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 Institute of International Education 
 
 International Relations Clubs 
 Syllabus No. I 
 
 Outline of the Covenant of the 
 League of Nations 
 
 By Louis K. Manley, Ph.D. 
 
 Assistant Professor of Political Science 
 University of Pittsburgh 
 
 March, 1920 
 
Institute of International Education 
 
 International Relations Clubs 
 Syllabus No. I 
 
 Outline of the Covenant of the 
 League of Nations 
 
 By Louis K. Manley, Ph.D. 
 
 Assistant Professor of Political Science 
 University of Pittsburgh 
 
 March, 1920 
 
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CONTENTS 
 
 I, Outline of the Covenant of the League of Nations ... 7 
 
 II. Text of the Covenant of the League of Nations .... 24 
 
 III. Questions concerning the Covenant of the League of Na- 
 
 tions 33 
 
 IV. Index 37 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 Columbia University Libraries 
 
 https://archive.org/details/outlineofcovenanOOmanl 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The student of such a document as the Covenant of the League 
 of Nations usually finds it difficult not only to discover the meaning 
 and intent of the articles, expressed as they are in a phraseology 
 which is somewhat unfamiliar, but also to classify the information 
 the document contains so that this may appear in its proper rela- 
 tions. The purpose of the Outline is to reduce to a minimum the 
 difficulties which might prevent the student from arriving at an 
 understanding of the Covenant. The Covenant is included in the 
 syllabus in order that the authority for any statement in the Outline 
 may be quickly verified in the original document. Comparison is 
 made easy since a reference to the article of authority in the 
 Covenant is placed at the left of each statement in the Outline. The 
 Outline is in no sense propaganda. It is intended to be merely 
 a systematic arrangement which will be of use to students of the 
 Covenant. 
 
 In the index, which applies to both the Outline and the Covenant, 
 the first numbers following an index topic refer to a page and topic 
 or sub-topic of the Outline, the remaining numbers refer to a page 
 and article of the Covenant. An attempt has been made to cross 
 index as fully as possible. A list of questions has been included in 
 the syllabus for the purpose of enabling the reader to test his 
 knowledge of the Covenant. 
 
 The League of Nations has been functioning since January i6, 
 1920. Whether it faces success or failure only the future can tell, 
 but it is in any case a magnificent experiment whose success, if it 
 does succeed, will mark the longest step in political evolution which 
 has been taken since organized government began. The failure of 
 the United States Senate to ratify the treaty of peace with Germany, 
 of which treaty the Covenant of the League of Nations is a part, 
 makes it impossible to state positively what the future relation of 
 this country to the League will be. It is probable that ultimately 
 the treaty will be ratified with reservations. Concerning the final 
 form of these reservations it is idle to speculate. 
 
 I5] 
 
Such reservations as may be made will not work changes that 
 will in any way modify the Covenant except in the specific applica- 
 tion to the United States of certain parts of the document, which 
 have been so changed as to alter the conditions and responsibilities 
 under which the United States becomes a member of the League. 
 It is likely that reservations of the type on which it now seems the 
 Senate will compromise will be accepted, though perhaps reluctant- 
 ly, by the other members of the League. 
 
 L. K. M. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 March i, 1920. 
 
I 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Annex. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Annex. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 OUTLINE OF THE COVENANT OF THE 
 LEAGUE OF NATIONS 
 
 I. Purposes: 
 
 A. The promotion of international cooperation. 
 
 B. The achievement of international peace and security. 
 
 II. Methods of Achieving Purposes: 
 
 A. The acceptance of obligations not to resort to war. 
 
 B. The prescription of open, just and honorable relations be- 
 tween nations. 
 
 C. The firm establishment of the understanding of international 
 law as the actual rule of conduct among governments. 
 
 D. The maintenance of justice. 
 
 E. The maintenance of a scrupulous respect for all treaty obliga- 
 tions in the dealings of organized peoples with one another. 
 
 III. Members: 
 
 A. The original members of the League. 
 
 The original members of the League shall be those signatory 
 States named in the annex to the Covenant which shall 
 accede without reservation to the Covenant. The States 
 named are: United States of America, Belgium, Bolivia, 
 Brazil, British Empire, Canada, Australia, South Africa, 
 New Zealand, India, China, Cuba, Czecho-Slovakia, Ecuador, 
 France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hedjaz, Honduras, Italy, 
 Japan, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, 
 Roumania, Serbia, Siam and Uruguay. (Total number 32.) 
 
 B. States not signatory to the Covenant which secure member- 
 ship in the League. 
 
 Such States are of two classes : 
 
 1. States named in the annex of the Covenant which accede 
 without reservation to the Covenant. The States named 
 in the annex to the Covenant are Argentine Republic, 
 Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Para- 
 guay, Persia, Salvador, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and 
 Venezuela. (Total number 13.) 
 
 The accession of these States shall be effected by a declara- 
 tion deposited with the Secretariat within two months of 
 the coming into force of the Covenant. 
 
 2. States not named in the annex which are admitted to the 
 League upon the conditions stated in the Covenant. (For 
 these conditions see VH-T.) 
 
 I7] 
 
IV. Agencies of the League: 
 
 Article II. 
 Article III. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Article III. 
 Article III. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 A. The Assembly. 
 
 1. Creation. 
 
 2. Members. 
 
 The members shall consist of the representatives of the 
 members of the League. A State may send three repre- 
 sentatives as members. 
 
 3. Meetings. 
 
 a. Time. 
 
 The meetings of the Assembly shall be at stated inter- 
 vals and from time to time as occasion may require. 
 
 b. Place. 
 
 The meetings of the Assembly shall be held at the seat 
 of the League or at such other place as may be decided 
 upon. 
 
 c. First meeting. 
 
 The first meeting of the Assembly shall be summoned 
 by the President of the United States of America. 
 
 4. System of voting. 
 
 Each member of the League shall have one vote. 
 
 5. Jurisdiction. 
 
 The Assembly may deal at its meeting with any matter 
 within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the 
 peace of the world. 
 
 6. Procedure and the appointment of committees. 
 
 These things shall be regulated by the Assembly and may 
 be decided by a majority of the members of the League 
 represented at the meeting. (See VII-U.) 
 
 7. Decisions. 
 
 Except where otherwise expressly provided in the Cove- 
 nant, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly require 
 the agreement of all the members of the League repre- 
 sented at the meeting. (For exceptions see VII-U.) 
 
 8. Powers. 
 
 a. Selecting from time to time the four members of the 
 League to be represented on the Council in addition to 
 the five members named. 
 
 b. Approving the addition of members of the League to 
 the Council. 
 
 The Assembly may make such approval by majority 
 vote. (See VII-U.) It may approve members of the 
 League who shall always be members of the Council or 
 it may increase the number of members of the League 
 to be selected by the Assembly for representation on 
 the Council. 
 
 c. Approving, by a majority vote, the appointment of 
 the Secretary General, made by the Council. (See 
 
 [8] 
 
\y~A-%-c-Cont. 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article XIX. 
 Article XIX, 
 
 Article II. 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article IV. 
 Article IV. 
 
 VII-U.) The first Secretary General, the Hon. Sir 
 James Eric Drummond, is named in the annex. 
 
 d. Receiving statements from any member of the League 
 in regard to any circumstances affecting international 
 relations which threaten to disturb either the peace or 
 the good understanding between nations upon which 
 peace depends. 
 
 e. Settling disputes referred to it by the Council on its 
 own responsibility or by the Council through the re- 
 quest of either party to the dispute. 
 
 The powers of the Assembly when a suit is so referred 
 to it are identical with those of the Council under 
 articles XII and XV except that a report made by the 
 Assembly must be concurred in by the representatives 
 of the members of the League represented on the 
 Council and by the representatives of a majority of the 
 other members of the League, excluding the repre- 
 sentatives of the parties to the dispute. (See IV-B-8-1.) 
 The use of the words ‘majority of the other members of 
 the League’ makes this an exception to the rule of 
 unanimity of vote; it is to be noted, however, that the 
 report of the Assembly must be endorsed by unanimous 
 vote in the Council. (See VII-U.) 
 
 f. Advising the reconsideration, by members of the 
 League, of treaties which have become inapplicable. 
 
 g. Advising the consideration of international conditions 
 whose continuance might endanger the peace of the 
 world. 
 
 B. The Council. 
 
 1. Creation. 
 
 2 . Members. 
 
 a. Original members. 
 
 The original membership in the Council shall consist 
 of representatives of the United States of America, of 
 the British Empire, of France, of Italy and of Japan, 
 together with representatives of four other members of 
 the League. (See IV-A-8-a.) 
 
 Until such time as the four unnamed members of the 
 League represented on the Council shall be selected 
 by the Assembly, representatives of Belgium, Brazil, 
 Greece and Spain shall be members of the Council. 
 
 b. Additional members. (See IV-A-8-b.) 
 
 c. Visiting members. 
 
 Any member of the League not represented on the 
 Council shall be invited to send a representative to sit 
 as a member at any meeting of the Council during the 
 consideration of matters specially affecting the interest 
 of that member of the League. 
 
 [9] 
 
IV-B-Cowi. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Article VI. 
 Article VI. 
 Article VII. 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 Article VIII. 
 
 3. Meetings. 
 
 a. Time. 
 
 The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion 
 may require, and at least once a year. 
 
 b. Place. 
 
 The meetings of the Council shall be held at the seat 
 of the League or at such other place as may be decided 
 upon. 
 
 c. First meeting. 
 
 The first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by 
 the President of the United States of America. 
 
 4. System of voting. 
 
 At meetings of the Council each member of the League 
 shall have only one representative on the Council and 
 shall have one vote. 
 
 5. Jurisdiction. 
 
 The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter 
 within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the 
 peace of the world. 
 
 6. Procedure and the appointment of committees. 
 
 These things shall be regulated by the Council and may 
 be decided by a majority of the members of the League 
 represented at the meeting. (See VII-U.) 
 
 7. Decisions. 
 
 Except where otherwise expressly provided in the Cove- 
 nant, decisions at any meeting of the Council require the 
 agreement of all the members of the League represented 
 at the meeting. (For exceptions see VII-U.) 
 
 8. Powers. 
 
 a. Appointing the Secretary General (except the first one) 
 subject to the approval of the majority of the Assembly. 
 
 b. Approving the appointments by the Secretary General 
 of the secretaries and the staff of the Secretariat. 
 
 c. Deciding at any time that the seat of the League shall 
 be established elsewhere. 
 
 d. Formulating plans, for the consideration and action of 
 the several governments, for the reduction of national 
 armaments to the lowest point consistent with national 
 safety. 
 
 Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and re- 
 vision at least every ten years. 
 
 e. Granting consent to the several governments to exceed 
 the limits of national armament previously established. 
 
 f. Advising concerning the prevention of the evil effects 
 attendant upon the manufacture by private enter- 
 prise of munitions and implements of war. 
 
 1 10] 
 
IV-B-8-CoMi. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article XV. 
 Article XVI. 
 
 g. Advising concerning the means to be taken to fulfill 
 the obligation to respect and preserve as against ex- 
 ternal aggression the territorial integrity and existing 
 political independence of all members of the League, 
 whenever any such aggression or any threat or danger 
 of such aggression is present. 
 
 h. Receiving statements from any member of the League 
 in regard to any circumstances affecting international 
 relations which threaten to disturb either the peace or 
 the good understanding between nations upon which 
 peace depends. 
 
 i. Conducting an inquiry in the case of disputes sub- 
 mitted to the Council. 
 
 The report of the Council must be made within six 
 months after the submission of the dispute. 
 
 j. Proposing what steps shall be taken to give effect 
 to an award resulting from arbitration but which has 
 not been carried out. 
 
 k. Formul&ting and submitting to the members of the 
 League for adoption, plans for the establishment of a 
 permanent court of international justice. 
 
 l . Acting to effect a settlement of any dispute which 
 members of the League have submitted to the Council 
 instead of to arbitration. 
 
 1 . Issuing a statement when a settlement of a dispute 
 is effected. 
 
 The Council shall then issue such a public statement 
 regarding the dispute and terms of settlement there- 
 of as it may deem appropriate. 
 
 2. Issuing a statement when a settlement of a dispute 
 is not effected. 
 
 The Council either unanimously or by a majority 
 vote (see VII-U) shall then make and publish a 
 report containing a statement of the facts of the 
 dispute and the recommendations which are 
 deemed just and proper in regard thereto. 
 
 3. Reporting, without recommendation in regard to a 
 settlement, when a dispute is claimed by one party 
 and is found by the Council to be solely within the 
 domestic jurisdiction of that party. 
 
 m. Referring any dispute to the Assembly. 
 
 n. Recommending to the several governments concerned 
 what effective military, naval or air force the members of 
 the League shall severally contribute to the armed 
 forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League. 
 This applies only to disregard, by a member of the 
 League, of articles XII, XIII or XV. 
 
 [ii] 
 
IV-B-8 -Cok<, 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Article II. 
 Article VI. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 o. Declaring a member of the League, violating any cove- 
 nant of the League, to be no longer a member. 
 
 The vote need not be concurred in by the representa 
 tive of the covenant-breaking State if it happens to 
 have a representative on the Council. 
 
 p. Modifying Articles XII to XVI inclusive, as it deems 
 necessary, when these articles are to be applied where 
 a State not a member of the League is a party to a 
 dispute. 
 
 q. Recommending appropriate action as a result of an 
 inquiry in regard to a dispute in which a State not a 
 member of the League is concerned. 
 
 r. Taking appropriate measures to prevent hostilities and 
 to settle a dispute when both parties to the dispute 
 (neither a member of the League) refuse to accept the 
 obligations of membership in the League for the pur- 
 pose of such dispute. 
 
 s. Receiving an annual report from mandatory powers, in 
 reference to the terflfcories committed to their charge. 
 
 t. Defining the degree of authority, control or adminis- 
 tration to be exercised by the mandatory when such 
 has not been previously agreed to by the members of 
 the League. 
 
 u. Including as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the 
 expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed 
 under the direction of the League. 
 
 V. Granting consent to the Secretariat to collect and dis- 
 tribute all relevant material, in regard to matters of 
 international interest, not placed under the control of 
 international bureaux or commissions. 
 
 C. The Secretariat. 
 
 1. Creation. 
 
 2. Meetings. 
 
 a. Continuous sessions. 
 
 b. Place. 
 
 The Secretariat shall be established at the seat of the 
 League. 
 
 3. Officers. 
 
 a. Personnel. 
 
 Secretary General, secretaries and staff. Both men 
 and women shall be eligible for all positions in con- 
 nection with the League, including the Secretariat. 
 (Article VI 1.) 
 
 b. Selection. 
 
 The first Secretary General is named in the annex. 
 Succeeding Secretaries General shall be appointed by 
 1 12 ] 
 
IV-C-s-b-Cow/. 
 
 Article VI. 
 Article XI. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article XVIII. 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 the Council with the approval of the majority of the 
 Assembly. 
 
 Secretaries and the staff of the Secretariat shall be 
 appointed by the Secretary General with the approval 
 of the Council. 
 
 4. Duties of the Secretary General. 
 
 a. Acting in the capacity of Secretary General at all 
 meetings of the Assembly and of the Council. 
 
 b. Summoning a meeting of the Council whenever, on 
 account of war or threat of war, any member of the 
 League requests him to do so. 
 
 c. Receiving notice of a dispute from one of the parties to 
 it and making necessary arrangements for a full in- 
 vestigation and consideration thereof. 
 
 d. Publishing all treaties or international engagements 
 registered with the Secretariat. 
 
 e. Collecting and distributing all relevant material in re- 
 gard to matters of international interest not placed 
 under the control of international bureaux or com- 
 missions. 
 
 This duty shall be performed, subject to the consent 
 of the Council. 
 
 5. Expenses. 
 
 The expenses of the Secretariat shall be borne by the 
 members of the League in accordance with the apportion- 
 ment of the expenses of the International Bureau of the 
 Universal Postal Union. 
 
 D. The permanent court of international justice. 
 
 1. Establishment. 
 
 The permanent court shall be established upon plans for- 
 mulated by the Council and adopted by the members of 
 the League. 
 
 2. Competency. 
 
 The court shall be competent to hear and determine any 
 dispute of an international character which the parties 
 thereto submit to it. 
 
 3. Advisory opinions. 
 
 The court may give an advisory opinion upon any dispute 
 or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assem- 
 bly. 
 
 E. Commissions, bureaux and other international organizations. 
 
 I. Permanent commission, to advise the Council, upon the 
 
 execution of article I (dealing with membership in the 
 League), article VIII (dealing with the reduction of arma- 
 ments), and upon military, naval and air questions gen- 
 erally. 
 
 [ 13] 
 
W-K-Cont. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Article XXIII. 
 
 V. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 2. Permanent commission to receive and examine the annual 
 reports of the mandatory States, and to advise the Council 
 on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates. 
 
 3. International bureaux already established by general 
 treaties. 
 
 These are to be placed under the control of the League if 
 the parties to such treaties consent. 
 
 4. International bureaux and commissions to be hereafter 
 constituted. 
 
 These, when constituted, shall be placed under the direc- 
 tion of the League. 
 
 5. International organizations necessary to carry out the 
 endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane condi- 
 tions of labor for men, women and children. 
 
 Agreements of States Members of the League: 
 
 A. General agreement. 
 
 “The high contracting parties agree to this Covenant of the 
 League of Nations.” 
 
 B. Expenses of the Secretariat. 
 
 These expenses “shall be borne by the members of the League 
 in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the 
 International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.” The 
 expenses of the Secretariat may have included in them, by the 
 Council, “the expenses of any bureau or commission which is 
 placed under the direction of the League.” 
 
 C. Armaments. 
 
 The members agree to reduce their armaments to the lowest 
 point consistent with national safety, plans for such reduc- 
 tion to be formulated by the Council but adopted only with 
 the consent of the States themselves. The States agree 
 thereafter not to increase their armaments without the con- 
 currence of the Council. 
 
 D. Private manufacture of munitions and implements of war. 
 “The members agree that the manufacture, by private enter- 
 prise, of munitions and implements of war is open to grave 
 objections.” 
 
 E. Exchange of full military, naval and air information. 
 
 The members “undertake to interchange full and frank in- 
 formation as to (i) the scale of their armaments, (2) their 
 military, naval and air programs, and (3) the condition of 
 such of their industries as are adaptable to warlike purposes.” 
 
 I14] 
 
V-Cont. 
 
 Article X. F. 
 
 Articles XII- G. 
 XIII. 
 
 Article XVI. H. 
 
 I. 
 
 Article XVIII (i) 
 
 Article XX (2) 
 and (3) 
 
 Article XXII. J. 
 
 Article XXV. K. 
 
 Article XXIII. L. 
 
 Respecting and preserving territorial integrity and political 
 independence. 
 
 The members of the league “undertake to respect and pre- 
 serve as against external aggression the territorial integrity 
 and existing political independence of all members of the 
 League.” 
 
 Arbitration. 
 
 The members of the League agree to submit all international 
 disputes to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council and in 
 no case to resort to war until three months after the award 
 by the arbitrators or the report by the Council; they further 
 agree that they will carry out in full good faith any award 
 that may be rendered and that they will not resort to war 
 against a member of the League which complies therewith. 
 (See VII-B.) 
 
 Regarding a State which has broken the Covenant. 
 
 The members of the League agree to regard a State breaking 
 the Covenant in respect to articles XII, XIII, or XV as hav- 
 ing committed an act of war against the League. (For penal- 
 ties to be applied see VII-C.) 
 
 Treaties. 
 
 The members of the League agree (i) to register with the 
 Secretariat all international engagements; (2) to abrogate 
 all treaties inconsistent with the terms of the Covenant; (3) 
 not to enter hereafter into any engagement inconsistent with 
 the terms of the Covenant. 
 
 Action as a mandatory. 
 
 A member of the League, acting as mandatory, agrees to 
 render an annual report, upon all matters relating to the 
 observance of its mandate, to the permanent commission 
 established for receiving and examining such reports. 
 
 National Red Cross organizations. 
 
 The members of the League agree to encourage and promote 
 the establishment and cooperation of duly authorized National 
 Red Cross organizations. 
 
 General responsibilities. 
 
 (See VI.) 
 
 VI. Various Responsibilities of States Members of the League: 
 Article XXIII. A. Conditions of labor. 
 
 The members^of^the^League will endeavor to secure and main- 
 tain fair and humane conditions of labor for men, women 
 and^children. 
 
 (151 
 
Vl-Cont. 
 
 Article XXIII. 
 
 Article XXIII. 
 
 Article XXIII. 
 
 Article XXIII. 
 
 Article XXIII. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Article VII. 
 Article VII. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 Articles XII 
 and XV. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 Article XIV. 
 
 B. Treatment of natives. 
 
 The members of the League will undertake to secure just 
 treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their 
 control. This extends to territories now under the control 
 of States members of the League or which hereafter may 
 come under such control, the same protection to the native 
 inhabitants which the League itself exercises through its 
 mandates. 
 
