MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 92-80753 MICROFILMED 1992 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK "Foundations of Western Civi as part of the _, ..■„ rn Civilization Preservation Project NATIONAL END0>£m1ntWr THE HUMANITIES COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States ~ Title 17, United States Code ~ concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: HIRST, GERTRUDE MARY TITLE: THE CULTS OF OLBIA PLACE: NEW YORK DATE: 1902 Restrictions on Use: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record I I 885 378 ,70X0 H61 Hirst, 6[ertrudej Mraryj The cults of Olbia ... New York, 1902. 1 p. l, t2i p., p. i245i-267, i24j-53, i2j p. illus. 26i"». Thesis (ph. d.)— Columbia university. Vita. Bibliography: (2i p. From Journal of Hellenic studies, 1902, v. 22; 1903, v. 23 Another copy. 1902. : D835 H61 1. Olbia, ^feece — Religion. Copy in Classics. - 1902 1 itic from Columbia Univ. Printed by L. C. A 11-464 Master Negative # '^.z^JSJ. -r TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE:_35lhii^v^ IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA Hi REDUCTION RATIO: ./^21 IB IIB DATE FILMED :__7_^^/ fj:^ INITIALS___<^_r_^^l^ HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGE. CT c Association for Information and image IWanagement 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 12 3 4 liiiJ 6 7 8 liiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliii H.,j.m|n|.|ii|.|..|il..|.lM|ilMJ^^^ 9 10 iiliiiiliiiilii Inches \ .0 I.I |50 Li m lU 2.8 32 140 TTT 2.5 11 12 13 2.2 2.0 1.8 14 15 mm iiiilmil 1.25 1.4 1.6 MRNUFRCTURED TO RUM STRNORRDS BY RPPLIED IMRGE. INC. ■^ 885 HGl in the ffiitu of |Uw Harli ibrarg: This book is due two weeks from the last date stamped below, and if not returned at or before that time a fine of five cents a day will be incurred. iSSISifciii^^ "■■ ' ■'"''" ffl If \l i , I 1 1 I Ik ^i if THE CULTS OF OLBIA T>' / BY G. M. HIRST TUTOR IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY, BARNARD COLLEGE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY k > Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy, Columbia University NEW YORK, 1902 --? THE CULTS OF OLBIA I 1 BY G. M. HIRST TUTOR IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY, BARNARD COLLEGE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 1 »i Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy, Columbia University NEW YORK, 1902 ^ BIBLIOGRAPHY Becker, Paul. Ueber die im siidlicheii Russland gefundenen Henkelin- schriften auf griechischen Thongefiissen. /;/ Melanges Greco-Romains, tome i. St. Petersburg, 1855. Beloch, Julius. Griechische Geschichte, vol. i. Strassburg. 1893. Bergk, Theodor. Poetae Lyrici Graeci. Leipsic. 1878-82. Bernhardy, Gottfried. Grundriss der griechischen Litteratur. Halle, 1877. Beschreibung der Antiken Miinzen, Konigliche Museen zu Berlin. Berlin, 1888. Bottiger, Karl August. Ideen zur Kunst-Mythologie. Dresden, 1826-36. British Museum. Catalogue of Coins. Biichsenschiitz, Albrecht Bernliard. Besitz und Ervverb im griechischen Alterthume. Halle, 1869. Burachkov, P. O. General Catalogue of Coins belonging to the Hellenic Colonies that in antiquity existed on the North Shore of the Black Sea within the boundaries of what is now South Russia. Part i. (in Russian). Odessa, 1884. Busolt, Georg. Griechische Geschichte. Gotha, 1893-97. Cauer, Paul. Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Leipsic, 1883. Contoleon, Al-Emm. Inscription de Chersonese. Revue des etudes grecques, vol. iv. (1891). Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. Berlin, 1873 — Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Berlin, 1828 — Daremberg-Saglio. Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines. Paris, 1877. Dittenberger, Guilelmus. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. Leipsic 1898. ' Dumont, Albert. Melanges d'archeologie et d'epigraphie. Paris, 1892. Evans, Arthur J. Mycen Lean Tree and Pillar Cult. Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xxi. (1901.) Farnell, Lewis Richard. The Cults of the Greek States. Oxford, 1896. Frazer, J. S. Pausanias's Description of Greece. London and New York 1898. Furtwangler, A. Delos. Archaologi.sche Zeitung. vol. xl. (1882). Gardner. Percy. Types of Greek Coins. Cambridge, 1883. Countries and Cities in Ancient Art. Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. ix. (1888) p. 51. Greek River Worship. Transactions of Royal Society of Literature, vol. xi., 2d series. (and Imhoof - Blumer ) Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias. Journal of Hellenic Studies, vols, vi, vii, viii (1885 7). Greenwell, \V. Votive Armour and Arms. Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. ii (1882). Harrison, J E. (and M. de G. Verrall). Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens. London, 1890. Hasluck, F W. An Inscribed Basis from Cyzicus. Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xxii ( 1902). Head, Barclay V. Historia Numorum. Oxford, 1887. Hicks, E. L. Inscriptions from Western Cilicia. Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xii. (1891). Hill. G. F. Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. London, 1899. Holm, Adolph. History of Greece. London, 1894. (English Translation.) Homolle, Th. Sur une base de statue de Delos. Bulletin de correspondence hellenique, vol. xii. (1888.) Inscriptiones Graecae Insularum Maris Aegaei. Berlin, 1895 — c« I* tl THE CULTS OF OLBIA. Part I. The object of the present essay is to bring together whatever fragments of evidence we possess which may throw light upon the cults of Olbia the colony founded by the Milesians at the mouth of the Borysthenes about 047 B.C.^ But by way of preface it may be worth while briefly to indicate the claims that Olbia has to be the subject of special study. All the Greek settlements on the North coast of the Euxine must have had in common many Fig. 1.— Map of tiik District round Olbia. (After Latyschev.) traits which marked them off from Greek colonies elsewhere, but Olbia, while in many respects it may be regarded as a typical city of the locality was also undoubtedly possessed of an individuality of its own. Though not actually the most northerly of all Greek settlements, which distmction belongs 1 So Eusebius (Hieron.)- Cp. Busolt, Gr. Gesch. ii.2 j). 483,note 4. Holm (History of Greece, English trans., i. 296), says : ' The dates of the fouudiug of the eastern colonies [of Miletus] require fresh investigation.' The date above given may however be considerod a.s approxi- mately correct. See Strabo, vii. 306. 35t'347 2i6 G. M. HIRST to Taiiais, at the mouth of the river of the same name, yet Olbia so far out- stripped Tanais in importance that it may fairly be regarded as the most northerly point where Greek civilization attained to an imposing height. That such a height was reached at Olbia is clear from the narrative of Herodotus, as well as from the other sources within our reach. Greek civilization under a northern sky must have meant something quite different from what it did in the Southern Mediterranean : can we at this distance of time find out in what this difference consisted, and obtain an idea of the citizens of Olbia at all approaching in vividness that which we possess of the inhabi- tants of the Greek islands or of Sicily? Probably this is an ideal which cannot be realised, but the problem is interesting enough to attract attempts at solution. Beloch's tlieory - that true Greek colonisation was impossible in a district where the olive and vine either did not exist or flourished only in sheltered places, and that nothing but bitter want or desire of commercial gain could make Greeks go so far from their southern home, is surely unten- able, at least in the extreme form in which he states it. It is true that Herodotus 3 mentions the extreme rigour of the winter, but he also* speaks with enthusiasm of the beauty and productiveness of the Borysthenes, and its basin. From Herodotus, of course, we get a description of the material value of the soil, rather than of the scenic loveliness of the river, but from a modern traveller we may take a sentence or two to illustrate the beauty as well as the commercial importance of the Borysthenes : — " After having spread out to the breadth of nearly a league, it [the Dnieper, i.e., the Borysthenes] parts into a multitude of channels that wind through forests of oaks, alders, poplars, and aspens, whose vigorous growth bespeaks the richness of a virgin soil. The groups of islands, capriciously breaking the surface of the waters, have a melancholy beauty and a primitive character scarcely to be seen except in those vast wildernesses where man has left no traces of his presence." ^ The last sentence almost of necessity calls up the Thousand Islands, and in natural sequence, Quebec and the other Canadian settlements even further north, where so many Frenchmen spent their lives, and became the founders of colonial families. If Frenchmen, who are proverbially unwilling colonists, settled in Quebec, surely it cannot be thought impossible that Milesians and other Greeks should have made their homes in Olbia, which, though in almost the same latitude as Quebec, has a less rigorous climate, (compare the " forests of oak and poplar " with the stunted growth of trees and bushes on the lower St. Lawrence), and could be reached by a coasting voyage, instead of by a journey across the open Atlantic. Must not allowance be made for the adventurous element in the character of the Greek, which made the unlikeness of the new lands to his distant home only an additional attrac- tion ? Doubtless the typical Athenian would not have stayed contentedly in 3 Gr. Gesch. i. 194, 5. > iv. 28. * iv. 68. ' Travels of Madame dt: Hell, p. 56, quoted by Rawlinson, on Herod, iv. 53. