A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1898 1923 oF Ate von Ae aS a ae << Ad) i i es ote . i % : . ri > ae ie ¢ Fade-ysiloget "tee db ; : > 6: [ fom oe rw Pe wice son tieas 3 sereh tom Me a van S a“ phos hp ae. net 4 ig - re ane ) cane Ae ne Sale 12 YALLOd ‘a NOMVAN—sd1dHd ‘AN HLIGa—AYAINA AJINNND SANDV—N@SNHOfL ‘a viinl WEDS) CE Rg pT NOSTIIM °M AASTVH—TIAMOYN °O NAYUVM—HOIAL *‘d ASINOT—NOSNOMA °O ONITHA—AUNAH NOT WysIy O} 1597] —Surpawig AYOW UNV SUYVAA NAL ANVdWOO AHL HLIA Naad AAVH OHA AAVLS AHL AO SHAPNAW AGNV SYAOIIAO A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY RE UROSEEGi ANDsIPROSPECT ‘No extended record of facts grows too old to be useful provided only that we have a ready and sure way of getting at the par- ticular fact or facts we are in search of. And this leads me to speak of what I conceive to be one of the principal tasks to be performed by the present and the coming generation of scholars, not only in the medical, but in every department of knowledge. I mean the formation of indexes, and more especially of indexes to periodical literature. —OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY NEW YORK 125 Pa aA Ty ’ ‘ “ - ‘ * ‘ : ‘e 7 =e ’ ‘ & A ' « - . = as Se rc a — *ee . = ‘ - - . a ° - CS ah =~ ck . . Fy a ' . “A ~ + - ~~ eines Zs * > ad ‘ ” ; ‘ LAS ie « - A ® ee ‘5 of = v ogs 1 Pia Solan ‘ +t - >< “ Pe try - 7 | * - ° . > = - » -\« . if 44- . * - . e : Par Y » -* ‘ . es ‘ +) fete. . = . a. *Sr7 = - +" ‘ _" a _- baie 2 ~ oi ae ° “ ce <> : ot 3S Oe. <* oo —,0° 238: ) 85 ee eis 7 oe Ow eg oe a 7 - hin oe Po > aS ap ma . a > c ' ~* za — mi ara, a t — . » f ¢ - ve a } a ) be 4 e ys : i EY 5 ly ~ << ~ j é . ‘ " F = , a ‘ ' > % Ps Gar . i. Ae oe Ps fs oe ; G yt ie aoe 4 r « ; 3 7. ra’ ie oe ’ fs ae i 7 * ie il 6 i i 4% vo te o4 ey ‘ ae ee , w ave 7 fams - yi ee « * 4 A 4 py ‘ : 4 Z i "4 or | ) oe | 2 FOREWORD At the quarter century milestone we pause for a look backward and for a momentary scanning of the future. The retrospect may seem to the reader without dramatic appeal and may be impressive as a record of busi- ness growth only to those who are familiar with the casualties of biblio- graphical enterprises. [he prospect has plenty of food for the imagina- tion. In the time taken from daily duties to chronicle the growth of the Company we have not been unmindfu] that, in a work which we are pleased to call cooperative, a full measure of credit is due to our patrons who thruout the years have given us their financial and moral backing. Our friends have come all the way with us. [hey have supported open- mindedly each new venture thru the period of experiment. ‘They have offered constructive suggestions and advice. [hey have heartened us with frequent letters of encouragement and appreciation. ‘They have even had a sympathetic understanding of the Company’s uncompromising stand always to put first its professional service rather than profit making. From publishers we have received not only encouragement but co- operation in the supply of periodicals to be indexed and review copies of new books from which, as a final disposition, selections have been made for our library of more than fifteen thousand volumes. A further gratifying reflection is that other publishers in our own field have often thru their columns expressed their good will; notably Mr. Richard R. Bowker, publisher of the Library Journal and Pub- lisher’s Weekly, who, when he might have regarded us as competitors in a limited field, looked upon us rather as fellow members of his profession. He was a gentle critic of our early efforts and has commended generously whatever successes we have achieved. Further, tribute is due the workers inside the organization whose pro- fessional zeal has ever made a secondary consideration of financial rewards. One may say in acknowledgment of their loyalty that they have “‘held the beginning of their confidence steadfast‘ thru the years. The booklet has been prepared for our friends, patrons, and past and present associates who at various times and especially during the un- certain first years gave generous aid. We cannot mention all of them. We only hope that each will read this page and accept as personal our sincere gratitude. THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY. February, 1923 CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD in te ae ite ote hr er le Ree ee 7 1 5 PROGRESS Slewenty-tiVeml(earseG i CslOWth sie ae 9 Chronology, Methods and Mechanics of the Book Catalogs and Periodical Indexes BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS pienem@umllativer trian ante ere see = Crna a 31 Beremlictional val: lan pee ene mee ie een ee ere ayes bys Hines Services basissOleC@harge ee ee ee 35) Scnsistcnes OUD] cctmLileadingsmae ee eee 338) farintccm ndexesavs aC aldswa. aus ares noe ts ee 36 THE WHys AND WHEREFORES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY siihesbibitocraphica mires sate ee ee ey 37 Bipliograpuicalm isl anning aenetek erent eee ee ge Sy) A Look AHEAD @ooperalon=—© |deande Newer ee ate, INewatarintings bp rocesseseassw> on pe re ee ts Sv 40 New Fields RES SONNE: Loa re ene ee” Chie 0 Ee ie i eT yn 4] ip o ress a aes et ft ae mie PROGRESS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF GROWTH HE month of December of the f year 1889 records a _ venture which in 1898 led Mr. Wilson into the field of bibliography and established the present business of The H. W. Wilson Company. Two students of the University of Minnesota formed a partner- ship under the name of Morris Mm & Wilson for the purpose of dealing in student textbooks and _ supplies. Previous to this time the partners, Henry S. Morris and Halsey W. Wilson, had been doing a small retail book business by taking orders from their fellow students and deliv- ering the books in person. The total capital of the new firm amounted to the sum of $100, _part of which was borrowed. During the first year the young promoters found it neces- sary to carry morning papers” to meet college expenses, as every penny of profits from the new enterprise was needed to develop the business. The advantage of a bookshop to the Uni- versity won from the authorities permission to occupy a nine by twelve room in the old main build- ing. Shelves, cases, counters —all in a nine by twelve! And if memory serves aright a mimeographing outfit found space for running off overnight the next day’s history or literature syllabus for Uni- versity classes. [he ingenuity which it took to set up a shop in these narrow limits was matched by the skill of the partners to arrange academic and commercial activities so that one of the two was always behind the counter when the other was in the classroom. Book Store Experience *Mr. Wilson says in his jottings, “One may doubt the educational value of a morning newspaper route for a literary or publishing career. But that the smell of printer's ink even from newspapers has its stimulating influence is borne out by the fact that of my two companions on the regular 5 a. m. trip to the newspaper office one is professor of history at Dartmouth and the other editor of Living Age.” 9 About two years later Mr. Morris was graduated and Mr. Wilson acquired sole in- terest in the business which attained the dig- nity of a full fledged bookshop when the University granted larger quarters in the same building. The change brought with it also the supervision of the University Post Office, the advantage of which to the growing busi- ness was the daily visit of the student throng. As the scope of the undertaking widened to keep pace with the rapid growth of the University, Mr. Wilson faced the usual book- store problems, conspicuous among which was the lack of a convenient trade cata- log. The author, the title or the publisher —never all three—would be submitted by patrons with a request for full information about a new book. Then followed moments, even hours, of search through various cata- logs for the data. It was tedious, uneconomi- cal, exasperating! Necessity, therefore, the proverbial quickener of new ideas, embold- ened Mr. Wilson to risk the publication, on his own account, of a monthly cumulative catalog of books. Estimating the cost at $500 a year and optimistically hoping for five hundred subscribers at $1 each to meet expenses, this editor-publisher, like the libra- rian who contended that his catalog cost him nothing because he made it himself, expected to do the compiling, copymaking, proofread- ing, bookkeeping and mailing at home even- ings, with the assistance of his enthusiastic wife whose labor was equally cheap. In February of 1898 the first number of the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX was issued, thus initiating the cumulative feature as it has The Mother of Invention since been developed in the publications of The Wilson Company. This number and the circular letter accompanying went forth to sell a new idea. Quietly, expectantly, the tiny office of the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX The First Subscribers A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY . awaited the first subscription. Nor was the wait a long one. From a bookshop in Pitts- burgh, presided over by Mr. Waters, came the first evidence of faith in the scheme in the form of a crisp dollar bill and, best of all, a word of encouragement. [he demand was great for the catalog, he said. He welcomed it as a much needed time-saver. He hoped that the venture would succeed. The next mail brought a subscription from John Wana- maker and another from Ellen Plumb ot Emporia, Kansas. [he first year was mem- orable for nearly three hundred subscribers and a rapidly growing deficit. While sub- scriptions increased in succeeding years in sufficient numbers to cover the cost of the undertaking as originally planned, so many expensive improvements seemed desirable that for many years an annual deficit always reared its head just as it was about to be wholly eliminated. It was not until recent years that the enlarged and improved enter- prise, as it exists today, was really on a firm financial footing. After a few months the publishing depart- ment was moved from the publisher’s home to a corner of the bookshop where Miss Marion E. Potter, without special bibliographical train- ing but with a broad aca- demic foundation, began the editorial work on the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX. To show something of the utter disregard of com- pensation which characterized Miss Potter’s early attitude toward her work, may be cited that when her first salary check was handed to her she looked it over with a puzzled ex- pression and said, ‘‘What is this for>”’ Before the printing of the first annual cumulation the INDEX was installed in a small room in the University Y.M.C.A. building adjoining an embryo printing shop. The editor, one assistant, the printer and the proof filled the office. There was room for nothing more but the fumes of gasoline es- caping from the adjoining room during the process of type cleaning. When lines of type were arranged in order the printer brought the galley proof to the editor and stood at her elbow while she read it. Immediately First Editor Early Processes thereafter he made it up into pages, a pro- cedure which our present staff, used to re- peated checking over of proof, would regard with horror and alarm. Some laughable mistakes enlivened the early stages of the publication. One issue appeared with the startling entry, “Heroes of the Revo- We Panay lution, ’. followed by the line, “Each one sliding off and showing the next.”’ Again the editor’s eye caught in her latest number, “‘Baptists, see also Drunkards’’; and “Biography of the Prince of Whales.’’ Oc- curences of this character made plain the necessity of various precautions against similar errors in the future. A satisfactory system was gradually evolved, founded on practical experience in making mistakes. The improved system, together with new features, called for a constantly increasing staff of workers and more space. Accord- ingly, Mr. Wilson negotiated for the erection of a two- story building, just off the university campus, where in 1900 he housed the bookshop and publishing office on the main floor, sublet the basement for a general printing shop and controlled the rental of the second floor for university dancing parties. Here the first edition of the UNITED STATES CATALOG, books in print, 1899 was pub- lished. The time had arrived, also, for a definite plan to promote the sale of the pub- lications. Mr. W. C. Rowell, connected for a short period with the book- shop in 1898 but at this time traveling for a publish- ing firm, was induced to carry the CUMULA- TIVE Book INDEX as a side line. His success encouraged Mr. Wilson to contract for his exclusive services in the spring of 1900 when he started to sell to librarians and book- sellers the CUMULATIVE BooK INDEX at - $3 a year. He also took orders, for future delivery, for the biennial volume of the INDEX for 1898-1899 and the UNITED STATES CATALOG, books in «print, 1899. Mr. Rowell often marvels at the success of those early days in selling the new and un- tried publications of a new and unknown firm. One assumes that it was due, first, to United States Catalog Promotion Begins 10 PROGRESS having for sale an indispensable tool and, second, to no small amount of patience, push and energy. After covering nearly every state in the Union and the most fruitful parts of Canada, in 1904 he located in New York as eastern representative of the firm. To this half decade also belong, first, the beginning of the READERS’ GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE, at the start a monthly cumu- lated index to twenty periodicals and, second, the appearance of a second edition of the UNITED STATES CATALOG, which, aside from including new material to date, incor- porated title and subject entries. The foregoing period of The Wilson Com- pany's history was wholly experimental. It had been trying out a way to supply the *lock with a key, the ship with a rudder, the binnacle with a compass. A trail had to be blazed. Tools with which to work and meth- ods by which to operate had to be devised. ‘There was the determination to have the en- terprise finance itself, to demonstrate, con- trary to precedent, that bibliographical work could be made self-supporting. Also there was ever the vital consideration of gaining the generous confidence of the specialized audience to which the appeal was made. By dint of sacrifice which most sellers of new ideas are called upon to make and by dint of the generous service of a loyal editorial staff the experiment kad worked enccurag- ingly enuf to warrant carrying on. [he time now arrived to establish the business upon a recognized firm footing. [he H.W. Wilson Company, ac- cordingly, came into being, Was incorporated, and claimed the distinction at this time of entering upon really serious bibliographical work. This advance in 1903 was signalized by the purchase of the Cu- mulative Index to Periodicals, published in Cleveland, its consolidation with the READ- mi Readers’ Guide Help from Holmes Incorporation of Company . joins the forlorn brotherhood of ‘back vol- umes’ than which, so long as they are unindexed, nothing can be more exasperating. Who wants a lock without a key, a ship without a rudder, a bin- nacle without a compass, a check without a signa- ture, a greenback without a goldback behind it?’”’