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 !aj5 zsTHE LIBRARIES 
 
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 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 Avery Library 
 
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Louisville furnishes about one fourth 
 of the natural cement 
 used in the United States. 
 
 A LOUISVILLE CEMENT MILL. 
 
 2 
 
LOUISVILLE CEMENT 
 
 OUISVILLE CEMENT is made from Argillo- 
 Magnesian Limestone, found only within a radius 
 of a few miles from the city from which its name 
 is derived, without the admixture of other sub- 
 stances, and is therefore a natural cement. 
 
 The superior reputation given to Louisville 
 Cement by engineers and architects who have 
 made practical tests of it, is due to its uniformity, 
 constancy of volume, hydraulic activity, and 
 hydraulic energy, and the large and increasing demand 
 for it during the past thirty years, where strength and 
 durability are desired, is a sufficient guarantee of its merit. 
 
 Annual Scales of Louis-Ville Cement for "Past 
 l 'Shirty years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1870 . . 
 
 . 320,150 
 
 1881 . 
 
 1871 . . 
 
 . 377,961 
 
 1882 . 
 
 1872 . . 
 
 . 375,970 
 
 1883 . 
 
 1873 . . 
 
 . 425,867 
 
 1884 . 
 
 1874 . 
 
 . 364,043 
 
 1885 . 
 
 1875 . . 
 
 . 330,029 
 
 1886 . 
 
 1876 . . 
 
 . 286,215 
 
 1887 . 
 
 1877 . . 
 
 . 287,042 
 
 1888 . 
 
 1878 . . 
 
 . 313,370 
 
 1889 . 
 
 1879 . . 
 
 . 350,625 
 
 1890 . 
 
 1880 . . 
 
 . 382,118 
 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 554,214 
 
 1891 . 
 
 . . 1,393,009 
 
 628,698 
 
 1892 . 
 
 . . 1,714,668 
 
 864,055 
 
 1893 . 
 
 . . 1,650,351 
 
 828,794 
 
 1894 . 
 
 . . 1,653,976 
 
 773,112 
 
 1895 . 
 
 . 1,675,191 
 
 
 1896 . 
 
 . . 1,525,202 
 
 1,189,110 
 
 1897 . 
 
 . . 1,469,379 
 
 1,180,877 
 
 1898 . 
 
 . . 1,473,395 
 
 1,338,464 
 
 1899 . 
 
 . . 1,766,589 
 
 1,533,519 
 
 1900 . 
 
 . . 2,543,000 
 
 More Louisville Cement has been consumed west of the Allegheny 
 Mountains than all other cements combined. 
 
 3 
 
All kinds of street pavements 
 
 are successfully laid on 
 
 Louisville Cement concrete foundation. 
 
 EAST OHIO STREET, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 
 Louisville Cement concrete base, for wooden block pavement. 
 
 4 
 
ECONOMY IN Tl IE USE OE CEMENT 
 
 .jt 
 
 The most important qualities of all building materials are cheap- 
 ness, strength, and durability. As cement is so generally employed 
 in almost all kinds of construction, it may be interesting to note the 
 economy and adaptability in the use of Louisville Cement in the 
 construction of foundations of all kinds, and in all structures where 
 either large or small masses of concrete are used. 
 
 It is a well-known fact, which has been established by many 
 investigators, that the strength of Louisville Cement mortar in- 
 creases for an indefinite length of time. This fact can also be 
 demonstrated by an examination of many structures which were 
 built entirely with Louisville Cement from thirty to seventy years 
 ago, in which the mortar is now harder than the natural rock. 
 
 Mortars made from artificial cements attain their ultimate 
 strength in from one to three years, and beyond that time the 
 increase in strength, if any, is very small. A Louisville Cement 
 mortar, mixed in the proportion of one part of cement to one part 
 of sand, is, after six months, of equal strength with an artificial 
 cement mortar mixed in the proportion of one part of cement to 
 three parts of sand. 
 
 Mortars of Equal Strength. 
 
 Louijxjille. One to One 
 
 3.75 barrels, at 70 cents, $2 61 
 
 .58 cubic yards sand, at ft. 00, 58 
 
 $3 10 
 
 'Portland. One to Xjhree 
 
 3 barrels, at $1.70, $3 40 
 
 .9 cubic yards sand, at $1.00, 90 
 
 $4 30 
 
 Cojt Per Cubic $?ard 
 
 Portland, one to three $4 30 
 
 Louisville, one to one, 3 19 
 
 Difference in favor of Louisville, $111 
 
 These mortars are of equal strength, and, therefore, of equal 
 value in construction work of any kind. If Louisville Cement is 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 mixed in the usual proportion of one cement to two of sand, the 
 difference will be still greater in favor of Louisville. 
 
 It is now being claimed that it is as economical to use artificial 
 cement as Louisville in the construction of concrete foundations, 
 but the fallacy of this claim can be easily ascertained by any one 
 who will take the trouble to investigate it. As above shown, even 
 with mortars of equal strength there is a great economy in the use 
 of Louisville over artificial cement, and in large structures the differ- 
 ence in cost will amount to many thousands of dollars. 
 
 The diagrams herewith are taken from Prof. Ira O. Baker's 
 "Treatise on Masonry Construction, ” * and show the relative 
 
 FROM BAKERS MASONRY CONSTRUCTION 
 
 ♦ A Treatise on Masonry Construction, by Ira O. Baker, Professor of Civil Engireerirg, Uni- 
 versity of Illinois, published by John Wiley & Sons. 43-45 East Nineteenth Street, New York City. 
 
 6 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 strengths of artificial and natural cement mortars with various vol- 
 umes of sand, up to one year of age. 
 
 These diagrams show that natural cement mortar, mixed one 
 cement to one sand, is equal in strength, at the age of six months, 
 to artificial cement mortar, one cement to three sand. 
 
 They also show that the greater the proportion of sand, the nearer 
 the strength of natural cement approaches that of artificial, and if 
 the comparison could be carried to a greater age, say five years, it 
 would show that the natural cement gained strength much more 
 rapidly after one year than the artificial. 
 
 Prof. Baker says on page 98 of his new edition of “Masonry 
 Construction “ If a strength of about 370 pounds per square inch 
 after six months is sufficient, natural cement is the cheaper. Nearly 
 all carefully conducted tests of the strength of cement mortar, six 
 months old or over, give a similar result, except that the above 
 limit is usually between 300 and 350 pounds. A considerable change 
 in prices does not materially alter the result, and hence the conclu- 
 sion may be drawn that if a strength of 300 to 350 pounds per square 
 inch at six months is sufficient, natural cement is more econom- 
 ical than Portland.” 
 
