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The Columbia University Libraries reserve the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. Author: Austin, Oscar Phelphs Title: Trading with the Far East Place: [ N e w Yo r k] Date: 1920 MASTER NEGATIVE # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DIVISION BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET ORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED - EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD I " F » 140 '»> I' . ■ . ' ' im » w kail Austin, Oscar Phelps. Trading with the Far East, by Oscar P. Austin [New York, National cit^ bank 3, 19?^0« 78 p» plate, double map* 23 cm. (^Foreign commerce series* No* 4^) u 1 X RESTRICTIONS ON USE: ^-. ■' TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE: ^^np> REDUCTION RATIO: \lx IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA ® IB MB DATE FILMED: ^\-^d\Q5 INITIALS: \a)>W TRACKING # : DSlogM FILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES, BETHLEHEM. PA. 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School of Business Date Due ( i h n /; ! A V I' k TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST \ YOKOHAMA, JAPAN BRANCH OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANKING CORPORATION ^M' TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST ®jy Oscar P. Austin Statistician The National City Bank of New York 1920 FOREIGN COMMERCE SERIES V^mber Four \ \ Branches of The National City Bank of New York ARGENTINA Buenos Aires Sub-branch Plaza Once ROSARIO BELGIUM Antwerp Brussels BRAZIL Bahia Pernambuco Porto Alegre Rio de Janeiro Santos Sao Paulo CHILE Santiago Valparaiso COLOMBIA Barranquilla Bogota Medellin CUBA Artemisa Bayamo Caibarien Camaguey Cardenas ClEGO DE AvILA ClENFUEGOS Colon Cruces guantanamo Havana Sub-branch CUATRO CaMINOS Sub-branch Galiano Manzanillo Matanzas nue vitas PiNAR DEL Rio Placetas del Nortx Remedios Sagua la Grande Sancti Spiritus Santa Clara Santiago Union de Reyes Yaguajay ENGLAND London— (West End Branch) ITALY Genoa PERU Lima PORTO RICO Ponce San Juan RUSSIA *Moscow *Petrograd SOUTH AFRICA Cape Town SPAIN Barcelona Madrid TRINIDAD Port or Spain URUGUAY Montevideo Sub-branch Calls Rondeau VENEZUELA Ciudad Bolivar Caracas Maracaibo •Temporarily closed Branches of the International Banking Corporation CALIFORNIA San Francisco CHINA Canton Hankow Harbin H0NGK.0NU Peking Shanghai Tientsin Tsingtao ENGLAND London FRANCE Lyons INDIA Bombay Calcutta Rangoon JAPAN Kobe Yokohama JAVA Batavia Soerabava DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Barahona Puerto Plata Sanchez San Pedro db Macoris Santiago de los Caballeros Santo Domingo City PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Cebu Manila REPUBLIC OF PANAMA Colon Panama STRAITS SETTLE- MENTS Singapore 7 / -/ i if Trading with the Far East By Oscar P. Austin SCHOOL Of THE INTERNATIONAL commerce of the Far East doubled in value during the period 1914-20 while its trade with the United States sextupled in the same period. It bought from the United States $i25,cxx),ooo worth of our products in the year before the war and J8 50,000,000 worth in the fiscal year 1920, and we bought from it in turn $250,000,000 worth in 1914 and $1,350,000,000 worth in 1920. Our 1920 sales to the Far East are six times as much as in 1913 and our purchases therefrom five times as much as in 1913. The term "Far East" is one that is quite generally used to indicate a very indefinite section of territory. Most writers do not include in the "Far East" India, Burma or Ceylon. As a matter of geographic con- venience, however, and for the purposes of this study, India, Burma and Ceylon are included. In this book, therefore, the term "Far East" shall be construed to embrace that densely populated coastal region stretching along the southern and eastern frontage of Asia, from western India to northern Japan and western Siberia. Asia as a whole has one-third of the world*s land area and over one- half of its population. It stretches 7,000 miles eastward from the Dardanelles to within 45 miles of our Alaskan coast and 5,000 miles northward from the Indian Ocean to the Arctic. While its enormous desert and mountainous interior lie from 15,000 to 29,000 feet above sea level, nine-tenths of its 875,000,000 people are massed on that narrow frontage of fertile land running along the ocean from India to Japan, most of them living within 1,000 miles of the ocean and less than 2,000 feet above its level. They originate and conduct practically all the commerce of the Asiatic continent and their international trade has grown from $4,000,000,000 in 1913 to $8,000,000,000 in 191 9, and that with the United States alone from $375,000,000 in 1913 to $2,200,- 000,000 in our fiscal year 1920. Of Intense Interest to Occidental Man The Far East has always been an area of intense interest to Occidental man. In the six hundred years since Marco Polo, from his [5] \ s TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST prison cell in Genoa, told the astonished world of his experiences in the land of Kublai Khan, Occidental man has never ceased to ex- hibit his interest in that dense mass of industrious people occupying the eastern frontage of that great continent, and which has through all these years retained the title then given it, the "Far East", as dis- tinguished from the great land mass which geographers designate as Asia, which occupies 82% of the great Eurasian continent, while Europe's share of that continent is but 18%. The terms "Asia" and "Europe", applied by the Phoenicians and later by the Greeks to the sections occupying respectively the areas at the east and the west, were intended only as general designations for those respective sections; but have been retained as their perma- nent geographic names, while the general title now given by geogra- phers to the Great Continent comprising both Europe and Asia is "Eurasia". Its area, combining the two sections which we call Europe and Asia, is 21,000,000 square miles, or 40% of the land surface of the world, and its population 1,350,000,000, or 75% of that of the entire globe. The boundary between Asia and Europe as generally accepted by geographers is the Ural Mountains and River, at the north, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Dar- danelles. Interior Sparsely Settled The interior of the Asiatic continent, lying behind the narrow and densely populated coastal region running along the Indian and Pacific oceans, consists of deserts and semi-deserts in the central part, frozen tundras at the extreme north, and at the south great mountain ranges whose enormous areas and extreme altitude have given to a certain section thereof the title of "The Roof of the World." This great interior, which lies at an average level of about 15,000 feet above the sea, receives little moisture from the oceans, and is at the best but sparsely populated, Mongolia averaging little more than one person per square mile, Chinese Turkestan two per square mile, Siberia two per square mile, and Tibet four per square mile. In these vast interior areas, with their drifting sands and extremes of cold and heat, the scant population derives its subsistence from its herds of domestic animals and a limited agriculture; while in the narrow fringe along the ocean frontages, India, Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula, Siam, Indo-China, China, Korea, Japan, the Philippines [6] POPULATION i I >. and the Dutch East Indies, 800,000,000 people live on one-fifth of the land area of the continent, most of them within a few hundred miles of the ocean which connects them with the 800,000,000 of Occidentals occupying Europe, the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. The Thickly Populated Section In this thickly populated section of Asia which we here desig- nate as the "Far East", the density of population is in striking con- trast with that of the interior of the continent. India has an average population of 175 per square mile, and certain of its provinces over 500 per square mile; China proper, an average of 200 per square mile, and in some of the provinces over 400 per square mile; Japan, 400 per square mile, and Java, 680 per square mile. In India, China proper, Japan and Java, with a combined area of 3,500,000 square miles (or about equal to the United States including Alaska), there is an aggre- gate population of 700,000,000, the average per square mile being 200 against an average of 2 per square mile in the great Asiatic interior. It is not surprising, therefore, that our interest in Asia centers chiefly in the half dozen countries fringing its southeast ocean front- age. The lands which they occupy, lying between the ocean and the greatly elevated interior, have rich soils supplied in past ages from the elevated areas further inland, and lie but a few hundred feet above the ocean levels, while the great interior behind the mountain barrier which separates the low lands from the heart of the continent lies from 10,000 to 20,000 feet above the ocean. The Region's Rainfall The Alp ward movement of the air above the intensely heated area of the interior in summer and the partial vacuum thus produced cause an inflow of air from the surrounding oceans which comes heavily charged with moisture evaporated from the sea in the tropical and sub-tropical areas at the south and southeast. These air currents, bearing all the moisture that air can carry, and forced upward as they cross the land areas fronting on the ocean, are condensed, and dis- charge most of their moisture in the form of rains, thus giving to this comparatively narrow southern and eastern Asiatic frontage a sufli- cient water supply to render it fruitful. But on the other hand the small quantity of moisture remaining in the air after it passes into the [7] .M TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST world's need for far east's products interior is insufficient to supply to that part of the continent a rain- fall adequate for producing enough vegetation to maintain any con- siderable population. The summer "monsoons," which bring rains to all the southern and southeastern parts of Asia from India eastward, are composed of air currents thus drawn from the Indian Ocean where the evaporation is very great, while the air currents which reach the northeastern frontage of the continent are, in part, those which blow westwardly across the tropical areas of the Pacific just north of the equator, and, swinging northward along the coasts of China and Japan render a similar service in supplying a reliable rainfall to the lands lying between the Pacific frontage and the great mountain ranges of the hinterland. It is this combination, a reliable rainfall due to great natural causes, a fertile soil supplied in past ages from the elevated interior, and a climate ranging from temperate at the north to tropical at the south, that have made this great coastal region from western India to north- ern Japan the most densely populated region of the globe. The perma- nent character of these natural causes assures a like permanency of the result — a densely populated area with great producing, consum- ing, and therefore commercial power. Bulk of Population on Coast Nine-tenths of the population of the great continent of Asia is packed into this comparatively narrow belt of land adjacent to the ocean, while the remaining one-tenth, scattered over the great and comparatively arid interior, produces little in excess of its immediate requirements and has but inadequate facilities for transportation of any surplus which it may have, or power to purchase and import the products of other parts of the world. In the interior, the human porter, the domestic animals, and the camel caravan are the chief facilities of transportation, while in the areas fronting upon the oceans, the rivers, canals, and slowly developing railway facilities bring the busy popula- tion into touch with the oceans and with the ships which transport the region's natural products to other parts of the world and bring manufactures in exchange. Relation of Transportation to Commerce These facilities of land transportation in these densely popu- lated sections are however still far from satisfactory, though the ad- [8] ^:^li|.» m i '"Y7 vantages which they respectively supply to commerce are shown by the fact that the particular sections having the greatest railway mile- age per thousand square miles have also the greatest commerce. Japan, with $$ miles of railway for each i,ooo square miles of area, has a foreign trade of about J30 per capita; India, with about 20 miles of railway for each 1,000 square miles of area, has a foreign com- merce of about is per capita; and China proper (exclusive of her great interior provinces) has about 5 miles of railway per 1,000 square miles of area, greatly aided by her wonderful canal system, and a foreign commerce of about J3 per capita. World Needs the Far East's Products That this comparatively small per capita of commerce in these Asiatic countries, now insufficiently supplied with transportation, will greatly increase with the development of railways and other facilities for movement of merchandise is quite apparent when it is considered that they are the chief producers of certain great world requirements for food and industries, including the raw silks of China and Japan; the jute of India; the hemp of the Philippines; the teas of Japan, China, Java and India; the rubber of the Malayan Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies; the food oils of Manchuria, Philippines, and the Pacific Islands further south; the sugar of Java; and the tin of the Dutch East Indies and the Malayan Peninsula. All of these important products the Occidental world must have in increasing quantities while the fact that most of the 800,000,000 people in the Far East rely for their manufactures chiefly upon the Occident indicates the importance of that market to the United States, the greatest manufacturer of the world and in recent years the greatest exporter of manufactures. Purchasing Power Increasing The purchasing power of the Far East has enormously in- creased in very recent years. Practically all of its exportable products advanced in price following the opening of the war, some of them very largely, and were greatly in demand even at the much higher price, and, as a consequence, the value of the merchandise exported doubled in the period 1913-1919, while the actual purchases, the imports, showed a corresponding gain. The total value of exports from the dozen principal countries included in the "Far East" group was, in 1 913, a little over j2,ooo,ooo,ooo, and in 191 9 over ^4,000,000,000, [9] ?'J TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST while their imports grew from $2,200,000,000 in 1913 to nearly $4,000,000,000 in 1 91 9. Not only did the trade of the Far East double during the war period, but our own share in that trade was greatly enlarged. China, for ex- ample, whose imports in 1913 were $427,000,000, took 6% of that total from the United States, while in 191 8 her imports were $662,- 000,000 and she took from us ioJ^% of that greatly enlarged total. British India, which took only 2.6% of her imports from the United States in 1914, took 8% of her 191 8 imports from us; the Dutch East Indies doubled the percentage of their imports which were drawn from the United States; and Japan, which took 16.8% of her imports from the United States in 1913, took 37.8% of the greatly enlarged total ofi9i8. A study of our own trade figures with the countries in question gives a further evidence that the share which we have of their trade has greatly increased during and since the war period. While the im- ports of the dozen countries and islands which we here class as the Far East, doubled during the war period — our own exports to them grew from $125,000,000 in 1 913 to $850,000,000 in the year ending June 30, 1920. To no part of the world have our exports shown as large a per- centage of gain as those to the Far East. Our own exports to the dozen countries in question equalled about 6% of their aggregate imports in 1 913, and approximately 15% in the fiscal year 191 9. What the Far East Has to Sell The Far East produces and offers for sale many articles which we of the Occident, and especially we of the United States, must buy, and, in most cases, must buy them from the Far East for this section produces a very large proportion of the marketable surplus of Asia and acts as the exporter of the few articles produced for the world markets in the interior of the continent. The principal articles which the Orient supplies to the Occident, practically all of them produced in or marketed by the Far East, are: For Manufacturing Purposes — Raw silk, wool, cotton in limited quantities (for strange as it may appear, we of the United States are now buying raw cotton from India and China), kapok, hemp, jute, india-rubber, furs, tin, copper, platinum, hides and skins and gums. For Food Purposes — ^Vegetable oils, copra (from which food oil is pro- [10] AMERICA S IMPORTS FROM FAR EAST •f V V< duced), tea, coffee, cacao, sugar, spices, rice, sago, tapioca, fruits, nuts. Manufactures — ^Jute bagging, matting, silk textiles, laces, embroidery and many other articles of this character. In exchange for these natural products exported by the Far East, it takes manufactures, foodstuffs and a limited quantity of manu- facturing material, chiefly cotton. Among the more important of its imports are cotton goods, of which the United States is probably the world's largest producer and a considerable exporter, though our exports in that line are, or course, far below those of Great Britain which buys its raw cotton chiefly from us; woolen goods, cloth- ing, boots and shoes; also manufactures of iron and steel of all kinds, automobiles, cars and other land vehicles, machinery, railway material and supplies, petroleum in all its grades of manufacture, tobacco and cigarettes, coal, flour and sugar. Manufactures of various sorts form probably three-fourths of the value of the merchandise im- ported into the countries in question, except in the case of Japan which imports large quantities of raw cotton, in part from the United States and in part from India and China. United States Welcomes Imports from Region All of the twenty-five articles heretofore enumerated, which form the bulk of the exports of the Far East, are greatly in demand in the United States. Practically all of the $450,000,000 worth of raw silk which we imported in 1920 was drawn from the Orient, as was also a large proportion of the silk textiles imported, which totaled $88,000,000. Of our india-rubber imports, aggregating approximately $275,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920, over $250,000,000 worth came from the Far East; of the $375,000,000 worth of hides and skins im- ported nearly one-half was from the Orient and mostly from that extreme section which we denote the Far East; and of the $1 50,000,000 worth of vegetable oils imported in the fiscal year 1920, practically all came from the Far East. Of the $90,000,000 worth of tin imported, three-quarters came from the Malayan peninsula and Dutch East Indies, while of the items of lesser importance such as spices, rice, jute, Manila hemp, kapok, gums, tea and matting, practically all were pro- duced in and drawn from the Far East. In fact, we imported in the fiscal year 1920 over l}/2 billion dollars worth of the classes of material heretofore enumerated as the chief exports of the Far East, though in certain of them such as sugar, raw [II] \\ ) TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST cotton, wool and coffee, a large proportion of our imports were drawn from other parts of the world. Our total imports from the Far East in the fiscal year 1920, which amounted in value to $1,350,000,000 were composed in great part of the 25 articles enumerated. The fact that we are buying so heavily from the Far East justifies, it seems, a much closer examination of the chief products entering into the region's export trade. THE FAR EAST'S PRODUCTS Raw Silk Japan and China are the world's principal producers of raw silk, and supply practically all of that imported by the United States. Latest available figures show the annual exports of raw silk from Japan 53,000,000 pounds, China 15,000,000, and the production of Italy 7,000,000 pounds, and all the remainder of the world about 3,000,000. It will be noted that the figures relative to Japan and China are those of exports only and, therefore, do not include the very large quantities used in the manufacture of silk goods in those countries, estimated at about one-half as much as the exports. Our own imports of raw silk in the fiscal year 1920 were, 47,000,000 pounds valued at 1438,000,000 and of this about $320,000,000 worth was drawn from Japan, and about $80,000,000 worth from China. Japan's raw silk output is usually estimated at about 2/S of the world's supply, and the United States is normally accredited with using over J^ of the world's total production. In fact, we are probably now using about 60% of the world's raw silk and drawing 9/10 of it from the Far East. As we produce no raw silk in the United States, we shall always be dependent upon the Far East for this