 C. Traffic in women, children and in dangerous drugs. 
 
 The members of the League will entrust the League with gen- 
 eral supervision over the execution of agreements with regard 
 to the traffic in women and children and the traffic in opium 
 and other dangerous drugs. 
 
 D. Supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition. 
 
 The League is to be entrusted with the supervision of such 
 trade with the countries in which the control of this traffic is 
 necessary in the common interest. 
 
 E. Transit and commerce. 
 
 The members of the League will make provision to secure 
 and maintain freedom of communication and of transit and 
 equitable treatment for the commerce of all members of the 
 League. 
 
 F. Public health. 
 
 The members of the League will endeavor to take steps in 
 matters of international concern for the prevention and con- 
 trol of disease. 
 
 General Provisions of the Covenant: 
 
 A. The seat of the League. 
 
 1. The seat of the League is established at Geneva. 
 
 2. The Council may at any time decide that the seat of the 
 League shall be established elsewhere. 
 
 B. Methods of adjusting disputes. 
 
 1 . Ordinary processes of diplomacy. 
 
 2. Inquiry by the Council. 
 
 The members of the League agree that if there should 
 arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, 
 they will submit the matter either to arbitration or to 
 inquiry by the Council. The Council must report con- 
 cerning the dispute within six months. 
 
 3. Arbitration by a court agreed upon by the parties. 
 
 4. Arbitration by the permanent court of international 
 justice. 
 
 The following types of disputes are mentioned as being 
 generally suitable for submission to arbitration: 
 
 I16] 
 
VII-B-4-CoMi. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 Article XIII. 
 Article XIII. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 Article XVI. 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 a. Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty. 
 
 b. Disputes as to any question of international law. 
 
 c. Disputes as to the existence of any fact which, if estab- 
 lished, would constitute a breach of any international 
 obligation. 
 
 d. Disputes as to the extent and nature of the reparation 
 to be made for any such breach as that referred to above 
 in c. 
 
 5. Referring a dispute to the Assembly. 
 
 The dispute may in any case be referred to the Assembly 
 by the Council; it must be so refrreed at the request of 
 either party to the dispute. 
 
 C. Penalties. 
 
 1. When applied. 
 
 a. When any State, a member of the League, resorts to 
 war in disregard of its covenants (under articles XII, 
 XIII or XV) concerning the settlement of disputes. 
 
 b. When any State, not a member of the League, refuses 
 to accept the obligations of membership in the League 
 for the purpose of settling a dispute and resorts to war 
 against a member of the League. 
 
 c. When any member of the League violates any covenant 
 of the League, (a, above, included only three articles 
 of the Covenant.) 
 
 2. Nature of penalties. 
 
 a. When the penalties are applied to a State which has 
 refused to attempt to settle a dispute by the methods 
 specified in the Covenant, (i. e., articles XII, XIII or 
 XV). 
 
 1. The severance of all trade relations. 
 
 2. The severance of all financial relations. 
 
 3. The prohibition of all intercourse between nationals 
 
 ' of the States members of the League and those of 
 
 the offending State. 
 
 4. The prohibition of all intercourse between nationals 
 of the offending State and nationals of all other 
 States whether members of the League or not. 
 
 b. When any member of the League violates any cove- 
 nant of the League except those in regard to the 
 settling of disputes by League methods. 
 
 Expulsion from the League by a vote of the Council, 
 unanimous except for the vote of the representative 
 of the offending State. 
 
 3. Method of enforcing penalties. 
 
 a. The use of effective military, naval or air force to 
 enable the successful application of the specified pen- 
 alties. 
 
 1 17 ] 
 
VII-C-3-Cowi. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 Article XVIII. 
 
 Article XIX. 
 
 Article XX. 
 
 Article XX. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 These forces are to be contributed to the League by the 
 members of the League, upon recommendation of the 
 Council. 
 
 b. Mutual support by the members of the League in the 
 financial and economic measures taken and in resisting 
 special measures aimed at one of the members of the 
 League by the recalcitrant State. 
 
 c. Permitting troops of any of the members of the League 
 cooperating to protect the covenants of the League, 
 to pass through the territory of any member of the 
 League. 
 
 D. Treaties and international engagements. 
 
 1. Registration and publication. 
 
 Every convention or international engagement entered 
 into hereafter by any member of the League shall be 
 immediately registered with the Secretariat. No treaty 
 or international engagement shall be binding unless so 
 registered. The Secretariat shall publish the treaty or 
 international engagement as soon as possible. 
 
 2. Reconsideration. 
 
 The reconsideration of inapplicable treaties may be 
 advised by the Assembly to the members of the League. 
 
 3. Abrogation. 
 
 All inter-state obligations to which a member bf the 
 League is a party and which are inconsistent with the 
 terms of the Covenant shall be abrogated. 
 
 4. Future types. 
 
 Members of the League may form in the future only 
 such engagements as are consistent with the terms of the 
 Covenant. 
 
 E. Mandates and mandatories. • 
 
 1. Colonies and territories concerned. 
 
 Colonies and territories freed by the late war from the 
 sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them 
 and inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by them- 
 selves “under the strenuous conditions of the modern 
 world.” 
 
 2. Principle to be applied. 
 
 The tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to ad- 
 vanced nations. 
 
 3. Type of nation which shall act as mandatory. 
 
 An advanced nation which is able to undertake the respon- 
 sibility because of special fitness from the standpoint of 
 (a) resources, (&) experience, (c) geographical position. 
 I18] 
 
Vll-E-Cont. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 4. Character of the mandate. 
 
 The character of the mandate depends upon (o) the stage 
 of development of the people, (&) geographical situation 
 of the territory, (c) economic condition of the territory, (dl 
 similar circumstances to (o), (&) and (c). 
 
 5. Limitations upon the mandatory. 
 
 The degree of authority, control or administration to be 
 exercised by the mandatory state shall be defined either 
 by agreement of the members of the League or, lacking 
 that, by the Council. 
 
 6. Annual reports from mandatory powers. 
 
 Each mandatory shall be required to render an annual 
 report in reference to the territory committed to its 
 charge. This report shall be received and examined by 
 a mandatory commission established for that purpose 
 and for the additional purpose of assisting the League 
 in ensuring the observance of the terms of all mandates. 
 
 7. Consent as a factor. 
 
 The wishes of the communities concerned must be a prin- 
 cipal consideration in the selection of the mandatory 
 power if these communities are reasonably advanced. No 
 power will be required, against its will, to act as a manda- 
 tory. 
 
 8. Examples of colonies and territories freed by the late war. 
 
 a. Communities formerly belonging to the Turkish 
 Empire. 
 
 These communities are in a stage of development where 
 their existence as independent nations can be pro- 
 visionally recognized. The mandatory power will 
 render administrative advice and assistance until such 
 time as they are able to stand alone. 
 
 b. Peoples of Central Africa. 
 
 The mandatory must be responsible for 
 
 1. The administration of the territory. 
 
 2. Guaranteeing freedom of conscience or religion. 
 
 3. The maintenance of public order and morals. 
 
 4. Prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the 
 arms traffic and the liquor traffic. 
 
 5. The prevention of the establishment of fortifications 
 or military and naval bases. 
 
 6. The prevention of military training of the natives 
 for other than police purposes and the defense of 
 territory. 
 
 7. The securing of equal opportunities for the trade 
 and commerce of other members of the League. 
 
 1 19I 
 
VII-E-8-Co«i. 
 
 Article XXII. 
 
 Article XXI. 
 
 Article 
 
 XXIII-A 
 
 Article 
 
 XXIII-B 
 
 Article 
 
 XXIII-C 
 
 Article 
 
 XXIII-D. 
 
 Article 
 
 XXIII-E. 
 
 Article 
 
 XXIII-F. 
 
 Article XXV. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 c. Territories such as Southwest Africa and certain of the 
 South Pacific Islands. 
 
 Because of any or several of the following reasons — 
 sparse population, small size, remoteness from the 
 centers of civilization, geographical contiguity to the 
 mandatory state, circumstances similar to those previ- 
 ously mentioned — the mandatory may administer the 
 territory, under the laws of the mandatory state, as 
 integral portions thereof. The safeguards mentioned 
 under (b) (just preceding) apply in the administration 
 of territories of the type just described (c). 
 
 F. Regional understandings and treaties of arbitration. 
 
 The validity of regional understandings, like the Monroe 
 Doctrine, and international engagements such as treaties of 
 arbitration shall not be affected by any thing in the Covenant. 
 
 G. Labor conditions. (See VI-A.) 
 
 H. Treatment of native inhabitants under the control of a State, 
 a member of the League. (See VI-B.) 
 
 I. The white slave traffic; traffic in dangerous drugs. (See 
 VI-C.) 
 
 J. Arms and ammunition trade. (See VI-D.) 
 
 K. Freedom of transit and equitable commercial opportunity. 
 (See VI-E.) 
 
 L. Prevention and control of disease. (See VI-F.) 
 
 M. Red Cross. (See V-K.) 
 
 N. Expenses. 
 
 1 . Secretariat, 
 
 The expenses of the Secretariat shall be borne by members 
 of the League in accordance with the apportionment of the 
 expenses of the International Bureau of the Universal 
 Postal Union. 
 
 2 . Bureau or commission. 
 
 Expenses of a bureau or commission which is placed under 
 the direction of the League may be included by the Coun- 
 cil as part of the expenses of the Secretariat. 
 
 O. Diplomatic immunities and extra-territoriality of buildings. 
 I. Diplomatic privileges and immunities shall be enjoyed by 
 
 representatives of the members of the League while these 
 representatives are engaged on the business of the League. 
 l2o] 
 
Wll-O-Cont. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 2. The building and other property occupied by the League 
 or its officials or by representatives attending its meetings 
 shall be held inviolable. 
 
 P. Extra representation on Council. 
 
 1. Temporary members. 
 
 Any member of the League not represented on the Council 
 shall be invited to send a representative to sit as a member 
 at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of 
 matters specially affecting the interest of that member of 
 the League. 
 
 2. Permanent additional members. 
 
 Permanent additional members of the Council of either the 
 continuous service type or the temporary type may be 
 added to the Council with the approval of the majority 
 of the Assembly. (See VII-U.) 
 
 Q. Reduction of armaments. 
 
 1. Purpose. 
 
 The purpose of the reduction of armaments is the mainte- 
 nance of peace. 
 
 2. Governing principle. 
 
 National armaments must be reduced to the lowest point 
 consistent with national safety. 
 
 3. Self-decision by State. 
 
 Each government shall decide for itself, in accordance with 
 the principle stated above (2), to what extent its national 
 armaments shall be reduced. The Council shall formulate 
 plans for the reduction of armaments for the consideration 
 of the several governments. 
 