— Oliver Wendell Holmes 1] ERS’ GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE and the selection of Mr. J. B. Doster, who had been the publisher of the Cleveland [n- dex, as business manager of the publishing department. At the same time the READERS’ GUIDE was entrusted to Miss Anna Lorraine Guthrie who left the position of reference librarian at the University of Minnesota to undertake the new editorial work. “Two years later the Book REviEw DIGEsT was launched under the supervision of Miss Clara E.. Fanning of Minneapolis. Branching out was further signalized by the removal of the business into a new three story, fire-proof building of its own opposite the gateway of the University campus. ‘The initiative and courage which lay back of that project were commemorated by the presi- dent of a prominent Minneapolis bank before the Minnesota Bankers’ Association in 1906 in the following words: “Now there are many examples of won- derful initiative in our national life. ‘This is the country of initiative and courage. But I We Build don’t want to speak about these great names. It seems to me that they are dazzling. I would rather speak about those natural and simple examples of initiative and courage that we can all see around us. “T have seen a young man in our neigh- berhood build a $28,000 building on a $6,000 lot, with only a little over $1,000 investment. I think that is an example of initiative. More than that, he brought it to a successful conclusion. Now I passed that lot a hundred times without seeing that it had any particular value. He bought the lot for $3,000, $1,000 down and a mort- gage back for $2,000. Then somebody who had a particular use for the lot offered him $6,000 for it. I said to him ‘You have no money to build a building. Sell it and take your profit.” But he said, “The lot is worth more than that to me.’ Then he organized a building corporation, and by means of pre- ferred stock which he sold to friends who be- lieved in him and knew his plans, by means of a mortgage on the completed structure, he built and paid for that splendid $28,000 building. He then moved his business into it, A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY his printing department into the basement, his book store and publishing department upon the first floor; and the hall renting at $15 a night for parties will pay a large part of the carrying charge. Now there you have a beau- tiful building, of great benefit to the com- munity, of undoubted value to the company who made the mortgage, a first-class invest- to pencil or hand was laid to shovel.” At first, two floors only were occupied by the Company, the second floor being rented as a public hall. The basement housed a re- cently acquired printing department while the main floor was divided between the book shop in front and the business and editorial offices in the rear. The editorial offices also THE FIRST BUILDING OWNED BY THE COMPANY ment for the preferred stockholder, a splendid home for the business, and of growing value to the common stockholders. As you look at that building you might say to me, “That build- ing is built of brick and stone,’ but I tell you that building is a creation of the mind. You might say to me, “That building is built by architect and builder,’ but I say to you that building is built by initiative. You might say to me, “That building is built by capital,’ but I say to you that building is built by courage. As we look at that splendid structure we for- get the men and teams who made the excava- tion, we forget the masons who laid the brick and stone, we even forget the architect who drew the plans; we remember and admire that young man who saw that building, a vi- sion in his mind before fingers were touched 12 at this time made room for a new feature, the Cumulative Reference Library, where maga- zine articles, pamphlets and reports were col- lected, filed by subject and rented or sold to readers and debaters who had no regular access to the magazines. The years 1906-12 saw four new enter- prises launched. The first was LIBRARY WORK, a quarterly digest of literature de- voted to libraries. Through an arrangement by which Library Journal took over this digest and incorporated it into its current numbers The Wilson Company discontinued it with the publication of a cumulated num- ber covering the years 1906-1911. The sec- ond step of progress was recorded in the beginning of the DEBATERS’ HANDBOOK Four New Enterprises PROGRESS Series through the appearance of Selected Articles on the “‘Enlargement of the United States Navy’ by Clara E. Fanning. To Miss Edith M. Phelps, who joined the staff in 1907, was entrusted the general editorial charge of the series. The third and fourth new features, the ECLEcTIC LIBRARY Cata- log and the FICTION CATALOG, were started after the removal of the publishing depart- ment from the rear of the main floor to the second floor of the Gateway Building. Gen- erous space, light and air developed a men- tally and physically sturdy staff who cheer- fully, though quite unconsciously, prepared the way for the removal of the business to the east. The H. W. Wilson Company had brought to the point of recognized success a publishing venture far from the publishing center. There was satisfaction in the thought. Yet the query con- stantly arose in the minds of the promoters as to what the additional ad- vantage might be if the business should change its location to the heart of publishing inter- ests. Imagination and practical business in- sight combined to favor the move. When the moment arrived, therefore, to dispose of the book business little time was lost in trans- planting the entire institution to the more favorable soil of manifold publishing indus- tries. [he importance of the move to the progress of the business outweighed the ob- stacles of transporting twelve carloads of ma- chinery and equipment nearly half way across the continent, and the difficulty of inducing, in some instances, whole families to set up in a strange environment their household gods. The coming to White Plains in 1913, marked, therefore, an im- portant milestone in the his- tory of the Company. About twenty officers, editors, and members of the staff came on from Minneapolis, forming the nucleus of a new staff to be built up as fast as suitable people could be found. A concrete building designed for a mam- moth garage with space to the amount of twenty-six thousand square feet, mainly on the ground floor, located at 39 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, was transformed, by Eastward Ho! Locate in White Plains use of glass partitions, into business offices, editorial rooms, printing department, bindery, Cumulative Reference Library, etc., to house the transplanted Company. During the first few months not only were the problems inci- dent to the interruption of schedules, caused by the move, met and solved but two new indexes were added to the list of publications, —the INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX and the READERS’ GUIDESUPPLEMENT. They were a response to the growing need for in- dexes to many periodicals not included in the READERS’ GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERA- TURE, particularly periodicals in special fields. ‘Their reception justified the faith of the publishers who found the support sufficient for the satisfactory development of the service. Also at this time, in addition to its own offer- ings, [he H. W. Wilson Company became publication manager for the INDEX TO LEGAL PERIODICALS for the American As- sociation of Law Libraries, and the PUBLIC AFFAIRS INFORMATION SERVICE, a coop- erative venture of legislative libraries and others interested in making available the lit- erature of public affairs. By the year 1914 the interests of the Com- pany and the increasing occupancy of new bibliographical fields warranted initiating a house organ. Therefore, the WILSON BULLETIN came into being, the first number to be followed by others at intervals during the year that seemed justified by the activities and progress of the business. Ihe BULLETIN has reached its second volume. A feature of Volume I is a complete index. To the White Plains period also belongs the launching of the AGRICULTURAL INDEX in response to a persistent demand from the Agricultural Section of the A.L.A. Like all business that starts without prece- dent and initiates every step of the way, Ihe Wilson Company’s business has been com- pelled to be sensitive and flexible to the guidance of experience. In fact, it owes whatever success it has attained to heeding experience and then having the courage to act upon it as advisedly as possible. A su- 13 Two More Indexes House Organ With Ear to the Ground A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY burban location that seemed desirable when the field was studied for the eastern move, after a tryout of four years, complicated by an exacting landlord, was given up for a more favorable one in the heart of upper New York. The company wanted its own home, and, prior to the move, had looked over every available location from 28th Street, Manhat- THE WHITE PLAINS BUILDING tan, to the city limits of the North Bronx, resulting in the purchase of a five story brick building at University Avenue and 162nd Street into which the entire plant was moved in Septem- ber, 1917. As the moving could be done by truck: loads it took place gradually, enabling one department at a time to settle without much interruption to the regular schedules. Changes in the personnel were a natural result of the move, making it necessary to build up an adequate staff from new material, which was especially difficult on account of the mobilization for war and the consequent shortage of labor. For the next few years the periodical in- dexes claimed special earnest attention. The service was enlarged and improved thru (1) indexing additional periodicals, (2) extend- ing the service basis plan of charge and (3) furnishing, as part of the current service the bound annuals and larger cumulated volumes which formerly had been priced separately. As a result of a short trip to Europe which Mr. Wilson made in 1920 an agreement was entered into with Grafton & Company of London whereby they were to act as agent One More Move for the Wilson publications in Great Britain, and ‘The Wilson Company to act as agent for Grafton & Company in the United States. In 1922 the STANDARD CATALOG BI- MONTHLY was started, to provide for the small library a service similar to that made available to larger libraries by the BooK RE- VIEW DicEsT. Also there was added to the publications the REFERENCE SHELF, an outgrowth of the ABRIDGED D E- BATERS’ HAND- BOOK SERIES and the STUDY OUTLINES SERIES. With the removal of both editor- tal department and_ business management of the PUBLIC AFFAIRS INFORMATION SER- VICE to the Division of Eco- nomics of the New York Pub- lic Library, the company was able to devote practically all of its efforts to its own publications which have latterly included, besides the current periodicals, an increasing number of books. Att the present time eight publications are issued periodically; and books on debate, library economy and other subjects of interest to the library world are published at intervals. Recently there has been encouragement of manuscripts bearing upon business. Also in the past three years the Magazine Depart- ment, for the sale and exchange of back numbers, has been built up to occupy the space of two entire floors. The building which the company pur- chased in 1917 admirably provides for the. departments of the business except that the old cramped feeling returned recently. To relieve it, a two story adjoining building has just been purchased to overflow into. Access to the upper floors of the main building is by elevator and stairway, separated from the rest of the building by a fire proof partition. A journey from the ground floor to the fifth floor going the rounds of each would net the visitor a good general idea of the scope of the Company’s business, with the following impressions and information. Reference Shelf Purchase New Building 14 PROGRESS The shipping department occupies the cen- tral space of the lower floor. A thorough- going understanding of the needs of this department to insure economy of time and efficiency of results is apparent in the equip- ment and its arrangement. The floor also provides stock room and storage quarters for the type metal held for cumulated volumes of the current publications. The second floor of the building is already taxed to capacity to accomodate the Manu- _ facturing Department which Manufacturing |,ks after the printing and ect binding of The Wilson Com- pany publications. Mr. Leon Henry is in charge and_ has been superintend- ent, except for a brief interval, since 1910. ‘The machinery is laid out in the order of the various pro- cesses of work, with a view to economy of space, and efficiency and convenience of work. The printing department re- quires the services of forty skilled people besides twenty electrically driven machines, which, for the greater part of the year, work under pressure. Eight typesetting machines are constantly in use. Proofreaders, copyholders and revisers are on the alert to do their work promptly to avoid press delay. One important step in the process of manufacturing, not found in the ordinary printing office, is the combining of the linotype slugs for the cumulated issues. This process necessitates the preservation of the slugs for future issues, a considerable space for storage and a special staff of work- ers trained to do the actual combining. Two men devote all of their time to making up Shipping Room pages. Jo insure accuracy the editorial cor- rections are handled by one person. The press work requires extraordinary care since the type is small and, in the case of the current bibliographical publications, the lines of type have had about twenty-five thousand impressions before the printing of the annual volume, and over thirty thousand before the three-year cumulations. If, during the three- year period any entries have been set one or two thousandths of an inch higher than the standard, these entries will get harder wear on the press. The face of the type will be flat- tened