important and rapidly increasing factor in our industries, except in such degree as we may produce artificial silk, a comparatively new industry and promising a rapid development, but not likely, for many years at least, to take the place of raw silk in our manufacturing industries. India-rubber Crude rubber is one of our most important imports for manu- facturing purposes, and a very large proportion of this is drawn from the Far East. The Malayan peninsula, the Dutch East Indies, and in a lesser degree Ceylon and India, are now the world's great rubber pro- [12] •r THE FAR EAST S PRODUCTS ducers, their plantations, established a decade before the war period, having come into active use as the source of world rubber within the last eight years. Of our own imports of rubber, which amounted to about 630,000,000 pounds valued at $275,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920, about 350,000,- 000 pounds were drawn from the Malayan peninsula, about 75,000,000 pounds from the Dutch East Indies, and approximately 100,000,000 from the United Kingdom which had imported it from her Far East possessions and passed it along to the United States. So it may be said that of the 650,000,000 pounds of rubber imported into the United States in 1920, nearly 600,000,000 pounds originated in the Far East, and for it we paid in cash or merchandise about $250,000,000. The United States is said to use three-fourths of the world's rubber. As we produce none in continental United States, and at present but a comparatively small quantity in our tropical islands, we are and shall be for many years — probably permanently — dependent in a very large degree upon the Far East for our supply. In fact, the only section outside of the Far East which now supplies rubber in any considerable quantities is Brazil, and her total output at the present time is less than 1 5% of the world production. Hides and Skins In that important factor in our industries, hides and skins, we rely, in larger degree than is usually recognized, upon the Far East. Our importation of goat skins alone in the fiscal year 1920 amounted to $120,000,000 in value, and of this $40,000,000 worth was drawn from India, $20,000,000 worth from China, about $5,000,000 worth from the British East Indies, and $5,000,000 worth from other parts of the distant East. Of cattle hides, $10,000,000 worth came from the Orient; calf skins $12,000,000 worth; buffalo hides from India $3,000,000; sheep skins a couple of millions. These figures indicate that we are compelled to rely upon the Far East for over $100,000,000 worth of hides and skins annually, for use in our manufacturing indus- tries at home, and that the bulk of this comes out of India and China. Cotton The phenomenon of a country which produces two-thirds of the cotton of the world, bringing millions of dollars of that article halfway round the globe and across the greatest ocean of the world, [13] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST THE FAR EAST S PRODUCTS is an interesting one, despite the fact that the actual quantity of cotton which we bring from China and India is materially less than that imported from Egypt, the other source of cotton supply. Our im- ports of raw cotton from China, strange as it may appear, amounted in 1920 to 25,000,000 pounds valued at about f 7,000,000 and from India about 6,000,000 pounds valued at over $1,000,000 — not a large quantity or value, to be sure, as compared with our own crop, or even that which we bring from Egypt, amounting in value in 1920 to about $135,000,000. The quantity brought from China and India is, however, steadily increasing and illustrates the diversity of articles which we are drawing from that section, and our increased willingness to purchase a great variety of the products which those countries place upon world markets. Tin For the tin used in our progressive tinplate and other indus- tries requiring that metal, we have been entirely dependent upon the Far East until the establishment in the United States about five years ago of refining works which could utilize Bolivian ore. A very large proportion, however, of the $90,000,000 worth of tin imported in the fiscal year 1920 came from the Far East; $45,000,000 worth of it came from the Straits Settlements, $5,000,000 worth from the Dutch East Indies, nearly $2,000,000 from Hongkong, while our South American neighbor, Bolivia, supplied about $19,000,000 worth in the form of tin ore which was transformed into pig tin in this country. We have brought into the United States in the last decade over $500,000,000 worth of pig tin, drawn almost exclusively from the Far East, chiefly the Malayan peninsula and the Dutch East Indies. There seems no prospect that we shall, for many years at least, pro- duce any tin ore in the United States. So here again we are dependent chiefly upon the Orient, and in a lesser degree our South American neighbor, Bolivia. Tea Of our tea, of which the importations in the last decade have aggregated $200,000,000, every pound came from the Far East, about one-half of it originating in Japan, the remainder in China, the Dutch East Indies and India. And, of course, we shall be entirely dependent in future upon them, as we have in the past, for this product of which [14] f our importations now run from $25,000,000 to $30,000,000 per annum. Practically all of the world's tea is grown in China, Japan, Formosa, Korea, the Dutch East Indies, Ceylon and India, all of them lying within the Far Eastern territory, and produced, as are all the other articles enumerated, by a people disposed to accept American manu- factures in exchange for their natural products. Gums Under this title are included such natural products as shellac, terra japonica, copal, kauri, damar and camphor, of which the aggre- gate value imported in the fiscal year 1920 was about $40,000,000, and pracdcally all of it drawn from the Far East, especially from India, Ceylon, the Malayan peninsula, and the Dutch East Indies and other islands of the Pacific, though practically all of the natural camphor gum is a product of Japan. Vegetable Oils The growth in recent years of world use of vegetable oils, especially for food purposes, has been very great. Our own importa- tion of vegetable oils has grown in value from $6,000,000 in 1900 to $23,000,000 in 1910, $33,000,000 in 1914, and jumping to $1 16,000,000 in 1919 and approximately $150,000,000 in 1920. This enormous growth in the importation of vegetable oils occurs chiefly in cocoanut, peanut and soya bean oil, practically all of which is supplied by the Far East, though in addition to this the importation of olive oil, chiefly from southern Europe, shows a considerable growth. Meantime, Europe has also greatly increased her use of vegetable oils for food purposes. The British manufacture of "margarine," composed chiefly of vegetable oils, and especially that of the cocoa- nut, has increased from 1600 tons in 191 2 to 7500 in 191 9, the con- sumption of "margarine" having advanced in the period named from an average of 8 pounds per capita to 20 pounds while that of butter fell in the same period from 17 pounds per capita to 6 pounds per capita. The whole world, and especially the Occidental world, has greatly increased in very recent years its use of vegetable oils. Nature provided for man three classes of fat for food, the blubber of the whale and seal for man in the frigid zones, the fat of the domestic animals for the Temperate Zone, and that of seeds for tropical man. But as the supply of food animals in the Temperate Zone is running [15] I il I TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST low, Temperate TLone man in recent years has reached over into the tropical fields where enormous quantities of oil seeds and nuts were going to waste, and begun supplying himself liberally with the vegetable oils which his tropical neighbors have always used as their food fats. This increase has occurred very largely in cocoanut oil, though there are also marked increases in the quantity of other food oils imported into the Temperate Zone countries, and especially the United States and Great Britain. Our own importation of cocoanut oil in the fiscal year 1920 aggregated 270,000,000 pounds against 50,000,000 pounds in 1 913; and of copra, the broken meat of the cocoanut from which this oil is produced, the importation advanced from 40,000,000 pounds in 1913 to 260,000,000 in 1920. Soya bean oil, chiefly produced in China and Japan, a part of which is used for food and a part for industrial purposes, also showed very large increases, from 12,000,000 pounds in 1913 to 196,000,000 in 1920, and of the beans from which it is produced, there have also been considerable importations. Practically all of these food oils in which there has been such an enormous increase in importation in the last decade, and especially since the beginning of the war, are the product of the Far East. Cocoanuts and therefore the cocoanut oil or the copra, are chiefly from the Philippine Islands, the Dutch East Indies and in a lesser degree the coasts of the Malayan peninsula, India and Ceylon, over half of this total coming from the Philippines. Soya bean oil, of which the importations are now running at the rate of $2 5,000,000 a year as against less than J 1,000,000 in 19 14, is practically all the product of Manchuria; a part of it is drawn direct from China, or from Japanese leased territory in China, and a part from Japan where it is produced, in part at least, from soya beans imported from China. In 1920, we imported from Japan and China about ^40,000,000 worth of peanuts and peanut oil, for food purposes. By far the most important of the vegetable oils consumed in the United States is that produced from the cocoanut, and these oils are now manufactured in our own Philippine Islands in which several millions of dollars of American capital have been invested in recent years in the establishment of cocoanut plantations and the factories for turning their product into oil. A large proportion of the copra imported is also from the Philippines. The total value of copra and cocoanut oil exported from the Philippines in 1919 was Ji 8,000,000 [16] THE FAR EAST S PRODUCTS of which J3,ooo,ooo was in the form of copra and the remainder in oilTn .913, the value of the oil exported was a little over J.,ocx,.ocx, ''t t ^o^;:; to Srat a part of the vegetable oils above discussed are used for manufacturing purposes, especially m the ProducUon of soaps, but a very large share of the imports are, as above md.cated Utilized for food. _ r j Thus, practically all of the Far East, from Japan southward, con- tributes in greater or less degree to the |2oo,ooo,ooo worth of vege- table oils (including the material from which they are produced), now nnui entering L United States, the bulk of .t, however, commg from Japan, China, the Philippines, and the Dutch Eas Ind^es^ And it may be assumed that the growth m demand m the United States and in the Temperate Zones generaUy for vegetable ods wiU increase, especially by reason of the decreasing supply of dany ani- mals and of farm labor requisite in the production of the butter for wWch vegetable oils are now being substituted. The vegetable oil Tnitr; o the world has "come to stay" and will be, for many yea^ at least! peculiar to the Far East, though, of course, the possib. hties of the cLanut and peanut, from which large quanat.^ of oil a^e produced, may extend'to other areas in the tropical world, espec aUy Those fro;ting upon or adjacent to tidewater, axid ^he-rids trade in these products which now amounts to nearly or quite a half billion dollars, will continue to increase. Sugar The Far East is a large producer of sugar, which is chiefly con- sumed by its own people. India, Java, the Philippine Islands Formo^ and Japan are, in the order named, sugar producers, the bulk, how- ever, being produced in India and Java. Indeed, these five sugar areas of the Far East turn out over 5,cx»,ooo tons of sugar per annum out of the world's total of a little over i5,oc»,ooo at the present time or say, roughly, one-third of the world's sugar product. Most of it is, however: as already indicated, consumed within the section under consideration and in very large degree in the immediate area of iB production. India, for example, which produces 3,cx»,ooo tons a year, or only a little less than Cuba, the world's greatest sugar producer, consumes all of its products at home and imports coMiderable quanti- ties, chiefly from Java and in lesser quantities from Mauritius, which [17] ft TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST lies due south of India but at such distance that it is not included in this study. Java produces from 1,500,000 tons up to 1,750,000 tons per annum in years of exceptionally large production and sells most of it to her neighbors, chiefly India, China and Japan, though occa- sionally sending considerable quantities to the more distant markets of the Occidental world. The United States has on several occasions imported some sugar from Java, especially in times of high prices, but in limited quantities. Europe, which since the war is not producing enough beet sugar for its own use, has imported considerable quantities from Java in very recent years as well as at intervals prior to the war period. But the bulk of the Javan sugar is consumed in the Orient. The Philippine Islands arc also sugar producers, the quantity pro- duced in excess of the domestic requirements ranging up to about 250,000 tons in recent years, but with a prospect of a marked increase due to the fact that considerable sums of American capital have been invested in that island within the last couple of years in the develop- ment of sugar works of the most approved modern type, part of them as a substitute for older ones less modern in their characteristics, and a part as entirely new enterprises and requiring enlarged supplies of cane. There seems every reason to believe that the Philippine Islands might be developed into a sugar-producing area with a greater output than that of Java, especially as the output of Java will probably be reduced in the future in view of the necessity of utilizing a part of the lands now devoted to cane for the production of rice for the rapidly increasing population (now 35,000,000), while on the other hand, the Philippines, with equally good sugar climate and lands, could easily turn out tenfold its present production and still have ample supplies of land for production of other requirements of her population and world markets. Coffee At present the coffee production of the Far East is an ex- tremely small proportion of the world output, far less, in fact, than formerly. At one time, in the comparatively early world history of coffee production, the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, Ceylon and certain sections of India, supplied a very considerable percentage of the comparatively limited quantities of coffee then entering the world market. With the great enlargement of coffee production in [18] ' THE far east S PRODUCTS Brazil, however, coupled with a blight which destroyed the producing power of the coffee fields of the Dutch East Indies and the Philip- pines, and in a lesser degree those of Ceylon and India, the outturn of coffee in the Far East fell off and became (until quite recently) an unimportant factor in the trade of that section. Of the 2,600,000,000 pounds of coffee annually entering world markets, in the period 1909-13 only about 60,000,000 pounds was the product of the Far East, chiefly the Dutch East Indies. But the very recent introduc- tion into Java and Sumatra of a new coffee tree, "The Robusta", better able to endure the vicissitudes of climatic diseases and insect pests, has already materially increased production, and promises to revolutionize the coffee industry of Java, Sumatra and possibly the Philippine Islands, though the bulk of the world's coffee production will doubtless continue with Brazil, seconded by other South and Central American countries. Rice The importance of the rice industry is very great, especially when we realize that rice forms the cereal food of more than half the population of the earth, that it holds to a large proportion of the 850,- 000,000 people of Asia a relation similar to that of wheat to the 750,- 000,000 people of the Occidental world, except that it forms a much larger proportion of the daily food of the Oriental world than does wheat of the Occidental world. Indeed, the quantity, measured in pounds, of rice consumed in the world falls little below the quantity of wheat consumed. And, curiously, nine-tenths of this enormous world supply of rice, which aggregates about 150,000,000,000 pounds (as against an annual world average of about 225,000,000,000 pounds of wheat), is produced in the countries which we have here designated as the Far East. The only other rice producing country of any con- siderable importance is the United States, which has become a very considerable producer by the application of machine cultivation as against the hand and animal power cultivation by which all the rice of the Far East is produced. In fact, the ability of this Far Eastern section, fronting upon the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, to produce rice is one of the principal causes of its dense population — of its power to maintain so large a population. Rice requires large supplies of water for its successful growth (far in excess of that of any other grain), and it is only in [19] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST sections having very heavy rainfall, and therefore large water sup- plies, that it can be successfully produced. These areas of great rain- fall are those lying along the ocean frontage of the Far East, where the fall ranges from 40 to 160 inches and in exceptional cases much more, during the summer period. With this enormous water supply during the growing season, possibilities of rice production are created which are unequalled in any part of the world except in a small area of the United States where water is supplied by irrigation from artesian wells and great rivers, and drained off in time to permit the cultivation and harvesting of the rice by machinery. In the Far Eastern section, however, in which the water supply is chiefly that furnished by the rains of the current season, its success in supplying the cereal food of such a dense population is only ren- dered possible by the great rain supplies brought by the monsoon winds flowing in from the ocean. India, Burma (which is a part of the polit- ical division designated as India), the Malayan peninsula, Ceylon, Java, Siam, French Indo-China, the Philippine Islands, China, Korea and Japan are the world's great producers of rice, and nine-tenths of their product is consumed by the people of the Far East, though cer- tain of these Far Eastern countries are compelled to buy rice from certain other neighboring countries. The Philippines and Dutch East Indies, frequently import rice from Siam and French Indo-China in considerable quantities, and Japan exports considerable quantities of her high-grade rice, and imports equally large quantities of a less ex- pensive grade from her neighbors, especially Siam, French Indo-China and India. China with her enormous population probably produces more rice than any other single country of the world, and also imports limited quantities from French Indo-China, Siam, Singapore and India. The Philippine Islands, which formerly produced all of the rice re- quired by their 10,000,000 inhabitants, have been in recent years considerable importers of rice, this being due in some degree to the fact that other lines of agricultural industry proved more profitable proportionately and resulted in a greater dependence upon her neigh- bors — Indo-China and Siam — ^for this extremely important factor in her food supply. Miscellaneous Products Many other articles produced in the Far East are also impor- tant factors in international commerce. [20] THE FAR EAST S PRODUCTS Wool is exported in very considerable quantities from India, China and Asiatic Russia, most of it to the United States and Great Britain and formerly to Germany; kapok, a silky fibre somewhat similar to cotton but of such short lengths that it is at present little used except for cushions, bedding and life preservers, is becoming an article of increasing importance in commerce, with apparently great possibili- ties for manufacturing purposes in conjunction with other fibres and the production of certain types of cloths. The value of the imports of this article into the United States alone has grown from a half million dollars in 1911, the first year in which it was mentioned as an article of import, to five million dollars in the fiscal year 1920, most of it coming from the Dutch East Indies with very small quantities from Japan and the Philippine Islands. Jute has long been an important article of production in India and of import into the United States, a part of it in condition for use in our factories, and a large part transformed into bagging or "burlaps" used for cotton baling and various agricultural products. India is the world's chief producer of jute, and it is in part turned into the manu- factured form before leaving that country, a part sent in the natural