. The ridge side of the block is but little hollowed. 201 MOULD 12. Dimensions of centrals length 10 num., width 7'^^ mm., bite 21.^ itlm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6}^ mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm. The gum is retreating. From immediately above the teeth it falls away and presents an almost smooth, straight surface. MOULD 29. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7^4 mm., bite 3^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7'^^ mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 5 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 15 mm. A full, almost bulging gum, practically without markings. The ridge side of the block is quite hollow. MOULD 30. Dimensions of centrals: length 8 mm., width 6% mm., bite 2f^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^ mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4i>^ mm. Combined wddth central and lateral, 13 mm. A medium full gum, smooth and almost without markings. MOULD 31. Dimensions of centrals: length 8 mm., width 6 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 13 mm. When the small size of the teeth is considered, the gum is bulging. It is smooth and shows no markings. 202 MOULD 32. Dimensions of centrals: length 8 mm., width 8 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. Combined width of central and lateral, 15 mm. The central is very short and wide. The gum is medium full and very smooth. MOULD 33. Dimensions of centrals: length S^i mm., width 7 mm., bite 2^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Depth of gum above fes- toon of central, 4:% mm. Combined vndth of central and lateral, 14 mm. Quite a full gum over the teeth but with well marked depression between. 34 MOULD 34. Dimensions of centrals: length 8 mm., width 7 mm., bite 2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6}^ mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, Z14 mm. Combined width central and lateral, 14 mm. The gu,m is medium full and shows no markings. MOULD 85. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width 7^^ mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. Combirted width of central and lateral, 15 mm. Medium full gum, very smooth. 203 MOULD 36. Dimensions of centrals: length 9 mm., width S},^ mm., bite UJ4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6}^ mm. Depth of gum above iestoon of central, 4:% mm. Combined width central and lateral, 16 mm. A medium full gum with a depression between the teeth. CHART OF GUM VULCANITE TEETH, WITH TERMS FOR ORDERING. Tens [lUsJ Twenty-eights [28s] 204 TWENTIETH CENTURY VULCANITE TEETH— GUM LOWERS TABLE OF LOWER GUM MOULDS, ARRANGED NUMERICALLY (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL i Cut and descrip- Mould Com- bined bite and Width three anteriors Width Width Width full fourteen gum below No. Length Width Bite bicuspids molars festoon of Central tion on page shut 1 71/^ m 3 6 18 11^ 17 95 3^ 207 2 8 4 4 6^ 16 11 17 91 4 208 3 7 3V. 3 6 16 11 17 90 4 206 4 8 4 3 6 17 12 17 94 3 208 6 8 4 3 6 17 IIH 17 93 3^ 208 7 7 4 3^ 6H 17 12 17^ 95 3 207 8 8 31/^ 3 63^ 16 12 17H 93 33^ 207 9 8 4 3 7 19 13 18 102 4 208 10 8 4 4 6^ 17 11)^ 1'1V2 94 4H 209 11 8 4 3 6}^ 17 12 17 94 3 209 12 8 5 3 7 20 13^ 21 114 5 210 13 10 5 3 7 20 13K 21 112 4 211 16 8 4 4 8 18^ 13H 19 114 4 209 35 6 3 2 53^ 15 11 153^ 85 4 206 51 8 4V^ 3H 6J^ 17 12H 17H 96 3H 209 52 7 4 2 6 18 12 17K 97 3 207 53 11 4 4 8 19 13 19 104 2 211 64 7 31^ 2V9. 6 17 12^ 19 99 4 206 68 81/^ 4 ZVo. 7 18 13 18 100 4 210 105 8 5 3 7 21 13^ 19 110 4 210 120 8 5 33^ 7 20 13H 20 110 5 210 TABLE OF LOWER GUM MOULDS, ARRANGED BY SIZE DIMENSIONS OF CENTRAL Width Width Width Width Depth of gum below Cut and Mould descrip- No. Com- three bicuspids molars full festoon of tion on Length Width Bite bined bite and shut anteriors fourteen Central page 35 6 3 2 53^ 15 11 15K 85 4 206 3 7 31/^ 3 6 16 11 17 90 4 206 64 7 31/^ 21^ 6 17 12>^ 19 99 4 206 52 7 4 2 6 18 12 173^ 97 3 207 7 7 4 31^ 63^ 17 12 173^ 95 3 207 1 73^ 4^ 3 6 18 UH 17 95 33^ 207 8 8 3^ 3 63^ 16 12 17^ 93 33^ 207 2 8 4 4 6^ 16 11 17 91 4 208 4 8 4 3 6 17 12 17 94 3 208 6 8 4 3 6 17 113^ 17 93 3H 208 9 8 4 3 7 19 13 18 102 4 208 10 8 4 4 63^ 17 113^ 17K 94 43^ 209 11 8 4 3 63^ 17 12 17 94 3 209 16 8 4 4 8 183^ 13^ 19 104 4 209 51 8 43^ 33^ 63^ 17 123^ 173^ 96 3K 209 12 8 5 3 7 20 133^ 21 114 5 210 120 8 5 33^, 7 20 133^ 20 110 5 210 105 8 5 3 7 21 13^ 19 110 5 210 68 ^V9. 4 33^ • 7 18 13 18 100 4 210 13 10 5 3 7 20 13^ 21 112 4 211 53 11 4 4 8 19 13 19 104 2 211 *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 205 Gum Vulcanite Moulds In Twentieth Century, Solila and Dentsply Teeth LOWER MOULDS 35 MOULD 35. Dimensions of central: length 6 mm., width 3 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 55^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 15 mm. Width bicuspids, 11 mm. Width molars, 15^/^ mm. Required vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 85 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 4 mm. MOULD 3. Dimensions of central: length 7 mm., width Z% mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 16 mm.i Width bicuspids, 11 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Required vertical space.,, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 90 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 4 mm. 64 MOULD 64. Dimensions of central: length 7 mm., width 3^ mm., bite '2% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 7 mm. Width bicuspids, 12^ mm. Width molars, 19 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 17 mm. Width full 14, 99 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 4 mm. 206 MOULD 52. Dimensions of central: length 7 mm., width 4 mm., bite 2 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 18 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17^ mm. Required vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 97 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 3 mm. MOULD 7. Dimensions of central: length 7 mm., width 4 mm., bite 3^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^ "^^n- Width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17^2 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 95 mm. Depth of gum above festoon of central, 3 mm. MOULD 1. Dimensions of central: length 7^^ mm., width 4% mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 18 mm. Width bicuspids, 11^/^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Required vertical space,, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 95 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central. MOULD 8. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 3% mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, G% mm. Width 3 anteriors, 16 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17^ mm. Required vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 93 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 3% mm. 207 MOULD 2. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, G]4 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 16 mm. Width bicuspids, 11 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 91 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 4 mm. MOULD 4. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 5 mm. Width full 14, 94 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 3 mm. MOULD 6. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, 11^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 93 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of fcentral, Z'^/^ mm. MOULD 9. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 19 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, IS mm. Required vertical space molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 102 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 4 mm. 208 MOULD 10. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, 11^ mm. Width molars, 17^ mm. Required vertical space, molars, G% mm. Width full 14, 94 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of cen- tral, 4:% mm. MOULD 11. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 94 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 3 mm. MOULD 16. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 18^^ mm. Width bicuspids, 13^^ mm. Width molars, 19 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 7 mm. Width full 14, 104 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 4 mm. MOULD 51. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 4^/^ mm., bite 3% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 6^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, 12^^ mm. Width molars, 17^ mm. Required vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 96 mm. Depth of gum below festoon o£ central, 3^ mm. 209 MOULD 12. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm^ Width bicuspids, 13^ mm. Width molars, 21 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 7 mm. Width full 14, 114 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 5 mm. 120 MOULD 120. Dimensions of central: Length 8 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3K mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 13^^ mm. Width molars, 20 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 7 mm. Width full 14, 110 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 5 mm. 105 MOULD 105. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 21 mm. Width bicuspids, 13^ mm. Width molars, 19 mm. Required vertical space molars, 7 mm. Width full 14, 110 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 5 mm. Medium full gums with shallow markings. Teeth of pleasing form, dis- tinctly separated. Bicuspids and molars medium in size with sharp cusps and deep sulci. MOULD 68. Dimensions of central: length 8^ mm., width 4 mm., bite S% mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 18 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 7 mm. Width full 14, 100 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 2 mm. 210 MOULD 13. Dimensions of central: length 10 mm., width 5 mm., bite 3 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 13^ mm. Width molars, 21 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 7 mm., Width full 14, 112 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of cen- tral, 4 mm. 53 MOULD 53. Dimensions of central: length 11 mm., width 4 mm., bite 4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Width 3 anteriors, 19 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 19 mm. Required vertical space, molars, 6 mm. Width full 14, 104 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of cen- tral, 2 mm. 14 MOULD 14. Dimensions of central: Length 8 mm., width 4^^ mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, 7% mm. Width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. Width full 14, 97 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 3 mm. MOULD 15. Dimensions of central: Length 8 mm., width i^^ mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 7^^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 18 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 19 mm. Width full 14, 101 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 3 mm. 211 MOULD 17. Dimensions of central: Combined bite and shut of central, 7 mm. bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 18 mm. gum below festoon of central, 3 mm. Length 8 mm., width 414 nun. Width 3 anteriors, 16 mm. Width Width full 14, 95 mm. Depth of MOULD 18. Dimensions of central: Length 7^^ mm., width 5 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, ly^ mm. Width 3 anteriors, 18 mm. Width bicuspids, 12 mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Width full 14, 97 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 4 mm. MOULD 28. Dimensions of central: Length 9 mm., width 5 mm. Com- bined bite and shut of central, 8>^ mm. Combined width 3 anteriors, 20 mm. Width bicuspids, 13 mm. Width molars, 19 mm. Width full 14, 107 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 4 mm. MOULD 19. Dimensions of central: Length 8 mm., width 4^4 mm. Combined bite and shut of central, 8 mm. Combined width 3 anteriors, 17 mm. Width bicuspids, lli/^ mm. Width molars, 17 mm. Width full 14, 94 mm. Depth of gum below festoon of central, 3 mm. 212 CHAPTER XIII Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings (patent applied for) The greatest improvement which has been made in pin facings in a decade, consists in pointing the pins so that they may be thrust through gold backings. This improvement is confined to Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings. In every other respect save the pointing of the pins, these facings are like the regular line of Dentsply Facings. They are made of the famous Twentieth Century Porcelain, in all shades, and in a carefully selected line of moulds, illustrations and dimensions of which will be found immediately following. The pins are the largest in diameter offered in facings at the present time. They are long enough to permit satisfactory repair by means of the Bryant Bridge Repair Outfit. The operating advantages of these facings may be summed up as follows : Speed of Backing Adaptation. Merely lay the pure gold backing, (34 gauge is suggested) on a piece of rubber or the end of a pine block and press the pins directly through it. This is much quicker than locating the pins and punching the holes with a plate punch. Accuracy of Backing Adaptation. When holes for the pins are made with a plate punch, they are likely to be too near together or too far apart. Either is dangerous to the safety of the facing, as will be shown later. Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings punch their own holes. They are properly located. Avoidance of "Accidents." Most "accidents" to facings during soldering doubtless occur by the hot borax or soldering fluid running down the pins, through the backing and coming in contact with the porcelain. This is sure to crack the facing. It can be pre- vented only by making the joint between the backing and the pms "borax-tight." This can easily be done by the use of Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings. (Continued on Page 216) 213 Ordinary Blunt Pin Facing and Backing Through a Reading Glass Holes for blunt facing pins are usually made with a plate punch. They are generally too large and leave a crevice alongside the pin through which fluid borax gains access to the porcelain. Borax betw^een backing and facing either discolors or cracks the facing. Blunt facing pins are often bent to hold the backing in place. This places a strain on the porcelain w^hich may become dangerous when the pins are heated. The use of Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings obviates the dangers from borax and from bending the pins. 214 I -!! Dentsply Pointed Pin Facing and Backing Seen Through a Reading Glass When a Dentsply Pointed Pin Facing is thrust through a 34 G. pure gold backing, a deep flange is turned alongside each pin. Condensing this flange about the pin, as shown here, makes so tight a joint that even the hot borax, which is very thin, cannot get to the porcelain. This exclusion of borax does more to protect facings from discoloration and cracking than any other one thing. Condensing the flanges locks the backing so firmly in position that no bending of the pins is necessary. This obviates a dangerous strain on the porcelain. 215 (Continued from Page 213) When Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings are thrust through the backing, a flange is turned up alongside each pin. To fasten the backing onto the facing, condense this flange about the pin with an instrument (an old knife is excellent). This makes a borax-tight joint. It will prevent checking of facings by borax. Avoidance of Strain on Porcelain. The custom of bend- ing the facing pins to hold the backing in place is unwise, since it often puts a strain on the porcelain which results in a fracture when the facing is heated. The use of Dentsply Pointed Pin Fac- ings entirely avoids the bending of the pins, since the backing is securely locked in place by condensing the flanges about the pins. Preserving Facing Colors. It is sometimes claimed that the lighter colored facings change under the heat of soldering. The cause of such apparent change often lies in the fact that hot borax has run through the holes punched for the pins and formed a colored glass on the facing side of the backing. Such an occurrence will entirely destroy the esthetic value of a bridge. It may be pre- vented by the use of Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings, since the condensing of the flange about each pin prevents the running of borax through the backing and consequent discoloration. 216 Handy Facing Assortment No. 228 IN Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings [Contains 228 Facings] If there are two lines of tooth selection where, more than any other, the skill of the dentist should be exercised to produce life- like effects, they are in the selection of porcelain crowns and of bridge facings. For the dentist whose vision never rises above the mere filling of a gap between natural teeth, a tooth may be merely a tooth. But for the dentist who is awake to his possibilities, teeth differ quite as much as people. He sees harmony between a given face and certain shapes and shades of teeth, and a lack of harmony between the same face and other forms of teeth. As he works on this line, 217 he becomes more and more particular and achieves finer and finer results. Naturally enough, his pride and pleasure in his work increase, and his reputation among desirable patients grows apace. S M S M SM SM SM mi : «M :Mii -"«^*i^ M: m ^iiAi''''°''iAAi'"' ' 1 m trri rrn MM ;MM fl,«ffJ=HjJ|l6|,0| i,i»,iwwuJ..i"'"P^i.. ! 1 rriaii 228 Pointed Pin Facings in Twentieth Century porcelain and in the moulds and shades which experience has show^n to be most valuable 25 X 4 upper incisors 20 x 2 upper cuspids 6x4 molars w^hich may be used for uppers or low^ers 10 X 4 upper bicuspids, w^hich might be used for cuspids in case of need 4x4 lower incisors 2x2 low^er cuspids 2x2 low^er bicuspids This assortment comprises the best selection of moulds possible in this number of facings . The proportions of incisors and cuspids and of bicuspids and molars are those shown by long experience to be most advantageous in practice. The molar facings may be used for uppers or lowers, as required, and the cuspids and bicuspids may be used interchangeably. This greatly increases the usefulness of the assort- ment. The presence of the shade guide makes sure that the shade tooth will be of the same porcelain as the facing —a most important point. If such intelligent selection teaches the dentist two things more strongly than others, they are that he must make his own selections of teeth for each case or have them made by some one who is a second self, for this purpose at least; and that they must be made in the presence of the patient. No selection from a plaster model; no carrying in mind of the individual characteristics, will permit the best type of selection. Artistic selection of facings requires that the dentist have the facings in the , patient's presence in his own office. He cannot well 218 take the patient to the depot, though dentists occasionally do this. He needs a representative stock at hand from which he may change individual teeth at will, till just the moulds and shades most desirable for the case are selected. This may be done with the very best of results by the use of the Dentsply Pointed Pin Pacing Mould Guide, but it can be well done also from Dentsply Facings Assortment No. 228, illustrated here. The advantage oftered by the Assortment is that when the facings are selected, there is no necessity for ordering. The iden- tical facings selected, may be used for the bridge. And the result so carefully sought will be attained by the shortest possible method. Economies in Tlme. In the central part of the United States a dentist practices who has a widespread reputation for his skill in selecting teeth for any form of restoration. His method is successful so far as results go, but it is unnecessarily expensive in time. Having studied the patient and made a series of notes, he goes to the dental depot, selects from 14 to 30 sets of vulcanite teeth, and returns with them to his office. To make full uppers and lowers he chooses a tooth here and there, varying the mould and shade, and repeatedly trying them in until he gets just the effect desired. Outside of the mouth, the dentures are homely. In the mouth they are just what is needed. So great is his skill that other dentists desiring to achieve artistic results, send patients to him for tooth selection. He charges $25 for selecting the teeth for one or two dentures and proportionately for selecting facings. His method is excellent so far as artistic effects are concerned, but wasteful of time, and time is money. Assortment 228 would meet most of his requirements in selecting facings for ordinary cases. He would avoid the loss of time at the Dental Depot. Whatever facings he desired that were not contained in this Assort- ment could easily be selected from the Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings Mould Guide. He would achieve like results at less cost — and that is the secret of profits in dental practice. The Moulds Comprised In The Assortment. While the illustration of the box gives a general idea of the moulds comprised in the Asssortment, the usual illustrations of 219 the moulds will enable the dentist to better note the differences in form and character. Take two moulds that at a mere glance appear about alike, such as Moulds 90 and 37. A second careful look shows that the centrals in Mould 90 have nearly straight approximal sides, and that these sides taper from near the cutting 7 75 68 106 123 109 111 735 113 The Range of Upper Incisor Moulds edge to the neck. The central in Mould 37 has its greatest width nearer the middle third of the tooth and rounder approximal sur- faces. The distal incisal angle rounds away differently and gives the whole tooth a totally different appearance. The moulds selected for this Assortment are rich in such subtle differences and character markings, which need only to be carefully looked for to be clearly seen, and should only need seeing to be appreciated. This Assortment is furnished in a neat and substantial mahogany case. Its fine appearance reflects credit on the dentist who brings it into the patient's sight, for purpose of selection. Intelligent patients — the kind who most freely spend money for things they appreciate — greatly appreciate the artistic possibilities it offers. 220 CHAPTER XIV facing selection by means of The Dents ply Pointed Pin Facing Mould Guide THE GREATEST CONVENIENCE OF THE KIND EVER OFFERED Sample Moulds of Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings Th&ite sanvplc faclorf* hov uaionof pro^licnl . ^mmm ^^iisiie Tec^ese^c .erlillll lll#ifeiil 123||^|f 103 f|§§|f 109 113§i§§ii 135||i§|| 119 Ittill TO 123 fffi 121 eeee 5 cer © 4 ceee 6 cere 3 cr-*'*' 2rrf r ^ iccrr loaf f If- fMi'm'mm-'m i5|ii|K-5|||| 58 §iit 5 Hiii 47 ^ffS® ^fC.'i^ 'liW ^7$$|f 10^^^ 13|Mli0ii §|#f iiiiif sSBSP is^w^ii 426 Pointed Pin Facings in 86 moulds. Baked in composition pins intended only as a means of facilitating mould selection — ^not for soldering. By means of this Guide, facings can be selected better and quicker than by other methods. Orders may then be given in mould number and shade number. Every dentist, when confronted by the task of selecting facings for a bridge, wishes for some easy and accurate method of know- ing just what facings will make the most creditable piece. This Facing Mould Guide makes the selection of facings easy. 221 It contains 426 facings divided as follows: 32 X 6 upper anteriors in different sizes and types 27 X 4 special moulds of upper and lower bicuspids 9x6 lower anteriors 18 X 4 upper and lower molars One T>ventieth Century Shade Guide They comprise the moulds most frequently ordered by dentists all over the country, and from among them selection may be made to meet any ordinary requirements. Note first the Convenience of Selection. The dentist may select from the Mould Guide those facings which he thinks suitable. He may arrange a little wax on al piece of screen wire iand mount the facings directly on it and try them in the mouth, to get the effect This avoids the necessity of making a model for the selection of facings. He may select his facings and order 'them in less time than it would take to pour a model. The patient may be interested to help. A selection may be determined upon which will be known in advance to be pleasing. The patient will appreciate this and will probably speak of it to friends. That builds reputation. Fine Opportunities for Artistic Selection. The fact that the Guide contains facings of similar sizes but with different outlines, makes possible artistic selections which are ordinarily not possible to the dentist. In the first place, teeth should be selected "in the mouth," and by the dentist. That is the only place to get the exact effect of different moulds, and the dentist is the only one really capable of making the selections. The teeth on different sides of the same mouth differ in form. If they are replaced by teeth which are uniform in character, an artificial appearance is given to the mouth. This may be avoided by vairying the moulds of teeth slightly. Take for instance an up- per i)ridge with the cuspids as abutments and carrying the four incisors. Note the possibilities of selection by use of the Dentsply Pointed Pin Facing Mould Guide. 222 The upper right cuspid is the same in both sets. The upper right lateral of mould 134 slopes more m«sially than that in 130 and clianges the vertical axis. This removes "sameness." The difference between tlie upper right central in mould i;-;o and that in m.uld 47 is not greater than is frequently seen in natural teeth. The upper left centrals are identical in both sets. The upper left lateral cf mould 111 differs from the left lateral of mould 134 just enough to form a pleasing contrast. The upper left cuspid of mould 113 differs in appearance from that of mould 130 and harmonizes well with the lateral from mould 111. The selection of these several moulds relieved the bridge cf the api;carance of artificiality. Upper anteriors of mould 130 are satisfactory as to size and generally as to outline. Both dentist and patient desire to secure a more natural looking effect than the use of six teeth of one mould will produce. The dentist selects from The Mould Guide the up- per six of mould 130 and then substitutes other teeth in the six to break up the exact similarity. He chooses an upper right lateral of mould 134, which is of the same size as the lateral in mould 130 but of different outline, especially in the mesial surface. An upper right central of mould 47 is similar in size but a little narrower at the neck. The upper left lateral is from mould iii, and differs slightly from the character of the left central and the upper right lateral. A left cuspid from mould 113 is suitable in the peculiar conditions in this corner of the mouth. No two adjoining teeth are quite alike in character. The differences axe so slight that to the untrained eyes of friends they merely appear natural. But the sameness is lost and with it the appearance of artificiality. Such Selection Practically Impossible Under Other Conditions. The substitution which was satisfactory to the patient and den- tist required but a few minutes. The dentist and patient saw the selection of facings in the patient' s mouth and knew just how they were going to look. Without a carefully selected stock at the dentist's hand, this artistic bridge would have been impossible. The dentist would not 22.3 have known what facings would appear well together. He could not have felt that the patient would be satisfied. He would have been afraid to complete the bridge, lest the patient should refuse to accept it. The tooth clerk in the depot might have made a selection for the dentist, but he could not have been sure of pleasing the dentist and patient. If the dentist had gone to a depot and had been handed out trays containing hundreds of sets of facings, the very number of moulds and shades would have confused him. He does not want numberless moulds to select from. He needs a sufficient stock of carefully selected moulds. Anything more than that hinders more than it helps. Convenience in Ordering. The dentist did not send a model to the depot. He wrcvte : "Send me Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings as follows: Upper right central, mould 47, shade 16 « « lateral. " 134, ' 16 « « cuspid. " 130, ' 20 left central. " 130, ' 16 « « lateral. " 111, ' 16 « « cuspid. " 113, ' 20 His order was filled immediately. He got just what he wanted. He did not make the model until his abutments were ready for the placing of the dummies. Note the Professional Advantages. He has the right sizes. He broke up the artificiality which would result from having one mould throughout. He broke it up in such way that the result is pleasing, rather than displeasing, 'which, it might easily have been under any other method. He has selected "in the mouth" which, after all, is the one place for satisfactory selection. He hais made the selection, rather than left it to someone who could not see the patient. He has secured his patient's co-operation in doing the best work he is capable of. She is pleased in advance. She has been told and 224 shown that such care is unusual, that she may be proud of the result when It Is In the mouth. She will be a "booster" for him In the best sense of the word. He saved his patient an Impression. Note the Money Making Advantages. He did not make a model for the selection of facings. He tried them directly into the mouth on a piece of wax. He saved the time of an Impression and model making, probably twenty minutes. He did not mail a model to the depot, which might be delayed in arrival, or broken. He saved the postage on the model. This is small, but no wide-awake business house would neglect It. His order was filled at once. There was no waiting for the model, no fitting of facings to It, no uncertainty. Every depot car- rying Dentsply Facings has the stock so arranged that orders by mould number can be filled at once. He did not have to change any facings. He can often get a better fee for a bridge of such artistic merit than he would receive for a bridge like every other dentist Is making. The Facings in the Dentsply Pointed Pin Facing Guide haive baked-in composition pins and are suitable only for selection. They are not suitable for soldering. 