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THE MORTALITY 
 
 FROM CANCER THROUGHOUT 
 
 THE WORLD 
 
 FREDERICK L. HOFFMAN, LL.D., 
 
 F.S.S., F.A.S.A. 
 
 Statistician The Prudential Insurance Company of America; Chairman Com- 
 mittee on Statistics, American Society for the Control of Cancer; Member 
 American Association for Cancer Research; Associate Fellow American 
 Medical Association; Associate Member American Academy 
 of Medicine, etc., etc. 
 
 Newark, New Jersey 
 
 THE PRUDENTIAL PRESS 
 1915 
 
(riven by Fjitlixh^r. 
 
 MAY I 5 M« 
 
 Copyright, 1916 
 
 By THE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 OF AMERICA 
 
 Newark, New Jebset 
 
 ■RCt-GI 
 
 Copu 
 
TO 
 
 The American Society for the 
 Control of Cancer 
 
 AND 
 
 The American Association for 
 Cancer Research 
 
FREDERICK L. HOFFMAN jHE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 STATISTICIAN 
 
 OF AMERICA 
 HOME OFFICE, NEWARK. NEW JERSEY 
 
 May 10, 1915. 
 Mr. Forrest F. Dryden, President. 
 Dear Mr. Dryden: 
 
 Nearly two years ago an invitation was extended to me by the 
 president of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, Dr. Edward J. Ill, of 
 Newark, to address that society on some subject of my own selection. 
 After careful consideration I agreed upon a discussion of "The Menace of 
 Cancer," as in the light of our own experience perhaps the most important 
 medical problem demanding special attention along lines of public 
 and individual control. This subject had for some years past been 
 given more or less consideration as one of increasing significance in life 
 insurance medicine, best emphasized in the statement that at ages forty- 
 five and over, in our Ordinary experience of 1914, 9.6 per cent, of the 
 deaths of males and 18.6 per cent, of the deaths of females were the 
 result of malignant disease. 
 
 The address was delivered on March 26, 1913, and subsequently, 
 upon the urgent invitation of the American Gynecological Society, was, 
 with many additions and new illustrations, brought before that im- 
 portant body, at a meeting held in Washington on May 7, 1913. 
 Some time previous, however, steps had been taken to develop 
 an organized effort for a nation-wide educational cancer movement, 
 and accordingly, on May 22, 1913, the American Society for the Con- 
 trol of Cancer was formed. This association has since become an in- 
 fluential body, aiming primarily at the widest possible dissemination 
 of the salient facts of the cancer problem and the clear recognition on the 
 part of the public of the supreme importance of the earliest possible 
 diagnosis and the qualified treatment of the disease in its initial stage. 
 The public aspects of the cancer question are best emphasized in the 
 statement that the mortality from cancer in the Continental United 
 States now exceeds 80,000 per annum, and that the rate of mortality 
 from this disease is increasing approximately 2.5 per cent, per annum. 
 A considerable proportion of the mortality is, in part at least, directly 
 attributable to public ignorance and neglect of known measures and 
 means by which the mortality can be materially reduced. 
 
 In the organization of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 I was honored with the position of Chairman of the Committee on Sta- 
 tistics. The additional members of this Committee are Dr. James 
 Ewing of the Cornell Medical School, New York City, and Dr. Joseph C. 
 Bloodgood of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. The Committee 
 has given extended consideration to many important statistical ques- 
 tions; but it was early realized that the efforts of the Society would be 
 materially advanced by a concise presentation of the statistical evidence 
 regarding cancer frequency throughout the United States and the re- 
 mainder of the civilized world. The need of trustworthy statistical 
 information was especially realized in connection with the work of local 
 committees and the nation-wide effort to place the salient facts of the 
 existing cancer situation before the public in a readily comprehended 
 form. In aid of this educational propaganda I have had occasion to 
 
address many such meetings throughout the country, and naturally in 
 each and every case my own observations and conclusions were chiefly 
 sustained by an appeal to the actual facts of cancer occurrence in the 
 locality or sections in which the meetings were held. 
 
 A large amount of exceptionally useful statistical information was thus 
 brought together, and since the material would unquestionably be of 
 great practical value, not only to those directly interested in cancer 
 education, but also to the medical profession generally and to specialists 
 engaged in cancer research, it seemed but a pubhc duty on our part to 
 make the data more generally accessible to the public at large. The 
 suggestion was therefore brought to your attention, and you were good 
 enough to approve of my recommendation that a work of this character 
 should be published by The Prudential, as perhaps the most substantial 
 aid to be rendered by the Company in the furtherance of the cause of 
 cancer control. The broadening of the plan and scope of the original 
 inquiry has expanded the work into one of considerable size, but the 
 general usefulness of the results has thereby been proportionately in- 
 creased. 
 
 The entire matter is now resubmitted to you for your final approval, 
 with the suggestion that the work be dedicated to the American Society 
 for the Control of Cancer and the American Association for Cancer 
 Research. It is further recommended that the work be made available 
 for gratuitous distribution, with the compliments of The Prudential, to 
 medical libraries, members of the medical and surgical professions, and 
 to all others especially interested in the cancer cause and the problem 
 of cancer control. 
 
 In conclusion, I make use of this opportunity to express to you my 
 sincere personal appreciation of the broad-minded position which The 
 Prudential has taken in this as well as many other questions relating to 
 the activities of health-promoting agencies. In the furtherance of 
 nation-wide efforts to reduce mortality and to prolong the duration 
 of human life we have frequently been able to render scientific assistance 
 of practical and permanent value. I feel sure, however, that whatever 
 we may have done in the past, especially as regards our cooperation in 
 the campaign against tuberculosis; in the prevention of industrial 
 accidents; and in the gradual reduction of the mortality from acute 
 infectious diseases of infancy, etc., the service which the present publi- 
 cation will render in the world-wide quest for the whole truth of the 
 cancer problem and the effective control of malignant disease is certain 
 to prove the most substantial of all. 
 
 I remain very truly yours. 
 
 Approved : 
 
 Statistician. 
 
 / President. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The practical importance of cancer to life insurance companies is 
 precisely shown in the statement that out of 5,529 deaths from all 
 causes in the Ordinary experience of The Prudential during 1914, 416 
 deaths, or 7.5 per cent., were from malignant disease, or 6.4 per cent, 
 of the mortality of males and 12.0 per cent, of the mortality of females. 
 Limited to ages forty-five and over, the Ordinary experience of the 
 Company for the year 1914 shows that of the deaths of males 9.6 per 
 cent, were from cancer, against 18.6 per cent, of the mortality of females. 
 Cancer was the third most important cause of death among males at 
 ages forty-five and over, and the leading cause of death in the corre- 
 sponding mortality of insured women. The exceptional importance, 
 therefore, of the cancer problem to life insurance companies will not be 
 called into question by any one familiar with the general facts of the 
 cancer situation and aware of the lamentable truth that there are now 
 annually over 80,000 deaths from malignant disease in the Continental 
 United States and that the disease is increasing at the approximate rate 
 of 2.5 per cent, per annum. If the present rate of increase continues un- 
 checked, the annual cancer mortality in the Continental United States 
 will soon exceed 100,000 ! 
 
 The present work is primarily intended to facilitate the statistical 
 study of the cancer problem throughout the world. On account of the 
 exceptional facilities for statistical inquiry available through the library 
 of The Prudential and the hearty cooperation of oflScials of the Federal 
 Government, the several states and many foreign countries, a large 
 amount of entirely new information is made conveniently accessible 
 to the student of the cancer problem, to the medical profession and to 
 the general public. The main results of the investigation may be 
 summed up in the brief but extremely suggestive statement that the 
 actual frequency of malignant disease throughout the civilized world has 
 been ascertained to be much more of a menace to the ivelfare of mankind 
 than has generally been assumed to be the case, and thai in contrast to a 
 marked decline in the general death rate, cancer remains one of the few 
 diseases actually and 'persistently on the increase in practically all of the 
 countries and large cities for which trustworthy data are obtainable. 
 
 In a work of this kind minor errors are, naturally, not entirely avoid- 
 able, but a special effort has been made to reduce the chances of clerical 
 mistakes to a minimum by several thorough and independent revisions 
 of the numerous statistical tables appended to the text. Wherever 
 practicable the source of the information used is indicated, and full 
 credit has been given to authors quoted or consulted, aside from a fairly 
 complete bibliography, limited to works actually made use of, nearly all 
 of which are in the library of The Prudential. It would be quite impos- 
 sible to make mention by name of all the many correspondents through- 
 out the world, government officials, officers of life insurance companies, 
 and others, who have most courteously and considerately rendered 
 
PREFACE 
 
 valuable aid and without whose aid the results of this investigation 
 would have been materially diminished in practical utility. Among 
 those, however, who have rendered exceptionally useful personal assis- 
 tance, mention should be made of Lieutenant-Colonel C. E. McCul- 
 loch, Jr., Librarian of the Surgeon-General's Library, Dr. Cressy L. 
 Wilbur, former Chief Statistician for Vital Statistics of the United 
 States Census, and Mr. R. C. Lappin, the acting chief of that office, 
 Dr. Joseph C. Bloodgood, Dr. Thomas S. CuUen, Dr. James Ewing, Dr. 
 H, R. Gaylord, Dr. Edward J. Ill, Dr. William L. Rodman, Dr. Harry 
 M. Sherman, Dr. J. H. Wainwright, Dr. Francis Carter Wood and Dr. 
 W. A. Jaquith, Medical Director of The Prudential. 
 
 All of the statistical tabulations and supplementary calculations have 
 been made in our office under my immediate direction and supervision; 
 but efficient and valuable assistance has been rendered by Mr. Frederick S. 
 Crum, Ph. D., Assistant Statistician of The Prudential, who has carefully 
 revised the entire proof, and provided a complete index, by authors and 
 subjects. Among the clerks deserving of mention are IMr. Roy F. Ed- 
 wards, who has revised and corrected the statistical tables for the United 
 States and its subdivisions, Mr. Knud Stoumann, wlio has had entire 
 charge of the foreign tables, Mr. Thomas J. Garvey, who has made the 
 final general revision of rates and ratios, and Mr. Edwin E. A. Fisher, 
 who has drawn the twenty-one charts illustrating the salient facts of 
 the cancer problem. The bibliography is largely the work of Miss 
 Adelaide S. Rinck. The printing of the work by the Prudential Press 
 has involved many technical problems and an unusual demand for 
 painstaking attention to minute details in the corrections and final 
 proofreading of the text and tables. These difficulties were successfully 
 overcome through the efficient assistance and hearty cooperation of 
 Messrs. J. W. McLaughlin, C. E. Lund and J. J. Macbride, of our 
 Printing Department. The artistic design of the charts is the work 
 of INIr. Edwin S. Fancher. 
 
 The work is divided into nine chapters, to all but one of which there is 
 an appendix of forms or tables, which, as a matter of convenience, have 
 been placed together at the end of the volume. Chapter I, on The 
 Statistical Method in Medicine, is amplified by an appendix of the 
 principal cancer classifications, past and present, used in standard text- 
 books and in the compilation of international cancer mortality statistics. 
 This appendix also includes a useful classification of accessible, inaccessi- 
 ble and intermediate malignant tumors, as recommended by the Im- 
 perial Cancer Research Fund. Chapter II, on The Statistical Basis of 
 Cancer Research, is a brief discussion of the fundamental statistical facts 
 available for analysis, enlarged by an appendix of the blanks and certifi- 
 cates used in connection with cancer mortality investigations and special 
 research, including the question form for cancer census purposes recom- 
 mended by the International Association and the special blanks for 
 supplementary inquiries into the facts and circumstances connected with 
 the occurrence of cancer of the uterus, mammary cancer, gastric cancer 
 and cancer of the buccal cavity, adopted and recommended by the Statis- 
 tical Committee of the American Society for the Control of Cancer, in 
 cooperation with the General jNIemorial Hospital of the City of New 
 
PREFACE 
 
 York. Chapter III, on The Increase in Cancer, is an extended discus- 
 sion of the general problem of the observed upward tendency of the can- 
 cer death rate throughout the world. The required statistical evidence 
 in support of the conclusion that cancer is actually and not only appar- 
 ently on the increase is, however, included in the appendices to the 
 several chapters on the geographical incidence of cancer in the United 
 States and foreign countries. The Mortality from Cancer in Different 
 Occupations is discussed in Chapter IV, with an appendix of eight 
 tables of the mortality from cancer in selected industries and employ- 
 ments, derived from the decennial reports of the Registrar-General 
 of England and Wales, but rearranged and recalculated for the present 
 purpose. In addition, the appendix includes cancer mortality data 
 by occupations, derived from the Industrial mortality experience 
 of The Prudential and the cancer census of Hungary. Chapter V 
 presents an extended discussion of Cancer as a Problem in Life Insurance 
 Medicine, historically and practically considered, with an appendix of 
 121 tables, including a concise and uniform presentation of the 
 general cancer experience data of a large number of American and 
 foreign life insurance companies and the collective results of the Medico- 
 Actuarial Mortality Investigation. Chapter VI, on The Geographical 
 Incidence of Cancer Throughout the World, brings out forcibly the wide 
 range in the cancer frequency rates of different countries and cities with 
 widely varying circumstances of race, climate, habits, etc., all of which 
 are shown to have an important bearing upon the cancer problem as a 
 whole. Included in this chapter are the results of a special analysis of 
 the data collected by the New York State Institute for the Study of 
 Malignant Disease concerning the primary seat of growth, probable 
 cause, the personal and family history, etc. The information is made 
 available for the first time through the courtesy of the Director of the 
 Institute, who placed the original material at our disposition for tabula- 
 tion and analysis. The principal tables of the appendix to this chapter 
 show the facts of cancer mortality according to latitude, size of cities and 
 the local rates of incidence by organs and parts of the body for thirteen 
 representative countries throughout the world. In Chapter VII, on The 
 Statistical Data of Cancer Frequency in American States and Cities, 
 the rate of cancer occurrence throughout the United States is discussed 
 at some length, and amplified by an appendix of 259 tables of cancer 
 mortality for the registration area and for the several states and 
 cities in a uniform manner and with a due regard, as far as practicable, 
 to the elements of age, sex, race, organs and parts, etc. Chapter VIII 
 presents the corresponding information on The Statistical Data of 
 Cancer Frequency in Foreign Countries, with an appendix of 389 
 tables for countries other than the United States, Chapter IX 
 concludes the results of the statistical inquiry with Some General 
 Observations and Conclusions on the Cancer Problem. This is a 
 general discussion of practically all the more or less controversial aspects 
 of the cancer question, with a first regard, however, to sociological, 
 anthropological and general scientific consideration. The observations 
 are included as a matter of convenience to aid those who wish to make 
 practical use of the statistical information, and they are not to be 
 
PREFACE 
 
 construed as a final expression of qualified medical opinion regarding any 
 or all of the controversial aspects of the world-wide quest for the whole 
 truth of the cancer problem. The appendix to this chapter includes 
 reprints of suggestive educational circulars used in connection with the 
 nation-wide propaganda for cancer control under the auspices of the 
 American Society for the Control of Cancer, etc. 
 
 The cancer question is as old as the history of medicine, and the 
 literature of oncology in all its branches is enormous. Regardless, how- 
 ever, of all that has been written and said upon the subject, there can 
 never come a time when the field of statistical inquiry will be exhausted. 
 Verifiable progress in the direction of health and longevity requires the 
 use of the statistical method, impartially applied to the subject under 
 consideration. Cancer is apparently the most involved and practically 
 difficult problem in the entire science and art of medicine and surgery. 
 An army of men of the highest order of intelligence have been at work 
 for many years in quest of the cancer cause and a cancer cure. Statistics, 
 it is true, is but an auxiliary science, but it is one of great promise in the 
 furtherance of medical research; for, after all, the study of collective 
 phenomena, regardless of innumerable possibilities of error or false 
 conclusions, provides the only trustworthy means of determining with 
 approximate accuracy the existing amount of disease and the apparent 
 tendency towards improvement or deterioration, as the case may be. 
 It is readily to be conceded that the data are often faulty or incomplete, 
 but this is not a fatal objection. The betterment of our vital statistics 
 requires the cooperation of the medical profession, life insurance com- 
 panies, public health officials and all others directly or indirectly 
 interested in the prolongation of life and the prevention of disease. In 
 proportion as the practical utility of vital statistics is better understood 
 and more generally appreciated, the required perfection of fundamental 
 mortality data will be brought nearer to the attainable ideal. 
 
 The results of the present investigation emphatically prove the im- 
 perative need of uniformity in the rules of statistical practice and the 
 adoption of standard forms and blanks for cancer inquiries. The main 
 shortcomings of the investigation are attributable to the want of uni- 
 formity in methods of classification and the more or less abbreviated 
 presentation of the original facts provided by the death certificate. It is 
 sincerely to be hoped that the results, inadequate as they are, will suggest 
 the necessity for an international agreement regarding general con- 
 formity to the best methods at present in use. Such an improvement can 
 be brought about only by the cooperation of all who are directly and im- 
 partially interested in cancer study and cancer research. Until the 
 ideal is attained and uniform methods of classification and completeness 
 of records are secured for all the countries of the civilized world, the 
 present work will at least serve the purpose of having made the existing 
 statistical facts of cancer frequency available in a convenient form. In 
 its final analysis, the essential requirement is not the absolute truth, but 
 the approximate or relative truth. For all practical purposes the latter 
 is fully sufficient, and serves as a safe and satisfactory guide in all the 
 ordinary affairs of life. Conceding frankly the inherent defects and 
 shortcomings of existing statistical data and present-day methods of 
 
PREFACE 
 
 statistical tabulation and analysis, it would seem to be an entirely safe 
 assumption that, in the main, the general conclusions based upon the 
 available statistics of human mortality throughout the world are ap- 
 proximately correct and trustworthy in the advancement of the aims and 
 ideals of a world-wide associate effort at the prolongation of life and the 
 prevention of disease. It is therefore to be hoped that the present work 
 may render substantial assistance toward the attainment of this purpose, 
 that it may lighten the labor of those in need of statistical data re- 
 quired in other lines of specialized cancer research, that it may emphasize 
 concretely and conclusively the truly tremendous social and economic 
 importance of malignant disease as a cause of death in adult life, and 
 that it may accelerate the effort to disseminate the whole truth regarding 
 this insidious afHiction among the general public and emphasize the 
 supreme necessity for early diagnosis and early qualified medical or 
 surgical treatment. If the investigation contributes measurably towards 
 the realization of these aims and ideals, the results, though at first quite 
 general in their nature, must ultimately react favorably upon the vast 
 business of life insurance companies, which are primarily and preemi- 
 nently interested, on behalf of their policyholders, in any and all measures 
 aiming at the deliberate prevention and control of disease and the 
 highest attainable average duration of human life. 
 
 F. L. H. 
 
 Newark, N. J., May 2, 1915. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Chapter I page 
 
 The Statistical Method in Medicine 1 
 
 Sources of Statistics — Principles of Analysis — Terminology — Difficulties of 
 Diagnosis — Early History — Past and Present Methods of Classification — 
 Natural History of Cancer — Standardized Death Rates — Function of Age and 
 Senility — Ethnic Factors — Question of Cancer Increase — Death Certification 
 and Classification. 
 
 Chapter II 
 
 The Statistical Basis of Cancer Research 21 
 
 Limitations of Statistical Analysis — Difficulties of Precise Classification — Early 
 Observations on Cancer Statistics — Need of an Exhaustive Study — Uniform 
 Methods of Tabulation and Analysis — ^Recognition of Cancer — Lnportance 
 of Microscopical Research. 
 
 Chapter III 
 
 The Increase in Cancer 28 
 
 Early Mortality from Cancer in London — Causes of Local Variations — Argu- 
 ment by King and Newsholme — Statistics of Frankfurt a/M. — Increase in 
 Cancer by Organs and Parts — Utility of a Cancer Census — Cancer among 
 Primitive Races — Statistical Problems of Erroneous Diagnosis — Evidence of 
 Cancer Increase throughout the World — Misleading Statistical Observations 
 — Useless Controversies — Trustworthiness of American MortaHty Statistics — 
 Contributory Causes of Death in Cancer — Continued Increase ia Cancer 
 Frequency — Pubhc Menace of Ignorance and Indifference, 
 
 Chapter IV 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Different Occupations 48 
 
 Review of the Literature on Cancer in Relation to Occupation — Cancer in the 
 Patent-fuel Industry — Pitch Ulceration and Paraffin Cancer — Occupational 
 Incidence — Alcoholism — Prisons and Asylums — Petroleum Industry — Malig- 
 nant Disease of the Lungs in JVIiners — Gardening and Agriculture — Cancer 
 among Paraffin-workers — Brewers — Furriers and Skinners — Seamen — Tia- 
 plate-workers — Lead-workers — Rubber-workers — Chemical-workers — X-ray 
 Workers — Cancer and Exposure to Light — Cancer in the Synthetic-dye 
 Industry — Occupational MortaHty Statistics — Life Insurance Experience — 
 Foreign Statistical Investigations — Requirements of Scientific Statistical 
 Research. 
 
 Chapter V 
 
 Cancer as a Problem in Life Insurance Medicine 77 
 
 Cancer in the Literature of Life Insurance Medicine — Early Life Insurance 
 Experience Data — Discussion of Scottish Widows' Fund Experience — 
 Observations Regarding Cancer Increase — ^Experience of American Life Insur- 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ance Companies — German and Austrian Insurance Experience — Medico- 
 Actuarial Investigation — Family History — Effect of Build and Conjugal Con- 
 dition — Cancer of Breast and Generative Organs among Single and Married 
 Women — Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of America — 
 Cancer as a Life Insurance Problem. 
 
 Chapter VI 
 
 The Geographical Incidence of Cancer Throughout the World .... 104 
 
 Problems of Geographical Pathologj' — Recent International Statistics — Cancer 
 Frequency throughout the World — Distribution of Cancer in the United 
 States — Local Variations in Cancer Occurrence — Mortality from Biliary 
 Calculi and Tumors of the Uterus and Ovaries — Increase in Cancer, by Organs 
 and Parts, and by Age and Sex — -MortaUty by Season — Statistics of the New 
 York State Pathological Institute — Pre\'ious Duration of Malignant Disease — 
 Family History and Heredity — Primary Seat of Growth, Probable Causes, and 
 Personal Historj' — Geographical Pathology of Cancer by Specified Organs 
 and Parts, throughout the World. 
 
 Chapter VII 
 
 The Statistical Data of Cancer Frequency in American States and 
 
 Cities 126 
 
 Limitations of Crude Statistics — Progressive Increase in the Cancer Death 
 Rate — Mortality in Large American Cities — Sources of Errors — Range in 
 Cancer Death Rates — Comparative Mortality Rates by Organs and Parts — 
 Comparative Mortality Rates by Age, Sex and Race — Cancer among Mexicans. 
 
 Chapter VIII 
 
 The Statistical Data of Cancer Frequency in Foreign Countries . . 133 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality Rates for Europe — Africa — Asia — Australasia — 
 Western Hemisphere — Limitations of International Statistics — Cancer a 
 World-\N-ide Menace — Effect of Latitude and Longitude, and of Size of Cities 
 — Comparative Death Rates of American and European Cities. 
 
 Chapter IX 
 Some General Observations and Conclusions on the Cancer Problem 146 
 
 Cancer among Primitive Races — Cancer among the Jews — North American 
 Indians — Gypsies — Determinable Factors of Cancer Frequency — Age and 
 SeniHty — Physical Condition — Growth and Development — Precancerous 
 Lesions — Gastric Ulcers and Gall-stones — Uterine Cancer — Early Diagnosis 
 — Hospital Statistics — PubUc Institutions — Soldiers' Homes — Surgical 
 Aspects — Problem of Recurrence — Duration of Disease — Degree of Ma- 
 lignancj — Clinical Signs — Anaemia — Prognosis — Heredity — Overnutrition — 
 Metabolic Disorders — Vegetarianism — Diet — Civilization — Theory of Atra 
 Bills — Biochemical Aspects — Goitre — Thyroid Carcinoma — Obesity — Alcohol 
 — Smoking — Gall-stones and Chronic Irritation — Tuberculosis — Sj^jhilis — 
 Rheumatism — Gout — Diabetes — Appendicitis — Parasitic Theory — Cancer 
 Houses and Villages — Cancer a Deux or Marital Infection — Surgical Infection 
 — Worry — Insanity — Need of Educational Campaign in Methods of Control 
 — Restatement of Conclusions and Results. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 L/HARTS PAGE 
 
 1 International Statistics of Cancer Mortality, 1908-1912 224 
 
 2 Comparative Cancer Mortality in American and Foreign Cities 22G 
 
 3 International Cancer Mortality by Organs and Parts 228 
 
 4 Cancer Mortality by Age and Organs or Parts, 1903-1912, 
 
 United States Registration Area 230 
 
 5 Cancer Mortality by Sex and Age, 1901 and 1911, United States 
 
 Registration States of 1900 232 
 
 6 Comparative Cancer Mortality of Southern Cities, by Race . . . 234 
 
 7 Cancer Mortality of Maryland, by Race 236 
 
 8 " " United States Registration Area 238 
 
 9 " " England and Wales 240 
 
 10 " " Ireland 242 
 
 11 " " Holland 244 
 
 12 " " Bavaria 246 
 
 13 " " Switzerland 248 
 
 14 " " Italy 250 
 
 15 " " Japan 252 
 
 16 " " Australia 254 
 
 17 " " Uruguay 256 
 
 18 " " New York City 258 
 
 19 " " London 260 
 
 20 " " Prudential Industrial Experience 262 
 
 21 Cancer Fatality Rate, The Johns Hopkins Hospital 264 
 
 Appendices 
 
 A Tumor Classifications 267 
 
 B Cancer Records, Inquiry Blanks and Forms 284 
 
 C Mortality from Cancer in Different Occupations 305 
 
 D Cancer Mortality Statistics of Life Insurance Companies 316 
 
 E International Cancer Mortality by Latitude, Size of Cities and 
 
 Specified Organs and Parts 402 
 
 F Part I — Cancer Statistics of the United States Reg. Area. . . . 418 
 
 Part II — Cancer Statistics, States and Cities of United States . . 450 
 
 G Cancer Statistics of Foreign Countries 582 
 
 H Recommendations and Instructions on the Control of Cancer 776 
 
 Bibliography 787 
 
 Index of Authors 807 
 
 Index of Subjects 811 
 
A STATISTICAL SURVEY OF THE MORTALITY FROM 
 CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 THE STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 Sources of Statistics — ^Principles of Analysis — Terminology — ^Difficulties of Diagnosis — 
 Early History — Past and Present Methods of Classification — Natural History of Can- 
 cer — Standardized Death Rates — ^Function of Age and SeniHty — Ethnic Factors — 
 Question of Cancer Increase — Death Certification and Classification. 
 
 Within the vast range of collective phenomena there are few more in- 
 teresting subjects for statistical analysis than cancer, or what is, perhaps, 
 more appropriately termed the science of ojicology, which comprehends 
 tumors of all kinds, whether malignant or benign or ill-defined. The 
 mortality from tumors has at all times attracted considerable attention, 
 and even some of the earliest contributions to the scientific study of 
 cancer include statistical observations derived from general mortality 
 or hospital records. If the mortahty from cancer were a constant 
 quantity, it would be a foregone conclusion that the ascertainment of 
 the underlying causes or conditioning circumstances of cancer frequency 
 would defy analysis. Since the cancer death rate throughout the world 
 is subject to a very considerable variation, it is equally obvious that 
 the underlying causes or conditioning circumstances must vary to an 
 equal degree, and therefore come within the range at first of scientific 
 conjecture and at last of scientific conclusiveness. It is for these 
 reasons that the statistical method in medicine has been of such 
 exceptionally practical value when applied with skill and impartiality 
 to the study of questions unusually involved because of the innumerable 
 factors u'nderlying observed phenomena more or less indefinitely 
 termed disease and death. Statistics is chiefly an auxiliary method in 
 connection with scientific inquiries; but it is none the less necessary to 
 caution the inexperienced against the use of a method or science which 
 on its own account requires as much study and consideration, and as 
 much practical experience, as medicine or surgery or both com- 
 bined. The liability to error in the correct interpretation of collective 
 phenomena subjected to critical analysis is fully as great as the chances 
 of mistakes in medical or surgical diagnosis. The practical value of 
 the statistical method in medicine, however, is now fully recognized by 
 the foremost authorities on medicine, surgery, biology and public 
 health and the method has the sanction of many years of extensive 
 teaching experience. The use of statistical data in the consideration 
 of medical and sanitary problems has therefore become practically in- 
 dispensable. The broadening sphere of medicine, which now includes 
 a vast system of public health administration and the medical education 
 of the general public in matters of personal hygiene, more than ever 
 suggests the importance of extreme care and caution in the use of the 
 statistical method, which alone, however, provides the means of arriving 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 at approximately accurate conclusions regarding the relative degree 
 of frequency of different diseases and the apparent tendency of particular 
 diseases to increase or diminish, in proportion to the population afifected. 
 
 Difficulties of Statistical Research 
 The statistical study of cancer involves exceptionally difficult technical 
 considerations, which arise largely out of the complex nature of the cancer 
 problem, biologically, pathologically, medically or surgically considered. 
 The literature of cancer statistics is quite considerable, but largely con- 
 troversial, and much of it is decidedly superficial and misleading. 
 Statistical fallacies in cancer discussions are so common that the required 
 statistical treatment of the subject has been much impaired in value, with 
 a world-wide loss of confidence in the results. Progress, however, is being 
 made in the direction of a more rational and trustworthy treatment of 
 cancer facts and in the necessarily concise presentation of the data with 
 at least an approach to uniformity, based on standardized methods of 
 original inquiry. The statistical material of cancer mortality for the 
 civilized countries of the world is, however, so enormous that a complete 
 analysis of all the facts is quite impossible. The gradually expanding 
 registration area of the world provides an increasing amount of statis- 
 tical material, and more qualified consideration is being given to the 
 elementary conditioning factors, such as age, sex, race, etc. For 
 many countries no information regarding the incidence of cancer by 
 organs or parts of the body affected is as yet available; but this defect 
 is also gradually being corrected. The inherent hmitations of all can- 
 cer mortality data are being better appreciated on the part of the 
 medical profession, government officials and the general pubHc, so that 
 the increasing volume of statistical information is also improving in 
 quality and is therefore becoming more useful in the world-wide quest 
 for the whole truth of the cancer problem. 
 
 Sources of Cancer Mortality Statistics 
 All cancer mortality statistics for the general population are derived 
 from official mortality records or death certificates originally filled out 
 by the attending physician or some person assumed to be familiar with 
 the facts as regards the cause of death.* In the absence of compulsory 
 medical attendance it is obvious that such records must vary in accord- 
 ance with the perfection of death certification, and it is self-evident 
 that the returns for countries in which a medical certificate as regards 
 the cause of death is not required must be of very limited intrinsic value. 
 For most of the civilized countries this requirement is met to a reason- 
 ably satisfactory degree, and what has been said by Longstaff with 
 reference to the value of death certification in England appHes to most 
 of the other large civilized countries for which the cancer mortality 
 data are available for a period of years. In his "Studies in Statistics," 
 in connection with a critical study of the national system of vital 
 statistics, George B. Longstaff observes 
 
 I am thoroughly convinced of the soundness of that system and the fallacies inherent 
 in all attacks upon it. Moreover, having studied for several years the figures relating to 
 "Alleged Causes of Death," I have been more and more convinced of the value of those 
 
 •The sources of cancer mortality statistics are fully discussed in Chapter II. 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 figures, and I fully believe that they may be taken as, on the whole, a fair approximation 
 to the truth. At the same time it is hardly necessary to say that, like all other statistics, 
 they require care and knowledge in handling. Without doubt the figures relating to 
 alcoholism, venereal diseases, and perhaps insanity, are almost valueless; but that does not 
 prove that those relating to scarlet fever, pneumonia, or cancer are equally valueless. 
 Neither does the fact that a large number of certificates are carelessly filled up invalidate 
 the far larger number that are more trustworthy: indeed, these very sources of error are 
 subject to laws, and are more or less constant factors of the whole. When it is possible, 
 as I have elsewhere proved it to be, to find general laws regulating many of the causes 
 of death, and especially mutual relations between these causes, and relations between 
 some of them and various external phenomena, the only possible inference that I can 
 deduce is that the figures dealt with are the expression, more or less accurate, of facts in 
 nature. 
 
 This conclusion does not in the least minimize the serious risk of error 
 in the careless or superficial use of the data of mortality statistics, 
 irrespective of the diseases dealt with ; for, as pointed out by Longstajff 
 on the same occasion, "there are numerous fallacies to which the classifi- 
 cation of deaths according to their alleged causes is liable." And he 
 enumerates particularly the more or less varying proportions of ill- 
 defined deaths, the more or less varying proportions of indefinite causes, 
 the deliberate falsification of returns for personal or family reasons,* and 
 the effect of the progress of medical science, improved diagnosis, etc. 
 All of these reasons notwithstanding, the conclusion appears to be in- 
 controvertible that on the whole the present system of death registration 
 is entitled to confidence and that the results approximately represent 
 the true state of the nation's health. f 
 
 Fundamental Principles of Statistical Analysis 
 The fundamental principle of all statistical inquiries is the law of 
 large numbers. The accuracy of the statistical judgment is in propor- 
 tion to the mass of the material considered and the thoroughness of the 
 methods of analysis in matters of detail. The law of large numbers is 
 defined in the statement that "in a large number the actual relations are 
 more accurately expressed than in a small number," and hence the 
 probability may be concluded much more safely from a large number 
 of observations. The exceptional cases are obliterated in the large 
 number, which approaches more closely to the truth, and as such re- 
 quires to be accepted as approximately conclusive. 
 
 In conformity to this principle the statistical investigation of cancer 
 should be on as broad a scale as possible, with a due regard, of course, 
 to the quality of the facts as well as to their quantity. For reasons 
 which do not require discussion, the application of mathematical methods 
 to the cancer problem is decidedly less desirable than the use of impar- 
 tially collected statistical data derived from a large area of observa- 
 tions, extensive in point of time. J 
 
 •This aspect of the cancer problem is of considerable practical importance. I have briefly discussed the 
 subject in an address on "The Accuracy of American Cancer Mortality Statistics," read before the American 
 Public Health Association, Jacksonville, 1914. 
 
 tSee also in this connection the correspondence between Dr. Bashford and myself in the London Lancet, Feb- 
 ruary 7 and April 11, 1914. 
 
 JThe principal works of reference in support of this point of view are "Letters on the Theory of Prob- 
 abilities," N. A. Quetelet, London, 1849; "Essays and Papers on Some Fallacies of Statistics concerning Life 
 and Death, Health and Disease," Henry W. Rumsey, London, 1875; "History, Theory and Technique of 
 Statistics," August Meitzen, Philadelphia, 1891; "Studies in Statistics," Geo. B. Longstaff, London, 1891; 
 and "Essay on Collective Phenomena and the Scientific Value of Statistical Data," E. G. F. Gryzanovski, 
 American Economic Association, 1906. Important references to errors and defects in vital statistics 
 
 3 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Difficulties of Cancer Terminology 
 
 Since the term "cancer" does not permit of an absolutely scientific 
 definition, it is obvious that the statistical consideration of the data 
 derived from different, though official, sources can not be made to con- 
 form to the most rigid demands of scientific accuracy. The borderland 
 of innocency or malignancy in tumors is large or small according to the 
 skill and experience of the diagnostician.* The accuracy of the diagnosis 
 itself is affected by the seat of the disease and the necessary oppor- 
 tunities for autopsies and subsequent microscopical research. A scien- 
 tific definition of the term "tumor" is by all competent authorities 
 admitted to be at present impossible. But it is now less difficult than in 
 former years to exclude small swellings of numerous kinds which can not 
 properly be regarded as within the tumor class. Cancer is unquestion- 
 ably a fundamental disorder of postnatal growth and development. It 
 has properly been observed by Rudolph Schmidt in his treatise on 
 "Diagnosis of Malignant Tumors of the Abdominal Viscera"t that "in 
 their ultimate causes all processes of growth are traced back to and 
 become merged with the problem of life itself." Regardless of a truly 
 enormous literature, the origin, life history and causation of tumors 
 remain obscure; and until further progress is made in this direction the 
 terminology of oncology must remain unsatisfactory. 
 
 In their work on "General Pathology," Pembrey and Ritchie say that 
 "in the case of true tumors the characteristics to be looked on as com- 
 mon to all are, first, that there is a progressive proliferation of cells; and, 
 secondly, that such proliferation does not occur in response to any 
 normal requirement of the tissue from which the tumor springs. "{ 
 
 The characteristics of malignant tumors, with which the present dis- 
 cussion is almost exclusively concerned, although some attention will be 
 given to tumors of the non-malignant type, are briefly defined by these 
 authors as 
 
 First, generally speaking, their growth is much more rapid, and, secondly, in addition to 
 the original focus, secondary foci tend to appear in other parts of the body. In addition 
 to this, a third outstanding feature of the malignant tumor is the fact that at the periph- 
 eral parts there is almost invariably an infiltration of the surrounding parts with ex- 
 tensive, fine, frequently microscopic prolongations, which make it impossible to mark 
 off by any palpable characteristic the growth from the tissues in which it lies.^ 
 
 *"It has long been held that some benign growths are peculiarly liable to undergo transformation into cancer. 
 This view is held, among others, by Sir James Paget, Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, and Dr. Max Borst. The 
 innocent tumors which are regarded as most likely to undergo this change are sebaceous adenomata, moles, 
 warts, and adenomata in general, but no innocent tumor seems to be more likely to undergo cancer degeneration 
 than the multiple polypoid adenoma of the rectum." ("The Disorders of Post-Natal Growth and Develop- 
 ment," Hastings Gilford, London, 1911.) 
 
 t"Diagn»si3 of the Malignant Tumors of the Abdominal Viscera," by Rudolph Schmidt; English trans- 
 lation by Joseph Burke, New York, 1913. 
 
 t "Text-book of General Pathology," edited by Pembrey and Ritchie, London, New York, 1913, p. 224. 
 
 g "Text-book of General Pathology," edited by Pembrey and Ritchie, London, New York, 1913, p. 227. 
 
 are the following: "A Study of Three Thousand Autopsies," Richard C. Cabot, Journal of the American Med- 
 ical Association, December 28, 1912; "Past and Present of the Autopsy in Medical Education and Practice," 
 H. Oertel, Journal of the American Medical Association, June 7, 1913; "Statistics of Post-mortems in Large 
 Hospitals in the United States a.ndAhToad,"E.lI.LeviBskiCoib'in,Journalof the American Medical Association, 
 June7, 1913; "Gleanings from Calcutta Post-mortem Records," Leonard Rogers, /ndio Medical Gazette, 1908-14; 
 ''Some Diagnostic Failures," H. B. Shaw, British Medical Journal, April 18, 1914; "An Experiment in the 
 Compilation of Mortality Statistics," Louis Dublin, Quarterly Publication American Statistical Association, 
 December, 1914; "Inaccuracies of American Mortality Statistics," H. Oertel, American Underwriter, May, 1913; 
 ■'Betterment of American Mortality Statistics," E. B. Phelps, American Underwriter, March, 1914; "Common 
 Errors in Diagnosis," Adolphe Abrahams, M. D., The Practitioner, London, March, 1915. 
 
 4 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 Difficulties of Cancer Diagnosis 
 The practical difficulties of accurate diagnosis and uniform tumor 
 classification are best illustrated in the elaborate discussion of swellings 
 in- the "Index of Differential Diagnosis," edited by Herbert French, 
 M, D., and others. New York, 1913. Even the most experienced physi- 
 cian and surgeon must at times be seriously in doubt as to the true 
 nature of the cancerous processes first indicated by swellings which may 
 be quite similar, at least in their outward appearance, to an abnormal 
 growth of a non-malignant type. Fibro-adenoma of the breast, for 
 illustration, is a comparatively common form of benign tumor; but 
 there are many pathological varieties, including some containing cysts 
 and intro-cystic growths, which may or may not warrant being properly 
 classified as malignant. Tumors of the abdominal viscera, which 
 account for so large a proportion of the mortality from tumors of all forms, 
 are accurately diagnosed only with considerable difficulty, particularly 
 in the initial stages of the disease. Mechanical aids, such as the chem- 
 ical evidence of blood in tjie feces or the determination of vegetable and 
 bacterial organism in the gastro-intestinal tract, have not been found 
 of much practical value, and this has been true also of radiological 
 examinations, the ultimate diagnosis being in most cases the sum total 
 of clinical findings by different and often widely varying methods. 
 
 Cancer an Ancient Disease 
 Malignant tumors, however, diagnosed with difficulty or classified 
 with uncertainty, are among the oldest known afflictions of civilized 
 mankind. The history of cancer can be traced backwards by an un- 
 broken record to early Greece, and even to still more ancient India and 
 Egypt, although the more remote the records, the more obscure, naturally, 
 the description of the initial symptoms and pathological manifestations 
 of the disease. Unquestionably Hippocrates was fairly well acquainted 
 with cancer of the breast, and he recognized the occurrence of malig- 
 nant disease in certain of the internal organs as well. According to 
 Woglom, in his brief historical review of malignant disease in the 
 "Studies in Cancer and Allied Subjects," published by the George Crocker 
 Special Research Fund, previous to the time of the Roman physician 
 Celsus, the term "carcinoma" included the most bizarre collection of 
 swellings, distinguishing cancer from carcinoma, but including under the 
 former heading many lesions which are now recognized as simply inflam- 
 matory. Cancer was well known to Galen, one of the ancient founders of 
 medicine, and surgical operations on account of cancer were practised by 
 Leonidis (about 180 B. C), who was the first to appreciate the importance 
 of the retraction of the nipple as a diagnostic sign in cancer of the breast. 
 A review of the literature of cancer during the long intervening period of 
 time, which practically coincides with the recorded history of mankind, 
 would needlessly enlarge the present discussion, which has been made to 
 include these brief medical observations for the sole purpose of emphasiz- 
 ing the subsequent conclusion that, regardless of inherent defects in 
 death certification, the available cancer mortality returns may, on the 
 whole, be accepted with confidence as representing with at least approxi- 
 mate accuracy the true local incidence of the disease and its varying 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 degree of frequency within the modern period of official death regis- 
 tration. The history of cancer from the earhest times to the present 
 day has been admirably brought together in a work of truly colossal 
 magnitude by Prof. Dr. Jacob Wolff, under the auspices of the German 
 Society for Cancer Research.* Wolff gives emphasis to the historical 
 changes in the point of view regarding the causation, pathology and 
 treatment of cancer, from the overthrow of Galen's theories during the 
 sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the far-reaching discoveries of 
 Virchow, in 1853, and the theory of Cohnheim, in 1867, which underlie 
 modern conceptions of tumor pathology. 
 
 Place of Cancer in the Progress of Medicine 
 Oncology as an exact science on the foundations of Virchow's cellular 
 pathology is of comparatively recent date. Yet it is probably true 
 that more is now known regarding the physiology and pathology 
 of tumors than concerning any other disease, with the possible excep- 
 tion of tuberculosis. The remarkable progress in exact tumor diagnosis 
 during recent years is largely due to the development of microscopical 
 science and the highly specialized efforts in modern laboratory research. 
 Previous to the advent of biological science, much of the prevailing 
 medical opinion regarding tumor pathology was mere guesswork, and 
 often seriously erroneous. At the same time even a brief review of the 
 medical literature of the last one hundred and fifty years or more, con- 
 clusively proves the soundness of prevailing general conceptions regard- 
 ing cancerous processes and the practical certainty that at least as 
 regards terminal diagnosis the majority of malignant tumors were 
 accurately diagnosed as such and correctly classified in conformity 
 to prevaihng systems of nosology. For illustration, the observations 
 of Samuel Sharp on encysted tumors and on the amputation of the 
 "cancer'd" and scirrhous breast, published in his treatise on "The Opera- 
 tions of Surgery," issued in a seventh edition, London, 1758, include 
 the following interesting and useful remarks: 
 
 The Success of this Operation is exceedingly precarious, from the great Disposition there 
 is in the Constitution after an Amputation, to form a new Cancer in the Wound, or some 
 other Part of the Body. TMien a Schirrus has admitted of a long Delay before the Opera- 
 tion, the Patient seems to have a better Prospect of Cure without danger of a Relapse, than 
 when it has increased very fast, and with acute Pain. I cannot however be quite posi- 
 tive in this Judgment, but upon looking around amongst those I know who have recovered, 
 find the Observation so far well-grounded. There are some Surgeons, so disheartened by 
 the Ill-success of this Operation, that they decry it in every Case, and even recommend 
 certain Death to their Patients, rather than a Trial, upon the Supposition it never relieves; 
 but the instances, where Life and Health have been preserved by it, are sufficiently numer- 
 ous to warrant the Recommendation of it. 
 
 Ulcers and Cancerous Complaints 
 
 Bell's treatise on "Ulcer," published in 1784, and Pearson's "Observa- 
 tions on Cancerous Complaints," published in 1793, make now rather 
 curious reading, in contrast with the more systematic and scientific dis- 
 course on the "Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Treatment of 
 Cancer," by Walter Hayle Walshe, published with additions by Dr. J. 
 Mason Warren, of Boston,in 1844 ; just as the work of Walshe is in marked 
 
 •"Die Lehre von der Krebskrankheit von den altesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart," (in three volumes) by 
 Dr. Jacob Wolff. Jena, 1907, 1911 and 1913. 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 contrast with the recent work on the "Pathology of Growth, with 
 Special Reference to Tumors," by Charles Powell White, or the treatise 
 on "Cancer of the Breast, with Special Reference to Operations and Their 
 Results," by Charles B. Lockwood, London, 1913. 
 
 Classification of Cancers by Walshe (1844) 
 In the absence of a concise definition of the term cancer or malignant 
 disease, an exact classification of tumors is obviously impossible. Nu- 
 merous attempts have been made to classify tumors according to funda- 
 mental concepts derived from the sciences of anatomy, physiology and 
 pathology, but all of these classifications vary more or less in essential 
 matters of detail. An early classification of cancer, published in the 
 work by Walshe in 1844, is of present interest as an aid in the interpre- 
 tation of the cancer mortality statistics of a period which practically 
 coincides with the beginnings of modern death registration. The 
 classification by Walshe* is given in Table 1, Appendix A. 
 
 In commenting upon this classification the author points out that can- 
 cer as a morbid product is unequivocally separated from others belong- 
 ing to the same class, as, for example, pus and tubercles. He also differ- 
 entiated malignant tumors from those analogous thereto, such as fatty, 
 fibrous and cartilaginous tumors. According to Walshe, the genus 
 carcinoma includes three species, Encephaloid, Scirrhus and Colloid; 
 but the term is meant to be equally applicable to all of these in every 
 stage of their existence, before as well as after softening and ulceration. 
 The practical diflBculties of an exact classificationf are emphasized in 
 the statement that 
 
 Each species presents a certain number of varieties. In a column apart are collected 
 the chief synonyms, under which the species have been described by different writers. 
 The comprehension of the work of these authors will, we trust, be facilitated by reference 
 to this list; and the dismay naturally felt by the student on encountering in each new 
 treatise one or more names of diseased formations seemingly distinct from all those he 
 had previously become acquainted with, will be in some measure removed, when he dis- 
 covers that such diversity of names by no means implies a corresponding multiplicity of 
 things. 
 
 Some of the terms contained in the Walshe classification are now 
 obsolete and meaningless. The classification, however, emphasizes the 
 painstaking care with which the subject was considered at a time when, 
 according to the available mortality records, all forms of cancer com- 
 bined, as well as non-malignant tumors, were much less frequent than 
 they are to-day. The tumor death rate of Boston for 1840-44 was 
 only 25.9 per 100,000 of population, which by 1909-13 had increased 
 to 109.6. The relative frequency of cancer at different periods of time 
 was discussed by Walshe, with special reference to early English mor- 
 tality data, and the same question was then raised as now : whether the 
 observed increase in the cancer death rate was real or only apparent and 
 due to more perfect registration and increased accuracy in diagnosis. J 
 
 • "The Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Treatment of Cancer," by Walter Hayle Walshe, M. D., with 
 additions by J. Mason Warren, M. D., Boston, 1844, p. 6. 
 
 tSee Table 1, Appendix A. 
 
 f'The Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Treatment of Cancer," by Walter Hayle Walshe, M. D., with 
 additions by J. Mason Warren, M. D., Boston, 1844, pp. 127-129. See also a paper by LeConte on "Statistical 
 Researches on Cancer," Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, May, 1846, Vol. ii, No. 5. 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Classification by Delafleld (1871) 
 In 1871 Francis Delafield, M. D., who vras then the Curator of Belle- 
 vue Hospital, published a new grouping of morbid growths, from which 
 the colloids* included by Walshe were omitted. The classification was 
 as follows: 
 
 ^ r T 4. f Encephaloid 
 
 Mahgnant|g^.^^i^^ 
 
 ( Epithelioma 
 Semi- malignant ■< Myoma 
 
 (^ Enchondroma 
 -p • ] Glandular tumors, etc., tubercle, 
 °^ ( and some forms of hypertrophy 
 
 This classification was based upon the principle that the mahgnancy of 
 a tumor could be conclusively determined only by microscopical examina- 
 tion and the character of the cells, whether simple or compound. The 
 classification was a substantial advance over earlier attempts of a similar 
 kind. The practical impossibihty of exact differentiation between mahg- 
 nant and benign tumors is shown in the table, by the inclusion of a 
 group of semi-malignant growths, some of which according to present 
 theories are strictly within the malignant class. Until the cause or 
 causes of tumor growth are known with absolute certainty, the basis for 
 scientific classification is necessarily non-existent. It has properly been 
 pointed out in this connection in the " Text -book of General Pathology, " 
 by Pembrey and Ritchie, that 
 
 The purpose of any attempt at classification can only be to di^-ide tumors into groups 
 for convenience of reference. All tumors consist of cells whose appearance and quahties 
 can usually be related to those of some normal tissue. Their outstanding feature is ca- 
 pacity for multiplication, and this manifestation of acti\-ity, again, usually reproduces 
 more or less closely the features of the normal development of the normal cells from which 
 they spring. Taking advantage of this principle, it is common to found provisional classi- 
 fications on the differential characters assumed early in embrj-onic life by the cells from 
 which the body is built up. The rationale of such a procedure is that, once the characters 
 of the differentiation are assimaed, they tend to be perpetuated whatever change may 
 occur in the destiny of the dinding cell. Certain exceptions to this rule will demand con- 
 sideration later. Some such simple classification as is given in the accompanjing table 
 suffices for the practical requirements of the working pathologist.! 
 
 Classification by Pembrey and Ritchie (1913) 
 The classification referred to is given in full in Table 2, Appendix A. The 
 authors of the classification frankly concede that the same is not based 
 on strictly scientific principles, but, rather, on general usage, and they 
 concede it to be "still extremely unsatisfactory." They point out that 
 a large variety of names are employed, the significance of wliich can only 
 be learned by long experience. In a general way these names indicate 
 the tissue from which the tumor develops, the terminology being effected 
 by the addition of the Greek afiix -ojna to the root of the term descriptive 
 of the tissue. They add, however, to their classification the following 
 brief and exceptionally useful explanation: 
 
 A papilloma is a simple tumor of epithelial origin, and the term epithelioma is reserved 
 
 The word colloid means glue-like and a colloid cancer is a carcinoma with colloid degeneration. A colloid 
 cyst is a cyst with jelly-like contents. 
 
 t"Teit-book of General Pathology," edited by Pembrey and Ritchie, London, New York, 1913, pp. 232-233. 
 
 8 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 for malignant tumors springing from skin surfaces. The terms applied to innocent tumors 
 springing from connective tissues constitute a large group — a, fibroma being such a tumor 
 composed of fibrous tissue, a myoma of muscular tissue, a myxoma of mucoid tissue, a 
 lipoma of fat, a chondroma of cartilaginous tissue, an osteoma of bone tissue. Malignant 
 tumors springing from the same types of tissue are referred to as sarcomata. When 
 sarcomata spring from special connective-tissue structures, there is prefixed to the word 
 a term indicating the special tissue, e. g., myxosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma. 
 A simple tumor springing from a gland is usually referred to as an adenoma; but the term 
 malignant adenoma is often used to designate cylindrical-celled tumors of the intestine. 
 The greatest confusion centers round the use of the word carcinoma. This term — the 
 scientific transliteration of the popular word "cancer" — essentially connotes the infiltra- 
 tive capacity of a malignant growth, and has often been applied to any tumor presenting 
 this feature. According to present clinical convention, however, it is antithetical to sar- 
 coma, and this indicates malignant tumors of epiblastic or hypoplastic origin, the variety 
 present in any individual case being specified by adding the name of the organ in which it 
 occurs. 
 
 Classification by Hatch (1904) 
 
 The problem of tumor classification has been discussed by so many 
 writers on cancer and allied subjects that it would be quite impracticable 
 to review the various efforts and their advantages or defects on this 
 occasion. In an admirable address on "Cancer : Its Origin and Successful 
 Treatment," by Dr. J. Leffingwell Hatch, a classification of tumors was 
 presented according to the five pathological blastodermic regions of the 
 body, and in view of its practical utility the same is reproduced in full in 
 Table 3, Appendix A. This and other classifications require only to be 
 brought forward to emphasize the serious technical difficulties confront- 
 ing the statistician in an effort to deal with the cancer mortality prob- 
 blem in strict conformity to the principles which underlie the study of 
 all collective phenomena or the science of averages as fundamentally 
 conditioned by the law of large numbers. It is primarily for the purpose 
 of illustrating the practical difficulties of the cancer problem from the 
 medical point of view that the foregoing considerations have been 
 taken into account in what is intended to be a strictly statistical study 
 of a subject, which nevertheless is at root a problem of the first order 
 of importance in biology, physiology, pathology and therapeutics. 
 
 Classification by Delafield and Prudden (1913) 
 In the Ninth Edition of the "Text-Book of Pathology," by Delafield 
 and Prudden, it is pointed out that it is not possible to-day "to make a 
 satisfactory scientific classification of tumors ; but the fact that they are 
 composed of structures which resemble the various morphological types 
 of tissue found in the normal body suggests a grouping of the various 
 forms which may be regarded as a useful and suggestive catalogue." 
 The classification suggested by these two distinguished authors is as 
 follows :* 
 
 • "The attempt has often been made to classify tumors with reference to the developmental history of the 
 tissues represented, and it has been generally believed that cells once differentiated in the primary embryonic 
 layers cannot again be merged in type. While this principle holds good in general, especially for highly dif- 
 ferentiated forms, certain recent studies have seemed to indicate that even this distinction may not be inflexible. 
 However this may be, it is certain that the cells derived from one embryonic layer may under special con- 
 ditions come so closely to resemble in morphology those of another layer that a structural differentiation, with 
 our present resources at least, is not always possible. While, therefore, this, which is called the histogenetic prin- 
 ciple of classification, is most suggestive and may be useful in connection with other data in the study of tumors, 
 it seems to the writer that it is wiser for the present not to base our classification too largely upon embryological 
 data in several particulars still subject to controversy." (Delafield and Prudden, "Text -Book of Pathology," 
 PP.367-3S8.) 
 
 9 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS 
 
 (Delafield and Prudden) 
 
 Connective-tissue Type 
 
 Normal Tissue Tumors 
 
 Fibrillar connective tissue Fibroma 
 
 Mucous tissue Myxoma 
 
 Embryonal connective tissue Sarcoma 
 
 Endothelial cells Endothelioma 
 
 Fat tissue Lipoma 
 
 Cartilage Chondroma 
 
 Bone Osteoma 
 
 Neuroglia Glioma 
 
 Muscle-tissue Type — ^Myomata 
 
 Normal Tissue Timiors 
 
 Smooth muscle tissue Leiomyoma 
 
 Striated muscle tissue Rhabdomyoma 
 
 Nerve -tissue Type — Neuromata 
 
 Vascular- tissue Type — ^Angioma ta 
 
 Normal Tissue Tumors 
 
 Blood-vessels Angioma 
 
 Lymph-vessels Lymph-angioma 
 
 Epithelial-tissue Type 
 
 Normal Tissue Tumors 
 
 Glands Adenoma 
 
 Various forms of epithelial cells Carcinoma 
 
 and associated tissues 
 
 Classification by White (1914) 
 
 The most recent tumor classification occurs in a treatise on "Tumors," 
 by Charles Powell White, whose definition of a tumor is that of "a mass 
 of cells, tissues or organs resembhng those normally present in the body 
 but arranged atypically, which grows at the expense of the body, without 
 subserving any useful purpose therein." The classification of tumors 
 adopted by White is based on the three dififerent orders of units of organ- 
 ization, that is, organs, tissues and cells. The classification is given 
 in full in Table 4, Appendix A. The explanation of the classification is 
 unusually lucid and is followed by an extended discussion of the different 
 types of tumors, both malignant and benign. As regards the nomen- 
 clature adopted, the author observes that 
 
 The organomata are called teratomata from their resemblance to monsters. The 
 histiomata are named from the tissue which forms the characteristic feature of their 
 structure with the addition of the termination oma. This, however, is not the case with 
 the epithelial and endothelial histiomata because the terms "epithelioma" and "endo- 
 thelioma" are sometimes applied to certain forms of cytomata. The cytomata are properly 
 named from the cells which form their characteristic elements. Epithelial cytomata 
 are, however, called by the old Greek name carcinoma from the supposed resemblance 
 of these tumors to a crab (Latin, cancer) . Supporting tissue cell tumors (desmocytomata) 
 are named sarcomata. Collectively the cytomata are called cancers. Compound tumors 
 are named by compound words representing the various constituents of the tumors: 
 hence myxofibroma, osteofibroma, chondrosarcoma, etc. 
 
 The classification by White is likely to prove exceptionally useful 
 for practical purposes ; but he properly directs attention to the fact that 
 
 10 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 intermediate and compound tumors exist which may not admit of a 
 precise classification. In view of the importance of the carcinomata, 
 the author's subclassification according to the type of epithelial cell 
 of which the tumors are composed is given below: 
 
 il Squamous-celled carcinoma 
 
 2 Columnar-celled carcinoma 
 
 3 Spheroidal-celled carcinoma 
 
 4 Syncytial carcinoma or syncytioma 
 
 5 Endothelial cytoma or endothelioma 
 
 It would be difficult to give extended consideration to these principles 
 of classification in the analysis of cancer mortality data. It would require 
 in the case of each and every tumor terminating fatally that a qualified 
 microscopical examination be made of the growth to determine with 
 absolute accuracy its precise nature, which, aside from the impos- 
 sibility of securing the consent of interested parties to an autopsy, 
 might prove prohibitive as a matter of expense. The classification, 
 however, is exceedingly interesting and valuable for scientific purposes, 
 and it would seem to permit of being adopted, at least, by surgeons and 
 large hospitals, with facilities for microscopical research.* 
 
 The Natural History of Cancer 
 
 The essential elements of the cancer problem have been discussed with 
 exceptional thoroughness in the "Natural History of Cancer, with Spe- 
 cial Reference to Its Causation and Prevention," by W. Roger Williams, 
 M. D. This work includes extended observations on the geographical 
 distribution and incidence of cancer, the observed increase in the disease, 
 the influence of age, sex, personal history, family history, etc., and, 
 finally, some exceptionally useful observations on quasi-malignant 
 pseudo-plasms and the difficulties experienced in the exact diagnosis of 
 cancers and their various causes. The considerable use of statistical data 
 in the discussion of the geographical distribution of cancer as well as its 
 topographical distribution throughout the United Kingdom forcibly illus- 
 trates the practical importance of the statistical method and the possi- 
 bilities of an increase in usefulness by more trustworthy data derived 
 from official reports on death registration, the reports of hospitals and 
 special institutions for the treatment of cancer, and last, but not least, 
 the extended experience of life insurance companies. The essential 
 statistical elements of the cancer problem are, in the order of their 
 relative importance, age, sex, race, occupation, locality and family 
 history. Each of these elements requires to be separately considered, 
 with a due regard to the varieties of cancer and the organs and parts of 
 the body affected. Among other important factors are conjugal or 
 marital condition, religious belief, density of population and special 
 residential conditions, topography, soil, climate, habits and personal 
 history of past diseases, including, of course, traumatisms of every 
 kind. When it is conceded that all of these factors more or less influ- 
 
 •A tumor classification according to the histologic constituents, physical manifestations and seats of pre- 
 dilection, by Gould and Pyle, as contained in the second edition of the Pocket Cyclopedia of Medicine and 
 Surgery, is given in Table S, Appendix A, for convenient reference. 
 
 11 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 ence the local incidence of cancer, it is self-evident that the statistical 
 correlation must become extremely complex, according to the methods 
 of analysis employed. Excepting, however, the age and sex factors, it 
 would appear that thus far no other special conditioning circumstances 
 affecting cancer frequency in human beings have been shown to be of 
 sufficient local importance to invalidate general conclusions based on 
 crude cancer death rates, not standardized for sex and for age. It 
 would obviously he an unpardonable statistical error to compare without 
 at least a word of caution the crude cancer death rates of long-settled 
 countries, including a considerable proportion of aged persons, with the 
 crude rate of a neio country consisting chiefly of immigrants and their 
 offspring, largely of the non-cancerous period of life. As a rule, how- 
 ever, in the absence of such a standardization for age, the crude cancer 
 death rates are a sufficiently accurate index of local cancer frequency in 
 the case of countries free from abnormal population conditions, such, for 
 illustration, as are found in the excessive proportion of aged persons 
 in a country like Ireland and the abnormally low proportion of old 
 people found in recently settled countries or localities, as typified 
 in the case of Australia.* The same conclusion applies to countries or 
 localities with an abnormal sex distribution, as best shown in the case 
 of new settlements for lumbering or mining purposes, where the popula- 
 tion consists almost exclusively of men. The two fundamental factors 
 which invariably condition the local cancer death rate are, first, the 
 varying sex and, second, the varying age distribution of the population. 
 For the large majority of civilized countries the cancer death rates are 
 available by sex, but it is possible for only a relatively small proportion 
 of countries and localities to calculate the required cancer death rates 
 by sex and divisional periods of life. 
 
 Standardized Cancer Death Rates 
 
 The importance of these observations is concisely brought out by the 
 following facts derived from the last annual report (1913) on the mortality 
 of the registration area of the United States. The total number of deaths 
 from cancer was 49,928, and of this number 20,045 were deaths of males 
 and 29,883 were deaths of females. Since the sex proportion of the 
 population in the registration area is almost the same, the relative 
 cancer death rates, according to sex, differed in the proportion of 10 
 to 16, as determined by a male cancer death rate of 61.3 and a female 
 cancer death rate of 97.6 per 100,000 of population for the year 1913. 
 Since the registration area includes only about 65 per cent, of the total 
 population, it is a safe assumption that the approximate number of 
 deaths from cancer in the Continental United States for the year 1915 
 may be conservatively estimated at 80,000, and of this number 32,100 
 would be deaths of males and 47,900 would be deaths of females. It is 
 therefore self-evident that in the calculation of cancer death rates, as 
 far as practicable, the sex factor requires to be taken into account. 
 
 Cancer is so peculiarly a function of age, that for the purpose of pre- 
 cise calculation the various populations considered require to be reduced 
 to a standard or uniform distribution, resulting in what is technically 
 
 *According to recent census returns the proportion of persons aged 65 and over was 10.0 per cent, for 
 Ireland, against only 4.3 per cent, for the Australian Commonwealth. 
 
 12 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 known as "corrected" death rates. A more strictly scientific term would 
 be "standardized" death rates. The importance of the age factor in 
 cancer mortality is illustrated in the simple statement that in the United 
 States registration area during the year 1913 out of 49,887 deaths from 
 cancer at all known ages, 42,173 deaths, or 84.5 per cent., occurred at 
 ages 45 and over. In the Ordinary experience of The Prudential Insur- 
 ance Company of America, 1886-1913, the proportionate* mortality from 
 cancer at ages 45 and over was 8.5 per cent, for males and 17.8 per 
 cent, for females. Among insured females in the Company's Ordinary 
 experience at ages 45 and over, cancer was the leading cause of death. 
 In most of the civilized countries of the world the female cancer death rate 
 exceeds the male cancer death rate, but there are some important ex- 
 ceptions to this rule which demand special consideration. In England 
 and Wales, in the year 1911, the crude cancer death rate of males was 
 89.1 per 100,000 of population, whereas the female cancer death rate 
 was 108.8, a difference of 19.7 per 100,000 of population. The stand- 
 ardized rates according to sex, that is, corrected for variations in the 
 age constitution of the two populations, were 82.3 for males and 99.8 
 for females, a difference of 17.5 per 100,000 of population. These 
 differences, it will be granted, are not of sufficient importance to 
 invalidate the general conclusion that the male cancer death rate of 
 England and Wales is normally below the cancer death rate of females. 
 A much more pronounced difference, however, in the cancer death 
 rates according to sex is disclosed when the rates for rural districts are 
 compared on the basis of the necessary standardization for age and 
 sex. According to the report of the Registrar-General for 1911, the 
 crude cancer death rate of males living in rural districts was 90.5, 
 which was reduced to 68.9 when corrected for age on a standardized 
 basis, or a difference of 21.6 per 100,000 of population. The cancer 
 death rate for females was changed from a crude rate of 113.4 to a 
 standardized rate of 90.8, or a difference of only 12.6 per 100,000 of 
 population. This result is accounted for by the large proportion of aged 
 women in the English rural population, so that as a general rule the rural 
 cancer death rates of the two sexes are more urgently in need of stand- 
 ardization for age and sex than the crude rates of cities. f 
 
 Cancer a Function of Age and Senility 
 The age factor in cancer is unquestionably a disturbing one in general 
 mortality statistics. The frequently expressed opinion, however, 
 that the increase in the average duration of life during recent years is 
 a sufiicient explanation of the apparent increase in the cancer death 
 rate is seriously misleading. The argument that "those who to-day 
 live long enough to be attacked by cancer would in the majority of 
 cases, had they lived in years gone by, have succumbed earlier to small- 
 pox, consumption and other scourges, which have since been so greatly 
 reduced in frequency," is equally erroneous. Cancer death rates, when 
 
 *The term proportionate mortality means the number of deaths from cancer in every 100 deaths from 
 all causes at the divisional period of life specified. Additional details regarding the Company's cancer mortality 
 experience are given in Tables 1 to 27, Appendix D. 
 
 * tThe official statistics of cancer for England and Wales are contained in the annual reports of the Registrar- 
 General of Births, Deaths and Marriages. Special consideration has been given to cancer in recent reports, 
 particularly the 74th, 75th and 76th, for 1911, 1912 and 1913. 
 
 13 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 calculated for divisional periods of life, measure the rate of mortality at 
 those particular periods and without reference to any other. If it can 
 be shown that the cancer death rate at ages 45 and over is higher to-day 
 than in former years, the higher rate is evidence of a true increase in 
 cancer liability among equal numbers affected and is not the result of 
 a mere shifting in disease liability of equal degree from one group of 
 causes to another. From a physiological point of view, the age factor 
 in cancer is the equivalent of the observed retrogression of cells to an 
 extremely primitive form, typical of true senility, or old age. As ob- 
 served, however, by Sir Jonathan Hutchinson: "Sometimes it is not so 
 much senility of the entire organism, as what we may term local senility 
 and old age of the tissues concerned, which is primitive and does not 
 correspond to that of the body as a whole." "Nor indeed," he con- 
 tinues, "is it correct to say that the degree of senility is the measure of 
 proneness to cancer, for it is not in conditions of advanced senile atrophy 
 that cancer is most apt to occur, but, rather, in its commencement. 
 Tissues and organs which are just commencing to decline are those which 
 are most prone to develop it." That cancer processes are, in fact, evi- 
 dences of a senile change seems to be well established by the researches 
 of Hastings Gilford and others, whose conclusions are in conformity 
 to the theory advanced many years ago by Sir James Paget regarding 
 errors in the chronometry of life. In the words of this distinguished 
 authority: "The local defects of working power require more often to be 
 thought of in the time rate of life in the defective parts and we should 
 think of the age of each part as not always wholly or exactly expressed 
 by the time that has elapsed since it was first formed."* 
 
 A reference to these observations seems pertinent as a precaution 
 against the prevailing view that cancer is a specific function of age, 
 instead of its being more accurately a function of senility, which 
 as a rule by some years precedes normal old age. In fact, as observed 
 by W. R. Williams, "centenarians and other very aged persons are 
 shown to be little prone to malignant tumors." In contrast, it is well 
 known that tumors occurring in early life are much more rapidly fatal 
 than those which occur later in life. Since tumors in youth are as a rule 
 of the sarcoma type, that is, cancers of connective-tissue formation, it is 
 sincerely to be regretted that in most of the available cancer statistics 
 the required distinction of carcinoma and sarcoma should not have been 
 made, with a due regard to age and sex. The importance of such a 
 distinction has been clearly brought out by Bashford in one of his papers 
 on the age incidence in cancer mortality. f 
 
 The Factor of Race in Cancer Mortality 
 The race factor in cancer mortality statistics is also of considerable 
 importance, and the cancer death rates for countries with a population 
 consisting of widely different ethnic elements require to be corrected 
 
 *See in this connection an interesting editorial in the New York Medical Record, May 31, 1902, on 
 Errors in the Chronometry of Life, with special reference to the observations and conclusions of the late Sir 
 James Paget. 
 
 t Scientific Reports on the Investigations of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Part I, Statistical In- 
 vestigation of Cancer, London, 1905. See also in this connection the tables on cancer and sarcoma, by single 
 years of life, derived from the Industrial experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of America, in the 
 Appendix to the chapter on Cancer as a Problem in Life Insurance Medicine. 
 
 14 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 or given in detail on this ground. As a typical illustration the Island 
 of Ceylon may be referred to, where the population consists of such 
 widely different ethnic types as Europeans, Sinhalese and Tamils.* 
 According to the hospital returns of Ceylon for 1913, out of 88,724 
 admissions for all causes, only 217, or 0.24 per cent., were on account of 
 malignant growths, and 287, or 0.32 per cent., on account of non- 
 malignant growths. Of the 217 admissions for malignant growths, 
 45, or 20.7 per cent., terminated fatally, whereas out of 287 admissions 
 for non-malignant growths, 7, or 2.4 per cent., terminated in death. 
 Another illustration is the District of Columbia, where of the total 
 population in 1910, 28.5 per cent, were of African descent. All of the 
 available evidence is to the effect that the recorded cancer death rate 
 of primitive races is materially below the average for civilized countries. 
 The argument frequently advanced that this difference is much more 
 apparent than real is hardly applicable to the conditions under which 
 the available information for native races has been obtained. Quali- 
 fied European physicians practising for years among the native Egyp- 
 tians, the primitive races of East and West Africa and the North Amer- 
 ican Indians are in entire agreement that malignant tumors of every 
 variety are quite rare among the uncivilized or semi-civilized types 
 of mankind. The evidence regarding the infrequency of cancer among 
 native races has been carefully examined and admirably set forth in 
 "The Natural History of Cancer," by W. R. Williams; and equally 
 convincing evidence will subsequently be presented in the statistical 
 portion of this work. 
 
 In the United States previous to the Civil War, cancer among the 
 negro population was relatively rare,t and particularly was this observed 
 to be true by plantation physicians as regards cancer of the uterus 
 among negro women. At the present time, under conditions of un- 
 restrained personal freedom, the difference in the cancer mortality of the 
 two races is decidedly less pronounced, though, as a rule, the general 
 cancer death rate of the white population is still considerably in excess 
 of the cancer death rate of the negro. At ages 40 and over, for illustra- 
 tion, the mortality from cancer of the stomach and liver in the District 
 of Columbia for the decade ending with 1910 was 105.5 per 100,000 of 
 population for white males, against 73.1 for colored males, and 84.5 for 
 
 *During 1908-12 the cancer death rate of Ceylon by race was as follows: Europeans, 15.9; Burghers, 
 25.9; Sinhalese, 7.3; Tamils, 5.4; Moors, 6.5; Malays, 3.2; all races combined, 6.8 per 100,000 of population. 
 In a letter, of May 1, 1914, Mr. Bertram Hill, Registrar-General of Ceylon, writes me as follows: "The figures 
 in the Ceylon Vital Statistics as to causes of death must be accepted with caution. In the majority of cases 
 diagnosis is made by persons who have had no medical training or at least no training on modern scientific 
 lines and who probably would not be able to diagnose cancer if they came across it. Then, again, Europeans 
 return to Europe, as a rule, if they are afflicted with any serious disease, and the age constitution of the 
 European population is not favorable to the development of cancer; most European Civil Servants retire at 
 the age of 55 or under and return to England for the rest of their lives. A similar practice exists among 
 planters and merchants. There are then comparatively few Europeans over 55 years of age in Ceylon 
 [7.1 %]. It is worthy of note that of the 406 fatal cases of cancer which were recorded in this Island in 1912 no 
 less than 107, or 26 per cent., were due to cancer of the buccal cavity. This is attributed to the habit of chewing 
 betel: the chew consisting of the betel leaf, tobacco, arecanut and lime. This 'quid' is kept constantly in 
 the mouth and no doubt sets up irritation, which results in cancer. Apart, however, from the unreliability 
 of the figures, I believe that cancer is a comparatively rare disease in Ceylon, though the rate has risen from 6.4 
 in 1910 to 9.8 per 100,000 in 1912. It is worthy of note that the cancer mortality in the Straits Settlements 
 (which have a climate closely resembling that of Ceylon) was 9.6 per 100,000 last year." 
 
 tSee in this connection a discussion of the mortality from tumor among the American negro population IQ 
 my "Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro," New York, 1896, 
 
 15 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 white females, against 64.5 for colored females. In marked contrast, 
 the mortality from cancer of the generative organs in the District 
 of Columbia was 84.2 per 100,000 of population for white women, against 
 123.1 for colored women. These illustrations sufficiently emphasize the 
 importance of giving due consideration to the fundamental element of 
 race, aside, of course, from the factors of sex and age.* 
 
 Limitations of the Present Inquiry 
 
 It is not the present purpose to enlarge upon the numerous factors 
 and circumstances which condition the observed variations in cancer 
 frequency in different countries and at diflferent periods of time. The 
 main object is to facilitate the statistical study of the cancer problem 
 by making available the more important general data for the civilized 
 world, arranged as far as practicable in a uniform manner and reduced to 
 rates calculated by uniform methods. The available amount of statisti- 
 cal information is of astonishing proportions. Most of the original 
 reports containing cancer mortality statistics are unavailable to the 
 student of the subject from the medical and surgical point of view. 
 There is much pretended accuracy in numerous statistical tabulations 
 which, however, are often found wanting, in that widely varying methods 
 of estimating the population have been employed and frequently no 
 correction has been made for changes in population during intercensal 
 periods. Even some of the more pretentious international tables of 
 cancer statistics fail in the matter of accuracy of detail, f It has there- 
 fore been necessary for the present purpose to reconsider the entire 
 material, and unless otherwise stated, all of the tables presented are 
 derived from official sources, that is, either from the original official 
 reports on mortality or by means of correspondence with the registra- 
 tion officials in charge. The populations for intercensal periods have as 
 a rule been recalculated, in conformity with the arithmetical method. 
 The rates have been checked at least twice throughout, but, consider- 
 ing the vast amount of material brought together, from so many 
 different sources, absolute accuracy must be assumed unattainable. 
 
 The chief purpose of the present investigation, as stated before, is 
 to make the existing statistical data available to the student of the 
 subject, to whom most of the facts would otherwise be inaccessible. A 
 second important object has been to determine the true tendency of the 
 cancer death rate, or, in other words, the rate of increase or decrease in 
 cancer mortality throughout the civilized countries of the world. The 
 controversial aspects of the question as to whether cancer is on the 
 increase or not are separately considered in another portion of this work. 
 A third object of the present inquiry has been to ascertain as far as 
 practicable the relative incidence of cancer according to the organs or 
 
 •Proportion of Negro Population, Census 1910: Charleston, S. C, 52.8 per cent., Mobile, Ala., 44.2 per 
 cent, and New Orleans, La., 26.3 per cent. 
 
 tThe principal sources of international cancer statistics are: Statistique Internationale du Mouvement 
 de la Population d'apres les Registres d'Etat Civil (publiee par le Ministere du Travail et de la Prevoyance 
 Sociale, Paris, 1907 ot 1913); Statistique Demographique des grandesVillesdu Monde pendant les Annees 1880- 
 1909 (publiee par le Bureau Municipal de Statistique d'Amsterdam); Annual Reports of the Registrar-General 
 of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England and Wales. See also in this connection the discussion on Cancer 
 in the first volume of "Handworterbuch der sozialen Hygiene," by Grotjahn and Kaup, Leipzig, 1912, and 
 the section on Statistics in the third volume of "Lehre von der Krebskrankheit," by J. WolEf, Jena, 1913. 
 
 16 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 parts of the body affected, with a due regard to age and sex, in different 
 countries of the world. It is a remarkable fact that for most of the 
 countries the required information is not available. Absolute complete- 
 ness in the tabular analysis has therefore not been attainable; but every 
 effort has been made to present the more useful data, at least, for the 
 countries with admittedly trustworthy systems of registration, based 
 upon reasonably accurate methods of death certification. 
 
 Urgency of Complete Information 
 
 The difficulties of statistical research into the cancer problem are 
 needlessly increased by the common neglect on the part of those re- 
 sponsible for the official publications on cancer mortality to provide 
 the necessary information as regards the organs and parts of the body 
 affected. The rather common practice of only assigning cancer as a 
 cause of death, without regard to the organs or parts of the body affected, 
 materially impairs the practical utility of the available information. 
 The conviction, however, is gradually gaining ground that the required 
 details with regard to cancer are as essential as they are with regard to 
 fevers. It would be as logical and as useful to return deaths from fevers 
 without stating whether typhoid, malarial or some other form as it is to 
 return deaths from cancer without stating whether of the stomach or 
 liver, the uterus, the breast, etc. Such details are absolutely indispen- 
 sable to the more scientific purposes of statistical research into the natural 
 history of malignant disease. It does not involve much additional labor 
 on the part of the attending physician to enter on the death certifi- 
 cate the particulars as regards the organ or part of the body affected 
 by the cancerous growth causing death, but the absence of such informa- 
 tion often precludes the highest attainable degree of completeness 
 in the practical use of cancer mortality returns; in its final analysis 
 the question as to whether cancer is on the increase or not reduces 
 itself to the problem as to whether cancer of any particular form or 
 type is more or less prevalent now than in former times. It has 
 probably never been seriously maintained by any one at all familiar 
 with the subject of cancer mortality statistically considered that all 
 forms of cancer were on the increase, any more than one would be justi- 
 fied in concluding that because the general death rate is declining the 
 decrease in the rates affects every disease or cause of death. It should 
 be perfectly obvious that the general death rate may be decreasing re- 
 gardless of the fact that the rate is increasing at certain ages or from 
 certain causes; and the general death rate from cancer may be increas- 
 ing regardless of the fact that there may be a decline in the frequency 
 of malignant disease as affecting certain organs or parts, or certain 
 special elements of the population, particular age groups, etc.* 
 
 *The argument has been put forward by the Director of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund that "All the 
 statements widely circulated in the newspapers as to the increase of cancer as a whole should be ignored and 
 attention only paid to those in which cancer affecting the different parts of the body are considered." This 
 conclusion is not justified by the facts, for as a general principle it may safely be asserted that cancer of all im- 
 portant organs and parts of the body is on the increase in most of the localities for which the data are available 
 and that the occasional exceptions to the rule as regards cancer of particular organs or parts of the body which 
 may show a decline are not of equal importance. Of course, the rate of increase for the various organs and 
 parts of the body varies widely, but this does not affect the broad conclusion that malignant disease, considered 
 as a group, shows a decided tendency towards an increase, relatively to the population affected, throughout 
 the civilized world. 
 
 17 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 The Problem of Cancer Increase 
 In the classical essay on "The Alleged Increase of Cancer," by Messrs. 
 King and Newsholme, originally read before the Royal Society on May 
 4, 1893, the statistical study of the material considered was arranged 
 according to external or accessible cancers and internal or inaccessible 
 cancers. The grouping adopted was rather arbitrary and in some re- 
 spects misleading, as wiU be subsequently shown in the more extended 
 discussion of the question as to whether cancer is actually on the increase 
 or not. In a corresponding study made by the Imperial Cancer Re- 
 search Fund three groups of cancerous affections were adopted, accessible, 
 inaccessible and intermediate. It is self-evident that cancer diagnosis 
 must be decidedly more difficult in the case of inaccessible cancers than 
 in the case of those conveniently accessible by means of external exam- 
 ination. The classification, by Bashford, of accessible, inaccessible and 
 intermediate cancers, the terms referring, of course, to the seat of pri- 
 mary, growth, is of much practical value, and for this reason the same is 
 given in full in Table 8, Appendix A, together with a note on the original 
 classification adopted by King and Newsholme. 
 
 Effect of Better Diagnosis on Cancer Statistics 
 
 Improved diagnosis, especially when based upon autopsies followed 
 by the microscopical study of the tissues affected, must necessarily tend 
 to increase the cancer death rate; but there are reasons for believing 
 that this factor of uncertainty in cancer mortality statistics is not of suffi- 
 cient importance to seriously invalidate the practical utility of the general 
 cancer death rate. For even in the case of autopsies, mistakes in diag- 
 nosis, as conclusively shown by Dr. Bashford, are not entirely avoidable. 
 The margin of error is probably not, however, as wide in cancer death 
 certification as is frequently assumed to be the case. The liability to 
 error is perhaps as great, if not greater, in the classification of cancer 
 mortahty returns reported originally in conformity to a more or less 
 indefinite medical terminology. As previously shown the earlier classi- 
 fications of tumors, whether malignant or benign, indicate that the 
 tendency to classify benign tumors as malignant was probably greater 
 than the liability in modern medical practice to erroneously diagnose 
 malignant growths as tumors of an innocent kind. That within recent 
 years there have been further improvements in diagnosis can not be 
 questioned by any one familiar with the progress of medical science in 
 this and other countries. That there have also been improvements in 
 the more scientific classification of diseases must be readily admitted, 
 and more so in view of the increasing use of the International Classifica- 
 tion of Causes of Death, which in the case of cancer provides for seven 
 large groups and numerous subdivisions under each. 
 
 The Place of Cancer in Death Classification 
 
 The term "cancer," for statistical purposes, as explained in the Manual 
 of the International List of Causes of Death, is a general one, and made to 
 include all forms of malignant neoplasms. The list of these, as given 
 in the original classification, is given in full detail for the purpose of 
 convenient reference, in Table 6, Appendix A. It is stated in the Manual 
 that "the location of the cancer, or preferably, as recommended by the 
 
 18 
 
STATISTICAL METHOD IN MEDICINE 
 
 Committee of the American Medical Association, the seat of origin of 
 the cancer, if known, should always be stated." The seven groups 
 adopted for general purposes of classification are: first, cancer and other 
 malignant tumors of the buccal cavity, second, cancer and other malig- 
 nant tumors of the stomach and liver, third, cancer and other malignant 
 tumors of the peritoneum, intestines and rectum, fourth, cancer and 
 other malignant tumors of the female generative organs, fifth, cancer 
 and other malignant tumors of the breast, sixth, cancer and other 
 malignant tumors of the skin, seventh, cancer and other malignant 
 tumors of other organs or of organs not specified. With regard to the 
 last, it is pointed out that "This is a residual title that includes all deaths 
 from cancer that cannot be assigned to the preceding titles, and espe- 
 cially those in which the location or origin of the disease is not stated." 
 It is suggested that "inquiry should be made in such cases and fuller 
 information obtained, if possible."* 
 
 In the subsequent discussion of the cancer statistics of the United 
 States registration area by organs and parts of the body, only these 
 seven groups are considered, since the information in detail for the 
 numerous subdivisions is not at present made public by the Division of 
 Vital Statistics of the Census Office. An urgent recommendation has 
 therefore been made to the Director of the Census by the Executive 
 Committee of the American Society for the Control of Cancer that this 
 omission should be made good in the future by the more complete 
 publication of the facts, or, in other words, the publication of cancer 
 mortality returns in full detail, according to the organs or parts of the 
 body affected. It is to be hoped that this suggestion will be carried into 
 effect in the publication of future reports on the mortality statistics of 
 the registration area.f 
 
 For the scientific study of the cancer problem it is, however, of the 
 utmost importance that the available statistical information should be 
 published in more detail, and several suggestive illustrations of the 
 feasibility of this method are given in statistical appendices, particu- 
 larly in Appendix G, for foreign countries. The earlier returns in 
 detail for New York and Philadelphia may also be referred to as 
 decidedly more useful than the abbreviated statistics published at the 
 present time, in conformity, however, to the International Classifica- 
 tion of Causes of Death. 
 
 Non-Malignant Tumors 
 
 The Manual of the International List of Causes of Death classifies 
 other tumors, excepting those of the female generative organs, as a 
 
 * See Tables 6 and 7, Appendix A. 
 
 tin conformity to this resolution the Director of the Census has given instructions to the Division of Vital 
 Statistics to make hereafter the following subdivisions in the cancer classification: 
 
 CANCER AND OTHER MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE— 
 
 39. Buccal cavity 40. Stomach and Liver 41. Peritoneum, intestines and rec- 
 
 Lip Pharynx tum 
 
 Tongue ' (Esophagus Mesentery and peritoneum 
 
 Mouth Stomach Intestines 
 
 Jaw Liver and gall-bladder Rectum 
 
 Other Other Other 
 
 42. Female Generative Organs 45. Other organs: Larynx, Lungs and Pleura, Pancreas, Kidneys and 
 
 43. Breast Suprarenals, Prostate, Bladder, Brain, Bones (except jaw). Testes. 
 t4. Skin Other. 
 
 ]9 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 separate group, including all forms of non-malignant neoplasms. These 
 are quite numerous and on account of their importance the details 
 are given in full in Table 6, Appendix A, as derived from the official 
 classification of Causes of Death. Non-cancerous uterine tumors are 
 also separately considered in the International Classification and 
 the details of this group are given in Table 7, Appendix A, together 
 with the official list of cysts and other tumors of the ovary, hydatid 
 tumors of the liver, biliary calculi, calculi of the urinary passages and 
 ulcers of the stomach; it being understood, of course, that in all cases 
 the supplementary classification applies only to non-malignant disease, 
 and that the facts having reference thereto are included in this dis- 
 cussion only as a matter of convenience for the more complete study 
 of tumor science comprehended under the term oncology.* 
 
 *0n the classification of diseases, with special reference to cancer, see Bellevue Hospital Nomenclature of 
 Diseases and Conditions, adopted by the Board of Trustees, 1903, revised edition, 1911 ; Massachusetts General 
 Hospital Nomenclature, second edition, revised and enlarged, 1914; Statistical Experience Data of Johns Hop- 
 kins, Hospital, Baltimore, 1892-1911, F. L. Hoffman, 1913, including observations on the plan and scope of 
 nosography, Bellevue classification of diseases, and a list of references to disease registration and the practical 
 utility of institutional and other mortality records. 
 
 20 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE STATISTICAL BASIS OF CANCER RESEARCH 
 
 Limitations of Statistical Analysis — DiflSculties of Precise Classification — Early Obser- 
 vations on Cancer Statistics — Need of an Exhaustive Study — Uniform Methods of 
 Tabulation and Analysis — Recognition of Cancer — Importance of Microscopical 
 Research. 
 
 The sources of statistical information regarding cancer frequency 
 throughout the world are : first, the official mortality statistics, second, 
 the statistics of institutions for the medical or surgical treatment of 
 cancer patients, third, the recorded individual clinical data of physi- 
 cians and surgeons, fourth, the collective experience data of life insur- 
 ance companies, fifth, the results of special cancer censuses, sixth, mis- 
 cellaneous data of public institutions, such as homes for the aged, 
 almshouses, prisons, retreats for inebriates, etc. 
 
 Recognized Limitations of Statistical Analysis 
 Of the world's population, estimated for 1912 at 1,750,000,000, there 
 are more or less trustworthy cancer mortality statistics for a population 
 of about 450,000,000, or 26.0 per cent, of the whole. For this civilized 
 portion of the world, the intrinsic value of the data available varies quite 
 considerably, not only for the different countries as such, but also for the 
 several component parts of the same country , that is,the political divisions 
 or subdivisions as the case may be. The liability to error in the interpre- 
 tation of cancer statistics is therefore quite serious and no conclusions 
 advanced in the subsequent discussion are to he accepted without this impor- 
 tant qualification. As is the case, however, in all mortality statistics, there 
 is a well-establistied tendency on the part of such errors to more or less 
 balance one another; and the observed regularities in cancer occurrence 
 in different countries and different sections of the same country warrant 
 the conviction that the element of error in cancer statistics is apparently 
 not materially greater, if as great, than in the case of other important 
 diseases, such as typhoid fever, appendicitis, diabetes, etc. The initial 
 liability to error in cancer statistics is naturally the ever-present possibility 
 of mistakes in clinical diagnosis. This liability, however, has probably 
 been more clearly recognized in cancerous complaints than in many 
 other diseases of modern life, as brought out in an interesting early 
 treatise on " Diseases Which Have Been Confounded with Cancer, and 
 Also Some Critical Remarks on Some of the Operations Performed in 
 Cancerous Cases," by John Pearson, Surgeon of the Lock Hospital, Lon- 
 don, 1793. As observed by this author: 
 
 For as language is not rich enough to furnish words that will perfectly denote all the 
 different shades of colour, though their dissimilitude is obvious when presented to the mind; 
 so there is a species of practical knowledge, composed of simple ideas derived from observa- 
 tion, for which no competent terms have yet been contrived, and which no periphrasis can 
 adequately describe. 
 
 Pearson was evidently a careful observer, for he remarks: 
 
 The application of analogical reasoning to diseases, is a very nice and delicate imder- 
 taking; it requires much acuteness and sagacity, and lies not within the province of 
 
 21 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 an ordinarj' observer. But in practice it is often of more importance to discern wherein 
 complaints differ, than wherein they agree; and that sort of knowledge which might very 
 properly enable a man to found classes, orders, genera and species, would be quite insuflB- 
 cient to conduct him to a rational and successful mode of treatment. While nosologists 
 therefore are debating whether the cancer ought to stand in the class of cachexiae or locales; 
 let us pursue a more interesting object, and endeavor to ascertain by what signs the Cancer 
 may be distinguished from all other diseases. 
 
 Present Difificulties of Precise Classification 
 
 This question of exact diagnosis, differentiation and classification has 
 not yet been answered to the satisfaction of the medical and surgical 
 profession. Criticisms, therefore, of faulty cancer statistics lie primarily 
 against those who are responsible for errors in diagnosis and mistakes of 
 subsequent classification, and not against those who perform the equally 
 arduous though perhaps mechanically less difficult task of statistical 
 tabulation and analysis. 
 
 Even in so modern a work as the "Index of Differential Diagnosis of 
 Main Symptoms," by various writers, edited by Herbert French, M. D., 
 and published in a new edition in 1913, tumors are considered under the 
 general term of "Swellings," because of the practical impossibility 
 of a precise differentiation between tumors of doubtful malig- 
 nancy and tumors of doubtful innocency, as well as between mere 
 swellings which fall within the characteristic tumor class and those 
 which obviously do not belong there.* The same argument, of course, 
 may be applied to ulcers, which are also quite difficult of precise classi- 
 fication; and reference may be made here to a treatise on "The 
 Management of Ulcers," with a dissertation on white swellings of the 
 joints, including observations on cancerous ulcers and the causes of 
 cancerous disorders, by Benjamin Bell, M. D., published in 1784. An 
 extended review of the early medical literature on cancer fails to reveal 
 the required evidence of serious misconception of the nature of cancerous 
 complaints in different parts of the human body sufficient to discredit 
 the practical utihty of the available vital records with reference to this 
 disease or group of diseases, f 
 
 It is nearly seventy years ago since the statistical aspects of the cancer 
 problem were first discussed in the United States, in a contribution by 
 John Le Conte, entitled "Statistical Researches on Cancer," published 
 in the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal for May, 1846. The data 
 used were the statistics of the Department of the Seine for the 
 eleven years ending with 1840 and the statistics of England and Wales 
 for 1838-39. Le Conte directed attention to the necessity of sound 
 
 *In the words of Mitchell Banks, as quoted by Coley, in a discussion of the increase of cancer in a paper 
 read before the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association, December 14, 1909, "While the diagnosis of 
 cancer is probably made much more frequently now than in former times, it required little skill to make the 
 diagnosis at the time of the death of the patient. The diagnosis at such a time was by no means beyond the 
 ability of even the rural practitioner of fifty years ago." 
 
 fThe following definition of cancer is from "The Physical Dictionary," by Stephen Blancard, M. D., 6th 
 edit., London, 1715 : 
 
 "Cancer : The Cancer is a round, livid or blackish Tumor, circumscrib'd with turgid Veins replete with 
 Blood, either with or without Exulceration, arising from black, corrupted stagnant Bile diversify 'd many 
 ways. The true Cancer is restrained to the Breasts only of Women, and the Scapulae of Men. There is a 
 white Cancer, which is a certain white Chalky Recrement occupying the inward parts of the Mouth, and the 
 whole Tongue of Infants ; and, except deterg'd and cleans'd in time, will exulcerate." 
 
 "Carcinoma, Carcinus, or Cancer, a Tumour that arises always in the Glands, from saline, sulphureous, 
 sharp, and melancholy thick Humours. It is round, hard, livid, painful, at the beginning as big as a Pea, but 
 afterwards it is surroimded with great swelling Vei7is which resemble the Feet of a Crab, tho' not always." 
 
 22 
 
STATISTICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH 
 
 statistical methods and particularly to the fallacy of determining the 
 rate of cancer frequency in the form of a proportion of the mortality 
 from all causes. Le Conte contributed a subsequent paper on "Vital 
 Statistics Illustrated by the Laws of Mortality from Cancer" to the 
 Western Lancet, March, 1872, and the earlier papers, in part, with ma- 
 terial additions, were reprinted in a final contribution on "Vital Statis- 
 tics and the True Coefficient of Mortality Illustrated by Cancer" to the 
 tenth biennial report of the State Board of Health of California, Sacra- 
 mento, 1888. The fundamental principle that the mortality from cancer 
 is a function of age was clearly recognized by Le Conte, and he was 
 one of the very first to direct attention to its importance in statistical 
 research. The article also draws attention to the fact that 
 
 Nearly all of our statistical data appear to indicate that in the case of cancer there has 
 really been a secular increase in mortality, both in France and in England and Wales. It 
 would be premature to attempt to express this increment in numbers as a time-factor in our 
 formula for the influence of age on the mortality from cancerous diseases. The rational 
 discussion of such questions must be postponed until some zealous investigator of vital 
 statistics arises, who has the leisure and the courage to properly analyze the vast accumu- 
 lation of valuable facts which are entombed in the mortuary registers of the last forty 
 years. 
 
 As regards the probable cause of this presumed increase in the mor- 
 tality from cancer, it is pointed out by Le Conte that it may be proper 
 to remind the reader that 
 
 To some extent, the augmentation may be only apparent; since it may arise from more 
 careful registration, from improvements in pathology, and from greater accuracy in 
 diagnosis. It is difficult to estimate the influence of these circumstances. But there is 
 another cause of this apparent increase of mortality which is far more definite. It is a well 
 established fact, that the mean duration of human life has, even within a comparatively 
 short time, been sensibly increased, by the rapid advancement of medical science and by 
 a more philosophical application of hygienic and sanitary regulations. 
 
 In a footnote to the article a reference is made to one of the earliest 
 papers on the increase in cancer, contributed to the Transactions of the 
 Society of the Alumni of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the 
 State of New York, 1842. The possible effect on the cancer death rate 
 of improved methods of diagnosis and death certification on the basis of 
 autopsies was clearly recognized by Le Conte, who remarks that 
 
 Perhaps the habit of making necroscopic examinations may be more common in the 
 French metropolis than it is in England, and thus a greater number of internal cancers 
 may be detected and registered. But it is hardly reasonable to suppose that the dis- 
 parity growing out of this circumstance would amount to the enormous proportion of 4 to 
 1, In view of M. Tanchou's idea, that the mortality from cancer is in a direct ratio 
 to the intensity of human ci\'ilization, it may be, to some extent, consolatory to the 
 inhabitants of England to discover that their more recent mortuary records, from 1860 
 to 1863, inclusive, indicate a very remarkable increase in the death rate from this disease.* 
 
 Considering the very limited amount of accurate statistical informa- 
 tion available at this period, the general conclusions arrived at by Le 
 Conte are in remarkable conformity to the facts disclosed by subsequent 
 experience. The article is an illuminating contribution to the statistical 
 
 *Probably the very earliest cancer mortality statistics are contained in the "Collection of the Yearly Bills 
 of Mortality, 1657-1758," London, 1759. The returns are limited to the city of London. Cancer is specifi- 
 cally enumerated during every year, but the term includes gangrene and fistula. Excluding the years during 
 which plague was epidemic it is found that between 1651-1758 out of 1,980,037 deaths from all causes 5,123, or 
 0.26 per cent., were from cancer, including gangrene and fistula. The proportion was highest during 1651-64, 
 or 0.34 per cent., and lowest during 1741-58, or 0.20 per cent. (See Table 15d, Appendix G.) 
 
 23 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 study of cancer and conclusively proves that for some seventy years 
 at least the question of cancer increase has received more or less quali- 
 fied and critical consideration in the United States. 
 
 Observations on English Cancer Statistics 
 
 As early as 1866, in a paper contributed to the Journal of the Royal 
 Statiscal Society of London, Dr. W. L. Sargant, in an essay on the 
 "Vital Statistics of Birmingham," observed that 
 
 Of all the diseases to which a separate column is assigned, the one, I presume, about 
 which there can be the least dispute is cancer. The number of deaths it causes is small, 
 however, being only about 1 per cent, of all deaths; but it is twice as great among females 
 as among males. 
 
 The uniformity of the numbei- in different places is remarkable. In the whole of En- 
 gland and Wales, out of 10,000 persons living, 2 males and 4 females die of cancer each year. 
 The same number, 2 males and 4 females, die of it each year in Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds 
 and Wolverhampton. In Birmingham and Sheffield, there are also 2 male deaths, but 5 
 instead of 4 females; in London, again, there are 2 males, but 6 females; in Bristol there 
 are no less than 4 males and 6 females. Possibly the excess in these towns is caused by 
 the influx to the hospitals of patients from a wider neighborhood. 
 
 At a meeting of the British Medical Association lately held in Leamington, there arose 
 a discussion on the question, whether cancer was a local disease, or whether it was a result 
 of an ill condition of the body. If it were a result of ill condition, we should find more of 
 it in an unhealthy place than in other places; more in Liverpool than in the whole of Eng- 
 land and Wales. But in fact we find that out of 10,000 persons living, the same number 
 die in Liverpool that die in the whole country.* 
 
 Medical progress varies widely in different countries and at different 
 periods of time. New diseases are recognized in some countries far in 
 advance of others, in consequence of better methods of medical educa^ 
 tion, postgraduate courses, facilities for research, etc. ; but there would 
 seem to be no exception to the rule that until about fifty years ago all 
 cancerous complaints, whether external or internal, were considered by 
 the medical and surgical profession as of comparatively rare occurrence. 
 This conclusion is reflected in the general vital statistics of civilized coun- 
 tries previous to about 1880, in the early experience of life insurance com- 
 panies and in the early medical literature on the subject. During the 
 last fifty years, however, the gradual increase in cancerous complaints has 
 been more and more recognized, and the following is a suggestive ex- 
 tract from a discussion in connection with the accuracy of statistics 
 of the causes of death by Longstaff , a painstaking student of statistical 
 problems, contributed to the Journal of the Royal Statiscal Society of 
 London, t in which it is said that 
 
 Cancer, in contrast to renal disease, is twice as fatal to women as to men: it is rare in 
 early life, but steadily increases in frequency from the age of 25 upward. Cancer has in- 
 creased 38 per cent, in males, 24 per cent, in females, the greater increase in males being 
 probably due to the fact that cancer of the stomach and liver, which is commoner in men 
 than women, is much more difficult of diagnosis than cancer of the female breast or of the 
 uterus. Hence improved medical skill affects the retm^ns for it more. The loss of life 
 due to the increased mortality from cancer amounts to 1,187 males and 1,661 females, of 
 which seven-eighths are above the age of 45. A recent writer (H. P. Dunn, F. R. C. S., in 
 British Medical Journal, 1883, pp. 708, etc.), said he was convinced that the long- 
 continued and steady increase of cancer was not apparent only, and accounted for by in- 
 creased accuracy of diagnosis and registration, but was an undoubted fact; the cause is 
 quite unknown, but must probably be sought in some abnormal circumstances of our 
 
 *"The Vital Statistics of Birmingham and Seven Other Towns," by Dr. W. L. Sargant, published in the 
 Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, 1866. 
 t Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, 1884. 
 
STATISTICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH 
 
 artificial existence. It should be remembered that very few, if indeed any, recover from this 
 much dreaded disease, and also that it chiefly attacks after the reproductive age is past. 
 From these facts we may draw the consolation that if there are many killed, there are no 
 wounded, and that although the tendency to cancer may be handed down to ofiFspring, they 
 are not born enfeebled in consequence of their parents' ailment. 
 
 WTien this was written the number of deaths from cancer, including 
 sarcoma, in England and Wales was 15,198, equivalent to a cancer death 
 rate for the year 1884 of 56.5 per 100,000 of population. For the year 
 1911 the cancer death rate of England and Wales was 99.3; if, therefore, 
 in 1884, on account of mistaken diagnosis or erroneous classification, the 
 true cancer death rate had been the same as in 1911, 26,725 deaths would 
 have been assigned to other causes instead of being properly assigned to 
 cancer or sarcoma. Considering the then attained degree of medical 
 education and professional efficiency, this would seem incredible. 
 Modern Improvements in Diagnosis and Classification 
 
 At the same time, there can be no question of doubt that improved 
 diagnosis and more scientific methods of classification have contributed 
 towards the observed increase in the cancer death rate of practically 
 every civilized country throughout the world; but it would seem quite 
 impossible, considering the very material rise in the cancer death 
 rate during the last thirty or forty years, that this increase should be 
 only apparent and not real, and chiefly the result of improved methods 
 of diagnosis and classification. If the same argument were applied to 
 many other diseases, even more obscure and difficult of exact diagnosis 
 than at least the external cancers, it would amount to this : that deaths 
 must have actually occurred which are not a matter of official record, in 
 view of the fact that in practically all of the more important countries 
 the mortality from all causes has relatively declined during the last gener- 
 ation.* Since there has been no material increase in the death rate from 
 all causes at ages over 40, and in the case of some important causes even 
 a decline, it is evident that if cancer ranks to-day foremost among the 
 diseases showing an actual rise in the rate, and practically from year to 
 year for more than a generation, this increase can not possibly be ex- 
 clusively or even largely the result of improved diagnosis or more 
 scientific methods of classification. 
 
 Necessity for an Exhaustive Study 
 
 Thus far no thoroughly scientific study of cancer statistics has been 
 made with a view to determine the relevancy of the criticism frequently 
 made against the validity of the statistical method. The need of such 
 an investigation is quite obvious; but the difficulty lies in the required 
 dual familiarity with both the medical and the statistical difficulties of the 
 problem. In this respect the criticisms of the statistical method in cancer 
 research on the part of the Director of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund 
 are merely negative and of very limited practical utility. The same 
 conclusion applies in part to the following observations by Delafield and 
 Prudden, in the ninth edition of their "Text-book of Pathology," 
 page 353, published in 1911: 
 
 It has become e\'ident of late that much of the statistical lore of tumors, especially of 
 malignant types, which has been handed on from one writer to another, is in need of a 
 
 *For a discussion of the decline of the death rate throughout the world, see my address on " The Signifi- 
 cance of a Declining Death Rate," proceedings First National Conference on Race Betterment, 1914. 
 
 25 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 critical re^Tsion, and that many of the current opinions regarding malignant tumors are 
 based upon alleged observations of doubtful validity and upon inferences hastily and illogi- 
 caliy drawn. Among these opinions needing revision may be mentioned the alleged rela- 
 tive rapid increase in the frequency of cancer, which rests upon data obviously faulty; the 
 contention that metastases in maUgnant tumor are closely analogous with metastases in 
 infective processes and indicate the infective nature of the former; the view that carcinoma 
 has been in many instances directly conveyed by contact from a ^'ictim of the disease to a 
 well person; the successful inoculation of carcinoma of man into the lower animals. None 
 of these points has been sustained by rehable data. 
 
 It has become e\"ident that a new departure is necessary in the study of tumors and that 
 this is especially urgent along two lines: first, in the collection of more rehable statistics, 
 which shall embrace not only man, but the lower animals as well; and, second, the initiation 
 of careful and extended experimental studies of the tumors, especially the mahgnant 
 tumors, of the lower animals, in which such gro-nlhs frequently occiu" spontaneously. 
 
 TMien along these lines the data relating to the biology of tumors shall have been 
 gathered on a large scale, the outlook will be brighter for the study of the fundamental 
 problems of the inciting factors in tumors and of promising measures for their treatment. 
 
 Of these interesting suggestions, the first, regarding the collection of 
 more reliable statistics, can be complied with at the present time only to 
 the extent of a more complete and trustworthy presentation of the avail- 
 able official and other statistical data relating to the cancer problem in 
 its various aspects throughout the world. Since no such effort has 
 heretofore been attempted in a really comprehensive manner, it is to be 
 hoped that if the present work falls short of providing an absolutely 
 trustworthy basis of conclusions regarding the apparent or actual in- 
 crease in cancer frequency, the very considerable amount of statistical 
 material brought together will, for the first time, at least afford an 
 adequate basis of facts for the strictly scientific and critical statistical 
 study of the subject. The material presented is so extensive in the quan- 
 tity of data and the wealth of detail that it may safely be asserted that 
 no problem in human mortahty has heretofore been considered on the 
 basis of an equally adequate amount of statistical data. On the basis of 
 this information it should not be impossible to ascertain with approxi- 
 mate accuracy at least the direction in which the required improve- 
 ment in cancer statistics can be made with least difficulty and with the 
 assurance of practical utility. 
 
 The statistical aspects of the cancer problem, with a due regard to the 
 geographical distribution of the disease, have been considered at some 
 length in the third volume of the treatise on cancer by J. Wolff. The 
 statistical references, however, are general, and no attempt is made at 
 correlation or uniformity in the presentation of the facts. Many of the 
 citations are very interesting and exceedingly useful in the statistical 
 study of the cancer problem; but the data are inadequate for the pur- 
 pose of determining the true rate of increase in cancer frequency in 
 civilized countries, not only for all forms of cancer, but for special forms 
 in particular localities. The investigation by Wolff includes topo- 
 graphical and geological considerations, climate, race, religion, urban and 
 rural conditions, wealth and poverty, occupation, sex, age, etc. The 
 results of the investigation are summarized by this author for the 
 purpose of answering the question as to whether cancer is actually 
 or only apparently on the increase, but no definite conclusion is reached. 
 In brief, it is said that the evidence is not available to prove that there 
 has been an actual increase in cancer mortality, especially of gastric 
 
 26 
 
STATISTICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH 
 
 cancer, and that, in any event, the observed increase is not sufficient 
 to cause serious apprehension on the part of the pubHc. This conclusion 
 is not in conformity to the results of the present investigation, which 
 prove that within less than forty years the rate of mortality from cancer 
 has practically doubled and that the actual number of deaths from 
 cancer in the civilized portion of the world for which reasonably trust- 
 worthy data are available exceeds 500,000 per annum. 
 
 Uniform Methods of Tabulation and Analysis 
 
 The material for the present investigation has, unless otherwise 
 stated, been derived from the original official reports or by means of 
 correspondence with the official department in charge of the collection 
 of cancer mortality statistics. As far as practicable the sources of in- 
 formation are indicated for every table, so as to facilitate further 
 research with particular reference to the mortality experience of foreign 
 countries. It has not been feasible, as a rule, to bring the data further 
 down than to the end of the year 1912. 
 
 The tabulation and analysis of each country as far as practicable are 
 made to include the mortality by organs and parts of the body affected, 
 with the required distinction of age and sex. The mortality rates are 
 given in a uniform manner, on the basis of 100,000 of population. 
 With but a few exceptions, the rates are original calculations based 
 upon new or revised estimates of the population for intercensal 
 years. The age and sex distribution of the population has, as a 
 rule, been derived from the official census reports. The use of non- 
 official data has generally been avoided, but occasionally such data 
 have been included for the purpose of completeness, with the reason- 
 able assurance that the authors responsible therefor had derived their 
 original returns from trustworthy sources. 
 
 The present discussion does not include an extended critical study of 
 new statistical methods of cancer research. It has seemed of more prac- 
 tical importance to provide the student of the cancer problem with the 
 available material for statistical research, rather than with theories or 
 criticisms however well justified by the facts. It would unquestion- 
 ably serve a most useful purpose if the method originally suggested by the 
 Director of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund regarding uniform 
 records of hospitals in cancer cases were adopted by at least the lead- 
 ing institutions providing medical or surgical treatment for cancerous 
 complaints. Such uniformity would go far towards eliminating serious 
 errors, which to a considerable degree invalidate the comparative cancer 
 statistics of different countries of the world. 
 
 The same conclusion, of course, applies to the general adoption of the 
 standard death certificate and the more general use of the international 
 classification of causes of death. Another difficult problem in this 
 connection is the universal adoption of a generally suitable blank for 
 supplementary cancer inquiries. As an aid towards the better solution of 
 this phase of the cancer problem, the most essential forms in practical 
 use are given in Appendix B. 
 
 27 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 Early Mortality from Cancer in London — Causes of Local Variations — Argument by 
 King and 5s"ewsholme — Statistics of Frankfurt a/M. — Increase in Cancer by Organs 
 and Parts — Utility of a Cancer Census — Cancer among Primitive Races — Statistical 
 Problems of Erroneous Diagnosis — Evidence of Cancer Increase throughout the 
 World — [Misleading Statistical Observations — Useless Controversies — Trustworthi- 
 ness of American Mortality Statistics — Contributory Causes of Death in Cancer — 
 Continued Increase in Cancer Frequency — Public Menace of Ignorance and 
 Indifference. 
 
 The question whether cancer is on the increase is one of the most 
 important problems in modern medicine. If cancerous complaints 
 are actually and relatively more frequent at the present time than in 
 former years, it is self-e\ddent that the underlying causes or conditioning 
 circumstances must be of recent development and the result of changed 
 methods of living or of profound modifications in the human environ- 
 ment. If cancer is not on the increase, but is actually a much more 
 common disease than was generally assumed to be the case in the past, 
 because of misleading statistics or superficial and imperfect diagnosis, 
 then the more trustworthy returns for the present period serve the ex- 
 tremely practical purpose of emphasizing the serious menace of cancer 
 and the supreme importance of more qualified medical and surgical 
 consideration of the subject. For it is self-e^ddent that if the charge is 
 true that in the past a large number of deaths have been erroneously 
 recorded as due to other causes than cancer, when, in fact, such deaths 
 were due to cancerous complaints, the medical and surgical profession 
 must have been grossly derelict in its duty and inconceivably incom- 
 petent, considering the high degree of attained proficiency in other 
 branches of medicine and surgery. There are the strongest possible 
 reasons for belie%ang, however, that this lamentable conclusion, which 
 would be virtually equivalent to a charge of gross malpractice against 
 the world's medical profession, is not true. Those who maintain that 
 cancer is not on the increase, but that the higher recorded rate of 
 frequency at the present time is but an evidence of erroneous diagnosis 
 or wrongful classification in the past, can not be aware of the far-reach- 
 ing significance of their conclusions when concretely applied to the 
 cancer problem. For illustration, in the registration area of the United 
 States, during the decade ending with the year 1913, the recorded can- 
 cer death rate increased from 70.2 to 78.9. When these rates are applied 
 to the population of the continental United States as a whole, it appears 
 that during this period there were 658,139 deaths from cancer. If, 
 however, the rate for all the years previous to 1913 was deficient in ac- 
 curacy, and if, in fact, the rate for that year, given as 78.9, had actually 
 prevailed during each of the previous years, there would have been 
 706,752 deaths from cancer, or a difference of 48,613. It would seem 
 utterly inconceivable that this number of cancer deaths should have oc- 
 curred in the United States during a single decade and been erroneously 
 
 28 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 diagnosed as due to some other disease than cancer. During recent years, 
 however, the cancer death rate has not increased quite as rapidly as 
 during earher periods, and the contrast would therefore be much more 
 marked if the actual effect of the assumed errors in registration and 
 diagnosis were calculated for a longer period of time. 
 
 No one familiar with the facts can question the view that many 
 years ago cancers of the internal organs were quite frequently diag- 
 nosed in error, or in any event classified superficially under some other 
 term. Walshe, in his treatise on "Cancer," published in 1844, took 
 occasion to point out that the mortality attributed to cancer was in all 
 probability below the true mark, particularly of those under the head of 
 diseases of the generative organs, especially of the uterus. He remarks : 
 
 A large proportion was in all likelihood caused by carcinoma; the same is true, though 
 to a less degree, of fatal cases of organic disease of the intestinal canal and of "stricture of 
 the rectum and oesophagus" in persons of advanced age. 
 
 Whether the frequency of cancerous disease is on the increase is a question of consider- 
 able interest, but one to which we cannot unfortunately furnish any very satisfactory reply, 
 as we have not the means of ascertaining the proportion of the population annually cut 
 off by the disease during a series of years. The only statistical facts we can find bearing 
 on this question are given in the following table, showing the ratio of cancerous deaths to 
 the total mortality of the metropolis during the last century. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in London, 1728-1838 
 
 Proportion of Deaths 
 Time from Cancer in Every 
 
 1,000 Deaths 
 
 From 1728-1757 (SOyears) 2.0 
 
 From 1771-1780 (lOyears) 3.4 
 
 From 1831-1835 (5 years) 4.4* 
 
 From June 31, 1837, to December 31, 1838 (18 months)!- ..6.1 
 
 In commenting on this table, Walshe points out that 
 
 From this it would, on first view, appear that the frequency of the disease has been 
 steadily increasing during the last 100 years; but the real causes of the augmented ratio 
 are more likely to be the decrease of mortality from epidemic diseases, and the greater 
 accuracy of diagnosis, as respects carcinomatous affections. We must wait for correct 
 answers to questions of this high import, until the present Registratica Act has been in 
 operation for a series of years. 
 
 It would not serve a practical purpose to inquire too far back into the 
 earlier records of cancer mortality, which for self-evident reasons must 
 have been less trustworthy and conclusive than those derived from 
 official registration returns. | It would also be misleading to determine 
 the increase in cancer mortality on the basis of a proportion to the mor- 
 tality from all causes, although under given conditions this method may 
 yield fairly satisfactory results. The extract from the work by Walshe 
 is merely included as evidence that even seventy years ago the question 
 of cancer increase was receiving critical attention and that the same con- 
 clusion was then advanced as now: that the increase was more apparent 
 than real and due primarily to improved diagnosis. 
 
 *These three proportional numbers are taken from a table calculated by Dr. Farr, and given at page 577 of 
 his "Vital Statistics." 
 
 fThe absolute number of deaths from cancer registered in the metropolis during this period was 470, bring- 
 ing cancer from a position of almost no importance to that of a predominating cause of death. 
 
 JAmong the earliest mortality statistics by causes are the returns for the Jews of the Vienna Ghetto, 
 1648-69, discussed by Dr. Schwarz in the periodical on the Demography and Statistics of the Jews, April, 
 1910. According to this writer, out of 883 medically or otherwise certified causes of death among the Jews 
 of Vienna during the period 1648-6S, only one death was due to cancer. (See note on page 23.) 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Causes of Local Variations 
 It is a practical certainty, however, that this argument can be carried 
 too far, A point must be reached, sooner or later, where the margin 
 of error is reduced to relatively unimportant proportions. A definite 
 maximum figure in cancer mortality, however, can not be said to exist. 
 There is an enormous range in cancer frequency from the almost 
 complete absence of the disease to its being one of the principal 
 causes of death in adult life. A maximum point of normal fre- 
 quency must, of course, be reached in time, particularly in the case 
 of long-settled and densely populated countries. Such a maximum 
 rate, however, would not by any means indicate errors or defects in low 
 prevailing rates for other countries. "Cancer," like "fevers," is an indefi- 
 nite term and comprehends affections due probably to the same causes or 
 conditioning circumstances, but with fundamentally different results as 
 regards the organs or parts of the body affected. An excessive cancer 
 death rate in one country may be largely due to a high mortality 
 from cancer of the stomach among males; in another country, the 
 excess in the cancer death rate may be chiefly due to a high degree of 
 frequency of cancer of the uterus or of the female breast. Certain forms 
 of cancer prevail in some regions of the globe which are practically un- 
 known in others : the so-called Kangri cancer of Kashmir, for illustration, 
 is not met with among civilized mankind.* Cancer of the cheek, caused 
 apparently by slow irritation following the chewing of the betel nut by 
 the women of India, is very rare among Europeans. It is therefore an 
 entirely safe conclusion that gastric cancers or uterine cancers, which 
 are excessively common among civilized races, may be actually very rare 
 among, but not completely absent from, native races, existing under 
 fundamentally different conditions of life. The more thoroughly the 
 geographical distribution of cancer is studied, particularly with regard 
 to the local incidence, according to organs and parts of the body affected, 
 the more definite is the conclusion that observed variations in cancer fre- 
 quency are real and not apparent; that they are the evidence of a 
 greater or less susceptibility to various forms of malignant disease and 
 not primarily or exclusively the result of incompetence, carelessness or 
 indifference in medical diagnosis. 
 
 The Argument by King and Newsholme 
 
 One of the most important contributions to the question of cancer in- 
 crease is the classical essay on "The Alleged Increase of Cancer," by King 
 and Newsholme, originally read before the Royal Society on May 4, 1893. 
 The paper includes an interesting review of the earlier statistics of cancer 
 in England and Wales and the observations of the Registrar-General 
 on the apparent increase in the mortality rate. The experience data of 
 certain insurance companies were utilized, but only to rather limited 
 advantage. The main reliance of the authors was upon statistics of the 
 city of Frankfurt a/M., Germany, which differentiate certain forms of 
 accessible and inaccessible cancers, it being stated that "under accessible 
 cancers we have included only four headings : tongue, mammae, uterus 
 
 *For a descriptive account of Kangri cancer, by Ernest F. Neve, M. D., with illustrations, see The British 
 MedicalJournal, September 3, 1910, 
 
 30 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 and vagina, all of which are capable of careful and exact diagnosis."* 
 This point of view, however, must be seriously questioned; for it is 
 quite doubtful whether all uterine or even vaginal cancers can be 
 accurately diagnosed as such without an exploratory operation or a 
 microscopical examination of the diseased parts. Under "inaccessible" 
 cancers, the authors, on the basis of the Frankfurt data, considered all 
 other forms than those mentioned. Now, obviously, a fair proportion of 
 deaths from cancer are those of the skin, other parts of the mouth than 
 the tongue, and other external parts of the body, which being included 
 among the inaccessible cancers must, to a certain extent at least, have 
 affected the accuracy of the conclusions. A more useful classification 
 of accessible, intermediate and inaccessible cancers, is given by Bash- 
 ford in the Report of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund on "The 
 Statistical Investigation of Cancer," previously referred to.f Attention 
 was drawn to the fact that the cancer death rate of Frankfurt was quite 
 considerably in excess of the corresponding rate of the United King- 
 dom, but no satisfactory explanation could be offered for this difference 
 except the extremely careful death certification in use in this German 
 city. To compare the rate of a country with that of a city is in it- 
 self quite apt to be misleading. For the five-year period ending 
 with 1910, the cancer death rate for London, combining both sexes, 
 was 111.0, against a corresponding cancer death rate of 96.2 for Frank- 
 furt. The difference on the basis of a more correct comparison was 
 therefore indicative of a higher cancer prevalence in the capital city 
 of England when compared with one of the large cities of Germany. 
 The main contention of Messrs. King and Newsholme, on the basis of 
 the Frankfurt data, was that the apparent increase in cancer was 
 practically limited to the occurrence of this disease in the internal or 
 inaccessible organs, or, in their own words: "Taking a general view 
 of the Frankfurt figures the one result of surpassing importance 
 to be derived from them is that in those parts of the body in which 
 cancer is easily accessible and detected there has been no increase in 
 the mortality from it between 1860 and 1889," 
 
 Recent Cancer Statistics of Frankfurt a/M. 
 
 For reasons unknown, the authors have not considered it necessary to 
 reexamine into the facts during the long intervening period of time. The 
 Frankfurt data are by no means the most useful or conclusive information 
 for a scientific study of cancer statistics; in fact, the classification fails 
 to conform to modern requirements, in that it is not in accordance with 
 the International Classification of Causes of Death, f In view of the 
 
 *The problem of cancer increase with special reference to the Frankfurt data has recently been discussed 
 by Prof. Walter F. Willcox in an address before the American Public Health Association at the Jack- 
 sonville meeting, 1914. The paper presents the results of an original study of the Frankfurt statistics since 
 1865, but unfortunately the King-Newsholme classification of internal and external cancers is retained, so that 
 the conclusions can not be considered final. (See also discussion on pages 83-90.) 
 
 tThe title of this publication is "Scientific Reports on the Investigations of the Imperial Cancer Research 
 Fund," Part 1, Statistical Investigation of Cancer, London, 1905. (See Table 8, Appendix A.) 
 
 IThe conclusiveness of the Frankfurt data is very much exaggerated. The population of Frankfurt is 
 only 438,000 and a considerable proportion are Jews. The city hospitals are made much use of by 
 strangers, and it is not entirely clear whether correction has been made for this factor. In view of the 
 extremely complex nature of the cancer problem the statistics for any given community, however large or 
 however extended in point of time, are only of limited utility. They are useful, but not finally conclusive. 
 
 31 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 value frequently attached to the conclusions on the basis of the Frank- 
 furt data, the more recent statistics have been brought together, as given 
 in the official reports made annually by the Frankfurt Medical Society. 
 The follo^^dng table exhibits the comparative mortality by organs and 
 parts, for two periods, ending respectively with 1909 and 1913. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Frankfurt a/M., by Organs and Parts of the Body 
 according to Sex, 1906-1909 and 1910-1913 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Skin 
 
 Digestive organs 
 
 Respiratory organs 
 
 Urinary organs 
 
 Generative organs 
 
 Other carcinoma 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Other malignant tumors . 
 
 Deaths from Cancer 
 1906-09 1910-13 
 
 3 
 
 470 
 32 
 21 
 6 
 25 
 28 
 23 
 
 Total i 608 
 
 6 
 
 540 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 29 
 35 
 46 
 
 714 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 Population 
 
 1906-09 1910-13 
 
 0.4 
 68.5 
 4.7 
 3.1 
 0.9 
 3.6 
 4.1 
 3.3 
 
 88.6 
 
 98.2 
 
 Per Cent, of 
 Increase 
 
 0.8 
 
 4-100.0 
 
 74.2 
 
 -f8.3 
 
 3.2 
 
 —31 9 
 
 3.7 
 
 + 19.4 
 
 1.1 
 
 + 22.2 
 
 4.0 
 
 + 11.1 
 
 4.8 
 
 + 17.1 
 
 6.4 
 
 + 93.9 
 
 + 10.8 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Skin 
 
 Digestive organs 
 
 Respiratory organs 
 
 Urinary organs 
 
 Generative organs 
 
 Other carcinoma 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Other malignant tumors. 
 
 Total 
 
 Deaths from Cancer 
 1906-09 1910-13 
 
 12 
 
 447 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 244 
 
 76 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 859 
 
 500 
 17 
 20 
 
 288 
 80 
 30 
 
 48 
 
 991 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 Population 
 1906-09 1910-13 
 
 1.5 
 
 54.4 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 29.7 
 9.2 
 3.2 
 2.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 57.2 
 1.9 
 2.3 
 
 33.0 
 9.2 
 3.4 
 5.6 
 
 104.5 113.5 
 
 Per Cent, of 
 Increase 
 
 -^0.0 
 
 + 5.1 
 
 —36.7 
 
 + 283.3 
 
 + 11.1 
 
 0.0 
 
 + 6.3 
 
 +93.1 
 
 + 8.6 
 
 Conclusions Opposed to Experience 
 
 This table is exceptionally instructive, in that the general cancer 
 death rate is shown to have increased during the last period, compared 
 with the first, from 88.6 to 98.2 for males and from^ 104.5 to 113.5 for 
 females. Accepting the view that death certification in Frankfurt^ is 
 considered satisfactory and complete the conclusion would seem in- 
 controvertible that there has been an actual as well as a relative 
 increase in cancer mortality in Frankfurt of 10.8 per cent, for males 
 and 8.6 per cent, for females. Considered by organs and parts, on 
 the basis of a rather unsatisfactory classification, it appears that 
 among males the mortality from cancer increased in every group 
 excepting cancers of the respiratory organs, which are relatively 
 
 32 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 unimportant. Cancer of the skin doubled in frequency; cancer of the 
 digestive organs increased 8.3 per cent., but the earher rate for this group 
 is distinctly excessive, and a maximum figure has possibly been 
 reached. Among females, cancer of the respiratory organs and of 
 the sldn decreased, but all the other groups increased, including cancer 
 of the generative organs, which, according to Messrs. King and News- 
 holme, were among those classified as accessible. The most recent data 
 for Frankfurt, therefore, do not confirm the earlier conclusion that 
 the increase in cancer was only apparent and not real.* 
 
 An important discussion as regards the alleged increase in cancer on the 
 basis of German insurance experience occurs in the Proceedings of the 
 German Society for Insurance Science, f In this discussion it is 
 emphatically denied by the Medical Director of the Gotha that the 
 observed increase in cancer mortality was the result of improved 
 diagnosis. He points out that even in the '80s and '90s cancer diag- 
 nosis was sufficiently well developed to provide reasonable accuracy in 
 death certification. The same authority concludes that in only nine 
 per cent, of the mortality from cancer in the company's experience was 
 there a previous record of cancer in the family history. 
 
 Increase in Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 There are some additional data extant regarding this aspect of the 
 cancer problem, which may be briefly referred to here. For England 
 and Wales the data are available for the two periods 1897-1900 and 
 1901-10. The mortality of males from cancer of accessible organs in- 
 creased 27.4 per cent., against 22.2 per cent, for the inaccessible organs 
 and the undefined group decreased 24.0 per cent. Among females the 
 mortality from cancer of accessible organs increased 16.7 per cent., or, 
 including cancer of the uterus, 9.9 per cent.; cancer of the inaccessible 
 organs increased 16.6 per cent., and cancer of the undefined group de- 
 creased 32.1 per cent. The English statistics of recent years are, there- 
 fore, also in flat contradiction of the conclusions based upon the earlier 
 Frankfurt data. The details for England and Wales, according to organs 
 and sex, are given in Tables 10 to 13, inclusive, of Appendix G.| 
 
 For Bavaria the data are available for the two periods 1905-07 and 
 1905-10. Among males, cancer of the accessible organs increased 25.5 
 per cent.; of the inaccessible organs, 5.2 per cent.; and of the undefined 
 group, 4.4 per cent. Among females, cancer of the accessible organs 
 increased 15.6 per cent., or, including cancer of the uterus, 8.3 per cent.: 
 cancer of the inaccessible organs increased 4.8 per cent., and cancer 
 of the undefined group, 4.3 per cent. The statistics for Bavaria, there- 
 fore, also confirm the conclusion that the observed increase in the cancer 
 death rate represents a real increase, being found to have occurred chiefly 
 
 •See in this connection reference to a recent discussion of the Frankfurt data on page 46. 
 
 fZeitschrift fiir die gesamte Versicherungs-Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1912, Vol. xii, p. 309. 
 
 tWhen comparing the cancer mortality of England and Wales for 1901-10 with 1911-12, it appears that 
 the male cancer death rate has increased 16.9 per cent.; the increase in the rate for accessible organs is 25 per 
 cent.; for iiiaca;ssible organs, 18.1 per cent.; the undefined group shows a decrease of 5.1 per cent. The female 
 cancer death rate has increased 7.5 per cent.; the rate has increased 12.1 per cent, for accessible organs, exclud- 
 ing the uterus, and 14.4 per cent, for inaccessible organs. Cancer of the uterus shows a decrease of 8.9 per cent., 
 and the undefined group a decrease of 3.1 per cent. 
 
 33 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 in the group of cancers conveniently accessible for the purposes of medical 
 and surgical diagnosis. Of course, the variations in the rate of increase 
 of the different forms of cancer are of considerable importance ; but they 
 do not require discussion, being fully disclosed by the tables giving the 
 necessary details. The data for Bavaria are given in Tables 93 to 95 
 of Appendix G.* 
 
 The conclusions of Messrs. King and Newsholme were strongly opposed 
 in an address on the "Increase in Cancer," delivered by J. F. Payne on 
 October 12, 1898, before the Hunterian Society. In 1899 the subject 
 was further discussed by J. H. Richardson, F. F, A., in an address before 
 the Insurance Institute of New Zealand on "Phthisis and Cancer," 
 and in 1901, before the Institute of Actuaries, London, Richard Teece, 
 actuary of the Australian Mutual Provident Society, reconsidered the 
 then available material, which was followed by a discussion participated 
 in by Dr. Payne, Dr. Glover Lyon, Dr. H. Fox, Mr. George King and 
 Dr. Arthur Newsholme. The discussion did not prove or disprove 
 successfully either contention, largely because the new material re- 
 quired for consideration was not then available for critical analysis. 
 
 Statistical Inquiries of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund 
 
 The next important contribution to the statistical study of the prob- 
 lem of cancer increase was a brief report published by the authority 
 of the Executive Committee of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in 
 1905. The joint authors of this report were Dr. E. F. Bashford and Dr. 
 J. A. Murray. The conclusions, however, had no doubt been con- 
 sidered by the members of the Sub-Committee of the Society, including 
 Dr. J. F. Tatham, then Registrar-General, and Dr. Arthur Newsholme. 
 The report includes a brief discussion of the inherent limitations of 
 statistical investigations of cancer, of the fallacies apparently inherent 
 in a cancer census, the importance of age incidence in cancer, the bearing 
 of the provisional results of the statistical study of the Fund upon the 
 question of the alleged increase of cancer, and, finally, important obser- 
 vations on the frequency with which microscopical examinations, in the 
 cases of carcinoma and sarcoma, f were made in operative cases and on 
 post-mortem cases, indicating the presence of conditions leading to the 
 wrong diagnosis of malignant new growths. The report contains many 
 observations and conclusions to which, from a statistical point of view, it 
 is necessary to take exception. The report of 1905 has not been followed 
 by any further publications of a similar nature by the Imperial Cancer 
 Research Fund. An extended critical review of the report would make a 
 useful contribution to the cancer problem. { 
 
 •Bericht ueber das Bayerisches Gesundheitswesen, Munchen, 1912. 
 
 tThe following concise definitions of carcinoma and sarcoma are from the second edition of Gould and Pyle's 
 Pocket Cyclopedia of Medicine and Surgery, Philadelphia, 1914. 
 
 "Carcinoma. — A malignant tumor characterized by a network of connective tissue the areolas of which are 
 filled with cell masses resembling epithelial cells." 
 
 "Sarcoma. — A connective-tissue tumor in which the cells so predominate in number, and often in size, that 
 the intercellular substance becomes a secondary element. Sarcomata are maglignant tumors and appear at an 
 earlier age than carcinoma. They are made up of embryonal connective tissue and are of three varieties: the 
 round-cell, the spindle-cell, and the giant-cell sarcoma. They may exist alone or in combination with other 
 tumors." 
 
 tSee in this connection The Lancet, February 7, 1914, and April 11, 1914, containing correspondence on 
 the Accuracy of American Vital Statistics, with special reference to cancer. 
 
 34 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 Utility of a Cancer Census 
 
 It may be laid down as a first prerequisite of statistical research that 
 the data relied upon shall be sufficient in extent and period of time to 
 provide a basis for accurate and safe conclusions. The report of the 
 Imperial Cancer Research Fund considers a large variety of subjects, 
 all of more or less importance in their relation to the statistical aspects 
 of the cancer problem. The practical utility of a cancer census is con- 
 sidered at some length, but the conclusions arrived at are decidedly 
 adverse to such investigations. It is maintained that a cancer census 
 depends, first, upon the adequate identification of all cancer cases and 
 secondly, upon the existence of a standard population in which these cases 
 arise. Neither of these requirements can be met in any statistical 
 inquiry of this kind. Under no conceivable circumstances could any 
 scientific investigation determine the total existing amount of cancer- 
 ous affections in the entire population, from cases in the very initial 
 stages to cases in the most advanced. As a practical compromise all such 
 investigations are properly limited to the cancer cases under medical ob- 
 servation, as being fully sufficient for the purpose of study and compari- 
 son. Dr. Bashford in this connection insists upon a standard population; 
 but a standard population is simply a statistical assumption and an 
 expedient to facilitate the comparison of otherwise varying population 
 factors. A population of any normal country may be assumed as a 
 standard, provided the populations of the other countries are reduced to 
 the same basis of age and sex distribution.* 
 
 The authors of the report use the term "actuarial statistics," which 
 is also misleading. Actuarial statistics, properly speaking, are those of 
 life insurance companies, having to do with mortality experience and 
 valuation methods, or, in other words, the practical application of the 
 science of life contingencies to the business requirements of insurance 
 institutions. Such statistics are not necessary or useful in connection 
 with cancer mortality investigations, although it is entirely proper and, 
 in fact, highly desirable that actuarial methods should, under given con- 
 ditions, be applied to the statistical consideration of certain special 
 phases of the cancer problem. 
 
 Dr. Bashford, in the report referred to, maintains that "there is 
 nothing in the statistical investigations of the Imperial Cancer Re- 
 search Fund which points to an actual increase in the death rate from 
 cancer." Such an important and far-reaching conclusion should be 
 substantiated by indisputable and incontrovertible, as well as a sufficient 
 amount of, statistical evidence. No such evidence is presented in the 
 report for 1905. The further conclusion that "it is not possible to 
 determine statistically whether cancer is really increasing as the increase 
 in the recorded cases would imply" is also not sustained by the facts 
 available, nor justified when conservative and trustworthy methods 
 are employed in the statistical study of the cancer problem. The 
 present work is intended to meet this requirement and to furnish the 
 necessary statistical evidence for a scientific study of the cancer problem 
 from the statistical point of view. 
 
 *A cancer census is being undertaken by the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, but unfortunately upon the 
 basis of a blank which is not likely to jneld all of the required information. A more elaborate cancer census 
 is contemplated by the Michigan State Board of Health. 
 
 35 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Cancer among Primitive Races 
 There are many other conclusions and observations in the Report of 
 the Imperial Cancer Research Fund on the statistical investigation of 
 cancer which do not stand the test of impartial consideration. The 
 argument, for illustration, that "the relative frequency of cancer in 
 native races cannot yet be even approximately estimated" is not 
 sustained by the many investigations which have been made by quali- 
 fied medical observers, with an extended practice among native races 
 throughout the uncivilized portions of the world. * It is self-evident 
 that the information regarding cancer frequency in native races can 
 not be considered of equal value with the returns for civilized countries ; 
 but it is necessary to refer only to such a painstaking study as 
 has been made of the spread of cancer among the descendants of 
 hberated Africans or Creoles by Dr. W. Renner, published in the annual 
 report of the Sierra Leone Medical Department for the year ending 
 December 31, 1909, to contradict the statement that the relative fre- 
 quency of cancer among native races "cannot yet be even approxi- 
 mately estimated."! 
 
 Cancer Census of Baden 
 
 The practical utility of cancer census investigations is unquestionably 
 rather limited; but qualified opinion, certainly on the continent of 
 Europe, seems to faA'or inquiries of this kind. The Cancer Census of 
 Baden and Hungarj^ in particular, may be referred to as useful and 
 instructive studies, the results of which are fully commensurate with the 
 labor and expense necessary to collect the facts. The value of such 
 investigations is enhanced by the intelligent correlation of cancer mor- 
 tality data. In any event, so important a question as the value of a 
 cancer census can be settled only by means of a thoroughly critical and 
 qualified analysis of the facts, which, it may be said, has not been made, 
 or at least has not thus far been published, by the Imperial Cancer Re- 
 search Fund. The cancer census of Baden, published in 1910, is an 
 exceptionally valuable illustration of the methods of statistical inquiry to 
 be followed in local cancer research. The investigation includes a study 
 of the geographical distribution of cancer according to age and sex 
 throughout the Grand Duchy of Baden, the frequency of deaths from 
 sarcoma, the influence of season, occupation, etc., and the geographical 
 distribution by small subdivisions of territory, such as in this country 
 would correspond to townships. This analysis of the mortality covers 
 the period 1883-1907, and the variations in the rate by single years, 
 are illustrated by maps and diagrams of exceptional clearness. The argu- 
 ment is advanced that the results of such an inquiry would be materi- 
 ally improved if the notification of cancer cases were made compulsory. 
 The occasional disparity in the number of cases reported to the cancer 
 committee, in contrast with the observed mortality, is explained on the 
 
 *For much interesting and useful information regarding cancer among native races, see three reports pub- 
 lished by the Colonial OfiBce containing the correspondence on the Imperial Cancer Research Scheme, London, 
 (1905, 1906, 1908) and also the discussion on "The Ethnological Distribution of Cancer," by E. F. Bashford, 
 in the Third Scientific Report of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, 1908. 
 
 There are numerous special reports on cancer occurrence among primitive races in the volumes of the 
 German Journal for Cancer Research (Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung, 1903-13). 
 
 tSee in this connection the discourse on the geographical distribution of appendicitis by R. W. Murray 
 in The Lancet, July 25, 1914. 
 
 36 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 ground that in many cases the full cooperation of reporting physicians 
 was not obtained. 
 
 Statistical Problems of Erroneous Diagnosis 
 A strictly scientific study of cancer statistics is unquestionably a dif- 
 ficult undertaking. The problems involved are not only statistical and 
 mathematical, but the medical, anthropological and sociological difficul- 
 ties are even more complex. As previously pointed out, in England 
 and Wales during the last fourteen years the accessible cancers have 
 increased more rapidly than the inaccessible; and although cancer 
 of the breast is one of the most easily recognized forms, the death rate 
 of this group of cancers is distinctly higher now than in former years.* 
 No conclusive answer has been made to the question as regards the 
 diseases or causes to which deaths from cancer may have been 
 erroneously assigned on the basis of a mistaken diagnosis or an 
 unscientific method of classification. There is no evidence that the 
 disease groups to which cancer might erroneously have been assigned 
 have materially decreased, if at all, coincident with the gradual rise 
 in the cancer death rate. Using the English data, as perhaps the 
 most conclusive, it may first be said that there can be only com- 
 paratively few groups of diseases or causes to which cancer deaths 
 could be erroneously assigned; for obviously this could not be the case 
 with zymotic diseases and accidents, pregnancy, infantile diarrhoea, 
 diseases of the nervous, circulatory or respiratory system. Some of these 
 causes, in fact, have increased in recent years; and this is also true of 
 diseases of the urinary system. The first suggestive group more or less 
 related to cancer is that of gastritis, gastric ulcer and other diseases of 
 the stomach; but the death rate of this group, in the English experi- 
 ence, has actually increased from 14.7 per 100,000 of population in 
 1891 to 15.8 in 1910. The mortality from ulceration of the intestines 
 has also increased from 1.2 per 100,000 of population to 2.4; diseases of 
 the liver and gall-bladder, excluding cirrhosis, how^ever, decreased from 
 16.3 per 100,000 of population to 5.3; but there has also been a corre- 
 sponding decrease in cirrhosis of the liver, so that, in other words, all 
 diseases of the liver are apparently decreasing. Yet this is a group 
 which no doubt under an imperfect classification or in consequence 
 of an erroneous diagnosis includes some deaths from cancer, due to the 
 fact that the liver is occasionally the primary seat of the disease. 
 Non-malignant diseases of the ovaries and the uterus have decreased 
 from 4.0 to 2.6; but since cancer of the uterus in England is rather 
 stationary, this decrease is not of practical importance. Ulcers, which 
 are an ill-defined group and most likely to include imperfectly diag- 
 nosed deaths from cancer, decreased from 1.8 to 1.3; in other words, 
 the diminished mortality was actually and relatively of no practical 
 importance. Tumors (not specified) diminished from a very low 
 mortality of 0.5 to 0.2; and abscesses, also an insignificant mortality 
 factor, diminished from 1.8 to 0.7. Granting that the decrease 
 in some of these causes sustains the conclusion that the diminu- 
 tion is the result of more accurate diagnosis or classification of 
 
 *In the five years 1903-07, the mortality from cancer of the female breast per 100,000 of population in 
 England and Wales was 17.1; during the period 1908-12, the rate increased to 18.6. In 191'2 it had further 
 increased to 19.8. 
 
 37 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 cancer, the combined effect on the general cancer death rate would not 
 be of much practical significance. Deaths in old age, which might 
 hide a considerable proportion of deaths from cancer, which is so 
 exceptionally a disease of advanced adult life, increased from 94.2 
 to 95.7. Ill-defined and not-specified causes diminished in frequency 
 from 9.3 to 2.3, or 7.0 per 100,000 of population, during the twenty- 
 year period under review, which, of course, is significant; but the 
 decrease since 1901, or during the last decade, has been only 2.2, 
 whereas there has been an increase of 15.0 per 100,000 of population 
 in the cancer death rate during the intervening period of time. The 
 theory of an improved diagnosis or a transfer of deaths to cancer from 
 other groups of diseases or causes is, therefore, not tenable as a general 
 proposition or as an explanation of the recorded increase in the cancer 
 death rate of England and Wales during the last twenty years.* With- 
 out enlarging upon this discussion, it may be said that deaths from 
 ulcer of the stomach, biliary calculi, and calculi of the urinary tract, 
 have all been increasing, and some of these rapidly so, in the registration 
 area of the United States during the period 1900-12, and to this extent 
 the conclusions based upon other data are confirmed. 
 
 It is not the purpose of this investigation to enlarge upon the 
 statistical aspects of any particular phase of the cancer problem, for in 
 view of the considerable amount of material brought together, such an ex- 
 tended discussion of the facts would be impracticable. The tabular 
 analysis is made available to facilitate an extended statistical study of the 
 cancer problem, but certain phases of the same are taken note of so 
 far as the facts may require to be emphasized or explained. 
 
 Conclusive Evidence of Cancer Increase 
 In the foregoing discussion it has been implied that cancer is on 
 the increase practically throughout the civilized world. It is main- 
 tained that this increase is not apparent, but real; in other words, 
 not the result of improved diagnosis or more scientific classification 
 or of a changed age distribution. Combining the returns for the 
 United Kingdom, Norway, Holland, Prussia, Baden, Switzerland, 
 Austria, the cities of Denmark, the Commonwealth of Australia 
 and the Dominion of New Zealand, it appears that these countries 
 in 1881 had an aggregate population of 98,380,000 and 44,047 deaths 
 from cancer, equivalent to a rate of 44.8 per 100,000 of population; 
 by 1891 the rate had increased to 59.6, by 1901 to 76.3, and by 
 1911 to 90.4. Thus, during thirty years the cancer death rate in 
 these countries, which are typical of the civilized portion of the world, 
 has more than doubled, or, to be exact, the rate for 1911 was 101.8 per 
 cent, in excess of the rate prevailing in 1881. In 1912 these countries 
 had a population of 136,892,000 and 125,832 deaths from cancer, equiva- 
 lent to a rate of 91.9. If the cancer death rate of 1881, previously given 
 as 44.8, had prevailed in 1912, there would have been only 61,323 deaths 
 from cancer instead of nearly 126,000; if the cancer death rate of 1912, 
 previously given as 91.9, had prevailed in 1881, the actual number of 
 
 *The increase in the cancer death rate of England and Wales has continued, and the most recent data 
 are as follows: the average, standardized, cancer death rate for the period 190(j-10 was 88.2 per 100,000 of 
 population, increasing to 91.4 during 1911, to 93.7 during 1912 and to 97,2 during 1913 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 deaths from cancer would have been 90,411 instead of 44,047. Is it a 
 tenable proposition, in view of these facts of observed experience, that 
 the recorded increase in the cancer death rate is only apparent and not 
 real? Is it conceivable that in 1881 in these typical civilized countries 
 of the world 46,364 deaths from cancer were erroneously diagnosed or 
 mistakenly classified under some other terms? No one familiar with 
 the attained status of medical and surgical science in 1881 will be likely 
 to maintain such a preposterous conclusion. 
 
 Another illustration is the experience of the State of Massachusetts. 
 In 1871 the recorded cancer death rate was 36.9 per 100,000 of popula- 
 tion; by 1881 the rate had increased to 52.3; by 1891 to 60.9; by 1901 to 
 73.1, and by 1911 to 92.6. In 1871 the population of the State was 
 1,494,000 and the number of deaths from cancer was 551. If the rate 
 for 1911, previously given as 92.6, had prevailed in 1871, there would 
 have been 1,383 deaths from cancer instead of the 551 actually returned. 
 The State of Massachusetts established the registration of vital statistics 
 in 1842, or five years after the establishment of registration in England 
 and Wales. Boston has for many years been one of the medical centers 
 not only of the United States, but of the world. There are no reasons 
 for believing that medical diagnosis was so crude or imperfectly devel- 
 oped in 1871 that one out of every two deaths from cancer should have 
 been erroneously diagnosed or wrongfully classified under some other 
 disease. Nor is there any evidence to substantiate the point of view 
 that the age distribution of Massachusetts has undergone such pro- 
 found changes as to account for the higher frequency of cancer at the 
 present time. In 1880 the proportion of population ages 65 and over 
 in Massachusetts was 5.4 per cent.; in 1900 it was 5.1 per cent.; in 1910 
 it was 5.2 per cent. From a practical point of view in statistical anal- 
 ysis, these changes in the age distribution can have been of only slight 
 effect on the cancer death rate. 
 
 Cancer Increase Throughout the World 
 
 Limiting the present observations to the changes in the cancer death 
 rate during the last decade, divided into two periods of five years each, and 
 to the principal countries of the world, including the United States, for all 
 of which approximately trustworthy registration returns are available, the 
 facts, briefly summarized, are as follows : For all the countries considered, 
 with an aggregate population of 365,083,000 in 1910, the cancer death 
 rate increased from 67.7 per 100,000 of population during the first five 
 years to 74.3 during the last. The rate of increase was therefore equiva- 
 lent to 9.7 per cent. The details of this comparison are given in Table 2, 
 iVppendix G, on Cancer Statistics of Foreign Countries. The percent- 
 age of increase was 28.5 for Cuba, 23.4 for Uruguay, 17.6 for Scotland, 
 17.2 for Ontario, 16.8 for Brazil, 15.2 for Italy, 15.0 for Ireland, 14.8 
 for Japan, 12.5 for the Australian Commonwealth, 12.2 for Spain, 11.5 
 for Hungary, 11 .5 for France, 10.2 for British Columbia. Most of these 
 countries have cancer death rates below the average for all of the coun- 
 tries combined. In the countries with a higher cancer death rate, the 
 rate of increase, for self-evident reasons, has been less. A point must be 
 reached beyond which no single cause or group of causes of death can 
 
 39 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 persistently increase. In the German Empire the cancer death rate 
 increased 8.5 per cent.; in England and Wales, 8.4 per cent.; in Jamaica, 
 7.7 per cent.; in New Zealand, 7.0 per cent.; in the United States, 6.9 
 per cent.; in Danish cities, 6.4 per cent.; in Holland, 5.8 per cent.; in 
 Austria, 4.8 per cent. ; in Sweden, 2.2 per cent. ; in Norway, 1 .8 per cent. ; 
 in the Argentine Republic, 1 .7 percent. ; in Switzerland the rate diminished 
 1.1 per cent. The rate for Switzerland, however, during the period 
 1901-05 was 128.3, or nearly double the average for all the countries 
 combined; during the period 1906-10 the rate decreased to 125.9. Next 
 to Switzerland, the cancer mortality is decidedly excessive in the King- 
 dom of Holland, where in 1906-10 it attained to a rate of 103.5 per 100,- 
 000 of population. A cancer census of Holland was published as an ap- 
 pendix to the cancer census of Germany in 1902. In 1911 a special report 
 was issued by the Bureau of Municipal Statistics of Amsterdam, on the 
 mortality from cancer during the period 1862-1902, including some es- 
 pecially interesting data on the comparative frequency of cancer among 
 Jews and Christians. An extremely valuable portion of this report is a 
 table showing separately the deaths from cancer and sarcoma during the 
 period 1897-1902, by sex and single years of life. In 1911 the same 
 bureau issued a special volume of international mortality statistics, in- 
 cluding cancer, which, however, unfortunately contains a number of 
 clerical errors, and in which no distinction is made of sex, age, and organs 
 and parts. When the cancer death rates are limited to large cities, they are 
 naturally somewhat higher, partly on account of special opportunities for 
 hospital treatment. This probably explains the relatively higher rates 
 for the cities of France and Denmark and the Argentine Republic 
 (limited to the Province and City of Buenos Aires). These conclusions 
 regarding the increase in the mortality from cancer are fully confirmed 
 by the details of the statistical analysis of the different countries and 
 cities of the world, in another portion of this work.* 
 
 The evidence is so convincing that it may safely be maintained that 
 no other statistical conclusion in medicine is so concisely and incontro- 
 vertibly established as this; in any event, no satisfactory evidence is 
 available to successfully contradict this conclusion at the present time. 
 If all of this evidence, however, is inconclusive and worthless, then no 
 alternative remains but to discredit the statistical returns of every coun- 
 try in the world with regard to any single disease or group of diseases, 
 although the returns are accepted as approximately accurate with regard 
 to every other important cause of death. More than this, it would seem 
 to follow as a logical conclusion that medicine has not made the progress 
 that it is generally assumed to have made during the last two generations, 
 and that, in fact, even now a colossal amount of public ignorance exists 
 regarding the most obvious evidences of malignant and destructive new 
 growths. There is, however, no substantial ground for such far-reaching 
 
 *An important factor tending to reduce the cancer death rate is the increasing practice of surgical operations 
 for malignant disease. The evidence is overwhelming that a considerable number of deaths from cancer are 
 prevented by er.rly surgical operations, and that a large number of deaths from malignant disease are in any 
 event postponed by this means. Deaths must result to an increasing extent from other causes than cancer in 
 the case of cancer patients successfully operated upon in conformity to modern surgical practice. Data are not 
 available to determine the exact effect of surgery upon the cancer death rate, but it is safe to assume that but for 
 the increasing extent of surgical interference the present cancer death rate would be perceptibly higher than is 
 actually the case. 
 
 40 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 conclusions ; on the contrary, the evidence presented will stand the most 
 critical analysis in support of the theory that for practical purposes the 
 law of large numbers applies in the present case as in many other 
 studies of collective phenomena and that the conclusions derived there- 
 from may be accepted with entire confidence and the reasonable certainty 
 that they will not be materially modified or changed in important par- 
 ticulars by subsequent investigations.* 
 
 Misleading Statistical Observations 
 
 It is not practicable on this occasion to further discuss the contro- 
 versial aspects of the question whether cancer is on the increase or not; 
 the burden of 'proof rests with those who maintain the negative point of 
 view. Qualified opinion, generally speaking, on medical or surgical 
 grounds, favors the conviction that cancer is actually and relatively on 
 the increase among civilized mankind. The evidence brought together by 
 R. W. Williams regarding the increase of cancer and its concomitants is 
 quite conclusive. A considerable amount of additional evidence is 
 contained in the Proceedings of the German Society for Cancer Research. 
 Reference, however, may properly be made to an article "On the Supposed 
 Increase of Cancer," in the issue of the Journal of the American Medical 
 Association, dated June 24, 1899, by E. Andrews, M. D., as an illus- 
 tration of the misapplication of the statistical method to research work 
 of this kind. Correct statistical analysis presents the same practical 
 difficulties as correct clinical or anatomical diagnosis. The article referred 
 to adds nothing of value to cancer research and tends only to confuse the 
 question at issue. In a similar case in the Journal of the American 
 Medical Association for November 10, 1906, Dr. Robert Reyburn 
 quotes Dr. Roswell Park to the effect that "if the present increase of 
 cancer in the United States continues from 1899 to 1909, there will be 
 more deaths from cancer than from consumption, smallpox and typhoid 
 fever combined." This statement on its face is a self-evident absurdity. 
 In an address delivered before a general meeting of the Sixteenth 
 International Medical Congress, held in Budapest, 1909, and reprinted 
 in the New York Medical Record for September 4th of that year. Dr. 
 Bashford commits himself to the conclusion that he very much questions 
 "if those persons who have made exaggerated statements to the effect 
 that the recorded increase in cancer represents a true and relatively 
 increased liability to it, have any excuse whatsoever for enhancing the 
 reasonable anxiety of the lay public." 
 
 These observations are also applicable to a very recent treatise 
 on "The Cancer Problem," by Dr. William Seaman Bainbridge, which 
 includes a section on "Statistical Considerations." It is difficult to under- 
 stand what practical value such observations can serve in the medical 
 study of the cancer problem, being simply a heterogeneous collection of 
 mere figures derived from miscellaneous sources. It is not correct, for 
 illustration, to say that "the investigations of the Imperial Cancer 
 Research Fund have shown that the disease occurs among all races of 
 mankind." The three official reports published by Parliament regarding 
 
 *There is an extended statistical discussion of the cancer problem in the appendix of the annual report of 
 the State Board of Health of Massachusetts for 1900, but the methods of statistical analysis are inadequate to 
 the purpose, and the results of the investigation are, therefore, in the main quite inconclusive. 
 
 41 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 cancer in the British possessions throughout the world do not include 
 all of the world's races and tribes; nor were the investigations made 
 with the required degree of thoroughness and completeness. It is also 
 not correct to 'say that in the United States "there are no reliable statis- 
 tics concerning either the relative frequency of cancer in the past or its 
 relative frequency in the different states, in the different towns, or in 
 towns as compared with country districts." This conclusion is merely a 
 repetition of the views of the Director of the Imperial Cancer Research 
 Fund, who, as shown by his writings, has not the necessary knowledge of. 
 American vital statistics. The present work is an emphatic contradiction 
 of the view that American cancer mortality statistics, past and present, 
 are not in a general way strictly comparable with the corresponding data 
 for other civilized countries. It is an error to maintain that the cancer 
 death rate increases from 35 to the end of life. * There are trustworthy data 
 to sustain the view that very late in life the cancer death rate is lower 
 than in earlier years. Finally, among other statistical errors, the 
 statement is made that a comparison of the white and the colored 
 cancer death rate is not possible, because, it is claimed, "the South has 
 hitherto been entirely unrepresented by reliable state registration." The 
 required data are not necessarily derived from the states as a whole, 
 but for the South from large and representative cities, and for that reason 
 are at least approximately trustworthy with regard to the negro element. 
 
 The Truth of the Cancer Problem 
 Provided the arguments in favor of the theory that cancer is on the 
 increase are based upon trustworthy official mortality statistics, the 
 question at issue is not whether the anxiety of the public is aroused, but 
 whether the public may rightfully be prevented from knowing the truth. 
 From a public point of view it is perhaps immaterial whether cancer is 
 actually or only apparently on the increase or not, but it is of the utmost 
 importance to the people to know whether cancer is in truth more 
 common at the present time than is generally supposed to be the case. 
 If because of erroneous diagnosis or inaccurate classification the cancer 
 death rate has been understated in the past, it is a public duty on the 
 part of all familiar with the facts to make the truth known and to establish 
 the menace of cancer beyond a doubt. Only by means of an accurate 
 perception of the extreme seriousness of the cancer question in adult life 
 can the necessity for the earliest possible recognition and recourse to 
 qualified treatment be brought home to the laity, now largely misled by 
 superficial reasoning and hair-splitting arguments on so important a 
 question from a scientific point of view as to whether cancer is relatively 
 more common among civilized mankind than has generally been supposed 
 
 *M0RTALITT FROM CanCER IN ENGLAND AND WaLES, BY AqE AND Sex, 1901-1910 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Ages Persons Males Females 
 
 UnderSS 5.5 4.9 6.1 
 
 36-44 63.7 41.3 84.6 
 
 45-54 194.8 154.8 231.9 
 
 66-64 417.0 390.2 440.8 
 
 66-74 666.2 667.6 665.1 
 
 75-84 795.7 794.1 796.8 
 
 85 and over 733.7 7Si.9 738.7 
 
 AUAges 90.4 77.3 102.7 
 
 42 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 to be the case. From a lay point of view it is not a question whether the 
 observed increase in the rate is real or unreal ; the question is as to what 
 proportion of mortality is in all probability caused by cancer in adult life 
 at the present time ; and no one familiar with the facts can deny that the 
 public is ignorant or woefully misinformed as to the truth regarding the 
 seriousness of the cancer situation considered from this point of view. 
 
 Dr. James Ewing in an address on "Animal Experimentation and 
 Cancer" published in the Journal of the American Medical Association 
 under date of January 22, 1910, remarks: 
 
 The weight of evidence to-day points almost conclusively to the opinion that cancer 
 is steadily increasing in frequency in man and domestic animals, and that this increase is 
 likely to become more pronounced. Yet, the most diverse opinions exist regarding the 
 alleged increase in cancer, emanating from the varying character of the evidence assumed 
 by different authorities as valid. Surgeons are practically unanimous in the belief that 
 cancer has been steadily growing in frequency during the last quarter-century, and has 
 been appearing at earlier periods of life. Yet such testimony must be regarded as some- 
 what uncertain and unconvincing. 
 
 This is a conservative statement by one who properly takes rank as 
 one of the foremost American pathologists engaged in cancer research in 
 America to-day. It is largely on this ground that it has seemed advisable 
 to bring together the statistical facts regarding cancer as a world menace, 
 and the data made available should prove useful even to the pathologist 
 in the furtherance of specialized eflPorts in cancer research. 
 