state to the United Kingdom where it is manufactured and re-ex- ported in the form of bags and bagging, and a part sent in the natural state to the United States and certain other countries. Our imports of jute, almost exclusively from India, were in 1920 about Jio,ooo,ooo and of manufactures of jute over $95,000,000 of which about $75,000,- 000 was from India and the remainder produced from jute grown in India. Manila hemp, which is as peculiar to the Philippines as is jute to India, is also an extremely important product in all the lines in which hemp is used and especially ropes, cordage and other high-grade material of this character. The Philippine Islands have had practically the monopoly of world production of this article for many years, and sent their product chiefly to the United States and Great Britain, and formerly in considerable quantities to Germany, and in lesser quantities to other European countries. The value of Manila hemp produced in and exported from the Philippine Islands ranges about $50,000,000 per annum and exceeds that of any other single export from the islands. EflForts to develop its production elsewhere have not met with such success as to endanger the industry in the Philippines. Spices, which were in the early part of Occidental trade with the [21] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST Far East the most important of all the items of merchandise drawn therefrom, still continue to be of very considerable importance es- pecially in the production and exports of India, Ceylon, the Malayan peninsula, and the Dutch East Indies, and our own importations of spices of all sorts, all of them from the Far East, have steadily grown from 33^ million dollars in 1910 to about 13 millions in 1920. Gums also are an important factor in the commerce of the Far East and in our imports therefrom. Of shellac alone our imports amounted in the fiscal year 1920 to approximately 22 million dollars as against less than 3 millions in the year prior to the war, and prac- tically all of this is drawn from India. Camphor, of which the imports in the crude or natural state amounted to about 6 million dollars, practically all comes from Japan, as does also a very large proportion of the "synthetic", or manufactured article which is now so nearly identical with the natural product that they are frequently grouped under one heading of "camphor, refined and synthetic." Of tobacco, our imports from the Far East are of very considerable value, especially that of the class grown in the Dutch East Indies for use as cigar wrappers, of which the United States alone imported in the fiscal year 1920 about 10 million dollars worth, most of it coming at present direct from the Dutch East Indies to our own ports instead of coming by way of the Netherlands as formerly. We should hardly expect the United States, with its large agricul- tural area and bigness of the industry in certain of our Southern states to be an importer of peanuts in any considerable quantity, but we brought from abroad in the fiscal year 1920 no less than 12 million dollars worth of these nuts and 28 million dollars worth of peanut oil. Practically all of the peanuts thus imported come from Japan, China and the British colony of Hongkong— the latter lying at the southeastern entrance of China, and practically all of its ex- ports being of Chinese origin. Nearly all of the peanut oil imported is also drawn from Japan and China. This very large importation of peanut oil from the Far East is a comparatively new factor in that trade, the quantity imported having grown from i million gallons just prior to the war to over 20 million gallons in the fiscal year 1920. The oil is used largely for the same purposes as those to which cocoa- nut oil is applied, the manufacture of "margarine" or artificial butter, also for cooking fats as a substitute for lard, and in the manufacture of soaps. [22] AMERICA S SALES TO FAR EAST OUR PRINCIPAL SALES TO THE FAR EAST WHAT do we sell to the Far East? — Manufactures of all kinds, foods in not inconsiderable quantities, and one important article of manufacturing material, cotton, chiefly to Japan. The classes of manufactures which we send in exchange for the imports above referred to are very numerous and very broad in their lines of use, some for the fields, many for the industries and trans- portation, and numberless articles for personal, domestic and house- hold use. Cotton Goods Of cotton cloths, which we formerly sent to all Far Eastern countries, the demand for our product has been somewhat minimized by the activity of the Japanese manufacturers, who, however, pur- chase much of their raw cotton from the United States and sell their manufactures in all the Orient. The recent growth in our exports of cotton manufactures to the Far East is, however, distinctly encourag- ing. The quantity of unbleached cottons sent to China in the fiscal year 1920 amounted to 30 million yards against 3 millions in the preceding year, and to India about 5^^ million yards against less than I million the year preceding. Of bleached cottons, the quantity sent to China in 1920 was approximately 4 million yards, printed cotton cloths also 4 million yards and of the other grades another million. The Philippines also take large quantities of cotton cloths of all grades, our 1920 exports to the Philippines aggregating about 30 million yards and to China about 40 millions. Iron and Steel Probably the most important single group of articles now being exported to the Far East is iron and steel manufactures, of which there has been a very striking increase in very recent years. Of steel plates, the shipment to Japan alone in the fiscal year 1920 amounted to 598,000,000 pounds valued at approximately j2o,ooo,ooo. Steel sheets to Japan were sent to the amount of 130,000,000 pounds, and $12,000,- 000 worth of steel rails to Japan and $2,000,000 worth to the Dutch East Indies. Our wrought iron pipes and fittings are also growing in popularity with the Orient, the quantity sent to India in 1920 being about 50,000,000 pounds valued at over $3,000,000; to the Dutch East Indies 22,000,000 pounds; and to Japan 60,000,000 pounds. [23] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST I I Our structural iron and steel is also in growing favor with the Far East, the shipments in 1920 to Japan alone aggregating about $4,000,- 000 in value, with lesser quantities to India, the Dutch East Indies, China and the Philippine Islands. The Senior British Trade Commissioner in India, Thomas M. Ainscough, in a report in 1920 to the British Government, calls attention to the startling gains which American manufacturers of iron and steel are making in India. He says that although American manu- facturers and merchants have little experience in overseas trade, they have recently adapted themselves to the requirements of the Indian market in a most remarkable way, and that "there is no doubt what- ever that American competition in India has come to stay*', indicating that the growth occurs especially in machine tools, mill stores, hard- ware, canned provisions, motor cars, and lumber. The increase in American competition in steel, he says, has been very great, the im- ports from the United States having advanced from 3% of the total in the pre-war quinquennium to 41% in 1917-18, while the 1918-19 total was materially greater than that of 191 7-1 8 on which the per- centages of gain are estimated. America's share of the imports of machinery and mill works have also advanced from 3% to about 28% of the total, and he adds that the American products have been so satisfactory to the people of India that "it is likely that the American connections, having once been made, will be retained, and must be regarded as permanent." China alone took in 1920, 33,000,000 pounds of tin plate; India, 10,000,000; the Straits Settlements, which sent us most of the tin for use in its manufacture, over 6,000,000 pounds; and the Dutch East Indies nearly 2,000,000, while Hongkong (the doorway to southern China) took approximately 20,000,000 pounds, and Japan 1 50,000,000 pounds valued at about $12,000,000. Japan took in 1920 $3,000,000 worth of metal- working machinery, while India and China took another million dollars worth; Japan took 0^/2, million dollars worth of sewing machines and China, the Philip- pines and the Dutch East Indies a million dollars. Typewriters to the dozen countries of the Far East aggregate a million dollars in 1920. There are also various iron and steel manufactures for household and general domestic requirements in groups too numerous to mention but forming in the aggregate large values distributed to all of the Far Eastern countries, and in constantly increasing quantities. [24] America's sales to far east Automobiles Despite the assertion that the Far East has not yet reached a stage in its highway construction to render it an especially attractive field for the automobile either for passenger or commercial purposes, the exports of this class to the region are large and rapidly growing. To India, the total for the fiscal year 1920 was, in round terms, 8,000 cars valued at over $8,000,000, and to Dutch East Indies about 1,600 cars valued at approximately $2,000,000; to Japan nearly 3,000 cars valued at i}/i million dollars and to the Philippines 2,000 cars valued at approximately $2,000,000. These figures relate to passenger cars, while the freight automobiles sent to China, the Dutch East Indies, Japan and the Philippines in 1920 aggregated about $3,000,000 in value. Of rubber tires for automobiles, the exports to China, Japan, India, Straits Settlements and Dutch East Indies in 1920 aggregated about $5,000,000 in value. Petroleum Petroleum, in all its forms, is and has been for many years an important factor in our exports to the Far East. The shipments of illu- minating oil in 1920 to India amounted to about $7,000,000 in value; the Dutch East Indies (large producers of petroleum) approximately $2,000,000; to Hongkong, more than $3,000,000; to Japan approx- imately $5,000,000; to the Philippine Islands approximately $2,000,- 000. Of lubricating oils, to China, India, the Dutch East Indies, Hongkong and Japan our shipments were $6,000,000; of gasoline to China, Japan and the Philippine Islands, nearly $1,000,000; while Japan in 1920, for the first time, demanded fuel and gas oil to the extent of nearly 10,000,000 gallons. The Far East is showing an especial interest in the recently devel- oped industry of the United States, the production of dyes and dye- stuflFs. Our production and exportation of dyes and dyestuffs have, as is well known, greatly increased since the beginning of the war, and in the fiscal year 1920 China took i]4, million dollars worth from us, India over three million worth, Hongkong a half million, and Japan over six million, chiefly of aniline dyes. Our exportation of dyestuffs which, prior to the war never exceeded a half million dollars, was 25 millions in 1920. Of food products, considerable quantities are also sent to that sec- tion of the Orient under consideration. Of condensed milk, in 1920 we [25] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST sent to China nearly $i,ooo,cx>d worth, to India $2,000,000, and to the Straits Settlements |i, 250,000, to Dutch East Indies over half a million, to Hongkong one-third of a million, to Japan over half a million dollars worth, and to the Philippines more than $2,000,000 worth. Tobacco in all its forms, but more especially in the form of cigar- ettes, is an important factor in our exports to the Far East. To China alone, the exports of unmanufactured tobacco in 1920 amounted to about $12,000,000; to Hongkong a half million; to Japan nearly $3,000,000. We shipped to China about $10,000,000 worth of cigar- ettes; India $1,500,000; Straits Settlements $1,200,000, and to the Philippine Islands approximately half a million dollars. As already indicated, Japan is a large buyer of American raw cot- ton, the quantity sent to that country in the fiscal year 1920 amount- ing to 438,000,000 pounds, valued at $176,000,000, and to China about 5,000,000 pounds valued at approximately $2,000,000; this grand total being by far the largest single total in value of our ship- ments of cotton to that country, which has become a considerable manufacturer of cotton goods, buying its raw material chiefly from the United States, India and in lesser quantities from China. There are many other articles, again "too numerous to mention", though contributing materially to the $850,000,000 worth of merchan- dise which we sent in 1920 to the Far Eastern countries in part pay- ment for the $1,350,000,000 worth which we took from them in the fiscal year 1920. These include such articles as railway cars, refined copper of which the 1920 exports to Japan were very large ($27,000,- 000), cotton knit goods, electrical machinery, window glass, manufac- tures of rubber, traction engines, stationary engines, sugar mill machinery, wire nails, barbed wire, leather, boots and shoes, naval stores, paper, photographic goods, lumber, canned fruits and flour. COUNTRIES SUPPLYING IMPORTS OF THE FAR EAST ONE especially important question which comes to the front in consideration of the area in question, is: Where do the dozen countries and colonies included in the territory here designated as the Far East buy the $4,000,000,000 worth of merchandise which they im- port? We know that nearly $1,000,000,000 worth of it is drawn from [26] SOURCES OF FAR EAST S IMPORTS the United States, for while our figures of exports to those countries aggregate in 1920 $850,000,000, the value by the time they reach their ports is doubtless more than a billion, and the United States now holds a much higher rank among the countries supplying the demands of that section of the world than formerly. Prior to the War, Great Britain held first rank in supplying the demands of the Far East, especially by reason of the fact that the largest single importer in that group, India, quite naturally took a very large proportion of its imports from the governing country. Great Britain, while the long experience of the British in the Orient had given them also a larger percentage of the imports of China and Japan than that supplied by any other country, though Germany was making rapid gains in Far Eastern trade in the years immediately preceding the war. France has never been a large exporter to the extreme Orient except to her own colonial territory, French Indo- China, though she sold limited quantities to pracdcally all of the important importing countries — India, Dutch East Indies, China, Japan and the Philippines. India India's imports from Germany and Austria-Hungary, which amounted to about $50,000,000 in the year before the war, dropped, of course, to nothing during the war and had not been resumed in 1 91 9. Those from the other European countries, except Great Britain, declined materially, while those from Great Britain also somewhat declined. Those from the United States and Japan, however, ma- terially increased, those from the United States having advanced from $17,000,000 in 1913 to $52,000,000 in 1919; while from Japan, lying much nearer and supplying manufactures of all kinds, many of them of the special class which the East Indians desire, there was a still greater increase, their total imports from Japan advancing from $13,- 000,000 in 1913 to $59,000,000 in 1918 and $108,000,000 in 1919 though recent reports indicate a marked fall-oflF in the 1920 imports from Japan. From the United Kingdom India's imports were in 1913 $330,000,000 and in 191 9 $250,000,000. Thus the United States and Japan were the principal countries making gains in the Indian import trade during the war period, the grand total of her imports of 191 9 differing little in stated value from those of '^i 9 13, standing in 191 9 at $548,000,000 against $522,000,000 in 19^3. [27] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST China China showed a marked increase in the value of her imports during the war period and a very large percentage of increase was in the imports from the United States. The total value of her imports in 1 913 was 1423,000,000 and in 191 8 ^662,000,000. Japan had been, prior even to the war, the largest single contributor to the imports of China, her total imports from Japan in 1913 having stood at $89,000,- 000 advancing to $230,000,000 in 191 7 and $286,300,000 in 191 8. Great Britain was next in rank, supplying $72,000,000 worth of China's imports in 19 13 and $59,000,000 in 191 8. From the United States China, according to her official figures, took $26,000,000 in 1914, $43,000,000 worth in 1916, and $69,000,000 worth in 191 8, while our own figures of exports to China indicate that her total takings from us in 1 91 9 aggregate over $100,000,000 and our total exports to China in the fiscal year 1920 aggregate about $130,000,000. China's imports from Germany in the year before the war were about $21,000,- 000 and, of course, fell oflF entirely during the war period while those from Austria-Hungary, which aggregated about $3,000,000, also disappeared. Japan Japan's trade development during the war period was phenom- enal. The activity of her industries caused a great demand for manu- facturing material and food from abroad, and the demands for the products of her factories and her supplies of raw silk, food oils, etc., made her also a large exporter. Her imports increased from $363,000,- 000 in 1913 to $832,000,000 in 1918 and a little over $1,000,000,000 in 1 91 9. The United States is the largest single contributor to her im- ports, the total drawn from the United States increasing from $61,- 000,000 in 1913 to $102,000,000 in 1916, $179,000,000 in 1917, $312,000,000 in 1 91 8, and $383,000,000 in 191 9, while our own figures show exports to Japan in the fiscal year 1920 $453,000,000 against $326,000,000 in 191 9. From China her imports also largely increased since she drew from that country considerable quantities of raw cotton and large quantities of material for production of food oils and other articles of food, especially rice and beans, her total imports from China having advanced from $35,000,000 in 1 913 to $140,000,000 in 1918 and $161,000,000 in 1919. Her imports from Germany, which amounted to $34,000,000 in 19 13, were a little less than $2,000,000 in [28] SOURCES OF FAR EAST S IMPORTS '■* ' 1918 and less than half a million in 1919. From India, her imports have always been comparatively large since a great proportion of the raw cotton which she uses in her mills is drawn from India especially when prices in the United States are higher, and her imports from India advanced from $87,000,000 in 1913 to $134,000,000 in 1918 and $160,000,000 in 1919. From Great Britain, her imports dropped during the war period from $61,000,000 in 1913 to $33,000,000 in 1918, ad- vancing, however, to $62,000,000 in 191 9 and thus returning to prac- tically the pre-war figure. Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies have made large increases in their im- ports from, and exports to, the United States, and also material gains in their imports from Japan while those from the Mother Country, Netherlands, and also from other European countries declined chiefly because of the difficulties and dangers of transportation by the Medi- terranean route by which their imports from western Europe were chiefly drawn. Detailed figures of the Dutch East Indian trade are not available for the most recent years, but our own figures of exports to the Dutch East Indies show remarkable gains, the total to those islands having advanced from $2,741,000 in the fiscal year 1914, all of which preceded the war, to $46,000,000 in the fiscal year 1 920. The imports from Japan into the islands also greatly increased, as indicated by the Japanese figures which show the value of exports to Dutch East Indies in 1917 $8,600,000, and in 1919 $32,600,000. While it is to be expected that the imports from the Mother Country, Nether- lands, which fell oflP very greatly during the war, will be resumed in considerable degree, the popularity of American products in all the Dutch East Indian islands, and especially Java, gives reason to expect a continuation of the very large exports to those islands, especially in view of the fact that our imports of their rubber, tin, coflFee, tea, copra, cocoanut oil, fibres, spices and tobacco have greatly increased, the total value of our imports from the Dutch East Indies having advanced from $6,500,000 in the year preceding the war to $78,743>ooo in the fiscal year 191 9 and over $95,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920. Philippines With the Philippine Islands our own trade has gained during the war period and that of other countries declined, except in the case [29I ) TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST of Japan which shows a material increase in the imports of the islands. The total imports of the islands advanced from 153,000,000 in 1913 to $99,000,000 in 1918 and Jio8,ooo,ooo in 1919. Those from Japan advanced from $3,500,000 to 113,000,000 in 191 8, those from Great Britain fell from $5,500,000 in 1913 to $2,700,000 in 1918, while those from the United States advanced from $26,700,000 in 1 913 to $59,000,- 000 in 191 8, $65,000,000 in 1919, and $71,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920. Straits Settlements The trade of the Straits Settlements, of which Singapore is the chief port, shows large totals though the merchandise reaching that port, Singapore, is largely for trans-shipment to other countries of the Far East, and the merchandise exported from there also is, in con- siderable degree, the production of other adjacent countries, this peculiarity of the Singapore trade being due to the fact that it stands at the turning point of the trade routes between the Occident and the extreme eastern frontage of Asia lying at the north, and the Dutch East Indies, Australia and New Zealand at the south. The official figures of the Straits Settlements show total imports in 1913 of $258,000,000 and in 191 7 of $367,000,000, the largest contributing country being the Dutch East Indies which send their tin, and in some degree their rubber, to Singapore for trans-shipment to Europe and the United States. The total imports of the Straits Settlements from the Dutch East Indies advanced from $40,000,000 in 1913 to $62,000,000 in 1 917 (latest available figures), those from Siam from $26,000,000, to $44,000,000; from Japan from $7,000,000 to $20,000,- 000; from the United Kingdom the imports declined from $30,000,000 in 1913 to $27,000,000 in 1917 while those from the United States increased from $3,700,000 to $9,900,000 in 1917. Later figures of our own trade with the Straits Settlements show a continued growth, our exports to that division of the Far East having advanced, according to our own figures, from $3,668,000 in 1914 to $12,135,000 in 1919 and approximately $15,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920, a part of this total having been for use in the Malayan peninsula and considerable parts for trans-shipment to the Asiatic frontage, the Dutch East Indies, and British Australasia. Hongkong HoNKGONG is also an important factor in the trade of the Far [30] ) - A SOURCES OF FAR EAST S IMPORTS East, lying as it does immediately adjacent to the entrance of southern China. All of the merchandise destined for that section of China, and especially Canton, which is a great consuming and distributing centre, passes through Hongkong whence it moves chiefly by river to Canton and other trade centres of southern China. Statistics of the imports and exports of Hongkong only cover a very recent period, their ac- cumulation and presentation having only begun in 191 8, when the imports totalled $331,000,000 and the exports $427,000,000 most of this, however, passing on, as indicated, into China or drawn from China and sent out of Hongkong to other ports, some of them on the eastern frontage of China and others in the more distant countries. Our own figures of trade with Hongkong, however, have been pub- lished for many years and our exports to that port have grown from f9>258,ooo in the fiscal year 1914 to $22,093,000 in 1920, while our imports from Hongkong have grown from $2,664,000 in 1914 to $30,068,000 in 191 8, and approximately $37,000,000 in 1920. Eastern Siberia A DISCUSSION of the trade of the Far East would be incomplete without a reference to that of southeastern Siberia, the section fronting upon that part of the Pacific known as the Sea of Japan and having Vladivostok as its chief ocean port. Unfortunately little is available as to the total value of the trade of that immediate section, and espe- pecially so as a considerable part of that trade passes from Siberian territory by rail southward through Manchuria. It is possible to pre- sent figures of our own trade with that section which we officially designate in our trade returns as "Russia in Asia", and it may be assumed that a very large proportion of the merchandise which we send to "Russia in Asia" enters by way of the port of Vladivostok. Our figures of exports to Asiatic Russia, which amounted to only about $1,000,000 per annum prior to the war, jumped to $44,000,000 in the fiscal year 191 5, and $160,000,000 in 1916, but were composed chiefly of war material for Russia in Europe which passed by way of Vladi- vostok rather than to face the dangers of submarines in an attempt to cross the Atlantic. With the suspension of Russia's participation in the Great War, our total exports to Russia in Asia dropped to $8,433,- 000 in the fiscal year 191 8 but advanced to $32,000,000, however, in the fiscal year 1920. Our imports from Asiatic Russia are very small, ranging as high, however, as $12,000,000 in 1920. Japan also supplies [31] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST TRANSPORTATION large quantities of merchandise to Asiatic Russia, her figures showing exports of about j2o,ooo,ooo to Asiatic Russia in 1918 and $35,000,000 in 1919. The United States supplied, immediately preceding the war, about 17% of the merchandise entering Japan, 6% of the merchandise entering China, 3% of that imported by India, 2% of that of the Dutch East Indies. Now, however, our share of the imports of these respective countries is much greater, the latest available figures of the trade of these countries showing that we are now supplying 35% of the imports of Japan, 17% of those of China, 8% of those of India, 12% of the imports of Dutch East Indies, these figures in nearly all cases relating to the year 191 9. In general terms, it may be said that the Far East has not only doubled the value of its imports since the beginning of the war but is taking from the United States twice as large a share of that increased total as it took of the smaller total in the pre-war years, thus indicating that the value of the merchandise which it now takes from the United States is more than four times as great as that which it took from us prior to the war, while Germany and Austria-Hungary and Belgium have, of course, dropped out entirely, that from France and Italy being materially reduced and Great Britain also somewhat less than in the pre-war period, though Japan has meantime greatly increased her sales of manufactures to the local markets of her immediate neighbors — China, the Dutch East Indies and British India. TRANSPORTATION THE transportation systems of the Far East are of very great importance in their relation to its commerce, present and future. These include, of course, water, rail and highway transporta- tion, though until recently the system which has been most effective in the growth of Occidental commerce and industries, the railway, has shown less development in the Far East than in most other parts of the world. Reliance upon water transportation is especially a characteristic of China, Indo-China, Siam, and the Philippines while in India and Japan the railway transportation has made great de- velopments in comparatively recent years. The backwardness of railroad development in the Orient is due, in a considerable degree, to the lack of animal power to move products from the place of pro- duction to a common carrier, and in many of the countries in question [32] the highways connecting the agricultural sections with the common carriers either by water or rail are extremely inefficient and the num- ber of animals available for road transportation also comparatively small. In the densely populated areas the land must be utilized to supply food for the people, hence the lack of animals for transporta- tion purposes. Rivers and Canals China has, to a very great extent, relied upon her great rivers, especially the Yang-tse-kiang, and in a lesser degree the Hoangho. The Yang-tse-kiang, which flows through the most densely populated section of China, the part usually designated as "China proper", is the main waterway of China both in navigability and length, while the Hoangho, further north, is less available for navigation, being comparatively shallow and extremely circuitous in its course. The Yang-tse-kiang is navigable for ocean steamers to Hankow, about 600 miles above its mouth, while smaller steamers operate over about 500 miles additional to I-chang, which lies about 160 miles northwest of Hankow. Native boats and rafts are "tracked" over certain sections of the river above this point. The fleet of Yang-tse-kiang steamships is described as very important and "comprising some of the largest river steamboats in the world", and the same authority adds that the banks of this river "are studded with cities, towns and villages, while its waters are crowded with craft in almost incredible numbers." Canton, the principal city of southern China, which lies about 80 miles inland, is connected with the sea by the Canton or Pearl River, and receives most of its merchandise by that stream. In addition to these river transportation facilities, the system of canals, which is described more fully in the detailed discussion of conditions in China on another page, adds greatly to China's transpor- tation facilities. Roads Highways, however, are far from satisfactory from the trans- portation standpoint for reasons heretofore noted. In fact, in all of the Far East, except parts of India and Japan, the highways are very un- satisfactory, and especially so at the present time when the auto- mobile, for both passenger and freight transportation, might supply the motive power. [33] » s TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST Railways In railroad facilities, the greatest development up to the present time has occurred in India which has 37,000 miles; Japan's railways, on a much smaller area, are about 8,000 miles; those of China approx- imately 7,000 miles; the Dutch East Indies approximately 2,000 miles and served in many places by horseless vehicles which bring the prod- ucts of the adjacent sections to the railway station; Siam 1,500 miles; French Indo-China 1,300 miles; Chosen (Korea) 1,100 miles; while a railway line extending southward through the Federated Malay States and the Malayan peninsula connects Siam with Singapore, an extremely important port of call for steamships from every part of the world. That much is yet to be wished for, however, in transportation facil- ities in the Far East is shown by the fact that the length of railroad for each 1,000 square miles is in India 20 miles, in Japan 53, and in "China proper", exclusive of her great outlying dependencies, about 3 miles of road for each 1,000 square miles as against 75 in the United States, 190 in Germany, 154 in France and 195 in Great Britain. With the application of the horseless vehicle for transportation on the roads, however, between the place of production and the common carrier, it may be expected that railroad transportation facilities will be greatly increased and the producing and commercial power corres- pondingly multiplied. The telegraph facilities of all the countries under consideration are comparatively well developed — India 90,000 miles of line and 360,000 miles of wire; Japan 26,000 miles of line; China 42,000 miles; Dutch East Indies 13,000; and the Philippines 5,000. Steamships The ocean transportation facilities in most of the countries in question are exceptionally good as compared with those of many other parts of the world. The trade with and travel to and from the Far East has been for many years of sufficient importance and interest to lead the countries having great steamship lines and systems to give especial consideration to that section of the world and British, German, French and, in lesser degree, Italian and American steamships cultivated the Far East trade, even in some instances braving small profits or even loss for the purpose of building up and permanently maintaining trade and carrying relations with that growing section of the world with such [34] TRANSPORTATION great promises as to its future. The great steamship system of Japan also holds high rank in the list of steamers connecting the Far Eastern ports with those of other parts of the world. While a great part of the German shipping formerly serving that section of the world was chiefly withdrawn during the war, its place has been taken by that of the United States, and the facilities for close steamship inter-com- munication between the Oriental and Occidental world may be de- scribed as excellent. Flying Possibilities The flying machine promises to be of extreme importance in the future development of the Orient and its producing and commercial powers. The interior of Asia is, as has been already indicated, ex- tremely mountainous, and in certain sections arid or at least semi- arid, yet capable of sustaining a limited population and a considerable supply of domestic animals, but is so devoid of roads and transporta- tion facilities that little opportunity has yet been had to closely investigate its mineral supplies and possibilities. This is equally true of the extreme north of the continent, a "tundra" region, capable of supporting vast herds of reindeer which are now proving an important factor in the meat supply of our own Alaska, and also of great im- portance in timber and perhaps mineral possibilities. In the tropical sections of the Far East as well as elsewhere difficulties of exploration and transportation have been equally great, and may be to an equal extent, solved by the possibilities of the flying machine, especially as to exploration, while the rapid development in the use of the aeroplane for transportation of merchandise also suggests that it will prove of material aid in developing the commerce as well as the producing pow- ers of all the Far East, whether in interior Asia or the adjacent islands and coastal frontages. There are great areas still comparatively unexplored and absolutely undeveloped in the big islands off the coast of Asia, including Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, New Guinea, and parts of our own Philippines, in which the flying machine promises to prove of extreme importance industrially and commercially. Already there has been established an air route from the great cities and industrial centers of the United States to Alaska, from the western tip of which the aeroplane could with a 30 minute flight reach the eastern tip of Asia. The great nations which participated in the war are now placing at the service of the [35] M TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST commercial and industrial world thousands of flying machines at a small fraction of their cost, and thus promising a rapid development in this new means of exploration and transportation in all parts of the yet unexplored and undeveloped sections of the world, and especially the Far East. POPULATION y\ CCURATE statistics of the population are more difficult in the AJL Far East than in certain other parts of the world. In India, peri- odical censuses of apparently a very satisfactory type are taken by the local government and based upon British census methods. In Japan, population statistics are also frequently taken and accepted as trust- worthy. A census of the Philippines was taken in 1903. In Korea, the enumeration since its occupancy by Japan has given a closer view of population than formerly existed. A census of certain of the Dutch East Indian islands supplemented by estimates was taken in 1905. In the Siberian area fronting upon the Pacific figures are extremely unsatisfactory. The population of China has been estimated for many years at about 400,000,000. United States Minister Rockhill, after a careful study of the subject, during his experiences in China, expressed the opinion that the former estimates of 400,000,000 were excessive, and that, in fact, the total population of China including Manchuria, Chinese Turkestan, but excluding Mongolia and Tibet, was about 325,000,000, while the population of Mongolia and Tibet probably does not exceed 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 making his estimate of the population of all China at about 330,000,000. The Chinese Govern- ment Gazette of February 27, 191 1, stated the population of the then Chinese Empire at 321,000,000, of which 302,000,000 was accredited to "China proper", 2,000,000 to Tibet, slightly less than 2,000,000 to Mongolia, and 12,000,000 to other outlying territories. Later esti- mates, however, put the total very much higher, estimates recently prepared by the Chinese maritime customs authorities placing the total population of all China at 439,000,000, with 19,000,000 for Manchuria alone, while other authorities put the population of Tibet at 6,000,000, Manchuria 2,600,000 and Sin Kiang, or the New Dominion, lying between Manchuria and Tibet, at about 1,200,000. These extreme differences in the two estimates, each by an official authority, one of them 321,000,000 and the other 439,000,000, shows [36] POPULATION ► 1 4 how difficult it is to attempt to measure with accuracy populations of any section of the Far East, except India, Japan, Korea, and our own Philippine Islands. The latest figures on India are those of the census of 1 911, which show 244,000,000 in British India and in the "native states" (which are, however, to a greater or less extent under British control) about 71,000,000, bringing the 1911 population up to 315,000,000, while the ratio of growth in the decade preceding 1911 would justify the expec- tation that the 1921 census will show a total for all India (including the native states) of about 335,000,000, these figures including Bur- ma, which, although a part of the great Malayan Peninsula, is con- trolled by British authority and included as part of the political gov- ernment designated as "British India". Ranking third in point of population is Japan with a total stated at 56,550,000 at the end of 1917, indicating that the total at the end of 1920 will approximate 60,000,000. In addition to this, the population of Chosen, now controlled by Japan, 17,000,000 and Formosa, belong- ing to Japan, nearly 4,000,000, indicating that the total population in the area under immediate control of Japan is in round terms, about 80,000,000. Next in order in point of numbers is the population of the Dutch East Indies, which is variously estimated, having been stated by the census of 1905 at 38,000,000 and officially estimated for 1917 at 47,000,000, indicating a total of about 50,000,000 at the present time, of which about 35,000,000 are in the island of Java. The growth of population, especially in Java, is extremely rapid. The population of the Philippine Islands is estimated at about 10,000,000; that of French Indo-China at 17,000,000 in 1914; Siam 9,000,000; the Federated Malay States 1,000,000; the other Malay States about 1,000,000; and Ceylon about 4,000,000. Thus the total population of the coastal region stretching from west- ern India to northern Japan and the adjacent Siberian frontage is variously estimated at from 800,000,000 to 850,000,000. In certain sections of this area the density of population is extremely great, in the island of Java alone nearly 700 per square mile, in the Province of Shantung, China, about 500 per square mile, and in several of the other provinces of China about 400 per square mile, and in certain provinces of India over 500 per square mile. The average density of population in the entire Far Eastern area here discussed is about 250 [37] I TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST per square mile as against about 31 per square mile in continental United States, exclusive of Alaska. CURRENCY SILVER has been the chief currency of the Far East from the earliest years of its international trade, and still is, each country or colony having its individual silver standard. Japan in 1 897 adopted the gold standard but retained large quantities of silver in conjunction with the basic gold yen; China utilized silver, with copper or brass coins as the subsidiary currency; the Philippines utilized silver cur- rency under the Spanish and were, after coming under the control of the United States, given a currency composed largely of silver but with a gold basis; Hongkong has its silver dollar and there are also various Chinese dollars and small silver coins as fractions of the dollar; in French Indo-China, Siam, and the Malayan peninsula silver still circulates freely; in the Dutch East Indies the currency standard of the Mother Country was maintained but with extremely limited sup- plies of gold and much larger quantities of silver; in India the silver rupee and fractional currency based thereon is still the chief form of currency. In comparatively recent years, however, the use of paper currency has increased greatly and especially during the recent war period, and in all the principal countries a paper currency now exists issued in most cases by governmental authority through the machinery of the bank. MONETARY SYSTEMS IN CHINA the monetary unit is not a coin but a weight of silver, called the tael. It follows, therefore, that fluctuations in the price of silver affect directly the value of Chinese money. The tael is divided, theoretically, decimally, but in practice the coinage varies widely in its value relative to the standard unit. The complications of the system arise from the fact that the tael is not a coin, and that the weight itself as well as the fineness of silver, varies in practically every important business center in China. There are some sixty-five different tael values in China and the inevitable result is that each commercial transaction between one place and another involves an exchange transaction owing to the diflPerent monetary values. [38] MONETARY SYSTEMS ^ The currency unit in China has for many years been the dollar — formerly the dollar coined in Mexico, but latterly there has been the increasing use of the Chinese Republic dollar (designated the "yuan") which is slowly being standardized and even more slowly is becoming acceptable as a means of payment. Following the increased use of the Chinese dollar, has been the increase in the displacement by the dollar of the tael as the money of account. As a result of the peculiar extra-territorial situation in the important Chinese ports, foreign banks are permitted to issue notes and these have become, so far as the trade ports are concerned, the commonest circulating medium in all but small transactions. Large balances are still settled, however, by the use of silver metal cast into lumps (called shoes), each approximating 50 taels in weight. The Bank of China and the Bank of Communications also have the note issue priv- ilege, but this paper money has not yet become firmly established in the public confidence, having often gone to a serious discount. In Japan where the currency is on a gold basis, the unit is the yen (value in U. S. currency 49.8 cents) and the subsidiary coinage is a decimal division of the unit, the coins themselves being similar in size to American subsidiary coins and the values being approximately one- half of the American coin values. There is also a note issued by the government bank, and during the scarcity of metal incident to the war and to the consumption in India and China the Bank of Japan was forced to issue subsidiary notes down even to the value of ten sen, or five cents American. Philippine coinage is similar in unit value to the Japanese, being about one-half of American coin values, the unit in the Islands being called the peso. The British Colony of Hongkong coins a silver dollar and subsidiary coinage, and maintains a position of isolation in the money world, the dollar value being about that of the peso, or the American half-dollar. The Straits Settlements use the Straits dollar as their monetary unit and there is throughout this entire section of the Far East from the Straits to Japan, an approximation of the theoretical values of all units, be they dollars, pesos or yen. It is understood, of course, that the exchange values vary widely. The Dutch East Indies uses as a monetary unit the guilder or florin and this with its divisional coinage, from a monetary point of view, is the same as that in use in Holland. [391 \ I Map of the "Far East" showing Branches o [40] the International Banking Corporation [41] INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ^ INDIAN N cnipplago rtw* ^ Srancties of ttie international Banking Corporation WMim. oMfTiNC come W.T. %^\ eQ C;/^ Timor Solomon It. \ {Br.) .