out and will look like bold face type. If entries are a thousandth less than standard height they will look gray when printed. PRINTING DEPARTMENT Every linotype has to be tested twice a day to make sure that there is not a variation of so much as a thousandth of an inch in the height of the lines set. The filing of the type so that it may be readily reassembled for a cumulative number is an arduous matter since for every two hun- dred pages of a publication approximately thirty - six thousand lines of type must be cared for. There are about one hundred and ten tons of linotype metal in our head- quarters card catalog and about one hundred Filing Linotype Entries fa A QUARTER CENTURY (OF SCUMULATIV Be DIBEIOGRALIin tons of paper utilized for this work each year. A high-speed folding machine is run at a maximum capacity to keep pace with the presses, some of them automatically fed, and a smaller folding machine is utilized for fold- ing covers and small sections. In the bindery the sections are gathered, sewed or wire stapled and the books are trimmed and covy- ered. The most serviceable cloth is used, the heavy fabric being more difficult to handle than the lighter cloth employed for the ordi- office occupies one corner nearest the entrance. Next to it, along the front of the building, are, first, the accounting and bookkeeping offices and, second, the Business Department con- taining the desks of the vice-president, secre- tary and the advertising manager. In addi- tion to the officers and heads of departments a staff of about twenty people is engaged in correspondence, typing, ac- counting and _ bookkeeping. Dictaphones are used almost exclusively in preference to stenography. Ihe Business Office THE BUSINESS OFFICE nary book. After binding, the books are put in standing presses for twelve hours and then inspected before going to the shipping room. The third floor, with the exception of one corner, is devoted to the Magazine Depart- ment. Five thousand square feet, extended to include an additional five thousand square feet in the building recently purchased, furnish stacks for increasing stocks of back numbers of magazines. The entire time of eight people is required for the correspond- ence, filing new stock and collating the stock sold. The remaining corner of this floor is set aside for a cafeteria for the employees. Food is served at prices that merely cover the cost of supplies and service. No charge is made for heat, light, or overhead, and all deficits are assumed by the Company. On the fourth floor is transacted all of the business of the Company. The president’s Magazine Department 16 automatic typewriters on this floor are of spe- cial interest to visitors. They turn out work four times as fast as a nimble typist. [he same corner holds an electrically driven ad- dressograph by means of which all issues of the Wilson publications are addressed for mailing. Also on this floor the secretary of the company supervises the editorial work and printing of handbooks, the WILSON BULLETIN and other miscellaneous books. The remainder of the space furnishes, in the rear, storage room for supplies and the over- flow of the other departments; and, in front, a combined library and reception room where are placed within easy access of visitors the Company’s publications. The editorial department occupies the fifth floor where fifty-five people are employed. A separate editorial staff is maintained for each publication. At the head of the staff is the editor-in-chief who is authority for the selec- tion of material to be included in her pub- PROGRESS lications, and for the classifying, cataloging and indexing. She is assisted by the manag- ing editor who looks after the division of work among the members of the staff and who sees the publication through the press. Nearly one-quarter of the space on the floor is given to [he Wilson Company library, to the storage of the files of cards for books included in the UNITED STATES CATALOG SERIES, and to back numbers of periodicals. Editorial Department pass to the editor of the Book Review DI- GEST for the information needed by her; finally they are considered for the STANDARD CATALOG, with the result that all books to be included are eventually preserved in the library maintained by the Company which is available to the employees at all times for reading and research. At present, the library contains over fifteen thousand volumes ar- ranged according to the Dewey Decimal Classification. There is a separate library of MAGAZINE DEPARTMENT Publishers early acquired the habit of for- warding copies of their new books as fast as they came from the press. The use made of review copies is threefold: they go first to the editor of the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX who examines them for data to pre- pare a correct entry in the INDEX; next they Wilson Library fiction for the use of employees, from which the older books are weeded out from time to time and sent to hospitals, prisons and schools. The juvenile library has been an important feature where are preserved copies of books that are included in the CHILDREN’S CATA- LOG. The more than five hundred periodicals 17 A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY received regularly by The H. W. Wilson Company for indexing in periodical indexes are kept on file until the final large cumula- tions are published; for when the. entries view of Washington Heights from City Col- lege to the Spanish Tower of High Bridge which serves both to carry the famous Croton Aqueduct and as a foot bridge over the river. PRESENT BUILDINGS OF THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY are combined from the several annuals it is often necessary to refer to the articles again in order both that, when division of material is necessary, correct sub-headings may be chosen, and that questions inevitably arising may be properly answered. On an average, two years files need to be preserved in addition to the current files, thus necessitating a large amount of shelving. A section in the center of the room is set aside for tables and shelves containing the many reference works, dictionaries, encyclopedias, who’s whos, etc. that are in constant use by members of the editoria! staffs. This would seem to fill the space to overflowing but there is still room for a tiny rest room for the use of employees. The windows of the building command a 18 Periodicals Held Two Years On the opposite bank are the Polo Grounds, home of the New York “Giants,’’ and the Speedway extending four and one-quarter miles along the Harlem River, built for the special use of drivers of fast horses but re- cently open to motor traffic. Rows of apart- ment houses top the cliff across the river, as far as the eye can travel, and among them, set out by itself, stands the Jumel Mansion, once Washington’s Headquarters. For physical location the site is an enviable one, having none of the disadvantages of con- tact with tall buildings that so frequently darken business houses in lower New York. Light, air, elevation all combine to encourage the earnest undertakings and promote the loyalties that unite The Wilson Company’s staff into rather exceptional solidarity. PROGRESS CHRONOLOGY, METHODS AND MECHANICS BOOK CATALOGS T is a far cry from the first number of the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX to the Febru- ary issue for 1923. The INDEX for Febru- ary, 1898, contained in nine pages the list of books published in January of that year and was divided into two parts,—the author and title index and the subject index. The subject index was. arranged under six- teen general headings, giving author and title only, with a reference to the author and title index for more complete information. The inside front cover carried announcements GeBaL of 1898 — ee ee og Beard, Charfes Austiti, 15.4 oe as *ross eurrents in BONES sue yo a4 ; lectureships on the Guernsey Lente. ye atooro. te season of 1922) Oe @ ndation : oa kos Moore fou as Marshull 22-18520 278p $2.50 ’22 Jones, CBOSS CURRENTS IN EUROPE TODAY. By Charies A. Beard, 8vo. $2.50, Bcst.—Marshall Jones. Seamer SS CURRENTS IN EURGRE TODAY. By | Fes A. Bogdan: SV $2,506. Bost.—Marshall y Jones (Auztis Ve Bo/ Sm fn Bo Beard, Char i ross Currents in Europe to-day. 7-+278 (2 p bibl.) D I ’ 5) fi ee ay. 4 =/O Pp. # DP. Di.) 1: [c. 22]. Bost., M. Jones $2.50 Deals with secret diplomacy and the revelations of the past four years, the economic problems, the agricultural revolution, the Russian revolution, the new constitution, the labor moyement, socialism and _ the United States as a world power in this new era. CROSS CURRENTS IN EUROPE TODAY. By ' Charles = 2A; Beard, $2.50. Bost.—Marshali Jones. - Jo afm Se Bee CROSS CURR ‘i : Charles ee EUROPE TODAY, By shall Jones. vo. $2.50. Bost,—Mar- <= /> a SN OSS ae aioe in Lurope today. Beard. Charles $2.50 Pp Zw TF arshall Jones CROSS CURRENTS IN BHUROPE TODAY. By - es rarice A. Beard. $2.50. Beg Pastsbal Blan ; that the future company was to occupy. The February issue of 1923 with its cumulated record of books for the previous half year, complete in one alphabet, was a volume of more than five hundred pages. When Miss Potter assumed the editorship, in the summer of 1898, the entire arrange- ment of the INDEX was changed to the pres- ent system of author, title and subject entries in one alpha- bet. All of the type in the first issue was reset and the plan was inaugu- rated of cumulating the issues frequently to United States Catalog GF YEE BPs Luclin /&74— Cross curre i ss currents In KHurone to-day. B VE $2.50 Jones, Marshall eo oes oy iplomacy Beard, ANE ai Cr _ Cross currents ic Nurope te- Gay. $2.50 122 Jones. Marshall 5 / Politics and dovernnient ¥ eard; Co Nh. Créss. currents fy BB SPO EAT GS, ISS rrents in Nurope to-d: $2.50 °22 jones. Marshall eee ay CHOSS CURRENTS IN EUROPE TODAY. » By Charles A. Beard. i2me. Ueoston: The Marshal Jdfes Timpany 5D. Contains the sinetde » §ioht lec- tures om contemporary Entrope deliv- ered at Dartmouth College in June of this year. ies ore SPECIMAN CARD SHOWING HOW MATERIAL IS ASSEMBLED FOR THE MAKING OF CUMULATIVE, BOOK INDEX ENTRY about the forthcoming issues in which a di- rectory of the publishers whose books were included was promised for the March num- ber, and ‘‘an index to recent special bibliog- raphies’ for the April number, thus fore- casting even at that early date the broad field save time of looking for information in several numbers. In 1900 appeared the first UNITED STATES CATALOG, books in :print 1899, which was an author list, with supplementary title list, compiled from as many publishers’ catalogs as could be brought together. Altho 19 A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY far below the standard of today it was an ambitious undertaking, considering the inex- perience and lack of financial resources of the publishers. However, the defects were so obvious that the publishers immediately set to work to issue another. The second edition, in 1902, contained author, title and subject entries in one alphabet and incorporated prac- tically all of the features of the UNITED STATES CATALOG SERIES as it stands today. This edition was followed in 1905 by a cumulation covering the years 1902 to 1905 in one alphabet, and both volumes were kept up to date by the monthly and annual cumu- lations of the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX. Further, as the use of several cumulations and annuals suffers all of the inconveniences of uncumulated current issues, the publishers found it necessary to add to their plan the improvement of putting out every ten or fif- teen years a new edition of the UNITED STATES CATALOG that would be complete in one alphabet for all books in print at the date of publication. In accordance with this advance, the UNITED STATES CATALOG, books in print, 1912, was issued and is the foundation volume of the present series. The editorial work on the large third edi- tion of the CATALOG was taken on by the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX staff in addi- tion to the regular duties. A six-year supple- ment came out in 1918, covering 1912-1917 in one alphabet, edited by Miss Potter with the assistance of Miss Emma L. Teich. After the publication of the six-year CATA- LOG Miss Teich became sole editor of the INDEX and Miss Potter gave practically all of her time to the INDUSTRIAL ARTs IN- DEX. Meanwhile, the current numbers of the INDEX passed to the supervision of Miss Agnes Van Valkenburgh. Nineteen twenty- one marked a second cumulated supplement of the CATALOG, covering the years 1918- 1921, brought out under the joint editorship of Miss Eleanor Hawkins and Miss Estella E. Painter. The new cumulated volume ended with the June issue, in conformity with a new plan whereby the annual cumulations were to be published in June of each year rather than in January, as formerly. Better service was thereby insured, as the large 20 bound volumes could be published during the summer months when necessary delay would mean less inconvenience to subscribers than would be the case at the holiday season. This volume was also the first large supple- ment to be put out on the new subscription plan, whereby annual cumulations and cumu- lated supplements are furnished to the sub- scriber as part of his yearly service, without additional charge. A new fourth edition of the CATALOG, complete for books in print to date of issue, is in view for 1927, with cumulated supplements at intervals of three years, each supplement appearing in place of the annual volume for the year of publica- tion. As a basis for compiling the CUMULA- TIVE Book INDEX, information about the new books is secured from every possible source. First are the books themselves which most pub- lishers furnish hot from the press. Next in value are the publishers’ cata- logs and announcements. These are supple- mented by lists of books in trade and literary journals, and proof sheets of the L.C. cards. The material is cut and filed in boxes under authors’ names where it remains until a new issue of the INDEX is to be compiled. Then it is taken out and sorted. All clippings and data for one book are fastened to a four-by- six card which bears the author and title of the book in the upper left-hand corner. In- formation received later is compared with what is already on the card and filed or dis- carded according to need. Often it is neces- sary to write to the publishers to obtain fur- ther information or to reconcile conflicting bits of information already at hand. The head- ings under which the book is to be listed in the INDEX are also written on this card, and copy is written from it and compared with it after being written to be sure that no errors have occurred. The company now has in its files a card record of this kind for every book that has been cataloged in the CUMU- LATIVE. Book INDEX since the first UNITED STATES CATALOG was published. The cu- mulated files contain over two hundred thousand cards and occupy the entire rear wall of the editorial office. Compiling the C. B. I. PROGRESS The Book REviEwW DIGEsT was launched in 1905 in response to a demand from li- brarians for some method of evaluating new books. The DIGEST under- took to meet the need by listing monthly the leading new books, giving each an impartial descrip- tive note together with excerpts from critical reviews of books taken from various sources and representing many points of view, both favorable and unfavorable. Miss Clara E. Fanning took editorial charge of the DIGEST while Mrs. Wilson gave her personal services during a period of seven years and contributed the descriptive notes. Later the writing of the descriptive notes was continued by Miss Mary K. Reely who, in 1917, became editor. The Book REviEWw DIGEST now pro- vides monthly both descriptive and evalua- tive information for about _ twenty-five hundred books a year. While prac- tically no changes have been made in the origmal plan of publication, except that the annual cumulations are is- sued in February instead of in De- cember as formerly, several improvements have been added. A title and subject index is a feature which is cumulated fully in each issue and refers the user to the author index. The L.C. number is included. The Dewey Classification num- bers also are supplied. The working material necessary for com- piling the DIGEsT includes two copies each of about sixty journals containing book re- views, and editorial copies of the new books forwarded by the publishers. As the maga- zines reach the office they go to the filing table where alternate pages are blue penciled to in- sure, for each column of a review, a back and a face; where the reviews are marked to indi- cate the source, date of publication, volume number, and paging; and where the reviews, so marked, are filed in boxes by the authors’ For every book selected for the DI- Book Evaluation names. 