Cl)c General Contiention of 1S71. 
 
 I 
 
 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 31mefican 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE UNION 
 
 AT ITS REGULAE MEETINGS, HOY. 9th, 1871. 
 
 
 NEW YORK ; 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE AMERICAN CHURCH UNION. 
 
 1871 . 
 
REPORT, ETC. 
 
 The Council of the American Church Union, in making their 
 Report to the meeting of the Union, assembled so soon after the 
 adjournment of the General Convention of the Church, feel that 
 they are called ujjon to enter ujDon a review of the proceedings 
 of that body, especially with reference to the bearing of its 
 action upon the principles and interests which the Union is 
 established to maintain and defend. 
 
 INCREASE OE THE EPISCOPATE, ETC. 
 
 Before proceeding to remark upon the action of the Conven- 
 tion with respect to matters of controversy within the Church, 
 the Council would advert to the jiractical work accomplished in 
 the amendment of the Constitution and Canons. So far as the 
 Council are able to discover, these amendments are all of them 
 such as may under God’s blessing tend to increase the efficiency 
 of the Church’s organization, and to promote the dissemination 
 of her principles. A Constitutional amendment, now finally 
 adopted, removes some of the restrictions which formerly 
 hindered the increase of the Episcopate and the division of 
 Dioceses, substituting for those restrictions the requirement of 
 some provision for the support of the Bishop. Though the 
 Council would not be understood as giving their entire approval 
 to this latter clause of the amendment, which seems to bring into 
 undue prominence the merely financial considerations pertaining 
 to the division of Dioceses, they feel that the Union is to be 
 heartily congratulated upon the prospect of a wise development 
 of the Episcopate. The condition just referred to may possibly 
 embarrass some project for the division of a Diocese, under cir- 
 cumstances which make siich a division really necessary ; but its 
 
4 
 
 ordinary effect will be the prevention of ill-considered action, to 
 be followed by unavailing regrets. Nor can the Council fail to 
 remark that Dioceses unprovided with funds for the support of 
 their necessary institutions, the Episcopate, Missions, Schools, 
 etc., are peculiarly liable to become the prey of persons, who, 
 refusing to expend their money in sustaining the regular work 
 of the Church, are ever ready to use it in the interest of a party. 
 The increasing opportunities for Church extension are constantly 
 calling for new means of Missionary work ; and it is most grati 
 fying to see that the General Convention is ever ready to devise 
 such means. The Dioceses of Texas and California, each finding 
 its field entirely too large for the supervision of one Bishop, ap- 
 plied to have their boundaries reduced, so that the district set off 
 might become distinctly Missionary ground ; and though this 
 could not be accomplished under the present Constitution, an 
 amendment to legalize it is proposed for adoption in 1874-, and 
 meanwhile, obviously as a temporary measure, Assistant-Bish- 
 ops are to be authorized to supply the pressing needs of Episco- 
 pal ministry and supervision. In connection with this, the 
 Council call attention to the great development of the Mission- 
 ary spirit in the Church, as shown at the late meetings of the 
 Board of Missions and of the General Convention, more especial- 
 ly in regard to the Indian tribes and to the colored people at the 
 South. 
 
 SISTERHOODS, ETC. 
 
 The importance of lay co-operation, through organizations for 
 special work, whether in the education of the young, or in 
 charitable’ ministrations to the poor, the sick and the erring, or 
 in the more ordinary routine of the Church’s duty to her 
 children, seems now, more than ever before, to be recognized. 
 Not only have Sisterhoods to a great extent overcome the suspi- 
 cion with which at one time they were regarded, but there are 
 signs that men also are to have their services accejited, even if 
 not called by God to the sacred Ministry ; and the Council are , 
 informed that, chiefly through the influence of the Rev. Dr, 
 Craik, provision is now made by Canon for the employment of 
 Readers, somewhat as in the Church of England during the past 
 few years, to supplement the Ministry of tlie Clergy, and 
 make up to some extent for the lamentable deficiency in their 
 numbers. 
 