^CYork \\ AUSTRALIA Map of the "Far East" showing Branches of the International Banking Corporation ot [40] [41] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST In India the currency unit is the rupee, divided into sixteen annas, each anna being composed of twelve pies. The exchange value of the rupee was for a long time maintained at fifteen to a sovereign, this being supported by the gold standard reserve fund which stood in 1 91 9 at over £35,000,000, but the currency is now, theoretically, on a gold basis and the value of the rupee is ten to the sovereign, bringing it approximately into line with the other eastern monetary units, that is, slightly less than one-half of the American dollar. But with the decrease in India's export trade balance and the consequent increased demand for sterling, the exchange value of the rupee is dropping toward the old level. BANKING FACILITIES AMERICAN banking facilities in the Far East are somewhat xjL better in China than elsewhere and for perfectly obvious reasons. In Japan the situation is dominated by the home banks strongly supported by the government through the Bank of Japan; in India British domination is logical; in the Dutch Colonies a similar situation exists, also in the French Colonies, in which com- mercial development has been slow. But in China, a faint but unbroken survival of American enterprise has kept American trade alive. An American bank, the International Banking Corporation, now owned by The National City Bank of New York, has been established over eighteen years, and recently other American banks have opened there, so that the American trader is well served. In China the British-owned banks naturally occupy the most important position in financing foreign trade, for the unceasing activity of British trade there for so many years made it more im- portant to China than that of any other, the only serious competition having arisen recently from Japan. The chief British banks in China are the Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, established fifty-three years, the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, Ltd., and the Mercantile Bank of India, Ltd. The American banks are the International Banking Corporation, the Asia Banking Corporation, American Foreign Bank- ing Corporation, the Oriental Banking Corporation and the Park- Union Banking Corporation. The American Express Company also maintains offices in China and there is also the new Sino-American [42] BANKING FACILITIES -\ ?^A ^ Bank, recently established by American and Chinese capitalists. Of other foreign banks, there are two Belgian, three French, one Russian, one Dutch and seven Japanese banks, including three of recent estab- lishment. The Chinese have a banking system of great antiquity and at pres- ent two semi-governmental banks, the Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, are operating with foreign methods and inci- dentally with considerable success. The smaller Chinese banks are innumerable, covering the entire country. Owing to the intense com- plication of the monetary system, there is a universal opportunity for exchange profits, even between practically contiguous towns, and to all intents and purposes the entire movement of trade in the interior of China is financed by the Chinese banks. The relations of the foreign banks or of the better established of the foreign trading firms with the Chinese banks in the interior, are simple and cordial, and such financing as is necessary is easily and efficiently done. All payments for merchandise in the interior are made in silver, and this is accomplished with extraordinary facility and certainty by those who are familiar with the local customs. In the most important silk district in China, that surrounding Wusieh, silver for the purchase of the cocoon crop is sent out in launches through the canals and distributed to coolies waiting in dug- outs at the entrances to the smaller canals and creeks — as much as ^5,000 or J 1 0,000 to a canoe — and is carried in them to the buying stations situated at varying distances from the main lines of com- munication. There is no obvious security in this method of transpor- tation, but in more than forty years the only record of loss in that district has been one robbery of $500 out of the many millions so naively handled. Another instance of efficiency: In Hangchow a silk buyer of a large British firm goes to the local office of the Chinese bank, introduces himself to the manager and writes out on a page of his note-book, a sight draft on his firm in Shanghai for $150,000 and explains through an interpreter that he wishes the silver sent out to his buying station in the country in three lots of $50,000 each, on three specified days. No further formality is used and on each of the appointed days, the bags of dollars are delivered at the appointed place without fail. The business in China between foreigners and Chinese has always been conducted through the medium of a compradore, this being a [43] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST survival of the early trade in Canton when an official representative of the Chinese government was appointed to deal with the foreigner, and furthermore, to be responsible to his own government for all of the dealings undertaken by the firm. The office was the outgrowth partly of suspicion, partly of the language difficulty and partly of the feeling of superiority which existed on both sides. The modern compradore is bonded, and usually guarantees to his firm all the transactions ini- tiated by him. This is a useful arrangement in the absence of any reliable source of credit information. A new situation has, however, begun to exist within the last few years in which the development of Chinese familiarity with foreign methods and with the English language has made it easier for dealings to be made direct between the interested parties. Enterprising German traders in China set an example during the few years preceding the war and their direct transactions not only proved profitable but were also a great aid to them in the development of their China trade. More recently some of the largest British firms in China have seen the wisdom of direct dealing and are now laying emphasis on the learn- ing of the Chinese language by their foreign staff. It is not unlikely that in the near future the firms which fail to equip themselves thus, will find themselves at a serious disadvantage in developing their busi- ness in China, especially those firms which either purchase or dis- tribute merchandise outside of the larger treaty ports. As commercial development in Japan has occurred entirely during recent times, the Japanese banks are, of course, operating on modern lines, and they already finance, quite logically, by far the greatest part of the country's foreign trade. There is however, still an important place in that trade for foreign banks and the list of those operating in Japan is much the same as that in China, including the International Banking Corporation and the Park Union Banking Corporation as the American representatives. The frequently published reports that Japanese banks prefer Chinese cashiers are unfounded. The Japanese banks are operated entirely by Japanese, although in a few instances foreigners, both Chinese and others, are employed in subordinate positions. In the French Colonies in Indo-China, there are French banks as well as two British banks, but inasmuch as American trade has been comparatively unimportant no American bank has as yet been estab- lished there. [44] GENERAL SURVEY 4 t " -:A In the Philippines there are representing the United States, the International Banking Corporation, the Asia Banking Corporation and the American Foreign Banking Corporation; the British: the Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China; the Filipino semi-governmental: Philippine National Bank and the old established Spanish Bank of the Philippine Islands, which so far have been adequate to the demands of Philippine commerce. In the Dutch East Indies, the powerful Netherlands Trading So- ciety holds a strong position. The International Banking Corporation is established there, as well as the British banks. In the Straits Settlements, the International Banking Corporation has a branch at Singapore, whereas the British banks are well established throughout the peninsula. India, of course, is the stronghold of British banking and the only American bank there is the International Banking Corporation, which has branches at Bombay and Calcutta as well as in the Burmese port of Rangoon. AREA, POPULATION AND COMMERCE OF THE FAR EASTERN COUNTRIES WHILE the general facts regarding the people and commerce of the area which we designate as the Far East are presented in the foregoing discussion, it seems proper to set forth in concise terms such information regarding the respective countries as may be desired by those giving consideration to their possibilities and probabilities as future markets, especially for products of the United States. In the paragraphs which follow, therefore, information of this character is presented necessarily in extremely condensed form but additional details will be supplied on application to the statistical department of The National City Bank. The countries are enumerated in their order moving eastward from India along the southern frontage of Asia and northward along its eastern frontage. Statistical state- ments occupying the closing pages show the trade of the United States with each of the countries, covering a term of years, and the chief articles forming the trade; also the percentage of the United States in the trade of each country in recent years. [45] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST GENERAL SURVEY — INDIA — CEYLON India The peninsula of India is chiefly under British control, and its government is administered under the title of the Indian Empire. Its administration is entrusted to a Secretary of State for India, assisted by a council named by him. The government thus created includes not only the British territory in the peninsula of India but also Burma, British territory lying at the east across the Bay of Ben- gal from the peninsula of India. The area of Burma alone covers 23i,cxx5 square miles and its population in 1911 was 12,000,000. The area of British India, including Burma, is 1,093,000 square miles, with a population in 191 1, the latest census, of 244,000,000. In addition, however, there are within the peninsula a considerable number of areas still designated as "Native States" or Indian States, which, however, are more or less under the control of the Indian Government. They have an aggregate area of 710,000 square miles and a population in 191 1 of 71,000,000, making the total population of the peninsula of India and the adjacent province of Burma 315,000,000 in 191 1, and estimated at about 335,000,000 at the present time. The Native States lie chiefly within the interior and are reached by rail, telegraph and postal facilities from the various ports and cities of British India. They are governed as a rule by native princes with the help of a political oflicer appointed by the British Government. The occupation of the people is largely agriculture, the Statesman's Year Book putting the total population supported by agriculture in 191 1 at 225,000,000. Cotton, wheat, rice, jute, sugar cane, tea and oil seeds are the principal agricultural products. Of the area cropped, which amounts to 230,000,000 acres, about 50,000,000 acres are irri- gated. The chief manufacturing industries are the weaving of cotton cloths and the manufacture of jute. The mineral products are of com- paratively small importance, their relative importance being coal, gold, petroleum and manganese ore. The modern factory system has, in a very large degree, supplanted the hand trades of India, the number of cotton mills being stated at 126, employing 256,000 persons; the number of spindles 6,650,000; the cloth produced in 1918, 381,000,000 pounds; and the yarn pro- duction, 660,000,000 pounds. India exports large quantities of cotton yarn, especially to China. The estimated capital of the cotton mills of India is about ^75,000,000. The jute mills employ about 265,000 people, utilizing a capital of approximately ^50,000,000. There are [46] ■i ' >•' <'-4 also a large number of minor manufacturing industries including paper mills, iron and brass founderies, petroleum refineries, tile and brick factories, sugar factories, and breweries. Notwithstanding the activity of these manufacturing industries, finished manufactures form the bulk of India's imports, the value of manufactured articles imported in 191 8 having been about I3 50,000,- 000 of which cotton goods alone were nearly $200,000,000. Manufac- tures of iron and steel of all kinds are greatly in demand, also clothing, boots and shoes, machinery and mill work, illuminating and lubricat- ing oil, gasoline, and other petroleum products. The sugar imports amount to nearly $50,000,000 per annum despite the fact that India ranks second among the cane sugar producers of the world, her large population consuming all of her domestic production and importing quantities from other sections of the Far East, notably Java and Mauritius. The total commerce of India, as stated in the detailed discussion on preceding pages on the trade of the respective countries, totaled in 1 91 9 $548,000,000 of imports, of which $52,000,000 was from the United States, and the exports $823,000,000, of which $108,000,000 was to the United States. Great Britain of course supplies a very large proportion of the imports, $250,000,000 in 191 9, though Japan has greatly increased her share of the imports during the war, her total in 1 91 9 having been $108,000,000. The principal exports from the United States to India are manufactures of iron and steel of all classes, mineral oils, automobiles, dyes and dyestuffs, electrical ma- chinery, condensed milk, and paper (see tables on another page for details of late years). The principal imports into the United States from India are jute and manufactures of jute (especially burlaps), hides and skins (especially goat skins), india-rubber, gums (especially shellac) and tea. The principal ports are Bombay and Karachi on the western coast and Calcutta and Madras on the eastern frontage, also Rangoon, the chief city and port of Burma. The distance from New York to Bombay by way of the Suez Canal is 8,120 miles and to Cal- cutta, 9,830. Ceylon Ceylon is an island of 25,000 square miles, lying immediately south of India; and is a British colony. Its population is 3,600,000 and production chiefly rice, cacao, cinnamon, tea, cocoanuts, and rubber. [47] V TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST GENERAL SURVEY — ^MALAYAN PENINSULA Imports approximate $65,000,000 per annum; exports Jioo,ooo,ooo per annum. The principal imports are cotton manufactures, rice, coal, Spirits, sugar and manures. A very large proportion of the imports are drawn from the adjacent colony of India, but those from the Occi- dental countries are chiefly from Great Britain ($10,000,000), the United States ($2,000,000), and (prior to the war) about $2,000,000 from Germany. The imports from the United States have grown from $750,000 in 1913 to their present value as above stated. The chief port is Colombo. The railroads aggregate 720 miles. The currency is the Indian rupee. The Malayan Peninsula The Malayan Peninsula, which lies next beyond Ceylon in the route which we travel to the Far East, includes three distinct areas. At the extreme south is the city and port of Singapore with the immediately surrounding area, designated as the Straits Settlements, a British crown colony, comprising the ports of Singapore and Penang. Singapore is an island of about 200 square miles separated from the peninsula by a strait three-quarters of a mile in width. The islands of Singapore and Penang and the continental area immediately north, including Malacca, are designated as the Straits Settlements, admin- istered by a governor appointed by the British authorities. The entire area of the islands and adjacent territory included within the political divisions has a population of slightly less than 1,000,000. The popu- lation of Singapore is about 385,000, Penang 300,000, and Malacca 1 50,000. Lying immediately north of these is a group of native states, Perak. Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang, designated as the Federated Malay States. Their aggregate area is about 28,000 square miles with a total population of slightly more than 1,000,000, composed chiefly of Malays, Chinese, and natives of India, with 3,000 Europeans and Americans, and 2,600 Eurasians. The imports of the Federated Malay States aggregate about $40,000,000 per annum and include chiefly cotton piece goods, sugar, condensed milk, tobacco, petroleum, ma- chinery, iron and steel manufactures, rice and sugar. Their exports, which aggregate over $100,000,000 per annum, include chiefly rubber, copra, tin and tin ore, rice, tapioca and coffee. Still farther north is another group of native states designated as Malay States, not included in the Federation, stretching from the [48] Federated States northward along the eastern frontage of the Malayan Peninsula to the boundary of Siam. The total area of the five states, Johore, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Trengganu, is about 25,000 square miles, with an aggregate population of about 1,000,000. Their imports aggregate about $15,000,000 per annum, including cotton goods and manufactures of iron and steel, and their exports, which consist largely of rubber, copra, tin, gums and spices, about an equal sum. A railway line now extends from Singapore northward through the Federated Malay States and thence through the group of "Malay States not included in the Federation" to Siam, running not only to its capital, Bangkok, but also still farther into the interior and to within a comparatively short distance of its northern border. This road, only recently opened, gives a direct communication for merchandise from Singapore through the interior of this peninsula which stretches northward from Singapore a distance of over 1,000 miles, and thence to Bangkok, the capital and chief city of Siam. The commercial importance of the Peninsula lies in its tin mines and valuable tropical products while its imports, suited to the wants of its population, com- posed mainly of Malays, Chinese and East Indians, are cotton and silk goods, manufactures of iron and steel, tobacco and petroleum. It is being developed by the construction of roads for automobiles, passenger and freight, while the railroad line running through the interior, coupled with the possibilities of water transportation, gives promise of a rapid growth in its industries and commerce. Singapore lying at the southern end of the Malayan Peninsula, the capital of the British colony of the Straits Settlements, is an extremely important port and city, both as a distributor of commerce for the people of the Malayan Peninsula and Siam and also as a point of trans- fer for merchandise of all kinds reaching that turning point in the vessel routes between the Occidental world and the great section at the southeast designated as Oceania. Vessels from the United States and western Europe reaching Singapore carry merchandise destined in part for the eastern frontage of Asia and in part for the Dutch East Indies and Australasia, and necessarily a part of this is transferred at Singapore, which has excellent warehousing and dock facilities, for temporary storage or direct to vessels destined for the ports to which it is consigned, while the vessels coming from Australia, New Zealand, the Dutch East Indies and the eastern frontages of Asia bring mer- [49] M TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST chandise from those sections to Singapore to be there transferred to vessels bound for Europe and America. The island on which the city stands is about one mile off the mainland of the Malayan Peninsula. This merchandise entered at the port of Singapore for transfer to other parts is in most instances at least recorded as an import and again as an export, and, when coupled with that required for the popu- lation immediately dependent upon Singapore, shows very large totals. The recorded imports of the Straits Settlements range at about J400,- 000,000 per annum, and the exports about an equal sum. The principal imports, stated in the order of their relative value, are rice $55,000,- 000, tin ore $50,000,000 (both of which, however, are for reshipment, the rice to adjacent Oriental countries and the tin chiefly to the United States and western Europe), and cotton piece goods about $20,000,000 per annum (chiefly for use of the population of the Ma- layan Peninsula and adjacent areas, including considerable quantities to Siam, French Indo- China, and the Dutch East Indies). Sugar is also set down at about $20,000,000, but this is chiefly drawn from Java and passed on to other points, a part to India and a part to Hongkong and southern China. The exports, stated in their order of relative value include india-rubber and other gums (chiefly rubber however), $100,000,000, tin (a part the product of the Malayan Pen- insula and a part drawn from the nearby Dutch Islands) $65,000,000, spices $12,000,000, copra $5,000,000, tapioca $4,000,000, rattans $2,- 000,000, gambier (used chiefly for tanning and dyeing) $2,000,000, and sago $2,000,000. Our own trade with the Straits Settlements has grown very rapidly since the beginning of the war and aggregated in 1920 $1 88,000,000 of imports therefrom and $1 5,000,000 of exports thereto. The two groups of Malay States occupying the Malayan Peninsula, except that extremely small part designated as Straits Settlements, are under British protection and certain British control. In the Fed- erated Malay States the supreme authority in each state is vested in the State Council, which consists of the Sultan, the Resident and his secretary, and some of the principal Malay chiefs and Chinese mer- chants. The residents are under the control of the Chief Secretary and British High Commissioner, who is ex-oflicio, the British official ad- ministering the government of the Straits Settlements. In the Malay States not included in the Federation, the Rulers are assisted by State Councils and the Ruler has the assistance of the British Advisor ap- pointed by the British Government. [50] GENERAL SURVEY — SIAM V' • 4 The currency in all of these Malay States, whether Federated or Non-Federated, is the Straits Settlements silver dollar with subsidiary silver and copper coins, while bank notes also circulate and the British sovereign is legal tender. The weights and measures utilized are the same as those in the Straits Settlements, the measure of length being the English yard, with its divisions and multiples, and the land is measured by the English acre. The commercial weights are those long since established among the natives, but their terms officially fixed in British pounds avoirdupois. The National City Bank, through its International Banking Corporation, maintains a branch at Singa- pore. The distance from New York to Singapore is 10,170 miles via Suez and 10,693 via San Francisco, including land and water. Siam SiAM, which lies immediately north of the Malayan peninsula, fronts upon the Gulf of Siam through which it has excellent steamship connections with Singapore and with the great steamship routes centering at that point, and also very recently a railway connection from Bangkok southward the entire length of the Malayan peninsula to Singapore and Penang. The railway line also extends northward from Bangkok far into the interior and to within a comparatively short distance of the northern border of Siam. The area of Siam is about 200,000 square miles, of which 45,000 square miles lies within the Malayan peninsula. Its population is estimated at about 9,000,000. Bangkok, the capital, has a population of over 500,000 of which about 200,000 are Chinese. Consular courts exercise jurisdiction over their nationals, subject to certain treaty modifications. The total imports in 1918 were $35,000,000, and the exports $45,- 000,000. The principal imports are cotton goods $9,000,000, mineral oils $1,500,000, manufactures and machinery $2,000,000, foodstuffs $4,000,000, and gunny bags (used chiefly for shipment of rice) $2,500,- 000. The principal exports are rice $35,000,000, and teakwood about $2,000,000. Of the imports of 191 8 about $7,000,000 were from the United Kingdom, $6,000,000 from Hongkong, $6,000,000 from Singa- pore, $5,000,000 from India, $3,000,000 from China, $2,500,000 from Japan and $1,500,000 from United States. The exports, consisting principally of rice, were chiefly to Singapore, Hongkong, and other Oriental countries. Our own figures of trade with Siam show rapid [51] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST GENERAL SURVEY — ^DUTCH EAST INDIES gains during the war period, having advanced from ^675,000 in the fiscal year 1914 to ^1,938,000 in 1919. Our imports, direct from Siam, are extremely small aggregating about j25o,cxx5 in 191 9. Bangkok, the principal port, is about 11,000 miles distant from the port of New York either by way of the Suez or Panama Canals, as may be preferred. French Indo-China French Indo-China, which lies immediately east of Siam fronting upon that section of the Pacific designated as the China Sea, is, as its title implies, a French colonial possession. Its area is 256,000 square miles, or about equal to our state of Texas; its population, in 1 914, 17,000,000, of whom 23,000 were Europeans, the remainder of the population a mixture of Mongolians and Malays. It is divided into five states — Cochin China, Annam, Cambodia, Tongking and Laos. The total imports amount to about $75,000,000 per annum, and the exports J8 5,000,000 per annum. The imports consist chiefly of cotton and silk goods, manufactures of iron and steel, petroleum, paper and tobacco. The chief exports are rice, sugar, pepper, raw cotton, copra and silk. The principal ports are Saigon in Cochin China, Touraine in An- nam, and Haiphong in Cambodia. Our own trade with the French East Indies has materially increased in recent years, and aggregated about f 6,000,000 in 1 920. Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies include a large number of islands be- longing to the Netherland's government, lying east and southeast of Singapore, and also a part of the large islands of Borneo and New Guinea. The area of the entire group is stated at 735,000 square miles; the population was estimated at 38,000,000 in 1905, 47,000,000 in 1917, and approximates 50,000,000 at the present time. The chief population, and therefore the chief commerce, is in the comparatively small island of Java with the extremely small island of Madura lying alongside. The population of Java and Madura was stated by the census of 1905 at 30,100,000, and was oflicially estimated at the end of 191 7 at 34,157,000, suggesting a present total for Java and Madura alone of 35,000,000, or an average of about 700 per square mile for the entire [52] Java-Madura area, their area being, in round terms, 50,000 square miles. Sumatra, which lies immediately west of Java and immediately south of Singapore is much larger than Java, its total area being about 157,000 square miles, or more than three times that of Java with Ma- dura, but its population is less than one-seventh that of the smaller island of Java. It is, however, being rapidly developed and its prospects in india-rubber, tobacco, and cocoanuts are important. The section of Borneo claimed by the Dutch government has an area of about 200,- 000 square miles and a population of approximately 1,500,000, Celebes about 50,000 square miles and a population of approximately 2,000,000, and the Molucca islands a population of about a half million. A very large proportion of the commerce of this great island group occurs with the island of Java, of which Batavia is the principal port but connected with all parts of the island by a railway line which now extends through nearly the entire length, at a distance about midway between the northern and southern coasts. Another important port, further east, lying on the northern coast of the island, as does also Batavia, is Soerabaya and at each of these ports The National City Bank of New Nork, through its International Banking Corporation, has branch banks which co-operate in the rapidly growing trade of the United States with Java, and in fact, with the Dutch East Indies as a whole. Batavia is about 10,000 miles from New York by way of the Suez Canal, and 13,000 by way of the Panama. A very large proportion of the commerce of the Dutch East Indies originates in or is received by Java, though Sumatra is rapidly advanc- ing in its producing power, especially in rubber and tobacco, which is of extremely high quality and used chiefly as cigar wrappers. The prin- cipal products of Java are rice (entirely consumed by the population), sugar (exported chiefly to the nearby Oriental countries — India, Hongkong, China and Japan), rubber, copra, cocoanut oil, tobacco, coffee, tea, cinchona and indigo. The chief mineral production is tin ore in the islands of Banca and Billiton, but recent discoveries of iron of a high grade in Celebes gives great promise. Petroleum is also pro- duced in large quantities. Sugar is the most important of the articles for exportation since Java ranks third among the great producers of cane sugar, being exceeded only by Cuba (which sends its product chiefly to the United States), and India (which consumes all of its own product and imports considerable quantities from Java). Tea has become, in recent years, an article of very considerable importance [53] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST in the production and exportation. CofFee production has undergone a marked change in recent years, the high-grade Arabian coffee formerly produced in the island having been greatly reduced by insect pests and climatic conditions, and replaced in very recent years by a newer grade designated as "Robusta," of which the production has rapidly increased, though the price which it commands in other markets is not equal to that of the former high-grade product. The trade of the Dutch East Indies was, prior to the war, chiefly with the Mother Country which supplied most of the articles imported and took the bulk of the exports, redistributing them to other coun- tries. The difficulties of transportation during the war changed all this, and the imports from the United States alone grew from ^3,000,- ocx) in the year preceding the war, to $45,000,000 in 191 9, and are still continuing to increase in 1920. The imports from Japan were also greatly increased during the war period but have somewhat declined since its close. Our principal exports to the Dutch East Indies, as shown in detail in attached tables, included in the calendar year 191 9 over $10,000,000 worth of iron and steel manufactures of various classes including steel rails, engines, railway supplies, steel bars and rods, tin plates, wire, pipes and fittings, and machinery, also cotton cloths, automobiles, illuminating and lubricating oils, boots and shoes and other manufactures of leather, naval stores, paper, soaps and con- densed milk, as well as many other miscellaneous manufactures. Our own figures of imports from the Dutch East Indies were in 1920 $96,000,000 and the exports thereto $46,000,000. Figures of the value of the trade of the Dutch East Indies presented in an official publication, the Yearbook of the Netherlands East Indies, prepared by the Division of Commerce of the Department of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce at Buitenzorg, Java, states the total imports in 1 913 at 462,000,000 guilders (value of the guilder 40c. U. S. currency), and in 191 8 537,000,000 guilders. The exports of 191 3 are stated at 627,000,000 guilders and in 191 8 676,000,000. The Philippines In the case of the Philippine Islands, the United States quite naturally enjoys a materially larger percentage of the trade than that of the other countries of the Far East, though the percentage which we are supplying of the imports of all of the Far Eastern countries has materially increased during the war period for reasons already discussed [54] I GENERAL SURVEY — THE PHILIPPINES The total area of the Philippines is 150,000 square miles, or about equal to the state of Arizona, with a population of approximately 10,000,000; their imports in 191 9 averaged $107,000,000, and their exports $123,000,000. Sixty percent of the imports were drawn from the United States and 65 percent of the exports sent to the United States. Their imports from the United States practically doubled dur- ing the war period, from $27,000,000 in 1913 to $59,000,000 in 191 8, and $65,000,000 in 191 9. Meantime their imports from Japan grew from 33^ million dollars to 13 millions in 191 8. Those from the United Kingdom declined from 53^ million dollars in 1913 to 2^ millions in 191 8. The imports from Spain fell from i}/i million dollars in 1913 to less than one-half million in 191 8 while the imports from China increased from $2,000,000 in 19 13 to $7,500,000 in 191 8, and from Australia the imports grew from i]/2 million dollars in 1913 to 3^ million in 191 8. The exports increased even more rapidly than the imports, advancing from $48,000,000 in 1913 to $135,000,000 in 1918. Those to the United States advanced from $16,000,000 in 1913 to $89,000,000 in 1 91 8. The principal imports of the islands are, in the order of relative importance, cotton goods $25,000,000, iron and steel products $10,000,000, rice $6,000,000, meat and dairy products $3,500,000, flour $2,650,000, automobiles $2,381,000, leather goods $1,890,000, and coal $1,875,000. This list represents very closely the class of merchandise drawn from the United States by the islands, except in the matter of rice, which they of course draw from their near- by Oriental neighbors, chiefly Siam and French Indo-China, for the people of the Philippines in recent years have developed the custom of devoting their attention to other lines of industry, agriculture and otherwise, and buying from other countries a considerable proportion of the rice which they consume. Cotton cloths, manufactures of iron and steel, petroleum, meat and dairy products, and, in fact, manufac- tures of all sorts are sent from the United States to the islands, which send in return cocoanut oil, copra, Manila hemp, and tobacco, includ- ing manufactures thereof. The trade of the United States with the Philippines has grown from $5,000,000 in 1900 to $28,000,000 in 19 10, $50,000,000 in 191 4, jumping to $126,000,000 in the closing year of the war, 191 8, and $144,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920, being thus thirty times as much in 1920 as in the year following the annexation of the islands by the United States, while prior to that time our total of trade with the [55] i TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST GENERAL SURVEY — ^HONGKONG islands was still less. The United States has, of course, enjoyed, since annexation, a much larger share of the trade of the islands than ever before, and also a much larger share than that with occurs in the trade with any other of the countries included in the Far Eastern group, our share of the merchandise imported into the Philippines having been in 1 91 9 60%, and of their exports 65% were to the United States. While the number of articles which the islands send to us is com- paratively limited, the number of articles which they take from the United States is extremely large, including practically all classes of manufactures, and foodstuffs in very considerable quantities. Details showing the principal articles forming the trade with the Philippines for a term of years appear on another page. The principal port and business center, Manila, is 11,556 miles from New York by way of Suez, and 1 1,546 miles by way of Panama, but 9,192 miles passing by rail to Port Townsend, and thence by steamer by way of Yokohama, and 9,480 miles by land to San Fran- cisco and thence by steamer by way of Yokohama. The National City Bank, through its International Banking Cor- poration, maintains a branch at Manila in Luzon, the most northerly island of the group, also a branch at Cebu, in the Island of Cebu, another island of the Philippine group lying about 500 miles south of Manila. Hongkong Hongkong is a British colony occupying an island just off the southeastern coast of China at the mouth of the Canton River, about 90 miles southeast of the city of Canton, the chief trading center of southern China. Hongkong has an area of 32 square miles but addi- tional areas of territory on the mainland adjacent have been obtained by treaties with China, making the total area, including Hongkong and the adjacent territory under British control, 350 square miles, with a population of about 535,000, of which 13,500 are described as "non- Chinese", about one-half British and one-third Portuguese. Hong- kong's importance lies in its harbor facilities for merchandise entering and leaving southern China and in the trading and banking of that section of China and the relation thereof to other parts of the Orient and other parts of the world. It is not in any considerable degree a manufacturing or producing section. The chief industries are cotton spinning, sugar refining, ship building and repairing, brewing, and the [56] y '% \ 4 manufacture in a limited way of knit goods. It receives from various parts of the world merchandise consigned to that port but there placed on transports which move the merchandise up the Canton River to Canton as a great trade distributing center and also along the coasts of China, and in no inconsiderable degree also from Hongkong to adjacent islands and countries, including the Philippines, Korea, Japan, and in a less degree French Indo-China and the Dutch East Indies, while merchandise originating in that section of the world passes out of Hongkong to all countries both of the Far East and the more distant Occident. In shipping facilities, it holds high rank, the tonnage of vessels entering in clearing at Hongkong exceeding those of any other port of the Far East, standing in 191 8 at 8,528,000 tons against 6,969,000 at Shanghai, 5,412,000 at Singapore, 5,023,000 at Kobe, and 3,332,000 at Yokohama. Indeed the tonnage of vessels entering the port of Hongkong is exceeded by only those of New York, Antwerp, and Hamburg, its total being greater than that entering the ports of Liverpool or London. Statistics of imports and exports of Hongkong. are only of recent date, no statement on this subject having been published prior to 191 8. The compiler of its trade statistics states frankly that "Hong- kong is essentially an entreport where merchandise from all parts of the world changes hands or ships or both." The Colony produces nothing, animal, vegetable, or mineral, of any account from a world- trade point of view. The total of Hongkong's 191 9 imports is stated at J33 1, 000,000, of which J8 5,000,000 was from the United States, ^65,000,000 from French Indo-China, J6o,ooo,ooo from North China, $47,000,000 from Japan, and $25,000,000 from the United Kingdom, though it is proper to add that the large figures credited to the United States are due to the fact that gold and silver are included in the figures of imports and apparently form over one-half of the 185,000,000 accredited to this country. In fact, our own statement of exports of merchandise to Hongkong shows for the calendar year 191 9 but $22,000,000, as their value on leaving at the ports of the United States, though their valuations at Hongkong were doubtless