225 CHAPTER XV Dentsply Platinum Pin Facings. Hints Regarding The Use Of Facings. In the pages which follow this preface will be found illustra- tions of the moulds of Dentsply Facings and Saddleback Facings, with the millimeter measurements for the same. While this is not a text book on bridgework, it may be found helpful to consider a few practical hints on this subject. These hints naturally divide themselves under the following headings. Backings and Tips. The art of soldering. The causes of Checks in Soldering. Repairs of Facings Broken in Service. Values of Backings and Tips. The backing which a dentist places behind the facings has two purposes. First, to support the facing in position. Second., to pro- tect the friable porcelain against pressure during mastication. The second purpose requires that the backings extend over the incisal edge of the porcelain so that the lower teeth can exert no force directly on the porcelain. The necessity for thus protecting the end of the facing developed the practice of grinding away the in- cisal edge and replacing it with an incisal edge of gold of thicknesses varying to suit the requirements of different cases. For the delicate lady who would not exert much force with her teeth the tip of an anterior facing may be very small, and may in many cases be al- most invisible. For the strong man who exerts great force on the closure of his jaws, the tip should be heavy and such as to protect the porcelain from whatever force he may exert. In these cases the effort to keep the gold invisible will probably cause it to be in- sufficient and be very likely to lead to fracture of the facing in act- ual use. 226 Lower facings are very much more liable to be durable if the tips of the anteriors be covered with gold to sufficient depth to pro- tect them from pressure in biting. This method is less artistic, however, and the dentist must choose between art and durability as the case may indicate. The form of tip advisable on upper anterior facings will be de- termined in some measure by the relation in which these facings set to the lower anteriors. If the lower anteriors are in normal posi- tions the proper position for the upper anteriors would ordinarily be such that when the jaws were closed naturally there would be a space about the thickness of a postal card between the tips of the lower anteriors and the lingual surface of the backings of the uppers. Under these conditions the thrusting forward of the lower jaw, in biting, would bring pressure directly upon the incisal edges of the upper incisors, and on the porcelain unless it was protected. If under such conditions the end of the upper facings be not pro- tected by tips, a sudden bite on some hard substance would very likely break a facing. The dentist must therefore decide between the protecting this tip and exhibiting a line of gold along the edge of the facing or the alternative of leaving a tip unprotected and exposed to almost sure breakage. Making Protective Tips. Suppose the dentist decides to tip the facings and protect them. There are several convenient methods, of which the following are probably as handy as any. Mark with a lead pencil across the labial surface of the facing, indicating just how deep the tip shall be, that is, how much of the Gold swaged to impression. Swaging Block. Facing pressed into softened lac. Facing ground to resist fracture. porcelain shall be replaced with gold. There are several crown swaging devices which the dentist may use for shaping the tip. Soften the Dental Lac in one of the devices and imbed the end of 227 the facing in the Dental Lac to or slightly above the lead pencil line showing the depth of the desired tip. When the Lac is cool the moistened facing will be easily removed. Trim the Lac so the impression will show a straight, sharp edge and be nearly as deep as the metal tip is to be. Lay a piece of pure gold, 32 gauge over the impression, put the rest of the swaging device in place and swage the gold to fit the impression. Should the gold tear, place a similar piece of gold over the tear and swage that down. Remove, fill with 22-karat solder, hold over a flame and flow the solder. Trim close. File or grind the lower surface flat. With a true running carborundum stone, not too coarse, grind the tip of the facing to the pencil line in such manner that the sur- face which is left will be at right ajigles to the plane of the lingual side of the facing. See illustration. This will allow the tip to have proper seat, will enable the facing to take the strain on a flat surface instead of a knife edge and will be of great value in preventing checking. Making The Backing. For the backing use first a piece of pure gold, 34 gauge. Lay this on the end of a piece of soft wood, or on a rubber eraser and push the pointed pins of a Dentsply Pointed Pin Facing directly through the gold. Tipping the Back Without Heating Porcelain. This will leave a flange about each pin. This flange serves several important purposes which will be explained. By any de- sired means such as rolling rubber dam about the facing and swag- ing, or by the use of a swaging outfit, adapt the gold backing close- ly to the lingual surface and end of the facing. When this is done remove the backing from the facing, without bending it. Tip trimmed. ^ f/Q Whiting (^ \>} lp J or I,ead. C.^ I 1/ I n in Place. A ^ Backing adapted to |/ Tip and backing lingual surface soldered without and end. Backing. heating facing. With a soft lead pencil, or some whiting dissolved in water, make a well defined line on the lingual surface of the backing, just cervically to the flat surface on which the tip is to set. In the same manner blacken or paint the under side of the flat surface on which 228 the tip is to set. This is to prevent the solder of the tip running down on the rest of the backing or under the flat surface on which the tip is to set. Trim the tip already made, apply a litde flux to the flat surface on which the tip is designed to rest, put the tip in posi- tion, hold over a gentle flame and heat it until the solder in the tip starts to flow. The backing and tip have been soldered without exposing the facing to heat of the flame. Fastening Backing to Facing. Thoroughly clean the backing in water or pickle, put in place on the facing, swage or press to perfect adaptation and condense about each pin the little flange which was formed when the instru- ment was thrust through the backing. The value of these flanges will now be apparent. They will perfectly hold the backing in position about the pins, may be burnished down so that there will be not the slightest opening through which solder or flux can reach the porcelain to check it and do entirely away with any necessity for bending or nicking the pin. They thus avoid several of the most common causes of checks in soldering. Approximal view facing and backing. Any over- lapping of gold &t A will cause check in soldering. Facing, backing and tip in Asbe.sto.= Fibre. Piece of solder as large as back- ing and tip. Backing and tip in posi- tion — soldered. One apparently small point should receive the most careful at- tention before any heat is applied to the facing for soldering. It is so small as to receive attention by comparatively few dentists, yet is a fruitful source of checks in facings. When the tip is adapted to the end of the facing it should be supported on the lingual surface by the finger and the labial side filed from incisal to cervical. This will adapt the tip to the end of the facing and will make sure that the tip does not project labially. Finish with a very fine file and the utmost care should be taken that no gold from the tip overlaps the labial side of the facing. If even a fine line of gold overlap the facing on the labial side it prevents the expansion which is un- avoidable when the porcelain is heated and a check is almost sure to result. This point cannot be given too careful attention. 229 One of the most convenient ways of disposing of the facings when work has proceeded this far is to lay the facing on an asbestos block or soft asbestos fibre with the backing up and with a brush flame from the blow pipe, soldering pins and backing together. This is best done by cutting off the pins fairly close to the back- ing, moistening the solder with flux, cutting the solder in pieces of practically the same area as the lingual side of the facing, laying the solder flat on the top of the facing, heating up with a brush flame, by holding it at first some distance from the facing so that the heat from the edge of the flame radiates to the solder, but the flame does not come anywhere nearly in contact with it. Move the flame about the facing in a circle several times, slowly drawing closer and closer until the brush flame may be turned directly on the solder covering the upper surface of the facing. In this manner and with the soft flame, heat until it is almost time for the solder to flow, when the amount of air may be slightly reduced and the solder will flow over the surface. If 22-karat solder was used for the tip, 20-karat may well be used for the backing in this manner. A little practice in this way will make it possible to solder facings very quickly, entirely without investment for anteriors, and without the danger of breaking the facing. The facing is now to the bridge what a vulcanite tooth is to the plate, and there need be no danger of distorting the backing or moving the tip. The facing may be waxed up in the bridge as the tooth would be to a plate, invested, and the spaces between the several facings soldered. The Art of Soldering. The soldering of bridges is regarded by many dentists as very difficult, but if a few simple considerations are borne in mind it be- comes easy and the danger of checking facings is removed. These considerations may be tabulated as follows: First, The parts to be soldered shall be in such adaptation that there will be no gaps. The solder cannot span a gap. Second, The parts to be soldered and the solder used shall be chemically clean, save for the presence of the proper amount of flux. Third, The case shall be gradually heated from the porcelain side nearly to the point where the solder flows before any flame is turned on the solder or the parts to be soldered. 230 Fourth, A small amount of flux shall have been applied to the surfaces of the solder and the solder put in the position and heated up with the case, as far as may be. Fifth, When the case is almost hot enough for the solder to flow a soft flame exhibiting a small percentage of air and merely pressure enough to apply it to the parts, shall be gradually turned on the solder and the parts to be soldered, until the solder flows. Sixth, The case shall be allowed to cool gradually. If these very simple considerations are borne in mind, the oper- ator should not fear checks from the soldering process. Any piece to be soldered should be invested in a material which will not check or distort under the influence of the flame, and will neither move the parts out of position nor expose the porcelain directly to the flame. Why Facings Check in Soldering. When a Dentsply Facing checks in soldering, there is always a cause in the method of manipulation. These causes divide them- selves into classes and in a general way may be noted as follows. First. Poor investment. This affords many opportunities for checks. The investment material may be such that when it is subjected to the heat required for soldering, it checks or parts in such manner as to expose the porcelain to the flame, or moves the parts in such manner that the flux used for flowing the solder gets upon the porcelain. The material used for investing should be such that it will not check or crack and will not expose the porce- lain to unequal heat. The investment may be of such form as to render the facings liable to check. If a bridge composed of six anteriors is to be Investment thick over cus- pids ; ^Az« over ceutrals. Flame and heat turned away from flat under surface. Flame and heat envelope properly shaped investment. soldered and the backing is thick over the cuspids but extremely thin on the labial surface of the centrals, It Is quite possible that when the heat is applied the sudden expansion of the thinly cov- ered portions of the centrals will cause a check. 231 An investment should not be bulky at any point but should be as nearly even as possible, so that heat will be distributed evenly to all parts. The shape of the investment should be such that the flame will envelope the piece as far as may be. If, for instance, the anterior bridge just spoken of be so invested that the surface exposed to the heat be perfectly flat, it will, on account of the form, afford much less heat to the ends of the bridge than to the center. This unequal heat is always a source of danger. If this investment be trimmed in such way that it practically follows the outline of the bridge, so that there is from a quarter to a half inch investment all over the labial surface of the porcelain, the heating up will be attended with much less danger of breakage and soldering will be rendered very much easier. Improper Heating. This is a fruitful source of checks in facings. Improper heat- ing may take any of the three forms. First, it may be too rapid. Second, the heat may vary, now high, now low. Third, it may be on the wrong side of the investment. First, as to being too rapid. This is a common fault with many who fail to realize that when the investment is first placed over the flame to dry out, it contains a large percentage of moisture, much of which is in the center of the investment. This must be driven by slow stages to the surface and evaporated, in order that it may not cause undue pressure in the center of the investment. If the heat be rapidly applied, that is, if a large flame be turned directly on the investment at the beginning of the heating, the outer surface of the investment is dried, while the inner portion is yet wet and expanded. The outer surface of the investment is compelled to check or crack, and this crack frequently goes through to the porcelain. The remedy is very simple. It is to place a gentle heat below the investment for drying out, and allow a rea- sonable time for it to accomplish its end. This time will not be long. When the investment is thoroughly dry, the heat may be in- creased quite rapidly. FIeating the Investment from the Wrong Side. It should be borne in mind that the investment can be safely heated only from the porcelain side. Some dentists make a prac- 232 tice of placing the investment on a fireproof support with the porce- lain side down, turning a blow-pipe Hame onto it from above and drying out, heating up and soldering in this manner. This is very unsafe. It almost insures checking facings. The rates of expan- sion of platinum and porcelain are different. The porcelain should be allowed to expand first to accommodate the expansion of the platinum pins. As has been said above the investment should be placed above a flame, porcelain side down, a gentle heat applied to dry out and the heat gradually increased. Probably one of the most convenient methods of heating up bridgework and one most liable to secure a favorable result is to place the investment in the iron frame work or spider of a Bunsen burner surrounded by small pieces of charcoal. This charcoal should come up around the sides as high as may be. A little prac- tice will develop a technic which enables the dentist to heat up gently and evenly and to carry all parts of the investment to about the same heat at the same time. So evenly will the heat be distrib- uted by the aid of the charcoal that the soldering of the bridge is made extremely simple and the solder may be flowed to a finished surface. Improper Backing. The use of the plate punch for punching holes for pins is doubtless responsible for a large portion of the checks which fac- ings receive in soldering. The use of Dentsply Pointed Pin Fac- ings and the practice of condensing the flanges about the pins does away with a large percentage of breaks. The hole made by the plate punch rarely fits the pin tight and it affords an opportunity for flux to run down under the backing when fluid, and for solder to go down between the backing and the facing. Either of these causes will probably check the facing. When the plate punch is used it becomes necessary that the backing be fastened in place by bending the pins or nicking them. The practice of bending pins often places a considerable strain on the porcelain which may be wholly avoided. Condensing the flanges turned up by the pointed pins prevents the flux and solder running under the backing and makes it entirely unnecessary to bend or nick the pins. The last cause which may give rise to a check in the facing is i-mproper cooling of the teeth after soldering is complete. The 233 charcoal referred to above offers the finest possible method of cooling. Simply shut off the heat. The charcoal will let the piece cool slowly. In this way the various parts will accommodate them- selves to each other without damage to any part. Repairs of Facings Broken in Service. No matter how skillfully a bridge may be made, either accidents or carelessness on the part of the person using it may cause it to be broken in service. It is desirable then to repair it without re- moving it from the mouth, and this may be done quite easily. Unless a facing is at hand which meets the requirements, a small wax or modeling compound impression may be taken, poured, and the model sent to the dealer for the purpose of getting a fac- ing of the proper dimensions and outline. To get the exact shade, put a little piece of gold behind the shade guide tooth to give the same effect the backings give on the facings already in the bridge. Drill holes through the backing where the pins were, to put the pins of the new facings through. When the facing has been ground to fit, it may be treated in either of the following ways. With one of the outfits on the mar- ket for the purpose, thread the pins and countersink the holes on the lingual side of the backing, so that the nuts which come with this outfit will go in. Put the pins through and screw up the nuts, setting all in cement. Before setting the facing, the surface which will come in contact with the backing should be covered with cement so that there will be no space between the backing and the porcelain. This makes a permanent piece of work. Dentsply pointed pins are long enough in the straight portions to permit this form of repair. Another way is to hold a piece of wood against the labial side of the facing, after the pins have been thrust through the holes and v\'ith a hand instrument the pins may be headed. This will retain them in position. This facing, like the other, should be set in cement. A third method which is very well spoken of is to cut the pins off a short distance from the facings, roll platinum foil about a wire to make little tubes having openings the same as the diameter of the pin, setting a tube over each pin stump and soldering in place. 234 Then smear the lingual surface of the facing with cement, and put the two tubes through the holes of the backings, just as the pins were In the first two methods. It will be found quite simple to flare the openings of the two tubes of the Ungual surface In the backing, and the little cavity in each platinum tube may be filled with gold. How Facings Are Measured. The width and length are obtained as for the plain vulcanite moulds. The combined bite and shut constitutes the flat surface from which the pins project. This is quite Important in many cases. The combined widths of the six anterlors when set on the Bon- will Circle are quite different from the combined widths of the six anterlors when lying flat on the wax. This is made plain by the following table: When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is i6>4 to 16^4 mm. the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bon- will Circle is 37 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 17 to i'^Ya mm. the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bonwill Circle is 38 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid Is 17^2 to 17% mm. the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bon- will Circle is 39 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 18 to 18^4 mm. the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bonwiil Circle is 40 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 18^ to 1834 mm. the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bon- will Circle is 41 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 19 to 19^4 mm. the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bonwill Circle is 42 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 19 to 19% mm, the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bonwill Cir- cle is 43 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 20 to 20^ mm. the combined width of the six anterlors set on the Bonwill Circle is 44 mm. 235 When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 20^ to 2o3,^ mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bon- will Circle is 45 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 21 to 21^4 mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bonwiil Circle is 46 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 213/2 to 21% mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bon- will Circle is 47 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 22 to 22^4 mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bonwiil Circle is 48 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 223^ to 22^ mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bon- wiil Circle is 49 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 23 to 23^ mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bonwiil Circle is 5 I mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 23^ to 23^ mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bon- wiil Circle is 52 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 24 to 24^4 mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bonwiil Circle is ^^ mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 24^4 to 24% mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bon- wiil Circle is 54 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 25 to 2534 mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bonwiil Circle is 56 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 25 >4 to 25% mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bon- wiil Circle is 57 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 26 to 26^4 mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bonwiil Circle is 58 mm. When the width of the central, lateral and cuspid is 26}^ to 26% mm. the combined width of the six anteriors set on the Bon- wiil Circle is 59 mm. 236 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATLNUM PL\ FACINGS— UPPERS. ARRANGED NUMERICALLY. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* 6 CENTRALS. LATERALS. CUSPIDS. bined h six ors on nvill rcle Illus- 2 trated o Combined Combined Combined £■5'? 5(j on S Length Width bite and shut Length Width bite and shut Length Width bite and shut page 1 11^ 8 8 10^ 6% 7H 11 73^ 8H 48 279 2 103^ W2 7 93^ 6M 7 10 7 7 45 273 3 lOJi 8 7 9M 5H 7 10^ 7 73^ 45 275 4 103^ 7 7 93i 6 63^ 10 7 7 44 270 5 10 7^ 7 9>^ 6 6H 10 7 6^ 45 271 6 10 7K 7 9 6 63i 10 7 7 45 271 7 103^ 73^ 7H 93^ 5K 7 10^ 7 8 44 273 8 11^ 7M 8 10^ 6 8 113^ 7 8 44 278 9 11J4 8 8 lOH ^Yi lYi x^y, 7 83^ 47 277 10 12 8 8>^ 11 6 8 11 7 8 46 280 11 10 7 6K 9 6 5>^ 10 7 63^ 44 268 12 11 8 7^ 93^ 63^ 6H 10 7H 8 47 275 13 9% 7^ 7 93^ 6 7 93^ 6% 7 44 267 14 10 73i 7 9 5^ 6 W2 7 7 43 272 15 10 6M 6^ 9K 53^ 6H 10 7 7 42 268 16 10 7}^ 7 9 5M 6 W2 7 7 43 272 17 9 7 7 83< 53^ 6 9 6 6^ 41 263 18 9^ 7 7 9H 53^ 6K 10 63€ 7 41 264 19 103^ 7 7 9% 55i 7 10 7 7 43 270 20 10 7 7 9 6 6^ io>^ 7M 7 44 268 21 9 7M 6K 8 53^ 6 9 63€ 6>^ 42 266 22 9% 7M 6H 9 5M 6K 10 7 7 45 267 23 9^ 8 6M 9 6 6 9^ 7 7 46 250 24 10 7 7 93€ 53^ 63^ 10 7 7 43 269 25 11 8 7^ W2 6 7 10 7 8 46 276 26 11^ 7M W2 10 634 8 11 7 83^ 46 278 28 10^ 8^ 73^ 10 6 7K 11 8 8 49 275 29 11 73^ 73^ 10 6 7 11 7 8 45 273 30 103^ 7 7 10 5M 7 103^ 6% 7 43 251 31 10 7 8 9 6 73^ 10 6M 7K 43 269 32 9 7 7 8^ 6 6^ 9 7 7 - 44 263 34 13 9 11 13 6 11 14 8 113^ 51 281 35 10 73^ 7 10 6 7 10 7 7 45 251 36 9 7K 6 8 5^ 6 93^ 6M 5^ 44 266 37 10 7 7 9M 6 63^ 10 7 7 44 250 38 12 7H 8 11 6 iVi 113^ 7 8 45 279 39 11 8 8 93^ 6 73^ 10 6^ 7H 45 276 40 11 7 7 10 6 7 10 7 73^ 44 270 41 10 7K 7 9 6 7 10 63^ 7 44 272 42 8H 6M 6^ 8 534 5^ 8H 634 63^ 40 262 43 93€ 8K 7 9 6H 7 9H 7 8 48 249 44 8M 73i 5K 8 6 53^ W2 7 6 44 265 45 iiM 8M 8 11 6K 7^ 11 7M 8 49 279 46 11 7M 8K 103^ 5M 8 11 7 8^ 45 274 47 ■lOM 8 7M 9H 6 7 lOM 7 7>^ 46 253 48 10 83€ 7 8^ 6 6 10 8 73^ 48 274 49 iiM 8 8 11 6^ 7^ 12 73^ 8 48 280 50 13 8 10 12 6 10 13 7 103^ 46 281 51 10^ 73i 7^ 10 53^ 73^ 10 63^ 7 42 273 52 9 63^ 6^ 8 5 6 9 6 7 39 263 ♦Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations . 237 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. TABLE OP DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. (Continued.) ARRANGED NUMERICALLY. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* 6 2 CENTRALS. LATERALS. CUSPIDS. ■d «§ . bine ;h si: ors iwil] rcle Illus- 2 trated 5 o Combinec Combined Combined g-d'C oQ on s Length Width bite and shut Length Width bite and shut Length Width bite and shut page 53 ny2 7M 9 11 6 83^ 12 7 10 45 278 54 9 7M 7H 9 53^ 7M 93^ 7 W2 43 266 55 13 8 11 13 63^ 103^ 13 7^ 11 48 281 56 14 9 113^ 14 7M 103^ 15 9 12 57 260 57 12 8 9 11 6^ 9 123^ 73^ 10 48 258 58 13 8M 11 123^ 73i 11 14 8 12 52 281 59 11^^ 7>^ 9 11 6 9 123^ 7H 10 46 256 60 lOM 7 W2 93^ 53^ 73^ 11 63^ 8 42 270 61 10 8 7 9 6^ 7 10 73^ 8 48 252 62 12 7 10 11^ 53€ 9 12 7 10 42 256 63 11 7 73^ 93^ 5M 7 io>^ 7 7 43 271 64 12 9 9 113^ 63^ 83^ 12 8 9 52 280 67 8M 8M 6 8 63€ 6 9 73^ 7 48 267 68 8K 73^ 63^ 8M 6 63^ 83^ 73^ 6^ 46 248 69 8 9M 7 7 8 63^ 9 8H 8 58 249 70 16 9 14 15 73€ 133^ 16 8K 14 54 261 71 12 9M 10 12 7 93^ 12>^ 83€ 10 56 258 72 13 9 11 12 7 10>^ 13 8 11 53 282 73 8 7M 6 W2 6 6 8 7 63^ 45 265 74 9 6M 73^ 8 4M 63^ 8 51^ 7 37 263 75 im 8 lOK 13 6 103^ 14 7 11 46 2S2 76 13 8 11 13 63^ 10^ 13>^ 8 11 49 260 77 14 8 12^ 14 63^ 12^ 15 73^ 13 ' 47 282 78 UH 8 10 11 6 9 12 7 10 • 46 257 79 W2 W2 6 7 6K 6 8 8 63^ 51 249 80 13M 8 11 13 6 103^ 13 7 10 46 282 81 12^ 8^ 11 12 7 11 13 8 11 52 259 82 9 6M 7 9 53€ 6K 9 6 7 40 247 83 10 7 7 93^ 5M 7 10 6M 7M 43 250 84 10 7H 7 9 5^ 6M 93^ 6 7 41 272 85 11 9 83^ 10 7 8 10^ 8 7^ 53 254 86 11 8J^ 9 103^ 6K 8 11 7^ 9 49 254 87 83^ 7 5 83^ 5H 5 9 7 5^ 43 262 88 8H 6M 6M 9 5 63^ 8>i 6 6^ 39 262 89 8 7 5H 8 53^ 6 8 63^ 5K 42 247 90 9 7 7H 9 5 7M 10 6 73^ 40 247 91 9 7 7>^ 9 5H 7^ 9 6M 7 42 264 92 IIM 73^ 8 103^ 6 7 113^ 7 7 45 274 93 8 7M 6 73€ 6 6 8 7 6 45 265 94 9 8M 8 8 7 7 9 83i 73^ 52 268 95 9 7 7 9 5 7 9 63€ 7 40 264 96 11 7 8 103^ 6 83^ 11 7 8 41 271 98 8M 7M 7 8K 5K 7 9 7 7 43 265 99! 9K W2 73^ 9 53^ 7H 93^ 7 7 44 266 100 11 8 9 11 6 9 11^ 73^ 93^ 47 276 101 11 8M 10 11 63€ 10 12 W2 11 48 254 102 12 8H 9 11^ 6M 9 12 7 9H 48 258 103 11 734 8 10^ 6 8 11 7 8 45 252 104 11 83^ 8H 11 6 8K 11 73^ 9 48 254 105 11 8K 9 11 6 9^ 11 7 8H 47 276 *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations _ 238 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGvS— UPPERS. TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. (Continued.) ARRANGED NUMERICALLY. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* d CENTRALS. LATERALS. CUSPIDS. •d^S 2; bine h si: Drs ( iwill rcle Illus- 2 trated "3 o Combined Combined Combined c-c'C o(3 on g Length Width bite and Length Width bite and Length Width bite and OT »;ca page shut shut shut "^§ 108 10 8 8 10 6 8 103^ 7 8 46 252 107 11 8M 8K 11 6^ 83^ 11^ 73^ 9 48 277 108 nV2 8 93^ 11 6 9>^ ii3i 73^ 10 47 257 109 13 8K 11 13 6K 11 13 8 IIM 51 260 110 9^ 8M 7 9H 6H 63^ 10 I'A 7^ 48 249 111 loy^ 9 8 9H 7 8 103^ 8 9 53 253 112 10 9 8 9H 7 7M 12 8 9 53 253 113 11^ 9 8H 11 7 8^ 11^ 8 9 53 257 114 11 8 9 11 6^ 9^ 113^ 7^ 9M 48 255 115 12 8M 9 11 6H 9 12 7^ 9 49 258 116 12 9 9 12 7 9 12 8 10 53 259 117 15 9^ 12 14 7M UK 15 7M 12 54 283 118 11 8 8^ lOK 63i 8 11 7^ 9 47 255 119 11 8^ 8 11 6>^ 8 11 73€ 8^ 48 255 121 12 ^¥2 10 12 7 10 13 8^ 103^ 56 259 122 12 9M 9^ 12 7^ 9M 13 9 11 58 259 123 13 8M 9H 12 63^ 9H 13 7^ 10 48 260 124 9 7M 7 8^ 5M 6 9 7 ^V2 44 248 125 9M 7 71^ 9 53€ 7^ 9^ 634 7^ 41 247 126 9H 8 7 9H 6 7 9H 6% 7 45 250 127 9M 7M 8 9^ 6 7^ 10 6^ 7H 44 267 128 11 8 8)^ lOH 6 8K 11 73i 9 46 255 129 11 7 9 101^ 5M 8 11^ 7 9 43 251 130 10 8 7 9 6M 7 113^ 8 9 49 253 131 12M 7M 7M IIM 6 93^ 12^ 7 93^ 45 257 132 11 8M 9 11 7 9 12 8 9M 52 277 133 10 8^ 8^ 10 7 8^ 103^ 73^ 8^ 49 274 134 11 9H 8 10 73i 8 12 83^ 9 56 256 135 iiM 8>^ 9 io>^ 7 9 12 8 10 52 256 136 10 7 9 10 5 9 10 6 9 40 269 137 12 8M 10 12 6 10 13 7 11 47 280 138 11^ 8 9^ 12 6 9M 12 7^ 10 47 279 139 10 6H 8 10 5 7^ 10 6 7>i 39 . 251 140 10 7 8 10 534 7 11 634 8 41 269 141 10 7M 8 9M 6 8 10 7K 9 46 252 142 11^ 7M 7 1134 63i 73^ 113€ 7 8 46 278 143 11 8 7 103^ 6 7 11 6M 7 45 277 Twentieth. Century Facings may be ordered from these moulds. *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations 239 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. ARRANGED BY SIZE. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* d 2 CENTRALS. LATERALS. CUSPIDS. Combined width six anteriors on Bonwill Circle Illus- 2 O Length Width Combined bite and shut Length Width Combined bite and shut Length Width Combined bite and shut trated on page SHORT J \NT> NARROW. 89 8 7 53^ 8 5y?. 6 8 63^ 53^ 42 247 42 ^¥> 6^4 6H 8 534 5H 83/2 tiK 63^ 40 262 87 81/^ 7 5 ^y?. 5K« 5 9 7 5^ 43 262 88 81/^ 6 14 6J^ 9 5 6^ 8^2 6 63^ 39 262 17 9 7 7 814 5^2 6 9 6 63^ 41 263 32 9 7 7 8^ 6 63^ 9 7 7 44 263 52 9 61^ 63^ 8 5 6 9 6 7 39 263 74 9 61^ 73^ 8 Wa 63^ 8 534 7 37 263 82 9 634 7 9 5^4 63^ 9 6 7 40 247 90 9 7 7K 9 5 73^ 10 6 7^ 40 247 91 9 7 7K 9 5^ W2 9 6M 7 42 264 95 9 7 7 9 5 7 9 634 7 40 264 18 934 7 7 91/^ hV?. 63^ 10 634 7 41 264 125 9M 7 7H 9 5y4. 7H 9K 6^i 7M 41 247 SHORT AND, MEDIUM WIDE 73 8 714 6 73^ 6 6 8 7 6K 45 265 93 8 714 6 7K 6 6 8 7 6 45 265 68 8 14 714 6M 8 14 6 6J^ 8^2 7^ 6^ 46 248 44 8^4 714 53^ 8 6 Wi 83/2 7 6 44 265 98 834 734 7 W7. 5^ 7 9 7 7 43 265 21 9 734 6>^ 8 ^y. 6 9 6K 6>^ 42 266 36 9 714 6 8 534 6 9^2 634 53^ 44 266 54 9 714 7K 9 ^y 73^ 9^2 7 73^ 43 266 124 9 714 7 814 534 6 9 7 6>^ 44 248 99 914 714 73^ 9 hy. 73^ 9^2 7 7 44 266 127 914 734 8 9^4 6 7K 10 63^2 73^ 44 267 13 934 714 7 9K^ 6 7 9^2 6^4 7 44 267 22 9M 7M 6K 9 5M 63^ 10 7 7 45 267 SHORT AND WIDE. 79 714 8 14 6 7 6 14 6 8 8 63^ 51 249 69 8 934 7 7 8 6K 9 83/2 8 58 249 67 8 14 8 14 6 8 614 6 9 73/2 7 48 267 94 9 8 14 8 8 7 7 9 8K 73^ 52 268 43 914 8 14 7 9 63/2 7 93/2 7 8 48 249 110 914 814 7 942 63/2 6^ 10 7^2 7^ 48 249 126 914 8 7 93/2 6 7 9^2 634 7 45 250 23 9M 8 63^ 9 6 6 9>/2 7 7 46 250 Twentieth Century Facings may be ordered from these moulds. ♦Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 240 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. ARRANGED BY SIZE. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* (Continued.) d CENTRALS. LATERALS. CUSPIDS. i-o X o„ Illus- 2 "3 o Length 1 Width Combined bite and shut Length Width 1 :35 s gfci Combined Combined B-v'C oQ bite and Length Width bite and rR'%^^ shut j shut 3 trated on page MEDIUM LONG AND NARROW. 11 10 7 6H 9 6 5^ 10 7 63^ 44 269 15 10 634 6H 9V9. 5H 63^ 10 7 7 42 269 20 10 7 7 9 6 63^ 103/^ 714 7 44 269 24 10 7 7 914 6H 63^ 10 7 7 43 270 31 10 7 8 9 6 73^ 10 6^4 7^ 43 270 37 10 7 7 914 6 63^ 10 7 7 44 250 83 10 7 7 9V9. 534 7 10 6^4 7K 43 250 136 10 7 9 10 5 9 10 6 9 40 270 139 10 QV., 8 10 5 73^ 10 6 7^ 39 251 140 10 7 8 10 514 7 11 &H 8 41 270 60 10 K 7 7H QV?. 5y?. 73^ 11 ey?. 8 42 271 4 10^/, 7 7 9K 6 QV2 10 7 7 44 271 19 101.^ 7 7 9«4 5«4 7 10 7 7 43 271 30 101^ 7 7 10 5^4 7 10 y 6^4 7 43 251 40 11 7 7 10 6 7 10 7 73^ 44 271 63 11 7 7H 91^ 5y?. 7 103^ 7 7 43 272 96 11 7 8 10 K. 6 8y2 11 7 8 41 272 129 11 7 9 io>^ 53^ 8 UK 7 9 43 251 MEDIUM LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. 5 10 7y9. 7 914 6 6^ 10 7 63^ 45 271 6 10 7y 7 9 6 6K 10 7 7 45 271 14 10 714 7 9 514 6 914 7 7 43 273 16 10 714 7 9 514 6 914 7 7 43 273 35 10 714 7 10 6 7 10 7 7 45 251 41 10 714 7 9 6 7 10 6 14 7 44 273 84 10 714 7 9 514 6M 914 6 7 41 273 141 10 7% 8 93< 6 8 10 Ty?. 9 46 252 2 loy 714 7 914 634 7 10 7 7 45 274 7 loy 714 73^ 914 514 7 104. 7 8 44 274 51 10^4 734 73^ 10 53^ 73^ 10 6K 7 42 274 29 11 7^4 73^ 10 6 7 11 7 8 45 274 46 11 734 83^ 1014 534 8 11 7 8K 45 275 103 11 734 8 104^ 6 8 11 7 8 45 252 92 Ii3i 73^ 8 103^ 6 7 113^ 7 7 45 275 MEDIUM LONG AND WIDE. 48 10 8 14 7 8^4 6 6 10 8 73^ 48 275 61 10 8 7 9 634 7 10 714 8 48 252 106 10 8 8 10 6 8 1014 7 8 46 252 112 10 9 8 914 7 7K 12 8 9 53 253 130 10 8 7 9 634 7 ny?. 8 9 49 253 133 10 834 83^ 10 7 83^ 1014 73^ 83^ 49 275 3 1034 8 7 9M 5K 7 10^ 7 7K 45 276 Twentieth Century Pacings may be ordered from these moulds. *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 241 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. (Continued.) ARRANGED BY SIZE. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* CENTRALS. Length Width Combined bite and shut LATERALS. Length Width Combined bite and shut CUSPIDS. Length Width Combined S-S'cl oi; bite and .°'SSm shut iO ^■ Illus- trated MEDIUM LONG AND WIDE. (Continued.) 47 lOK 8 7K 91/^ 6 7 101/^ 7 7^ 46 253 28 10 J/, ^y?. 7^ 10 6 7y2 11 8 8 49 276 111 my,, 9 8 9^ 7 8 10 H 8 9 53 276 12 8 7H 91/^ 6K Qy2 10 7y 8 47 276 25 8 7>^ 9^ 6 7 10 7 8 46 277 39 8 8 91/^ 6 W2 10 Qy 7y2 45 277 85 9 8J^ 10 7 8 10 ^ 8 73^ 53 254 86 m. 9 loy 6^ 8 11 7y 9 49 254 100 8 9 11 6 9 11 H 7y 9K 47 277 101 8^ 10 11 QH 10 12 7y 11 48 254 104 8^ 8^ 11 6 8K 11 ry 9 48 254 105 8H, 9 11 6 9K 11 7 83^ 47 277 107 814 8J^ 11 6^ W2 wy 7y 9 48 278 114 8 9 11 61/^ 9M ny 7y 9M 48 255 118 8 sy2 10 K2 614 8 11 7y 9 47 255 119 8^2 8 11 6^ 8 11 714 8^ 48 255 128 8 8>^ 10 ^ 6 83^ 11 714 9 46 255 132 8^4 9 11 7 9 12 8 9H 52 278 134 '^'A 8 10 714 8 12 sy 9 56 256 143 8 7 loy 6 7 11 6H 7 45 278 9 iiK 8 8 101/. &y?. 7^ lOH 7 83^ 47 278 135 iiM 8K2 9 lOM 7 9 12 8 10 52 256 LONG AND NARROW. 62 12 7 10 11^ 5M 9 12 7 10 42 256 LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. 8 113^ 74 8 loy 6 8 113^ 7 8 44 279 26 113/2 7H 83^ 10 64 8 11 7 83-^ 46 279 63 ny 74 9 11 6 8^ 12 7 10 45 279 59 ny 7y 9 11 6 9 12 ^ 7y 10 46 256 142 ny 7H 7 ny 64 73^ 114 7 8 46 279 38 12 7y 8 11 6 7^ uy 7 8 45 280 131 12^2 7% 7H iiM 6 93^ i2y2 7 93^ 45 257 Twentieth Century Facings may be ordered from these moulds. *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 242 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— UPPERS. (Continued.; ARRANGED BY SIZE. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* CENTRALS. Length Width Combined bite and shut LATERALS. Length CUSPIDS. -o X o lc««?.2' lUus- j '^•S o c ^ trated Combined S-o? oiQ Combined _.-__„_ Width! bite and Length Width bite and ^'^ ^« I shut shut on page LONG AND WIDE. 1 113^ 8 8 108 n^ 8 9^ 113 im 9 8M 138 11 H 8 93^ 45 ii«^ 814 8 49 UH 8 8 78 im 8 10 10 12 8 83^ 57 12 8 9 64 12 9 9 1 71 12 934 10 102 12 sv?. 9 115 12 8K 9 116 12 9 9 1 121 12 9K 10 122 12 QH 9K 137 12 8H 10 81 121/^ SV2 lOK 34 13 9 11 50 13 8 10 55 13 8 11 58 13 8H 11 72 13 9 11 76 13 8 11 109 13 8V?. 11 123 13 8K QVz 80 13 K 8 11 75 13 K 8 103^ 56 14 9 llj^ 77 14 8 123^ 117 15 9H 12 70 16 9 14 10^ 1] 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1] 1: 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 13 12^ 12 13 13 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 6^ 6 7 6 6^ Q'A 6 6 Q'A 7 6H 7 7 7y2 6 7 6 6 6H 734 7 63^ 63^ 6)^ 6 6 7M 6M 7H 7H 7M 9^ 83^ W2 9 8 9 8^ 93^ 9 9 9 10 93^ 10 11 11 10 10^ 11 103^ lOK 11 9 103^ 103^ 103^ 123^ IIH 13J^ 11 73^ 8H 48 1134 ly?. 10 47 11^/4 8 9 53 1 12 7 3^ 10 47 11 1% 8 49 12 7H 8 48 12 7 10 46 11 7 8 46 12 H 73^ 10 48 12 8 9 52 121/^ 814 10 56 12 7 93^ 48 12 IV?, 9 49 12 8 10 53 13 83^ lOH 56 13 9 11 58 ! 13 7 11 47 1 13 8 11 52 14 8 IIH 51 13 7 103^ 46 13 7^ 11 48 14 8 12 52 13 8 11 53 13 H 8 11 49 13 8 11^ 51 13 7¥?. 93^ 48 13 7 10 46 14 7 11 46 15 9 12 57 15 71/. 13 47 15 1% 12 54 16 8K 14 54 280 257 257 280 280 281 257 281 258 281 258 258 258 259 259 259 281 259 282 282 282 282 283 260 260 260 283 283 260 283 284 261 Twentieth Century Facings may be ordered from these moulds. *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 243 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— LOWERS. TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— LOWERS. ARRANGED NUMERICALLY. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* 6 CENTRALS. LATERALS. CUSPIDS. Combined width Illus- ■a trated 3 Combined Combined Combined SIX on S Length Width bite and shut Length Width bite and shut Lengtli Width bite and shut anteriors set up page 1 10 5 8 10 5 8 10 6 14 8^ 36 300 2 10 434 8 10 5 8 10 6 8 35 300 3 9H 5 73^ 9H 5 7K 1034 614 8 37 297 4 101^ 5 9 11 5 9 11 6K 9 36 301 5 10 434 9>y2 1014 514 8^ 1014 6 9 36 298 6 10^4 5 9 lOH 534 9 11 7 9 39 301 7 10 434 8 934 5 8 10 514 9 34 297 8 10 5 8 10 514 8 11 6 9 36 297 9 9 5 8 9 534 8 10 6 8^ 36 300 10 12 ^y?. 12 1214 434 12 13 514 12 33 299 11 11 4K 10 11 5 9J^ 12 614 10 36 298 12 181^, 5^ 13 18 14 6 13 19 714 13 42 299 13 151/^ 514 12 1514 514 12 1534 642 12 38 299 14 9 41/, 7 9 5 7 94. 6 7 34 300 15 8% 514 7 814 514 7 8 14 6 14 7H 38 297 16 13 51^ 10 13 6 10 13 64 11 40 298 17 14 4 103^ 1314 414 10 14 6 10 31 301 18 15 4 11 15 4M 11 1542 6 11 33 299 TABLE OF DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS— LOWERS. ARRANGED BY SIZE, (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* d 2 CENTRALS. LATERALS. CUSPIDS. Combined Illus- ■a trated 3 Combined Combined Combined anteriors set up on S Length Width bite and shut Length Width bite and shut Length Width bite and shut page 15 8I4 514 7 . 8I4 53^ 7 8I4 6 14 7K 38 297 9 9 5 8 9 534 8 10 6 8J^ 36 300 14 9 414 7 9 5 7 93^ 6 7 34 300 3 914 5 7H 914 5 73^ 1034 6 14 8 37 297 1 10 5 8 10 5 8 10 6K 83^ 36 800 2 10 434 8 10 5 8 10 6 8 35 300 5 10 434 8^ 1014 514 8^ 1014 6 9 36 298 7 10 434 8 934 5 8 10 54 9 34 297 8 10 5 8 10 514 8 11 6 9 36 297 4 1014 5 9 11 5 9 11 634 9 36 301 6 1034 5 9 103/^ 534 9 11 7 9 39 301 11 11 414 10 11 5 93^ 12 64 10 36 298 10 12 414 12 1214 434 12 13 54 12 33 299 16 13 514 10 13 6 10 13 64 11 40 298 17 14 4 103^ 1314 414 10 14 6 10 31 301 18 15 4 11 15 434 11 154 6 11 33 299 13 1514 514 12 1514 514 12 1534 642 12 38 299 12 183^ 5K 13 18^ 6 13 19 742 13 42 299 •Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations 244 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGvS— BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS. TABLE OF BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS (8's). (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.)* 1st BICUSPID. 2nd BICUSPID. 1st MOLAR. 1 2nd MOLAR. ^ 1 -*.* en • 1 5. o i c o J,, c M e 1 O CD O 1 O Si "S-o c32 bo C •S S" ES-g t ! a •S-o c3S 7 7* 6 6 71 64 6 7 9 54 6 9 5 30^ 44 8 5* 6 71 51 6 64 8 6 64 8 6 27 6 Si 7 7 8 7i 7 74 94 64 7 n 6 33i 15 9 6 7 9 6 7 8 8 7 74 8 6 28 19 9 6 ■ 8 9 6 8 8 9 64 84 84 6 294 58 9 61 8 9 64 8 8 10 8 8 84 7 314 59 9 5f 7h 9 6 74 9 8i 7 8 8 64 28 8 n 7 8 91 7i 8 8 10 7 8 9f 74 34 1 10 6 8i 9i 6 84 9 9 74 7 9 7 ZO 5 10 5 7 10 5i 7 10 74 7 9 7i 7 25 26 10 6 9 10 6i 84 9 9 7 9 Sk 7 29 i 51 10 61 8 10 64 8 10 8i 8 94 8i 8 294 52 10 6 6^ 10 64 64 10 10 64 9 94 6 32 56 10 6i 9 10 64 84 10 84 8 9 84 74 30 57 10 6§ 9 10 64 9 84 10 8 84 9 8 32 77 lOi 7 8 10 7 8 9 9f 74 8 9f 64 334 29 101 6i- 9 10 6| 84 8 lOi 8 74 9f 64 324 30 101 6 9 m 6 9 10 84 9 10 8 9 284 45 m 6i 8 101 6| 8 10 10 74 9 9 7 32 49 101 6 10 10§ 64 10 10 9 8 10 9 8 304 55 m 6 74 101 6 74 10 8 74 94 8 64 28 4 11 7 9 m 7 9 10 10 8 9 91 74 334 46 11 61 81 111 7 84 10 n 8 84 9 7 32 47 11 7 8 11 74 8 10 9 7 94 9 7 33 50 11 6i 10 Hi 6i 10 11 9 10 104 8 9 294 53 • 11 6 9 11 64 9 10 9 8 94 84 74 30 11 IH 7i 9 11 8 9 11 114 84 10 11 74 371 : 48 lU 6 8 11 64 8 114 9 74 11 84 74 30 54 12 6§ 9 lU 7 9 11 9 9 10 9 8 314 10 12i 7 10 12 7 94 11 11 84 11 10 84 35 2 13 6 10 12i 6 10 13 10 94 12 9 94 31 3 14 6f 11 14 61 11 124 104 104 12 104 11 35 9 14 6 12f 14 7 11 13 94 104 12 9 10 314 12 17i G 15 171 7 15 18 84 15 17 84 15 30 293 293 285 293 294 285 285 286 294 286 294 286 287 294 287 287 295 288 295 288 295 288 289 289 280 2110 290 290 291 291 291 292 292 296 *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations 245 SPECIAL CUSPID MOULDS The following moulds are offered to increase the range of moulds available as cuspid and sometimes as bicuspid facings. The numbers are similar to the numbers of many moulds offered in sets of 6. When ordering the following moulds specify "Special Cuspid Mould Number." The illustrations of these moulds will be found on page 302 and the pages following. TABLE OF CUSPIDS IN PAIRS. (ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.) ■' Combined Combined Mould No. Length Width bite and shut Mould No. Length Width bite and shut 6 6 7 5 109 9 7K 7 121 6M 6 5 111 9 6 7 4 7 7 53^ 113 9 6 7 5 7 7 5 i 116 9 63^ 7 2 iy2 8 7 7 W2 6 7 3 W2 8 6 43 9M 7 8 1 8 9 9 11 10 7 7 52 8 53^ 53^ 12 10 7 83^ 74 8 5 7 23 10 7>^ 73^ 79 8 8 7 30 10 6 8 88 8 6 7 35 10 W2 9 89 8 63^ 6 39 10 7 8 118 8 5 7 47 10 73^ 8 119 8 63^ 5K 83 10 7 8 120 8 8 6^ 85 10 8 73^ 122 8 4 7 90 10 6 8 8 8H 7 6M 110 10 6V'2 8 95 8M .6 7 86 11 7>^ 9 115 8M 6 53^ 92 UK 7 8 123 8^ 43^ 7 101 iiK 9 9 14 9 6^ 8 22 12 33^ 10 84 9 6 8 102 12 8 9 87' 9 7 7 ! 80 13 7 lOH *Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 246 Dents PLY Facings SHORT MOULDS. 09 Pointdl I'll -, MOULD 89. Dimensions of central: length, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, ^y^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, ."^'i; mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 8 mm., width, 6Vi! mm., combined bite and shut, 5% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 42 mm. r\ 82 Pointed Pins MOULD 82. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 6% mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and shut, 6^/2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 40 mm. 90 ^ Pointed Pins MOULD 90. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7'^^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 40 mm. '^ -^ 125 Pointed Pins MOULD 125. Dimensions of central: length, 9% mm., width, 7 mm, com- bined bite and shut, 7}^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5%: mm., combined bite and shut, 7V2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, OVs mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 7V2 mm. Combined width anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 41 mm. 247 •7Q mm., width 7^^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 724 Pointed Pins MOULD 124. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 7M mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8% mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, eVg mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. qg /Ml P Pointed Pins MOULD 99. Dimensions of central: length, 9^ mm., width 7]4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 71^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9yi mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 248 Pointed Pins MOULD 79. Dimensions of central: length, 7^^ mm., width, i^^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of lateral; length, 7 mm., width, 6V2 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 8 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 6^4 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 51 mm. 69 Pointed Pins MOULD 69. Dimensions of central: length, 8 mm., width, 9 94 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 7 mm., width 8 mm., combined bite and shut, eVa mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, BVa mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, SV- mm., combined bite and shut, 8 ,mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 58 mm. 43 lilJUiii^ Pointed Pins MOULD 43. Dimensions of central: length, 9^ mm., width, SYz mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6V3 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 91/2 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 770 Pointed Pins MOULD 110. Dimensions of central: length, QYz mm., width, 8M mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 914 mm., width, eVa mm., combined bite and shut, 6^.ii mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7V2 mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 249 126 Pointed Pins MOULD 126. Dimensions of central: length, 9],^ mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, oVs mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, QYo mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 23 Pointed Pins MOULD 23. Dimensions of central: length, 9% mm., width, 8 mm,, com- bined bite and shut, 6}^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, QVa mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. MEDIUM MOULDS. Pointed Pins MOULD 37. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, QVo mm., width, 6 mm., combined bit and shut, 6l^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 m,m. Pointed Pins MOULD 83. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9]/^ mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, lYz mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 250 7.99 Pointed Pins MOULD 129. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, G}{. mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, G mm., combined bite and shut, 7^^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 39 mm. Pointed Pins MOULD 30. Dimensions of central: length, 10^4 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOy^ mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 129 Pointed Pins MOULD 129. Dimensions cf central: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, loy^ mm., width, SVa mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 y^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 35 Pointed Pins MOULD 35. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7% mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 251 Ml Pointed Pins MOULD 141. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9% mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 103 ^ Pointed Pins MOULD 103, Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensicns of lateral: length, lOyz mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. Pointed Pins MOULD 61. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width., 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7^2 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 106 Pointed Pins MOULD 106. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite anil shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOVg mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 252 r^.r\ 1J2 Pointed Pins MOULD 112. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 9 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9% mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7'/> mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, S mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 5.3 mm. 130 Pointed Pins MOULD 130. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 Va mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 49 mm. 47 Pointed Pins MOULD 47. Dimensions of central: length, 10 M mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7'^^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, QVz mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOVg mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. IJl t A jiliiiiki y ^ Pointed Pins MOULD 111, Dimensions of central: length, 10 1>^ mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, gVs mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOVs mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 53 mm. 2.53 05 Pointed Pins MOULD 85. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 9 mm., com- bined bite and shut, S}i mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOVs mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, .53 mm. Pointed Pins MOULD 86. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8^^ mm., com- bined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, lOVs mm., width eVs mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, iVo mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 49 mm. Pointed Pins MOULD 101. Dimensions of central: length 11 mm., width, 8% mm., com- bined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width 6^/4 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7^3 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 104 Pointed Pins MOULD 104. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 83^^ mm., combined bite and shut, S}^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, SVa mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, iVs mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm, 254 714 Pointed Pins MOULD 114. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, G|/y mm., combined bite and shut, 9 Me mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, ll'/o mm., width, 7'/i mm., combined bite and shut, 9% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. , /^/^ J 78 Pointed Pins MOULD 118. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, S)>^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, lOVo mm., width, oVi mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width iVo mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. 179 Pointed Pins MOULD 119. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8% mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, QVz mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7^/4 mm., combined bite and shut, 8V2 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 128 Pointed Pins MOULD 128. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, S% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, IOV3 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8V2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7^/4 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 134- Pointed Pins MOULD 134. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, ^Yz mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, SV? mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 56 mm. 135 <^/ ; , Pointed Pins MOULD 135. Dimensions of central: length, 111,4 mm., width, iVz mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 V, mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 52 mm. LONG MOULDS. Pointed Pins MOULD 62. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 Vy mm., width, 5'^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 42 mm. Pointed Pins MOULD 59. Dimensions of central: length, lli,^ mm., width, ly^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. j Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12yo mm., width, 71/2 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 131 Pointed Pins MOULD 131. Dimensions of central: length, 12?^^ mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 7^^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11% mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9% mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12V1' mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, QVs mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Eonwill Circle, 45 mm. 108 Pointed Pins MOULD 108. Dimensions of central: length, 11 1^ mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9^k mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, OYz mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, ll^/i mm., width, 7Yo mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. 113 Pointed Pins MOULD 113. Dimensions of central: length, 11 J^ mm., width, 9 mm,, com- bined bite and shut, 8f4 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8Vz mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, liy, mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 5.3 mm. 78 Pointed Pins MOULD 78, Dimensions of central: length, 11% mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 57 A iiiiiiiij '^'tijiiii* Pointed Pins MOULD 57. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, SVa mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, I2V3 mm., width TVs mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. Pointed Pins MOULD 71. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 9?4 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, dVo mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12yo mm., width, 8^/4 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 56 mm. 102 Pointed Pins MOULD 102. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width 8^.^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, llVs mm., width, GVo mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9^/3 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 115 Pointed Pins MOULD 115. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 8 94 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, ey. mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 71/3 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 49 mm, 258 276 Pointed Pins MOULD 116. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 9 mm.., com- bined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width G anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 53 mm. 121 Pointed Pins MOULD 121. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 9% mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., wndth, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 1.3 mm., width, SVs mm., combined bite and shut, lO^o mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 56 mm. 122 Pointed Pins MOULD 122. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 9 54 mm., combined bite and shut, 9% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, TVs mm., combined bite and shut, QVo mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 58 mm. 81 = Pointed Pins MOULD 81. Dimensions of central: length, 12^ mm., width, 8^/^ mm., combined bite and shut, 1014 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width G anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 52 mm. 250 rt f'\f Pointed Pins MOULD 76. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13 mm., width, 61/2 mm., combined bite and shut, lOYa mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 131/3 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 49 mm. 109 "i ■.■•~^ Pointed Pins MOULD 109. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 8^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13 mm., width, 6V2 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 Vo mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 51 mm 723 Pointed Pins MOULD 123. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 8M mm., combined bite and shut, d% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 6^/4 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, TVs mm., combined bite and shut, 9% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 56 ! Pointed Pins MOULD 56. Dimensions of central: length, 14 mm., width, 9 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 11^^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 14 mm., width, TVs mm., combined bite and shut, lOV^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 15 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 57 mm. 260 10 Pointed Pins MOULD 70. Dimensions of central: length, 16 mm., width, 9 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 14 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 15 mm., width, 7^/4 mm., combined bite and shut, l^Yz mm. Dimensions of cuspid: lengtli, IG mm., width, SMj mm., combined bite and shut, 14 mm. Combined width anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 54 mm. NEW MOULDS. 744 MOULD 144. Dimensions of central: length 11 mm., width 9 mm. Dimen- sions of lateral: length 10 mm., width 6^/^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length 11 mim., width 7^^ mm. 148 MOULD 148. Dimensions of central: length IV/z mm., width 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length 11 mm., width 5^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length 11^ mm., width 7 mm. 166 ^ MOULD 166. Dimensions of central: length 14 mm., width 7 mm. Dimen- sions of lateral: length 13^ mm., width 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length 145^ mm., width 7 mm. 167 MOULD 167. Dimensions of central: length 14i/4 mm., width 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length 14 mm., width 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length l^Yz mm., width 8 mm. 261 268 MOULD 168. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 8 mm. Dimen- sions of lateral: length 7% mm., width 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length 8% mm., width 7 mm. 269 MOULD 169. Dimensions of central: length 8 mm., width 7% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length 7% mm., width 5% mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length 8 mm., width 6^^ mm. 2S2 CHAPTER XVI. Dentsply Platinum Pin Facings. UPPERS. SHORT MOULDS. SHORT AND NARROW. MOULD 42. Dimensions of central: length, 8^ mm., width, 63^ mm., combined bite and shut, &% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and ^ shut, 5y^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 814 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6>^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 40 mm. -i^ ^7 H . .,,,,„, MOULD 87. Dimensions of central: length, 8^ mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 5 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8^ mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 51,4 rnm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 88 MOULD 88. Dimensions of central: length, 8J/^ mm., width, G^ mm., combined bite and shut, G% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 6J4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 8J^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6^2 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 39 mm. 26.3 MOULD 17. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length S14 rnni., width, 5>4 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, &V2 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 41 mm. MOULD 32. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8>^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 52 MOULD 52. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 39 mm. MOULD 74. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 6^ mm., com- bined bite and shut, T^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 4^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6^/4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 8 mm., width, .5J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 37 mm. 2B4 MOULD 82. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 694 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6% mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 40 mm. 91 MOULD 91. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5]!/^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7}A mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 6->4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 42 mm. 95 MOULD 95. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 40 mm. 18 r%,f% MOULD 18, Dimensions of central: length, 9^ mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9J4 mm., width, 5i^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 41 mm. 265 SHORT MOULDS. SHORT AND MEDIUM WIDE. 73 MOULD 73. Dimensions of central, length, 8 mm., width, 7^ mm., com- bined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, l^A mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 6J/^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 93 MOULD 93, Dimensions of central: length, 8 mm., width, 7^ mm., com- bined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 7J4 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid; length, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 .mm. 44 MOULD 44. Dimensions of central: length, 834 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 5^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 5J/2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 8i^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 98 MOULD 98. Dimensions of central: length, 8% mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8^-^ mm., width, 5J^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 266 21 MOULD 21. Dimensions of central: lenscth, 9 mm., width, 7% mm., com- bined bite and shut, G% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 5l4 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 01^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6yi mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 42 mm. 36 lilMJ MOULD 36. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, lYz mm., com- bined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 534 mm., combined bive and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 914 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 5J/2 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 4-4 mm. 54 MOULD 54. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 7% mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5y^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7J?4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^/^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 99 MOULD 99. Dimensions of central: length, 9^ mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5J4 mm, combined bite and shut, 7;'2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9^2 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 2G7 127 - MOULD 127. Dimensions of central: length, 9>4 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9>^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^/2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, qYz mm., combined bite and shut, 75^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 13 (-./ '\ MOULD 13. Dimensions of central: length, 93^ mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9'/ mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 22 MOULD 22. Dimensions of central: length, 934 mm., width, 734 mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6J/2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. SHORT MOULDS. SHORT AND WIDE. 61 01^' \f 'JM iiiiiiiilijl MOULD 67. Dimensions of central: length, 8% mm., width, S% mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 6J4 ,mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 7J^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 268 94 f^^^^P^ MOULD 94. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 8^ mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9 mm., width, 8% mm., combined bite and shut, lyi mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 52 mm. MEDIUM MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND NARROW. n MOULD 11. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, G% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 5>^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 6J^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 15 MOULD 15. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 6^ ram., combined bite and shut, 6^^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9>4 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6>4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 42 mm. 20 %f MOULD 20. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6J4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, loyi mm., width, 7J4 inm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 269 24 "If 11"' 1 MOULD 24, Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm,, width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9J4 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6>^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 37 - ■^ f if I'liiil MOULD 31. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6)4 mm.., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 136 iUP'ljP MOULD 136. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, ■^0 mm. 140 MOULD 140. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 5]4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 41 mm. 270 60 MOULD 60. Dimensions of central: length, 10J4 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9^ mm., width, 5J/1> mm., combined bite and shut, 7]/2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, ]1 mm., width, CtjA mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Com1)incd width G anteriors set on 1-lonwill Circle, A:l mm. MOULD 4. Dimensions of central: length, 10^ mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 inm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9^4 mm., width, fi mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, ]0 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 19 H MOULD 19. Dimensions of central: length, 10^/^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9^ mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 40 MOULD 40. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^2 mm. Combined width G anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 271 63 MOULD 63. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7]/i mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9J4 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOyi mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. MOULD 96. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 103^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8^2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 41 mm. MEDIUM MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. MOULD 5. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7^^ mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9% mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 6J4 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 6 MOULD 6. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7^2 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 272 14 3 MOULD 14. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 754 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, mm., width, oj/a mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 4.3 mm. 26 '3M MOULD 16. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 514 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 43 mm. 41 \f^f% MOULD 41. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 84 MOULD 84. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, .5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6>4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 41 mm. 27.3 MOULD 2. Dimensions of central: length, 10^^ mm., width, ly^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9J4 mm., width, Q% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 imm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. MOULD 7. Dimensions of central: length, lOYz mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, lYz mm. Dimensions of lateral: length 9^ mm., width, 53^2 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 51 MOULD 51, Dimensions of central: length, 10% mm., width,. 7^4 mm., combined bite and shut, TY mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7J^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 42 mm. 29 ^ MOULD 29. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, T^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7 ,mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 274 46 MOULD 46. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 73^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, loyi mm., width, .5j4 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 83^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 92 MOULD 92. Dimensions of central: length, 11^4 mrn., width, 7^^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10^/2 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. MEDIUM MOULDS. MEDIUM LONG AND WIDE. 48 MOULD 48. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 8% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8J^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Combined wndth 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 133 ^ MOULD 133. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 8% mm., combined bite and shut, 8^4 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8y2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10^ mm., width, 7J/2 mm., combined bite and shut, S% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 49 mm. 275 f^f%^f% MOULD 3. Dimensions of central: length, 10% mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9^ mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOJ^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 J/2 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 28 MOULD 28. Dimensions of central: length, 10^ mm., width, 8^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7J4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 49 mm. 117 '■^ilJtjL^'Mjj^l MOULD 111. Dimensions of central: length, 10>4 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, IOJ/2 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 53 mm. 12 MOULD 12. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^/^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9y^ mm., width, 6}i mm., combined bite and shut, 6J^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle. 47 mm. 276 25 MOULD 25. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7y^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9>^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 39 MOULD 39. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7% mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7J^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 100 MOULD 100. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lli^^ mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 95^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. 105 MOULD 105. Dimensions o£ central: length, 11 mm., width, 9^2 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9J/2 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, T mm., combined bite and shut, 8^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. 277 107 MOULD 107. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8^ mm, combined bite and shut, S% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 85^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 J4 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 132 MOULD 132. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8% mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9J^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 53 mm. 143 MOULD 143. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, lO^^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 6^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. MOULD 9. Dimensions of central: length, 11^4 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10]^ mm., width, 6J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, lOJ^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8% mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. 278 LONG MOULDS. LONG AND MEDIUM WIDE. 8 MOULD 8. Dimensions of central: length, ll^f/^ mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, IOI/2 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, llj/^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 44 mm. 26 MOULD 26. Dimensions of central: length, ll^^ mm., width, 734 mm., combined bite and shut, S% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10' mm., width, 6%. mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8^4 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 53 MOULD 53. Dimensions of central: length, 11>^ mm., width, 7^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8J4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. 742 MOULD 142. Dimensions of central: length, 11^ mm., width, 734 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11^4 mm., width, 6}i mm., combined bite and shut, 7j^ rnm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11^4 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 279 38 MOULD 38, Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm,, width, 7>1 mm,, combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7J4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, llj^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 45 mm. LONG MOULDS. LONG AND WIDE, MOULD 1, Dimensions of central: length, 11^^ mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10^ mm., width, 654 rnm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8J4 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 138 MOULD 138. Dimensions of central: length, 11^^ mm,, width, 8 mm,, combined bite and shut, 9% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9}A mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. ^ 45 1 r MOULD 45, Dimensions of central: length, 11% mm,, width, 8% mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6]^ mm., combined bite and shut, ly^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 49 mm. 280 49 ,= MOULD 49. Dimensions of central: length, 1134 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, Gyi mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 7>^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. 10 MOULD 10. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, S% mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 64 MOULD 64. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11^4 mm., width, ej.^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8>^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 52 mm. 137 MOULD 137. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 8^ mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. 281 34 MOULD 34. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 14 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 11^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 51 mm. 50 ^ MOULD 50. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 55 - '-K^J;*^ MOULD 55. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, lOJ^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 7J^ mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 48 mm. f""'% 58 MOULD 58. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, S% mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 J^ mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 14 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 52 mm. 282 72 MOULD 72. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 9 mm,, combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid, length, 1.3 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 53 mm. 80 MOULD 80. Dimensions of central: length, 13^4 mm., width, 8 mm,, combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 75 MOULD 75. Dimensions of central: length, 13^4 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 10^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 14 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 46 mm. 77 MOULD 77. Dimensions of central: length, 14 mm., width, 8 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 125^^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 14 mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 13J^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 15 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 13 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 47 mm. 283 137 MOULD 117. Dimensions of central: length, 15 mm., width, d]/^ mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 14 mm., width, 7J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 11^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 15 mm., width, 734 mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle, 54 mm. 284 Dentsply Platinum Pin Facings BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS 6 Pointed Pins. MOULD 6. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 8^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 8 mm., width, 7^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 7J/2 mm., width, 9'/4 mm., combined bite and shut, 6J4 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 7 mm., width, 9% mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 3334 mm. 58 Pointed Pins. MOULD 58. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 6>^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 10 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, syi mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 31^ mm. 59 Pointed Pins. MOULD 59. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 754 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 73^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 8% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 285 2nd Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 6J/2 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 28 mm. Pointed Pins. MOULD 8. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 9^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 95^ mm., width, 7J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 10 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 9^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 34 mm. Pointed Pins. MOULD 5. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 5]^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 imm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 7J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 7J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 25 mm. Pointed Pins. MOULD 51. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, S%. mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9^ mm., width, 8^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 29^ mm. l 286 52 Pointed Pins. MOULD 52. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, G mm., combined bite and shut, 6J^ mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6j^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 10 mm., combined bite and shut, 6>4 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 9^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 32 mm. 57 "i &'"\ Pointed Pins. MOULD 57. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 8>^ mm., width, 10 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 8^ mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 32 mm. 77 Pointed Pins. MOULD 77. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10J4 rnm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 9^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 9^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6J/2 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 33^/2 rnm. 287 30 Pointed Pins. MOULD 30. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 103^2 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 8^/^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 28^ mm. 49 Pointed Pins. MOULD 49, Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10^^ mm., width, e^/^ mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 30^4 mm. Pointed Pins. MOULD 4. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 10 .mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 9^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7J^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 33^ mm. 288 46 Pointed Pins. MOULD 46. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8^ mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 11^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8J^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 9% mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 8^ mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 32 mm. 47 Pointed Pins. MOULD 47. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 7J^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 93/2 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 33 mm. 50 Pointed Pins. MOULD 50. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 6j/^ mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, II34 mm., width, 6% mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 11 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, lOJ^ mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 29J/2 mm. 289 53 Pointed Pins. MOULD 53. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 3nd Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 6>4 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm, 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9^ mm., width, 8j4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7;^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 30 mm. 11 Pointed Pins. MOULD 11. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 115^ mm., width, 7J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 8 mm. combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 11 mm., width, 115^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 11 mm., combined bite and shut, 7J^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 37^ mm. 4a Pointed Pins. MOULD 48. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 11^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 11 mm., width, 6J^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 11^ mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 11 mm., width, 8>2 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 30 mm. 290 54 Pointed Pins. MOULD 54. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 12 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 11^/2 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 11 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 31^/2 mm. 10 MOULD 10. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 12^ mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9J^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 11 mm., width, 11 mm., combined bite and shut, 8J^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 11 ,mm., width, 10 mm., combined bite and shut, 8J^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 35 mm. Pointed Pins. MOULD 2. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 13 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 12^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 13 mm., width, 10 mm., combined bite and shut, 9J4 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 12 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 95^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 31 mim. 291 Pointed Pins. MOULD 3. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 14 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 14 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 12^ mm., width, 10>^ mm., combined bite and shut, 105^2 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 12 mm., width, lOJ^ mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 35 mm. Pointed Pins. MOULD 9. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 14 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, ISJ^ mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 14 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 13 mm., width, 9^/2 mm., combined bite and shut, 10J4 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 12 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 315^ mm. 292 Dentsply Platinum Pin Facings BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS MOULD 7. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 7J^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 7^ mm., width, 6J/2 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 7 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 5H mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 6 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 5 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 30^ mm. 44 ^^C MOULD 44. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 8 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 6 m^m. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 7^ mm., width, 5^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 6]/^ mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 6^ mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 27 mm. 75 m^M fep^S^ /^ MOULD 15. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 7^/^ mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 28 mm. 293 'i\ /f% f^T\ /f^P\ 19 MOULD 19. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 8^ mm., width, 8J/4 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 29>2 mm. MOULD 1. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8J^ mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 9j4 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8J^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 7 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars. 30 mm. 26 ^ MOULD 26. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 m,m. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 8^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 8^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 29J4 m'm. 56 ^ MOULD 56. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6^^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 294 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6^^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8J/2 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 8^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 8^5/4 mm., combined bite and shut, iy2 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 30 mm. 29 MOULD 29. Dimensions as follows:— 1st Bicuspid. Length, 10^ mm., width, 614 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10 mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 8 mm., width, 10^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 7^^ mm., width, 9% mm., combined bite and shut, 6^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 32J/^ mm. 45 MOULD 45. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, lOJ^ mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10^ mm., width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 10 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9 mm., width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 32 mm. 55 !| MOULD 55. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, lOJ^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 10^/^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. 