 On this subject Mr. Uriah Cummings, an acknowledged authority 
 on cements, says in his work on American Cements: “If the 
 cement-using public could be brought to realize that one year is but 
 the beginning of the test, that the real trial is but fairly started, and is 
 on so long as the work endures in which the cement is used, if it were 
 understood that after five years not one engineer in a hundred can 
 tell either by simply looking at a wall laid in cement, or by the 
 use of the hammer, whether the cement used was Rock (natural! 
 or Portland Cement, and if it were known that it is a fact that when 
 we have occasion to blast out old concrete laid in Rock (natural) 
 Cement twenty-five years before, we find it as hard as any rock, 
 and if it were possible for the public to become as familiar with 
 three to live years’ tests as they are with the prevailing tests, then 
 there would be a remarkable overturning of pre-conceived notions 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 in regard to cement values, and thinking men would undertake a 
 readjustment of their opinions.” 
 
 After all has been said that may be said on this subject, the fact 
 remains that the last appeal lies to the actual performance of the 
 material in work, and, as an evidence of the adaptability, reliability, 
 and enduring qualities of Louisville Cement, we append hereto a list 
 of a few of the notable engineering and architectural structures in 
 which this cement has been used as the binding material. 
 
 X/nited States Government Work, 
 
 L.o ck-f 
 
 Cumberland River. 
 
 On Muskingum River. 
 
 Warrior River, Alabama. 
 Kanawha River. 
 
 Illinois River. 
 
 and 'Dams 
 
 Green River, Kentucky. 
 
 Mussel Shoals, Tennessee River 
 Kentucky River. 
 
 Big Sandy River. 
 
 Ohio River below Pittsburgh. 
 Allegheny River. 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 Monongahela River above Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 
 Canal around the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Custom Houses 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky. Memphis, Tennessee. 
 
 Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
 
 Fortifications. Etc. 
 
 Gun Embrasures, Fort Saint Philip, Louisiana. 
 
 Gun Embrasures, Fort Jackson, Louisiana. 
 
 United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas. 
 
 United States Buildings, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 
 
 United States Government Buildings, Fort Riley, Kansas. 
 
 s 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 'Bridges 
 
 Monongahela Connecting R. R. Bridge over the Ohio at Pittsburgh. 
 
 B. & O. R. R. Bridge over the Monongahela above Pittsburgh. 
 
 P. C. C. & St. L. R’y Bridge at Steubenville, Ohio. 
 
 Norfolk & Western R’y Bridge at Kenova, West Virginia. 
 
 Louisville & Nashville R. R. Bridge at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Chesapeake & Ohio R’y Bridge at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Suspension Bridge at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Cincinnati & Newport Bridge at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Pennsylvania R. R. Bridge at Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 Louisville & Jeffersonville Bridge at Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 Kentucky & Indiana Bridge at Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 Louisville & Nashville R. R. Bridge at Henderson, Kentucky. 
 Illinois Central R. R. Bridge at Cairo, Illinois. 
 
 Kansas City & Memphis Iv. R. Bridge at Memphis, Tennessee. 
 Tennessee River Bridge at Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
 
 Eads Bridge at St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 Merchants Bridge at St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 C. B. & O. R. R. Bridge at Alton, Illinois. 
 
 C. B. & O. R. Iv. Bridge at Bellefontaine, Missouri. 
 
 C. B. & Q. R. R. Bridge at Leavenworth, Kansas. 
 
 Illinois Central R. R. Bridge across Yazoo River, Mississippi. 
 
 Northern Pacific R. R. Bridge at Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 
 Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis R'y Bridge at Bridgeport, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Railroad Bridge over Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa. 
 
 Railroad Bridge over the Mississippi River at Dubuque, Iowa. 
 Railroad Bridge over the Mississippi River at Davenport, Iowa. 
 Railroad Bridge over the Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa. 
 Railroad Bridge over the Mississippi River at Fort Madison, Iowa. 
 Railroad Bridge over the Mississippi River at Burlington, Iowa. 
 Railroad Bridge over the Mississippi River at Keokuk, Iowa. 
 
 9 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 Water Worlds, Dams, Etc. 
 
 Chattahoochee River Dam at Columbus, Georgia. 
 
 Water Works Dam, Hot Springs, Arkansas. 
 
 Dam at Little Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 Water Works Reservoir, Covington, Kentucky. 
 
 Water Works Reservoir, Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 Water Works, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 
 St. Anthony Falls Improvements, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 Water Works, St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 Dam at Little Falls, Minnesota. 
 
 Clear Water Reservoir Louisville, Kentucky, Water Works. 
 Dams in Tallapoosa River, Alabama. 
 
 "Public "Buildings 
 
 State House, Indianapolis, Indiana. 
 
 State House, Springfield, Illinois. 
 
 State House, Lansing, Michigan. 
 
 State House, Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 State House, Austin, Texas. 
 
 State House, Columbia, South Carolina. 
 
 & unnels , Etc . 
 
 Tunnel under Chicago River, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, Water Works Tunnel. 
 
 Sanitary Drainage Canal, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Sea Wall Foundation, Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Lake Shore Drive Sea Wall, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Palmer House Gas Receiver, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Dock at San Diego, California. 
 
 Tunnels on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. 
 
 Tunnels on the Southern Railway, St. Louis Division. 
 Tunnels on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 
 
 IO 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 'flu eight and Chemical Analysis 
 
 Weight 
 
 The average weight of Louisville Cement is as follows : 
 
 1 cubic foot, loose, 554 lbs. 
 
 1 cubic foot, packed, 74 lbs. 
 
 Therefore a barrel of 265 lbs. contains 4.77 cubic feet of loose 
 cement and 3.58 cubic feet of packed cement. 
 
 Louisville Cement is shipped in three kinds of packages : barrels, 
 weighing 285 lbs. gross; paper bags, 82 lbs. each ; and jute sacks, 
 weighing 133 lbs. each. 
 
 Cement used in concrete is mixed by volume and not by weight. 
 
 Chemical Analysis 
 
 The following is a characteristic analysis of Louisville Cement : 
 
 Silica 2(1.40 per cent. 
 
 Alumina (5.28 “ 
 
 Iron Oxide 1.00 
 
 Lime, .... 45.22 “ 
 
 Magnesia 9.00 “ 
 
 l’otash and Soda 4.24 
 
 Sulphate Lime 0.00 “ 
 
 Carbonic Acid, water and loss 7.8(1 “ 
 
 101). 00 
 
Louisville Cement has been used continuously 
 for street foundations and similar work 
 in St. Louis for the past thirty-one years. 
 
Continued use 
 is the best test of reliability. 
 