0 
 
 THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 But the work for which, probably more than for any other, the 
 Convention of 1871 will be remembered, is the thorough revi- 
 sion of the Canons upon Theological Education. Without enter- 
 ing into greater detail than would be possible in this Report, the 
 Council can only state that the effect of the new system must be 
 not only to raise the ordinary standard of requirement for ad- 
 mission to the Ministry, but to render it extremely difficult, if 
 not impossible, for unqualified persons, even in exceptional cases, 
 to be advanced to the Priesthood. The Council are persuaded 
 that the Union have cause to rejoice in this, independently of 
 the geneml considerations which must be at once apparent— the 
 greater dignity and efficiency in all departments of Church work 
 of a trained and educated Ministry, the advantage which such 
 a Ministry must give the Church in her continual controversies 
 with the ablest minds, whether on the side of Rationalism or 
 of Romanism, and the edification of our people in the faith once 
 delivered to the Saints. Beside these, the Council apprehend 
 that sound Theological Education is one of the most powerful 
 friends of those principles which the Union is more especially 
 oiganized to maintain. Uo earnest Churchman, familiar with 
 the controversies of the day, can, it is thought, have omitted to 
 notice that ignorance, and its twin-brother, prejudice, are the chief 
 opponents which obstruct the progress of Church principles on 
 every side. Were it not for these, it would seem hardly possible 
 for doctrines held and taught by a long series of honoured divines 
 in our own and our Mother Church ever since the Reformation, 
 to be- confounded with those against which that Reformation 
 was a^ protest— or for practices that can be traced to the 
 Primitive Church to be charged with symbolizing doctrines, 
 the conclusive proof of whose falsity is to be found in their hav- 
 ing been first heard of in later times. The Council firmly believe 
 that the greater number who now oppose the Church’s distinc- 
 tive principles would be converted into earnest advocates of 
 them, if they were thoroughly learned in theology and Church 
 history ; and they would therefore impress upon the members of 
 the Union the duty of doing everything in their power to pro- 
 mote the cause of education for the Holy Ministry. 
 
6 
 
 ( 
 
 the hymnal. 
 
 Several other matters connected with the legislation of the 
 Church might worthily occupy the attention of the Union, such 
 as that Canon which opens the door of hope to erring brethren 
 who have been deposed from the Ministry, and that which pro- 
 vides a regular and judical tribunal for determining differences 
 between Ministers and Congregations; but the Council will not 
 do more than mention these as the most important. The adop- 
 tion by the Convention of a new Hymnal for the use of the 
 Church, and the withdrawal of the authority formerly given to 
 the Bishops to license in their respective Dioceses hymns from 
 the collections known as Hymns Ancient and Modern and Hymns 
 for Church and Home^ seem to demand more extended remark ; 
 and the Council regret to say that there seems to have been in 
 this action a departure from the policy for which the Convention 
 was otherwise distinguished, of giving increased facilities for 
 the practical work of the Church. It is certainly very difficult 
 to see why, except upon the most narrow principles hymns used 
 during the past few years by tens of thousands of our people in 
 hundreds of churches, and found to promote true devotion and 
 the heartiness of our worship, should not be retained in the new 
 Hymnal. This, the Council regret to say, is the fact; and they 
 cannot find that in the hymns now for the first time introduced 
 there is any compensation for the loss, while some of them are 
 wholly unsuited to be used in our churches under the sanction 
 of the General Convention. At the same time, the Council 
 gratefully recognize the advance made in the new Hymnal over 
 that which has been for many years ordinarily used ; and they 
 would not be understood as expressing any opinion as to the 
 lawfulness or expediency of continuing to use Hymns Ancient 
 and Modern. Ho action upon the subject is recommended to 
 the Union; but the Council are satisfied that individual members 
 may be most usefully employed in preparing, before the next 
 General Convention, suggestions for the improvement of the 
 Hymnal, and educating the mind of the Church to adopt them. 
 
 EADICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 The Council have now to refer to the movements, so carefully 
 prepared before the late Convention, to secure changes in the 
 Prayer Book and in the system of the Church, such as the 
 