 4. The maintenance of reduced armaments. 
 
 The limits for armaments, after adoption, may not be ex- 
 ceeded without permission of the Council. 
 
 The permanent military and naval commission (article 
 IX) is given power to advise the Council concerning the 
 four preceding points. 
 
 R. Private manufacture of munitions and implements of war. 
 The Council is given power to advise how the evil effects of 
 such manufacture can be prevented. Private manufacture 
 is not forbidden. The permanent military and naval commis- 
 sion (article IX) is given power to advise the Council upon 
 this point. 
 
 S. Procedure in time of war or threat of war. 
 
 Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any 
 of the members of the League or not, is declared to be a matter 
 
 (21 ] 
 
Vll-S-Cont 
 
 Article I. 
 Article I. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Article V. 
 Article IV. 
 Article VI. 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article V. 
 Article XV. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 of concern to the League. The League shall take any action 
 that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace 
 of nations. 
 
 T. Conditions governing the admission of States. 
 
 1. The State must be self-governing. 
 
 2. The State must give effective guarantees of its sincere 
 intention to observe its international obligations. 
 
 3. The State must accept such regulations as may be pre- 
 scribed by the League in regard to its military, naval and 
 air forces and armaments. 
 
 U. Exceptions to the rule of unanimous vote. 
 
 1. Assembly. 
 
 a. Procedure and the appointment of committees. (See 
 IV-A-6.) 
 
 b. Approving the addition of members of the League to 
 the Council. (See IV-A-8-b.) 
 
 c. Approving the appointment of the Secretary General. 
 (See IV-A-8-C.) 
 
 d. Settling disputes referred to it by the Council on its 
 own responsibility or by the Council through the re- 
 quest of either party to the dispute. (This exception is 
 more apparent than real. See IV-A-8-e.) 
 
 e. Adding permanent members to the Council. (See 
 VII-P-2.) 
 
 2. Council. 
 
 a. Procedure and the appointment of committees. (See 
 IV-B-6.) 
 
 b. Issuing a statement when a settlement of a dispute is 
 not effected. (See IV-B-8-I-2.) 
 
 V. Recognition of women as eligible for League offices. 
 
 All positions under or in connection with the League, includ- 
 ing the Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women. 
 
 W. The severing of relations between a member and the League. 
 
 1. Withdrawal. 
 
 Any member may, after two years’ notice, withdraw from 
 the League, provided that all its international obligations 
 and all its obligations under the Covenant have been ful- 
 filled at the time of its withdrawal. 
 
 2. Expulsion. 
 
 Any member of the League which has violated any cove- 
 nant of the League may be declared to be no longer a mem- 
 ber of the League by a vote of the Council, concurred 
 in by the representatives of all the other members of the 
 League represented thereon. 
 
 (22] 
 
VU-W-Cont. 
 
 Article XXVI. 3. Disapproval of an amendment. 
 
 Any member of the League which votes against an amend- 
 ment which is passed, will be permitted to cease to be a 
 member of the League if it does not wish to be bound by 
 the amendment. 
 
 Article X. X. Protection against external aggression. 
 
 The League will maintain against external aggression the 
 territorial integrity and the existing political independence of 
 all members. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 
 Y. Status of a State not in the League. 
 
 1 . When disputes arise between a State member of the League, 
 and a State not a member of the League, or between States 
 not members of the League, the State or States not mem- 
 bers shall be invited, upon terms set by the Council, to 
 accept the obligations of membership in the League for 
 the purposes of such dispute. 
 
 2. If a power refuses such invitation and violates the pro- 
 visions concerning the settlement of disputes the specified 
 penalties shall apply to that State. 
 
 3. If both parties to a dispute refuse the invitation, the 
 Council may take such action and make such recommen- 
 dations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the 
 settlement of the dispute. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Art cle XXIV. 
 
 Article XXIV. 
 Article XXIV. 
 
 Special international bureaux and commissions. 
 
 1. Those already established by treaties. 
 
 These shall be placed under the direction of the League 
 if the parties to such treaties consent. 
 
 2. Those to be hereafter constituted. 
 
 These shall be placed under the direction of the League. 
 
 3. Expenses. 
 
 The Council may include as part of the expenses of the 
 Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or commission 
 which is placed under the direction of the League. 
 
 VI 11 . Amendments: 
 
 Article XXVI . A. States ratifying to make effective. 
 
 1. Members of the League whose representatives compose 
 the Council. 
 
 2. A majority of the members of the League whose representa- 
 tives compose the Assembly. 
 
 Article XXVI . B. Binding power. 
 
 An amendment shall not bind any member which signifies its 
 dissent. But in that case, it shall cease to be a member of the 
 
 League. 
 
 [23] 
 
II 
 
 THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 
 
 [Part I of the Treaty of Peace with Germany] 
 
 The High Contracting Parties, in order to promote international cooperation 
 and to achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations 
 not to resort to war, by the prescription of open, just and honorable relations be- 
 tween nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international 
 law as the actual rule of conduct among governments, and by the maintenance 
 of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of 
 organized peoples with one another, agree to this Covenant of the League of 
 Nations. 
 
 ARTICLE I 
 
 The original Members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories 
 which are named in the Annex to this Covenant and also such of those other States 
 named in the Annex as shall accede without reservation to this Covenant. Such 
 accession shall be effected by a Declaration deposited with the Secretariat within 
 two months of the coming into force of the Covenant. Notice thereof shall be 
 sent to all other Members of the League. 
 
 Any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony not named in the Annex, 
 may become a Member of the League if its admission is agreed to by two-thirds 
 of the Assembly, provided that it shall give effective guarantees of its sincere 
 intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept such regula- 
 tions as may be prescribed by the League in regard to its military, naval and air 
 forces and armaments. 
 
 Any Member of the League may, after two years’ notice of its intention so to 
 do, withdraw from the League, provided that all its international obligations and 
 all its obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its 
 withdrawal. 
 
 ARTICLE II 
 
 The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected through the 
 instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent Secretariat. 
 
 ARTICLE III 
 
 The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members of the League. 
 
 The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as occasion 
 may require at the Seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon. 
 
 The Assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of 
 action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. 
 
 At meetings of the Assembly each member of the League shall have one vote, 
 and may have not more than three Representatives. 
 
 1 24] 
 
ARTICLE IV 
 
 The Council shall consist of Representatives of the United States of America, 
 of the British Empire, of France, of Italy, and of Japan, together with Representa- 
 tives of four other Members of the League. These four Members of the League 
 shall be selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the 
 appointment of the Representatives of the four Members of the League first 
 selected by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and 
 Greece shall be members of the Council. 
 
 With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name 
 additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be mem- 
 bers of the Council; the Council with like approval may increase the number of 
 Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation on the 
 Council. 
 
 The Council shall meet from time to time, as occasion may require, and at least 
 once a year, at the Seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided 
 upon. 
 
 The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of 
 action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. 
 
 Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to 
 send a Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during 
 the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that Member of 
 the League. 
 
 At meetings of the Council, each Member of the League represented on the 
 Council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one Representative. 
 
 ARTICLE V 
 
 Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant, or by the terms 
 of this treaty, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall 
 require the agreement of all the Members of the League represented at the meeting. 
 
 All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, includ- 
 ing the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be 
 regulated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority 
 of the Members of the League represented at the meeting. 
 
 The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be 
 summoned by the President of the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE VI 
 
 The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. 
 The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff 
 as may be required. 
 
 The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter 
 the Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the 
 majority of the Assembly. 
 
 The secretaries and the staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Sec- 
 retary General with the approval of the Council. 
 
 The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly 
 and of the Council. 
 
 1 25] 
 
The expenses of the Secretariat shall be borne by the members of the League in 
 accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau 
 of the Universal Postal Union. 
 
 ARTICLE VII 
 
 The Seat of the League is established at Geneva. 
 
 The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be estab- 
 lished elsewhere. 
 
 All positions under or in connection with the League, including the Secretariat, 
 shall be open equally to men and women. 
 
 Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the League when 
 engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and 
 immunities. 
 
 The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by 
 Representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII 
 
 The Members of the League recognize that the maintenance of peace requires 
 the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national 
 safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations. 
 
 The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances 
 of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and 
 action of the several Governments. 
 
 Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten 
 years. 
 
 After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits 
 of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the 
 Council. 
 
 The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise 
 of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council 
 shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be pre- 
 vented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the League 
 which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary 
 for their safety. 
 
 The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank infor- 
 mation as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval and air programs, 
 and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable to warlike purposes. 
 
 ARTICLE IX 
 
 A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the 
 execution of the provisions of Articles I and VIII and on military, naval and 
 air questions generally. 
 
 ARTICLE X 
 
 The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against 
 external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence 
 of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any 
 threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by 
 which this obligation shall be fulfilled. 
 
 [26] 
 
ARTICLE XI 
 
 Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members 
 of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, 
 and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to 
 safeguard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency should arise the 
 Secretary General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith 
 summon a meeting of the Council. 
 
 It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member of the League to 
 bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance what- 
 ever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb international 
 peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace depends. 
 
 • ARTICLE XII 
 
 The Members of the League agree that if there should arise between them any 
 dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter either to arbitra- 
 tion or to inquiry by the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war 
 until three months after the award by the arbitrators or the report by the Council. 
 
 In any case under this Article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within 
 a reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within six months 
 after the submission of the dispute. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII 
 
 The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute shall arise be- 
 tween them which they recognize to be suitable for submission to arbitration and 
 which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will submit the whole 
 subject matter to arbitration. 
 
 Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international 
 law, as to the existence of any fact which if established would constitute a breach 
 of any international obligation, or as to the extent and nature of the reparation 
 to be made for any such breach, are declared to be among those which are gener- 
 ally suitable for submission to arbitration. 
 
 For the consideration of any such dispute the court of arbitration to which the 
 case is referred shall be the court agreed on by the parties to the dispute or stipu- 
 lated in any convention existing between them. 
 
 The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good faith 
 any award that may be rendered and that they will not resort to war against a 
 Member of the League which complies therewith. In the event of any failure to 
 carry out such an award, the Council shall propose what steps should be taken 
 to give effect thereto. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV 
 
 The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League for 
 adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International 
 Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an 
 international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The Court may 
 also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the 
 Council or by the Assembly. 
 
 1 27] 
 
ARTICLE XV 
 
 If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute likely to 
 lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration in accordance with Ar- 
 ticle XIII, the Members of the League agree that they will submit the matter to 
 the Council. Any party to the dispute may effect such submission by giving 
 notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all 
 necessary arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof. 
 