1st Molar. Length, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7J^ mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 9^/2 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 65^ mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 28 mm. 295 MOULD 12. Dimensions as follows: — 1st Bicuspid. Length, 17^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 3 5 mm. 2nd Bicuspid. Length, 17J/2 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 15 mm. 1st Molar. Length, 18 mm., width, sy^ mm., combined bite and shut, 15 mm. 2nd Molar. Length, 17 mm., width, 8J/2 mm., combined bite and shut, 15 mm. Combined width 2 bicuspids and 2 molars, 30 mm. 296 Platinum Pin Facings LOWERS Pointed Pin MOULD 7. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 434 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9)4 mm., width. 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, '>]4 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 34 mm. 8 J \MU Pointed Pin MOULD 8. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 5 mm, com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 514 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 36 mm. 15 Pointed Pin MOULD 15. Dimensions of central: length, 8^ mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 8^ mm., width, SJ^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, SYz mm., width, 6^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 7^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 38 mm. 3 ^ Mi#^ Pointed Pin MOULD 3. Dimensions of central: length, 9^. mm., v;idth, 5 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 7^ mm. 297 Dimensions of lateral: length, 9}i mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite; and shut, 7^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10% mm., width, 6J4 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Comibined width 6 anteriors set up, 37 mm. n Pointed Pin MOULD 11. Dimensions of central: length, 11 mm,, width, 4^ mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 9J^ mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 12 mm., width, 6>^i mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 36 mm. MOULD 5. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 4% mm., combined bite and shut, 8^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, lOJ^ mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and shut, 8J4 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 36 mm. MOULD 16. Dimensions of central: length, 13 mm., width, 5^^ mm., combined jbite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 6}i mm., co^mbined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 40 mm. 298 Pointed Pin MOULD 10. Dimensions of central: length, 12 mm., width, 4^/^ mm., combirieJ bite and shut, 12 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 12J/2 mm., width, 4^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 13 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 33 mm. Pointed Pin MOULD 18. Dimensions of central: length, 15 mm., width, 4 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 15 mm., width, 4^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 15y^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 11 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 33 mm. Pointed Pin MOULD 13. Dimensions of central: length, IS^/^ mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, ISJ^ mm., width, 5^4 mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 15% mm., width, 6I/2 mm., combined bite and shut, 12 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 38 ijnm. 32 Pointed Pin MOULD 12. Dimensions of central: length, 18^/^ mm., width, 5K nim., combined bite and shut, 13 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, I8J/2 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 13 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 19 mm., width, 7y2 mm., combined bite and shut, 13 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 42 mm. 299 Dentsply Platinum Pin Facings 9 LOWERS 1^ yy MOULD 9. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm., width, 5 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8^ mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 36 mm. MOULD 1. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm., width, 5 mm., com- bined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6%. mm., combined bite and shut, 8j4 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 36 mm. MOULD 2. Dimensions of central: length, 10 mm,, width, 4^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 35 mm. 14 MOULD 14. Dimensions of central: length, 9 mm,, width, i% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 9 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 9}^ mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 34 mm. 300 MOULD 4. Dimensions of central: length, lO^^ mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 11 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, GJ4 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 36 mm. mm MOULD 6. Dimensions of central: length, 1034 mm., width, 5 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 10>4 mm., width, 5^ mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 39 mm. MOULD 17. Dimensions of central: length, 14 mm., width, 4 mm., combined bite and shut, 10^ mm. Dimensions of lateral: length, 13^ mm., width, 4^ mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Dimensions of cuspid: length, 14 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 10 mm. Combined width 6 anteriors set up, 31 mm. aoi Platinum Pin Facings SPECIAL CUSPID MOULDS 193 ^ Pointed Pin ilt'iJSilh'i Pointed Pin MOULD 123. Length, SYz mm., MOULD 2. Length, 7^ mm., width, 4J/^ mm., combined bite and width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. . shut, 7 mm. i-O 121 ^J Pointed Pin Pointed Pin MOULD 121. Length, 6% mm., MOULD 1. Length, 8 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 5 mm, shut, 9 mm. ->i' j^0r\if^> 85 Pointed Pin Pointed Pin MOULD 5. Length, 7 mm., MOULD 85. Length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 5 mm. shut, 7^^ mm. 4 -^ Qu3 ^^^ \j Pointed Pin Pointed Pin MOULD 4. Length, 7 mm., MOULD 102. Length, 12 mm. width, 7 mm., combined bite and ^i^th, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, 51^ mm. shut, 9 mm. «-[7 00 101 Pointed Pin Pointed Pin MOULD 6. Length, 6 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and MOULD 101. Length, lli^ mm., shut, 5 mm. width, 9 mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. Pointed Pin 113^ Pointed Pin MOULD 3. Length, 75^ mm., MOULD 113. Length, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., combined bite and width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 6 mm. shut, 7 mm. 302 «i? Pointed Pin Pointed Pin MOULD 8. Length, 8^ mm., MOULD 120. Length, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and width, 8 mm., combined bite and shut, eYz mm. shut, 6^ mm. 109 Pointed Pin MOULD 109. Length, 9 mm., width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS SPECIAL CUSPID MOULDS 88 74 ■V MOULD 88, Length, 8 mm., MOULD 74. Length, 8 mnx, width, 6 mm., combined bite and width, 5 mm,, combined bite and shut, 7 mm. shut, 7 mm. 89 79 MOULD 89. Length, 8 mm., . , ^ „ , . , , . .,,, _,/ u- J uv J width, 8 mm., combmed bite and width, 6% mm., combined bite and ,_ _^ ^ ' shut, 6 mm. MOULD 79. Length, 8 mm., idth, 8 m shut, 7 mm. MOULD 118. Length, 8 mm., MOULD 14. Length, 9 mm, width, 5 mm., combined bite and width, 6J/^ mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. shut, 8 mm. 52 I'ifi,', 84 MOULD 52. Length, 8 mm., MOULD 84. Length, 9 mm., width, 5% mm., combined bite and width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 5% mm. shut, 8 mm. 303 87 116 MOULD 87. Length, 9 mm., MOULD 116. Length, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and width, G% mm,, combined bite and shut, 7 mm. shut, 7 mm. 119 MOULD 119. Length, 8 mm., MOULD 7. Length, 9>^ mm., width, GYz mm., combined bite and width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, 5^ mm. shut, 7 mm. 122 MOULD 122, Length, 8 mm., MOULD 43. Length, QYz mm., width, 4 mm., combined bite and width, 7 mm., combined bite and and shut, 7 mm. shut, 8 mm. 95 MOULD 95. Length, 8^ mm., MOULD 11. Length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. shut, 7 mm. 175 90 MOULD 115. Length, 8^ mm., MOULD 90. Length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and width, 6 mm., combined bite and shut, BYz mm. shut, 8 mm. 12 ^ 20 MOULD 12. Length, 10 mm., MOULD 20. Length, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, &Y2 mm. shut, 7 mm. 717 l,;l J J 23 MOULD 111. Length, 9 mm., MOULD 23. Length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and width, 7Y nim., combined bite and shut, 7 mm. shut, 7Y mni. 304 30 110 ^ MOULD 30. Length, 10 mm., MOULD 110. Length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm., combined bite and width, 6^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. shut, 8 mm. 35 86 MOULD 35. Length, 10 mm., MOULD 86. Length, 11 mm., width, Gy^ mm., combined bite and width, 7% mm., combined bite and shut, 9 mm. shut, 9 mm. MOULD 39. Length, 10 mm., MOULD 92. Length, 11^/4 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. shut, 8 mm. 47 MOULD 47. Length, 10 mm., MOULD 22. Length, 12 mm., width, ly^ mm., combined bite and width, 3^ mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. shut, 10 mm. 83 MOULD 83, Length, 10 mm., MOULD 80. Length, 13 mm., width, 7 mm., combined bite and width, 7 mm., combined bite and shut, 8 mm. shut, lO^^ mm. 805 Saddleback Facings WITH POINTED PINS The dimensions of these facings are so different from those of all other facings and teeth that no measurements of much practical value can be given. Each illustration is the exact size of the mould it represents and the shape of the ridge-lap for all facings of that mould can be determined from the outline illustration. Measure the gap which the facings are to fill with the millimeter meas- ure and then measure the illustrations in the same way. Dentsply Saddleback Facings are very valuable for making posterior bridges with porcelain cusps. Twentieth Century Facings may be ordered from these moulds. On special order we furnish these facings made on the Twentieth Cen- tury Principle, with vulcanite pins. They are very valuable in plate work where extremely shallow bicuspids or molars are required. UPPERS UPPERS ]'j^|t^jl ,>-HL ;;>H'V ; \^ /-^A^-^ 6 e 306 UPPERS UPPERS A 2 I^OWERS ^^ Viiiu*' V. I, 73 B A/ 1 / n f^ r^ ;'sij>^v LOWERS 307 PREFACE. Selecting and Setting Porcelain Crowns. Porcelain crown selection is so much more difficult and delicate than the selection of teeth for full dentures, as to stand on a plane by itself. It is the purpose here to make plain the factors involved in successful crown selection and to show how any dentist can be- come so expert in selecting porcelain crowns as to win a reputation for unusual ability. 808 CHAPTER XVII. Selecting the Mould. A porcelain crown should be nearly indistinguishable when set. Once in a while we see such a crown, and we immediately pay our tribute of respect to the skill of him who set it. Such selection Is easier than is generally thought. It requires only the application of a few rules, each simple In itself, but all working together, to pro- duce the perfect result. The dentist who skillfully selects porcelain crowns does not first look upon the crown as a whole. He puts it through a mental separator and sees It from different viewpoints, one quality at a time. When he has seen it from these viewpoints, and has decided how well it meets the separate requirements, he mentally puts It together again and views it as a whole. These viewpoints are not hard to get or to apply. A little practice will make their application instinctive. The first of these viewpoints Is that of The Mould. It relates to the size and shape of the crown. Size. This includes length, width and root diameters. Three common methods of selecting a crown of the proper size are in use. The first and most common is to take an Impression of the root and adjoining teeth, pour a model and send It to a dental depot where a crown Is selected, in most cases, by a clerk who never saw the case and who has no chance to do ft justice. This method has some drawbacks which seem not to occur to those who practice it. If natural teeth were all of a size and all of a color, anyone might select an artificial substitute which would answer all pur- poses. But with the varying sizes, the endlessly differing propor- tions and outlines, and the delicate blending of shades, it is suffi- ciently difficult to select a satisfactory artificial substitute under even the most favorable conditions. The possibilities of suitable selection by one who never saw the case are very remote. 309 Yet dentists who are careful in every other branch of their work, follow this method, partly, no doubt, because they have not perceived that by such carelessness all their finest efforts are frus- trated. This method of selecting crowns doubtless accounts for many of the poor matches in form and color which are so common. Assistants selecting teeth and crowns. There are 50,000 teeth in these drawers. These assistants, who know nothing of dentistry or of the particular case, are selecting. What are the chances of success? It may be safely asserted that the one method by which porce- lain crowns can be satisfactorily selected, is for the dentist to make the selection, in the presence of the patient. For no model, no mat- ter how well constructed, can show forth the characteristics in shape and color that determine which of several crowns is most suitable. Let us note the first requirement of successful crown selection that the dentist shall do the selecting in the presence of the patient. It is, of course, impracticable that the dentist should leave his oflice to make such selection. We might invert an old saying so that it reads if Mohammed will not go to the mountain, the mountain must come to Mohammed. And as the dentist cannot properly take his patient to the dental depot, there to select, the dental depot must come up to the dentist, at least so far as a stock of crowns is concerned. It is this necessity which has given rise to the second and more logical way of selecting porcelain crowns. 310 This method usually takes one of two forms for supplying the dentist with a stock of crowns. The most popular form is for the dentist to order a stock of from lOO to 500 crowns, from which he may select the most suitable. Carefully selected stocks for this purpose are described in the chapter on "The Economics of Crown L ^^^^^^^"^^^ST'EKSWSW UttHOAO" 'ar ■DENISPLY CROWNS ; »»§» ^»»» ;j(i Qi ffi d d n lWENTIliTH"CLNfURY CROWNS j^effifi^^l ^: §### ^aaaar[ _^aciftao^i '^^%^^9-^^\ -p^Q^&ml js&^^s^^l ""^f^kft^^ II J » « l\ jM % ^i^% ^ X % S S S & ^ '^ "^ "^ '' '' ^ SAMPLE 'MOULDS "DENTSPLY CROWNS - This ca^e contains 1 x 6 in each of 59 moulds and 1x4 bicuspids, rights and lefts, in 13 moulds. The mould numbers are burned indelibly in the labial or buccal surfaces. They are used to determine the desired mould and to facilitate ordering by mould and shade numbers. Four bicuspid moulds have been added since this picture was taken, Selection". Or the dentist may order what is called a "sample line of crowns", that is, a set of ten anterior crowns in each mould. These comprise centrals, laterals, cuspids and bicuspids, up- pers, rights and lefts. To select a porcelain crown, he tries dif- 311 ferent moulds into the mouth, decides which is most suitable and orders from the dental depot a crown of the mould number selec- ted, giving the number of the desired shade as obtained by use of the shade ring. A crown stock kept in either form used in connection with a third method of selection, makes the choice of a crown even more rapid. The object of the third method is to determine rapidly and accurately the outside dimensions of the desired crown, that is the length, width and root diameters. This may be done by the use of a pair of ordinary dividers. Suppose that an upper right central root is to be crowned, the left natural central and right lateral be- Measuring vertical length natural crown. ing in place. This is a case where, because of the prominence of the restoration, selection must be as skillful as possible. But that does not prevent its being rapid. The crown to be placed must harmonize in length with the re- maining natural central. With the dividers, measure the left natural central from beneath the free margin of the gum to the cutting edge. As the root will not ordinarily be ground further apically than the attachment of the gum tissue, the measurement thus obtained, with a little allowance for grinding in adaptation, is the length of the desired crown. With the dividers in hand, the stock of crowns at hand may be quickly run over and all right centrals of approximately the proper length be placed on one side. 312 This immediately narrows selection to those crowns of approxi- mately the proper lengths. The width of the space to be filled may be gotten with the dividers by measuring from the mesial side of the upper left central to the mesial side of the upper right lateral. Measuring width space to be filled. By the application of the dividers to the crowns laid out as being of the right length, those of the correct width may be selected. This still further narrows the selection and always with an eye to greater accuracy. By the use of the dividers, the mesio-distal Lingual surface of biscuited crown showing location of mould number and linguo-labial diameters of the root may be obtained and a final selection of crowns made on the basis of proper root dimen- sions. From any considerable stock of crowns, there will usually remain several, any of which may be adapted to meet the mechani- 313 cal requirements of the case. Choice among these naturally falls on the one which most nearly meets the artistic requirements. If the desired mould is at hand, but not in the desired shade, the mould number may be seen faintly embossed on the lingual surface of a Twentieth Century or Dentsply Crown. The mould and shade numbers, when sent to the dental depot, will bring exact results. The combination of the crown stock and dividers usually yields pleasing results with a minimum expenditure of time. For dentists who are not willing to keep crowns at hand for selection in the mouth, the use of the dividers, in connection with the Twentieth Century Mould Book, will afford considerable aid in selection. With the dividers, measure the left central from beneath the free margin of the gum to the cutting edge, lay the dividers, open at this distance, on a Twentieth Century Millimeter Measure and note the length of the desired crown in millimeters. With the dividers, measure the width of the space the crown is to fill; this is equal to the width of the desired crown. Note it in millimeters also. The mesio-distal and linguo-labial diameters of the root which the crown is to fit may be obtained in millimeters in the same way. In other pages of this book Twentieth Century and Dentsply Crowns will be found tabulated according to length and width in millimeters. These measurements correspond in character with the measurements just taken. The distinguishing characteristics of each mould of crowns can be ascertained by reference to the illustrations and two or three of the most desirable 314 moulds may be specified by number to the dealer. When these are received for selection it will doubtless be found that one or more of them can be easily adapted to meet the requirements. Form. This includes Outline, Shape of the Lingual Surface and bulge of the labial surface. The outline of a crown is formed by the neck, the cutting edge, and the approximal surfaces. It varies greatly in crowns of the same length and width. Illustrations of this variation may be seen in moulds 15, 21 and 28. MOULD 15. Dimensions of centrals: Vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm. Width, 7^ mm. Linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8^ mm. Mesio- distal diameter at neck, Q]4 mm. Length of central, 11 mm. Width of central, 7% mm. MOULD 21. Dimensions of centrals: Vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm. Width, 7% mm. Linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^^ mm. Mesio- distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Length of central, 11 mm. Width of cen- tral, 7 mm. MOULD 28. Dimensions of centrals: Vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm. Length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm. Width, 8 mm. Linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^^ mm. Mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. The centrals of these three moulds of crowns are of the same length and within about ^ of a millimeter (3/100 of an inch) of the same width. The greatest variation between them in neck diameters does not exceed i millimeter. Yet they differ so in out- line that if one of these moulds harmonizes with the outlines of 315 the remaining natural teeth, the other moulds would be undesirable, from an artistic standpoint. The outline of a crown should receive careful attention from the dentist who wishes to select crowns well. The Shape of the Lingual Surface. From an operative point of view, this is a matter of great importance. The lingual surfaces of a crown should not be so hollowed as to weaken it, nor so bulky that it strikes when the teeth are closed in occlusion or are moved laterally in articulation. The avoidance of striking during these relations will be greatly influenced by the shape of the lingual surface, as will be seen by a study of the illustrations of Moulds Nos. 1 1 and 26. MOULD 11. Dimensions of centrals: Vertical length of labial surface, S% mm. Width, 8 mm. Linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm. Mesio- distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. MOULD 26. Dimensions of centrals: Vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm. Width, 7;^ mm. Linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm. Mesio- distal diameter at neck, 654 mm. These crowns are within less than a millimeter of the same length and width. The greatest variation in the neck diameters is a millimeter, (1/25 of an inch). In the linguo-labial diameter, which might be thought to most affect the shape of the lingual surface, they are precisely the same. In mould 1 1 the lingual surface of the crown is so hollowed as to afford easy clearance for the edges of the lower Incisors in a close underbite, while in mould 23 the lingual surface is so little hollowed, that in close underbite cases the crown could be made suitable only by considerable grinding. In other words, the centrals from mould 1 1 are indicated in cases of close underbite, 316 while mould 26 requires a case with a little or free underbite. In selecting a crown, consideration of this point will often save trouble for both dentist and patient. It must not be understood that deeply hollowed lingual sur- faces are always desirable. In some cases the underbite is such that the shape of the lingual surface of the upper crown makes no difference. Sometimes the maximum strength possible to a crown is necessary; in such cases the less the lingual surface is hollowed, the better. By observing closely the requirements of the case, the dentist may select the crown which will yield the most satisfactory results with least labor by him. Bulge of the Labial Surface. By "bulge" is meant the rounding out of a surface In the selection of a single crown, the operator will be guided as to the amount of bulge which the labial surface of the crown is to exhibit, by the bulge exhibited by the surfaces of the remain- ing natural teeth. This detail should not be overlooked. If the natural teeth show but little bulge, and a crown be ordered which exhibits a greater bulge, it is difficult to set the labial surface of the crown back into line with the labial surfaces of the natural teeth. If this surface be allowed to project, it marks the crown for immediate notice. Bulge in the cervical third of the labial surface of a cuspid crown is often of great esthetic value. It aids in restoring char- acter to the denture, removes the flat appearance which would result from its absence and gives character to the corner of the upper lip. If the crown is selected by the dentist in the presence of the patient, he will be able to note quickly whether the labial surface conforms, in general, to the labial surfaces of the teeth. If the crown is to be ordered from the depot, trouble from failure at this point may occur, since the tooth clerk cannot be expected to catch so well the characteristics of the natural teeth. When order- ing crowns by mould number, the outline cut of the several moulds should be examined in this particular as well as in the shape of the lingual surface. When occasion arises for a dentist to set several porcelain crowns in one mouth, as when the four upper incisors are restored 317 at one time in this manner, he will not have the clear guidance of the natural teeth to determine the amount of bulge permissible in the labial surface of the crowns. He may be then governed by the general rule that the more bulging labial surfaces are more suitable for patients with plump features; and that in proportion as the features exhibit flat curves, so the labial surface of the crown should be flat. The difference in bulge of the labial surface between two crown moulds of the same general dimensions, can be best seen by com- paring illustrations of moulds Nos, 25 and 32, which are of nearly the same size. In mould 25 the bulge of the labial surface throws the cutting edge of the crown much further lingually than in mould 32. These moulds also furnish additional illustrations of differences in formation of the lingual surfaces in crowns of the same size, as mentioned before. MOULD 25. Dimensions of centrals: Vertical length of labial surface, 105^ mm. Width, 954 mm. Linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm. Mesio- distal diameter at neck, 8 mm. 32 MOULD 32. Dimensions of centrals: Vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm. Width, 10^ mm. Linguo-labial diameter at neck, 9 mm. Mesio- distal diameter at neck, 75^ mm. Such careful selection of crowns may seem to demand more trouble than the fee usually received for a porcelain crown justifies. That may be during the first few selections made in this way, but with a little practice, such selection becomes very rapid. The characteristics of outline, formation of lingual surface and bulge may be determined at a glance, all in a fraction of a minute. The size may be very quickly determined also if a stock is carried as suggested here. 318 The selection of a crown, in all respects save perhaps the finer gradations of shade, should be completed in 5 minutes or less. Such selection may be most satisfactorily made from Twentieth Century or Dentsply Crowns because they are offered in many more moulds than other porcelain crowns, and in more natural shades. It should be remembered also that the most satisfactory basis for asking a suitable fee for crown work is the exhibition of un- usual skill in this field. Such skill can be made to bring the fee and many favorable comments. 319 CHAPTER XVIII. Color and Shade. Selecting the Color and Shade. The Standard Dictionary defines color and shade as follows: "Color. Any of the hues observed in the rainbow or spectrum, or one of the tints produced by blending these hues. Shade. A gradation of color in respect to luminosity; as a dark shade of blue". No artistic consideration in crown selection is more important than that of color and shade. Following the definition given above we may regard color as coming first. That determines whether the crown shall be yellow, gray, blue, green or brown, or some mixture of two or more of these. The next step is to determine whether it shall be a light or dark shade of the selected color. It will be wise to use a shade guide of the same make as the crown. This avoids many chances for confusion and error. Thus the dentist who intends to set a Twentieth Century or Dentsply Crown will get uniformly better results by using a Twentieth Cent- ury Shade Guide, than by using one of some other make and at- tempting to match the colors. It is believed that the shades in the Twentieth Century Shade Guide permit better selection than those of any other guide. They are the result of nearly 30 years of study and experimentation in the shading of artificial teeth and crowns to match the natural teeth. This shade guide was introduced only about 10 years ago, yet it is believed to be the most extensively used shade guide to- day. Dentists who use this guide will probably find selection easier and more accurate than with other guides. When selecting the color for a porcelain crown, the patient should be seated in a good but not brilliant light. Direct light should be excluded. 