 {/ f/i/rMrtt/Yya'r S/ // U/ J 
 
 fjfafe fl/' f/r'tf ffnottlrz* s 
 
 June 
 
 7th. ,1901. 
 
 r/>irffri'jmnr 
 
 File 1587. 
 
 Western cement Co., 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Oentlenen:- 
 
 Repiying to yours of June 6th. 
 
 I have been using your cement for the past 21 years for the con- 
 struction of brick and stone masonry and concrete in foundations . We only 
 buy that which is tested by our inspectors at the mills. The results of 
 its use have been satisfactory uniformly. 
 
 very Truly Yours, 
 
 Z -i ^ 4 r '* 
 
 Chief Engineer. 
 
 ’PO BOX 846 
 PHONE 7237 
 
 II PC Ij INI N^Jrlj 
 
 July ,20/01. 
 
 Western Cement Co., 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Gentlemen:- 
 
 la 
 
 We have been using Louisville cement ever since we 
 started in business and the fact ‘that we will still continue to do so best 
 bespeaks our appreciation of its merits. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 THE HALL'S SAFE CO. 
 
 
Louisville Cement is largely used 
 by the United States Government 
 in works on Western rivers. 
 
 LOCKS Nos. 7 AND 8, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENN. 
 
 Masonry laid wit'i Louisville Cement. 
 
W. H. WILLIAMS & CO.. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 Sewer Pipe, Cement, Lime, Plaster, Brick, Clay, Tile, 
 
 ANTHRACITE COAL and BUILDERS’ SUPPLIES. 
 
 Agents for Saylor’s Portland Cement. 
 
 oust 306 . 308 , 3'0 DuOutSN 
 
 Telephone 1582 
 
 /-> |)ifte Bluffy, |)a. 
 
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Over 37,000 barrels Louisville Cement 
 used in this work. 
 
 CLEAR WATER RESERVOIR, LOUISVILLE WATER COMPANY, 
 Crescent Hill, Ky. 
 
 Louisville Cement concrete used exclusively in all walls. 
 
Western Cement company, 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Gent lemen:- 
 
 In the construction of the clear water Reservoir of the 
 Louisville Water Company's Purification Works at Crescent Hill, Kentucky, 
 concrete was used for building the retaining and division walls, the 
 columns and the groined arches. For the former two, natural cement concrete 
 was used; for the latter two, Portland cement concrete. For the natural 
 cement concrete, Louisville Cement was used; and for the Portland cement 
 concrete, Atlas cement. 
 
 The total volume of concrete aggregates about 27,000 cubic yards, 
 two-tnirds of which is natural cement concrete, and the remaining third 
 Portland cement concrete, the latter, in place, costing per cubic yard 
 more than double the price of the former. 
 
 The experience nad in the building of these concrete walls justifies 
 tho statement that, were a similar work to be executed, it would justify 
 the exclusive use of natural cement concrete lor such similar work, with 
 absolutely satisfactory results, and with precisely such Louisville cement 
 as was used in the constructed work, with a single important modification, 
 
 i Continued on page 19. i 
 
The best cement 
 for sub-aqueous work. 
 
 CLKAR WATER RESERVOIR, LOUISVILLE WATER COMPANY. 
 Crescent Hill, Ky. 
 
 Louisville Cement concrete used exclusively in walls. 
 
 iS 
 
winch modification would oe to properly hydrate the Louisville cement, 
 after manufacture and before using it m the concrete, for the purpose 
 of retarding Its rate of setting, which rate ia too rapid for satisfactory 
 construction with newly manufactured or non-hydrated cement of this 
 
 class. 
 
 This statement is not made t'or the purpose of decrying the superior 
 quality of Portland cements, but to emphasize the not generally recognized 
 fact that for many classes of public worKs the Louisville natural cement 
 is as good and reliable as Portland cement, and at a greatly reduced cost, 
 in the construction of concrete masonry. 
 
 Verv Respectfully, 
 
 Chief Engineer & Sup’t. 
 
 LtOPOLO MARKQREIT 
 
 ■ OOUSCAREN. 
 
 BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 
 
 ’COMMISSIONERS OF WATER WORKS." 
 
 OFFlOE O* OHlEF ENGINEER 
 
 CITY HALL, 
 OINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 Telephone I62B. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. June 11. 1901. 
 
 Western cement Co., 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Gent 1 amen 
 
 In reply to your letter of June 6th, I would state that 
 the Louisville cement used so far in the construction of the water 
 forks Improvement for Cincinnati, amounting to about 6,ouo barrels, has 
 .given entire satisfaction. 
 
 fours t.ruly 
 
 <7 
 
More Louisville than any other cement 
 used in track elevation 
 and depression in Chicago. 
 
 TRACK ELEVATION, C. R. I. & P. AND PAN HANDLE RAILWAYS, CHICAGO. 
 Walls and foundations, Louisville Cement. 
 
 20 
 
BROWNELL IMPROVEMENT CO. 
 
 V RUSHED STONE. 
 TORPEDO SAND. 
 PORTLAND ORMKN'l 
 
 Kt BRI.R STONI 
 
 (lONTHAITOHN Fl>K I * « 
 
 CRUSHED STONE 
 
 -20 CHAMBER OK COM MKROK 13uILiD(N( 
 
 THORNTON. IL.I,. 
 MOMENOK. ILL. 
 
 CHIOAIIO, 
 
 July 18" 1901. 
 
 Western Cement Co., 
 
 L.ouisville, ily. , 
 
 Gentlemen:- Regarding your inquiry as to our experience and. opinion 
 ol Louisville Cement, vie have to say, that during the last five or six 
 years we have used some 40000 barrels of your cement in Track Elevation 
 work in Chicago, for the L.S.ft.M.S.; C.F.l.&.p. c.&.a; A.T.6.S.F. and 
 Illinois Central Pys., and this large amount was all subjected to close 
 inspection and tests by the Py. , Engineers before using. Our opinion 
 is fully expressed in the fact of our extensive and long use of your 
 cement, with its uniform and excellent results. 
 
 /our promptness in filling our heavy orders has enabled us to 
 execute important work with dispa.ch, and thi* ability on your part 
 has been most gratifying. 
 
 Vours truly. 
 
 Unequalled facilities for executing the largest 
 orders promptly. 
 
 21 
 
Increasing age 
 adds strength. 
 
 FARWELL BUILDING, CHICAGO. 
 
 Northeast corner Market and Monroe streets. Erected in 1872. 
 
 22 
 
Chicago, June I9th,l90l 
 
 Western Cement Co., 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Gentlemen 
 
 In reply to your Inquiry regarding tne two buildings 
 erected by me, I have to say that, the one on the N.E. corner of 
 Market and Monroe Streets built in 1872 is 400 by 110 feet seven 
 stories, the foundation of which Is made of Louisville cement 
 Concrete extending from five feet below basement to street level 
 and is five feet thick at the base and hour feet on top. 
 