greatly increased by the costs of freight, insurance, etc., and presumably in- cluded in the valuation named on entering that port. The principal articles exported from the United States to Hongkong are cotton goods, iron and steel manufactures of all classes, machinery, tin plates, steel plates and sheets, illuminating and lubricating oils, tobacco, [57] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST cigarettes, condensed milk, ginseng and automobiles. The chief articles imported into the United States from Hongkong are rice, pig tin, spices, hides and skins, silk and vegetables oils. The distance from New York to the port of Hongkong is ii,6io miles by way of Suez, 1 1^431 by way of Panama, 9,277 by way of San Francisco (including rail and steamship) and 9,085 by way of Port Townsend. The National City Bank, through its International Bank- ing Corporation, maintains a branch bank at Hongkong. China The Republic of China, until a comparatively recent date the Chinese Empire, has an area bigger than that of any other country of the world, except that of Russia prior to the war; the area of China exceeding that of the United States, Canada, or Brazil, being stated at 4,278,000 square miles. The bulk of China's population, commerce and producing and consuming power lies, however, in that much smal- ler area known as "China Proper** or the Eighteen Provinces, situated at the extreme southeast of that great land mass, above referred to, and having an area of only 1,532,000 square miles. "China Proper" or the Eighteen Provinces, has, in fact, only about one-third of the area but more than nine-tenths of the population, and practically all the commerce of that great land mass designated as "China". The Ency- clopedia Americana in its 1920 edition, describing the population of China Proper, or the Eighteen Provinces, remarks that "if the whole population of the United States and 40,000,000 more were crowded into the State of Texas, the density of population would be about equal to that of the Yang-tse Valley and the plain lying between the lower courses of the Yang-tse-kiang and the Hoang-ho." "China Proper" consists of that compact land mass fronting on the Pacific and including the valleys of the Yang-tse-kiang and Hoang- ho rivers, and extending back along those streams to the mountain ranges about 1,000 miles from the sea coast. China is essentially an agricultural country, the land being freehold, held by families on the payment of an annual tax. The holdings are generally small and the implements used primitive; irrigation is common and Chinese agriculture is intensive rather than extensive. Indeed, the Chinese have been referred to as gardeners rather than farmers. Vegetable culture has reached a high state of perfection. Wheat, [58] i GENERAL SURVEY — CHINA corn, millet, peas, and beans are chiefly cultivated in the north; rice, sugar, and indigo in the south. Treaties forbid the export of grain with the exception of the soya bean, which is chiefly produced in Man- churia. Silk culture is one of the most successful industries of China, which is estimated to produce about 27% of the world's silk crop; tea is cultivated extensively in the west and south, and cotton in the central and southern parts of the country. Chinese production of cotton is variously estimated at from 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 bales per annum. Practically all the cotton and a very considerable proportion of her silk and tea, as well as all of the agricultural products, are consumed by her own people. Manufacture by factory processes is thus far of comparatively small importance and the hand trades still flourish, and include manufacture by crude machiney operated by both men and women. Estimates made a few years ago indicated that two-thirds of the cotton goods worn in China were at that time manufactured by hand labor, though several modern cotton mills have been established in China since that time and large quantities of cotton goods also sent into China from Japan, which has practically supplanted the United States in the cotton goods markets of China. The silk industry engages the attention of many millions of people in the production and care of the mulberry trees, whose leaves form the food of the silk worm, and from this on to the finished product, which, according to a high authority, "is much heavier than the Italian silk and preferred in fabrics requiring lustre and firmness." The mulberry tree, which furnishes the food for the silk worm, is planted in rows often along the banks of the canals, and it is not allowed to exceed from 4 to 6 feet in height. The mulberry and silk worm farms are small and generally worked by the farmer and his family. In minerals and metals nature has given to China extremely liberal supplies, which await the combination of capital and transportation on the one hand, with the great masses of native labor on the other, and when these capital and transportation facilities are supplied, in combination with native labor, China will be one of the great manu- facturing countries of the world, as Japan has already become, despite the fact that Japan has far less quantities of either iron or coal than China. In fact, China's coal "reserve" exceeds that of any country of the world except the United States and Canada, our own "reserve" [59] I TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST being estimated by geological authorities at 4,231,000,000,000 tons, Canada 1,361,000,000,000 tons, and China 1,097,000,000,000, though the proportion of China's supply, which is classed as anthracite, is much larger than that of the United States. In addition to this she has ample iron supplies lying, in many cases, in close conjunction with coal, especially in the anthracite field of Shansi, while in addition to the great supplies of coal and iron, considerable quantities of copper, tin, ^nd antimony are found, the Yunnan Province being stated by a high authority as "one of the richest copper districts of the world." Transportation facilities are still extremely unsatisfactory, except as to that upon the rivers and along the coasts, especially the Yang- tse-kiang. The lower regions of the Yang-tse-kiang and the Hoang-ho are connected by the Grand Canal, one of the very early and extreme- ly successful engineering and transportation projects of China, for the further development and modernization of which a contract has re- cently been signed with an American firm, while smaller canals throughout the country prove of great assistance to transportation. The highways are in a large part only suited to movements of freight by hand propelled vehicles, including wheelbarrows, though these may in time prove the basis of roadways for the automobiles for both passengers and freight now being slowly introduced into China. The railways of China, which made slow development from their introduction in 1876 to the early part of the present century, have made material progress through the adoption of a system by which construction by foreign capital was permitted with the requirement that they should revert to the government at the end of a fixed period. The total length of railways now open to traffic in China — all in China Proper, except about 2,000 miles in Manchuria — is about 6,000 miles, and about 2,500 miles additional are under construction. These rail- roads as a rule run north and south, one important line extending southward from Peking, the capital, to Hankow, with plans for its further extension to Canton; another extends to the northeast from Peking, Tientsin and Port Arthur through Manchuria to connect with the Trans-Siberian route, while still other lines extend westwardly from the Pacific frontage at Shanghai, Kiao-Chow and Tientsin with a purpose of connecting the waterfront with the great lines stretching southward from Peking. The commerce of China has grown from f 190,000,000 in 1870 to $220,000^000 in 1880, $270,000,000 in 1890; and a little less than [60] i . A GENERAL SURVEY — JAPAN $300,000,000 in 1900 to $275,000,000 in 1913, and $1,250,000,000 in 1 91 8. Her imports are in nearly all cases somewhat in excess of her exports. Our own share in her trade has greatly increased during the war. In 1913 she took of her imports only 6% from the United States and sent to us only 9% of her exports, while in 191 8 she took over 10% of her greatly enlarged imports from the United States and sent to us 16% of her exports. Our own exports to China which have grown from $15,000,060 in 1900 to $24,700,000 in the fiscal year 1914, all of which preceded the war, advanced rapidly during the war period, reaching $37,200,000 in 1917, $43,500,000 in 1918, $83,000,000 in 1919, and were in the fiscal year 1920 (all of which followed the war), $119,000,000, while our imports from China advanced from $39,000,000 in 1914 to $105,000,- 000 in 1 91 7, and $227,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920. It will thus be observed that the figures of our trade with China during the war period show very large gains, a part of this being of course due to higher valuations of the merchandise, but in large part due to increased quantities. The principal cities of China are Shanghai, Canton, Peking, Han- kow, Harbin and Tientsin, at each of which The National City Bank of New York, through its International Banking Corporation, main- tains a branch bank, as it does also at Hongkong and at Tsingtau, the chief city and port of the former German colony of Kaio Chou, now under Japanese Control. Shanghai is 12,360 miles distant from New York by way of Suez, 10,855 "lil^s by way of Panama, and 8,741 miles by way of San Fran- cisco. Japan Japan, which consists of a group of islands lying oflFthe eastern coast of Eurasia just as the islands forming the United Kingdom lie oflF the western coast of Eurasia, has an area of 146,000 square miles, while the United Kingdom has an area of 121,000 square miles. The population of Japan is 58,000,000, and that of the United Kingdom 46,000,000. The Japanese Empire comprises five principal islands, Honshiu (mainland), or Hondo, with an area of 87,000 square miles, and a population of about 40,000,000; Shikoku with an area of 7,000 square miles, and a population of 4,000,000, lying south of the western part [61] il TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST of Honshiu; Kiushiu with an area of 16,000 square miles and a popu- lation of 9,000,000, adjacent to the southwestern end of Honshiu; Yezo, with an area of 35,000 square miles, lying north of Honshiu; and Formosa with an area of 13,000 square miles which lies further south, off the coast of China, Korea, or Chosen as it is now known, has been under Japanese control since 19 10. The latest official figures (191 8) on the population of Japan as a whole, show a total of 57,000,000, exclusive of Formosa (3,650,000), and Chosen (Korea) (17,000,000), making an estimated total for Japan, Formosa, and Chosen at the beginning of 191 8 of 77,650,000. Notwithstanding the fact that the interior of the islands consists in many cases of mountains of a considerable elevation, the density of population for Japan proper, exclusive of Formosa and Chosen, is about 392 per square mile, and in certain of the more densely inhabited sections materially greater. About three-fifths of the arable land is cultivated by peasant proprietors and the remaining proportion of it by tenants. Of the cultivated land about 7,500,000 acres are devoted to rice, and about 4,000,000 acres to wheat, barley, and rye. Fishing is an extremely important industry of Japan, the waters on the various frontages supplying unlimited quantities of fish which is the principal food, other than rice, of the population. The number of persons en- gaged in the fisheries industry is stated at over 3,000,000, and the value of the product $40,000,000 per annum. The growth in the manufacturing industries has been very rapid in recent years and this has resulted in Japan (as in the United States) in the transfer of a very considerable element of the population from the agricultural sections to the manufacturing cities and towns. Rice and other grains above mentioned, tea, and the rearing of silk worms occupy the chief attention of the rural element of the population. The latest industrial census, taken at the end of 191 6, shows 19,299 factories (employing more than 10 workers each) with about 1,100,000 employes. The value of the woven goods turned out in 19 16, the latest available figure, is stated at $282,000,000, of which $152,000,000 were cotton, $80,000,000 silk, and $25,000,000 woolen goods. Paper, leather goods, matting, earthenware, matches and knit goods are also im- portant factors in the manufacturing industries. Doubtless the figures of the value of the product at the present time in these various lines are far in excess of those officially named in 191 6. Transportation facilities in Japan are good as compared with those [62] GENERAL SURVEY — ^JAPAN in China. Railway systems extend throughout the principal islands which connect their interiors, and especially manufacturing centers, with the principal commercial ports. The length of railways in Japan is about 8,000 miles, an average of ^^ miles for each 1,000 square miles of territory, while in China proper and Manchuria the length of rail- ways is less than 5 miles per each 1,000 square miles of area. As a consequence of these conditions of great manufacturing indus- tries, coupled with modern rail and steamship transportation facili- ties, the foreign commerce of Japan is large in proportion to its popula- tion, the total imports averaging in 1918, $14.25 per capita as against $2.12 per capita in China, and slightly less than $2.00 per capita in British India, while the exports of Japan were in 191 8 at the rate ot $16.58 per capita against less than $2.00 per capita in the case of China and $2.50 per capita in the case of British India. The total commerce of Japan grew from $125,000,000 in 1890 to $245,000,000 in 1910, $680,000,000 in 1913, $1,810,000,000 in 1918, and $2,130,000,000 in 191 9. The imports and exports prior to the war were pretty closely balanced but the exports exceeded imports in each year of the war period. The figures for 1913 show imports $36;^,- 000,000, and exports $315,000,000, but in 1918 the imports were $831,- 000,000, and the exports $978,000,000, in 191 9 the imports were $1,- 080,000,000, and the exports $1,047,000,000. The trade of Japan with the United States, as has been already in- dicated, has grown very rapidly, especially during the war period. Our total exports to Japan, which were $29,000,000 in our fiscal year 1900, and $51,000,000 in 1914, advanced to $130,000,000 in 1917, $268,000,- 000 in 191 8, $326,000,000 in the fiscal year 191 9, and $453,000,000 in the fiscal year 1920. The increasing share of the United States in the trade of Japan is illustrated by the fact that her own official figures show that the share of her imports drawn from the United States in 1913 was 16.8% and in 1918 37.5% of the greatly increased total while of her exports of 1913 she sent 29.2% to the United States, and in 191 8 27.2% to the United States. Our imports from Japan increased from $285,000,000 in 191 8 to $527,000,000 in 1920. Japan, like the other Far Eastern countries, materially decreased her imports from Europe during the war, her imports from the United Kingdom falling from $61,000,000 in 1913 to $33,000,000 in 1918, while those from Germany fell from $34,000,000 to less than $2,000,- [63] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST GENERAL SURVEY CHOSEN ooo. From her Oriental neighbors, however, she increased her imports, those from China from J3 5,000,000 to $140,000,000; those from India $87,000,000 to $134,000,000. In exports, however, she made greater gains than did most others of the Far Eastern countries, her exports to Great Britain having grown from $17,000,000 to $71,000,000, to France from $30,000,000 to $71,000,000, to China from $77,000,000 to $179,000,000, and to India from $15,000,000 to $101,000,000, while to the United States her own figures show an increase from $92,000,000 in 1913 to $285,000,000 in 191 8 and $527,000,000 in 1920. The classes of merchandise forming the trade between the United States and Japan are shown in the tables which follow this text discussion. The principal articles imported by us from Japan are raw silk, of which the total from Japan alone in the fiscal year 1920 were $328,000,000 as against less than $150,000,000 in the im- mediately preceding year, vegetable oils, soya beans, and peanuts for use of manufacture of oils, tea, rice, gums, especially camphor, chinaware, matting, matches and furs. Our own exports to Japan include raw cotton, lumber, leather, chemicals, automobiles, mineral oils and manufactures of all classes, but especially those of iron and steel for which the demand has been very great during the war. The demand for our iron and steel manufactures in Japan is illustrated by the fact that over $30,000,000 worth of steel plates, $10,000,000 worth of steel sheets, $10,000,000 of tin plates, and $28,000,000 worth of bars or rods of steel were included in our record of exports to Japan in the fiscal year 191 8; while her demands upon the United States for machinery of all sorts is illustrated by the fact that representatives of her cotton industries, unable to purchase the new machinery which they desire for their factories, bought several cotton mills in the United States and shipped the machinery to Japan for use in their cotton mills in that country, in conjunction with native labor sup- plies, utilizing in most cases raw cotton, sent from the United States and India. The principal cities of Japan are Tokyo with a population of 2,250,- 000; Osaka 1,500,000; Kyoto 550,000; Kobe 500,000; and Yokohama with a population of 450,000. The National City Bank of New York through its International Banking Corporation maintains a branch bank at Yokohama and at Kobe. The distance from New York to Yokohama is, by way of Panama [64] and thence across the Pacific, about 10,000 miles, and across the con- tinent and from San Francisco by steamer 7,727 miles. Chosen {Korea) "Chosen", the original title of the area occupying the penin- sula lying between Japan and the eastern front of Asia, subsequently known as "Korea", is again, since its annexation by Japan in 1910, designated by the Japanese Government and by geographers generally as "Chosen". Its estimated area is about 84,000 square miles, with a population of 17,000,000, of which about 20,000 are foreign residents, chiefly Chinese, but including 600 Americans. It is entirely an agri- cultural country, though the cultivated area of 8,000,000 acres is tilled by primitive methods, and the means of communication are few and difficult, though improvements are fast being made in this respect. The chief crops are rice, beans, wheat and other grains. The trade of Chosen, conducted under the immediate supervision of Japan, has grown rapidly in recent years, the imports having grown from $20,000,000 in 1 910 to $35,000,000 in 191 3, $51,000,000 in 19 17, suddenly increasing to $80,000,000 in 191 8, and $150,000,000 in 191 9. The exports grew from $15,000,000 in 1913 to $41,000,000 in 1917, $80,000,000 in 191 8, and $125,000,000 in 191 9. Of the $150,000,000 of imports of 191 9 about $12,000,000 were stated as from the United States. Our own figures of exports to Chosen show a total of slightly less than $1,000,000 in 1910, $1,175,000 in 1913, $1,826,000 in 1 91 8, and $3,330,000 in 191 9. The exports to Chosen are chiefly man- factures, especially of iron and steel, also, in limited quantities, auto- mobiles, boots and shoes, chemicals, illuminating oil, and condensed milk. The chief city is Seoul, the capital, which lies in the interior con- nected by rail with the port of Chemulpo on the western frontage. It is also the principal city on the railway line which extends through the entire length of the peninsula from the port of Fusan at the south to Antung, a point at which the railway passes into China at the north- western boundary of Chosen. Fusan is a port of very considerable importance, especially by reason of the fact that traffic between the railroad systems of Japan and the peninsula enters or leaves Chosen at this port. The extreme northeastern point of Chosen lies within less than 100 miles of Vladivostok. [65] 1 i TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST Eastern Siberia This discussion of the trade of the Far East would not be com- plete without a reference to that section of Eastern Siberia now designated the Far Eastern Republic, which includes the Siberian provinces of Trans-Baikal, lying immediately east of Lake Baikal; Amur, which lies just east of Trans-Baikal and north of the Amur River; and the Maritime Province, which lies east of Amur and, fronting on the Pacific, stretches northward from Vladivostok along the eastern frontage of Siberia. The section thus includes the Trans-Siberian railway, running eastwardly from Lake Baikal through these provinces to Vladivostok, as well as the Amur River, which is navigable for steam craft of light draught a distance of i,6oo miles from the Pacific frontage. The fact that the section includes the great port of Vladivostok, rail and river transportation, a fertile soil, and about 2,coo,ooo industrious people, suggests for an important industrial and commercial future. Russia's imports from her Asiatic frontage, chiefly through Vladi- vostok, averaged about $7o,ooo,cxx) a year prior to the war, but were running at the rate of $500,000,000 per annum at the termination ot her participation in the war, and while but little, if any, of this origi- nated in the area now under discussion, the fact that it was originally landed in Vladivostok and transported by the railway line, suggests great possibilities, industrially, commercially, and financially. Vladivostok, the chief port of the Far Eastern Republic, is of especial importance by reason of its being the Pacific coast terminus of the great Trans-Siberian railway and also by reason of its excellent harbor and port facilities. It stands on the Bay of Peter the Great with a spacious harbor, ice-free for nine months of the year, while its position as eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian railway adds greatly to its importance, and in recent years steamship communica- tion with northern Siberian ports have been established. It hasapopu- lation of about 100,000, natives of Siberia, Russians, Chinese, Japan- ese and Koreans. Very large quantities of merchandise intended for use in European Russia were landed at this port during the war and very considerable quantities since the war for transportation by the Trans-Siberian road. The United States alone exported to "Asiatic Russia" $300,000,000 worth of merchandise during Russia's participation in the war, most of it entering at the port of Vladivostok, to say nothing of the large [66] GENERAL SURVEY — EASTERN SIBERIA ^ quantities also entering that port from other countries, especially Japan; while our exports to Asiatic Russia declined to about J8,ooo,- 000 in the year following the termination of Russia's participation in the war, but again advanced to $55,000,000 in the calendar year 191 9, which was marked by military activities in the area served by the Trans-Siberian road and through the port of Vladivostok. In the opening months of 1920, however, following the termination of the 1 91 9 military activities of that section, the exports to Vladi- vostok from the United States dropped to the approximately normal figure of about f 1,000,000 per month. Vladivostok, as noted in the paragraph which relates to Chosen, is within less than 100 miles of the northeastern corner of Chosen and connected by steamship lines with the ports of Chosen, Japan, China, and thence across the Pacific to western ports of the United States. The distance from New York to Vladivostok is 10,000 miles by way of Panama and 8,000 miles by way of San Francisco. Very recent reports indicate that Japan, now in military control of Vladivostok and adjacent territory, is planning to establish a new port immediately south of Vladivostok at a point reported as free from ice at all seasons of the year. [67] CO (0 CO •1-1 a 8 u H cd CO CO g CO CO CO 04 o O Q P^ O CO O i-( »:) 1^ 4.