 Useless Controversies 
 In the Fourth Scientific Report of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 
 issued in 1911, according to The British Medical Journal, of November 
 11th of that year, Dr. Bashford reverts again to the increase of cancer, 
 in the statement that, with reference to British statistics, 
 
 for the first time, it is fully demonstrated that it is erroneous to make statements of a dis- 
 quieting nature about the increase of cancer in general. While it is evident that several 
 X)f the differences brought out by the figures can be explained by more accurate diagnosis 
 and by allocation of the seat of the disease from the secondary to the primary situations, 
 as illustrated, for example, by the relation revealed between cancer of the liver and gall 
 bladder, and the alimentary tract, this may not account fully for certain other features. 
 In particular, the increased incidence of cancer recorded for the mamma in women and the 
 tongue in men, require further study and elucidation. 
 
 In this statement it is conceded that cancer of certain organs and parts 
 of the body is obviously on the increase in England and Wales. No one 
 qualified to discuss the statistical aspects of the cancer problem has 
 maintained that all forms of cancer are uniformly on the increase or to 
 an equal degree. The rise in the general death rate from cancer may prop- 
 erly be referred to as an evidence of cancer increase, without an elabora- 
 tion of the details regarding cancer of certain organs and parts of the 
 body. For strictly scientific and medical purposes, it, no doubt, is more 
 advantageous to discuss the separate aspects of the cancer problem, just 
 as this same conclusion applies to fevers or tubercular diseases. No 
 subject can reach scientific perfection except by gradual evolution from 
 broad generalizations to particular points of controversy. It is therefore 
 entirely correct to speak of an increase in the mortality from cancer, even 
 though not all forms of cancer may be increasing or increasing at the 
 same rate; in fact, there is sufficient evidence to prove that certain forms 
 
 43 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 of cancer in certain parts of the world or particular localities are practi- 
 cally stationary or are actually diminishing. This is a problem of special 
 analysis of cancer data, which, no doubt, is urgently needed, but which 
 has not been forthcoming through the efforts of the Imperial Cancer 
 Research Fund. The subject is again briefly referred to in the Twelfth 
 Annual Report of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, in which the 
 curious opinion is expressed that "the more general attention to the age 
 factor in official statistics in connection with cancer inquiries has rendered 
 a further statistical report superfluous." 
 
 Trustworthiness of American Mortality Statistics 
 On account of the pronounced position to which Dr. Bashford has com- 
 mitted himself in this matter, it is necessary to refer to an address 
 delivered in the city of New York, at the Academy of Medicine, in 1912. 
 In this address, as reported in the New York Sun, under the title "Doubts 
 that Cancer is on the Increase," occurs the statement that Dr. Bashford 
 was unable to obtain American cancer mortality statistics with particular 
 reference to age and sex and organs and parts of the body, because such 
 data were non-existent for the United States or any of its component 
 parts. He therefore was reported to have said that "I cannot compre- 
 hend why you citizens of a great state like New York permit this. 
 Doubtless the data exist, but as far as I know they have never been 
 published, and therefore the statistics that mean so much in the study 
 of cancer here are not to be obtained." This statement is in flat con- 
 tradiction to the facts. Since 1900 at least, complete cancer statistics 
 for the registration area of the United States and its component parts 
 have been published annually by the Division of Vital Statistics of the 
 United States Census, with a due regard to age and sex and organs and 
 parts, and they have been available for some of the states and for 
 many of our American cities for a much longer period of years. It is 
 the particular purpose of the present study to present these facts to the 
 public in a convenient form for the required thorough and extended 
 consideration of what may be properly considered one of the foremost 
 medical problems of the present day. 
 
 Contributory Causes of Death in Cancer 
 
 It has not been feasible to give even preliminary consideration to the 
 extremely important question of causes of death in cancer patients as 
 disclosed by autopsy records. Obviously concurrent diseases must 
 be relatively common in cancer patients, considering the depressed 
 vitality and diminished disease resistance, at least during the last few 
 months of the cancer patient's life. The only extended study of this phase 
 of the cancer problem appears to have been made by Dr. M. Simmonds, of 
 the General Hospital of Hamburg, "An welchen Komplikationen sterben 
 Krebskranke?" Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, Vol. I, 1903-04, p. 315. 
 This author, on the basis of 760 autopsies, brings out the important fact 
 that a considerable variation is met with in the contributory causes of 
 death, according to the primary seat of the disease. In brief, the investiga- 
 tion by Simmonds shows as follows : In cancer of the lungs, or respiratory 
 diseases, out of 18 cases, 10 were complicated bypneumonia, 4 by cachexia, 
 and 4 by other diseases ; in cancer of the buccal cavity and oesophagus, out 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 of 117 cases, 47 were complicated by pneumonia, 24 by cachexia, 15 
 by lung abscess and gangrene, 9 by pleuritis, 6 by pericarditis, 5 by 
 tuberculosis, and 1 1 by other diseases ; in cancer of the stomach, out of 
 272 cases, 129 were complicated by cachexia, 69 by pneumonia, 19 by 
 peritonitis, 10 by jaundice, 6 by pleuritis, 5 by embolism, 5 by tuber- 
 culosis, and 29 by other diseases; in cancer of the intestines, out of 62 
 cases, 12 were complicated by cachexia, 11 by pneumonia, 10 by pyelone- 
 phritis and cystitis, 10 by peritonitis, 6 by ileus, and 13 by other diseases; 
 in cancer of the peritoneum, pancreas, liver and gall-bladder, out of 
 
 47 cases, 18 were complicated by jaundice, 16 by cachexia, 8 by pneu- 
 monia, and 5 by other diseases; in cancer of the kidneys, bladder and 
 prostate, out of 23 cases, 13 were complicated by cystitis, pyelone- 
 phritis and hydronephrosis, 5 by cachexia, and 5 by other diseases; in 
 cancer of the female generative organs, out of 168 cases, 87 were com- 
 plicated by cystitis, pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis, 28 by ca- 
 chexia, 21 by pneumonia, 16 by peritonitis, and 16 by other diseases; 
 in cancer of the female breast, out of 46 cases, 30 were complicated 
 by cachexia, 9 by pneumonia, and 7 by other diseases; out of 7 cases 
 of cancer of the skin, 3 were complicated by pneumonia, and 4 by other 
 diseases. This analysis is extremely interesting from the practical 
 point of view of general diagnosis. The investigation shows conclu- 
 sively that a wide degree of variation in contributory diseases is met with, 
 according to the organ or part of the body affected with malignant 
 disease. For cachexia, which includes general carcinosis, the proportion 
 of complications was 22 per cent, in cancer of the lungs and respiratory 
 organs, 20 per cent, in cancer of the buccal cavity and oesophagus, 
 
 48 per cent, in cancer of the stomach, 20 per cent, in cancer of the 
 intestines, 34 per cent, in cancer of the peritoneum, pancreas, liver and 
 gall-bladder, 22 per cent, in cancer of the kidneys, bladder and prostate, 
 17 per cent, in cancer of the female generative organs, and 67 per cent, 
 in cancer of the female breast. Inflammation of the lungs, including 
 pneumonia, was a complicating factor in 66 per cent, of cases of cancer 
 of the respiratory organs, in 60 per cent, of cancer of the buccal cavity 
 and oesophagus, in 25 per cent, of cancer of the stomach, in 20 per cent, 
 of cancer of the intestines, in 17 per cent, of cancer of the peritoneum, 
 pancreas, liver and gall-bladder, in 17 per cent, of cancer of the kidneys, 
 bladder and prostate, in 15 per cent, of cancer of the female generative 
 organs, and in 24 per cent, of cancer of the female breast. 
 
 The relation of the contributory or secondary cause of death to the 
 seat of primary growth is therefore of considerable practical importance.* 
 The investigation by Simmonds shows that in 33 per cent, of the cases 
 there were no serious complications whatever; and in 33 per cent., also, 
 there were direct contributory causes of serious significance, chiefly 
 
 *Secondary causes of death in cancer are comparatively rarely mentioned in death certificates. Out of 
 2,531 male deaths from cancer in the Industrial experience of The Prudential, 1909-10, only 108, or 4.3 per 
 cent., of the certificates of death gave secondary or supplementary causes, including 6 from pulmonary 
 tuberculosis, 1 from diabetes (none from alcoholism), 23 from heart and other circulatory diseases, 8 from 
 pneumonia and pulmonary congestion, 1 from appendicitis, 2 from biliary calculi, 24 from acute and chronic 
 nephritis and 10 from dropsy. Out of 5,304 deaths from cancer among females, the certificate of death 
 gave additional information in 225 cases, or 4.2 per cent., including 13 from pulmonary tuberculosis, 5 from 
 diabetes, 1 from alcoholism, 30 from heart and circulatory diseases, 20 from pneumonia and pulmonary con- 
 gestion (none from appendicitis), 17 from biliary calculi, 43 from acute and chronic nephritis, 3 from 
 parturition and 11 from dropsy. 
 
 45 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 pyelonephritis and cystitis, peritonitis, jaundice; in 30 per cent, there 
 were remote contributory causes, not directly related to the cancerous 
 processes, chiefly pneumonia and pleuritis; and in 4 per cent, there were 
 very remote contributory conditions, chiefly tuberculosis, embolism 
 of the brain, and arteriosclerosis, in no direct relation whatsoever to 
 the death from malignant disease. In other words, summarizing the 
 results of this investigation, in one-third of the cases there were no 
 serious contributory causes of death, and in two-thirds there were such 
 secondary complications, of which about one-half were of diagnostic 
 significance.* 
 
 Continued Increase in Cancer Frequency 
 
 In concluding these observations on the general aspects of the question 
 whether cancer is on the increase or not, a brief reference requires to be 
 made to the discussion of the subject before the Cancer Research In- 
 stitute, held at the New York Academy of Medicine, May 15, 1913. 
 On this occasion. Prof. W. F. Willcox, of Ithaca, N. Y., in summarizing 
 the arguments of Messrs. King and Xewsholme, presented to the Royal 
 Society in 1893, and in supporting their conclusions, said: "After an 
 analysis of this and other evidence it may be concluded that probably 
 the larger part and possibly all of the increase in the mortality from 
 cancer is apparent rather than real," and that "Those who doubt this 
 conclusion and hold that most of the increase is real may interpret the 
 evidence as sho-odng that the real increase is not at a geometrical or 
 even an arithmetical rate, but diminishes as the death-rate from 
 cancer rises and that, perhaps, in certain limited areas, like Switzerland 
 and a few cities, it is already approaching its maximum." Prof. Willcox 
 did not present any new data or an original analysis of the available 
 statistical material, but, as pointed out, he merely summarized his own 
 views, based upon those of Messrs. King and Newsholme and the con- 
 veniently available statistics, chiefly those published by the city of 
 Amsterdam in 1911-12, and the annual reports for the registration area 
 of the United States. A death rate from any special cause could not 
 possibly continue to increase indefinitely and at a 'progressive rate. It is 
 self-evident that a death rate from any cause when once it reaches con- 
 siderable proportions must naturally diminish in its rate of increase, 
 because of inherent limitations. This applies to population growth as well 
 as to mortality. The argument is the same as is frequently advanced in 
 the case of tuberculosis, where it is claimed by the superficially informed 
 and by those untrained in statistical analysis that, because the decline in 
 the tuberculosis death rate in recent years has been at a lower rate than 
 in former years, the deliberate effort to bring about a reduction in mor- 
 tality has been largely a failure. f 
 
 Combining the principal European countries for the period 1896-1900, 
 the average cancer death rate during that period was 69.1 per 100,000 
 of population. It was as high as 127.4 in Switzerland and as low as 
 
 *The most thorough consideration of this aspect of the problem is contained in the 76th Annual Report of 
 the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages in England and Wales, London, 1915. 
 
 tFor a discussion of the statistical aspects of the tuberculosis problem, with special reference to the decline 
 in the death rate, see my address before the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tubercu- 
 losis, Washington, May 8, 1913. 
 
 46 
 
THE INCREASE IN CANCER 
 
 30.7 in Hungary. During the five-year period ending with 1905, the 
 rate increased to 74.2. The actual increase in the rate was therefore 
 5.05 per 100,000 of population. The rate for Switzerland during this 
 period was as high as 128.3, and for Hungary as low as 39.1. During 
 the five years ending with 1910 the average cancer death rate for 
 European countries was 81.0. There was therefore an actual increase 
 in the rate of 6.81 per 100,000 of population, against 5.05 for the 
 previous quinquennial period, and the percentage of increase in the 
 rate was 9.2, against 7.3 for the previous five years. The theory 
 advanced by Prof. Willcox is therefore not sustained by the facts of 
 actual experience, which, to the contrary, prove beyond a doubt that the 
 actual as well as the relative increase in the cancer death rate in at least 
 some of the more important countries continues progressively at the 
 present time and that for most of the civilized countries a maximum 
 rate is far from having been reached. 
 
 The Menace of Public Ignorance and Indiflference 
 
 The cancer problem is one of the most difficult and perplexing in medi- 
 cine, surgery and statistics. The mortality from cancer is no longer to 
 be considered indifferently, for it constitutes a real menace to all civilized 
 mankind. Irrespective of the reasons w hy the aggregate mortality from 
 this disease should be so large, amounting, now (1915), in the Continental 
 United States to over 80,000 per annum, it is a self-evident duty on the 
 part of all familiar with the facts to discuss the subject, with a due re- 
 straint in their utterance, but with clearness and fearlessness, so that the 
 public may be made aware of the dreadful truth. It is entirely irrelevant 
 and a wrongful use of the critical method to charge those who are con- 
 vinced that cancer is becoming an increasing menace to civilized peoples 
 with an exaggeration of the situation or with an undue excitement of the 
 public. No harm is ever likely to come to any person by being unduly 
 alarmed on this account.* The harm and the dreadful seriousness lie in 
 ignorance and indifference and in confusion worse confounded by need- 
 less controversies over matters which in themselves are at most and at 
 best but secondary to the supreme question as to how malignant dis- 
 ease can be controlled ; how it can be prevented, on the one hand, and 
 how it can be successfully cured, on the other. f 
 
 *The psychological aspects of the cancer agitation have been discussed by Dr. Romer, of Stuttgart, in 
 the Journal of the German Society for Cancer Research, Berlin, 1906, Vol. iv. 
 
 fFor a general statement of these aspects of the cancer problem, gee my address on "The Menace of Can- 
 cer," transactions of the American Gyijecologjcal Soyety, 1913, 
 
 47 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 MORTALITY FROM CANCER IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS 
 
 Review of the Literature on Cancer in Relation to Occupation — Cancer in the Patent-fuel 
 Industry — Pitch Ulceration and Paraffin Cancer — Occupational Incidence — Alco- 
 holism — Prisons and Asylums — Petroleum Industry — Malignant Disease of the Lungs 
 in Miners — Gardening and Agriculture — Cancer among Paraffin-workers — Brewers — 
 Furriers and Skinners — Seamen — Tinplate-workers — Lead-workers — Rubber- workers 
 — Chemical-workers — X-ray Workers — Cancer and Exposure to Light — Cancer in 
 the Synthetic-dye Industry — Occupational Mortality Statistics — Life Insurance 
 Experience — Foreign Statistical Investigations — Requirements of Scientific Statistical 
 Research. 
 
 A full discussion of the occupational aspects of the cancer problem is 
 at present out of the question, on account of the paucity of data and the 
 doubtful value of a considerable amount of available statistical informa- 
 tion. Most of the cancer statistics by occupation fail to differentiate the 
 organs and parts of the body affected, so that the initial seat of the disease 
 can not be correlated to the known factors or conditions producing irrita- 
 bility, or traumatism, and the resulting malignant growth. Authori- 
 ties on the subject of workmen's compensation for industrial diseases 
 are very guarded in their references to the interrelation of accidental 
 injuries to cancerous growth, excepting such forms of malignant disease 
 as will subsequently be discussed, with the required brevity, but in 
 sufficient detail to emphasize the points of most practical importance. 
 From a statistical point of view, however, the occupational aspects of 
 the cancer problem are of exceptional interest and deserving of much 
 more technical consideration than has been given to this phase of the 
 subject in the past. The evidence is apparently conclusive that 
 specific injuries to different parts of the body, whether internal or 
 external, especially injuries resulting in a long-continued condition of 
 slight irritability, may develop into cancerous growths of every known 
 variety and degree of malignancy.* 
 
 The frequency of cancer naturally varies widely in different occu- 
 pations and industries. The results of statistical investigations regard- 
 ing cancer frequency in different employments are, however, often con- 
 tradictory and, on the whole, rather inconclusive. Cancer as a cause of 
 invalidity is, according to German experience, not of serious importance. 
 Out of every 1,000 recipients of invalidity annuities, the proportion 
 retired on account of cancer was 16 for males and 21 for females. The 
 corresponding proportions for tuberculosis of the lungs were 122 for 
 
 *The earliest reference to tumors in relation to occupation occurs in "A Treatise on the Diseases of Trades- 
 men," by Ramazzini, of which an English translation was published in London, 1705. The references are practi- 
 cally limited to ulcers, the term tumor being used only once in connection with the diseases of musicians and 
 others of this profession. Ramazzini was an exceptionally careful observer, and it is a reasonably safe inference that 
 if malignantdiseasehadbeenascommonasitis to-day, he would have given a descriptive account of it in his work. 
 
 Thackrah iu his treatise on the effect of arts, trades and professions on health and longevity, published 
 London, 18:i'2, makes,amongothers,thefollowingreferences to cancer in relation to occupation. He mentions a 
 French authority to the effect that shoemakers are subject to cancer of the stomach; that bakers are subject 
 to tumors; that grocers are liable to a cutaneous eruption, or a variety of eczema, produced by handling sugar, 
 and that victims of mental depression and care aje peculiarly liable to scirrhus of the stomach, medullary and 
 fungoid tumors and other malignant disease. 
 
 48 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 males and 76 for females. The relative importance of cancer as a 
 cause of invalidity is brought out by the fact that in German experience 
 it was the seventeenth most important cause among males, and the 
 fifteenth among females. Sir Thomas Ohver, in his treatise on "Dis- 
 eases of Occupation," has observed that 
 
 The relation of malignant disease and injury is frequently raised in medico-legal in- 
 quiries. That cancerous and sarcomatous tumors develop after an accident, close to the 
 site of the injury, and that the one is the direct sequence of the other, there is not the least 
 doubt. How the tumor comes we do not always know. A man receives an injury to the 
 right side of his chest and dies ten months afterwards from malignant disease of the liver; 
 another man falls on his head in a shipyard, and a year or two afterwards dies from a 
 sarcomatous growth in the brain. In some cases the connection is clear enough and the 
 claim for compensation can be honestly maintained, but it is absolutely necessary, in all 
 such cases leading to a fatal termination, that a post-mortem examination should be made 
 in order to ascertain whether what is apparent on the surface of the body is the primary 
 or secondary growth. 
 
 Chimney-sweeps' Cancer 
 
 Concerning chimney-sweeps' cancer the same authority remarks that 
 
 Men following this employment exhibit a liability to cancer several times greater than 
 that of the general population. There is the opinion that the irritant in soot is arsenic, but 
 whether it is this or sulphurous acid or ammonia compounds it is difficult to say. In New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne we seldom see cases of chimney-sweeps' cancer, although it was the 
 cause of death of one sweep in 1907. In the I-ondon hospitals and on the Continent it is 
 not met with so frequently as formerly. According to statistics suppUed by Dr. John 
 Tatham, of the General Register Office, the comparative mortaUty figure for cancer among 
 chimney-sweeps between the ages of 25 and 65 for the three years ending 1902 was 133 as 
 compared with 63 among occupied males at the same ages. This is a lower death rate 
 from cancer in chimney-sweeps than three decades ago, and even later. In his article on 
 dust-producing occupations in "Dangerous Trades," Dr. Tatham gives as the mortahty 
 figures from cancer 156 for chimney-sweeps compared with 44 for occupied males. While, 
 therefore, the mortality from cancer has been diminishing in chimney-sweeps, it has been 
 rising in the general population. Although usually met with in the region of the scrotum, 
 the disease may appear on any part of a chimney-sweep's body. It is usually preceded by 
 one or two small warty growths which ulcerate, and these, failing to heal, assume the 
 character of an epithehoma. The glands in the groin subsequently become enlarged, first 
 from irritation and secondly from mahgnant infection. The disease makes slow but 
 steady progress. Ultimately secondary deposits occur in such of the internal organs as 
 the liver and lungs and in the peritoneal cavity. 
 
 Gardeners' Cancer 
 With reference to gardeners' cancer Sir Thomas Oliver points out: 
 
 Gardeners who are in the habit of sprinkhng soot upon plants to protect them from 
 slugs occasionally develop cancerous ulceration of the hand. Soot when repeatedly 
 applied to the skin causes it to become thickened, harsh, and dry. Once structural altera- 
 tions are induced in the skin, repeated irritation may lead to cancer. 
 
 Coal-tar and Pitch Industries 
 
 The same authority refers briefly to workers in coal-tar and pitch, etc., 
 as follows : 
 
 Men who work in tar and paraffin and in anthracene, a product obtained from the 
 distillation of gas-coal tar, are specially prone to suffer from warts and skin eruptions. 
 Distillers of benzine and creosote suffer in a similar manner, although not so frequently. 
 Ulcers of the skin in persons who are working among coal-tar and pitch products ought 
 not to be neglected. In the first instance the ulcer may be of a simple character and will 
 heal if properly treated and kept free from irritation. Should it cease to heal, extirpation 
 by the surgeon may be required. 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 The liability of tar and pitch workers to cancerous affections is more 
 fully discussed by Sir. Thomas OUver in the extract given below; 
 
 Many of the men who follow the employment not only become bronzed and sallow, but 
 their skin becomes the seat of a pecuhar cancroid eruption such as is occasionally met with 
 on the scrotum of chimney-sweeps. In other persons there may be bronchitis, digestive 
 disorders with dark stools, also ulceration of the nose. The question as to whether 
 manipulation of tar products or exposure to the fumes given off by coal-oil and tar is 
 capable of giving rise to cancer has come before me in the case of three men employed in 
 grease works. These men in follo-ning their employment all worked with their sleeves 
 rolled up to above the elbow. It has been observed in the trade that when men have M'arts 
 on their hands these frequently disappear when they first undertake the work, and, on the 
 other hand, that in men whose skin has been quite healthy, wart-like growths are apt to 
 develop when they have followed their employment for some time. In addition to the 
 warts, of which there may be as many as from thirty to forty on the hands and forearms, 
 there develop hard nodules in the skin which ulcerate and often exhibit very little tendency 
 to heal. The edges become hard, and the ulceration, extending to the deeper tissues, may 
 ultimately involve t' e bone and necessitate, as in the case of one of the men I have alluded 
 to, amputation of the arm. The appearances presented by the ulcer are those of the type 
 of cancer known as epithelioma. The presence of these warty growths on the forearms 
 and hands, and of ulcers that tend to take on malignant characters, in tar and pitch 
 workers is so frequent that they must be in some way or other associated with the employ- 
 ment. The morbid processes advance very slowly, and therefore do not readily unfit the 
 individual for work. In many instances removal of the ulcer is not followed by any 
 recurrence of the growth, but a return to the work lays the person open to fresh develop- 
 ments. On the forearms of one of the grease workers above mentioned there are numerous 
 small patches of induration, some of which have ulcerated and exhibit no tendency to heal. 
 The edges of the ulcers are hard and brawny. There are, in addition, scattered all over the 
 forearm numerous black warts of various sizes, also several scars of a pale color compared 
 with the bronzed skin that surrounds them. One of these men, aged fifty-eight, has 
 worked among coal-oil and tar products for thirty years. The scars referred to are the 
 remains of ulcers that have healed. In the case of his son, aged twenty-seven years, the 
 ulceration took on the characters of malignant disease, and on that account the arm had 
 to be amputated above the elbow. Although it is usual when the disease is treated by 
 surgical operation for no recurrence of the growth to take place, in this particular instance 
 the glands in the armpit and neck became subsequently enlarged owing to infective parti- 
 cles having reached these glands by the lymphatics, and the patient became the subject of 
 secondary cancer. Microscopical examination of the ulcer leaves no doubt as to the 
 cancerous nature of the lesion. 
 
 Cancer as an Occupational Disease 
 
 The predisposition to cancerous affections in certain occupations is 
 attracting attention on account of the pecuniary aspects of the modern 
 doctrine of workmen's compensation. In a treatise on "The Law of 
 Compensation for Industrial Diseases," by Edward Thornton Hill 
 Lawes (London, 1909), the subject is referred to in part, as follows: 
 
 Epitheliomatous Cancer or Ulceration of the Skin, or of the Corneal Surface of the Eye, 
 due to Pitch, Tar, or Tarry Compounds. 
 
 Description of Process. — HandHng or use of pitch, tar, or tarry compounds. 
 
 EpitheUoma is a cancerous growth of the cells of the skin. It is the least malignant 
 form of cancer, and on removal it is not usually followed by recurrence. 
 
 Tar has a pecuhar and irritating action upon the skin which varies in intensity. Those 
 who handle and use pitch or tarry products, men employed in unloading, in making bri- 
 quettes (which are a mixtiu-e of pitch and coal dust), in handling "coal oil" or creosote, are 
 all liable to suffer from warty growths, which ulcerate and may become the seat of epithe- 
 liomatous cancer. The growths occur on any part of the body, especially the faice, hands, 
 and scrotum, and are often accompanied with a dark pigmentation of the skin. They 
 commence as small nodules, but soon break down, forming an ulcer covered by a crust, 
 which gives the appearance of the so-called wart. The underlying ulcer almost invariably 
 heals up, leaving a small scar when the crust has fallen off. If the growth becomes epitheli- 
 omatous the situation is almost invariably on the scrotum, when it involves the neighboring 
 
 50 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 organs and tissues. It ia then much the same as chimney-sweeps' cancer, and may 
 be serious, as it can only be arrested by free excision, and the patient may lose one or both 
 testicles. Cleanliness is a very necessary precaution, but in spite of this, the disease may 
 develop. The length of the incapacity is not great in most cases, and the worker may 
 completely recover and resume his work. Particles of pitch striking the eye may cause 
 inflammation of the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane covering the eye-ball) and the 
 cornea. This may be very serious; cases of this kind are said to do very badly. It is said 
 that the pitch getting into the surface of the eye causes a wound which lets in bacteria 
 which induce a septic inflammation, and there is danger of loss of sight. 
 
 Scrotal Epithelioma (Chimney-sweeps' Cancer). 
 
 Description of Process. — Chimney sweeping. 
 
 Soot sets up an irritation of the skin similar to pitch and tar, and with similar results 
 as described under the last heading. 
 
 This cancer of the scrotal region is so prevalent amongst chimney-sweeps that it owes 
 its name to this fact, and though it is occasionally found in other people, it is distinguished 
 from other forms of cancer, and is characteristic of the trade, and is therefore scheduled 
 separately. Amongst chimney-sweeps it has been the cause of excessive mortality. 
 According to the Registrar's figures for three years the comparative mortality from this 
 disease was 133 per 1,000, as against 63 amongst other* occupied males of the same ages 
 [i. e., 25-64]. 
 
 This form of cancer is invariably cutaneous and of slow growth : it is frequently pre- 
 ceded by a warty ulcerous growth, which may exist for some time before becoming cancer- 
 ous, but the warts described as common among pitch workers are not so frequent in 
 chimney-sweeps. There is probably some unknown property in soot which makes it 
 cancerous: not merely its grittiness. See, however. Dr. Butlin's opinion contra, p. 56 of 
 the Minutes of the Industrial Diseases Committee, 1907. Cleanliness is an important 
 precaution. 
 
 Cancer in the Patent-fuel Industry 
 
 The following are interesting references to cancerous affections in 
 certain occupations, from the annual report of the Chief Inspector of 
 Factories and Workshops for 1908: 
 
 The reportable cases of epitheHoma are likely to increase in nimaber as this addition 
 to the schedule of diseases of occupation becomes better known throughout the large 
 patent fuel works in certain parts of the divnsion. Mr. Hilditch (Swansea) reiterates his 
 opinion that anthracene is the root cause of this trouble. In support of that view he cites 
 the case of a man, recently seen by him, who was covered with warts on the exposed sur- 
 face of his body, and who had been using anthracene oUs for many years, but had not been 
 employed at patent fuel or tar distilling works, neither had he handled much pitch. 
 
 No doubt in consequence of the prominence given to epithehomatous cancer and pitch 
 ulceration by inclusion in the third schedule of the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1906, 
 four reports were received of cases in the fuel works of Swansea and Cardiff in which 
 operation had been necessary. Mr. Owen Edwards (Cardiff) investigated the cases in 
 Cardiff and, helped by Dr. Paterson of that town, brought to light four other cases. With 
 Mr. Edwards I \'isited the fuel works in his district and examined over 100 men. No new 
 cases wepe discovered, but the skin of several workers showed the characteristic warts. 
 Further inquiry by us is in progress for the purpose of securing generally throughout this 
 industry provision of sufficient and suitable washing and bath acconamodation, as there is 
 general consensus of opinion that the cancerous condition can be prevented by scrupulous 
 cleanliness. 
 
 Dr. Collisj on information received from a certif jang surgeon, examined the workers in 
 an engineering workshop, some of whom were suffering from eczematous ulceration of the 
 hands and arms, attributed to a doubly refined Russian turpentine. Two sets of men 
 suffered (1) those employed in wiping steel plates with turpentine, and (2) those using a 
 paint made up with the same turpentine. Of twenty men thus employed one-half were 
 or had been affected. He recommended (1) a different turpentine in the mixing of the 
 paint, (2) supply of grease for removing the paint from the sldn instead of the tm-pentine 
 which was being used, and (3) leather or other hand holders reaching half up the forearm 
 for men engaged at the power presses. 
 
 In the report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 
 
 •This should read "all occupied males." 
 
 51 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 1909 occurs the following description of ulceration of the skin and 
 epitheliomatous cancer in the manufacture of patent fuel and grease: 
 
 The inquiry into this subject made by myself, in Cardiff with Mr. T. Owen Edwards, 
 and in Swansea with Mr. J. H. Hilditch, has been pubHshed as a separate report. The 
 number of men examined was 277. In those most exposed to pitch dust the hair follicles 
 and sebaceous glands become the seat of a minute plug of pitch. Irritation with formation 
 of shotty papules follows as the secretion of the glands becomes obstructed. These are most 
 marked on the forehead, neck, and ulnar side of the forearms. The sebaceous glands, 
 especially behind the ear where washing is less likely to be thorough, become very promi- 
 nent and comedones are generally noticeable. Sometimes there are scattered patches of 
 pigmentation over the arms with hyperaemia and distension of the small veins, or the 
 epithelial layers of the skin become thickened with formation of definite warts. Only 
 exceptionally do the warts take on a malignant character, and then usually, but by no 
 means invariably, the scrotum is the seat of the lesion. 
 
 Suggestions for regulations to apply to occupiers and persons employed were made in 
 the report, including (1) bath (preferably douche bath) and washing accommodation, (2) 
 overalls, (3) encasing of elevators and disintegrating machines, and (4) wire goggles to 
 prevent damage to the eyes from flying particles of pitch in breaking, crushing, etc. 
 
 Protective Regulations 
 
 Draft regulations providing for the sanitary conduct of the patent- 
 fuel industries are referred to in the report of the Chief Inspector of 
 Factories and Workshops for 1910: 
 
 Manufacture of patent fuel and grease. — As the result of inquiry and report by Dr. 
 Legge on I'.lceration of the skin and epitheliomatous cancer to which the workers in these 
 trades are liable, draft regulations have been drawn up for the manufacture of patent fuel 
 and issued to the manufacturers concerned. Certain objections to these have been re- 
 ceived, and the Secretary of State has, in pursuance of s. 81, appointed Mr. A. H. Lush, 
 barrister-at-law, to hold a public inquiry. 
 
 As regards the actual frequency of epithelioma in the patent -fuel in- 
 dustries, the following extract from the annual report of the Chief 
 Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1911 is of interest: 
 
 Epithelioma. — Eleven cases under this head were reported from patent fuel works in the 
 Cardiff and Swansea districts, but none of them appear to have been serious. 
 
 Also the following in connection therewith, from the same report, 
 on the proposed draft regulations for the industries engaged in the 
 manufacture of patent fuel and grease: 
 
 Following on the receipt of objections to the draft regulations issued in 1910 for this 
 industry, the Secretary of State, in pursuance of s. 81, appointed Mr. A. H. Lush, barrister- 
 at-law, to hold a public inquiry, which was opened at Cardiff on April 26, 1911, and con- 
 tinued there and at Swansea and London on thirteen subsequent days. The Commis- 
 sioner* recommended that further consideration of the draft regulations should be de- 
 ferred until October, 1912, to allow time for experiments which the employers, with the 
 cooperation of the workmen, were prepared to undertake. These will necessitate the 
 installation of baths on a moderate scale in one or more of the principal factories at Cardiff 
 and Swansea; volunteers from among the men will give the baths a fair and complete trial, 
 by taking a bath daily for at least a week. By this means, it is hoped to settle the question 
 whether the cleansing of the skin is not more effective, and the tendency to irritation less, 
 if the washing is done immediately after work, when the skin is still hot and the pores open. 
 Investigation is also being made as to other matters, especially as to the possibility of 
 adopting some form of overalls and goggles suitable to the special conditions of this trade. 
 
 Eczetnatous Ulcerations 
 
 Some extended comments on eczematous ulceration in the manufac- 
 ture of pitch, brought out by means of a prolonged inquiry held in South 
 
 'Report to the Secretary of State on the draft regulations proposed to be made for the manufacture of 
 patent fuel (briquettes) with addition of pitch (London: Wymaa & Sons, Ltd., 1911. Cd- 6878). 
 
 52 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 Wales, are given in the report, but they can not be included in the 
 present abbreviated account. They, however, should be taken into con- 
 sideration in connection with any special study of the subject. The 
 following portion of the remarks is pertinent to the present discus- 
 sion: 
 
 Incidentally the inquiry in an unexpected manner gave an impetus to the subject of can- 
 cer research. When the draft regulations were first issued objection came from two iron 
 works in Scotland, where briquettes were made as a very subsidiary business, that evidence 
 of warts, so common among workers with gas works tar pitch, was absent in persons 
 handling blast furnace pitch. This I found was the case and a clause had to be added to 
 the draft regulations expressly exempting from their scope factories or workshops in which 
 no pitch other than blast furnace pitch was used in the manufacture of briquettes. There 
 are marked chemical dififerences between the two kinds of pitch, depending partly on the 
 nature of the coal from which they are derived and partly on the much lower temperature 
 of distillation of blast furnace than coal gas tar. 
 
 Sanitary Precautions 
 
 A special report upon the progress made in the South Wales patent- 
 fuel works, following the recommendations of the commissioner 
 appointed to investigate the industry with reference to pitch ulceration, 
 is referred to in the annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and 
 Workshops for 1912. It is stated that 
 
 Washing accommodation has been provided, and suitable use made of it in some of the 
 works. Elevators for the mixture of pitch and coal have been encased, and attempts have 
 been made to relieve the skin irritation by the use of lotions and ointments. The public 
 inquiry will be resumed during 1913. 
 
 A more extended reference to the subject of pitch ulceration occurs 
 in the same report, being the observations of the Medical Inspector, as 
 follows : 
 
 Dr. H. C. Ross has widened considerably his experiments in connection with this sub- 
 ject.* From Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, F. C. S., Secretary of the Metropohtan Gas Referees, 
 he received a number of samples of different kinds of pitch, coal tar fractions, distilling at 
 different temperatures, and from them he concluded that the dangerous principles are 
 contained in the heavy oils of the coal tar. They can not be distilled out completely with- 
 out ruining the pitch, but it would be well if distillation were carried to the utmost point 
 compatible with producing serviceable pitch. The dangerous principles are not anthra- 
 cene or anthracene oil, but are probably some substances intimately mixed with them 
 which distil over at the same temperatures. What they are we do not yet know. Dr. 
 Ross, after experiment, does not consider acridine to be the cause of the trouble. For the 
 purpose, however, of ridding the tar of the noxious ingredients, washing the tar, if the 
 works concerned can undertake it, offered, so far as he could see, much the most satis- 
 factory solution of the difficulty. Tar distillers, unfortunately, represent that water is their 
 greatest enemy, and if so treated processes of distillation would become dangerous from 
 the frothing of the tar in the stills, as the only means of separation would be by distillation. 
 
 In later investigations with numerous samples of coal. Dr. Ross has found both auxetic 
 and kinetic properties present in bituminous samples, but in no case to anything Uke the 
 degree they are in pitch or tar. 
 
 Progress has been made in the South Wales patent fuel works, following on the Com- 
 missioner's recommendations (to which reference was made in the last annual report). 
 Washing accommodation has been provided, and suitable use made of it in some of the 
 works. Elevators for the mixture of pitch and coal have been encased, and attempts made 
 to relieve the irritation caused to the skin, by use of lotions and ointments. The pubUc 
 inquiry will be resumed in 1913. Cases of similar epithehomatous ulceration have been 
 reported during the year from tar works. 
 
 The established occurrence of cancer as an incidental result of the 
 manufacture of patent-fuel, or fuel briquettes, consisting of coal-dust and 
 
 *"The Problem of Gasworks Pitch Industries and Cancer," John Murray, London, 1912. 
 
 53 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 pitch in the usual proportion of nine to one, suggests the importance of a 
 careful study of this industry in the United States, since the same has as- 
 sumed considerable proportions within recent years. There were nine- 
 teen plants engaged in the manufacturing of fuel-briquetting in 1912 
 using as a base anthracite culm, bituminous or semi-bituminous slack, 
 carbon residue from gas manufacture and peat. The binders used 
 varied also, and of the nineteen plants in commercial operation during 
 1912, ten used coal-tar pitch as a binder, one used asphaltic pitch, two 
 used water-gas pitch and four used mixed binders, the composition of 
 which was not made public. There appear to be few recorded cases of 
 so-called pitch cancer in this country, but it is quite possible that in- 
 creasing attention and more careful observation may prove that ulcera- 
 tions of the skin, and possibly cases of true cancer, occur in this country, 
 as well as in England and Wales, in connection with the manufacture of 
 patent-fuel, etc. It should be stated, however, in this connection, that a 
 case of multiple cancer of the skin in a tar-worker, who developed .several 
 scores of epithelial lesions in various stages of development upon the hands 
 and forearms and a large epithelioma upon the scrotum, has been re- 
 ported by Dr. J. Frank Schamberg, of Philadelphia. The case suggested 
 to Dr. Schamberg the possibility of radio-activity in coal-tar, and to test 
 this assumption, according to the Medical Record, he "placed a copper 
 cent, a flat key and a small brass numeral upon a photographic plate in a 
 pasteboard negative box lined with black paper. Upon the under 
 surface of the lid he attached a piece of cardboard smeared with coal-tar, 
 so that the board faced downward. This box was placed in a black 
 Japan tin cash-box and the latter was shut in a dark closet for twenty- 
 four hours. When the plate was developed a distinct shadowgraph of 
 the three objects was seen on the negative." This test of coal-tar radio- 
 activity is conceded by Dr. Schamberg to be hardly conclusive, but he 
 observes that "If coal-tar was proven to be radio-active, it would seem 
 that this radio-activity might be responsible for the cancer in tar- 
 workers." According to another account. Dr. Schamberg examined 
 about twenty men whose work caused them to be smeared with tar. 
 In the manufacture of tar-paper the men's arms are soiled with tar and 
 their clothing is more or less saturated. Most of the men said that they 
 suffered from time to time with outbreaks of "yellow-heads" on their 
 arms, but these soon passed away. In a number of workmen he saw 
 mild acne-form eruptions on the arms resembling a folliculitis. Five 
 workmen were found showing evidence of beginning or well-developed 
 cancer.* 
 
 Recent Data on Pitch Ulceration and Paraffin Cancer 
 
 The subject of 'pitch ulceration is again referred to in the annual report 
 of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the year 1913, 
 with special reference to the second report of the Special Commissioner 
 on the draft regulations for the manufacture of patent-fuel with addition 
 of pitch. In the light of practical experience it was found that the 
 regulations were burdensome and not effective; and no evidence had 
 been forthcoming to prove that the taking of baths was a complete 
 
 *An extended discussion on the relation of tar and paraffin manufacture to cancer occurs in the second 
 volume of J. Wolff's treatise on Cancer, pp. 145-149, 
 
 54 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 prevention of the evil, nor was it evident that this requirement would be 
 suitable for all workmen under all conditions. It had thus become 
 obvious that the objects of the draft regulations might be better secured 
 by some other method and it was therefore intimated that the regula- 
 tions might be withdrawn "provided a satisfactory arrangement could 
 be come to for carrying out voluntarily by the employers certain im- 
 provements which the home office deemed essential for the protection 
 of the workers." A new arrangement satisfactory to all parties con- 
 cerned was therefore made, including provision for baths, wash-basins 
 and accommodation for clothing, on a scale which, in the absence 
 of compulsion, should be amply sufficient for all requirements, and also 
 the encasing of the coal-elevators, as well as those that carry the mixture 
 of coal and pitch, to the reasonable satisfaction of the Inspector of 
 Factories. The number of cases of pitch warts, or of epitheliomatous 
 cancer as a result of them, which were reported to the Factory Inspection 
 Department during the year 1913 was 19, of which 3 were recurrences 
 in persons previously reported. 
 
 A reference occurs in the Annual Report for 1913 to a number of cases 
 of "Paraffin Cancer," defined as a disease shale-oil workers are peculiarly 
 lialj)le to suffer from. The disease is briefly described as "having its 
 onset in a variety of forms, i. e., as an erythema, pimples, papules, etc., 
 these gradually dry up, forming hard crusts, which, increasing in size, 
 form hard elevated wart -like masses. As they increase in size these 
 break down, forming sloughing ulcers or paraflBn cancers. He mentions 
 three cases: (1) On the dorsum of foot, doing well after operation; 
 (2) scrotal, so far doing well after extensive operation, and (3) back of 
 wrist, necessitating amputation of the right arm at shoulder." The 
 process is quite fully described and the conditions are pointed out under 
 which the disease may be made subject to a reasonable degree of control. 
 
 The border-line between cases of this kind and benign skin affections 
 due to occupational exposure is ill-defined. An increasing amount of 
 trustworthy evidence is, however, gradually becoming available, which 
 would seem to warrant the conclusion that malignant disease as the 
 result of occupational exposure is of more serious importance to the 
 workers affected than is generally assumed to be the case. * 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Different Occupations 
 
 A general discussion of cancer in relation to occupation occurs in the 
 treatise on "The Natural History of Cancer," by W. Roger Williams. 
 On account of the high authority of Dr. Williams, his observations are 
 given in full, as follows: 
 
 Although it cannot be said that persons of any rank or station in life are exempt from 
 cancer, there are, nevertheless, some remarkable differences in the incidence of the disease, 
 among the various social strata. I have already had occasion to point out the much 
 greater prevalence of cancer among the well-to-do, and among the agricultural community, 
 than among the less prosperous of the industrial classes in our great towns, as well as its 
 comparative rarity among paupers, lunatics, and the prison population. 
 
 Perhaps the most significant result hitherto attained by statistical investigation of this 
 subject, is that arrived at by Dr. Tatham, who found that the mortality from cancer 
 during the decennium 1881-1890, was more than twice as great among well-to-do men 
 
 *See in this connection a recent treatise on "Occupational Affections of the Skin," by R. Prosser White, Lon- 
 don, 1915, pp. 26, 85, 93-94; also "Diseases of the Skin," by Ernest Gaucher, London, 1910, pp. 186,267,440. 
 
 55 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 having no specific occupation, as among occupied males in general, the respective cancer 
 mortality ratios being 96 for the former and only 44 for the latter. 
 
 In like manner, Aschoff has shown that, in the Berlin population, cancer was of most 
 frequent occurrence among persons of independent means, living on their income or pension. 
 
 All statistics show that printers, compositors and pressmen experience a very low 
 cancer mortality, while their death rate from tubercle and their general mortality are 
 both very much in excess of the average; and this class is notoriously one of the most 
 intemperate as regards alcohol, etc., in all modern communities. According to the 
 Twelfth United States Census Report, for the year 1900, the cancer death rate for this 
 class was £2 per 100,000 Uving, the corresponding figure for pulmonary tubercle being 435. 
 
 Another class of workers but little prone to cancer are the miners — especially coal 
 miners — and quarrymen; the United States statistics for this class show a cancer death 
 rate of 33; and a phthisis death rate of 120. Aschoff 's Berlin data place the miners next 
 to the printers, in respect to comparative immunity from cancer. 
 
 In England, there are few districts where cancer is less prevalent than in the great 
 colliery centres of Derbyshire, South Wales, Durham and Lancashire; and in the mining 
 and quarrying districts of Cornwall, North Wales and elsewhere, very low cancer death 
 rates also prevail. 
 
 With regard to the very high mortality of chimney-sweeps from cancer, as shown by the 
 English national statistics, I am inclined to think that the calculation is based on too small 
 a number of cases to give a reliable average, and is otherwise defective; at any rate, nothing 
 of the kind has been noted in the United States, nor in Continental European countries.* 
 
 Moreover, cancer of the corresponding anatomical part in women — the vulva — is 
 nearly as common as cancer of the scrotum in males; for, of 4,628 primary cancers in 
 females, 104 were of the vulva, or 2.2 per cent.; while of 2,669 cancers in males, 76 were 
 of the scrotum, or 2.8 per cent. 
 
 In general, cancer is comparatively infrequent among the working classes of our large 
 towns, especially in the great industrial centres, and among the cotton and textile opera- 
 tives, iron and steel workers, etc. On the other hand, among the well-to-do, the cancer 
 mortality is certainly much in excess of the average. Thus, among the leisured and pro- 
 fessional classes, the United States Census Report — for 1900 — shows that high cancer 
 death rates prevail, especially for the clergy, merchants, brewers, hotel and restaurant 
 keepers, hotel servants, butchers, agriculturists, sailors, commercial travellers, car- 
 penters, etc. 
 
 Workers in soot, tar, paraffin, arsenic, etc., are specially prone to certain forms of 
 cutaneous cancer; and it has been reported, that those employed in particular cobalt and 
 nickel mines are prone to quasi-malignant pulmonary disease. 
 
 There are good reasons for believing that farm laborers, gardeners, sailors, and those 
 who follow out-of-door occupations are imduly prone to cancer of the lower lip. 
 
 Of 36 men with cancer of the lower lip who came under my observation in London 
 hospital work, 5 were farm laborers, 5 general laborers, 3 sailors, 2 bricklayers, and 1 each 
 as follows: sadler, cowman, blacksmith, stoker, worker in a paper factory, piano-maker, 
 sewerman, bailiff, gardener, brazier, carpenter, gas-fitter, costermonger, carman, commer- 
 cial agent, boatman, waiter, soldier, fireman and groom. 
 
 The large proportion of patients engaged in out-of-door occupations comprised in this 
 list is very remarkable; especially when regard is had to the sedentary occupations followed 
 by the great bulk of the London population, whence these cases were drawn. 
 
 With regard to the influence of occupation on the liability of women to malignant 
 disease, perhaps the most significant item hitherto elicited is that brought out by the 
 United States Census Report for 1900, which shows that domestic servants are unduly 
 prone to cancer; thus, during the age-period forty-five to sixty-five, their mortality from 
 this cause was double the average; and, at ages above sixty-five, it was triple the average. 
 Cancer death rates, above the average, were also noted among nurses, midwives and school- 
 teachers.f 
 
 With regard to the female hospital patients with cancer, under my observation, most of 
 them had been supported entirely by their husbands' earnings; but such of them as had 
 worked for their living — whether married, widowed or single — had followed the following 
 occupations in 142 cases: thus, domestic service, 62 (cook, 17, charwoman, 13, house- 
 
 *Chimney-sweeping as practised in England is virtually an unknown occupation in the United States. 
 
 fAll of these observations and conclusions, especially with reference to conditions in the United States, 
 must be accepted with extreme caution, on account of the paucity of the data considered and the probable 
 incompleteness of the census returns. 
 
 5Q 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 keeper, 6, other forms of domestic service, 20); needlework, dressmaking, etc., 28; sick 
 nurse or midwife, 16; laundry, IG; governess or school-teacher, 7; factory, 7; shop assistant, 
 4; barmaid and actress, of each 1. 
 
 Relative Occupational Incidence 
 
 Among the more recent authors on cancer, a brief reference may be 
 made to the observations by Charles P. Childe, in his treatise on "The 
 Control of a Scourge; or How Cancer is Curable," published in 1906: 
 
 No theories that I am aware of have been formulated in regard to occupation as a cause 
 of cancer. The following comparative mortality returns, emanating from the Registrar- 
 General, show that no occupation is exempt from it, just as no climate or locality is exempt 
 from it, but do not suggest any conclusion as to its origin being dependent upon occupation 
 or habits of life. All occupied males, 44; all unoccupied males, 96; grocers, 34; clergy, 35; 
 potters, 35; coal-miners, 36; farmers, 36; fishmongers, 42; medical practitioners, 43; black- 
 smiths, 45; fishermen, 46; porters, 48; general laborers, 48; drapers, 49; shoemakers, 50; 
 dock and wharf laborers, 51; tobacconists, 51; plumbers, 53; inn- keepers, 53; coal-heavers, 
 56; butchers, 57; coachmen and grooms, 58; tool and scissors makers, 58; gas-workers, 59; 
 lawyers, 60; merchant seamen, 60; maltsters, 61; commercial travellers, 63; inn and hotel 
 servants, 65; brewers, 70; inn-keepers in London, 70; chimney-sweeps, 156. An exanaina- 
 tion of these figures apparently proves cancer to be very haphazard in the selection of its 
 victims, except in the case of chimney-sweeps, who, it will be seen, more than double any 
 other class. This exception has generally been considered evidence that it is connected in its 
 origin somehow wnth local irritation of various kinds, soot being the f oris et origo viali in 
 this instance.* Apart from this exception, the figures apparently leave us in the dark. 
 For instance, we find clergy sandwiched in between grocers and potters, medical practi- 
 tioners between fishmongers and blacksmiths, lawyers between gas-workers and merchant 
 seamen, and so on. The tables seem to show that it is more a matter of chance than any- 
 thing else, and that occupation has nothing to do with it. 
 
 Relation to Alcoholism 
 
 The subject of cancer in its relation to trades and occupations is 
 discussed by Hollo Russell, in his treatise on "Preventable Cancer,"t 
 in part, as follows : 
 
 A few observations, which have been confirmed by all later experience, were made forty 
 or fifty years ago on the excess of cancer to which certain occupations were liable. It has 
 long been known that chimney-sweeps in England have been attacked in a particular way, 
 and it has been known for some years that gardeners and others who handle soot, tar, etc., 
 are more likely than others to be attacked by cancer in the hand. 
 
 After discussing the comparative mortality from cancer and alcohol- 
 ism in specified occupations, J Russell points out that 
 
 The record exhibits very clearly the liability to excessive liquor-drinking in all these 
 occupations, especially in brewers, sweeps, general laborers, and butchers, and may be 
 compared with the high cancer rate of the same trades. The excess in sweeps tends to 
 prove that the condition of body and blood renders them specially liable to the local 
 dangerous irritation of sooty naatter. This explains the non-liabihty of foreign sweeps, 
 
 *Since the use of the long brush for sweeping chimneys, chimney-sweeps' cancer is diminishing. 
 
 t'Treventable Cancer," RoUo Russell, London, 1912. 
 
 fThe relation of alcoholism to cancer has been discussed in "A Second Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults," 
 published by the Sir Francis Galton Laboratory for National Eugenics, London, IQl^. The occasion for the 
 discussion was an extended reference to the alleged excess in the mortality of inebriates from malignant disease 
 and tuberculosis, summed up in the statement that cancer was more than eight times more common among 
 inebriates than among the population of the country at large. Subjecting the data to critical analjsis, it was 
 found by Mr De vid Heron, in charge of the investigation, that, quite to the contrary, the actual mortality from 
 cancer among the inebriates exposed to risk was less than the expected. Both investigations, however, are im- 
 paired in value by the paucity of the data considered, there having been only 865 inebriates exposed to risk, of 
 which ten suffered from cancer and [five died from the disease during sentence. Out of 2,767 inebriates 
 committed to the reformatory, twenty-four suffered from cancer, of whom ten died from the disease. It would 
 obviously be unsafe to rest far-reaching conclusions one way or the other upon so small a numerical basis of fact. 
 
 57 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 who are not particularly intemperate, to sweeps' cancer.* In the United States, sweeps' 
 cancer is almost unknown; in Belgium, where coal like the English is used, there is almost 
 complete immunity, but great care is taken to 'prevent contact vntk soot; in Germany 
 the practice is to wash daily from head to foot. 
 
 An investigation of cancer statistics in Germany by the German Committee for Statis- 
 tical Study was analyzed by Dr. Hirschberg. In men, cancer of the stomach preponderates, 
 with 413 per mille; in women, cancer of the breast, with 243 per mille cases. No special 
 trade liability was found in sweeps, chemical workers, etc. The agricultural classes were 
 attacked more in the skin; those engaged in the timber trade more in the glands. Cancer 
 of the urinary organs was specially common among the well-to-do. Acid wines and cider 
 seem to give a predisposition to gastric cancer. 
 
 In the report of the Commissioners of Prisons and the Director of Convict Prisons for 
 the year ending March, 1911, it is stated: "Cancer, the mortality of which increases at 
 every age-group and for each sex in the general population, is again noticeably low in the 
 prison death rate, and this is not due to the fact that prisoners so suffering were released 
 on medical grounds, for only three were released for this cause from local prisons." 
 
 Cancer Occurrence in Prisons and Asylums 
 
 After calling attention to the fact that on the basis of oflBcial reports 
 the cancer mortality in asylums was exceptionally low, Russell remarks : 
 
 The low rate of cancer in prisons and asylums is the more worthy of consideration on 
 account of the class from which those detained are drawn. The prisons include a very 
 large proportion of hard drinkers and unsound bodies. Yet the prison regime seems to 
 prevent the evil seeds which have been sown from germinating abundantly. Similar ex- 
 periences have been related of workhouses, and many old people who have chosen to quit 
 them have very soon succumbed to common influences outside. 
 
 Asylums contain an excessive number of persons who have inherited or acquired con- 
 stitutional weaknesses, and in many cases tendencies towards consumption or cancer; also 
 many alcoholics who are prone to these maladies. Yet the habits and rule of these in- 
 stitutions reduce the cancer rate much below the rate of the classes from which they were 
 drawn, and below the rate both of occupied and unoccupied persons. f 
 
 Cancer in the Petroleum Industry 
 
 ^ Numerous references to cancer and non-malignant skin eruptions 
 among men in certain trades occur in the treatise on "Industrial 
 Poisoning," by Dr. J. Rambousek, published in London in 1913. 
 In connection with a discussion of the petroleum industry it is pointed 
 out that 
 
 The occiirrence of skin affections in the naphtha industry has been noted by several 
 observers, especially among those employed on the unpurified mineral oils. Eruptions on 
 the skin from pressing out the paraffin and papillomata (warty growths) in workers cleaning 
 out the stills are referred to by many writers.f Ogston in particular. 
 
 Recent literature refers to the occurrence of petroleum eczema in a firebrick and cement 
 factory. The workers affected had to remove the bricks from moulds on to which petro- 
 leum oil dropped. An eczematous condition was produced on the inner surface of the 
 hands, necessitating abstention from work. The pustular eczema in those employed only 
 a short time in pressing paraffin in the refineries of naphtha factories is referred to as a 
 frequent occurrence. Practically all the workers in three refineries in the district of Czerno- 
 witz were affected. The view that it is due to insufficient care in washing is supported by 
 the report of the factory inspector in Rouen, that with greater attention in this matter on 
 the part of the workers marked diminution in its occurrence followed. 
 
 •The true cause of the difference is probably the non-use on the continent of the English method of chimney- 
 sweeping. 
 
 fThe large majority of persons in prison are, of course, below the age period of life when cancer is most fre- 
 quent. According to a special investigation, made by me for the purpose, it was found that out of 309 deaths 
 from all causes in American State Prisons during 1914 there were only 4 deaths from cancer, or 1.1 per cent. 
 
 JM itchell, Jl/«dica/ Nev;s,Yo\.ui,p. 152; Annalise d'Hygiene public. Vol. xxiv,p. 500; Arlidge, "Diseases of 
 Occupation"; Revue d'Hygiene, 1895, p. 160; Neisser, Intern. Uebers. f. Gew.-Hyg., 1907, p. 96. 
 
 58 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 In connection with the coal-tar industry it is said : 
 
 Workers coming into contact with tar suffer from an inflammatory affection of the skin, 
 so-called tar eczema, which occasionally takes on a cancerous (epithelioma) nature similar 
 to chimney-sweeps' cancer, having its seat predominantly on the scrotum. In lampblack 
 workers who tread down the soot in receptacles the malady has been observed to affect the 
 lower extremities and especially the toes. 
 
 With reference to the anihne-dye industry it is stated that 
 
 In 1903 a worker employed for eleven and a half years in the aniline department died 
 of cancer of the bladder. Such cancerous tumors have for some years been not infre- 
 quently observed in aniline workers, and operations for their removal performed. Ley- 
 mann thinks it very probable that the affection is set up, or its origin favored, by anihne. 
 This view must be accepted, and the disease regarded as of industrial origin. 
 
 The frequency of tumors of the bladder among aniline-workers is 
 briefly described in connection with the coal-tar industry as follows : 
 
 The first observations on the subject were made by Rehn of Frankfurt, who operated 
 in three cases. Bachfeld of Offenbach noticed, in sixty-three cases of aniline poisoning, 
 bladder affections in sixteen. Seyberth described five cases of tumors of the bladder in 
 workers with long duration of employment in anihne factories.* In the Hochst factory 
 (and credit is due to the management for the step) every suspicious case is examined with 
 the cystoscope. In 1904 this firm collected information from eighteen anihne factories 
 which brought to light thirty-eight cases, of which eighteen ended fatally. Seventeen 
 were operated on, and of these eleven were still alive, although in three there had been 
 recurrence. Tumors were found mostly in persons employed with aniline, naphthylamine, 
 and their homologues, but seven were in men employed with benzidine. 
 
 Relation of Cancer to Injuries 
 
 There is a brief discussion of occupational cancers in Greer's treatise 
 on "Industrial Diseases and Accidents," published in London, 1909. 
 The discussion is of exceptional interest in connection with the problem of 
 workmen's compensation for industrial diseases and is therefore given 
 in fuU: 
 
 Workers in certain trades appear to be prone to suffer from cancer, as in chimney-sweeps, 
 tar, pitch, grease and paraflBn workers; possibly bacon-curers (Oliver), aniline workers 
 (Rehn). The relation of injury to the development of cancer has received a very great 
 deal of attention, the result being that we are in a position to give to traumatism a place 
 amongst the factors which influence the production of malignant growths. The real cause, 
 though the object of numerous researches, has as yet baffled inquirers. At present we 
 have a number of observations which go to prove that continued local irritation can 
 determine the development of a malignant growth. We recognize under this head chimney- 
 sweeps' cancer, tar cancer, clay-pipe cancer. X-ray cancer, etc. In this class of super- 
 ficial cancers the relations of cause and effect are not widely apart. In the more deeply 
 seated growths, especially those taking origin in muscle and bone, the sarcomata, we must 
 admit that traumatism may play a causative part, though here the relationship is not quite 
 so manifest. In this class the history is not usually that of continued irritation, but is the 
 narrative of perhaps a single injury. If the deeply-situated organs, such as the lung, 
 kidney, stomach, liver, intestines, etc., become affected with malignant disease, and there 
 is an accoimt of an accident, it is very necessary before accepting the disease as of trau- 
 matic origin that the records of the case should f lu-nish evidence that the organ in question 
 was damaged at the time of the accident. If a long interval of time separates the develop- 
 ment of the tumor from the accident, these records should show a certain continuity and 
 sequence in the symptoms and signs following the injury leading up to that period in which 
 the growth is revealed. On the whole question of the traumatic origin of tumors, Sand is 
 of opinion that to establish the relationship it is necessary that the accident should have 
 caused local lesions, swelling, pains, etc., that the growth should develop in the organ 
 involved directly or indirectly in the accident, that the growth should appear within be- 
 tween three weeks and a year for sarcoma (two to six months on an average), between six 
 
 *Munchener mediziniache Wochenachrift, 1907, 
 
 59 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 weeks and five years (average one to two years) for cancer, between one month and ten 
 years for glioma (malignant disease of nerve structures, brain, spinal cord and eyej, be- 
 tween three weeks and two years for other tumors. The patient should not be the subject 
 of tumors of the same class previous to the accident. The traumatic origin is more likely 
 if the patient has been healthy up to the accident. Youth is against traumatic origin 
 (save in sarcomata, which are more common in youth). Many authorities think that the 
 tumors described as of traumatic origin are really latent, that is, that they are dormant 
 until stimulated into activity by injury. On the point of aggravation of tumors by injury, 
 Sand holds that this would be established under the following conditions: if the accident 
 cause, directly or indirectly, a tear or a haemorrhage, etc., in the growth; if new symptoms 
 of a serious nature show themselves within four days of the injury; if the development of 
 the tumor was not at such a stage that an increase in activity was impending. A direct or 
 indirect traumatism may induce in a tumor a breaking-up, and thus favor the production 
 of metastases (the diffusion of the disease into other parts of the body), but it would most 
 probably take a considerable time for these to develop, and their relation to the injury 
 would be difficult to establish. An injury can not originate a metastasis in the wounded 
 part, but it may favor the more rapid development of an existing metastasis. 
 
 A question may arise as to whether in a state of general debility induced by an injury, 
 the normal resistance of the body to the attacks of disease being thus diminished, malig- 
 nant growths may evolve (apart from those which may properly be considered to have a 
 relation to local trauma).? The answer to this question is, up to the present we 
 have no scientific evidence to support the view that these growths arise under such cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 The subject of chimney-sweeps ' cancer is briefly referred to by the 
 same authority : 
 
 Epithelioma of the scrotum in chimney-sweeps is believed to be due to the long-con- 
 tinued irritation caused by the constant presence of soot on the part. The disease gives 
 evidence of its maturity by the appearance of warty growths, which may remain quiescent 
 or develop into ulcers. These ulcers progress and destroy the whole scrotum (purse). 
 The glands in the groin become infected, and are eventually open, putrefying sores. The 
 disease may ulcerate into the femoral or external iliac arteries and cause fatal haemorrhage. 
 The disease is curable by early operative removal. 
 
 Relation between Trauma and Tumor Formation 
 
 The entire subject of malignant growths following injury, with special 
 reference to claims arising from the result of such injuries, is discussed 
 by Magruder in a treatise published in 1910.* The evidence presented 
 is largely in the negative. He quotes Cohnheim to the effect that the 
 "Statistics concerning the relationship between trauma and tumor 
 formation are not convincing, as the tendency is too deeply rooted in the 
 human mind to associate a local ailment with a local cause." He also 
 quotes Williams, writing in the Twentieth Century Practice of Medi- 
 cine, in the statement that "Those who maintain that cancers are com- 
 monly caused by traumata, must explain how it is that men, who suffer 
 three times as often from traumata as women, are, nevertheless, only 
 about half as liable to cancers." This conclusion of Williams, however, 
 would hardly seem warranted, since the fact is overlooked that the excess 
 in cancer frequency among women is almost exclusively confined to the 
 generative organs and the breast. Magruder quotes Sir Thomas Oliver's 
 suggestion that "in all cases of alleged traumatic cancer leading to a 
 fatal termination, a post-mortem examination should be made in order 
 to ascertain whether what is apparent on the surface of the body is 
 the primary or secondary growth." 
 
 *"Claim9 Arising from Results of Pcrf-onal Injuries," W. Edward Magruder, M. D., The Spectator Com- 
 pany, New York, 1910, 
 
 60 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 Blast-furnace Pitch and Cancer 
 
 The subject of blast-furnace pitch and cancer is briefly referred to in 
 The British Medical Journal of August 19, 1911: 
 
 Mr. Perkins asked the Home Secretary whether, in \-iew of the fact that the spread of 
 cancer among workers with pitch was attributed to the anthracene contained in tar and 
 pitch derived from gas works, whereas tar and pitch derived from blast-furnaces were free 
 from anthracene, he would take this fact into consideration in the new Home Office regula- 
 tions. Mr. Churchill repHed that the fact that blast-furnace pitch was much less liable to 
 give rise to cancer was already recognized in the draft regulations, which had been issued 
 by the Home Office, for the manufacture of patent fuel (briquettes) with the addition of 
 pitch. Factories and workshops in which no pitch other than blast-furnace pitch was 
 used were specifically exempted from the regulations. It was not, however, certain that 
 anthracene was the constituent of ordinary pitch to which the prevalence of cancer in the 
 industry was due. 
 
 Malignant Disease of the Lungs in Miners 
 
 An important contribution to the rather obscure subject of mahgnant 
 disease of the lungs in the miners of the Schneeberg district of Saxony 
 occurs in the Journal of the American Medical Association, under date 
 of June 28, 1913: 
 
 Arnstein calls attention anew to the remarkable prevalence of mahgnant disease of the 
 lungs in the miners in the Schneeberg district in Saxony. The minerals mined are mostly 
 cobalt, bismuth and nickel. In 1878 Harting and Hesse reported that a lymphosarcoma 
 of the bronchial lymph-nodes or an endothelial sarcoma was responsible for 75 per cent. 
 of all the deaths among the miners. Arnstein has been investigating the subject anew and 
 found that one-third of all the miners admitted to the hospital 1907-1911 entered with the 
 diagnosis of cancer of the lung, and it was given as the cause of death in 44 per cent, of the 
 death certificates. It is probable that in many cases tuberculosis and possibly also pneu- 
 moconiosis may have been erroneously diagnosed as cancer of the lung as necropsies are 
 rare. The local mining industry is declining, and Arnstein urges more extensive study of 
 the subject while there is still material for it. In the two cases which he was able to ex- 
 amine post mortem, the trouble proved to be chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in one case, 
 but in the other true carcinoma of the lung with metastasis. 
 
 Cancer among Tar and Paraffin Workers 
 
 The following observations on occupational cancers are from an address 
 on "Occupational Diseases," by Dr. W. GUman Thompson, published 
 in the Medical Record, New York, February 3, 1912: 
 
 Tar and paraffin workers develop a similar eruption which may last several months and 
 then change to the so-called "tar itch." This is accompanied by hyperkeratosis and in- 
 creased activity of the sebaceous glands, forming plaques and crusts, with the further 
 development of multiple warts, one or more of which degenerate into malignant growths. 
 The disease aft'ects chiefly the hands, forearms, and scrotum. It progresses slowly and in 
 many instances no recurrence takes place after removal of the epitheUoma. Oliver cites 
 the case of a man aged 58 who had worked among coal-oil and tar products for thirty years. 
 He presented numerous indurated patches, some of which had ulcerated, as well as multiple 
 black warts and scars, the remains of old ulcers. His son, 27 years old, following the same 
 employment, developed a malignant growth of the forearm which necessitated amputation. 
 Metastases of the axillary and cervical lymph-nodes took place, the patient succimibing to 
 secondary carcinosis. 
 
 Cancer in chimney-sweeps has been reported chiefly from England. The soot produces 
 a chronic irritation of the skin and when retamed in such regions as the folds of the scrotum 
 causes warty growths which become epithehomatous. In some instances the hands, arms, 
 and thighs have been involved. The incidence of scrotal cancer has been markedly 
 reduced by the use of machinery to clean chimneys. It is reported that gardeners who 
 employ soot for the protection of plants from slugs similarly show the effects of this irri- 
 tant in the development of malignant growths of the hands. 
 
 61 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer among Chimney-sweeps 
 
 Arlidge, in his work on "The Hygiene, Diseases and Mortality of 
 Occupations," published in London in 1892, observes regarding chimney- 
 sweeps' cancer:* 
 
 But the disease, par eminence, attaching to their calling is epithelial cancer. Dr. Ogle 
 discovered, from his statistics, that "of 242 deaths of chimney-sweeps, no less than forty- 
 nine were due to some form of malignant disease. This gives 202 deaths from this cause 
 to 1,000 deaths from all causes; whereas the proportion of deaths from malignant disease 
 to deaths from all causes, among all males from 25 to 65 years of age in England and 
 Wales, is only 36 in 1,000; so that, even if the total mortality of sweeps were simply equal 
 to that of all males, their mortality from malignant disease would be more than five 
 times as much as the average. But the mortality of chimney-sweeps . . . is 50 
 per cent, higher than the average, so that the liability of chimney-sweeps to mahgnant 
 disease is about eight times as great as the average liability for all males. These 
 figures scarcely support the belief expressed by some authorities that improvements in 
 the art and habits of sweeps have caused this disease to be comparatively infrequent 
 among them." Of the forty-nine cases of deaths by cancer returned, the scrotum and 
 adjacent parts were the seat of the lesion in twenty-three; in thirteen the organ affected was 
 not stated; but in seven of them the malady was in internal organs, and the rest in the face, 
 hip, orbit, palate, or neck. The consoling belief that sweeps' cancer is becoming a 
 scarce phenomenon, since the application of the special Acts of Parliament controlling 
 their work, is also somewhat rudely shaken by Mr. Butlin, of St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital, who, in his work on cancer, aflBrms that numerous instances are to be met with. 
 
 Cancer Frequency in Gardening and Agriculture 
 
 An important reference to cancer as an occupational disease among 
 gardeners occurs in the treatise on "Industrial Diseases," by Weyl, 
 published in 1908. f This discussion refers particularly to market 
 gardeners, and apparently leans towards the view that cancer is an 
 infectious disease and transmitted to gardeners in connection with the 
 handling of infected earth or water, as the case may be. There is also a 
 reference in this discussion to the proportionate mortality from cancer 
 among men employed in different occupations in the city of Berlin during 
 the two years 1897-99, the percentage of cancer deaths in the mortality 
 from all causes having been as follows: Printers, 3.18, chemical industry, 
 3.85, miners and stone-workers, 4.65, metal-workers,5. 08, machinists, 5.69, 
 paper and leather industry, 6.18, wood-working industries, 6.45, com- 
 mercial occupations, including insurance, 6.81, building, 6.96, clothing 
 industry, 7.45, textile industry, 7.49, food industries, 7.67, transporta- 
 tion industries, 8.08, shipping, 9.07, gardeners, 11.25, agriculture, 25.03. 
 It is pointed out in this connection that in gardening and agriculture, 
 respectively, 35.3 per cent, and 33.4 per cent, of the population are above 
 age 40; but it is observed that this percentage is exceeded in many of 
 the occupations in which the proportionate mortality from cancer is 
 considerably less. 
 
 Reference is also made in this work to the report of the German Com- 
 mittee on Cancer Research, on the basis of the cancer census of Octo- 
 ber 15, 1900. The proportion of patients suffering from cancer of the 
 skin was found to be exceptionally large among agricultural workers, 
 and the conclusion is advanced that this was the result of contact with 
 infected earth. Mention is made of the rather interesting fact that the 
 
 *An extended historical discussion of chimney-sweeps' cancer occurs in the chapter on chronic irritation, etc., 
 in J. Wolff's treatise on Cancer, Vol. ii, p. 141, el seq. 
 
 f'Handbuch der Arbeiterkrankheiten," Dr. Theodor Weyl, Jena, 1908, p. 625. 
 
 62 
 
CANCER AXD OCCUPATION 
 
 old garden city of Erfurt, with a constantly diminishing mortality from 
 all causes, had experienced a constant increase in the mortality from can- 
 cer. The rate per 10,000 living increased from 5.6 for the period 1880-84 
 gradually to 9.8 during the five years ending with 1904.* It was held, 
 however, that this increase could not be connected with employment in 
 gardening or truck-farming. 
 
 Cancer in Animals and Plants 
 
 In the study of the occupational incidence of cancer the possible para- 
 sitical origin of the disease requires consideration. The subject has 
 been quite carefully investigated by C. E. Green in his treatise on "The 
 Cancer Problem: A Statistical Study," published in Edinburgh in 1911. 
 Green has raised the question as to whether there are any conditions in 
 the trades showing the highest cancer death rates which would encourage 
 the growth of a parasite akin to the myxomycetes, which are of doubtful 
 relationship either to animals or to plants. He tries to connect the 
 cancerous growth in plants with the corresponding growth in the human 
 body and in this connection points out that 
 
 Agriculturists, however, have suffered severely from the ravages of Plasmodiophora 
 and one fact in particular is given in agricultural text-books as the result of their practical 
 experience, viz., that whenever manures are used which have been dissolved in sulphuric 
 acid the disease is almost certain to occur. This fact seems very important. Of its ac- 
 curacy there can be no doubt, since the Board of Agricultm-e goes so far as to distribute 
 leaflets gratis all over the country warning farmers that manures dissolved in sulphuric 
 acid have a marked tendency to encourage the disease. 
 
 Coal-soot as a Cause of Cancer 
 
 Green, therefore, concludes that such manures have a stimulating effect 
 upon the plasmodiophora and that cancer is of exceptional frequency in 
 occupations which encourage the gro^i:h of a possible cancer parasite 
 under the conditions stated. He does not accept the mechanical irritant 
 theory as entirely conclusive, but he inclines to the belief, with special 
 reference to chimney-sweeping and similar occupations, "that soot, or 
 some product of combustion, is an active agent." He, therefore, holds that 
 
 Ordinary coal soot has a deleterious effect upon the leaves of plants, and this was 
 formerly ascribed to mechanical irritation or to the blocking of the stomata through 
 which the plants breathe. Stockhardt, however, proved this to be wrong by an experi- 
 ment, eighty-six times repeated, in which he filled a glasshouse with an atmosphere of soot 
 from burnt benzine so thick that the contours of the plants could not be seen, and that the 
 leaves were almost black. No disturbance of growth could be detected, and the leaves 
 were afterwards as fresh as those outside. The pure carbon soot from the benzine had no 
 effect, while coal soot had. 
 
 For- the same reasons he argues that the carbon in coal does not cause 
 cancer in miners, which seems to be fairly well established by the avail- 
 able statistics. In continuation of his interesting argument Green re- 
 marks : 
 
 The fact that coal soot has some relation to the sweeps' high mortality is also, I think, 
 indicated by the part of the body chiefly affected, as shown by a table in the Registrar's 
 latest report. This table shows that in 30 per cent, of the deaths the scrotum and its 
 adjacent parts are those affected. Now, the face of a working sweep will always be found 
 to be covered with light powdery soot, while his hands and nails are absolutely black and 
 coated. The extremities are not liable to malignant disease, but these soot-ingrained 
 hands must for ob^^ous reasons several times in a working day come in contact with the 
 
 *The cancer death rate in Erfurt in 1910 was 12.0 per 10,000 of population. 
 
 63 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 susceptible parts which are associated with "sweeps' cancer." If soot, then, be an active 
 agent in producing mahgnant disease, as is shown by the appalhng mortality among 
 chimney-sweeps and by other indications, while coal-dust has no effect upon the coal- 
 miner, it is obviously of importance to consider what soot contains which coal does not. 
 
 Green explains in this connection that coal-soot is chiefly composed 
 of finely divided carbon, but that it contains also a considerable propor- 
 tion of sulphate of ammonia; and further, that since coal contains sul- 
 phur and nitrogen, sulphurous acid is evolved in the process of combus- 
 tion, which combines to form sulphate of ammonia, the existence of 
 which in large quantities in soot has led to its extensive use as a fertilizer 
 by farmers and gardeners.* 
 
 Paraflfin- workers 
 
 Perplexed by the apparent difficulty that in sulphate of ammonia, 
 or the sulphurous acid which goes to compose it, is a causative factor, 
 it was difficult to explain how paraffin had induced cancerous growths 
 among paraffin-workers in several well-authenticated cases. The 
 question confronting him was to ascertain whether there was anything 
 in common between commercial paraffin and soot. He observes with 
 reference thereto: 
 
 When we examine the practical methods of paraffin refining we find that in order to 
 remove the oily bases it has been found in practice that an acid treatment of the finished 
 oil is necessary. It is not possible to remove the whole of these bases by one or even two 
 acid treatments, but the oil must be shaken vp with acids a number of times. All kinds of 
 acids have been tried, but the results of numerous experiments have proved sulphuric acid 
 to be the only one suitable for this work. It is specially pointed out in Redwood's Mineral 
 Oils as of the utmost importance that all such sulphuric acid treated oils must be allov/ed 
 to settle until as thoroughly freed from this acid tar as possible. 
 
 In removing the impurities the sulphuric acid must form various sulpho-acids which 
 must frequently be present in the paraffin after the operation. It would be a difficult 
 matter to say what were the sulpho-acids, as there might be, of course, fifty different varie- 
 ties, entirely depending on what the impurities were. There would certainly be no sulpho- 
 acids of the paraffin itself, as this remains unacted on, and it is only impurities that are 
 acted on. 
 
 One impurity which is bound to exist, however, is ammonia — since the method of 
 separation of ammonia water from the crude oil is a very rough and ready one — and we are 
 driven to the result that even in refined paraffin, as in soot, sulphate of ammonia and 
 sulpho-adds must often exist. 
 
 Brewers 
 
 These extracts have been given in full, since they are not only of in- 
 terest in connection with the subject under consideration but also as an 
 indication of the direction which scientific inquiries of this kind are 
 bound to take. The conclusions by Green are apparently confirmed by 
 his subsequent investigations, and particularly with reference to brewers, 
 who exhibit a high mortality figure from cancer and who in a branch of 
 their work are exposed to the effects of soot accumulations. Additionally 
 thereto the brewer is said to be exposed in the constant handling of 
 "sulphured" hops, the sulphur being used for bleaching purposes. 
 
 *There is a brief reference to cancer in one of the papers on the "Influence of Smoke on Health," published 
 by the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1914. After restating the generally accepted 
 view that "soot has for many years been more or less fancifully believed to create a predisposition towards the 
 production of cancerous growth among workmen who are brought into contact with it" and an extended refer- 
 ence to recent observations by Sir Thomas Oliver, the report concludes that "it is scarcely conceivable that the 
 amount of soot in the air of industrial towns is sufficient in amount to be an exciting cause of cancer, as it 
 might possibly be in the case of chimney-sweeps." (See, however, discussion of chemical industry, page 65.) 
 
 64 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 Furriers and Skinners 
 
 With special reference to furriers and skinners. Green calls attention 
 to the instructive fact that these occupations rank high in the mortality 
 from cancer, while tanners invariably rank very low. The cause, he ex- 
 plains, must naturally be due to some essential differences in the method 
 of preparing skins for furs and for leather. The facts are not fully set 
 forth, but apparently the irritant is the sulphuric acid contained in the 
 alum used for skin-preserving purposes. He remarks that nearly all furs 
 have to be dyed, and that the mordant used is chiefly sulphuric acid. 
 
 Seamen 
 Concerning seamen it is said : 
 
 Seamen have shown a great increase in their cancer mortality, due apparently to the 
 increase of steamers and the decrease of sailing ships. The fact that they have a higher 
 mortality figure than fishermen seems to me to be due to this and to their stuffy and 
 smoky quarters. Fishermen do not so often sleep on board; indeed, the greater number 
 never do. 
 
 Tinplate-workers 
 
 Concerning tinplate manufacture he observes : 
 
 What element in the manufacture of tinplate can cause this very high mortality figure? 
 If my theory is correct, this would explain it: "Before 'tinning,' the plates are called black 
 plates. When the iron has been cut to the required size the plates are 'pickled,' i. e., 
 they are immersed in hot sulphuric acid." 
 
 Lead-workers 
 Also with reference to lead-workers the observations are of special 
 interest : 
 
 Here we have a close connection with sulphurous acid. It is pointed out in the last 
 report of the Registrar-General that the mortality of lead-workers had decreased since 
 1890. Now, until recent years only a small quantity of lead was obtained from any 
 other ore than galena, which is a sulphide of lead. \Mien galena is smelted, much of 
 the sulphur goes to form sulphurous acid, which escapes as a gas. There remain in the 
 hearth of the furnace oxide, sulphate, and sulphide of lead, which react upon each other, 
 forming sulphurous acid and metallic lead. 
 
 Rubber- workers 
 
 And concerning India rubber-workers: 
 
 The connection here is at first sight obsciu-e, but the fact remains that alum and 
 sulphuric acid are constantly used to effect the coagulation of the juice, and it is pointed 
 out in the Encyclopedia Britannica (India rubber) that traces of these remaining in the 
 rubber constantly work mischief in it. 
 
 Chemical Industry 
 
 Green's treatise includes a brief discussion of the incidence of cancer in 
 chemical manufactures, which, of course, include employments with an 
 exceptional degree of exposure to sulphuric acid fumes, etc., and as re- 
 gards general occupations in London, for which the mortality figure is 
 above the average, he explains that this is probably due to the enor- 
 mous amount of sulphurous acid in the atmosphere. He incidentally 
 mentions the frequency of cancer among guano-workers, quoting from 
 the new edition of Bryant and Buck's Surgery, the occurrence being at- 
 tributed to the fact that since the rich deposits have been largely worked 
 out the stores now drawn upon are, in many cases, compact and rocky 
 in texture, and require to be disintegrated and treated with sulphuric 
 acid. He therefore concludes that "if sulphurous acid or sulpho-acids 
 
 65 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 have no connection with cancer I have stumbled across an extraordi- 
 nary series of coincidences." 
 
 X-ray Workers and X-ray Dermatitis 
 Perhaps no problem in occupational cancer has attracted more atten- 
 tion than X-ray carcinoma. An analysis of forty-seven cases is pre- 
 sented by Dr. C. A. Porter, of the Harvard Medical School, in the Fifth 
 Report of the Cancer Commission of Harvard University. The fol- 
 lowing brief observations are from this important contribution to the 
 subject : 
 
 Though the harmful results of continuous exposure to the X-rays were unknown to the 
 early workers in this field, it would seem that unwittingly they have given us the best 
 demonstration yet known of the artificial or experimental production of cancer. It is 
 unlikely that old age itself, with its accompanying skin atrophies, even if combined with 
 exposure to such various noxious influences as sea life, raw winds, powerful actinic rays, 
 soot or paraffin, would give such an example of malignant skin degeneration as seems so 
 frequently to result from protracted exposure to the X-ray. ^Mien it is remembered that 
 these lesions have been produced in young men at an age when skin cancer is extremely 
 rare, its occurrence is all the more striking. 
 
 Regarding an apparently effective method of protection for X-ray 
 workers it is said: 
 
 An accidental discovery in the case of J. G., Case XVIII., seems to show the value of 
 protection during the early years of work, and the lack of harmful influence to recent 
 exposures with proper precautions. A broad gold ring was worn during the first two years 
 of work on the ring finger of the left hand. This was subsequently removed. The whole 
 dorsum of the hand shows the characteristic changes, while the skin protected by the ring 
 remains to this day perfectly normal. The immunity which even fight clothing offers is 
 shown by the rarity or slight degree of dermatitis above the cuffs, and in those parts of the 
 body protected by clothing. It would seem, therefore, in view of this immunity from 
 slight covering, that not the X-rays themselves, but other emanations from the tube are to 
 be held chiefly responsible for the burns and the chronic dermatitis. 
 
 The subject attracted the attention of Green, who remarks; 
 
 In this imperfect survey of the trade and occupational incidence of the disease I would 
 venture to make a suggestion regarding what is caUed X-ray cancer, which so commonly 
 follows a dermatitis on the hands of X-ray workers. It is certainly one of the most puzzfing 
 aspects of the whole cancer problem that X-rays should cure rodent ulcer and yet induce 
 epithelioma on the fingers of the operators of these rays. If, as stated before, the Plas- 
 modia of myxomycetes are killed by exposure to light of moderate intensity, it is quite 
 intelligible that X-rays should cure cancer, but quite iminteUigible that they should 
 cause it. 
 
 The X-rays admittedly cause a dermatitis and thereby diminish the resistance of the 
 epithefium. It should not be forgotten, however, that most X-ray operators have to 
 prepare many skiagraphs and to develop negatives. This, in my opinion, is the cause. 
 Fixing plates by means of hypo-sulphite with fingers, the skin resistance of which is already 
 weakened, is much more likely to cause the epithelioma than the rays themselves. These 
 would only indirectly be concerned. 
 
 As bearing upon the protective means suggested by Dr. Porter it 
 appears that Dr. Menard, director of the radiography section of the 
 Cochin Hospital, has devised a glove which will avert all danger to the 
 operating physician when using the X-ray. It would carry this discussion 
 entirely too far to review in detail the not inconsiderable evidence of 
 Roentgen-ray injuries, with reference, of course, to cancer growth. The 
 risk, no doubt, is especially great in the manufacture of X-ray appa- 
 ratus, and particularly X-ray tubes. The subject has been discussed 
 under the title "Roentgen-rays and Dermatitis," by Sir Thomas Oliver 
 in his evidence (Q. 10,625), before the Committee on Industrial Diseases. 
 
 66 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 In view of the obvious risk to X-ray workers, the following extract 
 from the Medical Record of August 8, 1903, is included: 
 
 G. Holzknecht and R. Griinfeld have devised a protective covering for the skin for use 
 during the application of the Roentgen rays. It consists of a sheet of tin which is covered 
 on both sides with a thin layer of hard rubber. The plate thus made may be of any size 
 and shape desired and perforated by as many apertures as wished. It is very flexible and 
 may be easily adapted to the various curvatures, etc., of the body. It is light and easy to 
 handle, and may be sterilized, washed, or heated without damage. Its extended use 
 shows that it affords a complete protection to the healthy skin from the burning and other 
 armoyances which frequently attend the appUcation of the Roentgen rays. 
 
 Among the more suggestive cases of fatal injuries from X-ray expo- 
 sure in the medical profession a brief reference may be made to the 
 death of Dr. B. E. Baker, of Hartford, who died from injuries due to 
 exposure to the X-rays in the course of experimental work in 1913. 
 
 The Medical Record of March 29, 1913, quoting from the Journal for 
 Insurance Medicine * notes the case of an electrician as follows : 
 
 The electrician was employed for fifteen years in the X-ray room of an orthopedic 
 clinic and had suffered from a chronic affection of the skin of the hands and face resulting 
 irom constant exposure to the rays. He was finally incapacitated, and applied to his trade 
 union for the indemnity for accidental injury during employment. The union refused 
 such indemnity, stating that the injury complained of was not due to any accident, but was 
 really an occupational disease, not to be indemnified according to the terms of insurance. 
 An appeal to the courts was decided in favor of the union's interpretation of the agreement. 
 
 The Medical Record also, under date of April 5, 1913, cites the case of 
 the death of Dr. Charles Lester Leonard, professor of Roentgenology 
 in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine, 
 and one of the pioneers in this special field of work. Dr. Leonard some 
 years ago first lost several fingers from one hand, and later on the 
 entire hand was sacrificed, it being subsequently found necessary to 
 remove the forearm so as to check the advancing effects of the X-ray 
 burns. 
 
 Radio-active Substances and Cancer 
 
 The study of radio-active substances in their relation to cancer and 
 occupation offers a field of considerable promise. The admirable ex- 
 perimental inquiry by Lazarus-Barlow suggests results of considerable 
 practical value. With regard to substances commonly supposed to be 
 casually related to carcinoma, this author states that 
 
 Numerous samples of clay pipe, soot, pitch, paraffin wax, metallic arsenic, arsenious 
 oxide, betel nut, cholesterin gall stones, pigment gall stones, renal and vesical calcuH, have 
 been examined skotographically, the calcuh, renal, bihary, and vesical, being made the 
 subject of an extended research by Dr. Colwell. Skotographic effect was exhibited by one 
 sample of soot out of two examined, by betel nut on all of numerous occasions, by each 
 of twenty-three specimens of cholesterin gall stones, more or less "pvu-e," in three out of 
 four samples of pigment gall stones examined, the effect being always very slight as com- 
 pared with the action of the cholesterin calcuh, and by thirty out of thirty-eight vesical 
 calcuh. Metalhc arsenic and arsenious oxide produced effects upon the photographic 
 plates, but inasmuch as the films showed alteration before development the action cannot 
 be regarded as skotographic. On the other hand, none of nine specimens of clay pipe, of 
 numerous samples of paraffin wax, of four samples of pitch from different localities, of 
 several specimens of coal, yielded the sUghtest trace of skotographic action. f 
 
 Even though the evidence was negative, it would seem well worth 
 while to carry on further experimental research along the lines suggested. 
 
 *Zeitschrift fiir Versicherungs Medizin, Vol. v. No. 12, 
 XThe BritUk Medical Journal, June 19, 1909. 
 
 67 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 Cancer and Exposure to Light 
 
 The relatively high frequency of cancer among seamen and fishermen 
 would seem to support the theory advanced by Wilfred Watkins Pitch- 
 ford, M. D., Government Pathologist of Natal, in an address on Light 
 Pigmentation and New Growth, in which the view is advanced that 
 
 The increase of cancer within the last seventy-five years is perhaps due to the dimin- 
 ished protection from light and increased exposure to illumination. Woolen garments 
 have been largely replaced by cotton, and black and brown clothes by those of a light color. 
 Narrow streets and dark houses are no longer tolerated and suburban life has largely 
 replaced that of the city. Artificial light has become more actinic in its character. 
 
 He further concludes, as a manifest deduction from the foregoing 
 principles, that cancer may be prevented by eflBcient protection of the 
 body from light and that natural protection, such as hair upon the face, 
 should be encouraged. The clothing should be absolutely light-proof. 
 The ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen should be especially 
 protected. Considering the almost universal non-protection of the 
 upper chest of many women at the present time, the conclusion of this 
 author to the effect that "Mammary cancer in women is usually due to 
 insufficient protection of the breast from light" may be quoted as a word 
 of warning. The theory of Dr. Pitchford also suggests an explanation, 
 at least in part, why the dark-skinned races should apparently be 
 so much less liable to malignant disease than the white races liv- 
 ing in tropical or non-tropical countries. The author's complex and 
 involved theory which underlies the practical application of the prin- 
 ciples of actinic therapy can not be discussed in detail.* 
 
 The Synthetic-dye Industry 
 
 The foregoing discussion is but an inadequate outline of an important 
 branch of industrial medicine. The subject is as yet in its initial stage 
 and few really substantial contributions have been made to the scientific 
 study of the facts. What may be considered a classical contribution 
 to the problem is an essay on the effect of the synthetic-dye industry 
 on the occurrence of tumors, by Dr. S. G. Leuenberger of Zurich, 
 published in the Contributions to Clinical Surgery for 1912. f The 
 thoroughness of this investigation is best emphasized in the statement 
 that the literature cited includes 318 titles. There can be no question of 
 doubt that further specialized cancer research in conformity to this 
 method and particularly in the chemical trades would yield exception- 
 ally useful results. Another valuable contribution to the same subject 
 is an extended discussion of the so-called Schneeberg carcinoma of the 
 lung, by Alfred Arnstein of Vienna, first described by Harting and 
 Hesse in 1878-79. This form of cancerous growth, as previously pointed 
 out, occurs among miners in the Schneeberg District of Saxony, the 
 minerals mined being nickel, cobalt and bismuth. The disease is con- 
 sidered to be exceptionally common where, in damp shafts, there are 
 extensive growths of vegetable molds, which fact, suggests a possi- 
 ble application in the present case of the theory advanced by Green 
 
 * "Light, Pigmentation and New Growth," by Wilfred Watkins Pitchford, M. D., F. K. C. S., Natal, The 
 British Medical Journal, August 21, 1909. 
 
 t "Die unter dem Einfluss der synthetischen Farbenindustrie beobachtete Geschwulstentwicklung," by Dr, 
 S. G. Leuenberger Beitrage zur Kliniachen Chirurgie, Tubingen, 1912, 
 
 68 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 of Edinburgh, elsewhere discussed in this section. The dissertation by 
 Arnstein was first delivered before the German Pathological Society in 
 1913, and printed in full in the Clinical Weekly of Vienna, under date of 
 May 8, 1913.* 
 
 Finally, a brief reference requires to be made to the extended dis- 
 cussion of pitch ulceration and chimney-sweeps' cancer, etc., in the 
 report of the Departmental Committee on Industrial Diseases (1907), 
 which includes a reprint of the comparative cancer occupation mortality 
 tables for England and Wales. 
 
 The Tinplate Industry 
 
 Quite recently an investigation has been made into the frequency of 
 cancerous complaints among persons employed in the manufacture of 
 tinplates, and a brief reference thereto occurs in a report on the "Process 
 of Tinning," published by the Factory Inspection Department of the 
 United Kingdom in 1912. The reference reads: 
 
 The danger of long standing indigestion, which indicates a chronic inflanamatory 
 condition of the gastro-intestinal tract cannot be overlooked; moreover, Victor Bonney 
 expressed the opinion that the onset of carcinoma is constantly preceded by certain chronic 
 inflammatory changes; and such evidence as is obtainable' goes to show that tinhouse 
 operatives die in excess from gastro-intestinal disease, of which cancer is the chief. 
 
 The subject was further investigated by the laboratories of the John 
 Howard McFadden Research Fund of the Lister Institute of Preventive 
 Medicine. In a joint report on the results of an investigation of the 
 chronic irritation caused by fumes and dust produced in the process of 
 manufacturing tinplate, by Messrs. Ross and Cropper, published in The 
 Lancet under date of August 9, 1913, it is stated that 
 
 In the process of tinning fumes are given off which have a powerful irritating effect on the 
 mucous membrane, and it is with a view to finding out whether these fumes contain 
 auxetics and kinetics that this research has been undertaken. At the pitch works the 
 pathological lesions are confined to the eyes and skin, but in the tinplate works the skin 
 remains unaffected, and it is only in the naso-pharyngeal and alimentary passages that the 
 irritation is felt. 
 
 The technique and the details of the experiments are briefly de- 
 scribed in the article, but more fully in the report previously referred 
 to on the problem of gas-works and pitch industries and cancer, 
 published by the same Fund in 1912. Apparently cancerous lesions are 
 produced by irritating fumes and dust in the tinplate industry in much 
 the same manner and to much the same extent, perhaps, as in the 
 manufacture of artificial fuel briquettes. The results of the investiga- 
 tion were not entirely conclusive, but in the meantime it was considered 
 advisable to suggest methods and means tending to alleviate the con- 
 ditions at the tinplate-works. It was therefore proposed by the authors 
 that a substitute or substitutes should be employed for the palm oil used, 
 such as mineral oil or wax or any suitable substance which would 
 be auxetic-free, and which when mixed under the industrial condi- 
 tions with a flux would continue to be auxetic-free. It was suggested 
 that a suitable substitute be tried for the flux, or it may be found more practicable to treat 
 the palm oil or flux, or both, by re-agents in order to oxidize the auxetics or to fix them by 
 the Sorenson reaction. Further, it may be ad\asable to separate the stages of the process of 
 tinning by suitable covering of the various parts of the process or by isolating the workmen. 
 
 *"Ueber den sogenannten 'Schneeberger Lungenkrebs'," by Dr. Alfred Arnstein, Wiener klinische Wochew 
 schrift, Wien, May 8, 1913. 
 
 69 
 
TBE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 In concluding these general observations on the occupational incidence 
 of cancer, the following brief statement from "The Pathology of 
 Growth," with special reference to tumors, by Charles Powell White, 
 published in New York, 1913, is of interest: 
 
 Chemical substances derived from the outside in the course of various occupations may 
 play a part in cancer causation. Workers in soot, tar, parafiSn, and the like sometimes 
 develop carcinoma of the skin, which must apparently be attributed to their occupation. 
 In the case of chimney-sweeps the usual seat of the tumor is the scrotum. Tar and paraffin 
 workers may develop carcinoma of the scrotum or of the arms or other parts. Arsenic 
 may give rise to a chronic eczema which may be followed by carcinoma. Workers in 
 certain nickel and cobalt mines are said to be Uable to lymphocytoma of the mediastinum, 
 and workers in dye works where aniline is largely used are liable to cancer of the bladder. 
 
 The evidence brought together would seem to be quite suflScient to 
 sustain the conclusion that the occupational incidence of cancer is an 
 important phase of the larger problem of cancer frequency and that 
 specialized investigations in this direction are quite likely to yield results 
 of far-reaching practical importance. 
 
 Statistics of Cancer in Relation to Occupation 
 
 The most useful statistical data regarding the occupational incidence 
 of cancer are those published at decennial intervals in the supplement 
 to the aimual report of the Registrar- General for England and Wales. 
 The statistics for the two three-year periods ending with 1892 and 1902 
 have been brought together in a convenient form for the principal occu- 
 pations in the tables appended to this discussion. The data for the three 
 years ending with 1912 will not be available for several years. Tables 
 1 to 5, inclusive, in Appendix C, give the number of persons employed 
 in particular groups of occupations, or, more accurately, the total num- 
 ber of years of life exposed to risk. The actual number of persons con- 
 sidered is in each case approximately one-third of the number of years of 
 life for the three-year period. The tables also give the total number of 
 deaths from cancer during the three-year period and the cancer death 
 rates calculated on a uniform basis of 100,000 of population. The titles 
 of the tables in Appendix C, including the occupation mortality statis- 
 tics of The Prudential are given below: 
 
 Table 1 — Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales, in selected 
 
 occupations, according to age, males, 1890-92. 
 Table 2 — Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales, in selected 
 
 occupations, according to age, males, 1900-02. 
 Table 3 — Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales, in selected 
 occupations, males, crude and standardized death rates, ages 15 
 and over, 1890-92. 
 Table 4 — MortaHty from Cancer in England and Wales, in selected 
 occupations, males, crude and standardized death rates, ages 15 
 and over, 1900-02. 
 Table 5 — MortaUty from Cancer in England and Wales, in selected 
 occupations, males, ages 15 and over, standardized death rates, 
 1890-92, compared with 1900-02. 
 Table 6 — Industrial experience of The Prudential Insurance Company 
 of America, Mortality from Cancer, by occupation, ages 35 and 
 over, males, 1907-12. 
 
 70 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 Table 7 — Cases of Cancer in Hungary, by occupation, 1904. 
 
 Table 8 — Mortality from Cancer in Hungary, by occupation, 1901-04. 
 
 English Mortality Statistics 
 
 On account of the limitations of space the following b'rief observations 
 have reference only to the mortality from cancer in selected occupations, 
 ages 15 and over, as determined by the crude and standardized death 
 rates of England and Wales for the three years ending with 1902 (Table 4, 
 Appen dix C) . Since the cancer death rate is in vari ably a function of age, 
 it is obviously of the utmost practical importance that in the calculation of 
 cancer mortality rates by occupation the age factor should, if possible, 
 be taken into account. Some occupational groups include a much 
 larger proportion of persons of the cancer age than others, as is, perhaps, 
 best illustrated in the contrast of clergymen and persons employed in 
 clerical occupations (bookkeepers, clerks and copyists). Among clergy- 
 men, according to the United States Census for 1900, the proportion 
 living at ages 45 and over was 45.5 per cent., compared with a corre- 
 sponding proportion for clerical occupations of only 14.1 per cent. The 
 crude cancer death rates based upon occupational groups so funda- 
 mentally at variance with each other as regards age distribution are 
 practically certain to be erroneous and, as a rule, seriously misleading. 
 In the English experience for 1900-02, for illustration, the crude cancer 
 death rate for clergymen was 163.1 per 100,000 of population, as com- 
 pared with a rate of only 5^.5 for school teachers. When, however, the 
 required standardization is made for age, the rates for the two groups are 
 brought into close conformity to each other, the rate being, for clergymen, 
 87.3, and for school teachers, 90,1. An equally striking result is obtained 
 by means of the standardization for age in the cancer death rate of English 
 railway engine-drivers and stokers, for which the crude death rate of 41.9 
 per 100,000 of population is increased to a standardized death rate of 85.3. 
 When thus standardized for age, the relative incidence of cancer in dif- 
 ferent occupations becomes a reasonably trustworthy indication of the 
 specific liability to cancer in certain employments, although a further 
 correction for the organs and parts of the body affected would be 
 necessary to establish the true causal relationship existing between 
 specific employments and specific forms of malignant growth. 
 
 The table referred to (Table 4, Appendix C) shows, first, the recorded 
 cancer death rate per 100,000 of population, second, the factor for stand- 
 ardization as determined by the variations in the age distribution of the 
 different groups and, third, the resulting standardized death rate, which 
 alone can be considered conclusive for the purpose of comparison. This 
 table brings out the fact that the highest standardized cancer death rate 
 occurred among chimney-sweeps, for which occupation the rate was 224.9 
 per 100,000 exposed to risk. The rate for seamen was 170.5, and for 
 brewers, 166.6. Relatively high, but not abnormally excessive, cancer 
 death rates are met with in the following occupations: fishermen, 111.9, 
 tailors, 112.9, textile-workers, 112.6, lawyers, 111.8, innkeepers, 108.8, 
 corn-millers, 105.3, gas-works service, 107.1, shoemakers, 103.2, and 
 butchers, 102.8. Lower cancer death rates but still suggestive of special 
 predisposing conditions are met with in the following occupations: 
 
 71 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 farmers and graziers, 94.8, farm laborers, 79.7, and gardeners and 
 nurserymen, 85.2. In a general way the relative degree of occu- 
 pational cancer frequency as disclosed by the analysis of the stand- 
 ardized death rates for 1900-02 is confirmed by the previous investi- 
 gation for the three years ending with 1892 (Table 3, Appendix C). 
 The wide variations in occupational conditions suggest the existence 
 of causative factors rather than of a single cause as being responsible 
 for the exceptional cancer frequency in certain occupations; but 
 the most suggestive result of this analysis is the evidence of an un- 
 usually high mortality from malignant disease in three specific though 
 widely difterent employments, namely, chimney-sweeps, seamen and 
 brewers. It is equally suggestive that relatively high cancer death rates 
 should have been experienced in more or less unrelated occupations, i. e., 
 maltsters, fishermen and persons employed in the gas-works service. 
 It is regrettable that these statistics should be so largely for groups of 
 employments rather than for specific occupations. But this conclusion 
 does not apply to the three principal employments with excessive cancer 
 death rates, i. e., chimney-sweeps, seamen and brewers. It is quite 
 probable that if certain employments in the gas-works service could 
 have been separately considered, the cancer death rate of such a selected 
 group would have been found to be much higher than that of the indus- 
 try as a whole. The several tables in the Appendix are well-deserving 
 of extended critical consideration. The English data are the most 
 trustworthy and conclusive available for the present purpose, and the 
 suggestion may be made that as far as practicable a corresponding 
 analysis should be made of the occupation mortality data for the regis- 
 tration area of the United States on the basis of the occupation statistics 
 of the thirteenth census. 
 
 Life Insurance Experience Data 
 
 The frequency of cancer according to occupation in the experience of 
 life insurance companies has not been made the subject of a special 
 study otherwise than as disclosed by the medical statistics of The 
 Prudential Insurance Company of America, first exhibited on the occa- 
 sion of the Fifteenth International Congress of Hygiene and Demog- 
 raphy. It is regrettable that this experience could not have been 
 correlated to the exposed to risk in different occupations, but such an 
 extension of the statistical analysis could have been made only at con- 
 siderable expense, without the assurance in advance that the practical 
 results would be commensurate with the cost. The statistical tabulation 
 is therefore limited to the deaths from cancer by occupations, ages 35 and 
 over, correlated to the mortality from all causes at corresponding periods 
 of life. This method of proportionate mortality analysis is of consider- 
 able practical usefulness. It is shown that the highest proportionate 
 mortality from cancer, 12.32 per cent., was experienced among coal- 
 dealers, followed by teachers, 11.35 percent., editors and journalists, 9.90 
 per cent., laundrymen, 8.62 per cent., upholsterers, 8.44 per cent., gar- 
 deners, 8.43 per cent., brewers and maltsters, 5.78 per cent., clergymen, 
 8.00 per cent., engineers (not specified), 7.90 per cent., sawyers, 7.65 per 
 cent., clothing-workers (tailors), 7.49 per cent., plasterers, 7.10 per cent. 
 
 72 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 Limitations of Occupational Mortality Statistics 
 These statistics are not conclusive and should be accepted with 
 caution. They show, for illustration, that tanners, who in the English 
 experience had a low mortality, had in the Prudential experience a 
 comparative figure of 6.02 per cent., against 5.78 per cent, for brewers and 
 maltsters. How far the element of medical selection affects these data 
 is rather doubtful. The medical examination required for Industrial 
 insurance purposes is generally not very thorough, but it would be apt 
 to be more thorough in the case of brewers and maltsters, as well as in the 
 case of persons otherwise connected with the ale, wine and liquor traffic, 
 than of those not so employed. The statistical tables are, therefore, pre- 
 sented with some reluctance, and they are to be rather considered as a 
 preUminary contribution towards a more scientific and thoroughly 
 representative inquiry into the facts.* Thus far no cancer occupation 
 mortality data derived from life insurance experience have concisely 
 differentiated the organs and parts of the body affected. As brought 
 out by the previous discussion, the possible local irritant responsible for 
 cancer growth must necessarily be limited to the particular parts of the 
 body more exposed than others, on account of special occupational activi- 
 ties. The frequency of cancer of the scrotum in chimney-sweeps and of 
 cancer of the urinary organs in persons employed in the manufacture 
 of aniline dyes suggest the practical value of a more specialized statisti- 
 cal investigation in this field. 
 
 Iiritability and Cancer Causation 
 The foregoing brief discussion of an important phase of the cancer 
 problem emphasizes the urgency of more extended occupational studies 
 than have thus far been made. Cumulative evidence would tend to 
 establish the truth or the falsity of prevaiUng opinion and, in any event, 
 eliminate much misleading information. The fundamental concept of 
 irritability as the direct or contributing cause of cancerous growth is 
 apparently well sustained by occupational studies of the cancer problem. f 
 All disease, it is held by the foremost author on irritability, or the effect 
 of stimuli in living substances, "consists of the influence of stimuli upon 
 these physiological processes." "Every disease," he maintains, "repre- 
 sents only a disturbance of the physiological processes of cell life of the 
 organism and the harmony in their combined workings." Believing 
 that the available evidence regarding cancer warrants the conclusion 
 that malignant disease is not the result of a single cause, I can not do 
 
 *Iii this connection the following sources of information on cancer occupation mortality statistics should be 
 consulted: Ueber den Einfluss von Beruf und Lebensstellung auf die Todesursachenin Halle, a. S., 1901-09. 
 Recueil de Statistique Municipale de la ville de Paris, Dr. Jacques Bertillon, IQl^. Ungarische Statistische 
 Mitteilungen; Statistik der Krebskranken in den Landern der L'ngarischen Heiligen Krone, 1908. Bericht 
 ueber die vom Komite fur Krebsforschung am 15 Oktober, 1900, erhobene Sammelforschung, Jena, 1902, Das 
 Vorkommen des Krebses in Baden, Dr. R. Werner. The morbidity and mortality experience of the Leip- 
 zig Communal Sick Fund, Berlin, 1910. Mortality Statistics, 1908-09, Division of Vital Statistics, Bureau 
 of the United States Census. 
 
 tThe technical aspects of the problem of causation or conditioning circumstances from the pathological 
 point of view have been discussed by Gustav Heim in Virchow's Archiv., Vol. ccxvi, Berlin, 1914. The philo- 
 sophical aspects of causation are fully discussed by Stanley Jevonsin his "Principles of Science" (Vol. i, p. ioi, 
 et seg.), who observes that "the work of science consists in ascertaining the combination in which phenomena 
 present themselves," which is precisely the object and proper use of the statistical method in cancer research. 
 See also in this connection Pearson's "Grammar of Science" ('2d edit., p. 113, et seq.), and John Stuart Mill's 
 "Logic" (New York, 1891, 8th edit., p. 311), on 'Tlurality of Causes," who observes, inter alia, "It is not 
 true that the same phenomenon is always produced by the same cause." 
 
 73 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 better than conclude by quoting the following most carefully consid- 
 ered remarks of Dr. Max Verworn, the author of a standard work 
 on "Irritability": 
 
 Another point concerning the application of the conception of cause seems to me, 
 however, to be of much more importance, namely, that a single cause is held responsible 
 for the taking place of a process. One endeavors to explain a process in general by seeking 
 for its "cause." The cause being found, the process is considered fully accounted for. 
 This idea is not one widely spread in everyday Hfe, but is found frequently in natural 
 science, especially in biology, although here, it should be known, the processes are decidedly 
 more complicated. The search for the "cause" of development, for the "cause" of hered- 
 ity, for the "cause" of death, for the "cause" of the respiration, for the "cause" of the 
 heart beat, for the "cause" of sleep, for the "cause" of disease, etc., was for a long time and 
 frequently even to-day a characteristic of biological investigation. As if such a compli- 
 cated process as development, death or disease could be explained by a single factor! In 
 reality, one has obtained very little as a result of the analysis of a process by discovering its 
 cause; and, in addition, the false impression arises that through the finding of this one 
 factor the process has been definitely explained. It has been generally recognized in the 
 natural sciences in recent times that no process in the world is dependent upon one single 
 factor and attempts have been made to give this fact more consideration. 
 
 This conclusion applies with special force to the cancer problem and 
 provides the best possible answer to the constantly recurring question 
 as to the cause of cancer and its direct relation to the larger problem of 
 prevention, treatment and control.* 
 
 Foreign Cancer Census Investigations 
 
 The scientific study of the occupational incidence of cancer has been 
 attempted with more or less success by means of special cancer censuses, 
 the results of which, however, as a rule, have not been correlated to the 
 living population with a due regard to age and sex. These investiga- 
 tions can not be fully discussed here, but they are referred to briefly as 
 an indication of the direction of research work, which is likely to prove 
 of considerable practical value. 
 
 The German cancer census of 1902t presents the collected cancer cases, 
 by occupations, according to sex, for the empire as a whole, and for the 
 large cities separately, and also with reference to organs or parts of the 
 body affected. The investigation considered only those suffering from 
 the disease who were actively employed, or employable, or, in other 
 words, persons in the advanced stage of the disease were apparently ex- 
 cluded. The table below gives the details for certain broad divisions of 
 occupations, and while not conclusive, the facts are certainly suggestive. 
 Cancer in Germany, by Organs and Parts, according to Occupation, Males 
 
 All Textile Metal Wood- Trans- 
 
 Occupa- Agri- Manufac- Common Work- working porta- 
 
 Organ or Part tions culture ture Laborers Retired ers Industry tion 
 
 Bones 25 21 19 21 20 30 41 23 
 
 Skin 150 250 99 140 163 90 110 112 
 
 Respiratory organs.... 20 7 19 16 24 30 21 14 
 
 Digestive organs 703 642 783 718 703 750 685 748 
 
 Urinary organs 15 8 .. 10 45 30 13 6 
 
 Glands 59 54 53 56 28 35 96 70 
 
 Breast 4 1 .. 2 4 15 13 9 
 
 Generative organs 24 17 27 37 13 20 21 19 
 
 Total 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 
 
 *See discussion of Cancer in Selected Occupations, Bulletin of American Academy of Medicine, 1914. 
 tBericht ueber die vom Komite fur Krebsforschung am 15 Oktober, 1900, erhobene Sammelforschung, 
 Jena, 1902. 
 
 74 
 
CANCER AND OCCUPATION 
 
 Cancer in Germany, by Organs and Parts, according to Occupation, Females 
 
 All Textile Restau- Do- 
 
 Occupa- Agri- Manufac- Common rant, etc., Laun- mestic 
 
 Organ or Part tions culture ture Laborers Retired Keepers dresses Service 
 
 Bones 11 18 10 11 10 .. 8 20 
 
 Skin 73 151 52 95 88 .. 116 81 
 
 Respiratory organs .... 3 .. 5 4 
 
 Digestive organs 306 338 235 374 311 244 349 323 
 
 Urinary organs 6 4 10 4 4 .. .. 10 
 
 Glands 55 73 26 54 38 122 16 61 
 
 Breast 243 208 287 154 374 220 240 111 
 
 Generative organs 303 208 375 304 175 414 271 394 
 
 Total 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 
 
 As an illustration of the value of this method of statistical analysis the 
 excessive relative incidence of cancer of the skin in agriculture may be re- 
 ferred to, the proportion among males having been 25 per cent, of all 
 cancers, against only 9 per cent, for workers in the metallic industries 
 and 11 per cent, for workers in the wood- working industries. The same 
 pronounced differences regarding the incidence of cancer of the skin 
 appear among female workers, the proportion for those in agriculture 
 having been 15.1 per cent., against only 8.1 per cent, for domestic 
 service. Tables of this kind, however, require to be standardized for 
 variation in age distribution, which, unfortunately, is not possible on 
 the basis of the data as derived from the German cancer census.* 
 
 The occupational incidence of cancer was also reported upon in the 
 Hungarian cancer census, published in 1908. f This investigation is 
 limited to males in specified industries correlated to the population as 
 determined by the general census. The data are subjected to a check 
 through a subsequent analysis of the cancer mortality by occupations for 
 the period 1901-04. | The highest relative cancer figure was for day 
 laborers, 13.66 cases per 10,000 employed, followed by butchers, with 
 11.57, and independent traders, with 9.27. In a general way, the data 
 ascertained by the cancer census were confirmed by the mortality analysis, 
 but there are important variations, due, no doubt, largely to the varying 
 age distribution of the different occupational groups, which unfortunately 
 could not be taken into account. As an illustration of the relative inci- 
 dence of cancer in the more important groups of occupations, it may 
 be pointed out that while day laborers experienced a cancer morbidity 
 rate of 13.66 per 10,000, the corresponding rate for the mining in- 
 dustry was only 3.37, and for agriculture, 1.74. As brought out by 
 the mortality analysis, day laborers experienced a rate of 8.66 per 10,000, 
 the mining industry, 4.81, and agriculture, 4.59. These differences 
 are so pronounced that they warrant the conclusion that really use- 
 ful and conclusive investigations into the occupation incidence of 
 cancer require to be made with a due regard to the age distribution of the 
 
 *The experience data of the Leipzig Communal Sick Fund are valuable tor general purposes, but hardly 
 conclusive regarding the comparative incidence of cancer in different occupations. For all compulsorily in- 
 sured males the cancer death rate per 100,000 of population at ages 15-24 was 1.1 ; at ages 25-34, 3.4; at ages 
 35-44, 23.1; at ages 45-54, 100.1; at ages 55-64, 215.7; at ages 65-74, 375.5; and at all ages, 24.4. For those 
 insured voluntarily the rates throughout were much higher, and for all ages combined the mortality was 196.6. 
 For females the numbers exposed to risk are much less and the data are obviously inconclusive. 
 
 fStatistik der Krebskranken in den Landern der Ungarischen Heiligen Krone, Budapest, 1908. 
 
 tTables 7 and 8, Appendix C. 
 
 75 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 persons employed and the organs and parts of the body affected by can- 
 cerous growths. The incidence of cancer among women, according to 
 occupation, is also briefly considered and the facts, presented in detail, 
 are deserving of more attention than they have received in the past. 
 
 A very important contribution to the statistical study of cancer, with 
 particular reference to occupation, social condition, etc., was published 
 in 1904 in the "Journal of the German Society for Cancer Research." 
 This investigation was made by a commission of the Medical Society of 
 Stuttgart. The authors of the report were Drs. Weinberg and Gastpar. 
 Investigations of this kind emphasize the extremely complex nature of 
 the cancer problem statistically considered, and the conclusion that the 
 intricacy of causal connection of the phenomena under observation in- 
 creases in proportion to the number of separate circumstances or condi- 
 tions subjected to critical analysis. Another important occupational 
 study, with a due regard to organs and parts of the body affected, occurs 
 in the Swedish cancer census of 1905-06, published in the "Journal of 
 the German Society for Cancer Research" for 1909. 
 
 Karl Kolb, Secretary of the Cancer Society of Bavaria, contributed an 
 instructive discussion of the relation of occupation to cancer, reduced to 
 a uniform basis of a normal population with a due regard to age, to the 
 "Journal of the German Society for Cancer Research" of 1910. This 
 investigation includes some interesting data regarding the cancer inci- 
 dence among nuns and nurses, but unfortunately the statistics were not 
 reduced to rates on the basis of the living population. Many of the tables 
 in this and other investigations would have been materially increased in 
 value, if the data had been given by divisional periods of life, and in all 
 cases by the organs or parts of the body affected. 
 
 Requirement for Scientific Statistical Research 
 The material brought together by these and other investigators has not 
 received the required amount of qualified and strictly impartial con- 
 sideration. It would seem useless to encourage statistical research of 
 this kind unless there is more conformity to practical and standardized 
 methods of inquiry. It would also seem much better to select a carefully 
 chosen group of specific occupations apparently subject to an excessive 
 incidence of cancer, or more or less relatively free therefrom, and to rigor- 
 ously examine the details of the experience, with a due regard to the 
 age distribution of the persons considered and the organs and parts of 
 the body affected. If such an analysis were made of the cancer mor- 
 tality of workers in agriculture, gardeners, florists, brewers, etc., known 
 to be subject to a high cancer mortality, and tanners, miners, etc., 
 known to be subject to a low or at least normal mortality, the results 
 would be unquestionably of much value to the medical and surgical 
 profession, as well as to those employed in the particular occupations 
 considered. The present study must be considered inconclusive from 
 this point of view, except in so far as it has been shown that there are 
 unquestionably certain industries which make the persons employed 
 therein distinctly liable to cancerous growths in varying forms, and 
 that res'ults of far-reaching value to the cancer problem as a whole may 
 be derived from a more scientific study of the occupational incidence of 
 cancer than has thus far been made. 
 
 76 
 
CHAPTER V 
 CANCER AS A PROBLEM IN LIFE INSURANCE MEDICINE 
 
 Cancer in the Literature of Life Insurance Medicine — Early Life Insurance Experience 
 Data — Discussion of Scottish Widows' Fund Experience — Observations Regarding 
 Cancer Increase — Experience of American Life Insurance Companies — German and 
 Austrian Insurance Experience — Medico- Actuarial Investigation — Family Historj' — 
 Effect of Build and Conjugal Condition — Cancer of Breast and Generative Organs 
 among Single and Married Women — Experience of The Prudential Insurance 
 Company of America — Cancer as a Life Insurance Problem. 
 
 Cancer in its relation to life insurance presents itself in a threefold 
 aspect: first, as a problem in medical selection or insurance medicine, 
 second, as an element in insurance experience, and third, as a question of 
 state medicine, with a special regard to the educational value of cancer 
 statistics and the feasibility of cancer control. The importance of the 
 problem is set forth in the statement that the approximate mortality 
 from cancer in the Continental United States for 1915 is over 80,000. 
 Considered by organs and parts of the body affected, the estimated* 
 mortality for 1915 is as follows: 
 
 Estimated Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, in 
 Continental United States, 1915 
 
 Organ or Part Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 Buccal cavity 3,152 3.9 
 
 Stomach and liver 31,672 39.6 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . . . 10,616 13.3 
 
 Female generative organs 12,344 15.4 
 
 Breast 7,360 9.2 
 
 Skin 2,760 3.5 
 
 Other or not specified organs 12,096 15.1 
 
 80,000 100.0 
 
 For the year 1910 the average age at death from cancer and other malig- 
 nant tumors combined was 59.2 years for the registration area of the 
 United States. For males the average age at death was 60.4 years and 
 for females, 58.4 years. The average age at death in cancer of the buc- 
 cal cavity was 63.1 years; in cancer of the stomach and liver, 61.2 years; 
 in cancer of the peritoneum, intestines and rectum, 59.2 years; in can- 
 cer of the female generative organs, 53.8 years; in cancer of the breast, 
 58.3 years; in cancer of the skin, 68.0 years; and in cancer of other or- 
 gans and parts of the body not specified, 56.9 years. 
 
 Cancer is essentially a disease of advanced adult life. Of the mor- 
 tality from all causes in the registration area, 1908-12, at ages 45 and 
 over, the proportion of deaths from cancer was 9.3 per cent., or 7.1 per 
 cent, for males and 11.9 per cent, for females. During the period 
 1901-11 in the states included in the registration area in 1900 (Table 60, 
 Appendix F, Part 1) the cancer death rate for all ages increased from 65.8 
 
 *Estimated on the basis of the actual distribution of the mortaJity by organs and parts in the United 
 States registration area in 1913. 
 
 77 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 per 100,000 of population in 1901 to 83.9 in 1911. The cancer death rate 
 of males increased from 48.7 to 64.2 per 100,000 of population, or 31.8 
 per cent., and the cancer death rate of females increased from 83.0 to 
 104.0, or 25.3 per cent. For males the increase in cancer during 
 this period was 21 per cent, at ages 45-54; at ages 55-64 it was 39 
 per cent. ; at ages 65-74 it was 40 per cent. ; and at ages 75 and over it was 
 40 per cent. For females the increase in the cancer death rate at ages 
 45-54 was 11 per cent.; at ages 55-64 it was 27 per cent.; at ages 65-74 
 it was 32 per cent. ; and at ages 75 and over it was 44 per cent. 
 
 Cancer and Insurance Medicine 
 
 As a problem in insurance medicine cancer presents unusual difficulties 
 to both the examining physician and the medical director. The litera- 
 ture of the subject extends over more than half a century, since prac- 
 tically every authority on insurance medicine has given the subject at 
 least incidental consideration. Most of the earlier writers, beginning 
 with Brinton in 1856, emphasize the assumed hereditary character of 
 cancerous affections, but as early as 1857 Ward called attention to the 
 personal aspects of the disease, as made evident m "sallowness or pallor 
 of the face, the general clayey hue of the skin, and peculiar sadness of 
 expression." Also, "the anaemic, chlorotic aspect of females suffering 
 from uterine derangement." Allen, who was one of the first American 
 writers on insurance medicine, in his "Medical Examinations for Life 
 Insurance," published in 1866, referred briefly to the subject, under the 
 general title of tumors, giving a few directions of value in medical exam- 
 inations and advising unconditional rejection even in the case of sus- 
 picion of a liability to non-malignant tumors, as involving danger by 
 their anatomical position or as possibly requiring a severe surgical 
 operation. 
 
 Observations by Sieveking and Moinet 
 
 Sieveking in 1874 advanced the view that while authorities differed 
 as to the frequency with which cancer was hereditary, "all are agreed 
 as to the general fact." He quotes Velpeau as being of the opinion that 
 one in three cases of cancer showed a hereditary taint. Sir James Paget's 
 investigations as yielding one in four, Sibley's statistics of the Middlesex 
 Hospital as showing a proportion of one in twelve; but regardless of the 
 wide variation he accepted the view of the "undoubted hereditariness of 
 cancer." 
 
 Moinet in 1876 in his "Guide to Medical Examination for Life Insur- 
 ance," also referred to the investigations of Paget as indicating a ten- 
 dency of cancerous disease "to pass by inheritance from parent to off- 
 spring and to occur (probably by inheritance of common properties) in 
 many members of the same family and generation." 
 
 Observations by Greene, Hall and Ramsey 
 
 These views have continued to prevail among writers on cancer as a 
 problem in medical selection for insurance, and passing over a number 
 of early authors whose conclusions are practically identical, a first 
 reference requires to be made to the standard treatise by Charles Lyman 
 Greene on "Medical Examination for Life Insurance," published in 1905, 
 in which occurs the statement that "The hereditary nature of cancer is 
 
 78 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 a subject of dispute, but the weight of evidence is strongly in favor of a 
 well-marked hereditary influence." Haviland Hall in 1906 in the 
 third edition of his "Medical Examination for Life Assurance," writes 
 that "Cancer comes next to consumption in regard to frequency of 
 hereditary transmission." Ramsey in 1908 in his "Practical Life 
 Insurance Examinations," accepts the hereditary theory of cancer oc- 
 currence, and Brockbank in 1908 in his work on "Life Insurance and 
 General Practice," concludes that "Females show a greater tendency 
 to inherit whatever is the condition which leads to cancer than males 
 do, and they also die from it at a younger age than their brothers would." 
 
 London Equitable Experience, 1800-1821 
 
 Few of the writers on insurance medicine have given useful advice on 
 methods of diagnosis to disclose either an existing cancerous condition 
 or a well-pronounced tendency to the disease. The over-emphasis 
 placed on the assumed hereditary theory has no doubt done much harm, 
 in that it has prevented a due consideration of the non-hereditary 
 aspects of the disease when considered from a life insurance point of view. 
 It is also quite probable that most of the writers have taken for granted 
 a general disposition on the part of the examining physician to accept 
 and act upon the prevailing theories in medical diagnosis, direct and 
 differential, which, it is needless to say, has made considerable progress 
 during recent years. This conclusion applies not only to cancers in 
 general, but particularly to cancer of the stomach and in the case of 
 women, to cancer of the breast. 
 
 Cancer, in the experience of life insurance companies, has been the 
 subject of occasional consideration, but not of very extended and 
 thoroughly specialized inquiry. A review of the available statistics, 
 extending over more than a century, tends to confirm the conclusion 
 that during the long intervening period of time the mortality from can- 
 cer has gradually and persistently increased from a comparatively low 
 rate of occurrence to a frequency that may appropriately be considered 
 a menace to mankind. The earliest experience data are those of the 
 London Equitable Society for the period 1800-21, in which out of 
 1,930 deaths from all causes, only 25, or 1.3 per cent., were from cancer; 
 eliminating deaths under age 40, it appears that out of 1,720 deaths 
 from all causes, 24, or 1.4 per cent., were ascribed to cancer. 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1815-1852 
 
 The Scottish Widows' Fund published its experience for the period 
 1815-45, by divisional periods of life, but not by sex, including 642 deaths 
 from all causes, and of this number only 6, or 0.9 per cent., were from 
 cancer, but in addition thereto,5,or 0.8 per cent., were ascribed to tumors. 
 The experience of the same society for 1846-52 was published in 
 the form of a treatise on medical statistics of life assurance, by James 
 Begbie, in the year 1853. This experience includes 690 deaths from all 
 causes, of which only 5, or 0.7 per cent., were from cancer, but 7, or 1.0 
 per cent, of the mortality, were ascribed to tumors. It is practically 
 certain that in the experience of this company most, if not all, of the 
 deaths from tumors were due to malignant growths, as made clear by the 
 following remarks of the author: 
 
 79 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Two of the cases of cancer occurred in the female breast; one in the testis of a young man 
 of 26; and the remaining two in the face, the subjects being males of the ages of 56 and 63. 
 Under the name of tumor, seven deaths are recorded. Two of these occurred in elderly 
 gentlemen of 74 and 75 ; and the disease in both appeared to be of malignant growth. Two 
 occurred in men of 41 and 57; the disease affected the abdomen, and was considered of 
 encephaloid character. In another, the fatal disease appeared on the right side subse- 
 quent to amputation for disease of the knee-joint. The sixth death arose from malignant 
 tumor of the foot; and the seventh from that of the jaw. 
 
 If, therefore, the deaths from cancer and tumors are combined, it 
 appears that there were 12 deaths from malignant disease out of a total 
 mortality of 690, or 1.7 per cent., which compares with a combined 
 mortality from cancers and tumors of 11 deaths during the period 1815-45 
 out of a total mortality of 642, or also 1.7 per cent. 
 
 Scottish Amicable Experience, 1826-1860 
 
 The Scottish Amicable experience for 1826-60 was published in 1861, 
 giving details of the mortality according to non-hazardous, hazardous and 
 West Indian risk exposure, by ages and divisional periods of life. The 
 non-hazardous risks were the most numerous, including 632 deaths of 
 males, of which 11, or 1.7 per cent., were deaths from cancer, and 63 
 deaths of females, of which 3, or 5.3 percent., were from malignant disease. 
 In addition thereto, among the males there were 2 deaths from tumors, 
 equivalent to 0.3 per cent. In the hazardous class of risks there were 47 
 deaths from all causes, with no deaths from cancer, and in the West 
 Indian group of risks there were 31 deaths from all causes, also with no 
 deaths from cancer. 
 
 Standard Life Company Experience, 1825-1855 
 
 The Standard Life Assurance Company experience for 1825-45 in- 
 cludes 193 deaths of males, of which none were ascribed to cancers 
 or tumors, but out of 23 deaths of females, 1, or 4.3 per cent., was 
 attributed to cancer. The experience of the same company for 1845-50 
 included 293 deaths of males and females and, of this number 3, or 1.0 
 per cent., were ascribed to malignant disease. The same company also 
 published its experience for 1850-55, including 424 deaths from all 
 causes, of which 5, or 1.2 per cent., were attributed to malignant 
 disease. In the report on the company's experience, published in 1858, 
 the subject of cancer is referred to at some length, it being stated 
 that the term includes cancer, scirrhus, fungus hsematodes and some 
 other malignant affections of less frequent occurrence. The report 
 points out that 
 
 Diseases of this denomination have not hitherto received from Assurance Companies 
 the attention which they appear to me to deserve. They are well known to be most 
 frequent about middle life, and between that and commencing old age. They occur, 
 therefore, chiefly at a period immediately subsequent to that at which many assurances 
 are effected. Of 717 deaths during the last ten years among those assured in the Standard 
 Assurance Company, no fewer than 426 happened among persons assured for the first 
 time after the age of 40. Death from malignant disease is also frequent — more so than 
 may appear either from the statistical returns of Assurance Companies, or from the 
 mortality tables of the country at large. During the last quinquennium of the Standard 
 Assurance Company, only five deaths are referred to maHgnant diseases, and three in the 
 previous quinquennium — that is, a trifle above one per cent, of the total deaths in ten years. 
 But the majority of deaths referred in the Table to disease of the stomach and disease of the 
 uterus, 24 in number, have also undoubtedly arisen from malignant affections of these 
 organs. Another addition may be confidently made of a fair proportion of 33 deaths 
 
 80 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 referred to disease of the liver. And I apprehend that a further addition must be made of 
 a smaller, yet no insignificant, proportion of 46 deaths ascribed to disease in the bladder, 
 disease in the kidneys, dropsy, and obstruction of the bowels; since it is no uncommon 
 thing for structural changes of a malignant character to be at the foundation of these 
 disorders. Assuming one-half of the first denomination, a fourth of the second, and a 
 tenth of the third, to have been owing fundamentally to mahgnant degenerations of some 
 internal organ, we will be under the truth, I apprehend, in thus raising the deaths from 
 malignant diseases to eight per cent, of the mortality among persons assured after the age 
 of forty. 
 
 It will not be easy to arrive at a more precise result than this from the experience of an 
 Assurance Company. Greater accuracy may be effected by and by in the certificates of 
 the cause of death, as medical men become better acquainted with their object, and the 
 importance of accuracy in them. Accordingly, it is not unworthy of note, that the 
 frequency with which malignant disease is mentioned in the certificates of death received 
 by the Standard Assurance Company has increased since this paper was read to the 
 Medico-Chirurgical Society two years ago. For of 192 deaths between 15th November, 
 1855, and loth November, 1857, six are confidently referred to malignant diseases of the 
 breast, leg, or stomach. But, in point of fact, there is an insuperable obstacle in the way 
 of more definite information; one not to be removed by any amount of zeal or conscien- 
 tiousness on the part of the certifying physicians. The proof of a disease being malignant 
 in its nature can seldom be obtained, if it affect an internal organ, without an inspec- 
 tion of the body after death; and I regret to say that this is a rare help to Assurance 
 statistics, at all events in the experience of the Standard Company. For the same 
 reason it is vain to turn for better information to the mortality registers of the country 
 at large. More precise information may perhaps be expected from the records of a 
 great hospital, where, as in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, pathological examina- 
 tions are numerous, carefully made, and faithfully recorded. But various reasons may be 
 stated against accepting results thus obtained as representing the incidents of an Assurance 
 Company. Dr. William T. Gairdner has had the goodness to search for me the Patho- 
 logical Registers of the Edinburgh Infirmary, which are kept with great accuracy, and the 
 result is, that of 657 inspections there were only 28 [4.26%] in which malignant disease was 
 found in one organ or another; and this number represents merely the relative frequency 
 of malignant alterations of structure, not the frequency of death from that cause. There 
 can be no question that the proportion thus arrived at is materially under what the ex- 
 perience of an Assurance Company would lead to, were it susceptible of an equally rigorous 
 scrutiny. 
 
 Assuming in the meantime that malignant disease accounts more or less directly for 
 the death of eight per cent, of the subjects of Assurance who die after assuring subse- 
 quently to their fortieth year, it is obviously very desirable to possess some means of 
 avoiding such risks. The resources for that purpose, which are mthin reach at present, 
 are in general not very precise, and perhaps are not often available. But they are the 
 following: — 1. The presence of cutaneous sores or excrescences of a dubious nature — 
 indolent internal tumors, possibly not occasioning inconvenience for a time — suspicious 
 enlargement of the external glands — special symptoms referrible to particular internal 
 organs, such as a great liability to dyspepsia, as being a frequent precursor of scirrhus in 
 the stomach — a progressive general emaciation, without apparent cause, and possibly 
 even without loss of strength or other inconvenience for some months: 2. Proof of a ten- 
 dency to malignant disease among the members of the immediate family of the proposer: 
 and, 3. Proof of a tendency to scrofulous diseases either in the proposer himself, or among 
 his nearest blood relations. 
 
 It is unnecessary to enlarge upon any of these criterions for the present. I may merely, 
 in regard to the last of them, refer to what was said in my former quinquennial report on 
 the apparent connection between the scrofulous and the cancerous constitutions, and add 
 that further experience confirms me in the belief in the community of these constitutional 
 infirmities. It is a common idea with medical men, when they grant health-certificates 
 for the purpose of Assurance, to suppose that when a man who is a member of a decidedly 
 scrofulous family reaches the age of 45 or 50 in a tolerably sound state of health, the family 
 constitutional failing may cease to be regarded. This is a great error. On watching the 
 history of such cases narrowly, it will often be seen that the constitutional infirmity be- 
 trays itself at last in an unusual liability to organic diseases of internal organs, in an in- 
 ferior power of contending with diseases at large, or in the actual development of structural 
 disease of the majignant type. 
 
 81 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 These observations would seem to sustain the conclusion that the 
 recorded mortality from cancer during the early period of life insurance 
 experience was probably short of representing with absolute complete- 
 ness the total number of deaths from malignant disease, but it is equally 
 clear that the tendency to include non-malignant diseases in the malig- 
 nant group was quite pronounced. 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1853-1859 
 
 The Scottish Widows' Fund Society's experience for 1853-59 includes 
 975 deaths from all causes, of which 28 were specifically ascribed to cancer, 
 and 3 additional deaths to tumor. Cancer at this period was usually 
 included in the class of diseases of uncertain seat, with reference to which 
 it is observed by Dr. James Begbie, in a report printed in 1860, that 
 
 In this class there is a slight increase, — the number of deaths from these causes being 59 
 on this occasion, and 40 at the former septennial period, that is, from 5% to 6 per cent, of 
 the total mortality. This increase arises mainly from one source, namely. Cancer, under 
 which there are 28 deaths against 5 in our former table. It is gratifying to find that, in 
 consequence of the greater attention to accuracy in the returns. Debility has no place in 
 our present investigation, and that Dropsy only figures as the cause of 4 deaths. The 
 causes which have led to the large addition to the mortality from Cancer, no doubt originate 
 in the same improvement in the certificates of death; but they can be traced also to the 
 circumstance that the advanced age of the Society has brought forward an increasing 
 number of risks to the age at which malignant disease more commonly develops itself. 
 Of the 28 victims of Cancer who have fallen during the present investigation, ten efiFected 
 assurance before 40 years of age; nine between 40 and 50; seven between 50 and 60; one 
 between 60 and 70; and one after 70 years of age. Of these, only one died before 40; 
 four between 40 and 50; five between 50 and 60; fifteen between 60 and 70; two between 
 70 and 80; and one — she who assured at 71 — fell at the ripe age of 85. The average ex- 
 pectation of these parties was 25.14; iheir average endurance was 15.41 years. These 
 emerged risks embrace nineteen males and nine females, and are distributed over sixteen 
 professions or occupations, two of them only having a double number. In seven females 
 the disease affected the breast; in one, its seat was in the liver; and in another, in the 
 rectum. In one male it manifested itself in the breast; in three, in the abdomen; in three, 
 in the gullet; in three, in the rectum; in two, in the tongue; in two, in the stomach; in two, 
 in the groin; in one, in the kidney; and in one, in the lungs. In one only its seat has not 
 been ascertained. 
 
 There cannot be a doubt that, under the name of disease of the stomach and bowels, 
 and of the liver, lungs, and other internal organs, many certificates of death have been 
 returned, for which Cancer or other malignant disease could more appropriately have been 
 substituted as the fatal cause. 
 
 The conclusions of Dr. Begbie are, therefore, quite in conformity to 
 the experience of the Standard, previously referred to at considerable 
 length, but the fact must not be overlooked that these observations and 
 conclusions have reference to a large portion of the first half of the 
 nineteenth century, when the medical diagnosis of the causes of death 
 was naturally less perfectly developed than during more recent years 
 of life insurance experience. 
 
 London Metropolitan Experience, 1835-1864 
 
 The London Metropolitan experience was published for the years 
 1835-64, by divisional periods of life, but not by sex. The number of 
 deaths from all causes was 671, of which 16, or 2.4 per cent., were ascribed 
 to cancers, and 2 additional deaths, or 0.3 per cent., to tumors. 
 
 82 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 British Empire Mutual Experience, 1847-1878 
 
 The early British Empire Mutual experience is for two periods, 1847-72 
 and 1873-78. During the first period there were 1,999 deaths from all 
 causes, of which 43, or 2.2 per cent., were ascribed to cancer, and 14 addi- 
 tional deaths, or 0.7 per cent., were from tumors. In the period 1873-78 
 there were 1,179 deaths from all causes, of which 36, or 3.1 per cent., 
 were attributed to cancer, and 6 deaths, or 0.5 per cent., to tumors. 
 Subsequently the company published its experience for 1879-84, but 
 without distinction of age and sex, including a total of 1,300 deaths from 
 all causes, of which 42, or 3.2 per cent., were from cancer, and 10 deaths, 
 or 0.8 per cent., were from tumors. The same company published its 
 experience with reference to publicans only for the period 1846-76, in- 
 cluding 123 deaths from all causes, of which 2, or 1.6 per cent., were 
 deaths from cancer, and one additional death was from tumor. 
 
 The Gotha Experience, 1829-1878 
 
 The Gotha Life Insurance Company in 1902 published the results of 
 its experience, by causes of death, during the period 1829-78. Out of 
 19,080 deaths from all causes, 1,322, or 6.6 per cent., were from malignant 
 disease. In proportion to the exposed to risk, the mortality rate was 
 1.37 per 1,000, which compares with 1.36 for typhoid fever and 3.26 for 
 tuberculosis of the lungs. Omitting ages 50 and under, the cancer death 
 rate was 1.31 at ages 51-55, 2.26 at ages 56-60, 3.91 at ages 61-65, 4.92 at 
 ages 66-70, 5.74 at ages 71-75, 4.95 at ages 76-80 and 5.56 at ages 81-85. 
 The mortality from cancer is not discussed at length, but it is pointed out 
 that the specific nature of the disease was not always indicated, so that 
 no analysis could be made by organs and parts of the body affected. 
 
 Considered by duration of insurance, but limiting the exposed to risk 
 to ages 36-75 , inclusive, it is shown that the actual cancer mortality to 
 the expected during the first year of insurance was 30.0 per cent. ; during 
 the 2d-5th years, inclusive, it was 76.4 per cent., and during the 6th-10th 
 years, inclusive, it was 91.7 per cent. It would, therefore, appear that 
 the mortality from cancer was reduced by medical selection during 
 the early years of insurance duration, and as far as it is possible to judge, 
 rather more so than in the aggregate mortality experience of the com- 
 pany for durations of less than six years. 
 
 King and Newsholme's Medico- Actuarial Observations 
 
 An investigation of unusual interest, with some reference to insurance 
 experience, was made in 1893, by Mr. George King, a Fellow of the Insti- 
 tute of Actuaries, and Dr. Arthur Newsholme, the well-known author of 
 a treatise on vital statistics. The investigation was published under the 
 title "On the Alleged Increase of Cancer," appearing in the Proceedings 
 of the Royal Society for 1893. For additional observations on the inves- 
 tigations of King and Newsholme see Chapter III. The investigation 
 includes a study of the experience of the British Empire Mutual, pre- 
 viously referred to, and of the Scottish Widows' Fund, for the period 
 1860-87. The conclusions of these two distinguished authorities are 
 summarized in the statement that "The increase in cancer is only appar- 
 ent and not real and is due to improvement in diagnosis and more 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 careful certification of the causes of death. This is shown by the 
 fact that the whole of the increase has taken place in inaccessible 
 cancer, difficult of diagnosis, while accessible cancer, easily diagnosed, 
 has remained practically stationary." With the highest regard for the 
 weight of opinion expressed by Messrs. King and Newsholme, I feel 
 constrained to hold that this conclusion is not fully and clearly 
 sustained by the evidence submitted by them, nor by subsequent ex- 
 perience as derived either from life insurance data or from general sources 
 of information. The authors of this frequently quoted report did not 
 thoroughly examine the individual facts as regards diagnosis and death 
 certification, which would, in any event, have been advisable, if not 
 absolutely necessary, to substantiate their point of view. Their sugges- 
 tion that trustworthy statistics of cancer should in all cases be based 
 upon an autopsy and a microscopical examination of the diseased parts 
 invalidates all cancer statistics, including the very data upon which they 
 rely to sustain their conclusion that the increase in the cancer death rate 
 is only apparent and not real. Since this conclusion has quite recently 
 been advanced again and brought to public attention in this country, 
 it has seemed of importance to refer to the controversy at some length 
 elsewhere in this work. The argument was thoroughly considered 
 by Dr. J. F. Payne in his Hunterian Society lecture, delivered on October 
 12, 1898, whose conclusions sustain the point of view that there has been 
 an actual increase in cancer during recent years, measured with approxi- 
 mate accuracy by the available statistical data on the subject. 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 
 Not only is the theory of an actual increase in the mortality from can- 
 cer sustained by the mortality statistics of the general population, but 
 corresponding evidence is to be derived from the experience of the 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Society, upon which much reliance was placed 
 by Messrs. King and Newsholme in the paper referred to. The results of 
 an exhaustive investigation of the Society's experience during 1874-94, 
 by its medical officer. Dr. Claud Muirhead, were published in 1902, in 
 which, after calling attention to the increase in the cancer death rate of 
 England and Wales, by divisional periods of life, during the years 1861- 
 90, the author draws attention to the following facts : 
 
 (1) It is important to note that here, as elsewhere throughout this Report, deaths 
 of Males only are considered. 
 
 (2) The term "Cancer" is employed as synonymous with "Malignant Disease," 
 and includes all the various forms of cancer. 
 
 (3) In many cases, although Cancer was suspected, the certificates of death were very 
 indefinite, and rendered it difficult to assign the disease to its legitimate class. Some of 
 these unsatisfactory certificates were returned to the grantors of them, with a request for 
 further details, which request was usually courteously responded to. In other cases, 
 where the date of the certificate was so remote that it was unlikely that further informa- 
 tion could be obtained, the details available have been most carefully considered; and 
 where the age of the individual at death, the site of the lesion, and the duration of the 
 final illness, have seemed to offer reasonable ground for believing it to be one of malignant 
 disease, it has been so treated, and transferred to this sub-heading. 
 
 The total number of deaths from Cancer among the male lives assured in the Scottish 
 Widows' Fund during the twenty-one years 1874-94, was 539, equivalent to 5.883 per cent, 
 of the total mortality. The average age at death was 60.385 years. The following is a 
 comparative statement of the total deaths in each of the three Septennia: — 
 
 84 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 
 Number of 
 Septennium Deaths 
 
 1874-1880 122 
 
 1881-1887 165 
 
 1888-1894 252 
 
 Percentage 
 
 of Deaths 
 
 in Septennium 
 
 Average Age 
 at Death 
 
 4.935 
 
 61.980 
 
 5.440 
 
 59.819 
 
 6.889 
 
 59.985 
 
 Two points of interest are at once apparent from this Table — 
 
 (1) That, as measured by the total deaths from all causes, there has been a very con- 
 siderable increase in the mortality from Cancer among our members during the 21 years. 
 It is worthy of note that the actual number of deaths during 1888-94 was more than double 
 the number during 1874-80. 
 
 (2) That there was a very serious decrease in the average age at death from 1874-80 
 to 1881-87, and a very slight recovery in age from 1881-87 to 1888-94. This is contrary 
 to our experience for deaths from all causes, the average age at death for the total mortality 
 in each Septennium being 57.083, 58.105, and 59.192 years respectively. 
 
 Before considering the apparent increase of Cancer among our members, let us look at 
 our rate of mortality from that disease as compared with that for England: — 
 
 Annual Mortality from Cancer in England and the Scottish Widows' Fund 
 among 10,000 (Males) Living at Each Group of Ages 
 
 England Scottish Widows' 
 
 Groups of Ages 1881-90 1874-94 
 
 Between Ages 20 and 25 57 
 
 25 and 35 79 .82 
 
 " 35 and 45 2.97 2.56 
 
 " 45 and 55 9.98 7.48 
 
 " 55 and 65 22.99 23.99 
 
 65 and 75 37.42 41.91 
 
 Ages 75 and over 39.14 43.09 
 
 From this table we see that for the 21 years, 1874-94, from Group 55-65 onwards, our 
 death rate was very considerably higher than that for England for 1881-90. This is a fact 
 to which I shall refer later on. 
 
 I shall now proceed to consider the question of the apparent increase of Cancer, as a 
 cause of death, among our members as compared with the increase among the community. 
 For the purposes of this comparison I have taken the official figures for the two decennial 
 periods 1871-80 and 1881-90 from the Supplementary Report referred to, because they are 
 readily accessible and near enough in point of time to our own periods to afford compara- 
 tive data: — 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer in England and the Scottish Widows' 
 Fund among 10,000 (Males) Living at All Ages 
 
 England 
 
 Scottish Widows' 
 
 Fund Life Assurance 
 
 Society 
 
 
 Period 
 
 Death 
 Rate 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Period 
 
 Death 
 Rate 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Period 
 
 Death 
 Rate 
 
 Ratio 
 
 1871-80.. 
 
 .... 3.12 
 
 100 
 
 1874-80 
 
 7.86 
 
 100 
 
 1874-80.... 
 
 .. 7.86 
 
 100 
 
 1881-90. . 
 
 . ... 4.30 
 
 138 
 
 1881-87 
 
 8.19 
 
 104 
 
 1888-94.... 
 
 . . 10.42 
 
 133 
 
 Difference 
 
 1.18 
 
 38 
 
 Difference. . . . 
 
 .33 
 
 4 
 
 Difference. . 
 
 . . 2.56 
 
 33 
 
 Inspection of this table brings out the following facts : — 
 
 (1) That the death rate from Cancer among the General Population (Males) of England 
 increased 38 per cent, in 1881-90 as compared with 1871-80. 
 
 (2) That the death rate among the Members of the Scottish Widows' Fund — 
 
 (a) Increased 4 per cent, from 1874-80 to 1881-87. 
 
 (6) Increased 33 per cent, from 1874-80 to 1880-94. 
 That the rate of mortality among our members should only have increased 4 per cent, 
 from 1874-80 to 1881-87 is surprising, and, combined with the fact that our rate of mortality 
 at the older ages is considerably higher than that for the general population, appears to 
 
 85 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 support the theory that the increase in Cancer is only apparent. In the Supplement to 
 the 45th Annual Report of the Registrar-General for England, issued in 1885, Dr. Ogle, 
 commenting on the steady and progressive rise in the mortality from Cancer, remarked: 
 "There can be very little doubt that a considerable part in this apparent increase is simply 
 due to improved diagnosis, and more careful statement of cause on the part of medical 
 men. . . The increase of mortality from Cancer has been much greater among males 
 than among females. . . Now, were the rise not merely apparent but real, being due 
 to general physical deterioration of the people or other similar causes, there would seem 
 no reason why the male sex should have suffered more than the female; whereas the 
 difference is readily intelligible on the hypothesis that the rise has been, at any rate in 
 great measure, only apparent and due to better diagnosis. For the cancerous affections 
 of males are in much larger proportion internal, or inaccessible, than are those of females, 
 and consequently are more diflScult of recognition, so that any improvement in diagnosis 
 would add more to the male than to the female reckoning." This argument is repeated 
 by Dr. Tatham in the Supplement to the 55th Report.* 
 
 If this argument be sound, it is evident that such a large increase would not be ex- 
 pected among the constituents of a Society like ours — the majority of whom can command 
 the services of skilled medical men — as among the general community, and, as stated 
 above, the small increase in our death rate from the first to the second Septennium seems 
 to support this theory; but the figures relative to 1888-94 greatly diminish the force and 
 cogency of the reasoning. Let me repeat that every death where there was a suspicion of 
 Cancer has been carefully investigated, and if necessary included under Cancer, and under 
 these circumstances I think it is evident that the theory that the large increase between 
 the rate of mortality for 1881-87 and that for 1888-94—27 per cent.— was wholly, or even 
 largely, caused by a sudden increase of diagnostic skill among the class of medical men 
 who usually certify causes of death to the Society, is untenable. I am more inclined to 
 believe that, in addition to the increase due to more exact returns, there has been a very 
 real progressive increase in Cancer as a cause of death, and that the small increase in our 
 death rate for 1881-87, and the large increase for 1888-94, are accounted for by the prob- 
 ability that an increase in a disease like Cancer would show itself, first among the general 
 population, and last among selected lives.f 
 
 There is another aspect of the case to be considered, and one where our statistics 
 directly controvert the reasoning of those who think that the increase in cancer is only 
 apparent. 
 
 It has been sought to support this proposition by the statement that it is Cancer of the 
 internal organs which is largely on the increase. These cases being obviously more diffi- 
 cult to recognize than corresponding affections of the external organs, the increase is 
 ascribed to improved skill in diagnosis on the part of the Reporters. 
 
 Before proceeding to examine our statistics as to the truth or fallacy of this statement, 
 it will be convenient to explain which lesions are regarded as External, and which as In- 
 ternal. The arrangement is somewhat arbitrary, but is based upon the accessibility or 
 non-accessibility of the parts to touch and sight. Hence the accessible lesions are styled 
 External, the deeper and non-accessible lesions. Internal. As an Example of the External, 
 Cancer of the Tongue may be cited, and of the Internal, Cancer of the Stomach. 
 
 We have in all 539 cases of Cancer to deal with, but for our present purpose 27 of these 
 must be deducted, as in them the site of the disease was not specified, thus leaving 512 
 cases in which the site of the lesion was detailed. The following Table shows these 512 
 deaths subdivided into Cancer of the Internal and Cancer of the External Organs for the 
 three Septennia, separately and combined; and the percentages which these numbers 
 bear to the total in each period of time. The differences between the Ratios show the 
 variations per cent, of these percentages, and indicate the increase or decrease per cent, 
 from the first Septennium. 
 
 •For an extended discussion of the precbe classification of cancer deaths as to whether of the accessible, 
 inaccessible or intermediate organs or parts, see Chapter I and Table 8, Appendix A. 
 
 fl have quite fully discussed the question of accuracy and completeness in American death registration in an 
 address at the Jacksonville meeting of the American Public Health Association (1914). The results of an 
 original investigation of autopsy records compared with the clinical diagnoses will in course of time be published 
 by the Johns Hopkins Hospital, of Baltimore, Md., including about 5,000 cases, thoroughly and critically con- 
 sidered by members of the medical department of The Prudential Insurance Company of America. This 
 investigation is practically certain to add materially to the existing state of knowledge regarding the accuracy 
 and completeness of death certification in a typical and representative city of America. The investigation is 
 made jointly under the direction of Dr. M. C. Winternitz, resident pathologist of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 
 Dr. Walter A. Jaquith, Medical Director of The Prudential and myself. 
 
 86 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Internal and External Organs 
 
 Period 
 
 1874-80 
 1881-87 
 1888-94 
 
 1874-94 
 
 Deaths fhom Cancer of the 
 Internal Organs 
 
 Number Percentage Ratio 
 
 81 71.05 100.00 
 
 107 70.86 99.73 
 
 162 65.58 92.30 
 
 350 
 
 68.36 
 
 Deaths from Cancer of the 
 ExTEHNAii Organs 
 
 Number Percentage Ratio 
 
 33 28.95 100.00 
 
 44 29.14 100.66 
 
 85 34.42 118.89 
 
 162 
 
 31.64 
 
 Total Deaths 
 from Cancer 
 Where Site of 
 
 Disease 
 Was Specified 
 
 114 
 151 
 
 247 
 
 512 
 
 From this it appears that the deaths from Cancer of the Internal Organs amounted to 
 71.05 per cent, of the total specified cases in the first Septennium, and to 65.58 per cent. 
 in the third Septenniimi, equal to a decrease of 7.70 per cent, of the percentage value of the 
 first; while the deaths falling into the External class formed in the first Septennium 28.95 
 per cent, of the specified cases, and 34.42 per cent, in the third Septennium, equal to an 
 increase of 18.89 per cent, over the percentage value of the first. 
 
 The next Table shows that the increase in the death rate fully supports the results 
 obtained by comparing the percentages of actual deaths. 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Internal and External Organs, Separately 
 
 and Combined, among 10,000 (Males) Living at All Ages 
 
 Period 
 
 1874-80 
 1881-87 
 1888-94 
 
 Internal, Organs 
 
 Death Rate Ratio 
 
 5.22 100.00 
 
 5.31 101.72 
 
 6.70 128.35 
 
 External Organs 
 
 Death Rate 
 2.12 
 2.18 
 3.52 
 
 Ratio 
 
 100.00 
 102.83 
 166.04 
 
 Total 
 
 Death Rate Ratio 
 
 7.34 100.00 
 
 7.49 102.04 
 
 10.22 139.24 
 
 The statement made by Dr. Ogle and repeated by Dr. Tatham, that the chief increase 
 in the mortality from Cancer among the community was due to the multiplication of male 
 deaths, may be accepted without question; but our statistics do not support their conten- 
 tion that the additional deaths belonged to the Internal or Inaccessible Group, and in our 
 Society our Reporters can not lay claim to any enlarged knowledge or greater skill by 
 reason of an additional nimiber of cases of Internal Cancer being diagnosed. 
 
 Going into detail, the two following Tables show the deaths from Cancer among our 
 members during the three Septennia, separately and combined, subdivided among the 
 organs affected; and the percentages these numbers bear to the total deaths from Cancer 
 where the site of the disease was specified, in each period of time. 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Internal Organs 
 
 1874-80 1881-87 1888-94 1874-94 
 
 Organ Affected No. Per Cent. No. Per Cent. No. Per Cent. No. Per Cent. 
 
 Stomach 28 24.56 33 21.85 50 20.24 111 21.68 
 
 Liver 23 20.18 28 18.55 42 17.00 93 18.17 
 
 Bowel 5 4.39 15 9.93 23 9.31 43 8.40 
 
 Abdomen 7 6.14 13 8.60 14 5.67 34 6.64 
 
 Bladder 5 4.39 3 1.99 8 3.24 16 3.13 
 
 Mediastinum and thorax 1 0.88 8 5.30 4 1.62 13 2.54 
 
 (Esophagus 2 1.75 2 1.33 8 3.24 12 2.34 
 
 Prostate 3 2.65 2 1.33 3 1.21 8 1.56 
 
 Kidneys 2 1.75 1 0.66 4 1.62 7 1.37 
 
 Pancreas 3 2.63 .. .. 3 1.21 6 1.17 
 
 Lung 2 1.75 1 0.68 2 0.81 5 0.98 
 
 Brain . . . . . . 1 0.41 1 0.19 
 
 Spinal cord .. 1 0.66 .. .. 1 0.19 
 
 Total .- 81 71.05 107 70.86 162 65.58 350 68.36 
 
 87 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 Mortality from Cancer of the External Organs 
 
 
 1874-80 
 
 1881-87 
 
 
 1888-94 
 
 1874-94 
 
 Organ Affected 
 
 No. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 No. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 No. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 No. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Rectum 
 
 ... 12 
 
 10.52 
 
 7.02 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 17.22 
 1.33 
 
 30 
 13 
 
 12.14 
 5.26 
 
 68 
 23 
 
 13 28 
 
 Tongue 
 
 ... 8 
 
 4.49 
 
 Tissues 
 
 ... 4 
 
 3.51 
 
 5 
 
 3.31 
 
 8 
 
 3.24 
 
 17 
 
 3.32 
 
 Throat 
 
 ... 3 
 
 2.63 
 
 1 
 
 0.66 
 
 5 
 
 2.02 
 
 9 
 
 1.76 
 
 Larynx 
 
 ... 1 
 
 0.88 
 
 1 
 
 0.66 
 
 6 
 
 2.43 
 
 8 
 
 1.56 
 
 Bones 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.66 
 
 6 
 
 2.43 
 
 7 
 
 1.37 
 
 Mouth 
 
 1 
 
 0.88 
 
 2 
 
 1.33 
 
 2 
 
 0.81 
 
 5 
 
 0.98 
 
 Partoid 
 
 ... 3 
 
 2.63 
 
 1 
 
 0.66 
 
 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 5 
 
 0.98 
 
 Glands 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.66 
 
 4 
 
 1.62 
 
 5 
 
 0.98 
 
 Penis 
 
 1 
 
 0.88 
 
 2 
 
 1.33 
 
 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 4 
 
 0.78 
 
 Jaw 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1.62 
 
 4 
 
 0.78 
 
 Testes 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.81 
 
 2 
 
 0.39 
 
 Eye 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.66 
 
 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 2 
 
 0.39 
 
 Lip 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.81 
 
 2 
 
 0.39 
 
 Skin 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.66 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.19 
 
 Total 
 
 ... 33 
 
 28.95 
 
 44 
 
 29.14 
 
 85 
 
 34.42 
 
 162 
 
 31.64 
 
 Let us now consider the question of the age at death of those of our members who died 
 of Cancer. 
 