 The superstructure is concrete backed with brick making a thick 
 heavy wall. The condition of the foundation at this writing is per- 
 fect . 
 
 The seoond building situated on the S.w. corner of Monroe 
 and Market Streets erected in 1882 it. 400 by 275 feet six sto-cies 
 high and two basements containing seven partition walls. 
 
 These partition walls extending from four feet below the sub 
 basement to top of building are about two and a half feet thick. 
 
 The foundation walls extending four feet below aub-basement to 
 street level (about 14 feet high) are five feet thick at the base 
 and four feet on top. 
 
 These partition walls and foundation under the entire build- 
 ing are made of Louisville Cement, sand and gravel and after all 
 these years the building shows no settling and the Louisville 
 Cement Concrete to be hard and flinty. 
 
 ' In section 8 of this building a fire completely destroyed the 
 interior yet the partition walls shows no cracks and no water or 
 smoke to have passed through. Other walls were subfeoted' to 
 smaller firee, ill of which are unharmed. 
 
 At this early date when concrete was but very little used, 
 it was considered by some to be most unwise to use Louisville 
 Cement for such important work, requiring it to sustain such a 
 heavy building (about 110 tons of coping having been removed in 
 1900) but the present perfect condition of the entire structure 
 proves best the wisdom of the plans pursued. 
 
 Tours Truly. 
 
 ir 
 
 Louisville Cement concrete stands the test 
 of fire and time. 
 
 2.1 
 
Louisville Cement is adapted to 
 all classes of railroad work. 
 
 C. B. & Q. R. R. TRACK ELEVATION, CHICAGO. 
 
 Foundations for subway, abutments, and retaining wall of Louisville Cement concrete. 
 
 24 
 
CHICAGO. BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAILROAD COMPANY 
 
 Omc* of Coniuitino Eno.nc 
 
 Chicago, June 14, 1901. 
 
 Western Cement Co.. 
 
 Loulsvl lie, Ky . , 
 
 Gentlemen ■ - 
 
 In answer to your letter of the 10th, 1 will say that a number 
 
 of years ago we had occasion to take out some concrete at Kansas City, 
 which wa6 put in 21 years before and which was made of Louisville cement. 
 The concrete was exceptionally good for natural cement concrete. The 
 concrete broke ae readily through the stone as through tht mortar. 
 
 In reply to your other question I will say that we used in 
 foundations for track elevation work In Chicago during'96 and '99 about 
 "7,000 barrels of Louisville cement with good results. 
 
 Yours truly. 
 
 Consulting Engineer. 
 
 Louisville Cement mortar becomes as hard as stone. 
 
Over 17 5,000 barrels used by 
 asphalt paving companies 
 in one season. 
 
 NORTH HIGHLAND AVENUE, PITTSBURG, PA. 
 Asphalt pavement on Louisville Cement, concrete foundation. 
 
 26 
 
"Lehigh Pob tlan o Ct m c n t 
 
 Western Cement Co.. 
 
 Louisville. Ky. 
 
 Ger.t 1 omen ' - 
 
 Replying to your inquiry as to my experience ana result 
 obtained in the use of Louisville Cement in this market, beg to 
 say, I hapdle about 50.000 barrels per year, most of which has been 
 used in heavy masonry and street work., and without a single exception 
 your cement has given satisfaction. 
 
 Respectfully yours. 
 
 D. J. K 
 
 Dictated. 
 
 Over 1 50,000 barrels of Louisville Cement used annually 
 for foundations in Pittsburg. 
 
 2 
 
■MM 
 
 The largest artificial waterway 
 in United States. 
 
 CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL. 
 Masonry walls laid in Louisville Cement. 
 
WILLIAM 80 LDENWECK President JAMES REDDICK .Clerk 
 
 FRED M BLOUNT. Treasurei 
 
 ISHAM RANDOLPH. Chief Engineer FREDK WC HAYES. Aliomo^, 
 
 
 . . ' C 
 
 
 SECURITY BUILDING 
 
 IlflAlUt OF ntCXTKES r 
 WIL LIAM BOL OENWECK 
 JOSEPH C BRADEN 
 ZINA P CARTER 
 BERNARD A EC A HART 
 ALEXANDER J JONES 
 THOMAS KELLY 
 JAMES P MAUETTE 
 THOMAS A SMYTH 
 TRANK W ENTER 
 
 Chicago, Jar.. 4,1898. 
 
 R.J. McClure, Esq. 
 
 Chief Engineer C.B. & Q. R.R. 
 
 City. 
 
 Dear sir.- 
 
 This will introduce Mr. a. L. Kanagay representing the West- 
 ern Cement Company of Louisville, Ky. 90fo of the cement used in 
 the masonry of our channel has been furnished by this Company. 
 
 Up to the first of January . 189b tip had used 70,270 bbls. of native 
 cement and have used quite large a/aounts -since. I iiavenot the exact 
 figures before me but the product has given us very great -satisfaction. 
 
 Yours very truly. 
 
 Chief Engineer. 
 
 The examination of a wall built seventy years ago with Louisville 
 Cement probably led to its adoption for this work. 
 
 29 
 
The most extensive public work 
 of the past twenty years. 
 
 RETAINING WALL, CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL. 
 Built with Louisville Cement concrete. 
 
•WILLIAM BOLDENWECK. President 
 
 JAMES REDDICK. Clert 
 
 FRED M BLOUNT. Treasurer 
 
 ISHAM RANDOLPH. Chiet Ergmear FREOK W.C. HAYES. Attorney 
 
 SECURITY BUILDING 
 
 nu\jm or ntcsrt:KS. 
 
 W/L LIAM BOL OENWECK 
 JOSEPH C B BADEN 
 ZINA R CARTER 
 BERNARD A EC KHAR ' 
 ALEXANDER J JON Ei 
 THOMAS KELLY 
 JAMES P MALLETTE 
 THOMAS A SMYTH 
 FRANK W ENTER 
 
 Chicago, Oct. 11, 1898. 
 
 Mr, T. A. Courtney, 
 
 Sec. western Cement Co,. 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Dear Sir.- 
 
 fhe Sanitary District of Chicago in constructing the retain- 
 ing walls which Bound its channel, which channel Is commonly called 
 the "Drainage Canal", has used something liKe 200,000 bbls. of 
 Louisville Cement. as one of the officials of that District I 
 take pleasure in expressing my entire satisfaction of the material 
 furnished. This material was tested very rigorously and studied 
 •quite closely with the result that 1 do not believe a single barrel of 
 cement was furnished which was not good. We have been particularly 
 struck wuh the reliability of the cement. 
 