* c «> C/3 0\*mO»-i • -O-^-vOCOO o o A** '-' CO • 00 \o • • o c\ • * r^ tM . M d • • >i n • NO c* ON »H ON . ^o Mcooo o\o o povo r^ r^ o CO i-H vi • s vO vo 0\ O NO vO fO t^O N£) c* On O o o t^ NO fO r^v£) 00 C4 '^ C4 d W-iVO W-( H r^ NO oo*'*Oi-«i-. CO NO *- B ercer to U.S. O • 11 ON r^oo . • ■* . On m */^ M •OO^mOS* -O '"O t^ HI-CIM ' • f^ ' ^ c* Pi Hi Oi o "3 NO 0\w-»i-i too vo2 I^Osvocl w •"t- ^NO Osoo On vr^JS \0 * >-• -On t^ d o\ ON c< ■♦ r^^-* VTN rt NO CO t-~ CO • tii 4J r^ O CO H NO fO to O *^ »-' t< c< 4>l C S o^ oo -t^cocoi-ir^'C* -c^e^Ht b"D r^ • NO o\ « • o\ • 1^ c« • w • e* • CO HI Oh fO l-H CT\ •♦ctNoo '*'*^M»joi-ir^ fooo O C< •+ w-1 •^ vo ON vn J2 vo Tf CO O M oo r^ONM^vn'-'i-iOONr^COi-i • •H o r- H r^ rt c< o CO c» c< « ercen from U.S. NO 'OnO*^- 'iic^ 'Oooi-i On • 11 t^VO • • NO ^^ • O NO CO 11 • • e* CO • NO o\ Oh »^ o\ HI „ ^O t^Ooo COM e« voTfoovo 1 ON 13 oo CO r^ r-oo NO c« n CO c< r--NO o ? o '^« vr» ^ r^ ON r^ COOO •* O CO ■<*• H vo * 'O » Ct * coo* n CO "*• • i^* • NO « ercen from U.S. ON'OO^OOl"^* •ON'OOwCO v-».coOoovr>. .NO •>-i^c« ^ • n • • c< • vo H VO &i 2 l-l "3 •1 *NO 00 11 ■♦vo *J 11 vn O On O NO cJ 00 r^ r^ On •* JS r^ on^o r~> li c< NO d CO r^»o ^ r>- CO "t « o • s X! r- o ON NH H •♦ "^ w o <^ fo ON *^ *■> C* • W O O HI CO • 00 • VDNO NO CO- NOwClHI -NO -W-lC^Hl HI • HI • ■^ CO Oh h^ o\ •-• * M ■♦ •NO vr> ^S co r>-No' oo' 00 C« NOC ^ HI o CO c« o c< . a . . • • • • • • Ind '. China.. • • • • • • Sts slands • • • ements British Indi Borneo . . Ceylon . . China . . Chosen . . Dutch East French Ind. Hongkong . Japan . . Malay Fed. Philippine I Siam . . . Straits Settl , ft i2 [68] ^ M ON 00 »M ON HI STATISTICAL RESUME Trade of the United States with the Far East 1 910 TO 1920 (fiscal year) JAPAN HONGKONG IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM rEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO YEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO I9I0 166,398,761 ^21,959.310 I9IO 2,331,773 6,467,165 I9II 78,527,496 36,721,409 I9II 2,718,315 7,756,138 I9I2 80,607,469 53,478,046 I9I2 3,114,691 10,333,543 ^9U 91.633,240 57,741,615 I913 4,019,532 10,431,049 1914 io7»355>897 51,205,520 I9I4 3,085,840 10,696,214 1915 98,882,638 41,517,780 I915 2,044,589 8,185,315 1916 147,644,228 74,470,931 I916 5,401,174 12,008,975 1917 208,127^4.78 130,427,061 I917 7,512,396 14,224,275 1918 284,945,439 267,641,212 I918 18,086,274 20,275,638 1919 303.993.041 326,462,269 I9I9 26,066,355 24,721,067 1920 527,220,867 453.U7.063 1920 36,824,623 22,511,916 CHINA STR.\ITS SE'lTLEMENTS IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM , IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM YEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO YEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO I9IO 29.990,370 16,320,612 I9IO 18,654,702 1,709,045 I9II 34,227,503 19,287,836 I9II 19.958,513 2,143,242 I912 29.573.73a 24,361,199 I912 22,493,645 2,735,746 I9I3 39,010,800 21,326,834 I9I3 35.712,185 3,606,901 I9I4 39,382,978 24,698,734 I9I4 26,307,860 4,184,674 I915 40,156,139 16,402,475 I9I5 24,989,878 3.845.765 I916 71,655,045 25.I3M59 I916 82,114,598 4.583.318 I917 105,905.531 37,195,608 I9I7 89,984,946 7.734,439 I918 116,644,981 43,476,623 I918 159,188,127 8,810,297 I9I9 105,762,859 82,992,495 I9I9 137,576,918 12,200,452 1920 226,887,848 119,143,824 1920 188,282,632 14,874,690 CHOSEN BRITISH INDIA » IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM YEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO YEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO I9IO $ 20,176 $ 442,066 I9IO 145,300.268 $ 7,581,233 I9IT 245.551 1,144.583 I9II 43,952,047 9.414,203 I912 193,228 1,123,159 I9I2 50,948,901 15,628,059 ^9^3 5.133 1,370,926 I913 67,949.259 11,040,039 1914 8,121 1,266,263 I9I4 73,620,880 10,854,591 1915 8.753 1,188,444 I9I5 51,982,703 11,696,094 1916 64,487 675*454 I916 71,745,626 19,297,016 1917 301,223 2,083,314 I9I7 102,106,682 28,373,145 1918 10,082 1.068,735 I918 105,277,743 42,395,622 1919 298.973 3,4" ,371 I9I9 125,471,468 50,501,740 1920 241,156 3,172,042 1920 178,951.533 79,143^36 [69] I TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST Trade of the United States with Far East — ConL 1 910 TO 1920 (fiscal year) RUSSIA-ASIATIC FRENCH EAST INDIES YEAR IMPORTS INTO U. S. FROM EXPORTS FROM U. S. TO YEAR IMPORTS INTO U. S. FROM EXPORTS FROM 0. S. TO I9IO I9II I912 1913 I9I4 191 5 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1,181,058 1,199,298 1,443.577 2,356,527 2,488,973 881,659 2,302,858 4,018,169 3,649,663 2,736,841 12,399,883 1,039,881 1,179,782 1,206,828 i,iOMi9 1,214,506 23.353.151 131,111,792 130.300,542 34,718,541 41.455.457 31,572,088 I9IO I9II 1912 I9I3 1914 I9I5 1916 I9I7 I918 I9I9 1920 174,882 255.944 140,180 484,881 87 4,589 161,234 18,911 17.235 117,060 316,790 1,368,923 2,086,609 60,030 332 492,950 3,402,214 DUTCH EAST INDIES siam IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM YEAR U. S. FROM V. S. TO YEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO I9IO 10,651,935 2,241,225 1910 125,882 286,200 I9II 9.934.163 3.213.598 I9II 75.306 370,348 1912 13,825,506 3,209,067 I9I2 85,166 428,035 I9I3 6,221,954 3.151.693 I9I3 116,565 485,058 I9I4 5.334,361 3,676,895 1914 146,545 836,870 1915 9.245.784 '^yll^yllS I915 242,391 619,707 I916 27,716,589 7,401,026 1916 237,250 774,956 I917 62,011,236 21,194,275 1917 109,442 1,127,709 I918 79.314,233 19.777.504 1918 156,981 1,148,484 I919 71,036,606 44,845,561 1919 173.231 2,113,851 1920 95,801,266 45,647,245 1920 337.950 1,450^*79 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS IMPORTS INTO EXPORTS FROM YEAR U. S. FROM U. S. TO I9IO 17.317.897 16,832,645 I9II 17^400,398 I9.723.II3 1912 23.257.199 23.736,133 I9I3 21^10,248 25.384,793 I9I4 18,162,312 27.304.587 • I915 24,020,169 24,755.320 1916 28,232,249 23,421,17a I917 42,436,247 27,206,61a I918 78,101,412 48,425,088 .„ I9I9 82,490,760 69,291,477 1920 72,962,140 71,009,094 '1^ [70] STATISTICAL RESUME Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO UNITED STATES FROM JAPAN Silk, raw lbs. Silk, waste lbs. Antinjony, Matte, Regulus . . lbs. Ricei uncleaned lbs. Rice, cleaned lbs. Camphor, crude and refined . . lbs. China, decorated, etc Oils, cocoanut lbs. Oils, soya bean lbs. Starch lbs. Tea lbs. Fiscal Year 1918 QUANTITY 28,645,529 4.337.760 15.430.505 62,009,763 126,421,422 4,337.695 59,256,558 86,830,583 21,806,975 52,996,471 VALUE Jl 53.740,623 3.999.424 1,917.454 2,547.945 4,266,151 2,018,306 2,211,072 6,930,654 8,255,001 1,494,131 9.5 ".283 Calendar Year 1919 QUANTITY 33,726,581 3.540,000 2,954,000 27,851,000 1,051,000 2,405,000 14,903,000 84,218,232 1,463,000 39,959,916 value $256,113,971 5,223,000 159,000 2,144,000 66,000 4,304,000 1,827,000 1,845,000 10,517,303 102,000 10,219,053 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES TO JAPAN Cotton, raw bales Automobile, passenger .... no. Iron and steel, bar iron .... lbs. Iron and steel, wire rods . . . lbs. Iron and steel, all other steel bars lbs. Metal-working machinery Sewing Machines Wire nails lbs. Cast pipes and fittings .... lbs. Wrought pipes and fittings . . lbs. Rails of steel tons Iron sheets and plates .... lbs. Steel plates lbs. Steel sheets lbs. Structural iron and steel . . . tons Tin plates lbs. Condensed milk lbs. Oil, illuminating gals. Oil, lubricating gals. Wire lbs. Fiscal Year 1918 QUANTITY 575.882 2,139 21,223,690 65.532,922 475.317.447 36,381,442 24,905,861 46,921,198 106,940 17.465,171 359,416,978 "5.276,790 42,562 80,687,859 6,192,196 16,442,427 6,378,988 53.817.137 [71] VALUE $86,903,734 2,040,897 1,095.431 3.173.036 25.735.399 1 ,249,660 754,700 1,935.109 1,141,897 3.396,619 6,653,272 1,441,504 30,356,176 10,045,768 5,801,081 10,478,686 904,287 1,585,114 1,587,722 3.385.450 Calendar Y^ ar 1919 QUANTITY 873.395 2,805 25,287,000 71,858,000 328,880,000 36^24,064 2,715,786 57,926,988 152,997 21,637,000 545,851,094 85,385,782 49,920 101,839,517 4.123,127 31,699,727 4,164,707 59.583.379 VALUE $149,716,218 2,890,000 1,067,000 2,731.000 11,218,000 5083.184 1,815,063 1,804,514 166,685 3.877.656 9,621,479 1,237,000 19.657.459 5,142,462 4,360,251 8,380,041 647.936 3,258,157 1035.981 3,360,423 I TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST STATISTICAL RESUME Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries— Co«/. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO UNITED STATES FROM STRAITS SETTLEMENTS Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY VALUE Farinaceous substances (sago, tapioca, etc) $ 2,275,763 857,491 670,596 1,024,927 117,086 163,073 731,730 117,901,120 2,787,278 29,334,779 1,508,712 Gums (copal, kauri and damar) lbs. Gums (cambier or terra japonica) lbs. Cocoanut meat) broken, not shredded lbs. Cocoanut meat, shredded lbs. 10,307,444 6,538,124 17,039,945 1,300,116 Hides and skins (except fur skins) India-rubber (gutta-joolatong) unmfr lbs. 12,847,916 221,389,870 17,585,305 56,188,015 India-rubber, unmanufactured lbs. Spices, pepper, unground lbs. Tin, bars, blocks, pigs lbs. Rattans and reeds lbs. PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES TO STRAITS SETTLEMENTS Bars or rods of steel lbs. Iron and steel, hoop, band and scroll lbs. Wire nails lbs. Tin plates, terneplates, etc lbs. Barbed wire lbs. All other wire lbs. Milk, condensed and evaporated lbs. Cigarettes M Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 5,953,945 3,213,196 5,819,299 10,332,919 1,965,346 1,723,533 9,982,269 773,024 VALUE $ 327,145 329,523 312,274 947,361 102,758 119,788 1,641,809 1,056,503 [72] '^ '^ ^ Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries — Cow/. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM CHINA Antimony, Matte, Regiilus, etc. lbs. Rice, cleaned lbs. Rice flour, meal and broken rice lbs. Brbtles, sorted, bunched, etc . lbs. Cotton, unmanufactured . . . lbs. Silk, raw lbs. Silk, waste lbs. Wool, class I, clothing (free) . lbs. Wool, class 3, carpet (free) . . lbs. Tea lbs. Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 11,352,167 "5,273,999 16,865,955 2,856,776 21,899,516 6,180^4.80 3,569,978 13,226,755 24^432,434 21,082,866 VALUE $ 1,328,868 3,950,504 464,614 2,555,730 5,304,448 29,216,586 2,568,026 4,160,050 7,205,509 4,361,537 Calendar Year 191 9 QUANTITY 7,848,000 2,721,000 8,950,709 9,099,492 no data* 9,366,219 28,996,327 10,557,985 VALUE $ 460,000 2,818,000 2,224,247 54,475,749 no data* 3,189,384 9,438,906 2,730,103 PRINCIPAI. EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO CHINA Cotton cloths, bleached and unbleached yds. Steam locomotives no. Wire nails ..." lbs. Pipes and fittings lbs. Steel plates lbs. Steel sheets lbs. Tin plates, terneplates, etc. . . lbs. Milk, condensed and evaporated lbs. Oil, illuminating gals. Oil, lubricating gals. Tobacco, leaf lbs. Cigarettes M. Cotton, raw lbs. Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 6,965,548 22 20,607,294 6,1 50,629 18,872,498 7,913,894 14,302,220 3,666,776 40,642,901 2,828,562 7,959,312 5,393,371 2,186,998 VALUE $ 941,108 292,475 1,068,822 461,010 1,486,216 660,223 1,428,545 575,120 2,881,733 564,844 2,584,731 9,339,526 600,643 Calendar Year 1919 QUANTITY 26,716,853 48 20,255,210 7,698,426 47,440,865 8,035,299 37,966,278 5,555,679 164,366,046 5,503,213 14,558,402 6,191,765 5,814,196 VALUE $ 4,406,921 2,406,692 943,077 665,129 1,730,092 448,812 3,021,392 800,445 16,669,857 1,444,852 6,328,365 10,112,682 1,786,276 [73] r TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries — Cont. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO UNITED STATES FROM HONGKONG Rice, cleaned lbs. Rice flour, broken rice lbs. Art works Beads and bead ornaments Farinaceous substances (sago, tapioca, etc.) Bristles, sorted, bunched or prepared ........ lbs. Chemicals, drugs, dyes China, porcelain (decorated) Feathers and downs, not dressed Fibers and textile grasses (unmanufactured) tons Peanuts, shelled lbs. Tin-bars, blocks, pigs, etc lbs. Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 92,440,497 23*3941767 162,053 1,054 7,910,520 13.523.832 VALUE 13.332,618 733.338 51.045 18,197 57,692 236,576 139,674 86,994 125,866 376,067 500,768 7,769,260 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES TO HONGKONG Bars or rods of steel lbs. Iron and steel, wire nails lbs. Steel plates lbs. Tin plates, terneplates, etc lbs. Milk, condensed and evaporated lbs. Oil, illuminating gals. Tobacco, leaf lbs. Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 34,975,825 10,020,552 30,252,849 23,182,552 5,51 5»"4 8,054,286 5.277,665 VALUE 11,812,318 578,212 2,658,264 2,206,662 855,216 588,395 1,957,776 STATISTICAL RESUME Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries — Cont. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO UNITED STATES FROM DUTCH EAST INDIES Coffee lbs. Sisal Grass tons India-rubber lbs. Cocoanut oil lbs. Spices — black or white pepper . lbs. Tin, bars, blocks, pigs, etc . . lbs. Calfskins lbs. Hides and skins, goat skins . . lbs. Tea lbs. Tobacco, leaf lbs. Cocoanut meat lbs. Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 4,687,538 8,664 53.663,857 39,422,251 17,680,196 23,261,863 1,537,046 1,866,771 29,623,859 3,890,236 45,327,117 VALUE % 739.838 2,420,848 30,504,525 5,016,509 2,674,288 11,528,237 949,021 1, 399.^57 5,614,671 4,400,543 2,445.362 Calendar Year 1919 QUANTITY 56,312,793 2,268 61,260,330 37,451,000 17,794,000 5,049,843 4.761,533 1,898,196 9,611,217 6,504,615 13.522,592 VALUE $10,084,109 666,000 24,600,493 4,514,000 2,739,000 2,500,797 3.574," I 2,722,658 1,776,834 9,087,114 827,544 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES TO DUTCH EAST INDIES Automobiles, passenger .... no. Wire nails lbs. Wrought pipes and fittings . . lbs. Galv. iron and steel sheets . . lbs. Steel sheets lbs. Tin plates, terneplates, etc. . . lbs. Rosin bbls. Oil, illuminating gals. Oil, lubricating gals. Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 1,272 12,325,393 7,459,225 7,926,834 5,788,324 7,258,226 27,628 5,377,120 2,701,713 VALUE $1,302,800 578,447 515,087 702,297 400,591 805,953 223,092 635,289 381,948 Calendar Year 191 9 QUANTITY 1,820 12,963,306 43.008,963 3.856.163 11,761,976 4,866,166 26,739 11,870,050 2,363,923 VALUE 12,377,241 754,263 2,796,163 262,953 728,374 445,713 459.998 2,165,567 630,164 > T ^ [74] [75] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries— Cow/. STATISTICAL RESUME PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES TO CHOSEN Fiscal Year 191 8 VALUE Bars or rods of steel lbs. Air compressing machines , Structural iron and steel tons Sole leather lbs. Men's boots and shoes prs. Milk, condensed lbs. Oils, illuminating gals. I 23,603 14,542 28,600 10,336 20,465 74,008 / • . > ? A [76] Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries — Cont. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO UNITED STATES FROM PHILIPPINES Sulphate of Quinia oz. Copal, kauri and damar lbs. Hemp ■ . . tons Manila tons India-rubber lbs. Cocoanutoil lbs. Cocoanut meat, or copra lbs. Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 34,256 i»o33,739 2,215 86,065 80,644 154,704*481 219,555,171 VALUE % 24,881 88,543 894,131 30,375,300 40,698 18,229,369 9,949,785 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES TO PHILIPPINES Automobiks, commercial Automobiles, passenger Cotton cloths India-rubber belting, etc. India-rubber auto tires . Iron and steel-bar iron . Iron and steel, wire rods Iron and steel, all other rods Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, etc. Sugar mill machinery Wire nails Cast pipes and fittings . . . . Wrought pipes and fittings . . Galv. iron and steel sheets . . Steel plates Men's boots and shoes . . . . Women's shoes Condensed milk Oils, illuminating no. no. yds. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. pr. pr. lbs. gals. Fiscal Year 1918 QUANTITY 163 1,714 119,088,720 2,265,380 1,227,814 19,071,275 1,282,342 8,795,495 2,131,955 2,180,378 8,863,932 5,801,214 159,880 269,124 11,566,748 6,789,710 VALUE % 215,106 1,373,204 15,452,238 150,092 863,725 93,210 57,634 1*057,537 "5,155 394,203 495,186 110,904 176,252 773,003 423,632 472,036 475,954 1,353,140 882,056 Calendar Year 1919 QUANTITY 516 2,381 47,106,893 no data 992,000 185,000 20,037,000 2,739,000 5,341,478 1,884,533 11,235,546 15,146,299 5.150,391 331,523 212,831 14,085,937 10,890,320 VALUE % 798,540 2,629,348 9,535r445 no data 1,342,263 51,000 6,000 830,000 256,000 2,822,000 299,330 119,121 790,698 M 77,344 290,840 1,161,948 551,541 1,892,725 1,972,663 [77] TRADING WITH THE FAR EAST Principal Articles Forming the Trade of the United States with the Far Eastern Countries — Cont, PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO UNITED STATES FROM BRITISH INDIA Rice lbs. Indigo, natural lbs. Gums-shellac lbs. Jute and jute buts tons Jute bags lbs. Burlaps lbs. India-rabber lbs. Tea lbs. G Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 7,930,611 1,259,224 22,710,502 76,858 31,876,965 411,881,074 5,758,850 17,059,251 VALUE I 494,680 1,882,662 9A37y^73 7,066,460 3,720,460 52,705.948 2,782,122 4,249,168 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES TO BRITISH INDIA Aniline dyes Automobiles, passenger .... no. Automobile tires Rods of steel lbs. Iron and steel, hoop, band, etc. lbs. Typewntmg machines Wire nails lbs. Wrought pipes and fittings . . lbs. Iron and steel, steel plates . . lbs. Iron and steel, tin plates, etc. . lbs. Condensed milk lbs. Oil, illuminating gab. (XI, lubricating gals. i m Fiscal Year 191 8 QUANTITY 73 22^^85,880 i8>793>924 14,404,939 9,548.077 16,121,938 22,309,038 23,012,060 19.998,342 14,770,389 VALUE 11,668,692 53,000 416,411 1,239,863 1,394,826 462,842 831,099 619,261 1,156,912 2,172,083 3,220,339 1,970,922 2,989,623 Calendar Year 191 9 QUANTITY 2,624 60,635,000 21,850,000 15,372,290 61,594,137 18,164,858 23,623,211 10,130,675 56,608,019 9,376,324 VALUE $1 ,562,000 2,892,000 557,000 2,262,000 1,425,000 573.690 906,270 4,211,699 800,777 1,813,106 1,212,213 5,899,561 3,126,928 O CO ^ :>: CO Or 00 .:r [78] •> ^ jr p"" iP! iiiiiiiii COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing as provided by the library rules or by special arrangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED MSTB !F^ ^ "\ I DATE DUE ^/-h7 DATE BORROWED DATE DUE C28(S46)M25 ^'f <» r> \^ ''S«BM«aaC"B«AR,ES 0044246650 Ru77 rt)$H or^rtf NEH m^ ni' ' SI I I ikv END OF TITLE