21 GEST a folder is prepared bearing the author and title on a projecting tab. The reviews are pasted on this folder and the number of words in each is estimated and indicated be- low the clippings. Then the folders go to the editor who reads the reviews and selects the excerpts to be quoted, enclosing them in brackets for the typist to copy. She also marks the reviews with plus or minus signs to indicate favorable or adverse criticism. After the excerpts have been written the card is turned over to the review editor for the preparation of the descriptive note. These notes are written from examination of the books themselves, if review copies have reached the editor's desk; otherwise, a de- scriptive note is written from a number of au- thoritative reviews. Additional reviews of the book, received after the book has been ASSEMBLED DATA FOR INDEX ENTRIES entered in the DIGEST, are also pasted on the folder if valuable and further excerpts are made and included in the next cumulated issue of the DicEstT. A six-months’ cumula- tion is issued in August and a bound annual in February. The annual volume for 1921 contained a five-year cumulation of the author _and title index for the years 1917 to 192] inclusive. For a number of years Mr. Wilson had cherished the idea of publishing a standard catalog which should include ten thousand books most suitable for purchase by the aver- age public library. The first step toward the realization of this ideal was the publication of the CHILDREN’S CATALOG in 1909. Then followed the fiction catalogs, published in editions of one thousand and two thousand titles of handbook size, bound in paper, for wedding oo dever “there the miiuoderer. QUAR GEERT GEN TUR Or CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY DUTTON. CHARLES JUDSON. shadow Or te glass. 26ip $1.75 Dodd yniflionnive and collector of rare Frank Rice, on his’ hooks, is found murdered in his Serary davehter's wedding day. There are lwo arti- cles missing whieh point to two possible telip= derers; & mahognuy box Containing S5H90 in goled pieces has (isappearcd trom the wedding prer-. enis, and a rare aid beok worth ee 000 has been Yaken from the sate. A nephew who has) threatened to give them all a shock on the day, disappears, and it is suspected that he teok the gold and murdered his uncle. Bul suspicion also rests on Janes Kent, collec- tor of rare heaks, Who has been secn to make a Hasty exit rom {he Eee mansion on the night: of the murder, When these suspects are clenred. remains absolutely go apparent clue tol With rare patience John. Bartley.” a famous detective. finds a clue and {he mur= is apprehended, : int Bk R pas ee Tali: “The book docs vot belong to that best type cof deteetive story in which the resulls are 0 BES fained hy close rensaning, and its machinery eo “at times a fittle too evident, but jt is enter-: Staining. ingenious dnd awifl moving.” ee + 4+ —N ¥ Times pig Ja 2b 23 Sou | ae fsahul Paterson Tribune p23 Ja 28 28 _ Sprinaftd Republican pia Ja 28 lkeviewed hy N ¥ Li rere PreTion YWistery Stories H ma ious wih or : 28-P445 23 280 _ pould the Boo ari Te ™~ : ee . York: Dodd, Mead & Co. another mysterious murder. On ihe ¢ ew “au of his a dacher a wedding day, Frank Rice is foun radgon ihe floor of a little stud) off the library c - His sk foun he floor beside the body. een brgu CHR SRADOW ON THE £ igh f ae Pution. seen ees the deve be eg AO “app iy * The Murders in the pi,” the method of having el ir fold by a f be de-. tive, areatour PY SsCional, has: eon a favorit Santhore of erime stories, It must e adenitted that Pelt,’ John ariley's great triend, whe relates ibsir adventares in the affair. af “The Shadow on the Glass,” ! wakes Our old friend Dr. Watson Seta hy contrast an aingsinely per peicecisus Individual. idowever, his wieesicy dhe littie ar nething te ju- gre one's interest in the twiste and false Glues of this account of a mys- tesious ssurdor. << Tue poenc is laid et Watch En, where Prenk Hive, & collector of rure bach! and Bartiey’ s intimais fiend, ad kin beautiful country home. Pelt and Bartley had come down for the wedding of Rice’s onlv daugtiter, ; Faith, and were staying ot the hotel. | But ca the morning of the very day ihe marriage was to take place came the news that Frank Hice fae been brutally murdered in his own itbrary. A‘fhat Porery was at the ten of the house, aud tiere was no way of feav~) ine if Sxoept through a door witch | wes found locked On the matde, the ayindews heing ‘a0 Yar above fhe ground for descent from them te be possiixe. Ths weddise presents; | mony of them valuable, had been piaeed in the library, and there were tua detectives on guard. How then murdcreshave escaped mn-. 7 be ee nei lelons te that Soc of detective wed fa which ASS Are t Dy olase rene iRiaery is at lignes the « goning, and ths% a Rete beguent, hut it is enter. and Pps) & Uh oe exzott ’ Ft hes ier her ie ay } woes ang agpercotiy i6t unre- vied, which in 2 wily, a5 Wie an-. thers style ss nese tty sinipid an’ GiEeet, Heé SHADOW ON THE Grass. By/ Charles 4. Duttone $1. pe prev the Shadow on the Glass” Chait ce ert uiton, top floor of his sumimer home 2Qgv a has bYen erusht, and the sveapgn, QOReay eane, five thousand dollars in gold is missing froin the — and : ‘rare and valuable book from the s "Phe detective who undertakes to unravel the mystery is Joy - Bartley, who has appeared in other books by Al. Dutton. _are plenty of clues for him to work on, but Bartley is convinced the the one important “lea heen ov ge _And it is ggelye that ¥ quite car SHY the story, tho agen into the seeret. — ards, oh a ih lS on i investiga ‘ ney apeneercisee Se co 251 pages. rl 5 o : - A nee eany box ee : Ther eo and so it pore _. fe reader! Ae aitGAtion a wagitas et him 1a Bd : : : . if solotion ot tae myetery Shudow on the Glass'yis so Ae ke dowatek: exasperating when it ¢o it ts aanctisned as well Jeined hy the _ignest enthorilies. a. ' mind Pee’ HPerloined Letter” gyhich wes concealed b “Teaying ic in giain sight; and Chesterton’s musdor = ee tele, where the killing we gone b nH whem everyone we ape there- forex Doe phone ctc dpe al the a ota abs bev dudn’t (RG& Be war _guibier, ejthar:Pifer just didn’t think oe ‘bi giall ith these two plain hints, see if ¥ cat guess Viko kifled Prank Rice. YH be you san’ ‘ry apd if you de, fo ¢ on and gor eG Teer. Tes 5 es Sor pres EL OEE: : GMS ah. Cereb, = stairs, io the upper GhaRLe a i ge SS _ Tieutie the — of . es ghee. at : Soa oo ¥8 Den of the pectie wh - Sgitred ia "The Underwood teystery,” Fohn Bart. : - eriminul investiga? Ge his as igtant, Felt,” rang fl hayes J. Aue West detéctive storm “The Shadow on the p@irss,y (Dodd, co & Co, New YVoaRRY $1.78). wegen opens at ih@.Coean Watch S HN, but, ofsts uuick oe we cottage, . Bo-ce ile So scasice oh are apt to be, tran} ob, wealthy hiblio- phile, Aho is @eeking murdered tn his library on tk&Sourth flodr. Detectives guarding Wediling presents mi the house Gla ved no one had used the © elevatot } piter a certain hour, anid the - eeyator was the only means of access to the top Goor, oe : The murdercr could hot have ee. ~ vaped by the windows, and the tibrarsy door Wes docked: : Missing Were ~ $30,- 80G rare book and. a box af gold can. taining $5000. Ciccumstantial evidence pointed to & neighber wea had failed to pet thet baok, and whose cann was ihe weapon used in the crime, But : equally did circumstantial evidence point to 4 nephew, inmate of the ae home, who disappeared nex, orning ey ¢ atier threatening io jel wedding : i of his copsin schedul ropoons : : 4 . As in the Under d ease, the — ee anther “leverly pro an automatic : “pit of evidence, a: eine frick, some i would call it, Sahtch fixes the crime A 4 upon a hita uspected pesscn in. |. Soe niost reraay, hion, pees pee : Gente bene ra | be ain 8 SPECIMEN CARD SHOWING HOW MATERIAL IS ASSEMBLED FOR THE MAKING OF A BOOK REVIEW DIGEST ENTRY 22 PROGRESS general use. [hey were sold to libraries in quantities, to be distributed in place of the library's own printed catalog. On the re- moval of the Company to White Plains this venture was further advanced by the acquisi- tion of an editor, Miss Corinne Bacon, who had been director of the Drexel Library School, at that time recently discontinued. The present edition of the CHILDREN’S CATALOG was published in 1916 in three sizes of one thousand, two thousand and three thousand five hundred titles, respectively. In the following year sections of the CATA- LOG were published for Sociology and Biog- raphy. Work is at present under way on a new edition of the FICTION CATALOG. Also, new editions of the CHILDREN’S CATALOG and revisions of the sections on Sociology and Biography are to follow. Owing to outside duties Miss Bacon has relinquished all of her editorial work except the selection of titles and notes. The general management has passed to Miss Mertice James. The latest development of the STANDARD CATALOG SERIES is the STANDARD CATA- LOG BIMONTHLY which aims to do for the small library what the Book REvIEw DI- GEST has done for the large library. It is issued six times a year, each number contain- ing about fifty books suitab!e for purchase by the small library, all of the books even- tually to be included in the final edition of the STANDARD CATALOG. ‘ Standard The selection of the books Catalog is done cooperatively thru Bi-monthly the voluntary assistance of library com- missions and other library workers. !he books are selected from the BooK REVIEW DIGEST and the full entries are repeated, with the difference that the books are ar- ranged under classes according to the Dewey Decimal Classification. The foregoing catalogs aptly illustrate the Wilson ideal of cooperation in bibliographical publishing. Formerly, in ventures of the kind, libraries contributed directly both to the edi- torial work and toward the expenses of pub- lishing, with the result that much of the work was contributed without remuneration and that financial support was uncertain and bore much more heavily upon some libraries than upon others. By the Wilson plan the benefit is secured of the expert knowledge available in the libraries, and the publication and financ- ing of the product is done by one central agency. Libraries render their share of aid toward financial support by subscription in proportion to the amount of the service used. PERIODICAL INDEXES ARLIER in this brief history, mention has been made that the READERS’ GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE began with mdexing twenty periodicals under the direction of Miss Potter in the intervals of compiling the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX; also that in 1903 the Cleveland Index was combined with it and Miss Guthrie was se- cured as editor. In 1905 the first five-year cumulation of the GUIDE was published, and sixty-two periodicals were indexed for 1900- 1904, in one alphabet, the indexing where necessary being carried to the beginning of the five-year period. The growth of the READERS’ GUIDE made the index increasingly valuable to the larger libraries; but every necessary advance in cost brought complaints from the small li- 23 braries which did not need and could not afford so extensive an index. In 1903 the plan was tried of making an abridgement of the GUIDE which would index twenty of the periodicals most suitable for the use of schools and small public li- Apne . Eclectic braries. This was the Library ECEECTIGHIEIBRARY |‘ GAT= Catalog ALOG. It continued for four years, with an annual cumulation at the close of the year; and in 1912 the more appropriate name, READERS’ GUIDE ABRIDGED, was adopted. At the close of 1912 the service was discon- tinued as it proved more practicable to furnish the small library with the quarterly issues of the READERS’ GUIDE. This practice was in turn superseded by the service basis plan of subscription which made it possible for the A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY small library to secure the full indexing at a price within its power to pay. In 1910, Miss Guthrie, temporarily re- lieved of the editing of the current numbers of the GUIDE by Miss Edna Bullock, pre- pared the second five-year cumulation of the READERS’ GUIDE. By this time the list of periodicals had grown to one hundred, all of which were indexed for 1905-1909; and, in the same alphabet, were included also sub- ject references to four hundred and thirty composite books of the kind included previ- ously in the A.L.A. Index to General Litera- ture. The necessity for imdexes to periodicals had grown sufficiently to warrant extending the service to cover periodicals in special fields. For some years there Readers’ Guide had been a demand for the indexing of periodicals of the kind formerly included in Poole’s Index; but to increase the list of periodicals