 We have already seen that the average age at death was considerably younger in 1881- 
 87 and 1888-94 than in 1874-80. The following shows, by means of percentages, at what 
 groups of ages the changes occurred: — 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 
 The Percentages at Groups of Ages of the Total Number of Deaths from 
 
 Cancer in Each Septennium 
 
 
 Between 
 
 Between 
 
 Between 
 
 Between 
 
 Between 
 
 
 Septennium gg^"^ 
 
 Ages 
 
 Ages 
 
 Ages 
 
 Ages 
 
 Ages 
 
 Ages 75 
 
 25 and 35 
 
 35 and 45 
 
 45 and 55 
 
 55 and 65 
 
 65 and 75 
 
 and Over 
 
 1874-80 
 
 1.64 
 
 8.20 
 
 12.30 
 
 33.60 
 
 36.88 
 
 7.38 
 
 1881-87 
 
 1.21 
 
 9.09 
 
 19.39 
 
 37.58 
 
 23.64 
 
 9.09 
 
 1888-94 
 
 2.78 
 
 8.73 
 
 21.83 
 
 31.75 
 
 25.79 
 
 9.12 
 
 Variations in incidence of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mortality for 1874-80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and for 1888-94 
 
 +1.14 
 
 +0.53 
 
 +9.53 
 
 -1.85 
 
 -11.09 
 
 +1.74 
 
 The next table is a truer test of the incidence of the Cancer Mortality, for it takes into 
 account not only the actual deaths, but also the number of living who were exposed to the 
 risk of death for one year, and it practically reproduces in another form all the really 
 important features of the preceding table. 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience, 1874-1894 
 Annual Mortality from Cancer among 10,000 (Males) Living at Each Group 
 
 of Ages and at All Ages 
 
 Period 
 
 1874-80 
 1881-87 
 
 1888-94 
 
 Ages 
 under 
 
 Between Between Between Between Between 
 
 Ages Ages Ages Ages Ages 
 
 25 and 35 35 and 45 45 and 55 65 and 65 65 and 75 
 
 0.51 2.19 4.72 20.78 46.98 
 
 0.42 2.37 7.34 25.89 33.67 
 
 1.49 2.95 9.02 24.53 45.18 
 
 Ages 75 
 and over 
 
 All Ages 
 7.86 
 42.22 8.19 
 48.33 10.42 
 
 34.68 
 
 These tables unmistakably show that the age at which Cancer must be looked upon as a 
 serious cause of death among our members is becoming younger. This fact is more strongly 
 brought out by grouping together a larger number of ages at death. From the table 
 showing the percentages at groups of ages we see that practically 90 per cent, of all our 
 deaths from Cancer took place between ages 35 and 75. If, therefore, we group the 
 
 88 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 deaths between these ages, the results will be probably more satisfactory than if we in- 
 clude the extremities of the table, because we shall then have eliminated what we may call 
 "accidental" cases of death among our very old or very young members. A few cases of 
 death at either end included in a table like the following might have the effect of put- 
 ting our view of the essential facts entirely out of focus. 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Experience 
 Proportionate and Relative Mortality from Cancer, 1874-1894 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS IN GROUPS OF AGES TO TOTAL CANCE8 
 DEATHS IN EACH SEPTENNIUM 
 
 ANNUAL MORTAL ITT AMONG 10,000(MALES) 
 LIVING AT EACH GROUP OF AGES 
 
 Period 
 
 1874-80 
 1881-87 
 1888-94 
 
 Between 
 Ages 35 and 55 
 Per Cent. Ratio 
 20.50 100 
 28.48 139 
 30.56 149 
 
 Between 
 Ages 55 and 75 
 Per Cent. Ratio 
 70.48 100 
 61.22 87 
 
 57.54 82 
 
 Between Between 
 
 Ages 35 and 55 Ages 55 and 75 
 
 Death Rate Ratio Death Rate Ratio 
 
 3.23 100 29.35 100 
 
 4.40 136 28.43 97 
 
 5.63 176 30.85 105 
 
 Consideration of the first half of this table shows us that the actual number of deaths 
 from Cancer during 1874-94 was steadily and rapidly transferred from Group 55-75 to 
 Group 35-55, while the figures in the second half of the table show that the increase in our 
 rate of mortality was almost entirely confined to members under 55 years of age, the 
 increase in the dearth rate among the members between 55 and 75 years of age, from 1874-80 
 to 1888-94, being only 5 per cent., while for the other group it was 76 per cent. 
 
 Medical Observations and Conclusions Regarding Cancer Increase 
 
 Reviewing the data which have been submitted, the following conclusions seem to be 
 justified — 
 
 1. The registered increase in themumber of deaths from Can,cer is tmdoubted. This is 
 proved by our own statistics, and corroborated by all other authorities. 
 
 2. After "allowing that this increase is not wholly real, but may be accounted for, to 
 some extent, on the assumption that the true nature of obscure cases of malignant disease 
 has been recognized with ever-increasing certainty in recent years, and that, as a con- 
 sequence, the statement of death has been made with greater precision than had been 
 formerly the case," there remains a large real increase to account for the large and pro- 
 gressive mortality from this disease. 
 
 3. The Age Period at which death from Cancer is most frequent is gradually declining 
 according to the Scottish Widows' Fund Returns. 
 
 4. The average age at death from Cancer among our members declined by two years 
 from 1874-80 to 1888-94, as contrasted with a rise in the average age at death from all 
 causes of a little over two years. 
 
 5. The Office returns mark a decrease in deaths from Internal Cancer of 7.70 per cent., 
 and an increase in deaths from External Cancer of 18.89 per cent, of the percentages in the 
 First Septennium as contrasted with the Third. 
 
 Highly interesting as are these statistics, they partake more of scientific than of 
 practical value. They do not enlighten us as to how we may diminish our mortality from 
 this ever-increasing cause of death. We learn from them, however, that during the twenty- 
 one years under observation. Cancer as a cause of death among our members aged from 45 
 to 65 has made rapid and startling progress. If we compare 1874-80 with 1888-94, we find 
 that practically one-third of all our deaths by Cancer occurred between ages 55 and 65 
 in each Septennium, but that a great change took place in Groups 45-55 and 65-75, the 
 figures for the first group increasing from 12 per cent, to 22 per cent., and in the last de- 
 creasing from 37 per cent, to 26 per cent. Again, the rate of mortality was nearly doubled 
 for Group 45-55, and increased by 18 per cent, for Group 55-65, while remaining practically 
 constant for Group 65-75. These facts may help us when a proposal is made to the 
 Society, in which the proposer states that one, or even two, of his predecessors died from 
 Cancer. For although our Records show that only about 8 per cent, of our Members who 
 died of Cancer during the twenty-one years under observation stated in their Pro- 
 posal Sheets that some near relative had died of Malignant Disease, the high age at which 
 cancer ends fatally would prevent their family history being anything like complete at the 
 time they proposed for assurance; and the general consensus of opinion goes to show that 
 heredity has a certain importance in Cancer, and cannot be wholly disregarded, although 
 it cannot be denied that less weight is attached to it now than in former days. If, then, 
 
 89 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 a proposer whose family history is tainted as indicated, desires a PoUcy on the Endowment 
 Assurance Scale, maturing at age 45 or 50, I consider that this family history of Cancer 
 may be entirely ignored. But if the policy asked for be an Endowment Assurance matur- 
 ing at an older age, or a Whole Life Assurance, it is a question whether such a proposal 
 should be accepted at ordinary rates. The mortality from Cancer rapidly appreciates 
 after age 50, and, after careful consideration, I am of opinion that probably the best way 
 of treating such a proposal would be to accept it on the Endowment Assurance Scale at age 
 55 or death. 
 
 The experience for each Septennium is briefly presented in the following summary 
 observations: 
 
 1874-80. — To this terrible disease 122 members fell victims — a number equivalent to 
 4.935 p>er cent, of the septennial mortality. The average age at death was 61.980. Twelve 
 of these members stated in their Proposal Sheets that either father or mother had died of 
 Cancerous affections. 
 
 1881-87. — During this Septennimn 165 members died from Cancer, equivalent to 
 5.440 per cent, of the septennial mortality. The average age at death was 59.819. Ten 
 stated that either father or mother had died of Cancer. 
 
 1888-94.— The number of deaths due to this cause was 252, equivalent to 6.889 per 
 cent, of the septennial mortality. The average age at death was practically the same as 
 in the previous Septennium, viz., 59.985 years. Twenty of the deceased admitted a family 
 history of Cancer at date of Assurance. 
 
 On account of their exceptional value, these observations by a thor- 
 oughly qualified medical officer of one of the foremost life insurance in- 
 stitutions in the world have been given in full, since the original 
 publication is, as a rule, not conveniently available. They require to 
 be taken into account by all who rely primarily for their conclusions 
 regarding the increase in cancer upon more or less inadequate statistical 
 data and who blindly accept the findings of Messrs. King and News- 
 holme, of a date since which the general cancer death rate has continued 
 to increase, not only in England and Wales, but in practically every 
 civilized country of the world. 
 
 London Prudential Experience, 1867-1870 
 
 Some interesting experience data were published in London in 1871 
 under the title "Mortality Experience of the Prudential Assurance Com- 
 pany, in the Industrial Branch, for the Years 1867-70, with Observations 
 by Henry Harben." This experience included 17,399 deaths of males 
 from all causes and 17,773 deaths of females. The number of male 
 deaths from cancer was 138, or 0.79 per cent., and of female deaths, 352, 
 or 1.98 per cent. The experience includes almost exclusively lives of the 
 working class, which at that period was in a much less satisfactory 
 economic condition than at the present time. Since the mortality from 
 cancer is apparently more common among the well-to-do than among 
 the poor or wage-earning element, these early statistics of the London 
 Prudential are of some practical value in connection with the present 
 inquiry.* 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company Experience, 1843-1873 
 
 The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, in 1877, published 
 the results of its mortuary experience for the period 1843-73. The 
 
 *For observations on the comparative cancer mortality of the rich and the poor, see "Natural History of Can- 
 cer," by W. R. Williams. There are numerous references to the subject in this work, under the index title 
 "Wealth in relation to cancer proclivity." The collective evidence seems to favor the view that the well-to-do 
 are more liable to cancer than the poor. The same subject is discussed in the third volume of the treatise by 
 J. Wolff, who refers to the earlier investigations by Tanchou and Walshe and the more recent inquiries by 
 Braithwaite, who maintains that there is a distinct correlation between excessive meat consumption and can- 
 cer frequency; but the data upon which these conclusions are based must be considered inadequate to the purpose. 
 
 00 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 number of deaths of males from all causes was 5,223, of which 94, or 
 1.80 per cent., were deaths from cancer. There were 8 deaths from 
 cancer among the 162 females who died during the period referred to, 
 or 4.94 per cent. Considering that the class of risks dealt with was 
 representative of the more prosperous or well-to-do element of the 
 population, subject to more trustworthy methods of medical diagnosis 
 and death certification than the population at large, it is significant 
 that the number of deaths from cancer should have been less than 2 per 
 cent, for insured males. In view of the unusually low mortality, the 
 medical observations by the authors of the report referred to are of some 
 interest and therefore given, in part, as follows : 
 
 We had previously shown that the mortaUty from Cancer compared with that from all 
 causes was small for the first five years of insurance, and became very much greater after 
 that periofd. Cancer is usually chronic in its course, often taking years before the final 
 fatal result. Hence the medical examination eliminating those already affected with the 
 disease, it will be only after a few years have elapsed that there can be many deaths from 
 Cancer. We find, however, one marked exception to this rule : the mortality in the first 
 year after insurance is remarkably high, being double that of the second year. This may 
 be merely a matter of chance, on account of the small number of figures; but it is most 
 probable that the disease existed at the time of insurance, and that the applicants denied 
 or concealed their symptoms from the scrutiny of the medical examiners. 
 
 The relatively high mortality from cancer during the first year of 
 insurance is not confirmed by subsequent insurance experience, but it 
 must be taken into consideration that the actual experience of the 
 company was relatively small. Aside from the foregoing observations 
 it is pointed out in the report that the proportionate mortality from 
 cancer was higher among foreigners than among natives and that there 
 had been only three cases in which there was a family history of the 
 disease. The concluding observations on cancer in relation to medical 
 selection are in part: 
 
 Although, as we have seen, the difference in the mortality from Cancer among the 
 insured and general population is very great, still it is not a disease which we would expect 
 to be much influenced by medical selection. The etiology of Cancer is too obscure to 
 enable us to detect the probabilities of its approach. Age, inheritance, occupation, and 
 perhaps climate and nationality, have some influence on its causation; but, in the words of 
 Sir James Paget, "After all, when we have assigned to these conditions their full weight in 
 producing the cancerous constitution or state of the blood, that which may strike us most 
 of all is the comparatively small influence which any known internal or external conditions 
 possess." 
 
 Washington Life Insurance Company Experience 
 
 The Washington Life Insurance Company published a volume of 
 actuarial and medical statistics in 1889, including an analysis of 2,000 
 consecutive deaths, of which 68, or 3.4 per cent., had been deaths from 
 cancer. There were also 7 additional deaths from tumors, equivalent to 
 0.35 per cent, of the mortality from all causes. The report includes 
 many interesting observations on the relation of family history to the 
 disease and the value of medical selection, but the number of deaths 
 considered is unfortunately too small to warrant the acceptance of these 
 conclusions as entirely trustworthy at the present time. It may be 
 quoted, however, from the report, that 
 
 Although cancer is usually classed among hereditary diseases, there is a wide difference 
 of opinion among authorities as to the exact part played by the hereditary taint in the 
 causation of the disease. Velpeau believed that one in three cases of cancer showed an 
 
 91 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 inherited predisposition; Sir James Paget's investigation yielded one in four; Mr. Sibley 
 concluded from the statistics of the Middlesex Hospital that the proportion was less than 
 one in twelve; the late Willard Parker found a record of cancer in the family of only 56 out 
 of 397 cases of cancer of the breast operated on by him. He expressed it as his well con- 
 sidered opinion that cancer is not a hereditary disease. 
 
 In the experience of the Washington Life Insurance Company, out of 
 
 2.000 deaths from all causes, 56 were deaths of persons with cancer 
 in the family history ; but out of 68 deaths from cancer in the company's 
 experience, only one death was of a person with a history of cancer in the 
 family. It was therefore shown by this experience that the data ' 'support 
 the opinion that has been gaining ground of late among medical men, 
 namely, that the hereditary element is not such an important factor in 
 the production of cancer as was formerly believed." It may be stated 
 in this connection that the average age at entry of the 56 cases with a 
 family history of cancer was 43 years, and the average age at death, 
 52.62 years, giving an average policy duration of 9.62 years, in compari- 
 son with an average policy duration for the 2,000 deaths from all causes 
 of 8.54 years. This experience, therefore, limited as it was, seemed to 
 warrant the conclusion that "Regarded from the standpoint of life in- 
 surance, a death from cancer in the family record of an applicant does 
 not necessarily prejudice the risk in any respect." 
 
 Greshatn Company Experience 
 
 An earlier experience is that of The Gresham Life Assurance Society, 
 published in 1868, including 1,000 deaths from all causes, of which 21, or 
 
 2.1 per cent., were deaths from cancer. In addition, however, there 
 were 4 deaths from tumors, equivalent to 0,4 per cent. 
 
 Clergy Mutual Experience, 1829-1887 
 
 A more conclusive experience is that of the Clergy Mutual Assurance 
 Society for the period 1829-87, published in 1891, including 2,119 deaths 
 from all causes, of which 102, or 4.8 per cent., were deaths from cancer. 
 In addition, the society recorded 71 deaths in its experience with sub- 
 standard lives, but of this number only 2, or 2.8 per cent., were deaths 
 from cancer. 
 
 Mutual Life Experience, 1843-1898 
 
 The combined experience of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of 
 New York for the period 1843-98, was published in 1900,* including 
 44,985 deaths of males, of which 1,882, or 4.18 per cent., were deaths from 
 cancer. In the same experience there were 1,540 deaths of females, of 
 which 127, or 8.25 per cent., were deaths from cancer. In addition 
 thereto there were in the male experience 120 deaths from tumors, or 
 0.27 per cent, of the deaths from all causes; and in the female experience 
 there were 8 deaths from tumors, equivalent to 0.52 per cent. The can- 
 cer mortality, by divisional periods of life, is given in full in the table 
 following : 
 
 *Report Exhibiting the Experience of The Mutual Lite Insurance Company of New York for fifteen years 
 ending February 1, 1858, New York, November, 1858. Report on the Mortality Records of The Mutual Life 
 Insurance Company of New York, 1843-1914, New York, 1900. (See Tables 32-33, Appendix D.) 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 
 Cancer Mortality Experience of 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, 
 
 1843-1898 
 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 20. 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 20-24.. 
 
 569 
 
 3 
 
 0.53 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 25-29 . 
 
 1,775 
 
 10 
 
 0.56 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 30-34 . . 
 
 2,900 
 
 34 
 
 1.17 
 
 136 
 
 1 
 
 0.73 
 
 35-39 . 
 
 4,034 
 
 81 
 
 2.01 
 
 141 
 
 6 
 
 4.26 
 
 40-44 . 
 
 4,307 
 
 128 
 
 2.97 
 
 175 
 
 18 
 
 10.29 
 
 45-49 . 
 
 4,621 
 
 180 
 
 3.90 
 
 156 
 
 19 
 
 12.18 
 
 50-54 . 
 
 4,944 
 
 253 
 
 5.12 
 
 159 
 
 25 
 
 15.72 
 
 55-59 . 
 
 5,283 
 
 331 
 
 6.27 
 
 185 
 
 21 
 
 11.35 
 
 60-64. 
 
 5,016 
 
 305 
 
 6.08 
 
 160 
 
 17 
 
 10.63 
 
 65-69 . 
 
 4,593 
 
 273 
 
 5.94 
 
 122 
 
 8 
 
 6.56 
 
 70-74. 
 
 3,406 
 
 170 
 
 4.99 
 
 71 
 
 9 
 
 12.68 
 
 75-79 . 
 
 2,212 
 
 89 
 
 4.02 
 
 92 
 
 1 
 
 1.08 
 
 80-84 . 
 
 956 
 
 23 
 
 2.41 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 8.00 
 
 85 and over 309 
 
 2 
 
 0.65 
 4.18 
 
 7 
 
 127 
 
 •• 
 
 All ages 
 
 44,985* 
 
 1,882 
 
 l,540t 
 
 8.25 
 
 •Including 22 age not stated, flncluding 1 age not stated. 
 
 According to this experience the proportionate mortality was highest 
 for males at ages 55-59, when it was 6.27; and for females at ages 50-54, 
 when it was 15.72 per cent. The proportionate mortality from cancer 
 during four periods of time is shown below. 
 
 Cancer Mortality Experience of 
 The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, 1843-1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All Ages 
 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 45 
 
 Ages 45 and Over 
 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 C 
 
 incer 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 C 
 
 ancer 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 C 
 
 ancer 
 
 
 All Causes 
 
 No. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 All Causes 
 
 No. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 All Causes 
 
 No, 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1843-73. 
 
 . . 5,223* 
 
 94 
 
 1.80 
 
 2,674 
 
 25 
 
 0.93 
 
 2,527 
 
 69 
 
 2.72 
 
 1874-85. 
 
 .. 10,839 
 
 449 
 
 4.14 
 
 3,028 
 
 71 
 
 2.34 
 
 7,811 
 
 378 
 
 4.84 
 
 1886-93. 
 
 .. 14,568 
 
 631 
 
 4.33 
 
 3,658 
 
 65 
 
 1.78 
 
 10,910 
 
 566 
 
 5.19 
 
 1894-98. 
 
 .. 14,355 
 
 708 
 
 4.93 
 4.18 
 
 4,263 
 
 95 
 256 
 
 2.23 
 1.88 
 
 10,092 
 
 613 
 
 6.07 
 
 1843-98. 
 
 . . 44,985* 
 
 1,882 
 
 13,623 
 
 31,340 
 
 1,626 
 
 5.19 
 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 
 1843-73. 
 
 162t 
 
 8 
 
 4.94 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 6.58 
 
 85 
 
 3 
 
 3.53 
 
 1874-85. 
 
 ai 
 
 24 
 
 9.72 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 5.41 
 
 173 
 
 20 
 
 11.56 
 
 1886-93. 
 
 456 
 
 45 
 
 9.87 
 
 147 
 
 10 
 
 6.80 
 
 309 
 
 35 
 
 11.33 
 
 1894-98. 
 
 675 
 
 50 
 127 
 
 7.41 
 8.25 
 
 265 
 562 
 
 6 
 25 
 
 2.26 
 4.45 
 
 410 
 
 977 
 
 44 
 102 
 
 10.73 
 
 1843-98 . 
 
 . . l,540t 
 
 10.44 
 
 'Including 22 age not stated, flncluding 1 age not stated. 
 
 Northwestern Mutual Experience, 1857-1909 
 
 Among more recent data are the statistics of the Northwestern 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company for the periods 1857-85 and 1886-1909. 
 The proportionate mortality from cancer during the first period was 
 
 93 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 3.4 per cent., against 5.8 per cent, during the last. Naturally, in the 
 case of this as in the experience of some of the other companies referred 
 to, the increasing average age of the insured and a possibly larger pro- 
 portion of persons insured at ages 40 and over would tend, in part at least, 
 to bring about an increased proportionate mortality from cancer, 
 but there are reasons for believing that, if the required correction were 
 made, that the more recent experience would exhibit an actual in- 
 crease in the cancer death rate over earlier years. 
 
 German Germania Experience, 1857-1894 
 A large amount of additional statistical information on the subject of 
 cancer is available for American and foreign insurance companies, but 
 the data can be only very briefly referred to. The experience of the 
 Germania, of Stettin, published in 1897, sustains the Gotha experience 
 as regards the value of medical selection in reducing the mortality from 
 cancer during the earlier years of insurance. Considering the two 
 periods of duration of five years or less and six years or more, it appears 
 that the actual mortality of males per 1,000 at ages 31-40 was 0.21 and 
 0.32, respectively; at ages 41-50 it was 0.67 and 1.14; atages51-60, it was 
 1.97 and 2.87; and at ages 61 and over, 4.63 and 6.64. The results for 
 females are about the same. The cancer death rate for males was 1 .33 per 
 1,000, and for females, 1.90. The experience covers the period 1857-94. 
 It may be stated in this connection that for women only the death rate 
 from cancer during the period 1857-82 was 1.38 per 1,000, whereas for the 
 entire period, 1857-94, it was 1.90. There had, therefore, been a not 
 inconsiderable increase in the cancer mortality during the later years, 
 but to be entirely conclusive, the experience should have been extended 
 to insurance durations and divisional periods of life. 
 
 Austro-Hungarian Experience 
 
 In the experience of the Austrian Phoenix, the proportionate mor- 
 tality from cancer has increased from 8.5 per cent, during the five years 
 ending with 1906 to 10.4 per cent, during the five years ending with 1912. 
 In the experience of the Riunione Adriatica di Sicurta, of Trieste, the pro- 
 portionate mortality from cancer has decreased from 9.3 per cent, during 
 the seven years ending with 1905 to 8.0 per cent, during the seven years 
 ending with 1912. In the experience of the Alte Leipziger,* which is one of 
 the largest German life insurance companies, the percentage of deaths 
 from cancer has increased from 11.8 during the ten years ending with 
 1902 to 12.6 during the ten years ending with 1912. In the experience 
 of a large Hungarian company, the Fonciere, however, the proportionate 
 mortality from cancer has declined from 8.6 per cent, during the 
 five years ending with 1905 to 8.0 per cent, during the five years ending 
 with 1911. In the experience of the Assicurazioni Generali, the largest 
 Austrian company, the proportionate mortality from cancer was 9.2 
 per cent, during 1899-1905, against 9.5 per cent, during 1906-12. The 
 experience of many other foreign companies could be quoted to sustain 
 the conclusion that in most cases the proportionate mortality from 
 cancer has increased during recent years and that, in any event, the 
 
 *Leipziger Lebensversicheruiigs-Gesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany. 
 
 94 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 mortality from malignant disease is of much greater importance to life 
 insurance companies than has generally been assumed to be the case. 
 In this connection it is necessary to take into account the probability 
 that medical selection during the last twenty or thirty years has 
 become more effective, on account of the use of more exact and con- 
 clusive methods of medical examination for insurance. Better selec- 
 tion would, of course, tend to reduce the mortality from diseases more 
 accurately diagnosed, particularly during the early years of policy 
 duration. It is true that the rejection rate for cancer is comparatively 
 small, but the implication is that the more general regard to abnormal 
 or subnormal bodily conditions would tend to eliminate applicants pre- 
 disposed to malignant disease. 
 
 American Insurance Experience, 1869-1900 
 American investigations tend to confirm this point of view. In 1903 
 the combined experience of thirty -four American life insurance compa- 
 nies was published by the Actuarial Society of America. It was brought 
 out with reference to persons who had a family history of cancer that 
 the subsequent experience had been very good with young entrants, 
 almost equally good with mature entrants, fairly good with elderly 
 entrants, but not good with old entrants, although the actual number 
 of the latter was hardly sufficient for a final adverse conclusion. On 
 account of their importance the facts are given in detail in the table 
 below, showing first, the actual number of deaths from cancer, second, 
 the number of deaths expected by the standard table adopted and 
 third, the ratio of actual deaths from cancer to every 100 expected. 
 
 Mortality Experience of Applicants with a Family History of Cancer 
 Thirty-four American Companies, 1869-1900 
 
 Age at Entry Actual Deaths 
 
 15-28 251 
 
 29-42 1,089 
 
 43-56 1,138 
 
 57-70 352 
 
 15-70 2,830 3,154.2 89.7 
 
 It is regrettable that the causes of death were not given in this 
 experience, so as to show what proportion of the mortality of persons 
 with cancer in the family history was actually from cancer, or, if not, 
 from w^hat other causes. 
 
 Medico-Actuarial Investigation, Males* 
 The most recent collective investigation is for the period 1885-1908. 
 The number of deaths of males at ages 15-29 was 4,566, of which 95 
 were from cancer and other malignant tumors, or 2.1 per cent. The 
 cancer mortality rate at this period of life was 1.0 per 10,000 exposed 
 to risk. At ages 30-44 the number of deaths from all causes was 7,886, 
 of which 377, or 4.8 per cent., were from cancer, equivalent to a rate of 
 3.2 per 10,000 exposed to risk. At ages 45 and over there were 5,340 
 
 *Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation, New York, 1913, Vol. ii, p. 26, et seq. 
 
 95 
 
 
 Ratio of Actual 
 
 Ixpected Deaths 
 
 to Expected Deaths 
 
 333.7 
 
 75.2 
 
 1,313.6 
 
 82.9 
 
 1,186.3 
 
 95.9 
 
 320.6 
 
 109.8 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 deaths from all causes, of which 411 were from cancer, or 7.7 per cent., 
 equivalent to 14.4 per 10,000 exposed to risk. The proportionate mortal- 
 ity and the death rate from cancer and other malignant tumors, of males, 
 by divisional periods of life and duration of insurance, are given in the 
 table following: 
 
 Experience of American Insurance Companies, 1885-1908 
 
 (Medico- Actuarial Investigation) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors 
 
 ^ STANDARD LIVES, MALES 
 
 
 NtJMBER OF Policies 
 Terminated by Death 
 
 Percentage of Total 
 Deaths 
 
 Ratio per 100,000 
 Exposed to Risk 
 
 Policy Years 
 
 Ages at Entry 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 Ages at Entry 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 Ages at Entry 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 1 
 
 4 7 15 
 
 4 25 42 
 18 72 111 
 
 .6 1.0 3.5 
 
 .7 3.6 9.4 
 
 1.4 3.9 8.9 
 
 .2 .4 3.2 
 
 2 
 
 .3 1.9 12.0 
 
 3-5 
 
 .7 2.3 13.6 
 
 6-10 
 
 30 105 129 
 
 2.5 4.7 7.8 
 
 1.2 3.3 16.4 
 
 11-24 
 
 39 168 114 
 
 4.1 7.0 7.3 
 
 2.3 7.6 26.3 
 
 Total 
 
 95 377 411 
 
 2.1 4.8 7.7 
 
 1.0 3.2 14.4 
 
 This table confirms the experience of the Gotha and of the German 
 Germania, as well as of other companies, as regards the value of 
 medical selection during the early years of insurance, but the value of 
 selection is distinctly less in the case of applicants ages 45 and over. 
 
 Medico-Actuarial Investigation, Females 
 
 The same experience has been made up regarding women policyholders. 
 At ages 15-29 the number of deaths from all causes among insured 
 women was 3,696, of which 98, or 2.7 per cent., were deaths from can- 
 cer, or 1.4 per 10,000 exposed to risk. At ages 30-44 there were 5,661 
 deaths from all causes, of which 668, or 11.8 per cent., were deaths from 
 cancer, equivalent to a rate of 7,3 per 10,000 exposed to risk. At ages 
 45 and over there were 4,917 deaths from all causes, of which 654, or 
 13.3 per cent., were deaths from cancer, or 24.3 per 10,000 exposed to 
 risk. The mortality from cancer among women, by divisional periods 
 of life and duration of insurance, is shown in the table below: 
 
 Experience of American Insurance Companies, 1885-1908 
 
 (Medico- Actuarial Investigation) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors 
 
 STANDARD LIVES, FEMALES 
 
 
 Number of Policies 
 Terminated by Death 
 
 Percentage of 
 Deaths 
 
 Total 
 
 Ratio per 10,000 
 Exposed to Risk 
 
 Policy Years 
 
 Ages at Entry 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 Ages at Entry 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 Ages at Entry 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 1 
 
 7 50 55 
 
 5 52 64 
 
 24 199 196 
 
 1.1 
 
 .9 
 1.9 
 
 6.4 
 
 6.9 
 
 11.0 
 
 13.6 
 15.8 
 15.2 
 
 .5 3.0 12.1 
 
 2 
 
 .5 4.0 18.1 
 
 3-5 
 
 1.0 6.6 23.5 
 
 6-10 
 
 26 240 212 
 
 3.0 
 
 15.6 
 
 13.1 
 
 1.6 10.3 28.8 
 
 11-24 
 
 36 127 127 
 
 11.5 
 
 16.3 
 
 10.5 
 
 7.2 15.4 40.7 
 
 Total 
 
 98 668 654 
 
 2.7 
 
 11.8 
 
 13.3 
 
 1.4 7.3 24.3 
 
 96 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 This table also confirms the previously expressed conclusion as re- 
 gards the value of medical selection in reducing the mortality from 
 cancer during the early years of insurance, but, as in the case of males, 
 more distinctly with regard to younger applicants, and only to a limited 
 extent for applicants ages 45 and over. The American insurance ex- 
 perience with both men and women therefore emphasizes the consider- 
 able importance of cancer as a cause of death at ages 30 and over. 
 
 Family History of Cancer 
 
 The influence of a family record of cancer, including two or more 
 cases, was investigated by the Medico-Actuarial Committee, but with 
 negative results. The number of expected deaths in the group of 
 applicants having a family record of two or more cases of cancer in the 
 family history was 87.3, but the actual number of deaths experienced 
 was only 69, or 79 per cent, of the expected. Of the 69 deaths only 4 
 were from cancer. The evidence is, therefore, quite conclusive that the 
 earlier apprehensions regarding a family history of cancer were not justi- 
 fied by the facts of subsequent experience. In contrast, it may be stated 
 that the ratio of actual to expected deaths in cases in which there was 
 a family record of two or more cases of heart disease was 113 per cent.* 
 
 Effect of Build 
 The Medico-Actuarial Investigation considered also the relation of 
 build at entry to causes of death, with distinction of three divisional 
 periods of life. Dividing the male applicants into three classes; that 
 is, first, overweights, or those whose weight at entry was 50 pounds or 
 more above normal weight, second, those who were of normal weight, 
 and third, underweights, or those who weighed 25 pounds or more below 
 normal weight, the experience with reference to cancer was as follows : 
 the cancer death rate per 10,000 exposed to risk at ages 15-29 was 0.9 for 
 overweights and 0.8 for underweights, at ages 30-44 it was 3.7 for over- 
 weights and 2.4 for underweights, and at ages 45 and over 15.6 for over- 
 weights and 12.0 for underweights. The experience, therefore, supports 
 the view occasionally expressed by writers on the subject of cancer 
 occurrence that the disease is more common among persons of over- 
 weight than among underweights, and by inference, among the 
 well-to-do and overnourished than among the less prosperous element. 
 The medico-actuarial evidence is of exceptional value, in that it con- 
 firms this conclusion for three periods of life on the basis of what may 
 safely be considered to have been a sufficient numerical exposure, f 
 
 Effect of Conjugal Condition 
 
 Considering the importance of this conclusion it is a matter of regret 
 that a corresponding investigation into the mortality of overweights 
 and underweights, by causes of death, should not have been made with 
 
 *Medico-ActuariaI Mortality Investigation, New York, 1913, Vol. iv. Part i, p. 24. 
 
 fin the third volume of the treatise on cancer by J. Wolff (p. 37) there is a brief discussion of the probable 
 correlation of height to cancer frequency, the view being advanced that cancer is more common among tall 
 persons than among those of short stature. This phase of the cancer problem has not been sufficiently inquired 
 into, which holds true also of the anthropometric aspects of the cancer problem in general. It, however, re- 
 quires to be kept in mind that there is an important correlation of height to weight and that persons of short 
 stature are as a rule more likely to be overweight than persons above the normal average height. 
 
 97 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 regard to women, but some exceedingly interesting data are furnished 
 by the investigation of deaths according to conjugal condition, briefly set 
 forth in the following table: 
 
 Experience of American Insurance Companies 1885-1908 
 
 (Medico-Actuarial Investigation) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors, according to Conjugal 
 
 Condition (Rate per 10,000 Exposed to Risk) 
 
 Ages at Entry 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 Spinsters 0.9 5.2 15.4 
 
 Married (beneficiary, husband) 1.5 7.1 20.9 
 
 Married (beneficiary other than husband) . 2.9 8.0 ' 26.4 
 Widowed and divorced 1.7 10^3 25.9 
 
 According to this table the mortality from cancer and other malig- 
 nant tumors was distinctly higher at all periods of life among married 
 and widowed women than among spinsters. The married women, for 
 insurance purposes, have been divided into two classes: the first being 
 those who had made their husband the beneficiary in the event of 
 their death and the second being those whose beneficiary was other than 
 their husband. The latter class throughout show a distinctly higher 
 mortality from cancer and other malignant disease. The evidence as 
 regards a lesser liability of spinsters to cancer (all forms) would seem to 
 be conclusive, since the comparative rates represent an apparently 
 sufficient exposure for each of the three divisional periods of life. 
 
 These results of the medico-actuarial investigation are in conformity to 
 a special analysis of the data for the District of Columbia, which, however, 
 have not been completely standardized for variations in age distribu- 
 tion. For males the cancer death rate for the married was 108.8 per 
 100,000 of population, ages 15 and over, against 56.6 for the single, and 
 for females the rates were 122.7 for the married and 59.9 for the single. 
 With special reference to cancer of the generative organs, the rates were 
 41.4 for the married and 11.0 for the single, and for cancer of the breast 
 the rates were 22.0 for the married and 17.8 for the single. When 
 standardized for age these differences would, of course, be more pro- 
 nounced. These rates refer to the white population only. 
 
 Cancer of the Breast and Generative Organs among Single 
 and Married Women* 
 
 Some exceptionally valuable observations on the relative frequency of 
 cancer of the breast and of the generative organs among the single and 
 the married have recently been published in the 76th Annual Report of 
 the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages in England and 
 Wales (London, 1915). This investigation is the first of its kind, but 
 the conclusions are extremely important. Deaths from cancer of the 
 ovaries, the uterus and the breast are separately considered, according to 
 conj\igal condition, with a due regard to the number of single and 
 married women living at specific periods of life. The usual error arising 
 out of an unequal age distribution is therefore avoided. As observed in 
 
 *0n account of the preceding discussion with reference to insurance, this section is here included, although 
 derived entirely from the 78th Annual Report of the Registrar-General for England and Wales, London, 1916. 
 
 98 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 the report, the effect of marital condition upon the mortality from cancer 
 of the generative organs and the breast "is seen to be very considerable." 
 During the three years 1911-13 (which were combined to secure a suffi- 
 cient basis of facts for the purpose and to eUminate chance fluctuations), 
 "the mortality of single women from cancer of the ovary has been twice 
 as great as that of the married, due allowance being made for the different 
 age-distributions of these two sections of the population. The mortality 
 of the unmarried from cancer of the breast similarly exceeded that of the 
 married by 45 per cent." But, in contrast, "from cancer of the uterus 
 the married suffered from a mortaUty 73 per cent, greater than the 
 single." The term married for the present purpose includes the widowed 
 and divorced. 
 
 It is pointed out that these results are at variance with the usual con- 
 clusions deduced from the available material by surgical authorities, on 
 account of the fact that proper correction is not made for the considerable 
 variations in the age distribution of the single and married, and the equally 
 important variations in the age incidence of the three forms of cancer 
 considered, that is, of the ovary, the uterus and the breast. Extreme 
 care was used in standardizing the rates for the married and single by 
 divisional periods of Hfe, but the methods employed are too technical to 
 require consideration in a work of this kind. They are fully explained 
 in the report, which is conveniently available for general use. The term 
 cancer as employed for the present purpose includes sarcoma, but in the 
 statistical tables the facts are given separately. The general results of this 
 important investigation are briefly summarized as follows : 
 
 During the period of active sexual life there is practical equality of 
 mortality from breast cancer among the single and the married, but after 
 age 45 the excess among the single becomes very pronounced. The 
 great excess of mortahty from cancer of the uterus among the married 
 is in accordance with the generally accepted views upon this subject. 
 It is regrettable that it should not have been feasible to distinguish 
 cancer of the body of the uterus from cancer of the cervix. In course 
 of time it is to be hoped that all death certificates will be amplified and 
 made to contain these as well as some other necessary additional facts. 
 It is generally held that cancer of the body of the uterus is not more 
 common in mothers than in other women, or more frequent in women 
 who have not given birth. Cancer of the cervix is thought to result 
 from past injury in labor, but few of the certificates give the necessary 
 information, so that for the time being no conclusive answer can be made 
 to this important question. It is shown by the report that "in the case 
 of uterine cancer the difference in mortality"between the married and the 
 single is much greater before than after 50, and that the difference 
 practically disappears after 75. In other words, the difference is most 
 pronounced in the case of uterine cancer and least so in cancer of the 
 breast, but "in each case it is the mortality of the single which increases 
 relatively to that of the married with the advance of age." 
 
 The importance of treating sarcoma separately is emphasized in the 
 case of cancer of the ovary, where sarcoma is relatively more frequent 
 than in the uterus or breast. In this case, it is pointed out that "the 
 excess of mortahty amongst the single is very great at all ages after 35, 
 
 90 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 at which the number of deaths is sufficient to attach significance to the 
 figures. The effect of marital condition upon [cancer] mortahty would 
 seem to be at its maximum in the case of the ovary, but has not perhaps 
 attracted so much attention as in the case of the uterus or breast — 
 presumably on account of the lesser frequency of the condition." 
 
 The rate of increase in mortahty from cancer of the various organs 
 considered is shown to differ quite considerably. After pointing out 
 that "in both sexes the most rapid rates of increase are furnished by 
 cancer of the alimentary tract, especially the intestine and stomach," 
 it is observed that "disease of the female breast also claims a rapidly 
 increasing number of ^actims, while mortality from uterine cancer is 
 diminishing." This curious but very interesting result is in part at- 
 tributed to the diminishing birth rate, and it is said in this connection 
 that "It would appear that child-bearing increases the risk of uterine and 
 diminishes that of mammary cancer, and it is therefore only to be 
 expected that the present decrease in fertility should be accompanied by 
 an increase in mammary but not in uterine cancer." 
 
 Age and Conjugal Condition in Cancer of the Generative Organs 
 
 The details of the recent Enghsh experience are given in Tables 15a to 
 15c of Appendix G. The data have been rearranged in a convenient 
 form for the purpose of facihtating the comparison of the unmarried 
 and the married. The excess in the cancer death rate of either group 
 is indicated and the variations in the rate are shown in the manner of the 
 rate for ages 25-29 being taken as 100. Cancer of the ovary, for illustra- 
 tion, is sho\\Ti to be excessive among the unmarried at all ages excepting 
 80-84, when the actual numbers, however, are too small for a safe 
 generahzation. The maximum excess in the rate for the unmarried 
 occurs at ages 55-59. Assuming the rate at ages 25-29 as 100, the rate at 
 ages 55-59 is equivalent to 2,422, diminishing gradually towards the end 
 of life, with the exception of ages 75-79, which must be considered ac- 
 cidental. The corresponding rate for the married reaches its greatest rela- 
 tive significance at ages 65-69, declining subsequentlj^ to the end of life. 
 
 In marked contrast are the results for cancer of the breast. Here it is 
 shown that the rate is excessive for the unmarried, with the exception of 
 ages under 35, when, however, the actual rates are of "relatively small 
 importance. Assuming the rate at ages 25-29 as 100, there is a progres- 
 sive increase in the rate to the end of life; the same is true for the married, 
 but the rise in the rate is slower and of less actual significance. 
 
 The most marked contrast, however, occurs in the case of cancer of the 
 uterus. There is an excess in the death rate for the married of all ages 
 excepting 80-84, which is probably accidental. Assuming the rate at 
 ages 25-29 as 100, there is a rapid rise towards 50-54, after which the 
 rate remains practically stationary to about the age 75, when there is a 
 further rise and a subsequent decline for the unmarried, but the changes 
 are possibly due, in part at least, to the smallness of the numbers con- 
 sidered at the extreme end of hfe. It would seem. safe to conclude that 
 the relative mortality from cancer of the uterus remains much the same 
 during the period follomng the cessation of active sexual life except at 
 the extreme ages. 
 
 100 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 These results are exceptionally interesting and of much practical 
 usefulness. They indicate with unusual clearness the value of specialized 
 statistical research into the more involved aspects of the cancer problem. 
 It is to be anticipated that corresponding statistics will, in course of time, 
 be published for at least the registration states of the United States, 
 by the Division of Vital Statistics of the Census Office. 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of America 
 
 Some interesting facts regarding cancer as disclosed by the experience 
 of a large and representative life insurance company were first exhibited 
 by The Prudential in connection with an exhibit made at The Louisiana 
 Purchase Exposition, in 1904. The information has been brought down 
 to date, and the results seem to prove that the proportionate mor- 
 tality from cancer is distinctly less among Industrial risks, repre- 
 sentative of the wage-earning element, and regardless of a more rigid 
 medical examination, distinctly higher among Ordinary risks, repre- 
 sentative of the more prosperous and well-to-do. Considering only 
 the age period 40-59, it appears that for males the proportionate 
 mortality from cancer in the Company's Ordinary experience was 6.9 
 per cent., against 5.4 per cent, in the Industrial experience. For females 
 the corresponding proportions were 18.7 per cent, in the Ordinary 
 experience and 14.9 per cent, in the Industrial. Throughout, the 
 proportionate mortality from cancer was higher among insured 
 women than among insured men. Selecting, for illustration, the age 
 period 50-54, it appears that in the Industrial experience of The Pru- 
 dential the proportion of deaths from cancer at this period of life was 
 6.3 per cent, for males, against 16.6 per cent, for females. In the 
 Ordinary experience the corresponding proportions were 8.4 per cent, for 
 males and 19.0 per cent, for females. It is quite probable that the 
 value of medical selection, with particular reference to cancer, is 
 less in the case of insured women than in the case of insured men; but 
 in view of the facts disclosed by the medico-actuarial investigation 
 that there is a distinct value in the medical selection with reference to 
 cancer as shown by the reduced mortality from this disease during the 
 early years of policy duration, it would seem safe to conclude that the 
 proportionate mortality from cancer is higher among the prosperous and 
 well-to-do than among the wage-earning element, including the less 
 prosperous and the poor. 
 
 The proportionate mortality from cancer in the Industrial and Or- 
 dinary experience of The Prudential is briefly suminarized below: 
 
 Prudential Ordinary Mortality Experience 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex, 1886-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 Ages from 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Under 45 19,514 
 
 45 and over 13,905 
 
 Total 33,419 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 479 
 1,184 
 
 1,663 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 2.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 All Causes 
 
 4,912 
 2,607 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from ' 
 
 Cancer 
 
 7,519 
 
 300 
 464 
 
 764 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 6.1 
 
 17.8 
 
 10.2 
 
 101 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Prudential Industrial Mortality Experience, White 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex, 1909-1913 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 15. 
 15-44.... 
 
 45 and over . 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 All Causes 
 
 35,822 
 64,296 
 
 MALES 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 123 
 
 846 
 
 95,015 6,243 
 
 Total 195,133 
 
 7,212 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 0.3 
 1.3 
 6.6 
 
 3.7 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from from 
 
 All Causes Cancer 
 
 30,840 85 
 
 60,770 2,917 
 
 102,750 11,993 
 
 194,360 14,995 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 0.3 
 
 4.8 
 11.7 
 
 7.7 
 
 The table following is a brief summary of the Industrial experience of 
 The Prudential for the years 1909-12, showing the proportionate mortality 
 from cancer and sarcoma by divisional periods of life, according to sex. 
 
 Prudential Industrial Mortality Experience, White 
 Mortality from Sarcoma and Other Forms of Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Ages 
 Under 15 
 
 Sarc 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 44 
 
 OMA 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 15.0 
 35.0 
 50.0 
 
 Other Forms 
 OF Cancer 
 No. of Per 
 Deaths Cent. 
 
 39 0.8 
 
 533 10.3 
 
 4,589 88.9 
 
 Sarc 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 26 
 103 
 194 
 
 323 
 
 OMA 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 8.0 
 31.9 
 60.1 
 
 Other Forms 
 OP Cancer 
 No. of Per 
 Deaths Cent. 
 
 39 0.4 
 
 15-44 
 
 45 and over 
 
 103 
 147 
 
 294 
 
 2,114 19.0 
 8,985 80.6 
 
 Total 
 
 100.0 
 
 5,161 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 11,138 100.0 
 
 In amplification of the preceding dicussion two additional tables 
 are included exhibiting the proportionate mortality from sarcoma 
 and other forms of cancer for males and females in The Prudential 
 experience, 1909-12. No corresponding information regarding the age 
 incidence of sarcoma and its bearing upon the general mortality by 
 divisional periods of life is available. It is conclusively shown that 
 sarcoma is of much greater importance during early life than other forms 
 of cancer, but the proportion to the mortality from all causes remains 
 about the same, above age 15, and for both sexes, in marked contrast 
 to the rapid increase in the proportion of deaths from other forms of 
 cancer among males and females, but naturally very much more so 
 among the latter than among the former at ages 45 and over. Of 
 course, it is regrettable that these returns could not have been given 
 with reference to the exposed to risk; but they suflSciently emphasize the 
 practical importance of statistical research in this direction with 
 reference to the mortality from cancer among the general population. 
 
 Prudential Industrial Mortality Experience, White 
 Proportionate Mortality of Sarcoma and Cancer to All Causes, by Age, Males 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Under 15 28,024 
 
 15-44 50,032 
 
 46 and over 73,490 
 
 Total 151,546 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 No. of 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 44 0.16 
 
 103 0.21 
 
 147 0.20 
 
 294 0.19 
 
 Other Forms 
 OP Cancer 
 
 No. of Per 
 
 Deaths Cent. 
 
 39 
 533 
 
 4,589 
 
 0.14 
 1.07 
 6.24 
 
 5,161 3.41 
 
 102 
 
CANCER AND LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 Prudential Industrial Mortality Experience, White 
 Proportionate Mortality of Sarcoma and Cancer to All Causes, by Age, Females 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Under 15 24,195 
 
 15-44 47,324 
 
 45 and over 79,622 
 
 Total 151,141 
 
 Sabcoma 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 26 0.11 
 103 0.22 
 194 0.24 
 
 323 
 
 0.21 
 
 Other Forms 
 OP Cancer 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 39 
 2,114 
 8,985 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.45 
 
 11.28 
 
 11,138 7.37 
 
 All the necessary details of this experience, by organs and parts, with 
 data regarding age and sex, are given in Tables 4 to 7, Appendix D. 
 
 Cancer as a Life Insurance Problem 
 The business of life insurance within the last half-century has 
 attained to enormous proportions. The number of policies in force 
 with legal-reserve life insurance companies of the United States on 
 December 31, 1914, was 40,204,119, of which 31,159,038 were on the 
 Industrial plan. The number of new policies issued during 1914 was 
 8,091,175, of which 1,398,942 were Ordinary and 6,692,233 were Indus- 
 trial contracts. All of the Ordinary policies and a considerable pro- 
 portion of the Industrial policies are issued upon a medical examination, 
 which has primarily for its object the elimination of risks likely to 
 terminate by death during the early years of policy duration. Medical 
 selection is successful in proportion to the attained reduction of mortality 
 during the early years of policy duration, and this is especially true with 
 regard to chronic diseases. The value of medical selection, however, 
 is both general and special, and the benefit of such selection, with 
 regard to cancer, has been clearly established by the several investiga- 
 tions to which reference has been made at some length. Cancer, by 
 its nature, is representative of a not inconsiderable group of diseases 
 which are extremely difficult of early diagnosis and particularly so 
 for life insurance purposes. It is for this reason that life insurance 
 companies are directly interested in the nation-wide effort to control 
 a disease, which has not inappropriately been described as a scourge, 
 in educational efforts along lines of prevention which have the approval 
 of the foremost authorities in medical and surgical science.* 
 
 *For additional observations on cancer as a life insurance problem, see my address on "The Educational 
 Value of Cancer Statistics to Insurance Companies, the Public and the Medical Profession," Transactions of 
 the Clinical Congress of Surgeons of North America, 1913. See also observations on cancer in the "Text 
 Book of Legal Medicine," by Peterson and Haines, Philadelphia, 1903, Vol. i, pp. 454-455. 
 
 103 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHICAL INCIDENCE OF CANCER 
 THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 Problems of Geographical Pathology — Recent International Statistics — Cancer Frequency 
 throughout the World — Distribution of Cancer in the United States — Local Varia- 
 tions in Cancer Occurrence — Mortality from Biliary Calculi and Tumors of the 
 Uterus and Ovaries — ^Increase in Cancer, by Organs and Parts, and by Age and Sex — 
 Mortality by Season — Statistics of the New York State Pathological Institute — 
 Previous Duration of Malignant Disease — Family History and Heredity — Primary 
 Seat of Growth, Probable Causes, and Personal History — Geographical Pathology 
 of Cancer by Specified Organs and Parts, throughout the World. 
 
 The ascertainment with approximate scientific accuracy of the geo- 
 graphical incidence of cancer throughout the world is necessarily a 
 difficult and laborious undertaking. In a large measure such an effort 
 at the present time must necessarily prove productive of incomplete and 
 unsatisfactory results for a large portion of the world's surface for which 
 trustworthy vital statistics are not available. The classical attempt 
 on the part of Haviland, in cooperation with William Farr, in 1875, jto 
 establish with scientific exactitude the geographical distribution of can- 
 cer in females in England and Wales suggests the ideal method of statis- 
 tical research, which has only been attained for comparatively small 
 areas of countries with accurate returns of the causes of death. 
 
 Prinzing in 1908, published the results of a strictly scientific study of 
 cancer frequency in certain administrative subdivisions of WUrttemberg, 
 following an earlier study of a similarly localized excessive cancer 
 mortality in certain portions of South Germany and adjacent parts of 
 Austria and Switzerland.* Hirsch was one of the first to report upon 
 the geographical and historical pathology of cancer, observing at the 
 time 
 
 As comprehensive a knowledge as possible of the geographical distribution of cancer of 
 the breast and womb is much to be wished, for the sake of the light that it might throw 
 upon the etiology of that most disastrous affliction of the female sex. But every 
 attempted research of geographical pathology in that direction is foiled at the outset by 
 the want of trustworthy statistics of mortality. 
 
 This was written about 1885, when most of the cancer mortality 
 returns failed to distinguish the organs and parts of the body affected 
 by cancerous growth. In Hirsch's work there are many useful ob- 
 servations, however, which may still be read to advantage, f He re- 
 marks inter alia that 
 
 The impracticable state of our knowledge when an inquiry is attempted for the whole 
 globe comes out conspicuously, not so much in the want of information as to the exist- 
 ence and prevalence of cancer in many parts of the world, but in the fact that in all but 
 a few instances there is no attention paid to the frequency of the disease in the female 
 sexual organs, or only such terms used as "common" or "rare," which are of equivocal 
 value. 
 
 Hirsch refers to the conclusion of Haviland that cancer in the female 
 
 *Dr. Fr. Prinzing: Das Gebiet hoher Krebssterblichkeit in siidlichen Deutschland und in den angrenzendeu 
 Teilen Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. Zeitschrif t fUr Krebsforschung. 5. Band. Berlin, 1907. 
 
 tHirsch, "Handbook of Geographical and Historical Pathology," London, 1886, Vol. iii, p. 50. 
 
 104 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 sex is rarest in England on hard rock and in high-lying places and 
 commonest on the wet soil of river basins subject to inundations; but 
 he questions the trustworthiness of the material used, for he points out 
 that the generalization is opposed by the fact that in Norway cancer 
 occurs mostly in the mountainous districts and at considerable eleva- 
 tions, to some extent, along the shores of the fiords, but least 
 of all on the open coast. And he further observes that in Mexico the 
 population living on the high table-land is more subject to cancer than 
 the people living on the low plains. Curiously enough, in a brief dis- 
 cussion of the question of cancer increase, Hirsch makes use of the 
 statistics of Frankfurt a/M., "a city which has long been noted for the 
 completeness of its population statistics," where he claims "there has 
 not only been no increase during the last twenty-one years in the fre- 
 quency of those forms of cancer which can be most accurately diagnosed 
 during life or after death^ namely, mammary and uterine cancer, but 
 indeed a considerable decrease when allowance is made for the fact that 
 the population has almost doubled during that period." These con- 
 clusions, however, are not substantiated by the facts.* 
 
 Davidson in 1892 published the results of an inquiry into the geo- 
 graphical distribution of infective and climatic diseases, in his "Geo- 
 graphical Pathology," in which he gave extended consideration to the 
 frequency of cancer in different countries of the world. The work is of 
 considerable interest and a useful source of reference; but the results 
 were not reduced to a uniform basis of comparison. In the main, how- 
 ever, they reflect the prevailing medical opinion of the period. 
 
 Clemow in 1903 published a treatise in the Cambridge Geographical 
 Series on "The Geography of Disease," in which cancer is considered 
 briefly and without regard to the need of uniform and strictly comparable 
 statistics. The discussion, however, is otherwise of considerable prac- 
 tical value and in the main confirms the conclusions derived from other 
 sources. Clemow emphasizes the local incidence of the disease in cir- 
 cumscribed areas of certain countries, and he adds many useful ob- 
 servations with regard to cancer frequency among native races, largely 
 based upon the use of material not otherwise so conveniently accessible 
 to the student of the subject.f 
 
 In none of these cancer surveys for the world as a whole has an attempt 
 been made to consolidate the available material on the basis of standard- 
 ized population estimates and fairly uniform methods of classification. 
 W. R. Williams, in his "Natural History of Cancer," has enlarged upon 
 the geographical aspects of the cancer problem; but his observations 
 also are impaired in value by the non-availability of uniform data for at 
 least the principal countries of the world and for periods of observation 
 at least fairly coincident in point of time. 
 
 *A further attempt to substantiate the Frankfurt a/M. data by means of special statistical research brought 
 down to date has been made by Prof. Walter F. Willcox, in an address on "The Alleged Increase in Cancer," 
 read at the meeting of the American Public Health Association, December 2, 191-t. The address has not yet been 
 printed, and the data are therefore not available in detail; but apparently the same erroneous classification of 
 internal and external cancers adopted by King and Newsholme was made use of, instead of the classification 
 suggested by Bashford or the method of analysis by specific organs and parts elsewhere made use of in this work. 
 
 tin 1902 Dr. Irving Phillips Lyon, M.D., of the New YorkPathological Institute madeabriefinvestigation 
 of the geographical distribution of Cancer in Brookfield, Madison Coimty, N. Y., published in the Annual 
 Report of the New York State Board of Health, 1902, as an introduction to a more comprehensive investigation, 
 which, however, has not thus far been made. (See my "Menace of Cancer," page 31.) 
 
 105 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 Recent International Statistics 
 
 The purpose of the present work is to meet this requirement, at least 
 in a preUminary form, as a trustworthy basis for a more comprehensive 
 study of cancer as a problem in medical statistics. Efforts have been 
 made in the past to bring together the cancer mortality statistics for 
 different countries and cities, particularly in the special reports of the 
 National Department of Statistics of France and in the Memorial Volume 
 of the Department of Statistics of Amsterdam, prepared for the Dresden 
 International Exposition of Hygiene. These reports, however, give only 
 the general mortality from cancer, that is, without reference to sex, age 
 or organs and parts of the body affected. There is a further limitation 
 in the use of these data, in that they are in some respects wanting in 
 accuracy, apparently, not having in all cases been derived from trust- 
 worthy official sources or been carefully compared with the data pub- 
 lished under official authority. In the present case the statistics are, 
 unless otherwise stated, invariably derived by actual transcript from 
 official reports or they have been secured by direct correspondence, 
 through the courtesy of the officials in charge of the registration of 
 deaths. The populations have been estimated for intercensal years as 
 far as consistent with the known facts of population progress and in a 
 uniform manner; or when this has not been possible, a conservative esti- 
 mate has been arrived at on the basis of all the available information. 
 An effort has been made to provide at least some statistical returns 
 for every important country of the world, or at any rate for the more 
 important cities typical of a region, as an illustration of the local inci- 
 dence of cancer as possibly determined by local conditions. 
 
 Cancer Throughout the World 
 
 More or less trustworthy mortality statistics regarding cancer are 
 available for a population of about 450,000,000, which is approximately 
 26 per cent, of the entire population of the world, estimated for the year 
 1911. The general cancer mortality by continents, as determined on 
 the basis of the returns for the period 1908-12, was as follows: 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 Registration Countries of the World, 1908-1912* 
 
 Rate per 
 „ ,. ^ T> 1 *• No. of Deaths .100,000 
 
 Continent Population from Cancer Population 
 
 Africa 9,041,866 3,018 33.4 
 
 America 382,549,311 251,438 65.7 
 
 Asia 272,814,962 148,447 54.4 
 
 Australasia.. 27,886,740 20,345 73.0 
 
 Europe 1,431,996,861 1,096,716 76.6 
 
 Total 2,124,289,740 1,519,964 71.6 
 
 For the period under consideration there was a total population under 
 review of 2,124,289,740 and of this number 1,519,964 died from cancer 
 during the five-year period, a mortality equivalent to 71.6 per 100,000 
 
 *The data used in this table are, with a few exceptions, for the period 1908-12 For information in detail, 
 see Tables 4, 217, 232, 259 and 296, Appendix G. 
 
 106 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 of population. The highest rate, 76.6, was for European countries, and the 
 lowest, 33.4, for Africa. For the American continent the rate was 65.7, 
 which is above the rate of 54.4 for Asia and below the rate of 73.0 for 
 Australasia. 
 
 The statistical data are given in three separate parts: first, for the 
 United States, second, for European countries, and third, for foreign 
 countries other than Europe. The tables for the United States number 
 259, and for foreign countries 389. The tabular presentation of the data 
 varies considerably, according to local statistical practice, which in most 
 countries limits the returns to the cancer mortality of persons, without 
 reference to sex. As far as practicable, the mortality by age and organs 
 and parts is given in supplementary tables ; and in the case of a few ex- 
 ceptionally interesting countries without vital statistics the cancer 
 morbidity and mortality returns of hospitals are included. A seriously 
 disturbing factor as regards comparability of rates is the occasional 
 limitation, even in important countries, of the death registration to large 
 cities. The practical utility of this world-survey of cancer would, how- 
 ever, have been much diminished if only the countries had been consid- 
 ered for which entirely complete statistics could be obtained. For many 
 important countries, and even for many American States, the accurate 
 registration of vital statistics is limited to large cities, and these are 
 therefore made use of in the absence of more complete returns. 
 
 It has not been feasible to standardize all the crude cancer death rates 
 for age and sex. This would have involved for many countries an amount 
 of clerical labor which would not only have unduly delayed the publica- 
 tion of this work, but which in all probability would not have materially 
 added to its scientific utility. As an illustration of the effect of such 
 standardization for age and sex the following table is included: 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 Standardized for Age and Sex Constitution, Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 Crude Standardized 
 
 Rate Rate 
 
 England and Wales 94 94 
 
 Netherlands 103 93 
 
 Australia 70 83 
 
 New Zealand 72 81 
 
 Austria 78 73 
 
 Prussia 74 73 
 
 Ireland 79 64 
 
 Spain 50 44 
 
 Hungary 44 43 
 
 It will be observed that the effect of such standardization for age 
 and sex for the more important countries, such as Prussia and Hungary, 
 is almost negligible; the effect is relatively slight for the Netherlands, 
 Austria and Spain; while for the Australian Commonwealth and 
 New Zealand the crude rates are increased. The most important 
 change occurs in the case of Ireland, where abnormal conditions prevail 
 in the age distribution, as a result of a heavy and continuous emigration. 
 
 107 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 The necessity for standardization on account of age and sex in the case of 
 rural communities has elsewhere been discussed. For certain sections of 
 the United States, like Vermont, for illustration, or western Massachu- 
 setts, such a standardization would be necessary to provide a strictly 
 scientific basis of comparison. Since the cancer mortality data for prac- 
 tically all the important countries and cities of the world are for the 
 first time here brought together in a comprehensive form, it should not 
 be difficult to provide a factor for standardization generally applicable 
 to the more scientific study of the facts, if desirable for special purposes. 
 
 Cancer Frequency in the United States 
 The mortality from cancer in the registration area of the United 
 States is presented in detail in Appendix F (Part 1), in 74 tables. 
 These are followed by 185 tables for the separate states and cities, subse- 
 quently discussed, with the required brevity, but in sufficient detail to 
 emphasize the essentials of the cancer problem for particular localities in 
 the United States. According to Table 2, the cancer death rate of the 
 registration area in 1913 was 78.9 per 100,000 of population. Applied 
 to the estimated total population of the Continental United States, 
 this would represent an aggregate cancer mortality of 76,319; applied to 
 the population of the year 1915, and on the assumption of a slight in- 
 crease in the rate, the approximate cancer mortality for that year may 
 conservatively be placed at 80,000. Tables 3 and 4 are for the states 
 and cities of the registration area, followed by Tables 5 to 28, inclusive, 
 for the separate registration states. The results for the five-year period 
 1908-12 are summarized in the table below; but for certain states the 
 returns are not for the entire period. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer Standardized for Age 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1908-1912 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 State 
 
 Crude 
 
 Standard- 
 
 Rate 
 
 ized Rate 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 93.2 
 
 83.6 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 86.9 
 
 82.7 
 
 New York 
 
 83.3 
 89.4 
 
 80.4 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 80.4 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 68.6 
 
 74.0 
 
 California 
 
 84.8 
 
 72.6 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 78.7 
 
 70.6 
 
 Vermont 
 
 102.2 
 
 70.0 
 
 Maine 
 
 100.7 
 
 69.8 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 72.8 
 
 69.7 
 
 Maryland 
 
 70.3 
 
 68.3 
 
 State 
 
 Crude Standard- 
 Rate ized Rate 
 
 Pennsylvania 65.2 67.8 
 
 New Hampshire 97.2 67.8 
 
 Ohio 76.4 67.4 
 
 Michigan 73.9 65.0 
 
 New Jersey 71.8 64.5 
 
 Missouri 61.8 61.9 
 
 Indiana 70.4 61.7 
 
 Colorado 55.8 61.0 
 
 Washington 49.5 55.8 
 
 Montana 40.6 53.7 
 
 Kentucky 43.8 48.3 
 
 Local Variations in Cancer Frequency 
 
 This table is self-explanatory and emphasizes the local variation in 
 the cancer death rate, due, in part, to the varying age constitution of the 
 population of the states considered. The range in crude rates is from a 
 maximum of 102.2 for the state of Vermont to a minimum of 40.6 for 
 the state of Montana, or a difference of 61.6 per 100,000 of population. 
 When standardized for age the range is from 83.6 for the state of 
 Massachusetts to 48.3 for the state of Kentucky, a variation of only 
 
 108 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 35.3 per 100,000 of population. The rates for Vermont, Maine and 
 New Hampshire experience the greatest change by standardization, 
 for, as is well known, these states contain a relatively high proportion 
 of persons aged 45 and over, partly on account of the absence of large 
 cities.* Since all cancer death rates are primarily a function of age, it 
 is essential to keep this fact in mind; but, as previously pointed out, even 
 when full standardization is made for variations in the age distribution 
 of the population, wide differences in prevailing cancer death rates re- 
 main. There can therefore be no serious question of doubt that the 
 underlying conditions responsible for maximum or minimum cancer 
 death rates are those of the immediate environment as affected by 
 topographical, geological, climatological, sociological, racial, occupational 
 and numerous other conditions, which are as yet but imperfectly known 
 and understood. 
 
 In view of the debatable borderland of malignancy and innocency in 
 tumor formation, it has seemed advisable to include Table 29, which 
 presents the combined mortality from malignant and benign tumors, 
 estimated for the Continental United States on the basis of the ascer- 
 tained death rate for the registration area, which for the year 1913 was 
 82.2 per 100,000 of population. Recalling that the estimated number of 
 deaths from cancer for the year 1913 was 76,319, it appears by this 
 table that the combined mortality from malignant and benign tumors 
 for that year was 79,567. 
 
 Relative Importance of Benign Tumors 
 
 For the purpose of facilitating the study of these collateral aspects of 
 the cancer problem, Tables 33 to 38, inclusive, present the mortality from 
 benign tumors and certain related causes in detail for the period 1900-13, 
 with distinction of sex and for both sexes combined. The forms of tumors 
 and other diseases included are hydatid tumor of the liver, not specified 
 tumors of other organs of males, tumors of the uterus and ovaries, deaths 
 from ulcer of the stomach, biliary calculi, calculi of the urinary tract, 
 and finally, deaths from all benign tumors combined, estimated at 
 3,248 for the year 1913. These tables are of unusual interest, in that 
 they furnish the required answer to many debatable questions and the 
 more or less doubtful interpretation of crude cancer mortality statistics. 
 The total mortality from benign tumors, it may be said in this 
 connection, diminished from an average rate of 4.4 in the year 1900 to 
 3.4 for the year 1913. This reduction may possibly be and probably 
 is, in part, due to a transference of deaths from the benign-tumor class to 
 the malignant-tumor class, as a result of more precise and accurate 
 methods of laboratory diagnosis. But even when it is assumed that the 
 entire reduction in the mortality of benign tumors was thus transferred, 
 the number of deaths thus accounted for could have increased the mor- 
 tality from cancer in the year 1 9 1 3 by only 968 . In contrast, deaths from 
 ulcer of the stomach have increased since the year 1900, when the rate 
 was 2.6, to 4.0 per 100,000 of population for the year 1913. In view of the 
 improved diagnosis of ulcer of the stomach, it would seem quite evident 
 that the increase in the recorded mortality has, in some cases at least, 
 
 *It may be stated in this connection that the proportion of population ages 45 and over, according to the 
 Census of 1910, was 27.2 per cent, for New Hampshire, 27.1 per cent, for Maine, and 27.0 per cent, for Vermont, 
 compared with 18.6 per cent, for Washington, 17.7 percent, for Kentucky and 16.2 per cent, for Montana. 
 
 109 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 aflPected the mortality from cancer to the extent that deaths which 
 would formerly have erroneously been diagnosed as cancer of the stom- 
 ach or adjacent parts are now more correctly diagnosed as deaths from 
 ulcer of the stomach.* 
 
 Mortality from Biliary Calculi and Tumors of the Uterus and Ovaries 
 
 Particularly significant in this connection is the recorded increase in 
 the mortality from biliary calculi and calculi of the urinary tract. The 
 death rate for the former is evidently excessive among females, and the 
 increase in the rate has been greater during recent years; whereas the 
 mortality from the latter is higher among males, but in this case also, the 
 relative increase in the rate has been greater for women than for men. 
 
 Deaths from benign tumor of the uterus have increased from 2.6 in 
 the year 1900 to 3.8 per 100,000 of female population in 1913, but the 
 rate has been subject to considerable fluctuations, and on the whole may 
 be said to have been rather stationary. Deaths from tumor of the 
 ovaries appear to have diminished; but here also, considering the small- 
 ness of the rate, the changes have not been of material importance. 
 
 Tables 31 and 32 differentiate the mortality from cancer in the 
 registration area of the United States by sex. For the year 1913 the 
 male cancer death rate was 61.3 and the female rate was 97.6. The 
 excess of the female rate of the cancer deaths for that year was therefore 
 36.3 per 100,000 of population, or 59.2 per cent. 
 
 Tables 41 to 46, inclusive, show the mortality from cancer by groups 
 of organs and parts, according to sex, in conformity to the International 
 Classification of causes of death. The results for the period 1908-12 
 are briefly summarized in the table below. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 United States Registration Area, 1908-1912 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 Organ or Part Total Males Females 
 
 Buccal cavity 2.8 4.6 1.0 
 
 Stomach and liver 29.6 28.8 30.5 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum . 9.5 7.7 11.3 
 
 Female generative organs 11.4 . . 23.4 
 
 Female breast 7.0 . . 14.3 
 
 Skin 2.8 3.5 2.1 
 
 Other or not specified organs 11.6 13.2 10.0 
 
 All organs and parts 74.7 57.7 92.6 
 
 Aggregate Mortality from Tumors 
 
 The total mortality from cancer in the Continental United States has 
 been estimated on the basis of the actual rates by groups of organs and 
 parts for the registration area for the year 1913. These estimates are 
 here given only in a summary form. The details for each group for single 
 years since 1900 are given in Table 47, Appendix F, (Part 1). 
 
 *The pathologic relationship of gastric ulcer and carcinoma has been made the subject of a special and ex- 
 tended investigation by the Mayo Clinic of Rochester, Minn. The evidence of such a relationship appears to 
 have been conclusively established, as brought out by fifteen micro-photographs of specimen cases exhibited 
 on the occasion of the meeting of the American Medical Association, Atlantic City, 1914. 
 
 110 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 Estimated Total Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 Continental United States, 1913 
 
 Rate per Number 
 
 100,000 of Percentage 
 
 Organ or Part Population Deaths Distribution 
 
 Buccal cavity 3.11 3,007 3.94 
 
 Stomach and liver 31.23 30,215 39.59 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum. 10.47 10,128 13.27 
 
 Female generative organs 12.17 11,776 15.43 
 
 Breast 7.25 7,021 9.20 
 
 Skin 2.73 2,633 3.45 
 
 Other or not specified organs 11.92 11,539 15.12 
 
 All organs and parts 78.88 76,319 100.00 
 
 Increase by Organs and Parts of the Body 
 The analysis in detail of these tables amply supports the conclusion 
 not only that cancer in the aggregate is on the increase, but that there 
 has been a rise in the recorded and specified cancer death rate in the 
 United States for every important group of organs or parts of the body 
 affected by malignant disease. During the period 1900-12 cancer of the 
 buccal cavity increased from 1.6 to 3.0; cancer of the stomach and 
 liver, from 22.5 to 30.6; cancer of the peritoneum, intestines and rectum, 
 from 5.7 to 9.8; cancer of the female generative organs, from 8.8 to 11.7 
 (or on the basis of female population, from 17.5 to 24.2) ; cancer of the 
 female breast increased from 4.5 to 7.2 (or on the basis of female popu- 
 lation, from 9.1 to 14.9) ; cancer of the skin, from 2.0 to 2.9; but cancer 
 of other organs and parts decreased from 17.9 to 11.7. This decrease, 
 of course, is of considerable importance, in that practically the whole of 
 it affects the increase in the cancer mortality of specified organs and 
 parts ; but it will be observed by reference to Table 46 that this de- 
 crease has practically come to an end since 1908, and although the total 
 cancer death rate during this period has increased from 71.5 to 77.0, all of 
 this increase has fallen upon specified organs and parts, which it is safe 
 to assume are at the present time not subject to very material alterations 
 in precise diagnosis, or in any event not sufficiently so to account for 
 this considerable augmentation of the cancer death rate during so short 
 a period as five years. 
 
 To facilitate the scientific study of the cancer death rates, the popula- 
 tion statistics for the registration area by sex and ages are given in full 
 detail in Table 48. This table shows separately the estimated population 
 for the decade ending with 1912 and the two quinquennial periods 
 ending with 1907 and 1912. Since for medical purposes cancer death 
 rates for ages 45 and over are most useful, the aggregate population 
 for this age period is given separately; to facilitate comparison with 
 the English statistics by age, the divisional periods of life have been 
 arranged in a corresponding manner, and also, of course, in conformity 
 to the age grouping adopted by the United States Census Office. 
 
 Cancer Increase by Age and Sex 
 
 Tables 49 to 55, inclusive, present the cancer mortality of the United 
 States registration area for the decade ending with 1912, by sex and 
 divisional periods of life, for all forms of cancer as well as for the separate 
 
 111 
 
 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 groups of organs and parts. These tables should prove of exceptional 
 practical utijiity especially in the medical study of the cancer problem, 
 as regards the true incidence of different forms of cancer frequency ac- 
 cording to age and sex. The results for cancer of all organs and parts 
 of the body are summarized in the following table: 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex, United States Registration Area 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Males 
 Rate 
 per 
 Ages 100,000 
 
 Under 10 2.5 
 
 10-24 3.1 
 
 25-34 9.0 
 
 35-44 32.3 
 
 45-54 105.4 
 
 55-64 257.4 
 
 65-74 452.8 
 
 75 and over 620.2 
 
 All ages* 55.7 
 
 45 and over 236.5 
 
 Females 
 Rate 
 per 
 
 100,000 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.8 
 20.6 
 89.0 
 222.9 
 386.4 
 565.7 
 734.1 
 
 90.6 
 366.4 
 
 Excess or Deficiency in the 
 Female Rate 
 Compared with the Male Rate 
 Per Cent. 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 Actual 
 
 - 0.3 
 
 - 0.3 
 11.6 
 56.7 
 
 + 117.5 
 + 129.0 
 + 112.9 
 + 113.9 
 
 + 34.9 
 + 129.9 
 
 — 12.0 
 
 — 9.7 
 + 128.9 
 + 175.5 
 + 111.5 
 + 50.1 
 + 24.9 
 + 18.4 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 62.7 
 54.9 
 
 *Including unknown ages. 
 
 Briefly, it is shown that the cancer mortality of females exceeds the 
 cancer mortality of males at all ages over 24. The actual excess is most 
 pronounced at ages 55 to 64, but the relative excess is greatest at ages 
 35 to 44, when the cancer mortality of females is 175.5 per cent, in 
 excess of the cancer mortality of males. At ages 45 and over the cancer 
 death rate of males is 236.5, but of females it is 366.4. There is, therefore, 
 an actual excess in the female cancer death rate of 129.9 per 100,000 of 
 population, equivalent to 54.9 per cent. The excess in the female cancer 
 death rate is primarily due to the excessive frequency of cancer of the 
 female generative organs and the breast. 
 
 Proportionate Cancer Mortality in the United States 
 The study of the subject may be approached from another point of 
 view, but with less assurance of accuracy in the results. For certain 
 purposes, however, the proportionate mortality is of value when the 
 correct rate of incidence can not be determined on the basis of the existing 
 population of corresponding ages. Table 57 has therefore been in- 
 cluded, but the results are given only in a summary form for the five 
 years ending with 1912, and according to sex and by five-year periods 
 of life, subsequently summarized for ages under 15, ages 15 to 44, ages 
 45 to 64, and 65 and over. The proportionate mortality as determined 
 by this method for ages 45 to 64 was 7.8 per cent, of the deaths from all 
 causes for males, and 16.8 per cent, for females. 
 
 In a similar manner the relative mortality from cancer in comparison 
 with that from other important causes of death has been summarized in 
 Table 58 for ages under 45, and 45 and over, with distinction of sex. This 
 table should prove particularly useful in discussions of public-health 
 problems, for the purpose of visualizing the relative importance of cancer 
 
 112 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 as a leading cause of death in adult life demanding a much more 
 active interest on the part of the medical and surgical profession and 
 the laity than has heretofore been the case. 
 
 Cancer Mortality by Season 
 The cancer death rate is apparently but very slightly, at least in the 
 United States, affected by season, or the months of the year. Table 59 
 has been included as a brief contribution to this phase of the cancer 
 problem, the same being based upon the returns for the decade ending 
 with 1911 of the states of New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire 
 and Connecticut. The range in the monthly cancer death rate was 
 from a minimum of 6.3 for January and June to a maximum of 6.7 for 
 August and October. The monthly average rate for the year was 6.5. 
 
 Details of Increase by Organs and Parts of the Body 
 
 The increase in cancer, as shown by the annual returns for the American 
 States and the registration area as a whole, is more accurately disclosed by 
 the specialized analysis of data for the registration area, first, for all forms 
 of cancer according to age and sex, and second, for the six principal 
 groups of specified organs and parts. To avoid too elaborate a method 
 of comparison, it has been considered sufficient to limit the same to the 
 two five-year periods ending with 1907 and 1912. The details of this 
 analysis are set forth in Tables 61 to 74, inclusive, in a uniform 
 manner, showing in each case the actual number of deaths from 
 cancer and the rate per 100,000 of population by divisional periods 
 of life. The population data used in this analysis are given in full 
 in Table 48. These tables are of exceptional medical and surgical 
 interest, and they will meet practically every reasonable requirement 
 for a more adequate discussion of the statistical aspects of the cancer 
 problem, with special reference to the United States at the present 
 time. It has not been feasible to summarize the results of these tables, 
 but in brief they may be said to confirm the broad conclusion that 
 cancer is on the increase in the United States, not only when considered 
 in the aggregate, but when every important form of cancer or organ 
 or part of the body affected locally by malignant disease is separately 
 considered. There are, however, probably some important exceptions 
 to this far-reaching conclusion, which unfortunately, on account of 
 the lack of adequate data can not be conclusively established by the 
 statistical method at the present time. The reason for this limitation is 
 to be found in the transfer of cancer deaths from the formerly rather 
 large not-specified group to the groups of cancer of specified organs and 
 parts. It may be pointed out in this connection that, regardless of a 
 general tendency towards cancer increase, there has been a decrease in 
 cancer frequency among males at ages 10 to 44 and among females at 
 ages 25 to 54, when the rates for the five-year period ending with 1912 
 are compared with the rates for the five-year period ending with 1907. 
 
 The mortality from cancer of the buccal cavity remains practically the 
 same at all age periods for males at ages under 45 and for females at 
 ages under 55, excepting ages 10 to 24. This interesting result is 
 probably, in part at least, attributable to the generally successful 
 operative treatment for this form of cancer. There was either a very 
 
 113 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 slight actual increase or decrease in the mortality of both sexes from 
 cancer of the stomach at ages under 55. This likewise is of much 
 practical significance, and again, it is a safe conclusion that the reduction 
 is primarily the result not of diminished liability to cancerous affections, 
 but to a reduced mortality in consequence of successful operative and 
 medical treatment. At ages 55 and over, there has been a considerable 
 increase in the mortality from cancer of the stomach and liver in recent 
 years, and for both sexes. For males the percentage increase was 12.0, 
 ages 55 to 64; 12.4, ages 65 to 74; and 27.3, ages 75 and over. For 
 females the percentage increase was 14.3, ages 55 to 64; 14.4, ages 65 
 to 74; and 26.3, ages 75 and over. In contrast, the mortality from 
 cancer of the peritoneum, intestines and rectum has increased for both 
 males and females at every period of life above the age of 10. Cancer 
 of the female generative organs has increased at every divisional period 
 of life and cancer of the female breast at all ages over 25. It is significant 
 that the mortality from cancer of the breast at ages under 25 should 
 have been stationary, when deaths, though rare, are liable to occur. 
 Cancer of the skin has increased for males at all ages, while for females 
 the rate has shown only very slight changes at all ages under 
 65. The mortality from cancer by organs and parts not specified has 
 decreased for both sexes at every divisional period of life. The correct 
 interpretation of these statistics is rather difficult and more extended 
 returns will be required before it will be safe to employ more refined 
 methods of analysis; but the data seem to admit of no exception to 
 the important and far-reaching conclusion that the mortality from cancer 
 of all important organs and parts, and for both sexes, has increased more 
 or less at all ages over 50, when, of course, numerically, the mortality from 
 malignant disease is of the greatest practical significance. 
 Age Incidence of Cancer 
 
 To further facilitate the study of the age incidence of cancer fre- 
 quency in the registration area of the United States, Table 60 is 
 included. This table exhibits the crude and standardized death rates 
 per 100,000 of population of the states included in the registration area in 
 1900, compared for the years 1901 and 1911, and the relative mortality 
 for 1911, on a percentage basis, compared with that for 1901. It is shown 
 by this table that for both sexes at ages 25 and over the cancer death rate 
 of 1911 was 25 per cent, in excess of the rate for 1901. For males the 
 rate for 1911 was 29 per cent, in excess, and for females, 23 per cent. 
 This table is derived from the Census Report on mortality statistics 
 for 1911. For all of the other tables of the United States only the 
 original data are derived from the Census publications, the rates in every 
 case having been recalculated and rearranged for the present purpose, 
 so as to make the comparison uniform, as far as practicable, not only for 
 the several states and cities, but also for foreign countries.* 
 
 Cancer Mortality Data of the New York Pathological Institute 
 
 Under an arrangement with the New York State Board of Health, the 
 New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease receivedf 
 
 *Tlie mortality froin sarfoiiia and from all other forms of cancer are given in full, by single years of life, in 
 Appendix D, Experience Data of American and Foreign Life Insurance Companies. 
 
 fAccording to an ofiBcial statement the cooperative arrangement between the State Institute for the Study 
 of Malignant Disease and the Slate Board of Health was unfortunately diuicontinued subsequent to June, 1914. 
 
 114 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 a transcript of the official certificate of every death from cancer, including 
 some additional data of special interest. The returns, more or less com- 
 plete, have been received under this agreement from every county and 
 city of the state, except Greater New York, for the year 1913.* The 
 number of deaths from cancer returned in this manner was 2,041, of 
 which 1,733, or Q5.5 per cent., were deaths of women. A summary 
 statement by organs and parts of the body affected is given below : 
 
 Analysis of Cancer Deaths in the State of New York (Excepting Greater 
 
 New York) as Returned to the New York State Institute 
 
 for the Study of Malignant Disease, 1913t 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Organ or Part Number Per Cent. Number Per Cent. 
 
 Buccal cavity 92 10.1 14 0.8 
 
 Stomach and liver 400 44.1 544 31.4 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . 137 15.1 220 12.7 
 
 Female generative organs . . 456 26.3 
 
 Breast 5 0.5 314 18.1 
 
 Skin 5Q 6.2 27 1.6 
 
 Other organs and parts . 218 24.0 158 9.1 
 
 Total 908 100.0 1,733 100.0 
 
 fSee blank form used in Table 3, Appendix B. 
 
 The returns are classified in detail in this chapter, according to 
 which there were 66 specified organs or parts of the body affected, 
 the largest number of deaths of males from cancer having been due to 
 cancer of the stomach, which accounted for 281, or 30.9 per cent, of the 
 total deaths of males from malignant disease. Cancer of the uterus 
 accounted for the largest number of deaths from cancer among women, 
 or 23.1 per cent, of the total deaths from cancer of all organs and parts 
 of the body. 
 
 The New York State investigation for the first time throws light 
 upon the approximate previous duration of cancer, and the summary 
 table below illustrates the general results, according to sex : 
 
 Previous Duration of Malignant Disease, according to Sex 
 
 New York State Institute for the Study of 
 
 Malignant Disease, 1913 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Duration Number Per Cent. Number Per Cent. 
 
 Under 1 year 321 39.4 465 29.6 
 
 1 to 4 years 465 57.2 1,003 64.0 
 
 5 years and over . . 28 3.4 98 6.4 
 
 Total stated 814 100.0 1,566 100.0 
 
 *0f the 4,313 deaths from cancer occurring in New York state (Greater New York excluded) in 1913, 
 returns for 2,C41 were made to the New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease. 
 
 115 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Of the male deaths from cancer 39.4 per cent, show a previous dura- 
 tion of disease of less than one year, against 29.6 per cent, of the female 
 deaths. The percentage of deaths with a previous disease duration of 
 five years or more was 3.4 for males and 6.4 for females. The large ma- 
 jority of cancer deaths followed a previous duration of from six to 
 twenty -four months. The average duration of previous disease was 22 
 months for males and 26 months for females. The New York State 
 investigation also includes an inquiry into the previous family history of 
 cancer. The table following briefly summarizes the results : 
 
 Family History of Cancer or Heredity 
 New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease, 1913 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Family History Number Per Cent. Number Per Cent. 
 
 Yes 104 12.5 245 16.1 
 
 No 731 87.5 1,279 83.9 
 
 Total stated 835 100.0 1,524 100.0 
 
 Notstated 73 .. 209 
 
 Grand total 908 .. 1,733 
 
 It is brought out by this table that definite evidence of a family 
 history from cancer was obtained in 12.5 per cent, of cancer deaths of 
 males, against 16.1 per cent, of cancer deaths of females. Another impor- 
 tant result of the New York State inquiry is information regarding the 
 microscopical examination of cancerous tissue. It was brought out 
 that of the male cases of cancer 21.9 per cent, had been diagnosed 
 upon the basis of microscopical findings, against 23.2 per cent, of the 
 female cases. 
 
 Primary Seat of Growth, Probable Cause and Personal History 
 
 Some extremely interesting details disclosed by investigation re- 
 garding the primary seat of growth, the probable cause and the personal 
 history are summarized for the more important organs, below: 
 
 Cancer of the Bladder. Males: 32 deaths; average age, 64 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: bladder, 27; prostate, 4; ureter, 1. Probable 
 cause: trauma, 4; urinary calculi, 1; enlarged prostate, 1; venereal 
 disease, 1. Personal history: alcoholism, 6; enlarged prostate, 1; 
 syphilis, 1; tuberculosis, 1. Females: 18 deaths; average age, 65 
 years. Primary seat of growth: bladder, 15; labia, 1; uterus, 1; 
 urethra, 1. Probable cause: calculi, 1; cervical tear, 3; urethral 
 carbuncle, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Female Breast. 314 deaths; average age, 61 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: breast, 304; axilla, 5; lung, 2; scapula, 1; uterus, 1; 
 not stated, 1. Probable cause: trauma, 44 ; childbirth, 13; mastitis, 
 7; tumor of breast, 5; abscess of breast, 2; ulcerated nipple, 1; 
 fissure breast, 1. Personal history: tuberculosis, 13; alcoholism, 3; 
 syphilis, 2. 
 
 116 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 Cancer of the External Female Organs of Generation. 16 deaths; average 
 age, 72 years. Primary seat of growth: vulva, 7; labia, 7; others, 2. 
 Probable cause: ulcer, 2; gonorrhoeal warts, 1; cervical tear, 1; 
 prolapse uterus, 1 ; eczema, 1. Personal history : gonorrhoea, 1 ; gall- 
 stones, 1; cystitis, 1; psoriasis, 1; diabetes, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Gall-bladder. Males: 8 deaths; average age, 66 years. 
 Primary seat of growth: gall-bladder, 8. Probable cause: gall- 
 stones, 3; trauma, 1. Females: 24 deaths; average age, 68 years. 
 Primary seat of growth: gall-bladder, 23; not stated, 1. Probable 
 cause: gall-stones, 7; trauma, 1; gastric ulcer, 1. Personal history: 
 cholelithiasis, 7; indigestion, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Intestines. Males: 75 deaths; average age, 63 years. 
 Primary seat of growth: intestines, 62; stomach, 4; rectum, 3 
 bladder, 1; liver, 1; mesentery, 1; peritoneum, 1; not stated, 2 
 Probable cause : trauma, 9; ulcer of stomach, 3; ulcer of intestines, 2 
 appendicitis, 1. Personal history: alcoholism, 12; tuberculosis, 3 
 constipation, 3; gall-stones, 1; hernia, 1; enlarged prostate, 1 
 Females: 166 cases; average age, 62 years. Primary seat of growth 
 intestines, 131; uterus, 9; stomach, 6; breast, 5; fallopian tube, 1 
 gall-bladder, 1; rectum, 1; ovary, 1; spleen, 1; pancreas, 1; peri- 
 toneum, 1. Probable cause : trauma, 5 ; appendicitis, 3 ; childbirth, 3 ; 
 metritis, 2; typhoid, 1 ; ulcer, 1 ; mastitis, 1 ; gastric ulcer, 1 ; hernia, 1. 
 Personal history: indigestion, 10; tuberculosis, 6; alcoholism, 1; 
 ovarian disease, 2; hernia, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Jaw. Males: 30 deaths; average age, 65 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: jaw, 19; gums, 3; lip, 3; tongue, cheek, tooth, mouth 
 and not stated, 1 each. Probable cause: teeth, 7; smoking, 4. 
 Personal history : alcoholism, 8; cancer of jaw, abscess of jaw and 
 tuberculosis, 1 each. Females: 7 deaths; average age, 66 years. 
 Primary seat of growth: jaw, 5; eye, 1; nose, 1. Probable cause: 
 ulcerated tooth, 1; smoking, 1; mole, 1. Personal history: tuber- 
 culosis, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Kidneys. Males: 11 deaths; average age, 59 years. Primary 
 seat of growth : kidney, 10 ; cheek, 1 . Probable cause : gonorrhoea, 1 ; 
 trauma, 1; abscess of kidney, 1. Personal history: alcoholism, 2; 
 appendicitis, 1. Females: 3 deaths ; average age, 55 years. Primary 
 seat of growth : kidney, 3. Personal history : tuberculosis, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Lips. Males: 22 deaths; average age, 74 years. Primary seat 
 of growth: lips, 20; jaw, 2. Probable cause: smoking, 14; cut lip, 1; 
 ulcer of lip, 1; wart, 1; tooth, 1. Personal history: alcoholism, 3; 
 syphilis, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Liver. Males: 89 deaths; average age, 62 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: liver, 69; stomach, 6; gall-bladder, 2; testicle, 2; 
 cheek, spleen, abdomen, rectum, eye and axilla, 1 each; not stated 4. 
 Probable cause: trauma, 8; gastritis, 3; rich food, ulcer of stomach, 
 - lead-po isoning, gall-stones, indigestion, prostatitis and appendicitis, 
 1 eachTTersonal history: alcoholism, 12; tuberculosis, 4 ; syphilis, 4. 
 Females: 184 deaths ; average age, 63 years. Primary seat of growth : 
 liver, 126; gall-bladder, 23; breast, 13; stomach, 6; uterus, 4; 
 mesentery, 2; kidney, ear, pancreas, colon, rectum and ovary, 
 
 117 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 1 each; not stated, 4. Probable cause: gall-stones, 13; cervical tear, 
 5; trauma, 6; childbirth, 6; ulcer of stomach, 2; abscess of liver, 
 cancer of lip, cancer of ear and ulcer of intestines, 1 each. Personal 
 history: tuberculosis, 8; alcoholism, 5; congestion of liver, syphilis 
 and icterus, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Lungs. Males: 6 deaths; average age, 61 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: lung, stomach, axilla and thigh, 1 each; not stated, 2. 
 Probable cause: trauma, 3; gastric ulcer, 1. Females: 11 deaths; 
 average age, 55 years. Primary seat of growth : breast, 9; shoulder, 
 2. Probable cause: trauma, 2; pneumonia, 1; cancer of breast, 1. 
 Personal history: tuberculosis, 2. 
 
 Cancer of the Mouth. Males: 8 deaths; average age, 72 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: jaw, 5; gums, 1; cheek, 1; lip, 1. Probable cause: 
 ulcer of tooth, 5; smoking, 2. Personal history: tuberculosis, 1; 
 eczema, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Neck. Males: 26 deaths ; average age, 63 years. Primary seat 
 of growth: neck, 17; maxilla, 2; lip, 2; larynx, cervical gland, collar 
 bone, parotid and skin, 1 each. Probable cause : smoking, 2; strain, 
 1; cat scratch, 1. Personal history: alcoholism, 7; tuberculosis, 
 syphilis and cancer of neck, 1 each. Females: 5 deaths ; average age, 
 67 years. Primary seat of growth: parotid, breast, nose, neck and 
 sub-maxillary, 1 each. Probable cause: smoking, 1. Personal 
 history : alcoholism, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the (Esophagus. Males: 16 deaths; average age, 58 years. Pri- 
 mary seat of growth : oesophagus, 13; stomach, 2; not stated, 1. Prob- 
 able cause : smoking, 1 ; rapid eating, 1 . Personal history : alcoholism, 
 5; paralysis, 1. Females: 10 deaths; average age, 64 years. Primary 
 seat of growth : oesophagus, 8 ; larynx, 1 ; breast, 1. Personal history : 
 tuberculosis, 1 ; alcoholism, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Ovaries. 21 deaths; average age, 54 years. Primary seat 
 of growth: ovaries, 17; breast, stomach, uterus and not stated, 1 
 each. Probable cause: childbirth, 4; ovarian cyst, 1. Personal 
 history : gonorrhoea, 1 ; pelvic inflammation, 1 ; tuberculosis, 2. 
 
 Cancer of the Pancreas. Males: 18 deaths; average age, 59 years. 
 Primary seat of growth: pancreas, 14; stomach, abdomen, liver and 
 not stated, 1 each. Probable cause : trauma, 2. Personal history : 
 alcoholism, 1. Females: 24 deaths; average age, 64 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: pancreas, 18; gall-bladder, 1; epigastrium, 1; not 
 stated, 4. Probable cause: gall-stones, 3; prolapse of uterus, 1; 
 miscarriage, 1. Personal history: tuberculosis, 2; pancreatitis, 1; 
 goitre, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Peritoneum. Males: 6 deaths; average age, 47 years. 
 Primary seat of growth: peritoneum, ureter, retro-peritoneal gland, 
 testicle, mesentery and not stated, 1 each. Probable cause : trauma, 
 1; gonorrhoea, 1. Personal history: syphilis, 1; asthma, 1. Females: 
 6 deaths; average age, 52 years. Primary seat of growth: perito- 
 neum, sigmoid, bladder and pelvic organs, 1 each; not stated, 2. 
 Probable cause: perineal tear, 1. Personal history: syphilis, 1; 
 gastritis, 1. 
 
 118 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 ( ^anccr of the Pharynx. Males: 6 deaths ; average age, 60 years. Primary 
 
 seat of growth: pharynx, 2; jaw, 2; tonsil, 1; mouth, 1. Probable 
 
 cause: smoking, 3; tooth-extraction, 1; ulcer of gum, 1. Personal 
 history: alcoholism, 2. 
 
 Cancer of the Prostate Gland. 36 deaths ; average age, 70 years. Pri- 
 mary seat of growth : prostate, 35 ; urethra, 1 . Probable cause : pros- 
 tatitis, 3; stricture of urethra, 2; trauma, 1; gonorrhoea, 1. Personal 
 history: alcoholism, 8; sexual excess, syphilis, tuberculosis and 
 hernia, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Rectum. ifcfaZes; 56 deaths; average age, 63 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: rectum, 46; prostate, 3; lip, sigmoid, bladder and 
 hip joint, 1 each; not stated, 3. Probable cause: piles, 5; trauma, 3; 
 diarrhoea, 2; prostatitis, 1. Personal history: lead-poisoning, 1; 
 alcoholism, 5. Females: 48 deaths; average age, 62 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: rectum, 42; ovaries, 4; sigmoid, 1; uterus, 1. Prob- 
 able cause : trauma, 4 ; cervical tear, 4 ; rectal ulcer, 1 ; childbirth, 2 ; 
 constipation, 1; piles, 3; pruritus ani, 1. Personal history: tuber- 
 culosis, 1 ; diabetes, 1 ; uterine fibroid, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Skin. Males: 56 deaths; average age, 71 years. Primary 
 seat of growth : nose, 9 ; ear, 9 ; face, 7 ; eye, 7 ; cheek, 6 ; lip, 5 ; maxilla, 
 3 ; temple, mastoid, teeth and sacrum, 1 each ; not stated, 6 . Probable 
 cause: trauma, 14; smoking, 3; mastitis, cleft palrte, ulcer of tooth, 
 irritation from glasses, ulcer of nose and irritation, 1 each. Personal 
 history: alcoholism, 9; tuberculosis, 1; cataract, 1; appendicitis, 1. 
 Females: 27 deaths; average age, 72 years. Primary seat of growth: 
 nose, 8; cheek, 7; face, 3; eye, 3; scalp, 2; lip, ear, forehead and 
 parotid glands, 1 each. Probable cause: lupus, growth on ear, pick- 
 ing of face, trauma and ulcer of nose, 1 each. Personal history: 
 tuberculosis, 2; alcoholism, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Stomach. Males: 281 deaths; average age, 63 years. 
 Primary seat of growth: stomach, 263; oesophagus, 5; intestines, 3; 
 spine, liver, nose, kidney, abdomen, rectum, lip, pancreas, penis and 
 testicle, 1 each. Probable cause: ulcer of stomach, 50; trauma, 19; 
 gastritis, 3; overeating, 1; cancer of hip, 1. Personal history: 
 alcoholism, 48; tuberculosis, 5; syphilis, 5; indigestion, 3; stomach- 
 trouble, 2; gall-stones, cirrhosis of liver, enlarged prostate, hepatitis, 
 lead-colic, jaundice and hydrocele, 1 each. Females: 326 deaths; 
 average age, 64 years. Primary seat of growth: stomach, 284; 
 breast, 22; uterus, 3; intestines, face and gall-bladder, 2 each; liver, 
 hernia, forehead, eye, kidney, mesentery, spleen, nose, pancreas, 
 pharynx and ovary, 1 each. Probable cause: ulcer of stomach, 49; 
 childbirth, 17; trauma, 8; alcoholism, 4; gall-stones, 2; removal of 
 breast, 2; ulcer of leg, hernia, cancer of breast, removal of kidney 
 and hysterectomy, 1 each. Personal history: indigestion, 15; 
 tuberculosis, 7; gastritis, 2; typhoid fever, 2; uterine fibroid, 1; 
 syphilis, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Throat. Males: 16 deaths; average age, 66 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: tongue, 3; lip, 3; larynx, 3; maxilla, 2; tonsil, palate, 
 
 119 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 cheek, oesophagus and pharynx, 1 each. Probable cause: pipe, 7; 
 ulcerated tooth, 2; trauma, 1. Personal history: alcoholism, 5; 
 syphilis, 1. Females: 5 deaths; average age, 62 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: larynx, 2; tonsil, oesophagus and thyroid, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Tongue. Males: 23 deaths; average age, 68 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: tongue, 18; lip, 2; maxilla, 1; tonsil, 1; not stated, 1. 
 Probable cause: smoking, 12; irritation from tooth, 3. Personal 
 history: alcoholism, 6; syphihs, 1. Females: 4 deaths, average age, 
 55 years. Primary seat of growth: tongue, jaw, tonsil and not 
 stated, 1 each. Probable cause: smoking, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Uterus. 401 deaths; average age, 55 years. Primary seat 
 of growth: uterus, 374; ovaries, 5; breast, 2; intestines, 2; round 
 ligament, 1; not stated, 17. Probable cause: cervical tear, 141; 
 childbirth, 54; ulcer of uterus, 5; fibroid uterus, 4; trauma, 2; 
 ovarian cyst, previous cancer and vaginal irritation, 1 each. Per- 
 sonal history: syphilis, 10; tuberculosis, 7; alcoholism, 4; uterine 
 prolapse, 4; gonorrhoea, 2; pelvic disease, 2; salpingitis, uterine 
 laceration, cancer of breast, gall-stones, vaginal fistula, gastric 
 ulcer and endometritis, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Vagina. 11 deaths; average age, 59 years. Primary 
 seat of growth: vagina, 9; uterus, 2. Probable cause: vaginal 
 ulcer, operation on uterus, childbirth, tumor and irritation from 
 pessary, 1 each. Personal history : alcohoUsm, 1 ; syphilis, 1. 
 
 Primary Seat of Growth and Other Organs and Parts Involved 
 
 The primary organs or parts affected and the number of other organs 
 and parts involved, according to sex, for the principle organs and parts, 
 according to the New York State investigation, were as follows : 
 
 Cancer of the Bladder. Males: 32 deaths. Other involvements: ab- 
 domen, 1; pancreas, 1; prostate, 3; rectum, 1. Females: 18 deaths. 
 Other involvements: abdomen, inguinal gland, intestines and 
 urethra, 1 each; uterus, 2. 
 
 Cancer of the Breast. Males: 5 deaths. Other involvements: liver, 1. 
 Females: 314 deaths. Other involvements: arm, 3; axilla, 5; 
 cevxical glands, kidney, larynx, shoulder, skin and uterus, 1 each; 
 intestines, 2; liver, 15; lung, 12; mediastinum and pleura, 4 each; 
 neck and vertebra, 3 each; stomach, 11. 
 
 Cancer of the External Female Generative Organs. 16 deaths. Other in- 
 volvements: bladder, glandular, liver, pehdc organs and not speci- 
 fied, 1 each; inguinal gland, 4. 
 
 Cancer of the Gall-bladder. Males: 8 deaths. Other involvements: 
 intestines, 1; liver, 6. Females: 24 deaths. Other involvements: 
 intestines and stomach, 2 each; liver, 12. 
 
 Cancer of the Intestines. Males: 75 deaths. Other involvements: 
 bladder, peritoneum and stomach, 1 each; liver, 5. Females: 166 
 deaths. Other involvements: abdomen, femur, liver, mediastinum 
 and ovaries, 1 each ; bladder and rectum, 2 each; stomach, 7; uterus, 4. 
 
 120 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 Cancer of the Liver. Males: 89 deaths. Other involvements: intestines, 
 pancreas, rectum, spleen, testis and thorax, 1 each; stomach, 5. 
 Females: 184 deaths. Other involvements: brain, lung, pancreas, 
 peritoneum and uterus, 1 each; breast, 4; gall-bladder, 3; intestines, 
 13; stomach, 5. 
 
 Cancer of the Lungs. Males: 6 deaths. Other involvements: lower ex- 
 tremity, stomach and thorax, 1 each. Females: 11 deaths. Other 
 involvements: axilla, mediastinum, pleura and spleen, 1 each; 
 breast, 3. 
 
 Cancer of the Month. Males: 8 deaths. Other involvements: jaw and 
 stomach, 1 each; throat, 3. Females: 1 death. Other involve- 
 ments: antrum, 1. 
 
 Cancer of the Ovaries. 21 deaths. Other involvements: intestines, 4; 
 pelvic organs (not specified), pleura, rectum and uterus, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Pancreas. Males: 18 deaths. Other involvements: in- 
 testines, spleen and stomach, 1 each; liver, 2. Fetnales: !24 deaths. 
 Other involvements: gall-bladder, intestines, liver and stomach, 1 
 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Rectum. Males: 56 deaths. Other involvements: bladder 
 and intestines, 3 each; liver, 2. Females: 48 deaths. Other in- 
 volvements : bladder, 2 ; breast, intestines, liver, pelvis, peritoneum, 
 stomach and vagina, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Skin. Males: 5Q deaths. Other involvements: eye, in- 
 testines, neck, prostate gland and throat, 1 each. Females: 27 
 deaths. Other involvements : eye and throat, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Stomach. Males: 281 deaths. Other involvements: in- 
 testines, 5; Kver, 26; neck, 1; oesophagus and pancreas, 2 each. 
 Females: 326 deaths. Other involvements: breast, lung, pancreas 
 and pelvic organs (not specified), 1 each; femur and intestines, 2 
 each; liver, 21; uterus, 3. 
 
 Cancer of the Tongue. Males: 23 deaths. Other involvements: jaw and 
 mouth, 1 each; pharynx and throat, 2 each. Females: 4 deaths. 
 Other involvements : mouth and skin, 1 each. 
 
 Cancer of the Uterus. 401 deaths. Other involvements: abdomen, 2; 
 bladder and ovaries, 5 each; breast, external female organs of 
 generation, kidney and throat, 1 each; intestines, liver and pelvis, 3 
 each; rectum, 9; stomach, 7. 
 
 Cancer of the Vagina. 11 deaths. Other involvements: ovaries and 
 rectum, 1 each; pelvis, 2; uterus, 3. 
 
 The results of this investigation are for the time being of limited value, 
 on account of the paucity of the data considered; but the method em- 
 ployed suggests the direction which inquiries of this kind should take to 
 establish with greater accuracy certain special but fundamental numer- 
 ical facts of the cancer problem.* 
 
 *The blank used by the New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease is given in Appen- 
 dix B. All the obseri'ations and conclusions regarding the data collected by the New York State Institute 
 for the Study of Malignant Disease are based upon this analysis, made under my personal direction, of the 
 original records loaned for this purpose by the Institute through the kindness of Dr. H. R, Gaylord 
 and his associates. 
 
 121 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Geographical Pathology of Cancer by Organs and Parts 
 The cancer death rate varies so widely throughout the civihzed world 
 that the argument is frequently advanced that the rate of frequency is 
 primarily determined by the accuracy and completeness of death regis- 
 tration; in other words, a low cancer death rate is assumed to be evidence 
 rather of a backward state of medical practice or a disregard of funda- 
 mental requirements in the registration, tabulation and analysis of vital 
 statistics. Yet it is perfectly well known that certain forms of cancer 
 prevail in some parts of the world which are practically unknown in other 
 parts and that certain types of malignant disease are quite common in 
 certain occupations and absolutely unknown in others. It is, therefore, 
 a valid assumption that there may be local reasons for cancer rarity or 
 cancer frequency, irrespective of the always important question as to 
 whether the registration of deaths is both accurate and complete. 
 Kangri cancer is practically unknown outside of a comparatively circum- 
 scribed area of Asia; cancer of the cheek, attributed to the chewing of 
 the betel nut, is extremely rare outside of India; cancer of the male 
 generative organs is common in that country, but very rare in Europe and 
 America; chimney-sweeps' cancer is practically limited to the IJnited 
 Kingdom; Roentgen-ray cancer is entirely limited to X-ray workers, etc. 
 These forms of cancer are all comparatively easy of accurate diagnosis, 
 but they forcibly emphasize the conclusion that not only is cancer 
 invariably, to begin with, a strictly local affection, but that certain 
 forms and possibly all types of malignant disease may be determined 
 by local conditions, or what is generally comprehended under the term 
 environment. There are no reasons known why cancer should not be 
 comparatively rare among native races; but many reasons exist why 
 cancer should be relatively common among the peoples of civilized 
 nations, living more or less under artificial conditions of existence. A 
 low cancer death rate is, therefore, not an inherent improbability or 
 necessarily evidence of faulty diagnosis or imperfect death registration. 
 The statistical evidence in support of this conclusion is extremely in- 
 teresting and, as far as known, the facts have not heretofore been 
 brought together in a convenient form.* 
 
 A comparative study in detail of the geographical pathology of cancer 
 throughout the world, by specified organs and parts of the body, would 
 be impracticable and possibly inconclusive at the present time. The 
 returns for certain organs and parts, however, are quite comparable for 
 the principal countries of the world, and for the present purpose, cancer 
 of the stomach, including the liver and the oesophagus, cancer of the 
 skin, cancer of the female generative organs and of the female breast 
 have been selected to illustrate the wide range in variation of cancer 
 
 *As an additional illustration of the relatively higher degree of cancer frequency among the well-to-do, 
 reference may be made to the recently published statistics of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Grouping 
 the deaths from cancer and from tuberculosis according to the rental paid for the houses in which the deaths oc- 
 curred, it appears that as regards cancer 35.9 per cent, of the deaths occurred in houses with the highest rental 
 (over $100 a year), 37 per cent, occurred in the houses with the moderate rental ($50 to $100 a year) and 21.8 
 per cent, occurred in the houses with the lowest rental (less than $50 a year). In contrast, the distribution of 
 deaths from tuberculosis, which is largely a disease of poverty, was as follows : 17.9 per cent, of the deaths 
 occurred in the houses with the highest rental ; 34.6 per cent, in the houses with the moderate rental, and 36.4 
 per cent, in the houses with the lowest rental ; in other words, over one-third of the cancer deaths occurred 
 among the well-to-do, against less than one-fifth of the deaths from tuberculosis among this class. The data 
 emphasize the practical utility of further statistical research of the relation of housing and economic condi- 
 tions to cancer frequency. 
 
 122 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 frequency, according to organs and parts, and their effect upon the 
 general cancer death rate without such reference to the part of the body 
 affected by mahgnant growth. The specific cancer death rates have been 
 calculated upon an average population for not less than five years, end- 
 ing, unless otherwise stated, with 1910. The mortality from cancer of the 
 stomach, liver and oesophagus and from the skin are given for both sexes 
 combined; but for cancer of the female generative orgaas and of the 
 female breast the rates are based upon the female population only. 
 
 The relative frequency of cancer of the stomach, liver and oesophagus, 
 combined, for thirteen of the principal countries of the world is shown in 
 the following table, according to which, the highest rate for this form of 
 cancer prevailed in Switzerland, or 70.4 per 100,000 of population, and 
 the lowest in Cuba, or only 12.7. The United States occupies quite a 
 favorable position, with a rate of only 28.3. 
 
 Comparative Frequency of Cancer of the Stomach, Liver and Oesophagus 
 in Thirteen Countries of the World, 1906-1910 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 Switzerland 70.4 Uruguay 35.6 
 
 Holland 62.2 England and Wales 31.4 
 
 Norway 61.4 Ireland 31.0 
 
 Bavaria 59.4 United States Registration Area 28.3 
 
 Japan* 40.0 Australian Commonwealthf 27.4 
 
 Scotlan d 36.0 Italy 26.2 
 
 ♦1909-1910. Cubaf 12.7 
 
 tl908-1912. 
 
 The international contrast presented by this table is one of unusual 
 interest. Cancer of the stomach, liver and oesophagus, combined, causes 
 from 30 to 60 per cent, of the mortality due to cancer of all organs and 
 parts. If the theory is sound that erroneous diagnosis primarily deter- 
 mines a low cancer death rate, then it would seem that considering cancer 
 of the stomach and adjacent organs or parts strictly within the inaccessi- 
 ble group, diagnosis must be erroneous to a large extent in countries which 
 have otherwise a high and well-deserved reputation for medical and 
 surgical skill. It is shown, for illustration, by the preceding table that 
 the relative mortality from cancer of the stomach, Hver and oesophagus 
 was higher in Uruguay and Japan than in the United States Registration 
 Area and England and Wales! Furthermore, it is brought out that the 
 rate for this group of cancers was more than twice as high in Switzer- 
 land, Holland, Norway and Bavaria as in the United States Registration 
 Area ! It would certainly seem to be going too far to maintain that the 
 practice of medicine or the development of diagnostic skill or the 
 accuracy of death certification is so considerably superior in Uruguay, 
 Japan, Bavaria, Norway, Holland and Switzerland as to account for 
 the wide disparity between the recorded mortality from cancer of the 
 stomach and adjacent parts in these countries and the United States, 
 Australia and Italy. 
 
 An equally interesting though less striking comparison is presented 
 in the next table, for cancer of the skin. This comparison is limited to 
 eleven countries, since the returns could not be obtained for Norway and 
 Italy. 
 
 123 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Comparative Frequency of Cancer of the Skin in 
 Eleven Countries of the World, 1906-1910 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 United States Registration Area 2.7 Switzerland 1.9 
 
 Ireland 2.7 Scotland 1.7 
 
 Australian Commonwealth* 2.3 Holland 1.4 
 
 England and Wales 2.1 Uruguay 1.1 
 
 Cuba* 2.0 Bavaria 0.8 
 
 *1908-1912. tl909-1910- Japanf 0.7 
 
 The highest recorded mortahty from cancer of the skin, 2.7 per 100,000 
 of population, is for the United States Registration Area and Ireland, 
 followed by a rate of 2.3 for the Australian Commonwealth, 2.1 for 
 England and Wales, 2.0 for Cuba and 1.9 for Switzerland. The lowest 
 rate for this form of cancer, 0.7, prevailed in Japan; the rate in Bavaria, 
 was 0.8, and in Uruguay, 1.1. When the argument in regard to 
 erroneous diagnosis as measured by a low recorded cancer death rate is 
 applied to cancer of the skin, it would appear that Scotland, Switzerland 
 and Japan occupy a distinctly unfavorable position as regards accessible 
 cancer, but a decidedly favorable one as regards the apparent efficiency 
 in the diagnosis of the inaccessible forms of cancer of the stomach, liver 
 and oesophagus. Such a conclusion requires only to be stated to 
 emphasize its inherent improbability. 
 
 The same method of reasoning can be successfully applied to the two 
 forms of cancer most common to women, that is, cancer of the generative 
 organs and of the breast. The former is largely internal or inaccessible, 
 whereas the latter is among the most conveniently accessible and easily 
 diagnosed forms of malignant disease. The comparative frequency of 
 cancer of the female generative organs for thirteen of the principal 
 countries is shown in the following table: 
 
 Comparative Frequency of Cancer of the Female Generative Organs 
 
 in Thirteen Countries of the World, 1906-1910 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Female Population 
 
 England and Wales 24.2 Cubaf 18.9 
 
 United States Registration Area 22.1 Italy 16.0 
 
 Bavaria 21.6 Australian Commonwealthf 15.5 
 
 Switzerland 21.4 Holland 13.2 
 
 Japan* 20.9 Ireland 12.8 
 
 Scotlan d 20.6 Uruguay 12.2 
 
 *1909-1910. ti908-i9i2. Norway 1 1 .5 
 
 The highest rate for cancer of the female generative organs in the 
 group of countries represented in the table is shown to prevail in Eng- 
 land and Wales, or 24.2, followed by the United States Registration Area 
 with a rate of 22.1, and Bavaria with 21.6. The lowest rates are shown 
 to prevail in Norway, 11.5, Uruguay, 12.2, and Ireland, 12.8. In the 
 comparative table for cancer of the stomach, liver and oesophagus, the 
 Norwegian rate was the third highest, whereas in the present comparison 
 the rate for Norway is the lowest of the thirteen countries repre- 
 sented. If, therefore, the argument were sound that a low cancer death 
 rate must be considered evidence of imperfect diagnostic skill or defec- 
 tive methods of death registration, Norway would rank first in regard to 
 the diagnosis of cancer of the stomach, liver and oesophagus, and last in 
 
 124 
 
CANCER THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 regard to the diagnosis of cancer of the female generative organs. The 
 same conclusion would apply to Holland. It would further follow that 
 since the rate for Scotland was 20.6 and for Japan 20.9, the diagnosis 
 of cancer of the female generative organs was about equally well devel- 
 oped in these two countries; but as subsequently shown, this con- 
 clusion would not hold at all for the much more easily diagnosed 
 form of cancer of the female breast. The comparative frequency rates 
 for cancer of the female breast for thirteen representative countries of 
 the world are given in the table following: 
 
 Comparative Frequency of Cancer of the Female Breast in Thirteen 
 
 Countries of the World, 1906-1910 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Female Population 
 
 England and Wales 17.9 Holland 9.6 
 
 Scotland 15.4 Bavaria 9.1 
 
 Ireland 14.0 Norway 7.3 
 
 Switzerland 13.6 Italy 5.8 
 
 United States Registration Area 13.3 Cuba* 4.5 
 
 Australian Commonwealth* 10.6 Uruguay 3.7 
 
 *1908-1912. ti909-19l0. Japanf 1.8 
 
 The highest frequency rate for cancer of the female breast of the 
 thirteen countries included in the comparison prevailed in England and 
 Wales, the rate being 17.9. The next highest rate, 15.4, prevailed in 
 Scotland, followed by a rate of 14.0 for Ireland, of 13.6 for Switzerland and 
 of 13.3 for the United States Registration Area. The lowest rate prevailed 
 in Japan, being only 1.8, followed by 3.7 for Uruguay, 4.5 for Cuba, 5.8 for 
 Italy and 7.3 for Norway. The rate for Italy of 5.8 is less than one-half 
 the rate of 13.3 for the United States Registration Area. 
 
 For cancer of the female generative organs the rates are not far apart 
 for England and Japan, whereas for cancer of the female breast the 
 English rate is nearly ten times the recorded rate for Japan* It thus 
 appears that the two forms of cancer diagnosed with difficulty, on 
 account of inaccessibility, that is, cancer of the stomach, liver and 
 oesophagus and cancer of the female generative organs, are diagnosed as 
 well, or even better, in Japan as in England and Wales, whereas the 
 two most accessible forms of cancer, i. e., cancer of the skin and of the 
 female breast, are apparently diagnosed with a much lesser degree of 
 accuracy in Japan than in England and Wales. This conclusion requires 
 only to be stated to bring out its inherent improbability, and yet, by 
 inference, the same argument applies to the broad generalizations in 
 regard to the crude cancer death rate without reference to organs or 
 parts, which for the present purpose, however, has been subjected to 
 further analysis, to establish the fundamental truth that the local variations 
 in cancer frequency throughout the world are primarily conditioned by local 
 causes and not by faulty methods of diagnosis or defective methods of death 
 registration. The statistical data upon which these conclusions are 
 based are given in_ Table 4, Appendix E, which will facilitate the 
 further study of this important phase of the cancer problem. 
 
 *During a visit to Hawaii I made careful inquiry among practically all the leading physicians regarding 
 the occurrence of cancer of the breast among Japanese women, and the answer was invariably to the same 
 effect, that this form of malignant disease was extremely rare among them. The number of Japanese women 
 ages 25 and over in Hawaii in 1910 was 11,802. Out of 33 deaths from cancer among the Japanese of 
 both sexes during the two years ending June 30, 1913. not a single death was from cancer of the breast. 
 
 125 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE STATISTICAL DATA OF CANCER FREQUENCY IN 
 AMERICAN STATES AND CITIES 
 
 Limitations of Crude Statistics — Progressive Increase in the Cancer Death Rate — Mor- 
 tality in Large American Cities — Sources of Errors — Range in Cancer Death Rates — 
 Comparative Mortality Rates by Organs and Parts — Comparative Mortality Rates 
 by Age, Sex and Race — Cancer among Mexicans. 
 
 The geographical distribution of cancer throughout the United States 
 by separate states and cities is presented in 185 tables. All of these 
 have been derived from official sources, and as far as practicable they 
 have been made to include the essential details of sex, race and organs 
 and parts of the body affected. For many states and cities this in- 
 formation in detail is not available, but sufficient data have been brought 
 together to establish the salient statistical facts of the cancer mortality 
 problem in the United States at the present time. As a rule, the statistics 
 have not been carried further back than 1871, since for most of the 
 cities the data are available only for comparatively recent periods. The 
 statistics by states are limited to the New England States, New York 
 and New Jersey, and a table is included presenting the combined mor- 
 tality for this group of states since 1886 (Table 21, Appendix F, Part 2). 
 For Massachusetts, however, the returns are given since 1856, so as to 
 facilitate the historical study of the cancer problem by means of data 
 which are generally accepted as approximately correct for the earlier 
 period. 
 
 The statistics for forty-one American cities are sufficient to emphasize 
 the great practical importance of cancer as an urban mortality problem. 
 For certain cities the available information is naturally much more 
 complete than for others ; but it would have unduly enlarged this work 
 and the necessary discussion if all the available facts of cancer mortality, 
 by organs and parts as well as by age, sex and race, had been given in full 
 for the large number of American cities which in 1910 had a population 
 of 30,000 or more. The information omitted would have been largely 
 cumulative evidence, and though useful for local purposes of cancer 
 research, it would obviously be a practical impossibility to include in a 
 work of this kind the entire statistical material of cancer mortality, 
 not only of the United States and its subdivisions, but also of all the 
 other countries of the world. It would have been even more difficult, 
 if not impossible, to briefly and accurately summarize and discuss the 
 large amount of statistical material presented in tabular form for pur- 
 poses of convenient reference and further study and research. 
 
 Limitations of Crude Statistics 
 There are also many practical limitations which affect the correct 
 interpretation of crude local cancer death rates. All such data, unless 
 standardized for age and sex, require to be used with caution in efforts to 
 illustrate the comparative frequency or infrequency of cancer in the differ- 
 ent sections or cities of the United States. Occasionally large institutions, 
 
 126 
 
AMERICAN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 such as hospitals, almshouses, asyhims for the insane, soldiers' homes, 
 etc., substantially increase the local cancer death rate, which in such 
 cases requires to be standardized, at least for age, if misleading conclu- 
 sions are to be avoided. When due allowance, however, is made for all 
 the factors which affect the practical utility and accuracy of cancer mor- 
 tality statistics, there remains no question of reasonable doubt that on 
 the whole the available data are fairly comparable and that they are an 
 approximately accurate indication of local variations in cancer frequency. 
 
 Progressive Increase in the Cancer Death Rate 
 
 Considering, first, the combined cancer mortality statistics of the New 
 England States and New York and New Jersey since 1886, the data are 
 set forth with the required brevity in the following table, by quinquen- 
 nial periods down to 1910 and thereafter by single years. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the New England States, New York and 
 New Jersey, 1886-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Relative Rate 
 
 Years 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Being 100 
 
 1886-90 
 
 55,320,449 
 
 26,215 
 
 47.4 
 
 100.0 
 
 1891-95 
 
 64,879,439 
 
 34,536 
 
 53.2 
 
 112.2 
 
 1896-00 
 
 71,405,669 
 
 44,645 
 
 62.5 
 
 131.9 
 
 1901-05 
 
 78,132,762 
 
 55,501 
 
 71.0 
 
 149.8 
 
 1906-10 
 
 87,343,060 
 
 69,140 
 
 79.2 
 
 167.1 
 
 1911 
 
 18,699,051 
 
 15,980 
 
 85.5 
 
 180.4 
 
 1912 
 
 18,976,968 
 
 16,640 
 
 87.7 
 
 185.0 
 
 1913 
 
 19,327,238 
 
 17,385 
 
 90.0 
 
 189.9 
 
 The progressive increase in the cancer death rate of a large and con- 
 tiguous area in the United States is concisely shown by this table. 
 The details by single years are given in Table 21, Appendix F, Part 2. 
 The average cancer death rate of this area, which in 1913 contained a 
 population of more than 19,000,000, has increased from 47.4 during the 
 five years ending with 1890 to 79.2 during 1906-10 and to 90.0 during the 
 year 1913. A similar upward tendency of the cancer death rate is 
 disclosed by the combined experience of twenty large American cities 
 since 1881, which in 1913 had a population of 13,400,000. A sum- 
 mary of the data is given in the table below : 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Twenty Large American Cities, 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Relative Rate 
 
 Years 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Being 100 
 
 1881-85 
 
 30,328,347 
 
 14,735 
 
 48.6 
 
 95.9 
 
 1886-90 
 
 35,302,944 
 
 17,884 
 
 50.7 
 
 100.0 
 
 1891-95 
 
 40,912,510 
 
 22,513 
 
 55.0 
 
 108.5 
 
 1896-00 
 
 47,016,267 
 
 28,533 
 
 60.7 
 
 119.7 
 
 1901-05 
 
 53,386,935 
 
 37,127 
 
 69.5 
 
 137.1 
 
 1906-10 
 
 60,116,913 
 
 47,701 
 
 79.3 
 
 156.4 
 
 1911 
 
 12,849,687 
 
 10,713 
 
 83.4 
 
 164.5 
 
 1912 
 
 13,125,121 
 
 11,203 
 
 85.4 
 
 168.4 
 
 1913 
 
 13,400,553 
 
 11,971 
 
 89.3 
 
 176.1 
 
 127 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 According to this table and the details by single years, as given in 
 Table 22, Appendix F, Part 2, the cancer death rate of twenty large 
 American cities increased from an average rate of 50.7 during the five 
 years ending with 1890 to 79.3 during the five years 1906-10 and, fur- 
 ther still, to 85.4 during the year 1912 and to 89.3 during the year 1913. 
 Cancer Mortality of Southern Cities 
 
 In Southern cities the cancer death rate of the white population in- 
 creased from an average of 52.7 during the period 1891-95 to 96.6 in 1913. 
 The corresponding increase in the negro cancer death rate during this 
 period was from 39.1 to 73.5. The relative increase in the rate for the 
 white population of Southern cities was 83.3 per cent., in comparison 
 with an increase of 88.0 per cent, for the negro population.* 
 Mortality of Large American Cities 
 
 In the table following, the principal American cities for which the infor- 
 mation is available are arranged in the order of their recorded cancer mor- 
 tality frequency for the five-year period ending with 1910. The details for 
 these cities are given in Appendix F, Part 2, and it is only necessary to call 
 special attention to the fact that, on account of their local importance, the 
 two subdivisions of the combined Boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx and 
 of Brooklyn have been included, in addition to the rate for Greater 
 New York. 
 
 Cancer Mortality Rates of American Cities, 1906-1910 
 Rates per 100,000 of Population 
 
 City 
 
 Average Rate 
 
 City 
 
 Average Rate 
 
 San Francisco 102.5 
 
 Boston 99.4 
 
 Providence 96.9 
 
 Los Angeles 94.9 
 
 Cincinnati 93.0 
 
 Hartford 91.9 
 
 New Haven 89.8 
 
 Dayton 88.5 
 
 Rochester 88.2 
 
 Springfield (Mass.) 86.9 
 
 District of Columbia 86.0 
 
 Baltimore 85.8 
 
 Omaha 85.7 
 
 Buffalo 84.0 
 
 New Orleans 82.2 
 
 Philadelphia 81.9 
 
 Hoboken 80.7 
 
 Columbus 79.5 
 
 Boro, of Manh. and Bronx . . 78.4 
 
 St. Louis 78.4 
 
 Denver 77.9 
 
 Newark 76.9 
 
 Chicago 76.5 
 
 Greater New York 74.1 
 
 Richmond 73.9 
 
 Kansas City (Mo.) 71.1 
 
 St. Paul 71.1 
 
 Indianapolis 70.4 
 
 Boro. of Brooklyn 68.9 
 
 Milwaukee 68.4 
 
 Nashville 68.0 
 
 Pittsburgh 66.4 
 
 Minneapolis 65.3 
 
 Detroit 64.5 
 
 Cleveland 62.9 
 
 Louisville 61.1 
 
 Jersey City 60.5 
 
 Charleston 53.6 
 
 Seattle 50.2 
 
 Augusta (Ga.) 49.1 
 
 Memphis 48.7 
 
 Savannah 47.1 
 
 *The ethnological aspectsof the cancer problem, with special reference to the American negro, are briefly dis- 
 cussed in the third volume of the cancer treatise by J. Wolff. The data used, however, are inadequate to the pur- 
 pose. The same conclusion applies to the brief references to the negro cancer death rate in the recent work on the 
 cancer problem by Dr. Seaman Bainbridge. For some exceedingly interesting obser\THions on cancer frequency 
 among the negro population, see article by Dr. Rudolph Matas in the "System of Surgery," by Dr. Frederick S. 
 Dennis. Also "Observations on tumor formation in white and colored races compared," by Rudolph Matas, M.D., 
 in "The Surgical Peculiarities of the American Negro," Transactions of the American Surgical .Association, 1896. 
 
 128 
 
AMERICAN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 Sources of Statistical Errors 
 
 It has not been feasible to standardize these rates for variations in the 
 age and sex distribution of the populations. The liability to error in this 
 respect is less serious than the local increase in cancer death rates result- 
 ing from admissions to hospitals of cancer patients from surrounding 
 and even remote localities.* It is unfortunate that at the present time 
 such deaths are not redistributed in the final tabulations of mortality 
 according to the residence of the deceased. Such a correction is par- 
 ticularly called for in the case of cities which provide exceptional in- 
 stitutional facilities for the treatment of malignant disease. It, how- 
 ever, is a reasonably safe assumption that this factor of error is not of as 
 much importance as is often assumed to be the case.f In a strictly 
 scientific study of the local incidence of cancer a redistribution of the 
 deaths according to the residence of the deceased is, of course, required. 
 The present state of our American vital statistics, however, does not 
 afford the means for such a redistribution in the general mortality re- 
 turns, and they have, therefore, to be accepted as published, subject to 
 the foregoing words of caution, which apply to practically the entire 
 statistical material presented in this work. 
 
 A striking fact disclosed by the preceding table of cancer mortality 
 rates of American cities is the wide range between the maximum of 102.5 
 for San Francisco and the minimum of 47.1 for Savannah. The rates 
 are necessarily affected by the age and sex distribution of the population, 
 but for general purposes they are useful in providing an approximate 
 index of local cancer frequency. Where the female population is decidedly 
 in excess of the male population, it is obvious that the crude death 
 rate, unless standardized for sex, would be misleading, since as a rule 
 the cancer death rate of males is considerably below the cancer death 
 rate of females. In Boston, for illustration, the male cancer death rate 
 is 75.2, whereas the cancer death rate of females is 126.5 (Tables 35 and 
 36, Appendix F, Part 2). The same conclusion applies to the element 
 of race, which in part accounts for the relatively low cancer rates of 
 certain Southern cities. For Charleston, S. C, for illustration, the cancer 
 death rate of the white population is 73.2, whereas for the colored popu- 
 lation the rate is only 36.6 (Tables 44 to 46, Appendix F, Part 2). 
 The crude death rate for both races combined is therefore reduced by 
 the large proportion of negro population, and the rates are required to 
 be considered separately for the two races, if erroneous conclusions are 
 to be avoided. It is hardly necessary to point out in this connection 
 that the mortality returns for the negro population are intrinsically less 
 trustworthy than those for the white population, in view of the relatively 
 low professional status of the negro physicians and the comparatively 
 high proportion of deaths among the negro population without proper 
 medical attendance. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality by Organs and Parts of the Body 
 
 As an illustration of the most convenient method available in the 
 
 *This conclusion applies with special force to the city of Boston, where the Massachusetts General Hospital 
 tends to increase the local cancer death rate by the admission of cancer patients not only from the immedi- 
 ately surrounding territory, but even from other New England States and still more distant parts of the 
 country. 
 
 tSee remarks, on page 144, on Cancer Frequency according to Size of Cities. 
 
 129 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 comparative study of cancer frequency by organs and parts and according 
 to sex, the following two summary tables are inserted, for the city of 
 Boston for the period of 1903-12 and the city of San Francisco for the 
 period 1906-13. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass., by Organs and Parts 
 according to Sex, 1903-1912 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Buccal cavity 308 
 
 Stomach and liver 2,027 
 
 Peritoneum,intestines and 
 
 rectum 1,127 
 
 Female generative organs 921 
 
 Breast 657 
 
 Skin 82 
 
 Other or not specified 
 
 organs 1,318 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 4.9 
 31.9 
 
 17.7 
 
 14.5 
 
 10.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 20.7 
 
 All organs 6,440 101.3 
 
 MALES 
 
 Rate per 
 Deaths 100,000 
 Population 
 
 248 8.0 
 918 29.5 
 
 446 14.3 
 
 7 
 44 
 
 0.2 
 1.4 
 
 679 21.8 
 
 2,342 75.2 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 60 1.9 
 
 1,109 34.2 
 
 681 
 
 921 
 
 650 
 
 38 
 
 639 
 
 21.0 
 
 28.4 
 
 20.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 19.7 
 
 4,098 126.5 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in San Francisco, Cal., by Organs and Parts 
 according to Sex, July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1913 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Buccal cavity 186 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,377 
 
 Peritoneunijintestines and 
 
 rectum 442 
 
 Female generative organs. 406 
 
 Breast 253 
 
 Skin .. 67 
 
 Other or not specified 
 
 organs 468 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 6.5 
 
 48.0 
 
 15.4 
 14.2 
 
 8.8 
 2.3 
 
 16.4 
 
 Morgans 3,199 111.6 
 
 MALES 
 
 Rate per 
 Deaths 100,000 
 Population 
 
 172 10.6 
 
 878 
 
 54.1 
 
 223 
 
 13.7 
 
 1 
 
 o'.i 
 
 41 
 
 2.5 
 
 336 
 
 20.8 
 
 1,651 
 
 101.8 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 14 1.1 
 
 499 40.1 
 
 219 
 406 
 
 252 
 26 
 
 132 
 
 17.6 
 
 32.6 
 
 20.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 10.6 
 
 1,548 124.3 
 
 Inadequacy of Existing Data 
 
 It is regrettable that information regarding the local cancer problem 
 should not be available in this form for all of the cities considered. 
 Obviously the local study of cancer in its final analysis reduces itself 
 to the separate consideration of cancer frequency, by organs and 
 parts, according to sex, race and age. Such an extended statistical 
 analysis, however, results in extremely complex problems of the precise 
 correlation of the statistical conclusions to the medical, anthropological, 
 environmental and even sociological considerations which affect the 
 cancer problem. It will probably not be found feasible to provide 
 much more than a complete statistical analysis of the cancer mortality 
 
 130 
 
AMERICAN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 of the larger states and cities and of course for the registration area 
 of the United States as a whole.* The admirable consideration of the 
 statistical details of the cancer problem, with special reference to the 
 requirements of modern cancer research, in the Annual Reports of the 
 Registrar-General for England and Wales may be referred to as sugges- 
 tive of the method most likely to produce results of practical utility. 
 In view of the enormous extent to which minute pathological re- 
 searches have been carried in the more or less illusive hope of ascertain- 
 ing a cancer cause and a cancer cure, it would seem but reasonable to 
 insist upon more extended but thoroughly qualified statistical research 
 than has heretofore been the case and the gradual replacement of crude 
 and even misleading data with returns of unquestioned accuracy and con- 
 clusiveness made available for critical and minute analysis. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality Rates by Age, Sex and Race 
 No aspect of the cancer problem from the statistical point of view 
 has been more neglected than the age factor, which is fundamental in 
 every statistical discussion of the cancer mortality problem. Only a 
 few American cities provide the necessary information of cancer mortal- 
 ity by age and sex, and only a very few furnish the absolutely essential 
 additional information of cancer mortality by age, sex and organs and 
 parts. The table followingf is suggestive of the practical value of 
 statistical analysis of cancer by age, sex and race; but in Appendix F, 
 Part 2, numerous tables are included which further illustrate the age 
 incidence of cancer by organs and parts: 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the District of Columbia, U. S. A., 1901-1910 
 by Age, Sex and Race, Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 
 
 WHITE 
 
 
 COLORED 
 
 Ages 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Under 10 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.6 
 1.7 
 
 •• 
 
 2.7 
 
 10-19 
 
 4.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 20-29 
 
 5.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 9.7 
 
 13.1 
 
 SO-39 
 
 23.2 
 
 56.0 
 
 26.3 
 
 72.3 
 
 40-49 
 
 62.5 
 
 162.2 
 
 48.7 
 
 207.3 
 
 50-59 
 
 182.4 
 
 347.3 
 
 139.6 
 
 328.9 
 
 60-69 
 
 413.7 
 
 456.4 
 
 310.1 
 
 386.6 
 
 70 and over 
 
 610.6 
 
 556.9 
 
 335.1 
 
 522.1 
 
 All ages 
 
 70.6 
 
 104.8 
 
 38.6 
 
 86.5 
 
 40 and over 
 
 217.1 
 
 312.0 
 
 130.2 
 
 293.9 
 
 The value of specialized cancer research has been well brought out 
 by Bashford in his observations on the differential age incidence of 
 sarcoma and carcinoma. | The variations in cancer incidence by age, sex 
 
 *Such an analysis of cancer mortality in detail is contemplated by the Division of Vital Statistics of 
 the United States Census for the year 1914. The same is to be published as a monograph apart from 
 the annual report on the mortality of the registration area as a whole. 
 
 fFor a more extended discussion of the cancer statistics of the District of Columbia, see my "Menace 
 of Cancer" published in the Transactions of the American Gynecological Society, 1913. (See also Tables 182 to 
 136, Appendix F, Part 2.) 
 
 t The age incidence by single years of life in sarcoma and carcinoma is given in detail in the Prudential Indus- 
 trial Mortality Experience data appended to the chapter on Cancer as a Problem in Life Insurance Msdicine, 
 Tables 8 to 15, Appendix D. 
 
 131 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 and race, with particular reference to organs and parts, are so numerous, 
 so perplexing and so frequently conditioned by special circumstances that 
 extreme caution is invariably necessary in utilizing the data for practi- 
 cal purposes. At the same time, it would seem that special research in 
 this direction gives promise of revealing much that is new in the scientific 
 study of the cancer problem; for there can be no serious question of 
 doubt that the variations in frequency are real and not apparent, are 
 more often the result of local conditioning circumstances than of 
 errors in statistical tabulation and analysis or a matter of pure chance. 
 For illustration, almost every table by organs and parts exhibits a dis- 
 tinctly higher mortality of cancer of the buccal cavity among males than 
 among females and as a rule a higher mortality from cancer of the peri- 
 toneum, intestines and rectum among women. Without exception the 
 general cancer mortality in the United States is higher for the white 
 population than for the negro, regardless of latitude and longitude, and 
 the fact that as a broad principle the two races are living under much 
 the same conditions, with a constant approach towards equality in all 
 that ministers to the needs of the body, somehow or in some way 
 affects nutrition and metabolism, in brief, development and growth.* 
 
 Cancer among Mexicans 
 
 The mortality from cancer among Mexicans in the United States 
 has not been made the subject of an extended investigation. It has 
 seemed, however, advisable for the present purpose to make an original 
 analysis of the mortality returns for San Diego and Los Angeles, Cali- 
 fornia, and El Paso and San Antonio, Texas, for the period 1910-14. 
 Out of 2,935 deaths of Mexican males, ages 15 and over, 91, or 3.1 per 
 cent., died from cancer. The corresponding proportion of deaths from 
 cancer among 2,419 Mexican females was 144, or 6.0 per cent. At ages 
 15-44 the proportionate mortality from cancer was 1.6 per cent, for 
 males and 3.7 per cent, for females; and at ages 45 and over, 5.1 per 
 cent, for males and 9.1 per cent, for females. The proportionate mor- 
 tality is higher than expected, considering the rather simple mode of 
 life and the peculiar diet of this class of people. The Mexican element 
 of the southwest is chiefly of the peon class with a fair degree of inter- 
 mixture with the Indians of Northern Mexico. For the City of Mexico 
 the average cancer death rate is 53.1, which compares with a rate of 
 74.1 per 100,000 for the city of New York. 
 
 *In this connection the following observations and conclusions by Dr. Rudolph Matas, in his treatise on 
 "The Surgical Peculiarities of the American Negro," are of special interest and practical importance. Dr. 
 Matas concludes: "1. That the tendency to the formation of neoplastic tissue whether purely hyperplastic 
 or heteroplastic is greater in the negro than in the white race. 2. That the typical mesoblastic derivatives 
 of the adult connective tissue group are especially prone to develop in the negro. 3. That of this group, 
 the fibroma and cicatricial keloid preponderate sufficiently to give to the black race a striking pathological 
 peculiarity. 4. That the mesoblastic derivatives of the embryonal connective tissue type, i. e., the sarcomata, 
 are also apparently more frequent in the negro with the sole exception of the melanotic sarcomas, which 
 are rare. 6. That contrary to the generally accepted belief, the epiblastic derivatives of embryonal type, 
 or the true cancers, appear, statistically at least, to be even more common than in the white race. 6. That 
 in regard to the malignant neoplasms the negro constitution has probably undergone some change under 
 the conditions of American civilization, since it cannot be doubted that cancer is comparatively rare in the 
 native African, rare also in the original slave population in this country, and has only become a common 
 disease in the American negro of the last few generations. It is also probable that the conditions that are 
 causing an increase in the prevalence of cancer among the whites are also acting with the same effect upon 
 the negroes." 
 
 See also the consolidated statistics of cancer in the experience of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, 
 by race and organs and parts, for the period 1908-12, Tables 104 and 105, Appendix F, Part 2. 
 
 132 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE STATISTICAL DATA OF CANCER FREQUENCY IN FOREIGN 
 
 COUNTRIES 
 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality Rates for Europe — Africa — Asia — Australasia — Western 
 Hemisphere — Limitations of International Statistics — Cancer a World-wide Menace 
 — Effect of Latitude and Longitude, and of Size of Cities — Comparative Death Rates 
 of American and European Cities. 
 
 The cancer statistics available for foreign countries are of much the 
 same character and extent as those available for the registration area of 
 the United States. Some of the returns are unquestionably much more 
 trustworthy than others, but their intrinsic worth can be determined 
 only by precise and laborious methods of statistical analysis and medi- 
 cal reconsideration of the original death certificates. Most of the 
 original sources of cancer mortality statistics for foreign states and 
 cities are quite difficult of access to American students of the statistical 
 aspects of the cancer problem, and it has therefore seemed advisable to 
 give special consideration to the statistics of foreign countries and as far 
 as practicable to those of every important geographical subdivision of 
 the world, so as to make the presentation of the facts meet all reason- 
 able requirements. Much available information has necessarily been 
 excluded, since such data would rather have been in the nature of cumu- 
 lative evidence, not absolutely essential to the present purpose, however 
 useful the facts would have been in connection with strictly local cancer 
 mortality studies. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality Rates for Europe 
 
 The foreign statistics are given in Appendix G, and contained in 224 
 tables for the Continent of Europe and 163 tables for non-European 
 countries other than the United States of America. In addition there 
 are given in Appendix E 4 tables which show the cancer mortality 
 according to latitude and size of cities and by organs and parts in 
 thirteen principal countries of the world. Unless specifically so stated 
 all the information from which these tables have been compiled has 
 been derived from official sources, which are, as a rule, indicated in a 
 footnote to each table. A full discussion of this vast amount of statis- 
 tical evidence regarding cancer frequency throughout the world would 
 obviously be an impossible task in a work of this kind. The main pur- 
 pose of the present investigation, as elsewhere stated, has been and is 
 to make a reasonably large amount of statistical information regarding 
 the cancer problem available for further study and research. The 
 assembled evidence of cancer mortality throughout the world reemphasizes 
 the earlier conclusion that the disease is gradually on the increase in 
 practically all civilized countries. For certain European countries the 
 increase by quinquennial periods during the fifteen years ending with 
 1910 is briefly shown in the table following; 
 
 133 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer in European Countries, 1896-1910 
 
 1896-1900 1901-1905 1906-1910 
 
 Rate per Rate per Rate per 
 
 100,000 100,000 100,000 
 
 Population Population Population 
 
 England and Wales 80.1 86.7 94.0 
 
 Scotland 77.1 84.8 99.7 
 
 Ireland 58.1 68.5 78.8 
 
 Norway 85.7 94.9 96.6 
 
 Denmark (cities) 118.9 129.1 137.3 
 
 German Empire 70.8 77.7 84.2 
 
 Holland 91.9 97.8 103.5 
 
 Switzerland 127.4 128.3 125.9 
 
 Austria 68.9 74.7 78.3 
 
 Hungary 30.7 39.1 43.6 
 
 Italy 50.9 55.2 63.6 
 
 France (cities) 97.3 92.1 102.7 
 
 Combined average 69.1 74.2 81.0 
 
 This table brings out the striking fact that for all European countries, 
 with the exception of Switzerland, decidedly higher cancer death rates 
 prevailed during the five years ending with 1910 than during the quin- 
 quennial period ending with 1900. For all of the countries combined 
 the cancer death rate has increased from 69.1 per 100,000 of population 
 during the first five years to 74.2 during the second and to 81.0 during 
 the third. The cancer death rate of Switzerland has attained to so 
 extremely high a proportion that a maximum point of frequency has 
 probably been reached.* Of course, in the case of small communities 
 much higher death rates may be and are frequently experienced, and 
 this is also true for certain cities; but for large countries as a whole it 
 would probably be safe to assume a maximum attainable average cancer 
 mortality rate of not less than 130 per 100,000 of population. 
 
 For the principal European countries the average cancer death rates 
 for recent years are briefly summarized below : 
 
 EUROPEf 
 
 rp . , Deaths Rate per 
 
 „ ^'^*^f from 100,000 
 
 Population (.^^^pj. Population 
 
 Austria 141,462,903 113,221 80.0 
 
 Belgium 36,936,410 24,712 66.9 
 
 Channel Islands (Guernsey)... 208,900 227 108.7 
 
 Denmark (cities) 5,453,322 7,747 142.1 
 
 England and Wales 178,980,717 174,602 97.6 
 
 France 196,878,000 148,662 75.5 
 
 German Empire 318,876,524 277,710 87.1 
 
 *The high cancer death rate of Switzerland is not the result of an excess in the proportion of popula- 
 tion ages 45 and over. According to the most recent census returns, this proportion was 2^2.61 per cent, for 
 Switzerland, 22.85 per cent, for Denmark, 21.36 per cent, for England and Wales, and 18.89 per cent, for the 
 United Slates. 
 
 fThe data used in this table are, as far as practicable, for the period 1908-12. For information in detail 
 see Table 4, Appendix G. 
 
 134 
 
FOREIGN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 EUROPE— Continued 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Total from 100,000 
 
 Population Cancer Population 
 
 Gibraltar* 97,823 81 82.8 
 
 Greece (cities) 2,117,670 1,100 51.9 
 
 Holland 29,479,395 31,375 106.4 
 
 Hungary 104,006,496 47,374 45.5 
 
 Ireland 21,925,004 17,796 81.2 
 
 Isle of Man 261,530 339 129.6 
 
 Italy 171,995,665 112,087 65.2 
 
 Malta 1,056,196 512 48.5 
 
 Norway 11,774,100 11,461 97.4 
 
 Portugal 29,060,580 6,504 22.4 
 
 Roumania (cities) 6,410,450 3,940 61.5 
 
 Russia(MoscowandPetrograd) 8,624,796 7,812 90.6 
 
 Scotland 23,686,521 24,399 103.0 
 
 Serbia 13,876,836 1,669 12.0 
 
 Spain 97,705,000 51,135 52.3 
 
 Sweden (cities) 6,685,581 7,022 105.0 
 
 Switzerland 18,686,442 23,228 124.3 
 
 Turkey (Constantinople) 5,750,000 2,001 34.8 
 
 Total 1,431,996,861 1,096,716 76.6 
 
 Population, 1911 291,384,190 
 
 Limitations of European Cancer Data 
 
 The average cancer death rate for this group of countries was 76.6 per 
 100,000 of population. This rate is based on a mean population of the 
 countries considered of nearly 300,000,000. The rates are not always 
 for the countries as such, but in some cases only for political subdivisions 
 or large cities. Precise information regarding the details of this tabula- 
 tion will be found in the notes following Table 4 of Appendix G. In 
 further explanation it requires to be pointed out that the high rate for 
 Denmark is partly the result of the fact that the returns are limited to 
 cities and towns, since the data are not made available for the Danish 
 Kingdom as a whole. The high rates for the Isle of Man (129.6) and 
 the Channel Islands (108.7) are suggestive.f The extremely low rate 
 
 *The following interesting reference to Cancer in Gibraltar is from the Colonial Office Correspondence in 
 connection with the Imperial Cancer Research Scheme (Part I, p. 31) : "The organs chiefly affected by cancer in 
 natives of Gibraltar, and in Spaniards residing in the neighborhood, are, in males, the lips and tongue; in 
 females, the uterus and breast. Probably three-fourths of all cases of cancer met with in the practice of the 
 Colonial Hospital, have their seat in one or the other of these organs. The predisposing causes of cancer, 
 in this part of the world, appear to me to be, in males, excessive tobacco smoking, leading to irritation of the 
 lips and tongue; in females, premature child-bearing and lactation. The Spaniard's cigarette or cigar is never 
 absent from his lips if he can help it, and he allows it to burn so close that the actual fire must frequently 
 char the epithelium of his mouth. Again, in females, the generative organs come to maturity at a relatively 
 early period, as compared with the general development of the frame, and consequently early sexual relations 
 and child-bearing are frequent. This results in undue irritation and injury of the genital tract at a stage when 
 its component tissues are as yet immature, and a condition of cell proliferation is set up which, at some future 
 time, predisposes to cancer formation." 
 
 fThe proportion of population ages 45 and over in the Isle of Man and in the Isle of Guernsey are rather high, 
 but by no means decidedly excessive. For the Isle of Man, according to the census of 1911, the proportion 
 was 26.9 per cent., and for thg Isle of Guernsey 24.2 per cent. The corresponding proportion for England 
 and Wales was 21.4 per cent. 
 
 135 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 for Serbia (12.0) is, no doubt, in part at least, the result of defective 
 death registration and poor medical attendance. There are, however, 
 in all probability local conditions which make for a low cancer death 
 rate in Serbia, for as shown by the returns for Roumania the cancer 
 death rate for that country was not much below the average for the 
 European continent as a whole. 
 
 Among the numerous special tables of exceptional interest are the 
 returns for Ireland, by duration of illness, for Norway, by geographical 
 districts, for Bavaria, by geographical divisions, for Munich, by religious 
 confession, for France, by the size of cities, ior Switzerland, by cantons, 
 according to the predominating German, French or Italian population, 
 for ^' ienna, with special reference to the Jewish population, for Hungary, 
 by principal races, and for Italy, by provinces. All these tables sug- 
 gest the practical utility of specialized local statistical cancer studies, 
 which are likely to yield important results. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality Rates for Africa 
 
 The available cancer statistics for certain political subdivisions of the 
 Continent of Africa are given in the table following: 
 AFRICA* _^_ 
 
 rp . 1 Deaths Rate per 
 
 ■p i , t- from 100,000 
 
 Population Cancer Population 
 
 Algeria (Europeans only) 3,688,433 1,257 34.1 
 
 Cape Colony (cities) 1,898,895 1,067 56.2 
 
 Mauritius 1,843,819 171 9.3 
 
 Natal 1,111,756 366 32.9 
 
 Sierra Leone (Freetown) 68,218 9 13.2 
 
 Transvaal (Johannesburg) 430,745 148 34.4 
 
 Total 9,041,866 3,018 33.4 
 
 Population, 1911 1,959,645 
 
 The cancer mortality returns for practically all the African countries 
 are of doubtful intrinsic value. Most of the information is of a frag- 
 mentary character, due, naturally, to the exceptional governmental 
 conditions and the proportionately large native population. The com- 
 bined cancer mortality rate for African countries was only 33.4 per 
 100,000 of population. The exceptionally low rate for Mauritius (9.3) 
 is partly explained by the large East Indian population, and the relatively 
 much higher rate for Algeria (34.1) is due to the fact that the rate 
 is for the European population. There are no cancer statistics for 
 Egypt or even for Cairo and Alexandria that could be utilized in con- 
 nection with the present investigation.! Among the more interesting 
 data in relation to the African continent are the hospital statistics for 
 Mauritius, the returns for Johannesburg, by race, the hospital statistics 
 
 *The data used in this table are, as far as practicable, for the period 1908-12. For information in detail 
 see Table 217, Appendix G. 
 
 fThe occurrence of cancer in Egypt has been discussed by W. R. Williams in his "Natural History of 
 Cancer," and also in the third volume of the treatise on cancer by J. Wolff (p. 190). According to F. C. Madden, 
 in a treatise on the "Diseases of the Orient," cancer was ascertained to be extremely rare among the 
 Berbers and Sudanese, who are vegetarians, the cases observed being practically limited to the Arabs and the 
 CopJ^, who have more or less adopted the European mode of life. 
 
 136 
 
FOREIGN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 for Freetown, which is the capital of Sierra Leone, and the hospital 
 returns for Portuguese Guinea. These returns are merely indicative 
 of sources of information which have thus far been utilized to only a 
 limited extent in the scientific study of the cancer problem. The data 
 collected for the British Colonies through the Imperial Cancer Research 
 Fund have failed to yield the abundant amount of material which an 
 energetic and persistent collective effort on the part of the respective 
 governments and the medical profession could unquestionably bring 
 forth. The local possibilities of specialized cancer research find their 
 best illustration in the discussion of the spread of cancer among the 
 descendants of the liberated Africans or Creoles, by W. Renner, M. D., 
 appended to the annual report of the Medical Department for the Colony 
 of Sierra Leone, for the year ending December 31, 1909. When every 
 reasonable allowance is made for the want of accuracy and com- 
 pleteness in the available returns for the African continent, it would 
 seem safe to assume that cancer is of a relatively very low degree of fre- 
 quency in African countries, even among the white population of Euro- 
 pean origin, and that among the native population, as a general rule, 
 malignant disease is extremely rare. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality Rates for Asia 
 
 The available statistics for the Continent of Asia are briefly sum- 
 marized in the next table: 
 
 ASIA* 
 
 Total 
 Population 
 
 Ceylon 20,076,320 
 
 Hongkong 1,737,310 
 
 India (Calcutta) 4,456,200 
 
 Japan 242,460,425 
 
 Penang 1,391,089 
 
 Philippine Islands (Manila) 1,190,154 
 
 Shanghai (Europeans only) 68,684 
 
 Singapore 1,434,780 
 
 Total 272,814,962 148,447 54.4 
 
 Population, 1911 57,820,460 
 
 The average cancer death rate for the Continent of Asia, according to 
 this table, is 54.4 per 100,000 of population, as compared with a rate 
 of 33.4 for the Continent of Africa. The rate therefore approaches more 
 closely to the European average of 76.6, and particularly so in the case 
 of Japan, for which country the rate was 60.2. f For certain subdivisions 
 of the Continent of Asia the rates are unusually low, especially for 
 
 *The data used in this table are, as far as practicable, for the period 1908-12. For information in detail 
 see Table 232, Appendix G. 
 
 fSome exceedingly interesting observations regarding cancer in Japan have been published in the periodical 
 Gann, in German, under the title "Results of Cancer Research in Japan," for the year 1907. Additional 
 information of a trustworthy character is contained in the special analysis of the causes of death among persons 
 insured with the Meiji Life Insurance Company of Japan. 
 
 137 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1,133 
 140 
 
 5.Q 
 8.1 
 
 522 
 
 11.7 
 
 145,965 
 143 
 
 60.2 
 10.3 
 
 325 
 
 27.3 
 
 38 
 
 55.3 
 
 181 
 
 12.6 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Ceylon,* Hongkong,! Calcutta, Penang and Singapore. For Shanghai, 
 hoTvever, the rate for the European population is as high as 55.3, which 
 closely approaches to the average cancer death rate of European coun- 
 tries of about fifteen years ago. That this rate for Shanghai is quite 
 trustworthy is brought out by the fact that the corresponding death rate 
 of Europeans in Manila is 50.6. Among the most interesting returns for 
 the several countries of Asia are those of the city of Calcutta,! 
 which extend over nearly forty years, the hospital data, by organs and 
 parts, for Singapore, the special statistics for the European population 
 of the Dutch East Indies, the returns for the foreign-resident population 
 of Shanghai, the returns, by organs and parts, for Japan § and the cor- 
 responding information for the city of Manila. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Rates for Australasia 
 
 For Australasia the cancer statistics, on account of the relatively 
 much larger European population, are naturally of a more satisfactory 
 character. The indigenous population in most of the countries considered 
 is relatively a negligible factor. The general results are summarized 
 in the following table : 
 
 AUSTRALASIA || 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Total from 100,000 
 
 Population Cancer Population 
 
 Hawaii 962,860 392 40.7 
 
 New South Wales 8,142,200 5,948 73.1 
 
 New Zealand 4,963,912 3,731 75.2 
 
 Northern Territory 6,678 3 44.9 
 
 Queensland 2,961,089 1,870 63.2 
 
 South Australia 1,996,995 1,525 76.4 
 
 Tasmania ; 950,717 621 65.3 
 
 Victoria 6,521,936 5,441 83.4 
 
 Western Austraha 1,380,353 814 59.0 
 
 Total 27,886,740 20,345 73.0 
 
 Population, 1911 5,703,425 
 
 *Malignant disease, according to the Colonial Office Correspondence in the furtherance of the Imperial 
 Cancer Research Scheme (Part I, p. 63) is comparatively rare in Ceylon, the average age at death being about 
 forty years. The principalform of the disease is cancer of the buccal cavity, which is attributed to the chewing 
 of betel. This is described as consisting of " tobacco, betelleaves,areca nut, and alittle slakedlime to promote the 
 flow of the saliva." It is stated that every native chews betel and eats curry flavored with hot chilies, so that 
 there are invariably two irritants present in the mouth, either of which may determine the occurrence of malig- 
 nant new growth. Cancer of the breast is rare, though native women suckle their children a long time. 
 
 fAccording to the Colonial Office Correspondence in the furtherance of the Imperial Cancer Research 
 Scheme (Part II, p. 16), the post-mortem records of Hongkong show that out of 15,365 Chinese, only ten were 
 found to have died of malignant disease. The following extract is also from the Correspondence of the Colonial 
 Office in connection with the Imperial Cancer Research Scheme (Part II, p. 17). Cancer among Chinese 
 in Hongkong. "In the case of a disease in which the mean annual death-rate is only 4.45 per 100,000, 
 personal idiosjTicrasies are of more moment than the habits of the community, but of these former I have no 
 information. As, however, the habits of the community may throw some light on the fact that the Chinese in 
 Hongkong enjoy a marked immunity from maligoant disease, I may say that they smoke but little in com- 
 parison with the European, they practically do not chew at all, and their diet consists in the main of rice, 
 with small quantities of fish or pork, and that spices, peppers and hot chilies are not used by them to any 
 appreciable extent. The Chinese 'soy,' or sauce, of which very little is used at a time, is a verj' mild aromatic 
 liquid, ha\-ing a slightly vinegary taste. In the case of the Chinese in Hongkong it is principally the alimen- 
 tary canal and the abdominal viscera that are affected." 
 
 tOf special interest in this connection are the researches of Rogers of Calcutta, including a study of one 
 
 138 
 
FOREIGN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 The average cancer death rate for Australasia was 73.0, which ap- 
 proaches quite near to the average European rate of 76.6. The rate was 
 highest in the State of Victoria, 83.4, and lowest in Hawaii, 40.7. The 
 cancer death rate of Hawaii, which for present purposes has been in- 
 cluded within the geographical limits of Australasia, is naturally affected 
 by the preponderating Asiatic elements. Among the interesting tables 
 for Australasia is a summary return for the Commonwealth of Australia 
 by organs and parts, with distinction of sex, as given in an abbreviated 
 form below: 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Commonwealth of Australia, by Organs 
 
 and Parts, according to Sex, 1908-1912 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 MALES FEMALES 
 
 Buccal cavity 11.5 1.2 
 
 Stomach and liver 31.8 22.6 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 8.2 9.0 
 
 Breast 10.6 
 
 Female generative organs 15.5 
 
 Skin 3.0 1.5 
 
 Other organs 19,2 12.2 
 
 Total 73.8 72^6 
 
 The rates for Australia may be considered as comparable with the 
 corresponding cancer statistics for the United States and Europe. For 
 Fiji the hospital statistics have been included, on account of the special 
 interest which attaches to the returns of cancer occurrence, by organs 
 and parts, according to race. It is regrettable that there should not 
 be more conclusive information available in detail for Hawaii. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Mortality Rates for the Western Hemisphere 
 
 For the American Continent and other parts of the Western Hemis- 
 phere the returns have been summarized in the table following, which 
 represents a registration area with approximately 83,000,000 population. 
 For most of the countries considered the returns are limited to the large 
 cities, and complete returns are not even available for the entire United 
 States. The average rate for the Western Hemisphere, as determined 
 by this tabulation is 65.7, but the range in the rate is quite considerable, 
 and some exceptionally high rates reported for certain localities require 
 further consideration to establish their accuracy. In the summary 
 table the average rate for the registration area of the United States 
 has been included, to facilitate convenient comparison; but the statis- 
 tical details for this section are given separately in Appendix F, Part 1, 
 following the more extended discussion of the cancer mortality of this 
 country. 
 
 thousand autopsy records, the results of which were made public in the India Medical Gazette. The evidence 
 tends to show that cancer was comparatively rare among the natives of India. 
 