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. •247 Olbia, any more than the typical Parisian in Quebec, but we cannot predicate Athenian tastes of all Greeks. Beloch's further statement of the backward- ness of the cities on the north coast of the Euxine in art and literature may also be found to require modification. Herodotus' " description of the palace of Scyles at Olbia, surrounded by sphinxes and griffins in white marble, cerUinly does not suggest an indifference to the art of sculpture ; and the discovery among the ruins of Olbia of a base which may possibly have belonged to a statue by Praxiteles ' points in the .same direction. Reference may also be made to Xenophon's mention of the books carried to the north coast of the Euxine in Greek ships ; « though, perhaps, if the artistic status of the whole district is called in question, it may be sufficient to refer to the discoveries made in the tombs at Kertsch, on the site of the ancient Panti- capaeum ; and to the extraordinarily beautiful series of corns issued by * *' Tils may suffice to show that Olbia was a Greek city with characteristics distinct enough to entitle it to be the subject of investigation in rnany lines of research ; the present discussion will be confined to its cults, to the consideration of which we will now proceed. , , „ i The materials at hand for a study of the cults of Olbia may be classed under four heads :-(!) inscriptions, (2) coins, (3) works of art etc., which have been dug up near the site of the ancient Olbia or in the district, (4) refer- ences in literature. All these materials, however, while comparatively speaking abundant for the later period of the city's liistory-the period after its dest™ction by the Getae, circa 6.5-GO B.C., and its subsequent rebuilding -are extremelv scanty for the earlier times, when a knowledge of the cults would be of .<.uch value in the study of Greek religion in general, and ol its aspect in the various colonies in particular. The first question to be discussed is the relation if any, between the religion of the first settlers at Olbia and that of their Scythian neighbours. Did they from the beginning adapt the deities and legends of Sarmatia to the needs of Greek civic worship, or did they set out from Miletus under the special auspices of Apollo, and derive their religion main y from that ot the mother city, while, with the eclecticism inherent in Greek rehgion, they domesticated in their own town the gods of sUtes with which they had frequent intercourse ? Any attempt at the solution of this problem must rely upon a detailed examination of the separate cults, so far as any recoru of them has come down to us ; but one of the cults is so important to this enquiry that a determination of its origin must be attempted even at this preliminary stage. , The cult of Achilles Pontarches was ancient and widespread over the whole district of the North Euxine. The islan d_of Leuke was the special « Herod, iv. 79. 7 Latyschev, Inscr. Antiq. Orae Septentr. Pont. Eux. i. 145. Loewy, Jjuichr. Gr. Bild- hauer, 76». P. 383, quotes this inscription from Latyschev, and approves the identification. He notes that Pliny {N.H. xxxvL 22), mentions an Eros of Praxiteles at Parion in the Propontis. The letters of this inscription are of the fourth century B.C. Cp. Lat. iv. 82, a marble basis from Chersonesus, inscribed no\w»fp(£T7jj ^irdrjire, with Latyschev's note. " Xenophon, Aiia^. vii. 5, 14. 248 O. M. HIRST sanctuary of this worship, but at Olbia also Achilles held a most important place. We have a witness to the existence of this cult on the Euxine as early as the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century B.C. in Alcaeus » :— 'Axi-'XXeu o 7a? ticvdUa^ /xe'SeK?. His worship at Leuke was familiar to Pindar, — iv 8' Evf etV^) 7r€\dy€L a€vvav 'A^tXev? vaaov ie'XGi)}^ What was the origin of this early localisation of Achilles on the Black Sea ? Koehler" thinks that the early Milesian settlers found the cult of Achilles already firmly established among the natives of the land where they settled, and that they adopted it from them. It is difficult to see what can be adduced in support of this theory, and a good many points may be advanced in opposition. In the first place Herodotus 12 says that the only gods worshipped by the Scythians are Hestia first of all, then Zeus and the Earth, then Apollo and Aphrodite Ourania, and Herakles and Ares. Surely Herodotus would not have omitted to mention Achilles, if he had been a prominent object of worship, especially as he does mention Herakles. The fact that he does not speak of a cult of Achilles at Olbia is not of course germane to the argument ; he makes no attempt (unluckily for us) to describe the Greek colonies on the Euxine, which he could assume were familiar to his public ; but he gives a very full description of Scythian manners and customs, and one which is generally accepted as being correct in essentials. We owe the charming little picture he has given us of Olbia ^'^ to its connection with the fate of the Scythian king Scyles, and the references to its cults, though very valuable as far as they go, are merely incidental. In the second place, is it reasonable to credit the Scythians and other barbarian tribes on the North shores of the Euxine with an intimate acquaint- ance with the exploits of Achilles, or with a desire to erect him into a deity ? Such a theory seems entirely out of harmony with all we know of the character and religion of these nations. Even if we suppose the Scythians to have deified a native hero of their own, whom the Greeks identified with Achilles, (a theory which is not very tenable, for the history of Achilles was peculiarly distinctive), we should not have advanced far in support of Koehler's theory, for why should the Greeks have forthwith adopted the cult unless Achilles and the Black Sea had been already closely associated in their minds ? We must remember that we have not here to deal with an almost immediate amalgamation of tlie Greek settlers with the natives, such as took place in Magna Graecia ; we see from Herodotus' account, nearly 150 years after the founding of Olbia, how alien the customs of the Scythians • Bergk, Lyricx Qr. 48. B, quoted by Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 306. " Nem. iv. 49. ^^ Mtmoires sur Ics iles el la course consacrics a Achille dans le Pont Euxin. St. P^tersbonrg, 1827. {Mimoires de V Acad. Iinjh des Sciences, Sdr. V. vol. X.) 12 iv. 59. " iv. 78, 79. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 249 were felt to be by the Greeks. Another indication of race-feeling is supplied by the vase-paintings found on the north Euxine.^* Here Scyths (if we are to call them by this name) of purely Russian type occur, tammg horses or in company with the griffins with which Greek fancy peopled the steppes to the north. The conjunction of these with the purely Greek figures in the mythological scenes on these vases seems to mdicate a com- plete race-separation. The fact that Herodotus mentions that Scyles married a Greek wife at Olbia tends to confirm this view ; for if intermarriage had been very common, it would hardly have been worth while to refer to it. As far as we can tell, Arctinus, the Milesian poet, in his epic the ' Aethiopis,' was the earliest Greek author to place the home of Achilles after death on the island of Leuke. Now Arctinus is usually assigned to the eighth century B.C., which is earlier than the accepted dates for the founding of the Milesian colonies on the Black Sea. Accepting for the moment both these dates, we may none the less conjecture that by the end of the eighth century B.C. Milesian adventurers were already making trial of the Euxine, where the almost complete absence of islands would render Leuke a grateful memory to the Greek sailor, and a prominent feature in his sea- stories. Here was material ready to Arctinus' hand, just as the ' still- vexed Bermoothes ' of some sailor's yarn furnished a stage-setting for Shakespeare more than 2,400 years later. But it is not even necessary to suppose as much as this : if Milesians were already beginning to make voyages eastward, a Milesian poet would be very likely to set the abode of Achilles in the dimly-known Euxine. The Isles of the Blest and Elysium were already interchangeable terms ; 15 audit was not unnatural for a patriotic poet, to whom it may have been already clear that the expansion of his native state was to take place eastward, to place a Blessed Isle in the eastern sea, and thus put the colonisation of his city under the protection of a tutelary deity. The name KevK^ rather suggests the fairy tale ; later travellers have explained it by the flocks of sea-birds on its shores ; but this scarcely seems enough to warrant the name ; whereas if the island Leuke already existed in story, an identification with the island off the mouth of the Ister was almost inevitable, as there are practically no others in the Black Sea. It is not, however, certain that the date of Arctinus is as early as the eighth century B.C. If his date can be set later, the eastward trend of his story is easy of explanation. Holm i« assigns the founding of Sinope to the eicrhth century, apparently following the statement of Eusebius that Trapezus, a colony of Sinope, was founded in Olymp. 6, I. (756 B.C.). This date Beloch 17 considers too early ; he gives 630 B.C. as the date of the founding of Sinope. In any case the beginnings of Milesian adventure in the Euxme may be almost certainly assigned to the lifetime of Arctinus. Mr. D. B. 1* Stephani, Comptc-Bcnd%i,{\iassim)\Antiq.du Bosp. Cimm., PL 45, 46 (vaseof Xenopliantos). 16 Fauly-VVissowa, Rcal-Encycl. i., p. 240. w Greek Hist. (Eugl. transl.), i. chap. xxi. p. 275. 17 Gr. Gesch. i. chap. vi. p. 193, note 2 ; Bubolt, Gr. Gesch. ii.-, p. 482 ; Strabo, xii. 546. 260 a M. HIRST Monro i« regards the fact that a Milesian poet is the first to make Leuke the abode of Achilles as significant of the important part played by Miletus in diffusing Greek religious ideas through the Black Sea region. The choice of Leuke serves to ' connect the " Aethiopis " with the time when the Ionian trading cities, of which Miletus was the chief, had begun to adopt the new religious practices that grew up, after the Homeric age, in honour of the national heroes.' Welcker i» takes a similar view and quotes Bernhardy (ii. 153) : * The apotheosis of the hero at Leuke betrays the Milesian poet.' It is worth while to notice here the significance of the companion assigned to Achilles at Leuke, variously named as Medea, Iphigeneia, and Helen. The last -^ is apparently the latest in date of the tales, and has no importance here; it must have arisen iu an age that had begun to criticise the Homeric stories, and to feel that the noblest of heroes and the fairest of women must be united after death, even though they had been separated in life. The oldest story seems to be that in which Medea becomes the wife of Achilles, according to the scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, Arg. iv. 814 OTL Be 'A^iXXeu? ek to 'HXvcriov -rrehlov 7rapay€v6/M€vo3dvaTov iroiel- i\a4>ovBe avTlTi]<;^K6pv^ irapldTqaL tw ^a>fiw). The story of the substitution was, however, either « Journal of Hdlenic Studies (1884), vol. 5, p. 16. « Der Ep. Cydut, ii. p. 221. ■■» Pausan., iii. 19, 11. '^ See Holm, i. p. 117. « Odysaey, xu. 69, 70. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 251 unknown to or ignored by Aeschylus,23 Sophocles," and Pindar ^ ; perhaps it was considered as an unauthorized version of the myth, to which Euripides, perceiving its dramatic value, first gave wide currency .^^ But we have no proof that the story of Iphigeneia's marriage to Achilles after death and their abode at Leuke, was known to Euripides, unless the words of Achilles to Iphigeneia — ' Ayaaeauovof; irai, fiaxapiov fie rt? Oewv efieWe Orja-eiv, €l Tu;^ot/it a(ov yafimv — are to be regarded as an instance of dramatic irony, the final fulfilment of his wish being known to all the spectators. This interpretation is probably far- fetched, but the connection between the two is such a natural one that it is difficult not to suppose that it was already familiar at this date.^^ The cult of Achilles at Olbia will have to be discussed later, with such details as the materials at hand allow ; the object of the preceding pages is to make it seem probable that the mythical connection of Achilles with the Euxine was purely Greek in its origin, and may even be traced with consider- able probability to Miletus, and to the earliest period of Milesian enterprise in the Black Sea, and that it owed nothing to the barbarian dwellers along the sea-shore. The same theory as to the independence of the religion of Olbia of ideas borrowed from the Scythians seems to be borne out by Herodotus.2'>> He says that the Scythians had no shrines or images of their gods except of Ares. Moreover, as the 'temple' of Ares was merely of brushwood and his ♦ image ' (to ayaXfia) an ancient sword, it seems scarcely necessary to make even°this exception. It is hardly conceivable that a religion of this stamp could have had appreciable influence on the cults of pure Greeks, such as the early settlers at Olbia. It is perhaps already clear that an attempt will be made to present Olbia as a purely Greek city, very little influenced by the barbarous inhabit- ants of the land, and deriving such foreign elements as appear in its worship rather from its commerce with Asiatic cities than from its neighbours on the European mainland. There are two passages, however, which must be taken into account here, -Herodotus' reference (iv. 17) to the "EXXT^i/e? tKvdaL, whom he places in the district just inland from Olbia ; and the mention in the Protogenes decree =*<^ of the MtfeWryi/e?, who to the number of 1500 had deserted to the enemy. With regard to the former, it seems best to suppose with Stein {ad loc.) that they were Scythians who had adopted Greek customs from their trade with the Greek commercial city. Note that Herodotus distinctly places them otUside the town, and at a distance from it, and that he makes no mention of any mixed element within the city itself. Ditten- ■-' Agam. 1390. -* Electra, 531, 2. » Pyth. xi. 22. -• Assuming that the latter part of Jph. Aul. is from Euripides' hand. in '^ Iph. in Av.1., 1405, 6. -8 See Wilamowitz, Hermes, xviii. (1883), 250. 2» Herod, iv. 59-62, alluded to above. ** LatyscUev, i. 16, B. 252 G. M. HIRST berger ^^ in his note on the Mi^iWrjve^ of the Protogenes decree, considers that both in this place and in Herodotus a mixed race is meant. Certainly the Mi^eWrjpc^ must be regarded as such (the name would hardly be possible otherwise) but the date of the Protogenes decree is probably at least 200 years later than Herodotus' visit to Olbia, and the city was already rapidly declining. But even in the decree they are described as tou9 t^/x irapdypeiav oUovvra^, and nothing leads us to suppose that they were found inside the city, or that they had any share in its government. The names found m the inscriptions are purely Greek, up to the time of the destruction of the city by the Getae. It is interesting here to notice that Dio Chrysostom,^^ after de- scribing the miserable state of the Greeks after the destruction of their cities by the Getae, ascribes the rebuilding of Olbia by its former citizens to the invitation of the Scythians, who felt the loss of a market for their products. After the taking of the city, merchants no longer came to Olbia, are ovk exovre^ 6tio(iivov^ tou? uTroSexo/ueVou? ovhe avroiv SkvO^v a^iovvTcop ovhe iTTLarafievcDv ifiiropLOv avrwv KaracKeviiaBat top 'EX\r]viKOP Tponov. Tliis at least shows that the Greek language and Greek customs had not diffused themselves over the surrounding peoples, and indirectly supports the converse proposition that the Greeks of Olbia were little influenced by then- Scythian neighbours. The relation between the Greeks and the barbarians may be plausibly conjectured to have been not unlike that of the English to the natives in the early days of the settlements in India, before they had any real territorial jurisdiction, and were still in some degree subject to the neighbouring native prince. The Scythian husbandmen, ot ovk iirl atrnai aireipovai top aiTOP aW iirl irpnci'^ brought their grain for sale to Olbia, just as the Hindoo peasant brought his rice or indigo to the factories of the East India Company. So it is as the most northerly outpost of Greek civilization and religion that Olbia will be considered in the present essay. Apollo. * Ex diis insignis Apollo nrpoardrri^i' — Boeckh, C.I.G. ii. p. 87. From this statement of Boeckh's, which seems justified by the evidence that has come down to us, Apollo would claim the first place in a consider- ation of the cults of Olbia. It is true that the series of dedicatory inscriptions to Apollo Prostates, given by Latyschev (i. 60-74, iv. 15, 16), belongs to the later period of the city (none is earlier than the second or tlurd centuries A J).), but there are two other inscriptions to Apollo of a much earlier period."^^ One (Lat. i. 93) is assigned to the fourth century B.C. ; it is fragmentary KHIOIO/ ^OAAnNII « Sylloge,"^ 226. ^ Oral, xxxvi. w Heix)d. iv. 17. ** Also the fragmentary one given by Lat. i. 19, and assigned by liim to the second century B.C., which seems to contain the name of Apollo. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 253 Latyschev fills it out as ^> m • "A7r]6\\(OPL 'l[r]rpm ?] There seems no doubt here as to the occurrence of the name Apollo ; whether 'Iryrpo. is the title to be supplied is of course a matter for con- jecture, but it occurs in Panticapaean inscriptions of the fourth century B.C.. and in a Phanagorian one of the third century B.C.3^ „ . ^^ . ,. ^. The other early Olbian inscription referring to Apollo is the dedication to Apollo Delphinios (Lat. i. 106) assigned to the third century B^C The evidence of coins indicates clearly the importance of the cult ot Apollo at Olbia; from the fourth century B.C. down we have examples of coins bearing his head, probably more in number than those of any other single deity. The Berlin collection, for example, f^'^^^^'^'^^l 146 Olbian coins, has over thirty which show representations of Apollo iiie origin of the special cult of Apollo at Olbia may be traced back to Miletus, where Apollo was the chief deity, and the natural patron of the numerous colonies sent out ; and its persistence at Olbia may have been due to Apollo s connection with the myth of the Hyperboreans, and to the feeling t^iat he was a fitting tutelary deity for the most northerly Greek colony. Both oi these points, the derivation of the cult from Miletus, and the relation of Apollo to the North, will be discussed below, in the more detailed examin- ation of the worship of Apollo at Olbia under its different aspects The want of early evidence for the cult of Apollo Prostates at Olbia makes the testimony of some Olbian coins of the first century A.D. f t^^/^S^^^^* value When in these Olbian Imperial coins we find a type of Apollo which seems clearly that of an archaic statue, we are justified m treating it as at least presumptive evidence of the existence of an early cult. One ot these coins is described in the Catalogue of the Berlin Museum,^ — Obverse. OABIOnO . . . . Youthful head, right, probably Apollo. M 5. Beverse. CATYA .... Naked Apollo stand- ing facing, seemingly with modius or walled-crown, vase in right, large bow with arrow in left. Fio. 2 — Bbonzb Coin of Olbia in the Berlin Museum. See Fig. 2, A similar coin from the Moscow collection is given by B. Pick 37 the reverse of which is described as follows :— — — "^ ^ ~ > 35 T„.»- ;; A 1ft If* S48 of Olbia. 1888, vol. 1, No. 124 in the series of coins schenArch.JnstU., xm. (1898), n. x. 6i. 254 G. M. HIRST AAAOCCATY. Naked Apollo with calathus standing facing, in his out- stretched right a round-shaped object, in the left bow and arrow. The first point of extraordinary interest about these two coins is the presence of the calathus ^ on the head of the god, making it clear that he is here depicted in his character as civic deity. The die-cutter was not in the least likely to have added this unusual attribute, unless he was copying from a well-known statue, of which the calathus was one of the distinguishing marks, without which the type on the coin would not be recognized as a re- production of the statue. The presence of the calathus Pick thinks alone sufficient to indicate the gi-eat antiquity of the original ; but, more than this, he regards the figure on the coins as clearly archaic, and thinks it resembles very closely the archaic statuette of Apollo from Naxos^^ ; but he considers it older than the statuette because of the presence of the calathus. He would assign the date of the statue to the beginning, or at any rate the middle, of the sixth century B.C. i.e. within the first century of the city's existence ; and in any case regards it as certainly earlier than the Didymaean Apollo of Canachus in the mother-city Miletus. The round object in the right hand Pick explains as perhaps a pomegranate or an ointment-box, — the same attri- bute which appears in the Naxos statuette ; and as a bow appears on the coins in the left hand, he thinks one should also be placed in the left hand of the statuette, especially as the inscription upon it has the epithet eKr)^6XoU\r]v dpyvpdv virep t^? TroXew? evaradia^ kol Trj<; eavrwv vyeia^. Other articles presented are a golden necklace, a silver Nike, a golden Nike on a silver base, &c. In No. 58 instead of the usual gifts, the praetors repaired the roof and wall of the temple of Apollo : eTretTKevaaav rov 'AttoWwi/o? 2^[a]oO rrjv re 6po(j)r]v [/cjal [K]vK\(oOev ra ev\.