indexed in the GUIDE was not practicable. [To meet the need, in 1913, Miss Guthrie added to her responsibilities the editing of a new publication, the READ- ERS’ GUIDE SUPPLEMENT, which was de- voted to periodicals in the fields of pure science and the humanities. About sixty-five journals were included the first year, and the SUPPLEMENT was issued bimonthly, omit- ting one summer issue, with a bound annual volume in January. After moving to White Plains the list of periodicals indexed in the SUPPLEMENT was increased considerably and editorial assistance was necessary. Miss Marion A. Knight who had been connected with the Pittsburgh Pub- lic Library joined the Wilson staff in 1913 in the capacity of indexer, and the following year, when Miss Guthrie resigned, became editor. In 1916, it was decided to issue a cumu- lated edition of the READERS’ GUIDE SuP- PLEMENT to date, and, as Poole’s Index had discontinued publication with the volume for 1902-1906, the indexing of the periodi- cals included in the SUPPLEMENT was car- ried back to the beginning of 1907, making the first cumulation a nine-year volume, for the years 1907-1915. Another cumulated 24 Supplement volume of the READERS’ GUIDE SUPPLE- MENT was published, covering the years 1915-1918 in one alphabet. In 1919, there was added to the READERS’ GUIDE SUP- PLEMENT the feature of indexing the serials formerly indexed on cards by the American Library Association. ‘The indexing of the serials was done by several cooperating li- braries and the resulting product was ar- ranged and forwarded to [he Wilson Com- pany by Mr. William S. Merrill of The Newberry Library. This change was fol- lowed closely by the publication of a second cumulation of the READERS’ GUIDE SUP- PLEMENT, for 1916-1919. Some changes in personnel occurred at this time which lost to the staff Miss Knight and gained Miss Elizabeth Sherwood, formerly indexer for the New York Public Library. During these few years the service given by the periodical indexes had been gradu- ally improved and extended by the furnishing of all bound annuals and larger cumulated volumes as Supplement . Becomes part of the scurrent “service; guryspaee ema and by improving the service basis plan of charge. It was found possible also, to the satisfaction of many librarians, to add to the SUPPLEMENT more of the foreign periodicals such as were in the list proposed for Professor Teggert’s suggested Index to the Humanities which failed of pub- lication because of the lack of needed finan- cial support. In order to be more in keeping with its enlarged scope the name of the SUP- PLEMENT was changed in 1921 to the INTERNATIONAL INDEX TO PERIODICALS, and Miss Lucie Wallace, formerly librarian for the Interchurch World Movement, was secured as editor. Separate staffs for the READERS’ GUIDE and the INTERNATIONAL INDEX were made necessary by the enlarge- ment of the INDEX. Another cumulated volume of the READ- ERS’ GUIDE was published in 1921, for 1919-1921, and in accordance with the new plan was sent to all subscribers, in place of the annual cumulation for 1921, without charge. Beginning with 1923 the INTER- NATIONAL INDEX was again enlarged to cover over eighty additional periodicals, many PROGRESS of them in foreign languages, thus bringing the total number of periodicals indexed in the SUPPLEMENT to nearly two hundred and fifty. Along with the READERS’ GUIDE SUP- PLEMENT, the INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX was begun in 1913 for the purpose of index- ing periodicals in the special Technical and fields of chemistry, engineer- Business Aid ing and industry. The first issues contained subject en- tries to sixty-seven periodicals only, and publication occurred five times a year, with an annual cumulation in December. ‘The list For the first few years current and annual service only had been provided but in 1920 upon the affirmative vote of the subscribing li- braries, it was decided that a two-year cumu- lation should hereafter take the place of an annual volume in alternate years. [wo of the two-year cumulations have now been pub- lished, 1918-1919 and 1920-1921. In 1920, in response to an urgent request from various subscribers, a number of business periodicals were added to the list of maga- zines indexed. Other new features adopted at this time, including a list of technical so- cleties with name of secretaries, dates of con- EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT The Book Review Digest Corner—Review copies of the month’s books on the left. of periodicals indexed grew rapidly, however, and from being mothered by Miss Potter in the intervals of compiling the UNITED STATES CATALOG, the INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX came to claim an editorial staff of its own. Miss Potter gave up her other duties to become its editor-in-chief, and Miss Louise Teich was appointed managing editor. Fre- quency of publication was soon changed from five to ten times a year. ventions, etc., and a monthly list of new technical and business books and pamphlets, have met with warm appreciation. The book titles are, after their first printing, incorpor- ated in the main alphabet with the periodical references, and in 1922 reached the number one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three. The INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX now pro- vides subject entries for about one hundred and fifty periodicals and is used extensively 25¢ A QUARTER: CENTURY OFS CUMUMILEAT IV PS BIBEIOGIWAR Tia in business libraries as well as in the public and college library. In 1916 the periodical indexing service was extended to another field, and the AGRI- CULTURAL INDEX was begun at the earnest solicitation of the Agricul- tural Section of the A.L.A. Mrs. Neltje Shimer, who had been associated with the Company since 1902, undertook the editorship with the ad- vice and cooperation of a committee appointed for the purpose by Mr. Malcolm Wyer, president of the Agricultural Section. To the members of this committee, Mr. Charles R. Green of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Mr. William M. Hepburn of Pur- due University, and Mrs. Ida A. Kidder of Oregon Agricultural College, much credit is due for suggestions and encouragement. Miss Claribel Barnett and Miss E. Lucy Ogden of the Department of Agriculture, and Mr. George A. Deveneau of the Illinois Agricul- tural College Library, also gave generous help and advice. The first annual cumulation, published early in 1917, included sixty-two agricultural periodicals besides a large number of gov- ernment documents and reports. At first five issues were published yearly, one of them a bound annual cumulation in January; but, after an experimental period publication was increased to ten issues yearly and the plan was adopted of cumulating fully every three years. Meanwhile the list of periodicals in- dexed was enlarged and was extended to government and state documents and reports for the United States and some foreign coun- tries; also the reports of agricultural experi- ment stations and extension divisions were listed. Good material, issued occasionally by banks, railroads, and industrial concerns serv- ing agricultural interests, was added also as “occasional literature’ and a finding list for this literature was included in each issue of the INDEX. The editorial pages often carried reviews of books on agricultural subjects as well as useful notes of interest to workers in the field which were contributed by Miss Barnett of the Department of Agriculture. Two three-year cumulations have been pub- lished, for the years 1916-1918 and 1919- Agricultural Index 26 1921, and the monthly service now records entries for about one hundred and twenty- five periodicals, in addition to the depart- mental and occasional literature. In order that correct headings may be as- signed, copies of all the periodicals to be indexed are received regularly from the pub- lishers. ‘The initial work is done by the editor who goes over every article in the peri- odicals to be indexed, carefully indicating the headings under which entries are to be made, also the cross references, if any. When, as sometimes happens, the title conveys no idea of the subject of the article a brief addition is made to the title in order to convey such information. Almost every month articles on entirely new subjects are published, and con-. stant study in every department of knowledge is essential in order to select subject headings | that will facilitate quick use. The headings to be made are written in the copies of the periodicals beside the titles of the articles, then the copy from the periodi- cals is typewritten on strips of copy paper which are later cut up into slips the size of the regular card catalog. [he written copy is carefully compared with the periodical, after which each periodical with its written copy is sent back to the editor for revision. Next the copy is cut and alphabeted, subject head- ings previously used are scratched off so as not to be reset by the printer, full names of authors are locked up and the copy, in its final form, is sent to the printer. When o.k. proof is received, it is cut and each entry is pasted on its original copy slip, thus providing a card catalog of all the lino- type slugs in the printing department. When — a number is to be cumulated the slips are filed alphabetically with all slips of the preceding months to be covered in the cumulation. The linotype slugs are then combined in the print- ing department and proof is pulled and cor- rected by the card catalog in order to see that every line of type is in its right place. Next, revisions and corrections are made, set up, in- terpolated and proofread. Corrections com- plete, the forms are made up and a press proof of each form is sent to the editorial de- partment for last reading. Indexing Processes PROGRESS It is perhaps difficult for those who are not familiar with the details of these exacting processes to understand fully the necessity for accuracy and skill. That the work can be accomplished as successfully as it is, is due not only to careful training but to the high grade of ability and length of service of those employed. The business of furnishing libraries with periodical indexes created the desire among smaller libraries for access to magazines not subscribed for. In 1906 the Sean CUMULATIVE REFERENCE abeee LIBRARY was_ established where articles from periodi- cals, reports, pamphlets and documents were collected, filed by subject and rented or sold for debate or club use. A few years later a department was added for the sale or ex- change of back numbers of periodicals, and, early in 1912, a magazine subscription business was established on a small scale for the purpose of supplying libraries with current subscriptions. This feature of the company’s activities was enlarged after the removal to White Plains and reached its maximum de- velopment in the years 1914-1916. One of its achievements was the publishing of a se- lected list of periodicals, giving a brief de- scription and collation of the periodicals “| AE LED-SEALTES—? Tncoms taxation and tax-exempt securitios. F. Franklin, Ind 110:17-18 Ja 6 '23 Income taxation and tax-exempt securities. FE. Franktin, Ind 11:17-18 Ja 6 ’28 READERS’ GUIDE CARD AFTER PROOF OF PRINTED ENTRY HAS BEEN PASTED indexed in the READERS’ GUIDE with a few others subscribed for by the average library. In 1918 the department was disposed of to Herman Goldberger of Boston in order that the activities of the Business Office might be concentrated wholly on the sale of the regular publications. In 1915 the Magazine Department, sup- plying back numbers by sale or exchange, was brought from Minneapolis to White Plains 14) and has since been enlarged to become one of the important features of the business. The fact that the Company had begun to issue the INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX led to a stock of technical periodicals; also at this time, Munn & Company, the publishers of the Scientific American and Supplement, moved into new quarters, and, be- ing unable to accommodate their stock of back numbers of the Supplement, sold them to the Maga- zine Department which has since handled the sale of back numbers not only for Munn & Company but also for a number of other pub- lishers without the facilities for handling them. The pubtishers’ stock of back numbers has since been purchased for Country Life in America, World’s Work, American Homes and Gardens, Living Age, Garden Magazine, Scientific American and Supplement, M achin- ery, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, and the stock and good-will has been secured of both the International Magazine Company of Elizabeth, N.J. and Castellanos of Jer- sey City. To house this enlarged stock it was necessary to lease the second floor of the ad- joming building which has since been pur- chased. Seventy per cent of the stock now consists of scientific and technical periodicals; the balance, general and literary. [wo cata- logs are issued at intervals, one for the gen- eral periodicals and the other for the technical stock. The latest edition of the TECHNICAL CATALOG contains twenty-four pages. After the Cumulative Reference Library had been maintained for a few years for the rent or sale of articles from periodicals and other current reference material, the name was changed to the Wilson Package Library, as. more descriptive. When the company moved to White Plains this department was divided, the main part remaining in Minne- apolis to serve the Western section of the United States. The territory from the Ohio Service of Magazine Department River. East was cared for by Reference the White Plains branch. By pap AN ; Library 1917 the publishing business Discontinued had advanced to a point that made it desirable to dispense with some of the minor activities. The Minneapolis branch of the Package Li- brary was therefore sold, part to the Min- A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY neapolis Public Library and part to the Minnesota Public Library Commission. Some time later the White Plains branch was also disposed of, to the Pennsylvania Library Commission. The Wilson Company thereby practically ended its reference service. At present requested articles are sold outright, where available, and research work is done at the rate of $1 an hour. The close relation of The Wilson Com- pany with the University of Minnesota af- forded first-hand study of the actual use made of the READERS’ GUIDE and other helps published by the Company. This observa- tion and check-up in the first instance led to the undertaking of compiling handbooks for de- Debaters’ Handbooks contained good material on the question. So came about the first number of the DEBAT- ERS’ HANDBOOK SERIES Selected Articles on Capital Punishment.’’ The first volume contained only reprints of articles on the question, but gradually other useful features were added to the series. A bibliography was included ; then both the reprints and the biliog- graphy were classified as general, affimative and negative. Briefs were added. An intro- duction became a feature which was a short resume of the history and existing status of the question. Tables and charts were intro- duced when they seemed valuable to the compilation. Increasing use for reference by debaters and students led to the extension of the series. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT bate. For, one day when a debate was in progress at the University it came to the attention of the Reference Library that a bound volume of one periodical was in danger of being worn out at a certain point while the rest of the volume remained fresh and new. On investigation it developed that debaters in large numbers were consulting this volume for one article only. To save further wear and tear on the volume the article was re- printed and distributed. Then the question was raised, ““Why not collect several good articles on this subject and reprint them>?”’ Accordingly, the next year, a pamphlet was issued on the subject for annual debate which The HANDBOOK SERIES, dating from this time also, offered similar aid on_ sub- jects not directly debatable. ‘—The DEBATERS’ HANDBOOK SERIES and the HANDBOOK SERIES will eventually be consolidated un- der one general heading, as all new titles and editions are being brought out under the HANDBOOK SERIES. Volumes devoted to debate subjects differ from the others only in that briefs are provided and the material is classified as general, affirmative and negative. One of the volumes in the HANDBOOK SERIES is a text book on the art of debating. In 1916 was issued the first of the Handbook Series 233 PROGRESS UNIVERSITY DEBATERS’ ANNUALS which contained reports of several of the leading intercollegiate debates of the University : Debaters’ year, with briefs and_bib- Annuals liographies. An effort is made, in_ selecting the debates to be included, to choose subjects on which ma- terial will be useful another year and to in- clude one debate on each subject accom- panied by briefs and selected bibliographies. Further, calls were often received for material on subjects for which the demand was tem- porary, or on which not much material was available. This was met by the publications of the ABRIDGED HAND- aaa, BOOK SERIES, a series of ete ha pamphlets containing a few good articles on the subject, with briefs and references. Not many titles were issued in this series because of the dif- ficulties of marketing the pamphlets satisfac- torily. Continued demand for the foregoing ma- terial brought about a new publication, the REFERENCE SHELF, which was designed to take the place of the ABRIDGED DEBAT- ERS’ HANDBOOKS and also of the STUDY OUTLINE SERIES. By marketing the REF- ERENCE SHELF as a periodical, many dif- ficulties encountered in the sale of small pam- 20 phlets are obviated. Each issue is an abridged handbook or a study outline on one subject; and by issuing the numbers as needed, rather than according to any definite schedule, material on a given subject can be met at the height of demand. Sub- scription is by the volume of ten numbers each; but the separate issues may be pur- chased also either singly or in quantity for use in debate or study classes. Eight num- bers of Volume I have already been pub- lished and the response to the new venture has been most encouraging. Another recent development is the publish- ing of books on business subjects. This de- parture dates from the publication of “‘1600 BusINnEss Books,” later brought out in a new and revised edition under the title “2400 BusINEss Books.”’ The work was edited by the Business Branch of the Newark Pub- lic Library. A book on house organs and others on personnel management have fol- lowed, the latter belonging to a new series, the MODERN EXECUTIVE’s LIBRARY, which is under the general editorship of Daniel Bloomfield of the firm of Bloomfield and Bloomfield of Boston. Six titles have al- ready been published and others are in prep- aration. Reference Shelf ; r . > oa aoe a ' “ oe ie ~ 5 Pe: a 2 ’ ~ : y 5 : : “4 “ P : ; , é Fe y ¥ = . . G ’ Sj t ’ A St sal b> @ bs - Ld ¥ r . 7 < ae rr . - Z i = ° P é x ’ 4 £ - 3 i ‘ - . + ee % a Z i = s , a t - - * @ ~ 1: cl Fes ‘ ‘ 4 eG, ve >. He ae » . ree a 7 oe five as we c bie ; 76 ~~ ‘ 7 - BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS THE CUMULATIVE PLAN NE may visualize the cumulative plan only by visualizing the method thru which the cumulating is done. The unit with which we work in the cumulated printed catalog is the entry, just as it is in the card catalog. But the entry means one or more linotype lines or slugs. With a little practice in handling and reading type one can file or cumulate new entries into the catalog in the The Entry the Unit have had if cards for every entry had been sent to them to be filed in their own card catalogs. So much for the simple facts concerning a single index. Next arises the important question of the expense of the catalog. ‘There is not only the compiling but the making up into pages and forms, the press work, the paper, binding and postage. As Cost and Service “FILING THE CARDS” IN THE LINOTYPE SLUG CATALOG form of linotype slugs faster than the same entries on cards could be cumulated into the usual card catalog. When, after the forego- ing manipulation, the catalog in type has been brought down to date it is ready for the press. When subscribers receive their copies they have the same record that they might 31 the catalog grows from month to month the expense grows proportionately. Now enters the real problem of cumulation: viz., the plan that will preserve a balance between cost and service. The following plan of publication has been worked out to maintain that neces- sary balance. A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY To lessen increasing cost, instead of print- ing the larger and growing record every month, a supplement is printed. When the supplement grows to a size that is too ex- pensive to print it is filed into the main cata- log which is reprinted as a cumulated issue. Then a small supplement is started. For ex- ample, each issue for the first three months of the year is fully cumulated. After the third month fully cumulated numbers are issued at gradually lengthening intervals, the fifth, the eighth and the twelfth month, the December number being the annual cumula- tion. For each month between the full cumu- lated numbers a cumulative supplement is printed. In other words, as the year advances and the catalog grows in size, it is necessary that the periods of full cumulation be farther apart; but in the interval between there is a cumulated supplement, which, with the last full cumulation, requires the use of no more than two alphabets. It would, of course, be more convenient for the user if every issue of the year could be complete to date, a con- venience which would not only greatly increase the ex- pense but delay publication. It is a problem of weighing advantage against expense, one Meeting Problems gain against another, and choosing the great- est advantage for the least cost. In just the same way the usefulness and expense of a cumulation covering a period of years demands careful planning. With longer periods arise also additional questions to be considered, as: How permanent is the value of the material indexed? Will it be in use for two, ten or fifty years? Fina! cumula- tions in two-year volumes are much less ex- pensive than in three-year volumes, and three- year much less than five-year volumes. It was natural enough to think of five years as the logical period to be covered in per- manent volumes; but a practical consideration of the problem, aided by a mathematical proof, shows that the five-year is extravagant and impractical except possibly for material that would be used undimishingly for a cen- tury to come. However, the fact is that the major part of our literature and especially periodical literature has its greatest use when it first appears and its use grows rapidly less as the years pass. Accordingly, a cumulative plan should provide the most convenient use possible during the years following publica- tion. It is fortunate therefore that two- and three-yearly volumes are at once less ex- pensive and more useful than volumes cover- ing longer periods. THE DICTIONARY PLAN HE making of a classified catalog ap- peals to the imagination; while compil- ing a dictionary catalog appears to be a task as dry as the cumbersome book from which it derives its name. The foregoing observation probably ac- counts for the fact that catalog makers often begin with a classified plan and later for practical reason change to the dictionary plan. It is one more instance of the upset- ting of a glittering theory by practical experience. The CUMULATIVE Book INDEX was no exception. The first numbers were compiled on the classified plan with an author and subject index. Practical Classified or Dictionary ae use of the catalog, however, proved the ar- rangement to be tedious. An inquiry netted the information that practical] catalogers favor the dictionary plan, and, consequently, as the aim was to serve needs as efficiently as pos- sible, the first mid-year cumulation was rear- ranged according to the more acceptable plan. Type was reset using bold face type for author and subject headings. When plans were under way for the IN- DUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX the question arose as to which form to adopt. The matter was referred to the users of technical catalogs who were authority for the assertion that the public finds great difficulty in using the classi- fied form. Reference librarians corroborated BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS the testimony. Altho there were skeptical ones who doubted the possibility of making a successful dictionary index to technical sub- jects, the plan in operation now during nearly a decade has proved thoroly satisfactory. The merits of the dictionary plan are further endorsed thru the recent adoption of it by the Engineering Index and the Index Medicus. Mistbwouiy 1€lebASISIOr CHARGE: IBLIOGRAPHICAL publishing | has ever been a hazardous undertaking, and publishers have unanimously preferred to em- ploy time and money in more remunerative fields. The total amount of possible sales is small and the cost of production great as compared with other classes of publications. Further, a publisher is compelled to assume enormous risks while financing and carrying ative, few have been financially successful; and that.many have failed for the reason that the publishing agencies did not receive an adequate return for their efforts rather than that the work was not needed or not acceptably done. It is customary when worthy ventures languish for want of support to seek endowment or the aid of organiza- Substitute for Endowment STAFF OF THE CUMULATIVE BOOK INDEX on a bibliographical enterprise during the necessarily long period before returns may be even thought of. The record shows that of hundreds of bibliographical ventures, most of them cooper- a3 tions willing to pay the deficits. Meritorious enterprises are often helped to success through assistance of this kind. The Wilson Com- pany whose problem of financing its publica- tions has been no exception to the general ex- A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY perience has, however, sought a substitute~ for the endowment, a constructive device, which might meet the difficulty and at the same time extend and strengthen the growing bib‘iographical system. One day the mail brought two significant letters that suggested a solution. One was from a large library making constant use of the READERS’ GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LIT- ERATURE. The request was made that stronger paper be used so that issues would last till superseded by later cumulations. The other letter from a small library regretted that it could not afford to renew its subscription. {Letter number one contained a fair sample of increasing requests for larger and better serv- ice while number two was equally represen- tative of growing expressions of regret that the flat subscription rate was too much for the smaller patron. These letters led to the ques- tion “‘How can we meet the demand for ex- tended service from larger users without raising the cost beyond the reach of smaller supporters.”’ The answer came, “By allow- ing each subscriber to pay in proportion to the amount of service used, i.e. to charge patrons on the basis of the service performed for each rather than a flat rate for all.” Necessity, therefore, with the help of the two letters, mothered the invention of the “‘Service Basis of Charge.”’ The present service basis method of charg- ing for the Wilson publications went thru several stages of develop- ment. It grew up thru years of patient experimentation. A beginning was made with the READERS’ GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LIT- Evolution of Service Basis * If a philanthropist should be asked to endow a bibliographical publication he might ask why the subscribers would not give it adequate support if it was really worth doing. The answer would be that not a large number of institutions were interested in that field, that the price would have to be reason- able and within reach of the smaller users, but that to some institutions such a publication would be very valuable—even indispensable—and for that reason it was well worthy of a philanthropist’s aid. The pur- pose of the service basis of charge is to give oppor- tunity to those major beneficiaries to support biblio- graphical enterprises in proportion to the advantages derived from them. 34 ERATURE, and from that the plan was gradu- ally extended to other publications as cir- cumstances made it advisable. With the modification of the idea to fit each new index the plan became more scientific by including more of the factors which should be con- sidered in determining a fair basis of charge. The justice of this method of charging for bibliographical service is apparent. [he library having few readers, open only a part of the day, or perhaps a few days in the week, like- wise a bookseller with a small stock and small sales, naturally would not make the extended use of periodical and book indexes that the large library does, with its sizable staff, long hours and many readers, or the large bookseller who has patrons of widely varying interests, all counting upon him for complete and dependable information on their special subjects. It would be quite as fair to charge a flat rate for electric light in the laborer’s cottage and the magnate’s mansion as to demand equal support for in- dexes from the struggling village library and the prosperous metropolitan institution. Ihe great question, therefore, became one of how to meter the service. Justice of the Method In the first stage libraries were divided into groups according to the number of peri- odicals subscribed for that were indexed, their annual income being a secondary factor. A flat rate was established for each group. In the second stage, the service was taxed on the basis of a flat rate for each periodical indexed, the rate being determined by the average number of entries required. The first plan was used in the READERS’ GUIDE, the second in the READERS’ GUIDE SUPPLEMENT and the INDUSTRIAL ARTS IDEX at their beginning. The third stage in the development of the service required that the cost of indexing any periodical be com- puted and divided among the libraries that subscribe for it. The fewer the libraries sub- scribing, the higher the cost. It has been no- ticed, however, that when a periodical has been added to the list of those indexed more libraries soon subscribe for it and the cost Experimental Stages BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS of indexing can then be divided among a larger number. As a basis for arriving at the desired in- formation, a record is obtained from each library of the periodicals actually subscribed for. From this record the approximate number of sub- scribers to each periodical may be computed and a rate fixed. For the INTERNATIONAL INDEX TO PERIODICALS, INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX and AGRICUL- TURAL INDEX the cost of indexing ranges from $1.25 to $10 per thousand entries in proportion as the number sharing the cost ranges from fifty to five hundred. In the case of the READERS’ GUIDE, whose number of subscribers is many times greater and whose listed periodicals closely rival one another in popularity, it is possible to make a flat rate of 35c per magazine indexed. For each of the indexes a minimum rate has been fixed which is sufficient to cover the cost of mul- Fixing Rates tiplying copies and also to contribute some- something to the initial cost of editorial work and typesetting. In the case of the CUMU- LATIVE Book INDEX and the Book RE- viEW DIcEsT, the rate to libraries is based upon the annual income or the amount spent annually for books, and the rate to booksell- ers is based upon the annual turnover. The service basis of charge is not only fair but advantageous as well, and actually results in lower prices for all. If a flat rate should be made low enough to bring a bib'iographical publication Rates Actually ee ; Lower within reach of small I braries, the total sales would not be enough to cover the cost of production, not to men- tion any Improvements in service desired by the larger libraries and of use to them only. If a flat rate should be made high, so many of the small libraries would be forced to drop out that the total income would not be suf- ficient to cover the cost. If, however, both the large and small libraries are permitted to pay in proportion to the va'ue of the service, the rate to both can be made lower and the total income will warrant the best indexing service. It was not to be expected that a new sys- tem of taxation would instantaneously meet with general approval. The merits of the scheme needed to be set forth and demon- strated. Needless to say, however, we have yet to hear complaint from any subscriber paying a low rate. Further, our files contain many letters expressing the hearty endorse- ment of libraries paying the highest rates. It Is encouraging to record that approval of the service basis has become almost unanimous. General Approval CONSISTENT SUBJECT HEADINGS HE value of subject headings in biblio- graphical publications is directly propor- tional to the exactness and reasonableness of their selection. We recall that in the early days of our indexing a cataloger would go the rounds of the editorial staff asking under what heading one would look for such-and- such an article. [his was the beginning of the laboratory method of determining the most simple, exact and useful heading for easy reference. [hru long experience the method has been extended and refined and a subject heading habit of thought acquired. Not only must there be a scientific method for the choice of subject headings but the genius whe presides over the work need have 35 a wide range of qualifications, including re- liable information on almost every conceiv- able subject, an analytical mind, keen obser- vation and discrimination, and that practical safeguard, sound judgment, which 1s invari- ably accompanied by good common sense. Yet, even with so ample equipment, the task has many perplexing and discouraging prob- lems. If to be consistent in the choice of sub- ject headings in one bibliographical publica- tion is a difficult matter, only consider how much more so is uniform consistency thruout several indexes, under different editorship and in different fields| As an aid in the A Difficult Task A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY effort to minimize inconsistencies in the pub- lications of The Wilson Company it has been thought worth while to make a trial of print- ing the subject headings from three publica- tions with all references used. Aid to Minimizing In carrying out the experi- Mistakes ment, parallel columns have been adopted in which appear respectively the headings from the READERS’ GUIDE, the AGRICULTURAL INDEX and the INDUs- TRIAL ARTS INDEX. A glance shows what headings are used in one, two or all three of the indexes and what subjects have been referred from. This arrangement, de- Deadly Parallels signed to catch mistakes, served the intended purpose and revealed that, in spite of every precaution, inconsistencies have crept in, on account of which our editors at first vetoed the suggestion that copies be offered for sale. After a thoro tryout and careful revision, however, a new edition will be printed and sold. The few copies needed for use in our editorial office will cost more than a $1,000, but the editors have agreed that the expense is fully warranted. It may be added for the encouragement of catalogers that the charge for the volumes will not be based upon the original cost of the service for our own use. PRINTED INDEXES VS. CARDS N the early days of the CUMULATIVE Book INDEX no little time was spent in calculating the comparative cost of printed cumulations and printed cards. As a result of the computation it was estimated that an ordinary entry could be printed and delivered sixteen times at the cost of printing the same record on a card once. The econ- omy in paper, press work and postage was hardly believable. Thus again cost finding put into the discard all plans for card print- ing and saved the CUMULATIVE Book IN- DEX from the failure that has followed every attempt, commercial and “supported,” to Sixteen to One make card distribution serve general biblio- graphical purposes. Also, a serious question connected with the printed card method is the filing of the cards and the expense for cabinets. [he pres- ent indexing of the Wilson publications in card form would require a cabinet. of three hundred drawers for each year’s information. From that fact arises a suggestion that it may be forehanded for libraries to consider a situ- ation that is likely to grow problematic. Might it not be more advantageous to have the lit- erature of recent years segregated in cumu- lative volumes ? 36 WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL URGE HE. following observation and confes- sion, taken from Mr. Wilson’s jottings, may suggest, with a smack of the human document, something of the true inwardness of the formative forces that have inspired and shaped the course of The H. W. Wilson Company: “Only the other day a young man came to me explaining an ambitious bibilographical undertaking in which he had been engaged for some years. In the course of the con- versation he admitted that he had spent all of the capital he had at the start; that he was now working in a restaurant to keep him- self going till he could finish; and that his family had told him he was unbalanced, had disowned him and would give him no further help. “Tt is difficult to answer the question, Why do bibliographers leave home? Can it be a lure, a dis-ease that has no official name but which might be called the Bibliographical Urge? If so, the germ has not been iso- lated and, consequently, no cure is forthcom- ing. The malady is almost always financially fatal. The only known relief is a large dose of practicalism to antidote the idealism of the patient. Furthermore, it is contagious and there is always danger that bibliographical idealists who have neither native nor acquired Germ Not Isolated practicalism will communicate this dis-ease to benevolent friends and sometimes even to in- stitutions and ‘foundations.’ If the latter are off guard or do not happen to consult the possessor of balanced bibliographical vision, Heaven help them! ‘“When I am asked why I started in the bibliographical publishing business I usually say it was because I felt the need of cumu- lated catalogs in my book- selling business. “The truth probably is that I had a bad case of Bibliographical Urge. I was fortified perhaps by a variety of experiences and busi- ness necessities which gave me the saving inoculation of practicalism. Some of the ex- periences were Christmas season clerking in bookstores, substituting at the Minneapolis Public Library, working at the printing trade, and later owning a book and printing busi- ness. It was after nine years of practical experience in making both ends meet in the book business that I yielded to the urge and invaded the index publishing field, at. the same time continuing the book business. For it was apparent that the book business would have to earn funds to support the biblio- graphica! work at its start. It also became ap- parent that if the deficit caused by publishing indexes should exceed the profit made in the bookstore both would come to an end.’ Earning While Learning BIBLIOGRAPHICAL PLANNING E have grown familiar with the modern idea of city planning, campus planning and many another form of planning, as the safeguard of beauty and economy along the course of future growth and expansion. We have come to look upon this prevision, first of all, as a significant sign of efficient times. In the early days of a certain great uni- versity of the middle west whenever the leg- islature voted money for a new building, the Regents would have a meeting, choose an architect and decide upon material for the structure. Snatching a moment from a busy day a committee from their number would oe A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY walk hurriedly around the campus, find a fa- vorable site and say, ‘‘Let’s stick it here.”’ — are running it costs only slightly more to print two thousand copies than it does to print a NEW AND OLD COVER And they did. After “‘sticking’’ buildings of great variety here and there throughout na- turally beautiful grounds during the period of twenty years, the Regents one day looked upon their work and called it bad. Then it was that they paid Architect Cass Gilbert a handsome sum to make a plan for the cam- pus. Today all of the new buildings fit into that general design, likewise buildings erected to replace old structures. ‘There is in the foregoing a suggestive idea for the field of bibliography. Why should there not be a bibliographical planning com- mission to chart the field and Wanted! A assign the workers? Why Bibliographical il sure : eae: should not a bibliographical architect make a plan for the future so that all who are willing to enter the field, whether as compilers or publishers, may be encouraged to work to a definite plan? In the event of scientific consolidation and cooperation there would be no neglect of certain fields that have as yet been untouched; nor would there be duplication, the greatest menace to bibliographical success. It is true that if the same bibliographical work is com- piled and printed twice it will cost twice as much as tho printed once. When the presses thousand. If work is duplicated, either those who buy must double their expenditure or those who publish must be cut off with a fraction of needed compensation. Some li- brarians, when asked for advice as to whether a certain proposed bibliographical work is warranted, will say, ““Oh, yes, we can’t have too many of such publica- tions.” It is a fact, notwith- We Waals . re ; of Trade standing, that competition is likely to be the death rather than the life of bibliographical trade, for it tolerates ““The good that is enemy of the best’? and draws away some support which is necessary to keep the “‘best’’ up to its high standard. All of which argument lends conviction to the contention that bibliographical publishing is a natural monoply, in the sense, for example, that the Bibliographical : Publishing great metropolitan water sup- Ne Tae ply is a natural monoply. In Monopoly the interests, therefore, of economy of expense, utilization of ideas and ability, and efficiency of service, there might well be a survey and a plan looking toward general cooperation to ensure a maximum of reliability and development in bibliographical publishing. | | A LOOK AHEAD COOPERATION—OLD AND NEW HEN first used in connection with bibliographical undertakings the word cooperation meant literally working together. The best early example of the resu-ts of a division of work in making indexes is offered in Poole’s Index. Mr. Poole started his indexing enterprise when the number of libraries interested in supporting a catalog of this kind was limited and when it was easier to secure subscriptions payable in work than in dollars. Consequently, cooperation in the work of in- dexing was more practicable than financial cooperation. Also, to secure cooperation in work is a simpler matter than to enlist finan- cial cooperation because of loyalty to the project and because people are apt to con- sider their own time cheap. However, when libraries increased in num- ber; when it became the pride of librarians to serve the public, to wear out books thru use rather than merely to collect them, the time of the staff was too fully occupied to do cooperative indexing. ‘The little time, therefore, which might be snatched from rou- tine work for indexing would not warrant the effort. The results could not be satisfactory. For it is dificult enuf for a staff of special- ists devoting their entire time to the work of indexing always to use, for instance, the same subject heading for the same kind of ma- terial. No wonder then that many coopera- tors doing a little indexing in addition to regular duties would put similar articles un- der various headings, to the end that a library