 ^According to K. Sato, as quoted by Coley, of 64,030 patients treated in Japanese hospitals, only 2.14 per 
 cent, suffered from cancer. The proportions in which the various organs were affected were uterus, 33.5 
 per cent., stomach, 32.0 per cent., intestines, 6.2 per cent., breast, 6.7 per cent., skin, 2.0 per cent., oesophagus, 
 1.5 per cent. 
 
 IIThe data used in this table are, as far as practicable, for the period 1908-12. For information in detail 
 see Table 259, Appendix G. 
 
 139 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 AMERICA* 
 Western Hemisphere 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Total from 100,000 
 
 Population Cancer Population 
 
 Argentina* 17,807,056 11,392 64.0 
 
 Bermuda 92,780 52 56.0 
 
 Bolivia (La Paz) 316,090 69 21.8 
 
 Brazil (cities) 9,384,279 3,145 33.5 
 
 British Guiana 1,487,922 271 18.2 
 
 British Honduras 197,820 29 14.7 
 
 British West Indies* 6,897,104 1,439 20.9 
 
 Canada* 19,689,825 12,208 62.0 
 
 Chile 17,047,786 6,077 35.6 
 
 Colombia (Bogota) 242,986 218 89.7 
 
 Costa Rica 1,849,534 751 40.6 
 
 Cuba 10,892,077 4,855 44.6 
 
 Danish W.Ind. (Is. of St.Thomas) 53,393 63 118.0 
 
 Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo) .... 174,775 167 95.6 
 
 Ecuador (Guayaquil) 200,000 122 61.0 
 
 Mexico (City of Mexico) 2,355,330 1,165 49.5 
 
 Newfoundland 1,192,843 616 51.6 
 
 Nicaragua 2,180,000 231 10.6 
 
 Peru (Lima) 170,000 202 118.8 
 
 Salvador (San Salvador) 357,240 208 58.2 
 
 United States (Reg. Area) 271,207,437 202,621 74.7 
 
 Uruguay 5,421,854 3,577 66.0 
 
 Venezuela 13,331,180 1,960 14.7 
 
 Total 382,549,311 251,438 65.7 
 
 Population, 1911 82,835,662 
 
 For most of the islands of the West Indies the rates are exceptionally 
 low, a condition readily explained by the preponderating negro popu- 
 lation. The relatively high rates for Bermuda (56.0) and the Danish 
 West Indies (118.0) are, no doubt, explained by the high proportion 
 of white population and special hospital facilities made use of by others 
 than residents of the immediate locality. The low rate for Venezuela 
 is probably, in part at least, the result of defective registration and poor 
 medical facilities in the interior. The relatively low rate for Trinidad 
 is partly explained by the high proportion of East Indians in the 
 Trinidad population. There is at present no explanation for the rather 
 excessive rates of cancer frequency returned for the large cities of the 
 United States of Colombiaf and Peru. The rates for these countries, 
 being limited to the capital cities, are probably increased by hospital 
 accommodation for operative treatment. 
 
 *The data used in this table are, as far as practicable, for the period 1908-12. For information in detail 
 see Table 29(), Appendix G. 
 
 fA curious error occurs in the statistical survey of cancer throughout the world in the third volume of 
 J. Wolff's treatise on cancer, iu which the District of Columbia of the United States is confused with the 
 United States of Colombia, and given accordingly in the discussion of cancer in South America. (Lehre 
 von dcr Krebskrankheit, Vol. iii, p. 25.) 
 
 140 
 
FOREIGN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 Among the more interesting tables for the Western Hemisphere are the 
 cancer statistics for Cuba, by organs and parts, according to sex and 
 race, the statistics for the city of Mexico, by organs and parts; and the 
 corresponding returns for the city of San Salvador, limited to a single 
 year, the returns for the city of Lima, Peru, by organs and parts, with 
 distinction of sex, but with rates calculated only for both sexes combined, 
 on account of the want of trustworthy data regarding the sex distribution 
 of the population. The high rate for the city of Trujillo, Peru, is of 
 doubtful accuracy and possibly impaired by the indefinite information 
 regarding the exact population returns. Two tables have been in- 
 cluded for the federal district of Rio de Janeiro, showing the percentage 
 distribution of cancer deaths, by organs and parts and according to sex, 
 and there is a similar table for the city of Bahia, Brazil, and the city of 
 Buenos Aires, Argentina. For the city of Santiago, Chile, a table is in- 
 cluded of the mortality from cancer, by organs and parts, but without 
 reference to sex. There is a similar table for the Republic of Uruguay, 
 and separately for the city of Montevideo. 
 
 Inherent Limitations of International Cancer Data 
 
 For many of the countries considered the returns are unquestionably 
 of doubtful value, and strong reasons exist why, perhaps, some of the 
 returns should have been excluded on account of their apparent intrinsic 
 untrustworthiness. Since, however, the primary purpose of this work 
 is to encourage research into the statistical intricacies of the can- 
 cer problem, it has seemed advisable to include such data, obtained 
 with great difficulty, as a result of extended correspondence with re- 
 mote countries, as evidence of the effort to make the present study 
 as useful as possible for future research. The acceptance or the rejec- 
 tion of any particular group of facts must, after all, remain a matter 
 of individual concern, in view of the magnitude of the undertaking 
 and the truly enormous complexity of the problem of accuracy and com- 
 pleteness. In the case of many of the returns for countries and localities 
 throughout the entire world, with widely varying conditions of govern- 
 mental supervision and control, it would seem a doubtful procedure 
 to reject or exclude data which, after all, may be worthy of serious 
 consideration and therefore useful for the end in view. 
 
 Cancer a World-wide Menace 
 A summary review of the -available cancer mortality statistics for the 
 civilized world involves unusual difficulties, on account of the widely 
 varying degree of the inherent trustworthiness of the returns for the 
 different countries considered. That the menace of cancer is world- 
 wide is a far-reaching conclusion which can not be successfully contra- 
 dicted by conspicuous illustrations of occasional statistical fallacies or 
 by exceptional instances of inaccuracies in the mortality returns. 
 In the main, the statistics for civilized countries are an approximately 
 trustworthy indication of the tendency of the cancer death rate to 
 approach a maximum of perhaps 130 per 100,000 of population. 
 This maximum is far from having been reached in the case of a 
 large number of countries and representative communities, in which, 
 however, the rate is persistently on the increase from year to year. It 
 
 141 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 has properly been observed that "no statistical judgment deals with the 
 unit but strictly and only with the aggregate." In the case of the 
 present investigation a truly immense amount of statistical information 
 regarding a single disease or a strictly limited group of kindred diseases 
 has been brought together, not for the primary purpose of establishing 
 the causes or conditioning circumstances of the cancer problem, but with 
 the object in view of making the existing statistical data conveniently 
 available for further study and analysis to students of the cancer prob- 
 lem throughout the world. The quality of the data is of course not 
 improved by the mere quantity of the facts collected, but certain in- 
 equalities and errors due to small numbers are eliminated, with the 
 result that the general principles deducible from the facts are more 
 precisely established. 
 
 Cancer Frequency according to Latitude 
 
 The foregoing principles of statistical inquiry may properly be 
 applied to the interesting question as to whether there is a clearly 
 established relationship between cancer frequency and latitude. In 
 the following table the facts have been brought together in a readily 
 comprehended form, on the basis of a city population for 1912 of 
 69,520,000 and a total number of cancer deaths during the five years 
 ending with 1912 of nearly 300,000. The latitude is given by groups in 
 a convenient form, but unfortunately most of the large cities considered 
 are north of latitude 30 degrees, and the aggregate population for cities 
 south of that latitude is relatively small, compared with the number 
 of inhabitants of cities in northern latitudes. Subject to this limitation, 
 however, the table makes an interesting contribution to the geographical 
 study of the cancer problem. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities according to Latitude 
 1908-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 No. of 
 
 Deg 
 
 Tees of 
 
 Population 
 
 Total 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cities 
 
 Latitude 
 
 1912 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 35 
 
 60 N. 
 
 -50 N. 
 
 23,980,086 
 
 112,912,675 
 
 119,374 
 
 105.7 
 
 48 
 
 50 N. 
 
 -40 N. 
 
 27,519,705 
 
 131,256,257 
 
 121,216 
 
 92.4 
 
 24 
 
 40 N. 
 
 -30 N. 
 
 10,195,197 
 
 47,944,253 
 
 37,451 
 
 78.1 
 
 7 
 
 30 N. 
 
 -ION. 
 
 2,780,447 
 
 13,476,168 
 
 5,696 
 
 42.3 
 
 4 
 
 ION. 
 
 -10 S. 
 
 559,630 
 
 2,583,495 
 
 1,056 
 
 40.9 
 
 7 
 
 10 S. 
 
 -30 S. 
 
 1,806,951 
 
 8,066,144 
 
 3,040 
 
 37.7 
 
 5 
 
 30 S. 
 
 -40 S. 
 
 2,678,287 
 
 12,297,218 
 
 11,048 
 
 89.8 
 
 130 
 
 69,520,303 
 
 328,536,210 
 
 298,881 
 
 91.0 
 
 It is shown by this table that the average cancer death rate for 130 of 
 the world's large cities during the period ending with 1912 was 91.0 
 per 100,000 of population. The rate was highest in the most northern 
 inhabited latitude, or that section of the globe which is comprehended 
 within 50 and 60 degrees north latitude.* The rate for this section 
 was 105.7, diminishing to 92.4 for cities located within 40 and 50 
 
 *Thc arctic and antarctic regions are for the present purposes considered as uninhabited portions of 
 the globe. The cancer death rate of Hammerfest, Norway, th; northernmost city of the world (latitude 
 70° 40' N.), during 1906-10 was 132.0 per 100,000 of population, and 139.8 during 1911. 
 
 142 
 
FOREIGN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 degrees to 78.1 for cities between 30 and 40 degrees, to 42.3 for cities 
 between 10 and 30 degrees, to 40.9 for cities between 10 degrees north 
 latitude and 10 degrees south latitude, and, finally, to 37.7 for cities 
 between 10 and 30 degrees south latitude. In the most southerly 
 inhabited belt, between 30 and 40 degrees south latitude, the cancer 
 death rate again rises to 89.8, which is practically equivalent to the 
 rate for 30 to 50 degrees north latitude. The table, therefore, would 
 seem to warrant the important conclusion that cancer frequency is to 
 a limited extent determined by latitude, which, of course, more or less 
 determines the climate and weather conditions ; in other words, cancer 
 is excessively common in the temperate zone, moderately common in 
 the medium zone and relatively rare in the torrid or semi-torrid zone, 
 which for the present purpose may be construed to include the belt 
 between latitude 30 north and latitude 30 south.* 
 
 Cancer Frequency and Longitude 
 
 On account of the very irregular distribution of the world's large 
 cities a geographical distribution according to latitude and longitu/de is of 
 extremely doubtful intrinsic value. Other factors which determine the 
 cancer death rate are frequently of sufficient local importance to seri- 
 ously disturb the resulting averages derived in particular cases from a 
 relatively small number of points of observation. In the table following 
 the cancer data for 130 cities are given separately for the eastern and 
 western hemisphere, according to latitude, but the data are not intended 
 to be considered as entirely conclusive. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities, according to Latitude 
 Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 1908-1912 
 
 
 EASTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 
 WESTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 Degree of 
 Latitude 
 
 No. of 
 Cities 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Index 
 
 Number 
 
 No. of 
 Cities 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Index 
 Number 
 
 60N.-50N. 
 
 35 
 
 105.7 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 50N.-40N. 
 
 22 
 
 108.4 
 
 100 
 
 26 
 
 77.3 
 
 100 
 
 40N.-30N. 
 
 6 
 
 66.9 
 
 62 
 
 18 
 
 85.5 
 
 111 
 
 30 N. -10 N. 
 
 3 
 
 13.6 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 77.2 
 
 100 
 
 ION. -10 S. 
 
 1 
 
 11.6 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 82.7 
 
 107 
 
 10 S.-30 S. 
 
 1 
 
 34.4 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 38.2 
 
 49 
 
 30 S.-40 S. 
 
 1 
 
 90.1 
 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 89.8 
 
 116 
 
 Total 
 
 69 
 
 98.3 
 
 
 61 
 
 78.0 
 
 
 The Index Numbers for the Eastern and Western Hemispheres do 
 not indicate a high degree of correlation, largely because of the fact that 
 
 *The following data (original calculations, based on official statistics) are included for convenient 
 reference, regarding the normal climatic conditions prevailing in the 130 cities, arranged according to latitude: 
 
 No. of 
 
 Degree of 
 
 Mean Annual 
 
 Mean A 
 
 Cities 
 
 Latitude 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Rain 
 
 35 
 
 60 N. -50 N. 
 
 48.0° 
 
 29.1 
 
 48 
 
 50 N. -40 N. 
 
 50.3° 
 
 34.0 
 
 ii 
 
 40 N. -30 N. 
 
 58.5° 
 
 37.9 
 
 7 
 
 30 N.-IO N. 
 
 72.5° 
 
 57.1 
 
 4 
 
 ION. -10 S. 
 
 74.6° 
 
 83.3 
 
 7 
 
 10 S.-30 S. 
 
 65.9° 
 
 40.3 
 
 5 
 
 30 S. -40 S. 
 
 62,7° 
 
 36.7 
 
 143 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 the data for tropical countries are rather insufficient, and that such 
 cities as Calcutta, Hongkong and Singapore are not strictly comparable 
 with cities like New Orleans, Havana and Paramaribo, etc. Moreover, 
 60 to 40 degrees north latitude in Europe rather correspond with 50 to 
 40 degrees north in the Western Hemisphere, as regards climatic con- 
 ditions, but the exact climatological data have not been available in 
 connection with the present study to determine the precise correlation 
 of temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc., to cancer frequency.* 
 
 Cancer Frequency according to Size of Cities , 
 
 It is frequently assumed that the cancer death rate of large cities is 
 excessive chiefly because of the exceptional opportunities for cancer 
 treatment, including facilities for surgical operations. It is held that 
 on this account cancer patients from the surrounding country go to the 
 cities for treatment, often in a far-advanced stage of the disease, with 
 fatal results. Such deaths, under existing unsatisfactory methods of 
 registration are not, as a rule, redistributed according to the residence of 
 the deceased, but are included in the mortality of the city where the 
 death occurred. To a limited extent this conclusion is, no doubt, in con- 
 formity with the facts, but its importance is likely to be overrated. In 
 the table following, the cancer death rates of 130 of the world's principal 
 cities have been brought together in three groups, according to size, as to 
 whether the population was 1,000,000 and over or between 250,000 and 
 1,000,000 or less than 250,000. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities, according to Size 
 1908-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 No. of Population Aggregate from 100,000 
 
 Cities Size 1912 Population Cancer Population 
 
 14 1,000,000 and over 30,872,254 147,889,255 137,531 93.0 
 67 250,000-1,000,000 31,907,716 148,806,139 133,286 89.6 
 49 Less than 250,000 6,740,333 31,840,816 28,064 88.1 
 
 130 69,520,303 328,536,210 298,881 91.0 
 
 This table, based upon an unusually large number of observations and 
 nearly 300,000 cancer deaths, is of exceptional interest. The table 
 shows that the very large cities had the highest death rate from cancer, or, 
 specifically, 93.0 per 100,000 of population; but this rate was not much 
 in excess of the cities in the next group, for which the rate was 89.6; 
 and the rate in the group following, consisting of relatively small cities, 
 was 88.1, or nearly the same. The table would seem to sustain the con- 
 clusion that the effect of the size of cities on the cancer death rate is not 
 of material importance. To facilitate the convenient study of the 
 general results of this inquiry into the geographical aspects of the cancer 
 problem, the data have been consolidated in the form of a series of 
 tables for large cities, with all the essential facts of latitude, population, 
 
 *For much valuable statistical information on climate and mortality, with some reference to cancerf see 
 "Mortality of the Western Hemisphere," Panama-Pacific Memorial Publication No. 3, issued in connection 
 with an exhibit on Life Insurance Methods and Results at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. 
 San Francisco, 1915, by The Prudential Insurance Company of America. 
 
 144 
 
FOREIGN CANCER STATISTICS 
 
 number of cancer deaths and rates per 100,000 of population. The 
 details are given in full in Table 3 of Appendix E. As far as possible, 
 all of the rates used are for the period 1908-12. 
 
 Comparative Cancer Death Rates of American and European Cities 
 
 In concluding these observations on the geographical incidence of 
 cancer, it has seemed advisable to bring together the comparative can- 
 cer death rates of twenty large American cities and ten large European 
 cities, for the period 1881-1912. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, 1881-1912 
 Twenty American and Ten European Cities Compared 
 
 Cancer Death Rate 
 per 100,000 
 Period Population 
 
 1881-1885 48.6 
 
 1886-1890 50.7 
 
 1891-1895 55.0 
 
 1896-1900 60.7 
 
 1901-1905 69.5 
 
 1906-1910 79.3 
 
 1911 83.4 
 
 1912 85.4 
 
 CITIES 
 
 EUROPEAN CITIES 
 
 
 Index 
 
 Number 
 
 Cancer Death Rate 
 per 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Index 
 
 Number 
 
 Difference 
 in Rates 
 
 100 
 
 75.4 
 
 100 
 
 26.8 
 
 104 
 
 82.0 
 
 109 
 
 31.3 
 
 113 
 
 87.9 
 
 117 
 
 32.9 
 
 125 
 
 97.2 
 
 129 
 
 36.5 
 
 143 
 
 106.2 
 
 141 
 
 36.7 
 
 163 
 
 114.4 
 
 152 
 
 35.1 
 
 172 
 
 114.7 
 
 152 
 
 31.3 
 
 176 
 
 118.3 
 
 157 
 
 32.9 
 
 According to this table, the cancer death rate of American cities during 
 the thirty-two years under observation has increased 76 per cent., 
 whereas for European cities the increase was only 57 per cent. The 
 actual increase, however, in the rate for American cities was 36.8 per 
 100,000 of population, against an increase of 42.9 for European cities. 
 The actual increase in the rate is unquestionably of greater significance 
 than the relative increase, which depends upon the attained degree 
 of cancer frequency at the beginning of the period under considera- 
 tion. The average cancer death rate for 1912 was 85.4 for American 
 cities, against 118.3 for European cities. The evidence of an actual and 
 relative increase in cancer frequency in American and European cities is 
 clearly established by this analysis, which includes perhaps the largest 
 amount of statistical material regarding a single disease ever taken into 
 account in an investigation of this kind. If the conclusions resting upon 
 the results of this inquiry are not trustworthy, then there is no alterna- 
 tive but to admit that the statistical method has no place in medicine 
 and that the law of large numbers is fallacious in a case where it would 
 seem that it should be most applicable to the facts considered. 
 
 145 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ON THE 
 CANCER PROBLEM 
 
 Cancer among Primitive Races — Cancer among the Jews — ^North American Indians — 
 Gypsies — Determinable Factors of Cancer Frequency — Age and Senility — Physical 
 Condition — Growth and Development — Precancerous Lesions — Gastric Ulcers and 
 Gall-stones — Uterine Cancer — Early Diagnosis — Hospital Statistics — Public Institu- 
 tions — Soldiers' Homes — Surgical Aspects — Problem of Recurrence — Duration of 
 Disease — Degree of Malignancy — Clinical Signs — Anaemia — Prognosis — Heredity — 
 Overnutrition — Metabolic Disorders — Vegetarianism — Diet — Civilization — Theory 
 of Atra Bills — Biochemical Aspects — Goitre — Thyroid Carcinoma — Obesity — 
 Alcohol — Smoking — Gall-stones and Chronic Irritation — Tuberculosis — Syphilis 
 — Rheumatism — Gout — Diabetes — Appendicitis — Parasitic Theory — Cancer Houses 
 and Villages — Cancer a Deux or Marital Infection — Surgical Infection — Worry — 
 Insanity — Need of Educational Campaign in Methods of Control — Restatement of 
 Conclusions and Results. 
 
 An extended statistical consideration of the cancer problem permits of 
 no other conclusion than that the relative frequency of cancer is decid- 
 edly greater at the present time than in former years ; that the disease 
 results in an annual loss in the principal civilized countries of the world of 
 not less than 500,000 lives, and in the United States (1915) of approxi- 
 mately 80,000 lives, and that in this country the cancer death rate is in- 
 creasing at the rate of about 2.5 per cent, per annum. In contrast to a 
 decreasing mortality from preventable causes of death, the mortality 
 from cancer stands foremost as one of the few diseases that are on the 
 increase in the countries for which the official records provide a sufficiently 
 trustworthy basis of conclusive information. In all probability the actual 
 frequency of cancer is somewhat greater than the indicated degree of 
 occurrence as measured by the annual death rate, since a fair proportion 
 of persons suffering from cancer die from other causes, as best illustrated 
 by the occasional instances of the suicide of cancer patients unable to 
 longer endure what has been fitly described as "the agony of a living 
 death." It is also a well-known fact that many surgical operations 
 are successful in prolonging the life of cancer patients, who subsequently 
 die from other causes. The implied menace of cancer is, therefore, more 
 serious than the ascertainable frequency of the disease by means of 
 mortality statistics, but these in the main may be said to reflect with the 
 required degree of approximate accuracy the true liability of civilized 
 mankind to cancer and allied forms of malignant disease*; It is, therefore, 
 not an exaggeration to speak of cancer as a menace and to emphasize its 
 importance as one of the principal causes of death to which more at- 
 tention should properly be directed, both as a medical and as a public 
 question, than has heretofore been the case. 
 
 Cancer among Primitive Races 
 
 The rarity of cancer among native races suggests that the disease is 
 primarily induced or at least increased in relative frequency by the con- 
 ditions or methods of living which typify our modern civilization. 
 
 146 
 
OBSERl^iTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 Tiicie are no known reasons why cancer should not occasionally occur 
 among any race or people, even though it be of the lowest degree of 
 savagery or barbarism. Grant ing the practical difficulties of determining 
 with accuracy the causes of death among non-civilized races, it is ne^•er- 
 theless a safe assumption that the large number of medical missionaries 
 and other trained medical observers, living for years among native races 
 throughout the world, would long ago have provided a more substantial 
 basis of fact regarding the frequency of occurrence of malignant disease 
 among the so-called "uncivilized" races, if cancer were met with among 
 them to anything like the degree common to practically all civilized 
 countries. Quite to the contrary, the negative evidence is convincing that 
 in the opinion of qualified medical observers cancer is exceptionally rare 
 among primitive peoples, including the North American Indians and the 
 Esquimo population of Labrador and Alaska. Evidence is also available 
 to substantiate the conclusion that cancer was relatively of rare occur- 
 rence among our negro population during a condition of slavery, but that 
 the frequency rate has rapidly increased during the last thirty years, until 
 at the present time cancer of the uterus is proportionately more common 
 among negro women than among the white women living under much 
 the same conditions of life in the same localities. 
 
 Cancer being an affection more or less liable to attack any part of the 
 human body, the variations in relative frequency in this respect are of 
 especial etiological significance. If the causative or contributory factor 
 of cancer of the cheek in Ceylon is the habit of chewing the betel nut, 
 common to native women, it is self-evident that the disease in this form 
 would not be likely to occur among European women not addicted to 
 that custom. Even more convincing is the evidence regarding specific 
 causative or contributory factors in cancer occurrence met with in the 
 case of the natives of Afghanistan, who are peculiarly liable to the so- 
 called Kangri cancer, or malignant disease of the external abdomen, 
 caused by burns produced incidental to the wearing of a charcoal-stove, 
 on account of the low temperature common to excessive altitudes. No 
 such cancers are met with in civilized countries, where certainly the 
 diagnosis would be made without difficulty, since these cancers are of the 
 external variety. Similar conclusions apply to chimney-sweeps' cancer 
 in England, and Roentgen-ray carcinoma, limited to X-ray workers. 
 For the same reason, cancer of the breast, the uterus, or the stomach may 
 reasonably be supposed to be rare among one class of people and com- 
 mon among another, without regard to accuracy of diagnosis or complete- 
 ness of death certification : in other words, the variations in cancer death 
 rates may be priitiarily explained by decided though possibly not 
 easily ascertainable differences in local conditions, habits, customs, mode 
 of life, etc., and, to a much lesser degree, to possible inaccuracies or 
 deficiencies in diagnosis, etc. 
 
 Cancer among the Jews 
 
 The statistical data concerning the comparative cancer frequency 
 among the Jews are rather conflicting. More or less contradictory 
 conclusions result from the use of crude statistics which, generally 
 speaking, are not comparable. The term "Jews" for statistical 
 purposes is, as a rule, inclusive of all persons of the Hebrew faith. 
 
 147 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 The ethnic and social status of the Jewish population throughout the 
 world, however, varies enormously. The extremes of poverty and 
 wealth are probably greater among the Jews than among any other 
 people. It is self-evident that the mortality statistics of Jews typical 
 of the Ghetto type are not strictly comparable with the statistics 
 of the Jewish population of modern cities, like New York, where they 
 enjoy a considerable degree of material well-being. Physically the 
 Hebrews of to-day are European or Aryan rather than Semitic. It 
 has properly been observed that "the Hebrew is a mixed race, like 
 all our immigrant races or peoples, although to a less degree than 
 most." The Jewish people are divided into two chief divisions: first, 
 the northern type, or Ashkenazim, and second, the southern, or Se- 
 phardim, also called Spanish Jews. The Jews have mixed or inter- 
 married to a considerable degree with all the races among whom they 
 have settled. The Russian Jew represents, as a class, quite a different 
 physical type from the average American Jew. The mortality 
 statistics of the Jews of Warsaw and Budapest are, therefore, not 
 exactly comparable with the mortality statistics of the Jews of the 
 United States. It is necessary to keep these facts in mind to give 
 due weight to the available data regarding cancer occurrence among 
 the different elements of the Jewish population. 
 
 Fishberg in his treatise on the Jews, with reference to pathological 
 characteristics, refers to a curious statement by Lombroso, that the 
 proportion of deaths from cancer was 2 per cent, for the general 
 population, against 3.3 per cent, for Italian Jews. He quotes Braith- 
 waite as having noticed "that cancer of the uterus was seldom or never 
 encountered among the numerous Jewesses attending the outdoor 
 department of the Leeds General Infirmary." According to the same 
 author, a writer in the British Medical Journal (March 15, 1902) has 
 stated that in his experience cancer of the breast, was often met with 
 among Jewesses in London. Fishberg himself is responsible for the 
 view that "the mortality from cancer among the Russian Jewish 
 immigrants in New York City is much below that of the non- 
 Jewish population." But on the basis of a study of the reports of a 
 large Jewish and of a large Christian hospital in New York City, he 
 concludes that "cancer is by no means rare among them, although less 
 common than among non-Jews," and he adds that "sarcoma appears 
 to be more frequent among the Jews, while cancer of the breast, and 
 especially of the uterus, is less frequently met with among them." 
 
 The subject is reviewed by Wolff at considerable length. The 
 consensus of qualified opinion would seem to favor the conclusion that 
 cancer is proportionately less common among Jews than among 
 Gentiles and that cancer of the uterus is rare. The most instructive 
 data on the subject have been brought together by Theilhaber, who 
 calls especial attention to the rarity of cancer of the uterus among 
 Jewesses, and in contrast thereto the relative frequency of non-malig- 
 nant fibroid uterine tumors. According to the official statistics of 
 Munich, as quoted by Kirschner, the mortality from cancer of the 
 uterus among Jewesses is much below the average in that city.* 
 
 *The cancer statistics for Munich for Christian and Jewish women are given in Table 120, Appendix G. 
 
 148 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 Auerbach's statistics for Budapest, apparently derived from official 
 sources, show that the general mortality from cancer was about the 
 same for Jews and Catholics, but the rate for cancer of the uterus was 
 only 8.6 per 100,000 for Jewesses, against 24.0 for Catholics, and 26.0 
 for other confessions. In contrast the statistics of Munich appear to 
 prove that cancer of the breast is relatively more common among 
 Jewesses than among women of the Christian faith. It is regrettable 
 that the available data have not been subjected to a thorough critical 
 analysis. Dr. Felix Theilhaber of Munich, in a contribution to the 
 periodical on Jewish Demography (March, 1910) restates these conclu- 
 sions, largely on the basis of the statistics of Budapest, to the effect that 
 while normally cancer of the uterus accounts for about 35 per cent, 
 of the mortality from cancer among women, and nowhere much less 
 than 25 per cent., the proportion for the Jewesses of Budapest was 
 at most 10 per cent. He adds the interesting observation that this 
 rarity may be attributable to the apparently more normal or 
 abundant blood supply of the generative organs among Jewesses, in 
 contrast to the more or less abnormal and anaemic conditions met 
 with among Christian women of the temperate zone. He quotes 
 Steinhelm to the effect that during a practice of 35 years among the 
 poor of a city with from 25,000 to 30,000 inhabitants, including all 
 classes, he had never met with a single case of cancer of the uterus 
 among Jewesses ! 
 
 Fishberg has advanced the opinion that the same view is held by 
 leading gynecologists of New York City. He makes the additional 
 statement that "It is well known that carcinoma of the uterus is 
 more often met with in women who have given birth to children than 
 in sterile women, and Jewesses only rarely remain single." Regard- 
 less of their higher fecundity the Jewesses are apparently less liable to 
 cancer of the generative organs. He adds, "What the cause is of this 
 peculiarity, whether it is due to some peculiarity of the ritual dietary 
 laws, or anything else, cannot even be conjectured as long as we are 
 ignorant of the cause of cancer," and he therefore concludes that "At 
 any rate, this seems to be an important field for investigation which 
 may throw some light on the etiology of cancer."* 
 
 It has not been feasible on the present occasion to make an original 
 statistical study of the comparative frequency of cancer among the 
 Jewish and the non-Jewish population. Knopfel of Darmstadt has 
 brought together the data for a period of years, with a due regard to age 
 and sex, and it is shown that for all ages the comparative mortality from 
 cancer of the Jews exceeds the comparative mortality of Christians, but 
 especially so at ages 70 and over. At all ages the cancer death rate of 
 Christian males was 88 per 100,000, compared with 119 for male Jews; 
 and for Christian females, 116 compared with 177 for Jewesses. These 
 statistics are representative of the Jewish population of the Grand Duchy 
 of Hesse. In Appendix G, on the Cancer Mortality in Foreign Coun- 
 tries, two tables are included for the Jewish population of Vienna. These 
 tables indicate a high cancer death rate on the basis of the estimated 
 population and a high proportionate mortality from cancer on the basis 
 
 *Maurice Fishberg, "The Jews," New York, 1911. 
 
 149 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 of tlie mortality from all causes, with, however, an apparent tendency 
 during very recent years towards a diminution in frequency (Tables 
 174 and 175, Appendix G). For Budapest it is shown that the 
 proportionate mortality from cancer was 5.44 per cent, for the non- 
 Jewish population, against 7.01 per cent, for the Jews; but cancer of 
 the uterus occurred in the proportion of 20.2 per cent, of the total 
 mortahty from cancer among non-Jews, against only 7.7 per cent, for 
 Jews. The statistics of Holland confirm this experience, for the pro- 
 portion of cancer deaths in the mortality from all causes in 
 Amsterdam was 5.Q5 per cent, for Jews, against 15.19 per cent, for 
 non-Jews.* 
 
 As elsewhere observed, there are many convincing reasons for be- 
 lieving that cancer frequency is largely conditioned by the attained 
 degree of material well-being, which in a measure is the equivalent of at 
 least a hypothetical tendency to overnutrition. In view of the wide 
 degree of divergence in social and economic status between the Jews of 
 Europe and the Jews of America, it would seem unsafe to accept the 
 available statistical information as entirely conclusive. For a typical 
 Jewish population living in conformity to the ritual there would, how- 
 ever, seem to be no question but that among this class cancer in 
 general is rare and that cancer of the uterus is exceptionally uncommon. 
 Unfortunately, as observed by W. R. Williams, "Although the compar- 
 ative pathology of the Jew has been fully worked out for most diseases, 
 with regard to malignant tumors the data are scanty and leave much 
 to be desired." But his conclusion would seem to be sound, that "on 
 the whole, however, the available indications point clearly to the con- 
 clusion that the liability of Jews to cancer varies with their mode of life, 
 approximating to that of the people among whom they dwell, but gen- 
 erally being somewhat inferior to it." It should be kept in mind that 
 the proportion of persons of the cancer age is relatively larger among 
 Jews than among Gentiles in Europe as well as in America. The 
 exceptional longevity of the Jew is proverbial, but regardless of this 
 fact the proportion of deaths from cancer is generally below the 
 average. 
 
 The most recent discussion of the comparative cancer frequency among 
 Jews is found in "The Cancer Problem," by William Seaman Bainbridge. 
 The statistics are derived from the Kosher Wards of the London Hos- 
 pital for the year 1911. Among males the proportion of cancer cases in 
 the total admissions was 5.1 per cent, for Gentiles, compared with 3.3 
 per cent, for Jews; among females, however, the proportionate figures 
 were 6.2 per cent, for Gentiles, against 6.4 per cent, for Jews. The 
 earlier conclusion regarding the comparative infrequency of cancer 
 of the uterus is confirmed, in that the proportion of such cancer cases 
 among Gentiles was 8.6 per cent., as against 2.9 per cent.for Jews. 
 
 As said before, all statistics at present available are more or less con- 
 tradictory and inconclusive, but the negative aspect of the evidence is 
 fairly convincing, that cancer is relatively less common among Jews 
 living in conformity to the orthodox principles of their faith, and that 
 
 •Mortalite par Cancer a Amsterdam pendant les annees 1862-1902, par Feu Le Dr. J. J. Van Konijnenburg, 
 Amsterdam, 1911. 
 
 150 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 under normal conditions of life tliey are less liable to the disease, 
 possibly because of their poverty and simple mode of living, 
 especially to cancer of the uterus, than Gentiles of corresponding social 
 and economic status.* 
 
 Cancer among the North American Indians 
 Malignant disease among North American Indians appears to be ex- 
 tremely rare. A special study of the question made by Dr. Isaac Levin in 
 behalf of the George Crocker Special Research Fund, with the approval 
 of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, brought out the fact that among 
 an Indian population of 115,000 there had been only 29 reported cases 
 of cancer in the entire medical practice of 107 agency physicians, ranging 
 from an experience of a few months to over 20 years. As observed by 
 Dr. Levin in a paper on "Cancer among the North American Indians 
 and Its Bearing upon the Ethnological Distribution of the Disease," 
 contributed to the Studies in Cancer and Allied Subjects of the George 
 Crocker Special Research Fund (New York, 1912), "Cancer is ex- 
 tremely rare among the Indians as compared with the whites of the same 
 locality, since according to the twelfth census cancer is just as frequent 
 among the whites of the states in which the Indian reservations are 
 located as in other states," and thus "the conclusion must be reached 
 that while it may be true that cancer prevails among all the races of 
 mankind, it is also true that the American Indians living under the same 
 geographical and climatic conditions as their white neighbors may be 
 actually nearly immune from the disease." 
 
 The infrequency of cancer among the North American Indians can 
 not be attributed to a lower proportion of persons of the cancer age, 
 since according to the approximately accurate data of the thirteenth 
 census the proportion of Indians ages 50 and over was 13.6 per cent., in 
 comparison with 12.3 per cent, for the native white population and 10.4 
 per cent, for the negro. In the census year 1910 there were 886 deaths 
 from all causes enumerated among Indians living in the registration 
 area, but of this number only 9, or 1.0 per cent., were deaths from 
 cancer and other malignant tumors. 
 
 The extreme rarity of cancer among North American Indians is 
 further confirmed by a recent inquiry of my own, made with the approval 
 of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, inclusive of many different 
 tribes, living in 17 different states. The replies received from agency 
 physicians concern a full-blood population of 52,240 and a mixed-blood 
 population of 10,632. Among some 63,000 Indians of all tribes, liv- 
 ing under a variety of social, economic and climatic conditions, there 
 occurred only 2 deaths from cancer as medically observed during the 
 year 1914. The available evidence is therefore quite conclusive that 
 malignant disease is of extremely rare occurrence among the native 
 Indian population of the United States, and the infrequency of the dis- 
 ease suggests the practical importance of further research into the under- 
 lying causes or conditioning circumstances of their apparent immunity, 
 as the case may be. 
 
 *See in this connection a discussion of the comparative frequency of cancer according to religion and 
 language in Hungary and Budapest, in "Statistik der Krebskranken in den Landern der Ungarischen Heil. 
 Krone," by Dr. Julius Dollinger, Budapest, 1908. 
 
 151 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Of much interest in this connection are the exceptionally valuable 
 "Physiological and Medical Observations among the Indians of South- 
 western United States and Northern Mexico," by Ales Hrdlicka (Bulle- 
 tin No. 34, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1908). After 
 an extended inquiry Dr. Hrdlicka remarks that "Malignant diseases, 
 if they exist at all — that they do would be difficult to doubt — must be 
 extremely rare. The writer heard of 'tumors' and saw several cases of 
 the fibroid variety, but has never come across a clear case of epithelioma 
 or other cancer; nor has he as yet encountered unequivocal signs of a 
 malignant growth on an Indian bone." That malignant disease occa- 
 sionally occurs among North American Indians is not to be questioned, 
 but the evidence would seem to be entirely conclusive that cancer is 
 very rare among both the full-bloods and the mixed-bloods of all our 
 Indian tribes. 
 
 Cancer among Gypsies 
 
 Thus far no effort appears to have been made to determine with even 
 approximate accuracy the relative frequency of malignant disease among 
 Gypsies. The mode of life of this class of people is so exceptional that 
 an inquiry into the occurrence of cancer among them would make a 
 useful and interesting contribution to the cancer cause. It is regrettable 
 that the elaborate and otherwise most valuable Hungarian Gypsy 
 Census of 1892 was not made to include statistics of mortality by cause, 
 with a due regard to age and sex. A fair proportion of Gypsies attain to 
 the cancer age, for out of 243,000 Gypsies enumerated, 15,600 were 60 
 years of age and over. To a not inconsiderable extent they still live 
 under extremely primitive conditions. Much valuable information 
 concerning their pathology should be obtainable by means of a qualified 
 analysis of the experience data of the General Hospital at Kolozvar, 
 where for many years special attention has been given to post-mortem 
 examinations. It is by means of special investigations of this kind that 
 the most useful contributions to the cancer cause are likely to be made. 
 
 Determinable Factors of Cancer Frequency 
 
 The statistically determinable factors which apparently materially 
 modify cancer frequency are quite numerous though often obscure and 
 peculiarly involved. In other words, the cancer death rate is more or 
 less modified by the age distribution of the population; the variations 
 in sex proportion; the race; the physique; the condition of health; 
 the occurrence of contributory diseases; the climate; the soil; the 
 character of the water supply; the habits, as regards intoxicating drink, 
 food, nutrition; the physical condition, as indicated by height and 
 weight; occupation; the economic condition, as to well-being or 
 poverty; the mental condition, as regards a predisposition to worry; 
 family history or heredity; and the topographic features of the environ- 
 ment, as brought out in the researches of Green, of Edinburgh. In addi- 
 tion, there is the important question in regard to the possible corre- 
 lation of cancer frequency in animals and plants, or at least of diseases 
 similar thereto, and last but not least the possibility, though not the prob- 
 ability, of cancer in its final analysis being infectious and therefore a 
 transmissible disease. It would be utterly hopeless as a statistical and 
 
 152 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 mathematical proposition to establish with accuracy and completeness 
 the precise correlation and relative importance of these numerous but 
 specific elementary factors, all of which apparently have some bearing 
 upon the rate of cancer frequency among the different types of mankind 
 and throughout the different countries and localities of the world. 
 
 Problem of Senility 
 The statement is frequently made that cancer is primarily a function of 
 age; but as elsewhere pointed out, it would be more correct to say that 
 cancer is a function of senility, and even presenility, as made evident by 
 the more common occurrence of sarcoma among the young. In the 
 Industrial mortality experience of The Prudential the proportion of 
 deaths from sarcoma at ages under 30 was 27.9 per cent, of the total 
 mortality from sarcoma, whereas the corresponding proportion for deaths 
 from cancer was only 3.2 per cent. It has properly been observed in this 
 connection by Hastings Gilford, in his treatise on "The Disorders of Post- 
 Natal Growth and Development." 
 
 Just as innocent tumors show themselves to be true errors of growth by terminating at 
 some period of their career, so the malignant tumors indicate that they are errors of de- 
 velopment by continuing, like normal developments, while life lasts. . . . The 
 carcinomata and sarcomata are not, like the innocent tumors, mere passive accumulations 
 of piled-up cells, but are aggressive, actively invading other parts of the body from those 
 in which they start. In this way they usiu^p the nutrition of the body, and by means of 
 toxins or in some mysterious manner sap its vitality, causing the whole organism to become 
 thin and exhausted, finally bringing about its destruction.* 
 
 Physical Condition of Cancer Patients 
 Perhaps the most perplexing aspect of the cancer problem individually 
 considered is the marked contrast of the physical condition of the 
 patient during the onset and at the termination of the disease. The 
 authorities are apparently in entire agreement that cancer is more 
 likely to occur among persons otherwise thoroughly healthy than 
 among those of a delicate or non-robust type. As shown by the results 
 of the Medico-Actuarial Investigation, the cancer mortality rate is 
 distinctly higher among persons of overweight, and the inference would 
 seem justified that at least one of the predisposing factors in cancer 
 frequency is overnutrition rather than malnutrition. Many years ago 
 Dr. John Zachariah Laurence, in the Liston Prize Essay for 1854, on 
 "The Diagnosis of Surgical Cancer," observed that "the previous health 
 of the patient gives us but little information. As a rule, it will be found 
 that cancerous patients have been otherwise remarkably free from dis- 
 ease."! He quotes twenty-one cases in which he had noted the previous 
 health, and in sixteen it had been "unimpeachable," and in the remaining 
 five, "any previous illness the patients may have had had been but of a 
 transitory nature." This view is confirmed by one of the most recent 
 authorities on tumors of the abdominal viscera, who holds as regards 
 constitutional peculiarities that "as far as cases in advanced age are 
 
 *There is a rather suggestive discussion of the mortality from cancer in extreme old age in the new edition 
 of the "Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences," New York, 1913, Vol. ii, p. 596. 
 
 f'Mice in poor condition do not offer so favorable a soil for tumor growth as do healthy ones, according to 
 Bashford and Haaland. This may serve to explain the results of those who have described the attainment of 
 resistance by treatment with autolyzed tissues, since the possibility of sepsis in the animals of such experiments 
 ha snot been eliminated." ("Studies in Cancer and Allied Subjects," by the George Crocker Special Research 
 Fund, Vol. i, pp. 137, 200.) 
 
 153 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 concerned, they are mostly individuals of very robust constitution who 
 were never sick; had but little if any infectious diseases; had never been 
 troubled with disturbances of digestion, and in most instances came 
 from very healthy, long-lived families. They are in many ways indi- 
 viduals in whose cases one would be tempted to speak of 'excessive well- 
 being,' which, for that matter, may amount to a cause, owing to the 
 fact that such persons are able to expose themselves much more to 
 dietetic indiscriminations without harmful results for a long time." As 
 regards cancer at younger ages, that is, say between 30 and 40 years, the 
 author observes that the reverse is true, and that in this group the 
 patients frequently are individuals inclined to weakness and have a 
 general aspect that is decidedly phthisical, pallor of the face, etc. He 
 further points out that this class of individuals are most likely to become 
 afflicted with lympho-sarcomatous processes.* W. R. Williams, in his 
 "Natural History of Cancer," referring especially to cancer of the uterus, 
 remarks that "the great majority of such persons whose life history he 
 had investigated had been well-fed and well-housed, having had nothing 
 to do but to look after their own domestic establishment. They bad 
 usually enjoyed excellent health, most of them having had no serious 
 illness since youth, rheumatic fever and rheumatism being the com- 
 monest diseases from which they had suffered." Elsewhere in his work 
 the same author observes that "cancer is a disease of persons whose 
 previous life has been healthy and whose nutritive vigor seems to promise 
 long life. Long-continued observation of cancer patients in the early 
 stage of the disease has convinced me that most of those affected are 
 large, well-nourished persons who appear to be overflowing with vitality .f 
 Such types are indicative of hypernutrition. The small, pale, ill- 
 nourished and overworked women of the type so familiar in Lancashire 
 and other industrial centers, are seldom afflicted with this disease." 
 Some forty years earlier Charles H. Moore, in several contributions to the 
 British Medical Journal, gave utterance to much the same conclusions, 
 stating that cancer was chiefly a disease of healthy and strong persons, 
 to which he adds the curious and interesting observation, subsequently 
 neither confirmed nor reinvestigated, that cancer was more common 
 among the first-born. These observations are of profound significance 
 in connection with the objects and aims of a nation-wide effort at cancer 
 control, which, in brief, amounts to no more and no less than the de- 
 liberate reduction of the cancer death rate, on the basis of the earliest 
 possible diagnosis and the prompt recourse to approved methods of treat- 
 ment and cure. It is notoriously the healthy and the strong who are 
 least willing to concede the latent possibility of early death. It is this 
 
 *Rudolph Schmidt, "Diagnosis of the Malignant Tumors of the Abdominal Viscera," p. 50, English trans- 
 lation by Joseph Burke, New York, 1913. 
 
 fSome very interesting investigations have been made by Miss E. Atlee, regarding the maximum of the 
 lifetime weight curve of uterine cancer patients. The results of her researches are summed up in the statement 
 that body weight attains to its maximum during the years immediately preceding the onset of the disease, and 
 that health and strength remained normal during the same period. In the case of controls (women suffering 
 from other forms of malignant disease) it was found that the body weight had been at its maximum, not during 
 the years immediately preceding the appearance of the disease, but much earlier in life, at which time health and 
 strength, though maximum, had not been necessarily normal. The investigation was apparently not carried 
 through with complete facilities for statistical analysis. The line of inquiry, however, would seem to suggest 
 possibilities of practical value in suggesting a means of an early diagnosis of at least uterine cancer, and event- 
 ually perhaps throw new light on the cancer question in general. 
 
 154 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 class which is most optimistic and least apprehensive when first con- 
 fronted by faint signs or indications of more or less obscure forms of 
 physiological disturbances. Since cancerous growths are without 
 nerves, pain is absent, as a rule, until the growth has attained to suffi- 
 cient proportion to press by its weight upon adjacent parts and thus 
 produce a sense of discomfort, which is frequently assumed to be but a 
 passing phenomenon, and, in any event, one which as a rule does not 
 suggest serious future possibilities. 
 
 Problem of Growth and Development 
 
 Innumerable and varied indeed are the alleged causes or conditioning 
 circumstances of malignant disease. In its final analysis the problem of 
 cancer becomes merged with the problem of life, growth, development 
 and death. In the vast domain of medicine there is no other disease 
 which resembles it in its essential manifestations and obstinate resistance 
 to treatment other than by radical methods. The term cancer is used here 
 in the generic sense* merely as a matter of convenience, for even the 
 most painstaking classification fails in rare individual cases, since 
 exceptions to established rules, according to Miller, "are so frequently 
 met with in relation to neoplasms, that the most elaborate system 
 breaks down at many points, unless each tumor be placed in a category 
 by itself." Charles Powell White has directed attention to the analogous 
 cases of mutations and bodily variations which play such an important 
 part in biology. 
 
 Precancerous Conditions 
 
 Precancerous conditions, as defined by Rodman, may be internal as 
 well as external; and moreover, it is, to say the least, suggestive that 
 "such precancerous conditions are inflammatory, inasmuch as a mild, 
 low-grade chronic inflammation, due to long standing irritation and 
 resulting in either ulceration, hyperplasia, or cicatricial tissue is present 
 in all of them," and "this in turn means diminished arterial supply 
 with lessened physiologic resistance of the cells undergoing metaplasia, 
 and while there may be in addition something more necessary, extrinsic 
 or intrinsic, to initiate the cancer process this much is always present, 
 a suitable soil, if you please, and would seem enough in itself to cause 
 cancer."t Foremost among precancerous conditions, according to 
 Parker Syms, are benign tumors, chronic ulceration, chronic inflamma- 
 tion, and abnormal tissue, such as scars, and prolonged irritation. The 
 experience and researches of Keen and Bloodgpod are referred to as 
 tending to prove, with reference to pigmented moles, that these growths 
 are prone to become cancerous, and an enumeration is made of sixty- 
 five cases of malignant moles operated upon, in every case of which the 
 diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination. But, by way of 
 contrast, seventy-six other cases of benign pigmented moles are cited, 
 which "were removed in the precancerous stage," and with regard to 
 which it is stated that "there have been no local recurrences and no 
 deaths from internal metastases."! 
 
 *The clinical characters of cancer as a basis for classification is fully discussed in a lecture on "The Biology 
 nf Tumors," by C. Mansell Moullin, M. D., in The Lancet, March 21, 1914. See also page 166, et seq., on the 
 degree of malignancy, rapidity of growth and clinical signs. 
 
 tAnnals of Surgery, January, 1914. 
 
 IMedical Record, May 17, 1913. 
 
 155 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 The exact correlation of cancer to other diseases has not been 
 established, but qualified investigations in this direction would un- 
 questionably prove productive of valuable results. The data require 
 to be considered with extreme caution, and in many cases correction will 
 be necessary for variations in sex and age distribution, and possibly other 
 conditioning circumstances. Such investigations should be carried on 
 in connection with the more minute study of the anatomical findings in 
 trustworthy autopsy records, by means of which the primary lesions of 
 cancerous growth may be precisely determined. 
 
 Carcinomata, according to Miller, "occur (1) at or near the orifices 
 of the body — lip, tongue, rectum, vagina; (2) at points where normally 
 there is narrowing of a canal — pylorus, ileo-caecal valve; (3) at points 
 where a canal changes its direction — ^hepatic, splenic, sigmoid flexures 
 of large intestine; (4) in glands such as the mammary, and in organs 
 such as the uterus, which are periodically undergoing hypertrophy and 
 involution. In other words, there is a marked association of cancer 
 with chronic irritation of various kinds."* The term irritation is used 
 here in a very general sense. The irritation need not necessarily be 
 mechanical, but may be purely physiological or pathological or even 
 chemical or in the nature of overstimulation of physiological functions 
 incident to metabolism. 
 
 Gastric Ulcers and Gall-stones 
 
 As of special interest in connection with this brief dicussion of pre- 
 cancerous conditions, a reference may be made to gastric ulcers and 
 gall-stones. In the experience of the Mayo clinic, Rochester, Minne- 
 sota, "it has been shown that between 60 and 70 per cent, of cancers 
 of the stomach have developed in the site of a preexisting gastric ulcer,t 
 or in the cicatrix of an ulcer which had been healed," and the conclusion 
 is therefore confirmed by Parker Syms that "we must consider gastric 
 ulcer as a precancerous stage of more than two-thirds of the gastric 
 cancers." Concerning gall-stones as a predisposing condition, the same 
 authority concludes that "in practically 100 per cent, of cases of primary 
 cancer of the gall bladder and bile ducts gall-stones may be found, and 
 it may be demonstrated that they have existed for a long period before 
 a cancer developed." J. Bland-Sutton, in a brief discussion of cancer 
 of the gall-bladder, in his treatise on "Gail-Stones and Diseases of the 
 Bile-Ducts," remarks that "this disease [cancer] has in recent years at- 
 tracted a large amount of attention; this is in a measure due to its in- 
 timate association with gall-stones, though this fact has long been recog- 
 nised. . . . Careful investigations on this point prove that in at least 
 95 per cent, of cases gall-stones are present, and this has induced 
 surgeons to regard the presence of biliary concretion in the gall-bladder 
 as a precancerous condition. It is, however, a curious fact, and one 
 worth bearing in mind, that although cancer of the gall-bladder is 
 nearly always complicated with gall-stones, this association is quite 
 exceptional when primary cancer arises in the common bile-duct or the 
 ampulla." The special importance from a statistical point of view of 
 
 •James Miller, "Practical Pathology, including Post-Mortem Technique," New York, 1914, p. 297. 
 
 fit may be properly stated in this connection that Dr. Wm. L. Rodman is generally credited by the 
 medical profession as having been the first toadvise the removal of gastric ulcers on account of the inherent 
 tendency to degenerate into malignant affections. 
 
 156 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 this observation lies in the fact that there has been a decided increase 
 in the frequency of gall-stone mortality in certain civilized countries, 
 corresponding more or less to the increase in the mortality from cancer. 
 
 Prognosis of Precancerous Lesions 
 Important practical consequences must necessarily result from a 
 general acceptance of the doctrine of precancerous lesions. It, of 
 course, does not necessarily follow that the discovery of such lesions 
 assures in every instance that the process is likely to terminate in a 
 cancerous growth; but the indications are invariably of profound prog- 
 nostic significance. As observed by Ewing,* "If inoperable advanced 
 cancer is incurable, and localized cancer eradicable, the disease is pre- 
 ventable by dealing with its preliminary stages. Precancerous lesions 
 are not cancers. Practically they differ enormously from the estab- 
 lished disease. They can usually be removed by trivial or safe opera- 
 tions, and they are sometimes amenable to less violent treatment." 
 "Gastric ulcers, lingual warts, fissures, and plaques, eroded cervices, 
 pigmented moles, and benign tumors, are everywhere excised," accord- 
 ing to this writer, "with the conviction that a malignant tumor may 
 thereby be prevented, but the relation between the benign and the 
 malignant process is still under discussion and often frankly doubted." 
 
 Uterine Cancer 
 
 The recognition of precancerous conditions would appear to be of 
 especial importance in the case of cancer of the uterus. According to 
 Parker Syms, "there are many conditions which predispose to these 
 cancers, such as simple tumors of the uterus, chronic inflammation 
 of the organ, and chronic ulceration, or so-called erosion, usually 
 the result of neglected laceration and tears." The conclusion would 
 therefore seem justifiable that "All these abnormalities should be 
 remedied because they are precursors of cancer." In the uterus, as 
 stated by Ewing, chronic catarrhal endocervicitis precedes cancer in 
 the great majority of cases, and the cervical erosion is the most definitely 
 established lesion known to precede cervical carcinoma. In the case 
 of the body of the uterus the chief definite etiological factor, according 
 to the same authority, is the association with myoma, which is a tumor 
 composed of mucular tissue, or a tissue of the same nature as the con- 
 nective tissue of the embryo and of the umbilical cord, and vitreous 
 humor. This tumor is not malignant in itself, but there is apparently 
 a well-established liability of its assuming a cancerous form. 
 
 Considerations of this nature are extremely involved pathological and 
 medical problems, which hardly, as yet, permit of being subjected to 
 qualified statistical analysis. The references are included as illustrations 
 of perhaps the most important phase of the cancer problem individually 
 considered; since in proportion as the laity can be made to recognize 
 the value to be attached to precancerous lesions, the outlook for suc- 
 cessful medical and surgical treatment must be materially increased. 
 
 Difficulties of Early Diagnosis 
 
 In this connection the following observations by Dr. Thomas S. 
 Cullen are of especial interest. As regards cancer of the tongue, Dr. 
 
 *J. Ewing, M. D., "Precancerous Diseases," Medical Record, December 5, 1914. 
 
 157 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Cullen points out that the milky patches on the tongue of smokers, 
 if removed at once, would result in no further trouble; but if one waited 
 without interference carcinoma would unquestionably develop. In 
 carcinoma of the lip, if the radical operation were performed, the chances 
 of complete recovery would be considered good. In carcinoma of the 
 stomach, pathology did not as yet aid very much, and if one waited 
 for the stomach-washings to show the characteristic lesions as a pre- 
 requisite to a correct diagnosis, it would usually be so late in the course 
 of the disease that little could be done for the patient. It is therefore 
 suggested that an exploratory operation should be made to determine 
 whether cancer was present or not. The surgeon, as well as the pathol- 
 ogist, he points out, was aided in this respect by a fluoroscopic examina- 
 tion, which was destined to play a large role in the making of early diag- 
 noses. If one were dealing with a carcinoma of the intestines, signs of 
 obstruction appeared fairly early, and more and more cases were now ap- 
 parently cured by early operation. The pathology here was quite char- 
 acteristic. Cancer of the rectum and lower sigmoid could be detected 
 by the proctoscope, and by its use many early diagnoses were now 
 made. In fact, with the proctoscope a diagnosis was relatively easy in the 
 majority of cases. There are, he concludes, two common types of 
 special importance, cancer of the breast and cancer of the uterus. Cancer 
 of the breast in the early stages might have been beneath the skin and 
 there might not have been any adhesions or puckerings, but as the disease 
 advanced this characteristic puckering of the skin occurred. If one cut 
 into the growth and removed a local area, the portion could be imme- 
 diately recognized ; if it proved to be cancerous, a complete and radical op- 
 eration should be done, together with the removal of the axillary glands.* 
 
 Cancer Hospital Statistics 
 It is most regrettable that the statistical reports of cancer hos- 
 pitals should be of such limited practical usefulness. The conclusion 
 applies also to the reports of the larger general hospitals, with the 
 exception of the Johns Hopkins Hospital of Baltimore, which for more 
 than twenty years has published the required statistics in sufficient 
 detail. There is an urgent need of a national movement for uniform 
 methods of tabulation and analysis of statistics, at least of the larger 
 general hospitals and special institutions for the treatment of cancer 
 patients. At present the available data can not be utilized to much 
 practical value in a statistical study of the cancer morbidity and 
 mortality problem, with a due regard to the essentials of age, sex, race 
 and the organs and parts of the body affected. To a limited extent, of 
 course, the existing statistics are useful, if but to emphasize the fact 
 that in the main the results of institutional treatment, at least for 
 certain forms of cancer, are distinctly encouraging. The statistics of 
 the Charity Hospital of New Orleans, for illustration, as given elsewhere 
 in this work show in some detail, the results of treatment by race, but the 
 data, unfortunately, are not given according to sex. In the experience 
 of this notable institution during the period 1910-14, for both races 
 combined, the fatality rate for cancer of the buccal cavity was 14.8 
 per cent.; for cancer of the stomach and liver, 44.5 per cent.; for cancer 
 
 * Medical Record, New York, April 26, 1913, 
 
 158 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 of the peritoneum, intestines and rectum, 37.2 per cent. ; for cancer of the 
 female generative organs, 15.9 per cent.; for cancer of the breast, 11.3 
 per cent.; for cancer of the skin, 13.1 per cent.; and for cancer of other 
 organs, 22.8 per cent. For all forms of cancer combined, the fatality 
 rate was 21.1 per cent. For white patients, separately considered, the 
 fatality rate was 21.1 per cent. ; for colored patients, 20.9 per cent. The 
 experience includes medical, surgical and gynecological cases. Of the 
 total number of cancer patients, 170 were cases of sarcoma, and 1,349, 
 epithelioma and other carcinomas, including rodent ulcer. The fatality 
 rate among sarcoma cases was 30.6 per cent., and among carcinoma 
 cases, 22.0 per cent. 
 
 In the experience of the American Oncologic Hospital of Philadelphia 
 for the period 1909-13, the fatality rate for cancer of the buccal cavity 
 was 13.2 per cent.; for cancer of the stomach and liver, 44.4 per cent.; 
 for cancer of the peritoneum, intestines and rectum, 16.7 per cent. ; for 
 cancer of the female generative organs, 27.5 per cent. ; for cancer of the 
 breast, 28.6 per cent. ; for cancer of the skin, 10.2 per cent. ; for cancer of 
 other organs and parts, 25.3 per cent.; and for all forms of cancer com- 
 bined, 21.7 per cent. Out of a total of 314 cases of mahgnant disease, 19 
 were cases of sarcoma and 295 were cases of epithelioma and other forms 
 of carcinoma, including rodent ulcer. The fatality rate for sarcoma 
 cases was 26.3 per cent., and in the remainder of the group of malignant 
 diseases, 21.4 per cent. 
 
 The statistics of the Johns Hopkins Hospital have been discussed in 
 some detail in another portion of this work. At the present time these 
 statistics are the most conclusive, differentiating the white and the colored 
 patients according to sex and specific organs and parts of the body 
 affected by malignant disease. For a more extended discussion the 
 analysis and experience data of this hospital for the period 1892-1911, 
 published as a monograph of the new series of Johns Hopkins Hospital 
 Reports No. 4 (Baltimore, 1914), should be consulted. 
 
 The statistics of the General Memorial Hospital of New York City 
 are subject to the same inherent limitations as those of the Charity 
 Hospital of New Orleans and the American Oncologic Hospital of 
 Philadelphia. It is also quite apparent that these statistics have refer- 
 ence to lesions observed and recorded rather than actual cases and deaths 
 of patients under treatment; in other words, a patient suffering at the 
 time of death from several cancerous lesions would be recorded accord- 
 ingly, and not only once as is essential for general statistical purposes. 
 Serious errors are certain to result from crude methods of tabulation 
 and analysis. 
 
 It is most regrettable that the statistical aspects of the cancer problem 
 should have been so superficially considered in the reports of special 
 institutions for the treatment of cancer patients. In the annual reports 
 of the Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital of St. Louis, with others, 
 no information whatever is given regarding results of treatment, nor are 
 the data given separately according to sex. The same conclusion applies 
 to the annual reports of the Free Cancer Hospital of Brompton, London, 
 which is even more important, since the experience of this notable in- 
 stitution extends over 63 years. 
 
 159 
 
 12 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Practical Value of Uniform Hospital Statistics 
 In view of the urgent demand for trustworthy cancer morbidity and 
 mortahty statistics, it is self-evident that the institutions which fail to 
 provide the required amount of trustworthy and comparable statistical 
 information fail materially in the full discharge of their duty towards their 
 patients, their patrons and the public at large. Such institutions are much 
 more likely to advance their own interests by a full and frank publication 
 of the results than by the present methods of crude and superficial 
 statistical tabulations, which serve no practical purpose, but, much to 
 the contrary, hinder the cause of cancer education and discourage 
 treatment by approved methods under proper institutional conditions. 
 Subjected to quaUfied statistical analysis, the experience data of 
 American general hospitals and special cancer institutions should prove 
 of great value in the furtherance of the scientific study of the disease. 
 As a first step towards an urgently required reform, an understanding 
 should be arrived at on the part of the principal institutions to report 
 and publish the facts of their annual experience in a uniform and strictly 
 comparable manner. Such reports would in all probability be less ex- 
 pensive, and certainly much more useful, than the present methods in 
 common use. The annual reports should be amplified by additional 
 statistics of autopsy records, subjected to qualified analysis, so as to 
 establish with greater precision the probable coexistence of cancer and 
 other diseases. Extreme care, of course, is always necessary in the 
 interpretation of the data published for general use. 
 
 The statistics of Orth for Berhn, indicating a substantial increase in the 
 percentage of cancer diagnoses made in the case of autopsies, from 4.9 
 per cent, in 1875, to 7.0 per cent., in 1885, and 14.1 per cent., in 1907, do 
 not, for illustration, warrant the conclusion that cancer in Berlin during 
 this period has increased at such a rate. The data of Lex for Heidelberg 
 are more convincing. Lex shows that the proportion of cancer cases in 
 autopsies increased from 6.6 per cent, during the period 1870-79 to 9.13 
 per cent, during 1900-07. Reick has reported the results for Munich for 
 a long period, showing a cancer proportion of 7 per cent, in autopsies 
 during 1854-63, compared with 12.5 per cent, during 1894-1903. These 
 percentages, however, have reference only to bodies of persons ages 15 
 and over. Steinliaus of Brussels compares more recent data of bodies of 
 persons 20 years and over, showing an increase from 8.6 per cent, during 
 1888-97 to 9.1 per cent, during 1898-1907. Finally, Buday of Xolozvar 
 reports 8.0 per cent, of cancer bodies during 1870-88, compared with 9.9 
 per cent, during 1889-1905. These statistics are quite conflicting, and it 
 is doubtful whether they can be even approximately considered com- 
 parable, in view of the absence of uniform methods of anatomical 
 diagnosis and selection of cases for post-mortem examinations. As 
 observed in the article on cancer in the Reference Handbook of the 
 Medical Sciences, from which the preceding statistics have been derived, 
 the rise in cancer frequency may well be explained by the fact that 
 "cancer patients are much more apt to seek treatment in the hospitals 
 nowadays than a few years ago." But Orth is quoted to the effect that 
 if every allowance is made the autopsy statistics show a moderate 
 increase in the incidence of cancer.* 
 
 '"Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences," New York, 1913, Vol. ii (article on cancer). 
 
 160 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 In the foregoing observations the main point of view has been the 
 practical utihty of cancer hospital statistics to determine at least ap- 
 proximately the results of institutional treatment. It, of course, is 
 essential that the facts should be separately stated for the medical and 
 the surgical as well as for the gynecological department. This has been 
 done in the statistics of the Johns Hopkins. Hospital, which it has been 
 found feasible to precisely correlate to the corresponding population by 
 race and according to sex. An equally important purpose, however, is 
 to determine with a close approach to accuracy the distribution of cancer 
 morbidity in sufficient detail, so as to bring out the occurrence of rare 
 forms of the disease, as well as the preponderating mass of the more 
 common forms. In all mortality statistics it would be advisable to 
 separate the sarcoma cases from the carcinomata and to give the in- 
 formation by age and sex, as has been done in an admirable manner in the 
 returns of metropolitan hospitals pubhshed for the year 1905 in the 
 statistical investigations of cancer by the Imperial Cancer Research 
 Fund. An even more scientific classification was adopted in the sta- 
 tistics published in the second annual report of the Harvard Cancer Com- 
 mission differentiating carcinoma and sarcoma as well as special tumors 
 and tumor-like conditions, border-line growths and benign growths. 
 
 In detail, there were treated at the Colhs P. Huntington Memorial 
 Hospital during the year ending June 30, 1914, 198 carcinoma cases, 11 
 sarcoma cases, 19 special tumors and tumor-hke conditions, 14 border- 
 line growths and 8 benign growths, a total of 250 cases, of which 4.4 
 per cent, were cases of sarcoma. For reasons which can not be dis- 
 cussed at length, the experience of every hospital providing special 
 treatment for cancer patients is likely to be at variance with the expe- 
 rience of other though similar institutions. The results of treatment, 
 also, will probably never permit of exact comparison, in that the quali- 
 fications or conditions on admission naturally must vary widely according 
 to the class of patients treated. It is reasonable to suppose that in pub- 
 he practice the proportion of advanced cases w^ll be much larger than 
 in private practice, and the same conclusion apphes to white and colored 
 patients, in that it is a safe assumption that the latter would seek treat- 
 ment at a later stage of the disease than the former. _ All of these 
 statistical difficulties only tend to reemphasize the earlier conclusion 
 that there is the utmost urgency for the general adoption of uniform 
 methods of tabulation and analysis on the part of at least the more 
 representative institutions for the treatment of cancer throughout the 
 United States. If this suggestion is carried into effect, it is certain 
 that the results will prove of substantial advantage in the furtherance 
 of cancer research. 
 
 Cancer Deaths in Public Institutions 
 
 The institutional aspects of the cancer problem are further illustrated 
 by some recent statistics for England and Wales. It is shown that out of 
 16,188 deaths of males from cancer, 2,640, or 16.3 per cent., occurred in 
 Poor Law Institutions; 157, or 1.0 per cent., in lunatic asylums and 
 2,015, or 12.4 per cent., in hospitals. Among females, out of 21,135 
 deaths from cancer, 1,928, or 9.1 per cent., occurred in Poor Law In- 
 stitutions; 216, or 1.0 per cent., in lunatic asylums, and 1,862, or 8.8 per 
 
 161 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 cent., in hospitals. The proportion of deaths from all causes occurring 
 in hospitals was 8.9 per cent, for males (as compared with 12.4 per cent, 
 for cancer), and 6.9 per cent, for females (as compared with 8.8 per cent, 
 for cancer). The proportion of cancer deaths outside of hospitals was 
 70.3 per cent, for males and 81.1 per cent, for females. The statistics 
 are of much practical importance, and it should not be difficult to 
 ascertain the corresponding proportion of hospital cancer cases, at 
 least for the larger cities of this country.* 
 
 Cancer in Soldiers' Homes 
 
 The occurrence of cancer among special classes warrants much more 
 extended statistical consideration than is usually the case. There are 
 many sources of useful information now neglected which in course of 
 time, no doubt, will be made use of to much practical advantage. Among 
 others, a more qualified study should be made of the occurrence of 
 mahgnant disease among inmates of our national homes for disabled 
 volunteer soldiers. During the period 1906-14 there were 300,343 veteran 
 soldiers cared for, among whom there occurred 2,191 cases of malignant 
 disease, of which 887, or 40.5 per cent., terminated fatally in proportion to 
 the number under observation. The cancer mortality rate was 300 per 
 100,000 exposed to risk. This apparently very excessive rate is, of 
 course, largely, if not entirely, due to the high average age of the inmates, 
 which is approximately 69 years. The experience illustrates the danger 
 of using crude statistics of cancer morbidity or mortality without a due 
 regard to the age distribution of the population considered. It would be 
 extremely interesting to know the relative frequency of the different 
 forms of cancer among this rather exceptional class of persons, but un- 
 fortunately the medical statistics in the annual reports of the Board of 
 Managers of our National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers do 
 not furnish the required details. 
 
 Surgical Aspects 
 
 A critical discussion of the medical and surgical aspects of the cancer 
 problem lies outside the scope and plan of this work. The statistical 
 analysis of surgical experience, whether institutional or private, is beset 
 with many difficulties which have their origin in the nature of the case, 
 that the condition of the patients on admission must necessarily vary 
 widely, while at the same time fundamentally conditioning the results 
 of operative treatment and the duration of the future lifetime of surviv- 
 ing cases. A collective investigation would unquestionably produce 
 much interesting information and meet some of the difficulties which 
 arise out of the paucity of the data derived from small institutional or 
 limited private clinical experience. It is remarkable that the statistics 
 of large hospitals, which might yield much useful information, have with 
 few exceptions not been presented in a useful form in the annual reports 
 of even large and influential public institutions. An extended analysis 
 of the data of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, sustains the con- 
 clusion that the immediate results of operative treatment are quite 
 favorable in the majority of cases, as shown by the table following, 
 derived from "The Menace of Cancer," in the Transactions of the 
 American Gynecological Society, for 1913. 
 
 *Annual Reports of the Registrar-General for England and Wales for 1912 and 1914. See also note to 
 Table 2, Appendix B. 
 
 162 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 Cancer Statistics of Johns Hopkins Hospital, Surgical Department Cases 
 
 by Sex, 1902-1911 
 
 WHITE PATIENTS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 Females 
 
 
 Cases 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Cases 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Buccal cavity 130 
 
 15 
 
 11.5 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 7.7 
 
 Stomach and liver 110 
 
 26 
 
 23.6 
 
 56 
 
 13 
 
 23.2 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. 88 
 
 19 
 
 21.6 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 25.7 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 66.7 
 
 Breast 
 
 
 
 251 
 
 14 
 
 5.6 
 
 Skin 40 
 
 4 
 
 10.0 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Other or not speciJfied organs . . . 435 
 
 57 
 
 13.1 
 
 117 
 
 7 
 
 6.0 
 
 All organs 803 
 
 121 
 
 15.1 
 
 485 
 
 46 
 
 9.5 
 
 According to this table the fatality rate was 15.1 per cent, for males and 
 only 9.5 per cent, for females, but this, of course, is exclusive of the ex- 
 perience with gynecological cases, which are separately given in the 
 table following: 
 
 Cancer Statistics of Johns Hopkins Hospital, Gynecological 
 Department Cases, 1902-1911 
 
 WHITE PATIENTS 
 
 Cases Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 Stomach and liver 8 3 37.5 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . 23 2 8.7 
 
 Generative organs 331 35 10.6 
 
 Breast 2 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs .... 39 5 12.8 
 
 All organs 403 45 11 .2 
 
 The foregoing tables are restricted to the white patients, since the data 
 for colored patients are rather limited, with the exception of cancer of the 
 generative organs. The facts are briefly given in the table below : 
 
 Cancer Statistics of Johns Hopkins Hospital, Gynecological 
 Department Cases, 1902-1911 
 
 COLORED PATIENTS 
 
 Cases Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 Stomach and liver 1 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . 6 1 16.7 
 
 Generative organs 78 9 11.5 
 
 Breast 1 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs .... 16 2 12.5 
 
 All organs 102 12 11.8 
 
 163 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Postoperative Results 
 
 There have been few quahfied investigations as regards postoperative 
 results. The published statistics are, as a rule, too limited in the number 
 of cases available and too indefinite as regards the tracing of all of the 
 patients for the required length of time after the date of the operation. 
 A considerable amount of interesting information on this phase of the 
 cancer problem has been brought together by Charles P. Childe, in his 
 treatise on "The Control of a Scourge," published in 1906. As a first 
 step in the direction of systematically observing the results of institu- 
 tional treatment, the Massachusetts General Hospital has adopted a 
 follow-up system which in course of time should yield results of great 
 practical value. As an illustration of the results obtained by means of 
 qualified surgical treatment, the following observations by Dr. E. S. 
 Judd of Rochester, Minn., based upon his experience in the Mayo clinic, 
 are here included: 
 
 Of the 514 patients of whom the subsequent history is known, 266, or 52 per cent., are 
 known to be dead, though 21 of these died from other causes without cHnical signs of 
 recurrence of carcinoma, leaving a balance of 48 per cent, of deaths, probably from cancer, 
 for the entire series. Two hundred and forty -eight of the 514 patients were known to be 
 alive from 2 to 11%2 years; 37 of these were known to have recurrences. Of the patients 
 operated on during the years 1902 and 1903, 40 have been traced, 27 were known to be dead 
 from various causes, leaving a percentage^ 33 ahve without recurrence for more thati ten 
 years. Three of those who died lived more than 6 years and died from other causes. Of 
 the 321 patients operated on more than 5 years, 266 were traced; 148 were known to be 
 dead and 106 living, a percentage of 40 who had lived more than 5 years. Six of the living 
 had recurrences. Fourteen of these dead had died from other causes than cancer. Of the 
 510 patients operated on more than three years, 437 had been traced; 234 were dead, 191 
 living, a percentage of 45 patients living more than 3 years. Twenty-seven of these had 
 recurrences. Nineteen of those dead had died from other causes. One case was reported 
 of a patient who died 91/2 years after the primary operation from general carcinosis; 
 one from internal metastases without local recurrence'6%2 years after operation; and one 
 on whom a secondary operation for recurrence was done 12 years after the primary 
 operation. In this latter case the patient remained well nearly three years after the 
 secondary operation.* 
 
 Problem of Recurrence 
 
 The surgical aspects of the cancer problem suggest a brief reference to 
 the related factor of recurrence, by which is meant "the reappearance of 
 malignant disease in the locality occupied by the primary tumor, in the 
 immediate neighborhood, in the regional lymph nodes, or in the distant 
 parts of the body, after operative or other interference that has ap- 
 parently insured the destruction of the disease." As observed in the 
 article on cancer in the Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences,! 
 "Recurrence in the lymph nodes or in the distant organs must be 
 explained by the assumption that dissemination of the disease has taken 
 place even before the operation. Examples of very late recurrences many 
 years after the operation have forced the assumption of a possible 
 latency of cancer cells; thus, a pigmented cancer of the liver appearing 
 many years after the extirpation of the primary disease affecting one eye 
 is best explained by such a hypothesis. Late local recurrence, on the 
 other hand, may be interpreted as a result of continuation of the same 
 conditions as have led to the appearance of the primary malignant 
 
 *Medical Record, February 21, 1914. 
 
 f'Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences," New York, 1913, Vol. ii, p. 601. 
 
 164 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 disease. " In the article referred to, W. R. Williams is quoted to the effect 
 that sixty-four per cent, of all mammary cancer recurrences take place 
 within the first six months after operation, and about two-thirds of these 
 appear within the first three months. The new cancer centers may be 
 followed by second or even third recurrences after operative removal; 
 occasionally even more numerous recurrences have been observed, 
 though usually the disease is either destroyed by the repeated operations 
 or the patient succumbs to involvement of distant parts of the body. 
 
 On the question of recurrence much has been written to small purpose. 
 The statistical determination of the results involves serious practical 
 difiiculties, which are quite similar to those met wdth in investigations 
 of post-discharge results in the sanatoria treatment of tuberculosis. 
 
 Duration of Disease 
 
 The probfem of recurrence is closely allied to the question of disease 
 duration, which particularly in cancer has not been determined with 
 accuracy, even in regard to the period intervening between the appear- 
 ance of the first serious symptoms demanding medical treatment and 
 the fatal termination of the case. The statistics of the New York 
 State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease, elsewhere discussed, 
 throw some light on this phase of the cancer problem, but the data 
 require to be used wath extreme caution. As observed by Rudolph 
 Schmidt in his treatise on' the "Diagnosis of the Malignant Tumors 
 of the Abdominal Viscera," the duration of the disease manifestations 
 from their first appearance to their ending by death naturally varies 
 within wide limits. In only a single instance of his case histories was 
 there a probability of three years' duration, but not infrequently cases 
 were found to extend over two years and several months, so that cases 
 running over a period of two years could not be considered rare, and the 
 facts available would seem to prove that a correct diagnosis could have 
 been made at the beginning- of the disease. Dr. Otto of Copenhagen, 
 at the second International Conference on Cancer, held in Paris in 
 1910, gave an interesting account of the duration of malignant disease 
 of the digestive tract, demonstrating the shortness of the period betw^een 
 the first symptoms and death in 196 cases, and concluding that "the 
 first symptoms appeared and the clinical diagnoses were made subse- 
 quent to a long latent period, of which the duration depended upon 
 •anatomical and other factors."*- 
 
 The Pennsylvania Cancer Commission, in an investigation of 400 
 cases, according to Dr. John A. Hartwell, found that 
 
 Superficial cancer had been apparent on an average of eighteen months before the case 
 came to the surgeon, and eleven months had elapsed between the time that a surgeon had 
 been consulted and the date of the operation. In deep cancers this time was one year. 
 About one case in thirty of breast cancer was not even examined by the first physician 
 consulted, and in one case in six, salves, ointments, etc., were prescribed, with ad^^ce to 
 temporize. Sixty-eight per cent, only of superficial cancers were operable when they came 
 to the surgeon. Only 48 per cent, of deep-seated cancers were operable when first seen by 
 the surgeon. In a 'series of cases covering five years in a representative hospital over 63 
 per cent, of the cancer cases were foimd totally inoperable.f 
 
 *British Medical Journal; October 22, 1910. 
 
 iiledical Record, New York, April 26, 1913. See also report to Medical Society of Pennsylvania by its 
 Commission on Cancer, by J. M. Wainwright, Chairman, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 165 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 In this connection the following table, derived from the special report 
 on cancer in Ireland, showing the duration of previous illness accord- 
 ing to sex, for all cancers, and separately for cancer of the stomach, 
 uterus and breast, is included as an interesting illustration of the utility 
 of even crude statistical methods in rendering aid to the cause of cancer 
 research. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, by Organs and Parts, and Duration of 
 Illness, according to Sex, 1901 
 
 Males 
 
 Duration of All Organs Stomach 
 
 Illness (Per Cent.) (Per Cent.) 
 
 Under 6 months 34.0 41.6 
 
 6 months-1 year 37.0 36.7 
 
 1-2 years 21.1 19.6 
 
 2-3 years 4.2 1.2 
 
 Over 3 years 3.7 0.9 
 
 Total with known 
 
 duration 100.0 100.0 
 
 Females 
 
 All Organs 
 (Per Cent.) 
 
 30.7 
 
 35.5 
 
 24.1 
 
 5.5 
 
 Stomach 
 (Per Cent.) 
 
 39.0 
 
 34.6 
 
 21.3 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 Uterus 
 (Per Cent.) 
 
 20.3 
 
 46.5 
 
 26.2 
 
 3.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 Breast 
 (Per Cent.) 
 
 11.2 
 32.5 
 37.7 
 10.8 
 7.8 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 (For details see Tables 47 and 48 of Appendix G.) 
 
 It is brought out by this interesting analysis that the proportion of 
 cancer deaths with a previous disease history of over 3 years was 3.7 
 per cent, for males, and 4.2 per cent, for females, of the cases with a 
 known duration. For cancer of the stomach the corresponding pro- 
 portion was 0.9 per cent, for males, and 1.6 per cent, for females; for 
 cancer of the uterus, 3.2 per cent.; and for cancer of the breast, 7.8 per 
 cent. In the majority of cases of known duration the disease had been 
 in existence or had been observed by the patient for at least six months 
 or over.* For cases of known duration the proportion of cancer deaths 
 with a previous history of over 1 to 2 years was 21.1 per cent, for males, 
 and 24.1 per cent, for females. Accepting the principle laid down 
 by the American Society for the Control of Cancer, that "in the early 
 recognition and treatment of the disease lies the hope of a cure," it is 
 self-evident that a fatal termination could in many cases be prevented 
 by the avoidance of needless and hopeless delay, f 
 
 Degree of Malignancy 
 
 The previous duration of cancerous disease is primarily conditioned 
 by the type of the cancerous growth, which is subject to a varying degree 
 of malignancy, in turn affected by the powers of disease resistance, 
 which are also subject to wide variations. There are, for illustration, 
 the slow growing tumors, arising from fibroblasts, called fibromata, and 
 the rapidly growing fibrosarcomata, which, according to F. B. Mallory, 
 "represent extremes in the rate of growth." The duration of the disease 
 
 *Some interesting facts are disclosed by the analysis of the Ordinary Ejrperience of The Prudential Insur- 
 ance Company of America for the period 1886-1912 (1401 male deaths, and 641 female deaths). For males the 
 average previous duration of insurance was 6.8 years for cancer of the stomach and liver, 6.5 years for cancer of 
 the peritoneum, intestines and rectum, 6.3 years for cancer of other organs or parts, 5.7 years for cancer of the skin, 
 and 5.6 years for cancer of the buccal cavity. For females the average previous duration of insurance for 
 cancer of the stomach and liver was 6.3 years, for cancer of the breast, 6.3 years; for cancer of other organs or 
 parts, 5.7 years; for cancer of the skin, 5.6 years; for cancer of the peritoneum, intestines and rectum, 6.4 years; 
 and for cancer of the generative organs, 5.2 years. 
 
 tSome additional data on the subject of duration of cancer previous to death are given on page 115. 
 
 166 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 requires, therefore, to be determined with reference to biological con- 
 siderations, and especially is this true in regard to the primary division of 
 cancers into sarcomata and carcinomata. The former, which are much 
 more common in early life, usually run a much more rapid course, 
 whereas in some of the latter, particularly in very advanced ages, the 
 duration of the disease may extend over a number of years. The statisti- 
 cal aspects of this phase of the cancer problem have as yet received very 
 inadequate consideration. It has been observed in this connection by 
 Dr. C. Mansell Moullin, that 
 
 Cancer is not a definite entity nor is sarcoma. The cancer of one organ differs from the 
 cancer of every other organ, and the cancer of each individual person is as different from the 
 cancer of all other individuals as his constitution is from theirs. . . . Sarcoma and 
 carcinoma are artificial groups, not natural ones. It is not possible to define or limit 
 either of them.* . . . The cancer of one organ is entirely different from the cancer of 
 every other organ, and the clinical history of periosteal sarcoma varies with the bone to 
 which the periostemn belongs. Each organ and each tissue has its own variety of malig- 
 nant tumor, just as it has its own variety of innocent tumor, though the microscope may be 
 unable to distinguish them, and the innocent tumors of each organ shade off by imper- 
 ceptible stages into the malignant ones, so that together they form one group. No line 
 can be drawn between them.f 
 
 These observations reemphasize the earlier conclusions regarding the 
 difficulties of a generally satisfactory tumor classification. If the point of 
 view advanced by Dr. Moullin is sound, that "clinical characteristics are 
 of no value for the classification of pathological growths such as tumors," 
 and "whether a tumor is what we call malignant or not depends upon the 
 degree of maturity already reached by the cell from which the tumor bud 
 first branched off upon its independent career," there remains probably 
 no other course in statistical procedure than to continue the present 
 practice of an anatomical classification, which simply by reference to the 
 organ or part of the body affected by malignant disease indicates with a 
 high degree of accuracy the immediately important contributory circum- 
 stance or condition responsible for the primary cancerous growth. 
 
 The involved nature of the tumor problem presents so many interest- 
 ing and important special problems that it would be utterly hopeless 
 to meet the requirements of biological or pathological science by even the 
 most refined methods of statistical analysis. For illustration, tumors 
 have various shapes, or according to the division adopted by Delafield 
 and Prudden, they may be nodular, tuberous, fungoid, polypoid, 
 papillary, dendritic, lobulated, etc. They may occur singly or in 
 greater or less numbers in the same or in different parts of the body. 
 The degree of malignancy could probably never be successfully pre- 
 sented by means of statistical data, even though derived from a large 
 institutional experience. According to Delafield and Prudden, "The 
 more obvious marks of malignancy in a tumor are: 1. Invasion of 
 
 *The Lancet, March 21, 1914. 
 
 t RELATIVE INCIDENCE OF CARCINOMA AND SARCOMA 
 
 Total Deaths Deaths from Per 
 
 from Cancer Sarcoma Cent. 
 
 England and Wales ,_908-1912) 174,602 10,250 5.87 
 
 Scotland (1907-1911) 23,755 1,245 5.24 
 
 Ireland (1908-1912) 17,796 812 4.56 
 
 Norway (1908-1912) 11,461 580 5.06 
 
 Switzerland (1906-1910) 22,963 1,368 5.96 
 
 167 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 adjacent tissues by eccentric or peripheral growth. 2. The tendency 
 to local recurrence after removal. 3. The formation of metastases. 
 4. An interference with the nutrition and general well-being of the 
 body, which may give rise to a condition known as cachexia." Here also 
 the methods of statistical analysis must prove inadequate to the needs 
 of the medical and surgical profession. 
 
 Rapidity of Growth 
 However involved these biological and pathological considerations of 
 the cancer problem may be to the statistician, they can not be entirely 
 ignored ; in fact, to a large extent the correct interpretation of statistical 
 data depends upon a thorough understanding of the underlying ele- 
 ments of the problem, which, if left out of consideration, may seriously, 
 if not completely, invalidate the conclusions reached. In regard to the 
 average duration of cancerous disease and the relative rapidity of growth 
 of tumor tissue, it may not be inappropriate to include here the following 
 interesting observation by Ritchie : 
 
 Rapidity of Growth. — This varies very much in different cases. Sometimes, as in the 
 case of many malignant connective-tissue tumors — e. g., those occurring in bone — the 
 growth is extremely rapid, and in the course of a few months, or it may be weeks, the tumor 
 may attain to such a size as to constitute a very definite proportion of the total body weight. 
 In such a case, direct microscopic evidence of vegetative activity may be found in the 
 abundance of mitotic figures observable in the cells. In other cases of malignant-tumor 
 formation the growth is much more slow, this being exemplified in certain epithelial tvunors, 
 say of the lip, and especially in some of the tumors liable to develop in connection with the 
 intestinal mucous membrane. Here there! may be evidence of tumor formation being 
 present for many months, in certain cases years, before any gross tumor results. Generally 
 speaking, the connective-tissue tumors are those of most rapid growth, and the epithelial 
 and hypoblastic tumors are the slowest. 
 
 To the foregoing is added the following extremely interesting observa- 
 tions by Hastings Gilford, from his treatise on "The Disorders of Post- 
 Natal Growth and Development": 
 
 Cancer varies greatly in its rate of extension. It may be so rapid as to simulate in- 
 flammation. Indeed, quickly growing sarcomata accompanied by redness and pain have 
 often been opened in mistake for abscesses. On the other hand, cancers are sometimes 
 so slow in their progress that they make very little headway, even after they have been in 
 existence for years, and are prone to be mistaken for fibromata. Their rate of growth is 
 largely influenced by the surroundings. If adjacent cells be also more or less on the verge 
 of degeneration, as in old age, the progress is, as a rule, very slow. If, on the other hand, 
 the neighboring cells are engaged in the activity associated with progressive development, 
 then the progress of the cancer is, as a rule, greatly accelerated. The difi^erence seems to 
 depend upon the suitability of the environment. When the surroundings are congenial 
 the progress is slow; when they are uncongenial the progress is rapid. It is, perhaps, never 
 more rapid than when the cancer attacks the lactating breast, and never slower than when 
 it forms in the useless senile breast, as the "stone cancer" of old women. All forms of cancer 
 are more prone to appear in those organs which naturally undergo rapid changes, like the 
 breast, and the glands in the cervix of the uterus, than in those which are comparatively 
 stable in their development, like bone, cartilage, and muscle. Cancers show at times the 
 peculiar feature of being temporarily delayed or stopped in their progress, and these 
 phases of arrest or of increase may alternate more than once before the diseasa finally puts 
 an end to existence. 
 
 These observations are of much practical importance in connection 
 with well-directed efforts to arouse public interest in the menace of 
 cancer and the possibilities of cancer control. 
 
 The problem of fundamental causation must for the time being be 
 considered secondary in importance to the question of conditioning or 
 
 168 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 contributory circumstances favorable to the occurrence and develop- 
 ment of malignant disease: for if even so simple a fact can be brought 
 home to the laity that there is a material difference in the rate of malig- 
 nant growth— whether sarcomata or carcinomata, whether among the 
 young or among the old, whether among the strong and robust or among 
 the anaemic and weak — much will have been gained in the direction 
 of increasing the number of cases presenting themselves for early and 
 qualified operative or other treatment. The public must understand 
 that there are degrees of malignancy and that there is an increased 
 probability of recurrence in the case of delayed operation. As a rule, 
 "the less difiFerentiated the type of cell composing the tumor the more 
 malignant it is," and "the small round-celled sarcoma is one of the most 
 malignant types." Since the sarcomata are much more common to 
 children and young persons, it is self-evident that the earliest possible 
 qualified treatment is imperatively called for in such cases where the 
 preliminary diagnosis warrants even the suspicion of a possibly malignant 
 growth. "Experience," according to Montgomery, "has taught us to 
 give a very unfavorable prognosis when cancer of the uterus appears 
 prior to the age of 40. Possibly the hopeless outlook is in part due to 
 the greater activity of the lymphatic system, the vessels of which de- 
 crease in size and number with the advent of climacteric."* 
 
 The age of the patient in cancer cases is always an element of im- 
 portance in estimating the probabilities of successful treatment. Lock- 
 wood in his treatise on "Cancer of the Breast," concludes that "a breast 
 tumor in a young woman is more likely to be innocent than malignant." 
 The average age of 43 women operated upon for innocent tumors was 
 only 36.6 years, whereas the average age of 47 persons operated upon for 
 carcinoma of the breast was 53.68 years. 
 
 Clinical Signs 
 
 There are apparently no absolutely conclusive clinical signs which 
 can be relied upon for the correct diagnosis of tumors; but malignant 
 disease, at least when fairly well advanced, is, as a rule, a cause of 
 emaciation. Under the title of "General Debility, Pallor, Emaciation," 
 Savill enumerates the symptoms of malignant disease to consist of (1) 
 a loss of weight, which occurs quite early in the disease, sometimes long 
 before any local signs can be detected. This is accompanied by a typical 
 cachexia — i. e., an appearance of illness in which the skin assumes an 
 ashy or sallow hue. (2) The age of the patient is generally advanced in 
 carcinoma, young in sarcoma, and the four classical signs of the disease 
 are pain, swelling, offensive discharge and haemorrhage. (3) Pain at 
 the seat of growth is often complained of, especially in rapidly growing 
 varieties, or when they occur in tense parts. (4) In accessible situations 
 a thickening, swelling, or tumor may be detected, which is usually hard, 
 nodular, and apt to fix and infiltrate the surrounding parts. Some 
 sarcomata, however, are soft and pulsating. (5) Whenever the growth 
 involves a mucous or epidermal surface there is an offensive pink or 
 sero-sanguineous discharge. (6) In like manner haemorrhage may 
 occur, and take the form either of metrorrhagia, coffee-ground vomiting, 
 
 *Joumal of the American Medical Association, September 21, 1907. 
 
 169 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 or melsena; and when tlie disease involves the pleura or peritoneum the 
 effused fluid will be blood-stained. (7) In carcinoma the neighboring 
 lymphatic glands become enlarged and palpable. (8) The rate of 
 growth is rapid, though it varies widely in different forms and localities. 
 Scirrhous infiltration of orifices may only reach the thickness of half an 
 inch in six to twelve months, and the patient may live two years ; but a 
 round-celled sarcoma may reach the size of a hen's egg in a month or two 
 and kill in six.* 
 
 Anaexnia and Emaciation 
 
 To much the same effect is the enumeration of symptoms by William- 
 son in the fourth edition of French's "Practice of Medicine." With 
 special reference to cancer of the stomach, it is held that 
 
 There is great diversity in the symptoms of different cases. There may be no manifesta- 
 ions by which the disease can be recognized untU comparatively late. The history of it 
 that is generally obtained is indigestion during several months, increasing in severity, and 
 attended ■nnth anemia and emaciation. , . . The early symptoms in an ordinary case 
 are loss of appetite, impaired digestion, pain, nausea, and vomiting, f These usually 
 develop so insidiously as to conceal the time of actual onset; rarely, however, they appear 
 abruptly after an attack of influenza, or an acute indigestion. . . . Pain is a promi- 
 nent sjTnptom in about three-fourths of the cases and often occurs early. It is usually 
 confined to the epigastrium, but may be referred to the shoulders, sides or back. It is 
 generally of a burning, gnawing, or dragging character; distinct cardialgia rarely occurs. 
 It is generally constant, but increased by ingestion of food. . . . Anemia and , 
 cachexia are often early symptoms and almost invariably present. The number of red 
 corpuscles often sinks below 3,000,000, occasionally below 2,000,000, and the hemoglobin 
 may fall below 50 per cent. . . . ^Tien the anemia is extreme there is often edema of 
 the lower extremities and sometimes a more general dropsy. Emaciation often begins 
 early, but in a large proportion of cases there is httle loss of weight until a late period of the 
 disease. The degree of emaciation is often remarkable, the body being literally reduced to 
 "skin and bones." The decline of strength usually keeps pace 'nith the loss of flesh, but a 
 surprising degree of \-igor is sometimes retained to the end. J 
 
 These extended references to the diagnosis of cancer are included pri- 
 marily for the purpose of emphasizing the diflBculties of the statistical 
 treatment of the more complex aspects of the cancer problem. They 
 also have reference to the question of accuracy and completeness in death 
 certification; but it is necessary to keep in mind that the initial diagnosis 
 is naturally much more diflScult than the terminal diagnosis, when, at 
 least to the trained physician, the manifestations of the disease are 
 readily apparent. 
 
 Prognosis of Cancer 
 
 The prognosis of cancer, particularly in cases where the treatment 
 has been delayed, is, according to Savill, "always of the gravest kind, 
 the course rarely lasting more than one, or at the outside, two years. 
 . . . The prognosis largely depends upon the stage at which the true 
 nature of the case is detected. On this depends very largely both the 
 
 •Sa^Tll, "System of Clinical Medicine," New York, 1912, 3d edit., p. 588. 
 
 f'Cancers vary much. Some, for instance those of the skin or lip, cause no anamia, while a fulminating 
 cancer, as of the stomach, may give a perfect picture of preliminary pernicious anemia, or, indeed, of leuksemia. 
 In general it is stated that the more malignant the tumor the greater the blood changes, and the more extensive 
 the cancer, that is, the more its metastases, the greater its influence upon the blood. But this is not entirely 
 true: our cases with rapidly developing metastases, with large nodules, are those with a slight chlorotic ansemia; 
 those which simulate pernicious ansemia are more often cases with few if any objective signs of cancer, and at 
 autopsy one finds an insignificant looking little nodule." (Emerson's "Clinical Diagnosis," p. 636.) 
 
 JFrench, "Practice of Mediciae," 4th edit., pp. 773-776. 
 
 170 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 prospect of arrest and of removal. In general terms the prognosis also 
 depends on (1) the position and accessibility of the growth, how far 
 vital structures are involved, and whether it is on or near the surface; 
 (2) the structure of the tumor; and (3) the age of the patient, to some 
 extent, for growth is more rapid in the young."* 
 
 These observations have an important bearing upon the problem of 
 cancer control. At the present time the percentage of cases suc- 
 cessfully treated is relatively small, as made evident by the con- 
 siderable annual mortality from malignant disease throughout the 
 civilized world. The available evidence is entirely conclusive that by 
 early diagnosis and prompt, radical treatment, a fair proportion of the 
 lives now lost could be saved or prolonged for many years. As pointed 
 out by Bloodgood, "The clinical symptoms of cancer of the uterus are 
 so distinct that it should not be difficult to educate patients and the 
 profession, but unfortunately, even at present, the percentage of patients 
 with cancer of the uterus seeking expert surgical advice in the inoperable 
 group is still large," and he points out further in this connection that "if it 
 has been difficult to educate people and the profession as to the potential 
 danger of a lump in the breast, small and painless defects of the skin 
 and mucous membranes and irregular bleeding from the uterus, it will 
 be much more difficult to educate them to the significance of abdominal 
 pain, indigestion and changes in the stools." He therefore concludes 
 that the control of cancer is a problem of education, and that those 
 clinics which have the records, the pathological proofs, must work up 
 their statistics so that we may increase our evidence in support of the 
 statement that cancer has been cured. f 
 
 Heredity 
 
 Such a process of education will not be an easy matter. There are 
 deep-rooted convictions which will have to be overcome by the accumu- 
 lation of indisputable evidence, which must be largely obtained by means 
 of qualified statistical research. There is still a wide-spread belief that 
 cancer is a blood disease, frequently inherited, possibly contracted by 
 infection, and in any event, extremely difficult to cure or control by 
 medical or surgical means. The apprehensions of members of families in 
 which one or more cases of cancer have occurred are in obvious contra- 
 diction to the available evidence that cancer is not inherited in the strict 
 sense of the term, and that the probability of an inheritance of a predis- 
 position to cancer is relatively remote and decidedly less than in 
 tuberculosis . The evidence brought together on this point in the chapter 
 on the relation of the cancer problem to life insurance fully sustains the 
 conclusion that the available facts are largely of a negative kind. The 
 conclusion advanced by Rudolph Schmidt, that "many an ancestral tree 
 that has been studied, scarcely leaves room for doubting the possibility 
 of direct transmission," is not sustained by the required statistical 
 evidence, in other words, by a sufficient number of authentic cases, to re- 
 move the margin of reasonable doubt as regards the occurrence of mere 
 coincidence or the influence of collateral factors, such as an inherited 
 
 *Savill, "System of Clinical Medicine," New York, 1912, 3d edit., p. 589. 
 ^Journal of the American Medical Association, December 27, 1913. 
 
 171 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 exceptional longevity on the part of the parents and their offspring from 
 a long line of long-lived ancestors, or the continuity of almost identical 
 habits and modes of life more or less in the nature of predisposing 
 causes. Thus, for illustration, it is possible that the drinking-water of 
 a community may act as a chemical irritant and as such have a strong 
 influence upon the body fluids, as is apparently the case in endemic 
 goitre. 
 
 Family History 
 
 The number of separate and distinct factors which condition the rela- 
 tive frequency of cancer among the different types of mankind entirely 
 preclude the possibility of any one of them being of predominating impor- 
 tance. The researches of Karl Pearson, including the family history of 
 some 3,000 cancerous persons and a comparative study of the same 
 number of non-cancerous patients, appear to establish the conclusion 
 that "there was practically no difference between them in respect to the 
 prevalence of the disease among their relatives." This conclusion is 
 further sustained by the collective experience of American life insurance 
 companies and the less extensive experience of The Prudential. Bash- 
 ford, in a well -written argument on "Heredity and Disease" presented 
 to the Royal Society of Medicine, remarks that "Taking the surface of 
 the body as an example, the incidence of cancer in different races of 
 mankind is characterized, on the whole, not so much by innate racial 
 peculiarities as determined by extrinsic irritants. Why some indi- 
 viduals escape the consequence of peculiar practices involving chronic 
 irritation, and others do not, it is at present impossible to decide. Dis- 
 regarding all other hypotheses, we fall back on an undefined suscepti- 
 bility of the body, which we conceive as being more exaggerated in some 
 persons than in others. There is certainly no evidence for the inheri- 
 tance of cancer as such — only the possibility of a predisposition can be 
 discussed." Bashford refers to an interesting paper by W. Harrison 
 Cripps on "The Relative Frequency with Which Cancer is Found in the 
 Direct Offspring of a Cancerous or Non-cancerous Parent," using in 
 addition the data presented by Dr. Ogle in the Fifty-second Annual 
 Report of the Registrar-General of England and Wales. He pro- 
 vides the required statistical evidence that "When no hereditary 
 influence is assumed, the frequency of cancer as a cause of death 
 is so great that few families of large size escape; and in one of 
 every two families either a parent or a grandparent will, on an 
 average, have died of cancer, supposing such parents and grandparents 
 to have died after 35 years of age," or in other words, "The mor- 
 tality from cancer is so great that, on an average, in one of two families 
 either a parent or a grandparent will have died of cancer without 
 assuming hereditary predisposition. Hence the use made of such 
 records to prove the occurrence of a large number of cases of cancer in a 
 selected number of families is not warranted." 
 
 There are few more interesting directions in which qualified statis- 
 tical research could aid the scientific study of the cancer problem than 
 by an extended analysis of authentic family records over a long period of 
 years. Unfortunately such records are extremely difficult to secure, 
 and it is practically impossible to give due weight to all the other factors 
 
 172 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 and conditions likely to determine the rare or excessive incidence of 
 cancer met with in exceptional families for which the data concerning 
 cancer may be available.* 
 
 Cancer Heredity in Mice 
 
 The experiments on animals which have been made under the direc- 
 tion of cancer research funds seem to establish that a predisposition to 
 cancer can be developed under given conditions ; but it is not at all likely 
 that the artificial laboratory conditions are ever experienced in actual 
 life, in which the factor of variation is enormous. Prof. Tyzzer, of 
 Harvard, has investigated the life history of a family of mice consisting of 
 100 individuals, of which a post-mortem examination was made imme- 
 diately after death. Even this number of cases, in the opinion of the 
 author, was too small for final conclusions, but as observed by Murray in 
 an editorial in the British Medical Journal, "The figures are certainly 
 striking, and it is not improbable that the modern view that heredity has 
 but little influence in regard to susceptibility to cancer may require to be 
 modified as a result of experimental research." Miss MaudSlyeof the 
 Sprague Memorial Institute of Chicago has made two reports upon the 
 incidence and inheritability of spontaneous tumors in mice, including 
 observations on 390 cases. The conclusions of Miss Slye are summed up 
 in the brief statement that "Cancer is probably possible in any mouse, but 
 it is likely to occur where heredity predetermines," or in other words, 
 "Heredity determines in which cases it shall develop into a malignant 
 cancer." In another paper by the same author the statement is made 
 that "Hereditary influences show a marked relation to the occurrence and 
 character of lung tumors. Of 155 cases investigated from this standpoint 
 there was a tumor ancestry in 146, and in but 9 of the cases lung 
 tumor appeared in the mice without tumor ancestry." 
 
 It must be seriously questioned whether these conclusions are practi- 
 cally applicable to the consideration of cancer as a human problem. The 
 conditions under which human beings grow and develop, persist and 
 survive, are fundamentally different from those which affect animal life. 
 The factors of deliberate control and the enormous power of adaptability 
 to changing environmental conditions utterly preclude the possibility 
 of the unrestrained effect of possible hereditary tendencies towards 
 particular diseases, especially cancer, which, as a rule, occurs very 
 late in life, when the degree of bodily resistance, on the one hand, and 
 the effect of special habits of life, on the other, have become well estab- 
 lished and assumed a power equivalent to direction and control. The 
 same analogy, which would reduce the human body to the mechanism 
 of a machine, breaks down in the case of cancer theories which would 
 make the human organism conform in its conscious or subconscious 
 development to the elementary and non-intelligible mode of animal 
 life. In other words, granting the possibility of direct inlieritance of a 
 
 *"Given a sufficient number of families, it is a certainty, even if there be no such thing as heredity, that of at 
 least one family, say ten members will die of cancer. The only absolute proof of heredity would be to show that 
 cancer occurred frequently in certain families, and practically nowhere else; short of this the probability of 
 heredity of cancer would be increased if it could be shown that cancer was much more common in certain 
 families than in the average for the whole community, due allowance being made for variations in age and sex- 
 distribution." (Newsholme's "Elements of Vital Statistics," p. 201, quoted in the George Crocker Special 
 Research Fund Publication, Vol. i). 
 
 173 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 predisposition to cancer, the numerous external factors of every-day 
 life, of years of self -directed effort, of changes in habits, climate, food, 
 etc., all preclude, excepting possibly in the rarest cases, a predetermined 
 occurrence of cancer in the offspring of a cancerous parent under the 
 normal conditions of human existence. The discussion on the subject 
 of heredity in cancer, with special reference to the laboratory evidence 
 of such a transmission in the case of mice, is summed up by the Journal 
 of the American Medical Association in the statement that "the liahility 
 is the thing transmitted, but without appropriate conditions the effect 
 is not produced ; that is, heredity modifies the character or degree of the 
 effect produced by a common injury," which leaves us much in the same 
 position as before. The appropriate conditions do not repeat them- 
 selves in the normal human life; but if cancer is the result of local ir- 
 ritants, then any and all factors which contribute towards this end must 
 have their influence, although a single factor under given conditions, 
 as in Kangri cancer or X-ray dermatitis, may be so self-evident as 
 to preclude the possibility of collateral or contributory causes or con- 
 ditions. In any event, the available evidence, statistical or otherwise, 
 does not sustain the conclusion that the factor of human heredity is of 
 much material importance, individually or collectively considered. 
 Cancer and Ovemutrition 
 The evidence is decidedly more conclusive that there is a direct rela- 
 tion between malnutrition or ovemutrition and cancer frequency. 
 The relation of diet to cancer has been discussed in some detail by Dr. 
 L. D. Bulkley of New York, who, after referring to the question as to 
 whether there is not some deeper fundamental cause lying back of the 
 trouble which should be reached and rectified by medical skill and 
 acumen, observes that "It is recognized by aU that the tissues develop 
 and are maintained by nutrition derived from the food and drink taken, 
 and tumors all certainly grow by the same means. For years it has been 
 claimed by one person or another that diet has more or less influence 
 in the production of cancer, and even over one hundred years ago, 
 Howard Lambe and others produced strong proof to show the effect 
 of diet in curing certain undoubted cases of cancer of the uterus, the 
 diagnosis of which was confirmed by prominent surgeons of the day." 
 Even earlier than this Johann Philip Berchelmann, in a treatise 
 pubHshed in Frankfurt a/M., 1764, attributed cancer to the acid 
 and corrosive deterioration of the lymphatic glands caused by the excess 
 of hard, common acid or acid and fatty sulphuric substances con- 
 tained in food and drink, including brandy, cider, etc. He also men- 
 tioned specifically the danger of an excess in a fish diet, particularly 
 trout and eel, as well as oysters, bread, macaroni and pork. The 
 importance of these early references lies in the recognition of the etio- 
 logical significance of protein excess in diet, which was subsequently 
 accepted by other WT-iters, particularly Michel, Dunn, Williams, and 
 others.* B. F. Glinsburg, as early as 1853, held that the conditions 
 responsible for corpulence were the same as those in carcinoma. In 
 each of these he attributed the abnormahties of the metabolism to the 
 excess of an albuminoid diet. 
 
 *J. Wolff, "Lehre von der Krebskrankheit," Jena, 1911, Vol. ii, p. 84. 
 
 174 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 Cancer and Metabolic Disorders 
 
 The statistical correlation of variations in cancer frequency and 
 errors and defects in the physiological economy of nutrition would be 
 extremely difficult, if at all possible. The physiology of metabolism, 
 regardless of a truly enormous amount of literature, is as yet far from 
 having reached the position of an exact science. The term metabolism 
 has been defined as "the collective chemical changes taking place in living 
 matter. When these metabolic changes are constructive, as in the building 
 up of tissue protoplasm from the absorbed food material, they are termed 
 anabolic; when they are destructive, as in the breaking down of living 
 matter, or in the decomposition of materials stored up in tissues and 
 organs, they are termed katabolic." As further explained by Prof. 
 Chittenden: "Proteid metabolism, or more exactly proteid katabolism, 
 therefore, means the destructive decomposition of proteid or albuminous 
 matter in the living body and is pratically synonymous with nitrogenous 
 metabohsm, since the entire nitrogen income is mainly supplied by the 
 proteids or albuminous matters of the food.* 
 
 Based up.on more general considerations the opinion has frequently 
 been advanced by ancient and modern writers that there is a direct 
 relation between diet and cancer frequency, and particularly has this 
 been claimed to be the case in regard to the excessive consumption of 
 salt and meat. The per capita rise in the meat consumption of the 
 principal civilized countries has been referred to as a causative factor 
 in the corresponding rise in the cancer death rate. The statistical 
 evidence, however, of a precise correlation of cancer frequency to per 
 capita meat consumption or its relative infrequency or rarity among 
 vegetarians has not been established. As well said in an editorial in the 
 New York Evening Post of July 1, 1914, "Admitting that meat eating 
 in England has doubled during the last fifty years, there are a number 
 of other changes quite as vital that have taken place in the same interval, 
 and it would be the height of rashness to assume that this particular 
 change was the determining factor." This argument is quite conclusive, 
 since, as frequently pointed out, the precise correlation of any single 
 factor to cancer frequency is extremely difficult, with the exception of 
 such unusual forms of malignant disease as Kangri cancer, chimney- 
 sweeps' cancer. X-ray dermatitis, etc. 
 
 Vegetarianism 
 
 The relation of vegetarianism to cancer frequency has been reported 
 upon in considerable detail by W. R. WilHams, in his treatise on "The 
 Natural History of Cancer."t He observes that "It may be well to 
 recall the fact that although cancer is remarkably rare in vegetarian 
 communities, yet complete exemption cannot be claimed for such; and 
 the like is true of herbivorous as compared with carnivorous." He, 
 however, is convinced by overwhelming evidence "that the incidence 
 of cancer is largely conditioned by nutrition." Investigations along 
 this line of inquiry should be made with a due regard to the organ 
 or part of the body affected. Nutrition is not likely to have any 
 relation whatever to the occurrence of Kangri cancer or chimney- 
 
 *Chittenden, "Physiological Economy in Nutrition," p. 1. 
 tW. R. Williams, "The Natural History of Cancer," p. 350. 
 
 175 
 13 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 sweeps' cancer, but there is quite probably a determinable relation 
 between gastric cancer and serious errors in nutrition and metabolism. 
 Von Noorden holds "That a purely vegetable diet is not of advantage 
 to the majority of mankind does not depend on any peculiar difference 
 between the protein of plant and that of animal origin, but is the result 
 rather of the presence of smaller quantities of protein in vegetable food, 
 and an unequal and unsuitable distribution of the other important food 
 stuffs present, as well as of certain mechanical intestinal disturbances 
 which are often associated with a diet of entirely vegetable origin."* 
 With special reference to the inffuence of cancer upon the digestive 
 processes. Von Noorden mentions the investigations of Van der Velden 
 pro^dng the absence of free HCl in cases of cancer of the stomach, and 
 the confirmation of this statement by many subsequent observers and 
 its general acceptance at the present time as one of the most .assured 
 facts in the pathology of the diseases of the stomach. He points out 
 that there are chemical changes in the gastric contents which result 
 from the action of the products secreted by the new growth; that on the 
 basis of a very extended series of observations it was shown that there 
 was a marked diminution in the secretion of hydrochloric acid. "But," 
 as he observes, "the question whether the development of cancer has 
 any influence on intestinal digestion has never been closely and com- 
 prehensively studied, because the specific influence on the functions 
 of the intestine, similar to that which has been believed to exist in the 
 case of the gastric juice, had never been observed or asserted." "Clinical 
 experience," he remarks, ."teaches that cancer of the stomach is not 
 necessarily followed by any intestinal .disturbances, not even when 
 characteristic changes of the gastric functions, such as a deficiency in 
 HCl, a slight disturbance of the motility of the stomach, or again, a f orma- 
 tion»of lactic acid, could be clearly demonstrated." With reference to 
 the development of cancer in the duodenum, in the gall-bladder, in 
 the liver or in the pancreas. Von Noorden is of the opinion that these 
 may be considered to be the cause of disorders of the biliary or pan- 
 creatic secretion. t Upon the important question as to the effect of the 
 development of cancer upon the blood, b'S remarks that "During the 
 development of cancer the blood frequently undergoes changes which 
 manifest themselves clinically as a more or less severe ansemia. Here 
 again it is especially cancer of the stomach that is associated with 
 
 *Von Noorden, "Metabolism and Practical Medicine," Vol. i, p. 3. 
 
 tFor some extremely suggestive observations and conclusions on the relation of diet to cancer frequency 
 under experimental conditions, see the paper on "The Rate of Tumor Growth in Under-Fed Hosts," by Peyton 
 Rous, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 17, 1911. Also, address on 
 "The Relation of Diets and of Castration to the Transmissible Tumors of Rats and Mice," by J. E. Sweet, 
 EUen P. Corson- White and G. J. Saxon, from Journal of Biological Chemistry, July, 1913, and "The Influence 
 of Diet on Transplanted and Spontaneous Mouse Tumors," by Peyton Rous, Journal of Experimental Medi- 
 cine, No. 5, 1914. Rous observes that the experimental evidence "shows that the development of tumor 
 grafts can in many cases be prevented or retarded by underfeeding the host or by putting it on a special diet." 
 Corson-White and her associates conclude that "the unfavorable influence of poor nutrition (on cancer growth) 
 as brought about by intercurrent disease upon the rate of growth of the transplanted tumor is a matter of 
 general observation." They refer to the work of Mendel and Osborne, "who found in their studies of the effects 
 of feeding rats with combinations of pure vegetable proteins a number of diets which completely retarded the 
 normal growth of the animal, although the general condition seemed entirely normal," and they say that, "in 
 other words, their animals were not starved in any sense except a very specific one — certain elements necessary 
 to normal growth were lacking." The implication of these experiments is of far-reaching practical importance. 
 They prove at least as regards rats and mice under expected condition that the susceptibility to transplantable 
 tumors may be influenced loth positively and negatively by proper diets, and the same conclusion applies to the rate 
 of growth as well as to initial susceptibility. 
 
 176 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 anaemia, while cancer of the uterus and other internal organs come 
 next in order." He remarks, however, that "Though the anaemia 
 is by no means a constant symptom of the growth of cancer, some 
 investigators insist on its being a specific effect of the hypothetical 
 cancer toxin,"* 
 
 Diet and Cancer Frequency 
 
 These extremely involved biochemical aspects of the cancer problem 
 are largely outside of the field of statistical research. The value of the 
 evidence, of course, is proportionate to the number of cases considered, 
 and this is particularly true with respect to the comparative frequency 
 of cancer among meat-eating and vegetarian races. In the discussion 
 of the experience data of life insurance companies the fact was brought 
 out that the proportion of deaths from cancer among Mohammedans 
 in the experience of the Oriental Life Insurance Company of Bombay 
 had been practically negligible, whereas among Europeans the pro- 
 portionate mortality from this cause was 3.93 per cent. Williams, 
 on the basis of a world-survey, came to the conclusion that the cancer 
 death rate was invariably very low among people predominantly poor, 
 of necessity very frugal, subsisting on an alimentation comprising but 
 little proteid food. "A remarkable negative feature of reports regarding 
 cancer frequency in India," according to the same authority, "is the 
 almost complete absence from them of cases of malignant disease of the 
 stomach (pylorus) ; and an equally noteworthy positive feature is the un- 
 usually great predominance of external cancers," particularly of the male 
 generative organs. Out of 1,589 cases of cancer reported from India 
 and analysed by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 1,513 involved 
 the external surface of the body, and only 76, internal organs. The 
 rarity of malignant tumors in India has been confirmed by the researches 
 of liConard Rogers, on the basis of an exhaustive study of the Calcutta 
 post-mortem records. He found that malignant tumors cause only 
 2.9 per cent, of the deaths from all causes, or a very small proportion 
 compared with European experience, partly accounted for by the low- 
 age incidence of the subjects. Out of 1,000 autopsies, only 1 was a 
 case of cancer of the stomach; 2, of the large bowel; 4, primary cancer of 
 the liver; 3, primary cancer of the gall-bladder; 1, of the bile-duct; 4, of 
 the pancreas, and 1, of the fallopian tube. All the diagnoses were 
 verified microscopically. The data relate only to post-mortems, but 
 it is pointed out by Rogers that cancer is also comparatively rare in the 
 surgical series. 
 
 Out of 396 cases of carcinoma, in the experience of the Mayo Hospital, 
 in Lahore, during the decade 1892-1903 (270 males and 126 females) 
 72 were cancers of the male generative organ (all Hindoos) ; 58, of the 
 skin ; 50, of the breast ; 30, of the rectum ; 23, of the uterus ; 23, of the liver ; 
 20, of the tongue; 13, of lip, cheek, mouth, and palate; 6, of the bladder; 
 5, of the pharynx; 5, of the larynx, etc. There was not a single case of 
 malignant disease of the stomach in this apparently well-observed 
 experience, t 
 
 *Von Noorden, "Metabolism and Practical Medicine," Vol. iii, pp. 797-805. 
 tW. R. Williams, "The Natural History of Cancer," pp. 34-35. 
 
 177 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 Influence of Civilization 
 
 The available evidence would seem to support the conclusion that 
 malignant disease of the stomach is relatively much less frequent among 
 non-flesh-eating races than among those not confined to a vegetarian diet. 
 Bulkley, reporting the results of his studies during a rather extensive trip 
 through the far East, states that although he met a large number of 
 medical men and made personal inquiries at hospitals with a total of 
 many thousands of patients, in Japan, Corea, China, Philippines, Siam 
 and Egj^pt, he met everywhere with the same response: "Cancer was 
 rarely seen among vegetarian peoples." This rather sweeping conclu- 
 sion will hardly' hold in regard to external cancers, or internal cancers 
 other than those of the stomach and organs and parts directly related to 
 the processes of nutrition. Bulkley, in a notable paper on "The Relation 
 of Diet to Cancer," holds that "with advancing civilization the diet 
 has become more and more complicated and luxury and over-eating have 
 increased: this is especially true of meat-eating and alcohol and coffee 
 drinking. . . . Among the well-to-do the meat consumption has 
 been estimated at between 180 and 330 pounds per year. Already this is 
 much more than double the amount consumed fifty years ago, and in the 
 same time the deaths from cancer have increased over fourfold."* If 
 meat-eating, as such, were a direct cause of cancer frequency, it would 
 seem reasonable to suppose that the disease should be exceptionally 
 common among certain tribes of North American Indians who, to an 
 unusual extent, five upon a meat diet. As a matter of fact, cancer is 
 apparently very rare among North American Indians, at least as far as 
 ascertainable through the records of the Division of Vital Statistics of 
 the United States Census. In the year 1910 there were 886 deaths of 
 Indians, more or less of mixed blood, reported for the registration area, 
 and of this total only 9, or 1.02 per cent., were deaths from cancer or 
 other malignant tumors. Of this number 6 were cancers of the stomach 
 and liver, or 66.6 per cent, of the whole. In contrast, out of 1,055 deaths 
 from all causes among Chinese in the United States registration area in 
 the year 1910, 44 were deaths from cancer and other malignant tumors, 
 and of this number 19, or 43.2 per cent., were deaths from cancer of the 
 stomach and liver. These data are confirmed by the investigation of the 
 George Crocker Special Research Fund. 
 
 It must be considered extremely doubtful whether the operation of any 
 single factor is sufficient to induce an excess in the normal frequency of 
 cancer among human beings, even though the evidence may be quite 
 conclusive that such a factor operates as a main contributory or accelerat- 
 ing condition. Overeating and, even more, overnutrition are unquestion- 
 ably most important contributory causes in cancer occurrence. The 
 principle of the physiological economy of nutrition has been admirably 
 set forth by Prof. Chittenden in the statement that 
 
 There is no question, in \-iew of our results, that people ordinarily consume much more 
 food than there is any real physiological necessity for, and it is more than probable that 
 this excess of food is in the long run detrimental to health, weakening rather than 
 strengthening the body, and defeating the very objects aimed at. . . . Physiological 
 economy in nutrition means temperance, and not prohibition. It means full freedom of 
 
 *Bulkley's observations and conclusions on the metabolism of cancer and the relation of cancer to diet have 
 recently been published under the title "Cancer — Its Cause and Treatment," New York, 1915. 
 
 178 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 choice in the selection of food. It is not cereal diet nor vegetarianism, but it is in the 
 judicious application of scientific truth to the art of living, in which man is called upon to 
 apply to himself that same care and judgment in the protection of his bodily machinery 
 that he applies to the mechanical products of his skill and creative power.* 
 
 Theory of Atra Bills 
 
 The possible biochemical causes of cancer have not as yet been suf- 
 ficiently investigated to justify more than very general conclusions. 
 The statement by F. W, Forbes Ross, that "so far as my researches on 
 epithelial cancer have taken me, I have reason to believe that the dis- 
 turbance of the potassium balance in the body is the cause, or one of the 
 main causes, of epithelial cancer" is justified as a hypothesis, but not as a 
 final conclusion. An equally interesting and possibly more conclusive 
 observation in this connection has been made by E. F. Wright in his 
 treatise on "Plant Disease and Its Relation to Animal Life": "It is 
 clearly proved that there is a great difference in the composition of a 
 healthy or normal bile and of the bile of one suffering from cancer." 
 This conclusion, if sound, would go far to confirm the ancient theory of 
 atra bilis, or the production of black bile by the renal and suprarenal 
 glands, and its effect on temperament and predisposition to generate 
 tumors of all kinds. The theory of black bile as a cause of cancer, which 
 prevailed as a dogma until far into the eighteenth century, was a mere 
 fancy of the imagination; but the theory that an abnormal condition of 
 the bile may, under given conditions, be due to cancerous processes rests 
 upon the substantial ground of precisely determined evidence.t 
 
 Biochemical Aspects 
 
 It is in the direction of qualified and special research of the con- 
 tributory factors in nutritional disturbances and their relation to can- 
 cerous processes that the most valuable results of cancer research are 
 likely to be had. If, for illustration, the theory of Ross is true, 
 that the artificial or intentional regulation of the potassium balance 
 in an apparently hopeless case of cancer will affect a profound change 
 for the better in the disease, it is self-evident that such a hypothesis 
 is entitled to much weight. The main object in all cancer research 
 is the ascertainment of the whole truth of the cancer problem; but it is 
 also important, and primarily so, to determine the factors or processes 
 contributory, on the one hand, to an increase in the cancer death rate, 
 and to the control of cancerous conditions, on the other. 
 
 The conclusion, however, by the same writer that the relative cancer 
 death rates of England and Japan negative the theory of the influence 
 of a vegetarian diet and cancer frequency is untenable, because of the 
 fact elsewhere discussed that the mortality by organs and parts varies 
 considerably in the two countries. For illustration, the average death 
 rate for cancer of the stomach was 31.4 per 100,000 of population 
 for England and Wales, 1906-10, against 40.0 for the Empire of Japan, 
 1909-10. In contrast, the mortality from cancer of the breast was 
 17.9 per 100,000 of women in England and Wales, against 1.8 for Japan. 
 
 *Chittenden, "Physiological Economy in Nutrition," pp. 474-475. 
 
 tPor a full discussion of the theory of atra bilis, see J, Wolff, "Lehre von der Krebskrankheit," Jena, 1907, 
 Vol. i, pp. 1-53. 
 
 179 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Exophthalmic Goitre 
 
 A brief consideration seems here called for of goitre and its possible 
 relation to the cancer problem. Goitre is an enlargement, particularly 
 if hypertrophic, of the thyroid gland. Anaemic, or exophthalmic goitre, 
 is a disease characterized by cardiac palpitation, tremor and a high 
 pulse. The disease is more common among women than among men. 
 The etiology is obscure. According to Gould and Pyle, there are three 
 theories for the occurrence of exophthalmic goitre: 1, the cardio-vascnlar, 
 2, the mechanical, 3, the nervous. None of these explain the occurrence 
 of endemic goitre, the etiology of which was reported upon in the Milroy 
 Lectures, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1913, 
 by Robert McCarrison of the India Medical Service. This distin- 
 guished author examined minutely the nature of the goitrigenous agency 
 in water and the source from which the same was derived. He con- 
 sidered the geological structure of the soil and its relationship to goitre, 
 but he came to negative conclusions, to the effect that while the occur- 
 rence of goitre was very much more commonly associated with lime- 
 stone and dolomite formations and with marine deposits generally, this 
 association was not a constant one; for not only were these formations 
 often entirely free from the disease, but goitre could and did prevail 
 on almost every other geological formation, from the most ancient to 
 the most modern. He was unable, also, to establish a correlation be- 
 tween the amount of any single dissolved ingredient in the water of 
 goitrous communities that could De detected by chemical tests. He 
 was willing to concede that hard water might favor the action of the 
 goitrigenous agency, but he held that such waters were not capable by 
 virtue of their hardness alone of causing goitre. In regard to radio- 
 active substances in the waters of goitrous communities, he refers to the 
 researches of Repin, and the conclusion that "These waters exercise on 
 the general metabolism a powerful action of which the thyroid hyper- 
 trophy is the only reverberation." He quotes the same authority to 
 the effect: "That goitrigenous water is invariably mineral water; 
 that in this water exists some chemical ingredient — ^possibly salts of 
 lime and magnesium, possibly radio-active substances— which is the 
 active principle in the production of goitre." This view was not 
 accepted by McCarrison, particularly on the ground of the researches 
 of the Swiss Goitre Commission, which prove that "Goitrous waters 
 almost invariably showed an infinitely higher bacterial content than 
 innocuous waters," and the fact that in radio-active waters the bacterial 
 content was low. Without enlarging upon the extremely technical 
 aspects of the etiology of endemic goitre, it appears that the conclusion of 
 McCarrison, based upon and sustained by the findings of the Swiss Goitre 
 Commission, is that "Goitre-producing waters are eminently those in 
 which micro-organisms find the nutrient materials for their life and 
 
 growth." 
 
 Endemic Goitre in Fish 
 
 The importance of these considerations are emphasized in the value 
 attached to the investigations by Gaylord and others, in cooperation 
 with the United States Fish Commission, into the occurrence of endemic 
 goitre, or more accurately, thyroid carcinoma among artificially bred 
 
 180 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 trout. McCarrison refers to the investigation by Marine and Lenhart, 
 stating that "Overfeeding, overcrowding, and a hmited water-supply, 
 are the major factors in the production of filthy, unhygienic tanks or 
 ponds, and the unsanitary, unhygienic and filthy tanks are in a very 
 important but still unknown manner associated with the development 
 of thyroid hyperplasia." Gaylord's observations were found to be in 
 complete agreement with the findings of Marine and Lenhart. A table 
 is given showing the increase in the prevalence of the disease from non- 
 occurrence in the upper tanks to 3 per cent, goitrous in the first tank, 
 8 per cent, in the second, 45 per cent, in the third, and 84 per cent, 
 in the fourth. These interesting results are further confirmed by the 
 goitre investigations in the villages of Gilgit, India, made bj'' McCar- 
 rison in 1905. In that case, there was "the same increased prevalence 
 of the disease as the water became more polluted, and a diminution 
 in the amount of the disease as a result of dilution of the impure water 
 with fresh spring water." The markedly place-character of the disease, 
 even in the case of trout, was therefore well illustrated. Marine and 
 Lenhart had arrived at the conclusion, as a result of their observations, 
 that goitre was "the symptomatic manifestation of a metabolic and 
 nutritional disturbance, and that food was the major factor acting to 
 bring about a fault of nutrition favorable for goitre development." 
 This conclusion was not accepted by McCarrison, who considered it 
 inconsistent with some of the facts and opposed to the theory advanced 
 by him of a micro-organism as a satisfactory explanation of the develop- 
 ment of the disease in artificially bred trout. 
 
 Thyroid Carcinoma* 
 Gaylord and Marsh of the New York State Institute for the Study 
 of Malignant Disease, in an elaborate report on "Carcinoma of the 
 Thyroid in Salmonoid Fishes," published by the United States Bureau 
 of Fisheries, 1914, conclude that "The disease known as thyroid tumor, 
 endemic goitre, or carcinoma of the thyroid in the Salmonidae, is a malig- 
 nant neoplasm ; that it occurs in fish living under conditions of freedom in 
 populated areas; that when introduced into fish-breeding establishments 
 it becomes endemic, with occasional epidemic outbreaks; that normal fish 
 taken from the wilderness may be made to acquire the disease when placed 
 in fish-breeding establishments where the disease is endemic; that the 
 feeding of uncooked animal proteid favors and the feeding of cooked 
 animal proteid retards the disease as compared with the uncooked; 
 but that feeding alone is not an efiicient cause." They therefore hold 
 that "There must be a transmitting agent, probably through the water 
 or food, or both," and that "By scraping the inner surface of water- 
 soaked wooden troughs in which the disease was endemic, they secured 
 an agent which from its action upon the mammalian thyroid when ad- 
 ministered through drinking water was no doubt the cause of the dis- 
 ease in the fish confined in these troughs." They found that the agent 
 
 The mortality from goitre in the United States Registration Area is 14.1 per 1 ,000,000 of population (1910-13) . 
 For males the rate was 3.0, and for females 25.8. For England and Wales (1911-12) the rate was 11.4 
 per 1,000,000 for both sexes combined; 2.1 for males, and 20.1 for females. For the Eastern States in the United 
 States Registration Area the goitre mortality rate was 11.3; for the Southern States, 6.1 ; for the Central States, 
 20.2; for the Rocky Mountain States, 10.6; and for the Pacific Coast States, 12.4. The highest rates prevailed 
 in an almost contiguous area, as follows: Michigan, 24.9, Indiana, 22.0, Ohio, 21.2, Wisconsin, 18.6, and 
 Minnesota, 18.1. All of these rates are decidedly above the average for the registration area as a whole. 
 
 181 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 could be destroyed by boiling, and that fish in all stages of the disease 
 were favorably affected in the direction of cure by the addition to the 
 water supply in suitable concentration of mercury, arsenic or iodine. 
 They therefore advance the very important general conclusion that 
 the effect of mercury, arsenic and iodine in carcinoma of the thyroid in 
 fish and the subsequent positive experiments with metals in mammalian 
 cancer are probably the expression of a therapeutic relation of these 
 elements to carcinoma. They found that certain species of the Sal- 
 monidae had an almost complete natural resistance to the disease, and 
 that certain lots of fish of susceptible species show a high degree of 
 immunity to the disease; that spontaneous recovery occurs in a con- 
 siderable percentage of individuals; that removal from ponds in which 
 the disease is endemic to natural conditions or a change to more natural 
 food increases the percentage of spontaneous recoveries; and that such 
 a recovery appeared to confer a degree of immunity against recurrence.* 
 Following these extremely interesting and apparently thoroughly scien- 
 tific investigations and conclusions, the authors maintain that the disease 
 known as endemic goitre, or carcinoma of the thyroid, is endemic in 
 a very high percentage of all trout hatcheries in the United States, and 
 that "The occurrence of the disease in wild fish, its introduction into 
 fish-cultural stations, its localization in certain troughs or water sup- 
 plies, the method of its spread, its transmission to mammals, the efficacy 
 of certain well-known inorganic germicides in the treatment of the dis- 
 ease, the destruction of the agent by boiling, the phenomena of the 
 spontaneous recovery and immunity, strongly indicate that the agent 
 causing the disease is a living organism." But they add, "No evidence 
 has yet been produced to indicate the direct transmission of the disease 
 from individual to individual."t 
 
 It has seemed advisable to add the foregoing rather extended observa- 
 tions on goitre in human beings and in the salmonoid fishes as an 
 exceptionally interesting contribution to the theory that cancer and 
 allied diseases are primarily conditioned by errors or defects in nutrition 
 and metabolism, and that, therefore, the underlying principal cause of 
 cancer frequency is a wide departure in modern life from the normal 
 mode typical of primitive races, among whom, as far as known, cancer 
 is in all of its forms of comparatively rare occurrence. A full dis- 
 cussion of this phase of the cancer problem does not come within the 
 scope and plan of the present work. There is, however, an obvious 
 possibility that statistical research, particularly in the direction of 
 determining with precision the local geographical incidence of the dis- 
 ease and its direct correlation to the more important contributory 
 factors, but especially to the diet and nutrition of the population affected, 
 
 *Bulletiii of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Carcinoma of the Thyroid in Salmonoid Fishes, p. 506. 
 
 fThe subject of thyroid carcinoma and the cause of goitre in fish are briefly referred to in the Cancer Studies 
 by the George Crocker Special Cancer Research Fund, Vol. i, pp. 242-243, as follows: "There are no evidences 
 that the disorder was either infectious or contagious, but much in favor of the view that it was the symptomatic 
 manifestation of a metabolic and nutritional disturbance. . . . Limited water supply, overcrowding, and 
 overfeeding with a higlily artificial and incomplete food. The water of the hatchery was not intrinsically goitre- 
 producing, because fish would not develop the disease unless at least the factor of overfeeding with an incomplete 
 food were in operation, and because they recovered if the overfeeding and overcrowding were corrected, even 
 though remaining in the same pond. Therefore it seemed probable that food was the major factor in bringing 
 about some fault of nutrition favorable to goitre development, although it was impossible to suggest whet 
 elements in the diet were implicated." 
 
 182 
 
OBSERJ^TIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 may prove of great practical value in the ascertainment of the specific 
 
 factors or conditions chiefly responsible for an excess in cancer frequency 
 
 in particular localities. , ^, 
 
 Cancer and Obesity 
 
 The evidence elsewhere introduced in this work regarding the cor- 
 relation of overweight to cancer frequency is as yet inconclusive. As a 
 single factor the importance of overweight in relation to cancer can 
 easily be exaggerated. Obesity is, broadly speaking, "an excessive 
 development of fat throughout the body, and it usually occurs after the 
 prime of life, but it may be congenital, or may occur at any period of 
 life." "Oljesity," according to French's "Practice of Medicine," "is the 
 peculiar state of body in which, probably as a result of abnormal nutri- 
 tion, there is an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. . . . The 
 principal causes that lead to it jare excess of food and drink, especially 
 of starches, sugars and malt liquors, with deficient exercise, yet many 
 fleshy persons are remarkably abstemious and some are overcome with 
 fat in the midst of an active life." Overfeeding is here confused with 
 malnutrition, which is not the exact equivalent of overnutrition. 
 
 Rabagliati emphasizes the importance of connective-tissue con- 
 gestion and the relation, therefore, of cancer to rheumatism. He holds 
 that wrong alimentation gains power as age advances, and that the 
 increasing weight of authority is in favor of the view that cancer is a 
 food disease. He brings out the important point that the reason why 
 cancer is rare in childhood and early life is because the irritation of the 
 organism is accompanied by intolerance and followed by infectious 
 fevers and inflammation, whereas in middle life "the organism being 
 weighed down and oppressed by the excessive load it is compelled to 
 carry, and the tissues being somewhat resistant, it does not intolerantly 
 react against the irritation into a high fever, but on the other hand is 
 simply depressed by it." He explains why cancer becomes less com- 
 mon over 65 years of age by holding that "persons by that time have 
 learned how to live, and those who have not learned or who would not 
 learn have been swept away by some of the chronic, or by some of the 
 acute illnesses." His final conclusion is that "Too many meals, and 
 especially when they contain too large a proportion of the carbonaceous 
 and fermenting foods, form a main part of the predisposing cause of 
 
 cancer." 
 
 Alcohol and Chronic Irritation 
 
 Abuse in food and abuse in drink are closely related. Chronic irritation 
 
 as a result of overindulgence may safely be considered a predisposing factor 
 
 in at least the occurrence of cancer of the stomach. Some early writers 
 
 on cancer attributed the disease to the general use of acid wines and 
 
 cider. The available evidence, however, is not conclusive, further than 
 
 that excessive indulgence in alcoholic drinks is quite likely to produce a 
 
 chronic gastritis, which requires to be considered as a precancerous 
 
 disease. Hepatic cirrhosis is induced in chronic alcoholism in many cases, 
 
 but especially in those who habitually take whiskey undiluted into an 
 
 empty stomach. This habit is certainly not very general in this country. 
 
 The common use of raw whiskey has been connected by Boas with cancer 
 
 of the oesophagus. Reyburn, in an interesting discussion of the medical 
 
 treatment of cancer considers the influence of alcohol as a predisposing 
 
 183 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 cause in cancer, particularly as regards the insidious and dangerous effect 
 of alcohol on the tissues, even from small quantities, when taken regularly, 
 and the effect of alcohol in the dilute form to enter into the blood and 
 then circulate in the blood through every tissue and organ of the body.* 
 He therefore concludes that the effect of this is that "The alcohol, by 
 powerful affinity for the water of the tissues, dehydrates and prematurely 
 hardens them ; not only this, but alcohol is a retarderof waste in the body." 
 Sir Alfred Pearce Gould, in the Bradshaw Lecture on Cancer, reported 
 in the British Medical Journal for December 10, 1910, considers alcohol 
 an etiological factor of considerable importance. Referring to the occu- 
 pational mortality statistics, according to which persons connected 
 with the liquor traffic show an exceptionally high mortality figure from 
 cancer, he concludes that "the cancer incidence in any trade varies with 
 the attendant habits as regards alcohol;" and from the point of view of 
 chronic irritation, X-rays and alcohol — these so-called causes of can- 
 cer — agree in being conditions that wear out the cells of a part : they 
 add to the number of cell generations, they deteriorate the evolution 
 of the individual cell, they appear to lessen the hold over the cell of the 
 great primal cell law, and singly or in combination they cause cancer. 
 There is serious risk, however, in carrying this conclusion too far. A few 
 years ago a report was published on the experience of Inebriate Asylums 
 in England, according to which "the mortality from cancer was more 
 than eight times greater than that which obtains throughout the coun- 
 try." This startling conclusion was subjected to critical analysis in a 
 Second Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults, by David Heron, Galton 
 Research Fellow, of the Francis Galton Laboratory for National 
 Eugenics, with the result that the very opposite conclusion was arrived 
 at, or in other words, the frequency of cancer was found to be less 
 among inebriates than among the general population. Bainbridge 
 points out that the prejudicial influence of alcohol on cancer is 
 a debatable question, but he observes, "In the case of the alimen- 
 tary canal, at any rate, this possibility has been practically estab- 
 lished by the greater frequency with which males suffer from cancer 
 of the upper half of the alimentary canal and stomach, especially in 
 occupations prone to alcoholic indulgence."! Hastings Gilford, in his 
 treatise on "Disorders of Post-Natal Growth and Development," con- 
 cludes that there is no clear evidence that cancer in general is due to the 
 drinking of alcoholic intoxicants. He quotes Dr. Snow J as one who in com- 
 mon with many other observers believes that alcohol has a conspicuous 
 share in giving rise to cancer of the lips and tongue. He also quotes Sir 
 Victor Horsley, to the effect that "There is a great excess of [malignant] 
 disease in persons employed in those occupations in which alcoholic indul- 
 gence is common," and "This is not surprising when we remember that one 
 of the factors producing cancer is the influence of chronic irritation, and 
 alcohol causes irritation of the tissues with which it comes in contact." 
 There can be no question of doubt but that alcohol is a cause of degenera- 
 tion, and Gilford elsewhere observes that "the tissues of the alcohol drink- 
 er are more vulnerable than the water drinker, and that, furthermore, 
 
 * Journal of the American Medical Association, November 10, 1906, 
 
 tWilliam Seaman Bainbridge, "The Cancer Problem," p. 81. 
 
 tThe Lancet, 1904, Vol. ii, p. 822. (See also "Disorders of Post-Natal Growth and Development," p. 162.) 
 
 184 
 
OBSERmriONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 the stimulating effect of alcohol is to a large extent the result of an 
 increased flow of blood, not founded on physiological reasons, and any 
 increase of gastric juice, any extra warmth of the skin or exaltation of 
 mind so produced is pathological, for it is due to a morbid congestion 
 and not to a natural flush. The action of alcohol upon the healthy 
 stomach is essentially that of a disorder, and carries with it all the 
 evil which the word implies." 
 
 In the cancer investigation in Baden one of the predisposing conditions 
 determined with approximate accuracy was alcoholism, which accounted 
 for about 7.5 per cent, of the cases returned for the year 1904 and 6.25 
 per cent, for the year 1906. In contrast, nicotine abuse, or smoking in 
 any form, was accounted for in only 1 per cent, of the cases for 1904 
 and 0.75 per cent, for the year 1906. Even chronic inflammation and 
 irritations caused by gall-stones, etc., accounted for a smaller proportion 
 of cases than alcoholic misuse. 
 
 Smoking and Chronic Irritation 
 
 Alcohol and tobacco are unquestionably sources of chronic irritation 
 in the mouth and throat. The relation of smoking to cancer of the 
 buccal cavity is apparently so well established as not to admit of even a 
 question of doubt. Betel-nut chewing may here be referred to as an 
 etiological factor within the same category. As pointed out by Childe, 
 in his treatise on "The Control of a Scourge," if oversmoking, or 
 smoking at all, irritates the mouth and tongue and gives a feeling of 
 soreness, it is advisable to discontinue the practice, and he particularly 
 suggests the abolition of the clay pipe. The subject was inquired into in 
 connection with the special cancer investigation in Ireland, published as a 
 supplement to the thirty-eighth detailed annual report of the Registrar- 
 General, Dublin, 1903. On the basis of this investigation the conclusion 
 was arrived at "that in some cases cancer has supervened where there has 
 been irritation of the lip consequent on smoking clay pipes. W. R. 
 Williams in summarizing the available evidence on the relation of 
 smoking to lingual and buccal cancer, concludes, however, that intrinsic 
 causes are much more important factors in the origination of cancer than 
 extrinsic ones, which are by no means its necessary antecedents. The 
 fact, however, that the mortality among males from cancer of the buccal 
 cavity is almost invariably greatly in excess of the corresponding death 
 rate for females is in itself indicative of the etiological importance of 
 smoking. An extremely suggestive illustration in support of this con- 
 clusion is the relatively high mortality from cancer of the buccal cavity 
 among aged negro women in the District of Columbia, who are given to 
 the smoking of clay pipes; this habit is practically unknown among 
 white women. For ages over 40 the death rate for cancer of the buccal 
 cavity in the District of Columbia was 3.3 per 100,000 of population for 
 white women, against 8.4 for colored women; but at ages 70 and over the 
 rates were 8.6 and 30.1, respectively.* 
 
 W. S. Lazarus-Barlow in the Croonian Lectures on Radio-Activity and 
 Carcinoma, calls attention to the fact that the liability to cancer of the 
 lip undergoes no diminution in old age, such as is observed in the case of 
 carcinoma in all other sites examined by him. This he considers strong 
 
 •"Menace of Cancer," p. 24 
 
 185 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 evidence that some fundamentally different condition obtains in the two 
 situations, and he therefore concludes that "The persistency with which 
 the old man clings to his pipe, holding it between his lips, whether actu- 
 ally smoking or not, whether awake or dozing, as he sits in the sun or by 
 the fireside, is as characteristic of the ages above seventy as is the tooth- 
 less condition which commences to set in about 65. On the assumption 
 that the pipe is in some way related to carcinoma of the lip, while the 
 teeth are in some way related to carcinoma of the tongue and other parts 
 of the mouth, the curve of liability to this disease in the two situations 
 should be exactly as we find them to be."* 
 
 These conclusions of one of the foremost students of the cancer prob- 
 lem are based in part upon the results of extended studies regarding 
 the radio-active properties of clay pipes, which, however, are too tech- 
 nical to be more than referred to. Dr. Louis Bradford Couch in a con- 
 tribution to the Medical Times, November, 1911, approaching the sub- 
 ject from another point of view, points out that the smoking of tobacco 
 produces CO and CO2. "The latter," he remarks, "unites with the 
 watery secretions of the mouth and lips, forming carbonic acid, the same 
 factor involved by fermentation in the traumatized tissues, while the 
 mechanical pressure of the pipe held regularly in one place on the lip, 
 causes blood stagnation and local fermentation and poisoning by its 
 resulting gases." He also directs attention to a fact of considerable 
 interest, in support of which, however, the required statistical evidence 
 is not given, that "Cancerous growths always occur on the lower lip, 
 never on the upper lip,"t which fact, he contends, "corroborates my 
 theories as regards the importance of pressure and fermentation." In 
 other words, "The irritating character of the nicotine and pyridine that 
 bathe the stem of the pipe as it presses on the lip, are factors of impor- 
 tance. In smokers' cancer there are three active causes at work, i. e., 
 the pressure of the pipe inducing stagnation of blood and fermentation 
 of the tissues; nerve irritation induced by nicotine and pyridine; the 
 mucous absorption of the gases of combustion, which alone and unaided 
 cause vascular paralysis, resulting in fibrous exudations, which, becom- 
 ing organized, cause the tumerous growth." 
 
 The relation of cancer of the buccal cavity, and particularly of the 
 lips, to smoking habits was also considered in the German Cancer 
 Census of 1902. The conclusion is advanced that the greater fre- 
 quency of cancer of the lips among men is directly attributable to the 
 smoking habit, and the evidence of tobacco misuse was apparently 
 established in nearly 16 per cent, of the male cancer cases. It is pointed 
 out, however, that the habit of smoking is not to be considered a direct 
 causative factor, but only in the sense of being a contributory one, in 
 identically the same way as it is held that alcoholism requires to be 
 considered a contributory instead of a direct cause in cancer frequency. 
 Gall-stones and Chronic Irritation 
 
 The foregoing considerations emphasize the practical possibilities of an 
 extension of the method of qualified statistical research to special phases 
 
 'British Medical Journal, June 26, 1909. 
 
 fThe accuracy of this statement, however, is seriously questioned by one of the foremost authorities on 
 this particular aspect of the cancer problem. The statement is of special significance as an indication of the 
 practical importance of detailed statistical data regarding the precise location of the cancerous growth. 
 
 186 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 of the cancer problem. Most of the theories advanced with regard to 
 special contributory factors in cancer occurrence are insufficiently sus- 
 tained by the necessary statistical evidence. The precise seat of local 
 irritation should in all cases be correctly determined, but unfortunately 
 it is in this direction that most of the general cancer studies fall short 
 of the required degree of scientific conclusiveness. The confusion of 
 cause and effect is as common in the cancer problem as in tuber- 
 culosis. The several factors in their interrelation are no doubt often 
 obscure. The division by Dr. WiUiam J. Mayo of local irritation into, 
 first, congenital or acquired neoplasms, such as moles, warts and benign 
 tumors, which might undergo malignancy, second, trauma, which 
 strongly influences the development not only of sarcoma but also of 
 carcinoma, third, chronic irritation, which is perhaps the most im- 
 portant of all precancerous conditions, whether the result of mechanical, 
 chemical or infectious agencies, is suggestive of the extreme complexity 
 of the biological aspects of the cancer problem statistically considered. 
 Among the illustrations given by Mayo are cancer of the gall-bladder 
 from gall-stone irritations and cancer of the stomach following gastric 
 ulcer. He points out that 50 per cent, of cancers of the pelvis and of the 
 kidney were demonstrably superimposed on extensive renal calculi 
 formation. He points out further that carcinoma of the appendix 
 usually occurs in association with chronic obliterative processes, and 
 in the sigmoid and rectum, the irritation in diverticula may have given 
 rise to malignant disease. In each of these particular phases of the can- 
 cer problem further research would seem especially desirable, due atten- 
 tion being given to elementary principles of statistical analysis. 
 
 Cancer and Tuberculosis 
 
 The relation of cancer to certain other important diseases is a field 
 of research which as yet has received only superficial or incidental con- 
 sideration. Foremost among the diseases related to cancerous processes 
 or assumed to be favorable or antagonistic to cancer occurrence are 
 tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy,* gout, rheumatism, diabetes, malaria and 
 appendicitis. The early writers on the cancer problem considered 
 scrofula as a primary predisposing cause, but during the nineteenth 
 century this point of view changed to the opposite, on the basis of the 
 homeopathic principle in medicine that two dynamic affections can not 
 occur at the same time; in other words, the less persistent disease must 
 yield to the stronger. This view was shared by Hunter, who, according 
 to Wolff, held that the human body could be affected by only a single 
 specific disease at one time. These conclusions were subsequently set 
 aside by the evidence of coincident diseases, though, of course, coexist- 
 ing to a variable degree of virulence. Tuberculosis and cancer may occur 
 in the same person at the same time, but the coincidence is apparently 
 not common. This coexistence of two diseases is possible not only in the 
 body as a whole, but in any particular organ or part. The main factor 
 
 *Per3onal inquiry at the Molokai leper settlement has failed to substantiate the view that there is a 
 correlation of cancer to leprosy. Leprosy as a precancerous condition has been reported by Blaschko, but 
 apparently the conclusions have not been generally accepted. J. W. Vaughan mentions Guy de Chauliac 
 (1300 A. D.) as having declared that cancer was closely allied to leprosy, but no evidence in support of this 
 theory has been produced- The age and sex incidence of leprosy follows an entirely different law from that of 
 cancer, and the disease is most common among indigenous races, who, as a general rule, are relatively free from 
 malignant disease. ♦ 
 
 187 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 of etiological importance in connection with the two diseases is that 
 tuberculosis occurs most frequently at young ages and cancer at ages 
 over 45. In the United States registration area in the year 1913, out of 
 93,293 deaths from tuberculosis, 73.39 per cent, occurred at ages under 
 45, and 26.61 per cent, at ages over 45. Out of 49,887 deaths from cancer 
 at all ages, 15.46 per cent, occurred at ages under 45, and 84.54 percent., 
 at ages over 45. In so far as disease is a function of age, tuberculosis and 
 cancer follow apparently opposite laws of frequency occurrence. Among 
 the most recent statistical studies, according to Wolff, are the data of 
 Goupil, who determined a proportion of 9 per cent, of tuberculosis cases 
 in 622 cases of cancer. According to the investigations of Cahen, based 
 upon 4,233 autopsies, the proportion of coincident cases of cancer and 
 tuberculosis was only 5 per cent. Other investigators have found as high 
 as 20 per cent., and W. R. Williams records 12.5 per cent. It would seem, 
 however, that according to the more recent investigations the combi- 
 nation of tuberculosis and carcinoma is much less than according 
 to the earlier studies. This, in part, may be explained by the diminish- 
 ing frequency of tuberculosis and the increasing frequency of cancer. 
 In this respect, the two diseases also follow apparently opposite 
 laws of frequency occurrence. The mortality from tuberculosis of the 
 lungs in American cities during the last thirty years has declined 
 from 319.3 per 100,000 of population to 157.5, or 50.7 per cent., whereas 
 the cancer death rate of these cities during the same period of time has 
 increased from 46.9 to 85.4, or 82.1 per cent. Much the same tendency 
 is met with in other representative civilized countries. 
 
 The theory of antagonism between cancer and tuberculosis was first 
 promulgated by Rokitansky.* Summarizing the results of his own 
 investigations, Rudolph Schmidt, in his treatise on "Tumors of the 
 Abdominal Viscera," observes with reference to the theories of Roki- 
 tansky that "Individuals with well-developed progressing tuberculosis 
 of the lungs are extremely unlikely to have carcinoma. On the contrary, 
 healed apical lesions and other stationary healed tubercular processes, 
 or such as incline to healing, especially those of glands and bones, are 
 decidedly not rare in cancerous patients." 
 
 Among recent studies of the association of tuberculosis and malignant 
 growth a reference may be made to the work of W. H. Harris of New 
 Orleans.f The results of Harris's investigations are briefly summarized 
 in the statement that "The tuberculosis formed a primary pathologic 
 soil on which the tumor probably thus provoked continued to flourish 
 and the tuberculosis in part yielded to the cancerous affection." 
 
 Cancer and Syphilis 
 The possible correlation of syphilis to cancer has also not been accu- 
 rately determined. The earliest investigation, as stated by Wolff, was by 
 
 *Journal of Medical Research, Boston, 1913. 
 
 fThe extreme rarity of coincidence in cancer and tuberculosis is best illustrated in the actual experience of 
 The Henry Phipps Institute of Philadelphia. From the opening of the Institute in 1903 to January, 1915, there 
 have been 633 autopsies performed, including a very small percentage of individuals who did not have tubercu- 
 losis. According to Dr. H. R. M. Landis, Director of the Clinical and Sociological Departments, "Of the entire 
 number there was but one instance of malignant disease, and this case was of a woman who at the autopsy was 
 found to have a number of nodules in the lung, which had had their origin in a small scirrhous carcinoma of the 
 left breast. This woman had no tuberculosis whatever." In other words, in the experience of this thoroughly 
 representative institution there have been no cases in which tuberculosis and malignant disetfee coexisted. 
 
 188 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 Leroy d'Etiolles, who according to French experience held that out of 
 five syphiHtics one would be afflicted with cancer. The importance of 
 considering the possible coexistence of syphilis and cancer, with a due 
 regard to the organ or part of the body affected by the disease, was dis- 
 cussed by Poirier in 1 907, in a description of 32 cases of cancer of the tongue 
 in 27 cases of which syphilis was a predisposing or precancerous con- 
 dition. Fabre, as early as 1777, attempted to prove that syphilis was an 
 important factor in cancer causation, and since that time many writers 
 have contributed the results of their observations for the same purpose. 
 Horand has reemphasized the importance of considering the relation 
 of syphilis, with a due regard to the site of the cancerous growth, but 
 no evidence has apparently been produced to show that syphilis must 
 be considered a specific predisposition to cancer, further than that all 
 imperfectly healed lesions or cicatrixes are liable to assume a malignant 
 form in course of time. Other writers on the subject have advanced 
 opposite conclusions, including W. R. Williams, who observes that in 
 the course of his investigations into the life-history of female cancer 
 patients he has been struck by the extreme rarity with which signs of 
 syphilis are met in such persons. Thus, out of 325 female cancer 
 patients consecutively under his observation, not a single one had been 
 addicted to prostitution, so far as he was able to ascertain; and, what 
 was more remarkable, only a single one presented signs of having had 
 syphilis. Moreover, according to this same authority, out of 160 uterine- 
 cancer patients, only one presented signs of having had syphilis. Other 
 indications furnished by a careful study of the life-history of these patients 
 clearly show that they are seldom the victims of syphilis. He therefore 
 concludes that "The victims of constitutional syphilis are much less 
 prone to cancer than the non-syphilitic. And this comparative im- 
 munity of the syphilitic is probably due to the depraved nutrition and 
 lowered vitality, caused by contamination of the system with the 
 syphilitic virus," 
 
 The subject is referred to by David Heron in his monograph on 
 "Extreme Alcoholism in Adults." The investigations by Dr. Branthwaite 
 are mentioned as raising a very interesting point in discussing the rela- 
 tionship between prostitution and cancer of the mammary and genera- 
 tive organs. It is stated by Heron that "After correcting for differences 
 of age distribution, we find that 71 per cent, of the cancer among inebri- 
 ates affects those organs while in the general population the proportion 
 is 53 per cent. Among inebriates who are prostitutes the percentage 
 rises to 87.5 per cent, compared with 52 per cent, in the general popula- 
 tion." It is admitted, however, that the numbers are small and do not 
 justify further analysis; but the point is recognized as important and, 
 it is suggested, should be tested on the basis of more adequate statistical 
 material. Following these observations, however, it is pointed out 
 that "None of those prostitutes who had cancer are marked as having 
 had syphilis also, but it is not quite clear from the report whether other 
 and less severe forms of disease have been recorded in addition to the 
 principal disease." Reference is made to the conclusions arrived at by 
 Prof. Rutherford Morison that "Cancer and syphilis are very firm 
 allies and syphilis often provides a suitable site for the lodgment of 
 
 189 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 cancer. If a person over 60 years of age contracts syphilis, his death 
 from cancer may be anticipated." Heron also refers to the conclusions 
 of Dr. F. von Esmarch as still more emphatic, and to the effect that in his 
 experience during recent years in his own clinic he had observed in cases 
 of sarcoma that more than one-half of the patients had been syphilitics, 
 and that they were cured through antisyphiUtic treatment. It is 
 obvious that these conclusions rest upon inadequate data, subjected 
 possibly to a faulty statistical analysis. The cases of Von Esmarch 
 may have represented an exceptional class of women, for there is no 
 evidence to prove that syphilis would be met with to anything like 
 the proportion stated by him in the ordinary run of male or female 
 patients of a general hospital or of a large private clinic. The subject is 
 one well deserving of further study and research, but as far as the present 
 available evidence permits one to judge, the relation of syphilis to 
 cancer is only remote. This view is sustained by the observations of 
 Rudolph Schmidt, who remarks that his personal impression is that "So 
 far as the clinical study of malignant neoplasms is concerned, luetic 
 antecedents are not frequent." 
 