€i\Tr\ovTa {K]aivLap€Tpap 'AttoXXo) irpoardTap. In the Elcdra, 1. 637 Clytemnestra invokes Apollo as ^ol^e UpoaraTijpie, a name given also to Artemis in Aesch. Septem, 449 TrpoaTarr^pia^ \\pT€fMiBo<; evpoiatai. Pans. i. 44, 2 mentions a temple of Apollo under this title at Megara (cp. the name Upoardaia applied to Demeter, Pans. ii. 11. 3). At Athens offerings were made to Apollo Upo(iTari)pLo^ and Artemis ^ovXaia before the meeting of the ecclesia.'*^ Notice also the reference to Artemis in an inscription from Chersonesus,*^ d Bid Trai/ro? XepaovaaLTUP Trpoararovcra Uapd€vonj;h is regarded as the attribute of Apollo under this aspect ; this cannot certainly be proved; however, it occurs in all five of the coins mentioned ab<»vo ; and at Panticapaeum, though no full length figure of the god occurs on coin.s, a relief has been found in which Apollo has a long laurel branch."'"* This relief is assigned by Reinach to the jieriod of Calamis ; it is of imp«»rtance hete because the name 'lr}Tp6<; occurs oftener at Panticapaeum than anywIuTo •Isi' To return to Olbia: No. 135 in the Berlin catalogue has th.- followini: obverse type : — Standing Apollo facing, looking left, in right hand bough (?), left restini: on pillar. The reverse type is a lyre. The coin was referred to above (p. 2.5.'»). nnil is shown in Fig. 3. This, or a very similar coin, is given by Pick.-"' That th»- object in the right hand is a bough .seems pretty certain, from the way it in held; the pillar would .seem to be the attribute of Apollo Prostates, or Agyieus ; such a blending of attributes is not uncommon. «« Straho, 7, 6, 1; Pliny, N.ff. 34, 39; Appian, Illrjr. 30. ^^ Dumont, 3m. d' Arch. p. 4.''.9, n. Ill, <1 7. "» Monuments et MSmoircs, Fond. Piot. H.S. — VOL. XXII. tome 2, 57-79, PI. vii. " Die AnUlrn Munzen Norfl-OrieehrHJnnds. i. 1. PI. xi. 20. 258 G. M. HTRST Certainly it is impossible to state positively that a cult of Apollo 'Jr}Tp6v(ov Inrdvrwv, and Plutarch de sollertia anim. 984 A, says : fcal ^ijv 'ApT€fiiB6 Pick, loc. cit., PI. ix. 17, 18. '^ SdioHaston Pindar, AVm. v. 81. 6'-' - Paus., ii. 32, 2. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 059 any of the coins or inscriptions cited above, namely, from Herodotus himself who, in describmg the palace of Scyles at Olbia (iv. 79) says : t^v nipc^ XevKov XWov (70/7769 re kul ypvire^i earaa-av. Griffins occur constantly in vase-pamtings found in the North Euxine district ; the most famous of these IS the well-known vase of Xenophantos already referred to, where the bodies of the griffins are blue and the horns and part of the wincrs gilded This was found near Panticapaeum in 1836.«3 The griffins on the coins of Panticapaeum are of course familiar. Mr. A. J. Evans «^ traces back the con- nection of griffins and the sun-god to the Egyptian solar cycle. He gives Mycenaean gems and cylinders upon which a pair of griffins appear as heraldic supporters of the sacred column-the divine pyramidal stone which as we have seen, persists as an emblem of Apollo in his character of Acryieus down to a late date. He^iod was the first to treat of griffins, according to the scholiast on Aesch. Prom. 803 (ol ypvTre,) ^epl &v 'Waloho, npoyro, ereparevaaro, but we do not know in what poem. As he also wrote about the Hyperboreans, it is possible that even as early as this griffins were supposed to live in the north We know more of the poem of Aristeas of Proconnesus (early sixth century B.C. ?) from Herodotus iv. 13-15, a passage of great importance in this con- nection. Herodotus speaks of the poem as ra eVea ravra rk vvv v-rr' 'EXXY^vcov ApcficKTirea KaXierai. According to Suidas the Arimaspeia was a hexameter poem m three books. Dlirrbach «^ says that the Arimaspians apparently belonged to a Scythian myth, and Aristeas seems to have had the idea of identifying the griffins already known in Greece, with the fabulous animals from whom in the story the Arimaspians stole the gold. But if we follow Mr. Evans in tracing back the connection of the griffin and the sun-crod to the very earliest times, we must surely explain the localisation of the v\a^ai, top t€ p.ovvoi-jra arpaTOv ApifiaaTTOv itttto^u/jlov, o'l XP^<^oppvTOv OLKOVCTLV d/JL(f)l vdfia I1\0VT(0P0<; TTOpOV set Milton {Far. Losf, ii. 948) :— ' As when a gryphon through the wilderness With winged course o'er hill or nioory dale Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth^^ Has from his wakeful custody purloined The guarded gold.' The monuments representing these legends of griffins and Arimaspians are not earlier than the fifth century B.C., but, as already seen, griffins had been familiar as a motive in art for many centuries, borrowed from the East. From Attic tetradrachms we know that the temple statue of Apollo at Delphi had a griffin on each side.*^^ - Ctesias, who identifies the Griffins with the gold-digging ants of India mentioned by Herod, iii. 10l>, gives the most exact description of them -^ ypvire^, 6pvea rerpdiroha, fieyeOo^i oaov \uvo?, o-/ce\>; kuI 6vvxe'« ^^d streets? Notice here also the existence of the city Apollonia on the Adriatic, not far from Dodona, and perhaps a station on the route of the Hyperboreans. Olen was rttl r' W""^ "":''' '''' ^"^J^^^ '' '^'' Hyperboreans, as we know fiom both Herodotus and Pausanias.^^ Herodotus says,-o^ro. Be 6 'nx^u aecBo^euov,eu A^Xro. Here again we have Lycia, another of the early locali- les connected with the cult of Apollo, brought into close intercou^e with Delos and the North. Pausanias^^ says, quoting a hymn ;-'nx.jv O^o, yhero npcoro,^oc^oco ^pocfxlra,. We may compare him with Aristeas, who seems also to have combined the characters of poet, traveller, and priest of Apollo and observe again the connection of travel with the cult of Apollo-Apollo Apx>77eT^9'^-a feature prominent later in the work of the Delphic oracle in lorvvarding colonisation. Alcaeus'6 speaks of swans bringing the new-born Apollo to ti^e land of the Hyperboreans. Swans were among the creatures attached to the woiship A ,ri ;" ■^'"^''''' ^^f^»'^^c« to the Hyperboreans as the " henchmen of Apollo has already been quoted, but there is also a reference to the periodical sojourning of the god in the North in Pyth. iv. 5. ovK diToBdfjLov ' AttoXXcovo, rv^ovro,. Later poets need not be quoted ; all that is aimed at here is to indicate the likelihood of the cult of Apollo at Olbia growing stronger as the centuries went by, and his ancient connection with the surrounding lands was made constantly more evident alike by literature and art 71 iv. 33-35. ^■* Earhj Age of Greece, i. p. 368. 73 viii. 21, 3. '* X. 5, 7. 7» See references in Pauly-AVissowa, mh v. 44, to cults of Apollo under this title. * Quoted by Himerius. See Bergk,P.Z (7 iii p. 146. ii.i p wW/r. Herod, iii. 116. ^ Fuitwiingler, Arch. Zeit. 1882, p. 332. » Ctesias, Iiuliea, 12, ed. Bahr. "» viii. 2, 7. 77 Compare Cic., Tusc. i., 30, 73, (quoting from Plato, Phacdo, 85 B.) ' Itaque commeni- orat ut cygni, qui non sine causa Apollini dicati sint, sed quod ab co divinationem habere vi- deantur, qua i»rovidcntes quid in morte boni sjtcum cantu et voluptate inoriautur, sic om- nibus bonis et doctis esse faciendum.' Also see Preller-Robert, Gr. MytJi. i.' p. 243. 262 G M. HIRST Bcmetcr, to h^T^Trt ^ •''•'"''' "'•'" '" "'^'"^ '" ^P"""' "^ ^'"^ has some claim L ooTnr f f 'P'""' "'y-g»^'J«^^ H-^' l>«ad is a frequent type upon he CO ns, „nd it seems necessary to identify tlie Tyche type of this city with Uemeter, on account of the ears of barley on the walled crown. For the apparent existence at Olbia of Apollo and Demeter side by side as civic deities, we might compare the position of Athene and Poseidon-Krechtheus at Athens. That Apollo and Demeter did have some such association at Ulbia IS made probable by the fact that their heads appear upon coins which have similar reverse types. But Apollo would seem to have held the more ■ mportaiit position of the two, as his title of UpoardTr,., would go far to show; It IS also significant that while there are many Olbian inscriptions lelornng to Apollo, not one has yet been found bearing the name of Demeter, and hero are only three in the whole North Euxine district, all from Fanticapaeum..« Of course, in a place where the remains are as fragmentary ZZ^ "t'f M*"*' "" ''*''""'=" °f inscriptions cannot be regarded a^ conclusive, but still It seems curious that none has been found, if Demeter ,nv V^ . r, ^T importance. Against the absence of the inscriptions nay be set the flict of the constant appearance of Demeter in the vase- pamtmgs that come from this district; it is perhaps not too much to say o ill 7d" iT'"^"" ^•'^•' ''""'»'"^^' ™»^« ^"bjects for the artists than any other. Also Herodotus*" speaks of the existence of a temple of Demet/r opposite Olbia; which would be conclusive evidence if there were not a variant reading otUr,rp6, for A,;>,rpo9 ; as it is, the passage can only be quo ed as a possible support to the view of the importance of Demeter's cult at Ulbia at this early period. In any case, there would undoubtedly have been a temple to Demeter there, whether she held the position of chief sta t" "^yy\T^. "'•.""'' ^ ''«^ ^^"^^''iP -as general among all Ionian gS ft „ f"; ";".^'«'"fi^'"''=« of tl'e woi-ship of Demeter 'als althellenische n 7 r p ! "'" ''" Civilization,' Preller-Robert may be quoted »^- de, tl cl, . ^'''7'""« ^^' »«'»'^'^'- f"'- das attische Staatsleben [.eigt sich] owoh h?"",-; ? "%'."" ^'^"^ ""'' ^P»""" ^"^ammen Schwurg5ttin ist sowohl bei pohtischen Vertragen als im Eid der Beamten und Richter.'