 With Portland cement we find that a great deal depends upon the 
 quality of material, the nicety with which the materials for manufac- 
 ture are selected,' the care in making the mixture of said materials 
 and particularly the burning of the materials. a slight variation 
 from correctness in these items leads to a doubtful product. On the 
 •contrary, with the Louisville cement nature seems to have looked out 
 
 (Continued on page 33. i 
 
 Nature is our chemist. 
 
 3 1 
 
The longest railroad bridge in the world. 
 
 3 : 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD BRIDGE ACROSS THE OHIO RIVER AT CAIRO, ILL, 
 
 Piers built -with. Louisville Cenjent, 
 
for all these things with the result that the process of manufacture 
 Is simple and It Is difficult for the Manufacturer f except from gross 
 carelessness or bad Intent) to make a poor cement. 
 
 During the past ten years the use of cement has Increased 
 largely and we believe that as a knowledge of the subject increases 
 builders will be found to use natural Cement in a great many places 
 where now they use Portland. ftn example of this may perhaps be 
 found in the concrete retaining walls built by the Sanitary District 
 of Chicago In which natural cement wae used in the body of the waiiB- 
 the surface only being protected by Portland cement. 
 
 Vours Respectfully, 
 
 Asst. Chief Engineer 
 
 Made from the natural rock. 
 
 A LOUISVILLE CEMENT QUARRY. 
 
One of the most important railroad bridges 
 in the United States. 
 
 BRIDGE ACROSS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT MEMPHIS, TENN. 
 Substructure Louisville Cement. 
 
 34 
 
\WAHD UATKl 
 
 rBH A. ROOEI1S 
 
 BATES «V ROGERS 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS 
 
 Iboa MANHATTAN HU)b 
 
 June 8th, 1901. 
 
 CHICAGO, - ' ijjo 
 
 Western Cement Company, 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Centlemen:- 
 
 Durlng my service with the Chicago Milwaukee 
 '& St. Paul Railway as Engineer and Superintendent of Bridge & Buildings. I 
 had occasion to use large quantities oC Louisville Cement in concrete 
 for footings of abutments In track elevation work, and retaining walls 
 in Chicago, and for similar work on the lines of the Railway. I am glad 
 to recommend your cement for work in which it is proper to use Natural 
 Cements. Yours truly, 
 
 The best and the cheapest, results considered. 
 
Partition walls Louisville Cement concrete, 
 from foundation to top of building. 
 
 FARWELL BLOCK, CHICAGO. 
 
 Southwest corner Market and Monroe streets. Erected in 1882. 
 
 36 
 

 E.C.b. 
 
 /- 
 
 September 29, 1898 
 
 Mr.A.L.Kanagy, 
 
 care western cement Co.. Chicago 
 
 Dear Sir: - 
 
 In reply to your question concerning the con- 
 
 crete foundations of the power house of the South Side 
 Elevated Railway Company at 40th and State streets, 
 Chicago, which foundations were made of i.ouisville 
 cement, we beg to say that the foundations have turned 
 out to be perfectly satisfactory, and behaved all 
 the time as we expected they would. 
 
 The controversy which arose at one time concerning 
 this was caused by no fault of the concrete or of 
 the cement. 
 
 It is true that one of the engines was wrecked 
 and twisted off the foundation bolts without doing 
 any injury to the foundation. 
 
 Yours very truly 
 
 Louisville Cement unequalled for massive foundations. 
 
The Hallack & Howard Lumber Company. 
 
 Order No #’106. Oenver, Colo n/14.1901 
 
 To Western Cement Co., 
 
 Louleville ,Ky , 
 
 Ship to McAllister Limber * Supply Co., 
 
 Boulder, Colo. 
 
 at S. St. Louis, care b.P. at 
 fl (CI qi HI |N| promptly IfHsf as II ooet Snf limit iml III I Of l IDINS TO US il Imtr Office u ft, cl SIhjihiI. 
 
 100 barrels, or smallest minimum carload of Louisville Cement in wooil 
 ■Very truly yours, 
 
 'O.B.'c. rHt ' i HOWARD LUMBER CO. 
 
 
 R REIVED 
 
 ftB 11 teg, 
 
 Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad Co. 
 
 QAQtn OEEICI OP PRESIDENT AND QCN'L MANAGER. 
 
 Order Ao. Q±nJ dearborn station Ol y 
 
 CJ2‘ ia «°~ ‘ /v4 "7« 190 A 
 
 y . ^ MmnMmr to tko CHICAGO i WESTER* ihlloi R HIM AD COMPART 
 
 Carcof ^ 
 
 /V. OO o 3^0 00 AUf-* f°. ■ ■ f 
 
 X, y&c 
 
 cn^v. 'C. r- —— . 
 
 ORDER No J.j:i67__ 
 
 Western cement Co. , 
 
 — trade fry 
 
 Great Northern Railway Line. 
 
 GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY 
 
 PA AS S, 2!S)^(?-W T Ss2r F ^ E 2S088- PA 6559 AB 25089 
 
 15881 
 
 To Fill Req'n 15 872 
 15882' 
 
 Sc /»*«/ Atfinn.. Jurpe 7t’h, 1899. 
 
 247 w.Main St., Louisville, Ky . 5 
 
 JPS ? 
 
 Herewith Etna L<tt of Articles rrquned hr cba Comp* aj ? 
 
 899 Barrels of Louisville cement. 
 Above cement to be Louisville, 
 
 A. P. E. Pres. #1105 
 " " #1121 
 
 h ; #l109 
 
 and in clotfi as per your " " ^ 1106 
 
 letter June 2nd. Confirming my telegram June 6lh. Ship at once 
 
 i Mark Creat Northern Railway Co. 
 
 Z Care V .G. Tubby, Oenl . Sto rekeeper, 
 
 “ r St. Paul, Minn, 
 
 i Lont, * n C.M. 4 st.p. ■Ry. from Chicago 
 
 - ^Icr reJcIS*" 8 nh*' P ' *' l"™ ' 0,, ^ *"* Hnxt tu m r*M° ^s 
 "tmecR uk 0Mue«. O n «u ,- nva kM. * — — 
 
 ,8 
 
//;///•// /,'///// '>'/// J/rtsqv r/‘ 
 
 *'*s A* fat/ 
 
 /^)/ ////////</ Zstvst/t Sw/j 
 
 f<GG<f //ajAtny/rn. -v„r/j 
 
 914 
 
 _ . me 
 
 tylnJh, -TK, ■CC4. U. *t<& 
 
 , . \ / V<^C O ISL ll v Ay, 
 
 Aa* &****-/ 
 
 ft A C< f'-t 'oftft £cft fsc* (y / C. 
 