 Cancer and Rheumatism 
 
 The statistics of rheumatism and gout in their relation to cancer 
 are fragmentary and inconclusive. Recamier, according to Wolff, 
 considered gout a predisposing factor in cancer, particularly in the case 
 of women. Bazin as early as 1858 attempted to correlate the two 
 diseases, but apparently upon an inadequate statistical basis. Beneke, 
 in 1875, and Vigouroux, as recently as 1906, have brought forward 
 evidence in support of this contention. According to the last-named 
 writer, as quoted by Wolff, cancer and arthritis are closely related; in 
 fact, he goes so far as to maintain that the majority of cancer patients 
 suffer from some form of arthritis, the fact, apparently not being given 
 due consideration, that rheumatic afflictions are as such largely inci- 
 dental to advanced age. The term arthritism as used by these writers 
 is quite comprehensive, and apparently includes such widely different 
 diseases as gall-stones, dyspepsia, diabetes, heart diseases, etc. Neither 
 statistical nor clinical evidence has been brought forward in adequate 
 support of this important contention. 
 
 ' In a discussion on "Cancer in New Zealand," Hislop and Fenwick* 
 observed, with particular references to cancer-houses, that "So many of 
 the cases were rheumatic, and rheumatism was so -prevalent iii subacute 
 or chronic forms in hush districts, that tve can hardly ascribe the coin- 
 cidence of rheumatism and cancer to an accident." They add the rather 
 suggestive observation that "It is not impossible to imagine that the 
 circulation of the blood in rheumatic cases may act as a direct irritant 
 to tissues." It may be said in this connection that dampness has 
 frequently been alleged to be a contributory cause in excessive cancer 
 frequency, and the theory has been advanced that well-wooded countries 
 are almost constantly the areas of high cancer mortality, and that 
 isolated houses surrounded by trees especially harbor the disease. 
 Childe, in his treatise on "The Control of a Scourge," draws attention 
 
 'BritM Medical Journal, October 23, 1909. 
 
 190 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 to the close connection of "low-lying districts and trees as a cause of 
 cancer," but he remarks that the contributory cause was more likely 
 dampness, and he quotes the results of an analysis of 100 cases of 
 cancer of the breast, in which 30 per cent, showed a well-marked history 
 of exposure to dampness in some form or other, and he makes the rather 
 unpractical suggestion that "Women should not reside in places with 
 a damp climate, or where mists and fogs prevail." 
 
 The relation of rheumatism to dampness is too well established to 
 require explanation. Dampness as a contributory cause in rheumatism 
 may, therefore, occur as a mere matter of coincidence in a relatively large 
 number of cancer cases. In his classical treatise on the "Geography of 
 Heart Disease, Cancer and Phthisis," Haviland drew attention to the 
 coincidence of an excess in cancer frequency in the sections of England 
 more or less subject to periodical inundation, and a consequential 
 resulting dampness. He laid down the important principle that "Can- 
 cer does not thrive on high, dry soil," and furthermore, that the facts 
 prove that "Rheumatism is the forerunner of the great mass of heart 
 disease," and that in cancer, "The high, dry sites on the older rocks are 
 the places where cancer does not thrive, and that it does thrive in the 
 vales by the sides of large rivers which overflow their banks, and in the 
 neighborhood of which are to be found the drifts of ages of washings from 
 the inhabited country above." No exhaustive statistical investigations 
 have been made to establish with a reasonable degree of scientific con- 
 clusiveness the coincidence of cancer and rheumatism in low-lying, damp, 
 ill-drained sections of the country subject to a heavy rainfall, in contrast 
 to high-lying, well-drained and semiarid regions. Much general in- 
 formation is available, however, to prove that cancer in the former 
 regions is more common than in the latter.* 
 
 Cancer and Gout 
 
 Gout, as perhaps the best illustration of malnutrition, may by in- 
 ference be considered a precancerous symptom. But what is true of 
 gout is equally true of cancer; as observed by Von Noorden, in his treatise 
 on "The Pathology of Metabolism," "The leading scientific investigators 
 have devoted their best efforts to the solving of the questions dealing 
 with the theory of gout, yet our knowledge concerning its metabolic 
 processes stands in marked contrast to the amount of thought expended 
 upon the elaboration of its theory." The anomalies of the metabolism 
 of gout, especially with reference to uric acid, may possibly be found to 
 correspond to similar conditions in cancer. It is significant, however, 
 that in England, where in the past gout has been most common, the mor- 
 tality from this cause should have been on the decrease during years in 
 which in contrast there was a marked rise in the mortality from cancer. 
 The death rate from gout among males in England and Wales has declined 
 from 3.7 per 100,000 in 1891 to 1 .8 in 1910. The combined death rate from 
 all forms of rheumatism, including rheumatic gout, has declined from 12.6 
 per 100,000 in 1891 to 7.9 in 1910. In contrast, the mortality from all 
 forms of cancer, including sarcoma, has increased during the same period 
 from 51.8 per 100,000 to 85.7. It is remotely possible, of course, that 
 
 *See also the discussion under topography, on page 196. 
 
 191 
 14 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 there has been a transference of cancer cases formerly classified under 
 gout or rheumatic affections to the cancer group, but the evidence is quite 
 conclusive, as a matter of general observation, that the typical form of 
 gout so common in England 30 years ago is relatively less frequent at the 
 present time. In 15 cases of applicants with a record of gout in their 
 personal history in the experience of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, 
 % died from gout; 4, from heart disease; 1, from Bright's disease; 2, from 
 dropsy; 1, from apoplexy ; 4, from acute rheumatism; and 1, from tumor of 
 the liver, but whether malignant or not is not stated. The evidence in 
 this case would, therefore, have to be considered negative. The same 
 conclusion applies to most of the available data regarding the possible 
 relation of cancer to gout and other rheumatic affections. As yet, 
 however, no thorough study has been made of the comparative frequency 
 of cancer and rheumatic affections in typical semiarid and humid 
 localities, with a due regard, of course, to the organs and parts of the 
 body affected by malignant disease. 
 
 Cancer and Diabetes 
 
 There is also apparently a well-defined correlation between diabetes 
 and cancer. The conditions responsible for nutritional disturbances 
 may possibly be in part the same in both diseases. One of the con- 
 tributory factors of considerable importance in diabetes is unrestricted 
 "eating and drinking," or, in other words, overnutrition. Diabetes is 
 usually rather frequent in the Hebrew race, but this is apparently 
 not the case with cancer. "The pathogenesis of the disease," according 
 to Savill, "is not at present known," but it is certain that the pancreas 
 is fibrotic in about 50 per cent. He adds that physiological evidence 
 points in this direction, and that the glycogenic function of the liver 
 is in some way interfered with, possibly indirectly through the pancreas. 
 The disease occurs chiefly among the well-to-do, and in the proportion 
 of three males to two females. According to Gould and Pyle, "occasion- 
 ally there are lesions of the pancreas, but usually no anatomic lesion 
 can be found." The complications of diabetes are numerous, but they 
 apparently do not often include cancer. The chief treatment is dietetic, 
 and consists in the reduction of sugars and farinaceous foods. No such 
 treatment, apparently, would be of much value, if any, in cancer. A 
 high correlation between the death rate from cancer and diabetes was 
 brought out in a statistical study by Dr. G. D. Maynard, of Johannes- 
 burg, South Africa.* The evidence, however, can not be considered 
 entirely conclusive. W. R. Williams remarks in this connection that 
 
 *The original paper by Maynard was published in Biometrika for April, 1910. Among the conclusions 
 advanced are the following: 
 
 1. That recorded differences in cancer and diabetes death-rates, as applying to different districts and cities 
 of the U. S. A., as well as the increased rates observed in recent years, do indicate real differences in the preva- 
 lence of the disease. 
 
 2. The correlations found to exist between cancer, diabetes and insanity are not fortuitous and due merely 
 to errors of observation or record. 
 
 3. The statistics dealt with in this paper do not give any support to the suggestion that cancer is of infectious 
 origin. 
 
 4. That whatever theory as to the causation of cancer is adopted, some explanation of the remarkable cor- 
 relations between cancer, diabetes and insanity is required. 
 
 6. The explanation suggested to account for the facts as disclosed by statistical analysis is that conditions 
 of modern life, acting on physiologically unsound material, may account for the correlations existing between 
 these three diseases, as well as for their increasing rates. 
 
 192 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 it is interesting to note that "Of late many instances of the association 
 of malignant tumors with diabetes have been reported, and most of those 
 who have specially studied the subject maintain that the diabetic state 
 favors the development of malignant disease." He points out that it is 
 well known that malignant tumors "are rich in glycogen, and that the 
 blood of those who bear these tumors contains an excess of sugar-forming 
 substances." In his own experience, however, Dr, Williams noticed 
 the diabetic state in only a few of his numerous cancer patients, and he 
 remarks that other pathologists have also called attention to the rarity 
 of this conjunction, "even when the pancreas is the seat of malignant 
 disease, diabetes is far from common." The statistical evidence is very 
 limited, but reference may be made to Boas, a German observer, who 
 reports that of 366 patients with intestinal cancer, 12, or 3.3 per cent., 
 were also affected with diabetes. WiUiams quotes 62 cases collected 
 by Kappeler, according to whose investigations the seats of the can- 
 cerous disease complicated by diabetes were as follows: breast, 18; 
 mouth, 12; stomach and liver, 12; uterus, 3; rectum, 2; colon and ovary 
 each in 1 case. The same writer quotes Frerichs regarding the cause 
 of death in 200 diabetic patients, of whom only 6, or 3.0 per cent., died 
 of cancer. Gilford,* in his discussion of diabetes and its association with 
 acromegaly, liver cirrhosis, obesity and senilism, makes no reference 
 to cancer. The evidence, therefore, as far as available, would seem to 
 indicate that the actual correlation of cancer to diabetes is comparatively 
 slight. 
 
 In contrast to the absence of conclusive evidence of such correlation, 
 the increase in the mortality from diabetes in civilized countries cor- 
 responding, more or less, to the increase in cancer frequency, is of con- 
 siderable interest, at least as a problem in statistics.! In England and 
 Wales during the period 1900-12, the cancer death rate increased from 
 82.9 per 100,000 to 102.2, or 23 per cent., whereas the diabetes death rate 
 increased from 8.6 to 11.1, or 29 per cent. In ten registration states 
 of the United States during the period 1900-12, the cancer death rate 
 increased from 63.8 to 85.3, or 34 per cent., whereas the diabetes 
 death rate increased from 11.0 to 17.6, or 60.0 per cent. Since diabetes 
 is much more common among Jews than Gentiles, the material increase 
 in the diabetes mortality in the ten states referred to is, no doubt, due in 
 part, to the large Hebrew immigration during recent years. That this, 
 however, can not be the only explanation, if it is any explanation at all, 
 is shown by the statistics for Norway. In that country the cancer 
 
 *Hasting3 Gilford, "The Disorders of Post-Natal Growth and Development," London, 1911. 
 
 fThe following comparative cancer and diabetes mortality rates are derived from official sources for the 
 period 1908-12: 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Diabetes 
 1908-1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 United States of America (16 States) 150,750 
 
 England and Wales 174,602 
 
 Norway 11,461 
 
 Australia 16,096 
 
 Canceb 
 
 Diabetes 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 76.3 
 
 30,047 
 
 15.2 
 
 97.6 
 
 19,149 
 
 10.7 
 
 97.4 
 
 865 
 
 7.2 
 
 73.2 
 
 2,006 
 
 9.1 
 
 193 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 death rate increased from 90.8 to 104.8, whereas the diabetes death rate 
 increased from 5.1 to 8.0. Cancer increased 15 per cent., against an 
 increase of 57 per cent, in the mortahty from diabetes. Still more sug- 
 gestive are the changes in the cancer and diabetes death rates of the 
 Commonwealth of Austraha (1900-12). Cancer increased from 62.6 
 to 76.1, or 22 per cent., whereas diabetes increased from 4.2 to 10.1, 
 or 140 per cent. The evidence, while inconclusive regarding a possible 
 relation of cancer to diabetes, or vice versa, is of exceptional interest in 
 view of the recognized underlying serious nutritional disturbances 
 in both diseases. 
 
 Cancer and Appendicitis 
 The possible relation of cancer to appendicitis has been a matter of 
 much interest for many years to students of the cancer problem. Howard 
 A. Kelly, in his treatise on "Appendicitis and Other Diseases of the 
 Vermiform Appendix," calls attention to the fact that "The number of 
 cases recorded of primary tumors in the vermiform appendix is small, 
 but during the past few years, since the operative treatment of right iliac 
 disease and careful routine, laboratory examination of the removed 
 organs has become general, it has been found that they are by no means 
 so rare as formerly supposed." He also remarks that since 1898 "a 
 considerable number of cases of malignant neoplasm limited to the 
 appendix have been carefully described, while secondary involvement 
 of the organ is. comparatively common." According to the same au- 
 thority, however, it would appear that benign tumors are extremely rare. 
 The investigations by Maydl and Nothnagel, concerning the occurrence 
 of primary carcinoma of the appendix, as shown by autopsy records, are 
 referred to, it being stated that out of 40,738 autopsies made at the 
 Vienna General Hospital during the twenty-two years, 1870-92, only 
 two cases of carcinoma of the appendix out of 343 instances of cancer of 
 the digestive tract were found. During recent years the evidence from 
 numerous sources has been rapidly accumulating, tending to show in the 
 words of Dr. Kelly, that "Primary carcinoma of the appendix is not 
 such an uncommon disease as has hitherto been supposed to be the case." 
 "Mechanical irritation," he remarks, "appears to play an unimportant 
 role in the development of tumors of the appendix." He points out, 
 however, that "Considering the frequent occurrence of carcinoma 
 following stones in the gall-bladder and bile-ducts, it is surprising how 
 few cases occur similarly in the appendix." He refers to the ages at 
 which maHgnant tumors of the appendix develop, it being shown that the 
 large majority occur between the tenth and the fortieth year, or to be 
 specific, out of 69 patients 58, or 86 per cent., occurred during this period 
 of life. It is, of course, well known that the average age at death in 
 appendicitis is much lower than in malignant disease, and the age dis- 
 tribution of deaths follows a distinctly different curve in appendicitis 
 than in carcinoma. According to Rudolph Schmidt, the diagnosis of 
 malignant tumors of the appendix is difficult on account of their small 
 size, for apparently "they do not lead to metastases and do not show 
 unlimited growth." He therefore concludes that such tumors can hardly 
 be looked upon as "malignant" in a clinical sense, even though they 
 bear their histological characteristics. Dr. John A. Lichty of Pittsburgh, 
 
 194 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 In a discussion of the pathological relation of ulcer to carcinoma of 
 the alimentary canal,* calls attention to the fact that in only 20 out of 
 5,000 cases of appendicitis was malignancy established. Mayo in an 
 address on "The Prophylaxis of Cancer,"t refers to the investigation by 
 MacCarthy showing that out of 5,000 removed appendices for so-called 
 chronic subacute appendicitis, only 0.5 per cent, were carcinomatous, 
 although the external appearance of these appendices did not always 
 indicate such a condition. The subject was quite fully discussed in 
 an editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association, January 
 14, 1911, in which the results of a careful study are summarized in the 
 statement that "Statistics from large clinics, where great numbers of 
 appendices are removed and thoroughly examined, have shown with 
 remarkable uniformity that not far from 0.5 per cent, of all appendices 
 removed for all causes show thickenings, nodules or tumor masses which 
 exhibit a microscopic structure warranting the pathologist in returning a 
 diagnosis of cancer. ' ' It is observed, however, in this connection that ' 'Of 
 late there has been a growing doubt as to whether, after all, these epithe- 
 lial neoplasms in the appendix are true cancers, in spite of the typical 
 invasion of the connective and muscular tissues by strands of columnar 
 or spheroidal cells." Reference is made to a discussion at a meeting of the 
 German Pathological Society in 1910, at which Winkler reported that 
 he had "found at autopsies no less than six appendices showing changes 
 of the type usually diagnosed as carcinoma, yet in none of these cases was 
 there evident regional infiltration or local or remote metastases." The 
 subject has also been discussed at a comparatively recent meeting of the 
 Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society, at which the new evidence 
 presented was largely in the negative, and this may be summarized in the 
 brief statement that "Cancer of the appendix, especially in spheroidal- 
 celled cases, must be of a naturally benign type, comparable to rodent 
 ulcer, locally invading but rarely giving rise to metastases." 
 
 Parasitic Theory of Cancer Causation 
 All studies of cancer frequency in correlation to other diseases are of 
 value as contributions to the theory of the origin of cancer, or the cause 
 or contributory conditions primarily accountable for the disease. The 
 wide distribution of cancer among civilized races, and particularly in 
 well-settled communities or districts, early directed attention to the 
 possibility of its being an infectious or contagious affliction of mankind. 
 Countless papers have been contributed to the parasitic theory of cancer, 
 but in the main the conclusions of even the foremost authorities on the 
 subject must be considered unconvincing. The entire question of cancer 
 as a contagious disease, its direct or indirect transmission from person to 
 person, the extremely complex question of cancer a deux, J has been 
 exhaustively dealt with by Wolff in the first volume of his treatise on 
 cancer. Many citations are given of observations based largely on 
 individual cases, tending to prove the parasitical theory, but in the main 
 the data must be considered inconclusive. The statistical evidence 
 in support of the theory, particularly in regard to the so-called cancer- 
 houses, cancer-streets and cancer-villages, is also largely in the negative. 
 
 *Joumal of the American Medical Association, September 10, 1910. 
 
 \J(mTnal of the American Medical Association, November 5, 1910. 
 
 ti. Wolff, Die Lehre von der Krebskrankheit. Jena, 1907, Vol. i, pp. 519-710. 
 
 195 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Charles P. Childe directs attention to the likeness of morbid new- 
 growths in human beings to some of the large parasitic tumors of 
 plants and trees as tending to encourage the belief in the parasitic 
 origin of cancer, but he considers most of these as wholly fantastical. 
 He points out that "Pathologists all the world over have been hunting 
 for the parasite, and so many parasites have been found, and no sooner 
 found than found wanting, that a sense of disappointment has resulted, 
 a sort of natural reaction has set in against this explanation of the origin of 
 cancer." He, however, accepts the parasitic theory as perhaps better 
 than any other in explaining some of its phenomena, but the evidence 
 he advances is quite inconclusive. Charles Powell White, in his treatise 
 on "The Pathology of Growth," holds that the increased proliferative 
 capacity of the cells can not be ascribed to specific parasites, and that "It 
 does not seem possible in any other way to explain tumor growths 
 by the assumption of a specific causal parasite." According to this 
 exceptionally careful observer, "It is impossible to account for the 
 histiomata on this basis, and it is equally impossible to explain the com- 
 plicated tumors, such as blastocytomata, teratomata and compound 
 sarcomata." There only remain, therefore, "the sarcomata and car- 
 cinomata, and even in these cases the assumption of a specific parasitic 
 origin leads to numerous difficulties." He enumerates three possibilities, 
 as follows: 
 
 (a) There may be a single parasite for sarcoma and carcinoma. In this case it is 
 impossible to explain the regularity with which metastatic tumors repeat the structure 
 of the primary. We never find a primary carcinoma giving rise to secondary sarcomatous 
 tumors as we should expect if both were due to the same causal parasite. 
 
 (6) There may be one parasite for sarcoma and another for carcinoma. Here again 
 the similarity of the metastatic tumors to the primary provides an insuperable difficulty. 
 If all forms of carcinoma were due to a single parasite we should expect that metastases 
 in the liver, in some cases at least, would show the type of hepatic carcinoma: this does 
 not occur. 
 
 (c) Each form of sarcoma and carcinoma may have its own specific parasite. Here 
 we are at once met with the difficulty that the different forms of these tumors are almost 
 innumerable, corresponding to the innumerable kinds of cells in the body. While they 
 may be reduced to a limited number of type forms, yet there is no sharp boimdary between 
 the different groups, and there is a considerable variation within the limits of each group. 
 We should have to suppose a different set of cancer parasites for each organ, and not 
 only this, but we should have to assume a different series of parasites for each species of 
 animal! The fact that tumors are found in all genera of the higher animals and have the 
 same characters throughout, and yet it is impossible to graft a tumor from an animal 
 of one species into another animal of a different species, while it is possible to do so 
 within the same species, tells strongly against the theory of a parasitic origin. 
 
 Upon the basis of the foregoing observations he concludes that the 
 assumption of a specific parasitic explanation leads to insuperable 
 difficulties in explaining the observed phenomena. He adds, however, 
 "These difficulties entirely disappear if we consider the cancer cell 
 itself as a parasite and cancer as a process of infection by cancer cells." 
 This conclusion, however, has not been generally accepted. 
 
 Topography and Cancer Occurrence 
 
 Frequent attempts have been made at precise correlation of local 
 topography to exceptional cancer frequency, particularly in support of 
 the parasitic theory of cancer origin. So-called cancer houses, alleys, 
 
 196 
 
OBSERl/iTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 streets and villages are occasionally referred to in the literature of the 
 subject, and in some cases the evidence, if not conclusive, is certainly not 
 far from convincing that exceptional contributory conditions may exist, 
 the nature of which has not yet been disclosed by the most scientific 
 methods of research. Behla, in numerous contributions to German 
 medical literature and the publications of the Imperial Health Depart- 
 ment, has brought forward evidence to prove that a low-lying, swampy 
 area favors an excessive frequency of cancer occurrence. At Luckau, for 
 illustration, Behla found that in the low-lying suburban section cancer 
 was nine times more common than in the higher or more elevated portions 
 of the city. The suburban section was surrounded by much stagnant 
 water, which, it is implied, acted as a medium for the conveyance of cancer 
 parasites. The investigations of Behla are largely relied upon in support 
 of the theory of cancer causation advanced by Green, who quotes from 
 Murphy's Surgery an interesting reference to a cancer district in which it 
 is claimed that cancer was exceptionally frequent in corner houses. On 
 the basis of a survey as part of a special study of conditions in Scotland, 
 Green concluded that the cancer death rate was invariably excessive in 
 towns lying in a hollow, moderately high in towns on distinctly steep or 
 hilly sites, and invariably below the average in towns on slopes and sites 
 with comparatively flat surroundings. The highest death rate given by 
 Green, 7.02, is for the town of Forfar, described as a town 200 feet 
 above sea-level in a kind of basin formed by the surrounding slopes. Other 
 towns with high death rates are referred to as located in a basin, or sur- 
 rounded on all sides, or hemmed in by rising ground, or overlooked by an 
 amphitheater of well-wooded hills, etc. The lowest rate given by Green, 
 1.75, is for the town of Kirkintilloch, described as being located in 
 a low flat plain ; and other towns with low rates are referred to as being sur- 
 rounded by a wide tract of flat country, or nowhere more than a few feet 
 above the level of the spring tides. The difiiculty with investigations of 
 this kind is that the influence of topography is most likely to be obscured 
 by other factors of equal, or even more pronounced, influence in causing 
 variations in the cancer death rate. A precisecorrelation of such conditions 
 to the growth and dissemination of a specific parasite fails invariably on 
 the ground that the common occurrence of cancer under fundamentally 
 different conditions remains inexplicable. The theory advanced by 
 Green is that the special statistics collected by him, with, it requires to be 
 said, unusual caution and care, "prove that it must be some element in 
 the environment of the sufferer which induces the disease, and if we ad- 
 mit this, we must admit an extrinsic origin." This conclusion does not 
 necessarily follow; nor is this view at the present time accepted by any 
 one of the leading authorities in the world on cancer causation. The 
 view of Green, that "the longer one considers the question the stronger 
 the presumption becomes that the cause is biochemical or parasitic" 
 has, no doubt, some general evidence in its favor, but unfortunately the 
 proof advanced has not stood the test of subsequent investigations, 
 although it does not by any means follow that the parasitical nature of 
 the disease may not be established in course of time. It is conceivable 
 that with the further advance of biology,and particularly the minute study 
 of animal and vegetable parasites, a micro-organism may be discovered 
 
 197 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 which conforms neither to the one nor to the other, though having 
 in common some of the functions of each. It is also quite conceivable, 
 in fact fairly well-established, that of the three distinct groups of plant 
 parasites, as classified by Delafield and Prudden, "1, Bacteria, or fission 
 fungi (Schizomycetes), 2, Yeasts, or yeast fungi, or sprouting fungi 
 (Blastomycetes), 3, Moulds, or mould fungi (Hyphomycetes)," the 
 second group, under given conditions, may assume characteristics or 
 perform functions quite at variance with the first and with the last. The 
 bacteria are, as is well known, of the greatest importance, because of the 
 fact that they are very frequently the immediate causative factors in 
 serious disease, the course of which differs fundamentally and in all 
 essentials from the clinical pathology of cancer. The micro-organisms 
 of the second group are larger than bacteria, and they are the direct 
 causative factor in blastomycotic dermatitis, which is described as "a 
 localized inflammation, papular and pustular in character, leading 
 to warty outgrowths, to the formation of abscesses beneath the skin, 
 and to ulcers." A generalization of the blastomycotic infection, under 
 given conditions, may prove fatal. According to Delafield and Prudden, 
 there are several forms of blastomycetes, but their classification is un- 
 satisfactory. These references to biological consideration are sufficient 
 to illustrate the very complex and ultrascientific character of the 
 possible underlying and as yet undiscovered specific causative factors 
 responsible for malignant tumor formation. The hypothesis, therefore, 
 that cancer may be caused by micro-organisms entering the system from 
 without is by no means unsupported by evidence entitled to scientific 
 consideration. The difficulty lies in the practical application of the 
 knowledge at present available to so extremely involved, widely varying, 
 and apparently ever-illusive a problem as a high or a low degree of 
 cancer frequency under apparently more or less identical external con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Cancer-Houses 
 
 The practical importance of these studies lies in their application to 
 the theory of cancer infection through some medium of contagion as 
 yet undiscovered, but apparently met with in an exceptional degree of 
 virulence in certain areas described as cancer-villages, cancer-streets, 
 cancer-houses, and even cancer-rooms. Green cites such a house in 
 the third edition of his statistical study of the cancer problem, which was 
 located in his own district, and "which had ultimately to be pulled down 
 owing to the great number of deaths from cancer which occurred in 
 it." Wolff, in the third volume of his treatise on cancer, reviews the 
 literature of the controversy, which has recently been revived by an 
 extended discussion by Sir Thomas Oliver, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and 
 a counter statement by the Director of the Imperial Cancer Research 
 Fund, in the Twelfth Annual Report of the Fund, issued under date of 
 July 21, 1914. In brief, it would appear that the large majority of so- 
 called cancer-houses were old, mouldy, damp, badly ventilated and other- 
 wise unsanitary. Norwegian observers have called attention to the 
 exceptional frequency of cancer in old farmhouses, and similar reports 
 have been made for certain sections of Germany, including references 
 to old rectories occupied by the clergy. In all such cases it is obvious 
 
 198 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 that there would be, at least as a matter of frequent coincidence, a pre- 
 ponderance of aged persons of the cancer period living in the houses 
 referred to. Old, dilapidated, damp and neglected houses are usually 
 the refuge of the aged poor, unwilling to go to almshouses or other 
 institutions for the aged. An old rectory or parsonage would generally 
 be the home of a clergyman of the advanced cancer age. Old farm- 
 houses would be most likely to be used, if only for sentimental reasons, 
 by the aged members of a family, of which the younger members had 
 married and gone to live elsewhere. In all of the cases referred to, 
 there would be, in all probability, if but as a matter of coincidence, a 
 larger proportion of aged persons of the cancer period than in the popula- 
 tion at large. 
 
 The controversial aspects of this question can not be reviewed here 
 further than by the following quotations from the Twelfth Annual 
 Report of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (1914), which contains 
 an exceptionally valuable review of the literature of the subject and some 
 instructive statistical calculations and observations which must be 
 considered a most useful addition to our knowledge of this important 
 phase of the cancer problem. It is said in the report referred to, in 
 part, that "The term 'cancer-house' appears to have been introduced 
 in 1892 by the late Dr. Law Webb, who was a general practitioner not 
 claiming special knowledge of pathology or bacteriology, but who col- 
 lected the cases occurring in his practice and wrote as follows: *Dr. 
 Haviland insists that a study of the Registrar-General's returns shows 
 the existence of "cancer-fields" and "cancer areas" in this country, and 
 that soil and situation have much to do with the mortality from this 
 disease. I would go further and suggest that there are cancer-houses 
 and cancerous wells or water-supplies.' Dr. Webb left the question 
 open as to whether the 'noxious material is irritating chemically, or is a 
 particulate body, such as a bacillus or a protozoon' ; but those who have 
 followed in his wake have adopted the infective hypothesis, and to quote 
 Dr. Webb have maintained that 'the children of cancerous parents 
 when themselves past middle age, may contract the disease by pro- 
 longed contact with the sufferer during the nursing of a lingering case 
 or by handling and washing linen, etc., soiled with discharges. Again, 
 does this poison, or materies morbi, cling to, and infect certain localities 
 like the leprosy described in Leviticus?' Dr. Webb imagined the 
 question he had raised was a perfectly simple one, 'A research demanding 
 neither laboratory nor expensive instruments does not often present 
 itself in these days; yet here is one.' The idea of its simplicity is still 
 encouraged, and the public is being misled by assertations as to the 
 value of enumerating houses in which one or more cases of cancer have 
 occurred. Such enumerations, if they are to have any value at all, 
 could only be preliminary to determining whether cancer was more 
 frequent in certain houses than was to be expected if cases of cancer 
 were not derived by communication." 
 
 Pointing out that, on the basis of the returns of the Registrar- 
 General for 1911, the chance that a man over 35 years of age will die 
 of cancer is one in 9.7, and the chance for a woman above the same age 
 is one in 7.4, the following table is introduced as tending to show how 
 
 199 
 
TBE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 often on the basis of these proportions no death, or one, two, three, etc., 
 deaths from cancer may be expected to be recorded in 100 famihes, half 
 the members of whicli are men and half women, and in which no heredi- 
 tary tendency or infection is assumed, and in which all persons dying 
 under 35 are excluded: 
 
 Table Showing the Probability of Multiple Cancer Cases in Groups of 
 
 Persons of the Numbers Stated Without Assuming 
 
 Hereditary Tendency or Infection 
 
 Number of 
 
 Cancer Deaths 
 
 in Family 
 
 None 
 
 Per 100 Families 
 of 6 Members, viz. 
 3 Men, 3 Women 
 
 47 
 38 
 13 
 
 100 
 
 Per 100 Families 
 of 8 Members, viz. 
 4 Men, 4 Women 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 100 
 
 Per 100 Families 
 
 of 10 Members, viz. 
 
 5 Men, 5 Women 
 
 28 
 
 One 
 
 38 
 
 Two 
 
 23 
 
 Three or more .... 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 
 It is properly pointed out in this connection that the determination 
 as to whether cancer is more frequent in certain houses than in others is 
 much more complex than the simple arithmetic of enumeration. These 
 words of caution can not easily be overemphasized, since a large number 
 of factors and conditioning circumstances require to be known and 
 reduced to measurable and comparable proportions. Dr. Bashford 
 submits a fairly complete analysis of five of the best known instances 
 of cancer-houses, based upon special studies and visits to the places 
 reported upon. The results conclusively prove at the outset that some 
 of the fundamental requirements of statistical inquiry were ignored and 
 that in the main the conclusions throughout were made to rest upon an 
 inadequate numerical basis of fact. Numerous actual and serious errors in 
 the original statements were discovered, and subjecting the data to cor- 
 rection, quite different conclusions were reached. These errors in- 
 cluded misstatements in age, occupation, alleged site and the certified 
 causes of death. Without enlarging upon the details of the investiga- 
 tion, which appears to have been made with exceptional thoroughness, 
 and the complete results of which, it is intimated, will be published in 
 due course, the results are summarized in the statement that " 'Cancer- 
 houses' are as much a myth as are 'cancer-cages' [in connection with 
 experiments on animals]. The advantage of the experimental method 
 is clearly brought out when it is recalled that 73, 33, 26, and 20 years 
 of observation on man have only led to inconclusive and, according to 
 present knowledge, quite erroneous results. . . . Some of the 
 interest attaching to 'Cancer Houses' and 'Cancer Villages,' not 
 only for laymen but also for some members of the medical profession, 
 is due to the mystery that is made of them — the places go unnamed. " 
 A special reference is made to the case of Ayr, in Scotland, where upon 
 subjecting the facts to qualified analysis it was found that the pre- 
 dominating contributory condition to the excessive cancer death rate 
 was the great preponderance of elderly people in the populations con- 
 sidered. The discussion having been originally raised by Mr. D'Arcy 
 Powers in 1898 and 1903, the new facts were brought to his knowledge, 
 
 200 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 and he agreed with the explanation provided by the additional data. 
 The hope is therefore expressed by the Director of the Imperial Cancer 
 Research Fund that "the dangers of 'cancer-houses' will cease alike to 
 alarm the public and to divert the energies of investigators from fruitful 
 lines of inquiry." 
 
 In commenting upon the observations by Sir Thomas Oliver with 
 reference to the same subject. The Lancet, in an editorial discussion of 
 "Cancer-Houses," remarks: "Conviction before the tribunal of public 
 opinion is liable to be obtained by looser and easier methods than before 
 a court jealous to observe and trained to apply the laws of scientific 
 evidence. The difficulty is to obtain a series of houses in which the 
 requisite series of cases of cancer can be found to have occurred, and to 
 eliminate from those cases the possibility of their having been due as 
 much to hereditary tendencies, which in the sifting of evidence cannot 
 be ruled out, or to industries causing a predisposition to cancer, or to 
 other influences. That successive cases of cancer should appear in a 
 single house or in a group of houses is not in itself surprising, for it is not 
 a rare disease, population has increased, and there are crowded areas 
 and houses in which many persons will be found who are of the age 
 with which the development of cancer is associated, so that the element 
 of coincidence is not easy to eliminate. Unfortunately, the romantic 
 mind never will try to eliminate it; the romantic mind revels in the 
 trouble caused by coincidence," 
 
 Cancer- Villages 
 
 Strictly localized intensive cancer studies would unquestionably add 
 much material of great value to the cause of cancer research. Regardless 
 of the inconclusive character of practically all the observations on so- 
 called "cancer-houses," "cancer-streets" and "cancer- villages," the fact 
 is incontrovertible that an enormous range in cancer frequency is met 
 with throughout the world, and that as yet no generally acceptable 
 theory in explanation of such a wide degree of divergence has been ad- 
 vanced. An auspicious beginning in the direction of the study of areas 
 of excessive cancer frequency in the state of New York was made by 
 Lyon in behalf of the New York State Institute for the Study of Malig- 
 nant Disease. Lyon found an area comprising some 75 square miles in 
 Brookfield Township, Madison County, New York, in which among a 
 relatively small population excessive cancer rates had prevailed for 
 a period of years. Unfortunately, the investigations were discontinued, 
 but as shown in my address on the Menace of Cancer, the rate of cancer 
 frequency in this section of Madison County has remained excessive to 
 the present time. It is suggestive that this observer found Brookfield a 
 poor rural community, in which a livelihood was obtained with difficulty. 
 The average age at death was 54.4 years, which would indicate a rather 
 high proportion of population of the cancer age; but after making allow- 
 ance for the age factor, the local cancer death rate was still found to be 
 excessive. After discounting the factor of longevity and errors in 
 diagnosis, Lyon concludes that heredity and consanguinity are the special 
 factors that have operated with peculiar force in Brookfield to produce 
 the high cancer mortality over that attributable to the factors already 
 
 201 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 considered. He is careful to point out that the acceptance of the factor of 
 heredity does not necessarily commit one against the parasitic theory. 
 The evidence concerning cancer-houses, as such, was rather negative, and 
 cancer foci were not found to exist, "unless the houses with multiple cases 
 could be so regarded." Four instances of cancer in husband and wife were 
 found. In the main, the data are inconclusive. Only 84 deaths were con- 
 sidered, and of this number 33 were due to cancer of the stomach, 10 to 
 cancer of the uterus and 8 to cancer of the breast. The deaths were not 
 calculated on the basis of the population exposed to the risk of cancer 
 according to age, but the proportionate method was used, which for the 
 present purpose, particularly in view of the small number of cases con- 
 sidered, must be rejected as inadequate. The final conclusion of Lyon 
 that the district investigated "represents a concentration of cancer 
 families rather than cancer-houses," is also debatable, if carried to the 
 point of providing support for the theory of hereditary disease trans- 
 mission. It is extremely regrettable that these investigations should 
 not have been carried further, and that the available data should not 
 have been subjected to a more critical and qualified analysis. 
 
 It would hardly serve a practical purpose to review in further detail 
 the numerous special investigations of alleged cancer-houses or cancer- 
 districts. The motive of such studies to establish a preconceived theory 
 of infection or contagion discounts the scientific value of the conclusions 
 advanced. Lazarus-Barlow is referred to* as having put forward the 
 rather novel theory that the presence of some radio-active substance 
 in the building material, or even in the soil upon which such (cancer) 
 houses were erected might account for the higher frequency of the 
 disease in some localities or particular groups of houses than in others. 
 The interesting statement is made in this connection that this point of 
 view did not "necessarily conflict with Cohnheim's theory of embryonic 
 rests or with Virchow's theory of mechanical irritation or with Adami's 
 theory of habit of growth, since radioactivity in the causative agent 
 or in the tissues might be the underlying force in each. Even the 
 microbic theory might be reconciled with this idea, for it is supposable 
 that the assumed bacterial or protozoan agent in such case might be 
 radioactive." The evidence advanced, however, can not be considered 
 final, but, as observed in the discussion referred to, "Nevertheless 
 this work, inconclusive as it is in its results, is deserving of careful 
 study and extension. . . . Further investigations along this line 
 may indeed explain away discrepancies now precluding an acceptance of 
 the theory of infection, but even should they fail to do so, work of this 
 kind is never fruitless and it may prove to have an important bearing 
 on other biological problems, even if it does not explain the origin of 
 cancer." 
 
 Evidence of Parasitical Origin Not Conclusive 
 
 Briefly reviewing some of the most important contributions to the 
 study of the possible parasitical origin of cancer, mention may be made 
 of the following: Hoeber has reported for Augsburg, Germany,! the 
 results of an extended investigation, presented in a number of tables 
 
 'Medical Record, New York, August 7, 1909. 
 
 tZeitschrift flir Krebsforschung, Jena, 1904, Vol. i, p. 173. 
 
 202 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 and maps, showing the cancer-houses, the soil and geological foundation, 
 etc., and the coincidence of tuberculosis, but he was unable to discover 
 any connection between the occurrence of cancer and the height, drainage 
 and other conditions of the houses. He found that both cancer and 
 tuberculosis were most prevalent in the poorer quarters.* In the 
 Thames Valley, the statistics of all the counties indicate a cancer death 
 rate above the average for England as a whole. "The statistics 
 seem to justify the conclusion that this section has a relatively high 
 mortality from cancer and the uniformly high rate on both of the banks 
 suggests that there may be a connection between the river floods and the 
 extent of the disease," which, however, is not explained on the assumption 
 of a parasitical origin of the disease. These studies suggest that the 
 drying vegetation on the river-banks may be a favorable nidus for the 
 growth of the parasite, but this would not explain the increase of cancer, 
 which seems everywhere apparent. f 
 
 It has been pointed out in this connection, in the Journal of the 
 American Medical Association, March 25, 1905, commenting upon 
 recent contributions to the literature of cancer parasites by Robertson 
 and Wade, following Behla and Gay lord, that "The fallacy of the cancer 
 house theory, however, has been proved by the careful work of Lyon, 
 who has shown that house collections of cases are far better explained 
 by the influence of heredity and an in-and-in breeding than by infec- 
 tion." Referring to the investigations of Dr. Munch Soegaard of Norway, 
 the British Medical Journal of December 24, 1910, remarks that 
 
 Since the total number of cases with which he deals is so small, and the possibilities of 
 error are so large, it is unnecessary to follow up his cases any further in respect to inheri- 
 tance. We may, therefore, register the verdict with regard to this account as "not proven." 
 He calls the cottages in which some of the patients lived and died "Krebshofen," or cancer 
 cottages. His observations lead him to summarize that in 18 out of 68 cases the cancer 
 patient had lived in intimate contact with another cancer patient. The cottages or 
 "Hofe" are described in vivid colors, and certainly appear to be veritable insanitary nests, 
 in which infection might readily occur. But where overcrowding and other evils are 
 found, it must be assumed that other factors of a deteriorating type must also prevail, 
 and the mere occurrence of cancer in several persons living in these hovels does not prove 
 infection. In the same way, when he tries to prove infection by citing the experience that 
 those persons who left the neighborhood to live elsewhere escaped from the ravages of 
 the terrible malady, while those who remained at home were more or less attacked, it 
 must be emphasized that other factors have to be taken into consideration, of which the 
 mode of feeding, the habits with regard to irritation and local stimulation, may be in- 
 stanced. Again, it is inconceivable that one infection should at times produce carcinoma, 
 and at other times sarcoma, and at still others rodent ulcer. Dr. Soegaard records cases 
 of all three arising in one and the same environment. 
 
 The cancer census of Baden is briefly referred to in the Journal of 
 the American Medical Association for October 12, 1911, as follows: 
 
 Werner's exhaustive study of conditions in the state of Baden in regard to the occur- 
 rence of cancer, seems to show that external factors, physical, chemical or parasitic, com- 
 pletely overshadow in importance the biologic-hereditary factors. In the cases of con- 
 jugal cancer, the organs involved excluded direct contact as the growths were generally 
 in the stomach, and never on the skin, lip or genital organs. Contact infection is ren- 
 dered improbable further by his figures showing that cancer is least prevalent in the 
 predominantly industrial communities. It seems to occur according to laws which have 
 been seen to prevail in the occurrence of the non-contagious infectious diseases connected 
 with local conditions. This fact affords new evidence as to a possible parasitic origin of 
 
 * Journal of the American Medical Association, March 26, 1904. 
 
 ] Journal of the American Medical Association, April 30, 1904. 
 
 203 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 cancer. An inherited predisposition is not the prominent factor previously assumed or 
 the influence of heredity would have been more apparent in the data he has collected. 
 In some of the districts the number of cases is steadily decreasing, in others increasing; 
 twelve communities were entirely free and 1,001 had much less than the general average, 
 while 575 had much above the average, but no common geologic, hydrographic, climatic 
 or architectural factors could be detected as responsible for this frequency or scarcity of 
 cancer, nor age, sex, social standing, race, occupation or diet, nor distribution of the 
 fauna and flora of the district. Werner's recent more detailed study of twenty-seven of 
 the places where cancer is most prevalent and forty-six where it is least so has demon- 
 strated anew that the difference in prevalence of cancer cannot be explained by the differ- 
 ence in the proportion of elderly persons, but seems to be connected in some way with 
 the place. 
 
 In the same discussion the conclusion is advanced with reference to 
 cancer frequency among blood relations and cancer-houses that 
 
 These data completely disprove the assumption of cancer families, but add new sup- 
 port to the assumption of cancer houses and neighborhoods. 
 
 Sir George Beatson in a discussion of the cancer statistics of Scotland 
 for the period 1861-1900, read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 
 brought forward some rather interesting views on the cancer problem, 
 briefly summarized in the statement that: 
 
 Cancer as a disease occurs not In the decline of life but on the cessation of reproduc- 
 tive life. Climate and geological conditions do not affect the question. Whether so- 
 called "cancer homes" are instances of coincidence or not is not settled. The only pre- 
 ventive measure which suggests itself as of any value is notification which would give 
 more accurate information as to where the disease arises.* 
 
 Poppelmann is authority for the statement, based, however, upon 
 only 85 cases of cancer in a town of 8,000 inhabitants, that "the results 
 show that the houses which stood nearest to water courses, and especially 
 to stagnant water, showed much the larger proportion of cancer cases. 
 The principal focus proved to be the region from the backwater from a 
 dam." He urges the compilation of statistics, with maps, of small towns, 
 where conditions are better known than in cities, with a special regard, 
 however, to the location of cancer deaths in houses near brooks, rivers 
 and dams. 
 
 From quite another point of view the subject has been approached by 
 Wilfred Watkins-Pitchford, Government Pathologist of Natal, in a paper 
 on Light, Pigmentation and New Growth,t who points out that "Cancer 
 has been found to be slightly more prevalent among those who are the 
 more exposed to actinic stimulation — seamen, dwellers beside lakes and 
 rivers, agricultural laborers, etc., etc.," and "Cancer houses usually 
 appear to be unwholesome dwellings, often affording special facilities in 
 their immediate neighborhood for the irradiation of their anemic in- 
 habitants." 
 
 Commenting upon the local incidence of cancer in New Zealand, 
 Hislop and Fen wick, J after referring to the investigations of D'Arcy 
 Power conclude that "The neighborhood of the native bush and bush 
 streams seems to have some distinct connection in the origin of the disease. 
 Malaria may not be antagonistic to cancer, but it is significant that where 
 malaria is common cancer appears to be rare. It may not be improbable 
 that there is some malarial poison antagonistic to the growth of cancer 
 
 *Medical Record, New York, July 6, 1912. 
 ^British Medical Journal, August Zl, 1909, 
 tBritish Medical Journal, October 23, 1909. 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 cells. So many of the cases were rheumatic, and rheumatism is so prev- 
 alent in subacute or chronic forms in bush districts, that we can hardly 
 ascribe the coincidence of cancer and rheumatism to an accident. It is 
 not impossible to imagine that the circulation of the blood in rheumatic 
 cases may act as a direct irritant to the tissues." In the case of most of 
 these investigations the facts relied upon are, as a rule, entirely inade- 
 quate for the purpose of establishing a scientific theory of cancer correla- 
 tion to local conditions more or less superficially described. The evi- 
 dence regarding specific cancer-carriers has not been forthcoming, 
 although at the second International Cancer Conference* Dr. Borrel 
 gave an account of his views on "the possibility of cestodes and Demodex 
 fulfilling the part of intermediate hosts or carriers of a hypothetical 
 cancer virus." This view has been vigorously criticized and has not 
 been generally accepted. 
 
 Equally inconclusive were the results of a special study by Dr. George 
 D. White of five cases of cancer with four deaths in a certain district 
 of Jersey City, particularly for the purpose of proving the possibility of 
 contagion or the parasitical or bacteriological factor in the propagation 
 of malignant disease. 
 
 It has seemed necessary to review at some length the salient points of 
 a controversy of long standing in view of the practical importance of the 
 question whether cancer frequency can be precisely correlated to specific 
 determinable local factors or conditions. In view of the truly enormous 
 frequency of cancer, it would seem a foregone conclusion that if such a 
 correlation existed, it would not be difficult to provide the necessary 
 indisputable evidence. The proof, as far as can be gathered from a care- 
 ful reconsideration of the published evidence, is, therefore, opposed to the 
 theory of the parasitical origin of malignant disease and its spread by 
 personal contact or by transmission from person to person by some 
 carrier at present unknown.f 
 
 Cancer a Deux or Infection of Husband and Wife 
 
 Closely allied, in fact interminably interwoven with the theory of 
 cancer-houses, is the theory of cancer infection of husband and wife. 
 There are, no doubt, cases of coincident cancer occurrence in husband 
 and wife, and in a very few of these cases the form of cancer in both has 
 been the same. Weinberg found that in Stuttgart, during the period 
 1873-1902, of the widowers and widows dying of cancer, the frequency 
 
 *British Medical Journal, October 22, 1910. 
 
 fThe following is a suggestive reference to the relation of cancer to locality, by W. S. Lazarus-Barlow, in his 
 third lecture on Radio-Activity and Carcinoma (British Medical Journal, June 26, 1909): "On the other hand, 
 it [the theory of the radio-activity of scotographic materials] would not be opposed to a belief in 'cancer 
 houses and localities,' for there is no reason why the soils of districts or the materials of which houses are built 
 should not differ in the degree to which they are radio-active, nor why the local radio-activity should not be in 
 certain instances so considerable that cancer arises in successive inhabitants time after time. In a sense the 
 electrical department of every hospital is a 'cancer house.' It would not be opposed either to an infective or 
 non-infective, a contagious or non-contagious, an animal or vegetable parasitic, a parasitic or non-parasitic, a 
 hereditary or non-hereditary view of cancer, for it would only be concerned with the question whether the in- 
 culpated agent is radio-active or not. So far as certain bacteria possessed the properties we are considering, 
 the carcinoma associated with them might be regarded as bacterial and infective, but the bacterial and infective 
 properties would be accidental and non-essential. So far as the agent which leads to hereditary transmission 
 was provided with 'radio-active' properties cancer would be hereditary, but the inheritance of cancer would be 
 accidental and non-essential. Similarly it would not be opposed to Cohnheim's theory of embryonic rests, to 
 Virchow's theory of mechanical irritation, to von Hansemann's theory of anaplasia, to Ribbert's theory of tissue 
 tension, to Adami's theory of habit of growth — for it would constitute the underlying force required by each." 
 
 205 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 rate in proportion to the population was not above the average. 
 Frief of Breslau determined the number of cancer cases among surviving 
 husbands and wives, but the mortality was not abnormal. Smith 
 of Santa Clara, California, in 1895 reported the case of a woman 
 68 years of age whose death from cancer of the breast was, six months 
 later, followed by the occurrence of cancer of the stomach and liver in 
 her husband. Such cases, however, are apparently merely a matter of 
 coincidence or pure chance. If cancer were in any appreciable number 
 of cases transmitted from husband to wife, or vice versa, the number of 
 recorded cases should be very large, in view of the general frequency 
 of the disease after forty. The precarious nature of the statistical data 
 on the subject is best illustrated in the results of the Baden Cancer 
 Census, according to which the suspicion of direct cancer transmission 
 from person to person was indicated in the returns for 1904 in the 
 proportion of 4.8 per cent, and in the returns for 1906 in the proportion 
 of 10.7 per cent, of all the cancer cases under observation.* 
 
 The same question was considered in the Hungarian cancer census from 
 the point of %new of direct contact, of living together in the same house 
 and of contact with cancerous animals, but the results were inconclusive. 
 Only two cases were recorded in which there might possibly have been 
 cancer infection as a result of marital relations, but such statistical 
 evidence unsupported by additional details derived from medical 
 sources can not be considered conclusive. It has been observed in this 
 connection by W. Roger WiUiams that "If cancer could be proved to be 
 an inoculable contagious maladyj the question as to its causation would 
 be greatly simplified, in favor of extrinsic factors ; but, so far as we have 
 hitherto examined this question, no reliable evidence of contagion 
 has been forthcoming." Referring to his eight years' experience at 
 the ISIiddlesex. Hospital, he adds that he had never noticed "a single 
 fact that could possibly be construed as evidence of the communicabil- 
 ity of malignant disease from one human being to another," but to the 
 contrary, he noticed "many indications which seemed clearly to imply, 
 that the disease was neither infectious nor contagious." He reviews the 
 evidence published from time to time regarding the recorded cases of 
 transmission of cancer from one human being to another, but he con- 
 cludes that "the evidence adduced as to contagion in these cases is of 
 such a flimsy and obviously unreliable nature as to absolve me from 
 the necessity of detailed refutation." 
 
 No Surgical Infection in Cancer Operations 
 If cancer were contagious, infectious, or, in other words, transmissible 
 from one person to another, it would naturally be expected that sur- 
 geons employed in cancer operations would, at least occasionally, fall a 
 victim to the malady in the course of their occupation. Cases of 
 surgical infection are by no means uncommon in the case of many in- 
 fectious or contagious diseases, but there is not a trustworthy recorded 
 case of a surgeon having acquired the disease in the course of contact 
 
 *The identical question is raised in discussions of the relative frequency of tuberculosis in husband and 
 wife. The matter has been thoroughly considered by Longstaff in his "Studies in Statistics," in a chapter on 
 a Calculation of the Probability of the Accidental and Fatal Incidence of Phthisis upon Both Husband and 
 Wife, London, 1891, p. 384. The negative conclusions arrived at apply with equal force to the theoretical 
 probability of cancer infection of husband and wife. 
 
 206 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 in consequence of surgical operations for cancer. Dr. George W. Crile, 
 in his oration on Surgery at the Fifty-ninth Annual Session of the 
 American Medical Association, after reviewing the few spontaneous 
 cancers that have been successfully transplanted from one animal 
 to another of the same species and after mentioning the fact that 
 no cancer has as yet been successfully transplanted from one animal 
 species to another species, points out that the surgeon's immunity from 
 cancer infection during cancer operations is practically complete. 
 Dr. Willy Meyer, in an address before the Cancer Research Institute,* 
 in reply to the question as to whether cancer was infectious or con- 
 tagious, or both, observes that, "One had never seen nor heard of a 
 patient afflicted with the disease conveying it to his wife. Nor had they 
 ever heard of a nurse caring for a patient with carcinoma for months 
 ever becoming stricken with the disease. Nor had he ever heard of a 
 surgeon who, for instance, had injured his finger during the perform- 
 ance of some operation on a cancerous subject ever developing cancer. 
 It did therefore not appear that cancer could be conveyed from one 
 person to another in this way, and therefore the disease could not be 
 considered infectious." 
 
 Dr. J. W. Vaughan, in an address on "Some Modern Ideas of Can- 
 cer,"! concludes, in regard to contact tumors and direct infection, that 
 "Surgeons have been removing cancers since the time of Hippocrates, 
 and as yet no case of infection from such a source has ever been 
 observed." Rodman, in an address on cancer read in the section on 
 Surgery and Anatomy of the American Medical Association, at the Fifty- 
 sixth Annual Session, remarks that "The rarity of, if not unheard of, infec- 
 tion of operating surgeons by cancerous patients is the strongest possible 
 evidence against the parasitic nature of the disease."! It would serve 
 no purpose to add to the foregoing the available additional evidence from 
 other sources in support of the contention that in the light of our present 
 knowledge cancer is not an infectious or contagious, or, in other words, 
 a transmissible disease from person to person by contact, or by other 
 means of germ conveyance. If future researches along the line of the 
 admirable work of Roncali into the minute study of the blastomycetes 
 should prove successful, and establish the parasitical origin of cancer, 
 it will no doubt be found that the nature of the organism varies funda- 
 mentally and essentially from the animal or vegetable parasites respon- 
 sible for the transmission of the so-called contagious or infectious dis- 
 eases best typified by typhoid, smallpox and diphtheria. 
 
 Cancer Not Caused by Worry 
 
 The public agitation of the cancer problem has aroused opposition on 
 the part of those apprehensive that those predisposed to the disease 
 or actually suffering therefrom may be unduly alarmed, and that those 
 practically free therefrom may be mentally disturbed to the point of 
 hysteria or cancerphobia. The evidence at present available and briefly 
 restated in the preceding discussion should allay the reasonable anxiety 
 
 *Medical Record, October 11, 1913. 
 
 ^Journal of the American Medical Association, May 7, 1910. 
 
 tJournal of the American Medical Association, September 30, 1905. 
 
 207 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 on the part of the public, first, in regard to the possible heredity of cancer, 
 and second, in regard to the remotely possible but not probable trans- 
 mission of the disease by personal contact or in some more subtle and less 
 readily determinable way. To this may be added the assurance that 
 cancer is not caused by worry, any more than smallpox or yellow fever. 
 Worry has been defined as "the restless consciousness of all encumbrances 
 which we accept under protest." "The fact, however, cannot be too 
 strongly emphasized," in the words of Dr. E. D. Forrest, "that the 
 primary mental condition is one of overactivity, and moreover, over- 
 activity along lines of fijxed ideas." According to the same authority, the 
 physical manifestations of worry in general are "depression of respira- 
 tion, sighing, disturbances in rate and force of heart beat, vasomotor 
 changes, disturbances in secretion, pallor, cold extremities, relaxation 
 and decreased motility of the alimentary tract, dilatation of the pupil, 
 loss of weight, insomnia and general physical exhaustion." Considered 
 from this point of view, it is held that worry may sometimes be an im- 
 portant contributory factor in the production of diabetes, gout, ex- 
 ophthalmic goitre and chronic heart disease. It might seem a reason- 
 able inference that under these conditions worry might also be a con- 
 tributory factor in cancer, but this conclusion does not necessarily follow. 
 Disturbances in secretion, no doubt, might lead to local irritation and 
 thus further the development of precancerous conditions arising out of 
 errors in nutrition; but there probably would have been cancer without 
 worry, as it is conceivable that the disease would have been assisted in its 
 development by mental overactivity along lines of fixed ideas. 
 
 Cancer and Insanity 
 
 This question has been quite fully discussed by Romer, of Stuttgart, 
 in a contribution to the "Journal of the German Cancer Society" (1906). 
 Groundless fear of cancer as a cause of insanity is referred to by Romer as 
 having been observed in rare individual cases, but the same argument 
 would apply against countless other factors of suggestion more or less 
 conceivable as contributory causes of mental disease. Romer objects to 
 the public agitation of the cancer problem, particularly on the ground of 
 cancer increase, which, he maintains, has not been proved, nor even 
 made evident as a question of abstract probability. He directs attention 
 to the fear of inheritance in cancer as a predisposing cause of insanity, 
 even though this apprehension is well known to be practically without 
 trustworthy evidence. He also apprehends serious results from a 
 spreading conviction that cancer is a contagious or transmissible dis- 
 ease, but he fails to furnish the necessary statistical evidence that cancer 
 fear or cancer apprehension is taken note of to an appreciable extent as a 
 contributory condition in the admissions to asylums for the insane.* 
 He concedes the great importance of cancer education as a first step 
 towards the possible public control of the disease on the basis of a rational 
 understanding regarding the supreme importance of qualified attention, 
 
 *Cancer worry or cancer fear is not referred to as a predisposing cause of insanity by Bernard Hollander 
 in hi3 treatise on "The First Signs of Insanity," nor by T. S. Clouston in his work on "Unsoundness of Mind." 
 Other diseases, such as influenza, circulatory disturbances, even child-bearing, exhaustion and fatigue, are 
 mentioned, but there is no reference to cancer or to tumors of the non-malignant type. Charles Mercier, in his 
 treatise on "Sanity and Insanity," and Henry Maudsley, in his work on "Responsibility in Mental Disease," 
 do not mention cancer as a contributory factor in insanity. 
 
 208 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 medical or surgical, on the recognition of the earliest symptoms. The 
 danger of encouraging persons needlessly alarmed about cancer to 
 seek the advice of alleged cancer specialists or to place faith in alleged 
 cancer cures, with the increased certainty of fatal results, is well to 
 the point, and deserving of serious thought. He argues that in the 
 main the educational efforts should be through the medium of the 
 family physician of the patient, but the difficulty in this respect is a 
 practical one, in that the vast majority of cancer patients have not the 
 least conception of the extreme seriousness of the earliest symptoms and 
 therefore do not seek the advice of even the family physician until the 
 cancerous growth has reached a stage where the disease has practically 
 extended more or less to the adjoining glands or parts and thus reached a 
 more or less inoperable stage. Romer concludes that the problem is 
 largely one of increased cooperation between physicians and surgeons, 
 on the one hand, and a more perfect mutual understanding and confidence 
 between patient and physician, on the other. The enormous mortality 
 from cancer throughout the world and the obvious increase in the rate of 
 cancer frequency bear witness to the fact that no progress towards cancer 
 mortality control is likely to be made along these very general and 
 rather superficial lines of an understanding on the part of the profession 
 and the public of the menace and the urgency of the earliest practicable 
 removal of the offending cancerous growth. 
 
 Radium and Radiotherapy 
 
 A thoroughly qualified statistical inquiry into the results of cancer 
 treatment would make an extremely valuable contribution to the cause 
 of cancer research. A large amount of statistical information has been 
 published on the results of surgical operations, but the methods of 
 statistical analysis have, as a rule, been crude and often not free from 
 serious technical objections. In the case of the non-surgical treatment 
 of cancer the statistical considerations are even more involved, and the 
 conclusions advanced are less to be relied upon as impartial and accurate. 
 The underlying reason is to be found in the widely varying and statis- 
 tically ill-defined principles of medical and surgical practice; in other 
 words, it is extremely difficult, if not practically impossible, to reduce 
 the cases considered to an absolutely comparable basis. For illustra- 
 tion, one institution may treat largely inoperable cases, as a matter of 
 charity or positive necessity; another institution may treat only such 
 cases as upon thorough examination warrant an exceptionally favorable 
 prognosis ; yet the first of the two might actually be better adminstered 
 and yield relatively more favorable results than the second. It is therefore 
 obvious that statistical conclusions regarding methods of treatment 
 require to be accepted with extreme caution. 
 
 These observations apply with special force to radiotherapy as a 
 possible solution of the apparently hopeless problem of an effective 
 cancer cure by other means than radical surgical interference The 
 subject of radium, however, has attracted so much attention within the 
 last few years that it has seemed advisable to include a brief discussion 
 of it, regardless of the rather doubtful value of the statistical evidence 
 available at the present time. The opinion has been expressed by 
 
 209 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Mr. A. E. Hay ward Pinch, the medical superintendent of the Radium 
 Institute of London, that "No useful purpose would be served by a mi- 
 nute analysis of the statistics," for, as observed by the British Medical 
 Journal, "the stages and extent of the disease vary so much from case 
 to case that only a very large number would warrant the use of the 
 statistical method." Subsequently, however, some very interesting 
 statistics have been published by the Institute, which will presently 
 be discussed in some detail. It requires to be kept in mind that the 
 modern surgical treatment of cancer is unquestionably much more 
 effective than the surgical practice of the past and that the results ob- 
 tained are in almost precise relation to the previous duration of the 
 disease, or, in other words, to the attained size and degree of infiltration 
 of the cancerous mass into the adjacent tissue through the regional 
 lymphatic glands. The average surgical results, under normal con- 
 ditions, have been summarized by Dr. Isaac Levin, in the following 
 statement : 
 
 Only in carcinoma of the lip the radical cure by the aid of the so-called block dissection 
 of the tumor and the regional lymph glands is as high as 70 to 83 per cent. In carcinoma 
 of the breast Halstead, who is one of the best operators of this condition, reports that 38.8 
 per cent, of the cases which were operated remained well for three years and over. Since 
 not all the cases examined were operable, probably not more than 30 per cent, of the cases 
 of carcinoma of the breast can be cured by surgery alone. In regard to carcinoma of the 
 uterus Wertheim, the greatest authority on the surgical treatment of this condition, 
 states that about one half of the cases which come to him are operable and of these about 
 one-half are cured by the operation, consequently about 25 per cent, of the cases of car- 
 cinoma of the uterus may be cured by operative treatment. Wm. J, Mayo, who is one of 
 the most brilliant operators in the world, reported recently on 996 cases of carcinoma of 
 the stomach. Of these 344 cases only were operable and of the latter 25 per cent, remained 
 cured five years and over after the operation. In other words, about 9 per cent, of cases 
 of carcinoma of the stomach can be cured by surgery alone in the hands of a Mayo and 
 probably an even smaller percentage in the hands of most other surgeons. In all rather 
 less than 30 per cent, of cancer patients can hope to be cured by the aid of surgery alone.* 
 
 It must be admitted that these results are disappointing, considering 
 the high degree of surgical efficiency on the part of those who are right- 
 fully considered the master minds of the surgical profession, but Dr. 
 Levin is far from being justified in his conclusion that "It is also safe 
 to assume that there can hardly be expected any further progress in 
 surgical treatment of malignant tumors," for the self-evident reason 
 that in the past the large majority of the cancer patients obtained sur- 
 gical treatment at a time when the cancerous growth had probably 
 reached the inoperable stage. These observations seem called for in 
 view of the reasons advanced in behalf of the radium treatment as a 
 substitute for surgical interference, even though evidence is wanting 
 to prove that radiotherapy would be applicable to the large majority 
 of deep-seated cancers, which cause the major portion of the aggregate 
 mortality from malignant disease. 
 
 Radiotherapy is a branch of physiotherapy, which includes treatment 
 by heat, light, electricity and radio-activity. A brief outline of the 
 principles of physiotherapy in its relation to cancer is contained in the 
 treatise on "The Cancer Problem," by William Seaman Bainbridge, 
 who refers to the discovery of Roentgen rays in 1895, which were also 
 
 'Isaac Levin, "The Relation Between the Surgical Treatment and Radiotherapy of Cancer," Medical 
 Record, October 10, 1014. 
 
 210 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 first employed in the treatment of malignant disease. Elsewhere in 
 this work reference has been made to X-ray dermatitis, or skin cancer, 
 due to the action of the rays, met with among Roentgen-ray workers. In 
 moderate forms of cancer, however, the application of X-rays has been 
 beneficial in treatment, but the statistical data are far from suflScient 
 and conclusive. The discovery of radium and radio-activity by Mme. 
 Curie dates from 1898-1900. The general principles of radiotherapy 
 have been elaborately set forth in a work by Wickham and Degrais, 
 translated by Dore, with an introduction by Sir Malcolm Morris. 
 The therapeutic results discussed in the work are illustrated by a large 
 number of colored photographs of cases before and after treatment. 
 Most of these cases represent external or superficial cancers, and but a 
 few are derived from gynecological experience. In a subsequent 
 treatise on radium, as employed in the treatment of cancer, angiomata, 
 keloids, etc., the same authors present much additional evidence, but 
 again most of the illustrations are of superficial cutaneous cancers, which 
 would naturally be most likely to yield satisfactory results. 
 
 The statistical interpretation of the facts presented by these and other 
 authors on radiotherapy is as yet far from convincing. The first annual 
 report of the Radium Institute, published in the British Medical Journal, 
 under date of January 25, 1913, includes 657 cases, but of these a large 
 number were not malignant disease. Of the carcinomata and sarcom- 
 ata not a single case was reported as cured ; but out of 447 cases treated, 
 44, or 9.8 per cent., were reported as apparently cured; 137, or 30.6 
 per cent., as improved; and 52, or 11.6 per cent., as having died. 
 
 According to the annual report of the London Radium Institute for 
 1913, 972 cases were treated during the year, of which 548 were cases 
 of malignant disease. Of this number 1 was reported as cured, but 
 50, or 9.1 per cent., were reported as apparently cured; 181, or 33 per 
 cent., as improved; and 37, or 6.8 per cent., as having died. 
 
 A review of the recorded observations on individual cases warrants 
 the conclusion that radium is unquestionably an effective method of 
 treatment in superficial cancers, particularly in the earlier stages of the 
 disease. The results of the treatment, however, are largely dependent 
 upon the quantity of radium used. Failures are more likely to be 
 attributable to the insufficiency in the amount of radium available 
 than to any other cause, at least in patients in a far-advanced stage of the 
 disease. These conclusions, however, apply, as yet, almost exclusively 
 to superficial cutaneous cancers, which cause but a small fraction of the 
 aggregate annual loss of life. There has not been sufficient time to 
 observe the after-effects of radium treatment in a large enough number 
 of typical cases. The statistical experience data have also not as yet 
 been subjected to an extended critical analysis, with a due regard 
 to the organs and parts of the body affected or the specific types of the 
 disease and the degree of cancerous involvement. Nor has the question 
 of joint results in operative and radium treatment combined received 
 adequate attention. There would seem to be much ground for accept- 
 ing the conclusion that the best results, at least in internal cancers, are 
 likely to be obtained, first, by surgical interference, and, second, by 
 subsequent radiotherapy. 
 
 211 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 The practical question remains, however, as to where, under present 
 conditions the required amount of radium is to be obtained, and the out- 
 look is far from encouraging that within a measurable period of time 
 there will be sufficient radium for proper treatment, even in the principal 
 centers of population. The hope for the future lies in the efforts now 
 being made by the United States Bureau of Mines to develop the 
 carnotite deposits of Colorado and Utah, which, it is to be hoped, may- 
 yield a sufficient supply for general use.* 
 
 Need of an Educational Propaganda 
 
 Within the last few years the conviction has been gaining ground that 
 the cancer problem is in a large measure a public question of increasing 
 importance. As early as 1891, and possibly before. Dr. G. Winter of 
 Konigsberg, initiated a pubhc campaign for the education of the general 
 practitioner and the laity in the important question of the earhest pos- 
 sible recognition of symptoms, diagnosis and qualified treatment of 
 cancer of the uterus. The principles of a public campaign as laid 
 down by Winter have become generally adopted in similar efforts 
 inaugurated in other countries, not only in regard to cancer of the uterus, 
 but in behalf of a movement for the control of cancer in any and all of 
 its multitudinous varieties. The cardinal principles advanced by Winter 
 are, in brief, (1) the ignorance or indifference of the average practitioner 
 regarding the seriousness of the first symptoms of malignant disease, 
 (2) the ignorance and even criminal carelessness of midwives, (3) the 
 criminal practices of charlatans in advertising cancer cures ;t and (4) 
 the ignorance of the laity. 
 
 A full discussion of the development of the educational campaign 
 would carry the present work far beyond the original plan and scope 
 of a concise presentation and review of the available statistical data 
 regarding cancer frequency throughout the world. The primary purpose 
 being a collection of trustworthy statistical data essential to the further- 
 ance of efforts to educate the general practitioner and the general pubhc 
 in the fundamental facts of the cancer problem. It has, however, 
 seemed appropriate to include the foUo^^dng brief outline of what has 
 thus far been done in carrying out a program of far-reaching significance, 
 not only to the medical profession, but, in fact, to the adult population 
 of every civilized country in the world. 
 
 Importance of Knowledge of Early Symptoms of Cancer 
 
 Suggestions regarding the advantages of a better understanding on the 
 part of the general public of the essential facts of the cancer problem 
 
 *The statistics of the London Radium Institute for 19 14 are derived from the abstract printed in the Novem- 
 ber 14, 1914, issue of the Scientific American Supplement. The abstract of the report itself is to be found in 
 the British Medical Journal, February 27, 1914. The results of the Radium Investigations of the Bureau 
 of Mines are contained in Bulletin No. 70 of the series of reports on Mineral Technology, published under the 
 direction of Charles L. Parsons, Washington, 1913. The Hearings on Radium before the Committee on Mines 
 and Mining, held on Joint Resolution 185-186, were published as a Congressional document, Washington, 
 1914. The report of the Committee was issued under date of February 3, 1914, and is published as Report 
 No. 214, House of Representatives, 63d Congress, 2d Session. 
 
 tMisleading advertbements of alleged cancer remedies and cancer cures are unquestionably the means of a 
 vast amount of injury to the public. In Great Britain the subject of cancer advertisements was investigated 
 by the House of Commons, through a Select Committee on Patent Medicines. The committee made its report 
 under date of August 4, 1914, and recommended, with other instructions, "that the advertisement and sale 
 (except the sale by a doctor's order) of medicines purporting to cure the following diseases be prohibited: 
 cancer, consumption, deafness, diabetes, epilepsy, etc." 
 
 212 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 have been made from time to time, but the classical effort in this direc- 
 tion is the work of Dr. Georg Winter, who, as early as 1891, initiated a 
 public campaign against cancer of the uterus in East Prussia. In an 
 address read before the Mississippi Valley Medical Association in 1895, 
 Dr. Theodore A. McGraw, after pointing out that a society called "The 
 League Against Cancer" had recently been formed in France with the 
 object of instituting a crusade against malignant disease, concluded with 
 the suggestion that "Physicians should be better instructed in the means 
 of diagnosis and in the necessity of early operative treatment, and last, 
 but not least, the laity should be induced to assist not only with liberal 
 contributions of means, but also with that intelligent cooperation which 
 would lessen our diflBculties in collecting evidence and making post- 
 mortems and keeping the sufferers out of the hands of quacks." Five 
 years later. Dr. Philander A. Harris, in a brief address before the New 
 York Academy of Medicine, gave expression to the view that "The 
 profession should be educated, and secondarily the- people should become 
 educated, as to the importance of early operation." Dr. W. L. Rod- 
 man of Philadelphia, in a paper read in the Section on Surgery and 
 Anatomy of the American Medical Association, July, 1905, sug- 
 gested that "the public be educated, as they will be in time, to believe 
 that an early diagnosis and prompt operation are both necessary." 
 Dr. Martin of New Orleans, in discussing the paper by Dr. Rodman, 
 endorsed his view by suggesting that "Physicians and the public alike 
 should be educated." At the second International Cancer Conference, 
 held in Paris, October, 1910, Prof, von Czerny, president of the 
 International Association for Cancer Research, laid emphasis on the 
 belief that "the education of the medical profession was essential to the 
 early diagnosis of cancer." Dr. J. C. Bloodgood in an address on 
 "The Surgical Treatment of Cutaneous Malignant Growths," read in 
 the Section on Dermatology of the American Medical Association, 
 June, 1910, reemphasized this suggestion in the statement that it 
 seemed well worth while "to educate the public, and to educate the 
 physician," and that both "should be impressed with the importance 
 of the immediate and complete removal of any congenital mole showing 
 evidence of growth, superficial ulceration, or scab formation." Dr. J. 
 H. Jacobson of Toledo, in an extended address on "The Results Obtained 
 by the Radical Abdominal Operation for Carcinoma of the Uterus," 
 concludes that "The real problems at the present time in the treatment 
 of uterine cancer are not what particular operation gives the best results, 
 but, rather, how such patients can be operated on earlier and how the 
 primary mortality of the radical abdominal operation can be further 
 reduced. The first problem can be solved only by a campaign of educa- 
 tion in our medical schools and in our medical societies, together with 
 some form of public instruction similar to that which has been inaug- 
 urated in Germany by Diihrssen and Winter."* 
 
 *A3 early as 1802 a Society for Investigating the Nature and Cure of Cancer, was organized in London. 
 Under the auspices of some of the foremost physicians of the period a letter of inquiry was sent out to the 
 principal physicians of England containing thirteen questions, in regard to the diagnostic indications of cancer, 
 the pathological and anatomical nature of cancer, whether a primary disease or a transitional pathological 
 condition, whether inherited, whether infectious, whether related to other diseases, chiefly scrofulous and syph- 
 ilitic, whether affected by climate and topography, whether affected by temperamental predisposition, 
 whether met with among animals, etc. (J. Wolff, Lehre von der Krebskrankheit, Vol. i, p. 81.) 
 
 213 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Dr. H. J. Boldt of New York, in a discussion of how we may reduce 
 the mortahty from cancer of the uterus, with special reference to 
 treatment and to pubhcity through the lay press,* gives the weight of 
 his endorsement to the plan of public education, in the direction of the 
 dissemination of knowledge regarding the early symptoms of cancer of the 
 uterus through the medium of the newspapers and the periodical press. 
 He remarks that in this publicity work, if undertaken in this country, 
 we would be following "in the footsteps of Germany, where the dissemina- 
 tion of knowledge by similar means was begun by Dtihrssen of Berlin many 
 years ago, and later, on a more extensive scale, by Winter of Konigsberg." 
 He, however, suggests that "more practical benefits would be gained by 
 impressing upon physicians the grave risk of treating with internal or 
 local medication, before having made sure that no malignant condition 
 was present, a patient having even the slightest suspicious symptom," 
 and he, no doubt, is entirely sound in his final conclusion, that "The 
 promulgation of knowledge regarding cancer of the uterus through the 
 lay press, as advised at the last meeting of a large national gathering, 
 cannot bring about a lowering of mortality from uterine cancer to such 
 an extent as would be the case if the medical profession — the family 
 physician — did the teaching directly." 
 
 Dr. Parker Syms of New York, in a public address on "The Pre- 
 vention and Cure of Cancer,"t also remarks that "Most of our teaching 
 must come through the physician in his practice. If that were well done 
 it would be far better than anything that could be done otherwise in the 
 way of spreading knowledge by literature," but, he observes, "there are 
 some things it is well for the public to know. It is well for them to know 
 that every lump and every swelling is more or less suspicious; they 
 should know that cancer has no definite characteristic symptom which 
 distinguishes it from other conditions. And they should know, also, 
 that a physician can give intelligent advice only after he has made a most 
 careful examination in any case." He draws attention to the possibili- 
 ties of effective aid to be rendered by life insurance companies by the 
 dissemination of knowledge among their policyholders as to how to 
 prevent cancer. He concludes that a public campaign "should not only 
 be nation wide, but world wide; and the more quickly it is started on a 
 uniform basis with good organization the more quickly will it become 
 effective." 
 
 In an address before the New York Academy of Medicine, May 15, 
 1913, Dr. Willy Meyer of New York, suggested that "The public should 
 be taught the early signs of cancer," and that "It is to be hoped that 
 by publicity the same results which have been achieved with those 
 afflicted with tuberculosis may be obtained in patients afflicted with 
 cancer." In an address read before the American Gynecological Society, 
 Washington, D. C, May, 1913, Dr. F. J. Taussig considers the best 
 methods of educating American women concerning cancer, advising that 
 physicians should be the prime movers in the organization of societies for 
 the control of cancer, but that the educational work itself should be, 
 as in the case of tuberculosis, left largely in the hands of the laity. He 
 
 * Journal of the American Medical Association, March 29, 1913. 
 ^Medical Record, May 17, 1913. 
 
 214 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 refers to the fact that in 1904, in the discussion of a paper by Dr. Samp- 
 son, on the early recognition of uterine cancer, he had advocated that 
 this work should be done by the American Medical Association; but he 
 had come to the conclusion that "the organization should be under the 
 control of the laity, and only the direction of the work should be in the 
 hands of the medical profession." 
 
 Dr. W. A. Bryan of Nashville, Tenn., in the chairman's address at 
 the public session of the Southern Medical Association, Lexington, Ky., 
 November, 1913, said that "There is a far greater necessity for instruction 
 of the laity on the subject of cancer than of the medical profession, for 
 in the vast majority of cases of hopeless cancer, hopeless because of delay, 
 we are able to learn that the physician's patience had been exhausted 
 trying to convince a wilful patient of the necessity for action." He 
 adds the further convincing observation that "The consent [to a surgical 
 operation] usually comes after the disease has fulfilled the necessarily 
 very plain requisites to satisfy the dull diagnostic abilities of the patient 
 himself. He [the patient] desired interference only as a last resort, and 
 last-resort therapy terminates almost uniformly in death. The layman 
 must learn certain things he does not know, and must unlearn much that 
 he thinks he knows before his part in the cancer problem can be 
 performed." 
 
 Public Education in Methods of Cancer Control 
 
 The first comprehensive statement regarding the salient facts of the 
 cancer problem of interest and importance to the laity is a treatise 
 on "The Control of a Scourge — How Cancer is Curable," by Charles P. 
 Childe, F. R. C. S., Surgeon Royal Portsmouth Hospital, England, 
 published in the New Library of Medicine, 1906. The work includes 
 extended consideration of the conditions under which cancer is curable . 
 or not, with observations on the dread of operation, the first danger- 
 signals, the possibilities of prevention, the urgent need of public educa- 
 tion, the serious menace of alleged cancer cures, the measurable evidence 
 of a considerable degree of success in early operative treatment, etc. 
 
 A similar work written primarily for the instruction of the public, 
 but of value, also, to the medical profession, is a small treatise on 
 "Preventable Cancer," by Rollo Russell, published in London, 1912. 
 The work includes an extended statistical survey of cancer throughout 
 the world, and some exceptionally valuable observations on the relation 
 of diet to cancer frequency, the temperature of food, the increase of 
 excessive alimentation, and a rough outline of certain supposed factors 
 accountable for cancer occurrence.* 
 
 Works of this character are unquestionably of great value in stimulat- 
 ing the development of an intelligent but restrained public interest in 
 
 *Aiiiong recent educational pamphlets on the cancer problem published in the furtherance of the efforts of 
 the American Society for the Control of Cancer, mention requires to be made of the following, issued by the 
 Council on Health and Public Instruction of the American Medical Association: "Control of Cancer," 
 Joseph C. Bloodgood, "Cancer of the Skin," Henry H. Hazen, "Cancer of the Womb," Franklin H 
 Martin, "Cancer of the Genito-Urinary Organs," Hugh H. Young. The American Society for the Control 
 of Cancer has issued two suggestive pamphlets, "Cancer as a Social Problem" and "The Role of the Nurse in 
 the Campaign Against Cancer," prepared by the Executive Secretary of the Society, Mr. Curtis E. Lakeman. 
 An exceptionally valuable publication made available for nation-wide distribution has been issued by the 
 Health Education League of Boston, prepared by Dr. Robert B. Greenough of the Medical School of Harvard 
 University. 
 
 215 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 the many practical questions which require consideration in the further- 
 ance of a public campaign for the control of cancer : the arrest of the per- 
 sistent increase ia the cancer death rate and the ultimate reduction 
 of the appalling mortality from malignant disease. It is, therefore, 
 of the utmost importance that a movement of this kind should be 
 carried forward under the auspices of a National Society for the 
 Control of Cancer, directed by laymen, physicians and surgeons of 
 established reputation, and entitled to the confidence of the general 
 public. Following the public discussion of the menace of cancer during 
 the early part of 1912, the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 was formed in the City of New York, on May 22, 1913, with the object, 
 as laid down in the constitution, "To disseminate knowledge concerning 
 the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer, to in- 
 vestigate the conditions under which cancer is found and to compile 
 statistics in regard thereto." Under the auspices of this society many 
 public meetings have been held throughout the United States, under 
 the immediate direction of local committees appointed by the state or 
 county medical societies, in cooperation with influential laymen and 
 laywomen interested in the cancer cause. The Society has also 
 been instrumental in bringing about a more active interest on the 
 part of the public-health authorities in the dissemination of general 
 knowledge regarding cancer symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, with 
 the result that there has been a vast amount of publicity of salient facts 
 concerning cancer frequency, diagnosis, treatment and cure, on the basis 
 of approved principles in the practice of medicine, to the measurable 
 benefit of the public. The movement has the hearty endorsement of the 
 principal national medical and surgical associations, and the active 
 support of many influential lay persons throughout the nation.* 
 • It has therefore seemed appropriate to include in Appendix H a 
 reprint of an educational circular published by the American Society 
 for the Control of Cancer, and widely distributed throughout the 
 country in the furtherance of its public campaign.! 
 
 In this direction, then, would seem to lie the only hope of cancer 
 cure and cancer control. To the extent that the public at large be- 
 comes thoroughly cognizant of the true menace of malignant disease, 
 the practical possibilities of effective control become self-evident. 
 Understanding alone, not mere knowledge, is power; and a thorough 
 understanding of fundamental principles, methods and results is nowhere 
 likely to prove more useful and far-reaching than in the vast domain 
 of preventive medicine and public health. The difficulties to be 
 
 *TabIes 3 and 4, Appendix H. See in this connection the Report on the Health of Portsmouth for the Year 
 1913, issued during the early part of 1915, pp. 34-37, the Report on the Health of Rochdale for 1913, and the 
 Report of the Metropolitan Borough of Paddington for 1913, pp. 64-68. According to the annual report of 
 Dr. A. M. Fraser, the Medical OflScer of Health of Portsmouth for 1914, there were only 197 deaths from 
 cancer in Portsmouth during that year, as compared with 230 in 1913. It is pointed out in this connection 
 that "this decrease, which occurs in the face of an increase of population, is hailed with satisfaction by the 
 Portsmouth sanitary authorities as justifying their efforts to reduce the cancer death rate by persuading 
 persons who are attacked with this disease to avoid delay and to seek treatment before it is too late for more 
 than palliative measures." Dr. Fraser also reports that from statements made to him by local medical men 
 the publication of circulars and newspaper articles by the health department has been instrumental in 
 inducing a number of persons suffering from early operable cancer to secure treatment, the result of which, it 
 is hoped, will be permanent. 
 
 fTables 1 and 2, Appendix H. 
 
 216 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 overcome are appalling; but the objects to be achieved are well worthy 
 of the most strenuous effort and the not inconsiderable expense. 
 Qualified cancer research into the underlying conditions or circum- 
 stances accountable for the occurrence of the disease must needs rank 
 as a problem of the first order of importance in medicine and surgery; 
 but every branch of science related thereto should derive some benefit 
 from the statistical evidence brought forward in this work for the 
 sole purpose of facilitating the scientific study of what is, what ever 
 has been and what is ever likely to remain one of the most complex 
 problems of human life. The cause of cancer control also should 
 derive some direct advantage from this concise and comprehensive 
 presentation of the truly colossal loss of life throughout the entire 
 civilized world in consequence of the unchecked ravages of malignant 
 disease, and the additional and indisputable evidence that the 
 disease is on the increase, in marked and significant contrast to 
 the decline in the death rate from practically all the other principal 
 causes of death. 
 
 Aside from humanitarian motives, which in the furtherance of a 
 policy of scientific welfare work on the part of life insurance companies 
 suggests exhaustive inquiries of this kind, there are the strongest pos- 
 sible reasons for believing that a nation-wide campaign for the control 
 of cancer must, in the process of time, prove of direct benefit to life 
 insurance policyholders, as well as to the public at large. In proportion 
 as such efforts are successful, it is obvious that encouragement is given 
 to similar research work into the comparative frequency and observed 
 tendencies of other diseases more or less within the range of prevention 
 and control. 
 
 Future Statistical Research 
 
 The future statistical study of cancer gives promise of far-reaching 
 results of great practical usefulness. In no direction are such results 
 more likely to be valuable than in the standardized tabulation and 
 critical analysis of the experience data of large hospitals and private 
 clinics. The mere publication of crude and superficially considered 
 data is, on the other hand, a serious menace to the cancer cause. 
 Entirely too much reliance is placed upon rates or percentages derived 
 from a small number of cases, and, as a general rule, the fundamental 
 law of large numbers, which underlies all qualified statistical analysis, 
 is completely ignored. The value of many an important contribution 
 to the etiology of cancer would be materially increased if the obser- 
 vations were made to rest upon a larger number of critically considered 
 individual facts. The vast amount of institutional experience obtain- 
 able through the records of American and foreign hospitals is at present 
 either unavailable or published in a form more or less useless for 
 practical purposes. The correlation value of such data to the natur- 
 ally much larger amount of mortality experience derived from general 
 or life insurance sources can not easily be exaggerated. To a not 
 inconsiderable extent the future of qualified cancer research depends 
 upon an unimpeachable statistical basis. 
 
 217 
 
TEE MORTALITY FROM CAXCER 
 Restatement of Conclusions and Results 
 
 Mucli if not most of the available statistical information regarding 
 cancer mortality is tentative, and trustworthy only in an approximate 
 sense. E:s;treme caution is always necessary in the use of the data; but 
 in the main it is held that the information can be rehed upon to justify 
 broad conclusions. These, in brief, as deducible from the statistical 
 and other e\'idence presented in this work, are summarized or restated 
 as follows: 
 
 The first chapter presents in outhne the general principles of statistical 
 inquiry and emphasizes the practical utiUty of the statistical method in 
 medicine and its particular appHcation to the numerous and important 
 general aspects of the cancer problem. Regardless of the inherent diffi- 
 culties of cancer terminology^ exact diagnosis and precise classification, 
 it is held that the statistical method is trustworthy and useful for the 
 present purpose, and in the main at least approximately conclusive 
 regarding local cancer frequency and the observed upward tendency of 
 the cancer death rate throughout the civilized world. 
 
 In the second chapter the statistical basis of cancer research is further 
 considered, and the need of an even more exhaustive study than the 
 present one is frankly conceded as an essential requirement for a full 
 understanding of all the saHent facts of the cancer problem. The 
 adoption of uniform methods of tabulation and analysis is suggested to 
 registration officials, public hospitals and life insurance companies of at 
 least the more important countries of the world; but even under existing 
 statistical hmitations the official returns for some twenty-six per cent, 
 of the world's population have been utihzed for the present purpose. It is 
 maintained that this vast amount of general cancer mortality informa- 
 tion is in sufficient agreement to warrant the far-reaching conclusion 
 that the menace of cancer throughout the civilized world is much more serious 
 than has generally been assumed to he the case. 
 
 The problem of cancer increase is considered in some detail in the third 
 chapter, v»-ith a due regard to the ascertained underlying conditioning 
 factors determining local variations in the death rate and the more or 
 less controversial arguments as to the apparent or actual increase in 
 cancer frequency as affected to a variable degree by serious errors in 
 diagnosis or ob\'ious mistakes in death certffication. The conclusion is 
 advanced, and without hesitation, that the evidence of cancer increase 
 throughout the world is an incontrovertible statistical fact, and absolutely 
 conclusive; and it is maintained further that arguments to the contrary 
 are largely in the nature of useless controversies, failing conspicuously 
 in the required evidence of actual errors and defects in the original data 
 sufficient in number to invahdate the utility of the returns as a whole. 
 It is held in this connection that American ^dtal statistics are 
 strictly comparable with the mortality statistics of European and other 
 countries, upon the assumption that absolute accuracy is not necessarily 
 essential to the present purpose, nor attainable under any conceivable 
 existing conditions, also, that the approximate truth as revealed hy the 
 present investigation, in strict conformity to the law of large nunibers, 
 fully justifies the conclusion that the mortality from cancer is increasing at 
 a more or less alarming rate throughout the entire civilized world and that 
 
 218 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 this increase implies most serious consequences, present and future, to the 
 populations concerned. 
 
 Preliminary to the discussion of the statistical evidence in general, the 
 mortality from cancer in different occupations is presented in the fourth 
 chapter, and amplified with numerous interesting and suggestive illus- 
 trations of exceptional cancer frequency in particular employments. 
 It is readily conceded that at the present time the available cancer 
 statistics by occupations are of rather limited practical utility; but it is 
 suggested that thoroughly qualified and highly specialized inquiries in 
 this direction are quite certain to yield important results. 
 
 Cancer as a problem of life insurance medicine is discussed at some 
 length in the fifth chapter, with a brief historical survey of the mortality 
 from malignant disease in the experience of life insurance companies 
 throughout the world. The data presented fully sustain the general 
 conclusion that cancer is a much more serious mortality problem than has 
 generally been assumed to be tbe case, and that without question the 
 disease is on the increase among life insurance policyholders, medically 
 selected, as well as among the population at large. Of interest in this 
 connection are the suggestive results of the Medico- Actuarial Investiga- 
 tion, especially as regards the influence of overweight on the cancer 
 death rate, the negative evidence regarding the influence of heredity or 
 family history, and, finally, the important modifications in the cancer 
 death rate resulting from marital or conjugal condition. 
 
 The geographical incidence of cancer throughout the world is briefly 
 reviewed in the sixth chapter, with some consideration of related diseases, 
 such as biliary calculi and non-malignant tumors of the uterus and 
 ovaries. The comparative statistics of cancer by specified organs and 
 parts for selected countries, for which the returns are of approximately 
 the same degree of intrinsic trustworthiness, leave no room for any other 
 conclusion than that practically all forms of cancer are on the increase, but 
 naturally to quite a variable degree. An international comparison of 
 crude cancer death rates for the period 1908-12, based upon the oflicial 
 returns of more than one and a half million deaths for the five continents 
 combined, indicates with approximate accuracy that the highest cancer 
 death rate prevails in Europe and that the lowest rate prevails on the 
 continent of Africa. Cancer mortality is exceptionally high in Switzer- 
 land, Bavaria and Holland, and extremely rare among North American 
 Indians and the primitive races of Asia and Africa. 
 
 The returns for American states and cities are presented in some detail 
 in the seventh chapter, and the corresponding data for foreign countries 
 are discussed in chapter eight. There is included in these two chapters 
 a brief consideration of cancer frequency as modified by latitude, size of 
 cities and climatic conditions, seemingly warranting the conclusion that 
 cancer frequency decreases with diminishing distances from the equator, or, 
 what is practically the equivalent thereof, a rise in cancer mortality is 
 observed to occur with a diminishing mean annual temperature and 
 rainfall. 
 
 In the ninth and concluding chapter a variety of aspects of the cancer 
 problem are briefly considered for the purpose of facilitating the practical 
 use and correct interpretation of the numerous statistical tables and 
 
 219 
 
THE MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 forms in the appendices. The primary object of this discussion is to 
 illustrate the extremely complex nature of the cancer problem and the 
 more or less determining influence of widely different and constantly 
 varying special factors and local conditions. The extreme rarity of 
 cancer among primitive races, such as the North American Indian, and 
 the relative infrequency of special forms of cancer among certain types 
 of mankind, such as the comparative freedom from cancer of the breast 
 of Japanese women, are brought forward as proof that even a very 
 low cancer death rate is not necessarily evidence of the intrinsic untrust- 
 worthiness of the returns. 
 
 These illustrations also throw much light upon the broader aspects of 
 the problem of cancer causation, or, in a more limited sense, the con- 
 ditioning circumstances which more or less determine the local degree of 
 cancer frequency in different countries and locaHties of the civilized 
 world. Precancerous conditions are considered at some length, and it is 
 suggested that a more extended study should be made of the coincident 
 occurrence of cancer and other diseases, chiefly gall-stones, syphilis, 
 leprosy, rheumatism, gout, appendicitis, diabetes and tuberculosis. The 
 surgical aspects are briefly discussed, and with special reference to the at 
 present inadequate statistics of cancer hospitals, which are most urgently 
 in need of standardization, so as to facilitate the comparative study of 
 the results of institutional treatment. It is furthermore suggested that 
 the subject of post-operative results should receive qualified statistical 
 consideration, in that most of the available data are at present of 
 doubtful intrinsic trustworthiness. The same considerations apply to 
 the problem of recurrence, the average duration of the disease, the rela- 
 tive degree of mahgnancy and the rapidity of growth. All of these are 
 important practical aspects of the general cancer problem, whether 
 medicaUy or surgically considered. With regard to heredity and family 
 history, some additional observations reemphasize earlier conclusions 
 that the available evidence in this respect is in the negative. The rela- 
 tion of cancer frequency to overnutrition, metaboHc disorders, vege- 
 tarianism and diet in general suggests the correlation of cancer frequency 
 to overnutrition, as best iflustrated by the statistical evidence derived 
 from the results of the Medico-Actuarial Investigation, that cancer is 
 more common among overweights than among underweights. Chronic 
 irritation as an immediate factor of cancer causation, first considered with 
 reference to occupation, in another chapter, is here further discussed 
 with regard to alcohol and smoking. The available statistical data 
 would seem to indicate that both alcohol and smoking are directly 
 contributory factors, to a variable degree, and particularly so as regards 
 certain organs or parts of the body affected. The extremely important 
 question as to whether cancer is of a parasitical origin, and therefore 
 possibly an infectious disease, is considered at some length, with especial 
 reference to alleged cancer houses, streets, viflages, etc. The available 
 evidence as regards a possible parasitical origin of cancer is held to be in- 
 conclusive. This point is sustained by the vast surgical experience which 
 is without a single record of surgical infection in cancer operations. The 
 available data are also negative on the alleged causation of cancer 
 by worry or its correlation to insanity. Though partly outside of the 
 
 220 
 
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 general study of the subject from the statistical point of view, the modem 
 theories of radium and radiotherapy are briefly referred to, with special 
 reference to the statistical experience data of the London Radium Insti- 
 tute. The outlook is encouraging that as regards external cancers the 
 radium treatment of the future will prove productive of much more 
 satisfactory results than the treatment of the past. As regards the 
 effective and exclusive use of radium in the treatment of internal can- 
 cers the evidence at present is quite contradictory and inconclusive. 
 
 Reviewing the aggregate results of the present investigation, it is 
 shown that cancer is much more common than has generally been 
 assumed to be the case; that the mortahty from the disease throughout 
 the civilized world exceeds 500,000 per annum, and in the United States 
 about 80,000 at the present time; that the disease is increasing in practi- 
 cally all civilized countries and as a general rule in all its principal forms 
 or varieties, and that it is therefore strictly within the hmits of scientific 
 conjecture that a further rise in the death rate may be anticipated, 
 unless the disease is made subject to more effective methods of treat- 
 ment and control. The attainment of this purpose can be brought about 
 only by arousing a world-wide interest in the problem of cancer control, 
 rather than in the strictly scientific aspects of cancer causation, and the 
 development of a sound public understanding of the imperative necessity 
 of early surgical and possibly other interference in place of blind rehance 
 upon more or less disappointing methods of treatment by other means. All 
 of these and many other more or less controversial aspects of the cancer 
 problem urgently suggest the broadening of the scope of statistical 
 research and the perfection of methods of statistical inquiry, towards 
 the end that the whole truth of the cancer problem may be revealed to 
 the immeasurable advantage of the human race. 
 
 221 
 
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APPENDIX 
 
 A 
 
 Tumor Classifications 
 
 Table Page 
 
 1 Walshe's Classification, 1844 268 
 
 2 Pembrey and Ritchie's Classification, 1913 269 
 
 3 Hatch's Classification, 1904 271 
 
 4 Charles Powell White's Classification, 1913 272 
 
 5 Gould and Pyle's Classification, 1914 273 
 
 6 Bertillon International Classification of Tumors 276 
 
 7 Bertillon International Classification of Diseases Allied to Tumors 281 
 
 8 Imperial Cancer Research Fund Classification, 1903 283 
 
 267 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 w 
 
 <a 
 
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 a; 
 
 a 
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 :S 
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 a 
 >> 
 
 c 
 o 
 
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 Spongy or ossivorous tumor. Ruysch. Pal- 
 
 letta. 
 Struma fungosa (testis). Callisen. 
 Spongoid inflammation. Burns. 
 Milt-like tumor. Munro. 
 Medullary sarcoma. Abernethy. 
 Cerebriform disease or cancer. Laennec. 
 Pulpy testicle. Baillie. 
 Carcinus spongiosus. Good. 
 Carcinoma spongiosum. Young. 
 Fungoid disease. A. Cooper, Hodgkin. 
 Medullary fungus. Maunoir, Chelius. 
 Acute fungous tumor. C. Bell. 
 Medullary cancer. Travers. 
 Cephaloma. Hooper, Carswell. 
 Carcinoma medullare. Mueller. 
 Soft cancer. Auct. Var. 
 
 Carcinomatous sarcoma. Abernethy. 
 Carcinoma scirrhosum. Young. 
 Scirrhous cancer. Travers. 
 Scirrhoma. Carswell. 
 Carcinoma simplex vel fibrosum. Mueller. 
 Stone cancer. Auct. Var. 
 
 Areolar gelatiniform cancer. Cruveilhier. 
 Carcinoma alveolare. Mueller. 
 Gum cancer. Hodgkin. 
 
 
 Common vascular 1 
 
 sarcoma 1 Abernethy. 
 Mammary sarco- ( 
 
 ma? j 
 Solanoid. Recamier, Zang. 
 Nephroid. Idem. 
 Napiform. Idem. 
 Carcinoma fasciculatum vel hya- 
 
 linum. Mueller. 
 Fungus hsematodes. Hey. 
 Hsematode Cancer. Auct. Gall. 
 
 § ^ is 
 
 si »^ S J^ 
 
 [ Pultaceous cancer ] 
 Colloid < Pearly alveolar [Cruveilhier 
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APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 2 
 Pembrey and Ritchie's Classification, 1913 
 
 A. TUMOURS ORIGINATING IN POST-NATAL LIFE FROM NORMAL TISSUES 
 
 OF INDIVIDUAL 
 
 Innocent Tumours 
 
 Intermediate Types 
 
 Malignant Tumours 
 
 1. Epiblast: 
 Skin epithelium 
 
 Specialized epi- 
 blastic structures 
 (e. g., breast): 
 
 Skin epithelium 
 
 Pigmented epi- 
 thelial structures 
 
 Nerve tissue 
 
 Germinal epithe- 
 lium 
 
 2. Mesoblast: 
 Connective tissue 
 
 Primitive connec- 
 tive tissue 
 
 Fat 
 
 Specialized meso- 
 blastic structures: 
 Pigmented cells 
 
 Bone 
 
 Cartilage 
 Muscle 
 
 Lymph spaces 
 Lymphatic tissue 
 and blood-form- 
 ing organs 
 
 Hypoblast: 
 Intestinal mucosa 
 
 Special hypoblas- 
 tic organs {liver, 
 pancreas, thyroid, 
 etc.) 
 
 Papilloma 
 
 Adenoma 
 
 Glioma 
 Ovarian cyst 
 
 Fibroma 
 
 Myeloid sarcoma 
 Myxoma 
 
 Lipoma 
 
 Certain pigmented 
 tumours in animals 
 
 Osteoma : ebumat- 
 ed (adamanti- 
 noma), cancel- 
 lous; odontoma 
 
 Chondroma 
 
 Leiomyoma (fibro- 
 myoma) 
 
 Lymphoma 
 Myeloma 
 
 Hypoblastic papil- 
 loma 
 Adenoma 
 
 Simple cystic epi- 
 thelioma 
 Rodent ulcer 
 Basal-celled car- 
 
 Adenoma 
 
 Proliferating pap- 
 illoma of ovary 
 
 Keloid 
 Recurrent fibroma 
 
 Endothelioma 
 ? Certain cutane- 
 ous sarcomata 
 
 EpitheUoma. 
 
 Carcinoma. 
 Melanotic carcinoma 
 
 Gliosarcoma. 
 Carcinoma of ovary. 
 
 Sarcoma: 
 
 Spindle-celled. 
 
 Round-celled. 
 
 Small round-celled. 
 
 Large round-celled. 
 
 Mixed-celled. 
 Myeloid sarcoma. 
 Myxosarcoma. 
 
 Melanotic sarcoma. 
 Osteosarcoma. 
 
 Chondrosarcoma. 
 
 Endothelioma. 
 Lymphosarcoma. 
 Chioroma. 
 Leukaemia. 
 
 Malignant adenoma, 
 
 carcinoma. 
 Carcinoma. 
 
 269 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 2 (concluded) 
 Pembrey and Ritchie's Classification, 1913 
 
 B. TUMOURS ARISING FROM ERRORS OF DEVELOPMENT 
 
 Group 1. — ^Tumours arising from junction of two embryos or from a process analogous to 
 formation of monochorial twins — in either case from cells usually having the capacity 
 of forming more than one embryonic layer. 
 
 From, Somatoblast: Includes many varieties from (a) union of two more or less perfect 
 individuals — e. g., Siamese twins — to (b) one complete individual plus elements 
 of another (teratoid dermoid cysts, teratoma). 
 
 From Trophoblast: Chorionepithelioma arising in an otherwise perfect maleorfemale. 
 
 From, Combined Somatoblast and Trophoblast: Usual form — dermoid cyst plus 
 chorionepithelioma. 
 
 Group 2. — Tumours arising in later embryonic life from displacement of cells which usually 
 are already so far differentiated as to be capable of forming only one type of adult 
 tissue. 
 
 
 Innocent Tumours 
 
 Intermediate Types 
 
 Malignant Tumours 
 
 From epiblast 
 
 Inclusion dermoid 
 
 __ 
 
 Malignant develop- 
 
 
 cysts 
 
 
 ments in dermoid 
 cysts, branchial 
 clefts or other epi- 
 thelial embryonic 
 remains. 
 
 Special organs 
 
 ? Suprarenal rests 
 
 — 
 
 ? Suprarenal rests. 
 
 
 Neurocytoma 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Neurofibrilloma 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 From mesoblast: 
 
 
 
 
 Bone 
 
 Osteoma 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Cartilage 
 
 Chondroma (par- 
 otid, testicle) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Muscle 
 
 Rhabdomyoma 
 (heart, kidney) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Bloodvessels . 
 
 Angeioma 
 
 — 
 
 Angeiosarcoma. 
 
 Lymphatic vessels 
 
 Lymphangioma 
 
 — 
 
 Lymphangeiosar- 
 coma. 
 
 Mixed mesoblastic 
 
 — 
 
 Certain kidney 
 
 — 
 
 elements 
 
 
 tumours 
 
 
 From combined epi- 
 
 Nsevi (moles) 
 
 Mixed tumours of 
 
 Epithelioma 1 
 
 devel- 
 oping 
 from 
 
 blast and mesoblast 
 
 
 parotid 
 
 Melanotic 
 
 sarcoma 
 
 Melanotic 
 
 
 
 
 
 nsevi. 
 
 
 
 
 carcinoma 
 
 
 C. PARASITIC TUMOURS ARISING FROM TISSUE OF EMBRYO BEING 
 GRAFTED ON MATERNAL ORGANISM 
 
 Innocent Tumour 
 
 Intermediate Type 
 
 Malignant Tumour 
 
 Placental mole 
 
 Chorionepithelioma 
 
 Chorionepithelioma 
 
 270 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 3 
 Hatch's Classification, 1904 
 
 THE TUMORS AS DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE FIVE PATHOLOGICAL 
 BLASTODERMIC REGIONS OF THE BODY 
 
 I. Epiblast. — Epithelial hypertrophies, 
 (corns, horns onychoma) dermoids, papil- 
 loma adenoma, papillary adenoma, hy- 
 groma, odontoma, lupus, squamous epithe- 
 lioma; with exception of Cancer of Breast, 
 all benign and non-metastatic. 
 
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 S4-I 
 
 id 
 
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 Ui 
 
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 VI 
 
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 3 
 
 0) 
 
 -d 
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 O 
 
 c3 ^ 
 
 c3 
 
 -a 
 
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 1=1 
 
 ^ Benign or non- 
 metastatic. 
 
 II. Parietalor Bodily Mesoblast. — 
 All (benign) tumors of connective tissue 
 substances, viz. : fibroma, lipoma, myxoma, 
 osteoma, chondroma, osteoid chondroma, 
 neuroma, and the non-metastatic sarcom- 
 ata (myeloid and both forms of spindle- 
 celled sarcoma and glioma) . (See foot-note.) 
 
 III. Genito - Urinary Mesoblast. — 
 Leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, myofibroma, 
 cysticadenoma, ovarian cysts, sarcomata 
 of various kinds and tubercle, but all non- 
 metastatics in this region. 
 
 IV. Visceral Mesoblast. — Angioma, 
 lymph-angiomaandlymphoma(suspicious); 
 generalized sarcomata (melanotic) alveolar, 
 lymph-adenoid, and round-celled, and 
 tubercle; all malignant and metastatic, 
 except the two congenital new-formations, 
 viz. : angioma and lymph-angioma. 
 
 V. Hypoblast. — Adenoma and cysts 
 (suspicious) cancers, viz. : cylindrical epithe- 
 lioma, soft and hard cancers, very malig- 
 nant and metastatic unless they become 
 colloid; (no papilloma in this region). 
 
 Benign or non- 
 metastatic. 
 
 Benign or non- 
 metastatic 
 (even tubercle 
 is so in this re- 
 gion, viz. : usu- 
 ally local). 
 
 (Home of Tuber- 
 cle) Malignant 
 generalized and 
 metastatic 
 tumors. 
 
 Malignant and 
 metastatic. 
 
 From the above it may be also fairly suggested that the 
 visceral mesoblast originated from the hypoblast. 
 
 (Foot-note). The round cells sarcomata apparently found in this region do not strictly 
 belong to this region, but to portions of the visceral mesoblast, which are surrounded or 
 covered by the parietal mesoblast, as in lymph-glands and vascular system. 
 
 271 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 4 
 Charles PoweU White's Classification, 1913 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS 
 
 A. Organomata, or Organ Tumours. 
 1. Teratoma. 
 
 B. HiSTiOMATA, or Tissue Tmnours. 
 
 a. Desmomata, or Supporting Tissue Tumours. 
 
 1. Myxoma. Mucous tissue. 
 
 2. Fibroma. Fibrous tissue. 
 
 3. Lipoma. Fat. 
 
 4. Chondroma. Cartilage. 
 
 5. Chordoma. Notochordal tissue. 
 
 6. Osteoma. Bone. 
 
 7. Odontoma. Dentine. 
 
 8. Glioma. Neuroglia. 
 
 h. Neuromata, or Nerve Tumours. 
 
 1 . Neuroma. Nervous tissue. 
 
 c. Myomata, or Muscle Tumours. 
 
 1. Rhabdomyoma. Striated muscle. 
 
 2. Leiomyoma. Smooth muscle. 
 
 d. Lymphomata, or Lymphoid Tissue Tumours. 
 
 1. Lymphoma. Lymphoid tissue. 
 
 2. Myeloma. Bone marrow. 
 
 e. Epithelial and Endothelial Histiomata. 
 
 Papilloma, Adenoma, Angeioma. 
 
 C. Cytomata, or Cell Tumours. 
 
 a. Blastocytomata. Indifferent cells. 
 
 h. Sarcomata (Desmocytomata). Supporting tissue cells. 
 
 c. Neurocytomata. Nerve cells. 
 
 d. Myocytomata. Muscle cells. 
 
 e. Lymphocytomata. Lymphoid cells. 
 
 /. Carcinomata. Epithelial and endo- 
 
 thehal cells. 
 
 272 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 5 
 
 Gould and Pyle's Classification, 1914 
 
 TUMORS, TABLE OF 
 
 Name 
 
 Histologic Constituents 
 
 Physicai. Manifestations 
 
 Seats of Predilection 
 
 Adenoma 
 
 1. Acinout 
 
 2. TuhuUiT 
 
 Acini lined with spheroidal 
 epithelium, with varying 
 amount of connective tissue, 
 as in a normal gland. 
 
 Tubules lined with cylindrical 
 epithelium. 
 
 Firm, rather hard consistence; 
 inelastic; lobulated; light- 
 gray or slightly yellow color; 
 movable; encapsulated; gen- 
 erally single; rounded; when 
 on mucous surfaces, flat and 
 irregular. 
 
 Soft; frequently pedunculat- 
 ed; grayish- white or reddish 
 color; translucent. 
 
 Mamma, lip, ovary, testis, 
 prostate, thyroid, parotid, 
 lacrimal gland, sudoriferous 
 and sebaceous glands. 
 
 Rectum and other portions 
 of intestines; uterus. 
 
 Angioma 
 
 1. Telangiectatic 
 
 2. Cavernous 
 
 Dilated blood-vessels. 
 
 Spaces lined with endothelial 
 cells and filled with blood, 
 like corpora cavernosa of 
 penis. 
 
 Large epithelial cells contain- 
 ing one or more nuclei, with- 
 out visible intercellular ma- 
 trix, grouped into acini (can- 
 cer-nests). Vessels have walls 
 of normal thickness and con- 
 stitution, and ramify in the 
 stroma, and not among the 
 cells themselves. 
 
 Three varieties are described 
 histologically: (a) squamous, 
 made up of squamous or flat 
 epithelium; (6) cylindrical, 
 containing columnar cells; (c) 
 glandular, composed largely 
 of polyhedral cells, like those 
 of secreting glands. 
 
 A form of round-celled sar- 
 coma {which see). 
 
 Surface often covered with 
 small, granular elevations, 
 resembling a strawberry; 
 often well circumscribed. 
 
 Soft, doughy; non-pulsating; 
 leaden or blue color. 
 
 Skin, mucous membrane, 
 brain, bones and mamma. 
 
 Liver, kidney, spleen, uterus, 
 bones, muscle. 
 
 Carcinoma 
 
 1. Scirrhous (hard, 
 spheroidal-celled) 
 
 2. Encepkaloid (soft, 
 spheroidal-celled) 
 
 3. Colloid (probably 
 a degeneration of 
 one of the preced- 
 ing varieti<!s) 
 
 Hard, irregular, tuberous; ad- 
 herent to surrounding tis- 
 sues; ulcerated. Non-encap- 
 sulated. Ulcer. — Irregular 
 in outline and depth; margins 
 hard, nodular, everted. 
 
 Soft, globular, or bossellated; 
 elastic, compressible; fluc- 
 tuating; non-encapsulated. 
 
 Soft; jelly-like; contains mu- 
 coid material; semitranslu- 
 cent; glistening; at places 
 diffluent. 
 
 Mamma; alimentary tract 
 (especially the pyloric end of 
 stomach); glands of the skin 
 (rare); rectum; uterus. 
 
 Testicle; ovary; mucous mem- 
 branes. 
 
 Stomach; intestine; ovary; 
 mamma; thyroid. 
 
 Chloroma 
 
 Small nodules. 
 
 Periosteum of skull. 
 
 Cholesteatoma 
 
 Concentric layers formed of 
 flat cells of an epithelial 
 character, arranged in whorls 
 enclosing cholesterin plates. 
 Belongs probably to the 
 Teratomata from the occur- 
 rence in it of sebaceous 
 glands, hair-follicles, etc. 
 
 Hyaline or fibro-cartilage, 
 with few blood-vessels. The 
 cells are arranged irregularly 
 and have irregular shapes, 
 many being stellate or spin- 
 dle-shaped. 
 
 Multiplication of endothelial 
 cells lining lymph-passages. 
 A variety of sarcoma. Large, 
 round cells containing one 
 or two nuclei. Resembles 
 epithelial new-growths. 
 
 Solitary or multiple nodules 
 or nodes. 
 
 Brain and meninges. 
 
 Chondroma 
 
 (Enchondroma) 
 
 Hard; elastic; nodular or lobu- 
 lated, sometimes smooth; 
 round; encapsulated; usually 
 single, but may be multiple 
 and symmetric. 
 
 The bones, especially on or in, 
 the phalanges; scapula, ilium, 
 upper jaw; subcutaneous tis- 
 sue; salivary glands (parot- 
 id); testicle; bronchial car- 
 tilages. 
 
 Endothelioma 
 
 Circumscribed or extensive 
 flat growths, spreading over 
 the serous membranes; white 
 in color. 
 
 Pleura and peritoneum; mem 
 branes of brain. 
 
 273 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 5 (continued) 
 Gould and Pyle's Classification, 1914 
 TUMORS, TABLE OF 
 
 Name 
 
 Histologic Constituents 
 
 Physical Manifestations 
 
 Skats of Predilection 
 
 Epithelioma 
 
 1. Squamous 
 
 2. Cylindric-celled or 
 colu mnar-celled 
 
 Composed of pegs or columns 
 of cuboidal epithelial cells 
 which first infiltrate the sub- 
 jacent connective tissue, then 
 every underlying structure, 
 including bone, in their track. 
 These ingrowths contain the 
 cell-nests, epidermal pearls, 
 or pearly bodies. 
 
 Originates either from the 
 cylindric surface-epithelium 
 of a mucous membrane, or 
 from that of glands lined by 
 columnar epithelium. Con- 
 tains no "cell-nests." Con- 
 sists of alveoli containing 
 cylindric cells at the periph- 
 ery, and irregular cells in 
 the center. Presents the 
 character of adenocarci- 
 noma. 
 
 Dense; inelastic; non-encap- 
 sulated; ulcerated; edges of 
 ulcer indurated. 
 
 Soft, infiltrating masses or 
 nodes, or papillomatous 
 growths. 
 
 Nose, lower lip, penis, scro- 
 tum, vulva, anus, tongue, 
 gums, palate, tonsils, larynx, 
 pharynx, esophagus, bladder, 
 or uterus, hands and feet 
 (rare). 
 
 Stomach; intestinal tract; 
 uterus; gall-bladder; biliary 
 passages; respiratory tract. 
 
 Fibroma 
 
 1. Hard 
 
 i. Soft 
 
 White, fibrous tissue, consist- 
 ing of fibers and few connec- 
 tive tissue corpuscles; blood- 
 vessels few. 
 
 Few fibers, many cells. 
 
 Ovoidal or spherical; lobu- 
 lated; nodular or bossellated; 
 pedunculated or sessile; firm, 
 elastic; encapsulated; glis- 
 tening white, yellowish, or 
 slightly red color; unattached 
 to overlying tissues; single 
 or multiple. 
 
 Soft, compressible; sessile or 
 pendulous; single or multi- 
 ple; encapsulated. 
 
 Soft, gelatinous,^ glue-like 
 tumor; not distinctly out- 
 lined; somewhat translucent. 
 Usually single. 
 
 Uterus; periosteum; ovary; 
 labium majus; mamma; tes- 
 ticle; tendons; aponeurosis; 
 neurilemma of nerves; around 
 articulations; subcutaneous 
 tissue; rectum. 
 
 Glioma 
 
 Round cells, with large nuclei, 
 embedded in a scanty, granu- 
 lar, intercellular substance. 
 After the type of the neurog- 
 lia of the brain. 
 
 Brain; retina; spinal cord; 
 optic and auditory nerves; 
 suprarenal capsules. 
 
 Lipoma 
 
 Adipose tissue (fat-vesicles 
 larger than normal) bound 
 together by delicate connec- 
 tive tissue. 
 
 Circumscribed; lobulated, soft, 
 doughy, pseudo-fluctuating, 
 inelastic; attached to the 
 skin — hence dimpled; ovoi- 
 dal, spherical, or flattened; 
 occasionally pedunculated; 
 usually surrounded by a thin 
 capsule; usually single; when 
 multiple, usually hereditary. 
 
 Soft, doughy, transparent sacs 
 or vesicles, filled with lymph; 
 often feels like a series of 
 tangled cords. 
 
 Back of neck; shoulders; back; 
 nates; inside of arm and 
 thigh; submucous and sub- 
 serous connective tissue. 
 
 Lymphangioma 
 
 Aggregation of dilated lym- 
 phatic vessels and lymph- 
 spaces supported by connec- 
 tive tissue. 
 
 Posterior and inner surfaces 
 of thigh, genitals; anterior 
 abdominal wall; neck, nates, 
 axilla, groin, penis, tongue, 
 cheeks, lips, liver, kidney. 
 
 Lympho-sarcoma 
 
 Hyperplasia of the lymphoid 
 cells of the lymphatic glands. 
 
 Glands for a time preserve 
 their shape, but soon ex- 
 tends to neighboring tissues. 
 
 Rounded or pyriform, well- 
 circumscribed; hard; firm; 
 smooth or nodular; white or 
 flesh-colored; encapsulated or 
 non-encapsulated; often mul- 
 tiple. 
 
 Large roundish masses or 
 small nodules. 
 
 Neck, groin, axilla, mediasti- 
 num, etc. 
 
 Myoma 
 
 1. Leiomyoma 
 
 i. Rhabdomyoma 
 
 Smooth, non-striated, muscu- 
 lar fibers, such as occur in the 
 uterus, with varying quanti- 
 ties of fibrous tissue; few 
 blood-vessels. The fibers are 
 composed of spindle-shaped 
 cells containing large, rod- 
 shaped nuclei. 
 
 Striated muscular fibers, often 
 undeveloped, being spindle- 
 shaped, and associated with 
 sarcomatous tissue. 
 
 Uterus, esophagus, intestine, 
 prostate, stomach. 
 
 Kidney, ovary, testicle; ton- 
 gue, heart. 
 
 274 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 5 (concluded) 
 
 Gould and Pyle's Classification, 1914 
 
 TUMORS, TABLE OF 
 
 Name 
 
 Histologic Constituents 
 
 Physical Manifestations 
 
 Seats of Peedilection 
 
 Myxoma 
 
 Delicate network of stellate 
 cells enclosing a mucoid in- 
 tercellular substance. _ Type. 
 — Wharton's jelly; vitreous 
 humor. 
 
 Round or lobular; soft, gela- 
 inous; semitranslucent; en- 
 capsulated; elastic; may be 
 fluctuating. 
 
 Nasal cavities; mammae; in- 
 termuscular spaces; sub- 
 mucous and subserous tis- 
 sues; back; thighs; lip; cheek; 
 labia; clitoris; prepuce; scro- 
 tum; axilla; parotid; ear; 
 more rarely periosteum, bone, 
 heart, and nerve-sheaths. 
 
 Neuroma 
 
 Medullated or non-medullated 
 nerve-fibers. Very rarely 
 may contain ganglionic cells; 
 usually^ combined with fi- 
 brous tissues. 
 
 Spheric, ovoid, oblong, or bul- 
 bous; sometimes plexiform; 
 firm; painful on pressure; 
 few or many (even hun- 
 dreds). 
 
 Cut ends of nerves, as in 
 stumps of amputation, on 
 skin. 
 
 Osteoma 
 
 Osseous tissue (cancellous or 
 compact bone). 
 
 Hard; often lobulated; some- 
 times spheric; may be spi- 
 nous or spiculated; peduncu- 
 lated or sessile; usually sin- 
 gle; may be multiple and 
 symmetric. 
 
 Cranial bones, maxilla, orbit; 
 ends of phalanges; juxta- 
 epiphyseal portions of long 
 bones (tibia,femur, humerus, 
 etc.); dura mater; muscle; 
 aponeurosis; lungs. 
 
 Papilloma 
 
 Hypertrophied papillae of the 
 skin; varying amount of con- 
 nective tissue surrounding 
 two or more central blood- 
 vessels, and covered by sev- 
 eral layers of ephithelial cells. 
 
 A form of sarcoma (nest- 
 celled) . Connective tissue 
 composed of flat, elongated 
 cells of great size and in 
 which are embedded gritty 
 concretions that are com- 
 posed of calcium carbonate. 
 
 Embryonic or immature con- 
 nective tissue. Blood-vessels 
 without walls, or thin-walled, 
 ramifying among the cells. 
 Small or large round cells, 
 embedded in a small amount 
 of granular or homogeneous 
 intercellular substance. 
 
 Cells varying much in size, 
 spindle-shaped, with long, 
 fine tapering extremities, 
 separated by very little in- 
 tercellular substance. Often 
 have a fibrous appearance 
 (Recurrent Fibroid). 
 
 Masses of protoplasm con- 
 taining two or more nuclei — 
 up to 20 or 50 — with a vary- 
 ing amount of round and 
 spindle cells. 
 
 Alveolar space filled with sar- 
 coma cells; the trabeculse 
 composed of spindle-cells. 
 
 Sarcomata of various kinds 
 in which brownish or black 
 pigment becomes deposited 
 as amorphous granules in the 
 cells as well as the connective 
 tissue and blood-vessel walls 
 of the tumor. 
 
 Circumscribed; hard (on the 
 skin); soft (on mucous 
 membrane) ; surface smooth, 
 brush-like, or cauliflower- 
 like; single or multiple. 
 
 Skin of hands and genitalia; 
 larynx; bladder; rectum; 
 nose. 
 
 Psammoma 
 
 Hard, circumscribed; light 
 color. 
 
 Membranes of brain, choroid 
 plexus; pineal gland; spinal 
 cord; nerves. 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 1. Round-celled 
 
 2 Spindle-celled 
 
 8. Giant-celled 
 (Myeloid) 
 
 4. Alveolar 
 
 5, Melanotic 
 
 Soft; vascular; whitish; some- 
 what translucent; on pres- 
 sure after some hours exudes 
 a milky fluid; round or ovoid, 
 or oblong. 
 
 Firm; reddish; does not exude 
 milky fluid. Shape as fore- 
 going. 
 
 Jelly-like consistence or firm, 
 like muscle. Shape as fore- 
 going. 
 
 Very vascular; soft. 
 
 Rounded, nodular, dark col- 
 ored tumors of varying size 
 and consistency, usually 
 hard. 
 
 Periosteum; bone; lymphatic 
 glands; subcutaneous tissue; 
 testicle; eye; ovary; lungs; 
 kidneys; intermuscular septa. 
 
 Subcutaneous tissue; fasciae 
 and intermuscular septa; 
 periosteum ; interior of bones; 
 eye; antrum; breast; testicle. 
 
 Lower and upper jaw; lower 
 end of femur; head of tibia. 
 
 Skin; eye; bone; lymphatic 
 glands, pia mater of brain. 
 Often springs from warts. 
 
 Where pigment occurs nor- 
 mally;_ the eye and the skin, 
 the pia; secondarily, espe- 
 cially in the liver. 
 
 Dermoid Cyst 
 
 Cyst wall contains hair-folli- 
 cles and sebaceous glands. 
 Contents. — Disintegrating 
 epithelial cells, hair, seba- 
 ceo"s matter, teeth, etc. 
 
 Globular; tense; smooth; 
 freely movable. 
 
 Outer angle of orbit; over root 
 of nose; ovary; testicle. 
 
 275 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 6 
 Bertillon International Classification of Tumors 
 
 Cancers and Other Malignant Tumors 
 
 Note. — The term "Cancer," for statistical purposes, is a general one that includes 
 all forms of malignant neoplasms. 
 
 Forms of Cancer 
 
 Adenocarcinoma 
 Alveolar cancer 
 
 sarcoma 
 Angiosarcoma 
 Cancer 
 Cancerous new growth 
 
 tumor 
 
 ulcer 
 Carcinoma 
 
 myxomatodes 
 Cancroid 
 Cephaloma 
 Chondrosarcoma 
 Colloid carcinoma 
 
 tumor 
 Columnar-celled carcinoma 
 Cystosarcoma 
 Encephaloid cancer 
 
 carcinoma 
 tumor 
 Endothelioma 
 Epithelioma 
 Fibrocarcinoma 
 Fibrosarcoma 
 Fungus hsematodes 
 Giant-celled sarcoma 
 Glandular cancer 
 Hsemendothelioma 
 Heteromorphic tumor 
 Hypernephroma 
 Lymphendothelioma 
 Lymphosarcoma 
 Malignant degeneration 
 
 Malignant disease 
 
 endothelioma 
 
 fungous tumor 
 
 growth 
 
 neoplasm 
 
 new growth 
 
 perithelioma 
 
 tumor 
 
 ulcer 
 
 ulceration 
 
 Medullary cancer 
 fungus 
 
 Melanoid tumor 
 
 Melanosarcoma 
 
 Melanotic cancer. 
 
 Metastatic cancer 
 
 Myeloid sarcoma 
 
 Myxosarcoma 
 
 Neoplastic tumor (malignant) 
 
 Ossifying sarcoma 
 
 Osteosarcoma 
 
 Papuliferous carcinoma • 
 
 Plexiform sarcoma 
 
 Rose cancer 
 
 Round-celled cancer 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Scirrhous carcinoma 
 
 Scirrhus 
 
 Spheroidal-celled carcinoma 
 
 Spindle-celled carcinoma 
 
 Squamous-celled carcinoma 
 
 Superficial cancer 
 
 Transitional-celled carcinoma 
 
 The location of the cancer, or preferably, as recommended by the Committee of the 
 American Medical Association, the seat of origin of the cancer, if known, should always be 
 stated so that the return may be classified properly under one of the titles 39 to 45. Non- 
 malignant tumors or "tumors" of uncertain character are classified under the organ or 
 part of the body affected or under title 46. 
 
 39. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of the Buccal Cavity 
 
 This title includes 
 
 Cancer and other malignant tumors of 
 Buccal cavity 
 Cheek 
 Gum 
 Jaw 
 Lip 
 
 Maxilla 
 Mouth 
 Palate 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 
 Salivary gland 
 
 Soft palate 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Tonsil 
 Carcinoma linguae 
 Lingual cancer 
 Smokers' cancer 
 
 27G 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 6 (continued) 
 Bertillon International Classification of Tumors 
 
 40. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of the Stomach, Liver 
 
 This title includes 
 Cancer and other malignant tumors of 
 Bile duct 
 Cardia 
 
 Cardiac orifice of stomach 
 Gall bladder 
 
 duct 
 Liver 
 
 (Esophagus 
 Pharynx 
 This title does not include Hsematemesis (103). 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 
 Pylorus 
 
 Stomach 
 Carcinoma ventriculi 
 Gastric tumor 
 Gastrocarcinoma 
 Hepatic cancer 
 Melanosis of liver 
 Tumor of stomach 
 
 41. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of the Peritonaeum, Intestines, 
 
 Rectum 
 
 This title includes 
 Cancer and other malignant tumors of 
 Abdominal viscera 
 Anus 
 Appendix 
 Caecum 
 Caput coli 
 Colon 
 Duodenum 
 Ileum 
 
 Intestinal gland 
 Intestine 
 Mesentery 
 Omentum 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 Peritonaeum 
 Rectum 
 
 Retroperitoneal gland 
 Sigmoid flexure 
 Cancerous peritonitis 
 Carcinoma entericum 
 Lymphosarcoma of peritonaeum 
 Malignant internal stricture 
 peritonitis 
 stricture of intestine 
 ulceration of intestine 
 Retroperitoneal cancer 
 
 42. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of the Female Genital Organs 
 
 This title includes 
 Cancer and other malignant tumors of 
 Broad ligament 
 Cervix 
 
 Falloppian tube 
 Female genital organ 
 Ovary 
 
 Uterine ligament 
 Uterus 
 Vagina 
 Vulva 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 
 Womb 
 Cervical cancer 
 Chorioepithelioma 
 Deciduoma malignum 
 Hydatid mole 
 Hydatidiform mole 
 Neoplasm of uterus 
 Syncytioma 
 
 43. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of the Breast 
 
 This title includes 
 Cancer and other malignant tumors of 
 Breast 
 
 Mammary gland 
 Nipple 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 Cancer en cuirasse 
 Neoplasm of breast 
 
 277 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 6 (continued) 
 Bertillon International Classification of Tumors 
 
 44. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of the Skin 
 
 This title includes 
 
 Cancer and other malignant tumors of 
 Auricle (of ear) 
 Chin 
 
 Connective tissue 
 Ear 
 Face 
 Head 
 Nose 
 Scalp 
 Skin 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 
 Umbilicus 
 Cancroid (unqualified) 
 Cervicofacial cancer 
 Columnar epithelioma 
 Epithelial tumor (location not indicated) 
 Epithelioma (location not indicated) 
 Noli me tangere 
 Rodent dermatitis 
 ulcer 
 
 This title does not include Esthiomene (34). — Lupus (34). 
 
 45. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of Other Organs or of Organs 
 
 not Specified 
 
 Note. — This is a residual title that includes all deaths from cancer that can not be 
 assigned to the preceding titles, 39-44, and especially those in which the location or origin 
 of the disease is not stated. Inquiry should be made in such cases and fuller information 
 obtained if possible. 
 
 This title includes 
 
 Cancer and other malignant tumors, with 
 location not stated, or of 
 
 Abdomen 
 
 Accessory sinus 
 
 Adrenal 
 
 Anterior mediastinum 
 
 Antrum 
 
 Arm 
 
 Artery 
 
 Axilla 
 
 Back 
 
 Bladder 
 
 Body 
 
 Bone 
 
 Brain 
 
 Bronchi 
 
 Cervical gland 
 
 Chest 
 
 Chorioid 
 
 Conjunctiva 
 
 Cord 
 
 Cornea 
 
 Extremity 
 
 Eye 
 
 Fauces 
 
 Ganglia 
 
 Genital organ (male) 
 
 Gland 
 
 Glandular system 
 
 Groin 
 
 Hand 
 
 Heart 
 
 Hip 
 
 Iliac region 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 Inguinal gland 
 region 
 Iris 
 Joint 
 Kidney 
 
 Lacrimal apparatus 
 Larynx 
 Leg 
 
 Lower extremity 
 Lung 
 
 Lymph gland 
 node 
 Lymphatic gland 
 vessel 
 Mediastinal gland 
 Mediastinum 
 Membrane of brain 
 
 spinal cord 
 Meninges 
 Muscle 
 Nates 
 Neck 
 Nerve 
 Orbit 
 Pancreas 
 Parotid gland 
 Pectoral region 
 Pelvic viscera 
 Pelvis 
 Penis 
 
 Pericardium 
 Perinaeum 
 
 278 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 6 (continued) 
 Bertillon International Classification of Tumors 
 
 45. Cancer and Other Malignant Tumors of Other Organs or of Organs 
 not Specified (concluded) 
 
 Cancer, etc. — continued. 
 Pleura 
 
 Posterior nares 
 Prepuce 
 Prostate 
 Sacrum 
 Scapula 
 Scrotum 
 Shoulder 
 Spinal cord 
 Spine 
 Spleen 
 Sternum 
 Suprarenal 
 Temporal region 
 Testicle 
 Thorax 
 Throat 
 
 Thymus gland 
 Thyreoid 
 Trachea 
 
 Upper extremity 
 Ureter 
 Urethra 
 Vertebra 
 Viscera 
 Zygoma 
 
 This title does not include Cancer of oesophagus (40). — Cancer of the anus (41). — Cancer of the ovary, of 
 the vagina, of the vulva (42). 
 
 Cancerous cachexia 
 
 goitre 
 
 humor 
 
 neuritis 
 
 toxaemia 
 Carcinomatous septichsemia 
 Chimney-sweeps' cancer 
 Disseminated cancer 
 General carcinomatosis 
 
 sarcomatosis 
 Intraabdominal cancer 
 Lobstein's cancer 
 Malignant disease (undefined) 
 
 fistula 
 
 prostatitis 
 Miliary carcinosis 
 Multiple cancer 
 
 melanosarcomata 
 Pelvic cancer 
 Pulmonary cancer 
 Renal cancer 
 Retropharyngeal cancer 
 Rhabdomyosarcoma of kidney 
 Sarcocele 
 
 Sarcomatosis (unqualified) 
 Sarcomatous phlebitis 
 Thyreosarcoma 
 
 46. Other Tumors (Tumors of the Female Genital Organs Excepted) 
 
 Note. — The term "Tumor/' for statistical purposes, is a general one that includes 
 
 all forms of nonmahgnant neoplasms. 
 
 Forms of Tumor 
 
 Adenofibroma 
 Adenoma 
 Adenomyxoma 
 Angioma 
 Arterial angioma 
 Benign tumor 
 Blood tumor 
 Cartilaginous tumor 
 Cavernous lymphangioma 
 
 nsevus 
 Chondroma 
 Cyst 
 
 Cystadenoma 
 Cystic hygroma 
 
 lymphangioma 
 
 tumor 
 Cystoma 
 Dermoid cyst 
 Enchondroma 
 
 Erectile tumor 
 Fatty tumor 
 Fibroid 
 
 tumor 
 Fibrolipoma 
 Fibroma 
 
 molluscum 
 Fibroplastic tumor 
 Fibrous tumor 
 Fungous tumor 
 Ganglionic neuroma 
 Glandular cyst 
 
 tumor 
 Glioma 
 Hsemangioma 
 Hsematoma (nontraumatic) 
 Leiomyoma 
 Lipoma 
 Lymphangioma 
 
 279 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 6 (concluded) 
 Bertillon International Classification of Tumors 
 
 46. Other Tumors (Tumors of the Female Genital Organs Excepted) 
 
 (concluded) 
 
 Forms of Tumor 
 
 New growth (nonmalignant or unquali- 
 fied) 
 Papilloma 
 Polypus 
 Retention cyst 
 Rhabdomyoma 
 Sebaceous cyst 
 
 tumor 
 Sequestration dermoid cyst 
 Serous cyst 
 Striped muscle tumor 
 Suppurative cystic tumor 
 Teratoma 
 
 Tumor (nonmalignant or unqualified) 
 Vascular tumor 
 
 Lymphatic naevus 
 
 Lymphatocele 
 
 Lymphoma 
 
 Mucous cyst 
 
 Myoma 
 
 Myxochondroma 
 
 Myxofibroma 
 
 Myxoma 
 
 Nsevolipoma 
 
 Neoplasm (nonmaligjiant or unqualified) 
 
 Neoplastic growth (nonmalignant or un- 
 qualified) 
 tumor (nonmalignant or un- 
 qualified) 
 
 Neurofibroma 
 
 Neurofibromatosis 
 
 The location of the tumor should always be stated. The word "tumor" is frequently 
 used indefinitely and may mean a malignant tumor or cancer (titles 39 to 45); inquiry 
 should always be made on this point and a definite statement of malignancy or non- 
 malignancy obtained if possible. Title 46 is misleading in its wording because not only 
 are tumors of the female genital organs (uterus, ovary) excepted, but also all other tumors 
 that can be referred to a definite organ or part of the body. The title is a residual one 
 and contains only those tumors for which the location is ill defined or not stated. 
 
 This title includes 
 
 Billroth's disease 
 Myomectomy 
 Pelvic tumor 
 Rupture of cyst 
 
 Tumor (see forms of tumor above), with 
 location not stated, or of — 
 
 Abdomen 
 
 Axilla 
 
 Blood vessel 
 
 Chest 
 
 Tumor, etc. — continued. 
 Connective tissue 
 Gland 
 Hip 
 
 Mediastinal gland 
 Mediastinum 
 Muscle 
 Neck 
 Thorax 
 
 This title does not include Cancer and its synonyms (39-45). — Tumor of the stomach (40). — Stercoral 
 tumor (109) — Tumor of the uterus (129). — Hydatid tumor (112). — Cyst of the ovary (131). — Aneurysmal 
 tumor (81). — Varicose tumor (83). — ^Polypus of the ear (76). — Polypus of the nasal fossae, or nasopharynx 
 (86). — Uterine polypus (129) — [and many other "tumors." See Cancer and Tumor in Index.] 
 
 Frequent complication: Purpura, 
 
 280 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 7 
 Bertillon International Classification of Diseases Allied to Tumors 
 
 This title includes 
 Cysticercus cellulosse 
 
 of liver 
 Echinococcus 
 
 cyst of liver 
 of liver 
 Hydatid (unquali6ed) 
 cyst 
 
 This title includes 
 
 Biliary calculus 
 
 colic 
 
 lithiasis 
 Calculus of gall bladder 
 
 liver 
 Cholsemic gall stones 
 Cholelithiasis 
 Colic from gall stones 
 
 112. Hydatid Tumor of the Liver 
 
 Hydatid cyst of liver 
 disease 
 of liver 
 tumor 
 
 of liver 
 
 114. Biliary Calculi 
 
 Gall stones 
 
 in mtestine 
 Hepatic calculus 
 
 colic 
 Impacted calculus of liver 
 
 gall stones 
 Impaction of gall bladder 
 
 102. Ulcer of the Stomach 
 
 This title includes 
 Erosion of stomach 
 Gastric erosion 
 
 ulcer 
 
 ulceration 
 Gastroduodenal ulcer 
 Gastrooesophageal ulcer 
 Peptic ulcer 
 Perforating gastric ulcer 
 
 Frequent complications: Hsematemesis. — Perforation of the stomach 
 
 Perforating ulcer of stomach 
 Round ulcer 
 
 of stomach 
 Ulcer of peptic gland 
 pylorus 
 stomach 
 Ulcus rotundum 
 ventriculi 
 
 -Peritonitis. — Subphrenic abscess 
 
 This title includes 
 
 123. Calculi of the Urinary Passages 
 
 Calculous disease 
 pyelitis 
 pyelonephritis 
 pyonephrosis 
 Calculus 
 
 of bladder 
 kidney 
 
 pelvis of kidney 
 ureter 
 urethra 
 urinary duct 
 
 passage 
 tract 
 Cystic calculus 
 Gravel (imnary) 
 Impacted calculus of kidney 
 ureter 
 urethra 
 renal calculus 
 
 This title does not include Prostatic calculi (126). 
 
 Lithiasis 
 Lithoclasty 
 Lithotomy 
 Lithotrity 
 Nephritic calculus 
 
 colic 
 Nephrolithiasis 
 Nephrolithotomy 
 Pyonephrosis from calculus 
 Renal calculus 
 
 colic 
 Stone 
 
 in bladder 
 kidney 
 Ureteral colic 
 Ureterolithotomy 
 Urinary calculus 
 lithiasis 
 Vesical calculus 
 
 281 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 7 (concluded) 
 Bertillon International Classification of Diseases Allied to Tumors 
 
 129. Uterine Tumor (Noncancerous) 
 
 This title includes 
 
 Bleeding fibroid (female) 
 Cystic degeneration of utenls 
 Deciduoma 
 Fibrocyst of uterus 
 Fibroid body of uterus 
 
 of cervix of uterus 
 
 uterus 
 tumor of female genital organ 
 uterus 
 Fibroma (female) 
 
 of uterus 
 Fibromyoma 
 
 of uterus 
 
 Fimgoiis growth of uterus 
 
 Huguier's disease 
 
 Hysteromyoma 
 
 Hysteromyomectomy 
 
 Multiple fibroid 
 
 Myoma of uterus 
 
 New growth of uterus (nonmalignant) 
 
 Polypus of uterus 
 
 Recurrent cyst of uterus 
 
 Submucous fibroid (female) 
 
 Tumor of uterus 
 
 131. Cysts and Other Tumors of the Ovary 
 
 This title includes 
 
 Castration (female) 
 
 Cyst of ovary 
 
 Cystic ovary 
 
 Cystoma of ovary 
 
 Dermoid cyst of ovary 
 
 Dropsy of ovary 
 
 Encysted dropsy 
 
 Fibroid of ovary 
 
 Hsematoma of ovary 
 
 Multilocular cyst 
 
 New growth of ovary (nonmalignant) 
 
 Oophorectomy 
 Ovarian cyst 
 
 dropsy 
 
 tumor 
 Ovariotomy 
 Papilloma of ovary 
 Paracentesis of cyst of ovary 
 
 parovarian cyst 
 Parasitic disease of ovary 
 Parovarian cyst 
 Tumor of ovary 
 
 Tables 6 and 7 are derived from the Manual of the International List of Causes of Death, 2d ed. 
 Government Printing Office, Washington, 1913. See also in this connection Index of Joint Causes of Death, 
 Government Printing Office, Washington, 1914. Both of these publications are issued by the Bureau of the 
 Census, Division of Vital Statistics. 
 
 282 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Table 8 
 Imperial Cancer Research Fund Classification, 1903 
 
 Note explaining the three groups "accessible," "inaccessible," and 
 "intermediate." The terms refer to the site of the primary growth. 
 The grouping is adopted for the purposes of this report and may require 
 to be modified when we have to interpret the data for a greater number 
 of years.* 
 
 Accessible. Skin, Sub-cutaneous Tissue, Lips, Tongue, Floor of 
 Mouth, Buccal Mucous Membrane, Antrum, 
 Maxilla, Mandible, Palate, Tonsil, Eye, Eyelid, 
 Orbit, Cervical glands. Breast, Sternum and Ribs, 
 Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Bones of Arm, Annu- 
 laris, Bones of Lower Limbs, Muscles of Trunk, 
 Muscles of Upper Limbs, Muscles of Lower Limbs, 
 Penis, Scrotum, Testis, Clitoris, Vulva, Vagina, 
 Anus. 
 
 Inaccessible. Brain and Spinal Cord, Pharynx, (Esophagus, Lung, 
 Pleurae and Mediastinum, Tracheal glands. Medi- 
 astinal glands. Heart, Pericardium, Stomach, Small 
 Intestine, Caecum, Appendix, Colon, Hepatic Flex- 
 ure, Splenic Flexure, Sigmoid, Liver and Gall- 
 Bladder, Pancreas, Adrenal, Kidney, Ureter, Blad- 
 der, Prostate, Retro-peritoneal glands. Perito- 
 neum, Ovary, Spinal Column, Sacrum, Pelvic Bones. 
 
 Intermediate. Skull, Larynx and Epiglottis, Trachea, Parotid, Urethra, 
 Rectum, Uterus, Thyroid, Glands not specified. 
 Nerves, Site not specified. 
 
 King and Newsholme in their report on "The Alleged Increase of 
 Cancer," read before the Royal Society in 1893, divided cancers into 
 only two groups, accessible and inaccessible. They explain their classi- 
 fication as follows: "Under 'Accessible cancer' we have included 
 only the four headings. Tongue, Mamma, Uterus and Vagina, all of 
 which are capable of careful and exact diagnosis. Under 'Inac- 
 cessible cancer' come cancers primarily affecting any other part of the 
 body. . . . The classification cannot be regarded as perfect. 
 Thus it may be pointed out that the first group embraces a large 
 excess of women, among whom it is shown by the Registrar- 
 General's returns in Great Britain that the apparent increase in cancer 
 has been in less ratio than among men. In the next place, it may be 
 argued that we have placed under the 'inaccessible' division cancer of 
 certain parts that might be more appropriately described as accessible." 
 
 'Scientific Reports on the Investigations of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, by Dr. E. F. Bashford. 
 Report No. 2, Part I.— The Statistical Investigation of Cancer, London, 1905. 
 
 283 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 B 
 
 Cancer Records, Inquiry Blanks and Forms 
 
 Table Page 
 
 1 United States Standard Death Certificate 285 
 
 2 Cancer Inquiry Blank of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund 287 
 
 2a Statistics showing the frequency with which microscopical examination in cases 
 
 of Carcinoma and Sarcoma is made in Operation and Post-Mortem 
 material and the proportion of cases in each group in which Cancer was 
 
 diagnosed 288 
 
 3 Cancer Blank of the New York State Department of Health 290 
 
 4 Question Form for International Cancer Statistics 292 
 
 5 Question Form of the George Crocker Special Research Fund 294 
 
 6 Uterine Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 296 
 
 7 Buccal Cavity Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer. , 298 
 
 8 Mammary Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 300 
 
 9 Gastric Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 302 
 
 10 Supplementary Letter of Inquiry on Statistics of Cancer of the Division of Vital 
 
 Statistics of the United States Census 304 
 
 284 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 1 
 United States Standard Death Certificate 
 
 WRITE PLAINLY, WITH UNFADING INK— THIS IS A PERMANENT RECORD 
 
 N. B. — Every item of information should be carefully supplied. AGE should be stated EXACTLY. 
 PHYSICIANS should state CAUSE OF DEATH in plain terms, so that it may be properly classified. Exact 
 statement of OCCUPATION is very important. See instructions on back of certificate. 
 
 I Place of Death 
 
 County 
 
 Township 
 
 or 
 Village 
 
 or 
 City 
 
 2 Full Name 
 
 Department of Commerce 
 
 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
 
 STANDARD CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
 State of 
 
 Registered No. 
 
 • • • • Qlf death oconned In 
 
 ft hospital or InBtitutlon, 
 
 . (No , St.; Ward) p" '" "ame iMt»d 
 
 of street and nnmher. j 
 
 PERSONAL AND STATISTICAL PARTICULARS 
 
 4 COLOR OB RACE 
 
 5 Single, 
 Married, 
 Widowed, 
 or Divorced 
 (Write the word) 
 
 6 DATE OF BIRTH 
 
 .,1. 
 
 (Jav) (Year) 
 
 . . .yrs. 
 
 If LESS than 
 
 1 day hrs. 
 
 or min.? 
 
 i OCCUPATION 
 
 (a) Trade, profession, or 
 particular kind of work 
 
 (b) General nature of Industry, 
 business, or establishment in 
 which employed (or employer) . 
 
 I BIRTHPLACE 
 
 (State or country) 
 
 10 NAME OP 
 FATHER 
 
 II BIRTHPLACE 
 OF FATHER 
 
 (State or country) 
 
 12 MAIDEN NAME 
 OF MOTHER 
 
 13 BIRTHPLACE 
 OF MOTHER 
 
 (State or country) 
 
 14 THEABOVEISTRUETOTHE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE 
 
 (Informant) 
 
 (Address) 
 
 15 
 
 FUed. 
 
 .,191. 
 
 Registrar 
 
 MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
 
 16 DATE OF DEATH 
 
 (Month) 
 
 (Day) 
 
 .,191.. 
 
 (Year) 
 
 17 1 HEREBY CERTIFY, That I attended deceased 
 
 from , 191... to 191.., 
 
 that I last saw h . . . . alive on , 191 . . , 
 
 and that death occurred, on the date stated above, 
 at m. The CAUSE OF DEATH* was as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 . (Duration) yrs mos. 
 
 Contributory 
 
 (Seccmdary) 
 
 (Duration) yrs mos ds. 
 
 (Signed) M. D. 
 
 191 . . (Address) 
 
 *State the Disease Causing Death, or, in deaths 
 from Violent Causes, state (1) Means of Injury; 
 and (2) whether Accidental, Suicidal, or Homi- 
 cidal. 
 
 18 length of residence (For Hospitals, Institu- 
 tions, Transients, or Recent Residents) 
 At place In the 
 
 of death, .yrs. . .mos. . .ds. State, .yrs. . .mos. . .ds. 
 Where was disease contracted, 
 
 if not at place of death? 
 
 Former or 
 
 usual residence 
 
 19 place of burial or 
 removal 
 
 20 UNDERTAKER 
 
 DATE OF BURL\L 
 
 285 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 1 (concluded) 
 United States Standard Death Certificate 
 
 (reverse) 
 
 Revised United States Standard Certificate of Death 
 
 [Approved by U. S. Census and American Public Health Association] 
 
 Statement of occupation. — Precise 
 statement of occupation is very important, 
 so that the relative healthfulness of various 
 pursuits can be known. The question 
 applies to each and every person, irre- 
 spective of age. For many occupations a 
 single word or term on the first line will be 
 sufficient, e. g.. Farmer or Planter, Physi- 
 cian, Compositor, Architect, Locomotive 
 engineer. Civil engineer. Stationary fireman, 
 etc. But in many eases, especially in 
 industrial employments, it is necessary to 
 know (a) the kind of work and also (6) the 
 nature of the business or industry, and 
 therefore an additional line is provided for 
 the latter statement; it should be used only 
 when needed. As examples: (a) Spinner, 
 (6) Cotton mill; (a) Salesman, (b) Grocery; 
 (a) Foreman, (6) Automobile factory. The 
 material worked on may form part of the 
 second statement. Never retiu-n "Lab- 
 orer," "Foreman," "Manager," "Dealer," 
 etc., without more precise specification, as 
 Day laborer. Farm laborer. Laborer — Coal 
 mine, etc. Women at home, who are 
 engaged in the duties of the household 
 only (not paid Housekeepers who receive a 
 definite salary), may be entered as House- 
 wife, Houseicork, or At home, and children, 
 not gainfully employed, as At school or At 
 home. Care should be taken to report 
 specifically the occupations of persons 
 engaged in domestic service for wages, as 
 Servant, Cook, Housemaid, etc. If the 
 occupation has been changed or given up 
 on account of the disease causing death, 
 state occupation at beginning of illness. 
 If retired from business, that fact may be 
 indicated thus: Farmer {retired, 6 yrs.). 
 For persons who have no occupation what- 
 ever, write None. 
 
 Statement of cause of death. — 
 Name, first, the disease causing death 
 (the primary afl^ection with respect to time 
 and causation), using always the same ac- 
 cepted term for the same disease. Ex- 
 amples: Cerebrospinal fever (the only defi- 
 nite synonym is "Epidemic cerebrospinal 
 meningitis"); Diphtheria (avoid use of 
 "(■roup"); Typhoid fever (never report 
 "Typhoid pneumonia"); Lobar pneumonia; 
 
 Bronchopneumonia ("Pneumonia," unqual- 
 ified, is indefinite); Tuberculosis of lungs, 
 meninges, peritoneum, etc.. Carcinoma, Sar- 
 coma, etc., of (name origin; "Can- 
 cer" is less definite; avoid use of "Tumor" 
 for malignant neoplasms) ; Measles; Whoop- 
 ing cough; Chronic valvular heart disease; 
 Chronic interstitial nephritis, etc. The 
 contributory (secondary or intercurrent) 
 affection need not be stated unless im- 
 portant. Example: Measles (disease caus- 
 ing death), 89 ds.; Bronchopneumonia 
 (secondary), 10 ds. Never report mere 
 symptoms or terminal conditions, such as 
 "Asthenia," "Anaemia" (merely sympto- 
 matic), "Atrophy," "Collapse," "Coma," 
 "Convulsions," "Debility" ("Congenital," 
 "Senile," etc.), "Dropsy," "Exhaustion," 
 "Heart failure," "Haemorrhage," "Inani- 
 tion," "Marasmus," "Old age," "Shock," 
 "Uraemia," "Weakness," etc., when a 
 definite disease can be ascertained as the 
 cause. Always qualify all diseases result- 
 ing from childbirth or miscarriage, as 
 "Puerperal septichaemia," "Puerperal 
 peritonitis," etc. State cause for which 
 surgical operation was undertaken. For 
 violent deaths state means of injury and 
 qualify as accidental, suicidal, or homi- 
 cidal, or as probably such, if impossible to 
 determine definitely. Examples: Acci- 
 dental drowning; Struck by railway train — 
 accident; Revolver wound of head — homicide; 
 Poisoned by carbolic acid — probably suicide. 
 The nature of the injury, as fracture of 
 skull, and consequences (e. g., sepsis, 
 tetanus) may be stated under the head of 
 "Contributory." (Recommendations on 
 statement of cause of death approved by 
 Committee on Nomenclature of the Ameri- 
 can Medical Association.) 
 
 Note. — Individual oflSces may add to above list 
 of undesirable terms and refuse to accept certifi- 
 cates containing them. Thus the form m use in 
 New York City states: "CertiBcates will be returned 
 for additional information which give any of the 
 following diseases, without explanation, as the sole 
 cause of death: Abortion, cellulitis, childbirth, con- 
 vulsions, haemorrhage, gangrene, gastritis, erysipelas, 
 meningitis, miscarriage, necrosis, peritonitis, phle- 
 bitis, pyaemia, septichaemia, tetanus." But general 
 adoption of the minimum list suggested will work 
 vast improvement, and its scope can be extended at a 
 later date. 
 
 11—3184 
 
 28(i 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 2 
 Cancer Inquiry Blank of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund 
 
 Year Hospital Refce Age .... Sex .... Occup . 
 
 Microscopical Examination 
 
 Q at operation 
 
 P 
 
 f^ r 
 
 5 at P. M. ] 
 
 5 . . (. 
 
 ^ Clinical 
 
 m Diagnosis Primary Site. 
 
 Secondaries . 
 
 ^ Cachexia Ulceration Obstruction . 
 
 ^ Z)afe of Dates of 
 
 •?1 Primary Operation Recurrences 
 
 \ Ti 
 
 Family History. 
 
 h-3 
 
 ^ -"•""'^ .^...^.y 
 
 I— I (^ i^' 
 
 g r Duration Puberty .... Menopause. . 
 
 p_i Personal History < 
 
 ^ I 
 
 Date of Death Age at Death. 
 
 Duration of 
 Residence Residence 
 
 Cross References. 
 Remarks 
 
 •UNIFORMITY IN HOSPITAL STATISTICS 
 
 "A preliminary inquiry was made to ascertain whether or not sufficiently extensive statistics of cancer, of the 
 nature described above, could be compiled. The results showed that several of the metropolitan hospitals were 
 in a position to supply positive information on all the headings under which facts were sought. It was then 
 necessary to devise means for the systematic utilisation of these facts and to obtain the collaboration of the 
 hospital authorities in securing a uniform method of investigating, classifying and recording cases of malignant 
 new growths and of growths which had been erroneously regarded as malignant. This was secured by the 
 majority of the hospital authorities, who directed certain members of their staffs to record all cases on cards, 
 containing headings arranged as shown opposite, and to forward them to the office of the Imperial Cancer 
 Research Fund. By this means a card index of nearly all the cases occurring in the metropolitan hospitals is 
 provided. With the help of such cards, the information can be readily classified under any heading. The 
 headings under which information is asked must of necessity be determined by the progress of the entire 
 investigation. The card reproduced opposite has been in use since the inquiry was started. It was devised to 
 elicit as much information as possible and may be modified to meet any future requirements of the research. 
 The uniformity thus attained in some of the metropolitan hospitals has been the ideal to which the investigations 
 in the Colonies and elsewhere has been made to approximate, and cannot fail to react upon statistical inquiries 
 on cancer generally." '(Statistical Investigations of Cancer, Part 1, page 10, London, 1905.) 
 
 287 
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 289 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 3 
 Cancer Blank of the New York State Department of Health 
 
 NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
 
 BUREAU OF VITAL STATISTICS 
 
 Record of Death by Cancer 
 
 With Additional Infobmation for New York State Cancer 
 Research Statistics 
 
 Full name 
 
 Place of death 
 
 Home or usual residence 
 
 Single 
 
 Married. . . 
 
 Sex Color or race. „„ , , 
 
 Widowed. . 
 
 Divorced . . 
 
 Date of birth Date of death 
 
 Age 
 
 Occupation. Nature of work 
 
 Nature of industry or estabUshment in which employed 
 
 Birthplace 
 
 How long resident of present locality 
 
 Name of father Birthplace of father. . 
 
 Maiden name of mother Birthplace of mother. 
 
 Name and address of informant 
 
 Deceased died of cancer of 
 
 Any other terminal or accessory disease . . 
 
 Duration of cancer 
 
 Duration of terminal disease 
 
 Name of physician filing death certificate . 
 Address 
 
 N. B. Please fill out blank lines above remaining unanswered from the death cer- 
 tificate and give additional information requested on back of form. (over) 
 
 290 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 3 (concluded) 
 Cancer Blank of the New York State Department of Health 
 
 (reverse) 
 
 Additional Data Requested 
 
 1. Was there history of possible hereditary origin of the cancer 
 
 2. Was there history in the deceased of (yes or no) Tuberculosis .... Syphilis .... 
 
 Alcoholism .... Other chronic illness (please name) 
 
 3. Had the patient suffered any traimia, ulcer, or other similar irritative condition which 
 
 led up to and might have initiated the cancer (e. g., gastric ulcer, cervical tear, 
 chronic mastitis, inveterate use of pipe or cigarette, pessary, single or multiple 
 childbirth, etc.) 
 
 4. If not clearly recorded in the death certificate please state to the best of your knowl- 
 
 edge and belief: 
 
 (a) Where did the primary growth arise.'' 
 
 (6) When did this growth probably begin.'' 
 
 (c) In what locality was patient when the growth began.' 
 
 5. What was the first distinct symptom or sign.'' 
 
 6. Were there metastases.'' 
 
 7. Was the diagnosis confirmed either before or after death by microscopic examination 
 
 of the growth.? 
 
 8. If so, what was the pathological diagnosis.'' 
 
 9. What measures, medical or surgical, or both, were employed (e. g.. X-ray, Radium, 
 
 Toxins, Cautery, or Operative removal) .'' 
 
 10. What was the result of these measures.'' 
 
 Note. — In your personal experience of the past 15 years can you refer to any person 
 or persons now living, having spontaneously recovered from an undoubted cancer, of which 
 the diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination: 
 
 Name 
 
 Address ^ 
 
 Name of physician answering above questions 
 
 Address 
 
 291 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 4 
 Question Form for International Cancer Statistics 
 
 Question-form^ 
 
 for 
 
 International cancer statistics. 
 