 } 
 
 / 
 
7 
 
 Union would have been bound to resist with all its power, if 
 they bad been at all likely to succeed. It will be remembered 
 that, about two years ago, nine Bishops united in an appeal to 
 their brethren in the Episcopate for the liberty to use “ alternate 
 phrases ” in the Office for Infant Baptism, Disaffected persons 
 were thus encouraged to hope that the Convention of ISYl 
 would so far yield to their demands as to weaken the witness of 
 the Church to her faith in the “ One Baptism for the Remission 
 of sms.” Certain newspapers have for three yaars kept up a 
 continual cry for changes in the Prayer Book and in the Canons, 
 to favour the views of that section in the Cimrch which repudi- 
 ates her plain principles ; and several Memorials — some of them 
 asking plainly for radical changes in the Prayer Book or in the 
 Canon regulating its use, and for the removal of the barriers 
 which keep dissenting ministers from officiating in our churches, 
 and some of them, while really intended to accomplish the same 
 object, so carefully drawn as to tempt conservative but unwary 
 Churchmen to sign them— have recently been circulated far and 
 wide throughout the Church. In the presence of this apparently 
 formidable organization to subvert Church principles, the 
 Council felt that the true strength of the American Church 
 Union was in quietness and confidence. They have, therefore, 
 presented no counter-petitions or remonstrances, and sanctioned 
 no publications to counteract the influence of the movement. 
 They felt that the mind of the Church was too firmly settled in 
 regard to these matters for any danger of radical change, and 
 that active opposition would only give an undue importance to 
 a party, whose impotence could best be demonstrated by the 
 result of its labors. As the Council look back to the Conven- 
 tion^ now past, they find the policy of the Union abundantly 
 justified. A declaration has, indeed, been put forth by the 
 Bishops ; but it may at least be doubted whether the proposi- 
 tion which it denies has ever been affirmed — the Council will not 
 say by any theologian of our communion, but by any person 
 whatever, with the exception of those who have at the same 
 time assailed the Church’s teaching. The unanimity of the 
 declaration, securing the assent of Bishops known to hold the 
 highest views of the Sacramental teaching of the Church, is the 
 answer to any possible charge that it involves a surrender or 
 compromise of the truth. Such a charge, the Council are aware, 
 IS likely to be made by two parties, not for the first time united' 
 
8 
 
 in an attack upon the true principles of the Church ; hut the 
 Council, while not called upon to consider the policy of making 
 such declarations, are confident that the position of the Church, 
 with respect to the doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration, is as 
 secure as ever before against the attack of Romanists or other 
 opponents. This concession, if it may he so called — this denial of 
 that which was never affirmed — is the sum total of the result of all 
 the agitation for revision and liberty during the last three years. 
 The Memorials which had been so laboriously circulated were 
 indeed jJresented; but the Council are informed that the venerable 
 Prelate to whom they were intrusted in the House of Bishops did 
 not even cause them to be read or referred, but moved that they 
 should be laid upon the table. In the Lower House, the Committee 
 on the Prayer Book reported that it was inexpedient to grant 
 their prayer ; and so without debate, and it would seem without 
 regret, they were consigned to their tomb in the archives of the 
 Com’^ention. They are not even to be printed in the Journal. 
 Thus ends the story of the great agitation to break down the 
 principles of the Church’s Ministry and Liturgy. The Council 
 feel that there is in it abundant cause to thank God and take 
 courage. For the future they are of opinion that the Union will 
 find it necessary to keep a careful watch upon those whose 
 efforts have thus been met; and they ai’e confirmed in their con- 
 viction of the importance of the organization, which, even by 
 the fact of its existence, ready to act at any critical moment, 
 exercises no inconsiderable influence for good. The policy of 
 the Union is not to keep itself before the public by unnecessary 
 protestations, but quietly to watch for the time when it may be 
 necessary to act. 
 
 RITUAL. 
 
 The next subject to which the Council would refer is that of 
 Ritual, and they feel that the Church may heartily congratulate 
 herself ujion the failure of all attempts to restrain her liberty in 
 this respect. The Council do not wish to be understood as op- 
 posed to well-considered, liberal and fair legislation to iiroduce 
 greater uniformity ; but, on the one hand, they conceive that the 
 present is by no means a fit time for 2iermanent and decisive 
 action, and, on the other, they are admonished, by the history of 
 the English Church, of the danger which attends any Act of Uni- 
 formity. The view which the Council hold is one in the correct- 
 
9 
 
 ness of which they are confirmed by the expressions used in the 
 Resolution finally adopted by both Houses and in the Pastoral 
 Letter. “ Ritualism is mainly a question of j.taste, temi^erament 
 and constitution, until it becomes an expression of doctrine.” As 
 such, since the tastes, temperaments and constitutions of men 
 cannot be reduced to uniformity by any known process (though, 
 as in the Roman Church, which the Council do not regard as a 
 model to be imitated, they may be rigidly repressed). Ritual is 
 only to be condemned when it expresses a false doctrine ; and 
 this the Convention, in common, the Council are assured, with 
 every member of the Union, “ decidedly condemns.” 
 
 PASTORAL LETTER — ADORATIOIf. 
 