 For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary 
 General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the relevant 
 facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith direct the publication thereof. 
 
 The Council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if such 
 efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving such facts and ex- 
 planations regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as the Council 
 may deem appropriate. 
 
 If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a 
 majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the 
 facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deerned just and proper 
 in regard thereto. 
 
 Any Member of the League represented on the Council may make public a 
 statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the same. 
 
 If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof 
 other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the 
 Members of the League agree that they will not go to war with any party to the 
 dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report. 
 
 If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by the 
 members thereof, other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to 
 the dispute, the Members of the League reserve to themselves the right to take 
 such action as they shall consider necessary for the maintenance of right and 
 justice. 
 
 If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by 
 the Council to arise out of a matter which by international law is solely within 
 the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make 
 no recommendation as to its settlement. 
 
 The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assem- 
 bly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either party to the dis- 
 pute, provided that such request be made within fourteen days after the sub- 
 mission of the dispute to the Council. 
 
 In any case referred to the Assembly all the provisions of this Article and of 
 Article XII relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the 
 action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the Assembly 
 if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the League represented 
 on the Council and of a majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive 
 in each case of the Representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the 
 same force as a report by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof 
 other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute. 
 
 [28] 
 
ARTICLE XVI 
 
 Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants 
 under Articles XII, XIII, or XV, it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed 
 an act of war against all other Members of the League, which hereby undertake 
 immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the 
 prohibition of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the 
 covenant-breaking State, and the prevention of all financial, commercial, or 
 personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking State and 
 the nationals of any other State, whether a Member of the League or not. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several 
 Governments concerned what effective military, naval or air force the Members 
 of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect 
 the covenants of the League. 
 
 The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one 
 another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article, 
 in order to minimize the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures, 
 and that they will mutually support one another in resisting any special measures 
 aimed at one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and that they will 
 take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of 
 any of the Members of the League which are cooperating to protect the covenants 
 of the League. 
 
 Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may 
 be declared to be no longer a Member of the League by a vote of the Council con- 
 curred in by the Representatives of all the other Members of the League repre- 
 sented thereon. 
 
 ARTICLE XVII 
 
 In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a State which is 
 not a Member of the League, or between States not Members of the League, the 
 State or States not Members of the League shall be invited to accept the obliga- 
 tions of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such 
 conditions as the Council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the pro- 
 visions of Articles XII to XVI inclusive shall be applied with such modifications 
 as may be deemed necessary by the Council. 
 
 Upon such invitation being given the Council shall immediately institute an 
 inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may 
 seem best and most effectual in the circumstances. 
 
 If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the 
 League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member 
 of the League, the provisions of Article XVI shall be applicable as against the 
 State taking such action. 
 
 If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations 
 of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, the Council may 
 take such measures and make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities 
 and will result in the settlement of the dispute. 
 
ARTICLE XVIII 
 
 Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by any Mem- 
 ber of the League, shall be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as 
 soon as possible be published by it. No such treaty or international engagement 
 shall be binding until so registered. 
 
 ARTICLE XIX 
 
 The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members 
 of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable and the consideration of 
 international conditions whose continuance might endanger the peace of the 
 world. 
 
 ARTICLE XX 
 
 The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is accepted as 
 abrogating all obligations or understandings inter se which are inconsistent with 
 the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into 
 any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof. 
 
 In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the 
 League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this 
 Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to procure 
 its release from such obligations. 
 
 ARTICLE XXI 
 
 Nothing in this covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of international 
 engagements, such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the 
 Monroe Doctrine, for securing the maintenance of peace. 
 
 ARTICLE XXII 
 
 To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have 
 ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them 
 and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the 
 strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle 
 that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civili- 
 zation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in 
 this Covenant. 
 
 The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage 
 of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their 
 resources, their experience or their geographical position, can best undertake this 
 responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be 
 exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. 
 
 The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the develop- 
 ment of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its economic con- 
 ditions and other similar circumstances. 
 
 Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached 
 a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be pro- 
 visionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assis- 
 
 [30] 
 
tance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes 
 of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the 
 Mandatory. 
 
 Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the 
 Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under 
 conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience or religion, subject only to 
 the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the 
 slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the 
 establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military train- 
 ing of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory, and 
 will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members 
 of the League. 
 
 There are territories, such as South-west Africa and certain of the South 
 Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small 
 size, or their remoteness from the centers of civilization, or their geographical 
 contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be 
 best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its 
 territory, subject to the safeguards above-mentioned in the interests of the 
 indigenous population. 
 
 In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an 
 annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge. 
 
 The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the 
 Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, 
 be explicitly defined in each case by the Council. 
 
 A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the 
 annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating 
 to the observance of the mandates. 
 
 ARTICLE XXIII 
 
 Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions 
 existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of the League (o) will 
 endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labor for men, 
 women and children both in their own countries and in all countries to which their 
 commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish 
 and maintain the necessary international organizations; (b) undertake to secure 
 just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control; (c) 
 will entrust the League with the general supervision over the execution of agree- 
 ments with regard to the traffic in women and children, and the traffic in opium 
 and other dangerous drugs; (d) will entrust the League with the general super- 
 vision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the con- 
 trol of this traffic is necessary in the common interest ; (e) will make provision to 
 secure and maintain freedom of communications and of transit and equitable 
 treatment for the commerce of all Members of the League. In this connection, the 
 special necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918 shall be 
 borne in mind ; (/) will endeavor to take steps in matters of international concern 
 for the prevention and control of disease. 
 
ARTICLE XXIV 
 
 There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaux 
 already established by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. 
 All such international bureaux and all commissions for the regulation of matters 
 of international Interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction 
 of the League. 
 
 In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general con- 
 ventions but which are not placed under the control of international bureaux or 
 commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the 
 Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information 
 and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable. 
 
 The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the ex- 
 penses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction of the 
 League. 
 
 ARTICLE XXV 
 
 The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment 
 and cooperation of duly authorized voluntary national Red Cross organizations 
 having as purposes the improvement of health, the prevention of disease and the 
 mitigation of suffering throughout the world. 
 
 ARTICLE XXVI 
 
 Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of 
 the League whose Representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the 
 Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly. 
 
 No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its 
 dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League. 
 
 ANNEX TO THE COVENANT 
 
 1. Original members of the League of Nations. 
 
 Signatories of the Treaty of Peace. 
 
 United States of America, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, British Empire 
 (Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, India), China, Cuba, 
 Czecho-Slovakia, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hedjaz, 
 Honduras, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, 
 Roumania, Serbia, Siam, Uruguay. 
 
 States Invited to Accede to the Covenant. 
 
 Argentine Republic, Chili, Colombia, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, 
 Paraguay, Persia, Salvador, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Venezuela. 
 
 2. First Secretary General of the League of Nations 
 Sir James Eric Drummond, K.C.M.G., C.B. 
 
Ill 
 
 QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE COVENANT OF THE 
 LEAGUE OF NATIONS 
 
 1. Is the League of Nations a super-state? 
 
 2. What are the fundamental purposes of the League and by what methods are 
 they to be attained? 
 
 3. What incentives exist to States which are not signatory to the Covenant to 
 apply for admission to the League of Nations? 
 
 4. The word advise, a weak word ordinarily, is of frequent occurrence in the 
 Covenant. Why will a State hesitate to reject the advice of the Assembly 
 or Council? 
 
 5. Has any constitution ever been made which adequately safeguards everything 
 which should be safeguarded? 
 
 6. What is meant by the statement that a constitution must be interpreted in 
 the light of its motive? 
 
 7. How can a State give the “effective guarantees” demanded in article I? 
 
 8. What are the various ways provided in the Covenant by which disputes 
 between States may be adjusted without conflict of arms? 
 
 9. Has the statement “The United States would surrender its sovereignty as 
 a member of the League of Nations” any validity? 
 
 10. When the United States becomes a member of the League, will any agency of 
 the League of Nations have the power to call out the Army or the Navy of 
 the United States? 
 
 11. Has the League of Nations the power to open the doors of the United States 
 to unrestricted oriental immigration? 
 
 12. Will the League of Nations end war? 
 
 13. Is the League of Nations a world League? 
 
 14. Are the functions of the Council legislative, executive or judicial, or all three 
 or any two of these? Of the Assembly? 
 
 15. Where is the seat of the League? 
 
 16. Has any agent of the League the power to establish the seat of the League 
 at some other city than Geneva? 
 
 17. How do members of the Secretariat (excluding the Secretary General) 
 secure office? 
 
 18. Are small States adequately represented on the Council? Discuss the 
 question of representation in the League from the point of view of (i) the 
 small versus the large State; (2) self-governing dominions or colonies; (3) 
 minority parties within a State. 
 
 19. Is honoring the United States the sole reason for designating our President 
 in the provision stating “the first meeting of the Assembly and of the Council 
 shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America”? 
 
 [33] 
 
20. Under what circumstance may the Secretary General summon a meeting of 
 the Council? 
 
 21. How are the common expenses of the League to be apportioned? 
 
 22. How is the permanent court of international justice to be established? What 
 cases is it competent to hear? What are its advisory powers? 
 
 23. What permanent commissions and bureaux are provided for in the Covenant? 
 
 24. What position is taken by the League in regard to international bureaux 
 established by general treaties? 
 
 25. What provision is made in the Covenant concerning National Red Cross 
 organizations? 
 
 26. By what logic was the provision made in the Covenant by which members of 
 the League agree to reduce their armaments to the lowest point consistent 
 with national safety? 
 
 37. Why is the manufacture of munitions and implements of war, by private 
 enterprise, open to grave objections? 
 
 28. Why are members of the League required to exchange full and frank informa- 
 tion concerning the scale of their armaments, their military, naval and 
 air programs and the condition of such of their industries ns are adaptable 
 to warlike purposes? 
 
 29. What difference in the meaning of article X would be created by the omission 
 of the words “external aggression”? 
 
 30. What penalties will be applied, by the League, to a State which breaks its 
 covenants concerning the settlement of disputes? 
 
 31. What penalty can be applied, by the League, to a State which breaks any 
 article of the Covenant? 
 
 32. Are penalties ever to be inflicted upon a non-member State? 
 
 33. What treaties must be abrogated by States that become members of the 
 League? 
 
 34. Is the United States party to any treaty which must be abrogated? 
 
 35. What are the “nationals” of a State? 
 
 36. Is there any State in the world today which could carry on a normal life if all 
 trade and financial relations were severed between it and the rest of the world? 
 