 Name of the country, national committee 
 
 Local board, office 
 
 Census form for a death case from a cancer patient.^ 
 
 Residence of the deceased 
 
 Administrative district (country or province, etc.) 
 
 State 
 
 A. General Report. 
 
 1. Christian and surname of the deceased (both the first initials of the 
 
 Christian and surname) : 
 
 2. Sex: male? female?' 
 
 3. Day of death: 
 
 4. Age : born on (if the day 
 
 of birth not known, the age in completed years) 
 
 5. Social state: single? married? widowed? divorced? 
 
 6. Nationality: 
 
 7. In what profession or trade was the deceased last and formerly em- 
 
 ployed (social position: independent? employer? workingman? 
 
 servant? etc.) : 
 
 In the case of female persons, besides her own vocation, that of 
 the husband or father : 
 
 8. a Last residence: 
 
 If the patient died in a hospital, the last residence before entering 
 the same (street, house-number, story, front -house, back-premises, 
 etc.) 
 
 h Residence at the time of getting sick: 
 
 1 All questions which can not be positively answered with "y^s" or "no" should 
 receive the answer "uncertain." 
 
 2 As death from cancer is to be considered, every death case of a cancer 
 patient, even though death resulted from another cause (suicide, apoplexy, etc.). 
 
 3 In women, the maiden name. Unappropriate questions here and elsewhere are 
 to be crossed out. 
 
 292 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 4 (concluded) 
 Question Form for International Cancer Statistics 
 
 B. Special Report. 
 
 9. Was the deceased sick before? and when? 
 
 with tuberculosis ? 
 
 " syphilis? 
 
 " malaria? 
 
 " alcoholism? 
 
 " trauma? 
 
 " (Ulcer of the stomach?) 
 
 Was he vegetarian? , . 
 
 In women 
 
 a with inflammations in the sphere of the genital organs? 
 
 When? 
 
 b In the case of uterine or vaginal cancer: was a pessary 
 
 worn? 
 
 c How many births and abortions occurred? 
 
 In the case of Ungual cancer or cancer of the mouth : Was the deceased 
 a smoker? (pipe? cigars? cigarettes?) 
 
 10. a Primary seat and nature of the cancer (was the diagnosis made 
 
 with the aid of a microscopical examination? Yes. No. 
 By whom? What was the result?) 
 
 b Was the organ primarily affected by previous sickness or lesions? 
 Did chronic inflammatory processes exist and which? In the 
 case of relapses resp. metastases, where was the seat of the primary 
 swelling? 
 
 c Did the tumor grow on a basis of a benign tumor? 
 
 11. a When did the ailment apparently commence? The year 
 
 (If possible, accurate date) 
 
 b Which was the first distinct symptom? 
 
 12. Was the malady treated operatively or locally with Roentgen, Ra- 
 
 dium, etc. ? 
 
 What was the nature of measures employed? 
 
 When were these measures employed? 
 
 What was the result of these measures on the local and on the gen- 
 eral condition of the patient? 
 
 Did relapses or metastases occur? 
 
 where? when? 
 
 13. Immediate cause of death :^ 
 
 14. Was an autopsy made? Yes. No. By whom? 
 
 What was the result of this autopsy with reference to cancer? 
 
 Were microscopical post-mortem examinations undertaken? 
 
 By whom ? : 
 
 What was the result? 
 
 15. Remarks: 
 
 Place : Date : 
 
 1 Suicide, pneumonia, etc. Signature (Stamp) (of the certifying physician) 
 
 293 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 5 
 Question Form of the George Crocker Special Research Fund 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY 
 
 Cancer Schedule, No.. 
 
 1. Attending Surgeon — Dr. 
 
 2. Place and date of record... 
 
 (State address of Attending Surgeon or name of hospital) 
 
 3. Name of patient or initials : 
 
 4. Sex 5. Age 
 
 6. Single or married 
 
 (If female, state whether patient had children or miscarriages) 
 
 7.. Race or nationality.-. - 
 
 (Australioid [Coolies of East India], Negroid [Negroes, Negritos of the Philippines], 
 Mongoloid [Chinese, Japanese, American Indians, Philippinoes], Melanochroic 
 [Italians, Spaniards, Greeks, Arabs, Jews], Xanthochroic [Fair Europeans]. 
 State not only the name of the race, but also of the subdivision) 
 
 8. Place of birth 
 
 (State not only the country but also the town or village where the patient was born) 
 
 9. Residence, etc 
 
 10. Occupation 
 
 (Pay special attention to occupation, involving use of chemical [anilin, paraffin, tar, etc.], 
 "physical [X-rays, radium, excessive heat, electricity, etc.], or mechanical irritants) 
 
 11. Diet 
 
 (State whether the diet is composed chiefly of vegetables, fresh fish, fresh meat, salted fish, salted meat) 
 
 12. Habitual use of drugs 
 
 (Alcohol, tobacco [chewing, smoking pipe or cigar], opium [opium smoking or morphium injection], cocaine) 
 
 13. Previous general diseases _ 
 
 {Tuberculosis, Lepra, Arteriosclerosis, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, etc.) 
 
 1 4 . When were the first symptoms of the disease observed ? . 
 
 15. On what data or symptoms was the diagnosis made.'* . 
 
 (If the diagnosis was made at an operation, auto] 
 state the exact anatomic 
 
 16. What organ was primarily involved? 
 
 (If the diagnosis was made at an operation, autopsy or microscopically, specify so and 
 state the exact anatomical diagnosis) 
 
 294 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 5 (concluded) 
 Question Form of the George Crocker Special Research Fund 
 
 17. Was the same organ previously diseased or subjected to trauma? 
 
 (As instances of such previous local diseases important in the study of the etiology of 
 
 cancer may be mentioned leucoplasia of the tongue, mastitis, lupus of the face, ndevi, scars 
 
 or leprous nodules of the skin, gallstones, round ulcer of the stomach, varicose ulcers, old 
 
 fractures of hones [osteo-sarcoma], etc.) 
 
 18. What organs became subsequently affected? 
 
 19. Did any other tumor develop on the same patient? 
 
 20. Were there any other cases of cancer in the patient's family? 
 
 (The family may mean grandparents, parents, brothers and sisters, man or wife, children. 
 State relationship to patient and organ primarily involved) 
 
 21. Were there any other cases of cancer in the same house or neighbor- 
 
 hood? 
 
 (State time, place, and organ primarily involved) 
 
 22. Was there a retrogression of the tumor? 
 
 (After treatment — operation, X-ray, radium, fulguration — or spontaneously) 
 
 Remarks 
 
 The sources of cancer mortality data are briefly discussed in Chapter II. 
 
 295 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 6 
 Uterine Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C— Uterine Cancer Form— Sheet No. 1. 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 
 Ward Room History No Diagnosis 
 
 Name Complications 
 
 Address . Result 
 
 (Married. Single. Widowed.) Admitted 191 
 
 Age Discharged 191 
 
 House Surgeon Attending Surgeon 
 
 Personal Data Race Nationality Birthplace 
 
 Occupation (work actually done) ' 
 
 Family History 
 
 (Members with cancer or 
 other uterine diseases) 
 
 Causes of death in family 
 
 Personal History 
 
 (Note previous illnesses) 
 
 Uterine History 
 
 Menstruation : Onset Last Type. 
 
 Recent data 
 
 Gestations: Number Date of first last. 
 
 Character of labors 
 
 Abortions 
 
 (Date; report) 
 
 Operations 
 
 Other uterine data 
 
 Present Illness 
 
 First symptoms (date, etc.) 
 
 Hemorrhage 
 
 Pain 
 
 Change in discharge 
 
 Description of tumor 
 
 Exact location 
 
 Form 
 
 Size 
 
 Mobility 
 
 Parametrium 
 
 Lymph nodes 
 
 Vagina 
 
 Bladder 
 
 Rectum 
 
 296 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 6 (concluded) 
 Uterine Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C. — Uterine Cancer Form — Sheet No. 2. 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 Operative History 
 
 (State exact tissues removed) 
 
 Later History 
 
 Recurrences 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional 
 
 Remote 
 
 Cachexia 
 
 Cause of death 
 
 Present condition (date) 
 
 Pathological Report 
 
 Gross: 
 
 Cervix 
 
 Fundus 
 
 Parametrium 
 
 Vagina 
 
 Microscopical : (give details of structure) . 
 
 Epidermoid carcinoma 
 
 Adenocarcinoma 
 
 Carcinoma 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Chorioma 
 
 Autopsy Report (date) 
 
 Recurrence 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional 
 
 Remote 
 
 Other Data 
 
 Note. — This blank was prepared under the direction of a special committee of the American Society for 
 the Control of Cancer, Dr. James Ewing, chairman, and recommended for universal adoption. 
 
 297 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 7 
 
 Buccal Cavity Cancer Blank of the American Society 
 
 for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C— Form S4— First Sheet (BUCCAL, LABIAL, LINGUAL, TONSILLAR CANCER) 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 
 Ward Room History Xo Diagnosis 
 
 Name Complications 
 
 Address Result 
 
 (Alarried. Single. Widowed.) Admitted 191 
 
 Age Discharged 191 
 
 House Surgeon Attending Surgeon 
 
 Personal Data Race Nationality Birthplace 
 
 Occupation (state exact kind of work performed) 
 
 Family History 
 
 (Members with cancer or 
 other buccal diseases) : 
 
 Causes of death in family 
 
 Personal History 
 
 (Note pre%'ious illnesses) 
 
 Buccal History 
 
 Conformation of lips, tongue, tonsils 
 
 Alcohol Tobacco - 
 
 Dental history- and condition 
 
 Nasal history 
 
 Aural historv' 
 
 Tonsillar historj' 
 
 Syphilis : Leukoplakia 
 
 Trauma 
 
 Present Illness 
 
 First symptoms (date, etc.) 
 
 General Status 
 
 Description of tumor 
 
 Exact location 
 
 Form 
 
 Size 
 
 Depth 
 
 Mobility 
 
 Ulceration 
 
 Lymph nodes 
 
 Bone invasion 
 
 Blood vessels 
 
 298 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 7 (concluded) 
 
 Buccal Cavity Cancer Blank of the American Society 
 
 for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C— Form S4— Second Sheet (BUCCAL, LABIAL, LINGUAL, TONSILLAR CANCER) 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 
 Operative History 
 
 (State exact tissues removed or treatment) 
 
 Later History 
 
 Recurrences 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional !. 
 
 Remote 
 
 Cachexia 
 
 Sepsis 
 
 Cause of death 
 
 Present condition (date) 4. 
 
 Pathological Report 
 
 Gross : 
 
 Type of ulcer 
 
 Infiltration 
 
 Suppuration 
 
 Outlying mucosa 
 
 Lymph nodes 
 
 Microscopical : (give details of structure) 
 
 Epidermoid carcinoma 
 
 Adenocarcinoma 
 
 Glandular Carcinoma 
 
 Basal cell carcinoma 
 
 Autopsy Report (date) 
 
 Recurrence 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional 
 
 Remote 
 
 Other Data 
 
 Note. — This blank was prepared under the direction of a special committee of the American Society for 
 the Control of Cancer, Dr. James Ewing, chairman, and recommended for universal adoption. 
 
 299 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 8 
 Mammary Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C— Form S2— First Sheet (MAMMARY CANCER) 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 
 Ward Room History No Diagnosis 
 
 Name Complications 
 
 Address Result 
 
 (Married. Single. Widowed.) Admitted 191 
 
 Age , Discharged 191 
 
 House Surgeon Attending Surgeon 
 
 Personal Data Race Nationality Birthplace 
 
 Occupation (state exact kind of work performed) 
 
 Family History 
 
 (Members with cancer or 
 other mammary diseases) 
 
 Causes of death in family 
 
 Personal History 
 
 (Note previous illnesses) 
 
 Mammary History 
 
 Type of gland : Large Small Adipose 
 
 Lactations: Number Date of first Last 
 
 Duration Flow of milk 
 
 Character of Nipples 
 
 Mastitis Cysts Nodules 
 
 Abscess and residual induration 
 
 Trauma Date Location 
 
 Character 
 
 Previous Tumor 
 
 State of other Breast 
 
 Present Illness 
 
 (First symptoms, character and date) 
 
 Pain 
 
 Nutrition : Anemia 
 
 Description of Tumor 
 
 Exact location 
 
 Form 
 
 Size (cm.) 
 
 Nipple: Retraction Fixation Discharge 
 
 Skin : Fixation Surface 
 
 Mobility 
 
 Mobility of Muscle 
 
 Lymph nodes : Axillary 
 
 Epigastric Supraclavicular 
 
 Rate of Growth 
 
 300 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 8 (concluded) 
 Mammary Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C— Form S2— Second Sheet (MAMMARY CANCER) 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 
 Operative History 
 
 (State exact tissues removed) 
 
 Later History 
 
 Recurrences 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional 
 
 Remote 
 
 Cachexia 
 
 Cause of Death 
 
 Present condition (date) 
 
 Pathological Report 
 
 Gross : 
 
 Lymph nodes 
 
 Muscle 
 
 Skin 
 
 Fascia between muscle and breast 
 
 Microscopical : (give details of structure) . 
 
 Adenoma 
 
 Adenocarcinoma 
 
 alveolar 
 
 {: 
 
 Carcinoma , ,.„ 
 
 (^ dinuse . 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Remainder of breast 
 
 Autopsy Report (date). 
 
 Recurrence 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional 
 
 Remote 
 
 Bones 
 
 Mode of extension 
 
 Note. — This blank was prepared under the direction of a special committee of the American Society for 
 the Control of Cancer, Dr. James Ewing, chairman, and recommended for universal adoption. 
 
 301 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 9 
 Gastric Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C— Form S3— First Sheet (GASTRIC CANCER) 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 
 Ward Room History No Diagnosis 
 
 Name Complications 
 
 Address Result 
 
 (Married. Single. Widowed.) Admitted 191 
 
 Age Discharged 191 
 
 House Surgeon Attending Surgeon 
 
 Personal Data Race Nationality Birthplace 
 
 Occupation (State exact kind of work performed) 
 
 Family History 
 
 (Members with cancer or 
 other gastric diseases) 
 
 Ca;uses of death in family 
 
 Personal History 
 
 (Note previous illnesses including all signs of tumors) 
 
 Alcoholism 
 
 Usual state of nutrition 
 
 Gastric History 
 
 Attacks of gastritis l 
 
 Indigestion: Pain Time of onset Mode of relief. 
 
 Athletic Stomach.'* 
 
 Jaimdice 
 
 Signs of ulcer 
 
 Favorite diets 
 
 Gastric analysis (old) . 
 
 Trauma 
 
 Present Illness 
 
 (Give first symptoms, date, etc.) 
 
 Any definite cause 
 
 Were early signs persistent 
 
 Pain: Time of onset Modeof relief 
 
 Vomiting and vomitus 
 
 Local tumor 
 
 Loss of weight (date, etc.) 
 
 Gastric analyses 
 
 Stools (Gross and Mx.) 
 
 Gastroscopic signs 
 
 X-Ray 
 
 General status 
 
 302 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 9 (concluded) 
 Gastric Cancer Blank of the American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 
 A. S. C. C— Form S3— Second Sheet (GASTRIC CANCER) 
 
 GENERAL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
 Operative History 
 
 (State exact tissues removed or involved) 
 
 Anastomosis 
 
 Fistula 
 
 Later History 
 
 Digestion 
 
 Nutrition 
 
 Recurrence 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional 
 
 Remote 
 
 Cachexia 
 
 Cause of Death 
 
 Present condition (date) 
 
 Pathological Report 
 
 Gross : 
 
 Pylorus 
 
 Fundus 
 
 Cardia 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 Lymph nodes 
 
 Microscopical : Adenocarcinoma (give details of structure) . 
 
 Fibro-Carcinoma 
 
 Diffuse carcinoma 
 
 Gelatinous carcinoma 
 
 Linitis plastica 
 
 Lymph nodes 
 
 Autopsy Report (date) 
 
 Description of organ 
 
 Recurrence 
 
 Local 
 
 Regional 
 
 Remote 
 
 Paths of dissemination 
 
 Other Data 
 
 Note. — This blank was prepared under the direction of a special committee of the American Society for 
 the Control of Cancer, Dr. James Ewing, chairman, and recommended for universal adoption, 
 
 303 
 
 21 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 Table 10 
 
 Supplementary Letter of Inquiry on Statistics of Cancer of the Division of 
 
 Vital Statistics of the United States Census 
 
 OFFICE OF 
 
 THE DIRECTOR 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 Dear Doctor: 
 
 At the request of the American Society for the Control of Cancer the 
 Bureau of the Census has decided to 'publish two sets of statistics covering 
 the subject of deaths from cancer and other malignant tumors: 
 
 (a) Statistics of deaths in which the diagnoses were based on clinical 
 findings. 
 
 (b) Statistics of deaths in which the diagnoses were confirmed by autop- 
 sies, or in which surgical operations were performed. 
 
 Will you kindly examine the accompanying transcript of a medical 
 certificate of death, the original of which was made out by you, and note 
 thereon whether the diagnosis was based on CLINICAL FINDINGS 
 or AUTOPSY; also whether there was SURGICAL INTERVEN- 
 TION? In either case the SEAT OF THE DISEASE should also 
 be stated. Any further data which you care to give may be written on the 
 reverse side of the transcript. 
 
 The information will be treated as strictly confidential and used for 
 statistical purposes only. I feel assured that your interest in advancing 
 the scientific study of this subject will prompt you to aid the Bureau in this 
 great work, the success of which is entirely dependent upon the cooperation 
 of American physicians. 
 
 Prompt return of the information desired, by means of inclosed penalty 
 envelope which requires no postage, will be greatly appreciated, as 2ve are 
 now compiling these returns. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 SAM. L. ROGERS, 
 Inclosures. Director. 
 
 304 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 c 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Different Occupations 
 
 Table Page 
 
 1 England and Wales, by Age, Males, 1890-1892 306 
 
 2 England and Wales, by Age, Males, 1900-1902 308 
 
 3 England and Wales, Crude and Standardized Rates, Ages 15 and over. Males, 
 
 1890-1892 310 
 
 4 England and Wales, Crude and Standardized Rates, Ages 15 and over. Males, 
 
 1900-1902 311 
 
 5 England and Wales, Males, Standardized Rates, 1890-1892 Compared with 
 
 1900-1902 312 
 
 6 Industrial Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of America, Per 
 
 Cent, of All Causes, Ages 35 and over, 1907-1912 313 
 
 7 Hungary, 1904, Cancer Census of Cases, Ages 15 and over. Males 315 
 
 8 Hungary, 1901-1904, Death Rates, Ages 15 and over, Males 315 
 
 305 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 1 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales in Selected Occupations 
 
 according to Age, Males, 1890-1892 
 
 All males . 
 
 35-44 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 No. of Persons from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 . 4,833,231 1,769 36.6 
 
 Occupied males 4,714,230 1,644 34.9 
 
 Occ. males, industrial dists. . . 1,072,512 422 39.3 
 
 Occ. males, agricultural dists. 641,097 204 31.8 
 
 Unoccupied males 119,001 125 105.0 
 
 Clergymen 26,256 8 30.5 
 
 Lawyers 16,587 7 42.2 
 
 Physicians 14,481 3 20.7 
 
 School-teachers 23,994 6 25.0 
 
 Domestic indoor servants. . . 21,588 4 18.5 
 
 Ry. eng. drivers and stokers 24,819 4 16.1 
 
 Seamen 68,172 33 48.4 
 
 Farmers and graziers 140,472 43 30.6 
 
 Farmlaborers 311,364 105 33.7 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen . . 90,810 27 29.7 
 
 Tobacconists 8,451 4 47.3 
 
 Fishermen 13,965 4 28.6 
 
 Maltsters...." 6,261 5 79.9 
 
 Brewers 18,069 10 55.3 
 
 Innkeepers 62,094 27 43.5 
 
 Grocers 58,374 14 24.0 
 
 Coal-merchants 18,699 7 37.4 
 
 Ironmongers 10,338 6 58.0 
 
 Printers 34,926 16 45.8 
 
 Butchers 46,926 28 59.7 
 
 Corn-millers 12,756 7 54.9 
 
 Bakers 42,981 19 44.2 
 
 Hatters 8,727 2 22.9 
 
 Tailors 61,002 21 34.4 
 
 Shoemakers 96,321 42 43.6 
 
 Tanners 6,402 
 
 Metal-workers 405,633 156 38.5 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 139,701 41 29.3 
 
 Textile-workers 175,263 57 32.5 
 
 Potters 17,061 2 11.7 
 
 Glass-workers 11,634 6 51.6 
 
 Coal-miners 265,098 61 23.0 
 
 Quarrymen 33,120 16 48.3 
 
 Gas-works service 25.053 16 63.9 
 
 Chimney-sweeps 5,634 7 124.2 
 
 45-54 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 No. of Persons from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 3,575,367 4,204 117.6 
 
 3,426,093 
 732,954 
 528,117 
 149,274 
 
 23.487 
 
 9,537 
 
 9,840 
 
 15,093 
 
 12,684 
 
 11,433 
 
 48,240 
 
 141,129 
 
 284,427 
 
 80,409 
 
 5,481 
 
 9,510 
 
 5,019 
 
 12,633 
 
 56,034 
 
 42,891 
 
 16,212 
 
 6.828 
 
 19.530 
 
 29,931 
 
 10,263 
 
 29,898 
 
 5,010 
 
 47,943 
 
 87,405 
 
 4,761 
 
 278,109 
 
 105,012 
 
 121,398 
 
 11,451 
 
 6,876 
 
 162,981 
 
 24,045 
 
 15,654 
 
 3,945 
 
 3,856 
 
 112.5 
 902 123.1 
 479 90.7 
 348 233.1 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 64 
 
 112 
 
 245 
 
 71 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 73 
 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 58 
 
 108 
 
 4 
 
 333 
 
 105 
 
 133 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 129 
 
 41 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 80.9 
 199.2 
 101.6 
 
 79.5 
 110.4 
 105.0 
 132.7 
 
 79.4 
 
 86.1 
 
 88.3 
 182.4 
 147.2 
 139.5 
 190.0 
 130.3 
 
 69.9 
 117.2 
 
 14.6 
 107.5 
 110.3 
 
 97.4 
 110.4 
 
 59.9 
 121.0 
 123.6 
 
 84.0 
 119.7 
 100.0 
 109.6 
 104.8 
 174.5 
 
 79.2 
 170.5 
 140.5 
 532.3 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Fifty-fifth Report of the Registrar-General of England 
 and Wales, 1881-1890, Vol. II. 
 
 306 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 1 (concluded) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales in Selected Occupations 
 
 according to Age, Males, 1890-1892 
 
 55-64 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 No. of Persons from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 All males 2,310,372 6,381 276.2 
 
 Occupied males 2,072,076 5,408 261.0 
 
 Occ. males, industrial dists... 394,914 1,080 273.5 
 
 Occ. males, agricultural dists. 386,241 949 245.7 
 
 Unoccupied males 238,296 973 408.3 
 
 Clergymen 17,556 34 193.7 
 
 Lawyers 5,913 19 321.3 
 
 Physicians 5,562 16 287.7 
 
 School-teachers 6,435 17 264.2 
 
 Domestic indoor servants 6,105 14 229.3 
 
 Ry. eng. drivers and stokers 4,098 14 341.6 
 
 Seamen 21,699 81 373.3 
 
 Farmers and graziers 124,830 286 229.1 
 
 Farm laborers 244,245 512 209.6 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen . . 64,407 145 225.1 
 
 Tobacconists 3,384 8 236.4 
 
 Fishermen 6,003 15 249.9 
 
 Maltsters.: 2,607 8 306.9 
 
 Brewers 6,576 27 410.6 
 
 Innkeepers 33,117 103 311.0 
 
 Grocers 29,580 65 219.7 
 
 Coal-merchants 11,895 27 227.0 
 
 Ironmongers 3,957 13 328.5 
 
 Printers 8.874 24 270.5 
 
 Butchers 16,134 62 384.3 
 
 Corn-millers 6,618 18 272.0 
 
 Bakers 17,628 47 266.6 
 
 Hatters 2,688 10 372.0 
 
 Tailors 35,280 96 272.1 
 
 Shoemakers 63,036 184 291.9 
 
 Tanners 2,868 8 278.9 
 
 Metal-workers 139,524 384 275.2 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 60,774 177 291.2 
 
 Textile-workers 74,013 185 250.0 
 
 Potters 5,031 11 218.6 
 
 Glass-workers 2,994 7 233.8 
 
 Coal-miners 80,403 201 250.0 
 
 Quarrymen 13,185 41 311.0 
 
 Gas-works service 6,771 23 339.7 
 
 Chimney-sweeps 2,151 17 780.S 
 
 65 YEARS 
 
 AND OVER 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 o. of Persons 
 
 from 
 
 100.000 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1,819,764 
 
 8,401 
 
 461.7 
 
 1,178,679 
 
 5.726 
 
 485.8 
 
 166,317 
 
 762 
 
 458.2 
 
 292,242 
 
 1.443 
 
 493.8 
 
 641.085 
 
 2.675 
 
 417.3 
 
 16,017 
 
 70 
 
 437.0 
 
 4,260 
 
 16 
 
 375.6 
 
 5,676 
 
 37 
 
 651.9 
 
 2,235 
 
 11 
 
 492.2 
 
 2,604 
 
 22 
 
 844.9 
 
 693 
 
 5 
 
 721.5 
 
 8,631 
 
 76 
 
 880.5 
 
 106,392 
 
 516 
 
 485.0 
 
 202,401 
 
 861 
 
 425.4 
 
 50,121 
 
 223 
 
 444.9 
 
 1,266 
 
 6 
 
 473.9 
 
 4.056 
 
 32 
 
 789.0 
 
 1,134 
 
 8 
 
 705.5 
 
 2,688 
 
 18 
 
 669.6 
 
 14,877 
 
 84 
 
 564.6 
 
 18,099 
 
 61 
 
 337.0 
 
 6,579 
 
 39 
 
 592.8 
 
 1,851 
 
 9 
 
 486.2 
 
 3,645 
 
 12 
 
 329.2 
 
 7,959 
 
 46 
 
 578.0 
 
 3,333 
 
 19 
 
 570.1 
 
 8,589 
 
 37 
 
 430.8 
 
 1,599 
 
 11 
 
 687.9 
 
 26,103 
 
 113 
 
 432.9 
 
 44,589 
 
 203 
 
 455.3 
 
 1,530 
 
 6 
 
 392.2 
 
 56,937 
 
 328 
 
 576.1 
 
 34,620 
 
 183 
 
 528.6 
 
 37,149 
 
 176 
 
 473.8 
 
 1.716 
 
 9 
 
 524.5 
 
 1.044 
 
 4 
 
 383.1 
 
 25.677 
 
 105 
 
 408.9 
 
 5,475 
 
 39 
 
 712.3 
 
 2,244 
 
 21 
 
 935.8 
 
 1,125 
 
 16 
 
 1,422.2 
 
 307 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 2 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales in Selected Occupations 
 
 according to Age, Males, 1900-1902 
 
 All males . 
 
 35-44 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 No. of Persons from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 5,795,829 2,311 39.9 
 
 Occupied males 5,668,233 2,220 39.2 
 
 Occ. males, industrial dists... 1,511,544 687 45.5 
 
 Occ. males, agricultural dists. 784,014 220 28.1 
 
 Unoccupied males 127,596 91 71.3 
 
 Clergymen 29,556 7 23.7 
 
 Lawyers 19,686 8 40.6 
 
 Physicians 21,405 9 42.0 
 
 School-teachers 42,138 9 21.4 
 
 Domestic indoor servants... . 24,828 6 24.2 
 
 Ry. eng. drivers and stokers 35,616 10 28.1 
 
 Seamen 61,335 46 75.0 
 
 Farmers and graziers 160,149 44 27.5 
 
 Farm laborers 263,655 80 30.3 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen . . 111,882 43 38.4 
 
 Tobacconists 10,776 6 55.7 
 
 Fishermen 14,940 4 26.8 
 
 Maltsters 6,732 2 29.7 
 
 Brewers 18,720 14 74.8 
 
 Innkeepers 75,801 30 39.6 
 
 Grocers 70,440 25 35.5 
 
 Coal-merchants 21,756 3 13.8 
 
 Ironmongers 13,893 3 21.6 
 
 Printers 48,465 15 31.0 
 
 Butchers 56,697 19 33.5 
 
 Corn-millers 14,553 4 27.5 
 
 Bakers 54,450 24 44.1 
 
 Hatters 9,006 2 22.2 
 
 Tailors.- 77,061 34 44.1 
 
 Shoemakers 103,839 41 39.5 
 
 Tanners 5,550 2 36.0 
 
 Metal-workers 521,619 197 37.8 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 147,279 56 38.0 
 
 Textile-workers 200,073 95 47.5 
 
 Potters 20,043 8 39.9 
 
 Glass-workers 13,167 3 22.8 
 
 Coal-miners 345,939 112 32.4 
 
 Quarrymen 43,467 16 36.8 
 
 Gas-works service 38,718 10 25.8 
 
 (Chimney-sweeps 5,079 6 118.1 
 
 45-54 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 No. of Persons from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 4,188,627 6,063 144.7 
 
 4,024,074 
 
 1,051,485 
 
 610,221 
 
 164,553 
 
 25,275 
 13,869 
 12,366 
 19,464 
 14,625 
 22,962 
 43,698 
 143,787 
 215,895 
 98,877 
 
 7,614 
 10,896 
 
 4,752 
 12,531 
 61,086 
 45,927 
 18,183 
 
 9,387 
 28,542 
 34,266 
 10,665 
 33,645 
 
 6,306 
 51,510 
 77,217 
 
 4,314 
 
 371,985 
 
 120,978 
 
 130,515 
 
 12,894 
 
 9,030 
 
 224,634 
 
 33,705 
 
 24,918 
 
 4,536 
 
 5,701 
 
 1,621 
 
 699 
 
 362 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 104 
 
 146 
 
 233 
 
 92 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 82 
 
 51 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 48 
 
 22 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 79 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 508 
 
 161 
 
 192 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 232 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 13 
 
 141.7 
 154.2 
 114.5 
 220.0 
 
 91.0 
 158.6 
 121.3 
 123.3 
 170.9 
 
 91.5 
 238.0 
 101.5 
 107.9 
 
 93.0 
 144.5 
 174.4 
 105.2 
 239.4 
 134.2 
 111.0 
 121.0 
 
 63.9 
 136.6 
 140.1 
 206.3 
 145.6 
 158.6 
 153.4 
 155.4 
 
 46.4 
 136.6 
 133.1 
 147.1 
 162.9 
 144.0 
 103.3 
 103.8 
 148.5 
 286.6 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Sixty-fifth Report of the Registrar-General of England 
 and Wales, 1900-1902. Vol. II. 
 
 308 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 2 (concluded) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales in Selected Occupations 
 
 according to Age, Males, 1900-1902 
 
 All males . 
 
 55-64 YEARS OF AGE 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 No. of Persons from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 . 2,723,835 9,867 362.2 
 
 Occupied males 
 
 Occ. males, industrial dists. . . 
 Occ. males, agricultural dists. 
 Unoccupied males 
 
 Clergymen 
 
 Lawj'ers 
 
 Physicians 
 
 School-teachers 
 
 Domestic indoor servants.. . . 
 Ry. eng. drivers and stokers 
 
 Seamen 
 
 Farmers and graziers 
 
 Farm laborers 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen . . 
 
 Tobacconists 
 
 Fishermen 
 
 Maltsters 
 
 Brewers 
 
 Innkeepers 
 
 Grocers 
 
 Coal-merchants 
 
 Ironmongers 
 
 Printers 
 
 Butchers 
 
 Corn-millers 
 
 Bakers 
 
 Hatters 
 
 Tailors 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 Tanners 
 
 Metal-workers 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 
 
 Textile-workers 
 
 Potters 
 
 Glass-workers 
 
 Coal-miners 
 
 Quarrymen 
 
 Gas-works ser%'ice 
 
 Chimney-sweeps 
 
 !,424,456 
 575,952 
 447,492 
 299,379 
 
 20,238 
 
 6,741 
 
 7,239 
 
 9,789 
 
 7,170 
 
 8,739 
 
 23,928 
 
 126,306 
 
 181,137 
 
 79,524 
 
 4,431 
 
 7,035 
 
 2,691 
 
 6,744 
 
 36,684 
 
 29,961 
 
 13,323 
 
 5,190 
 
 13,752 
 
 17,688 
 
 6,825 
 
 19,653 
 
 3,225 
 
 34,008 
 
 61,776 
 
 2,559 
 
 203,892 
 
 78,063 
 
 72,087 
 
 6,408 
 
 4,374 
 
 107,454 
 
 19,206 
 
 12,393 
 
 2,724 
 
 8,027 
 1,982 
 1,243 
 1,840 
 
 61 
 
 26 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 118 
 
 368 
 
 416 
 
 193 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 43 
 
 133 
 
 81 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 47 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 74 
 
 11 
 
 141 
 
 210 
 
 5 
 
 720 
 
 255 
 
 259 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 300 
 
 59 
 
 52 
 
 18 
 
 331.1 
 344.1 
 
 277.8 
 614.6 
 
 301.4 
 385.7 
 428.2 
 265.6 
 334.7 
 274.6 
 493.1 
 291.4 
 229.7 
 242.7 
 203.1 
 326.9 
 371.6 
 637.6 
 362.6 
 270.4 
 225.2 
 404.6 
 341.8 
 407.1 
 351.6 
 376.5 
 341.1 
 414.6 
 339.9 
 195.4 
 353.1 
 326.7 
 359.3 
 296.5 
 320.1 
 279.2 
 307.2 
 419.6 
 660.8 
 
 65 YEARS AND OVER 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 No. of Persons from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1,983,216 12,658 638.3 
 
 1,202,520 
 218,604 
 313,359 
 780,696 
 
 17,493 
 
 4,296 
 
 5,367 
 
 2,082 
 
 2,499 
 
 1,257 
 
 8,130 
 
 101,595 
 
 150,189 
 
 60,837 
 
 2,064 
 
 3,990 
 
 1,095 
 
 2,535 
 
 14,403 
 
 16,806 
 
 7,152 
 
 2,601 
 
 4,383 
 
 7,230 
 
 3,675 
 
 8,844 
 
 1,257 
 
 22,530 
 
 40,899 
 
 1,185 
 
 71,052 
 
 38,382 
 
 30,864 
 
 2,055 
 
 1,290 
 
 30,003 
 
 7,683 
 
 3,798 
 
 1,146 
 
 8,038 668.4 
 
 1,400 640.4 
 
 2,118 675.9 
 
 4,620 591.8 
 
 102 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 109 
 
 674 
 
 825 
 
 363 
 
 16 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 116 
 
 74 
 
 52 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 52 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 9 
 
 153 
 
 256 
 
 11 
 
 539 
 
 254 
 
 261 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 201 
 
 56 
 
 28 
 
 583.1 
 628.5 
 577.6 
 1,248.8 
 640.3 
 1,591.1 
 1,340.7 
 663.4 
 549.3 
 596.7 
 775.2 
 827.1 
 821.9 
 986.2 
 805.4 
 440.3 
 727.1 
 576.7 
 638.8 
 719.2 
 544.2 
 520.1 
 716.0 
 679.1 
 625.9 
 928.3 
 758.6 
 661.8 
 845.6 
 486.6 
 930.2 
 669.9 
 728.9 
 737.2 
 
 19 1,657.9 
 
 309 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 3 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales in Selected Occupations, Males, 
 
 Crude and Standardized Death Rates, Ages 15 and Over, 1890-1892 
 
 Recorded Death Standardized Death 
 
 Rate from Cancer per Standardizing Rate from Cancer per 
 
 100,000 Population Factor 100,000 Population 
 
 All males 80.5 1.0000 80.5 
 
 Occupied males 68.5 1.1467 78.5 
 
 Occupied males in industrial districts ... . 60.7 1.3350 81.0 
 
 Occupied males in agricultural districts . . 84.9 0.8866 75.3 
 
 Unoccupied males 276.8 0.3232 89.5 
 
 Clergymen 122.3 0.5502 67.3 
 
 Lawyers 101.8 0.8807 89.7 
 
 Physicians 119.7 0.7638 91.4 
 
 School-teachers 36.7 1.9398 71.2 
 
 Domestic indoor servants 38.7 2.1129 81.8 
 
 Railway engine drivers and stokers 31.8 2.2837 72.6 
 
 Seamen 85.6 1.3262 113.5 
 
 Farmers and graziers 120.3 0.6062 72.9 
 
 Farm laborers 80.7 0.8248 66.6 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen 93.4 0.7406 69.2 
 
 Tobacconists 74.4 1.1697 87.0 
 
 Fishermen 93.1 1.0849 101.0 
 
 Maltsters 107.4 1.0160 109.1 
 
 Brewers 106.7 1.1354 121.1 
 
 Innkeepers 131.1 0.7105 93.1 
 
 Grocers 46.8 1.2385 58.0 
 
 Coal-merchants 115.2 0.7365 84.8 
 
 Ironmongers 51.2 1.4073 72.1 
 
 Printers 36.9 2.0942 77.3 
 
 Butchers 64.1 1.5160 97.2 
 
 Corn-millers 82.0 1.0075 82.6 
 
 Bakers 55.5 1.4208 78.9 
 
 Hatters 57.8 1.4583 84.3 
 
 Tailors 84.0 0.9111 76.5 
 
 Shoemakers 95.5 0.8697 83.1 
 
 Tanners 62.6 1.0216 64.0 
 
 Metal-workers 60.7 1.4049 85.3 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 80.0 1.0037 80.3 
 
 Textile-workers 54.1 1.3927 75.3 
 
 Potters 37.6 1.6958 63.8 
 
 Glass-workers 51.8 1.8660 96.7 
 
 Coal-miners 36.3 1.6919 61.4 
 
 Quarrymen 96.0 1.1145 107.0 
 
 Gas-works service 91.4 1.2452 113.8 
 
 CTiimney-sweeps 265.9 0.9984 265.5 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Fifty-fifth Report of the Registrar-General of England 
 and Wales, 1881-1890, Vol. II. 
 
 310 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 4 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales in Selected Occupations, Males, 
 
 Crude and Standardized Death Rates, Ages 15 and Over, 1900-1902 
 
 Recorded Death 
 Rate from Cancer per 
 100,000 Population 
 
 All males 101.9 
 
 Occupied males 84.7 
 
 Occupied males in industrial districts .... 77.1 
 
 Occupied males in agricultural districts. . . 103.4 
 
 Unoccupied males 373.7 
 
 Clergymen 163.1 
 
 Lawyers 131.8 
 
 Physicians 127.5 
 
 School-teachers 52.5 
 
 Domestic indoor servants 43.9 
 
 Railway engine drivers and stokers 41.9 
 
 Seamen 136.3 
 
 Farmers and graziers 146.4 
 
 Farm laborers 96.6 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen 116.1 
 
 Tobacconists 83.4 
 
 Fishermen 115.0 
 
 Maltsters 94.2 
 
 Brewers 137.7 ■ 
 
 Innkeefjers 144.6 
 
 Grocers 56.3 
 
 Coal-merchants 115.0 
 
 Ironmongers 64.0 
 
 Printers 50.8 
 
 Butchers 63.0 
 
 Corn-millers 107.9 
 
 Bakers 69.2 
 
 Hatters 74.0 
 
 Tailors 104.6 
 
 Shoemakers 113.3 
 
 Tanners 70.9 
 
 Metal-workers 73.2 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 93.4 
 
 Textile-workers 81.8 
 
 Potters 56.8 
 
 Glass-workers 59.5 
 
 Coal-miners 50.3 
 
 Quarrymen 80.8 
 
 Gas-works service 93.7 
 
 Chimney-sweeps 280.6 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Sixtv-fifth Report of the Registrar-General of England 
 and Wales, 1900-1902, Vol. II. 
 
 Standardizing 
 Factor 
 
 Standardized Death 
 Rate from Cancer per 
 100,000 Population 
 
 1.0185 
 
 103.8 
 
 1.1919 
 
 101.0 
 
 1.3341 
 
 102.9 
 
 0.8921 
 
 92.2 
 
 0.3207 
 
 119.8 
 
 0.5353 
 
 87.3 
 
 0.8486 
 
 111.8 
 
 0.7928 
 
 101.1 
 
 1.7157 
 
 90.1 
 
 2.1240 
 
 93.2 
 
 2.0349 
 
 85.3 
 
 1.2508 
 
 170.5 
 
 0.6477 
 
 94.8 
 
 0.8254 
 
 79.7 
 
 0.7336 
 
 85.2 
 
 1.1438 
 
 95.4 
 
 0.9728 
 
 111.9 
 
 1.0782 
 
 101.6 
 
 1.2101 
 
 166.6 
 
 0.7521 
 
 108.8 
 
 1.3580 
 
 76.5 
 
 0.7456 
 
 85.7 
 
 1.3586 
 
 87.0 
 
 1.8295 
 
 92.9 
 
 1.6319 
 
 102.8 
 
 0.9758 
 
 105.3 
 
 1.4349 
 
 99.3 
 
 1.3653 
 
 101.0 
 
 1.0791 
 
 112.9 
 
 0.9109 
 
 103.2 
 
 1.1026 
 
 78.2 
 
 1.3815 
 
 101.1 
 
 1.0448 
 
 97.6 - 
 
 1.3770 
 
 112.6 
 
 1.6014 
 
 91.0 
 
 1.6958 
 
 100.9 
 
 1.6372 
 
 82.4 
 
 1.1289 
 
 91.2 
 
 1.1428 
 
 107.1 
 
 0.8016 
 
 224.9 
 
 311 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 5 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales in Selected Occupations 
 
 Males, Ages 15 and Over — Standardized Death Rates 
 
 1890-1892 Compared with 1900-1902 
 
 Standardized Death Rates from Cancer Increase ner 
 
 per 100,000 Population jqO 000 
 
 1890-1892 1900-1902 PopuJation 
 
 All males 80.5 103.8 23.3 
 
 Occupied males 78.5 101.0 22.5 
 
 Occupied males in industrial districts. . . . 81.0 102.9 21.9 
 
 Occupied males in agricultural districts. . . 75.3 92.2 16.9 
 
 Unoccupied males 89.5 119.8 30.3 
 
 Chimney-sweeps 265.5 224.9 —40.6 
 
 Brewers 121.1 1G6.6 45.5 
 
 Gas-works service 113.8 107.1 - 6.7 
 
 Seamen. .> 113.5 170.5 57.0 
 
 Maltsters 109.1 101.6 - 7.5 
 
 Quarrymen 107.0 91.2 -15.8 
 
 Fishermen 101.0 111.9 10.9 
 
 Butchers 97.2 102.8 5.6 
 
 Glass-workers 96.7 100.9 4.2 
 
 Innkeepers 93.1 108.8 15.7 
 
 Physicians 91.4 101.1 9.7 
 
 Lawyers 89.7 111.8 22.1 
 
 Tobacconists 87.0 95.4 8.4 
 
 Metal-workers '... 85.3 101.1 15.8 
 
 Coal-merchants 84.8 85.7 0.9 
 
 Hatters 84.3 101.0 16.7 
 
 Shoemakers 83.1 103.2 20.1 
 
 Corn-millers 82.6 105.3 22.7 
 
 Domestic indoor servants 81.8 93.2 11.4 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 80.3 97.6 17.3 
 
 Bakers 78.9 99.3 20.4 
 
 Printers 77.3 92.9 15.6 
 
 Tailors 76.5 112.9 36.4 
 
 Textile-workers 75.3 112.6 37.3 
 
 Farmers and graziers 72.9 94.8 21.9 
 
 Railway engine drivers and stokers 72.6 85.3 12.7 
 
 Ironmongers 72.1 87.0 14.9 
 
 School-teachers 71.2 90.1 18.9 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen 69.2 85.2 16.0 
 
 Clergymen 67.3 87.3 20.0 
 
 Farm laborers 66.6 79.7 13.1 
 
 Tanners 64.0 78.2 14.2 
 
 Potters 63.8 91.0 27.2 
 
 Coal-miners 61.4 82.4 21.0 
 
 Grocers 58.0 76^5 18.5 
 
 Source: Supplements to the Fifty-fifth and Sixty -fifth Reports of the Registrar- 
 General of England and Wales. (1881-1890. Vol. II., and 1900-1902, Vol. II.) 
 
 812 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 6 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company 
 
 of America 
 Mortality from Cancer by Occupation, Ages 35 and Over, Males, 1907-1912 
 
 Deaths from 
 All Causes 
 
 All males (35 years and over) 133,175 
 
 All occupied males (35 years and over).. 121,637 
 
 Unoccupied Males 7,107 
 
 Retired 4,197 
 
 Farmers and planters 5,589 
 
 Gardeners 1,210 
 
 Fishermen and oystermen 255 
 
 Coal-miners 2,171 
 
 Potters 216 
 
 Glass-workers 368 
 
 Marble and stone- workers 675 
 
 Clothing-workers (tailors) 1,748 
 
 Hatters 411 
 
 Bakers 901 
 
 Millers 173 
 
 Iron-moulders 1,004 
 
 All other iron and steel- workers 2,657 
 
 Ship and boat builders 227 
 
 Wagon-makers and wheelwrights 422 
 
 Harness-makers 322 
 
 Tanners 266 
 
 Brewers and maltsters 225 
 
 Upholsterers 237 
 
 Sawyers 183 
 
 Coopers 643 
 
 Jewelers 282 
 
 Tinsmiths 596 
 
 Papermakers 164 
 
 Bookbinders 143 
 
 Printers and lithographers 1,103 
 
 Textile-workers 1,651 
 
 Cigarmakers 838 
 
 Electrical workers 418 
 
 Rubber-workers 132 
 
 Blacksmiths 1,782 
 
 Builders and contractors 537 
 
 Carpenters 6,478 
 
 Masons 2,088 
 
 Painters 3,445 
 
 Paperhangers 191 
 
 Plasterers 507 
 
 Roofers 200 
 
 Shoemakers 2,073 
 
 Boxmakers 129 
 
 Engineers, not specified 1,797 
 
 Firemen, not specified 670 
 
 Foremen, not specified 655 
 
 Laborers, not specified 28,949 
 
 Machinists 2,367 
 
 Mill operatives, no'v specified 903 
 
 •eaths from 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Cancer 
 
 of All Causes 
 
 7,295 
 
 6.48 
 
 6.756 
 
 5.55 
 
 320 
 
 4.50 
 
 211 
 
 6.03 
 
 388 
 
 6.94 
 
 102 
 
 8.43 
 
 17 
 
 6.67 
 
 81 
 
 3.73 
 
 5 
 
 2.31 
 
 21 
 
 5.71 
 
 36 
 
 6.33 
 
 131 
 
 7.49 
 
 16 
 
 3.89 
 
 57 
 
 6.33 
 
 6 
 
 3.47 
 
 54 
 
 5.38 
 
 134 
 
 5.04 
 
 17 
 
 7.49 
 
 30 
 
 7.11 
 
 19 
 
 5.90 
 
 16 
 
 6.02 
 
 13 
 
 6.78 
 
 20 
 
 8.44 
 
 14 
 
 7.65 
 
 39 
 
 ^1.07 
 
 23 
 
 <J.16 
 
 28 
 
 4.70 
 
 10 
 
 6.10 
 
 8 
 
 5..59 
 
 36 
 
 3.26 
 
 103 
 
 6.24 
 
 52 
 
 6.21 
 
 10 
 
 2.39 
 
 8 
 
 6.06 
 
 124 
 
 6.96 
 
 33 
 
 6.15 
 
 416 
 
 6.42 
 
 131 
 
 6.27 
 
 148 
 
 4.30 
 
 4 
 
 2.09 
 
 36 
 
 7.10 
 
 • 7 
 
 3.50 
 
 121 
 
 5.84 
 
 7 
 
 5.43 
 
 142 
 
 7.90 
 
 36 
 
 5.37 
 
 34 
 
 6.19 
 
 1,512 
 
 6.22 
 
 139 
 
 5.87 
 
 49 
 
 6.43 
 
 313 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 6 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company 
 
 of America 
 Mortality from Cancer by Occupation, Ages 35 and Over, Males, 1907-1912 
 
 Deaths from 
 All Causes 
 
 Plumbers and fitters 1,005 
 
 Sea captains and pilots 250 
 
 Boatmen 360 
 
 Sailors 208 
 
 Longshoremen and stevedores 387 
 
 Street-cleaners 188 
 
 Hostlers and stablemen 822 
 
 DrajTnen, teamsters and drivers 5,781 
 
 Street-railwa:y employees 566 
 
 Railroad engineers and firemen 158 
 
 All other railroad employees 2,377 
 
 Mail-carriers 154 
 
 Insurance agents 396 
 
 Butchers and meat-dealers 1,359 
 
 Coal-dealers 138 
 
 Grocers 816 
 
 Liquor-dealers 165 
 
 Canvassers and collectors 619 
 
 Peddlers 667 
 
 Salesmen 1,594 
 
 Undertakers 168 
 
 Clerks, bookkeepers, etc 3,661 
 
 Policemen 453 
 
 Watchmen 2,336 
 
 Clergj'men 125 
 
 Editors and journalists 101 
 
 Musicians 291 
 
 Physicians 177 
 
 Teachers 141 
 
 Barbers 934 
 
 Bartenders 1,161 
 
 Coachmen and chauflFeurs 319 
 
 Cooks 445 
 
 Elevator-tenders 148 
 
 Janitors 1,115 
 
 Laundrj'men 116 
 
 Porters 581 
 
 Hotel-keepers 425 
 
 Restaurant-keepers 259 
 
 Saloon-keepers 873 
 
 Waiters 468 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Cancer 
 
 of AH Causes 
 
 48 
 
 4.78 
 
 17 
 
 6.80 
 
 22 
 
 6.11 
 
 13 
 
 6.25 
 
 17 
 
 4.39 
 
 10 
 
 5.32 
 
 39 
 
 4.74 
 
 238 
 
 4.12 
 
 28 
 
 4.95 
 
 8 
 
 5.06 
 
 118 
 
 4.96 
 
 3 
 
 1.95 
 
 27 
 
 6.82 
 
 80 
 
 5.89 
 
 17 
 
 12.32 
 
 50 
 
 6.13 
 
 6 
 
 3.64 
 
 41 
 
 6.62 
 
 38 
 
 6.70 
 
 81 
 
 6.08 
 
 6 
 
 3.57 
 
 158 
 
 4.32 
 
 31 
 
 6.84 
 
 148 
 
 6.34 
 
 10 
 
 8.00 
 
 10 
 
 9.90 
 
 17 
 
 5.84 
 
 12 
 
 6.78 
 
 16 
 
 11.35 
 
 49 
 
 5.25 
 
 35 
 
 3.01 
 
 15 
 
 4.70 
 
 ' 19 
 
 4.27 
 
 11 
 
 7.43 
 
 89 
 
 7.98 
 
 10 
 
 8.62 
 
 32 
 
 5.51 
 
 19 
 
 4.47 
 
 13 
 
 5.02 
 
 50 
 
 5.73 
 
 19 
 
 4.06 
 
 314 
 
APPENDIX C 
 
 Table 7 
 
 Cancer Census of Hungary, 1904 — Cases of Cancer, by Occupation, Males 
 
 Number of Males Cancer Cases 
 
 over 15 Years of Age per 100,000 
 
 Census of 1900 Population 
 
 Common laborers 169,103 136.6 
 
 Butchers (employers) 11,242 115.7 
 
 Commerce (employers) 78,756 92.7 
 
 Masons (employers) 10,840 73.8 
 
 Flour-millers (employers) 12,097 66.1 
 
 Innkeepers (employers) 24,620 56.9 
 
 Tailors (employers) 25,122 47.5 
 
 Commerce (employees) 23,538 46.7 
 
 Blacksmith (employers) 33,860 41.3 
 
 Transportation (employees) 76,962 37.7 
 
 Shoemakers (employers) 57,433 34.8 
 
 Carpenters and cabinet-makers (employers) 45,892 32.7 
 
 Domestic servants 29,163 30.9 
 
 Miners and smelters 48,756 30.8 
 
 Public service (employees) 45,571 26.3 
 
 Farmers (small farms) 1,953,621 22.6 
 
 Waiters 443,383 12.0 
 
 Flour mills (employees) 24,089 8.7 
 
 Farm laborers 908,503 5.9 
 
 Shoemakers (employees) 37,538 5.3 
 
 Carpenters and cabinet-makers (employees) ...... 59,624 5.0 
 
 Table 8 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hungary, by Occupation, Males, 1901-1904 
 
 Number of Males Deaths from 
 
 over 15 Years of Age Cancer per 100,000 
 
 Census of 1900 Population 
 
 Farmers 14,356 238.6 
 
 Innkeepers (employers) , . 24,620 167.6 
 
 Butchers (employers) 11,242 129.0 
 
 Commerce (employers) 78,756 119.0 
 
 Carpenters and cabinet-makers (employers) 45,892 115.5 
 
 Public service (employees) 45,571 114.7 
 
 Tailors (employers).. 25,122 114.5 
 
 Shoemakers (employers) 57,433 110.1 
 
 Blacksmiths (employers) 33,860 108.5 
 
 Masons (employers) 10,840 96.9 
 
 Common laborers 169,103 86.6 
 
 Railways (employees) 53,581 83.1 
 
 Flour-millers (employers) 12,097 76.5 
 
 Masons (employees) 44,954 60.1 
 
 Farm laborers 908,503 ' 54.7 
 
 Commerce (employees) 23,538 51.0 
 
 Carpenters and cabinet-makers (employees) 59,624 47.0 
 
 Domestic servants 29,163 44.6 
 
 Flour mills (employees) 24,089 43.3 
 
 Miners and smelters 48,756 42.0 
 
 Farmers (small farms) 1,953,621 41.0 
 
 Tailors (employees) 23,139 32.4 
 
 Waiters 443,383 26.0 
 
 Blacksmiths (employees) 65,242 24.9 
 
 Source: Ungarische Statistische Mitteilungen. Neue Serie, 19 Band. Statistik 
 der Kreb.skranken in den Landern der Ungarischen Heiligen Krone. Von Dr. Julius 
 Dollinger, Budapest, 1908. 
 
 315 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 D 
 
 Cancer Mortality Statistics of American and 
 Foreign Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Tablt 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 ; Period 
 1891-1913 
 1891-1913 
 1909-1913 
 
 4 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 5 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 6 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 7 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 1909-1913 
 1909-1913 
 
 10 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 11 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 12 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 13 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 14 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 15 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 16 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 17 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 1891-1913 
 1891-1913 
 1886-1913 
 
 The Prudential Insurance Company of America 
 
 Title Page 
 
 Industrial Experience Persons 321 
 
 Industrial Experience By Sex 322 
 
 Industrial Experience Proportion to All Causes, by- 
 Age and Sex 323 
 
 Industrial Experience Sarcoma and Other Forms of 
 
 Cancer, by Age 323 
 
 Industrial Experience Sarcoma and Other Forms of 
 
 Cancer, by Age and Sex. . . . 324 
 
 Industrial Experience Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 and Sex, Average Age at 
 Death 324 
 
 Industrial Experience Sarcoma, by Organs and Parts 
 
 and Sex, Average Age at 
 Death 325 
 
 Industrial Experience By Sex and Single Years of Life 326 
 
 Industrial Experience Buccal Cavity, by Sex and 
 
 Single Years of Life 328 
 
 Industrial Experience Stomach and Liver, by Sex 
 
 and Single Years of Life .... 330 
 
 Industrial Experience Peritoneum, Intestines and 
 
 Rectum, by Sex and Single 
 Years of Life 332 
 
 Industrial Experience Female Generative Organs, by 
 
 Single Years of Life 334 
 
 Industrial Experience Breast, by Sex and Single 
 
 Years of Life 335 
 
 Industrial Experience Skin, by Sex and Single Years 
 
 of Life 337 
 
 Industrial Experience Other or Not Specified Organs, 
 
 by Sex and Single Years of Life 339 
 
 Industrial Experience By Organs and Parts and Sex, 
 
 at Divisional Periods of Life. 341 
 
 Industrial Experience At Divisional Periods of Life, 
 
 by Organs and Parts, accord- 
 ing to Sex 343 
 
 Ordinary Experience Persons 344 
 
 Ordinary Experience By Sex 345 
 
 Ordinary Experience By Age and Sex 346 
 
 316 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 The Prudential Insurance Company ok America (concluded) 
 
 Table Period Title Page 
 
 21 1886-1913 Ordinary Experience By Organs and Parts and Sex, 
 
 Average Age at Death 346 
 
 22 1886-1913 Ordinary Experience By Organs and Parts and Sex, 
 
 at Divisional Periods of Life . 347 
 
 23 1886-1913 Ordinary Experience At Divisional Periods of Life, 
 
 by Organs and Parts, accord- 
 ing to Sex 348 
 
 24 1886-1913 Ordinary Experience By Organs and Parts at 
 
 Single Years of Life, Males. . . 350 
 
 25 1886-1913 Ordinary Experience By Organs and Parts at 
 
 Single Years of Life, Females 352 
 
 26 1886-1912 Ordinary Experience . By Weight and Age at Entry, 
 
 Males 354 
 
 27 1886-1912 Ordinary Experience Family History, Cancer and 
 
 Tuberculosis Compared 355 
 
 Other American Companies 
 Company- 
 American Companies According to Build, Males . . 356 
 
 American Companies By Duration of Policy and Age 
 
 at Entry 356 
 
 Twenty-seven American Com- 
 panies By Age and Sex 357 
 
 iEtna Persons 358 
 
 MutualLifeof New York By Age and Sex 359 
 
 Mutual Life of New York By Age and Sex 359 
 
 Mutual Life of New York Other Tumors, by Age and Sex 360 
 
 New York Life Persons 360 
 
 Northwestern Mutual Life By Age, Males 361 
 
 Washington Life . . ' By Age 361 
 
 Foreign Companies 
 
 Thirty-four Foreign Companies . . Comparative Statement by 
 
 Countries 361 
 
 Thirty-four Foreign Companies . . By Individual Companies. . . . 362 
 
 English Companies 
 
 British Empire Mutual Life Cancer and Tumor, by Age. . . 363 
 
 British Empire Mutual Life Cancer and Tumor, by Age. . . 364 
 
 Clergy Mutual By Age 364 
 
 Clergy Mutual By Age, Unhealthy Lives . . . 365 
 
 Equitable Society By Age 365 
 
 Gresham Life Cancer and Tumor, by Age. . . 366 
 
 Metropolitan Life Assurance. . .Cancer and Tumor, by Age. . . 366 
 
 Prudential Assurance Cancer, by Age and Sex 367 
 
 Prudential Assurance Tumor, by Age and Sex 367 
 
 Prudential Assurance By Age and Organs and Parts, 
 
 Males 368 
 
 Prudential Assurance By Age and Organs and Parts, 
 
 Females 369 
 
 317 
 
 28 
 
 1885-1908 
 
 29 
 
 1885-1908 
 
 30 
 
 Up to 1873 
 
 31 
 
 1870-1913 
 
 32 
 
 1843-1914 
 
 33 
 
 1843-1914 
 
 34 
 
 1843-1898 
 
 35 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 36 
 
 1857-1909 
 
 37 
 
 1860-1886 
 
 38 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 40 
 
 1847-1872 
 
 41 
 
 1873-1878 
 
 42 
 
 1829-1887 
 
 43 
 
 1829-1887 
 
 44 
 
 1801-1832 
 
 45 
 
 Up to 1866 
 
 46 
 
 1835-1864 
 
 47 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 48 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 49 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 60 
 
 1867-1870 
 
Table 
 
 Period 
 
 51 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 52 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 53 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 54 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 55 
 
 1912 
 
 56 
 
 1815-1845 
 
 57 
 
 1846-1852 
 
 58 
 
 1853-1859 
 
 59 
 
 1874-1880 
 
 
 1888-1894 
 
 60 
 
 1874-1880 
 
 
 1881-1887 
 
 
 1888-1894 
 
 61 
 
 1874-1894 
 
 62 
 
 1874-1894 
 
 APPENDIX D 
 
 Scotch Companies 
 
 Company Title Page 
 
 Scottish Amicable Life By Age 370 
 
 Scottish Amicable Life Cancer, by Age and Sex, Non- 
 hazardous Occupations 370 
 
 Scottish Amicable Life Tumor, by Age and Sex, Non- 
 hazardous Occupations 371 
 
 Scottish Amicable Life By Age, Hazardous Occupa- 
 tions 371 
 
 Scottish Union and National .... By Organs and Parts 372 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Cancel" and Tumor, by Age . . 372 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Cancer and Tumor, by Age . . 373 
 
 Scottish Widows" Fund ......... Cancer and Tumor, by Age . . 373 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Comparative Statement, ac- 
 cording to Age 374 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Comparative Statement, ac- 
 cording to Age 374 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Internal and External Organs, 
 
 Males 375 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund Internal and External Organs, 
 
 Based upon Number of Lives 
 
 Exposed to Risk, Males 376 
 
 63 Up to 1860 British and German Companies . Comparative Statement 376 
 
 German Companies 
 
 German Companies Combined Experience 376 
 
 "Deutscher Kriegerbund" By Organs 377 
 
 German Life Insurance Com- 
 pany, Potsdam By Age 377 
 
 "Freia," Hanover By Age 377 
 
 "Friedrich Wilhelm," Ordi- 
 nary Experience Persons 378 
 
 "Friedrich Wilhelm," Ordi- 
 nary Experience By Organs and Parts, accord- 
 ing to Sex 379 
 
 "Friedrich Wilhelm," Ordi- 
 nary Experience By Age and Sex 379 
 
 "Friedrich Wilhelm," Indus- 
 trial Experience By sex 380 
 
 "Friedrich Wilhelm," Indus- 
 trial Experience By Organs and Parts and Sex 381 
 
 "Friedrich Wilhelm," Indus- 
 trial Experience By Age and Sex 381 
 
 German Life Insurance Com- 
 pany, LUbeck By Sex 382 
 
 "Germania" By Age and Sex, Based upon 
 
 Number of Lives Exposed to 
 
 Risk 382 
 
 Gotha Life Insurance By Age, Males 383 
 
 Gotha Life Insurance By Age and Duration of Insur- 
 ance, Males 383 
 
 Gotha Life Insurance By Age 384 
 
 Gotha Life Insurance By Age, among Teachers. . . . 385 
 
 318 
 
 64 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 65 
 
 1908-1911 
 
 66 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 67 
 
 1907-1913 
 
 68 
 
 1885-1913 
 
 69 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 70 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 71 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 72 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 73 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 74 
 
 1906-1913 
 
 75 
 
 1857-1894 
 
 76 
 
 1829-1878 
 
 77 
 
 1829-1890 
 
 78 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 79 
 
 1829-1890 
 
APPE\DrX D 
 
 German Companies (concluded) 
 
 Cjmpany Title Page 
 
 Karlsruhe Life Insurance Persons 385 
 
 Karlsruhe Life Insurance By Organs and Parts, accord- 
 ing to Age 386 
 
 Karlsruhe Life Insurance By Organs and Parts 386 
 
 Karlsruhe Life Insurance By Age 387 
 
 Leipzig Life Insurance By Sex 387 
 
 Leipzig Life Insurance By Age, Males 388 
 
 Magdeburg Life Insurance Persons 388 
 
 Magdeburg Life Insurance By Age 388 
 
 Saxon Military Life Insur- By Organs and Parts, accord- 
 ance ing to Sex 389 
 
 Stuttgart Life Insurance By Age 389 
 
 Teutonia Insurance By Age 389 
 
 "Victoria," Berlin Persons 390 
 
 Austrian Companies 
 
 Austrian Companies Persons 390 
 
 Austrian Companies By Age 391 
 
 Austrian Companies Comparative Statement, by 
 
 Age 391 
 
 Austrian Companies Probability of Death from 
 
 Cancer, according to Age .... 392 
 
 "Der Anker," Vienna By Age 392 
 
 "Assicurazioni Generali," Trieste . Persons 392 
 
 " Assicurazioni Generali," Trieste . By Age 393 
 
 "Donau," Vienna By Age 393 
 
 First General Association of 
 
 Austro-Hungarian Officials By Age 393 
 
 "Janus," Vienna By Age 393 
 
 Life Insurance Company of 
 the "Margraviate Moravia," 
 
 Briinn By Age 394 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
 pany, Krakau By Age 394 
 
 "Phoenix," Vienna Persons 394 
 
 "Phoenix," Vienna By Age 395 
 
 "Praha," Prague By Age 395 
 
 "Riunione Adriatica Sicurta" .... By Age 395 
 
 "Universale," Vienna By Age 396 
 
 Hungarian Companies 
 
 "Fonciere," Budapest By Age 396 
 
 Swiss Companies 
 
 The Basle Life Insurance Persons, by Sex 396 
 
 "La Suisse," Lausanne By Age 396 
 
 Swedish Companies 
 
 112 1873-1902 "Thule," Stoclvholm Persons 397 
 
 319 
 
 22 
 
 Table 
 
 Period 
 
 80 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 81 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 82 
 
 1900-1905 
 
 83 
 
 1900-1905 
 
 84 
 
 1893-1913 
 
 85 
 
 1893-1912 
 
 86 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 87 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 88 
 
 1903-1906 
 
 89 
 
 1901-1906 
 
 90 
 
 1905-1912 
 
 91 
 
 1903-1913 
 
 92 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 93 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 94 
 
 1876-1890 
 
 
 1891-1900 
 
 95 
 
 1876-1900 
 
 96 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 97 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 98 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 99 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 100 
 
 1900-1912 
 
 101 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 102 
 
 1906-1912 
 
 103 
 
 1905-1912 
 
 104 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 105 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 106 
 
 1900-1907 
 
 107 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 108 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 109 
 
 1900-1912 
 
 110 
 
 1865-1897 
 
 111 
 
 1901-1913 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Australian Companies 
 
 Table Period Company Title Page 
 
 113 1849-1888 Australian Mutual Provident Cancer, by Age and Sex 398 
 
 114 1849-1888 Australian Mutual Provident Tumor, by Age and Sex 398 
 
 East Indian Companies 
 
 115 1897-1913 The Oriental Government Se- 
 
 curity Life Assurance, Bombay . . . By Race 399 
 
 116 1911-1913 The Dutch East Indian Life 
 
 Insurance, Batavia By Age 399 
 
 Japanese Companies 
 
 117 1899-1907 Meiji Life Assurance BySex 399 
 
 118 1899-1907 Meiji Life Assurance By Age and Sex 400 
 
 119 1899-1907 Meiji Life Assurance By Organs and Parts, accord- 
 
 ing to Sex 400 
 
 120 1910-1912 Domestic Companies. . By Organs and Parts, accord- 
 
 ing to Age and Sex 401 
 
 121 1912 Foreign Companies By Organs and Parts, accord- 
 
 ing to Age, Males 401 
 
 320 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 1 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Year Causes 
 
 1891 17,420 
 
 1892 20,439 
 
 1893 22,190 
 
 1894 26,527 
 
 1895 29,720 
 
 1891-1895 116,296 
 
 1896 30,450 
 
 1897 29,564 
 
 1898 31,396 
 
 1899 35,992 
 
 1900 42,433 
 
 1896-1900 169,835 
 
 1901 46,076 
 
 1902 47,870 
 
 1903 51,896 
 
 1904 58,211 
 
 1905 57,665 
 
 1901-1905 261,718 
 
 1906 62,210 
 
 1907 66,174 
 
 1908 64,277 
 
 1909 67,390 
 
 1910 76,916 
 
 1906-1910 336,967 
 
 1911 78,216 
 
 1912 80,165 
 
 1913 86,806 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 515 
 614 
 750 
 
 832 
 943 
 
 17,727 
 
 4,324 
 4,770 
 5,285 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.4 
 3.1 
 3.2 
 
 3,654 
 
 3.1 
 
 1.087 
 
 3.6 
 
 1,180 
 
 4.0 
 
 1,214 
 
 3.9 
 
 1,413 
 
 3.9 
 
 1,616 
 
 3.8 
 
 6,510 
 
 3.8 
 
 1,877 
 
 4.1 
 
 1,986 
 
 4.1 
 
 2,304 
 
 4.4 
 
 2,530 
 
 4.8 
 
 2,766 
 
 4.8 
 
 11,463 
 
 4.4 
 
 3,110 
 
 5.0 
 
 3,375 
 
 5.1 
 
 3,414 
 
 5.3 
 
 3,684 
 
 5.5 
 
 4,144 
 
 5.4 
 
 5.3 
 
 5.5 
 6.0 
 
 6.1 
 
 321 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 2 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Sex 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Caucer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Year 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1891 
 
 8,916 
 
 173 
 
 1.9 
 
 8,504 
 
 342 
 
 4.0 
 
 1892 
 
 10,544 
 
 203 
 
 1.9 
 
 9,895 
 
 411 
 
 4.2 
 
 1893 
 
 11,612 
 
 237 
 
 2.0 
 
 10,578 
 
 513 
 
 4.8 
 
 1894 
 
 13,981 
 
 294 
 
 2.1 
 
 12,546 
 
 538 
 
 4.3 
 
 1895 
 
 15,473 
 
 319 
 
 2.1 
 2.0 
 
 14,247 
 
 624 
 
 4.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 60,526 
 
 1,226 
 
 55,770 
 
 2,428 
 
 4.4 
 
 1896 
 
 15,565 
 
 394 
 
 2.5 
 
 14,885 
 
 693 
 
 4.7 
 
 1897 
 
 14,913 
 
 394 
 
 2.6 
 
 14,651 
 
 786 
 
 5.4 
 
 1898 
 
 15,868 
 
 423 
 
 2.7 
 
 15,528 
 
 791 
 
 5.1 
 
 1899 
 
 17,981 
 
 445 
 
 2.5 
 
 18,011 
 
 968 
 
 5.4 
 
 1900 
 
 21,267 
 
 566 
 
 2.7 
 2.6 
 
 21,166 
 84,241 
 
 1,050 
 
 5.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 85,594 
 
 2,222 
 
 4,288 
 
 5.1 
 
 1901 
 
 23,065 
 
 609 
 
 2.6 
 
 23,011 
 
 1,268 
 
 5.5 
 
 1902 
 
 24,106 
 
 611 
 
 2.5 
 
 23,764 
 
 1,375 
 
 5.8 
 
 1903 
 
 26,277 
 
 757 
 
 2.9 
 
 25,619 
 
 1,547 
 
 6.0 
 
 1904 
 
 28,942 
 
 825 
 
 2.9 
 
 29,269 
 
 1,705 
 
 5.8 
 
 1905 
 
 28,380 
 
 910 
 
 3.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 29,285 
 
 1,856 
 
 6.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 .... 130,770 
 
 3,712 
 
 130,948 
 
 7,751 
 
 5.9 
 
 1906 
 
 31,242 
 
 992 
 
 3.2 
 
 30,968 
 
 2,118 
 
 6.8 
 
 1907 
 
 33,591 
 
 1,128 
 
 3.4 
 
 32,583 
 
 ■ 2,247 
 
 6.9 
 
 1908 
 
 31,803 
 
 1,127 
 
 3.5 
 
 32,474 
 
 2,287 
 
 7.0 
 
 1909 
 
 34,038 
 
 1,215 
 
 3.6 
 
 33,352 
 
 2,469 
 
 7.4 
 
 1910 
 
 38,499 
 
 1,310 
 
 3.4 
 3.4 
 
 38,417 
 
 2,834 
 
 7.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 .... 169,173 
 
 5,772 
 
 167,794 
 
 11,955 
 
 7.1 
 
 1911 
 
 38,881 
 
 1,414 
 
 3.6 
 
 39,335 
 
 2,910 
 
 7.4 
 
 1912 
 
 40,128 
 
 1,516 
 
 3.8 
 
 40,037 
 
 3.254 
 
 8.1 
 
 1913 
 
 43,587 
 
 1,7.57 
 
 4.0 
 
 43,219 
 
 3,528 
 
 8.2 
 
 322 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 3 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and from All Causes, by Age and Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 
 Ages Causes 
 
 Under 5 20,747 
 
 5-9 9,922 
 
 10-14 5,153 
 
 15-19 7,659 
 
 20-24 10,079 
 
 25-29 10,523 
 
 30-34 11,409 
 
 35-39 12,338 
 
 40-44 12,288 
 
 45-49 12,629 
 
 50-54 13,669 
 
 55-59 14,678 
 
 60-64 16,011 
 
 65-69 15,177 
 
 70-74 11,910 
 
 75-79 7,443 
 
 80 and over 3,498 
 
 Total 195,133 
 
 7,212 
 
 3.7 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 I 
 Deaths 
 
 "EMALES 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 49 
 
 0.2 
 
 17,962 
 
 37 
 
 0.2 
 
 49 
 
 0.5 
 
 8,376 
 
 25 
 
 0.3 
 
 25 
 
 0.5 
 
 4,502 
 
 23 
 
 0.5 
 
 44 
 
 0.6 
 
 7,004 
 
 48 
 
 0.7 
 
 62 
 
 0.6 
 
 10,399 
 
 76 
 
 0.7 
 
 75 
 
 0.7 
 
 10,964 
 
 191 
 
 1.7 
 
 121 
 
 1.1 
 
 10,726 
 
 450 
 
 4.2 
 
 206 
 
 1.7 
 
 10,855 
 
 798 
 
 7.4 
 
 338 
 
 2.8 
 
 10,822 
 
 1,354 
 
 12.5 
 
 578 
 
 4.6 
 
 11,367 
 
 1,731 
 
 15.2 
 
 857 
 
 6.3 
 
 13,233 
 
 2,203 
 
 16.6 
 
 1,103 
 
 7.5 
 
 14,709 
 
 2,166 
 
 14.7 
 
 1,304 
 
 8.1 
 
 16,969 
 
 2,090 
 
 12.3 
 
 1,141 
 
 7.5 
 
 17,165 
 
 1,779 
 
 10.4 
 
 727 
 
 6.1 
 
 14,685 
 
 1,195 
 
 8.1 
 
 409 
 
 5.5 
 
 9,552 
 
 607 
 
 6.4 
 
 124 
 
 3.5 
 
 5,070 
 
 222 
 
 4.4 
 
 194,360 14,995 
 
 7.7 
 
 Table 4 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 Mortality from Sarcoma and from Other Forms of Cancer, by Age 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Number 
 
 of Per 
 
 Ages Deaths Cent. 
 
 Under 5 29 4.7 
 
 5-9 21 3.4 
 
 10-19 48 7.8 
 
 20-29 74 12.0 
 
 30-39 72 11.7 
 
 40-49 81 13.1 
 
 50-59 128 20.7 
 
 60-69 119 19.3 
 
 70-79 42 6.8 
 
 80 and over 3 0.5 
 
 Total 617 100.0 
 
 Under 40 244 39.6 
 
 40 and over 373 60.4 
 
 Other Forms 
 OF Cancer 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Deaths 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 36 
 
 0.2 
 
 25 
 
 0.2 
 
 60 
 
 0.4 
 
 218 
 
 1.3 
 
 1,132 
 
 6.9 
 
 2,967 
 
 18.2 
 
 4,663 
 
 28.6 
 
 4,725 
 
 29.0 
 
 2,218 
 
 13.6 
 
 255 
 
 1.6 
 
 16,299 
 
 100.0 
 
 1,471 
 
 9.0 
 
 14,828 
 
 91.0 
 
 323 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 5 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Sarcoma and from Other Forms of Cancer 
 
 by Age and Sex 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Other Forms 
 OF Cancer 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Other Forms 
 OF Cancer 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 of 
 
 Per 
 
 of Per 
 
 of 
 
 Per 
 
 of Per 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Deaths Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Deaths Cent. 
 
 Under 5 
 
 18 
 
 6.1 
 
 17 0.3 
 
 11 
 
 3.4 
 
 19 0.2 
 
 5-9 
 
 14 
 
 4.8 
 
 15 0.3 
 
 7 
 
 2.2 
 
 10 0.1 
 
 10-19 
 
 26 
 
 8.8 
 
 24 0.5 
 
 22 
 
 6.8 
 
 36 0.3 
 
 20-29 
 
 43 
 
 14.6 
 
 55 1.1 
 
 31 
 
 9.6 
 
 163 1.5 
 
 30-39 
 
 33 
 
 11.2 
 
 217 4.2 
 
 39 
 
 12.1 
 
 915 8.2 
 
 40-49 
 
 34 
 
 11.6 
 
 670 13.0 
 
 47 
 
 14.6 
 
 2,297 20.6 
 
 50-59 
 
 54 
 
 18.4 
 
 1,407 27.2 
 
 74 
 
 22.9 
 
 3,256 29.2 
 
 60-69 
 
 54 
 
 18.4 
 
 1,815 35.2 
 
 65 
 
 20.1 
 
 2,910 26.1 
 
 70-79 
 
 17 
 
 5.8 
 
 850 16.5 
 
 25 
 
 7.7 
 
 1,368 12.3 
 
 80 and over 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 91 1.7 
 
 2 
 323 
 
 0.6 
 
 164 1.5 
 
 
 294 
 
 
 Total 
 
 100.0 
 
 5,161 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 11,138 100.0 
 
 Under 40 
 
 134 
 
 45.5 
 
 328 6.4 
 
 110 
 
 34.1 
 
 1,143 10.3 
 
 40 and over 
 
 160 
 
 54.5 
 
 4,833 93.6 
 
 213 
 
 65.9 
 
 9,995 89.7 
 
 Table 6 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Average Age at Death, by Organs and 
 
 Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines 
 and rectum 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Deaths 
 
 603 
 3,628 
 
 819 
 
 36 
 
 346 
 
 1,470 
 
 310 
 
 7,212 
 
 MALES 
 
 Aggregate 
 Years 
 of Life 
 
 35,768 
 213,200 
 
 46,189 
 
 2,026 
 21,715 
 
 79,827 
 17,590 
 
 Average 
 Age at 
 Death 
 
 59.3 
 
 58.8 
 
 56.4 
 
 56.3 
 62.8 
 54.3 
 56.7 
 
 57.7 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Deaths 
 
 157 
 
 5,022 
 
 1,576 
 
 4,180 
 
 1,737 
 
 261 
 
 1,235 
 
 827 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Aggregate 
 Years 
 of Life 
 
 9,377 
 293,488 
 
 89,334 
 
 215,.397 
 94,966 
 
 16,475 
 64,896 
 44,494 
 
 Average 
 Age at 
 Death 
 
 59.7 
 
 68.4 
 
 66.7 
 
 Female generative or- 
 gans 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Organs not specified . . . 
 
 51.5 
 54.7 
 63.1 
 52.5 
 53.8 
 
 All organs 
 
 416,315 
 
 14,995 
 
 828,427 
 
 55.2 
 
 324 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 7 
 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of Tlie Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Sarcoma and Average Age at Death, by Organs 
 
 and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 Number 
 Organ or Part of 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Buccal cavity 18 
 
 Stomach and liver 23 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 20 
 
 Breast 1 
 
 Skin 10 
 
 Other organs 184 
 
 Organs not specified 38 
 
 All organs 294 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Buccal cavity 20 
 
 Stomach and liver 30 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 24 
 
 Female generative organs 23 
 
 Breast 6 
 
 Skin 12 
 
 Other organs 155 
 
 Organs not specified 53 
 
 All organs 323 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Average 
 
 \ear3 
 
 Age at 
 
 of Life 
 
 Death 
 
 864 
 
 48.0 
 
 907 
 
 39.4 
 
 791 
 
 39.6 
 
 42 
 
 42.0 
 
 451 
 
 45.1 
 
 7,032 
 
 38.2 
 
 1,927 
 
 50.7 
 
 12.014 
 
 40.9 
 
 1,110 
 
 55.5 
 
 1,567 
 
 52.2 
 
 1,171 
 
 48.8 
 
 963 
 
 41.9 
 
 331 
 
 55.2 
 
 567 
 
 47.3 
 
 6,834 
 
 44.1 
 
 2,426 
 
 45.8 
 
 14,969 
 
 46.3 
 
 325 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 8 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — ^White 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Single Years of Life, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 63 
 
 11 
 
 S3 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 64 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 85 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 72 
 70 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 72 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 65 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 65 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 126 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 105 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 112 
 
 7 
 
 112 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 136 
 
 15 
 
 255 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 252 
 
 8 
 
 144 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 209 
 
 11 
 
 209 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 240 
 
 9 
 
 180 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 231 
 
 8 
 
 168 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 396 
 
 15 
 
 330 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 115 
 
 17 
 
 391 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 384 
 
 27 
 
 648 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 500 
 
 16 
 
 400 
 
 26..... 
 
 17 
 
 442 
 
 32 
 
 832 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 432 
 
 35 
 
 945 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 308 
 
 56 
 
 1,568 
 
 29 
 
 11 
 
 319 
 
 52 
 
 1.508 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 510 
 
 63 
 
 1,890 
 
 31 
 
 17 
 
 527 
 
 80 
 
 2,480 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 928 
 
 94 
 
 3,008 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 957 
 
 99 
 
 3,267 
 
 34 
 
 29 
 
 986 
 
 114 
 
 3,876 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 1,330 
 
 112 
 
 3,920 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 1,332 
 
 138 
 
 4,968 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 1,443 
 
 147 
 
 5,439 
 
 38 
 
 47 
 
 1,786 
 
 200 
 
 7.600 
 
 39 
 
 45 
 
 1,755 
 
 201 
 
 7,839 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 1,880 
 
 243 
 
 9,720 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 2,009 
 
 243 
 
 9,963 
 
 42 
 
 83 
 
 3,486 
 
 278 
 
 11,676 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 3,096 
 
 277 
 
 11,911 
 
 
 87 
 
 3,828 
 
 313 
 
 13,772 
 
 45 
 
 107 
 
 4,815 
 
 311 
 
 13,995 
 
 46 
 
 121 
 
 5,566 
 
 311 
 
 14,306 
 
 47 
 
 110 
 
 5,170 
 
 355 
 
 16,685 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 5,328 
 
 377 
 
 18,096 
 
 49 
 
 129 
 
 6,321 
 
 377 
 
 18,473 
 
 326 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 8 (concluded) 
 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Single Years of Life, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 MALES 
 
 Age Number 
 
 at of 
 
 Death Deaths 
 
 60 16-1 
 
 51 167 
 
 52 193 
 
 53 164 
 
 54 169 
 
 55 207 
 
 56 206 
 
 57 219 
 
 58 225 
 
 59 246 
 
 60 235 
 
 61 268 
 
 62 251 
 
 63 284 
 
 64 266 
 
 65 269 
 
 66 245 
 
 67 209 
 
 68 207 
 
 69 211 
 
 70 205 
 
 71 154 
 
 72. 124 
 
 73 142 
 
 74 102 
 
 75 125 
 
 76 88 
 
 77 85 
 
 78 64 
 
 79 ; 47 
 
 80 34 
 
 81 34 
 
 82 16 
 
 83 14 
 
 84 9 
 
 85 5 
 
 86 5 
 
 87 3 
 
 88 1 
 
 89 
 
 90 1 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 93 2 
 
 Total 7,212 
 
 Average age 
 
 Aggregate 
 Years of 
 
 Life 
 
 8,200 
 
 8,517 
 
 10,036 
 
 8,692 
 
 9,126 
 
 11,385 
 
 11,536 
 
 12,483 
 
 13,050 
 
 14,514 
 
 14,100 
 
 16,348 
 
 15,562 
 
 17,892 
 
 17,024 
 
 17,485 
 
 16,170 
 
 14,003 
 
 14,076 
 
 14,559 
 
 14,350 
 
 10,934 
 
 8,928 
 
 10,366 
 
 7,548 
 
 9,375 
 
 6,688 
 
 6,545 
 
 4,992 
 
 3,713 
 
 2,720 
 
 2,754 
 
 1,312 
 
 1,162 
 
 756 
 
 425 
 
 430 
 
 261 
 
 90 
 
 186 
 
 416,315 
 
 57.7 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 STumber 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 428 
 
 21,400 
 
 459 
 
 23,409 
 
 449 
 
 23,348 
 
 443 
 
 23,479 
 
 424 
 
 22,896 
 
 423 
 
 23,265 
 
 457 
 
 25,592 
 
 414 
 
 23,598 
 
 410 
 
 23,780 
 
 462 
 
 27,258 
 
 423 
 
 25,380 
 
 404 
 
 24,644 
 
 421 
 
 26,102 
 
 406 
 
 25,578 
 
 436 
 
 27,904 
 
 382 
 
 24,830 
 
 393 
 
 25,938 
 
 356 
 
 23,852 
 
 313 
 
 21,284 
 
 335 
 
 23,115 
 
 298 
 
 20,860 
 
 263 
 
 18,673 
 
 240 
 
 17,280 
 
 205 
 
 14,965 
 
 189 
 
 13,986 
 
 168 
 
 12,600 
 
 131 
 
 9,956 
 
 118 
 
 9,086 
 
 106 
 
 8,268 
 
 84 
 
 6,636 
 
 62 
 
 4,960 
 
 46 
 
 3,726 
 
 38 
 
 3,116 
 
 28 
 
 2,324 
 
 18 
 
 1,512 
 
 16 
 
 1,360 
 
 6 
 
 616 
 
 6 
 
 522 
 
 *i 
 
 89 
 
 1 
 
 90 
 
 14,995 
 
 828,427 
 55.2 
 
 327 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 9 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — Wliite 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 io 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 ... . ...... 1 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 i 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 2i 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 si 
 
 2 
 
 62 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 i 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 105 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 108 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 156 
 
 i 
 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 6 
 
 246 
 
 2 
 
 82 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 252 
 
 3 
 
 126 
 
 43 ... 
 
 7 
 
 301 
 308 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 225 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 9 
 
 414 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 7 
 
 329 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 16 
 
 768 
 
 2 
 
 96 
 
 328 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 9 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths Life 
 
 49 
 
 17 
 
 833 
 
 2 98 
 
 50 
 
 18 
 
 900 
 
 4 200 
 
 51 
 
 13 
 
 663 
 
 2 102 
 
 52 
 
 15 
 
 780 
 
 3 156 
 
 53 .1.... 
 
 13 
 
 689 
 
 6 318 
 
 54 
 
 16 
 
 864 
 
 2 108 
 
 55 
 
 18 
 
 990 
 
 2 110 
 
 56 
 
 19 
 
 1,064 
 
 6 336 
 
 57 
 
 22 
 
 1,254 
 
 4 228 
 
 58 
 
 18 
 
 1,044 
 
 7 406 
 
 59 
 
 27 
 
 1,593 
 
 3 177 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 1,080 
 
 1 60 
 
 61 
 
 18 
 
 1,098 
 
 3 183 
 
 62 
 
 16 
 
 992 
 
 5 310 
 
 63 
 
 25 
 
 1,575 
 
 3 189 
 
 64 
 
 21 
 
 1,344 
 
 5 320 
 
 65 
 
 22 
 
 1.430 
 
 5 325 
 
 66 
 
 17 
 
 1,122 
 
 10 660 
 
 67 
 
 19 
 
 1,273 
 
 5 335 
 
 68 
 
 20 
 
 1,360 
 
 1 68 
 
 69 
 
 19 
 
 1,311 
 1,120 
 
 4 276 
 
 70 
 
 16 
 
 5 350 
 
 71 
 
 11 
 
 781 
 
 3 213 
 
 72 
 
 11 
 
 792 
 
 3 216 
 
 73 
 
 16 
 
 1,168 
 
 3 219 
 
 74 
 
 12 
 
 888 
 
 6 444 
 
 75 
 
 13 
 
 975 
 
 6 450 
 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 760 
 
 5 380 
 
 77 
 
 5 
 
 385 
 
 1 77 
 
 78 
 
 5 
 
 390 
 
 5 390 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 237 
 
 2 158 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 160 
 
 1 80 
 
 81 
 
 6 
 
 486 
 
 2 162 
 
 82 
 
 5 
 
 410 
 
 
 83 
 
 1 
 
 83 
 
 2 166 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 1 84 
 
 85 
 
 . ; 2 
 
 170 
 
 1 85 
 
 86 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 .. 
 
 Total 
 
 603 
 
 35,768 
 
 157 9,377 
 
 Average age 
 
 
 59.3 
 
 59.7 
 
 329 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 10 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 15... 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 
 , , 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 80 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 i 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 192 
 
 4 
 
 96 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 104 
 
 5 
 
 130 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 108 
 
 7 
 
 189 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 140 
 
 7 
 
 196 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
 7 
 
 203 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 90 
 
 7 
 
 210 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 248 
 
 17 
 
 527 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 224 
 
 15 
 
 480 
 
 33 
 
 11 
 
 363 
 
 21 
 
 693 
 
 34 
 
 15 
 
 510 
 
 21 
 
 714 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 525 
 
 22 
 
 770 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 648 
 
 20 
 
 720 
 
 37 
 
 19 
 
 703 
 
 21 
 
 777 
 
 38 
 
 24 
 
 912 
 
 43 
 
 1,634 
 
 39 
 
 23 
 
 897 
 
 43 
 
 1,677 
 
 40 
 
 21 
 
 840 
 
 56 
 
 2,240 
 
 41 
 
 25 
 
 1,025 
 
 47 
 
 1,927 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 1,764 
 
 67 
 
 2,814 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 1,505 
 
 55 
 
 2,365 
 
 44 
 
 51 
 
 2,244 
 
 63 
 
 2,772 
 
 45 
 
 55 
 
 2,475 
 
 78 
 
 3,510 
 
 46 
 
 62 
 
 2,852 
 
 75 
 
 3,450 
 
 47 
 
 57 
 
 2,679 
 
 97 
 
 4,559 
 
 48 
 
 57 
 
 2,736 
 
 108 
 
 5,184 
 
 330 
 
APPKXDIX D 
 
 Table 10 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of 
 
 \ ears of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 2,744 
 
 110 
 
 5,390 
 
 50 
 
 79 
 
 3,950 
 
 109 
 
 5,450 
 
 51 
 
 94 
 
 4,794 
 
 136 
 
 6,936 
 
 52 
 
 115 
 
 5,980 
 
 158 
 
 8,216 
 
 53 
 
 89 
 
 4,717 
 
 127 
 
 6,731 
 
 54 
 
 88 
 
 4,752 
 
 148 
 
 7,992 
 
 55 
 
 113 
 
 6,215 
 
 145 
 
 7,975 
 
 56 
 
 Ill 
 
 6,216 
 
 165 
 
 9,240 
 
 57 
 
 Ill 
 
 6,327 
 
 166 
 
 9,462 
 
 58 
 
 118 
 
 6,844 
 
 156 
 
 9,048 
 
 59 
 
 146 
 
 8,614 
 
 201 
 
 11,859 
 
 60 
 
 120 
 
 7,200 
 
 176 
 
 10,560 
 
 61 
 
 165 
 
 10,065 
 
 177 
 
 10,797 
 
 62 
 
 151 
 
 9,362 
 
 183 
 
 11,346 
 
 63 
 
 153 
 
 9,639 
 
 158 
 
 9,954 
 
 64 
 
 145 
 
 9,280 
 
 188 
 
 12,032 
 
 65 
 
 144 
 
 9,360 
 
 164 
 
 10,660 
 
 66 
 
 132 
 
 8,712 
 
 171 
 
 11,286 
 
 67 
 
 107 
 
 7,169 
 
 136 
 
 9,112 
 
 68 
 
 101 
 
 6,868 
 
 130 
 
 8,840 
 
 69 
 
 100 
 
 6,900 
 
 134 
 
 9,246 
 
 70 
 
 99 
 
 6,930 
 
 119 
 
 8,330 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 5,538 
 
 111 
 
 7,881 
 
 72 
 
 65 
 
 4,680 
 
 109 
 
 7,848 
 
 73 
 
 52 
 
 3,796 
 
 99 
 
 7,227 
 
 74 
 
 51 
 
 3,774 
 
 82 
 
 6,068 
 
 75 
 
 60 
 
 4,500 
 
 79 
 
 5,925 
 
 76 
 
 37 
 
 2,812 
 
 52 
 
 3,952 
 
 77 
 
 43 
 
 3,311 
 
 46 
 
 3,542 
 
 78 
 
 33 
 
 2,574 
 
 29 
 
 2,262 
 
 79 
 
 26 
 
 2,054 
 
 41 
 
 3,239 
 
 80 
 
 17 
 
 1,360 
 
 36 
 
 2,880 
 
 81 
 
 7 
 
 567 
 
 14 
 
 1,134 
 
 82 
 
 5 
 
 410 
 249 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 902 
 
 83 
 
 3 
 
 664 
 
 84 
 
 6 
 
 504 
 
 6 
 
 504 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 340 
 
 86 
 
 2 
 
 172 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 261 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 89 
 
 Total 
 
 3,628 
 
 213,200 
 
 5,022 
 
 293,488 
 
 Average age 
 
 
 58.8 
 
 
 58.4 
 
 331 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 11 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum 
 
 by Single Years of Life, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 
 , , 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 38 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 21 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 66 
 
 3 
 
 66 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 144 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 130 
 
 4 
 
 104 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 108 
 
 3 
 
 81 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 84 
 
 6 
 
 168 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 240 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 174 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 240 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 155 
 
 4 
 
 124 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 256 
 
 12 
 
 384 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 165 
 
 11 
 
 363 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 102 
 
 14 
 
 476 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 210 
 180 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 385 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 360 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 296 
 
 14 
 
 518 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 152 
 
 13 
 
 494 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 117 
 
 19 
 
 741 
 
 
 8 
 
 320 
 
 287 
 
 23 
 25 
 
 920 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 1,025 
 
 42 
 
 11 
 
 462 
 
 19 
 
 798 
 
 43 
 
 9 
 
 387 
 
 19 
 
 817 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 132 
 
 34 
 
 1,496 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 405 
 
 22 
 
 990 
 
 46 
 
 19 
 
 874 
 
 33 
 
 1,518 
 
 47 
 
 17 
 
 799 
 
 30 
 
 1,410 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 384 
 
 34 
 
 1,632 
 
 49 
 
 20 
 
 980 
 
 42 
 
 2,058 
 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 1,150 
 
 34 
 
 1,700 
 
 332 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 11 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — Whi te 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum 
 
 by Single Years of Life, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 Age 
 
 at 
 
 Death 
 
 51..., 
 52..., 
 53.... 
 54.... 
 55.... 
 56.... 
 57.... 
 58.... 
 59.... 
 60.... 
 61.... 
 62.... 
 63.... 
 64.... 
 
 65 
 
 66.... 
 67. . . . 
 68. . . . 
 69.... 
 70. . . . 
 71.... 
 72. . . . 
 73. . . . 
 74.... 
 75.... 
 76. . . . 
 77. . . . 
 78. . . . 
 79. . . . 
 80. . . . 
 81.... 
 82. . . . 
 83.... 
 84.... 
 85.... 
 86.... 
 87. . . . 
 88. . . . 
 89. . . . 
 90.,.. 
 91.... 
 9«.... 
 93. . . . 
 94.... 
 95. . . . 
 
 MALES 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 18 
 
 918 
 
 20 
 
 1,040 
 
 24 
 
 1,272 
 
 21 
 
 1,134 
 
 23 
 
 1,265 
 
 25 
 
 1,400 
 
 23 
 
 1,311 
 
 29 
 
 1,682 
 
 18 
 
 1,062 
 
 27 
 
 1,620 
 
 18 
 
 1,098 
 
 26 
 
 1,612 
 
 32 
 
 2,016 
 
 36 
 
 2,304 
 
 24 
 
 1,560 
 
 30 
 
 1,980 
 
 14 
 
 938 
 
 21 
 
 1,428 
 
 28 
 
 1,932 
 
 29 
 
 2,030 
 
 18 
 
 1,278 
 
 18 
 
 1,296 
 
 16 
 
 1,168 
 
 9 
 
 666 
 
 11 
 
 825 
 
 10 
 
 760 
 
 8 
 
 616 
 
 5 
 
 390 
 
 3 
 
 237 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 162 
 
 166 
 
 86 
 
 93 
 
 Total... 
 Average age. 
 
 819 
 
 46,189 
 56.4 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 41 
 
 2,091 
 
 39 
 
 2,028 
 
 58 
 
 3,074 
 
 43 
 
 2,322 
 
 47 
 
 2,585 
 
 47 
 
 2,632 
 
 29 
 
 1,653 
 
 41 
 
 2,378 
 
 46 
 
 2,714 
 
 45 
 
 2,700 
 
 43 
 
 2,623 
 
 47 
 
 2,914 
 
 54 
 
 3,402 
 
 56 
 
 3,584 
 
 46 
 
 2,990 
 
 53 
 
 3,498 
 
 45 
 
 3,015 
 
 25 
 
 1,700 
 
 44 
 
 3,036 
 
 39 
 
 2,730 
 
 42 
 
 2,982 
 
 30 
 
 2,160 
 
 20 
 
 1,460 
 
 23 
 
 1,702 
 
 21 
 
 1,575 
 
 17 
 
 1,292 
 
 10 
 
 770 
 
 17 
 
 1,326 
 
 9 
 
 711 
 
 5 
 
 400 
 
 5 
 
 405 
 
 6 
 
 492 
 
 4 
 
 332 
 
 3 
 
 252 
 
 3 
 
 255 
 
 90 
 
 1,576 
 
 89,334 
 56.7 
 
 333 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 12 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Generative Organs 
 
 by Single Years of Life 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 2 ... 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 47 
 
 ... 121 
 
 5,687 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 ... 125 
 
 6,000 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 ... 122 
 
 5,978 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 ... 174 
 
 8,700 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 ... 156 
 ... 141 
 
 7,956 
 
 7 
 
 
 7,332 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 io 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 ... 136 
 ... 140 
 ... 127 
 
 7,208 
 
 9 
 
 
 7,560 
 
 10 
 
 
 6,985 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 56. 
 
 ... 128 
 
 7,056 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 ... 115 
 
 6,555 
 
 13 
 
 
 13 
 
 58 
 
 ... 104 
 
 6,032 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 ... Ill 
 
 6,549 
 
 15 .. 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 95 
 
 5,700 
 
 16 
 
 
 16 
 
 61 
 
 ... 81 
 
 4,941 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 62 
 
 ... 96 
 
 5,952 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 63 
 
 93 
 
 5,859 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 64 
 
 ... 81 
 
 5,184 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 65 
 
 ... 75 
 
 4,875 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 42 
 
 66 
 
 ... 58 
 
 3,828 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 75 
 
 5,025 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 115 
 
 68 
 
 ... 67 
 
 4,556 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 216 
 
 69 
 
 ... 69 
 
 4,761 
 
 
 5 
 
 125 
 
 70 
 
 ... 51 
 
 3,570 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 416 
 
 71 
 
 39 
 
 2,769 
 
 27 
 
 15 
 
 405 
 
 72 
 
 ... 34 
 
 2,448 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 672 
 
 73 
 
 ... 25 
 
 1,825 
 
 29 
 
 18 
 
 522 
 
 74 
 
 25 
 
 1,850 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 780 
 
 75 
 
 16 
 
 1,200 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 1,054 
 
 76 
 
 20 
 
 1,520 
 
 32 
 
 47 
 
 1,504 
 
 77 
 
 17 
 
 1,309 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 1,320 
 
 78 
 
 16 
 
 1,248 
 
 34 
 
 46 
 
 1,564 
 
 79 
 
 5 
 
 395 
 
 35 
 
 51 
 
 1,785 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 36 
 
 65 
 
 2,340 
 
 81 
 
 6 
 
 486 
 
 37 
 
 74 
 
 2,738 
 
 82 
 
 6 
 
 492 
 
 38 
 
 81 
 
 3,078 
 2,652 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 6 
 
 498 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 
 40 
 
 90 
 
 3,600 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 93 
 
 3,813 
 
 86 
 
 i 
 
 86 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 115 
 
 113 
 
 4.830 
 4,859 
 
 87 
 
 1 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 125 
 
 5,500 
 
 Total 
 
 . . . 4,180 
 
 215,397 
 
 45 
 
 126 
 
 5,670 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 117 
 
 5,382 
 
 Average age. . . 
 
 
 51.5 
 
 334 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 13 
 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Breast, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 at 
 
 Death 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Deaths 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Years of 
 
 Life 
 
 Number Aggregate 
 
 of Years of 
 Deaths Life 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 2 44 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 i 24 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 2 50 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 3 81 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 3 84 
 
 29 
 
 
 4 116 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 11 330 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 9 279 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 8 256 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 13 429 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 LO 340 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 12 420 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 23 828 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 
 17 629 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 34 1,292 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 ! 
 
 34 1,326 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 32 1,280 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 44 1,804 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 
 31 1,302 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 48 2,064 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 
 12 1,848 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 180 
 
 
 tl 1,845 
 
 46 ». 
 
 
 
 
 34 1,564 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 
 52 2,444 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 31 2,448 
 
 335 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 13 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Breast, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Nvunber 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths Life 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 51 2,499 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 50 2,500 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 67 3,417 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 57 2,964 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 56 2,968 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 45 2,430 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 165 
 
 43 2,365 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 56 
 
 54 3,024 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 45 2,565 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 116 
 
 46 2,668 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 41 2,419 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 42 2,520 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 53 3,233 
 
 62 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 
 42 2,604 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 36 2,268 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 41 2,624 
 
 65 
 
 2 
 
 130 
 
 39 2,535 
 
 66 
 
 
 40 2,640 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 201 
 
 38 2,546 
 
 
 
 207 
 
 36 2,448 
 
 69 
 
 3 
 
 30 2,070 
 
 
 2 
 
 140 
 
 36 2,520 
 
 71 
 
 
 31 2,201 
 
 72 
 
 
 26 1,872 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 23 1,679 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 23 1,702 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 17 1,275 
 
 
 
 
 16 1,216 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 9 693 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 5 390 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 14 1,106 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 8 640 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 5 405 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 4 328 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 3 249 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 2 168 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 86 
 
 i 86 
 
 Total 
 
 2,026 
 
 1,737 94,966 
 
 
 
 56.3 
 
 54.7 
 
 
 
 
 336 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 14 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age Number Agg 
 
 regate Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of Ye 
 
 irs of of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death Deaths I 
 
 ife Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 3 i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 , . 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 19 ,. 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 1 <, 
 
 15 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 2 
 
 56 
 
 29 
 
 1 j 
 
 i9 1 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 2 ( 
 
 34 1 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 2 ( 
 
 56 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 i i 
 
 56 i 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 1 i 
 
 2 
 
 }8 
 
 r8 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 40 
 
 2 i 
 
 50 2 
 
 80 
 
 41 
 
 1 i 
 
 H 3 
 
 123 
 
 42 
 
 5 2] 
 
 LO 2 
 
 84 
 
 43 
 
 2 i 
 
 56 4 
 
 172 
 
 44 
 
 2 { 
 
 58 1 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 5 25 
 
 15 5 
 
 225 
 
 46 
 
 7 3$ 
 
 1% 
 
 
 47 
 
 3 1^ 
 
 H 3 
 
 141 
 
 48 
 
 4 U 
 
 m 3 
 
 144 
 
 337 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 14 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Single Years of Life 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 49 
 
 6 
 
 294 
 
 5 
 
 245 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 150 
 
 3 
 
 150 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 204 
 
 4 
 
 204 
 
 52 
 
 5 
 
 260 
 
 2 
 
 104 
 
 53 
 
 5 
 
 265 
 
 4 
 
 212 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 540 
 
 1 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 7 
 
 385 
 
 7 
 
 385 
 
 5Q 
 
 6 
 
 336 
 
 6 
 
 336 
 
 57 
 
 11 
 
 627 
 
 5 
 
 285 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 290 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 232 
 
 59 
 
 11 
 
 649 
 
 3 
 
 177 
 
 GO 
 
 14 
 
 840 
 
 5 
 
 300 
 
 61 
 
 16 
 
 976 
 
 8 
 
 488 
 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 682 
 
 10 
 
 620 
 
 63 
 
 11 
 
 693 
 
 8 
 
 604 
 
 64 
 
 9 
 
 576 
 
 10 
 
 640 
 
 65 
 
 14 
 
 910 
 
 3 
 
 195 
 
 66 
 
 16 
 
 1,056 
 
 8 
 
 528 
 
 67 
 
 11 
 
 737 
 
 6 
 
 402 
 
 68 
 
 11 
 
 748 
 
 12 
 
 816 
 
 69 
 
 11 
 
 759 
 
 8 
 
 552 
 
 70 
 
 10 
 
 700 
 
 11 
 
 770 
 
 71 
 
 .....'... 8 
 
 568 
 
 6 
 
 426 
 
 72 
 
 11 
 
 792 
 876 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 720 
 
 73 
 
 12 
 
 511 
 
 74 
 
 9 
 
 666 
 
 8 
 
 592 
 
 75 
 
 9 
 
 675 
 760 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 375 
 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 380 
 
 77 
 
 6 
 
 462 
 
 10 
 
 770 
 
 78 
 
 2 
 
 156 
 
 6 
 
 468 
 
 79 
 
 6 
 
 474 
 
 8 
 
 632 
 
 80 
 
 8 
 
 640 
 
 4 
 
 320 
 
 81 
 
 8 
 
 648 
 
 6 
 
 486 
 
 82 
 
 2 
 
 164 
 83 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 328 
 
 83 
 
 1 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 252 
 
 85 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 6 
 
 510 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 346 
 
 261 
 
 1 
 
 261 
 
 87 
 
 Total 
 
 21,715 
 
 16,475 
 
 Average Age 
 
 
 62.8 
 
 
 63.1 
 
 338 
 
APPENDIX J) 
 
 Table 15 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs 
 
 by Single Years of Life, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Age 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 at 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Life 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 42 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 42 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 65 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 80 
 
 5 
 
 80 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 119 
 
 10 
 
 170 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 180 
 
 6 
 
 108 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 152 
 
 7 
 
 133 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 160 
 126 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 63 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 286 
 
 5 
 
 110 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 92 
 144 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 184 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 168 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 300 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 208 
 
 6 
 
 156 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 216 
 
 7 
 
 189 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 84 
 174 
 180 
 
 14 
 15 
 11 
 
 392 
 
 29 
 
 6 
 
 435 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 330 
 
 31 
 
 Ci 
 
 93 
 
 14 
 
 434 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 352 
 
 10 
 
 320 
 
 33 
 
 11 
 
 363 
 
 14 
 
 462 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 340 
 
 21 
 
 714 
 
 35 
 
 14 
 
 490 
 
 15 
 
 525 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 360 
 
 18 
 
 648 
 
 37 
 
 11 
 
 407 
 
 20 
 
 740 
 
 38 
 
 17 
 
 646 
 
 29 
 
 1,102 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 468 
 
 36 
 
 1,404 
 
 40 
 
 14 
 
 560 
 
 39 
 
 1,560 
 
 41 
 
 10 
 
 410 
 
 29 
 
 1,189 
 
 42 
 
 18 
 
 756 
 
 41 
 
 1,722 
 
 43 
 
 18 
 
 774 
 
 37 
 
 1,591 
 
 44 
 
 23 
 
 1,012 
 
 47 
 
 2,068 
 
 45 
 
 29 
 
 1,305 
 
 38 
 
 1,710 
 
 46 
 
 24 
 
 1,104 
 
 51 
 
 2,346 
 
 47 
 
 25 
 
 1,175 
 
 51 
 
 2,397 
 
 48 
 
 26 
 
 1,248 
 
 54 
 
 2,592 
 
 49 
 
 30 
 
 1,470 
 
 45 
 
 2,205 
 
 339 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 15 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specijfied Organs 
 
 by Single Years of Life, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 IVIALES 
 
 Age Number 
 
 at of 
 
 Death Deaths 
 
 50 40 
 
 51 37 
 
 52 37 
 
 53 33 
 
 54 34 
 
 55 43 
 
 56 44 
 
 57 51 
 
 58 53 
 
 59 44 
 
 60 55 
 
 61 51 
 
 62 46 
 
 63 63 
 
 64 54 
 
 65 63 
 
 66 50 
 
 67 55 
 
 68 54 
 
 69 50 
 
 70 49 
 
 71 39 
 
 72 19 
 
 73 45 
 
 74 21 
 
 75 32 
 
 76 21 
 
 77 23 
 
 78 19 
 
 79 9 
 
 80 6 
 
 81 11 
 
 82 4 
 
 83 7 
 
 84 3 
 
 85 2 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 88 1 
 
 89 
 
 90 1 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 93 1 
 
 Total 1,780 
 
 Average age 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Years of 
 
 Life 
 
 2,000 
 1,887 
 1,924 
 1,749 
 1,836 
 2,365 
 2,464 
 2,907 
 3,074 
 2,596 
 3,300 
 3,111 
 2,852 
 3,969 
 3,456 
 4,095 
 3,300 
 3,685 
 3,672 
 3,450 
 3,430 
 2,769 
 1,368 
 3,285 
 1,554 
 2,400 
 1,596 
 1,771 
 1,482 
 711 
 480 
 891 
 328 
 581 
 252 
 170 
 
 90 
 
 93 
 
 97,417 
 
 54.7 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 S^umber 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 of 
 
 Years of 
 
 Deaths 
 
 .Life 
 
 54 
 
 2,700 
 
 53 
 
 2,703 
 
 49 
 
 2,548 
 
 56 
 
 2,968 
 
 45 
 
 2,430 
 
 52 
 
 2,860 
 
 53 
 
 2,968 
 
 50 
 
 2,850 
 
 52 
 
 3,016 
 
 57 
 
 3,363 
 
 59 
 
 3,540 
 
 39 
 
 2,379 
 
 38 
 
 2,356 
 
 54 
 
 3,402 
 
 55 
 
 3,520 
 
 50 
 
 3,250 
 
 53 
 
 3,498 
 
 51 
 
 3,417 
 
 42 
 
 2,856 
 
 46 
 
 3,174 
 
 37 
 
 2,590 
 
 31 
 
 2,201 
 
 28 
 
 2,016 
 
 28 
 
 2,044 
 
 22 
 
 1,628 
 
 24 
 
 1,800 
 
 16 
 
 1.216 
 
 25 
 
 1,925 
 
 28 
 
 2,184 
 
 5 
 
 395 
 
 7 
 
 560 
 
 8 
 
 648 
 
 7 
 
 574 
 
 4 
 
 332 
 
 3 
 
 252 
 
 2 
 
 170 
 
 2 
 
 172 
 
 1 
 
 87 
 
 2,062 
 
 109,390 
 53.1 
 
 340 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 16 
 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 at Divisional Periods of Life 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 MALES 
 AGES UNDER 35 
 
 No. of Per 
 
 Organ or Part Deaths Cent. 
 
 Buccal cavity 17 4.0 
 
 Stomach and liver 102 £4.0 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum ... 68 16.0 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 1 0.2 
 
 Skin 8 1.9 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . . . 229 53.9 
 
 All organs 425 100.0 
 
 AGES 35-44 
 
 Buccal cavity 39 7.2 
 
 Stomach and liver 273 50.2 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . . 64 11.8 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 5 0.9 
 
 Skin 16 2.9 
 
 Other or not specified organs 147 27.0 
 
 All organs 544 100.0 
 
 AGES 45-64 
 
 Buccal cavity 331 8.6 
 
 Stomach and liver 2,085 54.3 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . . 436 11.3 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 18 0.5 
 
 Skin 153 4.0 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . . . 819 21.3 
 
 All organs 3,842 100.0 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 No of 
 
 Per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Cent. 
 
 12 
 
 1.4 
 
 138 
 
 16.2 
 
 89 
 
 10.5 
 
 305 
 
 35.9 
 
 67 
 
 7.9 
 
 13 
 
 1.5 
 
 226 
 
 26.6 
 
 850 
 
 100.0 
 
 11 
 
 0.5 
 
 437 
 
 20.3 
 
 187 
 
 8.7 
 
 875 
 
 40.7 
 
 317 
 
 14.7 
 
 14 
 
 0.6 
 
 311 
 
 14.5 
 
 2.152 
 
 100.0 
 
 63 
 
 0.8 
 
 2,861 
 
 34.9 
 
 831 
 
 10.1 
 
 2,387 
 
 29.1 
 
 947 
 
 11.6 
 
 96 
 
 1.2 
 
 1,005 
 
 12.3 
 
 8,190 
 
 100.0 
 
 341 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 16 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 at Divisional Periods of Life 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 MALES 
 
 AGES 65 AND OVER 
 
 No. of Per 
 
 Organ or Part Deaths Cent. 
 
 Buccal cavity 216 9.0 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,188 48.6 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . . 251 10.5 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 12 0.5 
 
 Skin 169 7.0 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . . . 585 24.4 
 
 All organs 2,401 100.0 
 
 ALL AGES 
 
 Buccal cavity 603 8.4 
 
 Stomach and liver 3,628 50.3 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . . 819 11.3 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 36 0.5 
 
 Skin 346 4.8 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . . . 1,780 24.7 
 
 All organs 7,212 100.0 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 71 
 1,586 
 469 
 613 
 406 
 138 
 520 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 1.9 
 41.7 
 12.3 
 16.1 
 10.7 
 
 3.6 
 13.7 
 
 3,803 
 
 100.0 
 
 157 
 
 1.0 
 
 5,022 
 
 33.5 
 
 1,576 
 
 10.5 
 
 4,180 
 
 27.9 
 
 1,737 
 
 11.6 
 
 261 
 
 1.7 
 
 2,062 
 
 13.8 
 
 14,995 
 
 100.0 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 17 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 Mortality from Cancer at Divisional Periods of Life, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex 
 1909-1913 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total. . . 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 BUCCAL 
 
 CAVITY 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 2.8 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 6.5 
 
 331 
 
 
 
 54.9 
 
 216 
 
 
 
 35.8 
 
 . 603 " 100.0 
 
 STOMACH AND LIVER 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 12 
 11 
 63 
 71 
 
 7.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 40.1 
 
 45.2 
 
 Under 35 102 
 
 35-44 273 
 
 45-64 2,085 
 
 65 and over 1,168 
 
 7.5 
 57.5 
 
 Total. 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over . 
 
 Total. . . 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total... 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 , 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total... 
 
 Total 3,628 100.0 
 
 PERITONEUM, INTESTINES AND RECTUM 
 
 Under 35 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over 
 
 157 
 
 138 
 
 437 
 
 2,861 
 
 1,586 
 
 5,022 
 
 819 100.0 
 
 FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS 
 
 36 
 
 100.0 
 
 SKIN 
 
 346 
 
 100.0 
 
 1,576 
 
 1,737 
 
 100.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 8.7 
 
 57.0 
 
 31.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 68 
 
 8.3 
 
 89 
 
 5.6 
 
 64 
 
 7.8 
 
 187 
 
 11.9 
 
 436 
 
 53.2 
 
 831 
 
 52.7 
 
 251 
 
 30.7 
 
 469 
 
 29.8 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 305 
 
 7.3 
 
 
 875 
 
 20.9 
 
 
 2,387 
 
 57.1 
 
 
 613 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 4,180 
 
 100.0 
 
 BREAST 
 
 
 
 1 2.8 
 
 67 
 
 3.9 
 
 5 13.9 
 
 317 
 
 18.2 
 
 18 50.0 
 
 947 
 
 54.5 
 
 12 33.3 
 
 406 
 
 23.4 
 
 100.0 
 
 8 
 
 2.3 
 
 13 
 
 5.0 
 
 16 
 
 4.6 
 
 14 
 
 5.3 
 
 153 
 
 44.2 
 
 96 
 
 36.8 
 
 169 
 
 48.9 
 
 138 
 
 52.9 
 
 261 
 
 100.0 
 
 343 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 17 (concluded) 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 Mortality from Cancer at Divisional Periods of Life, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex 
 1909-1913 
 
 MALES 
 OTHER OR NOT SPECIFIED ORGANS 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over . 
 
 Total... 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 229 
 147 
 819 
 
 585 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 12.9 
 
 8.2 
 
 46.0 
 
 32.9 
 
 . . 1,780 100.0 
 
 ALL ORGANS AND PARTS 
 
 Under 35 425 
 
 35-44 544 
 
 45-64 3,842 
 
 65 and over 2,401 
 
 Total 7,212 
 
 5.9 
 
 7.5 
 
 53.3 
 
 33.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 226 
 
 311 
 
 1,005 
 
 520 
 
 11.0 
 15.1 
 
 48.7 
 25.2 
 
 2.062 
 
 100.0 
 
 850 
 2,152 
 8,190 
 3,803 
 
 5.7 
 14.3 
 54.6 
 
 25.4 
 
 14,995 
 
 100.0 
 
 Table 18 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Year 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Year 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1891 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 960 
 
 38 
 
 4.0 
 
 1892 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 
 6.5 
 
 1902 
 
 . 1,234 
 
 61 
 
 4.9 
 
 1893 
 
 73 
 
 3 
 
 4.1 
 
 1903 
 
 . 1,629 
 
 84 
 
 5.2 
 
 1894 
 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 2.6 
 
 1904 
 
 . 2,152 
 
 85 
 
 3.9 
 
 1895 
 
 149 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 3.4 
 3.4 
 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 . . 
 
 . 2,181 
 
 107 
 
 4.9 
 
 1891-1895 . . 
 
 377 
 
 . 8,156 
 
 375 
 
 4.6 
 
 1896 
 
 188 
 
 7 
 
 3.7 
 
 1906 
 
 . 2,584 
 
 142 
 
 5.5 
 
 1897 
 
 247 
 
 14 
 
 5.7 
 
 1907 
 
 . 2,943 
 
 168 
 
 5.7 
 
 1898 
 
 406 
 
 13 
 
 3.2 
 
 1908 
 
 . 3,231 
 
 206 
 
 6.4 
 
 1899 
 
 520 
 
 12 
 
 2.3 
 
 1909 
 
 . 3,466 
 
 232 
 
 6.7 
 
 1900 
 
 663 
 . 2,024 
 
 21 
 67 
 
 3.2 
 3.3 
 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910. . 
 
 . 3,946 
 
 252 
 
 6.4 
 
 1896-1900.. 
 
 . 16,170 
 
 1,000 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 . 4.413 
 
 263 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 . 4,696 
 
 324 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 . 5,058 
 
 387 
 
 7.7 
 
 344 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 19 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America — White 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Sex 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1891 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 39 
 
 i 
 
 2.6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 28.6 
 
 1893 
 
 64 
 
 3 
 
 4.7 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 69 
 
 2 
 
 2.9 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 138 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 2.2 
 2.7 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 18.2 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 338 
 
 39 
 
 10.3 
 
 1896 
 
 172 
 
 6 
 
 3.5 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 6.3 
 
 1897 
 
 225 
 
 11 
 
 4.9 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 13.6 
 
 1898 
 
 366 
 
 10 
 
 2.7 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 7.5 
 
 1899 
 
 450 
 
 9 
 
 2.0 
 
 70 
 
 3 
 
 4.3 
 
 1900 
 
 558 
 
 16 
 
 2.9 
 
 105 
 
 5 
 
 4.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,771 
 
 52 
 
 2.9 
 
 253 
 
 15 
 
 5.9 
 
 1901 
 
 810 
 
 29 
 
 3.6 
 
 150 
 
 9 
 
 6.0 
 
 1902 
 
 1,027 
 
 45 
 
 4.4 
 
 207 
 
 16 
 
 7.7 
 
 1903 
 
 1,361 
 
 62 
 
 4.6 
 
 268 
 
 22 
 
 8.2 
 
 1904 
 
 1,752 
 
 54 
 
 3.1 
 
 400 
 
 31 
 
 7.8 
 
 1905 
 
 1,737 
 
 64 
 
 3.7 
 
 444 
 
 43 
 
 9.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 6,687 
 
 254 
 
 3.8 
 
 1,469 
 
 121 
 
 8.2 
 
 1906 
 
 2,080 
 
 92 
 
 4.4 
 
 504 
 
 50 
 
 9.9 
 
 1907 
 
 2,414 
 
 115 
 
 4.8 
 
 529 
 
 53 
 
 10.0 
 
 1908 
 
 2,600 
 
 134 
 
 5.2 
 
 631 
 
 72 
 
 11.4 
 
 1909 
 
 2,826 
 
 166 
 
 5.9 
 
 640 
 
 66 
 
 10.3 
 
 1910 
 
 3,206 
 
 181 
 
 5.6 
 
 740 
 
 71 
 
 9.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 13,126 
 
 688 
 
 5.2 
 
 3,044 
 
 312 
 
 10.2 
 
 1911 
 
 3,542 
 
 182 
 
 5.1 
 
 871 
 
 81 
 
 9.3 
 
 1912 
 
 3,800 
 
 216 
 
 5.7 
 
 896 
 
 108 
 
 12.1 
 
 1913 
 
 4,115 
 
 263 
 
 6.4 
 
 943 
 
 124 
 
 13.1 
 
 345 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 20 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 1886-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 fromAU 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 20 
 
 387 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 0.5 
 0.9 
 
 109 
 699 
 
 5 
 
 
 20-24 
 
 2,262 
 
 0.7 
 
 25-29 
 
 3,525 
 
 39 
 
 1.1 
 
 1,082 
 
 12 
 
 1.1 
 
 30-34 
 
 4,256 
 
 81 
 
 1.9 
 
 1,155 
 
 51 
 
 4.4 
 
 35-39 
 
 4,647 
 
 147 
 
 3.2 
 
 1,015 
 
 93 
 
 9.2 
 
 40-44 
 
 4,437 
 
 190 
 
 4.3 
 
 852 
 
 139 
 
 16.3 
 
 45-49 
 
 3,889 
 
 281 
 
 7.2 
 
 723 
 
 155 
 
 21.4 
 
 50-54 
 
 3,515 
 
 296 
 
 8.4 
 
 636 
 
 121 
 
 19.0 
 
 55-59 
 
 2,779 
 
 249 
 
 9.0 
 
 551 
 
 101 
 
 18.3 
 
 60-64 
 
 2,070 
 
 200 
 
 9.7 
 
 409 
 
 55 
 
 13.4 
 
 65-69 
 
 1,185 
 
 120 
 
 10.1 
 
 213 
 
 24 
 
 11.3 
 
 70-74 
 
 389 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 8.0 
 9.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 68 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 764 
 
 11.8 
 
 75 and over 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 33,419 
 
 1,663 
 
 7,519 
 
 10.2 
 
 Table 21 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Sex, Organs and Parts, and Average Age at Death 
 
 1886-1913 
 
 
 
 I^LALES 
 
 
 
 FE>L\LES 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Average 
 
 Number 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Average 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 of 
 
 Years 
 
 Age at 
 
 of 
 
 Years 
 
 Age at 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 of Life 
 
 Death 
 
 Deaths 
 
 of Life 
 
 Death 
 
 Buccal ca\nty 
 
 89 
 
 4,493 
 
 50.5 
 
 
 
 
 Stomach and liver .... 
 
 860 
 
 44,280 
 
 51.5 
 
 179 
 
 9,064 
 
 50.6 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and rectum 
 
 274 
 
 13,343 
 
 48.7 
 
 95 
 
 4,586 
 
 48.3 
 
 Female generative or- 
 
 
 gans 
 
 
 
 
 264 
 
 12,214 
 
 46.3 
 
 Breast 
 
 3 
 
 lei 
 
 53.7 
 
 118 
 
 5,479 
 
 46.4 
 
 Skin 
 
 32 
 
 1,607 
 
 50.2 
 
 5 
 
 259 
 
 51.8 
 
 Other organs 
 
 354 
 
 17,049 
 
 48.2 
 
 70 
 
 3,180 
 
 45.4 
 
 Organs not specified . . . 
 
 51 
 
 2,490 
 
 48.8 
 .50.2 
 
 33 
 
 764 
 
 1,512 
 
 45.8 
 
 All organs 
 
 1,663 
 
 83,423 
 
 36,294 
 
 47.5 
 
 346 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 22 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex at Divisional 
 
 Periods of Life 
 
 1886-1913 
 
 MALES 
 
 AGES UNDER 35 
 
 No. of Per 
 
 Organ or Part Deaths Cent. 
 
 Buccal cavity 4 2.8 
 
 Stomach and liver 43 30.3 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum .. . 32 22.5 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 2 1.4 
 
 Other or not specified organs 61 43.0 
 
 All organs 142 100.0 
 
 AGES 35-44 
 
 Buccal cavity 23 6.8 
 
 Stomach and liver 162 48.1 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum ... 62 18.4 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 7 2.1 
 
 Other or not specified organs 83 24.6 
 
 All organs 337 100.0 
 
 AGES 45-64 
 
 Buccal cavity 57 5.6 
 
 Stomach and liver 571 55.7 
 
 Peritoneum, 'ntestines, rectum . . . 155 15.1 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 3 0.3 
 
 Skin 22 2.1 
 
 Other or not specified organs 218 21.2 
 
 All organs 1,026 100.0 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Cent. 
 
 ii 
 
 16.2 
 
 10 
 
 14.7 
 
 24 
 
 35.3 
 
 9 
 
 13.2 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 13 
 
 19.1 
 
 68 
 
 100.0 
 
 38 
 
 16.4 
 
 27 
 
 11.6 
 
 89 
 
 38.4 
 
 42 
 
 18.1 
 
 36 
 
 15.5 
 
 232 
 
 100.0 
 
 lis 
 
 26.6 
 
 53 
 
 12.3 
 
 148 
 
 34.3 
 
 62 
 
 14.3 
 
 3 
 
 0.7 
 
 51 
 
 11.8 
 
 432 
 
 100.0 
 
 347 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 22 (concluded) 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex at Divisional 
 
 Periods of Life 
 1886-1913 
 
 MALES 
 AGES 65 AND OVER 
 
 No. of Per 
 
 Organ or Part Deaths Cent, 
 
 Buccal ca\aty 5 3.2 
 
 Stomach and liver 84 53.2 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum .. . 25 15.8 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 1 0.6 
 
 Other or not specified organs 43 27.0 
 
 Allorgans 158 100.0 
 
 ALL AGES 
 
 Buccal cavity: 89 5.3 
 
 Stomach and liver 860 51.7 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . . . 274 16.5 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 3 0.2 
 
 Skin 32 1.9 
 
 Other or not s|)ecified organs 405 24.4 
 
 All organs 1,663 100.0 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 No. of 
 
 Per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Cent. 
 
 15 
 
 46.9 
 
 6 
 
 15.6 
 
 3 
 
 9.4 
 
 5 
 
 15.6 
 
 1 
 
 3.1 
 
 3 
 
 9.4 
 
 32 
 
 100.0 
 
 179 
 
 23.4 
 
 95 
 
 12.4 
 
 264 
 
 34.6 
 
 118 
 
 15.4 
 
 5 
 
 0.7 
 
 103 
 
 13.5 
 
 764 
 
 100.0 
 
 Table 23 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer at Divisional Periods of Life, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1886-1913 
 
 MALES 
 BUCCAL CAVITY 
 No. of Per 
 
 Ages Deaths Cent. 
 
 Under 35 4 4.5 
 
 35-44 23 25.8 
 
 45-64 57 64.1 
 
 65 and over 5 5.6 
 
 Total 89 100.0 
 
 STOMACH AND LIVER 
 
 Under 35 43 5.0 
 
 35-44 162 18.8 
 
 45-64 571 66.4 
 
 65 and over 84 9.8 
 
 Total 860 100.0 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 11 
 
 6.1 
 
 38 
 
 21.2 
 
 115 
 
 64.3 
 
 15 
 
 8.4 
 
 179 
 
 100.0 
 
 348 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 23 (concluded) 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer at Divisional Periods of Life, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex 
 1886-1913 
 
 Ages 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total.. 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total.. 
 
 MALES 
 PERITONEUM, INTESTINES AND RECTUM 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 32 
 
 62 
 
 155 
 
 25 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 11.7 
 
 22.6 
 
 56.6 
 
 9.1 
 
 274 100.0 
 
 FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 No. of 
 
 Per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Cent, 
 
 10 
 
 10.5 
 
 27 
 
 28.4 
 
 53 
 
 55.8 
 
 5 
 
 6.3 
 
 95 
 
 24 
 
 89 
 
 148 
 
 3 
 
 100.0 
 
 9.1 
 33.7 
 56.1 
 
 1.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 BREAST 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total. . 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total. . 
 
 3 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 3 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 SKIN 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 6.3 
 
 7 
 
 
 21.9 
 
 22 
 
 
 68.7 
 
 1 
 
 
 3.1 
 
 32 
 
 100.0 
 
 9 
 
 7.6 
 
 42 
 
 35.6 
 
 62 
 
 52.6 
 
 5 
 
 4.2 
 
 118 
 
 100.0 
 
 20.0 
 
 60.6 
 20.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Under 35... 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-64 
 
 65 and over. 
 
 Total.. 
 
 OTHER OR NOT SPECIFIED ORGANS 
 
 61 
 
 15.1 
 
 83 
 
 20.5 
 
 218 
 
 53.8 
 
 43 
 
 10.6 
 
 405 
 
 100.0 
 
 13 
 
 12.6 
 
 36 
 
 35.0 
 
 51 
 
 49.5 
 
 3 
 
 2.9 
 
 103 
 
 100.0 
 
 ALL ORGANS AND PARTS 
 
 Under 35 142 8.5 
 
 35-44 337 20.3 
 
 45-64 1,026 61.7 
 
 65 and over 158 9.5 
 
 Total 1,663 
 
 100.0 
 
 68 
 
 8.9 
 
 232 
 
 30.4 
 
 432 
 
 56.5 
 
 32 
 
 4.2 
 
 764 
 
 100.0 
 
 349 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 24 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts at Single Years of Life, Males 
 
 1886-1913 
 
 Age 
 19.. 
 20.. 
 
 21. . 
 
 22. . 
 
 23. . 
 
 24. . 
 
 25. . 
 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 31. 
 32. 
 33. 
 34. 
 35. 
 36. 
 37. 
 38. 
 39. 
 40. 
 41. 
 42. 
 43. 
 44. 
 45. 
 46. 
 47. 
 48. 
 49. 
 50. 
 51. 
 52. 
 53. 
 54. 
 55. 
 56. 
 57. 
 58. 
 59. 
 
 
 
 Stomach Peritoneum 
 
 
 
 Organs 
 
 
 Buccal 
 
 and 
 
 Intestines 
 
 
 Other 
 
 not 
 
 
 Ca\ 
 
 aty 
 
 Liver 
 
 Rectum Breast Skin 
 
 Organs 
 
 Specified 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 7 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 1 . 
 
 14 
 
 
 59 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 43 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 •6 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 43 
 
 350 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 24 (concluded) 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of Tlie Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts at Single Years of Life, Males 
 
 1886-191S 
 
 Age 
 
 Buccal 
 Cav-ity 
 
 Stomach Peritoneum 
 and Intestines 
 Liver Rectum Breast Skin 
 
 Other 
 Organs 
 
 Organs 
 
 not 
 Specified 
 
 Total 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 43 
 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 62 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 25 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 67 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 68 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 15 
 
 69 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 71 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 10 
 
 72 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 77 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 2 
 
 Total .... 
 
 . . . . 89 
 
 860 
 
 274 
 
 3 32 
 
 354 
 
 51 
 
 1,663 
 
 351 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 25 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts at Single Years of Life, Females 
 
 1886-1913 
 
 Stomach Peritoneum 
 
 Female 
 
 
 Organs 
 
 
 Buccal and Intest. 
 
 Gener. 
 
 Other 
 
 not 
 
 
 Age Cavity Li 
 
 ver Rectum 
 
 Organs Breast Skin Organs 
 
 Specified 
 
 Total 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ! '.. 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 '. 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 
 2 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 '. '.'. 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 .. 1 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 .. 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 1 
 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 .. 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 37 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 7 
 
 7 .. 1 
 
 '2 
 
 20 
 
 38 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 .. 3 
 
 
 22 
 
 39 
 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 3 
 
 i 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 13 
 
 5 .. 3 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 41 
 
 
 3 5 
 
 9 
 
 4 .. 2 
 
 
 23 
 
 42 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 16 
 
 7 .. 2 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 43 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 8 
 
 7.-3 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 
 10 6 
 
 9 
 
 3 .. 3 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 45 
 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 4 .. 1 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 46 
 
 
 6 2 
 
 15 
 
 7 .. 1 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 47 
 
 
 6 4 
 
 9 
 
 8 .. 7 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 48 
 
 
 7 4 
 
 12 
 
 7 5 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 49 
 
 
 7 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 1 1 
 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 
 2 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 .. 1 
 
 
 22 
 
 51 
 
 
 7 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 1 2 
 
 
 20 
 
 52 
 
 
 7 2 
 
 12 
 
 4 .. 3 
 
 
 28 
 
 53 
 
 
 7 7 
 
 10 
 
 6 .. 1 
 
 '2 
 
 33 
 
 54 
 
 
 9 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 .. 2 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 55 
 
 
 5 3 
 
 8 
 
 4 .. 1 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 56 
 
 
 4 2 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 57 
 
 
 10 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 58 
 
 
 9 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 .. 1 
 
 
 22 
 
 59 
 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 1 2 
 
 
 16 
 
 352 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 25 (concluded) 
 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts at Single Years of Life, Females 
 
 1886-1913 
 
 Age 
 
 Bu( 
 Ca\ 
 
 'cal 
 
 aty 
 
 Stomach Peritoneum 
 
 and Intest. 
 
 Liver Rectum 
 
 Female 
 Gener. 
 Organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other 
 Organs 
 
 Organs 
 
 not 
 Specified 
 
 Total 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 61.. 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 , , 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 62.. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 63.. 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 , , 
 
 "i 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 64.. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 65.. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 66.. 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 , , 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 67.. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 *i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 68.. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 69.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 70.. 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 . , 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 71.. 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 72.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 , , 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 73.. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 179 
 
 95 
 
 264 
 
 118 
 
 5 
 
 70 
 
 S3 
 
 764 
 
 353 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 26 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 
 Anthropometry in Mortality from Cancer, Males 
 
 Weights and Age at Entry 
 
 1886-1912 
 
 
 DISTRIBUTION 
 
 PER 
 
 10,000 
 
 DEATHS FROM CANCER 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 —Ages at Entry- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weight 
 
 5 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 
 at to to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 and 
 
 
 Entry ] 
 
 9 24 
 
 29 
 
 34 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 59 
 
 64 
 
 Over 
 
 Total 
 
 Under 110.. 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 110-119. .. 
 
 
 7 
 
 '7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 
 '7 
 
 21 
 
 "7 
 
 "7 
 
 
 91 
 
 120-129. .. 
 
 
 14 57 
 
 21 
 
 50 
 
 57 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 286 
 
 130-139 
 
 . . 21 43 
 
 64 
 
 107 
 
 215 
 
 172 
 
 129 
 
 150 
 
 79 
 
 2i 
 
 '7 
 
 1,008 
 
 140-149 
 
 . . 14 57 
 
 157 
 
 229 
 
 301 
 
 309 
 
 394 
 
 236 
 
 150 
 
 79 
 
 14 
 
 1,940 
 
 150-159. .. 
 
 
 57 
 
 143 
 
 186 
 
 215 
 
 323 
 
 215 
 
 352 
 
 215 
 
 72 
 
 7 
 
 1,785 
 
 160-169. . . 
 
 
 50 
 
 93 
 
 114 
 
 280 
 
 337 
 
 287 
 
 266 
 
 114 
 
 136 
 
 43 
 
 1,720 
 
 170-179 
 
 
 14 
 
 79 
 
 150 
 
 179 
 
 250 
 
 143 
 
 207 
 
 122 
 
 64 
 
 
 1,208 
 
 180-189 
 
 
 21 
 
 36 
 
 29 
 
 150 
 
 157 
 
 143 
 
 122 
 
 86 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 801 
 
 190-199 
 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 79 
 
 107 
 
 93 
 
 100 
 
 57 
 
 36 
 
 
 536 
 
 200-209 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 21 
 
 43 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 29 
 
 
 314 
 
 210-219 
 
 
 
 "7 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 29 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 178 
 
 220-229 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 230-239 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 '7 
 
 
 56 
 
 240-249 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 250-259 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 260 and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '7 
 
 
 
 
 "7 
 
 Total. . 
 
 f 
 
 )6 320 
 
 635 
 
 957 
 
 1,575 
 
 1,791 
 
 1,596 1,532 
 
 959 
 
 494 
 
 85 
 
 10,000 
 
 D 
 
 ISTRIBUTION PER 10,000 DEATHS 
 
 FROM 
 
 ALL 
 
 CAUSES 
 
 
 
 
 Under 110.. 
 
 .. ] 
 
 6 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 110-119 
 
 i 
 
 J2 25 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 '2 
 
 i 
 
 124 
 
 120-129 
 
 , . 
 
 rS 126 
 
 92 
 
 75 
 
 57 
 
 39 
 
 31 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 546 
 
 130-139 
 
 .. K 
 
 )3 256 
 
 266 
 
 215 
 
 180 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 78 
 
 57 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 1,401 
 
 140-149 
 
 .. 1( 
 
 )6 305 
 
 339 
 
 289 
 
 245 
 
 203 
 
 171 
 
 130 
 
 104 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 1,946 
 
 150-159 
 
 1 
 
 il 252 
 
 316 
 
 299 
 
 256 
 
 219 
 
 173 
 
 143 
 
 103 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 1,855 
 
 160-169 
 
 '.'. i 
 
 >4 158 
 
 223 
 
 258 
 
 257 
 
 221 
 
 162 
 
 133 
 
 94 
 
 37 
 
 8' 
 
 1,575 
 
 170-179 
 
 
 6 71 
 
 137 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 135 
 
 115 
 
 94 
 
 75 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 983 
 
 180-189 
 
 
 4 33 
 
 82 
 
 81 
 
 107 
 
 106 
 
 93 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 679 
 
 190-199 
 
 
 14 
 
 30 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 48 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 391 
 
 200-209 
 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 41 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 210-219 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 137 
 
 220-229 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 73 
 
 230-239 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 33 
 
 240-249 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 250-259 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 260 and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 Total . . 
 
 . . 4i 
 
 JO 1,251 
 
 1,537 
 
 1,512 
 
 1,414 
 
 1,194 
 
 991 
 
 797 
 
 604 
 
 233 
 
 10,000 
 
 S54 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 27 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of The Prudential Insurance Company of 
 
 America 
 Family History in Mortality, Cancer Compared with Tuberculosis, Males 
 
 1886-1912 
 
 
 DISTRIBUTION 
 
 PER 10,000 DEATHS FROM 
 
 CANCER 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \rrr 
 
 of Insured at 
 50-59 
 
 
 
 
 Age of Father 
 at His Death 
 
 20-i29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 60-63 
 
 70-79 
 
 Total 
 
 20-29 
 
 10 
 
 39 
 
 29 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 137 
 
 30-39 
 
 19 
 
 58 
 
 155 
 
 155 
 
 107 
 
 19 
 
 513 
 
 40-49 
 
 58 
 
 136 
 
 214 
 
 408 
 
 291 
 
 29 
 
 1,136 
 
 50-59 
 
 29 
 
 204 
 
 495 
 
 505 
 
 320 
 
 21 
 
 1,574 
 
 60-69 
 
 39 
 
 262 
 
 932 
 
 1,097 
 
 544 
 
 87 
 
 2,961 
 
 70-79 
 
 10 
 
 165 
 
 553 
 
 1,039 
 
 689 
 
 87 
 
 2,543 
 
 80-89 
 
 
 49 
 
 214 
 
 427 
 
 301 
 
 19 
 
 1,010 
 
 90-99 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 58 
 
 39 
 
 19 
 
 291 
 
 126 
 
 Total 
 
 165 
 
 923 
 
 2,592 
 
 3,728 
 
 2,301 
 
 10,000 
 
 Age of Mother 
 at Her Death 
 
 20-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70-79 
 
 Total 
 
 20-29 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 113 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 226 
 
 30-39 
 
 ii 
 
 169 
 
 248 
 
 259 
 
 180 
 
 23 
 
 890 
 
 40-49 
 
 45 
 
 248 
 
 417 
 
 530 
 
 316 
 
 
 1,556 
 
 50-59 
 
 11 
 
 214 
 
 519 
 
 496 
 
 225 
 
 23 
 
 1,488 
 
 60-69 
 
 
 169 
 
 710 
 
 1,026 
 
 440 
 
 56 
 
 2,401 
 
 70-79 
 
 
 90 
 
 372 
 
 981 
 
 936 
 
 68 
 
 2,447 
 
 80-89 
 
 
 23 
 
 113 
 
 293 
 
 316 
 
 79 
 
 824 
 
 90-99 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 56 
 
 90 
 
 11 
 271 
 
 168 
 
 Total 
 
 67 
 
 913 
 
 2,458 
 
 3,754 
 
 2,537 
 
 10,000 
 
 DISTRIBUTION PER 10,000 DEATHS FROM TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS 
 Age of Father 
 
 at His Death 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Total 
 
 20-29 66 69 21 17 . . .'. 173 
 
 30-39 345 324 204 72 17 . . 962 
 
 40-49 770 787 390 173 35 . . 2,155 
 
 50-59 614 1,022 639 207 52 3 2,537 
 
 60-69 293 808 680 352 97 17 2,247 
 
 70-79 93 352 452 345 76 14 1,332 
 
 80-89 17 86 173 173 55 7 511 
 
 90-99 17 35 21 10 . . 83 
 
 Total 2,198 3,465 2,594 1,360 342 41 10,000 
 
 Age of Mother 
 
 at Her Death 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Total 
 
 20-29 153 134 81 32 5 . . 405 
 
 30-39 599 604 396 167 27 9 1,802 
 
 40-49 676 887 450 189 59 5 2,266 
 
 50-59 387 910 568 234 50 13 2,162 
 
 60-69 90 604 725 410 85 5 1,919 
 
 70-79 18 126 432 423 153 23 1,175 
 
 80-89 14 54 108 54 . . 230 
 
 90-99 5 18 14 4 .. 41 
 
 Total 1,923 3,284 2,724 1,577 437 55 10,000 
 
 355 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 28 
 
 Mortality Experience of American Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation, New York, 1913 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, according to Build, Males 
 
 1885-1908 
 
 
 Overweight 50 
 PouNoa AND More 
 
 Standard Lives 
 
 Underweight 25 
 Pounds and More 
 
 Age at Entry 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 10,000 
 
 Exposed 
 
 to Risk 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 10,000 
 
 Exposed 
 to Risk 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 10,000 
 
 Exposed 
 to Risk 
 
 15-29 
 
 6 
 
 0.9 
 
 95 
 
 1.0 
 
 39 
 
 0.8 
 
 30-44...... 
 
 87 
 
 3.7 
 
 377 
 
 3.2 
 
 242 
 
 2.4 
 
 45 and over. 
 
 107 
 
 15.6 411 
 
 Cancer ' 
 Per Cent, of 
 All Causes 
 
 14.4 216 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent, of 
 All Causes 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent, of 
 All Causes 
 
 15-29 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 30-44 
 
 
 3.4 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 
 3.4 
 
 45 and over 
 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 7.7 
 
 
 7.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation, Vol. II, p. 34. 
 
 New York, 1913. 
 
 Table 29 
 Mortality Experience of American Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation, New York, 1913 
 Mortality from Cancer and other Malignant Tumors, by Sex 
 
 1885-1908 
 
 MALES 
 
 Policy 
 Years 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3-5 ... . 
 
 6-10. . . 
 
 11-24. . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3-5 ... 
 
 6-10. . . 
 
 11-24. . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number of Policies 
 Terminated by Death 
 
 . Ages at Entry 
 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 18 
 30 
 39 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 72 
 
 105 
 
 168 
 
 15 
 
 42 
 
 111 
 
 129 
 
 114 
 
 Percentage of 
 All Deaths 
 
 . Ages at Entry . 
 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 1.0 3.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 3.9 
 
 4.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.6 
 0.7 
 1.4 
 2.5 
 4.1 
 
 9.4 
 8.9 
 7.8 
 7.3 
 
 95 377 411 2.1 4.8 7.7 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Rate per 10,000 
 Exposed to Risk 
 
 . Ages at Entry . 
 
 15-29 30-44 45-over 
 
 0.2 0.4 3.2 
 
 0.3 1.9 12.0 
 
 0.7 2.3 13.6 
 
 1.2 3.3 16.4 
 
 2.3 7.6 26.3 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 1.1 
 
 6.4 
 
 13.6 
 
 5 
 
 52 
 
 64 
 
 0.9 
 
 6.9 
 
 15.8 
 
 24 
 
 199 
 
 196 
 
 1.9 
 
 11.0 
 
 15.2 
 
 26 
 
 240 
 
 212 
 
 3.0 
 
 15.6 
 
 13.1 
 
 36 
 
 127 
 
 127 
 
 11.5 
 
 16.3 
 
 10.5 
 
 98 
 
 668 
 
 654 
 
 2.7 
 
 11.8 
 
 13.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.5 
 0.5 
 1.0 
 1.6 
 
 7.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 3.2 14.4 
 
 3.0 12.1 
 
 4.0 18.1 
 
 6.6 23.5 
 
 10.3 28.8 
 
 15.4 40.7 
 
 7.3 24.3 
 
 Source: Medico- Actuarial Mortality Investigation, Vol. II, p. 31, et seq. New 
 York, 1913 
 
 356 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 30 
 Mortality Experience of Twenty-seven American Insurance Companies 
 (Meech) from Organization to 1873 
 Mortality from Cancer, with Distinction of Age and Sex 
 
 MALES AND FEMALES 
 
 Ages 
 
 10-19 
 
 20-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70-79 
 
 80 and over 
 
 Total 37,624 
 
 IVMLES 
 
 10-19 133 
 
 20-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70-79 
 
 80 and over 
 
 Total 35,442 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 10-19 18 
 
 20-29 360 
 
 30-39 698 
 
 40-49 563 
 
 50-59 317 
 
 60-69 164 
 
 70-79 51 
 
 80 and over 11 
 
 Total 2,182 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 151 
 
 , , 
 
 
 3,836 
 
 9 
 
 0.2 
 
 10,019 
 
 77 
 
 0.8 
 
 11,403 
 
 210 
 
 1.8 
 
 7,893 
 
 255 
 
 3.2 
 
 3,521 
 
 111 
 
 3.2 
 
 698 
 
 22 
 
 3.2 
 
 103 
 
 
 •• 
 
 684 
 
 632 
 
 1.8 
 
 3,476 
 
 8 
 
 0.2 
 
 9,321 
 
 72 
 
 0.8 
 
 10,840 
 
 186 
 
 1.7 
 
 7,576 
 
 239 
 
 3.2 
 
 3,357 
 
 107 
 
 3.2 
 
 647 
 
 20 
 
 3.1 
 
 92 
 
 
 •• 
 
 1.8 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 5 
 
 0.7 
 
 24 
 
 4.3 
 
 16 
 
 6.0 
 
 4 
 
 2.4 
 
 2 
 
 3.9 
 
 52 
 
 2.4 
 
 357 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 31 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Aetna Life Insurance Company 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 1870-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1870-1890. 
 1891-1913. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 426 
 
 11 
 
 2.6 
 
 432 
 
 7 
 
 1.6 
 
 486 
 
 8 
 
 4.6 
 
 579 
 
 18 
 
 3.1 
 
 474 
 
 10 
 
 2.1 
 
 527 
 
 16 
 
 3.0 
 
 536 
 
 14 
 
 2.6 
 
 544 
 
 15 
 
 2.8 
 
 502 
 
 20 
 
 4.0 
 
 532 
 
 23 
 
 4.3 
 
 542 
 
 23 
 
 4.2 
 
 503 
 
 20 
 
 3.4 
 
 565 
 
 23 
 
 4.1 
 
 656 
 
 37 
 
 53 
 
 645 
 
 27 
 
 4.2 
 
 667 
 
 30 
 
 4.5 
 
 715 
 
 36 
 
 5.0 
 
 719 
 
 34 
 
 4.9 
 
 783 
 
 23 
 
 2.9 
 
 761 
 
 37 
 
 4.9 
 
 817 
 
 34 
 
 4.2 
 
 897 
 
 45 
 
 5.0 
 
 1,019 
 
 51 
 
 5.0 
 
 1,013 
 
 48 
 
 4.7 
 
 956 
 
 53 
 
 5.5 
 
 1,052 
 
 40 
 
 3.8 
 
 1,029 
 
 40 
 
 3.9 
 
 1,044 
 
 65 
 
 5.3 
 
 1,051 
 
 48 
 
 4.6 
 
 1,114 
 
 54 
 
 4.8 
 
 1,215 
 
 83 
 
 6.8 
 
 1,303 
 
 84 
 
 6.4 
 
 1,267 
 
 55 
 
 4.3 
 
 1,386 
 
 87 
 
 6.3 
 
 1,432 
 
 70 
 
 4.9 
 
 1,388 
 
 97 
 
 7.0 
 
 1,514 
 
 111 
 
 7.3 
 
 1,536 
 
 104 
 
 6.8 
 
 1,504 
 
 117 
 
 7.8 
 
 1,605 
 
 112 
 
 7.0 
 
 1,783 
 
 122 
 
 6.8 
 
 1,702 
 
 127 
 
 7.5 
 
 1,628 
 
 123 
 
 7.6 
 
 1,658 
 
 117 
 
 7.1 
 
 12,411 
 
 466 
 
 3.8 
 
 30,096 
 
 1,843 
 
 6.1 
 
 358 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 32 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1843-1914 
 
 MALES 
 
 Ages 
 
 Undergo. 
 20-24.... 
 25-29.... 
 30-34. . . . 
 35-39. . . . 
 
 40-44 
 
 45-49. . . . 
 50-54.... 
 55-59.... 
 60-64.... 
 65-69. . . . 
 70-74.... 
 75-79.... 
 80-84.... 
 
 85 and over. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 252 
 
 3 
 
 1.19 
 
 1,874 
 
 15 
 
 0.80 
 
 4,693 
 
 48 
 
 1.02 
 
 7,258 
 
 106 
 
 1.46 
 
 10,058 
 
 269 
 
 2.67 
 
 11,750 
 
 469 
 
 3.99 
 
 13,103 
 
 690 
 
 5.27 
 
 14,001 
 
 1,005 
 
 7.18 
 
 14,300 
 
 1,112 
 
 7.78 
 
 13,668 
 
 1,086 
 
 7.95 
 
 12,625 
 
 875 
 
 6.93 
 
 10,152 
 
 628 
 
 6.19 
 
 7,382 
 
 386 
 
 5.23 
 
 4,071 
 
 130 
 
 3.19 
 
 1,870 
 
 52 
 
 2.78 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 2 
 
 1.32 
 
 413 
 
 4 
 
 0.97 
 
 647 
 
 18 
 
 2.78 
 
 720 
 
 56 
 
 7.78 
 
 802 
 
 104 
 
 12.97 
 
 764 
 
 136 
 
 17.80 
 
 730 
 
 136 
 
 18.63 
 
 725 
 
 138 
 
 19.03 
 
 701 
 
 97 
 
 13.84 
 
 612 
 
 71 
 
 11.60 
 
 448 
 
 46 
 
 10.27 
 
 339 
 
 15 
 
 4.42 
 
 163 
 
 7 
 
 4.29 
 
 69 
 
 
 •• 
 
 830 
 
 11.37 
 
 Total 127,079* 6,874 5.41 7,303t 
 
 Source: Report on the Mortality Records of The Mutual Life Insurance Company 
 of New York from 1843 to 1898. New York, 1900. 1899-1914, courtesy of Brandreth 
 Symonds, Chief Medical Director of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. 
 •Including 22 age not stated. tincluding 1 age not stated. 
 
 Table 33 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1843-1914 
 
 MALES 
 
 All Ages 
 
 Deaths Deaths Cancer 
 from All from Per 
 Causes Cancer Cenf. 
 
 1843-1873 5,223* 94 1.80 
 
 1874-1885 10,839 449 4.14 
 
 1886-1893 14,568 631 4.33 
 
 1894-1898 14,355 708 4.93 
 
 1899-1914 82,094 4,992 6.09 
 
 1843-1914 127,079* 6,874 5.41 35,885 910 2.54 
 
 Under 45 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 2,674 
 3,028 
 3,658 
 4,263 
 
 22,262 
 
 Deaths Cancer 
 
 from Per 
 Cancer Cent. 
 
 25 0.93 
 
 71 
 
 65 
 
 95 
 
 654 
 
 2.34 
 1.78 
 2.23 
 2.94 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 162t 
 
 247 
 
 456 
 
 675 
 
 1899-1914 5,763 
 
 1843-1873. 
 1874-1885. 
 1886-1893. 
 1894-1898. 
 
 8 4.94 
 
 24 9.72 
 
 45 9.87 
 
 50 7.41 
 
 703 12.23 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 6.58 
 
 85 
 
 3 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 5.41 
 
 173 
 
 20 
 
 147 
 
 10 
 
 6.80 
 
 309 
 
 35 
 
 265 
 
 6 
 
 2.26 
 
 410 
 
 44 
 
 2,189 
 
 159 
 
 7.26 
 
 3,574 
 
 544 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 2,527 
 
 7,811 
 
 10,910 
 
 10,092 
 
 59,832 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 45 AND Over 
 
 Cancer 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 69 2.72 
 
 378 4.84 
 
 566 
 
 613 
 
 4,338 
 
 5.19 
 6.07 
 
 7.25 
 
 91,172 5,964 6.54 
 
 3.53 
 11.56 
 11.33 
 10.73 
 15.22 
 
 1843-1914 7,303t 830 11.37 2,751 184 6.69 4,551 646 14.19 
 
 Source: Report on the Mortality Records of The Mutual Life Insurance Company 
 of New York from 1843 to 1898. New York, 1900. 1899-1914, courtesy of Brandreth 
 Symonds, Chief Medical Director of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. 
 
 *Including 22 age not given. flncluding 1 age not stated. 
 
 359 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 34 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York 
 
 Mortality from Other Tumors, by Age and Sex 
 
 1843-1898 
 
 . 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 f-' 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 from AH 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 20 
 
 38 
 
 
 •• 
 
 2 
 30 
 
 
 
 20-24 
 
 569 
 
 
 25-29 
 
 1,775 
 
 4 
 
 0.23 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 30-34 
 
 2,900 
 
 5 
 
 0.17 
 
 136 
 
 1 
 
 0.73 
 
 35-39 
 
 4,034 
 
 18 
 
 0.45 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 40-44 
 
 4,307 
 
 12 
 
 0.28 
 
 175 
 
 2 
 
 1.14 
 
 45-49 
 
 4,621 
 
 17 
 
 0.37 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 50-54 
 
 4,944 
 
 13 
 
 0.26 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 55-59 
 
 5,283 
 
 9 
 
 0.17 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 60-64 
 
 5,016 
 
 12 
 
 0.24 
 
 160 
 
 2 
 
 1.25 
 
 65-69 
 
 4,593 
 
 16 
 
 0.35 
 
 122 
 
 2 
 
 1.64 
 
 70-74 
 
 3,406 
 
 10 
 
 0.29 
 
 71 
 
 1 
 
 1.41 
 
 75-79 
 
 2,212 
 
 1 
 
 0.05 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 80-84 
 
 956 
 
 1 
 
 0.10 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 85 and over 
 
 309 
 
 2 
 120 
 
 0.65 
 0.27 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 Total 
 
 44,985* 
 
 l,540t 
 
 0.52 
 
 Source: Report on the Mortality Records of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of 
 New York from 1843 to 1898. New York, 1900. 
 
 •Including 22 age not stated. tlncluding 1 age not stated. 
 
 Table 35 
 
 Mortality Experience of The New York Life Insurance Company 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other Tumors 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Deaths Deaths from 
 
 from All Cancer and Per 
 
 Year Causes Other Tumors Cent. 
 
 1901 4,593 206 4.5 
 
 1902 5,094 253 5.0 
 
 1903 5,573 289 5.2 
 
 1904 6,632 339 5.1 
 
 1905 7,701 370 4.8 
 
 1906 7,244 384 5.3 
 
 1907 7,593 401 5.3 
 
 1908 7,568 480 6.3 
 
 1909 7,719 575 7.4 
 
 1910 8,039 588 7.3 
 
 1911 8,314 606 7.3 
 
 1912 8,549 631 7.4 
 
 1913 8,793 660 7.5 
 
 Furnished by Mr. Arthur Hunter, Actu- 
 ary of The New York Life Insurance 
 Company. 
 
 360 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 36 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age, Males 
 
 1857-1909 
 
 
 
 1857-1885 
 
 
 
 1886-1909 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 20 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 32 
 2,195 
 
 24 
 
 
 20-29 
 
 388 
 
 1.1 
 
 30-39 
 
 1,099 
 
 18 
 
 1.6 
 
 4,832 
 
 107 
 
 2.2 
 
 40-49 
 
 1,541 
 
 59 
 
 3.8 
 
 6,327 
 
 335 
 
 5.3 
 
 50-59 
 
 1,381 
 
 63 
 
 4.6 
 
 6,624 
 
 525 
 
 7.9 
 
 60-69 
 
 792 
 
 39 
 
 4.9 
 
 5,982 
 
 529 
 
 8.8 
 
 70-79 
 
 141 
 
 6 
 
 4.3 
 
 3,897 
 
 248 
 
 6.4 
 
 80 and over 
 
 3 
 
 185 
 
 3.4 
 
 1.172 
 
 32 
 
 2.7 
 
 Total 
 
 5,367 
 
 31,061 
 
 1,800 
 
 5.8 
 
 Table 37 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Washington Life Insurance Company 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1860- 1S86 
 
 Ages 
 
 19-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70-81 
 
 Total 
 
 Source: The Washington Life Insurance 
 Medical Statistics. New York, 1889. 
 