 The Council jwoceed in conclusion to remark upon the Pastoral 
 Letter ; and they do so with profound reverence and submis- 
 sion. As connected with what has just been said, they would 
 first direct the attention of the Union to the passage of which the 
 first words have been already quoted. It is there said that the 
 objectionable doctrine expressed by certain Ritualism is that of 
 the adoration of the elements in the Holy Eucharist. The Coun- 
 cil are quite aware that the passage in question may be claimed 
 (on both sides, as they have already remarked in regard to the 
 declaration on the force of the word regenerate as a condemna- 
 tion ot the adoration of our Blessed Lord as spiritually present in 
 the Eucharist ; but the Council, after carefully perusing the par- 
 agraph in question, consider themselves amply justified in re-as- 
 suring the members of the Union upon this point. The “ awful 
 error” spoken of is the adoration of“ the elements themselves; ” 
 and Ritual acts intended to set forth the doctrine of Eucharistic 
 adoration, in the sense which implies no such error, are only dis- 
 couraged on account of their being liable to misconstruction. 
 Otherwise the Bishops would, to adopt the language' of Sir R. 
 J. Phillimore in pronouncing the judgmentof the highest Ecclesi- 
 astical Court in England, have “passed sentence upon a long roll 
 of illustrious divines, from Ridley to Keble — from the divine 
 whose martyrdom the Cross at Oxford commemorates, to the 
 divine in whose honour that University has just founded her latest 
 College.” 
 
 DUTY OF MODERATION AND SUBMISSION. 
 
 If the Council are correct in the view which they have taken 
 of this part of the Pastoral Letter, we have in this only one of 
 
10 
 
 those cautions which it seems to he the peculiar province of the 
 Bishops to address to the Church, and which should certainly he 
 reverently heeded, even if the danger to which they are directed 
 he not apparently very formidable. The same i-emark applies to 
 what is said in the Pastoral of the suj)posed tendency to Saint- 
 worship and to the undue use of Confession. While the Council 
 are not advised of any Ritual or teaching hy any of the members 
 of the Union, which would have been interfered with by the j)as- 
 sage of either of the Canons adopted by the House of Bishops, 
 or which would be condemned by the Pastoral Letter, they deem 
 it their duty to call upon all whom they may influence to con- 
 sider, whether, at least, they may not have caused their good to 
 be evil spoken by unwise acts or words, and they appeal most 
 strongly to all their members to avoid such for the future. The 
 Council might be considered as exceeding their oflice if they were 
 to express any opinion on controverted questions of doctrine; but 
 they cannot refrain from the suggestion that since the kneeling 
 prescribed by the Rubric, and recommended by the House of 
 Bishops to be the posture of those not necessarily occupied during 
 the Communion of the people, is a sufficient expression of adora- 
 tion to our dear Lord, more pronounced devotion, if liable to be 
 misinterpreted to His dishonour, may well be refrained from. 
 And as regards all matters of Ritual, the Council confidently 
 ho]3e that such a prudent and conciliatory course^may be adopted 
 as to disarm those who would attack Church principles through 
 their outward expression, “ to cut off occasion from such as seek 
 occasion,” “that he that is of the contrary part maybe ashamed, 
 having no evil thing to say of us.” 
 
 POSITIVE TEACHING — THE SACRAMENTS. 
 
 Bnt in conclusion, the Council feel that they and the Union 
 have abundant cause for thankfulness and satisfaction in the 
 positive teaching of the Pastoral, reaffirming the teaching of our 
 Book of Common Prayer, upon points whei-e some have attempted 
 to obscure it. We are taught indeed no new doctrine, but in times 
 of conflict there is need that the trumpet be blown, and with no 
 uncertain sound. If there be, perhaps, some appearance of weak- 
 ness on the side where the Bishops conceive that there is danger 
 of attack, there is certainly no such appearance on that side 
 where they lead forth the Church to battle. We are taught to 
 regard baptized children as taken up into the arms of Christ, 
 
11 
 
 and made God’s own children by adoption and grace, and heirs 
 of God, to be tiained and educated as such. The spiritual 
 Presence of our dear Lord in the Holy Communion ” is fully re- 
 cognized, and the objects of that Sacrament are declared to be 
 
 first, the memorial before God ot the One Sacrifice for sins for- 
 ever; and secondly, the strengthening and refreshing the souls of 
 the faithful,” The very inadequate conception of the Eucharist, 
 simply as a means of keeping the sufferings and death of Christ 
 in remembrance among His people, is thus put entirely out of 
 view. 
 
 CONPESSIOIV. 
 