 ■\hJlt-tr ift GeAp+y Zfaftfty AGT _ _ 
 
 c 7 ~-cf 5 ^ <^c r & LtO C fCY- / C~ Cj — - 
 
 yfee fftsLi /‘fta*/ i < X (ft *<</ "<■ ^ev*/ 
 
 -V " 2 c 1 y < rr Tt-ti - v Co-^i-A ** ‘ "*- 
 
 /iz^c/iv^ ^ e ~p A 
 
 if «/ C *&««+* ~ 
 
 • 7 ^/ A fftftA^r /ceffa Arir-^ti'' 
 
 ~/c^ cuefa<+A^y£>c^i/ 
 
 ft Gvo j^a^ y - <=— / 
 
 Vv^y 
 
 ft _ y/ 
 
 ty* ii ft y* e 
 
 Onion R-j St.r»ge Co. 
 B, B. E CARPENTER. 
 
 1 s«*r « 1 r *** 
 
 ■ ■• "• NIGHT BEXaSHSAGt-l:. 
 
 THE WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY. 
 
 2 l .OOO OFFICER ! N AMERICA. _ CABLE SERVICE TO ALL THE WORLD. 
 
 ,. ^ H 5 ff^ 
 
 RECEIVED it lOUISVIUE.U. .WS.JJi^oP^- n t. *• 
 
 C*r }« Mtf h» Jlrwa. RECEIVED 
 
 
 Lowell, MAS!., Jun A 28-1901 3553 
 
 Western Cement Co 
 
 947 West Main St . . 
 
 Louisville. Ky . 
 
 cement in paper route to have Boston 
 iver here. 
 
 Merrunac Paving Co. 
 
 j . H Pearson. M«r 
 
 The use of Louisville Cement is not restricted within 
 narrow territorial limits. 
 
 39 
 
The City of the Straits 
 uses Louisville Cement for 
 street pavement foundations. 
 
 MAYBURY GRAND AVENUE, DETROIT, MICH. 
 Foundation Louisville Cement concrete. 
 
 40 
 
The best authorities 
 approve Louisville Cement. 
 
 THE OSBORN ENGINEERING CO. 
 
 Osborn Buhoinq Cleveland O 
 
 CEMENT TESTING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 lob 
 
 Report N*. 
 
 20 
 
 Reports of Tests of Lo ulsvil 1 6 . r 1 Cement 
 
 Samples taken Jan. 29, 1698 From Clevelarrt Builders' Supply Ware- 
 
 RdpeWeB* w Tests wade for our own Information. ( hnuaa . 
 
 
 
 
 ENESS. ACTIVITY CONSTANCY OF VOLUME 
 
 „e.~0 «. •>.». 
 
 A.N.N16S 
 
 »ATf or SET 1 AEAULTS Of PAT TEATS 
 
 
 Too 
 
 ... ... 
 
 ..TV. [ - o, 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 76.2 
 
 0-28 
 
 0-44 0 .ItL. 
 
 O.K. 
 
 1LJL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TENSILE STRENGTH IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH 
 
 BRANO OR MARC 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 hour 
 
 *6 
 
 -«r/f 7 
 
 days 
 
 <«■ 28 days 
 
 
 .M.N. 
 
 .... 
 
 ..... 
 
 
 
 
 Hiiimimi 
 
 Min' 
 
 
 
 Minimum 
 
 — 
 
 Louisville 
 
 ne) 
 
 .t 
 
 334 
 
 93 
 
 68 
 
 79 
 
 14 7 
 
 122 
 
 135 
 
 235 
 
 170 
 
 210 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 155 
 
 110 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' TW31TJ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STRENGTH IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH J*'""’ "5” 1 1 e 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 A P 
 
 3 mon 
 
 ,ll0 
 
 *r 6 
 
 raont 
 
 ba 
 
 *n 1 
 
 year 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 W.T.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U«»llllll|M 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Lou i bvI lie 
 
 ne 
 
 it 
 
 354 
 
 294 
 
 281 
 
 288 
 
 350 
 
 347 
 
 34 8 
 
 421 
 
 .523 
 
 372 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 214 
 
 227 
 
 255 
 
 232 
 
 241 
 
 263 
 
 232 
 
 249 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 BRANO OR Mara 
 
 
 ..... 
 
 Alrf. 
 
 7ii 
 
 T,’" 1 
 
 ........ 
 
 ....... 
 
 
 
 
 ....... 
 
 ........ 
 
 
 
 ^na 1 y 
 
 lis 6 
 
 Jt ma 
 
 \e . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 We certify that the above described tests were ri.refu 1 1 v nir.de 
 
 THE OSBORN HfGINEERING W /y? 
 
 41 
 
A good foundation is essential 
 to an even wearing surface. 
 
 CORNER SHADY AVENUE AND POCUSSET STREET, PITTSBURG, PA. 
 Asphalt pavement, with Louisville Cement concrete base. 
 
 42 
 
PITTSBOBCH TESTIKG LABORATORY, limrted, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 PITTSBURGH TESTING LABORATORY. Limited, 
 
 UnspectJng and IM©t&Uuiirgd<o»&Il racers 
 and Clhemiata, 
 
Stability and permanence. 
 
 RETAINING WALES AT TERMINUS OF CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, 
 
 Lockport, 111. 
 
 Built of Louisville Cement concrete. 
 
 44 
 

 Th* 1 Chicago Testing Labo r a to uy 
 
 Chicago. Ili- 
 
 1 7."\0 T 
 
 i DNOCU 
 
 P . C. Mcakdlb 
 
 T. L. Conor on 
 
 Western Cement Company, 
 
 A. L. Kanagy, A^ent, 
 
 718 Chamber of Commerce, Chicago. 
 
 Dear Sir; — 
 
 Chicago, August 15. 1901. 
 
 We herewith report teat results on sample of Louisville cement. 
 
 from: 
 
 C. I. i L. Car 6769 submitted for test Aug. 7. 1901. 
 
 JsESile.StcsQgth per eauare inoh (24 hrs. 1 
 Neat 
 
 175 lbs. ) 
 
 175 " ) 32% Water 
 
 .148. " ) 
 
 Average: 166 " 
 
 One day in air, si* davs in water 
 Neat 
 
 229 lbs. 1 
 
 190 " ) 322 Water 
 
 _1§8_ " ) 
 
 Averse*: 193 " 
 
 Setting: 
 
 Initial), Gilmore needle 405 water * 5 mins. 
 Pinal " " ” " 14" 
 
 Temperature of Laboratory, 84° P. 
 
 Briouettes were made in lots of three in each period. 
 