 37. Describe the situation that will develop in a State when the economic boycott 
 is applied by the League. 
 
 38. How will the League secure the military, naval and air forces necessary to 
 maintain an economic boycott? 
 
 39. What principles (not stated in t|^e Covenant) were drawn up by the Peace 
 Conference to guide the policy of the League where labor questions are 
 concerned? 
 
 40. Has the League of Nations any power to act in reference to white slavery? 
 
 41. Why is it advisable for the League to supervise the necessary trade in arms 
 and ammunition? 
 
 42. Why should freedom of communication and of transit and equitable treatment 
 for the commerce of all members of the League be maintained? Should this 
 freedom and equitable treatment be maintained for non-member States? 
 
 43. What provision is made in the Covenant concerning the prevention and 
 control of disease? 
 
 44. There are five methods, provided in the Covenant, by means of which dis- 
 putes may be settled without recourse to arms. What are they? 
 
 [34] 
 
45- What types of disputes are suitable for submission to arbitration? 
 
 46. Define mandate, mandatory, self-governing State, high contracting party, 
 member of the League, backward people and advanced nation. 
 
 47. What qualifications are mentioned in the Covenant as necessary for States 
 that are to act as mandatories? 
 
 48. To what colonies and territories does the principle of mandatory supervision 
 apply? 
 
 49. Do the colonies and territories select their own mandatories? 
 
 50. Will any State be required, without its consent, to act as a mandatory? 
 
 51. In what way is the authority of the mandatory State regulated by the League? 
 
 52. Upon what does the character of the mandate depend? 
 
 53. What are the duties of the mandatory commission? 
 
 54. What is meant by “regional understandings”? 
 
 55. Why are diplomatic immunities advisable for representatives of the League 
 while these representatives are engaged on business for the League? 
 
 56. Why does the Covenant declare the principle of extra-territoriality for 
 property occupied by the League or its officials? 
 
 57. Under what circumstances may temporary members be added to the Council? 
 
 58. How may permanent additional members be added to the Council? 
 
 59. By whom are the original limitations of armament determined? How may 
 the limits for armament be exceeded after they are once adopted? 
 
 60. What are the powers of the permanent military, naval and air commission? 
 
 61. What is the rule of unanimity? Discuss the advisability of this rule. 
 
 62. What exceptions to the rule of unanimous vote are made in the Covenant? 
 
 63. What conditions govern the admission of new States into the League? 
 
 64. In addition to withdrawal from the League after two years notice what other 
 methods exist by which the relations between a member and the League may 
 be severed? 
 
 65. What is the status of a State not in the League? 
 
 66. Is there any intention on the part of the League to coerce a State not in the 
 League? 
 
 67. International cooperation might take place for unworthy purposes; what 
 assurance does the Covenant give that this is not the type of cooperation 
 referred to in the preamble? 
 
 68. What three ways are provided in the Covenant by which States secure mem- 
 bership in the League? 
 
 69. Name the various agencies of the League. 
 
 70. How many representatives may be sent by a State to the Assembly? the 
 Council? 
 
 71. Are there any reasons why the Council and the Assembly may hold their 
 meetings wherever they choose while the Secretariat is required to be at the 
 seat of the League? 
 
 72. Over what matters does the Assembly have jurisdiction? The Council? Is 
 there any danger of conflicting decisions as a result of overlapping jurisdic- 
 tions? 
 
 73. How is the procedure of the Assembly to be regulated? The Council? 
 
 74. What are the powers of the Assembly as specified in the Covenant? Of the 
 Council? 
 
 75. Are the powers of the Assembly inferior or superior to those of the Council? 
 
 [35] 
 
76. How are the four States to be chosen that are to serve with the five States 
 named as members of the Council? 
 
 77. Is there a provision in the Convenant which makes it possible to increase the 
 number of States to be represented on the Council? If so, what is the pro- 
 vision? 
 
 78. If any member of the League is aware of circumstances which threaten to 
 disturb either the peace or the good understanding between nations upon 
 which peace rests, what action is it proper for that member to take? 
 
 79. What provision is made in the Covenant, for the time of meeting of the 
 Assembly and of the Council? 
 
 80. Who is the first Secretary General? How does the Secretary General secure 
 office? 
 
INDEX 
 
 EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING FORM OF INDEX 
 
 Arbitration, 15, V-G; 27, XII and 27, XIII. 16-17, VII-B-3 and 4; 27, 
 XIII and XIV. 
 
 Explanation: On page 15 part V-G of the outline there is a reference to 
 arbitration. The authorities for this reference are two, article XII on page 27 
 and article XIII on page 27. On pages 16 and 17 additional references to ar- 
 bitration are made in VII-B-3 and VII-B-4 of the outline. The authorities 
 for these references are found on page 27 in article XIII and on page 27 in article 
 XIV. The use of the index is made easier if it is remembered that any page 
 number higher than 23 refers to the Covenant. 
 
 Abrogation of treaties, 15, V-I-2; 30, XX. 
 
 Accession to membership, 7, III-B; 24, I. 
 
 Admission of States, 22, VII-T; 24, I. 
 
 Advising — 
 
 Assembly, by court, 13, IV-D-3; 27, XIV. 
 
 Council, by court, 13, IV-D-3; 27, XIV. 
 
 Advisory opinions of court, see “court.” 
 
 Agencies of the League — 8, IV. 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A; many articles, see outline, 
 bureaux, 13, IV-E; 31, XXIII and 32, XXIV. 
 commissions, 13, IV-E; 26, IX and 31, XXII. 
 
 Council, 9, IV-B; many articles, see outline. 
 
 permanent court of international justice, 13, IV-D; 27, XIV. 
 
 Secretariat, 12, IV-C; many articles, see outline. 
 
 Agents of League, see “mandatories.” 
 
 Agreements of member States, 14, V; many articles, see outline. 
 
 Air forces, II, IV-B-8-n; 29, XVI. 17-18, VII-C-3-a: 29, XVI. 
 
 Amendments — 
 
 ratification of, 23, VIII-A; 32, XXVI. 
 binding power of, 23, VIII-B; 32, XXVI. 
 
 Annual reports, 19, VII-E-6; 31, XXII. 12, IV-B-8-s; 31, XXII. 
 Appointment of committees — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-6: 25, V. See 22, VII-U, of outline. 
 
 Council, 10, IV-B-6: 25, V. See 22, VII-U, of outline. 
 
 Appointment of Secretary General, see “Secretary General.” 
 
 Apportionment of expenses, 13, IV-C-5; 26, VI. 
 
 Arbitration, 15, V-G; 27, XII and 27, XIII. 16-17, VII~B-3 and 4; 27, 
 XIII and XIV. 
 
 Argentine Republic, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 [37] 
 
Armaments — 
 
 advisory commission concerning, 21, VII-Q-note; 26, IX. 
 
 agreements of members, 14, V-C; 26, VIII. 
 
 consent to exceed limits, 21, VII-Q-4; 26, VIII. 
 
 reconsideration of plans concerning, 10, IV-B-S-d; 26, VIII. 
 
 reduction of, 21, VII-Q; 26, VIII. 
 
 self decision by States, 21, VII-Q-3: 26, VIII. 
 
 Arms and ammunition, supervision of trade in, 16, VI-D; 31, XXIII. 20, 
 VII-J; 31, XXIII. 
 
 Assembly — 8, IV-A; many articles, see outline. 
 
 appointment of committees, 8, IV-A-6; 25, V. See 22, VII-U, of outline, 
 creation, 8, IV-A-i; 24, II. 
 
 decisions, 8, IV-A-7; 25, V. See 22, VII-U, of outline, 
 jurisdiction, 8, IV-A-5; 24, III. 
 meeting, first, 8, IV-A-3-C; 25, V. 
 
 meetings, time and place of, 8, IV-A-3-a and b; 24, III. 
 
 members, 8, IV-A-2: 24, III. 
 
 powers or duties relating to, 8, IV-A-8. 
 
 addition of permanent members to Council, 8, IV-A-8-b; 25, IV. 
 consideration of disturbing international conditions, 9, IV-A-8-g; 30, XIX. 
 members of Council, 8, IV-A-8-a and b; 25, IV. 
 reconsideration of treaties, 9, IV-A-8-f; 30, XIX. 
 
 Secretary General, participation in election of, 8, IV-A-8-c; 25, VI. 
 selection of temporary members of Council, 8, IV-A-8-a; 25, IV. 
 settling disputes, 9, IV-A-8-e; 28, XV. 
 
 statements concerning disturbance of peace, 9, IV-A-8-d; 27, XI. 
 statements from member States, 9, IV-A-8-d; 27, XL 
 statements regarding disputes, 9, IV-A-8-e; 28, XV. 
 procedure, 8, IV-A-6; 25, V. 
 system of voting, 8, IV-A-4; 24, III. 
 
 Australia, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Award, il, IV-B-8-j; 27, XIII. 
 
 Belgium, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 Binding power of amendments, 23, VIII-B; 32, XXVI. 
 
 Bolivia, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Brazil, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 British Empire, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 Bureaux — 
 
 already established by treaties, 23, VII-Z-i ; 32, XXIV. 
 expenses of, 12, IV-B-8-u; 32, XXIV: 23, VII-Z-3; 32, XXIV. 
 to be hereafter constituted, 23, VII-Z-2; 32, XXIV. 
 
 Canada, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Central Africa, peoples of, 19, VII-E-8-b; 31, XXII. 
 
 Character of mandate, 19, VII-E-4; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 Children — 
 
 labor conditions of, 14, IV-E-5; 31, XXIII. 15, VI-A; 31, XXIII. 
 protection of, 16, VI-C; 31, XXIII. 
 
 [38] 
 
Chili, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 China, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Colombia, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Colonies, 18, VII-E-i: 30, XXII. 19, VII-E-7; 31, XXII. 19 and 20, VII- 
 E-8-a, b and c; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 Commerce, 16, VI-E; 31, XXIII. 19, VII-E-8-b-7; 31, XXII. 
 
 Commission — 
 
 advisory to Council on armaments and armed forces, 13, IV-E-i; 26, IX. 
 expenses of, 12, I V-B-8-u; 32, XXIV. 23, VII-Z-3; 32, XXIV. 
 to receive and examine reports of mandatories, 14, IV-E-2; 31, XXII. 
 Committees — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-6; 25, V. See 22, VII-U, of outline. 
 
 Council, 10, IV-B-6; 25, V. See 22, VII-U, of outline. 
 
 Competency of court, see “court.” 
 
 Conditions under which States are admitted, 22, VII-T ; 24, I. 
 
 Consent of mandatory and colony, 19, VII-E-7; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 Consent to exceed armament limits, 10, IV-B-8-e: 26, VIII. 
 