patron was compelled to use his wits to think of possible places where articles might be found. Further, even though it were possible to secure satisfactory piece-meal work, a gen- eral editor who might undertake to correlate carefully the contributions of minds many would find the task more difficult than to do the entire work from the beginning. When the subscription to printed indexes seems high it may be comforting to remember Division of Work 39 that in any event it is cheaper and the service better than the former cooperation in work. It may also help to a fair comparison to con- trast the cost and use of the printed indexes with the cost and value of analytical and other cataloging done in a library. The in- forming results of the comparison which are little short of amazing are decidedly in favor of the printed indexes. The larger libraries, some of which em- ploy cataloging staffs equal in number to that of The H. W. Wilson Company, might, to their advantage, ask the ques- tion whether much more of their indexing and cataloging might not be done more efficiently and eco- nomically thru centrally printed indexes which, in the making, might profitably intro- duce a new idea of cooperation, the only one that seems justifiable and practicable today in the interests of perfecting and democratiz- ing library service. For example, if each of ten of the largest libraries should delegate one of their expert catalogers to work in our cataloging department, each of the ten would receive in return, in printed form, the product of the ten catalogers. Cooperation of this kind, once endorsed and fully developed, could be made to result in the economy and efficiency for which all libraries are zealously striving. Further discussion or demonstration is not needed to show that as the service of li- brarianship has developed there has been im- perative demand for a scien- tific system of bibliography to keep pace with the growth. The time has come when bibliographical work ought not be maintained as a library side line or as a piece- meal undertaking among several libraries. Ihe problems are too vexing, the demands for accuracy too urgent, the need for standard- ization and democratization too great. [he solution lies in expert, scientific, central super- vision. Division of Cost Centralization A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY NEW PRINTING PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT of photographic and lithographic processes in a few years may completely revolutionize the present methods of printing indexes. The new meth- eds may displace in our own printing depart- ment the eight linotypes and the more than one hundred tons of entries standing in type metal. By this photolithographic method, recently patented in Switzerland but not yet perfected for catalog work, we may eventually keep all entries on cards which may at any time be copy may be reproduced on a sensitized paper page. [hen by a photographic process the copy may be reproduced on a sensitized paper which in turn can be transferred to a litho- graphic plate for the printing of an edition. The cards may be kept indefinitely and rear- ranged and printed in any manner desired. NEW FIEEDS HE service of [The Wilson Company has proved the practicability of central- ized cooperative cataloging as worked out in the “cumulative plan of publication” and the “service basis plan of financial support.’ The next step is the application of the methods to new fields in which their operation will with- out doubt be fully as satisfactory as in the fields already tested. The discontinuance of the seventeen annual volumes of the J/nternational Catalog of Scientific Literature leaves abandoned fields open and invites occupancy. Other pre-war 40. publications, serving similar purposes, have also been discontinued. The cumulative meth- ods are not in any way limited to indexes but are equally applicable to abstracts, an- notated lists and other forms in which the new literature of any department of knowl- edge may be made available. The Wilson Company, thru the voluntary action of its board of directors, has been made in effect a public utility corporation. Its finan- cial reports are published each year and its affairs are open for inspection to all who are entitled to make inquiries. PERSONNEL T has been impossible in the previous brief account to mention individually the many workers who have given able and effective service to The Wilson Company at various times during the twenty-five years. The following list includes former members of the editorial staff and some present members besides two of the Minneapolis group not men- tioned in the foregoing text. ARNOLD, Florence A. Joined the editorial staff of the Company in 1916 as assistant. Became as- sistant editor of the Agricultural Index and suc- ceeded Mrs. Shimer as its editor in 1919. Bacon, Corinne. Left the position of librarian and director of the Drexel Library School upon its discontinuance in 1914 to become editor for the Standard Catalogs. Edited the Children’s Cata- log, the Sociology and Biography sections and is now engaged in a new edition of the Fiction Cata- log. Bias, Henrietta. Assistant editor for the Standard Catalogs from April 1916 to January 1917. Now in the Library of Congress. BuLtock, Edna Dean. Came from the Legislative Reference Library of Nebraska to index the cur- rent numbers of the Readers’ Guide while Miss Guthrie was engaged in preparing the second five- year cumulative volume. Also edited some of the Debaters’ Handbooks. Returned to the Legislative Reference Library in Lincoln. CuizBEE, Azalea. Indexer for the Readers’ Guide Supplement from 1918 to 1919 when she left to catalog the collection of the American Art Asso- ciation. Craic, Helen. Indexer for the Industrial Arts Index from July 1915 to May 1917. Now assistant librarian for the Western Electric Company. Prior to her coming to The Wilson Company, she had been indexer of periodicals in the United En- gineering Societies Libraries. Cruice, Mary Z. Formerly cataloger for the Pratt Institute Free Library. Manager of the White Plains branch of the Wilson Package Library from September 1915 to June 1917. EcBErT, Mabel. Came in 1915 from the Braddock, Penn., Public Library to assist in the editorial work on the Children’s Catalog. Later was edi- torial assistant for the Public Affairs Information Service till her resignation in April 1917. Emery, Agnes Cunnif. Joined the staff of the busi- ness office in 1912. Has held the responsible position of cashier since 1913. In February, 1923, she married James Emery of New York. 4] ERICKSON, Bernie. Head of the shipping depar- ment which position he has occupied since the Company's removal to New York. FANNING, Clara E. Editor of the Book Review Digest from its beginning until her resignation in 1914. Also edited the first of the Debaters’ Hand- books, contributing several volumes to the series. Now with the Minneapolis Public Library in an executive position. Jackson, Margaret. Came from long experience on the staff of the Century and from a course of training in the New York Public Library School to become editor of the Book Review Digest at the time of Miss Fanning’s resignation. Resigned in 1917 to accept the position of instructor in the New York Public Library School. JOHNSEN, Julia E. Joined the staff in 1906 to take charge of the Cumulative Reference Library. At present devotes her time chiefly to compiling Hand- books. Muencu, Alice F. Joined the staff of the Interna- tional Index to Periodicals in 1922 to become indexer for the foreign periodicals. Has had much experience in indexing and has studied foreign languages abroad. Noyes, Charlotte. Came from the staff of the Gen- eral Electric Company in 1917 to succeed Miss Craig as indexer for the Industrial Arts Index. Resigned in October 1918 to become librarian for one of the Dupont Chemical Laboratories in Wil- mington. PAINTER, Estella. Joined the staff of the Readers’ ‘Guide in 1908. Became its managing editor. Later was managing editor of the Cumulative Book Index until her resignation in 1921 to accept a position with the Near-Eastern Relief Work. Ree.y, Mary K. Writer of descriptive notes for the Book Review Digest from 1907 until she became editor-in-chief at the time of Miss Jackson’s resig- nation. Resigned in 1921 to return to the middle west and is now instructor in book selection for the Wisconsin Library School and writer of the book notes for the Wisconsin Library Bulletin. Rico, Pauline. Assistant on the staff of the Book Review Digest from 1915 and its managing editor from 1919 to her resignation in 192]. A QUARTER CENTURY OF CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY Ropsins, Mary E. Formerly director of the Sim- mons Library School. Came to The Wilson Com- pang in 1914 to edit the Readers’ Guide Supple- ment, 1907-1915. Left before the work was com- pleted to become Director of the Atlanta Library School. Is now Assistant Principal of the Syra- cuse Library School. SHImMER, Neltje Tannehill. Joined the staff of the Cumulative Book Index in 1902. Held responsible positions in the editorial office, becoming editor of the Agricultural Index at its beginning in 1916. Resigned because of family duties in 1919. and was succeeded by her first assistant, Miss Florence A. Arnold. Now with the Minneapolis Public Library. SmitH, Dorothy. Joined the staff of the Readers’ Guide in 1908, becoming assistant editor to Miss Mary E. Robbins for the cumulated volume of the Readers’ Guide Supplement, and later to Miss Agnes Van Valkenburgh for Cumulative Book Index. Resigned to be married in 1917. TANNEHILL, Bertha. Joined the staff of the Cumu- lative Book Index in 1900. Remained with the Company until its removal to White Plains, when she took a position in the Minneapolis Public Li- brary. With The Wilson Company again for the years 1914-15 until her marriage. Died, in 1919. Rendered efficient service especially in beginning the new Public Affairs Information Service, and was chiefly responsible for seeing thru the press the third five-year cumulation of the Readers’ Guide. TeEIcH, Emma Louise. Joined the Cumulative Book Index staff in 1901. Was its sole editor at the time of her resignation in 1920. Married Cyrus Williams in 1921. TrAcEY, Catherine. Came from the staff of the New York Public Library School in 1917 to succeed Miss Van Valkenburgh as editor of the Cumula- tive Book Index. Resigned 1918. VAN VALKENBURGH, Agnes. Came in 1916 from the teaching staff of the New York Public Library School to take the editorship of some of the De- baters’ Handbooks. Succeeded Miss Robbins as editor of the Readers’ Guide Supplement, 1907- 1915. Became editor of the Cumulative Book Index while Miss Potter and Miss Emma Teich were engaged in the task of editing the United States Catalog, 1912-1917. Resigned October 1917 to become librarian of the Bay City, Michi- gan Public Library. Died in 1920. Miss Van Valkenburgh gave all of her work most careful and intelligent supervision but the memory of her work, however, is second to the memory of her friendly and joyous presence. WiILson, Justina L. (Mrs. H. W.) Writer of ‘lee 42 scriptive notes for the Book Review Digest from its inception to 1912. Also compiled some of the Study Outlines. Became prominent as suffrage leader. At present Director of Education, Demo- cratic National Committee. PERSONNEL PRESENT STAFF ORRIC iin H. W. Witson, President and Treasurer W. C. Rowe Lt, Vice-President EpirH M. PHE tps, Secretary DIRECTORS H. W. Witson, W. C. Rowe ti, Marion E. Por- TER, EpirH M. Puetps, Louise TeicH, LEon Henry, FRANCES. SANVILLE BUSINESS OFFICE ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT C. B. Co.uier, Accountant AGNEs C. Emery, Cashier GertTruDE No.an, Bookkeeper Dorotuy M. THompson EmiLy PATTERSON Evsig SMITH Mary LaHEy SALES DEPARTMENT W. C. Rowe tt, Manager EpirH M. Puetps, Editor and Manager, General, Publications Juxia E. JoHNSEN, Compiler and Assistant editor FRANCES SANVILLE, Advertising Manager ' Frances A. HENNEssSY, Correspondent’ Rose STRUMER, Correspondent Marcar—eT DurrRENBERGER, Billing Clerk Lucy Vast, File Clerk Mivprep A. Ev.iott, Mailing Clerk Epity G. Davies, Assistant Billing Clerk STENOGRAPHERS Marie B. CHENEY SapieE G. Masie Grace B. ELuiotT Marie B. HERRHAMMER ‘TYPISTS Epna M. HarTMANN Ciara DuRRENBERGER a, MarcuERITE SPENCE EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT CUMULATIVE Book INDEX ELEANOR Hawkins, Editor Frances N. Murray Leita HILDRETH GiaFirA DEFREITAS LENorE R. Martin LouisE GOLDER RutH Warp MarGuERITE AHEARN ‘Marie B. LEIDINGER Rose BENDER Dorotuy Z. SCHAFFER Book REVIEW DIGEST. AND STANDARD CATALOGS Marion A. KnicuHT, Editor Mertice M. James, Managing Editor Emma H. ScHumm, Writer, Descriptive Notes KATHLEEN S. Hayes, House Librarian Witma ADAMS ANNETTE LANGROCK LILLIAN BENDER READERS’ GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE ELIZABETH J. SHERWOOD, Editor BErRTHA JoEL, Indexer DorotHy Goopman, Assistant Editor JustinE M. Stor FRANCES PURCELL Marcaret Woop Grace No.Lan JENNETTE I. CONNOLLY INDUSTRIAL ARTS INDEX Marion E. Potter, Editor Louise TeicH, Managing Editor Marion I. Lorp, Indexer May CarPENTER Evsiz SCHOENHOLTZ BELLA TRAUM MarcueERITE E. KLossetT 432: A QUARTER CENTURY OF INTERNATIONAL INDEX TO PERIODICALS Lucie Wat.ace, Editor AuiceE F. Muencu, Indexer Mary WryscuHocraD, Assistant Editor EMILY WySCHOGRAD Bea JosEPH BERTHA AUSUBEL AGRICULTURAL INDEX FLorENcE A. ARNOLD, Editor Haze L. Lewis, Indexer ANGELINA VWASTI IRENE A. HARTMANN Eva R. CotTrer CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY MAGAZINE DEPARTMENT Eruinc O. S. Erickson, Manager FRANK Peterson, Bibliographer Marie VAcHovtTz, Stenographer HELEN Dosrovotska, Billing Clerk HELEN De Lanoy CATHERINE LAHEY Collators ANN CARROLL Jos—EPH PAGANO MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT Leon Henry, Superintendent Emma H. Mayer, Clerk LINOTYPE Room CorNwa.L_ L. ARNOLD Epity C. JENSEN ALICE COLLETTI Oscar YOUNG James H. Green CHARLES CALENDA H. J. Rosinson Mary Morcan Perry E. Kent, Machinist Operators PROOFREADERS Lucy G. KELLEY GERTRUDE E.. Moore HELEN S. Mauk Tuomas B. REINER COMPOSING Room Epwarp S. KELLEY DomINIcK COLLETTI Louis ZaTT Louis Rome Compositors THomas BarreTT, Stoneman WALTER WoopsBury, Ass’t Stoneman AcNneEs Dorney, Combiner ANNA HamiLTon, Combiner JuLtes HorrMan Leon Wincic PREss ROOM WILLIAM ScHoTT, Pressman GeorcE A. HoFrMan, Assistant BarNEY WOLFSON, Job Pressman PETER FLynwn, Porter BINDERY MIcHAEL VAaAsTI CHARLES BARTON THEODORE EGGLEMANN JoHN J. SYLVESTER ALBERT VIRTAKALLIO Harry Rosen TERESA QUINN ANNA JoBSE ANNE SMITH Littian MonaHANn LouisE WRIGHT Mary FINUCAN Mary STEPHENSON SHIPPING DEPARTMENT BerniE ErICcKSON ALPHONSE PAvHIccl RutH CLow CAFETERIA VirciniA Brown, Cook ANNA Hocan CARETAKERS J. CALLAGHAN Marinus JoBsE ANNA Hocan 44