 Yours respeot. fully , 
 
 THB CHICAGO TESTING LABORATORY, 
 
 Direotor. 
 
 45 
 
Eads and Merchants Bridges at St. Louis, built with Louisville Cement. 
 
 Piers built with Louisville Cement. 
 
Over 20,000 barrels tested and 
 accepted by B, & O. S.-W. R. R. in 1900. 
 
 The Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad Co. 
 
 M A I XTK.X AX OK OF W A V DKPAUTMKXT. 
 
 REPORT OF TESTS ON CEMENT. Record Sheet, Lot No. S. P. 527. 
 
 QUANTITY 
 
 t i 
 
 2 
 
 5 E 
 
 it 
 
 emper- 
 
 TIME 
 
 | 
 
 SET 
 
 DATb 
 
 £ a 
 
 Z OD 
 
 1 
 
 SOUNDNESS AND TENS 
 
 C cmjjr v 
 
 Sand 
 
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 Began 
 
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 Kind ot Cement 
 Brand 
 Oate Sampled 
 Sampled by 
 
 
 FINENESS 
 
 Heia oy 50 Sie 
 •• 74 » 
 
 100 •• 
 ?00 * 
 
 Quantity T aken 
 
 / 7 .y 
 
 / C r Grams 
 
 4 
 
Masonry walls laid in Louisville Cement. 
 
B. H HARDAWAY, 
 GENERAL CONTRACTOR. 
 
 Columbus, Ga* June 10th. 1901. 
 
 IVES TERN CEMENT COMPANY, 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 I take pleasure in stating that I have used in 
 sewer work and in the construction of bridge piers and in the 
 building of river dams, your cement for the past twelve years. 
 
 I have found it always satisfactory and I really prefer its re- 
 sults to those secured by the use of the Hudson River and Rosen- 
 
 VH 
 
 dale cements which I have also used^considerable quantity. 
 
 I have just finished a dam across the Chattahoochee, 
 tyiver at Columbus, Ga. where we have used not less than 18,000 
 barrels and found it throughout thoroughly trustworthy and sat- 
 isfactory. 
 
 (Dictated) 
 
 Successfully used against water pressure in 
 construction of dams. 
 
 49 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 ffotes on 'Reliability o_f Louif'dille Cement 
 
 By Thoj . T. J ohnston, M. 'CO. S. £. 
 
 That which may be called the reliability of a good grade of the 
 cement made at Louisville is especially noteworthy, and the most 
 important of the causes leading to that reliability are worthy of 
 mention. 
 
 The practically unlimited expanse of the rocks from which the 
 raw material is taken is to be observed, the mills now located thereon 
 being scattered over an area of 60 or 70 square miles without reach- 
 ing anywhere near those boundaries which would place the rock 
 beyond easy reach. The thickness of the rock strata is such that 
 no appreciable advantage would result if they were thicker. The 
 rock is disposed so that it is easy to quarry. There seems to be 
 no good reason why suitable raw material can not be obtained as 
 cheaply as unsuitable material, and it is difficult to see why the 
 manufacturer should have any incentive to use any but proper 
 material. It is very different with the materials from which Portland 
 cement is made. They are not to be had in such unlimited and con- 
 centrated quantity, generally speaking, and when they are to be had 
 the constant attention of a chemist is needed to determine that they 
 are suitable. 
 
 The raw materials being secured, their preparation for the Louis- 
 ville cement requires simply the always honest, the always unerring 
 crunching of the rock crusher or the sturdy sledging of the equally 
 reliable quarry hand. P'or Portland cement there must be drying 
 and weighing and analyzing and grinding and other operations in- 
 volving the faultful intelligence, the carelessness, the capricious 
 avarice of imperfect man. 
 
 50 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 The raw materials for the Louisville cement being prepared, they 
 must next be burned, and herein again the Louisville cement involves 
 the greater simplicity, the kiln being so simple, the temperature so 
 low, the drafts so readily regulated, and the charging of the kiln 
 not needing such special care. With Portland cement the type of 
 kiln best suited for the purpose is a matter of controversy ; the 
 method of charging the kiln requires care ; high and uniform tem- 
 perature for a prolonged period is required. With the Louisville 
 product the process is one of simple calcining as in the manufacture 
 of quicklime, while with the Portland product partial vitrification 
 has to be done. The result of the operation with the Louisville 
 product is that essentially the whole contents of the kiln is useful, 
 while with the Portland product a large proportion, sometimes all, 
 is refuse. 
 
 The process of burning having been completed, the next operation 
 is the drawing of the kiln and the sorting out of material not prop- 
 erly burned, and herein is a wide difference in the care required 
 either in consequence of carelessness and mistakes in sorting or of 
 bad results in the kilns. It is in the kiln that there is more danger 
 of developing a bad cement than arises from other causes. With the 
 Louisville cement the sorting and removal of poorly burned material 
 is an easy thing to do. The good and bad materials appear segre- 
 gated. With the Portland product it is different, the good and bad 
 material frequently being aggregated. At one Portland cement mill 
 which I recently visited, the product of which mill is ordinarily held 
 to be first class, I watched the man sorting the burnt material. The 
 operator determines the good from the bad both by appearance and 
 weight, but principally by weight. The mill was behind with its 
 contracts and they were trying to make cement in a hurry, largely 
 at the instance of the financial head of the concern. The men had 
 heavy leather gloves on their hands. The kiln was freshly drawn 
 and the clinker hot, so hot, indeed, that the operator held the 
 clinker in his hand but an instant, or a time too short to judge fairly 
 its weight. The result was that the product of the mill was worth- 
 
 5i 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 less and was rejected from several works. Such a contingency 
 would hardly be possible with the Louisville product. 
 
 The sorted material being loaded in cars, it is next taken to the 
 grinding machinery, where there is little or no danger of a bad 
 material resulting, either with the Louisville or Portland product, 
 but where much greater expense is involved with the latter. The 
 only question involved is the fineness of grinding, and this is so 
 easily determined that no danger is involved. 
 
 In every particular from the securing of the raw material to the 
 finally manufactured product the operations with Louisville and 
 similar cements are far more simple and more free from all the 
 elements that tend to the production of worthless cement, and just 
 to that extent the cement should be more reliable, and should be 
 entitled to more confidence. There has been much written about 
 Portland cement and it has been studied very carefully, and these 
 faces are a result more of necessity than because the Portland cement 
 is the better or more reliable product. Nevertheless, wide difference 
 of opinion exists as to what constitutes a good Portland cement. 
 Only recently two manufacturers were busy in the technical press 
 declaring that each other’s products were vicious and worthless, and 
 so on. Perhaps both were right. 
 