« Demet er^'inr""^ '''''■ '" "'^ "^ **>' ^PP"^°' association of Apollo and -uemeter at (Jlbia as civic deities. conMdeiable difficulty. Head,«^ under Olbia, says that the principal type on roZtJ^" 1 '^''' ^^'' "• 7' 20), are of the fourth century b.c. ; the other (Lat. ii. 13), to Demeter e.K]paTiBtj€ carefully distinguished, that belonging to the Tyche type, and the much heavier cue with the veil, worn by Cybele. A reference to the accompanying figures will make this clear. See also De Koehne on this point {loc. cit. p. 68). He sets the date of these Olbian coins at 250-200 B.C., just at the time when the per- sonification of the Tyche of the City was be- coming common throughout the Greek world. »» i. 107. »•» ii. 17. »«i PI. X. No. 35. '"■^ loc. cit. p. 66. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 267 Obverse. Tete couverte d'un voile, tombant en arriere et d'une couronne murale, derri^re un rameau en contremarque. Reverse. OABIO — nOAl Tympanon. M. 2.V. Fig. 6.— Bkonze Coin of Olbia (from Pick). Cybele, is, however, a frequent type on the coins of the North Ku.Kinc district of Imperial date. Several examples are given by Pick (Plate XVIII.) where full figures of the goddess occur ; note especially No. 14, a coin of Istros, where the lions beneath her throne are very distinct. De Koehne ^^^ mentions the finding of a colossal seated statue of Cybele at Panticapaeum, which so exactly corresponds to the type on the coin that it would seem' almost certain that the latter is a copy of the statue. The Athenian statue of the Mother of the Gods by Pheidiasi^* seems not to have worn the mural crown. Arrian ^^^ does not mention it among the other attributes, and the numerous Attic votive reliefs, which must have had this statue as their type, do not show it.^«« The cult of Cybele in its various aspects approached so closely to that of other female deities that a distinction is often difficult. She was looked upon as the foundress of states and cities, whose walls she wears as a crown like the Syrian Astarte, hence her name ' mater turrita ' or ' turrigera.' ^^"^ G. M. Hirst. **« loc. cii. p. 67. ^''* By Pheidias according to Paus. i. 3, 5. and Arrian ; according to Pliny (N.ff. 36, 17), by Agoracritus. It represented the goddess with a cymbal in her hand, and lions under her chair. "3 Pcripl., p. 9. ^^ Stepliani, Herakl, p. 67. ^"^ Verg. Aoi. vii. 785, Ovid, Fast. iv. 219. See O. Jahn, Arch. ZcU. 1864, 174, A. 3, who says the tower-crown jtrobably came from Asia to Greece (Bottiger, Ktmst. Myth. i. p. 286) ; when it became prevalent is not known. See also Mr. A. J. Evans, Myc. Tree and Pillar Cult, J.n.S. vol. xxi. (1901), p 166. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 25 M ii|i| THE CULTS OF OLBLV. Part IL (Continued from Vol. A'XlT.,p. 267), • Ai^hroditc. [ A(f)po]8iT7)i EvTrXoiai, [Ooo-J/^eo? Uoa-iSeiov X^pio-Ttjpiou. This inscription is of the first rpnfi...,r o^ m • Poskleos is no , oubt the same iudwTiT \ 1\^"'' ' ^'"'"^'°' *''« ■"«» "f to Ze„s Atab,rios, Athene Uuf^.;:''!'"^'^'' ;'«""^f"g-' ^eapoHs^ conjectures hin, to have been a Rhn ^ ■ , "'""'" f''^^""']- Boeckh ^ to Athene Lindia an 1 Lt 11 W "'nT 1"',' ''^"■"'"^ °'*''<' 'i'^^''-'-- was worshipped at Cni.hls " ' '' "''" '^""'''"^^ Apl^^^dite Euploia ver,Ii::TSSr-r,3Xr^^^^^^ epithet E„VX„. is so in the Peiraeus. near the s a n 1 In! „ 1 '' '° ^.'"-'"« ^nilt byConon there were three temples f A, "J ; ^ C^i'f™' '-.'-^ °«, ^'-1-. -y« that Conon's temple a the pli,, ';'^;-^°""'-' Pausanias does not say an inscription d Sver 5 in tl ! PeT" "'"V'' '" ^P'""'"^ E^-^o,a. but no epig.;ph,e authoH J I e t ffiVf " "'" '^r'^'"^'- ^'^'^ »'-<' Conon). The inscription « rlls- '" "' ''''^>' "^ '"'^ ''■-"« «f 'Apyilo, Wpyei'ov TpiKo[pC^w,] ^TpaT7,y,jaa ^d(TpoBLT[r]i] Ovpavirji ' AiraTovpo(v) fjLeheov(Tr]L ap^ovTorq. ■-' See references in Puuly-Wissowa, under Apaturion. I. p. 2680. One of the Olbian months had this title, Lat. i. 28. '^ Compte Ilmdu. 1859, p. 126. Atlas, plate iv. No. 1, Farnell Gk. Cults, ii. p. 686, note. THE CULT8 OF OLBTA. 27 terms. He describes the relief as representing the goddess wrapped in a chiton, himation, and veil, seated on a goat, running rapidly to the right of the spectator. Two kids gambol below, indicating Aphrodite as the goddess of the generative power. That the goddess is Aphrodite is proved by the presen(5e of Eros behind her, and a dove flying in front. The goddess, he says, is represented in her character of Apatouros or Pandemos. Elsewhere ^^ he refers to a vase representing Aphrodite on a he-goat as a representation of Aphrodite ' Airdrovpo^;, and compares the well-known statue by Scopas ; but as I should regard Apatouros and Pandemos as separate titles, consideration of the.se types of Aphrodite would here be out of place. It is perhaps worth noting that the name Apatourios occurs frequently as a proper nan^e in inscriptions from the North Euxine district, among others in an Olbian one of the fifth century B.C., one of the onh' two known of so early a date.-^ Aj^hrodite Ovpavia. One other title of Aphrodite must be mentioned, — that of Ovpavia, as it occurs in two inscriptions of Phanagoria ^"^ of the fourth century B.C. and two later ones of Panticapaeum.'^^ It may be noted, however, that in all but one of these inscriptions (ii. 347) the title is joined with that of 'AiraTovpo^. Here Herodotus may be quoted, who says (iv. 59) that Aphrodite Ovpavia was one of the special deities worshipped by the Scythians, and that they called her Artimpasa; though, if we are right in believing that Olbia in its earlier period was little affected by Scythian customs, either in religion or anything else, the reference has little point here. Farnell"^- says: 'The clearest sign of the Eastern goddess in the Greek community is the title Ovpavia,' and notes that the worship of the goddess in this aspect is especially found in places which had connection with Asia, instancing Panticapaeum as a Milesian colony. It may be worth while here to remark that De Koehne ^-^ traces the origin of the cult of Helios at Olbia to its connection with Sinope ; and the cult of Aphrodite Ovpavia may have been introduced in a similar way. In summing up the evidence for the cult of Aphrodite at Olbia, it must be admitted at once that we have no direct testimony except the one late inscription to Aphrodite KvTrXota. Still, it is reasonable to suppose that the cult was of some importance at Olbia, as we know that the worship of Aphrodite 'A7rdrovpo<; was prevalent in the North Euxine district : moreover, the number of representations of Aphrodite found there, especially in the Tauric Chersonese, helps to confirm this belief '■^* Coviptc Rendu, 1871, plate v. No. 3, and p. 138, 184. ■-'» Lat. iv. 28 a. 3" Lat. ii. 343, 347. iv. 419. ■^1 Lat. ii. 19, 28. :'■= Gk. Calls, ii. p. 629. ■^ Mus. du P. K. i. 59. 28 G. ^r. HTR8T A7'temis. Tlie evidence for the cult of Artemis at Olbia is of an exactly opposite kind to that for Aphrodite; in the case of Artemis we have testimony from coins, but none from inscriptions. The type is not a very common one on Olbian coins. There is an example in the British Museum (No. IG) which has a head of Artemis on the obverse, and a quiver with strap on the reverse. This seems to be similar to the coin given by Pick.'* Three are given in the Berlin catalogue, Nos. 128-130, not unlike the above. De Koehne ^'' gives six, but four of these have been sometimes recog- nized as Demeter ; the reverse is a dolphin or a sea-eagle, or both, and there seems to be no special reason for supposing that the head on the obverse is that of Artemis. Before considering at all the mass of literary material relating to the cult of Artemis on the North Euxine, the inscriptions referring to it had better be mentioned. There is one from Phanagoria of the fourth centurv B.C."''"' which begins p:,evoK\€LBrj<; Tl6av- waai Ai6(f)avTov ' AaKXaTnoSuypov j^pvaewt (TT€^dv(OL llapdeveioL^ iv rdi TrofiTrdt, ^* Die Anlikcn Miin'rn Nord-Gricch inlands, i. 1. Plate X. No. 6. ■" loc. cit. pp. 62, 63. =«« Lat. ii. 344. 3" Brit. Mus. Cat. Poutxis, p. 3, PI. I. 6. ^ Lat. ii. 11, Dittenberger, Syll,- No. 326, see also. Pans. 4. 31. 8. 'Ecpfaiav if''\prtfiiv iroAety t€ vofxl^ouaiv at itaaai nat ai'Spos Ihic^Ofutv fiaAiffra 6.yovaiv iv T»/xf). ^ ^^ Lat. ii. 421. ^" Lat. i. 184, 185. *^ See Berlin Catilogue muU-r Chersonesua, aiul note especially Taf. i. 6. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 29 and 1. 51 , oradrjixev Be avTov kol eiKova ^aXKeav ev- ottXov €v tcll uKpoTToXei irapa tov rdal numismatic evidence for the cult of Athene at Olbia; but the famous medallion found in the North Euxiiie district/'*'' now in the Hermitage, and representing Athene Parthenos may be also mentioned. It probably came straight from Athens. No place in the North Euxiue district occurs in the register of Athene- cults given by Farnell, but he says-'^'^ — ' As in the earliest times we find the worship of Athena in very various parts of the Greek world, we can con- clude that she was a primitive Hellenic divinity of the "Achaean " period, and originally worshipped also by the Dorian and Ionic tribes, or adopted by them in their new settlements.' And we know that Athene was worshipped at Miletus, the mother-city of Olbia.'^^ We should of course expect to tind Athene held in honour at Miletus, which prided itself on being a colony of Athens, and Miletus in turn would be very likely to transmit the cult to its own colony Olbia, where it would receive a stimulus, if any were needed from the commercial relations between Olbia and Athens. The Gorgoneion which appears on Olbian coins raises questions oi considerable difficulty, both in regard to the type and the deity with which it is connected. The story that Athene herself slew the Medusa is not very early in date ; Hesiod does not mention it, and Euripides appears to be the tirst literary authority for it.^'^ Farnell traces the origin of the story to Athene's interest in Perseus. Furtwiingler (in Roscher's Lexicon) states that Athene does not appear on the monuments wearing the Gorgoneion earlier than the seventh century, and thinks there is no earlier liteiary evidence than this that Athene wore it as a badge, or of its use as an element of terror.*^" Of course the date for the proved association of Athene with the Gorgon is early enough to allow us to regard the Gorgoneion on Olbian coins as an emblem of Athene ; but another view would associate it with Apollo. M. Homolle,**^ in an article on a Gorgon found on the base of a statue at Delos, which he explains as a simple diroTpoiraLov, tliinks that a close relation existed between Apollo and the Gorgon, and quotes Homer Iliad XV. 229, 308, (referring to Apollo's use of the aegis), and Macrobius, i. 17. 