 Note — During this same period there were seven deaths from tumors, the deaths from 
 this cause representing 0.35% of the total mortality. 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 139 
 
 1 
 
 0.7 
 
 413 
 
 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 593 
 
 15 
 
 2.5 
 
 451 
 
 24 
 
 5.3 
 
 303 
 
 18 
 
 5.9 
 
 101 
 
 5 
 
 68 
 
 4.9 
 
 2,000 
 
 3.4 
 
 ipany: 
 
 Historical, Actuarial anc 
 
 Table 38 
 Mortality from Cancer in Foreign Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Deaths 
 Number of from All 
 
 Companies Causes 
 
 16 German companies 137,609 
 
 1 Swiss company 1,253 
 
 1 Japanese company 7,473 
 
 13 Austrian companies 85,334 
 
 1 Dutch East Indian company 161 
 
 1 Hungarian company. 3,117 
 
 1 British Indian company 1,435 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the several companies. 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 15,191 
 
 11.0 
 
 129 
 
 10.3 
 
 709 
 
 9.5 
 
 8,052 
 
 9.4 
 
 15 
 
 9.3 
 
 253 
 
 8.1 
 
 22 
 
 1.5 
 
 361 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 39 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Experience of Thirty-four Insurance 
 
 Companies 
 
 Deaths Deaths Cancer 
 No Period Companies from All from Per 
 
 Causes Cancer Cent. 
 
 1. 1903—1912 GothaerLebensversicherungsbank, Gotha, Ger- 
 
 many 20,030 2,518 12.6 
 
 2. 1907-1912 Deutsche Lebensversicherung, Potsdam, Ger- 
 
 many 4,092 510 12.5 
 
 3. 1893-1913 Leipziger Lebensversicherungs - Gesellschaft, 
 
 Leipzig, Germany 22,456 2,770 12.3 
 
 4. 1905-1912 Teutonia Versicherungs - Actien - Gesellschaft, 
 
 Leipzig, Germany '. 9,780 1,166 11.9 
 
 5. 1906-1913 Deutsche Lebensversicherungs - Gesellschaft, 
 
 Lubeck, Germany 6,729 791 11.8 
 
 6. 1901-1906 Stuttgarter Lebensversicherungsbank, Stutt- 
 
 gart, Germany 6,953 817 11.8 
 
 7. 1907-1913 "Concordia" Mutual Life Insurance Company, 
 
 Reichenberg, Austria 1,018 118 11.6 
 
 8. 1900-1912 Erster Allgemeiner Beamten-Verein der Oster- 
 
 reichisch-Ungarischen Monarchic, Vienna, 
 
 Austria 17,507 2,000 11.4 
 
 9. 1896-1913 Friedrich Wilhelm, Berlin, Germany 10,332 1,113 10.8 
 
 10. 1900-1905 Karlsruher Lebensversicherung, Karlsruhe, 
 
 Germany 6,790 723 10.6 
 
 11. 1908-1912 "Donau," Vienna, Austria 2,164 227 10.5 
 
 12. 1901-1913 "La Suisse" Societe d' Assurances sur la vie et 
 
 con tre les accidents, Lausanne, Switzerland . . 1,253 129 10.3 
 
 13. 1901-1913 Magdeburger Lebensversicherungs - Gesell- 
 
 schaft, Magdeburg, Germany 10,215 1,039 10.2 
 
 14 1907-1912 "Janus" Mutual Life Insurance Company, 
 
 Vienna, Austria .8,678 370 10.1 
 
 15. 1896-1913 Lebens - und Pensions - Versicherungs - Gesell- 
 
 schaft "Janus," Hamburg, Germany 9,172 921 10.0 
 
 16. 1907—1913 "Freia" Bremen-Hannoversche Lebensversich- 
 
 erungs-Bank, Hanover, Germany 3,981 387 9.7 
 
 17. 1900-1907 "Praha" Mutual Life Insurance Company, 
 
 Prague, Austria 1,424 138 9.7 
 
 18. 1908-1911 Lebensversicherungs-Anstalt und Sterbekasse 
 
 des Deutschen Kriegerbundes, Berlin, Ger- 
 many 6,513 625 9.6 
 
 19. 1903—1906 Sachsischer Militar Lebensversicherungs- 
 
 Verein, Dresden, Germany 2,419 230 9.5 
 
 20. 1901-1912 Osterreichischer Phoenix, Life Insurance Com- 
 
 pany, Vienna, Austria 10,624 1,008 9.5 
 
 21. 1899-1912 Assicurazioni Generali, Trieste, Austria 15,622 1,461 9.4 
 
 22. 1911-1913 Nederlandsch - Indische Lebensverzekeringen 
 
 Lijf rente Maatschappij, Batavia, Dutch East 
 
 Indies 161 15 9.3 
 
 23. 1905-1912 Mutual Insurance Company, Krakau, Austria 4,174 385 9.2 
 
 24. 1907-1912 "Universale" Industrial Insurance Company, 
 
 Vienna, Austria 8,594 790 9.2 
 
 362 
 
APPEXDIX D 
 
 Table 39 (concluded) 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Experience of Thirty-four Insurance 
 
 Companies 
 
 Deaths Deaths Cancer 
 No. Period Companies from All from Per 
 
 Causes Cancer Cent. 
 
 25. 1903-191.3 "Victoria" zii Berlin, Insurance Company, 
 
 Berlin, Germany ." . 15,733 1,385 8.8 
 
 2G. 1904-1912 Niederosterreichische Landes - Lebens und 
 Renten-Versicherimgs-Anstalt, Vienna, Aus- 
 tria 1,451 126 8.7 
 
 27. 1899-1912 Riunione Adriatica di Sicurta, Trieste, Austria . 9,454 811 8.6 
 
 28. 1906—1913 "Deutschland" Life Insurance Company, 
 
 Berlin, Germany 2,010 168 8.4 
 
 29. 1900-1912 "Fonciere" Pester Versichenings-Anstalt, Bu- 
 
 dapest, Hungary 3,117 253 8.1 
 
 30. 1906-1912 Landes-Lebensversicherungs-Anstalt der Mark- 
 
 grafschaft Maehren, Bruenn, Austria •. 1,466 104 7.1 
 
 31. 1904—1913 "Atlas" Life Insurance Company, Ludwigs- 
 
 hafen, Germany 404 28 6.9 
 
 32. 1901-1913 Lebens-und Rentenversicherungs-Gesellschaft 
 
 "Der Anker," Vienna, Austria 8,158 514 6.3 
 
 33. 1911-1912 Oriental Government Security Life Assurance 
 
 Company, Ltd., Bombay, British India 1,435 22 1.5 
 
 34. 1899-1907 Meiji Life Assurance Company, Tokio, Japan . . 7,473 709 9.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the several companies. 
 
 Table 40 
 
 Mortality Experience of The British Empire Mutual Life Assurance Company 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Tumor, by Age 
 
 1847-1872 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 
 Tdmor 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths Tumor 
 
 
 from Ail 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from Per 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Tumor Cent. 
 
 Under 20 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 20-24 
 
 34 
 
 
 25-29 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 1 1.0 
 
 30-34 
 
 170 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 35-39 
 
 247 
 
 
 
 2 0.8 
 
 40-44 
 
 272 
 
 8 
 
 2.9 
 
 3 1.1 
 
 45-49 
 
 280 
 
 9 
 
 3.2 
 
 2 0.7 
 
 50-54 
 
 271 
 
 9 
 
 3.3 
 
 3 1.1 
 
 55-59 
 
 230 
 
 11 
 
 4.8 
 
 2 0.9 
 
 60-64 
 
 153 
 
 1 
 
 0.7 
 
 1 0.7 
 
 65-€9 
 
 112 
 
 3 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 70-74 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 75-79 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 80 and over 
 
 17 
 
 43 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,999 
 
 14 0.7 
 
 Source: Tables of the Mortality Experience of The British Empire Mutual Life 
 Assurance Company from 1847 to 1884. 
 
 363 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 41 
 
 Mortality Experience of Tlie Britisli Empire Mutual Life Assurance Company 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Tumor, by Age 
 
 1873-1878 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 
 
 TUMOH 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Tumor 
 
 Tumor 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 25-29 
 
 24 
 
 
 30-34 
 
 49 
 
 i 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 
 35-39 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 1.3 
 
 i 
 
 1.3 
 
 40-44 
 
 87 
 
 2 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 45-49 
 
 109 
 
 2 
 
 1.8 
 
 i 
 
 0.9 
 
 60-54 
 
 154 
 
 4 
 
 2.6 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 65-59 
 
 185 
 
 9 
 
 4.9 
 
 1 
 
 0.5 
 
 60-64 
 
 183 
 
 6 
 
 3.3 
 
 1 
 
 0.5 
 
 65-69 
 
 147 
 
 6 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 
 70-74 
 
 94 
 
 3 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 
 75-79 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 2.6 
 
 i 
 
 2.6 
 
 80 and over 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 36 
 
 3.8 
 3.1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,179 
 
 0.5 
 
 Mortality Experience, Publicans Only, 1846-1876 
 
 1846-1876 123 2 1.6 | 1 
 
 Mortality Experience, 1879-1884 
 1879-1884 1,300 42 3.2 | 10 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 Source: Tables of the Mortality Experience of The British Empire Mutual Life As- 
 surance Company from 1847 to 1884. 
 
 Table 42 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Clergy Mutual Assurance Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age, 1829-1887 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Ages Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 Under 20 1 
 
 20-29 45 
 
 30-39 164 4 2.4 
 
 40-49 272 17 6.3 
 
 60-59 478 25 5.2 
 
 60-69 562 33 5.9 
 
 70-79 444 21 4.7 
 
 80-89 147 2 1.4 
 
 90 and over 6 
 
 Total 2,119 102 4.8 
 
 Source : Report on the Mortality Experience of The Clergy Mutual Assurance Society, 
 from 1829 to 1887. London, 1891. 
 
 Note: During this same period there were six deaths from tumor in the experience of 
 The Clergy Mutual Assurance Society, 2, or 0.7, at ages 40-49; 1, or 0.2, at ages 50-59; 1, or 
 0.2, at ages 60-69; and 2, or 0.5, at ages 70-79. 
 
 364 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 43 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Clergy Mutual Assurance Society 
 
 Mortality of Persons Assured as "Unhealthy Lives," 1829-1887 
 
 Ages 
 Under 20. . . 
 
 20-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 60-«9 
 
 70-79 
 
 80-89 
 
 90 and over. 
 
 Total. . . . 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 6.7 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 Source: Report on the Mortality Experience of The Clergy Mutual Assurance 
 Society from 1829 to 1887. London, 1891. 
 
 Table 44 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Equitable Society, London, Eng. 
 
 Cancer Mortality, 1801-1832 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 10-19 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 20-29 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 30-39 
 
 266 
 
 2 
 
 0.8 
 
 40-49 
 
 544 
 
 5 
 
 0.9 
 
 50-59 
 
 883 
 
 14 
 
 1.6 
 
 60-69 
 
 1,173 
 
 15 
 
 1.3 
 
 70-79 
 
 856 
 
 4 
 
 0.5 
 
 80 and over. . 
 
 294 
 
 3 
 43 
 
 1.0 
 
 Total 
 
 4,095 
 
 1.1 
 
 Source: Tables showing the total num- 
 ber of persons assured in The Equitable 
 Society from its commencement in Septem- 
 ber, 1762, to January 1, 1829, and a supple- 
 ment showing the mortality of the Society 
 for the years 1829 to 1832. London, 1834. 
 
 365 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 45 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Gresham Life Assurance Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Tumor, by Age 
 
 Up to July 15, 1866 
 
 Ages 
 Under 20 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 10 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 .6 
 7 
 3 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1.4 
 1.1 
 2.3 
 3.1 
 2.8 
 1.9 
 
 2.1 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 10 
 
 73 
 268 
 263 
 225 
 107 
 
 54 
 
 TuMOK 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Tumor 
 Per Cent. 
 
 20-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 73 
 268 
 263 
 
 225 
 
 0.4 
 0.4 
 0.4 
 
 60-69 
 
 107 
 
 0.9 
 
 70-79 
 
 54 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 0.4 
 
 Source: Gresham Life Assurance Society, Tl?e Causes of Death, tabulated by A. H. 
 Smee, 1868. 
 
 Table 46 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Metropolitan Life Assurance Society, England 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Tumor, by Age 
 
 1835-1864 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Tumor 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent, 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 20 
 
 2 
 
 •• 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 20-29 
 
 22 
 
 4.5 
 
 30-39 
 
 77 
 
 i 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 40-49 
 
 147 
 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 
 50-59 
 
 176 
 
 3 
 
 1.7 
 
 i 
 
 0.6 
 
 60-69 
 
 173 
 
 5 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 
 70-79 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 8.3 
 
 
 
 80 and over 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 671 
 
 16 
 
 2.4 
 
 2 
 
 0.3 
 
 Source: Metropolitan Life Assurance Society, Mortality Experience from 1835 to 
 1864. 
 
 366 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 47 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company, London, Eng. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 5 
 
 7,568 
 
 6 
 
 0.08 
 
 6,941 
 
 8 
 
 0.12 
 
 &-9 
 
 1,405 
 
 2 
 
 0.14 
 
 1,327 
 
 1 
 
 0.08 
 
 10-14 
 
 687 
 
 1 
 
 0.15 
 
 620 
 
 
 
 15-S24 
 
 1,392 
 
 2 
 
 0.14 
 
 1,445 
 
 4 
 
 0.28 
 
 25-34 
 
 760 
 
 6 
 
 0.79 
 
 981 
 
 6 
 
 0.61 
 
 35-54 
 
 2,290 
 
 39 
 
 1.70 
 
 2,312 
 
 166 
 
 7.18 
 
 55 and over 
 
 3,297 
 
 82 
 138 
 
 2.49 
 0.79 
 
 4,147 
 
 167 
 352 
 
 4.03 
 
 Total 
 
 17,399 
 
 17,773 
 
 1.98 
 
 Source: Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company in the Indus- 
 trial Branch for the years 1867 to 1870. London, 1871. 
 
 Table 48 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company, London, Eng. 
 
 Mortality from Tumor, by Age and Sex 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 
 
 IMALES 
 
 
 
 FE^Ly^ES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 f 'om All 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 UnderS 
 
 7,568 
 
 
 , , 
 
 6,941 
 
 1 
 
 0.01 
 
 5-9 
 
 1,405 
 
 
 
 1,327 
 
 4 
 
 0.30 
 
 10-14 
 
 687 
 
 i 
 
 0.14 
 
 620 
 
 
 
 15-24 
 
 1,392 
 
 1 
 
 0.07 
 
 1,445 
 
 2 
 
 0.14 
 
 25-34 
 
 760 
 
 1 
 
 0.13 
 
 981 
 
 1 
 
 0.10 
 
 35-54 
 
 2,290 
 
 5 
 
 0.22 
 
 2,312 
 
 21 
 
 0.91 
 
 55 and over 
 
 3,297 
 
 8 
 16 
 
 0.24 
 0.09 
 
 4,147 
 
 18 
 47 
 
 0.43 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 17,399 
 
 17,773 
 
 0.26 
 
 Source: Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company in the Indus- 
 trial B ranch for the years 1867 to 1870. London, 1871 . 
 
 367 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 49 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company, London, Eng. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Age 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Head, face, mouth, tongue, eyes and ears . 
 
 Breast 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Not defined 
 
 All organs 138 
 
 Head, face, mouth, tongue, eyes and ears . 
 
 Breast 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Not defined 
 
 All organs . 
 
 Head, face, mouth, tongue, eyes and ears . 
 
 Breast 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Not defined 
 
 All Ages 
 
 Undeh is 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 30 
 
 21.7 
 
 4 
 
 44.4 
 
 1 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 21.7 
 
 
 , , 
 
 24 
 
 17.4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 5.8 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 32.6 
 
 5 
 
 55.Q 
 
 138 
 
 100.0 
 
 9 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 15-24 
 
 25- 
 
 -34 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 16.7 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 16.7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 33.3 
 
 k 
 
 100.6 
 
 '2 
 
 33.3 
 
 2 
 
 100.0 
 
 6 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 35-54 
 
 55 AND 
 
 Over 
 
 7 
 
 17.9 
 
 18 
 
 22.0 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.2 
 
 6 
 
 15.4 
 
 23 
 
 28.0 
 
 10 
 
 25.6 
 
 12 
 
 14.6 
 
 3 
 
 7.7 
 
 5 
 
 6.1 
 
 13 
 
 33.3 
 
 23 
 
 28.0 
 
 39 
 
 100.0 
 
 82 
 
 100.0 
 
 All organs 
 
 Source: Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company in the Indus- 
 rial Branch for the years 1867 to 1870. London, 1871. 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 50 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company, London, Eng. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Age 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 All Ages 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Head, face, mouth, tongue, eyes and ears 24 
 
 Breast 55 
 
 Stomach 39 
 
 Liver 25 
 
 Rectum 5 
 
 Kidneys and bladder 2 
 
 Uterus 127 
 
 Heart 1 
 
 Leg 1 
 
 Notdefined 73 
 
 All organs 352 
 
 Head, face, mouth, tongue, eyes and ears . 
 
 Breast 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Kidneys and bladder 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Heart 
 
 Leg 
 
 Not defined 
 
 All organs . 
 
 Head, face, mouth, tongue, eyes and ears . 
 
 Breast 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Kidneys and bladder 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Heart 
 
 Leg 
 
 Not defined 
 
 20 
 9 
 
 11 
 3 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 32 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 6.8 
 
 15.6 
 
 11.1 
 
 7.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 36.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 20.7 
 
 100.0 
 
 15-24 
 1 25.0 
 
 50.0 
 
 25.0 
 100.0 
 
 3.6 
 12.0 
 5.4 
 6.6 
 1.8 
 0.6 
 50.6 
 
 19.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 Undeb 15 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1 11.1 
 
 9 100.0 
 
 25-34 
 
 2 33.3 
 1 16.7 
 
 1 16.7 
 
 2 33.3 
 
 6 100.0 
 
 55 AND OVEB 
 
 9 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 2 
 1 
 
 41 
 1 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 167 
 
 5.4 
 
 19.8 
 
 16.2 
 
 7.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 24.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 23.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 All Organs 166 
 
 Source: Mortality Experience of The Prudential Assurance Company in the Indus- 
 trial Branch for the years 1867 to 1870. London, 1871. 
 
 369 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 51 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Lives at 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Ages 
 
 Eisk 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Lives 
 
 Under 25 . . . 
 
 . 2,349 
 
 
 
 25-34 
 
 . 14,665 
 
 
 
 35-44 
 
 . 19,330 
 
 O 
 
 25.9 
 
 45-54 
 
 . 12,401 
 
 7 
 
 56.4 
 
 55-64 
 
 . 5,682 
 
 1 
 
 17.6 
 
 65 and over.. 
 
 . 1,873 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 53.4 
 
 Total .... 
 
 . 56,300 
 
 24.9 
 
 Source: Medical Statistics of Life As- 
 surance: Being an inquiry into the causes 
 of death among the members of The Scot- 
 tish Amicable Life Assurance Society from 
 1826 till 1860. Glasgow, 1862. 
 
 Table 52 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society 
 
 Mortality' from Cancer, by Age and Sex, Non-hazardous Occupations 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 from AU 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 25 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 25-34 
 
 90 
 
 
 35-44 
 
 170 
 
 4 
 
 2.4 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 5.3 
 
 45—54 
 
 147 
 
 
 3.4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 25.0 
 
 55-64 
 
 114 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 65-74 
 
 79 
 
 
 1.3 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 
 
 75 and over 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 632 
 
 11 
 
 1.7 
 
 63 
 
 3 
 
 5.3 
 
 Source: Medical Statistics of Life Assurance: Being an inquiry into the causes of 
 death among the members of The Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society from 1826 till 
 1860. Glasgow, 1862. 
 
 370 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 53 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society 
 Mortality from Tumor, by Age and Sex, Non-Hazardous Occupations 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Agea 
 
 No. of 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 No. of Per 
 Deaths Cent, 
 
 Under 25 
 
 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 55-34 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-54 
 
 55-64 
 
 65-74 
 
 75 and over 
 
 ........ i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 Source: Medical Statistics of Life Assurance: Being an inquiry into the causes of 
 death among the members of The Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society from 1826 till 
 1860. Glasgow, 1862. 
 
 Table 54 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age, Hazardous Occupations 
 
 1826-1860 
 
 Ages 
 Under 25.. . 
 
 25-34 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-54 
 
 55-64 
 
 65-74 
 
 75 and over 
 
 Total. . 
 
 Exclusive op West Indies 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from Cancer 
 
 Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 Source: Medical Statistics of Life Assurance: Being an inquiry into the causes of 
 death among the members of The Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society from 1826 till 
 1860. Glasgow, 1862. 
 
 371 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 55 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Union and National Insurance Com- 
 pany, 1912 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from Cancer 
 
 Organ or Part Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 Mouth and throat 1 0.2 
 
 Larynx 1 0.2 
 
 Lung 5 1.1 
 
 Mediastinum 5 1.1 
 
 Stomach 4 0.9 
 
 Pancreas 1 0.2 
 
 Liver 1 0.2 
 
 Intestines 16 3.5 
 
 Peritoneum 1 0.2 
 
 Bladder 2 0.4 
 
 Prostate Gland 3 0.7 
 
 Vesicula seminalis 1 0.2 
 
 Uterus 1 0.2 
 
 Bone 1 0.2 
 
 Not stated 1 0.2 
 
 All organs 44 9.5 
 
 Source: Analysis of Deaths in The Scottish Union and National Insurance Company, 
 1912. 
 
 Note: All the above deaths are males except the one death from cancer of uterus. 
 
 Table 56 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance 
 
 Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Tumor, by Age 
 
 1815-1845 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 TUMOB 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 20-30 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 30-40 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1.8 
 
 40-50 
 
 143 
 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 
 50-60 
 
 143 
 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 60-70 
 
 123 
 
 2 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 
 70-80 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.8 
 
 AboveSO 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown 
 
 27 
 
 
 Total 
 
 642 
 
 6 
 
 0.9 
 
 5 
 
 0.8 
 
 Source: Observations on the Mortality of The Scottish Widows' Fund and Life 
 Assurance Society from 1815 to 1845. Edinburgh, 1847. 
 
 372 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 57 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance 
 
 Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Tumor, by Age 
 
 1846-1852 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Tumor 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 20-30 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 4.2 
 
 
 
 30-40 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 40-50 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 0.7 
 
 50-60 
 
 178 
 
 2 
 
 i.i 
 
 2 
 
 1.1 
 
 60-70 
 
 151 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 
 70-80 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2.4 
 
 Above 80 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 690 
 
 5 
 
 0.7 
 
 7 
 
 1.0 
 
 Source: Medical Statistics of Life Assurance, Observations on the Causes of Death 
 among the Assured of The Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance Society from 1846 
 to 1852. Edinburgh, 1853. 
 
 Table 58 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Widovi's' Fund and Life Assurance 
 
 Society 
 Mortality from Cancer and Tumor, by Age 
 
 1853-1859 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Tumor 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Ages 
 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 20-30. 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 30-40. 
 
 
 106 
 
 i 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 , , 
 
 40-50. 
 
 
 167 
 
 4 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 
 50-60. 
 
 
 245 
 
 5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2 
 
 0.8 
 
 60-70. 
 
 
 242 
 
 15 
 
 6.2 
 
 1 
 
 0.4 
 
 70-80. 
 
 
 150 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 Above 
 
 80 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 975 
 
 28 
 
 2.9 
 
 3 
 
 0.3 
 
 Source: On the Causes of Death in The Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance 
 Society, 1853-1859. Edinburgh, 1860. 
 
 373 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 59 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Widows' Fund 
 
 and Life Assurance Society 
 
 Proportionate Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1874-1880 Compared with 1888-1894 
 
 Ages 
 
 25-35 
 
 35-45 
 
 45—55 
 
 55-65 
 
 1874-1880 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1.64 
 
 8.20 
 12.30 
 33.60 
 36.88 
 
 1888-1894 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 2.78 
 
 8.73 
 21.83 
 31.75 
 25.79 
 
 9.12 
 
 100.00 
 
 Variations 
 + 1.14 
 +0.53 
 +9.53 
 -1.85 
 
 -11.09 
 
 75 and over 
 
 7.38 
 
 -1.74 
 
 Total 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 Source: The Causes of Death among the Assured in The 
 Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance Society from 
 1874 to 1894, inclusive. Edinburgh, 1902. 
 
 Table 60 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Widows' Fund 
 
 and Life Assurance Society 
 
 Annual Mortality from Cancer among 100,000 Males 
 
 Living at Each "Group of Ages," 1874-1894 
 
 Ages 
 
 1874-1880 
 
 Rate Per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Lives 
 
 1881-1887 
 
 Rate Per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Lives 
 
 1888-1894 
 
 Rate Per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Lives 
 
 25-34 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-54 
 
 55-64 
 
 65-74 
 
 5.1 
 
 21.9 
 
 47.2 
 
 207.8 
 
 469.8 
 
 4.2 
 
 23.7 
 
 73.4 
 
 258.9 
 
 336.7 
 
 422.2 
 
 14.9 
 
 29.5 
 
 90.2 
 
 245.3 
 
 451.8 
 
 75 and over 
 
 346.8 
 
 483.3 
 
 Total 
 
 78.6 
 
 81.9 
 
 104.2 
 
 Source: The Causes of Death among the Assured in The 
 Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance Society from 
 1874 to 1894, inclusive. Edinburgh, 1902. 
 
 374 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 61 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance 
 
 Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Internal and External Organs, Males 
 
 1874-1894 
 
 
 
 Intern 
 
 AL CbGANS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874-1880 
 
 1881-1887 
 
 1888-1894 
 
 1874-1894 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 No. 
 
 % 
 
 No. % 
 
 No. 
 
 % 
 
 No. 
 
 % 
 
 Stomach 
 
 28 
 
 24.56 
 
 33 21.85 
 
 50 
 
 20.24 
 
 Ill 
 
 21.68 
 
 Liver 
 
 23 
 
 20.18 
 
 28 18.55 
 
 42 
 
 17.00 
 
 93 
 
 18.17 
 
 Bowel 
 
 5 
 
 4.39 
 
 15 9.93 
 
 23 
 
 9.31 
 
 43 
 
 8.40 
 
 Abdomen 
 
 7 
 
 6.14 
 
 13 8.60 
 
 14 
 
 5.67 
 
 34 
 
 6.64 
 
 Bladder 
 
 5 
 
 4.39 
 
 3 1.99 
 
 8 
 
 3.24 
 
 16 
 
 3.13 
 
 Mediastinum 
 
 1 
 
 0.88 
 
 8 5.30 
 
 4 
 
 1.62 
 
 13 
 
 2.54 
 
 Qilsophagus 
 
 2 
 
 1.75 
 
 2 1.33 
 
 8 
 
 3.24 
 
 12 
 
 2.34 
 
 Prostate 
 
 3 
 
 2.63 
 
 2 1.33 
 
 3 
 
 1.21 
 
 8 
 
 1.56 
 
 Kidneys 
 
 2 
 
 1.75 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 4 
 
 1.62 
 
 7 
 
 1.37 
 
 Pancreas 
 
 3 
 
 2.63 
 
 
 3 
 
 1.21 
 
 6 
 
 1.17 
 
 Lung 
 
 2 
 
 1.75 
 
 i 0.66 
 
 2 
 
 0.81 
 
 5 
 
 0.98 
 
 Brain 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 1 
 
 0.19 
 
 Spinal cord 
 
 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.19 
 
 All organs 
 
 81 
 
 71.05 
 
 EXTEB> 
 
 107 70.86 
 rAL Organs 
 
 162 
 
 65.58 
 
 350 
 
 68.36 
 
 Rectum 
 
 12 
 
 10.52 
 
 26 17.22 
 
 30 
 
 12.14 
 
 68 
 
 13.28 
 
 Tongue 
 
 8 
 
 7.02 
 
 2 1.33 
 
 13 
 
 5.26 
 
 23 
 
 4.49 
 
 Tissues 
 
 4 
 
 3.51 
 
 5 3.31 
 
 8 
 
 3.24 
 
 17 
 
 3.32 
 
 Throat 
 
 3 
 
 2.63 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 5 
 
 2.02 
 
 9 
 
 1.76 
 
 Larynx 
 
 1 
 
 0.88 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 6 
 
 2.43 
 
 8 
 
 1.56 
 
 Bones 
 
 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 6 
 
 2.43 
 
 7 
 
 1.37 
 
 Mouth 
 
 1 
 
 0.88 
 
 2 1.33 
 
 2 
 
 0.81 
 
 5 
 
 0.96 
 
 Parotid 
 
 3 
 
 2.63 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 5 
 
 0.98 
 
 Glands.... 
 
 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 4 
 
 1.62 
 
 5 
 
 0.98 
 
 Penis 
 
 1 
 
 0.88 
 
 2 1.33 
 
 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 4 
 
 0.78 
 
 Jaw 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1.62 
 
 4 
 
 0.78 
 
 Testes 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.81 
 
 2 
 
 0.39 
 
 Eye 
 
 
 
 1 0.66 
 
 1 
 
 0.41 
 
 2 
 
 0.39 
 
 Lip 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.81 
 
 2 
 
 0.39 
 
 Skin 
 
 
 
 i 0.66 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.19 
 
 All organs 
 
 33 
 
 28.95 
 
 44 29.14 
 
 85 
 
 34.42 
 
 162 
 
 31.64 
 
 Source: The Causes of Death among the Assured in The Scottish Widows' Fund and 
 Life Assurance Society from 1874 to 1894, inclusive. Edinburgh, 1902. 
 
 375 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 62 
 Mortality Experience of The Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance 
 
 Society 
 Annual Mortality from Cancer of Internal and External* Organs among 
 100,000 Males Living at All Ages, 1874-1894 
 
 External Organs 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 Lives 
 
 Ratio 
 
 21.2 
 
 100.0 
 
 21.8 
 
 102.8 
 
 35.2 
 
 166.0 
 
 Internal Organs 
 
 Rate per 
 Period 100,000 Ratio 
 
 Lives 
 
 1874-1880 52.2 100.0 
 
 1881-1887 53.1 101.7 
 
 1888-1894 67.0 128.4 
 
 Source: The Causes of Death among the Assured in The Scottish Widows' Fund and 
 Life Assurance Society from 1874 to 1894, inclusive. Edinburgh, 1902. 
 *Rectum is included in external organs. 
 
 Table 63 
 
 Mortality Experience of British and German Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Proportionate Mortality from Cancer 
 
 Up to 1860 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Gotha Life Insurance 2.83 
 
 Scottish Amicable 1.81 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund 1.69 
 
 Standard 2.07 
 
 North British 1.91 
 
 London Equitable 1.05 
 
 England and Wales, 1848-1854 2.61 
 
 Source: Aus der Praxis der Gothaer Lebensversicherungs-Bank. Jena, 1902. 
 
 Table 64 
 
 Mortality Experience of German Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, 1899-1912 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 Number of from All 
 
 Year Companies Causes 
 
 1899 4 5,530 
 
 1900 '. 5 6,607 
 
 1901 7 8,532 
 
 1902 7 8,543 
 
 1903 6 5,627 
 
 1904 8 6,393 
 
 1905 9 7,844 
 
 1906 10 7,587 
 
 1907 11 7,765 
 
 1908 11 8,368 
 
 1909 11 8,473 
 
 1910 12 10,378 
 
 1911 12 10,892 
 
 1912 11 9.439 
 
 1899-1912 111,978 12,190 10.9 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the several companies. 
 
 376 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 645 
 
 11.7 
 
 735 
 
 11.1 
 
 933 
 
 10.9 
 
 1,006 
 
 11.8 
 
 608 
 
 10.8 
 
 696 
 
 10.9 
 
 837 
 
 10.7 
 
 883 
 
 11.6 
 
 865 
 
 11.1 
 
 815 
 
 9.7 
 
 897 
 
 10.6 
 
 1,106 
 
 10.7 
 
 1,165 
 
 10.7 
 
 999 
 
 10.6 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 65 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Life Insurance Company of the "Deutscher 
 
 Kriegerbund" ( German Veteran Society), Berlin, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 1908-1911 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Year Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 1908 1,439 123 8.5 
 
 1909 1,579 156 9.9 
 
 1910 1,671 152 9.1 
 
 1911 1,824 194 10.6 
 
 1908-1911 6,513 625 9.6 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 1908-1911 
 
 Deaths 
 from Cancer 
 
 Organ Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 Stomach, liver and abdomen 333 5.1 
 
 Other organs 292 4.5 
 
 AU organs 625 9.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of Die Lebensversichenmgs-Anstalt und Sterbekasse des 
 Deutschen Kriegerbundes, Berlin. 
 
 Table 66 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 German Life Insurance Company 
 
 Potsdam, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Ages Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 30 and under. 80 3 3.8 
 
 31-40 354 17 4.8 
 
 41-50 633 74 11.7 
 
 51-60 914 125 13.7 
 
 61-70 1,181 199 16.9 
 
 71 and over... 930 92 9.9 
 
 Total 4,092 510 12.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of Die Deutsche 
 Lebensversicherung, Potsdam. 
 
 Table 67 
 Mortality Experience of the Bremen- 
 Hanoveranian Life Insurance Com- 
 pany' "Freia," Hanover, Germany 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 1907-1913 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 158 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 
 31-60 
 
 2,112 
 
 183 
 
 8.7 
 
 61-70 
 
 926 
 
 140 
 
 15.1 
 
 71 and over.. . 
 
 785 
 
 62 
 
 7.9 
 
 Total. 
 
 3,981 
 
 387 
 
 9.7 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of "Freia," 
 Bremen-Hannoversche Lebensversicher- 
 ungs-Bank, Hanover. 
 
 377 
 
APPEXDIX D 
 
 Table 68 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of the "Friedrich Wilhelm" Life Insurance 
 
 Company, Germany 
 Mortality from Cancer, 1885-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1885 
 
 426 
 
 36 
 
 8.5 
 
 1886 
 
 434 
 
 35 
 
 8.1 
 
 1887 
 
 497 
 
 59 
 
 11.9 
 
 1888 
 
 492 
 
 54 
 
 11.0 
 
 1889 
 
 508 
 
 73 
 
 14.4 
 
 1890 
 
 507 
 
 50 
 
 9.9 
 
 1891 
 
 329 
 
 33 
 
 10.0 
 
 1892 
 
 338 
 
 27 
 
 8.0 
 
 1893 
 
 385 
 
 31 
 
 8.1 
 
 1894 
 
 355 
 
 43 
 441 
 
 12.1 
 
 1885-1894 
 
 4,271 
 
 10.3 
 
 1895 
 
 382 
 
 41 
 
 10.7 
 
 1896 
 
 368 
 
 39 
 
 10.6 
 
 1897 
 
 410 
 
 48 
 
 11.7 
 
 1898 
 
 395 
 
 42 
 
 10.6 
 
 1899 
 
 463 
 
 54 
 
 11.7 
 
 1900 
 
 431 
 
 49 
 
 11.4 
 
 1901 
 
 508 
 
 60 
 
 11.8 
 
 1902 
 
 533 
 
 56 
 
 10.5 
 
 1903 
 
 556 
 
 72 
 
 12.9 
 
 1904 
 
 540 
 
 59 
 520 
 
 10.9 
 
 1895-1904 
 
 4,586 
 
 11.3 
 
 1905 
 
 516 
 
 55 
 
 10.7 
 
 1906 
 
 567 
 
 65 
 
 11.5 
 
 1907 
 
 604 
 
 69 
 
 11.4 
 
 1908 
 
 640 
 
 53 
 
 8.3 
 
 1909 
 
 666 
 
 69 
 
 10.4 
 
 1910 
 
 675 
 
 71 
 
 10.5 
 
 1911 
 
 750 
 
 71 
 
 9.5 
 
 1912 
 
 862 
 
 88 
 
 10.2 
 
 1913 
 
 848 
 
 93 
 
 634 
 
 11.0 
 
 1905-1913 
 
 6,128 
 
 10.3 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Kxebsforschung.Yol. III. Friedrich 
 Wilhelm Lebensversicherungs-Actiengesellschaft in Berlin. 
 Geschaftsbericht. 
 
 378 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 69 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of the "Friedrich Wilhelm" Life Insurance 
 
 Company, Germany 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from Per 
 
 Organ or Part Cancer Cent. 
 
 Lips 
 
 Nose 
 
 Tongue 10 2.1 
 
 (Esophagus 48 9.9 
 
 Stomach 216 44.6 
 
 Intestines 59 12.2 
 
 Liver 65 13.4 
 
 Larynx 16 3.3 
 
 Lungs 4 0.8 
 
 Breast 3 0.6 
 
 Bladder." 7 1.5 
 
 Prostate 3 0.6 
 
 Kidneys 3 0.6 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Bones 10 2.1 
 
 Other organs 40 8.3 
 
 All organs 484 100.0 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, Vol. III. 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from 
 
 Per 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cent. 
 
 3 
 
 1.6 
 
 56 
 
 30.9 
 
 10 
 
 6.5 
 
 24 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 " * 
 
 4.4 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 '2 
 
 i.i 
 
 63 
 
 34.8 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 12 
 
 6.6 
 
 181 
 
 100.0 
 
 Life Insurance 
 
 Table 70 
 Ordinary Mortality Experience of the "Friedrich Wilhelm' 
 
 Company, Germany 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 20-29 
 
 4 
 
 0.8 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 30-39 
 
 24 
 
 5.0 
 
 11 
 
 6.1 
 
 40-49 
 
 104 
 
 21.5 
 
 46 
 
 25.4 
 
 50-59 
 
 170 
 
 35.1 
 
 69 
 
 38.1 
 
 60-69 
 
 143 
 
 29.5 
 
 38 
 
 21.0 
 
 70-79 
 
 38 
 
 7.9 
 
 16 
 
 8.8 
 
 80 and over 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 484 
 
 100.0 
 
 181 
 
 100.0 
 
 379 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 71 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of the "Friedrich Wilhelm" Life Insurance 
 
 Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Sex 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Year Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 1885 326 12 3.7 
 
 1886 520 23 4.4 
 
 1887 553 22 4.0 
 
 1888 431 38 8.8 
 
 1889 833 55 6.6 
 
 1885-1889 2,663 150 5.6 
 
 1890 1,062 64 6.0 
 
 1891 1,309 100 7.6 
 
 1892 1,441 110 7.6 
 
 1893 1,826 113 6.2 
 
 1894 2,180 182 8.3 
 
 1890-1894 7,818 569 7.3 
 
 1895 2,721 229 8.4 
 
 1896 3,287 299 9.1 
 
 1897 3,930 349 8.9 
 
 1898 4,712 409 8.7 
 
 1899 5,952 475 8.0 
 
 1895-1899 20,602 1,761 8.5 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, Vol. III. 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 325 
 
 37 
 
 11.4 
 
 400 
 
 38 
 
 9.5 
 
 491 
 
 58 
 
 11.8 
 
 438 
 
 50 
 
 11.4 
 
 802 
 
 98 
 
 12.2 
 
 2,456 
 
 281 
 
 11.4 
 
 980 
 
 111 
 
 11.3 
 
 1,307 
 
 174 
 
 13.3 
 
 1,603 
 
 207 
 
 12.9 
 
 1,864 
 
 210 
 
 11.3 
 
 2,192 
 
 289 
 
 13.2 
 
 7,946 
 
 991 
 
 12.5 
 
 2,644 
 
 344 
 
 13.0 
 
 3,285 
 
 434 
 
 13.2 
 
 3,770 
 
 543 
 
 14.4 
 
 4,634 
 
 624 
 
 13.5 
 
 5,827 
 
 719 
 
 12.3 
 
 20,160 2.664 
 
 13.2 
 
 380 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 72 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of the "Friedrich Wilhelm" Life Insurance 
 
 Company, Germany 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from Per 
 
 Organ or Part Cancer Cent. 
 
 Lips 5 0.2 
 
 Nose ; 2 0.1 
 
 Tongue 23 0.9 
 
 (Esophagus 267 10.8 
 
 Stomach 1,580 63.7 
 
 Intestines 120 4.8 
 
 Liver 222 9.0 
 
 Larynx 27 1.1 
 
 Lungs 12 0.5 
 
 Breast 7 0.3 
 
 Bladder 36 1.4 
 
 Prostate 3 0.1 
 
 Kidneys 4 0.2 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Bones 15 0.6 
 
 Other organs 157 6.3 
 
 Allorgans 2,480 100.0 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, Vol. III. 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from 
 
 Per 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cent. 
 
 1 
 
 0.0 
 
 2 
 
 0.1 
 
 2 
 
 0.1 
 
 68 
 
 1.7 
 
 1,503 
 
 38.2 
 
 161 
 
 4.1 
 
 413 
 
 10.5 
 
 17 
 
 0.4 
 
 9 
 
 0.2 
 
 205 
 
 5.2 
 
 24 
 
 0.6 
 
 9 
 
 0.2 
 
 1,287 
 
 32.7 
 
 20 
 
 0.5 
 
 215 
 
 5.5 
 
 3,936 
 
 100.0 
 
 Table 73 
 Industrial Mortality Experience of the "Friedrich Wilhelm" Life Insurance 
 
 Company, Germany 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1885-1899 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from Per 
 
 Ages Cancer Cent. 
 
 20-29 6 0.2 
 
 30-39 70 2.8 
 
 40-49 390 15.7 
 
 50-59 1,140 46.0 
 
 60-69 821 33.1 
 
 70-79 62 2.1 
 
 80 and over 1 0.1 
 
 Total 2,480 100.0 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, Vol. III. 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from 
 
 Per 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cent 
 
 15 
 
 0.4 
 
 166 
 
 4.2 
 
 746 
 
 18.9 
 
 1,755 
 
 44.6 
 
 1,154 
 
 29.3 
 
 98 
 
 2.5 
 
 2 
 
 0.1 
 
 3,936 
 
 100.0 
 
 38] 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 74 
 Mortality Experience of the German Life Insurance Company, Liibeck 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Sex 
 1906-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Year 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1906 
 
 790 
 
 97 
 
 12.3 
 
 79 
 
 12 
 
 15.2 
 
 1907 
 
 770 
 
 84 
 
 10.9 
 
 88 
 
 7 
 
 8.0 
 
 1908 
 
 768 
 
 72 
 
 9.4 
 
 101 
 
 13- 
 
 12.9 
 
 1909 
 
 755 
 
 87 
 
 11.5 
 
 89 
 
 12 
 
 13.5 
 
 1910 
 
 726 
 
 93 
 
 12.8 
 
 82 
 
 10 
 
 12.2 
 
 1911 
 
 728 
 
 91 
 
 12.5 
 
 83 
 
 11 
 
 13.3 
 
 1912 
 
 768 
 
 79 
 
 10.3 
 
 91 
 
 16 
 
 17.6 
 
 1913 
 
 724 
 
 94 
 
 13.0 
 
 87 
 
 13 
 
 14.9 
 
 1906-1913 
 
 6,029 
 
 697 
 
 11.6 
 
 700 
 
 94 
 
 13.4 
 
 Table 75 
 
 Mortality Experience of the "Germania" Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1857-1894 
 
 MALES 
 
 Ages 
 
 Number of Lives 
 
 Exposed to Risk 
 
 One Year 
 
 Under 26 41,661.5 
 
 26-30 178,126.0 
 
 31-35 315,234.5 
 
 36-40 361,870.5 
 
 41-45 340,411.0 
 
 46-50 284,106.5 
 
 51-55 213,976.5 
 
 56-60 141,419.5 
 
 61-65 79,587.5 
 
 66-70 37,493.5 
 
 71 and over 18,529.5 
 
 Total 2,012,416.5 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Under 26 29,502.5 
 
 26-30 74,549.5 
 
 31-35 109,396.0 
 
 36-40 119,658.0 
 
 41-45 115,751.5 
 
 46-50 102,250.5 
 
 51-55 
 
 56-60 
 
 Cl-65 
 
 66-70 
 
 71 and over. 
 
 81,023.5 
 55,916.0 
 33,335.0 
 17,138.5 
 10,638.0 
 
 Deaths 
 from Cancer 
 and Tumor 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 120 
 
 227 
 399 
 484 
 498 
 449 
 297 
 147 
 
 2,683 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 33 
 
 83 
 
 196 
 
 245 
 
 245 
 
 235 
 
 192 
 
 95 
 
 85 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Exposed 
 
 2.4 
 
 6.2 
 
 15.9 
 
 33.2 
 
 66.7 
 
 140.4 
 
 226.2 
 
 352.1 
 
 564.2 
 
 792.1 
 
 793.3 
 
 133.3 
 
 6.8 
 
 17.4 
 
 30.2 
 
 69.4 
 
 169.3 
 
 239.6 
 
 302.4 
 
 420.3 
 
 576.0 
 
 554.3 
 
 799.0 
 
 Total 749,159.0 1,424 190.1 
 
 Source: Untersuchimgen iiber die Sterblichkeit unter den Versicherten der "Ger- 
 mania," Lebensversicherungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft zu Stettin. Berlin, 1897. 
 
 382 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 76 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Gotha Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer by Age, Males 
 
 1829-1878 
 
 Number of 
 Ages Lives Exposed 
 
 to Risk 
 
 15-20 714.5 
 
 21-25 7,174.0 
 
 26-30 40,574.0 
 
 31-35 97,948.5 
 
 36-40 141,078.5 
 
 41-45 156,854.0 
 
 46-50 148,165.0 
 
 51-55 128,034.5 
 
 56-60 99,884.0 
 
 61-65 69,231.0 
 
 66-70 42,108.5 
 
 71-75 21,253.5 
 
 76-80 8,288.0 
 
 81-85 2,339.5 
 
 86-90 325.5 
 
 Total 963,973.0 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Exposed 
 
 k 
 
 4.9 
 
 11 
 
 11.2 
 
 40 
 
 28.4 
 
 80 
 
 51.0 
 
 141 
 
 95.2 
 
 168 
 
 131.2 
 
 226 
 
 226.3 
 
 271 
 
 391.4 
 
 207 
 
 491.6 
 
 122 
 
 574.0 
 
 41 
 
 494.7 
 
 13 
 
 555.7 
 
 1,322 
 
 137.1 
 
 Source: Aus der Praxis der Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank. Jena, 1902. 
 
 Table 77 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Gotha Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Duration of Insurance, Males 
 
 1829-1896 
 
 15-25 
 
 26-30 
 
 31-35 
 
 36-40 
 
 41-45 
 
 46-50 
 
 51-55 
 
 56-60 
 
 61-65 
 
 66-70 
 
 71-75 
 
 76-80 
 
 81-85 
 
 86-90 
 
 Total 
 
 Source: Aus der Praxis der Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank. Jena, 1902. 
 
 
 1st to 5th 
 
 
 
 6th and 
 
 
 Insurance Years 
 
 Si 
 
 ibsequent Years 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 403 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 88 
 
 , , 
 
 , , 
 
 767 
 
 9 
 
 1.2 
 
 506 
 
 8 
 
 1.6 
 
 867 
 
 22 
 
 2.5 
 
 1,350 
 
 58 
 
 4.3 
 
 755 
 
 44 
 
 5.8 
 
 2,429 
 
 135 
 
 5.6 
 
 599 
 
 31 
 
 5.2 
 
 3,422 
 
 274 
 
 8.0 
 
 495 
 
 29 
 
 5.9 
 
 4,452 
 
 397 
 
 8.9 
 
 382 
 
 35 
 
 9.2 
 
 5,361 
 
 537 
 
 10.0 
 
 157 
 
 15 
 
 9.6 
 
 5,836 
 
 634 
 
 10.9 
 
 29 
 
 3 
 
 10.3 
 
 5,750 
 
 541 
 
 9.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4,679 
 
 385 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 
 
 3,082 
 
 150 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 
 
 1,442 
 
 53 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 189 
 
 4.1 
 
 382 
 
 7 
 
 1.8 
 
 4,582 
 
 38,798 
 
 3,179 
 
 8.2 
 
 383 
 
 26 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 78 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Gotha Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 15-30 
 
 142 
 
 6 
 
 4.2 
 
 165 
 
 6 
 
 3.6 
 
 31-35 
 
 209 
 
 6 
 
 2.9 
 
 247 
 
 10 
 
 4.0 
 
 36-40 
 
 344 
 
 26 
 
 7.6 
 
 361 
 
 22 
 
 6.1 
 
 41-45 
 
 523 
 
 51 
 
 9.8 
 
 525 
 
 56 
 
 10.7 
 
 46-50 
 
 741 
 
 92 
 
 12.4 
 
 773 
 
 92 
 
 11.9 
 
 51-55 
 
 895 
 
 143 
 
 16.0 
 
 1,031 
 
 168 
 
 16.3 
 
 56-60 
 
 1,175 
 
 182 
 
 15.5 
 
 1,153 
 
 190 
 
 16.5 
 
 61-65 
 
 1,321 
 
 206 
 
 15.6 
 
 1,330 
 
 216 
 
 16.2 
 
 66-70 
 
 1,445 
 
 230 
 
 15.9 
 
 1,439 
 
 236 
 
 16.4 
 
 71-75 
 
 1,175 
 
 145 
 
 12.3 
 
 1,359 
 
 172 
 
 12.7 
 
 76-80 
 
 967 
 
 98 
 
 10.1 
 
 1,074 
 
 94 
 
 8.8 
 
 81-85 
 
 565 
 
 28 
 
 5.0 
 
 635 
 
 29 
 
 4.6 
 
 86-90 
 
 201 
 
 5 
 
 2.5 
 12.6 
 
 235 
 
 9 
 
 3.8 
 
 Total 
 
 9,703 
 
 1,218 
 
 10,327 
 
 1,300 
 
 12.6 
 
 Ages 
 15-30. 
 31-35. 
 36-40. 
 41-45. 
 46-50. 
 51-55. 
 56-60. 
 61-65. 
 66-70. 
 71-75. 
 76-80. 
 81-85. 
 86-90. 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 307 
 
 456 
 
 705 
 
 1,048 
 
 1,514 
 
 1,926 
 
 2,328 
 
 2,651 
 
 2,884 
 
 2,534 
 
 2,041 
 
 1,200 
 
 436 
 
 1903-1912 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 48 
 107 
 184 
 311 
 372 
 422 
 466 
 317 
 192 
 
 57 
 
 14 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent, 
 
 3.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 6.8 
 
 10.2 
 
 12.2 
 
 16.1 
 
 16.0 
 
 15.9 
 
 16.2 
 
 12.5 
 
 9.4 
 
 4.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 Total 20,030 2,518 12.6 
 
 Source: Original data furnished by the Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank, Gotha. 
 
 384 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 79 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Gotha Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer among Teachers 
 
 1829-1890 
 
 Number of Deaths 
 
 Lives Exposed from 
 
 to Risk Cancer 
 School-teachers 
 
 Ages 21-45 82,213.0 22 
 
 46-60 54,770.5 93 
 
 61-90 22,885.0 112 
 
 All ages 159,868.5 227 
 
 High-school Teachers 
 
 Ages 26-45 32,247.0 13 
 
 46-60 20,687.0 31 
 
 61-90 9,014.5 39 
 
 All ages 61,948.5 83 
 
 University Professors 7,814.5 10 
 
 Professors of Medicine 2,792.0 5 
 
 Source: Aus der Praxis der Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank. Jena, 1902. 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Exposed 
 
 26.8 
 169.8 
 489.4 
 142.0 
 
 40.3 
 149.9 
 432.6 
 134.0 
 
 128.0 
 
 179.1 
 
 Table 80 
 Mortality Experience of the Karlsruhe Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 1910-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 . . . 1,436 
 . . . 1,554 
 . . . 1,535 
 . . . 1,564 
 
 169 
 195 
 230 
 256 
 
 11.8 
 
 12.5 
 15.0 
 16.4 
 
 1910-1913... 6.089 
 
 850 
 
 14.0 
 
 Source: Correspondence from Karls- 
 ruher Lebensversicherung, Karlsruhe. 
 
 385 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 81 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Karlsruhe Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Age 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Under 71 and All of All 
 
 Organ or Part 30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 Over Ages Organs 
 
 Tongue 3 2 .. 3 8 0.9 
 
 Larynx 3 6 5 2 16 1.9 
 
 (Esophagus and 
 
 stomach 2 22 76 144 117 G8 399 46.9 
 
 Intestines 10 21 60 51 25 167 19.7 
 
 Liver .... 5 10 26 26 10 77 9.1 
 
 Breast 2 4 2 .. 8 0.9 
 
 Uterus 4 2 2 8 0.9 
 
 Other organs 1 8 25 54 49 30 167 19.7 
 
 All organs 3 45 140 300 252 110 850 
 
 Per cent, of all ages. 0.4 5.3 16.5 35.3 29.6 12.9 .. 100.0 
 
 Source: Original data furnished by the Karlsruher Lebensversicherung, Karlsruhe. 
 
 Table 82 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Karlsruhe Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1900-1905 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Organ or Part from Per Cent. 
 Cancer 
 
 Tongue 12 1.7 
 
 Larynx 17 2.3 
 
 CEsophagus and stomach 347 48.0 
 
 Intestines 134 18.5 
 
 Liver 93 12.9 
 
 Breast 8 1.1 
 
 Uterus 20 2.8 
 
 Otherorgans 92 12.7 
 
 All organs 723 100.0 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of Karlsruher Lebensversicherung, Karlsruhe. 
 
 386 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 83 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Karlsruhe Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age, 1900-1905 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Ages Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 20 and under. 5 
 
 21-25 67 2 3.0 
 
 26-30 223 2 0.9 
 
 31-35 368 10 2.7 
 
 36-40 569 26 4.6 
 
 41-45 784 59 7.5 
 
 46-50 915 109 11.9 
 
 51-55 1,040 146 14.0 
 
 56-60 1,008 155 15.4 
 
 61-65 776 109 14.0 
 
 66-70 537 60 11.2 
 
 71-75 329 31 9.4 
 
 76-80 127 12 9.4 
 
 Above 80 42 2 4.8 
 
 Total 6,790 723 10.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Karls- 
 ruher Lebensversicherung, Karlsruhe. 
 
 Table 84 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Leipzig Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Sex, 1893-1913 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Years 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1893 
 
 752 
 
 86 
 
 11.4 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 10.9 
 
 1894 
 
 743 
 
 75 
 
 10.1 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 12.5 
 
 1895 
 
 785 
 
 83 
 
 10.6 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 11.7 
 
 1896 
 
 829 
 
 91 
 
 11.0 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 14.7 
 
 1897 
 
 797 
 
 96 
 
 12.0 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 10.5 
 
 1898 
 
 847 
 
 94 
 
 11.1 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 16.7 
 
 1899 
 
 869 
 
 100 
 
 11.5 
 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 11.9 
 
 1900 
 
 936 
 
 111 
 
 11.9 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 8.8 
 
 1901 
 
 927 
 
 126 
 
 13.6 
 
 43 
 
 6 
 
 14.0 
 
 1902 
 
 1,016 
 
 137 
 
 13.5 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 18.6 
 
 1903 
 
 1,062 
 
 132 
 
 12.4 
 
 55 
 
 14 
 
 25.5 
 
 1904 
 
 1,043 
 
 142 
 
 13.6 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 6.4 
 
 1905 
 
 1,115 
 
 117 
 
 10.5 
 
 52 
 
 8 
 
 15.4 
 
 1906 
 
 1,120 
 
 141 
 
 12.6 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 12.8 
 
 1907 
 
 1,196 
 
 169 
 
 14.1 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 13.9 
 
 1908 
 
 1,213 
 
 151 
 
 12.4 
 
 47 
 
 6 
 
 12.8 
 
 1909 
 
 1,189 
 
 148 
 
 12.4 
 
 43 
 
 6 
 
 14.0 
 
 1910 
 
 1,253 
 
 159 
 
 12.7 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 4.9 
 
 1911 
 
 1,277 
 
 158 
 
 12.4 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 9.8 
 
 1912 
 
 1,263 
 
 163 
 
 12.9 
 
 47 
 
 7 
 
 14.9 
 
 1913 
 
 1,302 
 
 168 
 
 12.9 
 11.8 
 
 34 
 495 
 
 5 
 
 72 
 
 14.7 
 
 1893-1903 
 
 9,563 
 
 1,131 
 
 14.6 
 
 1904-1913 
 
 11,971 
 
 1,516 
 
 12.7 
 
 427 
 
 51 
 
 11.9 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Leipziger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft, Leipzig. 
 
 387 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 85 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Leipzig Life Insurance Company, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, according to Age, Males 
 
 1893-1912 
 
 Ages 
 15-30. 
 31-40. 
 41-50. 
 51-60. 
 61-70. 
 71-85. 
 
 
 1893-1902 
 
 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 174 
 
 7 
 
 4.0 
 
 272 
 
 6 
 
 2.2 
 
 817 
 
 42 
 
 5.1 
 
 986 
 
 66 
 
 6.7 
 
 1,766 
 
 180 
 
 10.2 
 
 2,152 
 
 223 
 
 10.4 
 
 2,458 
 
 352 
 
 14.3 
 
 3,110 
 
 486 
 
 15.6 
 
 2,018 
 
 288 
 
 14.3 
 
 2,958 
 
 473 
 
 16.0 
 
 1,268 
 
 130 
 
 10.3 
 
 2,253 
 
 226 
 
 10.0 
 
 Total 8,501 999 11.8 11,731 1,480 12.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Leipziger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft, Leipzig. 
 
 Table 86 
 Mortality Experience of the Magde- 
 burg Life Insurance Company 
 Germany 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 1901-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 1901 
 
 736 
 
 57 
 
 7.7 
 
 1902 
 
 740 
 
 64 
 
 8.6 
 
 1903 
 
 807 
 
 78 
 
 9.7 
 
 1904 
 
 699 
 
 59 
 
 8.4 
 
 1905 
 
 750 
 
 76 
 
 10.1 
 
 1906 
 
 703 
 
 82 
 
 11.7 
 
 1907 
 
 762 
 
 91 
 
 11.9 
 
 1908 
 
 803 
 
 69 
 
 8.6 
 
 1909 
 
 742 
 
 72 
 
 9.7 
 
 1910 
 
 815 
 
 92 
 
 11.3 
 
 1911 
 
 890 
 
 93 
 
 10.4 
 
 1912 
 
 885 
 
 94 
 
 10.6 
 
 1913 
 
 883 
 
 112 
 
 12.7 
 
 1901-1913. 
 
 10,215 1,039 
 
 10.2 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Magde- 
 burger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft, 
 Magdeburg. 
 
 Table 87 
 Mortality Experience of the Magde- 
 burg Life Insurance Company 
 
 Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Ages Causes 
 
 Under 30 247 
 
 30-39 1,199 
 
 40-49 2,010 
 
 50-59 2,241 
 
 60-69 2,117 
 
 70 and over... 2,401 
 
 Total 10,215 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 160 
 
 323 
 211 
 
 1,039 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 0.4 
 
 4.3 
 
 8.0 
 
 13.0 
 
 15.3 
 
 10.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Magde- 
 Ijurger Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft, 
 Magdeburg. 
 
APPEXDIX D 
 
 Table 88 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Saxon Military Life Insurance Society 
 
 Dresden, Germany 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1903-1906 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Larynx 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Intestines 
 
 Kidney and bladder. 
 
 Lungs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Uterus and ovary. . . 
 Other organs 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 3.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 6.3 
 
 50.8 
 
 10.3 
 
 12.7 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 7.1 
 
 All organs 126 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 2 
 
 1.9 
 
 47 
 
 45.2 
 
 7 
 
 6.7 
 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 i 
 
 1.6 
 
 4 
 
 3.8 
 
 28 
 
 26.9 
 
 10 
 
 9.7 
 
 104 
 
 100.0 
 
 Males. . . 
 Females . 
 
 MORTALITY FROM CANCER, BY SEX, 1903-1906 
 
 Deaths from All Causes Deaths from Cancer Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 1,545 126 8.2 
 
 874 104 11.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Total... 2,419 230 9.5 
 
 Annual Reports of Sachsischer Militar Lebensversichenmgs-Verein, Dresden. 
 
 
 Table 89 
 
 
 
 Table 90 
 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 Stutt- 
 
 Mortality Experience 
 
 of the 
 
 "Teu- 
 
 gart Life Insurance Comp 
 
 any 
 
 tonia" Life Insurance Company 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 
 1901-1906 
 
 )eaths 
 
 
 1905-191 
 
 2 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 Deaths r 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 rom 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from AU 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Ages Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 30 . 
 
 215 
 
 4 
 
 1.9 
 
 20-30 165 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 30-34 
 
 259 
 
 11 
 
 4.2 
 
 31-40 681 
 
 39 
 
 5.7 
 
 35-39 
 
 432 
 
 28 
 
 6.5 
 
 41-50 1,234 
 
 126 
 
 10.2 
 
 40-44 
 
 560 
 
 43 
 
 7.7 
 
 51-60 1,760 
 
 245 
 
 13.9 
 
 45-49 
 
 715 
 
 90 
 
 12.6 
 
 61-70 2,602 
 
 428 
 
 16.4 
 
 50-54 
 
 833 
 
 99 
 
 11.9 
 
 71-80 2,503 
 
 298 
 
 11.9 
 
 55—59 .... 
 
 890 
 
 143 
 
 16.1 
 
 81 and over... 835 
 
 29 
 
 3.5 
 
 60-64 
 
 879 
 
 141 
 
 16.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 65-69 
 
 742 
 
 105 
 
 14.2 
 
 Total 9.780 
 
 1,166 
 
 11.9 
 
 70-74.... 
 
 675 
 
 96 
 
 14.2 
 
 
 
 
 75-79 
 
 426 
 
 32 
 
 7.5 
 
 Source: Annual Report 
 
 s of the Teutonia 
 
 80-89 
 
 327 
 
 25 
 817 
 
 7.6 
 11.8 
 
 Versicherungs-Actien-Gesellschaft, 
 
 Leipzig. 
 
 Total . . 
 
 . . . 6,953 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Report 
 
 s of the Stutt- 
 
 
 
 
 garter Lebensversicherungsbank, Stuttgart. 
 
 
 
 
 389 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 91 
 
 Mortality Experience of the "Victoria" Life Insurance Company, Berlin 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, 1903-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Year Causes 
 
 1903 861 
 
 1904 1,014 
 
 1905 1,103 
 
 1906 1,218 
 
 1907 1,247 
 
 1908 1,434 
 
 1909 1,522 
 
 1910 1,515 
 
 1911 1,783 
 
 1912 1,890 
 
 1913 2,146 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 73 
 
 8.5 
 
 87 
 
 8.6 
 
 91 
 
 8.3 
 
 104 
 
 8.5 
 
 101 
 
 8.1 
 
 121 
 
 8.4 
 
 127 
 
 8.3 
 
 142 
 
 9.4 
 
 153 
 
 8.6 
 
 180 
 
 9.5 
 
 206 
 
 9.6 
 
 1903-1913... 15,733 1,385 8.8 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the "Vic- 
 toria zu Berlin," Berlin. 
 
 Table 92 
 
 Mortality Experience of Austrian Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, 1899-1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Number of from All 
 
 Year Companies Causes 
 
 1899 2 1,495 
 
 1900 , 4 3,048 
 
 1901 6 4,499 
 
 1902 6 4,401 
 
 1903 5 3,755 
 
 1904 7 4,553 
 
 1905 8 5,481 
 
 1906 9 5,467 
 
 1907 12 7,820 
 
 1908 12 8,362 
 
 1909 13 9,371 
 
 1910 13 9,294 
 
 1911 13 9,795 
 
 1912 13 9,979 
 
 1899-1912 87,320 8,234 9.4 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the several companies. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent, 
 
 129 
 
 8.6 
 
 316 
 
 10.4 
 
 398 
 
 ' 8.8 
 
 396 
 
 9.0 
 
 413 
 
 11.0 
 
 455 
 
 10.0 
 
 479 
 
 8.7 
 
 550 
 
 10.1 
 
 736 
 
 9.4 
 
 767 
 
 9.2 
 
 827 
 
 8.8 
 
 871 
 
 9.4 
 
 920 
 
 9.4 
 
 977 
 
 9,8 
 
 390 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 93 
 
 Mortality Experience of Austrian Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 • Ages Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 Under 31 4,498 67 1.5 
 
 31-35 4,802 156 3.2 
 
 36-40 6,933 348 5.0 
 
 41-45 8,703 582 6.7 
 
 46-50 9,875 1,015 10.3 
 
 51-55 ! . . 10,107 1,233 12.2 
 
 56-60 10,218 1,387 13.6 
 
 61-65 9,352 1,326 14.2 
 
 66-70 7,988 1,041 13.0 
 
 71-75 6,478 640 9.9 
 
 76-80 4,840 328 6.8 
 
 81-85 2,759 98 3.6 
 
 86 and over... 767 13 1.7 
 
 Total 87,320 8,234 9.4 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the several 
 companies. 
 
 Table 94 
 
 Mortality Experience of Austrian Life Insurance Companies 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, according to Age 
 
 1876-1890 Compared with 1891-1900 
 
 
 
 1876-1890 
 
 
 
 1891-1900 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from Ail 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 17-29 
 
 473 
 
 2 
 
 0.4 
 
 580 
 
 8 
 
 1.4 
 
 30-34 
 
 1,103 
 
 27 
 
 2.4 
 
 1,299 
 
 38 
 
 2.9 
 
 35-39 
 
 1,802 
 
 89 
 
 4.9 
 
 2,244 
 
 94 
 
 4.2 
 
 40-44 
 
 2,481 
 
 146 
 
 5.9 
 
 3,094 
 
 193 
 
 6.2 
 
 45-49 
 
 2,907 
 
 247 
 
 8.5 
 
 3,722 
 
 365 
 
 9.8 
 
 50-54 
 
 3,235 
 
 274 
 
 8.5 
 
 3,852 
 
 456 
 
 11.8 
 
 55-59 
 
 3,536 
 
 365 
 
 10.3 
 
 3,883 
 
 482 
 
 12.4 
 
 60-64 
 
 3,410 
 
 316 
 
 9.3 
 
 3,255 
 
 417 
 
 12.8 
 
 65-69 
 
 3,009 
 
 258 
 
 8.6 
 
 3,132 
 
 395 
 
 12.6 
 
 70-74 
 
 1,669 
 
 164 
 
 9.8 
 
 2,006 
 
 215 
 
 10.7 
 
 75-79 
 
 1,070 
 
 45 
 
 4.2 
 
 1,684 
 
 112 
 
 6.7 
 
 80-84 
 
 425 
 
 6 
 
 1.4 
 
 789 
 
 33 
 
 4.2 
 
 85-98 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 2.7 
 7.7 
 
 150 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 
 Total 
 
 25,195 
 
 1,941 
 
 29,690 
 
 2,810 
 
 9.5 
 
 Source: Versichenmgswissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, IX. Band, l.Heft. Vienna, 1914. 
 
 391 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 95 
 Mortality Experience of Austrian Life Insurance Companies, 1876-1900 
 Probability of Death from Cancer Multiplied by 100,000 
 
 Ages 1876-1880 
 
 17-29 
 
 30-34 20.37 
 
 35-39 56.28 
 
 40-44 78.70 
 
 45-49 152.27 
 
 50-54 243.81 
 
 55-59 298.82 
 
 60-64 346.91 
 
 65-69 553.88 
 
 70-74 999.48 
 
 75-79 64.02 
 
 80-84 
 
 85-98 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 
 5.33 
 
 12.18 
 
 2.04 
 
 24.15 
 
 14.36 
 
 19.92 
 
 11.39 
 
 50.09 
 
 38.56 
 
 39.84 
 
 21.25 
 
 95.47 
 
 55.95 
 
 69.86 
 
 50.03 
 
 166.03 
 
 126.86 
 
 160.97 
 
 107.22 
 
 171.47 
 
 206.42 
 
 262.79 
 
 189.57 
 
 334.19 
 
 362.41 
 
 368.29 
 
 327.43 
 
 395.76 
 
 455.04 
 
 519.90 
 
 446.88 
 
 503.06 
 
 576.39 
 
 804.91 
 
 668.88 
 
 940.54 
 
 824.59 
 
 818.44 
 
 886.88 
 
 654.35 
 
 623.06 
 
 608.54 
 
 934.40 
 
 511.04 
 
 169.96 
 
 807.13 
 
 694.01 
 
 
 1284.16* 
 
 
 435.96 
 
 Source: YersicherungswissenschaftlicheMitteilungen, IX. Band, 1. Heft. Vienna, 1914. 
 
 *Based on only two deaths. 
 
 Table 96 
 
 Mortality Experience of "Der 
 
 Anker" Life Insurance Company 
 
 Vienna, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 1,034 
 
 22 
 
 2.1 
 
 31-35 
 
 415 
 
 13 
 
 3.1 
 
 36-40 
 
 581 
 
 17 
 
 2.9 
 
 41-45 
 
 782 
 
 40 
 
 5.1 
 
 46-50 
 
 871 
 
 65 
 
 7.5 
 
 51-55 
 
 914 
 
 89 
 
 9.7 
 
 56-60 
 
 775 
 
 80 
 
 10.3 
 
 61-65 
 
 690 
 
 78 
 
 11.3 
 
 66-70 
 
 603 
 
 70 
 
 11.6 
 
 71-75 
 
 612 
 
 24 
 
 3.9 
 
 76-80 
 
 428 
 
 12 
 
 2.8 
 
 81-85 
 
 302 
 
 4 
 
 1.3 
 
 86 and over. . . 
 
 151 
 
 514 
 
 
 Total 
 
 8,158 
 
 6.3 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Life In- 
 surance Company "Der Aaker," Vienna. 
 Note: 1903 is missing. 
 
 Table 97 
 
 Mortality Experience of the" Assicur- 
 
 azioni Generali," Trieste, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Year Causes 
 
 1899 943 
 
 1900 895 
 
 1901 947 
 
 1902 1,035 
 
 1903 1,063 
 
 1904 1,016 
 
 1905 1,145 
 
 1906 1,075 
 
 1907 1,192 
 
 1908 1,209 
 
 1909 1,292 
 
 1910 1,238 
 
 1911 1,295 
 
 1912 1,277 
 
 Total 15,622 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 77 
 
 8.2 
 
 90 
 
 10.1 
 
 92 
 
 9.7 
 
 97 
 
 9.4 
 
 93 
 
 8.7 
 
 94 
 
 9.3 
 
 107 
 
 9.3 
 
 101 
 
 9.4 
 
 137 
 
 11.5 
 
 120 
 
 9.9 
 
 114 
 
 8.8 
 
 123 
 
 9.9 
 
 102 
 
 7.9 
 
 114 
 
 8.9 
 
 1,461 
 
 9.4 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the " Assicura- 
 zioni Generali," Trieste. 
 
 392 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 
 Table 98 
 
 
 
 Table 99 
 
 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 "Assi- 
 
 Mortality Experience 
 
 of th 
 
 e Life 
 
 curazioni Generali," 
 
 Trieste, 
 
 Austria 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Company 
 
 "Donau," 
 
 Mortality 
 
 from Cancer, by Age 
 
 Vienna, Austria 
 
 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 
 Dfeaths Deaths 
 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 from All 
 
 rom 
 
 Cancer 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 579 
 
 13 
 
 2.2 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 31-35 
 
 836 
 
 36 
 
 4.3 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 72 
 
 1 
 
 1.4 
 
 36-40 
 
 1,270 
 
 63 
 
 5.0 
 
 31-35 
 
 117 
 
 6 
 
 5.1 
 
 41-45 
 
 1,660 
 
 115 
 
 6.9 
 
 36-40 
 
 156 
 
 7 
 
 4.5 
 
 46-50 
 
 1,850 
 
 194 
 
 10.5 
 
 41-45 
 
 175 
 
 10 
 
 5.7 
 
 51-55 
 
 1,782 
 
 213 
 
 12.0 
 
 46-50 
 
 250 
 
 22 
 
 8.8 
 
 56-60 
 
 1,672 
 
 233 
 
 13.9 
 
 51-55 
 
 248 
 
 34 
 
 13.7 
 
 61-65 
 
 1,408 
 
 192 
 
 13.6 
 
 56-60 
 
 272 
 
 40 
 
 14.7 
 
 66-70 
 
 1,337 
 
 159 
 
 11.9 
 
 61-65 
 
 261 
 
 45 
 
 17.2 
 
 71-75 
 
 1,303 
 
 121 
 
 9.3 
 
 66-70 
 
 214 
 
 27 
 
 12.6 
 
 76-80 
 
 1,150 
 
 86 
 
 7.5 
 
 71-75 
 
 172 
 
 25 
 
 14.5 
 
 81-85 
 
 692 
 
 32 
 
 4.6 
 
 76-80 
 
 136 
 
 10 
 
 7.4 
 
 86 and over. . . 
 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 4.8 
 9.4 
 
 81 and over.. . 
 Total 
 
 91 
 
 227 
 
 
 Total 
 
 15,622 
 
 1,461 
 
 2,164 
 
 10.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the " 
 
 Assicura- 
 
 Source: Annual Reports 
 
 > of the Life In- 
 
 zioni Generali, 
 
 ' Trieste. 
 
 
 
 surance Company "Donau, 
 
 ' Vienna. 
 
 
 Table 100 
 
 
 
 Table 101 
 
 
 
 Mortality Experience of the First 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 General Association of 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company 
 
 Austro-Hungarian Ofificials 
 
 "Janus 
 
 ," Vienna, 
 
 Austria 
 
 Vienna, Austria 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 
 
 
 1900-191^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from AU 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 ^ancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Age3 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 125 
 
 4 
 
 3.2 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 279 
 
 3 
 
 1.1 
 
 31-35 
 
 216 
 
 9 
 
 4.2 
 
 31-35 
 
 581 
 
 12 
 
 2.1 
 
 36-40 
 
 255 
 
 17 
 
 6.7 
 
 36-40 
 
 939 
 
 37 
 
 3.9 
 
 41-45 
 
 331 
 
 30 
 
 9.1 
 
 41-45 
 
 1,283 
 
 86 
 
 6.7 
 
 46-50 
 
 364 
 
 46 
 
 12.6 
 
 46-50 
 
 1,649 
 
 182 
 
 11.0 
 
 51-55 
 
 387 
 
 51 
 
 14.7 
 
 51-55 
 
 2,104 
 
 267 
 
 12.7 
 
 56-60 
 
 388 
 
 59 
 
 15.2 
 
 56-60 
 
 2,559 
 
 380 
 
 14.8 
 
 61-65 
 
 346 
 
 44 
 
 12.7 
 
 61-65 
 
 2,569 
 
 391 
 
 15.2 
 
 66-70 
 
 350 
 
 45 
 
 12.9 
 
 66-70 
 
 2,259 
 
 328 
 
 14.5 
 
 71-75 
 
 330 
 
 25 
 
 7.6 
 
 71-75 
 
 1,668 
 
 203 
 
 12.2 
 
 76-80 
 
 284 
 
 22 
 
 7.7 
 
 76-80 
 
 1,085 
 
 85 
 
 7.8 
 
 81-85 
 
 162 
 
 8 
 
 4.9 
 
 81-85 
 
 86 and over. . . 
 
 532 
 
 26 
 
 4.9 
 
 86 and over. . . 
 
 140 
 
 4 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3,678 
 
 370 
 
 10.1 
 
 Total 
 
 17,507 
 
 2,000 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soiu-ce: Annual ReDorts of the Mutual 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of Erster Allge- 
 
 Life Insurance 
 
 Company ".Janus." 
 
 Vienna. 
 
 meiner Beamten-Verein 
 
 der Osterreichisch- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ungarischen Monarchic 
 
 Wien. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 393 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 102 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Life 
 
 Insurance Company of the "Mar- 
 
 graviate Moravia," Briinn, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1906-1912 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 195 
 
 2 
 
 1.0 
 
 31-35 
 
 183 
 
 2 
 
 1.1 
 
 36-40 
 
 269 
 
 12 
 
 4.5 
 
 41-45 
 
 238 
 
 19 
 
 8.0 
 
 46-50 
 
 228 
 
 20 
 
 8.8 
 
 51-55 
 
 159 
 
 25 
 
 15.7 
 
 56-60 
 
 117 
 
 12 
 
 10.3 
 
 61-65 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 14.8 
 
 66-70 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 19.0 
 
 71 and over.. . 
 
 2 
 
 104 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,466 
 
 7.1 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Landes- 
 Lebensversicherung.s-Anstalt der Mark- 
 grafschaft Mahren, Briinn. 
 
 Table 103 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company 
 
 of Krakau, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1905-1912 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Ages Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 30 and under. 82 3 3.7 
 
 31-35 197 6 3.0 
 
 36-40 420 20 4.8 
 
 41-45 570 40 7.0 
 
 46-50 597 46 7.7 
 
 51-55 604 52 8.6 
 
 56-60 524 68 13.0 
 
 61-65 507 76 15.0 
 
 66-70 324 40 12.4 
 
 71-75 184 26 14.1 
 
 76-80 118 8 6.8 
 
 81 and over.. . 47 
 
 Total 4,174 385 9.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Krakau 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company, Krakau. 
 
 Table 104 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 'Phoenix" Life insurance Company 
 
 Vienna, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Year Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 1901 729 38 5.2 
 
 1902 785 5Q 7.1 
 
 1903 774 87 11.2 
 
 1904 790 73 9.2 
 
 1905 915 73 8.0 
 
 1906 873 85 9.7 
 
 1907 929 100 10.8 
 
 1908 963 110 11.4 
 
 1909 1,016 102 10.0 
 
 1910 1,001 84 8.4 
 
 1911 954 93 9.7 
 
 1912 895 107 12.0 
 
 1913 847 80 9.4 
 
 Total 11,471 1,088 9.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Oster- 
 reichischer Phoenix, Vienna. 
 
 394 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 105 
 
 Mortality Experience of the "Phoenix" Life Insurance Company 
 
 Vienna, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 
 1901-1906 
 
 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 30 and under 
 
 142 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.8 
 
 160 
 
 262 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 1.3 
 
 31-35 
 
 237 
 
 3.4 
 
 36-40 
 
 312 
 
 14 
 
 4.5 
 
 402 
 
 30 
 
 7.5 
 
 41-45 
 
 408 
 
 22 
 
 5.4 
 
 462 
 
 24 
 
 5.2 
 
 46-50 
 
 517 
 
 51 
 
 9.9 
 
 581 
 
 57 
 
 9.8 
 
 51-55 
 
 538 
 
 57 
 
 10.6 
 
 555 
 
 76 
 
 13.7 
 
 56-60 
 
 604 
 
 67 
 
 11.1 
 
 659 
 
 82 
 
 12.4 
 
 61-65 
 
 625 
 
 81 
 
 13.0 
 
 714 
 
 105 
 
 14.7 
 
 66-70 
 
 552 
 
 52 
 
 9.4 
 
 718 
 
 111 
 
 15.5 
 
 71-75 
 
 428 
 
 45 
 
 10.5 
 
 570 
 
 65 
 
 11.4 
 
 76-80 
 
 312 
 
 16 
 
 5.1 
 
 382 
 
 26 
 
 6.8 
 
 81-85 
 
 141 
 
 3 
 
 2.1 
 
 217 
 
 8 
 
 3.7 
 
 86 and over 
 
 50 
 
 412 
 
 8.5 
 
 76 
 
 1 
 596 
 
 1.3 
 
 Total 
 
 4,866 
 
 5,758 
 
 10.4 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Osterreichischer Phoenix, Vienna. 
 
 Table 106 
 
 Mortality Experience of the "Praha" 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company 
 
 Prague, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1900-1907 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Ages Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 30 and under. 97 1 1.0 
 
 31-35 123 5 4.1 
 
 36-40 140 7 5.0 
 
 41-45 170 9 5.3 
 
 46-50 185 26 14.1 
 
 51-55 156 26 16.7 
 
 56-60 145 20 13.8 
 
 61-65 157 21 13.4 
 
 66-70 135 16 11.9 
 
 71-75 79 3 3.8 
 
 76-80 30 4 13.3 
 
 81-85 7 
 
 86 and over.. . 
 
 Total 1,424 138 9.7 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Mutual 
 
 Life Insurance Company "Praha," Prague, 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Table 107 
 
 Mortality Experience of the" Riunione 
 
 Adriatica Sicurta" Life Insurance 
 
 Company, Trieste, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 30 and under . 
 
 305 
 
 6 
 
 2.0 
 
 31-35 
 
 495 
 
 15 
 
 3.0 
 
 36-40 
 
 721 
 
 42 
 
 5.8 
 
 41-45 
 
 1,040 
 
 73 
 
 7.0 
 
 46-50 
 
 1,142 
 
 120 
 
 10.5 
 
 51-55 
 
 1,165 
 
 123 
 
 10.6 
 
 56-60 
 
 1,113 
 
 130 
 
 11.7 
 
 61-65 
 
 904 
 
 100 
 
 11.1 
 
 66-70 
 
 786 
 
 94 
 
 12.0 
 
 71-75 
 
 694 
 
 59 
 
 8.5 
 
 76-80 
 
 586 
 
 36 
 
 6.1 
 
 81-85 
 
 372 
 
 11 
 
 3.0 
 
 86 and over.. . 
 
 131 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 
 Total 
 
 9,454 
 
 811 
 
 8.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the "Riunione 
 Adriatica Sicurta," Trieste. 
 
 395 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 108 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 Industrial Insurance Company 
 
 "Universale," Vienna, Austria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Ages Causes 
 
 30 and under. 1,084 
 
 31-35 680 
 
 36-40 819 
 
 41-45 902 
 
 46-50 949 
 
 51-55 947 
 
 56-60 914 
 
 61-65 820 
 
 66-70 520 
 
 71-75 345 
 
 76-80 290 
 
 81-85 216 
 
 86 and over... 108 
 
 Total 8,594 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 102 
 
 140 
 
 146 
 
 134 
 
 73 
 
 37 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 790 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent, 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.4 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.7 
 
 10.7 
 
 14.8 
 
 16.0 
 
 16.3 
 
 14.0 
 
 10.7 
 
 5.5 
 
 2.8 
 
 1.9 
 
 9.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Indus- 
 trial Life Insurance Company "Univer- 
 sale," Vienna. 
 
 Table 109 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 "Fonciere" Life Insurance Company 
 
 Budapest, Hungary 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1900-1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Ages Causes 
 
 30 and under . 134 
 
 31-35 159 
 
 36-40 311 
 
 41-45 397 
 
 46-50 476 
 
 51-55 419 
 
 56-60 420 
 
 61-65 303 
 
 66-70 246 
 
 71-75 147 
 
 76-80 69 
 
 81-85 30 
 
 86 and over... 6 
 
 Total 3,117 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 2 
 7 
 12 
 32 
 34 
 46 
 48 
 42 
 17 
 10 
 
 253 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1.5 
 
 4.4 
 
 3.9 
 
 8.1 
 
 7.1 
 
 11.0 
 
 11.4 
 
 13.9 
 
 6.9 
 
 6.8 
 
 4.3 
 
 8.1 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the "Fon- 
 ciere," Pester Versicherungs-Anstalt, Buda- 
 pest, Hungary. 
 
 Table 110 
 
 Mortality Experience of the 
 
 'Basle" Life Insurance Company 
 
 Switzerland, 1865-1897 
 
 MORTALITY FROM CANCER 
 
 Years 
 1865-1877. 
 1878-1887. 
 1888-1897. 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 1,482 
 2,332 
 3,252 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 103 
 190 
 347 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 6.95 
 
 8.15 
 
 10.67 
 
 1865-1897... 7,066 640 9.06 
 
 MORTALITY FROM CANCER, BY SEX 
 Males 5,755 500 8.69 
 
 Females . 
 
 927 
 
 140 
 
 15.10 
 
 Source: 7066 Todesfalle der Easier 
 Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft medi- 
 zinish und statistisch bearbeitet von Dr. 
 Arthur Hesse. Leipzig, 1899. 
 
 Table 111 
 
 Mortality Experience of 
 
 'La Suisse" Life Insurance Company 
 
 Lausanne, Switzerland 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from All 
 
 Ages Causes 
 
 21-30 41 
 
 31-40 162 
 
 41-50 225 
 
 51-60 269 
 
 61-70 274 
 
 71-80 225 
 
 81-90 57 
 
 Total 1,253 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 2 
 7 
 20 
 30 
 36 
 22 
 3 
 
 129 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 4.9 
 4.3 
 8.9 
 14.5 
 13.1 
 9.8 
 5.3 
 
 10.3 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of "La Suisse" 
 Societe d'Assurances sur la vie et contre 
 les accidents, Lausanne. 
 
 396 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 112 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Life Insurance Company "Thule" 
 
 Stockholm, Sweden 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other Tumors 
 
 1873-1902 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Year 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 1873 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 25.0 
 
 1875 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 27.3 
 
 1880 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 18 
 
 i 
 
 5.6 
 
 1882 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 4.8 
 
 1873-1882 
 
 109 
 
 6 
 
 5.5 
 
 1883 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 8.3 
 
 1884 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 13.0 
 
 1885 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 7.1 
 
 1886 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 6.3 
 
 1887 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 1888 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 11.4 
 
 1889 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 10.0 
 
 1890 
 
 58 
 
 4 
 
 6.9 
 
 1891 
 
 70 
 
 3 
 
 4.3 
 
 1892 
 
 86 
 
 3 
 
 3.5 
 
 1883-1892 
 
 443 
 
 29 
 
 6.5 
 
 1893 
 
 103 
 
 9 
 
 8.7 
 
 1894 
 
 97 
 
 9 
 
 9.3 
 
 1895 
 
 92 
 
 10 
 
 10.9 
 
 1896 
 
 123 
 
 15 
 
 12.2 
 
 1897 
 
 152 
 
 17 
 
 11.2 
 
 1898 
 
 133 
 
 11 
 
 8.3 
 
 1899 
 
 151 
 
 15 
 
 9.9 
 
 1900 . 
 
 181 
 
 19 
 
 10.5 
 
 1901 
 
 236 
 
 25 
 
 10.6 
 
 1902 
 
 201 
 
 21 
 151 
 
 10.4 
 
 1893-1902 
 
 1,469 
 
 10.3 
 
 Source: Lifsforsakringsaktiebolaget Thule, 
 Trettio Ars Verksamhet, 1873-1902. 
 
 Stockholm, 
 
 397 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 113 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Australian Mutual Provident Society 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 1849-1888 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 from AU 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 19-24 
 
 204 
 
 2 
 
 1.0 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 25-29 
 
 358 
 
 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 80-34 
 
 493 
 
 7 
 
 1.4 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 35-39 
 
 628 
 
 13 
 
 2.1 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 40-44 
 
 776 
 
 27 
 
 3.5 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 16.6 
 
 45-49 
 
 804 
 
 42 
 
 5.2 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 15.0 
 
 50-54 
 
 705 
 
 49 
 
 7.0 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 25.0 
 
 55-59 
 
 543 
 
 33 
 
 6.1 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 22.7 
 
 60-64 
 
 379 
 
 30 
 
 7.9 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 23.5 
 
 65-69 
 
 269 
 
 14 
 10 
 
 5.2 
 9.5 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 70-74 
 
 105 
 
 22.2 
 
 75-79 
 
 45 
 
 3 
 
 6.7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 80 and over 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 5,325 
 
 232 
 
 4.4 
 
 221 
 
 25 
 
 11.3 
 
 Source: Report on the Mortality Experience of The Australian Mutual Pro\adent 
 Society for the forty years 1849 to 1888. 
 
 Table 114 
 
 Mortality Experience of The Australian Mutual Provident Society 
 
 Mortality from Tumor, by Age and Sex 
 
 1849-1888 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from AU 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Causes 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 19-24 
 
 204 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 25-29 
 
 358 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 30-34 
 
 493 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 35-39 
 
 628 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 40-44 
 
 776 
 
 2 
 
 0.3 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 45-49 
 
 804 
 
 2 
 
 0.2 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 5.0 
 
 50-54 
 
 705 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 55-59 
 
 543 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 60-64 
 
 379 
 
 1- 
 
 0.3 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 65-69 
 
 269 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 70-74 
 
 105 
 
 1 
 
 1.0 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 75-79 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 80 and over 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 5,325 
 
 10 
 
 0.2 
 
 221 
 
 1 
 
 0.5 
 
 Source: Report on the Mortality Experience of The Australian Mutual Provident 
 Society for the forty years 1849 to 1888. 
 
 398 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 115 
 
 Mortality Experience of 
 
 The Oriental Government Security 
 
 Life Assurance Company 
 
 Bombay, British India 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Race 
 
 1897-1913 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 from AU 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Ages 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Hindoos 
 
 7,281 
 
 70 
 
 0.96 
 
 Under 40. . . 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 2.3 
 
 Europeans. . . 
 
 840 
 
 33 
 
 3.93 
 
 40-49 
 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 4.7 
 
 Parsees 
 
 637 
 
 12 
 
 1.88 
 
 50-64 
 
 51 
 
 11 
 
 21.6 
 
 Mahomedans 
 
 259 
 
 1 
 116 
 
 0.39 
 1.29 
 
 65 and over. . 
 Total .... 
 
 24 
 161 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 4.2 
 
 Total 
 
 9,017 
 
 9.3 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of The Oriental 
 Government Security Life Assurance Com- 
 pany, Limited. 
 
 Table 116 
 
 Mortality Experience of 
 
 The Dutch East Indian Life 
 
 Insurance Company 
 
 Batavia, Dutch East Indies 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Age 
 
 1911-1913 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Neder- 
 landsch-Indische LelDensverzekeringen 
 Li jf rente Maatschappij, Batavia, Dutch 
 East Indies. 
 
 Table 117 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Meiji Life Assurance Company, Japan 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Sex 
 
 1899-1907 
 
 . Year 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1899-1907. 
 
 1899-1907. 
 
 5,919 
 
 IMALES 
 
 529 
 TOTAL 
 
 8.9 
 
 FEiLALES 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent 
 
 417 
 
 33 
 
 7.9 
 
 91 
 
 9 
 
 9.9 
 
 443 
 
 32 
 
 7.2 
 
 95 
 
 11 
 
 11.6 
 
 505 
 
 39 
 
 7.7 
 
 104 
 
 13 
 
 12.5 
 
 618 
 
 62 
 
 10.0 
 
 180 
 
 18 
 
 10.0 
 
 615 
 
 64 
 
 10.4 
 
 160 
 
 24 
 
 15.0 
 
 787 
 
 56 
 
 7.1 
 
 180 
 
 31 
 
 17.2 
 
 851 
 
 90 
 
 10.6 
 
 210 
 
 20 
 
 9.5 
 
 743 
 
 70 
 
 9.4 
 
 238 
 
 27 
 
 11.3 
 
 940 
 
 83 
 
 8.8 
 
 296 
 
 27 
 
 9.1 
 
 1,554 
 
 180 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 from All 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 7,473 
 
 709 
 
 9.5 
 
 11.6 
 
 Source: Mortality Experience in the Meiji Life Assurance Company, 1899 to 1907. 
 
 399 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 118 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Meiji Life Assurance Company, Japan 
 
 Mortality from Carcinoma, by Age and Sex 
 
 1899-1907 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent, 
 
 25-29 
 
 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 2 
 
 0.4 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 30-34 
 
 11 
 
 1.6 
 
 4 
 
 0.8 
 
 7 
 
 4.0 
 
 35-39 
 
 36 
 
 5.2 
 
 18 
 
 3.5 
 
 18 
 
 10.2 
 
 40-44 
 
 72 
 
 10.4 
 
 49 
 
 9.5 
 
 23 
 
 13.0 
 
 45-49 
 
 114 
 
 16.4 
 
 85 
 
 16.4 
 
 29 
 
 16.4 
 
 50-54 
 
 153 
 
 22.0 
 
 125 
 
 24.1 
 
 28 
 
 15.8 
 
 55—59 
 
 149 
 
 21.4 
 
 115 
 
 22.2 
 
 34 
 
 19.2 
 
 60-64 
 
 106 
 
 15.3 
 
 83 
 
 16.0 
 
 23 
 
 13.0 
 
 65-69 
 
 36 
 
 5.2 
 
 28 
 
 5.4 
 
 8 
 
 4.5 
 
 70-74 
 
 15 
 
 2.2 
 
 9 
 
 1.7 
 
 6 
 
 3.4 
 
 Total 
 
 695 
 
 100.0 
 
 518 
 
 100.0 
 
 177 
 
 100.0 
 
 Source: Mortality Experience in the Meiji Life Assurance Company, 1899 to 1907. 
 
 Table 119 
 
 Mortality Experience of the Meiji Life Assurance Company, Japan 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1899-1907 
 
 Total 
 
 Number of 
 
 Carcinoma of Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 Buccal ca\nty 16 2.3 
 
 Larj'nx 16 2.3 
 
 (Esophagus 88 12.4 
 
 Stomach 371 52.3 
 
 Liver 52 7.3 
 
 Intestines and peritoneum .. . 44 6.2 
 
 Kidneys and urethra 7 1.0 
 
 Lungs and pleura 5 0.7 
 
 Uterus 79 11.1 
 
 Breast 4 0.6 
 
 Neck 6 0.8 
 
 Other organs 7 1.0 
 
 Sarcoma 14 2.0 
 
 Allorgans 709 100.0 
 
 Males 
 
 Number of 
 
 Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 16 
 14 
 
 85 
 
 306 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 529 
 
 3.0 
 2.6 
 16.1 
 57.8 
 7.9 
 6.2 
 1.1 
 0.8 
 
 1.1 
 1.1 
 2.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 Females 
 
 Number of 
 Deaths 
 
 3 
 65 
 10 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 79 
 
 4 
 
 180 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 i.i 
 
 1.7 
 
 36.1 
 5.6 
 6.1 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 
 43.9 
 
 0.6 
 1.7 
 
 100.0 
 
 Source: Mortality Experience in the Meiji Life Assurance Company, 1899 to 1907. 
 
 400 
 
APPENDIX D 
 
 Table 120 
 
 Mortality Experience of Domestic Life Insurance Companies of Japan 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age and Sex, 1910-1912 
 
 Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 20 and under 799 
 
 21-30 3,600 
 
 31-40 5,863 
 
 41-50 7,407 
 
 51-60 7,381 
 
 61-70 4,543 
 
 71-80 800 
 
 81-90 9 
 
 Total 30,402 
 
 MALES 
 
 Cancer of Stomach 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of All 
 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 105 
 376 
 688 
 411 
 49 
 1 
 
 1,638 
 
 0.0 
 0.2 
 1.8 
 5.1 
 9.3 
 9.0 
 6.1 
 11.1 
 
 5.4 
 
 Cancer of Other Organs 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 205 
 372 
 217 
 
 868 
 
 0.0 
 0.2 
 0.7 
 2.8 
 5.0 
 4.8 
 3.5 
 0.0 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Cancer of All Organs 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of All 
 Causes 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 7.9 
 
 14.3 
 
 13.8 
 
 9.6 
 
 11.1 
 
 14 
 
 145 
 
 581 
 
 1,060 
 
 628 
 
 77 
 
 1 
 
 2,506 
 
 8.2 
 
 20 and under 400 
 
 21-30 1,788 
 
 31-40 2,605 
 
 41-50 2,155 
 
 51-60 2,250 
 
 61-70 1,800 
 
 71-80 477 
 
 81-90 7 
 
 Total 11,482 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 75 
 
 160 
 
 122 
 
 21 
 
 FEMALES 
 0.0 
 0.3 
 1.0 
 3.5 
 7.1 
 6.8 
 4.4 
 
 410 
 
 3.6 
 
 7 
 
 61 
 
 113 
 
 121 
 
 84 
 
 18 
 
 404 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.4 
 2.3 
 5.2 
 
 5.4 
 
 4.7 
 3.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 12 
 
 88 
 
 188 
 
 206 
 39 
 
 814 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.7 
 3.3 
 8.7 
 12.5 
 11.5 
 8.2 
 0.0 
 
 7.1 
 
 Source: The Insurance Year Book, 1910-1912, Department of Agriculture and Com- 
 merce, Japan. 
 
 Table 121 
 
 Mortality Experience of Foreign Life Insurance Companies of Japan 
 
 Mortality from Cancer by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, Males, 1912 
 
 Ages 
 
 20 and under . 
 
 21-30 
 
 31-40... 
 
 41-50 
 
 51-60 
 
 61-70 
 
 Total . 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 62 
 
 103 
 
 79 
 
 28 
 
 290 
 
 MALES 
 
 Cancer of Stomach 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Deaths of All 
 Causes 
 
 1.9 
 10.1 
 10.7 
 
 4.5 
 
 13 
 
 Cancer of Other Organs 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Deaths of All 
 
 Causes 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 3.9 
 13.9 
 17.9 
 
 6.9 
 
 Cancer of All Organs 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 
 6 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 5.8 
 24.0 
 28.6 
 
 11.4 
 
 Source: The Insurance Year Book, 1912, Department of Agriculture and Commerce, 
 Japan. 
 
 Note : There were no cases of cancer in the female experience. 
 
 401 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 E 
 
 Cancer Mortality According to Latitude, 
 
 Size or Cities, and Specified Organs and Parts 
 
 Throughout the World 
 
 Table Page 
 
 1 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities, according to Latitude, 1908-1912 403 
 
 2 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities of the Eastern and Western Hemi- 
 
 spheres, according to Latitude, 1908-1912 407 
 
 3 Mortality from Cancer in Cities, according to Size, 1908-1912 410 
 
 4 Comparative Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, in Thirteen Princi- 
 
 pal Countries of the World 413 
 
 402 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 1 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities, according to Latitude 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 MORE NORTHERLY THAN 50° N. LATITUDE 
 
 City 
 
 Bergen 
 
 Petrograd 
 
 Kristiania 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 Goteborg 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 Edinburgh .... 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 Moscow 
 
 Copenhagen. . . 
 Kbnigsberg. . . . 
 
 Belfast 
 
 Leeds 
 
 Sheffield 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Manchester 
 
 Dublin 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Birmingham. . . 
 
 Amsterdam 
 
 The Hague. . . . 
 Rotterdam .... 
 
 London 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Essen 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Dresden 
 
 Cologne 
 
 Brussels 
 
 Liege 
 
 Lille 
 
 Frankfurt a/M. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Latitude 
 
 Population 
 
 Total 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 North 
 
 1912 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 60°24' 
 
 77,404 
 
 383,100 
 
 376 
 
 98.1 
 
 59°57' 
 
 1.990,874 
 
 9,815,760 
 
 8,400 
 
 85.6 
 
 59°55' 
 
 243,967 
 
 1,205,625 
 
 1,229 
 
 101.9 
 
 59°21' 
 
 346,848 
 
 1,712,593 
 
 2,047 
 
 119.5 
 
 57°41' 
 
 172,006 
 
 821,817 
 
 759 
 
 91.2 
 
 57° 8' 
 
 164,932 
 
 814,268 
 
 941 
 
 115.6 
 
 55°57' 
 
 321,119 
 
 1,602,543 
 
 1,918 
 
 119.7 
 
 55°53' 
 
 785,600 
 
 3,918,239 
 
 4,190 
 
 106.9 
 
 55°45' 
 
 1,617,733 
 
 7,050,000 
 
 5,805 
 
 82.3 
 
 55°41' 
 
 570,000 
 
 2,744,628 
 
 4,427 
 
 161.3 
 
 54°43' 
 
 255,684 
 
 1,226,145 
 
 1,487 
 
 121.3 
 
 54°36' 
 
 390,724 
 
 1,915,845 
 
 1,612 
 
 84.1 
 
 53°46' 
 
 447,746 
 
 2,221,718 
 
 2,308 
 
 103.9 
 
 53°37' 
 
 466,408 
 
 2,261,241 
 
 1.894 
 
 83.8 
 
 53°24' 
 
 1,063,201 
 
 5,006,244 
 
 5,276 
 
 105.4 
 
 53°24' 
 
 752,021 
 
 3,716,551 
 
 3,592 
 
 96.6 
 
 53°23' 
 
 724,168 
 
 3,460,469 
 
 3,321 
 
 96.0 
 
 53°23' 
 
 306,218 
 
 1,516,918 
 
 1,701 
 
 112.1 
 
 53° 5' 
 
 316,000 
 
 1,484,152 
 
 1,546 
 
 104.2 
 
 52°30' 
 
 2,100,000 
 
 10,361,160 
 
 13,831 
 
 133.5 
 
 52°30' 
 
 850,947 
 
 2,951,231 
 
 2,592 
 
 87.8 
 
 52°22' 
 
 588,000 
 
 2,874,663 
 
 3,355 
 
 116.7 
 
 52° 4' 
 
 294,540 
 
 1,375,718 
 
 1,490 
 
 108.3 
 
 51°55' 
 
 445,137 
 
 2,137,458 
 
 1,980 
 
 92.6 
 
 51°31' 
 
 4,531,572 
 
 22,671,154 
 
 25,322 
 
 111.7 
 
 51°27' 
 
 359,400 
 
 1,784,270 
 
 1,792 
 
 100.4 
 
 51°27' 
 
 305,024 
 
 1,414,452 
 
 856 
 
 60.5 
 
 51°20' 
 
 605,755 
 
 2,848,078 
 
 2,817 
 
 98.9 
 
 51°13' 
 
 322,275 
 
 1,554,689 
 
 1,376 
 
 88.5 
 
 51° 2' 
 
 557,400 
 
 2,727,750 
 
 3,594 
 
 131.8 
 
 50°52' 
 
 544,329 
 
 2,546,035 
 
 2.404 
 
 94.4 
 
 50°51' 
 
 646,400 
 
 891.295 
 
 939 
 
 105.4 
 
 50°38' 
 
 167,851 
 
 837,517 
 
 878 
 
 104.8 
 
 50°37' 
 
 220,243 
 
 1,076,849 
 
 1,469 
 
 136.4 
 
 50° 6' 
 
 428,500 
 
 1,982,500 
 
 1,850 
 
 93.3 
 
 23,980,086 112,912,675 119,374 105.7 
 
 403 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 1 (continued) 
 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities, according to Latitude 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 
 LATITUDE 50° N.-40° N. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Latitude 
 
 Population 
 
 Total 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 City 
 
 North 
 
 1912 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 49°56' 
 
 49°29' 
 49°27' 
 
 159,256 
 136,905 
 345,416 
 
 715,250 
 
 677,065 
 
 1,649,630 
 
 362 
 
 917 
 
 1,721 
 
 50.6 
 
 Le Havre 
 
 135.4 
 
 Nuremberg 
 
 104.3 
 
 Paris 
 
 48°50' 
 
 2,872,400 
 
 14,111,481 
 
 15,638 
 
 110.8 
 
 Nancy 
 
 48°40' 
 
 121,688 
 
 591,050 
 
 705 
 
 119.3 
 
 Vienna 
 
 48°14' 
 
 2,077,295 
 
 10,064,070 
 
 12,971 
 
 128.9 
 
 Munich 
 
 48° 9' 
 
 615,000 
 
 2,951,000 
 
 4,936 
 
 • 167.3 
 
 Seattle 
 
 47°36' 
 
 268,500 
 
 1,185,970 
 
 662 
 
 55.8 
 
 Basel 
 
 47°34' 
 
 135,632 
 
 657,827 
 
 752 
 
 114.3 
 
 Budapest 
 
 47°29' 
 
 905,244 
 
 4,337,060 
 
 4,450 
 
 102.6 
 
 Zurich 
 
 47°23' 
 
 199,000 
 
 945,026 
 
 1,053 
 
 111.4 
 
 Beme 
 
 46°57' 
 
 86,900 
 
 417,323 
 
 446 
 
 106.9 
 
 Quebec 
 
 46°48' 
 
 79,300 
 
 379,013 
 
 209 
 
 55.1 
 
 Geneva 
 
 46°12' 
 
 130,000 
 
 621,646 
 
 766 
 
 123.2 
 
 Lyon 
 
 45°42' 
 
 534,132 
 
 2,618,980 
 
 3,908 
 
 149.2 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 45°30' 
 
 484,400 
 
 2,185,680 
 
 1,429 
 
 65.4 
 
 Milan 
 
 45°28' 
 
 609,974 
 
 2,942,130 
 
 3,562 
 
 121.1 
 
 St. John 
 
 45°14' 
 
 42,691 
 436,251 
 
 211,655 
 
 2,089,805 
 
 173 
 2,341 
 
 81.7 
 
 Turin 
 
 45° 4' 
 
 112.0 
 
 Minneapolis 
 
 44°58' 
 
 321,146 
 
 1,507,040 
 
 1,052 
 
 69.8 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 44°52' 
 
 221,832 
 263,624 
 
 1,073,718 
 1,042,820 
 
 802 
 1,184 
 
 74.7 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 44°50' 
 
 113.5 
 
 
 44°24' 
 
 275,972 
 
 1,342,350 
 
 1,393 
 
 103.8 
 
 Florence 
 
 43°45' 
 
 235,587 
 
 1,150,665 
 
 1,861 
 
 161.7 
 
 
 43°43' 
 
 144,682 
 
 710,345 
 
 710 
 
 99.8 
 
 Toronto 
 
 43°40' 
 
 414,000 
 
 1,819,052 
 
 1,313 
 
 72.2 
 
 
 43° 8' 
 
 232,741 
 
 1,090,742 
 
 996 
 
 91.3 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 43° 3' 
 
 398,219 
 
 1,869,282 
 
 1,292 
 
 69.1 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 42°53' 
 
 442,567 
 
 2,118,575 
 
 1,879 
 
 88.7 
 
 Boston 
 
 42°22' 
 
 715,711 
 
 3,352,926 
 
 3,545 
 
 105.7 
 
 
 42°20' 
 
 515,156 
 
 2,328,827 
 
 1,528 
 
 65.6 
 
 Springfield, Mass 
 
 42° 6' 
 
 94,300 
 
 444,630 
 
 407 
 
 91.5 
 
 
 41°54' 
 
 550,057 
 
 2,670,945 
 
 2,679 
 
 100.3 
 
 Chicago 
 
 41°53' 
 
 2,282,623 
 
 10,926,412 
 
 8,618 
 
 78.9 
 
 Providence 
 
 41°50' 
 
 234,602 
 
 1,121,628 
 
 1,098 
 
 97.9 
 
 Hartford 
 
 41°46' 
 
 102,727 
 
 494,572 
 
 492 
 
 99.5 
 
 
 41°30' 
 
 596,443 
 
 2,803,315 
 
 1,960 
 
 69.9 
 
 New Haven 
 
 41°19' 
 
 138,721 
 
 128,404 
 
 668,025 
 620,478 
 
 616 
 
 538 
 
 92.2 
 
 
 41°16' 
 
 86.7 
 
 Constantinople 
 
 41° 0' 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 5,750,000 
 
 2,001 
 
 34.8 
 
 
 40°51' 
 
 689,480 
 
 3,332,910 
 
 2,168 
 
 65.0 
 
 Newark 
 
 40°45' 
 
 373,141 
 
 1,737,345 
 
 1,313 
 
 75.6 
 
 
 40°44' 
 
 72,268 
 
 351,621 
 
 283 
 
 80.5 
 
 Jersey City 
 
 40°43' 
 
 281,811 
 5,032,821 
 
 1,338,895 
 23,834,415 
 
 833 
 18,385 
 
 62.2 
 
 
 40°43' 
 
 77.1 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 40°26' 
 
 550,385 
 
 2,669,525 
 
 1,773 
 
 66.4 
 
 Madrid 
 
 40°24' 
 
 578,000 
 
 2,825,985 
 
 2,673 
 
 94.6 
 
 Columbus 
 
 40° 0' 
 
 192,701 
 
 907,553 
 
 823 
 121,216 
 
 90.7 
 
 Total 
 
 27,519,705 
 
 131,256,257 
 
 92.4 
 
 404 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 1 (continued) 
 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities, according to Latitude 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 LATITUDE 40° N.-30° N. 
 
 Latitude Population Total 
 
 City North 1912 Population 
 
 Philadelphia 39°57' 1,600,072 7,745,040 
 
 Dayton 39°44' 122,825 582,882 
 
 Denver 39°41' 229,287 1,066,905 
 
 Indianapolis 39°40' 246,546 1,168,247 
 
 Baltimore 39°17' 568,391 2,792,425 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 39° 8' 265,306 1,241,903 
 
 Washington 38°53' 341,541 1,655,346 
 
 St Louis 38°38' 709,387 3,435,143 
 
 Lo'uis\dlle 38°12' 227,766 1,119,637 
 
 Cincinnati 38° 8' 371,129 1,817,955 
 
 Palermo 38° 7' 344,227 1,689,745 
 
 Athens 37°58' 188,130 816,750 
 
 San Francisco 37°48' 431,738 2,084,560 
 
 Richmond 37°32' 136,144 638,140 
 
 Nash\'ille 36° 9' 116,264 551,820 
 
 Gibraltar 36° 7' 19,017 97,823 
 
 Tokio ... 35°39' 1,860,000 8,132,879 
 
 Memphis 35° 8' 136,861 655,522 
 
 Kyoto 35° 1' 490,000 2,216,496 
 
 Osaka .... 34°44' 1,260,000 6,014,365 
 
 Los Angeles 34° 5' 362,541 1,595,988 
 
 Augusta 33°33' 41,360 205,200 
 
 Charleston 32°46' 59,437 294,162 
 
 Savannah, Ga 32° 5' 67,228 325,320 
 
 Total 10,195,197 47,944,253 
 
 LATITUDE 30° N.-10° N. 
 
 New Orleans 29°58' 349,471 1,695,376 
 
 Havana 23° 9' 353,509 1,644,513 
 
 Calcutta 22°34' 900,894 4,456,200 
 
 Hongkong 22°18' 368,420 1,777,706 
 
 Mexico City 19°26' 491,500 2,355,330 
 
 Manila 14°35' 241,653 1,172,043 
 
 Caracas 10°31' 75,000 375,000 
 
 Total 2,780,447 13,476,168 
 
 LATITUDE 10° N.-10° S. 
 
 Paramaribo 5°49' 35,000 
 
 Bogota 4°35' 121,257 
 
 Singapore 1°17' 323,373 
 
 Guayaquil S. 2°11' 80,000 
 
 Total 559,630 2,583,495 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 6,610 
 525 
 
 85.3 
 90.1 
 
 887 
 
 83.1 
 
 947 
 
 81.1 
 
 2,500 
 981 
 
 89.5 
 79.0 
 
 1,455 
 
 2,815 
 764 
 
 87.9 
 81.9 
 68.2 
 
 1,680 
 892 
 
 92.4 
 52.8 
 
 543 
 
 66.5 
 
 2,287 
 518 
 
 109.7 
 81.2 
 
 377 
 
 68.3 
 
 81 
 
 82.8 
 
 5,918 
 333 
 
 72.8 
 50.8 
 
 1,968 
 
 3,281 
 
 1,610 
 
 124 
 
 88.8 
 
 54.6 
 
 100.9 
 
 60.4 
 
 173 
 
 58.8 
 
 182 
 
 55.9 
 
 37,451 
 
 5,696 
 
 78.1 
 
 1,440 
 
 84.9 
 
 1,689 
 
 102.7 
 
 522 
 
 11.7 
 
 157 
 
 8.8 
 
 1,165 
 
 49.5 
 
 330 
 
 28.2 
 
 393 
 
 104.8 
 
 42.3 
 
 174,775 
 
 167 
 
 95.6 
 
 607,465 
 
 545 
 
 89.7 
 
 1,521,255 
 
 177 
 
 11.6 
 
 280,000 
 
 167 
 
 59.6 
 
 1,056 
 
 40.9 
 
 405 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 1 (concluded) 
 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities, according to Latitude 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 LATITUDE, 10°S.-30°S. 
 
 Latitude Population 
 
 City South 1912 
 
 Bahia 13° 0' 300,000 
 
 La Paz 16°30' 86,926 
 
 Bello Horizonte 20° 0' 39,845 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 22°54' 710,600 
 
 Sao Paulo 23°38' 400,000 
 
 Johannesburg 26°26' 249,000 
 
 Santiago del Estero 27°48' 20,580 
 
 Total 1,806,951 
 
 LATITUDE, 30°S.-40°S. 
 
 Pelotas 31°50' 38,207 
 
 Rosario de Santa Fe 33° 0' 225,600 
 
 Sydney 33°52' 675,800 
 
 Buenos Aires 34°36' 1,383,663 
 
 Montevideo 34°54' 355,017 
 
 Total 2,678,287 12,297,218 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rale per 
 
 Total 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1,413,800 
 
 328 
 
 23.2 
 
 316,090 
 
 69 
 
 21.8 
 
 112,280 
 
 41 
 
 36.5 
 
 3,357,032 
 
 1,427 
 
 42.5 
 
 1,694,000 
 
 769 
 
 45.4 
 
 1,076,862 
 
 370 
 
 34.4 
 
 96,080 
 
 36 
 
 37.5 
 
 8,066,144 
 
 3,040 
 
 37.7 
 
 181,201 
 
 147 
 
 81.1 
 
 937,604 
 
 684 
 
 73.0 
 
 3,114,640 
 
 2,805 
 
 90.1 
 
 6,406,275 
 
 5,475 
 
 85.5 
 
 1,657,498 
 
 1,937 
 
 116.9 
 
 11,048 
 
 406 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 2 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities of the Eastern and Western 
 
 Hemispheres, according to Latitude 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 LATITUDE, 50°N.-40°N., EASTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 Latitude 
 
 City North 
 
 Le Havre 49°29' 
 
 Nuremberg 49°27' 
 
 Paris 48°50' 
 
 Nancy 48°40' 
 
 Vienna 48°14' 
 
 Munich 48° 9' 
 
 Basel 47°34' 
 
 Budapest 47°29' 
 
 Zurich 47°23' 
 
 Berne 46°57' 
 
 Geneva 46°12' 
 
 Lyon 45°42' 
 
 Milan 45°28' 
 
 Turin 45° 4' 
 
 Bordeaux 44°50' 
 
 Genoa 44°24' 
 
 Florence 43°45' 
 
 Nice 43°43' 
 
 Rome 41°54' 
 
 Constantinople 41° 0' 
 
 Naples 40°51' 
 
 Madrid 40°24' 
 
 Total 
 
 LATITUDE, 50° N.-40° 
 
 Winnipeg 49°56' 
 
 Seattle 47°36' 
 
 Quebec 46°48' 
 
 Montreal 4o°30' 
 
 St. John 45°14| 
 
 Minneapolis 44°o8 
 
 St. Paul 44°52' 
 
 Toronto 43W 
 
 Rochester 43 8 
 
 Milwaukee 43° 3' 
 
 Buffalo 42°53' 
 
 Boston 42°22' 
 
 Detroit 42°20' 
 
 SpringBeld, Mass 42° 6' 
 
 Chicago 41°53'^ 
 
 Providence 41°50' 
 
 Hartford 41°46' 
 
 Cleveland 41°30' 
 
 New Haven 41°19' 
 
 Omaha 41°16' 
 
 Newark 40°45' 
 
 Hoboken 40°44^ 
 
 Jersey City 40 43 
 
 Greater New York 40°43' 
 
 Pittsburgh 40°26' 
 
 Columbus 40° 0' 
 
 Total 
 
 Population 
 191^2 
 
 136,905 
 345,416 
 
 2,872,400 
 121,688 
 
 2,077,295 
 615,000 
 135,632 
 905,244 
 199,000 
 86,900 
 130,000 
 534,132 
 609,974 
 436,251 
 263,624 
 275,972 
 235,587 
 144,682 
 550,057 
 
 1,200,000 
 689,480 
 578,000 
 
 13.143,239 
 
 N., WESTERN 
 
 159,256 
 
 268,500 
 
 79,300 
 484,400 
 
 42,691 
 321,146 
 221,832 
 414,000 
 232,741 
 398,219 
 442,567 
 715,711 
 515,156 
 
 94,300 
 2,282,623 
 234,602 
 102,727 
 596,443 
 138,721 
 128,404 
 373,141 
 
 72,268 
 
 281,811 
 
 5,032,821 
 
 550,385 
 
 192,701 
 
 Total 
 Population 
 
 677,065 
 
 1,649,630 
 
 14,111,481 
 
 591,050 
 
 10,064,070 
 
 2,951,000 
 
 657,827 
 4,337,060 
 
 945,026 
 
 417,323 
 
 621,646 
 2,618,980 
 2,942,130 
 2,089,805 
 1,042,820 
 1,342,350 
 1,150,665 
 
 710,345 
 2,670,945 
 5,750,000 
 3,332,910 
 2,825,985 
 
 63,500,113 
 HEMISPHERE 
 
 715,250 
 1,185,970 
 
 379,013 
 2,185,680 
 
 211,655 
 1,507,040 
 1,073,718 
 1,819,052 
 1,090,742 
 1,869,282 
 2,118,575 
 3,352,926 
 2,328,827 
 
 444,630 
 
 10,926,412 
 
 1,121,628 
 
 494,572 
 2,803,315 
 
 668,025 
 
 620,478 
 1,737,345 
 
 351,621 
 
 1,338,895 
 
 23,834,415 
 
 2,669,525 
 
 907,553 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 917 
 
 1,721 
 
 15,638 
 
 705 
 
 12,971 
 
 4,936 
 
 752 
 4,450 
 1,053 
 
 446 
 
 766 
 3,908 
 3,562 
 2,341 
 1,184 
 1,393 
 1,861 
 
 710 
 2,679 
 2,001 
 2,168 
 2,673 
 
 68,835 
 
 362 
 
 662 
 
 209 
 1,429 
 
 173 
 1,052 
 
 802 
 1,313 
 
 996 
 1,292 
 1,879 
 3,545 
 1,528 
 
 407 
 8,618 
 1,098 
 
 492 
 1,960 
 
 616 
 
 538 
 1,313 
 
 283 
 
 833 
 
 18,385 
 
 1,773 
 
 823 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 135.4 
 104.3 
 110.8 
 119.3 
 128.9 
 167.3 
 114.3 
 102.6 
 111.4 
 106.9 
 123.2 
 149.2 
 121.1 
 112.0 
 113.5 
 103.8 
 161.7 
 99.8 
 100.3 
 34.8 
 65.0 
 94.6 
 
 108.4 
 
 50.6 
 55.8 
 55.1 
 65.4 
 81.7 
 69.8 
 74.7 
 72.2 
 91.3 
 69.1 
 88.7 
 105.7 
 65.6 
 91.5 
 78.9 
 97.9 
 99.5 
 69.9 
 92.2 
 86.7 
 75.6 
 80.5 
 62.2 
 77.1 
 66.4 
 90.7 
 
 14,376,466 67,756,144 52,381 77.3 
 
 407 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 2 (continued) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities of the Eastern and Western 
 
 Hemispheres, according to Latitude 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 LATITUDE, 40°N.-30°N., EASTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 City 
 Palermo. . 
 
 Athens 
 
 Gibraltar. . 
 
 Tokio 
 
 Kyoto .... 
 Osaka. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Latitude 
 
 Population 
 
 Total 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 North 
 
 1912 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 38° 7' 
 
 344,227 
 
 1,689,745 
 
 892 
 
 52.8 
 
 37°58' 
 
 188,130 
 
 816,750 
 
 543 
 
 66.5 
 
 36° 7' 
 
 19,017 
 
 97,823 
 
 81 
 
 82.8 
 
 35°39' 
 
 1,860,000 
 
 8,132,879 
 
 5,918 
 
 72.8 
 
 35° 1' 
 
 490,000 
 
 2,216,496 
 
 1,968 
 
 88.8 
 
 34°44' 
 
 1,260,000 
 
 6,014,365 
 
 3,281 
 
 54.6 
 
 Total. 
 
 4,161,374 18,968,058 12,683 
 
 LATITUDE, 40'='N,-30°N., WESTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Dayton 
 
 Denver 
 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 Washington 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 San Francisco . . . . 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Nashville 
 
 Memphis 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 Augusta 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Savannah, Ga 
 
 Total. 
 
 Calcutta. . 
 Hongkong. 
 Manila 
 
 Total. 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Havana 
 
 Mexico City. 
 Caracas 
 
 6,033,823 28,976,195 
 
 LATITUDE, 30°N.-10°N., EASTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 22°34' 
 22°18' 
 14°35' 
 
 900,894 
 368,420 
 241,653 
 
 4,456,200 
 1,777,706 
 1,172,043 
 
 LATITUDE, 30°N.-10° 
 
 29°58' 
 
 23° 9' 
 
 19°26' 
 
 10°31' 
 
 1,510,967 7,405,949 
 WESTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 349,471 
 
 353,509 
 
 491,500 
 
 75,000 
 
 1,695,376 
 
 1,644,513 
 
 2,355,330 
 
 375,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,269,480 6,070,219 
 
 24,768 
 
 157 
 330 
 
 1,009 
 
 1,440 
 
 1,689 
 
 1,165 
 
 393 
 
 4,087 
 
 66.9 
 
 39°57' 
 
 1,600,072 
 
 7,745,040 
 
 6,610 
 
 85.3 
 
 39°44 
 
 122,825 
 
 582,882 
 
 525 
 
 90.1 
 
 39°41' 
 
 229,287 
 
 1,066,905 
 
 887 
 
 83.1 
 
 39°40' 
 
 246,546 
 
 1,168,247 
 
 947 
 
 81.1 
 
 39°17 
 
 568,391 
 
 2,792,425 
 
 2,500 
 
 89.5 
 
 39° 8 
 
 265,306 
 
 1,241,903 
 
 981 
 
 79.0 
 
 38°53 
 
 341,541 
 
 1,655,346 
 
 1,455 
 
 87.9 
 
 38°38 
 
 709,387 
 
 3,435,143 
 
 2,815 
 
 81.9 
 
 38°12' 
 
 227,766 
 
 1,119,637 
 
 764 
 
 68.2 
 
 38° 8' 
 
 371,129 
 
 1,817,955 
 
 1,680 
 
 92.4 
 
 37°48' 
 
 431,738 
 
 2,084,560 
 
 2,287 
 
 109.7 
 
 37^32' 
 
 136,144 
 
 638,140 
 
 518 
 
 81.2 
 
 36° 9' 
 
 116,264 
 
 551,820 
 
 377 
 
 68.3 
 
 35° 8' 
 
 136,861 
 
 655,522 
 
 333 
 
 50.8 
 
 34° 5 
 
 362,541 
 
 1,595,988 
 
 1,610 
 
 100.9 
 
 33°33' 
 
 41,360 
 
 205,200 
 
 124 
 
 60.4 
 
 32°46' 
 
 59,437 
 
 294,162 
 
 173 
 
 58.8 
 
 32° 5' 
 
 67,228 
 
 325,320 
 
 182 
 
 55.9 
 
 85.5 
 
 11.7 
 
 8.8 
 
 28.2 
 
 13.6 
 
 84.9 
 102.7 
 
 49.5 
 104.8 
 
 77.2 
 
 408 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 2 (concluded) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Large Cities of the Eastern and Western 
 
 Hemispheres, according to Latitude 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 177 11.6 
 
 167 
 545 
 167 
 
 879 
 
 370 
 
 2,670 
 
 2,805 
 
 95.6 
 89.7 
 59.6 
 
 82.7 
 
 34.4 
 
 LATITUDE, lO-N.-lO-S., EASTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 Latitude Population Total 
 
 City North 1912 Population 
 
 Singapore 1°17' 323,373 1,521,255 
 
 LATITUDE, 10°N.-10°S., WESTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 Paramaribo 5°49' 35,000 174,775 
 
 Bogota 4°35' 121,257 607,465 
 
 Guayaquil S. 2°11' 80,000 280,000 
 
 Total 236,257 1,062,240 
 
 LATITUDE, 10° 8.-30° S., EASTERN HEMISPHERE 
 Johannesburg 26°26' 249,000 1,076,862 
 
 LATITUDE, 10°S.-30°S., WESTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 Bahia 13° 0' 300,000 1,413,800 
 
 La Paz 16°30' 86,926 316,090 
 
 Bello Horizonte 20° 0' 39,845 112,280 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 22°54' 710,600 3,357,032 
 
 Sao Paulo 23°38' 400,000 1,694,000 
 
 Santiago del Estero 27°48' 20,580 96,080 
 
 Total 1,557,951 6,989,282 
 
 LATITUDE, 30°S.-40°S., EASTERN HEMISPHERE 
 Sydney 33°52' 675,800 3,114,640 
 
 LATITUDE, 30°S.-40°S., WESTERN HEMISPHERE 
 
 Pelotas 31°50' 38,207 181,201 
 
 Rosario de Santa Fe 33° 0' 225,600 937,604 
 
 Buenos Aires 34°36' 1,383,663 6,406,275 
 
 Montevideo 34°54' 355,017 1,657,498 
 
 Total 2,002,487 9,182,578 
 
 328 
 
 23.2 
 
 69 
 
 21.8 
 
 41 
 
 36.5 
 
 1,427 
 
 42.5 
 
 769 
 
 45.4 
 
 36 
 
 37.5 
 
 38.2 
 
 90.1 
 
 147 
 
 81.1 
 
 684 
 
 73.0 
 
 5,475 
 
 85.5 
 
 1,937 
 
 116.9 
 
 8,243 
 
 89.8 
 
 409 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 3 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities, according to Size, 1908-1912 
 
 Rate per 
 No. of Population Total Deaths from 100,000 
 
 Cities 1912 Population Cancer Population 
 
 14 1,000,000 and over 30,872,254 147,889,255 137,531 93.0 
 
 26 500,000- 1,000,000 17,049,274 78,667,982 74,482 94.7 
 41 250,000- 500,000 14,858,442 70,138,157 58,804 83.8 
 
 27 125,000- 250,000 5,140,049 24,367,754 21,946 90.1 
 22 Less than 125,000 1,600,284 7,473,062 6,118 81.9 
 
 130 69,520,303 328,536,210 298,881 91.0 
 
 Cities with 1,000,000 Population and Over 
 
 1 Greater New York 5,032,821 23,834,415 18,385 77.1 
 
 2 London 4,531,572 22,671,154 25,322 111.7 
 
 3 Paris 2,872,400 14,111,481 15,638 110.8 
 
 4 Chicago 2,282,623 10,926,412 8,618 78.9 
 
 5 BerUn 2,100,000 10,361,160 13,831 133.5 
 
 6 Vienna 2,077,295 10,064,070 12,971 128.9 
 
 7 Petrograd 1,990,874 9,815,760 8,400 85.6 
 
 8 Tokio 1,860,000 8,132,879 5,918 72.8 
 
 9 Moscow 1,617,733 7,050,000 5,805 82.3 
 
 10 Philadelphia 1,600,072 7,745,040 6,610 85.3 
 
 11 Buenos Aires 1,383,663 6,406,275 5,475 85.5 
 
 12 Osaka 1,260,000 6,014,365 3,281 54.6 
 
 13 Constantinople 1,200,000 5,750,000 2,001 34.8 
 
 14 Hamburg 1,063,201 5,006,244 5,276 105.4 
 
 Total 30,872,254 147,889,255 137,531 93.0 
 
 Cities with 500,000 to 1,000,000 Population 
 
 1 Budapest 905,244 4,337,060 4,450 102.6 
 
 2 Calcutta 900,894 4,456,200 522 11.7 
 
 3 Glasgow 785,600 3,918,239 4,190 106.9 
 
 4 Birmingham 850,947 2,951,231 2,592 87.8 
 
 5 Liverpool 752,021 3,716,551 3,592 96.6 
 
 6 Manchester 724,168 3,460,469 3,321 96.0 
 
 7 Boston 715,711 3,352,926 3,545 105.7 
 
 8 Rio de Janeiro 710,600 3,357,032 1,427 42.5 
 
 9 St. Louis 709,387 3,435,143 2,815 81.9 
 
 10 Naples 689,480 3,332,910 2,168 65.0 
 
 11 Sydney 675,800 3,114,640 2,805 90.1 
 
 12 Brussels 646,400 891,295 939 105.4 
 
 13 Munich 615,000 2,951,000 4,936 167.3 
 
 14 Milan 609,974 2.942,130 3,562 121.1 
 
 15 Leipzig 605,755 2,848,078 2,817 98.9 
 
 16 Cleveland 596,443 2,803,315 1,960 69.9 
 
 17 Amsterdam 588,000 2,874,663 3,355 116.7 
 
 18 Madrid 578,000 2,825,985 2,673 94.6 
 
 19 Copenhagen 570,000 2,744,628 4,427 161.3 
 
 20 Baltimore 568,391 2,792,425 2,500 89.5 
 
 21 Dresden 557,400 2,727,750 3,594 131.8 
 
 22 Pittsburgh 550,385 2,669,525 1,773 66.4 
 
 23 Rome 550,057 2,670,945 2,679 100.3 
 
 24 Cologne 544,329 2,546,035 2,404 94.4 
 
 25 Lyon 534,132 2,618,980 3,908 149.2 
 
 20 Detroit 515,156 2,328,827 1,528 65.6 
 
 Total 17,049,274 78,667,982 74,482 94.7 
 
 410 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 3 (continued) 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities, according to Size, 1908-1912 
 
 Cities with 250,000 to 500,000 Population 
 
 Population Total 
 
 City 1912 Population 
 
 1 Mexico City 491,500 2,355,330 
 
 2 Kyoto 490,000 2,216,496 
 
 3 Montreal 484,400 2,185,680 
 
 4 Sheffield 466,408 2,261,241 
 
 5 Leeds 447,746 2,221,718 
 
 Rotterdam 445,137 2,137,458 
 
 7 Buffalo 442,567 2,118,575 
 
 8 Turin 436,251 2,089,805 
 
 9 San Francisco 431,738 2,084,560 
 
 10 Frankfurt a/M 428,500 1,982,500 
 
 11 Toronto 414,000 1,819,052 
 
 12 Sao Paulo 400,000 1,694,000 
 
 13 Milwaukee 398,219 1,869,282 
 
 14 Belfast 390,724 1,915,845 
 
 15 Newark 373,141 1,737,345 
 
 16 Cincinnati 371,129 1,817,955 
 
 17 Hongkong 368,420 1,777,706 
 
 18 Los Angeles 362,541 1,595,988 
 
 19 Bristol 359,400 1,784,270 
 
 20 Monte\adeo 355,017 1,657,498 
 
 21 Havana 353,509 1,644,513 
 
 22 New Orleans 349,471 1,695,376 
 
 23 Stockholm 346,848 1,712,593 
 
 24 Nuremberg 345,416 1,649,630 
 
 25 Palermo 344,227 1,689,745 
 
 26 Washington 341,541 1,655,346 
 
 27 Singapore 323,373 1,521,255 
 
 28 Antwerp 322,275 1,554,689 
 
 29 Minneapolis 321,146 1,507,040 
 
 30 Edinburgh 321,119 1,602,543 
 
 31 Bremen 316,000 1,484,152 
 
 32 Dublin 306,218 1,516,918 
 
 33 Essen 305,024 1,414,452 
 
 34 Bahia 300,000 1,413,800 
 
 35 The Hague 294,540 1,375,718 
 
 36 Jersey City 281,811 1,338,895 
 
 37 Genoa 275,972 1,342,350 
 
 38 Seattle 268,500 1,185,970 
 
 39 Kansas City, Mo 265,306 1,241,903 
 
 40 Bordeaux 263,624 1,042,820 
 
 41 Konigsberg 255,684 1,226,145 
 
 Total 14,858,442 70,138,157 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1,165 
 
 49.5 
 
 1,968 
 
 88.8 
 
 1,429 
 
 65.4 
 
 1,894 
 
 83.8 
 
 2,308 
 
 103.9 
 
 1,980 
 
 92.6 
 
 1,879 
 
 88.7 
 
 2,341 
 
 112.0 
 
 2,287 
 
 109.7 
 
 1,850 
 
 93.3 
 
 1,313 
 
 72.2 
 
 769 
 
 45.4 
 
 1,292 
 
 69.1 
 
 1,612 
 
 84.1 
 
 1,313 
 
 75.6 
 
 1,680 
 
 92.4 
 
 157 
 
 8.8 
 
 1,610 
 
 100.9 
 
 1,792 
 
 100.4 
 
 1,937 
 
 116.9 
 
 1,689 
 
 102.7 
 
 1,440 
 
 84.9 
 
 2,047 
 
 119.5 
 
 1,721 
 
 104.3 
 
 892 
 
 52.8 
 
 1,455 
 
 87.9 
 
 177 
 
 11.6 
 
 1,376 
 
 88.5 
 
 1,052 
 
 69.8 
 
 1,918 
 
 119.7 
 
 1,546 
 
 104.2 
 
 1,701 
 
 112.1 
 
 856 
 
 60.5 
 
 328 
 
 23.2 
 
 1,490 
 
 108.3 
 
 833 
 
 62.2 
 
 1,393 
 
 103.8 
 
 662 
 
 55.8 
 
 981 
 
 79.0 
 
 1,184 
 
 113.5 
 
 1,487 
 
 121.3 
 
 58,804 
 
 83.8 
 
 411 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 3 (concluded) 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities, according to Size, 1908-1912 
 
 Cities with 125,000 to 250,000 Population 
 
 Population Total Deaths from 
 
 City 1912 Population Cancer 
 
 1 Johannesburg 249,000 1,076,862 370 
 
 2 Indianapolis 246,546 1,168,247 947 
 
 3 Kristiania 243,967 1,205,625 1,229 
 
 4 Manila 241,653 1,172,043 330 
 
 5 Florence 235,587 1,150,665 1,861 
 
 6 Pro^-idence 234,602 1,121,628 1,098 
 
 7 Rochester 232,741 1,090,742 996 
 
 8 Denver 229,287 1,066,905 887 
 
 9 Loms\alle 227,766 1,119,637 764 
 
 10 Rosario de Santa Fe 225,600 937,604 684 
 
 11 St. Paul 221,832 1,073,718 802 
 
 12 LQle 220,243 1,076,849 1,469 
 
 13 Zurich 199,000 945,026 1,053 
 
 14 Columbus 192,701 907,553 823 
 
 15 Athens 188,130 816,750 543 
 
 16 Goteborg 172,006 821,817 759 
 
 17 Liege 167,851 837,517 878 
 
 18 Aberdeen 164,932 814,268 941 
 
 19 Winnipeg 159,256. 715,250 362 
 
 20 Nice 144,682 710,345 710 
 
 21 New Haven 138,721 668,025 616 
 
 22 Le Ha\Te 136,905 677,065 917 
 
 23 Memphis 136,861 655,522 333 
 
 24 Richmond 136,144 638,140 518 
 
 25 Basel 135,632 657,827 752 
 
 26 Geneva 130,000 621,646 766 
 
 27 Omaha 128,404 620,478 538 
 
 Total 5,140,049 24,367,754 21,946 
 
 Cities with Less Than 125,000 Population 
 
 1 Dayton 122,825 582,882 525 
 
 2 Nancy 121,688 591,050 705 
 
 3 Bogota 121,257 607,465 545 
 
 4 Nash\alle 116,264 551,820 377 
 
 5 Hartford 102,727 494,572 492 
 
 6 Springfield, Mass 94,300 444,630 407 
 
 7 La Paz 86,926 316,090 69 
 
 8 Bern 86,900 417,323 446 
 
 9 Guayaquil 80,000 280,000 167 
 
 10 Quebec 79,300 379,013 209 
 
 11 Bergen 77,464 383,100 376 
 
 12 Caracas 75,000 375,000 393 
 
 13 Hoboken 72,268 351,621 283 
 
 14 Savannah 67,228 325,320 182 
 
 15 Charleston 59,437 294,162 173 
 
 16 St. John 42,691 211,655 173 
 
 17 Augusta, Ga 41,360 205,200 124 
 
 18 BelloHorizonte 39,845 112,280 41 
 
 19 Pelotas 38,207 181,201 147 
 
 20 Paramaribo 35,000 174,775 167 
 
 21 Santiago del Estero 20,580 96,080 36 
 
 22 Gibraltar 19,017 97.823 81 
 
 Total 1,600,284 7,473,062 6,118 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 34.4 
 
 81.1 
 
 101.9 
 
 28.2 
 
 161.7 
 
 97.9 
 
 91.3 
 
 83.1 
 
 68.2 
 
 73.0 
 
 74.7 
 
 136.4 
 
 111.4 
 
 90.7 
 
 66.5 
 
 91.2 
 
 104.8 
 
 115.6 
 
 50.6 
 
 99.8 
 
 92.2 
 
 135.4 
 
 50.8 
 
 81.2 
 
 114.3 
 
 123.2 
 
 86.7 
 
 90.1 
 
 90.1 
 119.3 
 89.7 
 68.3 
 99.5 
 91.5 
 21.8 
 106.9 
 59.6 
 55.1 
 98.1 
 104.8 
 80.5 
 55.9 
 58.8 
 81.7 
 60.4 
 36.5 
 81.1 
 95.6 
 37.5 
 82.8 
 
 81.9 
 
 412 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 4 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 in Thirteen Principal Countries of the World 
 
 Australian Commonwealth, 1908-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and Liver 6,024 27.4 
 
 Skin 503 2.3 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 1,635 15.6 
 
 Female breast 1.117 10.6 
 
 Total population 21,997,568 
 
 Female population 10,573,554 
 
 General cancer death rate 73.2 
 
 Bavaria, 1905-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 23,911 59.4 
 
 Skin 311 0.8 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 4,434 21.6 
 
 Female breast l,S1\ 9.1 
 
 Total population 40,234,987 
 
 Female population 20,507,907 
 
 General cancer death rate 109.4 
 
 Cuba, 1908-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,383 12.7 
 
 Skin 215 2.0 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 973 18.9 
 
 Female breast 232 4.5 
 
 Total population 10,892,077 
 
 Female population 5,157,276 
 
 General cancer death rate 44.6 
 
 413 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 4 (continued) 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 in Thirteen Principal Countries of the World 
 
 England and Wales, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 55,105 31.4 
 
 Skin 3,731 2.1 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 21,908 24.2 
 
 Female breast 16,185 17.9 
 
 Total population 175,333,013 
 
 Female population 90,535,741 
 
 General cancer death rate 94.0 
 
 Holland, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 17,878 62.2 
 
 Skin . 411 1.4 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 1,919 13.2 
 
 Female breast 1,390 9.6 
 
 Total population 28,725,355 
 
 Female population 14,506,305 
 
 General cancer death rate 103.5 
 
 Ireland, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 6,795 31.0 
 
 Skin 589 2.7 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 1,415 12.8 
 
 Female breast 1,545 14.0 
 
 Total population 21,942,708 
 
 Female population 11,012,089 
 
 General cancer death rate 78.8 
 
 414 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 4 (continued) 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 in Thirteen Principal Countries of the World 
 
 Italy, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 44,330 26.2 
 
 Skin 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 13,741 16.0 
 
 Female breast 5,019 5.8 
 
 Total population 169,081,524 
 
 Female population 85,896,061 
 
 General cancer death rate 63.6 
 
 Japan, 1909-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 39,861 40.0 
 
 Skin 734 0.7 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 10,322 20.9 
 
 Female breast 878 1.8 
 
 Total population 99,728,840 
 
 Female population 49,505,396 
 
 General cancer death rate 65.5 
 
 Norway, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 7,130 61.4 
 
 Skin 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 692 11.5 
 
 Female breast 440 7.3 
 
 Total population 11,606,600 
 
 Female population 5,993,116 
 
 General cancer death rate 96.6 
 
 415 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 Table 4 (continued) 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 in Thirteen Principal Countries of the World 
 
 Scotland, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 8,417 36.0 
 
 Skin 396 1.7 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 2,479 20.6 
 
 Female breast 1,856 15.4 
 
 Total population 23,394,061 
 
 Female population 12,047,942 
 
 General cancer death rate 99.7 
 
 Switzerland, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 12,838 70.4 
 
 Skin 344 1.9 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 1,995 21.4 
 
 Female breast 1,264 13.6 
 
 Total population 18,237,395 
 
 Female population 9,301,072 
 
 General cancer death rate 125.9 
 
 Uruguay, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,880 35.6 
 
 Skin 57 1.1 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs ■. . . . 317 12.2 
 
 Female breast 96 3.7 
 
 Total population 5,277,942 
 
 Female population 2,592,524 
 
 General cancer death rate 66.0 
 
 416 
 
APPENDIX K 
 
 Table 4 (concluded) 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 in Thirteen Principal Countries of the World 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1906-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach and liver 66,976 28.3 
 
 Skin 6,338 2.7 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Female generative organs 25,589 22.1 
 
 Female breast 15.349 13.3 
 
 Total population 236,504,736 
 
 Female population 115,779,973 
 
 General cancer death rate 72.6 
 
 417 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 F 
 
 PART I 
 
 Cancer Mortality Statistics of the United States 
 Registration Area 
 
 Table Page 
 
 1 Estimated Mortality from Cancer, Continental United States, 1900-1913 422 
 
 2 Mortality from Cancer, United States Registration Area, 1900-1913 422 
 
 3 Mortality from Cancer, United States Registration States, 1900-1913. . . 422 
 
 4 Mortality from Cancer, United States Registration Cities, 1900-1913 422 
 
 5 Mortality from Cancer, California, 1906-1913 422 
 
 6 Mortality from Cancer, Colorado, 1906-1913 422 
 
 7 Mortality from Cancer, Connecticut, 1900-1913 423 
 
 8 Mortality from Cancer, Indiana, 1900-1913 423 
 
 9 Mortality from Cancer, Kentucky, 1911-1913 423 
 
 10 Mortality from Cancer, Maine, 1900-1913 423 
 
 11 Mortality from Cancer, Maryland, 1906-1913 423 
 
 12 Mortality from Cancer, Massachusetts, 1900-1913 423 
 
 13 Mortality frotai Cancer, Michigan, 1900-1913 424 
 
 14 Mortality from Cancer, Minnesota, 1910-1913 424 
 
 15 Mortality from Cancer, Missouri, 1911-1913 424 
 
 16 Mortality from Cancer, Montana, 1910-1913 424 
 
 17 Mortality from Cancer, New Hampshire, 1900-1913 424 
 
 18 Mortality from Cancer, New Jersey, 1900-1913 425 
 
 19 Mortality from Cancer, New York, 1900-1913 425 
 
 20 Mortality from Cancer, North Carolina, 1910-1913 425 
 
 21 Mortality from Cancer, Ohio, 1909-1913 425 
 
 22 Mortality from Cancer, Pennsylvania, 1906-1913 425 
 
 23 Mortality from Cancer, Rhode Island, 1900-1913 426 
 
 24 Mortality from Cancer, South Dakota, 1906-1909 426 
 
 418 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table Page 
 
 25 Mortality from Cancer, Utah, 1910-1913 426 
 
 26 Mortality from Cancer, Vermont, 1900-1913 426 
 
 27 Mortality from Cancer, Washington, 1908-1913 426 
 
 28 Mortality from Cancer, Wisconsin, 1908-1913 426 
 
 29 Estimated Mortality from Malignant and Benign Tumors, Continental United 
 
 States, 1900-1913 427 
 
 30 Estimated Mortality from Benign Tumors, Continental United States, 1900- 
 
 1913 427 
 
 31 Mortality from Cancer, United States Registration Area, Males, 1900-1913 427 
 
 32 Mortality from Cancer, United States Registration Area, Females, 1900-1913 . . . 427 
 
 33 Mortality from Benign Tumors, United States Registration Area, 1900-1913 .... 428 
 
 34 Mortality from Benign Tumors, United States Registration Area, Males, 1900- 
 
 1913 428 
 
 35 Mortality from Benign Tumors, United States Registration Area, Females, 
 
 1900-1913 429 
 
 36 Mortality from Ulcer of Stomach, by Sex, United States Registration Area, 
 
 1900-1913 429 
 
 37 Mortality from Biliary Calculi, by Sex, United States Registration Area, 1900- 
 
 1913 430 
 
 38 Mortality from Calculi of the Urinary Tract, by Sex, United States Registra- 
 
 tion Area, 1900-1913 430 
 
 39 Mortality from Cancer, by Race, United States Registration Area, 1910-1912. . . 431 
 
 40 Mortality from Cancer, Urban and Rural, United States Registration States, 
 
 1900-1913 431 
 
 41 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Sex, United States Registra- 
 
 tion Area, 1900-1913 432 
 
 42 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Sex, United States 
 
 Registration Area, 1900-1913 432 
 
 43 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum, by Sex, 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1900-1913 433 
 
 44 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Generative Organs and Female Breast, 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1900-1913 433 
 
 45 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Sex, United States Registration Area, 
 
 1900-1913 434 
 
 46 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts, by Sex, 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1900-1913 434 
 
 47 Estimated Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, Continental United 
 
 States, 1900-1913 435 
 
 48 Population Statistics, by Age and Sex, United States Registration Area, 1903- 
 
 1912 435 
 
 419 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table Page 
 
 49 Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex, United States Registration Area, 1903- 
 
 •1912 436 
 
 50 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Age and Sex, United States 
 
 Registration Area, 1903-1912 436 
 
 51 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Age and Sex, United States 
 
 Registration Area, 1903-1912 437 
 
 52 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum, by Age and 
 
 Sex, United States Registration Area, 1903-1912 437 
 
 53 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Generative Organs and Female Breast, by 
 
 Age, United States Registration Area, 1903-1912 438 
 
 54 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Age and Sex, United States Registration 
 
 Area, 1903-1912 438 
 
 55 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts, by Age 
 
 and Sex, United States Registration Area, 1903-1912 439 
 
 56 Mortality from Cancer, Urban and Rural, by Organs and Parts, United States 
 
 Registration States, 1908-1912 439 
 
 57 Proportion of Mortality from Cancer to All Causes, by Age and Sex, United 
 
 States Registration Area, 1908-1912 440 
 
 58 Mortality from Cancer and Other Important Causes of Death, by Age and Sex, 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1908-1912 440 
 
 59 Mortality from Cancer, by Months, New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire 
 
 and Connecticut, 1902-1911 441 
 
 60 Comparative Cancer Death Rate, by Age and Sex, United States Registration 
 
 Area, 1901-1911 442 
 
 61 Mortality from Cancer, by Age, Males, United States Registration Area, 1903- 
 
 1907 Compared with 1908-1912 443 
 
 62 Mortality from Cancer, by Age, Females, United States Registration Area, 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 443 
 
 63 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Age, Males, United States 
 
 Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 444 
 
 64 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Age, Females, United States 
 
 Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 444 
 
 65 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Age, Males, United 
 
 States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 445 
 
 66 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Age, Females, United 
 
 States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 445 
 
 67 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum, by Age, 
 
 Males, United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 446 
 
 68 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum, by Age, Fe- 
 
 males, United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 44C 
 
 420 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table Page 
 
 (59 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Generative Organs, by Age, United States 
 
 Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 447 
 
 70 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Breast, by Age, United States Registra- 
 
 tion Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 447 
 
 71 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Age, Males, United States Registration 
 
 Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 448 
 
 72 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Age, Females, United States Registration 
 
 Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 448 
 
 73 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts, by Age, 
 
 Males, United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 449 
 
 74 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts, by Age, 
 
 Females, United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908- 
 1912 449 
 
 421 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 
 Table 1 
 
 
 
 Table 2 
 
 
 Estimated Mortality from Cancer 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 
 Continental United States 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 
 1900 
 
 ■1913 
 
 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer Death 
 
 Estimated 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Continental 
 
 (.ate per 1 OOjOOO 
 U. S. Regis- 
 
 No. of Deaths 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 United States 
 
 tration Area 
 
 from Cancer 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 75,994,575 
 
 62.9 
 
 47,829 
 
 1900 
 
 30,794,273 
 
 19,381 
 
 62.9 
 
 1901 
 
 77,592,344 
 
 64.3 
 
 49,890 
 
 1901 
 
 31,370,952 
 
 20,171 
 
 64.3 
 
 1902 
 
 79,190,113 
 
 65.1 
 
 51,542 
 
 1902 
 
 32,029,815 
 
 20,847 
 
 65.1 
 
 1903 
 
 80,787,882 
 
 68.3 
 
 55,153 
 
 1903 
 
 32,701,083 
 
 22,325 
 
 68.3 
 
 1904 
 
 82,385,651 
 
 70.2 
 
 57,794 
 
 1904 
 
 33,349,137 
 
 23,395 
 
 70.2 
 
 1905 
 
 83,983,420 
 
 71.4 
 
 59,931 
 
 1905 
 
 34,094,605 
 
 24,330 
 
 71.4 
 
 1906 
 
 85,581,189 
 
 69.1 
 
 59,155 
 
 1906 
 
 41,983,419 
 
 29,020 
 
 69.1 
 
 1907 
 
 87,178,958 
 
 70.9 
 
 61,840 
 
 1907 
 
 43,016,990 
 
 30,514 
 
 70.9 
 
 1908 
 
 88,776,727 
 
 71.5 
 
 63,494 
 
 1908 
 
 46,789,913 
 
 33,465 
 
 71.5 
 
 1909 
 
 90,374,496 
 
 73.8 
 
 66,731 
 
 1909 
 
 50,870,518 
 
 37,562 
 
 73.8 
 
 1910 
 
 91,972,266 
 
 76.2 
 
 70,099 
 
 1910 
 
 53,843,896 
 
 41,039 
 
 76.2 
 
 1911 
 
 93,570,036 
 
 74.3 
 
 69,494 
 
 1911 
 
 59,275,977 
 
 44,024 
 
 74.3 
 
 1912 
 
 95,167,806 
 
 77.0 
 
 73,282 
 
 1912 
 
 60,427,247 
 
 46,531 
 
 77.0 
 
 1913 
 
 96,765,576 
 
 78.9 
 
 76,319 
 
 1913 
 
 63,298,718 
 
 49,928 
 
 78.9 
 
 
 Table 3 
 
 
 
 Table 4 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 United States Registration States* 
 
 United 
 
 States Reg 
 
 istration Cities 
 
 
 1900 
 
 -1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1900-1 
 
 J13 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 19,965,149 
 
 12,769 
 
 63.5 
 
 1900 
 
 21,504,735 
 
 13,672 
 
 63.6 
 
 1901 
 
 20,307,043 
 
 13,438 
 
 66.2 
 
 1901 
 
 22,252,010 
 
 14,450 
 
 64.9 
 
 1902 
 
 20.648,941 
 
 13,653 
 
 66.1 
 
 1902 
 
 22,858,803 
 
 15,038 
 
 65.8 
 
 1903 
 
 20,990,841 
 
 14,650 
 
 69.8 
 
 1903 
 
 23,465,153 
 
 16,173 
 
 68.9 
 
 1904 
 
 21,336,715 
 
 15,247 
 
 71.5 
 
 1904 
 
 21,041,724 
 
 17,040 
 
 70.9 
 
 1905 
 
 21,736,908 
 
 15,983 
 
 73.5 
 
 1905 
 
 24,729,925 
 
 17,670 
 
 71.5 
 
 1906 
 
 33,836,029 
 
 23,399 
 
 69.2 
 
 1906 
 
 26,342,431 
 
 19,492 
 
 74.0 
 
 1907 
 
 34,608,896 
 
 24,666 
 
 71.3 
 
 1907 
 
 27,145,619 
 
 20,384 
 
 75.1 
 
 1908 
 
 38.705,861 
 
 27,617 
 
 71.4 
 
 1908 
 
 28,501,322 
 
 21,602 
 
 75.8 
 
 1909 
 
 44,281,685 
 
 32,723 
 
 73.9 
 
 1909 
 
 29,655,238 
 
 23,325 
 
 78.7 
 
 1910 
 
 47,807,766 
 
 36,364 
 
 76.1 
 
 1910 
 
 31,223,935 
 
 25,180 
 
 80.6 
 
 1911 
 
 54,385,234 
 
 40,229 
 
 74.0 
 
 1911 
 
 32,376i200 
 
 26,310 
 
 81.3 
 
 1912 
 
 55,252,123 
 
 42,464 
 
 76.9 
 
 1912 
 
 33,304,948 
 
 27,949 
 
 83.9 
 
 1913 
 
 58,312,595 
 
 45,833 
 
 78.6 
 
 1913 
 
 34,230,283 
 
 29,767 
 
 87.0 
 
 'Includes District of Columbia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 5 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 6 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, California 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Colorado 
 
 
 1906- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1906-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1906 
 
 2,034,859 
 
 1,517 
 
 74.6 
 
 1906 
 
 699,451 
 
 316 
 
 45.2 
 
 1907 
 
 2,125,238 
 
 1,606 
 
 75.6 
 
 1907 
 
 725,712 
 
 346 
 
 47.7 
 
 1908 
 
 2,215,618 
 
 1,774 
 
 80.1 
 
 1908 
 
 751,973 
 
 402 
 
 53.5 
 
 1909 
 
 2,305,998 
 
 1,983 
 
 86.0 
 
 1909 
 
 778,234 
 
 419 
 
 53.8 
 
 1910 
 
 2,396,378 
 
 2,013 
 
 84.0 
 
 1910 
 
 804,495 
 
 468 
 
 58.2 
 
 1911 
 
 2,480,757 
 
 2,053 
 
 82.6 
 
 1911 
 
 830,755 
 
 459 
 
 55.3 
 
 1912 
 
 2,577,137 
 
 2,338 
 
 90.7 
 
 1912 
 
 857,016 
 
 497 
 
 58.0 
 
 1913 
 
 2,067,516 
 
 2,003 
 
 97.6 
 
 1913 
 
 883,276 
 
 448 
 
 50.7 
 
 422 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 7 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Connecticut 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Population 
 
 910,161 
 
 931,055 
 
 951,949 
 
 972,844 
 
 993,739 
 
 1,014,634 
 
 1,035,529 
 
 1,056,424 
 
 1,077,319 
 
 1,098,214 
 
 1,119,109 
 
 1,140,003 
 
 1,160,898 
 
 1,181,793 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 624 
 650 
 643 
 731 
 670 
 751 
 811 
 819 
 790 
 882 
 893 
 895 
 945 
 1,006 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 68.6 
 69.8 
 67.5 
 75.1 
 67.4 
 74.0 
 78.3 
 77.5 
 73.3 
 80.3 
 79.8 
 78.5 
 81.4 
 85.1 
 
 Table 9 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Kentucky 
 
 1911-1913 
 
 Table 8 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Indiana 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Population 
 
 2,518,018 
 2,536,692 
 2,555,307 
 2,574,042 
 2,592,717 
 2,611,392 
 2,630,067 
 2,648,742 
 2,667,417 
 2,686,092 
 2,704,767 
 2,723,441 
 2,742,117 
 2,760,792 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 1,077 
 1,125 
 1,237 
 1,289 
 1,334 
 1,482 
 1,456 
 1,567 
 1,795 
 1,856 
 1,898 
 1,943 
 2,030 
 2,239 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 42.8 
 44.3 
 48.4 
 50.1 
 51.5 
 56.8 
 55.4 
 59.2 
 67.3 
 69.1 
 70.2 
 71.3 
 74.0 
 81.1 
 
 Table 10 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Maine 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Population 
 
 2,307,369 
 2,321,823 
 2,336,277 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 986 
 
 1,043 
 
 1,122 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 42.7 
 44.9 
 48.0 
 
 Year 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Table 11 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 Maryl and, 190 6-1913 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population 
 
 1,254,146 
 1,265,012 
 1,275,878 
 1,286,744 
 1,297,610 
 1,308,476 
 1.319,343 
 1,330,209 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 767 
 785 
 821 
 800 
 942 
 955 
 1,042 
 1.102 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 61.2 
 62.1 
 64.3 
 62.2 
 72.6 
 73.0 
 79.0 
 82.8 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 1900 
 
 694,870 
 
 518 
 
 1901 
 
 699,721 
 
 575 
 
 1902 
 
 704,572 
 
 608 
 
 1903 
 
 709,423 
 
 599 
 
 1904 
 
 714,274 
 
 611 
 
 1905 
 
 719,125 
 
 661 
 
 1906 
 
 723,976 
 
 616 
 
 1907 
 
 728,827 
 
 727 
 
 1908 
 
 733,678 
 
 695 
 
 1909 
 
 738,530 
 
 727 
 
 1910 
 
 743,382 
 
 754 
 
 1911 
 
 748,233 
 
 738 
 
 1912 
 
 753,085 
 
 829 
 
 1913 
 
 757,936 
 
 815 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 74.5 
 
 82.2 
 
 86.3 
 
 84.4 
 
 85.5 
 
 91.9 
 
 85.1 
 
 99.7 
 
 94.7 
 
 98.4 
 
 101.4 
 
 98.6 
 
 110.1 
 
 107.5 
 
 Year 
 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Table 12 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 Massach usetts, 1900-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Population 
 
 2,805,346 
 2,845,012 
 2,884,679 
 2,924,346 
 2,964,013 
 3,015,?73 
 3,089,029 
 3,162,186 
 3,235,343 
 3,308,500 
 3,381,657 
 3,454,813 
 3,491,888 
 3,548,705 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 2,092 
 2,183 
 2,233 
 2,367 
 2,607 
 2,682 
 2,748 
 2,883 
 2,927 
 2,972 
 3,159 
 3,262 
 3,407 
 3,597 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 74.6 
 76.7 
 77.4 
 80.9 
 88.0 
 88.9 
 89.0 
 91.2 
 90.5 
 89.8 
 93.4 
 94.4 
 97.6 
 101.4 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 
 Table 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 14 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Michigan 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Minnesota 
 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 PopulatioE 
 
 1900 
 
 2,420,982 
 
 1,482 
 
 61.2 
 
 1910 
 
 2,079,801 
 
 1,400 
 
 67.3 
 
 1901 
 
 2,448,240 
 
 1,468 
 
 60.0 
 
 1911 
 
 2,099,451 
 
 1,423 
 
 67.8 
 
 1902 
 
 2,475,498 
 
 1,476 
 
 59.6 
 
 1912 
 
 2,148,235 
 
 1,498 
 
 69.7 
 
 1903 
 
 2,502,757 
 
 1,689 
 
 67.5 
 
 1913 
 
 2,181,077 
 
 1,638 
 
 75.1 
 
 1904 
 
 2,533,990 
 
 1,706 
 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,581.676 
 
 1,643 
 
 63.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 2,629,362 
 
 1,748 
 
 66.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 2,677,048 
 
 1,741 
 
 65.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 2,724,734 
 
 1,924 
 
 70.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 2,772,421 
 
 1,953 
 
 70.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 2,820,108 
 
 2,112 
 
 74.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 2,867,794 
 
 2,137 
 
 74.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 2,897,207 
 
 2,276 
 
 78.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 2,936,618 
 
 2,392 
 
 81.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 15 
 
 
 
 Table 16 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Missouri 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Montana 
 
 
 1911- 
 
 ■1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Populatioi 
 
 1911 
 
 3,321,094 
 
 1,974 
 
 59.4 
 
 1910 
 
 378,853 
 
 157 41.4 
 
 1912 
 
 3,335,080 
 
 2,142 
 
 64.2 
 
 1911 
 
 392,293 
 
 157 40.0 
 
 1913 
 
 3,353,983 
 
 2,250 
 
 67.1 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 405,734 
 419,174 
 
 164 40.4 
 207 49.4 
 
 Table 17 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 411,748 
 
 296 
 
 71.9 
 
 1901 
 
 413,670 
 
 364 
 
 88.0 
 
 1902 
 
 415,592 
 
 340 
 
 81.8 
 
 1903 
 
 417,514 
 
 327 
 
 78.3 
 
 1904 
 
 419,436 
 
 342 
 
 81.5 
 
 1905 
 
 421,358 
 
 359 
 
 85.2 
 
 1906 
 
 423,280 
 
 386 
 
 91.2 
 
 1907 
 
 425,203 
 
 418 
 
 98.3 
 
 1908 
 
 427,126 
 
 384 
 
 89.9 
 
 1909 
 
 429,049 
 
 401 
 
 93.5 
 
 1910 
 
 430,972 
 
 424 
 
 98.4 
 
 1911 
 
 432,894 
 
 419 
 
 96.8 
 
 1912 
 
 434,818 
 
 467 
 
 107.4 
 
 1913 
 
 436,740 
 
 456 
 
 104.4 
 
 424f 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 
 Table 18 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 
 New J 
 
 ersey 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 
 
 1900- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 1,883,669 
 
 1,016 
 
 53.9 
 
 1900 
 
 7,268,894 
 
 4,847 
 
 66.7 
 
 1901 
 
 1,935,763 
 
 1,126 
 
 58.2 
 
 1901 
 
 7,428,576 
 
 5,186 
 
 69.8 
 
 190^ 
 
 1,987,858 
 
 1,064 
 
 53.5 
 
 1902 
 
 7,588,259 
 
 5,227 
 
 68.9 
 
 1903 
 
 2,039,953 
 
 1,189 
 
 58.3 
 
 1903 
 
 7,747,942 
 
 5,558 
 
 71.7 
 
 1904 
 
 2,092,048 
 
 1,205 
 
 57.6 
 
 1904 
 
 7,907,625 
 
 5,834 
 
 73.8 
 
 1905 
 
 2,150,861 
 
 1,356 
 
 63.0 
 
 1905 
 
 8,085,194 
 
 6,139 
 
 75.9 
 
 1906 
 
 2,231,481 
 
 1,451 
 
 65.0 
 
 1906 
 
 8,299,820 
 
 6,273 
 
 75.6 
 
 1907 
 
 2,312,101 
 
 1,470 
 
 63.6 
 
 1907 
 
 8,514,447 
 
 6,614 
 
 77.7 
 
 1908 
 
 2,392,721 
 
 1,553 
 
 64.9 
 
 1908 
 
 8,729,074 
 
 6,797 
 
 77.9 
 
 1909 
 
 2,473,342 
 
 1,681 
 
 68.0 
 
 1909 
 
 8,943,701 
 
 7,262 
 
 81.2 
 
 1910 
 
 2,553,963 
 
 1,891 
 
 74.0 
 
 1910 
 
 9,158,328 
 
 7,726 
 
 84.4 
 
 1911 
 
 2,634,583 
 
 1,966 
 
 74.6 
 
 1911 
 
 9,372,954 
 
 8,091 
 
 86.3 
 
 1912 
 
 2,683,309 
 
 2,054 
 
 76.5 
 
 1912 
 
 9,526,146 
 
 8,209 
 
 86.2 
 
 1913 
 
 2,749,486 
 
 2,156 
 
 78.4 
 
 1913 
 
 9,712,954 
 
 8,531 
 
 87.8 
 
 
 Table 20 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 21 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, N. Carolina * 
 
 Mortality from 
 
 Cancer, 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 1910- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1910 
 
 361,941 
 
 171 
 
 47.2 
 
 1909 
 
 4,718,251 
 
 3,470 
 
 73.5 
 
 1911 
 
 374,314 
 
 205 
 
 54.8 
 
 1910 
 
 4,779,981 
 
 3,599 
 
 75.3 
 
 1912 
 
 385,790 
 
 219 
 
 56.8 
 
 1911 
 
 4,841,710 
 
 3,699 
 
 76.4 
 
 1913 
 
 396,927 
 
 190 
 
 47.9 
 
 1912 
 
 4,903,439 
 
 3,936 
 
 80.3 
 
 • Includes 
 
 only municipalities having 
 
 a population 
 
 1913 
 
 4,965,169 
 
 4,061 
 
 81.8 
 
 of 1,000 or over in 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 22 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer,Pennsylvania 
 
 
 1906-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1906 
 
 7.141,766 
 
 4,208 
 
 58.9 
 
 1907 
 
 7,279,791 
 
 4,420 
 
 60 7 
 
 1908 
 
 7,417,816 
 
 4,520 
 
 60 9 
 
 1909 
 
 7,555,841 
 
 4,845 
 
 64 1 
 
 1910 
 
 7,693,866 
 
 5,100 
 
 66.3 
 
 1911 
 
 7,831,890 
 
 5,197 
 
 66.4 
 
 1912 
 
 7,969,916 
 
 5,426 
 
 68.1 
 
 1913 
 
 8,107,942 
 
 5,854 
 
 72.2 
 
 425 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 
 Table 23 
 
 
 
 Table 24 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 
 Rhode 
 
 Island 
 
 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 -1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1906-1909 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 428,556 
 
 302 
 
 70.5 
 
 1906 
 
 487,094 
 
 165 
 
 33.9 
 
 1901 
 
 438,861 
 
 319 
 
 72.7 
 
 1907 
 
 512,622 
 
 185 
 
 36.1 
 
 1902 
 
 449,166 
 
 370 
 
 82.4 
 
 1908 
 
 538,150 
 
 225 
 
 41.8 
 
 1903 
 
 459,471 
 
 355 
 
 77.3 
 
 1909 
 
 563,678 
 
 172 
 
 30.5 
 
 1904 
 
 4.69,776 
 
 407 
 
 86.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 481,150 
 
 386 
 
 80.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 493,976 
 
 384 
 
 77.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 506,802 
 
 456 
 
 90.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 519,628 
 
 427 
 
 82.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 532,455 
 
 466 
 
 87.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 545,282 
 
 474 
 
 86.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 558,108 
 
 491 
 
 88.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 568,114 
 
 510 
 
 89.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 579,665 
 
 541 
 
 93.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 25 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 26 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, 
 
 Utah 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Vermont 
 
 
 1910- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100.000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1910 
 
 375,389 
 
 134 
 
 35.7 
 
 1900 
 
 343,745 
 
 302 
 
 87.9 
 
 1911 
 
 385,171 
 
 200 
 
 51.9 
 
 1901 
 
 344,992 
 
 243 
 
 70.4 
 
 1912 
 
 394,953 
 
 188 
 
 47.6 
 
 1902 
 
 346,239 
 
 239 
 
 69.0 
 
 1913 
 
 404,735 
 
 211 
 
 52.1 
 
 1903 
 
 347,486 
 
 325 
 
 93.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 348,733 
 
 303 
 
 86.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 349,980 
 
 294 
 
 84.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 351,227 
 
 299 
 
 85.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 352,474 
 
 348 
 
 98.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 353,721 
 
 325 
 
 91.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 354,968 
 
 345 
 
 97.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 356,216 
 
 393 
 
 110.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 357,463 
 
 361 
 
 101.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 358,710 
 
 396 
 
 110.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 359,957 
 
 402 
 
 111.7 
 
 
 Table 27 
 
 
 
 Table 28 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Washington 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Wisconsin 
 
 
 1908- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1908-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1908 
 
 1,028,794 
 
 466 
 
 45.3 
 
 1908 
 
 2,295,302 
 
 1,513 
 
 65.9 
 
 1909 
 
 1,091,973 
 
 559 
 
 51.2 
 
 1909 
 
 2,310,822 
 
 1,645 
 
 71.0 
 
 1910 
 
 1,155,152 
 
 593 
 
 51.3 
 
 1910 
 
 2,338,343 
 
 1,763 
 
 75.4 
 
 1911 
 
 1,218,330 
 
 562 
 
 46.1 
 
 1911 
 
 2,359,863 
 
 1,763 
 
 74.7 
 
 1912 
 
 1,281,508 
 
 679 
 
 53.0 
 
 1912 
 
 2,393,081 
 
 1,841 
 
 76.9 
 
 1913 
 
 1,344,086 
 
 720 
 
 53.5 
 
 1913 
 
 2,419,898 
 
 1.899 
 
 78.5 
 
 426 
 
APPENDIX F {PART 1) 
 
 Table 29 
 Estimated Mortality from Malig- 
 nant and Benign Tumors in 
 Continental United States 
 1900-1913 
 
 Table 30 
 
 Estimated Mortality from Benign 
 
 Tumors in Continental 
 
 United States 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Death Rate 
 
 Estimated 
 
 
 
 Death Rate 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 per 100,000 
 
 Deaths from 
 iralignant 
 and Benign 
 
 
 Population 
 
 per 100,000 
 
 Estimated 
 Deaths from 
 
 Year 
 
 Continental 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Continental 
 
 Population 
 
 Benign 
 
 
 United States U.S.Reg. Area 
 
 Tumors 
 
 
 United States U.S. Reg. Area 
 
 Tumors 
 
 1900 
 
 75,994,575 
 
 67.3 
 
 51,173 
 
 1900 
 
 75,994,575 
 
 4.4 
 
 3,344 
 
 1901 
 
 77,592,344 
 
 68.9 
 
 5.3,459 
 
 1901 
 
 77,592,344 
 
 4.6 
 
 3,569 
 
 1902 
 
 79,190,113 
 
 69.6 
 
 55,106 
 
 1902 
 
 79,190,113 
 
 4.5 
 
 3,564 
 
 1903 
 
 80,787,882 
 
 73.2 
 
 59,112 
 
 1903 
 
 80,787,882 
 
 4.9 
 
 3,959 
 
 1904 
 
 82,385,651 
 
 74.7 
 
 61,501 
 
 1904 
 
 82,385,651 
 
 4.5 
 
 3,707 
 
 1905 
 
 83,983,420 
 
 76.0 
 
 63,794 
 
 1905 
 
 83,983,420 
 
 4.6 
 
 3,863 
 
 1906 
 
 85,581,189 
 
 73.0 
 
 62,493 
 
 1906 
 
 85,581,189 
 
 3.9 
 
 3,338 
 
 1907 
 
 87,178,958 
 
 75.1 
 
 65,502 
 
 1907 
 
 87,178,958 
 
 4.2 
 
 3,662 
 
 1908 
 
 88,776,727 
 
 75.3 
 
 66,868 
 
 1908 
 
 88,776,727 
 
 3.8 
 
 3,374 
 
 1909 
 
 90,374,496 
 
 77.5 
 
 70,075 
 
 1909 
 
 90,374,496 
 
 3.7 
 
 3,344 
 
 1910 
 
 91,972,266 
 
 79.9 
 
 73,502 
 
 1910 
 
 91,972,266 
 
 3.7 
 
 3,403 
 
 1911 
 
 93,570,036 
 
 77.7 
 
 72,675 
 
 1911 
 
 93,570,036 
 
 3.4 
 
 3,181 
 
 1912 
 
 95,167,806 
 
 80.3 
 
 76,423 
 
 1912 
 
 95,167,806 
 
 3.3 
 
 3,141 
 
 1913 
 
 96,765,576 
 
 82.2 
 
 79,567 
 
 1913 
 
 96,765,576 
 
 3.4 
 
 3,248 
 
 
 Table 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Table 32 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, United 
 
 Mortality from 
 
 Cancer, United 
 
 States Registration Area 
 
 States Registration Area 
 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 Females 
 
 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1900-] 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 15,415,757 
 
 7,294 
 
 47.3 
 
 1900 
 
 15,378,516 
 
 12,087 
 
 78.6 
 
 1901 
 
 15,742,434 
 
 7,706 
 
 49.0 
 
 1901 
 
 15,628,518 
 
 12,465 
 
 79.8 
 
 1902 
 
 16,111,848 
 
 7,798 
 
 48.4 
 
 1902 
 
 15,917,967 
 
 13,049 
 
 82.0 
 
 1903 
 
 16,489,113 
 
 8,422 
 
 51.1 
 
 1903 
 
 16,211,970 
 
 13,903 
 
 85.8 
 
 1904 
 
 16,856,270 
 
 8,881 
 
 52.7 
 
 1904 
 
 16,492,867 
 
 14,514 
 
 88.0 
 
 1905 
 
 17,274,352 
 
 9,189 
 
 53.2 
 
 1905 
 
 16,820,253 
 
 15,141 
 
 90.0 
 
 1906 
 
 21,322,133 
 
 11,166 
 
 52.4 
 
 1906 
 
 20,661,286 
 
 17,854 
 
 86.4 
 
 1907 
 
 21,899,144 
 
 11,800 
 
 53.9 
 
 1907 
 
 21,117,846 
 
 18,714 
 
 88.6 
 
 1908 
 
 23,876,529 
 
 13,046 
 
 54.6 
 
 1908 
 
 22,913,384 
 
 20,410 
 
 89.1 
 
 1909 
 
 26,020,431 
 
 14,918 
 
 57.3 
 
 1909 
 
 24,850,087 
 
 22,644 
 
 91.1 
 
 1910 
 
 27,606,526 
 
 16,373 
 
 59.3 
 
 1910 
 
 26,237,370 
 
 24,666 
 
 94.0 
 
 1911 
 
 30,463,411 
 
 17,525 
 
 57.5 
 
 1911 
 
 28,812,566 
 
 26,499 
 
 92.0 
 
 1912 
 
 31,128,193 
 
 18,464 
 
 59.3 
 
 1912 
 
 29,298,940 
 
 28,067 
 
 95.8 
 
 1913 
 
 32,681,358 
 
 20,045 
 
 61.3 
 
 1913 
 
 30,617,806 
 
 29,883 
 
 97.6 
 
 427 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 33 
 
 Mortality from Benign Tumors 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Ali. 
 