 At Louisville is the Portland canal, not so called because of the 
 use of Portland cement, which contains the evidence of the relia- 
 bility of Louisville cement for more than half a century. It could 
 not be better if the best modern Portland cement had been used 
 instead of the crudely made Louisville cement of fifty years ago. 
 No end of instances exist, extending through many years, in which 
 the cement has proved its reliability when properly made and prop- 
 erly used. 
 
 It must not be inferred that, because the cement is made in so 
 simple a manner and involves so little real need for a bad product, 
 that therefore a bad product is not sometimes made. I can not say 
 that I personally know of any instance of the cement having proved 
 bad, though I have personally conducted the test of nearly 300,000 
 
 5 2 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 barrels, involving the breaking of perhaps 75,000 briquettes. Never- 
 theless, I have rejected quite a little of the cement, not because I 
 knew it was bad, but because it did not quite fill the requirements 
 of a rather exacting specification. If opportunity had been afforded 
 for long time tests of the rejected cement I doubt if there would 
 have been a single rejection. In a number of instances the long time 
 tests were continued after the rejection, and they invariably proved 
 the cement to be of high standard. Only a little over a year ago I 
 rejected a large lot of the cement because on seven day tests the 
 neat briquettes checked and cracked. A lot of the cement was 
 laid away for about a month, and a large number of briquettes were 
 then made, the breaking to be done through a period of a year. 
 It was found that the cement was the best that I have had to deal 
 with, though rejected. The cement simply needed to be seasoned 
 in the manner usually required of Portland cement, and perhaps not 
 even that, for if it had been mixed with sand it might have done 
 well enough if used fresh. 
 
 Quite to the contrary with Portland cement. During the past 
 year I have found much of it unquestionably bad and worthless, in 
 fact in larger proportion than I found the Louisville product, simply 
 failing to meet the high standard of its specification. A Portland 
 cement that is suspicious is very apt to be bad, from the nature of 
 its manufacture ; if made with reasonable care it should be of quite 
 uniform product. 
 
 However, it is at least conservative to conclude that the Louis- 
 ville can be, and sometimes is, made bad. If the fact can be deter- 
 mined easily, then it is a factor favoring the reliability of the 
 product. In Louisville is concentrated the manufacture of about 
 2,000,000 barrels of cement per year. This has justified the estab- 
 lishment there of firms who make a business of testing and 
 examining the products of the mills in large and small quantities. 
 They are well informed on the subject of the manufacture of the 
 cement, are acquainted with the quarries, the methods of burning, 
 the practices of the several mills, and in fact with the expert details 
 
 53 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 of the business. The process of manufacture is so simple that they 
 can easily keep themselves informed as to the history of every 
 barrel from the time it leaves the quarry until the time when it is 
 shipped in the proper inspection marks. 
 
 Such complete inspection of Portland cements is not at all prac- 
 ticable, and therefore the Portland products must be less reliable. 
 Furthermore, there are more elements of danger connected with 
 the Portlands and many more chances of producing bad cement. 
 Compared with Portland cement, the Louisville product is more 
 reliable because there is less chance of making a bad cement, on 
 the one hand, and on the other hand because it is much easier to 
 detect a bad product. 
 
 These remarks may appear to be so axiomatical that an occasion 
 for them may hardly be justified, but it is probable that of the 
 $15,000,000 expended in the United States annually for cement 
 there are several millions expended in the unnecessary use of the 
 high grade cements. Very many instances can be found in which 
 cement is used which costs §2.50 per barrel, w here a barrel of the 
 Louisville product at 60 to 70 cents would do just as well. A two 
 to one or three to one Portland mortar is frequently used in 
 masonry, and in concretes, especially in foundations away from the 
 weather, where a two to one natural cement mortar would do just 
 as well, in fact, better, because it possesses more elements of 
 reliability. 
 
 The Sanitary District of Chicago has constructed many miles of 
 retaining walls in its main channel during the past two years in 
 which Louisville cement mortar was used throughout, and this is 
 said without intending to reflect in the slightest degree on other 
 similar cements used in other walls and which are doing quite as 
 well, and as far as the mortar is concerned I dare say the walls will 
 be standing intact long after every building now in Chicago has 
 ceased to exist. At any rate, there will be an example worth 
 observing, for the walls are above and below a water line. The 
 mortar was made of about 65 pounds of cement (one cubic foot) to 
 
 54 
 
Louisville Cement 
 
 each cubic foot of sand. It might just as well have been made 
 with half the quantity of cement, but the cement was so cheap and 
 carelessness of contractors in using cement is so great that it was 
 thought best to use more cement. 
 
 It is true that Portland cement can be made good and much 
 stronger than the Louisville product. Strength of a cement, how- 
 ever, has nothing to do with its reliability. The real matter of 
 concern is as to whether the strength, whatever it may be, will per- 
 sist through indefinitely long time. Long experience has proved 
 that the strength of the Louisville product can be relied upon to 
 do so. There is, perhaps, no masonry structure about Chicago, 
 where compressive resistance alone is involved, in the construction 
 of which Louisville cement mortar would not serve every purpose 
 that a Portland cement mortar would. Excepting in concretes it is 
 equally as good as Portland for resisting the test of winter weather, 
 and if in concretes the cement be set in warm weather the Louis- 
 ville is probably as suitable as the Portland, due allowance being 
 made in dimensioning to provide for the difference in strength of the 
 two cements. This is abundantly illustrated in the case of a con- 
 crete dam budded by the Sanitary District of Chicago on the Des 
 Plaines River, near Riverside . — Reprinted from the Journal of the 
 Western Society of Engineers , Chicago. 
 
 55 
 
LOCATION 
 
 -or- 
 
 Louisville Cement Mills. 
 
 1. JOHN HULME MILL. 
 
 2. RIVER DIAMOND MILL. 
 
 3. SILVER CREEK MILL. 
 
 4. OHIO VALLEY MILL. 
 
 5. DIAMOND MILL. 
 
 6. HOOSIER MILL. 
 
 7. BANNER MILL. 
 
 8. GLOBE MILL. 
 
 9. FALLS CITY MILL. 
 
 10. CLARK COUNTY MILL. 
 
 11. GOLDEN RULE MILL. 
 
 12. UNITED STATES MILL. 
 
 13. SPEED'S MILL. 
 
 14. CROWN MILL. 
 
 15. EAGLE MILL. 
 
 16. QUEEN CITY MILL. 
 
 17. LION MILL. 
 
 18. STANDARD MILL. 
 
 WESTERN CEMENT COMPANY. 
 
 (Incorporated) 
 
 General Sales Agent, 
 
 24? WEST MAIN S 1421 I T. L'OUISVILTE, KY. 
 
 Capacity, 20,000 barrels a day. 
 
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