320 Decide first what Is the dominant color in the natural teeth. This is sometimes difficult, especially in the centrals and laterals, where the colors are lightest and the blendings of the various colors in the tooth are softest. The dominant color is often more pronounced in the cuspids and the dentist may be materially helped by using these teeth as general color guides. In very translucent natural teeth, the dentist will often be bothered by the light shades, the slight variations and the very soft blendings. These conditions are especially marked in people of the so-called "nervous temperament". Centrals of this type often exhibit a soft yellow neck and a gray or blue tip. These changes are probably due to the fact that the dentine is thick and the enamel thin at the neck, the dentine thinner and the enamel thicker at themiddle third, and the dentine nearly or wholly absent in the incisal third, leaving only the enamel plates to give color in that portion of the tooth. For such cases the only hope of suc- cessful selection by the dentist is the use of the shade guide having teeth made of the most translucent porcelain and where the value of the underlying dentine colors has been fully appreciated and care- fully perfected. Such a shade guide, with a clear understanding of the characteristics of its various shades, as given below, will materi- ally aid in successful selection for even these difficult cases. In those cases where it is difficult to determine the dominant color of the natural teeth, the following plan may help. Let the dentist stand back a little distance and view the patient with his eyes nearly closed, looking through his eyelashes. When this has been done, the various colors in the face often seem to blend into one general tone or color, such as pink or brown or yellow or gray. If the dentist can decide what this color is, it will often serve as a guide to the dominant color in the teeth and the shades of that color will be found to harmonize with the natural teeth. Having decided upon the dominant color, it will be well to isolate, for trying in, the various shades of that color as exhibited in the shade guide. The colors in the Twentieth Century Shade Guide are yellows, blues, gray and browns, greens and combinations of these. 321 No. SHADES. 1. Lightest shade in use. No coloring. Basis of other shades. 2. Trace of purple. 3. Trace of blue, and a mere trace of yellow. Lightest blue. 4. Trace of yellow. Lightest yellow. 5. Trifle of gray and trace of yellow. Point same as No. 4. Neck darker. 6. Same as No. 4, with a little 'gray in the tip. Neck not so bright a yel- low as No. 5. Lightest gray. 7. Light yellow. Darker than No. 5, with color decidedly stronger in neck. 8. Light yellow. Point darker than No. 5 or No. 7. Neck lighter than No. 7 and makes tooth look a straw color. More uniform than No. 7. Yellow is the only color present. 9. A little yellow, a little gray, a little pink. Light brown yellow neck. Tip pink gray, follows No. 11. 10. Gray. Lighter than No. 9 and slightly darker than No. 6. 11. Uniform gray throughout. Neck grayish yellow slightly darker than 10, which it follows. 12. Grayish blue. Follows No. 3 in the real blues. No. 3 and this are the only blues we have and they are not decided in character. 13. Grayish blue. Follows No. 9. 14. Yellowish gray. Gray yellow neck. Follows No. 13. 15. Pinkish gray. Decidedly darker and shows more pink than No. 9. The other grays are bluish grays. This follows No. 14. 16. Yellow. Follows No. 8. 17. Greenish yellow. Green tip and yellow neck. 18. Dark yellowish gray. Follows No. 14. 19. Dark greenish yellow. Follows No. 17. 20. Brownish yellow. Follows No. 16. 21. Dark ,brown yellow. Follows No. 20, which it is like, only darker. 22. Dark gray. Follows No. 18. 23. Darkest brown yellow. Follows No. 21. 24. Dark grayish brown. Follows No. 22. 25. Dark yellowish brown. Follows No. 23. LIGHT SHADES. BLUE GRAY YELLOW 1-2 3-12 6-10-11-9-13-14-15 4-5-7-81617-19-21- 18-22-24 20-23-25 If it is decided that the prevailing color in the teeth is yellow, the several shade guide teeth exhibiting different shades of this color should be isolated for purposes of trying in the mouth. Some very skillful dentists prefer to begin with the darkest shade, working from darkest to light. They believe that in this way they are less likely to select a crown which either is or will 322 in the course of a few years be too light for the remaining teeth. That means that in the yellows they use the shades in the follow- ing order: 25-23-20-21-19-17-16-8-7-5-4. The manner of trying in the shade guide teeth will affect the results. The natural teeth should be kept moist with saliva in the usual way, and the lip withdrawn from them only during the time that the sample tooth is under actual observation. Between tryings in of two shade guide teeth, the lips should be allowed to close. If the lip be withdrawn so that the natural teeth are dry for even a few moments, their colors will materially change, becoming lighter as they dry. A crown selected when the natural teeth are dry is not likely to prove satisfactory when exhibited beside moist teeth. It is only when the natural teeth and the sample teeth are both moist that satisfactory matching of shades can be accom- plished. All shade teeth, save the one being tried in, should be con- cealed from sight, lest they confuse the eye. The sample tooth which is in position in the mouth should be left there long enough for its color to be appreciated by the dentist. By this means, shades which seem at first glance not to match will later be found to, while other shades which at first appeared to be excellent matches, will be found quite unsatisfactory. This is especially true when one comes to the finer stages of selection, as between two or more shades, each of which seems nearly right. The habit of holding the shade guide tooth in place long enough to study it a little will be especially helpful to dentists whose judgment of colors is not keen. By this means a dentist who feels himself weak in this respect may become quite skillful. It is often difficult to decide when a sample tooth really matches the natural teeth. It may be found helpful at this stage to hold the sample tooth in position and slightly narrow the eye, fixing the gaze upon the tooth exclusively. It can sometimes be told in this manner whether a crown of the same shade as the sample tooth would appear harmonious as a member of that set. Another useful method is to lay the tip of the sample tooth on the tips of 323 the natural teeth adjoining, and see if one can tell, from a little distance, where one tooth begins and the other ends. When a lateral is being selected, it will be well to be guided largely by the color in the adjoining cuspid rather than in the centrals, since the cuspid probably exhibits more strongly the color which the teeth will take on with the passing of years. Care should be taken never to select a crown in the least degree lighter than the remaining natural teeth, and the result will usually be better if the dentist select one a shade darker. In shade selection and securing the best general artistic effect, no other method will be found equal to having on hand an adequate supply of crowns which can be tried directly into the mouth. Nothing else will so confirm to the dentist the final fitness of any crown, as the ability to see a number of crowns in place before selecting one, and to have a chance to choose that which is best among many. The selection of a shade number, and of a crown in the absence of the patient by means of that number, leaves a gap in intelligent selection which can be bridged in no other man- ner so well as by having a large number of crowns on hand to try directly into the patient's mouth. Crown Post Facts. Many of the older dentists who have been trained to the idea that platinum is the only metal which should be admitted to the mouth as part of a tooth, have looked on the use of composition crown posts vv^ith questioning eyes. But this attitude of mind is pass- ing. Investigations have shown that baked-in platinum posts are sources of weakness rather than strength. The clinical experience of many years has shown also that crowns with platinum posts are frequently forced from the roots by the contact of the opposing teeth. Here then are manufacturing and clinical failures charged up to platinum crown posts in an unforgettable manner. For no dentist who, with confidence, saw his patient leave the office with a platinum post crown in position only to return in 30 or 60 days with the post bent, the crown out of alignment and the root open to the agents of infection, necessitating re-treatment, is likely to forget the trouble it caused him or the difficulty he had in making to the patient excuses which satisfied his own conscience. 324 Any thoughtful dentist who wishes to investigate for himself, in a way he may not have thought of, the strength with which dif- ferent crown posts resist the force of the opposing teeth, has only to take a platinum post crown in one hand and zvith the fingers of the other hand, unaided by tools of any sort, bend the post almost at will. If he then makes an effort to bend a Twentieth Century or Dentsply crown post in the same manner, he will get a clear understanding of the different resisting powers of the two kinds of post, the Twentieth Century and the platinum. When he men- tally transfers these quite different powers to the mouth, he will appreciate the relative values of these different posts under the thousands of impacts to which a crown is subjected. A crown post must, however, be capable of much more than resisting the force of mastication and the action of the oral fluids. It must be possible to bend It as much as may be necessary for the adaptation of the crown in the most difficult cases. And It must sus- tain such bending, without breaking or even weakening. It Is not difficult to make a crown post metal which will resist any stress which It Is likely to receive. It is not especially difficult to make one which Is resistant to the action of the oral fluids. But to make one that is resistant to stress and the oral fluids and yet Is capable of such adaptation as must occur, Is an art indeed. For that crown post has little value which cannot be adapted. Not all roots occupy their proper positions in the arch; not all natural tooth crowns take their proper alignment. Yet when the dentist restores the crown to an improperly placed root, or puts a porcelain crown In place of a natural tooth crown which was malposed, he desires to make the alignment as perfect as possible ; and this often calls for considerable bending of the crown post. Such bending of a platinum crown post is easy, but, alas, it is undone almost as easily, and sometimes nearly as quickly, as it was accom- plished. 325 Any required adaptation of a Twentieth Century or Dentsply crown post may be made with the assurance that the bending will not weaken the post, and that when the proper bend is given it, the forces of mastication will have no effect upon it. The post will stay as it is put. A most interesting illustration of the superior merit of Twentieth Century and Dentsply crown posts may be obtained by taking one of these and one of each of the other leading makes of composition crown posts and submit- ting them to extensive bending, as for an extreme case of adaptation. The Twentieth Century and Dentsply posts will be found capable of much more extended adaptation before showing signs of fracture, than other composition crown posts. This is merely one sign of superior merit. The bent post a.pplies all strain &.t mesieiLl margin of canal '. Weak diameter ♦of root, likely to split under strain from bent post ••• Many dentists who are quite satis- fied as to the superior resisting power of Twentieth Century and Dentsply crown posts, may have doubts as to the durability of these crown posts in the mouth. There has been so much talk of corrosion lately by those whose interests led them to make a strong point of it, that the careful dentist wishes to be intelligently assured before he ventures. There are two answers as to the durability of the composition crown posts in the mouth. The first is that Twentieth Century and Dentsply crowns have been in very extensive use for some years. Hundreds of thousands of them have been set long enough for the failures to appear, yet practically none are reported. There is an almost utter lack of complaints from these crowns on any score, a most surprising thing when it is remembered that so many of them are in use and that they have been set in all kinds of mouths by dentists of every conceivable degree of skill. To the best of our 526 knowledge and belief, Twentieth Century and Dentsply crown posts are more stable in the mouth than any other form of crown post. It should be remembered that the post of a well set crown is not reached by the oral fluids. For some years past the more careful crown workers have been getting practically fluid tight joints between crown and root, either by the use of cement or of some material capable of practically perfect adaptation, such as gutta percha. Even in those cases where the fluids get to the post, as they must have in many thousands of the Twentieth Century and Dentsply now in use, no evil effects are reported. It is believed that the fluids do not affect these posts. In cases where bicuspid roots are crowned with porcelain, the matter of adaptation of the crown post becomes of first importance. Especially in the first bicuspids, the root canal openings are often not In the same position as the post which issues from the crown. Often enough first bicuspid roots have two canals, and it is essential to the stability of the crown that a post enter each canal. Any dentist who has tried to split a crown so that a part of it might enter each of these canals has realized the usual hopelessness of such a task. Not only are Twentieth Century and Dentsply bi- cuspid crown posts made bifurcated, but the halves may be safely bent to the required adaptation without weakening the other half. Here the bending qualities are very important. Here they make possible for the dentist such adaptation as Is otherwise very diffi- cult. The same post may be used for second bicuspid roots by merely leaving the post as it comes. Shape of Crov^n Posts. While the ability of a crown post to resist stress is a most important element of durability, the shape and size of the post Is of Immediate Importance to the dentist at the time of setting. For the danger to the root arises Indirectly from these. Most dentists can treat roots successfully and can with equal success fill that portion lying beyond the apical end of the post. But many a dentist ruins the root on which he sets the crown, by not under- standing the mechanics of crown posts as related to the size of the root. ;!27 It is evident that after the root is prepared for the crown, there must be enough root tissue left to support the crown in the work to which it will be subjected. In other words, the root must not be so reamed as to weaken it. It is equally obvious that the course of that root, whether it is straight or crooked, is largely unknown to the operator, once it disappears from his sight into the tissues of the gum. Nor is there any form of instrumentation generally known by which he may map out its course in such way as to offer him any safe guid- ance in reaming. There is but one safe course; it is to regard every root as offering unknown dangers if extensively reamed, and to perform the minimum amount of reaming on every root. Only in this way can frequent perforation of roots be avoided. Obser- vations in practice show that root perforation in crown setting is unnecessarily common. The amount of reaming necessary in any root is almost di- rectly dependent on the size and shape of the crown post which is to enter it. If it were not necessary to make room for the post, no reaming would be necessary, and obviously the larger the crown post or the less it is shaped like the root canal, the greater must be the amount of reaming. It is therefore a matter of no small im- portance to make sure that the crown post is of such shape as will require the least reaming of the root tissues. Much light will be thrown on this subject by a short study of roots, root canals and the various shapes of posts offered for use therein. Of all the anterior teeth, probably the upper lateral is most often crowned with porcelain. Moreover its root offers more dangers to the crown worker than the root of any other of the six anterior teeth except occasionally the cuspids. It will therefore be directly to the point to study the roots of laterals with relation to crowning. The root of a lateral, at the level of the gum line, usually presents, in cross section, an irregular oval. It is much nar- rower mesio-distally than the root of the central. It often presents mesio-distal constrictions which should be the subjects of most careful consideration by the dentist. The root canal follows the outline of the outside of the root, and in many cases is very narrow in the mesio-distal diameter. 328 It is a common characteristic of lateral roots that these mesio- distal constrictions increase in depth as they proceed apically. The result is that in the middle third of the root the tissue on the mesial and distal sides of the canal is often very thin. It is probably more commonly true of lateral roots than of any others, that they curve distally as they proceed apically. This curve is apt to occur at the junction of the middle and apical thirds of the root. Sometimes it can be detected in a root by care- ful instrumentation. It is at once apparent that in a root presenting characteristic mesio-distal constrictions and with the chances favoring a bend in the root, the least possible amount of reaming for a crown post, consistent with proper placing, should be done. Not only is the amount of root tissue on either side of the canal so small that the removal of any of it may weaken the root and render it more liable to split under the strain of mastication, but the amount of tissue is so small and the danger of the increasing mesio-distal con- strictions so great, that there is always a possibility of perforating the root in the effort to make room for the crown post. 329 Sections of natural upper cuspids. Each tooth was photographed, then sawed at the pencil marks and photographed again. A Twentieth Century Crown Post was sawed at the same levels and shows as white spots at the right of each tooth section. 330 This illustration shows upper centrals treated in the same manner as the cuspids on preceding page. 331 Upper laterals treated same as on preceding pages. 332 Upper laterals treated same as on preceding- pages. 383 Upper cuspids treated in the same manner as on preceding pages. 834 CHAPTER XIX. The Economics of Crown Selections. Every man who makes a financial success, makes it a business to find out what it costs to perform the operations common to his Hne of work, and to study with care the possibilities of performing the operation in a satisfactory manner at the lowest possible cost. He recognizes that his profits result largely from small economies oft repeated. Study of this sort by dentists is thought to be a new thing, but such is really not the case. It has existed for years in large dental offices, some of which employ numerous operators and are man- aged by business men who may or may not be dentists. These managers have adopted the same form of study as the successful business man in other lines. They have, to use their own phrase, "cut the costs of doing business". The economics practised in these large offices are sources of no small part of the profits, so that one of them could live right along side of the average dentist, do the same work for the same price and make a handsome profit out of the economies which it practises and he neglects. When the average dentist adopts the habit of "cutting the cost of doing business", not by lowering the quality of the materials used or of the service rendered, but merely by stopping leaks which benefit no one, his, profits will be Increased. Few dentists have ever carefully considered the possibilities of "cutting costs" of crown selection. Take, for example, a condition which seems to offer the best possible excuse for the dentist not to carry any stock of crowns In his own office. Dr. X practises in" the City. He has offices In a modern building and on the floor below him Is located a dental depot of the most advanced type,: so that he can go or send there and receive as prompt and Intelligent service as a depot should be expected to render. Let only one thing be stated as essential to good crown selection, and then consider what shall be the economi- cal course for him to pursue. This one essential Is that the crown shall be selected by the dentist in the presence of the patient. In professional words that selection shall be made "in the mouth". 335 This requirement is not arbitrary. It is based on the fact, which should be self evident, that Dr. X is the only person competent to select the crown and that he is best able to do so "in the mouth". It is not the depot's place to make selections. That requires many things the depot cannot supply. It is the depot's proper function to fill orders according to specifications sent them. Mrs. A. presents for the selection of a porcelain crown for an upper right central root. Dr. X follows the common method of taking an impression of the root and adjoining teeth, pouring a model and taking it to the dental depot, to make selection of the crown. From among the crowns presented to him, he finally se- lects three or six and with them returns to the office where his patient is waiting or to which she is to return. Here he tries the crowns in place. It will be the exception rather than the rule, if any of the crowns secured in this manner meet the requirements of the case so fully as to conform to the standard set in the opening sentence of this book, that "a porcelain crown should be nearly in- distinguishable when set", a standard to which many dentists suc- cessfully work. It will probably result that Dr. X "will make one of the crowns do", by grinding it to meet the requirements. Putting aside the fact that the quality of his operation is likely to be lowered there- by, note the fact that his method of procedure has been the most expensive possible to him. His time is doubtless worth at least four dollars per hour if he practises in a modern office building in the city large enough to maintain a dental depot. If he has been able to take the impression, pour the model, go to the depot, make the selections and return in less than 30 minutes, it has probably been the exception and not the rule. The time cost to him for the half hour thus spent is two dollars. He has used up, unprofitably, time which should have produced $2.00 and his revenues are that much less than if his time had been spent operating. It is the gen- eral testimony of dentists who practise this method that crowns obtained in this way are rarely wholly satisfactory and that they are often compelled to make extensive adaptations by grinding. These prolong the operation beyond the time required to adapt a well selected crown. Some dentists use their lunch hour for trips to the dental depot. This is an apparent rather than a real economy. It keeps the 336 brain active along its accustomed lines when it should, if possible, rest. There is one more item of expense, though it is just one of those which the individual practitioner considers too small to merit his attention, but which the larger user of dental materials never neglects. It is that the dentist who purchases one at a time, pays the retail price, which in the case of Twentieth Century and Dentsply Crowns, is greater than the quantity price. Even if he maintains a deposit account and buys crowns a few at a time, he pays more than the price for crowns bought lOO at a time. The total cost of the crown to Dr. X then, is at least one-half hour's time, worth $2.00, and 40 cents for the crown. Yet Dr. X who has never analyzed the figures, thinks he can set that crown for $5.00 or $6.00, pay these costs and the proportionate share of his other office costs for that time, and have a good fee left for his services. It is a matter of simple business arithmetic to show that the probable cost of maintaining Dr. X's office, allowing him a yearly salary of $2500.00, is not far from $4.00 per producing hour. If preparation of the root and the setting of the crown, after selection was complete, occupies an hour, these alone have cost Dr. X $4.00. The half hour spent in selecting the crown, plus the cost of the crown, makes the cost of this operation to him $6.40. His fee of $6.00 therefore shows a loss. And it was his method of crown selection that entailed the loss. Note how much more economically Dr. X might have selected that crown and how much greater might have been his net profit, if he had kept at hand even one of the trays holding 100 Dentsply or Twentieth Century Crowns (and many shrewd operators keep Assortment No. 713 or half a dozen trays always at hand). He could have selected the crown in not longer than was required to decide between the crowns he brought from the depot. If the tray was kept well filled, the selection would probably have been much better than resulted from the trip to the dental depot, and the crown would have been more quickly adapted. Practically the entire half hour lost by Dr. X's method of selection would have been saved. The crown cost to Dr. X would then have been less by the value of the half hour, it would also have been less by the difference between the price of single crowns and the price of crowns when bought by the hundred. The total net saving would probably be in excess of $2.00. :«7 Someone may suggest that Dr. X could reduce the cost of his method of selection by sending his assistant to the depot for the crowns. This is undoubtedly true, but the sending of one who knows little about crowns in general and the case in particular, to select by the aid of a tooth clerk who has never seen the case, is surely an example of "the blind leading the blind", with the result that the dentist usually falls into a professional ditch. This is contrary to the first requirement for good crown selection, "that the crown shall be selected by the dentist". Selection from among the crowns secured in this manner, usually does nothing to increase public respect for the skill which the dentist's work exhibits. For if the crowns which the dentist himself brings "can only be made to do", what shall be said of the crowns brought by one who is not a dentist? For the dentist who is situated farther away from the dental depot than the Dr. X of the preceding paragraphs, that is the dentist who is a few blocks or a few miles away, all that was said above applies with even greater force. The dentist who must send by mail has many an uncomfortable moment when patient and crowns come to the office about together and It is found that none of the crowns sent are suitable for the case. What shall be said of cases where the crowns do not arrive in time and the work must wait another appointment? Such cases occasionally happen and are nearly always rush cases, where disappointment is especially an- noying. The question of how many crowns shall be carried in stock must be settled by each dentist according to his circumstances. The shrewder the dentist, the larger stock, within reason, he will carry. While no dentist can, with the best results, carry less than lOO crowns in such a stock, the busy dentist finds it to his advantage to carry from 200 to 500 as permitting a larger range of moulds and shades. Two hundred Twentieth Century or Dentsply Crowns can be purchased for a down payment of $10.00, and $10.00 each month for six months following. Into nearly every dental office comes what may be called, for want of a better term, "emergency cases". A patient, maybe one whose patronage is valued, loses a tooth or a crown. A social or business engagement is close at hand and cannot be faced with a tooth missing. The dentist is called on to immediately place a 338 tooth which shall be presentable and sufficiently durable for the purpose. While a number of "emergency crowns" can be constructed by the use of a facing and a post, it is much more to the dentist's credit to be able to say "I can set a crown immediately" and to do so on the spot. Even if the post be set only with temporary stop- ping and is removed later for more permanent work, a distinct im- pression in favor of the dentist's preparedness and efficiency is created. Some dentists think that they make more favorable impressions by stating that they must send to such and such a place for a tooth or crown. This may be true in certain cases but with intelligent patients the benefits of prompt service outweigh any impression which could be made in this manner. How TO Select the Stock and Keep It Up. Many dentists would be willing to order a stock of crowns and reap the benefits if they knew what to ask for in that stock. This can be determined only by experience. Doubtless more centrals and laterals are crowned with porcelain than any other teeth. Cuspids; probably come next. Biscuspids might preferably be crowned with porcelain much more frequently than they are, with great advantage to the patient's appearance. To meet the needs of the dentists who do not know exactly what to order In the way of a crown stock. Crown Assortments Nos. I, 2 and 713 have been prepared and have met with most cordial approval, (See description and illus. on pages 341-345.) When the stock has been so far depleted as to require replenish- ing, either of two methods may be followed. Enough crowns may be purchased to fill the tray or a new tray full may be pur- chased, care being taken that the new crowns are selected in such proportions as to properly supplement the stock already on hand. This method has two advantages. It increases the stock of crowns always available from which to select, and it permits the dentist to effect an economy which pays his first installment if he buys in that way. It is then of the greatest importance to select a crown post which will require a minimum of reaming, and to perform that reaming 339 with care and by the use of the proper instruments. The shape of the crown post should correspond as nearly as possible to the shape of the root, so that little reaming may be necessary. And the post should be capable of such adaptation,, without weakening, as will require the least possible cutting of the root. Twentieth Century and Dentsply crown posts were designed with such roots as these in view. They are shaped, in cross section, like the root itself and consequently like the canal. That Is, they are wide from lingual to labial, in the diameter in which the root is wide, in which there is plenty of root tissue, where there are rarely any constrictions or turnings, and where, if anywhere, reaming is safe. They are narrow mesio-distally, where the root and canal are narrow, where turnings of the root are most common, and where, from every safety view point, reaming is dangerous. Moreover Twentieth Century and Dentsply crown posts are capable of such extensive adaptation in themselves as to relieve the root of much danger. These posts are compressed from billets of metal much larger than the finished posts and therefore contain more metal than is common in pieces of their size. This increased density results In a finer texture and increased strength. Because of this they may be extensively ground In the meslo-distal diameter without weakening them. As the stress to which they will be sub- jected In use is from lingual to labial, their wide linguo-labial diam- eter makes them, when extensively ground mesio-distally, like thin boards of great strength, which cannot be bent edgewise save by the application of destructive force. In view of the formation of the roots on which crowns must be set, It is evident that no other form of crown post Is so well suited for all roots, as that which conforms most closely to the shape of the roots as nature leaves them. Posts which require as much reaming mesio-distally as they do linguo-labially, necessitate ream- ing In that part of the root from which the greatest danger threat- ens. It is difficult enough to avoid this danger; surely nothing Is gained by courting it. Posts made of metal so soft as to necessitate bulk In the post,, and therefore large openings in the roots, are manifestly unsuitable save In roots so large that ample root tissue Is available and where the root is known to be straight. As It Is very difficult to determine exactly that a root has no curves and that no constrictions occur on the mesial and distal sides as the root proceeds apically, the obviously safe course is to habitually use Twentieth Century and Dentsply crown posts. 