 Cooperation, international, 7, I-A; 24, preamble. 
 
 Council — 
 
 appointment of committees, 10, IV-B-6: • 25, V. See 22, VII-U, of outline. 
 
 creation, 9, IV-B-i; 24, II. 
 
 decisions, 10, IV-B-7; 25, V. 
 
 jurisdiction, 10, IV-BB; 25, IV. 
 
 meeting, first, 10, IV-c-3-c; 25, V. 
 
 meetings, time and pla e of, 10, IV-B-3-a and b; 25, IV. 
 members — 9, IV-B-2; 25, IV. 
 
 additional permanent, 8, IV-A-8-b; 25, IV. 
 original, 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 temporary, 8, IV-A-8-a; 25, IV. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 visiting, 9, IV-B-2-c; 25, IV. 
 powers or duties relating to — 
 
 action in disputes of non-member States, 12, IV-B-8-p, q and r; 29, XVII. 
 annual reports from mandatories, 12, IV-B-8-s; 31, XXII. 
 appointment of Secretary General, 10, IV-B-8-a; 25, VI. 
 appointments to staff of Secretariat, 10, IV-B-8-b: 25, VI. 
 armaments — ■ 
 
 consent to exceed limits, 10, IV-B-8-e; 26, VIII. 
 reduction of, 10, IV-B-8-d; 26, VIII. 21, VII-Q; 26, VIII. 
 revision of plans concerning, 10, IV-B-8-d; 26, VIII. 
 articles XII-XVI, 12, IV-B-8-p: 29, XVII. 
 case in domestic jurisdiction, ii, IV-B-8-I-3; 28, XV. 
 collection and distribution of material by Secretariat, 12, IV-B-8-v; 32, 
 XXIV. 
 
 contribution of forces, ii, IV-B-8-n; 29, XVI. 
 degree of authority of mandatories, 12, IV-B-8-t; 31, XXII. 
 establishment of permanent court, ii, IV-B-8-k; 27, XIV. 
 expenses of bureaux and commissions, 12, IV-B-8-u; 32, XXIV. 
 expulsion of covenant-breaking State, 12, IV-B-8-0; 29, XVI. 
 external aggression, ii, IV-B-8-g; 26, X. 
 
 [39 ] 
 
Council — {continued) 
 
 powers or duties relating to — 
 
 fulfilling obligations under article X, ii, IV-B-8-g: 26, X. 
 inquiry in submitted disputes, ii, IV-B-S-i; 27, XII. 
 manufacture of munitions of war, 10, IV-B-8-f; 26, VIII. 
 measures to prevent hostilities, 12, IV-B-8-r; 29, XVII. 
 referring dispute to Assembly, ii, IV-B-8-m; 28, XV. 
 seat of League, 10, IV-B-S-c; 26, VII. 
 settlement of submitted dispute, ii, IV-B-8-1; 28, XV. 
 statement of non-settlement of dispute, il, IV-B-8-I-2; 28, XV. See 22 
 VII-U, of outline. 
 
 statement of settlement of dispute, ii, IV-B-8-I-1; 28, XV. 
 statements in regard to disturbances of peace, ii, IV-B-8-h; 27, XI. 
 steps to make arbitration award effective, ii, IV-B-8-j; 27, XIII. 
 procedure, 10, IV-B-6; 25, V. 
 system of voting, 10, IV-B-4; 25, IV. 
 
 Court of International Justice — -13, IV-D; 27, XIV. 
 advisory opinions, 13, IV-D-3; 27, XIV. 
 arbitration by, 16, VII-B-4; 27, XIII and XIV. 
 competency, 13, IV-D-2; 27, XIV. 
 establishment of, 13, IV-D-i; 27, XIV. 
 
 Covenant, 24-32. 
 
 Covenant-breaking State, 12, IV-B-8-0; 32, XXIV. 15, V-H; 29, XVI. 
 Cuba, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Czecho-Slovakia, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Decisions— 
 
 rule of unanimity, see “rule.” 
 
 exceptions to rule of unanimity, see “exceptions.” 
 
 Denmark, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Diplomacy, 16, VII-B-i; 27, XIII. 
 
 Diplomatic immunities, 20, VII-O-i; 26, VII. 
 
 Disapproval of amendment, 23, VIII-B; 32, XXVI. 
 
 Disease, prevention and control of, 16, VI-F; 31, XXIII. 20, VII-L; 31 
 XXIII. 
 
 Disputes — 
 
 arrangements for investigation of, 13, IV-C-4-c; 28, XV. 
 concerning non-member States, 12, IV-B-8-p; 29, XVII. I7i Vll-C-i-b; 
 29, XVII. 
 
 methods of adjusting, 16, VII-B; 27, XII, XIII, XIV, 28, XV. 
 notice of, received by Secretary General, 13, IV-C-4-c; 28, XV. 
 referred to Assembly by Council, ii, IV-B-8-m; 28, XV. 17, VII-B-5 
 28, XV. 
 
 referred to Assembly by request, 17, VII-B-5; 28, XV. 
 referred to Council, ii, IV-B-8-i; 27, XII. 
 referred to a court agreed upon, 16, VII-B-3; 27, XIII. 
 referred to permanent Court, 16-17, VII-B-4; 27, XIV. 
 
 [40] 
 
Disputes — {continued) 
 
 reports concerning, ii, IV-B-8-l-i, 2 and 3; 28, XV. 
 submitted to arbitration, 16, VII-B-a; 27, XII, 28, XV. 
 suitable for submission to arbitration, 16-17, VII-B-4-a, b, c and d; 27, XIII. 
 Domestic jurisdiction, ir, IV-B-8-I-3; 28, XV. 
 
 Drugs, 16, VI-C; 31, XXIII. 
 
 Drummond, Sir James Eric, 9, IV-A-8-c; 25, VI, 32, annex. 
 
 Duties of Secretary General, see “Secretary General.” 
 
 Ecuador, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Equitable commercial opportunity, 16, VI-E; 31, XXIII: 20, VII-K; 31, 
 XXIII. 
 
 Establishment of court, see “court.” 
 
 Exceptions to rule of unanimity, 22, VII-U; 25, IV, V, VI, 28, XV. 
 
 Exchange of military, naval and air information, 14, V-E; 26, VIII. 
 
 Expenses of bureaux and commissions, 12, IV-B-8-u; 32, XXIV. 20, VII-N- 
 2; 32, XXIV. 
 
 Expenses of Secretariat, 13, IV-C-5; 26, VI. 14, V-B; 26, VI. 20, VII- 
 N-i; 26, VI: 12, IV-B-8-u: 32, XXIV. 
 
 Expulsion of covenant-breaking State, I2, IV-B-8--0; 29, XVI. 17, VII-C- 
 2-b; 29, XVI: 22, VII-W-2; 29, XVI. 
 
 External aggression, 15- V-F; 26, X. 23, VII-X; 26, X. 
 
 Extra representation on Council, 21, VII-P; 25, IV. 
 
 Extra-territoriality, 21, VII-O-2; 26, VII. 
 
 First meeting — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-3-C; 25, V. 
 
 Council, 10, IV~B-3-c; 25, V. 
 
 Forces, contribution of, ii, IV-B-8-n; 29, XVI. 
 
 France, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, iy-B-2-a: 25, IV. 
 
 Freedom of conscience, 19, VII-E-8-b-2; 31, XXII. 
 
 Freedom of transit, 16, VI~E; 31, XXIII: 20, VII-K; 31, XXIII. 
 
 Future treaties, 18, VII-D-4; 30, XX. 
 
 General agreement of member States, 14, V-A; 24, preamble. 
 
 General provisions of Covenant, 16, VII. 
 
 Geneva, 16, VII-A-i; 26, VII. 
 
 Good understanding, 9, IV-A-8-d; 27, XI. 
 
 Greece, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 Guatemala, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Haiti, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Health, 16, VI-F; 31, XXIII. 20, VII-L; 31, XXHI. 
 
 Hedjaz, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 High Contracting Parties, 24, preamble. 
 
 Honduras, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Hostilities, prevention of, 12, IV-B-8-r; 29, XVII. 
 
 Immunities, see “diplomatic.” 
 
 India, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 [41] 
 
Information, exchange of, 14, V-E; 26, VIII. 
 
 Inquiry in submitted disputes, 16, VII-B-2; 27, XII and 28, XV. 
 
 Intercourse, prohibition of, 17, VII-C-2-a-3; 29, XVI. 
 
 International conditions, consideration of, 9, IV-A-8-g; 30, XIX: ii, IV- 
 B-8-h; 27, XI. 
 
 International cooperation, 7, I-A; 24, preamble. 
 
 International engagements, 20, VII-F; 30, XXI. 
 
 International law as the rule of conduct, 7, II-C; 24, preamble. 
 
 International organizations, 14, IV-E-5; 31, XXIII. 
 
 International peace, 7, I-B; 24, preamble. 
 
 International relations, 7, I I-B; 24, preamble. 
 
 International security, 7, I-B; 24, preamble. 
 
 Italy, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 Japan, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 Jurisdiction of Assembly, see “Assembly.” 
 
 Jurisdiction of Council, see “Council.” 
 
 Justiciable disputes, 16-17, VII-B-4; 27, XIII. 
 
 Labor — 
 
 conditions of, 14, IV-E-5; 31, XXIII: 15, VI-A; 31, XXIII. 20, VII-G; 
 31, XXIII. 
 
 international organization in regard to, 14, IV-E-5; 31, XXIII. 
 
 Law, international, 7, II-C; 24, preamble. 
 
 Liberia, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Limitations upon mandatory, 19, VII-E-5; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 Liquor traffic, 19, VII-E-8-b-4; 31, XXII. 
 
 Maintenance of justice, 7, II-D; 24, preamble. 
 
 Mandates and mandatories — 18-20, VII-E; 30-31, XXII. 
 annual reports, 12, IV-B-8-s; 31, XXII. 19, VII-E-6; 31, XXII. 15. 
 V-J; 31. XXII. 
 
 character of mandate, 19, VII-E-4; 30, XXII. 
 
 colonies and territories concerned, 18, VII-E-i; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 consent as a factor, 19, VII-E-7; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 degree of authority, 12, IV-B-8-t; 31, XXII. 19, VII-E-5; 31, XXII. 
 
 examples of colonies, 19-20, VII-E-8; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 limitations upon mandatory, 19, VII-E-5; 31, XXII. 
 
 principle to be applied, 18, VII-E-2; 30, XXII. 
 
 type of nation to act, 18, VII-E-3; 30, XXII. 
 
 Meetings — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-3; 24, III and 25, V. 
 