 Nor do the Council fail to observe a similar distinctness of 
 positive teaching in regard to private Confession ; and they hope 
 that the teaching of the Pastoral Letter may have the effect of 
 quieting the minds of those good people, who have been afraid 
 of the very name. We are taught that “ whenever a human 
 soul is possessed of a searching and sincere repentance, and a 
 longing after a deeper spiritual life, there come also with these 
 things a keener sense of the exceeding sinfulness of sin and a 
 desiie for an authoritative assurance of forgiveness.” The 
 Church, we are fiM-ther told, “permits and offers to her children 
 the opening of their griefs in private to some Minister of God’s 
 word.” She “offers and coinmends this privilege to those of her 
 children who cannot quiet their own consciences by self-examin- 
 ation, and immediate confession to God, with faith in Christ 
 repentance and restitution.” Though such words are much the 
 same as those contained in our Prayer Book, the Council trust 
 that they may fall upon some ears with renewed force ; and they 
 feel themselves fully justified, while they urge dutiful submission 
 to the warnings of our Fathers in God, in dwelling with peculiar 
 emphasis upon their positive teaching, which proves that they 
 and the body of Churchmen belonging to our XJnion are one in 
 all great principles of Christian doctrine. 
 
 PEACE AND UNION. 
 
 Such godly union and concord the Council feel that it is the 
 duty of all Churchmen, as it is also a great object of our Society, 
 to strive for, by the firm, uncompromising and yet kind and con- 
 ciliatory assertion of the distinctive principles of the Church ; 
 and the Convention just closed, notwithstanding all the warmth 
 
12 
 
 of its debates, and the wide differences of opinions which existed 
 in it, cannot, the Council think, but strengthen our faith in its 
 final attainment. The meeting together in one Council and 
 round one Altar of all the Bishops from every part of our 
 land, with the Bishops of Lichfield and of Nassau, worthy repre- 
 sentatives of the English and of the Colonial Episcopate, with so 
 many of the Clergy of the same Church, and the clerical and 
 lay deputies from all the forty Dioceses of our whole country, 
 including not a few of the members of this Union, is the visible 
 demonstration of the greatness and. unity of our Church, and 
 the assurance that by faith and charity, by each one doing his 
 part in the great work committed to us by God, firmly main- 
 taining the truth, manfully battling against sin, denying self for 
 Christ, forbearing one another in love, and submitting ourselves 
 to the law of the Chiu’ch, and to the wise counsels of those set 
 over us in the Lord, we may prosper as we have not before, and 
 eventually secure the triumph, in the Church and Nation, of 
 those principles which we believe to be Scriptural, Primitive and 
 Catholic. 
 
 By Order of the Council, 
 
 S. R. JOHNSON, D.D. 
 
 President. 
 
 New York, November Qth, ISYl. 
 
Whereas, Continued attacks, arising from grave misapprehension, 
 have recently been made upon the American Branch of the Confrater- 
 nity of the Blessed Sacrament ; 
 
 And, Whereas, The language of those Associates of the C. B. S., 
 whose communications have been published, has, on highly important 
 points, been perverted, and held up as expressing what was neither ex- 
 pressed nor to be implied, and as indicating designs and action on the 
 part of the American Branch of the C. B. S. which are not true ; 
 
 And, Whereas, It is due to our Right Reverend Fathers the Bishops, 
 and to our Brethren the Clergy and Laity, whose minds may have been 
 influenced by the above named attacks, that they should be officially cer- 
 tified of the incorrectness of the charges made ; 
 
 Therefore, Resolved, That we place on record the following state- 
 ment, namely ; 
 
 I. That it is justice to the American Branch of the C. B. S. that a 
 distinction be made between the personal acts, words or designs of any 
 individuals who may be Associates of the C. B. S. and the acts, words or 
 designs of the Confraternity as an organization. And that any unauthor- 
 ized acts, words, or designs of the former, if any there have been or 
 are yet to be, should not be charged to the latter. 
 
 II. That the American Branch of the C. B. S. is not and never 
 has been a Secret Society. 
 
 < 
 
 HI. That the American Branch of theC. B. S. did not interfere in 
 any manner whatever with the late Episcopal election in Massachusetts ; 
 that it was not organized for the purpose of mingling at all in Church 
 politics ; that it has not so mingled at any time ; and that as a Confra- 
 ternity it is wholly averse to ecclesiastical or any other intrigue. 
 
 IV. That the members of the American Branch of the C. B. S are 
 not associated for any other purpose than solely and strictly to promote 
 the Objects,” and conform to the “ Rules ” ,set down in the Manual of 
 the Confraternity, which are as follows, viz : 
 

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