340 ^HADE 5 MO. 7^ SH.5 MO, 45 SH!? MO.22 SH.6|| Hg MOULD 22^SHADE 6 MQ.g^SH.S M0.64 SH.8 M0.45 SH.loB i A • i i • 1 1 1 i jpfl MOULD 3 _^SHADE 7 M0.37SH.9 MO.? SH.5 M6.35 SH.5 »fM MOULD 53' SHADE 8 MO.55SH.ll M0.39 SH.6 M0.53 SH 8 • litAiiaiilA M MOULD 27. SHADE lO MO.rSH.15 M0.56SH.il MO.I SH.7J J AAI •§••••. IB M^Otiio 2;9^^HADE 9 ■ M0.48 5H.fO M0.28 SH.9 M0.20 SH.I4 B m MOJULD 8 xSHADE \4 M0.2Q,SH.7 MO. 43, SH.|6 M0.19 SH.I5; I MOULD 19 } SHADE J5 ■ Mb.44 SH.I6 MO. I SH.I5 Ma30SH.9Pt- ^ MOULD 24, SHADE 20 MO.,49SH.!3 M0.49, SH.13 MO.24^SH.20f: liifiAiMi Crown Assortment No. 1. The dentist who buys less than 100 crowns at a time pays forty cents each, where the dentist who buys a case at a time and pays cash buys for thirty-three and three-quarter cents each. That six and a quarter cents seems small to some dentists but it is over 18 per cent, on the sum involved, three years' interest at six per cent., and is earned in a very short time. 341 CROWN ASSORTMENT NO. i. This assortment comprises one hundred crowns, either Twen- tieth Century or Dentsply, in the moulds and shades most frequent- ly used by dentists. It affords the dentist a working stock of crowns from which he can make selections "in the mouth". This method of selection not only economizes time and reduces the cost of porce- lain crowns to the dentist, but it permits much more satisfactory selection than any other method. It spares the dentist the necessity of taking an impression, making a model and going or sending to the dental depot for crowns. It enables the dentist to purchase his stock at less cost than when crowns are purchased singly. The introduction of this crown assortment was welcomed by the dental profession, and it has been extensively used. So great in fact has Its popularity proven, that It has been found desirable to arrange a Crown Assortment No. 2 to supplement this one In moulds and shades, and also Crown Assortment No. 713, which comprises 380 crowns. Descriptions of Assortments Number 2 and 713, follow: 342 PAIRS PAIRS PAIRS CENTRALS LATERALS CUSPIDS MOULD a^SHADE 8 MO.a6SH.IO M0.2I SH.I4 M0.26SH.8 •tiiiriri MOULD 56^SHADE9 MO.37SH.ll M0.26 SH.IO M0.56SH.9 MOULD3I SJHADE 10 M0.36 SH.8 M0.3Z SH.I I M0.5LSH.I0 ™ MOULD 48. SHADE 7 M0.5I SH.5 M0.46SH.5 M0.20 SH 15 ^ MOULD 28 SHADE II M0.5SH.I6 M0.53 SH.9 M0.48 SH.7 MOULD 30 SHADE 14 -M6.53SH.9 MO.IO SH.I6 M0.44SH.I6 MOULD 20 SHADE 15 MO. 54 5H.I4 M0.36 SH.8 M0.52.SH.I3 MOULD I! SHADE 16 M0.6.SH.20 M0.4i.SH.20 M0.30 SH.14 M0.7^SH.7 M0.8 SH.IO M0.3 SH.14 MO-9 SH.I6 MO.I0^SH.20 ' Crown Assortment No. 2. This Assortment is supplementary to No. 1 made up along the same general lines, but differing in moulds and shades and containing H) bicuspids in the most popular moulds. It is especially valuable to any dentist who has already purchased the No. 1 assortment. The combination gives him a usable stock of 200 crowns and enables him to handle crown cases quickly and satisfactorily. The question of economy as explained under No. ], ai)plies with added force to No. 2. 343 CROWN ASSORTMENT NO. 2. Crown Assortment No, i demonstrated that it is so much more advantageous in every way for the dentist to carry a well selected stock in his office and make his own selections "in the mouth", that It became necessary to arrange Assortment No. 2 in order to furnish dentists with moulds and shades additional to those in Crown As- sortment No. I. Crown Assortment No, 2 was therefore arranged to give the dentist a wider range of moulds and shades than could be had by the use of Assortment No, i. It greatly extends the dentist's ability to at once meet the requirement of any ordinary case, and enables him to effect economies in cases for which Assortment No. I was inadequate. It should be remembered that having on hand an adequate crown stock effects many economies for the dentist, and can in no wise be called an injudicious expense, though the sum invested is larger than it would be for a stock of inadequate size: The range of shades and moulds in Crown Assortments Nos. i and 2 will prove very useful to many dentists, though dentists who use many porcelain crowns may find it more advantageous to use Crown Assortment No. 713, a description of which follows: 344 CROWN ASSORTMENT NO. 713 In Twentieth Century Crowns OR . Dentsply Crowns The necessity for an adequate stock of porcelain crowns presents Itself to every busy dentist frequently. Crown Assortment No. 713, In beautiful Cabinet. Dentists who manage their practices on a business basis, and who realize the importance of economizing the moments of the working day, need such a stock. Its presence and use enables them to save enough time and to so increase their efficiency as to render the stock very profitable. 345 For instance, a patient unexpectedly comes in for a crown or two. If an impression must be taken and the crowns sent for, the value of time lost is likely to equal or exceed the cost of the crowns. If crowns can be selected immediately from the stock on hand, no time will be lost and the results are much more likely to be satis- factory. : OA CEMTRALS &LATERAi.S iATERALS <-V MOULD 48\ SHADE- iO H 46 SH 5 i^ ^W W^ ^■^' MQULMQ- f gtSDE;|w8JSi.M»-^SMi m^^^mj^-^ luJjJ. t§wfmm : IMJ** -'26 MOJiLft 5 ' SHADE- 1 6 M 45 *SH 7 J27 MOULD 20 -iSM-^OE- 20 ; M27 rSH '7%' »),D tATERA'Cs tATESAtS ^rERALS ■ ,i^O M50 SH 7 M64 SH 8 M 19 SH 8 ' 2S W t4 SH 9/ Maa SH 9 M53 SH 10 'JCJm' S2 SHj ' ;H56 5,H( L. , H 31 Stf ! ( ' Upper tray from the cabinet containing Crown Assortment No. 713. Methods of Selecting Crowns. Three methods are in common use. I. The first is to send or carry a model to a dental depot and for the dentist to select there or let his assistant or the tooth clerk 346 select. This method has all the disadvantages that any workable method can have. The plaster model does not give the shades of the adjoining teeth, and may not even show their characteristics well. It makes delicate blending of shades impossible. If the as- sistant or the tooth clerk selects the crown, neither has a fair chance to select well, because the model cannot show enough of the con- LS LATERALS i;-,; N3 M37 3H. ft^ i Jiiil !»••# ■ ' "alyiBHlLD 52 SnADE 13 M 15 SM 7 M 9 Sr< 7 f i • jjyy* <* f i t iiAi i • • « « 34.,. MOULti-|8 tr€'^'S»^ra?iP*****rt5'lSH5 M8 SH5 :> AA Mmlln'So ' SHADE 14 , M 5 SH 8 M 16 SH 6 44 MdULD"30 SHADE 14 f, MOULD „. 3- .. ,,;\. SHAO|, ,7,; J, ", M 7 SH 6 M13 SH7 45 MOULD 8 " ' SHADE 14 ■ M 7SM8.' MI6SH9 • ••••• • • • •. g^°|g|'^ ;;,";, ;'"^ 47 f«5ULO-t9 .^^.,?v,SBADE-.l5 - MSSHIQ M 10 SHIO- ^ ft s g • Aft ftSf i i i A i •(r4=.,.^ ■ M-8 ,SM8 ,Mr- ;S>2 8% 8 8% 7 8 6% 9 8 8% 7% 356 58 9 8% 6% 6% 8% 7 6 5 9% 8 7 6 355 * Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 350 TABLE OF TWENTIETH CENTURY CROWNS, ARRANGED BY SIZE. (AI^I, DIMENSIONS ARE IN MII,LIMETERS.) * CENTRALS. | LATERALS. | CUSPIDS. i. 1 < Neck Diameters. "a X! Neck Diameters. 7; 3 ?* Neck Diameters. o S.1 •S5 .2« SO 2 - ■S5 .6 a SO ■25 SO SHORT. 55 VK 7K 714 6 14 6% 54 74 5 7 64 74 6 353 12 T% 8 714 "" 7 6 6^4 54 8 7 74 6 353 47 8 6 14 6^4 514 74 54 6 5 8 6 7 54 353 13 8 7 714 7 74 5% 7 54 8 7 74 64 358 35 8K 8 V4 614 84, 64 64 54 9 74 64 6 358 18 81^ 8 14 8 8 8 64 74 6 9 8 8 7 358 7 9 7K 8 7 8 6 84 54 9 7 8 64 354 9 9 8 8 14 7 84 7 8 6 9 8 84 74 354 40 9 8 7 6 84 6 7 6 94 74 7 6 354 51 9 8 14 8 7 84 64 74 54 9 8 74 6 355 58 9 814 614 614 84, 7 6 5 94 8 7 6 355 39 9 8 14 7 7 9 6K 64 5 9 8 7 6 355 46 9 8K 7 6 14 9 614 7 5 9H 8 54 64 356 4 9 9 8 71/ 8M 64 74 6 9 8 8 7 356 57 914 9K 8^4 8 8^4 7 8 64 9 8 84 74 356 2 91/ 7 714 6 14 9K 64 74 6 10 74 84 644 357 22 91/ 714 8 6 14 9 54 7 44 9 7 8 6 357 34 9M 714 714 6 9 6 7 5 94 7 74 6 357 3 9M 8 8 714 9 74 74 6 9^4 84 84 74 359 11 9K 8 8 714 8«4 7 8 64 10 84 9 7 359 26 934 714 8 64 94 54 ' 74 5 94 7 8 6 359 56 9% 8K 7M 6% 9 6M 7 5)4 10 7K 7K 6K 360 MEDIUM. 23 10 71/; 8 64 10 54 7 5 94 74 714 6% 360 37 10 8 7 614 94 6 6 5 104 74 7 64 360 43 10 8 7 64 94 64 7 54 10 8 74 64 361 48 10 8 7 64 10 64 7 54 104 74 74 6 361 44 10 9 74 71/ 10 7 7 6 10 8 8 74 361 33 10 10 8 8 914 74 714 6 10 m. 74 7 362 10 104 8 81/ 7 94 ^y?. 8 6 104 74 8 7 362 19 104 9 84 8 10 7 74 6 10 8 84 7 362 38 104 94 714 7 10 74 7 64 104 8 74 64 363 50 104 9V. 8 7 10 74 8 6 i04 8 84 7 363 31 104 1V> 7 6 lOM 6 6 5 11 V4 V 6 363 1 1014 8 84 7 94 ^y?. 74 5% 10 '(% 8 7 364 53 1014 8 8 7 10 64 7 54 104 '{ 74 6 364 52 lOM 94 8 84 9K 7 74 6 10 84 8 74 364 14 10% 7 84 6 14 104 54 7 5 11 7 8 6 36b 27 10% 8 7 64 104 6 7 5 11 74 74 6J/2 365 8 10% 81/^ 8 14 74 104 7 8 64 114 8 9 7)4' 365 45 11 7 7 6 11 54 64 44 11 64 7 5 1 366 15 11 74 84 64 10 64 74 6 104 7 8 54 366 21 11 74 71/ 6 11 54 64 44 114 ^'A 74 54 366 28 11 8 71/ 7 104 64 7 5 11 7 74 ^ 1 367 20 11 81/ 8 71/ 10 64 74 6 11 74 84 7 ! 367 54 11 81/^ 8 61/ 104 7 84 54 104 7 84 6M 367 25 11 9 IX 8 8 104 74 8 6 11 8 8 64 368 5 114 8 9 74 11 7 8 64 11 74 9 7 368 * C)wing to the many processes involved in making- teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 351 TABLE OF TWENTIETH CENTURY CROWNS, ARRANGED BY ^\ZE. — {Contimied). {AI,L, DIMENSIONS ARE IN MII^I^IMETERS.) * CENTRALS. | LATERALS. CUSPIDS. 1 o 3 < Neck Diameters. r-'-S CI CI CS O Mi-T^ HTgco Neck Diameters. 3 5 Neck Diameters. "3 o §.1 .23 S.S go = .2 is C CO •23 ra !i O LONG. 17 11>^ 8 8^ 7 UK 7 8 6K UK 8 8 7K 368 29 UK 8 714 614 11 6 6^, 5 i\% 7K 7K ^% 369 42 ii>^ 9 7 7 11 K, 714 7H 5^, 12 8K 8 7 369 49 11 >^ 9/3 8 7 11 71/^, 7/. 6 11 K 9 8 7 369 32 11'/^ lOK 9 7H 10^, 7^, 8 6 11 K 8K 8 14 7 370 36 12 7/2 V14 6 11 K, 6 7 5 12 7K 7 6 370 6 12 9 8K 8 n% 7K 8 6K 12 m. m, 8 370 41 12 9% 7K 7 12 714 7 6 12K 9 8^4 7 371 30 13 8J4 8 7 12 K, 6% 7 5 12K 7% 714 6 371 24 13 9 9 7^2 12K 7 8 6 13K 8 9 7 371 * Owing^ to the many processes involved in making^ teeth, these measurements are subject to slight variations. 352 Twentieth Century Crowns UPPER ANTERIORS SHORT. MOULD 55. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 6^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 7^4 mrru, width, 7^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 71.3 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, G}^ mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 6 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 6% mm., width, SVz mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, iVs mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 6V2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 7 mm., width, 6^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7y2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 12. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 7 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 7 94 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7'^^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 6V2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 7 mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 6% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, SVs mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7yo mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 47. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, '71.4 mm., length of labial surface msasuring along surface, 8 mm., width G}^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 6 94 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5% mm. 353 Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 7 mm., length of labial surface imeasuring along surface, TVa mm., width, 5^A mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 6 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, iVz mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8 mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5V^ mm. 7 V »iililPU\..J'4,_^ MOULD 7. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mim., width, 7H mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8 mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8Vi mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5V2 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 8^/4 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, eVa mm. MOULD 9. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, S% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 7yo mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, SVa mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, SVa mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, SVg mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7y2 mm. MOULD 40. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along, surface, 9 mm., width 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of 354 labial surface measuring along surface, 8'/4 mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-la?jial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, Q'/a mm., width, TVs mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 51. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, SVo mm., width, eVs mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, iVz mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, SVa mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, SVz mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, lYz mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 58. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8M mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8}^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, GYz mm., mesio-distal diameter at: neck, 6^ mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8% mm., width, 7 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 6 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9^2 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. 39 MOULD 39. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8}^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. 355 Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, QV^ mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 6V3 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 46. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8li mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 3'^ mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 6V2 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9^2 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6V2 mm. MOULD 4. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length o£ labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 9 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, sy2 mm., width, GVs mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 8^^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 57. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9M mm., width, 9^i mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8?4 mm., mesio-distal diameter ati neck, 8 mm. , Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8% mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6V3 mm. 356 Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 8% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, S'/o mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7V^ mm. 3 \j I i"'U^ MOULD 2. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, B% mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, G% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, SVa mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9V2 mm., width, eVs mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7^4 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9V2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, iVs mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 8Vi mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, Q% mm. MOULD 22. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, dli mm., width, 7% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6J4 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm, length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 5V2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mim., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 4% mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. 34 MOULD 34. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, QYz mm., width, 7^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8V:> mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, SVs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 91/4 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7V4 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. 357 MOULD 13. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 7 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 7 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lyi mm., width, 5^ mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5^ mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 7^ .mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6^ mm.. MOULD 35. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8^/^ mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6^ mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8^2 mm., width, 6^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 6J/^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5^ mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 7^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 6^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 18, Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, lYz mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8^4 mm., width, 854 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 8 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 7^2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8 mm., width, 6^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. 358 MOULD 3. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8^^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, d^z mm., width, 8 mm,, linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 % mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 7^/4 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7Vi mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, QYi mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9% mm., width, SVs mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 8V4 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7Mj mm. MOULD 11. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, S% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, d^z nim., width^ 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 71.^ mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 8 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 8% mm., width, 7 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, SVa mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8V2 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 9 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 26. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, d% mm., width, 7^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 % mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface .measuring along surface, dVz mm., width, 5% mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7Vr3 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9% mm., width, 7 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. 359 MOULD 66. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9% mm., width, 8M mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 694 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9 mm., width, 6^2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, sYs mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, lYa mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, iVz mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. MEDIUM. 23 MOULD 23. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 7 % mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, G% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, QYs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm,, width, SVs mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9^4 mm., length of labial surface measuring- along surface, dVz mm., width, T^A mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, iVz mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. MOULD 37. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, d}i mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6}i mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, QVz mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 6 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, IOV2 mm., width, 7^/2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6V4 mm. 360 MOULD 43. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9],^ mnx, length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6M mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, QVo mm., width, 6^2 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5^/4 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: A^ertical length of labial surface, 9V2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7y4 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6^4 mm. MOULD 48. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 M mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9V2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 6% mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, SVo mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9V2 mm., length of labial surface .measuring along surface, lOVg mm., width, 7V2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7Vo mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. MOULD 44, Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 9 mm. linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. Dimensions, of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9Vz mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9^^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7Vi mm. 361 33 MOULD 33. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 10 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 8 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9% mm., width, TVg mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, TVg mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9y2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, SVs mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7V2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 10. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9*^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 M mm., width, 8( mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8^^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9^/4 mm., width, 6% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10%: mm., width, 7^2 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 19. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9)^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 M mm., width, 9 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8M mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 8 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9^2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^/2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. .362 MOULD 38. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 101^4 mm., width, 93.4 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^/4 mm,, mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 7^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, S^A mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVi mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, lyo mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. 50 MOULD 50. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, ^^^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 1.4 mm., width, 9*^. mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, QVo mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 7^/^ mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10y2 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 8% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. 3 3 ly u MOULD 31. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10^/^ mm., width, 7^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVa mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 6 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, lOYs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7% mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. 363 MOULD 1. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9^^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 ^-^ mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 3-4 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9^/4 mm., width, 6V2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, iVz mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5% mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9V2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 7% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 53. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 9% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 103'^ mm,, width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, QVz mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 6V2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5% mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVs mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 52. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, QYz mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10% mm., width, 9H mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 8 34 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9V2 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, iVs mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 9% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, 8V2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. 364 MOULD 14. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 94 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 14 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, Q},2 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, QVo mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, IG^A mm., width, 5% mm., linguo- labial diameter at ndck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 27. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 91^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along suriace, 10 94 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6V2 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10^/4 mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7V2 mm. mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. MOULD 8. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 94 mm., width, 8}>^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8^4 nim., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, dVz mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10^/4 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6l^ mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, IOV2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, IVA mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 9 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7^^ mm. 365 MOULD 45. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10^4 mm., length of labial surface measuring -along surface, 11 mto., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, S^A mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, eVg mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 4% mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10V4 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., w^idth, 6^/2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. MOULD 15. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7M mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, eVa mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7V2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, QV^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10^^ mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 ,mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5V2 mm. MOULD 21. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7M mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 5^A mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, eVo mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 4cVz mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11% mm., width, dVz mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, lYz mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, SVs mm. 366 MOULD 28. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length or labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 71.2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, O'/o mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVs mm., width, 6^4 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10y2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7V2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 20. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, S}^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, QVs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, eVa mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, iVs mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, SVs mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 54. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 J^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, S% mm., Knguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVg mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5M3 nim. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10% mm., width, 7 mm., lingual-labial diameter at neck, S'/i mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, dVa mm. 367 35 MOULD 25. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 ^2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 9^^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 8 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVs mm., width, TVs mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, lOVs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6% mm. MOULD 5. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 M mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 9 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, eVa mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 7% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 9 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. LONG. MOULD 17. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 113-4 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8^^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, lOVs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, llVs mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, eVa ,mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, lOVs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, llVs mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, lYs mm. 368 MOULD 29. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11^2 mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7M mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6M mm. Dimensions of lateral^: vertical length of labial surface, IOM2 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, G'/j mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, lOVs inm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, ll^A mm., width, 7V2 mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, lY^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6^/4 mm. MOULD 42. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 J-^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 113-4 mm., width, 9 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, llVs mm., width, 7%, mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7^/4 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5% mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 13 mm., width, 8V2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. 4 9 MOULD 49. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10i>4 mm., length of labial surface measuring, along surface, 113^4 mm., width, 9% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, IOV3 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 mm., width, lYs mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7ya mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11% mm., width, 9 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. 369 32 MOULD 32. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11 ^^ mm., width, lOM mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 9 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7% mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVa mm., width, 7% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cttspids: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, llMj mm., width, 8% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, SV^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 36. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 1^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12 mm., width, 7}^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, lOVs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, llVa mm., width, 6 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12 mm., width, 7^2 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 6. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 1^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12 mm., width, 9 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, S% mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 8 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 10 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 11% mm., width, 7iA mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6y2 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, llVg mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12 mm., width, 872 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8^2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 8 mm. 370 MOULD 41. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 11 ^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12 mm., width, 9% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7'^i mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 11 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12 mm., width, 7^/4 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 12 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12'/^ mm., width, 9 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8^^ mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. MOULD 30. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 12 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 13 mm., width, S}>^ mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 12 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12% mm., width, 6% mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 12^/4 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12% mm., width. 7% mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7V2 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. MOULD 24. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 12 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 13 mm., width, 9 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 9 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7^^ mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 11^/^ mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 12y2 mm., width, 7 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 8 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 6 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, 1.'] mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 13% mm., width, 8 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 9 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 7 mm. 371 Twentieth Century Crowns LOWER ANTERIORS MOULD 64. Dimensions of centrals: vertical length of labial surface, 8% mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 9% mm., width, 5 mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, 6 f4 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 4 ^ mm. Dimensions of laterals: vertical length of labial surface, 9 mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, 10 mm., width, SVs mm., linguo-labial diameter at neck, eVs mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 4 mm. Dimensions of cuspids: vertical length of labial surface, QVs mm., length of labial surface measuring along surface, lOVo mm., width, QVz mm., linguo- labial diameter at neck, 7 mm., mesio-distal diameter at neck, 5 mm. TABLE OF TWENTIETH CENTURY BICUSPID CROWNS. (AIvL DIMENvSIONS ARE IN MII,I,IMKTERS.) * 1 Mesio-distal diameter at ROOT DIAMETERS Cut and description Mould No. contact points I,abio-lingual. Mesio-distal on page 1 1st 2nd 10 10 8 8K 5 572 374 374 2 1st 2nd 10 10 7M 8M: 9 6 374 374 3 1st 2nd 8 8 7 7 9M 6M 6K 375 375 4 1st 2nd 8 8 7 7 8 8 6 6 375 375 5 1st 2nd 8 8 6 6K 8 8 5K 5y2 376 376 6 1st 2nd 8 8 6 6 7 7 5 5 376 376 7 1st 2nd 6K 6M 7 7 8 7 377 377 8 1st 2nd 7 7 6M 7 7H 8 5M 6 377 377 9 1st 2nd 9 9 7 7 8 8 6 6 378 378 10 1st 2nd 9 9 6M 6M 8 8 5^2 378 378 11 1st 2nd 8 8M 7M 8 9 10 7 7>t 379 379 12 1st 2nd 8K 8 7 8 9 9V2 7 7>^ 379 379 * Owing to the many processes involved in making teeth; slight variations. 372 these measurements are subject to TABLE OF TWENTIETH CENTURY BICUSPID CROWNS. ( Contitiued. ) (AIvI, DIMENSIONS ARE IN MIL,UMETERS.) * Mould No. Bicuspid Length Mesio-distal diameter at ROOT DIAMETERS Cut and description contact points I 97 99 27 lOM 40 8M 99 101 68 9 42 5M 98 97 17 9 41 5J^ 98 96 90 103^ 42 ^'A 99 104 21 9^ 43 6 55 102 19 lOM 43 6 99 104 15 9% 42 6 98 97 16 10 42 4M 55 103 89 10 42 7 55 98 4 10 43 4M 97 102 51 11 42 7K 99 104 13 10 43 7 55 104 70 9K 44 6K 98 99 36 9 43 6 55 102 6 10 45 5M 99 106 8 12 45 7K 100 110 44 8M 45 5M 98 100 11 10 43 5K 97 102 20 10 44 6K 99 105 22 9% 45 6 97 104 5 10 44 6K 99 105 2 10)^ 45 6>^ 99 106 35 loy^ 45 7K 99 107 7 lOKs 45 7M 99 106 88 10 45 6H 99 106 65 11 46 6>^ 99 107 74 13>^ 46 9 A50 104 10 11 M 45 8 100 110 23 10 45 6 99 106 103 11 M 47 9 99 108 12 11 46 G'A 99 107 78 UK 46 m 100 111 47 lOM 47 6 99 108 9 10^3 45 7K 99 106 50 13 47 8K A50 109 87 11 46 8K 100 111 45 12 49 7 100 114 104 11 48 8K 100 113 48 9% 48 7 99 100 93 13 49 9 93 114 383 UPPER MOUIvDS FOR I 'ARTIAL CASES ONI^Y Mould No. IvCng-th of Central Approxitnate width 6 anteriors set on Bonwill Circle Combined Bite and Shut of Central 91 11 42 5 40 11 44 7 38 12 45 6M 28 11 45 5 71 lOH 42 53^ 56 12 45 8 54 15 46 13 49 12 48 7 69 10^3 48 6 101 12 49 9K 64 12 50 7 75 9% 50 6 83 15M 52 13 84 113^ 53 8 IvOWER MOULDS FOR FUEI. AND PARTIAI, CASES Mould No. I^eng-th Approximate width 6 anteriors set up Combined Bite and Shut of Central 52 8 32 5^ 14 9 32 63^ 25 12 33 9 67 9M 33 7 27 83^^ 34 4 39 10 34 7^ 10 9M 35 63^ A5 9H 37 73^ 3 10 35 6 51 10 35 8 74 13 36 9 103 10^ 36 W2 78 11 37 7 A50 12 36 7 87 11 41 8Ji 93 123^ 41 93^ 19 10 41 7 B^ 1.0 WER MOUEDS FOR PARTI AE CASE :S ONEY Mould No. X,ength Approximate width 6 anteriors set up Combined Bite and Shut of Central 35 123^ 33 10 23 16^ 33 11 33 13^ 34 11 34 123^ 35 10 8 10 34 7 70 8^ 36 43^ 11 12 36 8 22 143^ 36 10 16 11 35 83^ 5 11 37 7^ 65 10^ 37 6 20 16 38 14 13 14 40 11^ Al 12 43 8 18 11 42 63^ 384 It Is believed that these moulds meet most of the requirements of cases needing full dentures. Dentists who do not carry Assort- ments 610-710-1010 or 1210 and must order from the depot are advised to accept the cardlngs here offered so far as possible, be- cause dental depots generally carry the teeth carded as here shown, and can most promptly and satisfactorily fill orders for these card- lngs. Other cardlngs can be had on order, but it Is sometimes neces- sary for the depot to order them, and this causes delay. These moulds are, of course, furnished In partial sets for partial cases. The Anteriors for Partial Cases. Partial cases are laws unto themselves and often require dif- ferent teeth than would be selected for full dentures for the same person. From our long line of moulds, certain ones have been selected by dentists as best meeting the requirements of partial cases. And these moulds, uppers and lowers are here Included. The numbers of the upper moulds are : 9 1 -40-2 8-3 8-5 6-54-49-69-7 1- 1 01-75-64-83-84. The numbers of the lower moulds are : 35-33-23-34-22-20-A1-8- 11-16-5-65-13-18. No articulations between these uppers and lowers. These uppers and lowers are not given here as articulating, because the selection of anterior teeth for partial cases Is governed by the widths of the spaces to be filled. As was said above, these special moulds for partial sets are included because they are preferred for this purpose by a great number of dentists. Of these lower anteriors, moulds 35-33-23-34-22-20-Ai are made and carded as anteriors only. If they are ordered in connec- tion with bicuspids and molars to make full sets. It will be necessary for them to be carded by the depot or by us. Moulds 8-1 1-16-5-65-13-18 can be furnished as full sets, in full pin teeth or as Combination Sets, on demand. Dentists are advised not to use these moulds for ordering full sets unless satisfied that none of the moulds for full sets Is satis- factory. 385 .^^, "Old Forms" in Bicuspids For Partial Cases. ; oaWhile it is generally accepted that the anatomical moulds in bicuspids and molars are superior to the "old moulds" partial den- ture cases occasionally require bicuspids of lengths or widths or thickness which cannot be found in the anatomical bicuspids. To meet these requirements, a line of bicuspids in the old moulds is included. The moulds range from the very small bicuspids in upper mould 42 to the very large bicuspids in mould 84, and the very long bicuspids of mould 93. By the use of these moulds, almost any requirement of practice may be satisfactorily met. The upper and lower bicuspids are not given here as articulating. The necessities of partial denture making compel the dentist to select teeth of proper size for the space, and to grind them to articula- tion if necessary. Anatomical Bicuspids and Molars. The bicuspids and molars suggested for full dentures are in the well known anatomical moulds of The Dentists' Supply Company, which critics in the profession generally concede to be unequalled. These moulds are here carded in order of width. While the combinations of anteriors and posteriors suggested above will be found satisfactory in most cases, this Mould Guide permits the dentist to combine such anteriors and posteriors as best meet the conditions of any case. Upper and lower bicuspids and molars of the same mould number should always be chosen, that is upper ^^ and lower ^^, and not upper ^^ and lower 98. Upper and lower bicuspids and molars of the same mould number are carved to articulate, but uppers of one number will not articulate with lowers of another number. That is upper mould ^^ will not articulate with lower mould 98. Saddleback Bicuspids and Molars. In certain cases, especially partial dentures, the closeness of the bite prohibits the use of teeth of the usual form and thickness. In such cases the saddleback moulds here included will be found very useful. Upper moulds 4 and 17, for instance are very shallow. Care must be taken to specify that vulcanite saddleback teeth are desired since we make also saddleback facings with platinum pins. 386 The Use of This Mould Guide With 7 io-i 010-1210 Assortments. The dentist who has on hand one of the larger vulcanite Assort- ments of The Dentists' Supply Company will reap the greatest ad- vantages in the making of full dentures from the use of this Guide. For, having selected from the sample teeth in the Guide just those he requires, he can at once select the teeth from his Assortment and proceed with the case. This applies with equal force to the dentist who sends his den- tures to the laboratory. He may improve the very unusual advan- tages mentioned in the next paragraph, and send just the desired teeth to the laboratory. In this way, he will secure the finest effects possible to him. Possibilities of Artistic Selection. The dentist who wishes to select teeth to produce artistic effects, will revel in the opportunities afforded by this Guide. Here, ready to his hand, are 44 upper moulds and 14 lowers for full cases. They represent different types, with different outlines, bulge, slope and labial markings. There are lap lateral moulds like 51 and 27, and many straight lateral moulds. What an opportunity this offers the dentist to change a tooth here and there, to put a lap lateral on one side and a straight lateral on the other, to change cuspids between two moulds like 19 and 90, and get the advantages of the slight but very real differences. And what an opportunity it offers the dentist to develop himself in artistic perception and selection. This changing of moulds can be best accomplished by the dentist who has on hand a stock of teeth from which he can make changes after they have been determined upon by the use of this Guide. The Economics of Such Selection. The teeth for any vulcanite case can be selected more quickly and perfectly from this Vulcanite Mould Guide, than in any other way. The time saved over the usual methods of selection will soon pay for this Vulcanite Mould Guide. 387 This use of this Guide is preferable to the use of the depot stock, because it simplifies selection. The teeth are here all of a shade so that no confusion results from seeing many shades. There is only one set of each mould so that selection is further simplified. Only the moulds most generally approved are shown, so distraction of attention by "extreme" moulds is avoided. Experience with similar Guides at our retail tooth counters shows that teeth may be more quickly, conveniently and satisfac- torily selected by means of this Guide. We offer other Guides of similar character in Porcelain Crowns, and in Facings. Information concerning these other guides will be furnished on request or the Guides may be ordered from your dealer, or direct from us if the order is accompanied by a remittance to the value of the Guide. The vulcanite moulds here shown are furnished in: Twentieth Century Teeth, full pin; Twentieth Century Combination Sets; Solila Teeth, full pin; Solila Combination Sets; Dentsply Teeth, full pin; Dentsply Combination Sets. 388 Mould Guide For Vulcanite Teeth of The Dentists' Supply Company TWENTIETH CENTURY, SOLILA .Gold PIn.i DENTSPLY Pl.,l,„um P,„. ^nd CmmbINATION SCTS ^^iiiiif MMM IMilf 91 Itiiif 42MA1^ 98 er^^^^m^ ^« §tt §§§ 44^^ 97 I ntftt 27MM 99 C&»«»**r$. 22 »«»*100 |^*>*M*#k^ 23 MA* rfJMRCTI T T T,f TO!J->1 >! y ^»f iiif i^iiiiii ^^liii* mmit 9|i*iiii .0 #4##A93mi#f#|ipfi ffffff ^^ f fffff 13 ffiifr 93 ffffff Ai ffffff 19 ffffff 18 fiifi ffWf ffiff ffffff ffffff fffir ffii 64i*ii 2,i^ •#»*•»*»«»« Q ^^^^ 12 ^^^§%^0^m iiffff 'SAODLEaACKS LOWER i2###tio«iii#»##mi 389 GENERAL INDEX. A ANATOMICAL MOULDS, Carded with Certain Anteriors 36 " in the Assortments 49 " in the Several Forms of Teeth 49 " Plain Lower Vulcanite, Cuts and Description 125-129 " Upper " " " " 71-91 " 42 Upper and 13 Lower Anteriors 37 " Sizes of 36 What They Are For 33 Anchorages, How They Avoid Cracking the Porcelain 54 Articulation Chart for Assortment 610 41 for Assortment 1210 42 Artificial Tooth Terms 59 Assortments 610 (Illus.) 41 710 (Illus.) 44 713 (Illus.) 345-349 1010 (Illus.) 45-47 1210 42 Assortments, Advantages of 39-48 Assortments in Vulcanite Teeth 39 B Baked-in Composition Pin Teeth 57 Bicuspids and Molars with Half Cusps, Plain Vulcanite Upper 116-117 " to Shade in, and Molars 41-42 Bonwill Circle, Setting Teeth on the, 63 Chart of Gum Vulcanite Teeth with Terms for Ordering, 204 Chart, Articulating, for Assortment 610 41 for Assortment 1210 42 Chart, Comparative Shade 31 " of Plain Vulcanite Teeth 70 Combination of Anteriors and Posteriors 41-42 Crown Assortment No. 1 (Illus.) 341-342 Crown Assortment No. 2 (Illus.) 343-344 Crown Assortment No. 713 (Illus.) 345-349 Crown Assortment (Dentsply) 349 Crown Post Facts 324-329 Crowns, How to Select Stock of 339 Crowns, Porcelain, Selecting and Setting, 308-341 Cuspids, Special, Moulds 302-305 D Dentsply Crown Assortment No. 713 349 Dentsply Facings, Short Moulds 247-262 390 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FAONGS 226-336 " " " Bicuspids and Molars 293-296 " " Bicuspids and Molars (Pointed Pins) 285-292 " " " Lowers 244, 300-301 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS, Uppers, Long Moulds, Long and Wide 280-284 " Medium Moulds, Me- dium Long and Narrow 269-272 " Medium Long and Medium Wide ...272-275 " " " " " Medium Long and Wide 275-280 " " " " " Short Moulds, Short and Narrow 263-865 " " " " " Short Moulds, Short and Wide 268 Dentsply Platinum Pin Facing, Table of Uppers 237-243 Dentsply Platinum Pin Facing, Special Cuspid Moulds 303-305 Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings 213-220 " " " " Handy Facing Assortment, No. 228 217 " " " " Mould Guide 221 Directions for Articulating the Teeth 42 E Economic Advantages of Assortments 48 Economies in Selecting 219, 335, 339 F FACINGS, Dentsply. See under Dentsply Facings. Hints Regarding Use of 226-236 " Measurement of 235-236 " Selecting by means of Dentsply Pointed Pin Facing Mould Guide 221-225 G Getting Dimensions in Millimeters 22, 23 Gum Vulcanite Moulds in Twentieth Century, Solila and Dentsply Teeth. . . .160-212 Gum Vulcanite Teeth, Chart of, with Terms for Ordering 204 H Handy Facing Assortment No. 228 in Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings 217 Hints Regarding Selection of Lower Teeth 118-120 How to Articulate Anteriors 41-42 How to Use Tables for Tooth Measurements 25 L Length of Teeth 61 Lower Moulds, Obtaining Dimension for. 120 391 M Measuring Dimensions with tlie Millimeter 23-33 Measuring Facings 335 Microscopic Inspection of Teeth 53 Mould Guide, Pointed Pin Facing 231 Moulds, Color and Shade 320-323 Ordering 224 Moulds, Gum Vulcanite, New 193 Uppers 160-165 MOULDS, PLAIN VULCANITE, Lower 118-154 " " " Upper, Short and Narrow 71-74 " " " Short and Medium Wide 74-75 " " " " Medium Long and Narrow 75-80 Medium Long and Medium Wide 81-89 Long 90-91 Table of 65-69 Moulds, Selecting by means of the Divider 314 O Obtaining Dimensions for Lower Moulds 120 Ordering Moulds 204, 224 Outline of Teeth 63 Pins, Mechanical Advantages of Soldering in 55 Pins, Measurement of Platinum and Composition 55 Pins, Baked-in Composition 57 PLATINUM, Advance in Price of 51 " How It Came to be Used for Tooth Pins 50 Pin Facings, Lowers (Pointed Pin) 297-299 ,. " " " Special Cuspid Moulds 302-303 Porcelain Crowns — How to Select and Set 308-341 Sample Moulds : 311 R Rest Line 17 Ridge-lap 24 Saddleback Bicuspid and Molars 155 Saddleback Facings with Painted Pins, Uppers and Lowers 306-307 Sample Moulds of Dentsply Pointed Pin Facings (lUus.) 221 Sections of Natural Upper Cuspids 330-331 Sections of Upper Laterals 332-334 Selecting by means of Dentsply Pointed Pin Facing Mould Guide 221-225 Setting Teeth on the Bonwill Circle 63 Shade Guide, Twentieth Century, How to Use 29-33 Shades of Teeth 43-63 392 SOLILA TEETH 58 , Gum Vulcanite Moulds in 206 Special Cuspid Moulds 302-305 Stock of Crowns, How to Select 339 Strength of Teeth 60 TEETH, Translucency of 59 Strength of 60 Shades of 60 " Moulds of 61 Length of 61 Width of 62 " Thickness of 62 " Outline of 63 Teeth, Baked-in Composition Pin 57 " Plain Lower Vulcanite (not Anatomical) Cuts, Description 130-154 (Anatomical Moulds) 125-129 " Plain Vulcanite Uppers, Anatomical Moulds 71-91 " Selection of Lower 118-120 " Setting on the Bonwill Circle 63 " Solila 58 Thickness of Teeth 62 To Shade in Bicuspids and Molars 41-42 TWENTIETH CENTURY CROWNS 372 " " " Arranged Numerically and by Sizes 350-352 Assortment No. 713 349 Bicuspids 374-381 TWENTIETH CENTURY CROWNS, Upper Anteriors, Short 353-360 Long 368-374 " " " Lower Anteriors 372 Method of Selecting Teeth 17-30 " " Principle, How It Came to be Used in Tooth Making 50-57 Shade Guide 32 How to Use 29 " " Vulcanite Teeth, Gum Lowers 206-212 Tables 205 Gum Uppers 166-193-198-204 " " " " Plain Lowers in 6's 155 " " Plain Vulcanite, Upper, Cuts and Description (not Anatomical) 92-116 " " " " Plain Upper Vulcanite, Anatomical Moulds . . . 71-91 V Vulcanite Gum Moulds 160 Vulcanite Teeth, Gum Uppers 166-19 Vulcanite Teeth, Table of Plain Vulcanite Upper Moulds 65-69 W Width of Teeth 62 393 PORCELAIN TOOTH PRODUCTS OF THE DENTISTS' SUPPLY COMPANY. Twentieth Century Teeth — Plain Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain — soldered pins throughout) Twentieth Century Combination Sets (Twentieth Century Anteriors — pinless backs) Twentieth Century Teeth — Gum Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain — soldered pins throughout) SoLiLA Teeth — Plain Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain, reinforced gold pins, gold sold- ered to platinum anchorages) SoLiLA Combination Sets — Plain Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain — gold pin anteriors — pinless backs) SoLiLA Teeth — Gum Vulcanite (Gold pins throughout) Dentsply Platinum Pin Teeth — Plain Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain — Platinum pins throughout) Dentsply Combination Sets — Plain Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain — platinum pin anteriors — pinless backs) Dentsply Platinum Pin Teeth — Gum Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain — platinum pins throughout) Dentsply Combination Sets — Gum Vulcanite (Twentieth Century Porcelain — platinuin pin anteriors — ^pinless backs) Dentsply Diatoric Teeth — Plain Vulcanite Dentsply Diatoric Teeth — Gum Vulcanite Dentsply Platinum Pin Facings (Twentieth Century Porcelain — long pins, pointed or blunt) Twentieth Century Crowns (Twentieth Century Porcelain — fixed posts) Dentsply Croons (Twentieth Century Porcelain — detached posts) SoLiLA Crowns, with Fixed Posts (Reinforced pure gold posts, gold soldered to platinum anchor- ages) 394 INDEX TO TABLES. PAGE PLAIN VULCANITE MOULDS, UPPERS, With Anatomical Bicuspids and Molars 65-66 " " " " Not Regularly Comprising Anatomical Bicuspids and Molars 66-67 " " " , " Arranged Numerically .... 68-69 PLAIN VULCANITE MOULDS, LOWERS, Comprising Anatomical Bi- cuspids and Molars 121-122 " " " " Arranged Numerically 123-124 PLAIN LOWER MOULDS IN 6's, Anteriors Only 124 GUM VULCANITE MOULDS, UPPERS, Arranged Numerically 162-165 " " " " Gum Uppers, 4's Front 198 GUM VULCANITE MOULDS, LOWERS, Arranged Numerically 205 " " " " Arranged by Size 205 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS, UPPERS, Arranged Numeri- cally, in Tables of 6's showing centrals, laterals and cuspids 237-239 " " " " Arranged by Size. 240-243 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS, LOWERS, Arranged Numeri- cally 244 " " " " " Arranged by Size. 244 DENTSPLY PLATINUM PIN FACINGS, BICUSPIDS AND MOLARS, Arranged by Size 245 CUSPIDS IN PAIRS, Dimensions in Millimeters 246 TWENTIETH CENTURY CROWNS, Arranged Numerically 351 TWENTIETH CENTURY CROWNS, Arranged by Size. 351-352 TWENTIETH CENTURY CROWNS, BICUSPIDS, Arranged Numeri- cally 372 395 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES (hsi.stx) RK 656 D43 1914 C.1 2002386321 RKe56 Dentists* supply co. D43 1914 OCT 1 3 1927