67. The latter author, in describing a statue of Apollo at Hierapolis « PI. X. 17. *• Mxjth. and Moniuii. of Ancient Athens, Harrison and Verrall, p. 454. " Gk. Cults, i p. 259. *8 Herod, i. 19. *• Jon, 987 d seq. *" He regards the two references to the Gor- goneion in the Iliad, (xi. 35 6, v. 741) as in- terpolations. " Bull. Corr. Hell. xii. (1888), p. 471. PI. xii. THE CULTS OF OLP.TA. 33 says ' Sunimisquo ab humeris ooiuunoiim velanjentum rodimitnm anguibus tegit scapulas.' M. Homolle remarks that the Gorgon appears en coins with emblems of Apollo, and cites as example the dolphin on Olbian coins. But this seems hardly conclusive, as it has been already seen that the dolphin (or tish-type) occurs on coins of Olbia with deities other than Apollo, e.g., those whosp obverse type is a head of Demeter. The question can probably not be decided, but the fact that on the large bronze coins of Olbia the only types are Athene and the Gorgon (including for the moment the beautifid head that appears on the latest of the.se coins) would seem to be of some weight in guiding us to associate the Gorgoneion on these coins with Athene rather than with Apollo. If we have been right in laying stress on Athenian Fic. 7. TJi!n\/F. Coin or Oi.r.iA in tiik r>RnisM ]\ru.SEiTM. inll nonce in the adoption of Athene as a coin-type at Olbia, this would be another indication in the same direction. The consideration of the type of the Gorgoneion presents equal difHculties. It seems to have been borrowed from the East about the end of the eighth or beginning of the seventh century B.C. ; the earliest example known is a l)laque from Oameiros of the seventh century.*'- The early Gorgons were all of the hideous type, which passed through a period of transition befoie a l)eautiful type was elaborated. A series of bronzes discovered on the Acropolis at Athens illustrates these changes; the middle type began at Athens before 480 b.c.^'^ It is found on the Euxine before 4.50 B.C. in the valley of the Kuban."-^ This type grew common in the second half of the "- Dareniberg-Saglio, Fig. .3633. •'•'' Daremb.-Sagl., Fig. 3«39. H.S. — VOL. XXIII. 01 Coinpfc Jlcndv, 1877, PI. ii. 1, and p. 7. D .14 (J. M. irnisT liltli contiiry.'^' It should bo iioto<] t.lint n typf' of rjor<(ouoion liko tliat. from tlie Kuban is found in tlio (-riiuon down to tho fourth century/'''^ Golil Gorgons were found at Kortsnh in oravos of tlio fifth rontury. The beautiful type of Gorgon's head appears in tho fiftli rontury, and becomes common in tho fourtli; the cahii stylo first, and later the pathetie.''" Notwithstandiug, however, the umloubted evolution of a more attraetive typo of Gorgon, I have never been able to feel that the beautiful head on the coin given by Pick^-^^ can be a Gorgon. I was glad to find that I had the support of Professor Percy Gardner in this view. He points out (in a private letter) that the wing is wanting. But he has no identification for the type, though he suggests very tentatively a nymph (?). This suggestion seems well worth consideration ; anyone who looks at the various full-laced Fro. S.— RRoyzK Coin op Olbi.v in the British Muskim. heads of nymphs given in Professor Gardner's 'Types of Greek Coins' cannot fail to be struck by the resemblance they bear to tlie head on this large coin of Olbia. Examine first the head of Arethusa, bv the artist Cimon. on a com of Syracuse/'^ then the nymph on a coin of Larissa,"*^ and another on a coin of Cyzicus."» Certainly the resemblance between these «•■> Sep J.n.S. xiii. 1892. p. 236, Fijr. 4 ; j.. 238, Fig. 10. (note that here Fig. 4 is assigncil to the sixth eentnry). "« Antiq. du Bosp. Cimm. PI. x.\i. 12, etc. «^ An example of the beantifnl head, witliout wings, in given in Compf.r Remhi, 1S76, PI. jM. 28, p. 147. •^ ?nc. cU. PI. viii. \. It is given in the Berlin Catalogue, p. 19. A spcimen lias been adtled to the I'ritish Mnseinn collection since the pnblieation of the catalogneofOlbian coins, and is given in the accompanying P'ig. 7. «» Tupra of Greek Coins, PI. vi. 22. "" ihid. PI. vii. 35. '•' ihhl PI. X. 46. TITK OUr/rS OF OIJUA. .•?5 heads and that (m the Olbian coin is close enough to justify a tentative identification of the latter as a nymph,"- thus avoiding the (to my mind) impossible assignation of the type to the Gorgon. I may quote the descrip- tion of the similar example in the Berlin catalogue No, 2 :— Obverse. Jierersf Female head facing, with flying hair OABIH,"' Kagle oii Dolphin, 1. head and bead necklace, of good style. turned to r. with outspread wings. ^ 17i I Below^ r or similar letter.'^ It will at once be noted that von Sallet in the Berlin catalogue (published 1888) only describes this type as a female head : though the year before in describing this coin '•' he calls it 'a good specimen of the very rare large cast coins or tokens of Olbia with the female head (Gorgo?) and eagle, of fine style ' It seems fair to conclude from this that in the catalogue von Sallet gives up his doubtful attribution of the previous year. It is also worth noting that he puts this com hcfwcen No. I, described as follows (No. 3 in Pick) :— ^^^^''^^- ■ Reverse. APIX with eagle r. ^yhich with out- stretched wings stands on dolphin. M 17.V. Gorgoneion facing, of archaic style, with tongue protruded.'*' and No. 3 (No. 2 in Pick):— Ohrersr. G<»rgoneion facing, of archaic style, with tongue protruded. Reverse. APIX in the open spaces of a wheel with four spokes. (Nos. 4 12 are smaller coins, with more or less similar types.) If this arrangement is to be regarded as chronological (an uncertain p(»int, from the scarcity of dates in the catalogue, already alluded to), then surely the attribution of the type to the Gorgon becomes impossible, or at least improbable. It is unlikely that two heads of such wholly ditiferent types could be in circulation at the same moment in the same city, and be recognized as representing the same object. It should be noted' that tlie Berlin catalogue describes a coin which does not appear in Pick's illustrations (No. 13): — Obverse. Gorgoneion, tongue not protruded, of old style. No. 14 is similar. Reverse. 0.\ . I Eagle with raised wings on dolphin,!. iE 11. "- On the coins bearing full-face heads of coin as ' Tete de Me'duse, d'nn style i>lus Nymphs, the representatives of a very large moderne et avec nne belle expression. ' class, see Gardner, loc. cit. p. 1.54. 75 Zcitschr. f. Num. xiv. 1887, p. 5. ^^ Note the ocenrrence of the town-name in '^ Cp. similar coin (not the same) in ai-com- this form. panying Fig. 8. "• De Koehne(p. 35, No. 6) describes a similar I) 2 30 O. M. TTTRST All tho abovo-montionc*! coins arc larifo bronzo cast pieces. Ono other coin, a silver one of rather hiter perioil, is thus .lescribed in the Berlin cata- logue, N.>. 3(1 : — Gortjon's head facinJ,^ apparently OABIO over a dolphin, I. 11.1. tw without protruded tongue. KPI .K ± Note also that De Koehne"^ assifnis this coin to the heiiinninir of the third century (which is not very .litferent from the date one would conjecture from its position in the Berlin catalogue). Does not this add to the difficulty of reganling the beautiful head oji tlie bronze coin, which is almost certainly of earlier date, as a Gorgon ? Zcits. The consideration of the cult of Zeus at Olbia must not be defeirod longer. At Olbia it seems essential to take A[)ollo first, and Demeter has a claim to the second position, and then it is most convenient to treat of the otlier female deities in close connection ; so that this seems the place where Zeus may properly be considered. Farnell''' may be referred to for some general remarks as to the absence from the monuments of Zens of distinctive cult-attributes, for his cult was Hellenic pre-eminently, and not local. 8o we do not expect to have at Olbia titles of such special interest in the case of Zeus as in that of some other gods, though there is at any rate one strikintj exception in the case of Zeus ^0\/3ioq. The first Olbian inscription which bears the name of Zeus is Lat. i. 12, a decree granting 1000 goM pieces and a statue to Kallinikos the son of Euxenos ^dated by Latyschev in the fourth century B.C.) which ends : 6 Sijfio^ Aa '^(OTrjpi. The name of Zeus Xcot/jp also occurs in two other inscriptions of Olbia, but one ^" is of the second century after CMirist, and the other ''^ is a mere fragment. Lat. i. 01 is a dedication to Zeus 'Zforrjp by a private individual of evxapKTTtjpiop virep eip^vr^f; koX (TmTrjpia. 82, and especially Mr. CtrcenweH's article, J. U.S. vol. ii. p. 78. ^" Lat. i. 101. •'" Gk. CtcJf.s, i. p. 1G1. "^ Lat. i. 21 . "-' ai: CvlLs, i. p. r-'K =•3 J.i/.,S'. 18ia,p. 22G. $8 G. M. ttTRSf TFfR CULTS OF OLBIA. 39 only other reference given by Faruell (he does not mention this inscription from Olbia at all) is C.IXt. 2017, a decree froai the Thracian Chersonese: — KaWt<7T0f OlbiaJ. ' The abstract idea of prosperity is ropivsentod by the concrete god Zeus Olbios.' The coins of Olba with throne and thunderbolt of Zeus Olbios date probably at the end of the first century B.r. and the beginning of the next. "« Lat. i. 242. "" V'elcker, (,'r. 'J. ii. 282, I'olyb. xi. 27. "» Gr. yhtth. i.' 136. "» hu: cit. p. 59. '"" I'l. .xi. 4. rather high relief. Coin No. o is similar to (though not the same as) No. 63 in the Berlin Catalogue, which only differs from Pick's coin in having a caduceus as counter-mark on the cheek of Zeus, whose head is the obverse type. The reverse type is an eagle. Coin No. (5 shows the caduceus in front of the head of Zeus. Several Imperial coins representing Zeus seated are described by De Koehne, but only one ^^^ appears in Pick's plates.^*^- On the obverse is a seated figure holding a sceptre, on the reverse a standing figure of Fortune, with a liorn of plenty and a rudder. Perhaps the sceptre causes De Koehne to identify the type as Zeus : it is described as Apollo in the Berlin catalogue (No. 134).i»'' Hermes. Hermes may be considered next, as he appears both in inscriptions and on coins of Olbia. Hermes and Apollo were often worshipped side by side, as a brother-pair — Apollo as mouthpiece and prophet of Zeus, Hermes as his outstretched right hand : and so the two stood together in streets and before doors— Apollo as 'Ayviev^, Hermes as 'EvoBio^}"^^ So we should expect to find some testimony to the cult of Hermes at Olbia, where Apollo held such a high position. He was tlie god of trade, markets, and commerce, l)oth by land and sea ; therefore a statue of Hermes 'Ayopalo^ (whom we shall find mentioned in two Olbian inscriptions) stood in the market-place of every important town. The earliest inscription found at Olbia referring to Hermes is of the third century B.c.,i^^ and begins : [Nt«o3/)o]/A09 ALovvaiov [yv/jivaa]iapxw^^ [top vl]6v (?) AiovvaLov 'E/oyLt[r;t] koX WpaKXel. This would appear to be a dedication to Hermes in his character of dytovio'i.