 Council, 10, IV-B-3; 25, IV and 25, V. 
 summoned by Secretary General, 13, IV-C-4-b; 27, XL 
 Members — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-2; 24, III. 
 
 Council, 8, IV-A-8-a and b; 25, IV. 9, IV-B-2; 25, IV. See “Council 
 
 members.” 
 
 [42] 
 
Members of League — 7, III; 24, I and 32, annex, 
 original, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 States admitted under conditions, 7, III~B-2; 24, I. 22, VII-T; 24, I. 
 States not signatory named in annex, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Methods of achieving purposes, 7, II; 24, preamble. 
 
 Methods of adjusting disputes, 16-17, VII-B; many articles, see outline. 
 Military forces, II, I V-B-8-n; 29, XVI. 17-18, VII-C-3-a; 29, XVI. 
 Military training, 19, VII-E-8-b-6; 31, XXII. 
 
 Monroe Doctrine, 20, VII-F; 30, XXI. 
 
 Munitions of war, 14, V-D; 26, VIII. 21, VII-R; 26, VIII. 
 
 Mutual support to enforce penalties, 18, VII-C-3-b; 29, XVI. 
 
 National Red Cross, 15, V-K; 32, XXV. 20, VII-M; 32, XXV. 
 Nationals, 17, VII-C-2-a-3 and 4; 29, XVI. 
 
 Natives, treatment of, 16, VI-B; 31, XXIII. 20, VII-H; 31, XXIII. 
 Naval forces, II, I V-B-8-n; 29, XVI; 17-18, VII-C-3-a; 29, XVI. 
 Netherlands, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 New Zealand, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Nicaragua, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Non-members of League, 23, VII-Y-i, 2 and 3; 29, XVII. 
 
 Norway, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Obligations not to r^ort to war, 7, II-A; 24, preamble. 
 Open, just and honorable relations, 7, II-B; 24, preamble. 
 Organizations, international, 14, IV-E-5; 31, XXIII. 
 Outline of Covenant, 7-23. 
 
 Panama, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Paraguay, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Passage of troops, 18, VII-C-3-c; 29, XVI. 
 
 Peace — 
 
 disturbance of, 9, IV-A-8-g; 30, XIX. ii, IV-B-8-h; 27, XL 
 international, 7, I-B; 24, preamble. 
 
 Penalties — 
 
 method of enforcing, 17-18, VII-C-3; 29, XVI. 
 
 nature of, 17, VII-C-2; 29, XVI. 
 
 when applied, 17, VII-C-i ; 29, XVI and XVII. 
 
 Persia, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Peru, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Poland, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Political independence, 15, V-F; 26, X. 23, VII-X; 26, X. 
 Portugal, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Powers — 
 
 Assembly, see “Assembly, powers.” 
 
 Council, see “Council, powers.” 
 
 President of the United States, 8, IV-A-3-c; 25, V. 
 
 Private manufacture of munitions of war, 21, VII-R; 26, VIII. 
 
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Procedure — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-6; 25, V. 
 
 Council, 10, IV-B-6; 25, V. 
 in time of war, 21, VII-S; 27, XI. 
 
 Prohibition of intercourse, 17, VII-C-2-a-3 and 4; 29, XVI. 
 
 Publication of treaties, 18, VII-D-i; 30, XVIII. 
 
 Public health, 16, VI-F; 31, XXIII. 
 
 Public order and morals, in colonies, 19, VII-E-8-b-3; 31, XXII. 
 
 Purposes, 7, I-A and B; 24, preamble. 
 
 Questions on the Covenant, 33-36. (The separate questions are not indexed.) 
 
 Reconsideration of treaties, 18, VII-D-2; 30, XIX. 
 
 Red Cross, 15, V-K; 32, XXV. 20, VII-M; 32, XXV. 
 
 Referring disputes, see “disputes.” 
 
 Regional understandings, 20, VII-F; 30, XXI. 
 
 Registration of treaties, 18, VII-D-i; 30, XVIII. 
 
 Reparation, 17, VII-B-4-d; 27, XIII. 
 
 Reports of Assembly and Council — 
 disputes in domestic jurisdiction, ii, IV-B-8-I-3; 28, XV. 
 settled disputes, 9, IV-A-8-e; 28, XV. ii, IV-B-8-I-1; 28, XV. 
 special provision concerning Assembly reports, 9, IV-A-8-e; 28, XV. 
 unsettled disputes, ii, IV-B-8-I-2; 28, XV. 
 
 Report of mandatory State, 12, IV-B-8-s; 31, XXII. 19, VII-E-6; 31, 
 
 XXII. 15, V-J; 31, XXII. 
 
 Representation on Council, 9, IV-B-2-a, b and c; 25, IV. 
 
 Representative, Council, 10, IV-B-4; 25, IV. 
 
 Representatives, Assembly, 8, IV-A-2; 24, III. 
 
 Respect for treaty obligations, 15, V-I; 30, XVIII and XX. 
 
 Revision of plans concerning reduction of armaments, see “armaments.” 
 Roumania, 7, II I-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Rule of unanimity, 8, IV-A-7; 25, V. 10, IV-B-7; 25, V. See “exceptions.” 
 
 Salvador, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Seat of League — 
 
 changing, 16, VII-A-2; 26, VII. 
 established, 16, VII-A-i; 26, VII. 
 
 Secretariat — 12-13, IV-C; 24, II, 25, VI, 27, XI, 28, XV, 30, XVIII and 32, 
 XXIV. 
 
 creation, 12, IV-C-i; 24, II. 
 expenses, 13, IV-C-5; 26, VI. 
 included expenses, 12, IV-B-8-u; 32, XXIV. 
 officers, personnel, 12, IV-C-3-a; 25, VI. 
 officers, selection of, 12, IV-C-3-b; 25, VI. 
 
 Secretary General — 
 
 appointment of, 12-13, IV-C-3-b; 25, VI. 10, IV-B-8-a; 25, VI. 8-9, 
 IV-A-8-c: 25, VI. 
 
 appointments by, 13, IV-C-3-b; 25, VI. 
 
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Secretary General — {continued) 
 
 duties— 13, IV-C-4: 25, VI, 27, XI, 28, XV, 30, XVIII, 32, XXIV. 
 acting at Assembly and Council meetings, 13, IV-C-4-a; 25, VI. 
 collecting and distributing material, 13, IV-C-4-e; 32, XXIV. 
 publishing registered treaties, 13, IV-C-4-d; 30, XVIII. 
 receiving notice of a dispute, 13, IV-C-4-c; 28, XV. 
 summoning meetings of Council, i3,IV-C-4-b; 27, XI. 
 
 Security, see “international.” 
 
 Serbia, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Settlement of disputes, 16-17, VII-B; 27, XII, XIII and XIV, 28, XV. 
 Severance of financial relations, 17, VII-C-2-a-2; 29, XVI. 
 
 Severance of relations between League and a member, 22-23, VII-W; 24, I, 
 29, XVI, 32, XXVI. 
 
 Severance of Trade relations, 17, VII-C-2-a-i; 29, XVI. 
 
 Siam, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Six months. Council report within, ii, IV-B-8-i; 27, XII. 16, VII-B-2; 
 
 27, XII. 
 
 South Africa, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 South Pacific Islands, 20, VII-E-8-c; 31, XXII. 
 
 South-West Africa, 20, VII-E-8-c; 31, XXII. 
 
 Spain, 7, III-B-i ; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 
 State — see “members” and “non-members.” 
 
 covenant-breaking, 17, Vll-C-i-a; 29, XVI: 17, VII-C-2-b; 29, XVI. 
 mandatory, see “mandates.” 
 
 Statements from member States, 9, IV-A-8-d; 27, XI: ii, IV-B-8-h; 27, XI. 
 Submitted disputes, see “disputes,” “inquiry.” 
 
 Supervision of arms and ammunition trade, 16, VI-D; 31, XXIII. 20, VII-J; 
 31, XXIII. 
 
 Sweden, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Switzerland, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 System of voting — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-4; 24, III. 
 
 Council, 10, IV-B-4; 25, IV. ' 
 
 Territorial integrity, 15, V-F; 26, X. 23, VII-X; 26, X. 
 
 Text of the Covenant of the League of Nations, 24-32. 
 
 Traffic in women, children and dangerous drugs, 16, VI-C; 31, XXIII. 
 Transit, 16, VI-E; 31, XXIII. 
 
 Treaties — 
 
 abrogation of, 15, V-I-2; 30, XX. 18, VII-D-3; 30, XX. 
 
 arbitration, treaties of, 20, VII-F ; 30, XXL 
 
 arbitration of disputes in regard to, 17, VII-B-4-a; 27, XIII. 
 
 Assembly advises reconsideration of, 18, VII-D-2; 30, XIX. 
 
 future types, 18, VII-D-4; 30, XX. 
 
 inconsistent with Covenant, 15, V-I-3; 30, XX. 
 
 maintenance of respect for obligations of, 7, II-E; 24, preamble. 
 
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Treaties — {continued) 
 
 publication of registered treaties, 13, IV-C-4-d: 30, XVIII. 18, VII-D-i; 
 30, XVIII. 
 
 reconsideration of, 9, I V-A-8-f ; 30, XIX. 18, VII-D-2; 30, XIX. 
 registration of, 18, VII-D-i; 30, XVIII. 
 treaty obligations, 15, V-I; 30, XVIII and XX. 
 
 Treatment of natives, see “natives.” 
 
 Turkish Empire, colonies of, 19, VII-E-S-a; 30-31, XXII. 
 
 Unanimous vote, see “rule,” “exceptions.” 
 
 United States of America, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 9, IV-B-2-a; 25, IV. 
 Uruguay, 7, III-A; 32, annex. 
 
 Venezuela, 7, III-B-i; 32, annex. 
 
 Voting — 
 
 Assembly, 8, IV-A-4; 24, III. 
 
 Council, 10, IV-B-4; 25, IV. 
 majority, see “exceptions.” 
 unanimous, see “rule.” 
 
 War, 15, V-G; 27, XII and XIII. 17, Vll-C-i-a and b; 29, XVI and XVII. 
 White slave traffic, 20, VII-I; 31, XXIII. 
 
 Withdrawal — (voluntary or involuntary). 
 
 disapproval of amendment, 23, VII-W-3; 32, XXVI. 
 expulsion, 12, IV-B-8-0; 29, XVI. 22, VII-W-2; 29, XVI. 
 resignation, 22, VII-W-i; 24, I. 
 
 Women — 
 
 eligible for office, 22, VII-V; 26, VII. 
 labor, conditions of, 14, IV-E-5; 31, XXIII. 
 protection of, 16, VI-C; 31, XXIII. 
 
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