^^'''' Hermes Agoraios was the god to whom the aediles {dyopavofxct) of Olbia made offerings. Two of these dedicatory inscriptions have come down to us.'-" It is worth while to quote Latyscliev's description of the carving above the first of these inscriptions : ' Super titulo Fortunae rota incisa est, infra manu admodum rudi Mercurii protome, dextra marsupium tenentis, sinistra caduceum, utrimque foliola e quibus id, cpiod ad dextram spectanti est, caput humanum in medio incisum habet.' The end of the in.scription may be quoted — after the names of tlic dyopavo/xoc : — 'Ep/Jbfj ^ Ay opaiwi dvWtjKav Net'/c?/z; dpyvpeav vTvep ri]"•■« PI. xi. 22. '"•• If the attributiuu to Zens is acceptcil, might it bt^ considered as a representation of Zeus 'OA/Sios, in consideration of the reverse type { m ivUer-Koboit, Gr. Miiih. i'. 3!<.".. 1"' Lat. iv. 15lt. '"" For references to otlur places where Hermes and Heracles appear to^'cther, sic Preller-llobert, i. p. 415. n. 1. ^"' Lat. i. 75. 7tj. 40 G. M. HIRST The second inscription only ditfeis in the names of the archon and dyopa- vofioi. Both are of quite late period. Two coins representing Hermes are given by Pick ; ^^^ there are none in the Berlin collection. Both of Pick's coins have a head of Hermes wearing a petasos as obverse type, but the heads are quite different. No. 32 is very badly struck ; if the coin were divided into four quarters, the head would till little more than the lower quarter at the left ; the petasos is much flatter, and more distinct than in No. 33. No. 33 has also a branch as counter- mark behind the head. Both these coins have a winged caduceus as reverse There is another coin which may be referred to here, that of the Scythian king Inismeus, given by Pick,'"" with a turreted female head (Tyche of Olbia) as reverse type. It is described by De Koehne ^^^ as having a bearded head of Hermes on the obverse, but the type has none of the characteristics of Hermes, and it is more likely to be a portrait of the king Inismeus. De Koehne assigns this coin to the period of the recon- struction of Olbia, / €., between 60 B.C. and 193 A.D. Poseidmi. Strictly speaking, Poseidon can hardly claim to be considered as having a cult at Olbia at all, as no inscriptions bear Ids name, and it is doubt fid whether he is represented on the coins. However, there is an interesting inscription from Panticapaeum,^^^ in whicli MavraXiwv vavap-^o^ makes a dedication Tio0'ti/fc'[a>]t Kal '\, p. 279. '"* Herod, iv. 78, 79. —an iuipoitaiit pabsagr- in many ways, illu.strating as it docs the higli degree of Greek civilization attained at Olbia, and tlio impre.ssion it produced on the Scythian king. Kawliusou {ad. loc.) wiys, • The JMilesian cohjnist.s seem to have carried the worship ot the Phrygian Bacchus (Sabaziu.s) tu Olbia. HciRC Olbia itself was called Sai8/a or Sou/a, (Peripl. P. Eux. p. 151)'— surely anio.stinipinb able derivation. "« Lat. i, 12. ''•' Lat. ii. 18, iv. 199. "' Comptc Btndu (pas-tiin) and Aiitiq. Bosp. Cimm. c.ij. PI. Ix. 43 G. M. HTRST Ares. The claim of Ares to a place in this k Oliua in hie Beklix Mu-skum. Ares as a reverse type. The first of these coins, No. 136, is reproduced hero (Fig. 9).^"-'^' The reverse is thus described in the Berlin catalogue : — OABIOn OA€ITCjl)N. Ares, standing, r., left hand leaning on lance. A in field to left. There is a bust of Geta on the obverse ; the other two Berlin coins are similar. This coin De Koehue ^-^ thinks represents the temple-statue of Achilles Pontarches, but there does not seem any ground for the assignation. Another coin given by Pick,^-- which does not appear in the Berlin catalogue, is also assigned to Achilles by De Koehne, but the figure, which is standing and holding a lance, seems more likely to be Ares. It looks like the cojiy of an archaic statue. The reverse type of this coin is a caducous. These coins are all of late jieriod. Melius. There is some very interesting numismatic evidence for the existence of this cult at Olbia. Coin No. 114^-^ in the Berlin Catalogue is thus described : — Olwcrse. Head of Helios, facing, with rays. jK 5. Itccersc. OA above two fore-parts of horses set back to back. ^'» Herod, iv. .59, 62. '■-'" The cast from wbkli tlii.s i»lu»t(>giaiili wan madp, was obtained through the kindness of Dr. H. Dressel, of the Royal Museum at Cerliii, as were others refened to below. It aj.pears in Pick's plates (.\ii. i.). '••*' Lm: rif. i. \k 84. '-*•■! PI. xi. 21. •-'3 Nos. 115, 116 are similar. This coin is given by Pick ; ^-* it is apparently of rather early date. Von Sallet comments that these coins show traces of the rise of another type at Olbia. De Koehne i'^-' also describes them, and .says that they are the only record we have of a cult of Heli(»s here.i^c He thinks that this cult was introduced from Sinope to Olbia ; as a coin of Sinope ^'-' has a liead of Helios, and on another coin a head with ^INan[EnN] between the rays occurs as counter-mark.^-'^ It would seem more probable that the worship was introduced from Rhodes,i-^ the special home of the cult of Helios. We have an apparent instance of the intimate relations between the two states at a rather later period in the inscriptions set up by Posideos which have been so often referred to. Another proof of the commercial intercourse between Rhodes and Olbia is the fact that jar-handles have been found near the latter city stamped with the name of Rhodes i^^*^ as these, however, have been found in almost every part of the Greek world, the argument from them cannot be pressed. There are no Olbian inscriptions which show the name of Helios, but there is one from Panticapaeum ^^^ of late period, and one from Gorgippia,i=^- of 41 A.D., both of which relate to the manumission of slaves. In each of these the same formula occurs. — VTTO Ala, Vrjv, "HXlov. For this formula Latyschev '-^^ compares an inscription from Thermae in Aetolia,^=^* which also refers to the manumission of a slave. The Dioscuri. Head *=^^ says that the worship of the Dioscuri was very prevalent on the shores of the Euxine. We have two pieces of evidence for the existence of the cult at Olbia. One is a uuirble tablet, on which is a fragmentary inscription of the third or second century J5.c.i=^''' Above the inscrii>tion are the two caps of the Dioscuri, and half a star, with apparently the remains of another half. The other is a coin, given by Pick (PI. X. 31;, of which there are two examples in the Berlin Catalogue (No. 67, 68). The reverse Of this coin shows a dolphin between the caps of the Dioscuri, and above a •-^ PI. ix. 31. '-3 loc.cif. ]». 58, 59. '•-•« Note that the IJerliii catalogue gives a eoiii. No. \i2, with Heracles as a icversc type, aud ' over the head a small round eniintpr-mark with youthful Helios-head with rays," 127 Miounet. Suppl. iv. p. 574, 131. '•* British Museum Catalogue, ' Poiitus,' PI. xxii. 15 (date cm-a. li.c. 290-250). '23 Hut note the possible adoption from Si- nope of the eagle standing on fish, as reverse type, referred to under Demetcr. !*• Pnichsenschutz, Bcsitz und Encerh, p. 422-4. See Inscr. Gra^c. lasvl. Maris Aoj. i. p. 175, (appendi.v on Hhodian jai-handles), also an exhaustive article by Becker, (Mi'lawjoi Grdcu-Mvin. vol. i. p. 416). '« Lat. ii. 54. '" Lai. ii. 100. '" i. 98. '•" Dittenbcrger, Sijll. ii. 837 (2nd edit). '•■'•''' Historia Numorum, p. 235, (under Istros). "« Latyschev, i. 18, C./.G^. ii. add. p. 1000. No. 2083. b. 44 O. M. HIRST large star. De Koelme ^^" explains the dolphin as emblematic of the con- nection of the Dioscuri with the sea as the protectors of mariners. He gives several coins of Panticapaeum which bear their symbols; they also appear very frequently on the coins of Tanais, and of Dioscurias in Colchis* From their connection with navigation, too well known to re(|uire illustration, we should naturally expect to Hnd a cult of the Dioscuri at Olbia, and the marble and the coin supply sufficient confirmatory evidence. The Cahiri. Tlie Cabiri must be taken next to the Dioscuri, in view of their close relationship. A very interesting inscription relating to this cult at Olbia was discovered in 1807.^^** It is on a base of white marble, and is assigned by Lalyschev to the second century B.C. It is as follows : — *Ei7nKpuTt]{lf) N;p«Toi> Tov Oelov deol^i TOL<; iv %a/j.o6pdiKr)[i^ leprjadfievov. Tliis is the only mention of the cult of the Cabiri at Olbia, and apj)arcntly in the whole North Euxine district, so it is of special importance. A cult of the Cabiri at Miletus is known,^*' apparently in the temple of the Didy- maean Apollo, and it may have come to Olbia from the mother city ; or direct from Samothrace, as the form of the inscription (^eot? toU ev "^ajjio- OpdiKril^i]) would suggest. We have seen that Demeter,. Hermes, and Dionysus, and possibly the Dio.scuri, were all objects of cult at Olbia, and as these deities were bound up with the Samothracian worship it is natural that a cult of the Cabiri should be found there also. A sliepios. There are two pieces of evidence for the existence of a cult of Asklepios at Olbia. The first is merely incidental, — the reference in the Protogenes ilecree ^^'^ to tov [irvpyov] 'EiriSavpiov, from which it has been supi>osed that there was a temple of Asklepios near by, which gave its name to the tower. The other, — the bas-relief found at Olbia, and referred to by De Koehne^" — is more important. Mr. Rouse "- conjecturally suggests that the seated '•'' loc. cit. i». 57. ^'■^ Lat. iv. 27. Xott- that Iiiilvs.lit.v ihinks theabstnceortlu- (i') in the 'Jiid. lineis Ihc^toiic- tutter's error, as it would bv uuuiiual for the uncle's name to Ik; omitted. '«• C'./.'r'. 2882. '*> Lat. i. It), i;. It). '*' /ijc. cil. \h 7. The relief is <^ivcn l-y lU'iirov Rcchcrchcs .siir hs ^ln(i'/nite.s ilc h nns-sic iniriiliondlr. 12U, Taf. lu. '*-' 'hick Vvtii'c (jjTeiinijs, p. 20. Mr. House i.s here following the author of the article Heros in Roschcr'rt Lexicon (i. 2571), who suggests the attribution of the relief to Achille.s. THE CULTS OF OLBIA. 45 ligure in this relief is Achilles. Rut an examination seems to make this impossible; on the wall hangs the representation of a human trunk,^*-' apparently dedicated as a votive ottering. This is surely decisive in favour of regarding Asklepios as the subject of the relief. ITvaiov considered this relief as the most important work of the kintl found at Olbia. These two items of evidence seem enough to make good the claim of Asklepios to a place among the cult deities of Olbia, which his close comiection with Apollo would make probable even without such direct testimony. We have two inscriptions from the Euxine district referring to Asklepios; one, of Roman period, from Chersonesus,"* directs that a copy of the decree shall be placed iv TMt lepMi TOV ^A(TK\ainov. The other is from Panticapaeum,"'' and may be quoted in full. HcfiS ^Ao-kXtjitim (TCOTrjpi Kol evepycTTj TYjv TpuTre^av aveaTyjae ^TpaT6S))/jio<} ^\€V€(TTp(iTOV. The (juestion as to whether the cult of Aeliilles Pontarehes at Olbia was of Greek or Scythian origin has been already discussed in the Introductitju ; it remains j»ow to deal with the epigraphic and other evidence for the exist- ence of the cult at Olbia. Dion Chrysostom ^'^" is the literary authority foi- this; he says: — tovtov [ix. Achilles] fiev 'yap v7rep two-fifths of the whole number. Xcxt to th>- ci/c rnmrs the trunk.' '" Lat. i. 189. '^5 Lat. ii. 30. '*« Oi-at. xxxvi. 439. M. '•*' In Pauly-Wissowa, Rcal.-Enqtcl. s.v. Achilleus. '■•^ In Roscher's Lex. s.v. Achilleus. '^" This is the view of Koehler, but Latyschev thinks Leuk" is meant (o]>. cit. i. p. 167). It .should be noted that C.I.O. 2. 2076 ( = Lat. i. 77), which Fleischer quotes as being found on IJerezan, Latyschev says is of uncertain attribu- tion. 46 a. M. iniisT .,f lai.,1 in t,lic ini.1.11.-. All tlnoo |.la;^« and Hypanis rivers was tlie Alsos Hecates, a sandy tongue of land at the end of the peninsula now called Kinburn. Tn the sea at some distance to the west of this point, some fishermen in 1885 dragged up in their nets a stone altar, with the inscription 70IJL 0(OflOl> KUL TO K€bpOV. Latysrhev dates this as fourth or certainly thir.l century u.r Tt is of areat interest and importance, as indicating tliat the cult of Achilles on tlie North Euxine was even more widespread than had been thouglit. '- n would seem that there must have been a temple, or at ^cast^an altar, ot Achilles, at the Alsos Hecates, where he was worshippei>arontly a dedication to Acliillfs (Lat. jv. 191). "» Lat. i. 172. i5< For the form of the dedicition op. the one at Ncapolis by Poside(»s 'Ax«XA.«' ffleople of Olbia. , /, i •, i ^ For the importance of the cult in the later period of the city we have abundant evidence in the series of ''«'«ft"y . ^^"f *""%;';'", j^f Latyschev,'^ belonging probably to the second or third century ««;■■ <^' "^*; These inscriptions, though not found actually on the site of Olbia Latyschev thinks quite certainly belong to the city, both from the similarity of the formulas to those of undoubtedly Olbiau inscriptions, and also because nearly all the names given in these inscriptions are found in others Irom Olbia. Some have thought this series belonged to the town of Odcssos, but it was too small to have had five archons and six praetors, or to have lia.l the games referred to in some of the inscriptions. One curious point o contrast between these inscriptions and those to Apollo Prostates, which belon- to the same period, is that in the latter the gift is always mentroned, whereas in the former it is merely called xap'TJW'"' ; e-^<^«P* in Sl.wliere it is a <7Te>aro9, (given by a priest), and m /,, whei-e e%en XaptarvRiop is omitted. No. 79 may be quoted as an example of these inscriptions : — Wyadrj rvxO 'Ax^XXe? UovTapx>^ 01 irepl KaWKTdevrjv taTvpov aTpar^]yoi\ Mr)v6B(OpO' 'HpaK\iov<: Kal EvfioXirov rov Uoaeihcovo^ fcau airo TTpoyopoyv /3aac\ecov ^aaCXea Ti/SipLov 'IovXlov 'Pr]aKOV7ropLv. . . This legendary genealogy would seem to explain why the various emblems of Poseidon and Heracles are found on the coins of the Kings ot the Bosporus.^®^ i c u ^ *■ With recrard to the numismatic evidence for the cult of Heracles at Olbia, eight c^oins bearing his head are given by De Koehne, seven are repro- ,luced in Pick's plates, and there are three in the Berlin catalogue (none in the British Museum). Pick's examples fall into two sharply defined classes. Three coins ^^^ have youthful heads of Heracles, with the lion-skin ; the types are different, but they are all of fairly good style, all beardless, and all lookinc to the right ; the reverse of each is a club. The first two examples in Pick are silver, and resemble No. 32 in the BerUn catalogue; the third is copper, and is similar to Nos. 117, 118 in the BerUn catalogue. No. 117 is thus described : — Eeverse. OABIO above a club horizontally placed. Below El PI B A. (Mo). Obverse. Youthful head of Heracles, with lionskin, r. Two faint round counter- marks. Von Sallet thinks that BA on the reverse of this coin perhaps stands for BaaiXev^, either a priest's title, or a reference to the Scythian kmgs. The latter seems more likely, in view of the last-quoted inscription from Panti- capaeum, as other Scythian kings besides those of the Bosporus may have claimed descent from Heracles. The other four coins given by Pick i"i have heads of quite a different style from the preceding, and with differing reverse types. They are all i«» Perhaps the dedication from Pautica- paeum (Lat. iv. 200) to A.t Uvdpxv^ should be compared with this. i'" PL X. 18-20 ; cp. Berlin Catalogue, 32, 117, 118. i""^ Pi. X.' 21-25 ; cp. Dc Koehne, loc. cif. p. 48. No. 54. i«5 Latyschv, i. 16. i«« Lat. iv. 459. 187 Lat. i. 245. from Nikita, probably 3rd century B.C. ; Lat. ii. 24, from Panticapaeum of 4th century B.C. ; and Lat. ii. 350, from Phanagoria of 2nd century B.C. ^^ Lat. ii. 41. There are two similar from Phanagoria, ii. 358, 361. H.S. — VOL. XXIIL E 50 G. M. HIRST silver, cand the heads on the obverse are of a coarse heavy type, all turned to the left, and more or less similar. The reverse type of Pick's example, No. 21, is a vertical club enclosed in a wreath formed by two ears of corn ; No. 22 has a wreath ; No. 24 a bow in case placed over a club, and No. 23 a vertical bow in case.^'- It is perhaps worth while to note, in discussing Heracles' connection with Olbia, that the name Ka\XtVt/co?, which so often occurs in literature as an epithet of Herakles, appears twice in Olbian inscriptions,^^^^ both of early date. The River-god Borysthenes. We have more numismatic evidence of this cult than of any other represented on Olbian coins, except that of Apollo ; judging from the number of specimens contained in all the collections, more coins must have been struck with the head of the Borysthenes upon them than with any other type. The Berlin collection has 26 out of a total of 126 (besides several acquired since the appearance of the catalogue) ; the British Museum 9 out of 23 ; the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge 4 out of 7 ; and De Koehne, out of about 160 coins, has 26 (which he assigns to the river Hypanis). This predominance of the river-god at Olbia is readily explained by the consider- ation that in South Russia the rivers are by far the most imposing natural features of the country .^'^ and as such would be almost certain to become objects of worship to the early settlers. We know from Herodotus ^'^ that the Scythians worshipped the Danube. Of the Borysthenes in particular Professor Percy Gardner ^"^ says : — ' We find traces of a peculiar veneration paid by the Greek colonists of Olbia to the river Borysthenes, whose head appears on their coins. This head is clearly modified in type in imitation of the physiognomy of the Scythians who inhabited the steppes of the river, and to whose physiognomy it bears a striking resemblance.' These Scythian characteristics of the coin-types will be easily seen from the accompanying illustration (Fig. 10). Rivers have such a distinctively local character that it is particularly easy to personify them. They often appear on coins in the form of a bull. Can the striding bull, whicli is the obverse type of an Olbian coin, be taken as a personification of the river-god ? ^^ This hardly seems likely, in view of the other series of Borysthenes coins, but the coin is apparently quite late. There is another coin, of Imperial date, which has a bull as reverse type.^^^ The series in the illustration belongs to another type, — ' a human figure, with human face and a shaggy beard, but ^" Of these coins De Koehne says, * Les demises pieces de ce type indiquent d^jk une dpoqne de decadence.' '73 Lat. i. 12, 114. ^'* Cp Herod, iv. 47 ; et seq. anr 1891. p. 338, W 388, and add: Latyschev, iv, 79. P. 44, line 4,>r Tanais. read Tom'i. P. 52, line 9, /or piece of gold work, read electrum vase. P. 52! note 185, add: Ant. du Bosp. Cimm., PI. xxxiii. P. 2SO. Iine8,>rii. 153, read n\ p. 258. P. 256, note 51, /or Real-Encycl., 1, p. 54. ^^^^ ". P- 54- P. 259, note 6s, /or Gryphon, read Gryps. VITA Gertrude Mary Hirst was born at Huddersfield, England, and was privately educated until she entered Newnham College, Cambridge, where she was awarded the Drapers' Scholarship for distinction in Latin and Greek. She took honours in the Classical Tripos, Part I, in 1890. She remained for another year of work at Newnham. and in 1891 came to America, where she taught in Louisville, Kentucky, and afterwards in New York. In 1898 she became a graduate student of Columbia University, where she received the degree of Master of Arts in 1900, and of Doctor of Philosophy in 1902. While at Columbia she was under the instruction of Professors Perry. Egbert and Earle. and of Dr. Olcott. In 1901 she was appointed Assistant in Classical Philology at Barnard College, and in 1903 was promoted to the rank of Tutor. She is a member of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, and of the American Philological Association. ^ I ;i' iJfOLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 0032202865 ••9 I'i ( Hc I \ K ill ) 11 if t •i It V v ^< - ; -o. ;> rygSW' i^^-*^ ■feAiJvA— '^■- ill