 
 Htdatid 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Tumor 
 
 Tumor of 
 
 Specified Fobus 
 
 Tumor of Liveb 
 
 OF Uterus 
 
 OF Ovaries 
 
 Other Obqans 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 100,000 
 
 Deaths 100,000 
 
 Deaths 
 
 100,000 
 
 Deaths 
 
 100,000 
 
 Deaths 100,000 
 
 
 
 ?opulatioii 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 1,343 
 
 4.4 
 
 10 0.03 
 
 403 
 
 1.3 
 
 349 
 
 1.1 
 
 581 1.9 
 
 1901 
 
 1,453 
 
 4.6 
 
 8 0.03 
 
 529 
 
 1.7 
 
 411 
 
 1.3 
 
 505 1.6 
 
 1902 
 
 1,437 
 
 4.5 
 
 14 0.04 
 
 536 
 
 1.7 
 
 428 
 
 1.3 
 
 459 1.4 
 
 1903 
 
 1,587 
 
 4.9 
 
 9 0.03 
 
 608 
 
 1.9 
 
 439 
 
 1.3 
 
 531 1.6 
 
 1904 
 
 1,509 
 
 4.5 
 
 12 0.04 
 
 620 
 
 1.9 
 
 433 
 
 1.3 
 
 444 1.3 
 
 1905 
 
 1,566 
 
 4.6 
 
 14 0.04 
 
 611 
 
 1.8 
 
 440 
 
 1.3 
 
 501 1.5 
 
 1906 
 
 1,645 
 
 3.9 
 
 13 0.03 
 
 731 
 
 1.7 
 
 431 
 
 1.0 
 
 470 1.1 
 
 1907 
 
 1,786 
 
 4.2 
 
 9 0.02 
 
 813 
 
 1.9 
 
 456 
 
 1.1 
 
 508 1.2 
 
 1908 
 
 1,770 
 
 3.8 
 
 13 0.03 
 
 845 
 
 1.8 
 
 454 
 
 1.0 
 
 458 1.0 
 
 1909 
 
 1,857 
 
 3.7 
 
 19 0.04 
 
 862 
 
 1.7 
 
 518 
 
 1.0 
 
 458 0.9 
 
 1910 
 
 2,010 
 
 3.7 
 
 24 0.04 
 
 933 
 
 1.7 
 
 500 
 
 0.9 
 
 553 1.0 
 
 1911 
 
 1,999 
 
 3.4 
 
 24 0.04 
 
 892 
 
 1.5 
 
 628 
 
 1.1 
 
 455 0.8 
 
 1912 
 
 2,001 
 
 3.3 
 
 25 0.04 
 
 1,053 
 
 1.7 
 
 546 
 
 0.9 
 
 377 0.6 
 
 1913 
 
 2,125 
 
 3.4 
 
 15 0.02 
 
 1,173 
 
 1.9 
 
 640 
 
 1.0 
 
 297 0.5 
 
 Table 34 
 
 Mortality from Benign Tumors, Males 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 All Specified Forms 
 
 Hydatid Tumor of Liver 
 
 TuMOB OF Other Organs 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 165 
 
 1.1 
 
 8 
 
 0.05 
 
 157 
 
 1.0 
 
 1901 
 
 154 
 
 1.0 
 
 3 
 
 0.02 
 
 151 
 
 1.0 
 
 1902 
 
 129 
 
 0.8 
 
 6 
 
 0.04 
 
 123 
 
 0.8 
 
 1903 
 
 158 
 
 1.0 
 
 6 
 
 0.04 
 
 152 
 
 0.9 
 
 1904 
 
 120 
 
 0.7 
 
 7 
 
 0.04 
 
 113 
 
 0.7 
 
 1905 
 
 148 
 
 0.9 
 
 11 
 
 0.06 
 
 137 
 
 0.8 
 
 1906 
 
 124 
 
 0.6 
 
 9 
 
 0.04 
 
 115 
 
 0.5 
 
 1907 
 
 146 
 
 0.7 
 
 6 
 
 0.03 
 
 140 
 
 0.6 
 
 1908 
 
 122 
 
 0.5 
 
 5 
 
 0.02 
 
 117 
 
 0.5 
 
 1909 
 
 136 
 
 0.5 
 
 8 
 
 0.03 
 
 128 
 
 0.5 
 
 1910 
 
 162 
 
 0.6 
 
 20 
 
 0.07 
 
 142 
 
 0.5 
 
 1911 
 
 127 
 
 0.4 
 
 11 
 
 0.04 
 
 116 
 
 0.4 
 
 1912 
 
 109 
 
 0.4 
 
 13 
 
 0.04 
 
 96 
 
 0.3 
 
 1913 
 
 97 
 
 0.3 
 
 9 
 
 0.03 
 
 88 
 
 0.3 
 
 428 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 35 
 
 Mortality from Benign Tumors, Females 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 All 
 Specified Forms 
 
 Hydatid 
 
 Tumor of Liver 
 
 Tumor 
 of Uterus 
 
 Tumor 
 OF Ovaries 
 
 Tumor of 
 Other Organs 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Rate per 
 Deaths 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 1,178 
 
 7.7 
 
 2 0.01 
 
 403 
 
 2.6 
 
 349 
 
 2.3 
 
 424 
 
 2.8 
 
 1901 
 
 1,299 
 
 8.3 
 
 5 0.03 
 
 529 
 
 3.4 
 
 411 
 
 2.6 
 
 354 
 
 2.3 
 
 1902 
 
 1,308 
 
 8.2 
 
 8 0.05 
 
 536 
 
 3.4 
 
 428 
 
 2.7 
 
 336 
 
 2.1 
 
 1903 
 
 1,429 
 
 8.8 
 
 3 0.02 
 
 608 
 
 3.8 
 
 439 
 
 2.7 
 
 379 
 
 2.3 
 
 1904 
 
 1,389 
 
 8.4 
 
 5 0.03 
 
 620 
 
 3.8 
 
 433 
 
 2.6 
 
 331 
 
 2.0 
 
 1905 
 
 1,418 
 
 8.4 
 
 3 0.02 
 
 611 
 
 3.6 
 
 440 
 
 2.6 
 
 364 
 
 2.2 
 
 1906 
 
 1,521 
 
 7.4 
 
 4 0.02 
 
 731 
 
 3.5 
 
 431 
 
 2.1 
 
 355 
 
 1.7 
 
 1907 
 
 1,640 
 
 7.8 
 
 3 0.01 
 
 813 
 
 3.8 
 
 456 
 
 2.2 
 
 368 
 
 1.7 
 
 1908 
 
 1,648 
 
 7.2 
 
 8 0.03 
 
 845 
 
 3.7 
 
 454 
 
 2.0 
 
 341 
 
 1.5 
 
 re09 
 
 1,721 
 
 6.9 
 
 11 0.04 
 
 862 
 
 3.5 
 
 518 
 
 2.1 
 
 330 
 
 1.3 
 
 1910 
 
 1,848 
 
 7.0 
 
 4 0.02 
 
 933 
 
 3.6 
 
 500 
 
 1.9 
 
 411 
 
 1.6 
 
 1911 
 
 1,872 
 
 6.5 
 
 13 0.05 
 
 892 
 
 3.1 
 
 628 
 
 2.2 
 
 339 
 
 1.2 
 
 1912 
 
 1,892 
 
 6.5 
 
 12 0.04 
 
 1,053 
 
 3.6 
 
 546 
 
 1.9 
 
 281 
 
 1.0 
 
 1913 
 
 2,028 
 
 6.6 
 
 6 0.02 
 
 1,173 
 
 3.8 
 
 640 
 
 2.1 
 
 209 
 
 0.7 
 
 Table 36 
 
 Mortality from Ulcer of the Stomach, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 804 
 
 2.6 
 
 419 
 
 2.7 
 
 385 
 
 2.5 
 
 1901 
 
 871 
 
 2.8 
 
 439 
 
 2.8 
 
 432 
 
 2.8 
 
 1902 
 
 905 
 
 2.8 
 
 465 
 
 2.9 
 
 440 
 
 2.8 
 
 1903 
 
 905 
 
 2.8 
 
 465 
 
 2.8 
 
 440 
 
 2.7 
 
 1904 
 
 1,044 
 
 3.1 
 
 524 
 
 3.1 
 
 520 
 
 3.2 
 
 1905 
 
 1,094 
 
 3.2 
 
 615 
 
 3.6 
 
 479 
 
 2.8 
 
 1906 
 
 1,423 
 
 3.4 
 
 731 
 
 3.4 
 
 692 
 
 3.3 
 
 1907 
 
 1,481 
 
 3.4 
 
 802 
 
 3.7 
 
 679 
 
 3.2 
 
 1908 
 
 1,523 
 
 3.3 
 
 866 
 
 3.6 
 
 657 
 
 2.9 
 
 1909 
 
 1,770 
 
 3.5 
 
 1,009 
 
 3.9 
 
 761 
 
 3.1 
 
 1910 
 
 2,203 
 
 4.1 
 
 1,273 
 
 4.6 
 
 930 
 
 3.5 
 
 1911 
 
 2,143 
 
 3.6 
 
 1,222 
 
 4.0 
 
 921 
 
 3.2 
 
 1912 
 
 2,316 
 
 3.8 
 
 1,398 
 
 4.5 
 
 918 
 
 3.1 
 
 1913 
 
 2,536 
 
 4.0 
 
 1,483 
 
 4.5 
 
 1,053 
 
 3.4 
 
 429 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 37 
 
 Mortality from Biliary Calculi, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 To PAL 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 459 
 
 1.5 
 
 149 
 
 1.0 
 
 310 
 
 2.0 
 
 1901 
 
 500 
 
 1.6 
 
 145 
 
 0.9 
 
 355 
 
 2.3 
 
 1902 
 
 668 
 
 2.1 
 
 219 
 
 1.4 
 
 449 
 
 2.8 
 
 1903 
 
 795 
 
 2.4 
 
 235 
 
 1.4 
 
 560 
 
 3.5 
 
 1904 
 
 832 
 
 2.5 
 
 264 
 
 1.6 
 
 568 
 
 3.4 
 
 1905 
 
 883 
 
 2.6 
 
 263 
 
 1.5 
 
 620 
 
 3.7 
 
 1906 
 
 1,134 
 
 2.7 
 
 338 
 
 1.6 
 
 796 
 
 3.9 
 
 1907 
 
 1,110 
 
 2.6 
 
 343 
 
 1.6 
 
 767 
 
 3.6 
 
 1908 
 
 1,275 
 
 2.7 
 
 377 
 
 1.6 
 
 898 
 
 3.9 
 
 1909 
 
 1,486 
 
 2.9 
 
 447 
 
 1.7 
 
 1,039 
 
 4.2 
 
 1910 
 
 1,501 
 
 2.8 
 
 461 
 
 1.7 
 
 1,040 
 
 4.0' 
 
 1911 
 
 1,749 
 
 3.0 
 
 510 
 
 1.7 
 
 1,239 
 
 4.3 
 
 1912 
 
 1,793 
 
 3.0 
 
 529 
 
 1.7 
 
 1,264 
 
 4.3 
 
 1913 
 
 1,999 
 
 3.2 
 
 595 
 
 1.8 
 
 1,404 
 
 4.6 
 
 Table 38 
 
 Mortality from Calculi of the Urinary Tract, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 116 
 
 0.4 
 
 82 
 
 0.5 
 
 34 
 
 0.2 
 
 1901 
 
 126 
 
 0.4 
 
 95 
 
 0.6 
 
 31 
 
 0.2 
 
 1902 
 
 150 
 
 0.5 
 
 118 
 
 0.7 
 
 32 
 
 0.2 
 
 1903 
 
 151 
 
 0.5 
 
 113 
 
 0.7 
 
 38 
 
 0.2 
 
 1904 
 
 154 
 
 0.5 
 
 121 
 
 0.7 
 
 33 
 
 0.2 
 
 1905 
 
 193 
 
 0.6 
 
 141 
 
 0.8 
 
 52 
 
 0.3 
 
 1906 
 
 227 
 
 0.5 
 
 170 
 
 0.8 
 
 57 
 
 0.3 
 
 1907 
 
 229 
 
 0.5 
 
 163 
 
 0.7 
 
 66 
 
 0.3 
 
 1908 
 
 250 
 
 0.5 
 
 175 
 
 0.7 
 
 75 
 
 0.3 
 
 1909 
 
 292 
 
 0.6 
 
 218 
 
 0.8 
 
 74 
 
 0.3 
 
 1910 
 
 329 
 
 0.6 
 
 241 
 
 0.9 
 
 88 
 
 0.3 
 
 1911 
 
 361 
 
 0.6 
 
 260 
 
 0.9 
 
 101 
 
 0.4 
 
 1912 
 
 358 
 
 0.6 
 
 247 
 
 0.8 
 
 111 
 
 0.4 
 
 1913 
 
 403 
 
 0.6 
 
 291 
 
 0.9 
 
 112 
 
 0.4 
 
 430 
 
APPENDIX F {PART 1) 
 
 Table 39 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer, by Race, United States Registration 
 
 Area, 1910-1912 
 
 WHITE 
 Year Population 
 
 1910. 51,690,975 
 
 1911 56,763,765 
 
 1912 57,874,275 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 39,875 
 
 77.1 
 
 42,593 
 
 75.0 
 
 45,076 
 
 77.9 
 
 1910-1912 166,329,015 127,544 76.7 
 
 COLORED 
 
 1910 2,152,921 1,164 54.1 
 
 1911 2,512,212 1,431 57.0 
 
 1912 2,552,858 1,455 57.0 
 
 1910-1912 7,217,991 4,050 56.1 
 
 Table 40 
 Comparative Urban and Rural Mortality from Cancer, United States Regis- 
 tration States, 1900-1913 
 
 URBAN 
 Year Population 
 
 1900 10,675,611 
 
 1901 11,188,101 
 
 1902 11,477,929 
 
 1903 11,754,911 
 
 1904 12,029,302 
 
 1905 12,372,228 
 
 1906 18,195,041 
 
 1907 18,737,525 
 
 1908 20,417,270 
 
 1909 23,066,405 
 
 1910 25,187,805 
 
 1911 27,485,457 
 
 1912 28,129,824 
 
 1913 29,244,160 25,672 87.8 
 
 RURAL 
 
 1900 9,289,538 
 
 1901 9,118,942 
 
 1902 9,171,012 
 
 1903 9,235,930 
 
 1904 9,307,413 
 
 1905 9,364,680 
 
 1906 15,640,988 
 
 1907 15,871,371 
 
 1908 18,288,591 
 
 1909 21,215,280 
 
 1910 22,619,961 
 
 1911 26,899,777 
 
 1912 27,122,299 
 
 1913 29,068,435 
 
 431 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 7,060 
 
 66.1 
 
 7,717 
 
 69.0 
 
 7,844 
 
 68.3 
 
 8,498 
 
 72.3 
 
 8,892 
 
 73.9 
 
 9,323 
 
 75.4 
 
 13,871 
 
 76.2 
 
 14,536 
 
 77.6 
 
 15,754 
 
 77.2 
 
 18,486 
 
 80.1 
 
 20,505 
 
 81.4 
 
 22,515 
 
 81.9 
 
 23,882 
 
 84.9 
 
 5,709 
 
 61.5 
 
 5,721 
 
 62.7 
 
 5,809 
 
 63.3 
 
 6,152 
 
 66.6 
 
 6,355 
 
 68.3 
 
 6,660 
 
 71.1 
 
 9,528 
 
 60.9 
 
 10,130 
 
 63.8 
 
 11,863 
 
 64.9 
 
 14,237 
 
 67.1 
 
 15,859 
 
 70.1 
 
 17,714 
 
 65.9 
 
 18,582 
 
 68.5 
 
 20,161 
 
 69.4 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 41 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 495 
 
 1.6 
 
 377 
 
 2.4 
 
 118 
 
 0.8 
 
 1901 
 
 612 
 
 2.0 
 
 496 
 
 3.2 
 
 116 
 
 0.7- 
 
 1902 
 
 583 
 
 1.8 
 
 461 
 
 2.9 
 
 122 
 
 0.8 
 
 1903 
 
 661 
 
 2.0 
 
 527 
 
 3.2 
 
 134 
 
 0.8 
 
 1904 
 
 737 
 
 2.2 
 
 591 
 
 3.5 
 
 146 
 
 0.9 
 
 1905 
 
 792 
 
 2.3 
 
 643 
 
 3.7 
 
 149 
 
 0.9 
 
 1906 
 
 941 
 
 2.2 
 
 762 
 
 3.6 
 
 179 
 
 0.9 
 
 1907 
 
 968 
 
 2.3 
 
 788 
 
 3.6 
 
 180 
 
 0.9 
 
 1908 
 
 1,148 
 
 2.5 
 
 950 
 
 4.0 
 
 198 
 
 0.9 
 
 1909 
 
 1,427 
 
 2.8 
 
 1,195 
 
 4.6 
 
 232 
 
 0.9 
 
 1910 
 
 1,576 
 
 2.9 
 
 1,329 
 
 4.8 
 
 247 
 
 0.9 
 
 1911 
 
 1,727 
 
 2.9 
 
 1,402 
 
 4.6 
 
 325 
 
 1.1 
 
 1912 
 
 1,838 
 
 3.0 
 
 1,465 
 
 4.7 
 
 373 
 
 1.3 
 
 1913 
 
 1.966 
 
 3.1 
 
 1,628 
 
 5.0 
 
 338 
 
 1.1 
 
 Table 42 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 6,918 
 
 22.5 
 
 3,418 
 
 22.2 
 
 3,500 
 
 22.8 
 
 1901 
 
 7,095 
 
 22.6 
 
 3,594 
 
 22.8 
 
 3,501 
 
 22.4 
 
 1902 
 
 7.483 
 
 23.4 
 
 3,681 
 
 22.8 
 
 3,802 
 
 23.9 
 
 1903 
 
 8,193 
 
 25.1 
 
 4,037 
 
 24.5 
 
 4,156 
 
 25.6 
 
 1904 
 
 8,744 
 
 26.2 
 
 4,340 
 
 25.7 
 
 4,404 
 
 26.7 
 
 1905 
 
 8,939 
 
 26.2 
 
 4,388 
 
 25.4 
 
 4,551 
 
 27.1 
 
 1906 
 
 10,946 
 
 26.1 
 
 5,443 
 
 25.5 
 
 5,503 
 
 26.6 
 
 1907 
 
 11,596 
 
 27.0 
 
 5,779 
 
 26.4 
 
 5,817 
 
 27.5 
 
 1908 
 
 13,044 
 
 27.9 
 
 6,537 
 
 27.4 
 
 6,507 
 
 28.4 
 
 1909 
 
 14,915 
 
 29.3 
 
 7,477 
 
 28.7 
 
 7,438 
 
 29.9 
 
 1910 
 
 16,475 
 
 30.6 
 
 8,135 
 
 29.5 
 
 8,340 
 
 31.8 
 
 1911 
 
 17,365 
 
 29.3 
 
 8,698 
 
 28.6 
 
 8,667 
 
 30.1 
 
 1912 
 
 18,517 
 
 30.6 
 
 9,215 
 
 29.6 
 
 9,302 
 
 31.7 
 
 1913 
 
 19,767 
 
 31.2 
 
 9,749 
 
 29.8 
 
 10,018 
 
 32.7 
 
 432 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 43 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 ToTAi 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Fem-u, 
 
 E3 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000- 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 1,7G0 
 
 5.7 
 
 792 
 
 5.1 
 
 968 
 
 6.3 
 
 1901 
 
 2.157 
 
 6.9 
 
 935 
 
 5.9 
 
 1,222 
 
 7.8 
 
 1902 
 
 2.239 
 
 7.0 
 
 1,014 
 
 6.3 
 
 1,225 
 
 7.7 
 
 1903 
 
 2,134 
 
 6.5 
 
 899 
 
 5.5 
 
 1,235 
 
 7.6 
 
 1904 
 
 2,399 
 
 7.2 
 
 1,054 
 
 6.3 
 
 1,345 
 
 8.2 
 
 1905 
 
 2,732 
 
 8.0 
 
 1,129 
 
 6.5 
 
 1,603 
 
 9.5 
 
 1906 
 
 3,273 
 
 7.8 
 
 1,320 
 
 6.2 
 
 1,953 
 
 9.5 
 
 1907 
 
 3,570 
 
 8.3 
 
 1,497 
 
 6.8 
 
 2,073 
 
 9.8 
 
 1908 
 
 3,963 
 
 8.5 
 
 1,649 
 
 6.9 
 
 2,314 
 
 10.1 
 
 1909 
 
 4,676 
 
 9.2 
 
 1,961 
 
 7.5 
 
 2,715 
 
 10.9 
 
 1910 
 
 5,258 
 
 9.8 
 
 2,183 
 
 7.9 
 
 3,075 
 
 11.7 
 
 1911 
 
 5,824 
 
 9.8 
 
 2,464 
 
 8.1 
 
 3,360 
 
 11.7 
 
 1912 
 
 5,923 
 
 9.8 
 
 2,459 
 
 7.9 
 
 3,464 
 
 11.8 
 
 1913 
 
 6,625 
 
 10.5 
 
 2,811 
 
 8.6 
 
 3,814 
 
 12.5 
 
 Table 44 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Generative Organs and Female Breast 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Female Generative Organs 
 
 
 
 Female Breast 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Total 
 
 Population 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Total 
 
 Population 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 2,696 
 
 8.8 
 
 17.5 
 
 1,400 
 
 4.5 
 
 9.1 
 
 1901 
 
 2,919 
 
 9.3 
 
 18.7 
 
 1,621 
 
 5.2 
 
 10.4 
 
 1902 
 
 3,033 
 
 9.5 
 
 19.1 
 
 1,734 
 
 5.4 
 
 10.9 
 
 1903 
 
 3,289 
 
 10.1 
 
 20.3 
 
 1,777 
 
 5.4 
 
 11.0 
 
 1904 
 
 3,436 
 
 10.3 
 
 20.8 
 
 2,019 
 
 6.1 
 
 12.2 
 
 1905 
 
 3,637 
 
 10.7 
 
 21.6 
 
 1,994 
 
 5.8 
 
 11.9 
 
 1906 
 
 4,090 
 
 9.7 
 
 19.8 
 
 2,421 
 
 5.8 
 
 11.7 
 
 1907 
 
 4,388 
 
 10.2 
 
 20.8 
 
 2,590 
 
 6.0 
 
 12.3 
 
 1908 
 
 5,250 
 
 11.2 
 
 22.9 
 
 3,023 
 
 6.5 
 
 13.2 
 
 1909 
 
 5,714 
 
 11.2 
 
 23.0 
 
 3,585 
 
 7.0 
 
 14.4 
 
 1910 
 
 6,147 
 
 11.4 
 
 23.4 
 
 3,730 
 
 6.9 
 
 14.2 
 
 1911 
 
 6,707 
 
 11.3 
 
 23.3 
 
 4,190 
 
 7.1 
 
 14.5 
 
 1912 
 
 7,089 
 
 11.7 
 
 24.2 
 
 4,356 
 
 7.2 
 
 14.9 
 
 1913 
 
 7,706 
 
 12.2 
 
 25.2 
 
 4.514 
 
 7.1 
 
 14.7 
 
 433 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 45 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 602 
 
 2.0 
 
 392 
 
 2.5 
 
 210 
 
 1.4 
 
 1901 
 
 683 
 
 2.2 
 
 456 
 
 2.9 
 
 227 
 
 1.5 
 
 1902 
 
 688 
 
 2.1 
 
 454 
 
 2.8 
 
 234 
 
 1.5 
 
 1903 
 
 752 
 
 2.3 
 
 484 
 
 2.9 
 
 268 
 
 1.7 
 
 1904 
 
 758 
 
 2.3 
 
 462 
 
 2.7 
 
 296 
 
 1.8 
 
 1905 
 
 818 
 
 2.4 
 
 539 
 
 3.1 
 
 279 
 
 1.7 
 
 1906 
 
 984 
 
 2.3 
 
 656 
 
 3.1 
 
 328 
 
 1.6 
 
 1907 
 
 1,121 
 
 2.6 
 
 724 
 
 3.3 
 
 397 
 
 1.9 
 
 1908 
 
 1,282 
 
 2.7 
 
 827 
 
 3.5 
 
 455 
 
 2.0 
 
 1909 
 
 1,492 
 
 2.9 
 
 988 
 
 3.8 
 
 504 
 
 2.0 
 
 1910 
 
 1,459 
 
 2.7 
 
 952 
 
 3.4 
 
 507 
 
 1.9 
 
 1911 
 
 1,619 
 
 2.7 
 
 1,011 
 
 3.3 
 
 608 
 
 2.1 
 
 1912 
 
 1,743 
 
 2.9 
 
 1,079 
 
 3.5 
 
 664 
 
 2.3 
 
 1913 
 
 1,725 
 
 2.7 
 
 1,128 
 
 3.5 
 
 597 
 
 1.9 
 
 Table 46 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts, by Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 5,510 
 
 17.9 
 
 2,315 
 
 15.0 
 
 3,195 
 
 20.8 
 
 1901 
 
 5,084 
 
 16.2 
 
 2,225 
 
 14.1 
 
 2,859 
 
 18.3 
 
 1902 
 
 5,087 
 
 15.9 
 
 2,188 
 
 13.6 
 
 2,899 
 
 18.2 
 
 1903 
 
 5,519 
 
 16.9 
 
 2,475 
 
 15.0 
 
 3,044 
 
 18.8 
 
 1904 
 
 5,302 
 
 15.9 
 
 2,434 
 
 14.4 
 
 2,868 
 
 17.4 
 
 1905 
 
 5,418 
 
 15.9 
 
 2,490 
 
 14.4 
 
 2,928 
 
 17.4 
 
 1906 
 
 6,365 
 
 15.2 
 
 2,985 
 
 14.0 
 
 3,380 
 
 16.4 
 
 1907 
 
 6,281 
 
 14.6 
 
 3,012 
 
 13.8 
 
 3,269 
 
 15.5 
 
 1908 
 
 5,755 
 
 12.3 
 
 3,083 
 
 12.9 
 
 2,672 
 
 11.7 
 
 1909 
 
 5,753 
 
 11.3 
 
 3,297 
 
 12.7 
 
 2,456 
 
 9.9 
 
 1910 
 
 6,394 
 
 11.9 
 
 3,774 
 
 13.7 
 
 2,620 
 
 10.0 
 
 1911 
 
 6,592 
 
 11.1 
 
 3,950 
 
 13.0 
 
 2,642 
 
 9.2 
 
 1912 
 
 7,065 
 
 11.7 
 
 4,246 
 
 13.6 
 
 2,819 
 
 9.6 
 
 1913 
 
 7,625 
 
 12.0 
 
 4.729 
 
 14.5 
 
 2.896 
 
 9.5 
 
 434 
 
APPENDIX F {PART 1) 
 
 Table 47 
 Estimated Total Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 
 
 Continental United States 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900- 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 Female 
 
 
 
 Other 
 
 
 Buccal 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Intestines 
 
 Generative 
 
 Female 
 
 
 Organs 
 
 Year 
 
 Cuvity 
 
 and Liver 
 
 and Rectum 
 
 Organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 or Parts 
 
 1000 
 
 1,224 
 
 17,072 
 
 4,343 
 
 6,653 
 
 3,455 
 
 1,485 
 
 13,697 
 
 1901 
 
 1,513 
 
 17,548 
 
 5,334 
 
 7,219 
 
 4,009 
 
 1,689 
 
 12,578 
 
 iyo2 
 
 1,444 
 
 18,500 
 
 5,535 
 
 7.499 
 
 4,287 
 
 1,700 
 
 12,577 
 
 11)03 
 
 1,632 
 
 20,241 
 
 5,271 
 
 8,125 
 
 4,391 
 
 1,857 
 
 13,636 
 
 1904 
 
 1,820 
 
 21,001 
 
 6,926 
 
 8,488 
 
 4,988 
 
 1,872 
 
 13,099 
 
 1905 
 
 1,950 
 
 22,019 
 
 6,730 
 
 8,959 
 
 4,911 
 
 2,015 
 
 13,347 
 
 1906 
 
 1,918 
 
 22,313 
 
 6,671 
 
 8,336 
 
 4,935 
 
 2,005 
 
 12,977 
 
 1907 
 
 1,962 
 
 23,500 
 
 7,235 
 
 8,892 
 
 5,248 
 
 2,271 
 
 12,732 
 
 1908 
 
 2,178 
 
 24,748 
 
 7,519 
 
 9,961 
 
 6,735 
 
 2,432 
 
 10,921 
 
 1909 
 
 2,535 
 
 26,497 
 
 8,306 
 
 10,151 
 
 6,369 
 
 2,650 
 
 10,223 
 
 1910 
 
 2,691 
 
 28,141 
 
 8,981 
 
 10,500 
 
 6,371 
 
 2,492 
 
 10,923 
 
 1911 
 
 2,726 
 
 27,411 
 
 9,193 
 
 10,587 
 
 6,614 
 
 2,565 
 
 10,408 
 
 1912 
 
 2,894 
 
 29,162 
 
 9,327 
 
 11,164 
 
 6,860 
 
 2,745 
 
 11,130 
 
 1913 
 
 3,007 
 
 30,215 
 
 10,128 
 
 11,776 
 
 7,021 
 
 2,633 
 
 11,539 
 
 Table 48 
 Population Statistics,* by Age and Sex, United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 
 1903 
 
 ■1907 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Ages 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Under 10 
 
 46,012,661 
 
 45,163,577 
 
 18,792,745 
 
 18,479,974 
 
 27,219,916 
 
 26,683,603 
 
 10-24 
 
 64,768,033 
 
 64,826,435 
 
 25,939,027 
 
 26,470,106 
 
 38,819,006 
 
 38,356,330 
 
 25-34 
 
 41,612,738 
 
 38,391,104 
 
 16,873,725 
 
 16,923,152 
 
 24,739,013 
 
 22,407,962 
 
 35-44 
 
 33,236,346 
 
 30,097,460 
 
 13,479,733 
 
 12,267,433 
 
 19,755,613 
 
 17,830,017 
 
 45-54 
 
 23,174,947 
 
 20,941,618 
 
 9,164,393 
 
 8,424,322 
 
 14,010,554 
 
 12,517,296 
 
 55-64 
 
 13,726,350 
 
 13,042,648 
 
 5,478,304 
 
 5,341,009 
 
 8,248,040 
 
 7,701,539 
 
 65-74 
 
 7,452,085 
 
 7,602,607 
 
 2,946,685 
 
 3,061,414 
 
 4,506,400 
 
 4,641,193 
 
 75 and over 
 
 2,963,942 
 
 3,351,230 
 
 1,167,400 
 
 1,336,813 
 
 1,796,542 
 
 2,014,417 
 
 All ages 
 
 232,936,102 
 
 223,416,569 
 
 93,841,012 
 
 91,304,222 
 
 139,096,090 
 
 132,112,347 
 
 45 and over 
 
 47,317,324 
 
 44,938,003 
 
 18,765,782 
 
 18,163,658 
 
 28,561,642 
 
 26,774,445 
 
 •Midyear estimates. 
 
 435 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 49 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of All Organs and Parts, by Age and Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 Males 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Females 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Comp 
 of Rate fi 
 
 Actual 
 
 arison 
 ifferences 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 10 
 
 1,170 
 
 2.5 
 
 984 
 
 2.2 
 
 - 0.3 
 
 12.0 
 
 10-24 
 
 2,028 
 
 3.1 
 
 1,844 
 
 2.8 
 
 - 0.3 
 
 9.7 
 
 25-34 
 
 3,757 
 
 9.0 
 
 7,891 
 
 20.6 
 
 + 11.6 
 
 128.9 
 
 35-44 
 
 10,750 
 
 32.3 
 
 26,779 
 
 89.0 
 
 + 56.7 
 
 175.5 
 
 45-54 
 
 24,431 
 
 105.4 
 
 46,669 
 
 222.9 
 
 + 117.5 
 
 111.5 
 
 ■ 55-64 
 
 35,327 
 
 257.4 
 
 50,393 
 
 386.4 
 
 + 129.0 
 
 50.1 
 
 65-74 
 
 33,745 
 
 452.8 
 
 43,010 
 
 565.7 
 
 + 112.9 
 
 24.9 
 
 75 and over 
 
 18,381 
 
 620.2 
 
 24,601 
 
 734.1 
 
 +113.9 
 
 18.4 
 
 All ages* 
 
 129,784 
 
 55.7 
 
 202,421 
 
 90.6 
 
 + 34.9 
 
 62.7 
 
 45 and over 
 
 111,884 
 
 236.5 
 
 164,673 
 
 366.4 
 
 + 129.9 
 
 54.9 
 
 'Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 50 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, by Age and Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 Males 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Females 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Comparison 
 of Rate Differences 
 
 Actual Per Cent. 
 
 Under 10 
 
 58 
 
 0.1 
 
 45 
 
 0.1 
 
 ^ , 
 
 
 10-24 
 
 79 
 
 0.1 
 
 49 
 
 0.1 
 
 , , 
 
 , , 
 
 25-34 
 
 131 
 
 0.3 
 
 58 
 
 0.2 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 33.3 
 
 35-44 
 
 640 
 
 1.9 
 
 135 
 
 0.4 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 78.9 
 
 45-54 
 
 1,829 
 
 7.9 
 
 303 
 
 1.4 
 
 - 6.5 
 
 82.3 
 
 55-64 
 
 2,605 
 
 19.0 
 
 467 
 
 3.6 
 
 -15.4 
 
 81.1 
 
 65-74 
 
 2,565 
 
 34.4 
 
 565 
 
 7.4 
 
 -27.0 
 
 78.5 
 
 75 and over 
 
 1,732 
 
 58.4 
 
 538 
 
 16.1 
 
 -42.3 
 
 72.4 
 
 All ages* 
 
 9,652 
 
 4.2 
 
 2,163 
 
 1.0 
 
 - 3.2 
 
 76.2 
 
 45 and over 
 
 8,731 
 
 18.5 
 
 1,873 
 
 4.1 
 
 -14.4 
 
 77.8 
 
 *Including unknown ages. 
 
 436 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 51 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, by Age and Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 Males 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Females 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Com 
 of Rate 
 
 Actual 
 
 jarison 
 Differences 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 10 
 
 163 
 
 0.3 
 
 119 
 
 0.2 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 33.3 
 
 10-24 
 
 299 
 
 0.5 
 
 256 
 
 0.4 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 20.0 
 
 25-34 
 
 1,267 
 
 3.1 
 
 1,484 
 
 3.9 
 
 + 0.8 
 
 25.8 
 
 35-44 
 
 5,224 
 
 15.7 
 
 5,753 
 
 19.1 
 
 + 3.4 
 
 21.7 
 
 45-54 
 
 13,110 
 
 56.6 
 
 12,798 
 
 61.1 
 
 + 4.5 
 
 8.0 
 
 55-64 
 
 19,057 
 
 138.8 
 
 17,805 
 
 136.5 
 
 - 2.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 65-74 
 
 17,273 
 
 231.8 
 
 17,496 
 
 230.1 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 75 and over 
 
 7.569 
 
 255.4 
 
 8,911 
 
 265.9 
 
 + 10.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 All ages* 
 
 64,049 
 
 27.5 
 
 64,685 
 
 29.0 
 
 + 1.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 45 and over 
 
 57.009 
 
 120.5 
 
 57,010 
 
 126.9 
 
 + 6.4 
 
 5.3 
 
 *lncluding unknown ages. 
 
 Table 52 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum 
 
 by Age and Sex, United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 Males 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Females 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Comparison 
 of Rate Differences 
 
 Actual Per Cent. 
 
 Under 10 
 
 127 
 
 0.3 
 
 79 
 
 0.2 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 33.3 
 
 10-24 
 
 349 
 
 0.5 
 
 246 
 
 0.4 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 20.0 
 
 25-34 
 
 808 
 
 1.9 
 
 929 
 
 2.4 
 
 + 0.5 
 
 26.3 
 
 35-44 
 
 1,636 
 
 4.9 
 
 2,632 
 
 8.8 
 
 + 3.9 
 
 79.6 
 
 45-54 
 
 3,130 
 
 13.5 
 
 4,684 
 
 22.4 
 
 + 8.9 
 
 65.9 
 
 55-64 
 
 4,523 
 
 33.0 
 
 5,851 
 
 44.9 
 
 +11.9 
 
 36.1 
 
 65-74 
 
 4,135 
 
 55.5 
 
 5,606 
 
 73.7 
 
 +18.2 
 
 32.8 
 
 75 and over 
 
 1,888 
 
 63.7 
 
 3,081 
 
 91.9 
 
 +28.2 
 
 44.3 
 
 All ages* 
 
 16,615 
 
 7.1 
 
 23,137 
 
 10.3 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 45.1 
 
 45 and over 
 
 13,676 
 
 28.9 
 
 19,222 
 
 42.8 
 
 + 13.9 
 
 48.1 
 
 'Including unknown ages. 
 
 437 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 53 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Generative Organs and Female 
 
 Breast, by Age, United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Female Gemerative Organs 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 Under 10 
 10-24 
 25-34 
 35-44 
 45-54 
 55-64 
 65-74 
 
 75 and over 
 
 All ages* 
 45 and over 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 31 
 
 370 
 
 2,989 
 
 9,820 
 
 14,900 
 
 11,920 
 
 6,903 
 
 .2,756 
 
 49,747 
 
 36,479 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Female 
 
 Population 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 7.8 
 32.6 
 71.2 
 91.4 
 90.8 
 82.2 
 
 22.3 
 
 81.2 
 
 Female Breast 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 Female 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 8 
 
 0.0 
 
 49 
 
 0.1 
 
 918 
 
 2.4 
 
 4,583 
 
 15.2 
 
 7,528 
 
 35.9 
 
 7,046 
 
 54.0 
 
 5,683 
 
 74.8 
 
 3,836 
 
 114.5 
 
 29,685 
 
 13.3 
 
 24,093 
 
 53.6 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 54 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, by Age and Sex 
 
 United Spates Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 Males 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Females 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Comparison 
 of Rate Differences 
 
 Actual Per Cent 
 
 Under 10 
 
 42 
 
 0.1 
 
 39 
 
 0.1 
 
 . , 
 
 . , 
 
 10-24 
 
 63 
 
 0.1 
 
 41 
 
 0.1 
 
 , , 
 
 . , 
 
 25-34 
 
 88 
 
 0.2 
 
 55 
 
 0.1 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 50.0 
 
 35-44 
 
 359 
 
 1.1 
 
 169 
 
 0.6 
 
 - 0.5 
 
 45.5 
 
 45-54 
 
 913 
 
 3.9 
 
 391 
 
 1.9 
 
 - 2.0 
 
 51.3 
 
 55-64 
 
 1,559 
 
 11.4 
 
 657 
 
 5.0 
 
 - 6.4 
 
 56.1 
 
 65-74 
 
 2,138 
 
 28.7 
 
 1,064 
 
 14.0 
 
 -14.7 
 
 51.2 
 
 75. and over 
 
 2,544 
 
 85.9 
 
 1,880 
 
 56.1 
 
 -29.8 
 
 34.7 
 
 All ages* 
 
 7,722 
 
 3.3 
 
 4,306 
 
 1.9 
 
 - 1.4 
 
 42.4 
 
 45 and over 
 
 7,1.54 
 
 15.1 
 
 3,992 
 
 8.9 
 
 - 6.2 
 
 41.1 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 438 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 55 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts,* by Age 
 
 and Sex, United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 M.U.E3 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Fem. 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 ILES 
 
 Rate per • 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Comparison 
 of Rate Differences 
 
 Actual Per Cent 
 
 Under 10 
 
 780 
 
 1.7 
 
 663 
 
 1.5 
 
 - 0.2 
 
 11.8 
 
 10-^4 
 
 1,238 
 
 1.9 
 
 833 
 
 1.3 
 
 - 0.6 
 
 31.6 
 
 25-3-i 
 
 1,463 
 
 3.5 
 
 1,458 
 
 3.8 
 
 + 0.3 
 
 8.6 
 
 35-44. 
 
 2,891 
 
 8.7 
 
 3,687 
 
 12.3 
 
 + 3.6 
 
 41.4 
 
 45-54 
 
 5,449 
 
 23.5 
 
 6,065 
 
 29.0 
 
 + 5.5 
 
 23.4 
 
 55-64 
 
 7,583 
 
 55.2 
 
 6,647 
 
 51.0 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 7.6 
 
 65-74 
 
 7,634 
 
 102.4 
 
 5,693 
 
 74.9 
 
 -27.5 
 
 26.9 
 
 75 and over 
 
 4.648 
 
 156.8 
 
 3,599 
 
 107.4 
 
 -49.4 
 
 31.5 
 
 All agesf 
 
 31,746 
 
 13.6 
 
 28,698 
 
 12.8 
 
 - 0.8 
 
 5.9 
 
 45 and over 
 
 25,314 
 
 53.5 
 
 22,004 
 
 48.9 
 
 - 4.6 
 
 8.6 
 
 'Including cancer of the male breast, 
 tincluding unknown ages. 
 
 Table 56 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, Urban and Rural, by Organs and Parts 
 
 United States Registration States 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 Per Cent. 
 
 2.9 
 
 3.6 
 
 31.3 
 
 38.4 
 
 11.2 
 
 13.7 
 
 13.2 
 
 16.2 
 
 7.6 
 
 9.4 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.6 
 
 13.0 
 
 16.1 
 
 URBAN 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Organ or Part Cancer 
 
 Buccal cavity 3,627 
 
 Stomach and liver 38,869 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 13,888 
 
 Female generative organs 16,377 
 
 Breast 9,499 
 
 Skin 2,659 
 
 Other or not specified organs 16,223 
 
 All organs 101,142 
 
 RURAL 
 
 Buccal ca\-ity 3,226 
 
 Stomach and liver 32,518 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 9,165 
 
 Female generative organs 10,158 
 
 Breast 7,689 
 
 Skin 4,205 
 
 Other or not specified organs 11,294 
 
 All organs 78,255 
 
 81.3 
 
 67.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 4.1 
 
 41.6 
 11.7 
 13.0 
 9.8 
 5.4 
 14.4 
 
 100.0 
 
 439 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 57 
 
 Proportionate Mortality from Cancer, by Age and Sex 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 
 JIALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 Deaths from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Under 5 
 
 559,943 
 
 489 
 
 0.1 
 
 457,896 
 
 436 
 
 0.1 
 
 6- 9 
 
 44,712 
 
 226 
 
 0.5 
 
 40,581 
 
 167 
 
 0.4 
 
 10-14 
 
 29,619 
 
 195 
 
 0.7 
 
 27,239 
 
 176 
 
 0.6 
 
 15-19 
 
 50,540 
 
 361 
 
 0.7 
 
 47,012 
 
 334 
 
 0.7 
 
 20-24 
 
 79,135 
 
 632 
 
 0.8 
 
 68,824 
 
 581 
 
 0.8 
 
 25-29 
 
 86,620 
 
 928 
 
 1.1 
 
 72,500 
 
 1,451 
 
 2.0 
 
 30-34 
 
 89,576 
 
 1,302 
 
 1.5 
 
 70,275 
 
 3,138 
 
 4.5 
 
 35-39 
 
 101,203 
 
 2,409 
 
 2.4 
 
 75,101 
 
 6,151 
 
 8.2 
 
 40-44 
 
 102,469 
 
 3,844 
 
 3.8 
 
 71,142 
 
 9,560 
 
 13.4 
 
 45-49 
 
 109,083 
 
 6,198 
 
 5.7 
 
 74,773 
 
 12,841 
 
 17.2 
 
 50-54 
 
 118,046 
 
 8,724 
 
 7.4 
 
 83,094 
 
 15,040 
 
 18.1 
 
 55-59 
 
 116,007 
 
 10,237 
 
 8.8 
 
 86,075 
 
 14,990 
 
 17.4 
 
 60-64 
 
 127,186 
 
 11,627 
 
 9.1 
 
 101,475 
 
 15,207 
 
 15.0 
 
 65-69 
 
 133,478 
 
 11,546 
 
 8.7 
 
 115,105 
 
 14.513 
 
 12.6 
 
 70-74 
 
 129,176 
 
 9,611 
 
 7.4 
 
 118,788 
 
 11,938 
 
 10.0 
 
 75-79 
 
 114,101 
 
 6,878 
 
 6.0 
 
 110.598 
 
 8,700 
 
 7.9 
 
 80-84 
 
 78,996 
 
 3,381 
 
 4.3 
 
 84,061 
 
 4,496 
 
 6.3 
 
 85-89 
 
 40,663 
 
 1,305 
 
 3.2 
 
 47,809 
 
 1.888 
 
 3.9 
 
 90-94 
 
 12,801 
 
 299 
 
 2.3 
 
 17,635 
 
 497 
 
 2.8 
 
 95 and over 
 
 3,362 
 
 62 
 
 1.8 
 
 5,458 
 
 104 
 
 1.9 
 
 Unknown 
 
 3.555 
 
 72 
 
 •• 
 
 1,347 . 
 
 87 
 
 
 All ages 
 
 2,130,271 
 
 80,326 
 
 3.8 
 
 1,776,788 
 
 122,295 
 
 6.9 
 
 Under 15 
 
 634,274 
 
 910 
 
 0.1 
 
 525,716 
 
 779 
 
 0.1 
 
 15-44 
 
 509,543 
 
 9,476 
 
 1.9 
 
 404,854 
 
 21,215 
 
 5.2 
 
 45-64 
 
 470,322 
 
 36,786 
 
 7.8 
 
 345,417 
 
 58,078 
 
 16.8 
 
 65 and over 
 
 512,577 
 
 33,082 
 
 6.5 
 
 499,454 
 
 42,136 
 
 8.4 
 
 Table 58 
 
 Relative Mortality from Cancer and Other Important Causes of Death 
 
 by Age and Sex, United States Registration Area 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Typhoid fever 
 
 Pul. tuberculosis 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Apoplexy 
 
 Heart diseases 
 
 Pneumonia 
 
 Digestive diseases .... 
 
 Nephritis 
 
 Suicides 
 
 Accidents 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 All Ages* 
 
 Under 45 
 
 45 AND Over 
 
 
 
 Per Cent, of AH 
 
 PerCent. of All 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Known Ages 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Known Ages 
 
 ,907.059 
 
 2,074,387 
 
 53.2 
 
 1,827,770 
 
 46.8 
 
 57,208 
 
 47,611 
 
 83.4 
 
 9,497 
 
 16.6 
 
 366,075 
 
 267,167 
 
 73.1 
 
 98,521 
 
 26.9 
 
 202,621 
 
 32,380 
 
 16.0 
 
 170,082 
 
 84.0 
 
 198,657 
 
 17,752 
 
 8.9 
 
 180,698 
 
 91.1 
 
 421,580 
 
 87,093 
 
 20.7 
 
 334,073 
 
 79.3 
 
 369,966 
 
 222,493 
 
 60.2 
 
 147,213 
 
 39.8 
 
 480,614 
 
 352,730 
 
 73.4 
 
 127,696 
 
 26.6 
 
 265,665 
 
 63,852 
 
 24.1 
 
 201,590 
 
 75.9 
 
 44,602 
 
 24,507 
 
 55.2 
 
 19,911 
 
 44.8 
 
 224,061 
 
 145,328 
 
 65.3 
 
 77,392 
 
 34.7 
 
 440 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 58 (concluded) 
 
 Relative Mortality from Cancer and Other Important Causes of Death 
 
 by Age and Sex, United States Registration Area 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 All Ages* 
 
 Deaths 
 
 All causes 2.130,271 
 
 Typhoid fever 34,206 
 
 Pul. tuberculosis 207,603 
 
 Cancer 80,326 
 
 Apoplexy 101,751 
 
 Heart diseases 223,934 
 
 Pneumonia 203,946 
 
 Digestive diseases .... 257,919 
 
 Nephritis 149,535 
 
 Suicides 34,348 
 
 Accidents 173,457 
 
 All causes 1,776,788 
 
 Typhoid fever 23,002 
 
 Pul. tuberculosis 158,472 
 
 Cancer 122,295 
 
 Apoplexy 96,906 
 
 Heart diseases 197,646 
 
 Pneumonia 166,020 
 
 Digestive diseases .... 222,695 
 
 Nephritis 116,130 
 
 Suicides 10,254 
 
 Accidents 50,604 
 
 MALES 
 
 Under 45 
 
 Per Cent, of All 
 Deaths Known Ages 
 
 1,143,817 53.8 
 
 28,444 
 143,593 
 
 10,386 
 9,771 
 
 44,023 
 127,156 
 191,583 
 
 33,251 
 
 17,512 
 117,604 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 930,570 
 
 19,167 
 123,574 
 
 21,994 
 7,981 
 
 43,070 
 
 95,337 
 161,147 
 
 30,601 
 6,995 
 
 27,724 
 
 83.3 
 69.2 
 12.9 
 9.6 
 19.7 
 62.4 
 74.3 
 22.3 
 51.2 
 68.3 
 
 52.4 
 
 83.4 
 78.1 
 18.0 
 8.2 
 21.8 
 57.5 
 72.4 
 26.4 
 68.3 
 54.9 
 
 45 AND Over 
 
 Per Cent, of All 
 Deaths Known Ages 
 
 982.899 46.2 
 
 5,694 
 63,791 
 69,868 
 91,846 
 
 179,656 
 76,637 
 66,221 
 
 116,142 
 16,666 
 64,588 
 
 844,871 
 
 16.7 
 30.8 
 87.1 
 90.4 
 80.3 
 37.6 
 25.7 
 77.7 
 48.8 
 31.7 
 
 47.6 
 
 3,803 
 
 16.6 
 
 34,730 
 
 21.9 
 
 100,214 
 
 82.0 
 
 88,852 
 
 91.8 
 
 154,417 
 
 78.2 
 
 70,576 
 
 42.5 
 
 61,475 
 
 27.6 
 
 85,448 
 
 73.6 
 
 3,245 
 
 31.7 
 
 22,804 
 
 45.1 
 
 *Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 59 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the States of New York, Massachusetts, New 
 
 Hampshire and Connecticut, by Months 
 
 1902-1911 
 
 Mean 
 
 Months Population* 
 
 January 131,540,322 
 
 February.. .. 120,069,048 
 
 March 132,048,497 
 
 April 128,030,367 
 
 May 132,571,692 
 
 June 128,540,835 
 
 July 133,094,888 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Mean 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Months 
 
 Population* 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 8,300 
 
 6.3 
 
 August 
 
 133,360,781 
 
 8,941 
 
 6.7 
 
 7,721 
 
 6.4 
 
 September. 
 
 129,300,297 
 
 8,543 
 
 6.6 
 
 8,600 
 
 6.5 
 
 October . . . 
 
 133,883,987 
 
 9,017 
 
 6.7 
 
 8,315 
 
 6.5 
 
 November. . 
 
 129,806,603 
 
 8,477 
 
 6.5 
 
 8,576 
 
 6.5 
 
 December. . 
 
 134,407,183 
 
 8,804 
 
 6.6 
 
 8,123 
 
 6.3 
 
 Monthly 
 
 
 
 
 8,613 
 
 6.5 
 
 Average . . . 
 
 130,554,542 
 
 8,503 
 
 6.5 
 
 *Population has been standardized for variation in length of month. 
 
 441 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 60 
 
 Comparative Death Rate from Cancer, 1901 and 1911, according to Age and 
 
 Sex, in the States Included in the Registration Area in 1900* 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Per Cent. Which 
 
 
 
 
 Rate in 1911 
 
 Age Period 
 
 1901 
 
 1911 
 
 Represents of 
 That in 1901 
 
 All ages : 
 
 
 
 
 Crude rate 
 
 65.8 
 62.2 
 
 83.9 
 
 77.6 
 
 128 
 
 Standardized ratef 
 
 125 
 
 Under 5 years .... 
 
 3.4 
 
 3.0 
 
 88 
 
 5- 9 years . 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 120 
 
 10-14 " . 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.3 
 
 144 
 
 15-19 " . 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.3 
 
 110 
 
 20-24 " . 
 
 
 3.9 
 
 4.8 
 
 123 
 
 25-34 " . 
 
 
 13.4 
 
 13.9 
 
 104 
 
 35-44 " . 
 
 
 60.2 
 
 61.0 
 
 101 
 
 45-54 " . 
 
 
 146.5 
 
 166.3 
 
 114 
 
 55-64 " . 
 
 
 268.3 
 
 352.4 
 
 131 
 
 65-74 " . 
 
 
 418.8 
 
 566.7 
 
 135 
 
 75 and over. . . 
 
 
 557.6 
 
 794.7 
 
 143 
 
 25 years and over: 
 
 
 
 
 Crude rate. ... 
 
 124.5 
 127.2 
 
 155.7 
 159.0 
 
 125 
 
 Standardized n 
 
 itef 
 
 125 
 
 
 Males 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Which Rate 
 
 in 1911 
 
 
 Females 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Which Rate 
 
 in 1911 
 
 Age Period 
 
 1901 
 
 1911 
 
 Represents of 
 That b 1901 
 
 Age Period 
 
 1901 
 
 1911 
 
 Represents of 
 That in 1901 
 
 All ages: 
 
 
 
 
 All ages: 
 
 
 
 
 Crude rate. . . 
 
 48.7 
 
 64.2 
 
 132 
 
 Crude rate . . . 
 
 83.0 
 
 104.0 
 
 125 
 
 Stand'r'zedratef 43.6 
 
 56.7 
 
 130 
 
 Stand'r'zedratef 79.7 
 
 97.2 
 
 122 
 
 Under 5 years 
 
 3.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 82 
 
 Under 5 years 
 
 3.1 
 
 3.0 
 
 97 
 
 5- 9 years 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 100 
 
 5- 9 years 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.1 
 
 138 
 
 10-14 " 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 111 
 
 10-14 " 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 167 
 
 15-19 " 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.9 
 
 153 
 
 15-19 " . 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.7 
 
 77 
 
 20-24 " 
 
 3.3 
 
 4.9 
 
 148 
 
 20-24 " 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.6 
 
 102 
 
 25-34 " 
 
 9.4 
 
 8.7 
 
 93 
 
 25-34 " 
 
 17.5 
 
 19.4 
 
 111 
 
 35-44 " 
 
 32.5 
 
 31.1 
 
 96 
 
 35-44 " 
 
 89.6 
 
 92.5 
 
 103 
 
 45-54 " 
 
 . 90.0 
 
 109.2 
 
 121 
 
 45-54 " 
 
 . 205.4 
 
 227.0 
 
 111 
 
 55-64 " 
 
 . 203.8 
 
 283.4 
 
 139 
 
 55-64 " 
 
 . 331.8 
 
 422.3 
 
 127 
 
 65-74 " 
 
 . 366.0 
 
 512.8 
 
 140 
 
 65-74 " 
 
 . 468.9 
 
 617.8 
 
 132 
 
 75 and over. . 
 
 . 520.8 
 
 730.5 
 
 140 
 
 75 and over. . 
 
 . 589.8 
 
 848.7 
 
 144 
 
 25 years and o-^ 
 
 •er: 
 
 
 
 25 years and o 
 
 ver: 
 
 
 
 Crude rate.. . 
 
 90.9 
 
 117.7 
 
 129 
 
 Crude rate. . . 
 
 . 158.7 
 
 195.0 
 
 123 
 
 Stand'r'zedrat 
 
 et 90.4 
 
 117.9 
 
 130 
 
 Stand'r'zedrat 
 
 ef 160.3 
 
 195.9 
 
 122 
 
 •Includes Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hamp- 
 shire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. 
 
 fStandardized on basis of standard million of England and Wales, 1901. 
 
 442 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 61 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of All Organs and Parts, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Males 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908 
 
 1912 
 
 Increase ob 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 455 
 
 2.4 
 
 715 
 
 2.6 
 
 + 0.2 
 
 8.3 
 
 10-24 
 
 840 
 
 3.2 
 
 1,188 
 
 3.1 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 3.1 
 
 25-34 
 
 1,527 
 
 9.0 
 
 2,230 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 
 35-44 
 
 4,497 
 
 33.4 
 
 6,253 
 
 31.7 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 5.1 
 
 45-54 
 
 9,509 
 
 103.8 
 
 14,922 
 
 106.5 
 
 + 2.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 55-64 
 
 13,463 
 
 245.7 
 
 21,864 
 
 265.1 
 
 + 19.4 
 
 7.9 
 
 65-74 
 
 12,588 
 
 427.4 
 
 21,157 
 
 469.5 
 
 + 42.1 
 
 9.9 
 
 75 and over 
 
 6,466 
 
 553.9 
 
 11,915 
 
 663.2 
 
 +109.3 
 
 19.7 
 
 All ages* 
 
 49.458 
 
 52.7 
 
 80,326 
 
 57.7 
 
 + 5.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 45 and over 
 
 42,026 
 
 224.1 
 
 69,858 
 
 244.6 
 
 + 20.5 
 
 9.1 
 
 'Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 62 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of All Organs and Parts, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Females 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Decreasb 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 381 
 
 2.1 
 
 603 
 
 2.3 
 
 + 0.2 
 
 9.5 
 
 10-24 
 
 753 
 
 2.8 
 
 1,091 
 
 2.9 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 3.6 
 
 25-34 
 
 3,302 
 
 20.7 
 
 4,589 
 
 20.4 
 
 - 0.3 
 
 1.4 
 
 35-44 
 
 11,068 
 
 90.2 
 
 15,711 
 
 88.1 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 2.3 
 
 45-54 
 
 18,788 
 
 223.0 
 
 27.881 
 
 222.7 
 
 - 0.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 55-64 
 
 20,196 
 
 378.1 
 
 30,197 
 
 392.1 
 
 + 14.0 
 
 3.7 
 
 65-74 
 
 16,559 
 
 540.9 
 
 26,451 
 
 582.5 
 
 + 41.6 
 
 7.7 
 
 75 and over 
 
 8,916 
 
 667.0 
 
 15.685 
 
 778.6 
 
 -i-111.6 
 
 16.7 
 
 All ages* 
 
 80,126 
 
 87.8 
 
 122,295 
 
 92.6 
 
 + 4.8 
 
 5.5 
 
 45 and over 
 
 64,459 
 
 354.9 
 
 100,214 
 
 374.3 
 
 + 19.4 
 
 5.5 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 443 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 63 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Males 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 InCEEASE OB 
 
 Decbease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate oer 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 18 
 
 0.1 
 
 40 
 
 0.1 
 
 + 0.05 
 
 50.0 
 
 10-24 
 
 33 
 
 0.1 
 
 46 
 
 0.1 
 
 - 0.01 
 
 7.7 
 
 25-34 
 
 54 
 
 0.3 
 
 77 
 
 0.3 
 
 - 0.01 
 
 3.1 
 
 35-44 
 
 261 
 
 1.9 
 
 379 
 
 1.9 
 
 - 0.02 
 
 1.0 
 
 45-54 
 
 649 
 
 7.1 
 
 1,180 
 
 8.4 
 
 + 1.34 
 
 18.9 
 
 55-64 
 
 908 
 
 16.6 
 
 1,697 
 
 20.6 
 
 + 4.00 
 
 24.1 
 
 65-74 
 
 865 
 
 29.4 
 
 1,700 
 
 37.7 
 
 + 8.36 
 
 28.5 
 
 75 and over 
 
 516 
 
 44.2 
 
 1,216 
 
 67.7 
 
 -f 23.49 
 
 53.1 
 
 All ages* 
 
 3,311 
 
 3.5 
 
 6,341 
 
 4.6 
 
 + 1.03 
 
 29.2 
 
 45 and over 
 
 2,938 
 
 15.7 
 
 5,793 
 
 20.3 
 
 + 4.62 
 
 29.5 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 64 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Females 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-191'2 
 
 InCBEASE OB 
 
 Decbease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 19 
 
 0.1 
 
 26 
 
 0.1 
 
 , , 
 
 , , 
 
 10-24 
 
 11 
 
 0.0 
 
 38 
 
 0.1 
 
 -fO.06 
 
 150.0 
 
 2.5-34 
 
 25 
 
 0.1 
 
 33 
 
 0.1 
 
 -0.01 
 
 6,3 
 
 35-44 
 
 54 
 
 0.4 
 
 81 
 
 0.4 
 
 -j-0.01 
 
 2.3 
 
 45-54 
 
 121 
 
 1.4 
 
 182 
 
 1.4 
 
 -j-0.01 
 
 0.7 
 
 55-64 
 
 195 
 
 3.6 
 
 272 
 
 3.5 
 
 -0.12 
 
 3.3 
 
 65-74 
 
 207 
 
 6.8 
 
 358 
 
 7.9 
 
 -fl.l2 
 
 16.6 
 
 75 and over 
 
 156 
 
 11.7 
 
 382 
 
 19.0 
 
 +7.29 
 
 62.5 
 
 All ages* 
 
 788 
 
 0.9 
 
 1,375 
 
 1.0 
 
 +0.18 
 
 20.9 
 
 45 and over 
 
 679 
 
 3.7 
 
 1,194 
 
 4.5 
 
 +0.72 
 
 19.3 
 
 'Including unknown ages. 
 
 444 
 
APPENDIX F {PART I) 
 
 Table 65 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Males 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase ob 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 65 
 
 0.3 
 
 98 
 
 0.4 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 33.3 
 
 10-24 
 
 120 
 
 0.5 
 
 179 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 25-34 
 
 509 
 
 3.0 
 
 758 
 
 3.1 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 3.3 
 
 35-44 
 
 2,185 
 
 16.2 
 
 3,039 
 
 15.4 
 
 - 0.8 
 
 4.9 
 
 45-54 
 
 5,046 
 
 55.1 
 
 8,064 
 
 57.6 
 
 + 2.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 55-64 
 
 7,096 
 
 129.5 
 
 11,961 
 
 145.0 
 
 + 15.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 65-74 
 
 6,350 
 
 215.6 
 
 10,923 
 
 242.4 
 
 +26.8 
 
 12.4 
 
 75 and over 
 
 2,558 
 
 219.1 
 
 5,011 
 
 278.9 
 
 +59.8 
 
 27.3 
 
 All ages* 
 
 23,987 
 
 25.6 
 
 40,062 
 
 28.8 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 12.5 
 
 45 and over 
 
 21,050 
 
 112.2 
 
 35,959 
 
 125.9 
 
 + 13.7 
 
 12.2 
 
 *Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 66 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Stomach and Liver, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Females 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 46 
 
 0.3 
 
 73 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 10-24 
 
 107 
 
 0.4 
 
 149 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 
 25-34 
 
 619 
 
 3.9 
 
 865 
 
 3.8 
 
 - o.i 
 
 2.6 
 
 35-44 
 
 2,346 
 
 19.1 
 
 3,407 
 
 19.1 
 
 
 
 45-54 
 
 4,989 
 
 59.2 
 
 7,809 
 
 62.4 
 
 + 3.2 
 
 5.4 
 
 55-64 
 
 6,727 
 
 125.9 
 
 11,078 
 
 143.9 
 
 + 18.0 
 
 14.3 
 
 65-74 
 
 6,488 
 
 211.9 
 
 11,008 
 
 242.4 
 
 +30.5 
 
 14.4 
 
 75 and over 
 
 3,069 
 
 229.6 
 
 5,842 
 
 290.0 
 
 +60.4 
 
 26.3 
 
 All ages* 
 
 24,431 
 
 26.8 
 
 40,254 
 
 30.5 
 
 + 3.7 
 
 13.8 
 
 45 and over 
 
 21,273 
 
 117.1 
 
 35,737 
 
 133.5 
 
 +16.4 
 
 14.0 
 
 'Including unknown ages. 
 
 445 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 67 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum 
 
 according to Age, United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Males 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 47 
 
 0.3 
 
 80 
 
 0.3 
 
 . . 
 
 
 10-24 
 
 141 
 
 0.5 
 
 208 
 
 0.6 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 20.6 
 
 25-34 
 
 308 
 
 1.8 
 
 500 
 
 2.0 
 
 -1- 0.2 
 
 11.1 
 
 35-44 
 
 615 
 
 4.6 
 
 1,021 
 
 5.2 
 
 + 0.6 
 
 13.0 
 
 45-54 
 
 1,149 
 
 12.5 
 
 1,981 
 
 14.1 
 
 + 1.6 
 
 12.8 
 
 55-64 
 
 1,617 
 
 29.5 
 
 2,906 
 
 35.2 
 
 -1- 5.7 
 
 19.3 
 
 65-74 
 
 1,408 
 
 47.8 
 
 2,727 
 
 60.5 
 
 -fl2.7 
 
 26.6 
 
 75 and over 
 
 613 
 
 52.5 
 
 1,275 
 
 71.0 
 
 +18.5 
 
 35.2 
 
 All ages* 
 
 5,899 
 
 6.3 
 
 10,716 
 
 7.7 
 
 + 1.4 
 
 22.2 
 
 45 and over 
 
 4,787 
 
 25.5 
 
 8,889 
 
 31.1 
 
 + 5.6 
 
 22.0 
 
 *Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 68 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum 
 
 according to Age, United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Females 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Plate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 28 
 
 0.2 
 
 51 
 
 0.2 
 
 . , 
 
 
 10-24 
 
 95 
 
 0.3 
 
 151 
 
 0.4 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 33.3 
 
 25-34 
 
 357 
 
 2.2 
 
 572 
 
 2.5 
 
 + 0.3 
 
 13.6 
 
 35-44 
 
 1,039 
 
 8.5 
 
 1,593 
 
 8.9 
 
 + 0.4 
 
 4.7 
 
 45-54 
 
 1,690 
 
 20.1 
 
 2,994 
 
 23.9 
 
 + 3.8 
 
 18.9 
 
 55-64 
 
 2,115 
 
 39.6 
 
 3,736 
 
 48.5 
 
 -f 8.9 
 
 22.5 
 
 65-74 
 
 1,890 
 
 61.7 
 
 3,716 
 
 81.8 
 
 +20.1 
 
 32.6 
 
 75 and over 
 
 975 
 
 72.9 
 
 2,106 
 
 104.5 
 
 +31.6 
 
 43.3 
 
 All ages* 
 
 8,209 
 
 9.0 
 
 14,928 
 
 11.3 
 
 + 2.3 
 
 25.6 
 
 45 and over 
 
 6,670 
 
 36.7 
 
 12,552 
 
 46.9 
 
 +10.2 
 
 27.8 
 
 'Including unknown ages. 
 
 446 
 
APPENDIX F {PART J) 
 
 Table 69 
 
 Mortality frK)in Cancer of the Female Generative Organs 
 
 according to Age, United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908- 
 
 1912 
 
 Increase ob 
 
 Decbease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 8 
 
 0.0 
 
 23 
 
 0.1 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 125.0 
 
 10-24 
 
 134 
 
 0.5 
 
 236 
 
 0.6 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 20.0 
 
 25-34 
 
 1,158 
 
 7.3 
 
 1,831 
 
 8.2 
 
 + 0.9 
 
 12.3 
 
 35-44 
 
 3,836 
 
 31.3 
 
 5,984 
 
 33.6 
 
 + 2.3 
 
 7.3 
 
 45-54 
 
 5,810 
 
 69.0 
 
 9,090 
 
 72.6 
 
 + 3.6 
 
 5.2 
 
 55-64 
 
 4,529 
 
 84.8 
 
 7,391 
 
 96.0 
 
 + 11.2 
 
 13.2 
 
 65-74 
 
 2,440 
 
 79.7 
 
 4,463 
 
 98.3 
 
 + 18.6 
 
 23.3 
 
 75 and over 
 
 886 
 
 66.3 
 
 1,870 
 
 92.8 
 
 +26.5 
 
 40.0 
 
 All ages* 
 
 18,840 
 
 20.6 
 
 30,907 
 
 23.4 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 13.6 
 
 45 and over 
 
 13,665 
 
 75.3 
 
 22,814 
 
 85.2 
 
 + 9.9 
 
 13.1 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 70 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Breast, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase ob 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 0.0 
 
 , , 
 
 , , 
 
 10-24 
 
 is 
 
 o.i 
 
 34 
 
 0.1 
 
 , , 
 
 , , 
 
 25-34 
 
 343 
 
 2.2 
 
 575 
 
 2.6 
 
 + 0.4 
 
 18.2 
 
 35-44 
 
 1,683 
 
 13.7 
 
 2,900 
 
 16.3 
 
 + 2.6 
 
 19.0 
 
 45-54 
 
 2,667 
 
 31.6 
 
 4,861 
 
 38.8 
 
 + 7.2 
 
 22.8 
 
 55-64 
 
 2,684 
 
 50.3 
 
 4,362 
 
 56.6 
 
 + 6.3 
 
 12.5 
 
 65-74 
 
 2,061 
 
 67.3 
 
 3,622 
 
 79.8 
 
 + 12.5 
 
 18.6 
 
 75 and over 
 
 1,330 
 
 99.5 
 
 2,506 
 
 124.4 
 
 +24.9 
 
 25.0 
 
 All ages* 
 
 10,801 
 
 11.8 
 
 18,884 
 
 14.3 
 
 + 2.5 
 
 21.2 
 
 45 and over 
 
 8,742 
 
 48.1 
 
 15,351 
 
 57.3 
 
 + 9.2 
 
 19.1 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 30 
 
 447 
 
APPENDIX F (PART I) 
 
 Table 71 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Males 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 8 
 
 0.0 
 
 34 
 
 0.1 
 
 + 0.08 
 
 200.0 
 
 10-24 
 
 13 
 
 0.1 
 
 50 
 
 0.1 
 
 + 0.08 
 
 160.0 
 
 25-34 
 
 33 
 
 0.2 
 
 55 
 
 0.2 
 
 + 0.02 
 
 100.0 
 
 35-44 
 
 143 
 
 1.1 
 
 216 
 
 1.1 
 
 + 0.03 
 
 2.8 
 
 45-54 
 
 353 
 
 3.9 
 
 560 
 
 4.0 
 
 + 0.15 
 
 3.9 
 
 55-64 
 
 610 
 
 11.1 
 
 949 
 
 11.5 
 
 + 0.38 
 
 3.4 
 
 65-74 
 
 795 
 
 27.0 
 
 1,343 
 
 29.8 
 
 + 2.81 
 
 ■ 10.4 
 
 75 and over 
 
 903 
 
 77.4 
 
 1,641 
 
 91.3 
 
 +13.99 
 
 18.1 
 
 All ages* 
 
 2,865 
 
 3.0 
 
 4,857 
 
 3.5 
 
 + 0.44 
 
 14.4 
 
 45 and over 
 
 2,661 
 
 14.2 
 
 4,493 
 
 15.7 
 
 + 1.54 
 
 10.9 
 
 'Including unknown ages. 
 
 Table 72 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin, according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Females 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 9 
 
 0.0 
 
 30 
 
 0.1 
 
 + 0.06 
 
 120.0 
 
 10-24 
 
 18 
 
 0.1 
 
 23 
 
 0.1 
 
 - 0.01 
 
 14.3 
 
 25-34 
 
 28 
 
 0.2 
 
 27 
 
 0.1 
 
 - 0.06 
 
 33.3 
 
 35-44 
 
 66 
 
 0.5 
 
 103 
 
 0.6 
 
 + 0.04 
 
 7.4 
 
 45-54 
 
 158 
 
 1.9 
 
 233 
 
 1.9 
 
 - 0.02 
 
 1.1 
 
 55-64 
 
 272 
 
 5.1 
 
 385 
 
 5.0 
 
 - 0.09 
 
 1.8 
 
 65-74 
 
 387 
 
 12.7 
 
 677 
 
 14.9 
 
 + 2.27 
 
 18.0 
 
 75 and over 
 
 626 
 
 46.8 
 
 1,254 
 
 62.3 
 
 +15.42 
 
 32.9 
 
 All ages* 
 
 1,568 
 
 1.7 
 
 2,738 
 
 2.1 
 
 + 0.35 
 
 20.3 
 
 45 and over 
 
 1,443 
 
 8.0 
 
 2.549 
 
 9.5 
 
 + 1.58 
 
 19.9 
 
 •Including unknown ages. 
 
 448 
 
APPENDIX F (PART 1) 
 
 Table 73 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts* 
 
 according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Males 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Dechease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 317 
 
 1.7 
 
 463 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 
 10-24 
 
 533 
 
 2.0 
 
 705 
 
 1.8 
 
 -0.2 
 
 10.6 
 
 25-34 
 
 623 
 
 3.7 
 
 840 
 
 3.4 
 
 -0.3 
 
 8.1 
 
 35^4 
 
 1,293 
 
 9.6 
 
 1,598 
 
 8.1 
 
 -1.5 
 
 15.6 
 
 45-54 
 
 2,312 
 
 25.2 
 
 3,137 
 
 22.4 
 
 -2.8 
 
 11.1 
 
 55-64 
 
 3,232 
 
 59.0 
 
 4,351 
 
 52.8 
 
 -6.2 
 
 10.5 
 
 65-74 
 
 3,170 
 
 107.6 
 
 4,464 
 
 99.1 
 
 -8.5 
 
 7.9 
 
 75 and over 
 
 1,876 
 
 160.7 
 
 2,772 
 
 154.3 
 
 -6.4 
 
 4.0 
 
 All agesf 
 
 13,396 
 
 14.3 
 
 18.350 
 
 13.2 
 
 -1.1 
 
 7.7 
 
 45 and over 
 
 10,590 
 
 56.5 
 
 14,724 
 
 51.6 
 
 -4.9 
 
 8.7 
 
 •Including cancer of the male breast, 
 tincluding unknown ages. 
 
 Table 74 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs and Parts* 
 
 according to Age 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 Females 
 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Increase or 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Ages at Death 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Actual 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Under 10 
 
 271 
 
 1.5 
 
 392 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 10-24 
 
 373 
 
 1.4 
 
 460 
 
 1.2 
 
 - 6.2 
 
 14.3 
 
 25-34 
 
 772 
 
 4.8 
 
 686 
 
 3.1 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 35.4 . 
 
 35-44 
 
 2,044 
 
 16.7 
 
 1,643 
 
 9.2 
 
 - 7.5 
 
 44.9 
 
 45-54 
 
 3,353 
 
 39.8 
 
 2,712 
 
 21.7 
 
 -18.1 
 
 45.5 
 
 55-64 
 
 3,674 
 
 68.8 
 
 2,973 
 
 38.6 
 
 -30.2 
 
 43.9 
 
 65-74 
 
 3,086 
 
 100.8 
 
 2,607 
 
 57.4 
 
 -43.4 
 
 43.1 
 
 75 and over 
 
 1,874 
 
 140.2 
 
 1,725 
 
 85.6 
 
 -54.6 
 
 38.9 
 
 All agesf 
 
 15,489 
 
 17.0 
 
 13,209 
 
 10.0 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 41.2 
 
 45 and over 
 
 11,987 
 
 66.0 
 
 10,017 
 
 37.4 
 
 -28.6 
 
 43.3 
 
 •Including cancer of the male breast, 
 tincluding unknown ages. 
 
 449 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 PART II 
 
 Cancer Mortality Statistics of States and Cities of 
 THE United States 
 
 Table State Period Title Page 
 
 1 Connecticut 1875-1913 Persons 455 
 
 2 Connecticut 1879-1913 Males 456 
 
 3 Connecticut 1879-1913 Females 457 
 
 4 Maine 1892-1913 Persons 458 
 
 5 Maine 1892-1913 Males 458 
 
 6 Maine 1892-1913 Females 459 
 
 7 Massachusetts 1856-1913 Persons 460 
 
 8 Massachusetts 1856-1913 Males 461 
 
 9 Massachusetts 1856-1913 Females 462 
 
 10 New Hampshire 1884-1913 Persons 463 
 
 11 New Hampshire 1887-1913 Males 463 
 
 12 New Hampshire 1887-1913 Females 464 
 
 13 New Jersey 1879-1913 Persons 465 
 
 14 New York 1885-1914 Persons 466 
 
 15 Rhodelsland 1871-1913 Persons 467 
 
 16 Rhode Island 1871-1913 Males 468 
 
 17 Rhode Island 1871-1913 Females 469 
 
 18 Vermont 1871-1913 Persons 470 
 
 19 Vermont 1871-1896 Males 471 
 
 20 Vermont 1871-1896 Females 471 
 
 21 New England States, New York 
 
 and New Jersey 1886-1913 Persons 472 
 
 City 
 
 22 Twenty Large American Cities . . 1881-1913 Persons 473 
 
 23 Southern Cities 1891-1914 White 474 
 
 24 Southern Cities 1891-1914 Colored 474 
 
 25 Augusta, Ga 1891-1913 Persons 475 
 
 26 Augusta, Ga 1891-1912 Males 475 
 
 27 Augusta, Ga 1891-1912 Females 476 
 
 28 Baltimore, Md 1871-1914 Persons 477 
 
 29 Baltimore, Md 1891-1914 White 478 
 
 30 Baltimore, Md 1891-1914 Colored 478 
 
 31 Baltimore, Md 1893-1902—1903-1912 By Organs and Parts 479 
 
 32 Boston, Mass 1881-1914 Persons 479 
 
 33 Boston, Mass 1881-1913 Males 480 
 
 34 Boston, Mass 1881-1913 Females 481 
 
 35 Boston,Mass 1903-1912 ByAgeandSex 482 
 
 36 Boston, Mass 1903-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 482 
 
 37 ]{oston. Mass 1903-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 
 Males 483 
 
 450 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table City Period Title Page 
 
 38 Boston, Mass 1903-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 
 Females 483 
 
 39 Brooklyn, N. Y 1871-1913 Persons 484 
 
 40 Brooklyn, N. Y 1872-1878—1903-1913 Males 485 
 
 41 Brooklyn, N. Y 1872-1878—1903-1913 Females 485 
 
 42 Buffalo, N. Y 1886-1913 Persons 486 
 
 43 Buffalo, N. Y 1904-1905—1908-1913 By Sex 486 
 
 44 Charleston, S. C 1881-1914 Persons 487 
 
 45 Charleston, S. C 1881-1914 White 488 
 
 46 Charleston, S. C 1881-1914 Colored 489 
 
 47 Chicago, 111 1871-1913 Persons 490 
 
 48 Chicago, 111 1895-1913 Males 491 
 
 49 Chicago, 111 1895-1913 Females 491 
 
 60 Chicago, 111 1903-1912. .• By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 492 
 
 51 Cincinnati, Ohio 1871-1913 Persons 492 
 
 52 Cincinnati, Ohio 1891-1913 Males 493 
 
 53 Cincinnati, Ohio 1891-1913 Females 493 
 
 54 Cleveland, Ohio 1884-1913 Persons 494 
 
 55 Cleveland, Ohio 1885-1913 Males 495 
 
 56 Cleveland, Ohio 1885-1913 Females 495 
 
 57 Cleveland, Ohio 1903-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 496 
 
 58 Columbus, Ohio 1900-1913 Persons 496 
 
 59 Dayton, Ohio 1871-1913 Persons 497 
 
 60 Dayton, Ohio 1876-1908 Males 498 
 
 61 Dayton, Ohio 1876-1908 Females 499 
 
 62 Denver, Colo 1892-1913 Persons 500 
 
 63 Denver, Colo 1905-1913 By Sex 500 
 
 64 Denver, Colo 1905-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 501 
 
 65 Detroit, Mich 1883-1913 Persons 501 
 
 66 Hartford, Conn 1881-1913 Persons 502 
 
 67 Hartford, Conn 1886-1913 Males 503 
 
 68 Hartford, Conn 1886-1913 Females 503 
 
 69 Hoboken, N. J 1880-1913 Persons 504 
 
 70 Hoboken, N. J 1902-1913 By Sex 504 
 
 71 Indianapohs, Ind 1900-1913 Persons 505 
 
 72 Indianapohs, Ind 1906-1913 By Sex 505 
 
 73 Jersey City, N. J 1879-1913 Persons 506 
 
 74 Jersey City, N. J 1902-1913 By Sex 507 
 
 75 Kansas City, Mo 1900-1913 Persons 507 
 
 76 Los Angeles, Cal 1900-1913 Persons 508 
 
 77 Louisville, Ky 1890-1913 Persons 508 
 
 78 Memphis, Tenn 1891-1914 Persons 509 
 
 79 Memphis, Tenn 1891-1914 White 509 
 
 80 Memphis, Tenn 1891-1914 Colored 510 
 
 81 Milwaukee, Wis 1894-1913 Persons 510 
 
 82 Milwaukee, Wis 1898-1913 Males 511 
 
 451 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table City Period Title Page 
 
 83 Milwaukee, Wis 1898-1913 Females 511 
 
 84 Minneapolis, Minn 1889-1913 Persons 512 
 
 85 Minneapolis, Minn 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 512 
 
 86 Minneapolis, Minn 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age 513 
 
 87 Nashville, Tenn 1879-1914 Persons 513 
 
 88 Nashville, Tenn 1885-1913 Males 514 
 
 89 Nashville, Tenn 1885-1913 Females 514 
 
 90 Nashville, Tenn 1885-1914 Wliite 515 
 
 91 Nashville, Tenn 1885-1914 Colored 516 
 
 92 Nashville, Tenn 1903-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex ..... 516 
 
 93 Newark,N.J 1859-1913 Persons 517 
 
 94 Newark, N. J 1902-1913 By Sex 518 
 
 95 New Haven, Conn 1880-1913 Persons 518 
 
 96 New Haven, Conn 1880-1913 Males 519 
 
 97 New Haven, Conn 1880-1913 Females 520 
 
 98 New Orleans, La 1871-1914 Persons 521 
 
 99 New Orleans, La 1877-1914 ^Vhite 522 
 
 100 New Orleans, La 1877-1914 Colored 523 
 
 101 New Orleans, La 1901-1913 By Sex 524 
 
 102 New Orleans, La 1904-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Race. ... 525 
 
 103 New Orleans, La 1904-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex and 
 Race 525 
 
 104 New Orleans, La., Charity Hospi- 
 
 tal 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 White 526 
 
 105 New Orleans, La., Charity Hospi- 
 
 tal 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 Colored 529 
 
 106 Greater New York, N. Y 1891-1914 Persons 532 
 
 107 Greater New York, N. Y 1891-1913 Males 532 
 
 108 Greater New York, N. Y 1891-1913 Females 533 
 
 109 Greater New York, N. Y 1893-1912 By Age 533 
 
 110 Greater New York, N. Y 1893-1912 By Age, Males 534 
 
 111 Greater New York, N. Y 1893-1912 By Age, Females 534 
 
 112 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 Buccal Cavity, ac- 
 
 cording to Sex 535 
 
 113 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 Stomach and Liver, 
 
 according to Sex 535 
 
 114 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 Peritoneum,Intestines 
 
 and Rectum, accord- 
 ing to Sex 536 
 
 115 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 Female Generative 
 
 Organs 536 
 
 116 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 Female Breast 536 
 
 117 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 Skin, according to Sex 537 
 
 118 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 Other or Not Specified 
 
 Organs, according to 
 
 Sex 537 
 
 452 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table City Period Title Page 
 
 119 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1907—1908-1912 By Organs and Parts 538 
 
 120 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1907—1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex. . . . 538 
 
 121 Greater New York, N. Y 1903-1912 By Boroughs, accord- 
 
 ing to Sex 539 
 
 122 Manhattan and Bronx, N. Y. C . . 1871-1913 Persons 540 
 
 123 Manhattan and Bronx, N. Y. C . . 1871-1913 Males 541 
 
 124 Manhattan and Bronx, N. Y, C . . 1871-1913 Females 542 
 
 125 Omaha, Neb 1900-1913 Persons 542 
 
 126 Philadelphia, Pa 1861-1914 Persons 543 
 
 127 Philadelphia, Pa 1861-1914 Males 544 
 
 128 Philadelphia, Pa 1861-1914 Females 545 
 
 129 Philadelphia, Pa 1878-1903* By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 546 
 
 130 Philadelphia, Pa 1891-1902—1903-1912 By Organs and Parts 546 
 
 131 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 Buccal Cavity, ac- 
 
 cording to Age 547 
 
 132 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 Stomach and Liver, 
 
 according to Age 547 
 
 133 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 Peritoneum,Intestines 
 
 and Rectum, accord- 
 ing to Age 548 
 
 134 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 Generative Organs, 
 
 according to Age 548 
 
 135 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 Breast, according to 
 
 Age 549 
 
 136 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 Skin, according to Age 549 
 
 137 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 Other or Not Specified 
 
 Organs, according to 
 
 Age 550 
 
 138 Philadelphia, Pa 1881-1912 According to Age 550 
 
 139 Pittsburgh, Pa 1888-1913 Persons 551 
 
 140 Pittsburgh, Pa 1888-1899—1910-1913 Males 551 
 
 141 Pittsburgh, Pa 1888-1899—1910-1913 Females. 552 
 
 142 Pittsburgh, Pa 1893-1902—1903-1912 According to Age 552 
 
 143 Pittsburgh, Pa 1888-1899 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age 553 
 
 144 Pittsburgh, Pa 1888-1899 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 553 
 
 145 Pittsburgh, Pa 1910-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 554 
 
 146 Pittsburgh, Pa 1888-1899—1910-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex .... 554 
 
 147 Providence, R. 1 1881-1914 Persons 555 
 
 148 Providence, R. 1 1881-1914 Males 556 
 
 149 Providence, R. 1 1881-1914 Females 557 
 
 150 Providence, R. 1 1903-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 557 
 
 151 Richmond, Va 1879-1914 Persons 558 
 
 152 Richmond, Va 1882-1913 Males 559 
 
 153 Richmond, Va 1882-1913 Females 559 
 
 154 Richmond, Va 1879-1914 White 560 
 
 •Excluding 1897-1898. 
 
 453 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table City Period Title Page 
 
 155 Richmond, Va 1879-1914 Colored 560 
 
 156 Richmond, Va 1903-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 561 
 
 157 Rochester, N. Y 1891-1913 Persons 561 
 
 158 Rochester, N. Y 1900-1913 BySex 562 
 
 159 San Francisco, Cal 1884-1913 Persons 562 
 
 160 San Francisco, Cal 1884-1913 Males 563 
 
 161 San Francisco, Cal 1884-1913 Females 564 
 
 162 San Francisco, Cal 1906-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 564 
 
 163 San Francisco, Cal 1906-1911 By Age, according to 
 
 Sex 565 
 
 164 Savannah, Ga 1881-1914 Persons 565 
 
 165 Savannah, Ga 1881-1914 White 566 
 
 166 Savannah, Ga 1881-1914 Colored 567 
 
 167 Seattle, Wash 1899-1914 Persons 567 
 
 168 Seattle, Wash 1901-1912 By Organs and Parts. 568 
 
 169 Springfield, Mass 1890-1913 Persons 568 
 
 170 Springfield, Mass 1891-1913 Males 569 
 
 171 Springfield, Mass 1891-1913 Females 569 
 
 172 Springfield, Mass 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 570 
 
 173 St. Louis, Mo. 1881-1913 Persons 570 
 
 174 St. Louis, Mo 1887-1913 Males 571 
 
 175 St. Louis, Mo 1887-1913 Females 571 
 
 176 St. Paul, Minn 1885-1913 Persons 572 
 
 177 District of Columbia 1879-1914 Persons 573 
 
 178 District of Columbia 1879-1913 Males 574 
 
 179 District of Columbia 1879-1913 Females 575 
 
 180 District of Columbia 1882-1914 White 576 
 
 181 District of Columbia 1882-1914 Colored 577 
 
 182 District of Columbia 1901-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 
 White Males 578 
 
 183 District of Columbia 1901-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 
 White Females 579 
 
 184 District of Columbia 1901-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 
 Colored Males 580 
 
 185 District of Columbia 1901-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 
 Colored Females ... . 581 
 
 454 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 1 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Connecticut 
 
 1875-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1875 
 
 580,075 
 
 204 
 
 35.2 
 
 1901 
 
 931,055 
 
 635 
 
 68.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 951,949 
 
 624 
 
 65.5 
 
 1876 
 
 588,600 
 
 175 
 
 29.7 
 
 1903 
 
 972,844 
 
 721 
 
 74.1 
 
 1877 
 
 597,125 
 
 219 
 
 36.7 
 
 1904 
 
 993,739 
 
 669 
 
 67.3 
 
 1878 
 
 605,650 
 
 245 
 
 40.5 
 
 1905 
 
 1,014,634 
 
 747 
 
 73.6 
 
 1879 
 
 614,175 
 
 209 
 
 34.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 622,700 
 
 226 
 
 36.3 
 35.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 4,864,221 
 1,035,529 
 
 3,396 
 809 
 
 69.8 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 3,028,250 
 
 1,074 
 
 78.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 1,056,424 
 
 809 
 
 76.6 
 
 1881 
 
 635,055 
 
 269 
 
 42.4 
 
 1908 
 
 1,077,319 
 
 791 
 
 73.4 
 
 1882 
 
 647,410 
 
 248 
 
 38.3 
 
 1909 
 
 1,098,214 
 
 876 
 
 79.8 
 
 1883 
 
 659,766 
 
 305 
 
 46.2 
 
 1910 
 
 1,119,109 
 
 896 
 
 80.1 
 
 1884 
 
 672,122 
 
 312 
 
 46.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 684,478 
 
 288 
 
 42.1 
 43.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 5,386,595 
 1,140,003 
 
 4,181 
 890 
 
 77.6 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 3,298,831 
 
 1,422 
 
 78.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1,160,898 
 
 937 
 
 80,7 
 
 1886 
 
 696,834 
 
 280 
 
 40.2 
 
 1913 
 
 1,181,793 
 
 1,000 
 
 84,6 
 
 1887 
 
 709,190 
 
 316 
 
 44.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 721,546 
 
 348 
 
 48.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bureau of 
 
 Vital Statistics of 
 
 1889 
 
 733,902 
 
 324 
 
 44.1 
 
 the State of Connecticul 
 
 ., Annual 
 
 Registra- 
 
 1890 
 
 746,258 
 
 361 
 
 48.4 
 45.2 
 
 tion Reports. 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,607,730 
 
 1,629 
 
 
 1891 
 
 762,474 
 
 417 
 
 54.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 778,690 
 
 366 
 
 47.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 794,906 
 
 405 
 
 50.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 811,122 
 
 416 
 
 51.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 827,338 
 
 471 
 
 56.9 
 
 52.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,974,530 
 
 2,075 
 
 
 1896 
 
 843,554 
 
 459 
 
 54.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 859,770 
 
 514 
 
 59.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 . 875,986 
 
 517 
 
 59.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 892,203 
 
 569 
 
 63.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 910,161 
 
 608 
 
 66.8 
 60.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 4,381,674 
 
 2,667 
 
 
 455 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 2 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Connecticut, Males 
 
 1879-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1879 
 
 301,437 
 
 60 
 
 19.9 
 
 1906 521,078 
 
 314 60.3 
 
 1880 • 
 
 305,808 
 
 68 
 
 22.2 
 
 1907 532,226 
 
 1908 543,400 
 
 299 56.2 
 292 53.7 
 
 1881 
 
 312,130 
 
 91 
 
 29.2 
 
 1909 554,598 
 
 316 57.0 
 
 1882 
 
 318,461 
 
 66 
 
 20.7 
 
 1910 565,822 
 
 328 58.0 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 324,803 
 331,155 
 
 95 
 101 
 
 29.2 
 30.5 
 
 27.4 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 2,717,124 
 1911 577,070 
 
 1,549 57.0 
 
 1881-1884 
 
 1,286,549 
 
 353 
 
 294 50.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 588,343 
 
 357 60.7 
 
 1886 
 
 343,888 
 
 83 
 
 24.1 
 
 1913 599,639 
 
 377 62.9 
 
 1887 
 
 350,269 
 
 108 
 
 30.8 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 356,660 
 
 106 
 
 29.7 
 
 Source: Bureau of 
 
 Vital Statistics of 
 
 1889 
 
 363,061 
 
 112 
 
 30.8 
 
 the State of Connecticut, Annual Registra- 
 
 1890 
 
 369,547 
 
 116 
 
 31.4 
 " 29.4 
 
 tion Reports. 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,783,425 
 
 525 
 
 
 1891 
 
 377.882 
 
 142 
 
 37.6 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 386,308 
 
 102 
 
 26.4 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 394,750 
 
 131 
 
 33.2 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 403,209 
 
 137 
 
 34.0 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 411,683 
 
 134 
 
 32.5 
 32.7 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,973,832 
 
 646 
 
 
 1896 
 
 420,174 
 
 159 
 
 37.8 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 428,681 
 
 172 
 
 40.1 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 437,205 
 
 169 
 
 38.7 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 445,745 
 
 169 
 
 37.9 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 455,172 
 
 217 
 
 47.7 
 40.5 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,186.977 
 
 886 
 
 
 1901 
 
 466,086 
 
 243 
 
 52.1 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 477,022 
 
 207 
 
 43.4 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 487,979 
 
 226 
 
 46.3 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 498,956 
 
 219 
 
 43.9 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 509,955 
 
 270 
 
 52.9 
 
 47.7 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,439,998 
 
 1,165 
 
 
 456 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 3 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Connecticut, Females 
 
 1879-1913 
 
 Year 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 1883 
 188J. 
 
 Population 
 
 312,738 
 316,892 
 
 322,925 
 328,949 
 334,963 
 340,967 
 
 1881-1884 1,327,804 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 352,946 
 358,921 
 364,886 
 370,841 
 376,711 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 149 
 158 
 
 178 
 182 
 210 
 211 
 
 781 
 
 197 
 208 
 242 
 212 
 245 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 47.6 
 49.9 
 
 55.1 
 55.3 
 
 62.7 
 61.9 
 
 58.8 
 
 55.8 
 58.0 
 66.3 
 
 57.2 
 65.0 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,824,305 
 
 1,104 
 
 60.5 
 
 1891 
 
 384,592 
 
 275 
 
 71.5 
 
 1892 
 
 392,382 
 
 264 
 
 67.3 
 
 1893 
 
 400,156 
 
 274 
 
 68.5 
 
 1894 
 
 407,913 
 
 279 
 
 68.4 
 
 1895 
 
 415,655 
 
 337 
 
 81.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,000,698 
 
 1,429 
 
 71.4 
 
 1896 
 
 423,380 
 
 300 
 
 70.9 
 
 1897 
 
 431,089 
 
 342 
 
 79.3 
 
 1898 
 
 438,781 
 
 348 
 
 79.3 
 
 1899 
 
 446,458 
 
 400 
 
 89.6 
 
 1900 
 
 454,989 
 
 391 
 
 85.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,194,697 
 
 1,781 
 
 81.2 
 
 1901 
 
 464,969 
 
 392 
 
 84.3 
 
 1902 
 
 474,927 
 
 417 
 
 87.8 
 
 1903 
 
 484,865 
 
 495 
 
 102.1 
 
 1904 
 
 494,783 
 
 450 
 
 90.9 
 
 1905 
 
 504,679 
 
 477 
 
 94.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,424,223 
 
 2,231 
 
 92.0 
 
 Year 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 Population 
 
 514,451 
 524,198 
 533,919 
 543,616 
 
 553,287 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 495 
 510 
 499 
 560 
 568 
 
 1906-1910 2,669,471 2,632 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 562,933 
 572,555 
 582,154 
 
 596 
 580 
 623 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 96.2 
 
 97.3 
 
 93.5 
 
 103.0 
 
 102.7 
 
 98.6 
 
 105.9 
 101.3 
 107.0 
 
 Source: Bureau of Vital Statistics of 
 the State of Connecticut, Annual Registra- 
 tion Reports. 
 
 457 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 4 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Maine 
 
 1892-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 667,762 
 
 404 
 
 60.5 
 
 1906 
 
 723,976 
 
 617 
 
 85.2 
 
 1893 
 
 671,100 
 
 433 
 
 64.5 
 
 1907 
 
 728,827 
 
 737 
 
 101.1 
 
 1894 
 
 674,438 
 
 474 
 
 70.3 
 
 1908 
 
 733,678 
 
 710 
 
 96.8 
 
 1895 
 
 677,776 
 
 480 
 
 70.8 
 
 1909 
 
 738,530 
 
 727 
 
 98.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 743,382 
 
 762 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 2,691,076 
 
 1,791 
 
 66.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,668,393 
 
 3,553 
 
 96.9 
 
 1896 
 
 681,114 
 
 518 
 
 76.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 684,452 
 
 463 
 
 67.6 
 
 1911 
 
 748,233 
 
 738 
 
 98.6 
 
 1898 
 
 687,790 
 
 531 
 
 77.2 
 
 1912 
 
 753,085 
 
 828 
 
 109.9 
 
 1899 
 
 691,128 
 
 541 
 
 78.3 
 
 1913 
 
 757,936 
 
 838 
 
 110.6 
 
 1900 
 
 694,870 
 
 526 
 
 75.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports 
 
 upon the 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,439.354 
 
 2,579 
 
 75.0 
 
 Births, Marriages, Divorces and Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 
 in the State of Maine. 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 699,721 
 
 570 
 
 81.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 704,572 
 
 615 
 
 87.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 709,423 
 
 598 
 
 84.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 714,274 
 
 611 
 
 85.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 719,125 
 
 662 
 
 92.1 
 
 86.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,547,115 
 
 3,056 
 
 
 Table 5 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Maine, Males 
 
 1892-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 336,085 
 
 150 
 
 44.6 
 
 1906 
 
 366.911 
 
 238 
 
 64.9 
 
 1893 
 
 337,899 
 
 170 
 
 50.3 
 
 1907 
 
 369,588 
 
 C66 
 
 72.0 
 
 1894 
 
 339,714 
 
 177 
 
 52.1 
 
 1908 
 
 372,268 
 
 243 
 
 65.3 
 
 1895 
 
 341,531 
 
 173 
 
 50.7 
 
 1909 
 
 374,952 
 
 271 
 
 72.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 377,564 
 
 260 
 
 68 9 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 1,355,229 
 
 670 
 
 49.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,861,283 
 
 1.278 
 
 68.7 
 
 1896 
 
 343,350 
 
 185 
 
 53.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 345,169 
 
 188 
 
 54.5 
 
 1911 
 
 380,177 
 
 254 
 
 66.8 
 
 1898 
 
 347,059 
 
 197 
 
 56.8 
 
 1912 
 
 382.868 
 
 261 
 
 68.2 
 
 1899 
 
 348,951 
 
 179 
 
 51.3 
 
 1913 
 
 385,637 
 
 290 
 
 75.2 
 
 1900 
 
 351,187 
 
 188 
 
 53.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports 
 
 upon the 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,735,716 
 
 937 
 
 54.0 
 
 Births, Marriages, Divorces and Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 
 in the State of Maine. 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 353,779 
 
 199 
 
 56.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 356,373 
 
 224 
 
 62.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 358,968 
 
 210 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 361,565 
 
 245 
 
 67.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 364,237 
 
 238 
 
 65.3 
 62.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,794,922 
 
 1,116 
 
 
 458 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 6 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Maine, Females 
 
 1892-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 331,677 
 
 254 
 
 76.6 
 
 1893 
 
 333,201 
 
 263 
 
 78.9 
 
 1894 
 
 334,724 
 
 297 
 
 88.7 
 
 1895 
 
 336,245 
 
 1,335,847 
 
 307 
 
 91.3 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 1,121 
 
 83.9 
 
 1896 
 
 337,764 
 
 333 
 
 98.6 
 
 1897 
 
 339,283 
 
 275 
 
 81.1 
 
 1898 
 
 340,731 
 
 334 
 
 98.0 
 
 1899 
 
 342,177 
 
 362 
 
 105.8 
 
 1900 
 
 343,683 
 
 338 
 
 98.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,703,638 
 
 1,642 
 
 96.4 
 
 1901 
 
 345,942 
 
 371 
 
 107.2 
 
 1902 
 
 348,199 
 
 391 
 
 112.3 
 
 1903 
 
 350,455 
 
 388 
 
 110.7 
 
 1904 
 
 352,709 
 
 366 
 
 103.8 
 
 1905 
 
 354,888 
 
 424 
 
 119.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,752,193 
 
 1,940 
 
 110.7 
 
 1906 
 
 357,065 
 
 379 
 
 106.1 
 
 1907 
 
 359,239 
 
 471 
 
 131.1 
 
 1908 
 
 361,410 
 
 467 
 
 129.2 
 
 1909 
 
 363,578 
 
 456 
 
 125.4" 
 
 1910 
 
 365,818 
 
 502 
 2,275 
 
 137.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,807,110 
 
 125.9 
 
 1911 
 
 368,056 
 
 484 
 
 131.5 
 
 1912 
 
 370,217 
 
 567 
 
 153.2 
 
 1913 
 
 372,299 
 
 548 
 
 147.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports upon the Births, Marriages, 
 Divorces and Deaths in the State of Maine. 
 
 459 
 
APPENDIX F (PART 11) 
 
 Table 7 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Massachusetts 
 
 1856-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1856 
 
 1,151,461 
 
 217 
 
 18.8 
 
 1886 
 
 1,998,174 
 
 1,104 
 
 55.3 
 
 1857 
 
 1,170,864 
 
 242 
 
 20.7 
 
 1887 
 
 2,055,821 
 
 1,174 
 
 57.1 
 
 1858 
 
 1,190,584 
 
 289 
 
 24.3 
 
 1888 
 
 2,115,131 
 
 1,275 
 
 60.3 
 
 1859 
 
 1,210,657 
 
 306 
 
 25.3 
 
 1889 
 
 2,176,153 
 
 1,325 
 
 60.9 
 
 1860 
 
 1,231,066 
 
 535* 
 
 27.2 
 23.3 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,238,943 
 
 1,387 
 
 61.9 
 
 1856-1860 
 
 5,954,632 
 
 1,389 
 
 10,584,222 
 
 6,265 
 
 59.2 
 
 1861 
 
 1,238,177 
 
 336 
 
 27.1 
 
 1891 
 
 2,288,911 
 
 1,395 
 
 60.9 
 
 1862 
 
 1,245,328 
 
 319 
 
 25.6 
 
 1892 
 
 2,339,994 
 
 1,402 
 
 59.9 
 
 1863 
 
 1,252,521 
 
 324 
 
 25.9 
 
 1893 
 
 2,392,217 
 
 1,533 
 
 64.1 
 
 1864 
 
 1,259,756 
 
 3^0 
 
 26.2 
 
 1894 
 
 2,445,605 
 
 1,568 
 
 64.1 
 
 1865 
 
 1,267,031 
 
 375 
 
 29.6 
 26.9 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,500,183 
 
 1,749 
 
 70.0 
 
 1861-1865 
 
 6,262,813 
 
 1,684 
 
 11,966,910 
 
 7,647 
 
 63.9 
 
 1866 
 
 1,302,992 
 
 416 
 
 31.9 
 
 1896 
 
 2,558,437 
 
 1,798 
 
 70.3 
 
 1867 
 
 1,339,976 
 
 395 
 
 29.5 
 
 1897 
 
 2,618,048 
 
 1,739 
 
 66.4 
 
 1868 
 
 1,378,010 
 
 445 
 
 32.3 
 
 1898 
 
 2,679,048 
 
 1,907 
 
 71.2 
 
 1869 
 
 1,417,125 
 
 492 
 
 34.7 
 
 1899 
 
 2,741,470 
 
 1,838 
 
 67.0 
 
 1870 
 
 1,457,351 
 
 516 
 
 35.4 
 32.8 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,805,346 
 
 1,998 
 
 71.2 
 
 1866-1870 
 
 6,895,454 
 
 2,264 
 
 13,402,349 
 
 9,280 
 
 69.2 
 
 1871 
 
 1,494,337 
 
 551 
 
 36.9 
 
 1901 
 
 2,845,012 
 
 2,080 
 
 73.1 
 
 1872 
 
 1,532,260 
 
 542 
 
 35.4 
 
 1902 
 
 2,884,679 
 
 2,141 
 
 74.2 
 
 1873 
 
 1,571,142 
 
 611 
 
 38.9 
 
 1903 
 
 2,924,346 
 
 2,243 
 
 76.7 
 
 1874 
 
 1,611,016 
 
 585 
 
 36.3 
 
 1904 
 
 2,964,013 
 
 2,351 
 
 79.3 
 
 1875 
 
 1,651,912 
 
 593 
 
 35.9 
 36.7 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,015,873 
 
 2,501 
 
 82.9 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 7,860,667 
 
 2,882 
 
 14,633,923 
 
 11,316 
 
 77.3 
 
 1876 
 
 1,677,351 
 
 657 
 
 39.2 
 
 1906 
 
 3,089,029 
 
 2,603 
 
 84.3 
 
 1877 
 
 1,703,182 
 
 646 
 
 37.9 
 
 1907 
 
 3,162,186 
 
 2,744 
 
 86.8 
 
 1878 
 
 1,729,412 
 
 807 
 
 46.7 
 
 1908 
 
 3,235,343 
 
 2,814 
 
 87.0 
 
 1879 
 
 1,756,043 
 
 862 
 
 49.1 
 
 1909 
 
 3,308,500 
 
 2,871 
 
 86.8 
 
 1880 
 
 1,783,085 
 
 928 
 
 52.0 
 45.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,381,657 
 
 3,028 
 
 89.5 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 8,649,073 
 
 3,900 
 
 16,176,715 
 
 14,060 
 
 86.9 
 
 1881 
 
 1,813,818 
 
 949 
 
 52.3 
 
 1911 
 
 3,454,813 
 
 3,199 
 
 92.6 
 
 1882 
 
 1,845,086 
 
 987 
 
 53.5 
 
 1912 
 
 3,491,888 
 
 3,282 
 
 94.0 
 
 1883 
 
 1,876,895 
 
 1,026 
 
 54.7 
 
 1913 
 
 3,548,705 
 
 3,526 
 
 99.4 
 
 1884 
 
 1,909,810 
 
 1,060 
 
 55.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 1,942,141 
 
 1,087 
 
 56.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 Births, 
 
 
 
 
 54.4 
 
 Marriages and Deaths in Massa 
 *Vital Statistics of Massachusetts, 185 
 
 chusetts. 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 9,387.750 
 
 5,109 
 
 6-1895. 
 
 460 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 8 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Massachusetts, Males 
 
 1856-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1856 
 
 559,034 
 
 72 
 
 12.9 
 
 1886 
 
 961,921 
 
 334 
 
 34.7 
 
 1857 
 
 568,220 
 
 78 
 
 13.7 
 
 1887 
 
 991,934 
 
 358 
 
 36.1 
 
 1858 
 
 577,552 
 
 98 
 
 17.0 
 
 1888 
 
 1,022,877 
 
 411 
 
 40.2 
 
 1859 
 
 587,048 
 
 99 
 
 16.9 
 
 1889 
 
 1,054,781 
 
 413 
 
 39.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1,087,679 
 
 414 
 
 38.1 
 
 
 
 
 1856-1859 
 
 2,291,854 
 
 347 
 
 15.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 5,119,192 
 
 1,930 
 
 37.7 
 
 1861 
 
 597,792 
 
 100 
 
 16.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 598,878 
 
 103 
 
 17.2 
 
 1891 
 
 1,111,953 
 
 436 
 
 39.2 
 
 1863 
 
 599,958 
 
 107 
 
 17.8 
 
 1892 
 
 1,136,769 
 
 466 
 
 41.0 
 
 1864 
 
 601,030 
 
 112 
 
 18.6 
 
 1893 
 
 1,162,139 
 
 502 
 
 43.2 
 
 1865 
 
 602,010 
 
 124 
 
 20.6 
 
 1894 
 
 1,188,075 
 
 519 
 
 43.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1,214,589 
 
 535 
 
 44.0 
 
 
 
 
 1861-1865 
 
 2,999,668 
 
 546 
 
 18.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 5,813,525 
 
 2,458 
 
 42.3 
 
 1866 
 
 621,006 
 
 109 
 
 17.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 640,643 
 
 136 
 
 21.2 
 
 1896 
 
 1,243,656 
 
 594 
 
 47.8 
 
 1868 
 
 661,031 
 
 146 
 
 22.1 
 
 1897 
 
 1,273,419 
 
 565 
 
 44.4 
 
 1869 
 
 682,062 
 
 146 
 
 21.4 
 
 1898 
 
 1,303,893 
 
 598 
 
 45.9 
 
 1870 
 
 703,779 
 
 184 
 
 26.1 
 
 1899 
 
 1,335,370 
 
 598 
 
 44.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,367,606 
 
 684 
 
 50.0 
 
 
 
 
 1866-1870 
 
 3,308,521 
 
 721 
 
 21.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 6,523,944 
 
 3,039 
 
 46.6 
 
 1871 
 
 721,615 
 
 166 
 
 23.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 739,162 
 
 182 
 
 24.6 
 
 1901 
 
 1,386,659 
 
 704 
 
 50.8 
 
 1873 
 
 757,133 
 
 198 
 
 26.2 
 
 1902 
 
 1,405,416 
 
 686 
 
 48.8 
 
 1874 
 
 775,643 
 
 190 
 
 24.5 
 
 1903 
 
 1,424,157 
 
 741 
 
 52.0 
 
 1875 
 
 794,404 
 
 173 
 
 21.8 
 
 1904 
 
 1,442,882 
 
 808 
 
 56.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1,467,524 
 
 843 
 
 57.4 
 
 
 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 3,787,857 
 
 909 
 
 24.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 7,126,638 
 
 3,782 
 
 53.1 
 
 1876 
 
 806,974 
 
 202 
 
 25.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 819,571 
 
 176 
 
 21.5 
 
 1906 
 
 1,506,519 
 
 977 
 
 64.9 
 
 1878 
 
 832,366 
 
 260 
 
 31.2 
 
 1907 
 
 1,545,360 ■ 
 
 932 
 
 60.3 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 1,584,347 
 
 966 
 
 61.0 
 
 1880 
 
 858,565 
 
 306 
 
 35.6 
 
 1909 
 
 1,623,481 
 
 991 
 
 61.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 1,662,761 
 
 1,065 
 
 64.1 
 
 
 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 3,317,466 
 
 944 
 
 28.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 7,922,468 
 
 4,931 
 
 62.2 
 
 1881 
 
 872,991 
 
 338 
 
 38.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 887,671 
 
 303 
 
 34.1 
 
 1911 
 
 1,702,180 
 
 1,177 
 
 69.1 
 
 1883 
 
 902,599 
 
 325 
 
 36.0 
 
 1912 
 
 1,723,946 
 
 1,115 
 
 64.7 
 
 1884 
 
 917,855 
 
 351 
 
 38.2 
 
 1913 
 
 1,755,544 
 
 1,282 
 
 73.0 
 
 1885 
 
 932,810 
 
 332 
 
 35.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 Births, 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 4,513,926 
 
 1,649 
 
 36.5 
 
 Marriages and Deaths in 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 461 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 9 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Massachusetts, Females 
 
 1856-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1856 
 
 592,427 
 
 145 
 
 24.5 
 
 1886 
 
 1,036,253 
 
 770 
 
 74.3 
 
 1857 
 
 602,644 
 
 164 
 
 27.2 
 
 1887 
 
 1,063,887 
 
 816 
 
 76.7 
 
 1858 
 
 613,032 
 
 191 
 
 31.2 
 
 1888 
 
 1,092,254 
 
 864 
 
 79.1 
 
 1859 
 
 623,609 
 
 207 
 
 33.2 
 
 1889 
 
 1,121,372 
 
 912 
 
 81.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1,151,264 
 
 973 
 
 84.5 
 
 1856-1859 
 
 2,431,712 
 
 707 
 
 29.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 5,465,030 
 
 4,335 
 
 79.3 
 
 1861 
 
 640,385 
 
 236 
 
 36.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 646,450 
 
 216 
 
 33.4 
 
 1891 
 
 1,176,958 
 
 959 
 
 81.5 
 
 1863 
 
 652,563 
 
 217 
 
 33.3 
 
 1892 
 
 1,203,225 
 
 936 
 
 77.8 
 
 1864 
 
 658,726 
 
 218 
 
 33.1 
 
 1893 
 
 1,230,078 
 
 1,031 
 
 83.8 
 
 1865 
 
 665,021 
 
 251 
 
 37.7 
 
 1894 
 
 1,257,530 
 
 1,049 
 
 83.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1,285,594 
 
 1,214 
 
 94.4 
 
 1861-1865 
 
 3,263,145 
 
 1,138 
 
 34.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 6,153,385 
 
 5,189 
 
 84.3 
 
 1866 
 
 681,986 
 
 307 
 
 45.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 699,333 
 
 259 
 
 37.0 
 
 1896 
 
 1,314,781 
 
 1,204 
 
 91.6 
 
 1868 
 
 716,979 
 
 299 
 
 41.7 
 
 1897 
 
 1,344,629 
 
 1,174 
 
 87.3 
 
 1869 
 
 735,063 
 
 346 
 
 47.1 
 
 1898 
 
 1,375,155 
 
 1,309 
 
 95.2 
 
 1870 
 
 753,572 
 
 332 
 
 44.1 
 
 1899 
 
 1,406,100 
 
 1,240 
 
 88.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,437,740 
 
 1,314 
 
 91.4 
 
 1866-1870 
 
 3,586,933 
 
 1,543 
 
 43.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 6,878,405 
 
 6,241 
 
 90.7 
 
 1871 
 
 772,722 
 
 385 
 
 49.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 793,098 
 
 360 
 
 45.4 
 
 1901 
 
 1,458,353 
 
 1,376 
 
 94.4 
 
 1873 
 
 814,009 
 
 413 
 
 50.7 
 
 1902 
 
 1,479,263 
 
 1,455 
 
 93.4 
 
 1874 
 
 835,473 
 
 395 
 
 47.3 
 
 1903 
 
 1,500,189 
 
 1,502 
 
 100.1 
 
 1875 
 
 857,508 
 
 420 
 
 49.0 
 
 1904 
 
 1,521,131 
 
 1,543 
 
 101.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1,548,349 
 
 1,658 
 
 107.1 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 4,072,810 
 
 1,973 
 
 48.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 7,507,285 
 
 7,534 
 
 100.4 
 
 1876 
 
 870,377 
 
 455 
 
 52.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 883,611 
 
 470 
 
 53.2 
 
 1906 
 
 1,582,510 
 
 1,626 
 
 102.7 
 
 1878 
 
 897,04.6 
 
 547 
 
 61.0 
 
 1907 
 
 1,616,826 
 
 1,812 
 
 112.1 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 1,650,996 
 
 1,848 
 
 111.9 
 
 1880 
 
 924,530 
 
 622 
 
 67.3 
 
 1909 
 
 1,685,019 
 
 1,880 
 
 111.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 1,718,896 
 
 1,963 
 
 114.2 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 3,575,564 
 
 2,094 
 
 58.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 8,254,247 
 
 9,129 
 
 110.6 
 
 1881 
 
 940,827 
 
 611 
 
 64.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 957,415 
 
 684 
 
 71.4 
 
 1911 
 
 1,752,627 
 
 2,022 
 
 115.4 
 
 1883 
 
 974,296 
 
 701 
 
 71.9 
 
 1912 
 
 1,767,942 
 
 2,167 
 
 122.6 
 
 1884 
 
 991,955 
 
 709 
 
 71.5 
 
 1913 
 
 1,793,161 
 
 2,244 
 
 125.1 
 
 1885 
 
 1,009,331 
 
 755 
 
 74.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fimirpp* 
 
 AtitiuqI ■Rf.r.nrta nf 
 
 Rlrtlna 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 4,873,824 
 
 3,460 
 
 71.0 
 
 Marriages and Deaths 
 
 in Massachusetts. 
 
 462 
 
APPENDIX F {PART 11) 
 
 
 Table 10 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 11 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State 
 
 of New Hampshire 
 
 
 of New Hamps 
 
 hire, Males 
 
 
 1884-1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1887-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1884 
 
 358,806 
 
 213 
 
 59.4 
 
 1887 
 
 181,738 
 
 70 
 
 38.5 
 
 1885 
 
 361,760 
 
 213 
 
 58.9 
 
 1888 
 
 183,347 
 
 66 
 
 36.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 184,957 
 
 70 
 
 37.8 
 
 1886 
 
 364,714 
 
 206 
 
 56.5 
 
 1890 
 
 186,571 
 
 86 
 
 46.1 
 
 1887 
 
 367,668 
 
 218 
 
 59.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 370,622 
 
 203 
 
 54.8 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 736,613 
 
 292 
 
 39.6 
 
 1889 
 
 373,576 
 
 213 
 
 57.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 376,530 
 
 276 
 
 73.3 
 
 1891 
 
 188,459 
 
 74 
 
 39.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 1893 
 
 190,351 
 192,246 
 
 69 
 106 
 
 36.2 
 55.1 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,853,110 
 
 1,116 
 
 60.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 194,143 
 
 80 
 
 41.2 
 
 1891 
 
 380,035 
 
 222 
 
 58.4 
 
 1895 
 
 196,044 
 
 100 
 
 51.0 
 
 1892 
 
 383,540 
 
 235 
 
 61.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 387,046 
 
 283 
 
 73.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 961,243 
 
 429 
 
 44.6 
 
 1894 
 
 390,552 
 
 230 
 
 58.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 394,058 
 
 266 
 
 67.5 
 
 1896 
 
 197,907 
 
 84 
 
 42.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 1898 
 
 199,773 
 201,641 
 
 87 
 102 
 
 43.5 
 50.6 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,935,231 
 
 1,236 
 
 63.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 203,510 
 
 89 
 
 43.7 
 
 1896 
 
 397,564 
 
 275 
 
 69.2 
 
 1900 
 
 205,382 
 
 88 
 
 42.8 
 
 1897 
 
 401,070 
 
 265 
 
 66.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 404,576 
 
 305 
 
 75.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,008,213 
 
 450 
 
 44.6 
 
 1899 
 
 408,082 
 
 279 
 
 68.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 411,588 
 
 292 
 
 70.9 
 
 1901 
 
 206,587 
 
 114 
 
 55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 207,713 
 
 120 
 
 57.8 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,022,880 
 
 1,416 
 
 70.0 
 
 1903 
 
 208,841 
 
 110 
 
 52.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 209,928 
 
 111 
 
 52.9 
 
 1901 
 
 413,670 
 
 364 
 
 88.0 
 
 1905 
 
 211,016 
 
 126 
 
 59.7 
 
 1902 
 
 415,592 
 
 341 
 
 82.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 417,514 
 
 314 
 
 75.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,044,085 
 
 581 
 
 55.6 
 
 1904 
 
 419,436 
 
 326 
 
 77.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 421,358 
 
 344 
 
 81.6 
 
 1906 
 
 212,106 
 
 109 
 
 51.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 213,197 
 
 123 
 
 57.7 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,087,570 
 
 1,689 
 
 80.9 
 
 1908 
 
 214,289 
 
 126 
 
 58.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 215,383 
 
 131 
 
 60.8 
 
 1906 
 
 423,280 
 
 354 
 
 83.6 
 
 1910 
 
 216,477 
 
 155 
 
 71.6 
 
 1907 
 
 425,203 
 
 386 
 
 90.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 427,126 
 
 373 
 
 87.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,071,452 
 
 644 
 
 60.1 
 
 1909 
 
 429,049 
 
 383 
 
 89.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 430,972 
 
 406 
 
 94.2 
 
 1911 
 
 217,573 
 
 138 
 
 63.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 218,670 
 
 176 
 
 80.5 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,135,630 
 
 1,902 
 
 89.1 
 
 1913 
 
 219,767 
 
 164 
 
 74.6 
 
 1911 
 
 432,894 
 
 408 
 
 94.2 
 
 Source : 
 
 Reports relating to 
 
 the Regis- 
 
 1912 
 
 434,818 
 
 453 
 
 104.2 
 
 tration and Return o1 
 
 Births, 
 
 Marriages, 
 
 1913 
 
 436,742 
 
 453 
 
 103.7 
 
 Divorces and Deaths i 
 
 n New Hampshire. 
 
 Source: Reports relating to the Regis- 
 tration and Return of Births, Marriages, 
 Divorces and Deaths in New Hampshire. 
 
 463 
 
APPENDIX V {PART II) 
 
 Table 12 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of New Hampshire, Females 
 
 1887-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1887 
 
 185,930 
 
 148 
 
 79.6 
 
 1888 
 
 187,275 
 
 137 
 
 73.2 
 
 1889 
 
 188,619 
 
 143 
 
 75.8 
 
 1890 
 
 189,959 
 
 190 
 
 100.0 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 751,783 
 
 618 
 
 82.2 
 
 1891 
 
 191,576 
 
 148 
 
 77.3 
 
 1892 
 
 193,189 
 
 166 
 
 85.9 
 
 1893 
 
 194,800 
 
 177 
 
 90.9 
 
 1894 
 
 , 196,409 
 
 150 
 
 76.4 
 
 1895 
 
 198,014 
 
 166 
 
 83.8 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 973,988 
 
 807 
 
 82.9 
 
 1896 
 
 199,657 
 
 191 
 
 95.7 
 
 1897 
 
 201,297 
 
 178 
 
 88.4 
 
 1898 
 
 202,935 
 
 203 
 
 100.0 
 
 1899 
 
 204,572 
 
 190 
 
 92.9 
 
 1900 
 
 206,206 
 
 204 
 
 98.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1.014,667 
 
 966 
 
 95.2 
 
 1901 
 
 207,083 
 
 250 
 
 120.7 
 
 1902 
 
 207,879 
 
 221 
 
 106.3 
 
 1903 
 
 208.673 
 
 204 
 
 97.8 
 
 1904 
 
 209,508 
 
 215 
 
 102.6 
 
 1905 
 
 210,342 
 
 218 
 
 103.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,043,485 
 
 1,108 
 
 106.2 
 
 1906 
 
 211,174 
 
 245 
 
 116.0 
 
 1907 
 
 212,006 
 
 263 
 
 124.1 
 
 1908 
 
 212,837 
 
 247 
 
 116.1 
 
 1909 
 
 213,666 
 
 252 
 
 117.9 
 
 1910 
 
 214,495 
 
 251 
 
 117.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,064,178 
 
 1,258 
 
 118.2 
 
 1911 
 
 215,321 
 
 270 
 
 125.4 
 
 1912 
 
 216,148 
 
 277 
 
 128.2 
 
 1913 
 
 216,975 
 
 289 
 
 133.2 
 
 Source: Reports relating to the Registration and Return 
 of Births, Marriages, Divorces and Deaths in New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 464 
 
APPENDIX F (PART 11) 
 
 Table 13 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of New Jersey 
 
 1879-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1879 
 
 1,109,009 
 
 378 
 
 34.1 
 
 1901 
 
 1,935,763 
 
 1,042 
 
 53.8 
 
 1880 
 
 1,131,116 
 
 425 
 
 37.6 
 
 1902 
 
 1,987,858 
 
 1,031 
 
 51.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 2,039,953 
 
 1,132 
 
 55.5 
 
 1881 
 
 1,160,499 
 
 451 
 
 38.9 
 
 1904 
 
 2,092,048 
 
 1,125 
 
 53.8 
 
 1882 
 1883 
 
 1,189,882 
 1,219,265 
 
 402 
 461 
 
 33.8 
 37.8 
 
 1905 
 
 2,150,861 
 
 1,282 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1,248,649 
 
 484 
 
 38.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 10,206,483 
 
 5,612 
 
 55.0 
 
 1885 
 
 1,278,033 
 
 498 
 
 39.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 2,231,481 
 2,312,101 
 
 1,389 
 1,466 
 
 62.2 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 6,096.328 
 
 2,296 
 
 37.7 
 
 1907 
 
 63!4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 2,392,721 
 
 1,535 
 
 64.2 
 
 1886 
 
 1,311,413 
 
 546 
 
 41.6 
 
 1909 
 
 2,473,342 
 
 1,663 
 
 67.2 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1,344,793 
 1,378,173 
 
 574 
 612 
 
 42.7 
 44.4 
 
 1910 
 
 2,553,963 
 
 1,838 
 
 72.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 1,411,553 
 
 579 
 
 41.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 11,963,608 
 
 7,891 
 
 66.0 
 
 1890 
 
 1,444,933 
 
 640 
 
 44.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 2,634,583 
 2,683,309 
 
 1,942 
 1,984 
 
 73.7 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 6,890,865 
 
 2,951 
 
 42.8 
 
 1912 
 
 73.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 2,749,486 
 
 2,120 
 
 77.1 
 
 1891 
 
 1,490,567 
 
 642 
 
 43.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1,536,201 
 
 688 
 
 44.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 1893 
 
 1,581,836 
 
 723 
 
 45.7 
 
 of Health of the State of New Jersey. 
 
 1894 
 
 1,627,471 
 
 731 
 
 44.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1,673,106 
 
 770 
 
 46.0 
 44.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 7,909,181 
 
 3,554 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1,715,218 
 
 811 
 
 47.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 1,757,330 
 
 857 
 
 48.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1,799,443 
 
 852 
 
 47.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1,841,556 
 
 946 
 
 51.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,883,669 
 
 921 
 
 48.9 
 48.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 8,997,216 
 
 4,387 
 
 
 465 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 14 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of New York 
 
 1885-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1885 
 
 6,543,021 
 
 1,887 
 
 34.0 
 
 1906 
 
 8,299,820 
 
 6,169 
 
 74.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 8,514,447 
 
 6,420 
 
 75.4 
 
 1886 
 
 5,635,051 
 
 2,050 
 
 36.4 
 
 1908 
 
 8,729,074 
 
 6,554 
 
 75.1 
 
 1887 
 
 5,723,356 
 
 2,363 
 
 41.3 
 
 1909 
 
 8,943,701 
 
 7,060 
 
 78.9 
 
 1888 
 
 5,814,855 
 
 2,497 
 
 42.9 
 
 1910 
 
 9,158,328 
 
 7,522 
 
 82.1 
 
 1889 
 
 5,906,354 
 
 2,638 
 
 44.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 5,997,853 
 
 2,868 
 
 47.8 
 
 42.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 43,645,370 
 9,372,954 
 
 33,725 
 7,970 
 
 77.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 29,077,469 
 
 12,416 
 
 85.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 9,526,146 
 
 8,250 
 
 86.6 
 
 1891 
 
 6,258,259 
 
 3,028 
 
 48.4 
 
 1913 
 
 9,712,954 
 
 8,536 
 
 87.9 
 
 1892 
 
 6,513,343 
 
 3,152 
 
 48.4 
 
 1914 
 
 9,838,328 
 
 8,830 
 
 89.8 
 
 1893 
 
 6,607,787 
 
 3,232 
 
 48.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 6,702,230 
 
 3,305 
 
 49.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 the State 
 
 1895 
 
 6,796,674 
 
 3,554 
 
 52.3 
 49.5 
 
 Department of Health of New ^ 
 
 ifork. 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 32,878,293 
 
 16,271 
 
 
 1896 
 
 6,891,118 
 
 3,789 
 
 55.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 6,985,562 
 
 4,131 
 
 59.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 7,080,006 
 
 4,375 
 
 61.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 7,174,450 
 
 4,535 
 
 63.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 7,268,894 
 
 4,871 
 
 67.0 
 61.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 35,400,030 
 
 21,701 
 
 
 1901 
 
 7,428,576 
 
 5,033 
 
 67.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 7,588,259 
 
 4,989 
 
 65.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 7,747,942 
 
 5,456 
 
 70.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 7,907,625 
 
 5,697 
 
 72.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 8,085,194 
 
 6,055 
 
 74.9 
 70.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 38,757,596 
 
 27,230 
 
 
 406 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 15 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Rhode Island 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 225,530 
 
 66 
 
 29.3 
 
 1901 
 
 438,861 
 
 319 
 
 72.7 
 
 1872 
 
 233,707 
 
 95 
 
 40.6 
 
 1902 
 
 449,166 
 
 359 
 
 79.9 
 
 1873 
 
 241,884 
 
 ■ 106 
 
 43.8 
 
 1903 
 
 459,471 
 
 350 
 
 76.2 
 
 1874 
 
 250,061 
 
 87 
 
 34.8 
 
 1904 
 
 469,776 
 
 401 
 
 85.4 
 
 1875 
 
 258,239 
 
 95 
 
 36.8 
 37.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 481,150 
 
 383 
 
 79.6 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,209,421 
 
 449 
 
 2,298,424 
 
 1,812 
 
 78.8 
 
 1876 
 
 261,897 
 
 106 
 
 40.5 
 
 1906 
 
 493,976 
 
 377 
 
 76.3 
 
 1877 
 
 265,555 
 
 135 
 
 50.8 
 
 1907 
 
 506,802 
 
 451 
 
 89.0 
 
 1878 
 
 269,213 
 
 119 
 
 44.2 
 
 1908 
 
 519,628 
 
 418 
 
 80.4 
 
 1879 
 
 272,872 
 
 125 
 
 45.8 
 
 1909 
 
 532,455 
 
 461 
 
 86.6 
 
 1880 
 
 276,531 
 
 125 
 
 45.2 
 45.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 545,282 
 
 474 
 
 86.9 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 1,346,068 
 
 610 
 
 2,598,143 
 
 2,181 
 
 83.9 
 
 1881 
 
 282,081 
 
 145 
 
 51.4 
 
 1911 
 
 558,108 
 
 486 
 
 87.1 
 
 1882 
 
 287,631 
 
 132 
 
 45.9 
 
 1912 
 
 568,114 
 
 506 
 
 89.1 
 
 1883 
 
 293,182 
 
 169 
 
 57.6 
 
 1913 
 
 579,665 
 
 534 
 
 92.1 
 
 1884 
 
 298,733 
 
 156 
 
 52.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 304,284 
 
 193 
 
 63.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports relating to 
 
 
 
 
 
 Registry and Return of Births, 
 
 Marriages, 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,465,911 
 
 795 
 
 54.2 
 
 and Deaths 
 
 , and of Divorce, in the State of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island. 1912-1913, United States 
 
 1886 
 
 312,528 
 
 162 
 
 51.8 
 
 Mortality Statistics. 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 320,772 
 
 159 
 
 49.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 329,016 
 
 193 
 
 58.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 337,261 
 
 189 
 
 56.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 345,506 
 
 165 
 
 47.8 
 52.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,645,083 
 
 868 
 
 
 1891 
 
 353,356 
 
 177 
 
 50.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 361,206 
 
 181 
 
 50.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 369,056 
 
 205 
 
 55.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 376,907 
 
 216 
 
 57.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 384,758 
 
 240 
 
 62.4 
 55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,845,283 
 
 1,019 
 
 
 1896 
 
 393,517 
 
 238 
 
 60.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 402,276 
 
 271 
 
 67.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 411,036 
 
 293 
 
 71.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 419,796 
 
 300 
 
 71.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 428,556 
 
 303 
 
 70.7 
 68.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,055,181 
 
 1,405 
 
 
 467 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 16 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Rhode Island, Males 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 108,705 
 
 25 
 
 23.0 
 
 1901 
 
 215,876 
 
 101 
 
 46.8 
 
 1872 
 
 112,623 
 
 26 
 
 23.1 
 
 1902 
 
 221,259 
 
 129 
 
 58.3 
 
 1873 
 
 116,540 
 
 45 
 
 38.6 
 
 1903 
 
 226,657 
 
 121 
 
 63.4 
 
 1874 
 
 120,454 
 
 23 
 
 19.1 
 
 1904 
 
 232,069 
 
 130 
 
 66.0 
 
 1875 
 
 124,368 
 
 24 
 
 19.3 
 24.5 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 238,025 
 
 128 
 609 
 
 63.8 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 582,690 
 
 143 
 
 1,133,886 
 
 53.7 
 
 1876 
 
 126,103 
 
 27 
 
 21.4 
 
 1906 
 
 244,716 
 
 126 
 
 61.6 
 
 1877 
 
 127,838 
 
 29 
 
 22.7 
 
 1907 
 
 251,424 
 
 143 
 
 66.9 
 
 1878 
 
 129,572 
 
 38 
 
 29.3 
 
 1908 
 
 258,151 
 
 144 
 
 55.8 
 
 1879 
 
 131,306 
 
 39 
 
 29.7 
 
 1909 
 
 264,896 
 
 158 
 
 69.6 
 
 1880 
 
 133,039 
 
 45 
 
 33.8 
 27.5 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 271,659 
 
 163 
 
 60.0 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 647,858 
 
 178 
 
 1,290,846 
 
 734 
 
 66.9 
 
 1881 
 
 135,850 
 
 40 
 
 29.4 
 
 1911 
 
 ■ 278.440 
 
 173 
 
 62.1 
 
 1882 
 
 138,667 
 
 40 
 
 28.8 
 
 1912 
 
 283,830 
 
 173 
 
 61.0 
 
 1883 
 
 141,490 
 
 51 
 
 36.0 
 
 1913 
 
 289,671 
 
 185 
 
 63.9 
 
 1884 
 
 144,169 
 
 39 
 
 27.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 147,152 
 
 52 
 
 35.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports relating to 
 
 
 
 
 
 Registry and Return of Births, ] 
 
 l/Tq ■PT'I a (TPC 
 
 
 
 
 VXcll 1 id^ ca. 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 707,328 
 
 222 
 
 31.4 
 
 and Deaths, and of Divorce, in the State of 
 Rhode Island. 1912-1913, United States 
 
 1886 
 
 151,295 
 
 42 
 
 27.8 
 
 Mortality 
 
 Statistics. 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 155,446 
 
 49 
 
 31.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 159,639 
 
 67 
 
 42.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 163,841 
 
 65 
 
 39.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 168,020 
 
 56 
 
 33.3 
 35.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 798,241 
 
 279 
 
 
 1891 
 
 171,978 
 
 48 
 
 27.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 175,980 
 
 53 
 
 30.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 179,989 
 
 54 
 
 30.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 184,006 
 
 68 
 
 37.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 188,031 
 
 77 
 
 41.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 899,984 
 
 192,509 
 196,995 
 201,490 
 205,994 
 210,507 
 
 300 
 
 69 
 86 
 88 
 98 
 102 
 
 33.3 
 
 35.8 
 43.7 
 43.7 
 47.6 
 48.5 
 
 44.0 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,007,495 
 
 443 
 
 
 408 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 17 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Rhode Island, Females 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 116,825 
 
 41 
 
 35.1 
 
 1901 
 
 222,985 
 
 218 
 
 97.8 
 
 1872 
 
 121,084 
 
 69 
 
 57.0 
 
 1902 
 
 227,907 
 
 230 
 
 100.9 
 
 1873 
 
 125,344 
 
 61 
 
 48.7 
 
 1903 
 
 232,814 
 
 229 
 
 98.4 
 
 1874 
 
 129,607 
 
 64 
 
 49.4 
 
 1904 
 
 237,707 
 
 271 
 
 114.0 
 
 1875 
 
 133,871 
 
 71 
 
 53.0 
 48.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 243,125 
 
 255 
 
 104.9 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 626,731 
 
 306 
 
 1,164,538 
 
 1,203 
 
 103.3 
 
 1876 
 
 135,794 
 
 79 
 
 58.2 
 
 1906 
 
 249,260 
 
 251 
 
 100.7 
 
 1877 
 
 137,717 
 
 106 
 
 77.0 
 
 1907 
 
 255,378 
 
 308 
 
 120.6 
 
 1878 
 
 139,641 
 
 81 
 
 58.0 
 
 1908 
 
 261,477 
 
 274 
 
 104.8 
 
 1879 
 
 141,566 
 
 86 
 
 60.7 
 
 1909 
 
 267,559 
 
 303 
 
 113.2 
 
 1880 
 
 143,492 
 
 80 
 
 55.8 
 61.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 273,623 
 
 311 
 
 113.7 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 698,210 
 
 432 
 
 1,307,297 
 
 1,447 
 
 110.7 
 
 1881 
 
 146,231 
 
 105 
 
 71.8 
 
 1911 
 
 279,668 
 
 313 
 
 111.9 
 
 1882 
 
 148,964 
 
 92 
 
 61.8 
 
 1912 
 
 284,284 
 
 333 
 
 117.1 
 
 1883 
 
 151,692 
 
 118 
 
 77.8 
 
 1913 
 
 289,994 
 
 349 
 
 120.3 
 
 1884 
 
 154,564 
 
 117 
 
 75.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 157,132 
 
 141 
 
 89.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports relating to 
 
 
 
 
 
 Registry and Return of Births, 
 
 Marriages, 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 758,583 
 
 573 
 
 75.5 
 
 and Deaths 
 
 , and of Divorce, in the State of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island. 1912-1913, United States 
 
 1886 
 
 161,233 
 
 120 
 
 74.4 
 
 Mortality Statistics. 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 165,326 
 
 110 
 
 66.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 169,377 
 
 126 
 
 74.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 173,420 
 
 124 
 
 71.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 177,486 
 
 109 
 
 61.4 
 69.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 846,842 
 
 589 
 
 
 1891 
 
 181,378 
 
 129 
 
 71.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 185,226 
 
 128 
 
 69.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 189,067 
 
 151 
 
 79.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 192,901 
 
 148 
 
 76.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 196,727 
 
 163 
 719 
 
 82.9 
 76.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 945,299 
 
 
 1896 
 
 201,008 
 
 169 
 
 84.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 205,281 
 
 185 
 
 90.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 209,546 
 
 205 
 
 97.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 213,802 
 
 202 
 
 94.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 218,049 
 
 201 
 962 
 
 92.2 
 91.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,047,686 
 
 
 469 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 18 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Vermont 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 330,724 
 
 149 
 
 45.1 
 
 1901 344,992 
 
 242 
 
 70.1 
 
 1872 
 
 330,897 
 
 108 
 
 32.6 
 
 1902 346,239 
 
 245 
 
 70.8 
 
 1873 
 
 331,070 
 
 117 
 
 35.3 
 
 1903 347,486 
 
 313 
 
 90.1 
 
 1874 
 
 331,243 
 
 117 
 
 35.3 
 
 1904 348,733 
 
 299 
 
 85.7 
 
 1875 
 
 331,416 
 
 125 
 
 37.7 
 37.2 
 
 1905 349,980 
 
 291 
 
 83.1 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,655,350 
 
 616 
 
 1901-1905 1,737,430 
 
 1,390 
 
 80.0 
 
 1876 
 
 331,590 
 
 174 
 
 52.5 
 
 1906 351,227 
 
 287 
 
 81.7 
 
 1877 
 
 331,764 
 
 158 
 
 47.6 
 
 1907 352,474 
 
 337 
 
 95.6 
 
 1878 
 
 331,938 
 
 177 
 
 53.3 
 
 1908 353,721 
 
 319 
 
 90.2 
 
 1879 
 
 332,112 
 
 155 
 
 46.7 
 
 1909 354,968 
 
 335 
 
 94.4 
 
 1880 
 
 332,286 
 
 177 
 
 53.3 
 50.7 
 
 1910 356,216 
 
 369 
 
 103.6 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 1,659,690 
 
 841 
 
 1906-1910 1,768,606 
 
 1,647 
 
 93.1 
 
 1881 
 
 332,299 
 
 147 
 
 44.2 
 
 1911 357,463 
 
 347 
 
 97.1 
 
 1882 
 
 332,312 
 
 175 
 
 52.7 
 
 1912 358,710 
 
 396 
 
 110.4 
 
 1883 
 
 332,325 
 
 187 
 
 56.3 
 
 1913 359,957 
 
 378 
 
 105.0 
 
 1884 
 
 332,338 
 
 174 
 
 52.4 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 332,352 
 
 192 
 
 57.8 
 
 Source: Report to 
 
 the Legislature of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vermont relating to the Registry and Re- 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,661.626 
 
 875 
 
 52.7 
 
 turns of Births, Marriages, Deaths and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Divorces in the State. 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 332,366 
 
 188 
 
 56.6 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 332,380 
 
 205 
 
 61.7 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 332,394 
 
 188 
 
 56.6 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 332,408 
 
 198 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 332,422 
 
 191 
 
 57.5 
 58.4 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,661,970 
 
 970 
 
 
 1891 
 
 333,543 
 
 181 
 
 54.3 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 334,665 
 
 178 
 
 53.2 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 335,787 
 
 193 
 
 57.5 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 336,909 
 
 192 
 
 57.0 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 338,031 
 
 199 
 
 58.9 
 56.2 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,678,935 
 
 943 
 
 
 1896 
 
 339,153 
 
 200 
 
 59.0 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 340,275 
 
 207 
 
 60.8 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1898 
 
 341,397 
 
 242 
 
 70.9 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 342,519 
 
 270 
 
 78.8 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 343,641 
 
 291 
 
 84.7 
 70.9 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,706,985 
 
 1,210 
 
 
 470 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 19 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Vermont, Males 
 
 1871-1896 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 165,792 
 
 45 
 
 27.1 
 
 1886 
 
 168,377 
 
 80 
 
 47.5 
 
 1872 
 
 165,912 
 
 32 
 
 19.3 
 
 1887 
 
 168,616 
 
 67 
 
 39.7 
 
 1873 
 
 166.032 
 
 48 
 
 28.9 
 
 1888 
 
 168,856 
 
 78 
 
 46.2 
 
 1874 
 
 166,151 
 
 47 
 
 28.3 
 
 1889 
 
 169,096 
 
 68 
 
 40.2 
 
 1875 
 
 166.271 
 
 36 
 
 21.7 
 25.1 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 169,336 
 
 77 
 
 45.5 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 830,158 
 
 208 
 
 844,281 
 
 370 
 
 43.8 
 
 1876 
 
 166,392 
 
 65 
 
 '39.1 
 
 1891 
 
 169,940 
 
 60 
 
 35.3 
 
 1877 
 
 166,512 
 
 62 
 
 37.2 
 
 1892 
 
 170,545 
 
 52 
 
 30.5 
 
 1878 
 
 166,333 
 
 65 
 
 39.0 
 
 1893 
 
 171.151 
 
 62 
 
 36.2 
 
 1879 
 
 166,753 
 
 66 
 
 39.6 
 
 1894 
 
 171,723 
 
 64 
 
 37.3 
 
 1880 
 
 166.874 
 
 68 
 
 40.7 
 39.1 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 172,294 
 
 69 
 
 40.0 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 833,164 
 
 326 
 
 855.653 
 
 307 
 
 35.9 
 
 1881 
 
 167,113 
 
 50 
 
 29.9 
 
 1896 
 
 172.866 
 
 74 
 
 42.8 
 
 1882 
 
 167,352 
 
 58 
 
 34.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 167,591 
 
 62 
 
 37.0 
 
 Source : 
 
 Report to 
 
 the Legislature of 
 
 1884 
 
 167,831 
 
 61 
 
 36.3 
 
 Vermont 
 
 relating to the Registry 
 
 and Re- 
 
 1885 
 
 168,104 
 
 88 
 
 52.3 
 
 turns of 
 
 Births. Marriages, Deaths and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Divorces in the State. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 837,991 
 
 319 
 
 38.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 20 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the State of Vermont, Females 
 
 1871-1896 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 164.932 
 
 104 
 
 63.1 
 
 1886 
 
 163.989 
 
 108 
 
 65.9 
 
 1872 
 
 164,985 
 
 76 
 
 46.1 
 
 1887 
 
 163,764 
 
 138 
 
 84.3 
 
 1873 
 
 165,038 
 
 69 
 
 41.8 
 
 1888 
 
 163,538 
 
 110 
 
 67.3 
 
 1874 
 
 165,092 
 
 70 
 
 42.4 
 
 1889 
 
 163,312 
 
 130 
 
 79.6 
 
 1875 
 
 165,145 
 
 89 
 
 53.9 
 49.4 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 163,086 
 
 114 
 
 69.9 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 825,192 
 
 408 
 
 817,689 
 
 600 
 
 73.4 
 
 1876 
 
 165,198 
 
 109 
 
 66.0 
 
 1891 
 
 163,603 
 
 121 
 
 74.0 
 
 1877 
 
 165,252 
 
 96 
 
 58.1 
 
 1892 
 
 164,120 
 
 126 
 
 76.8 
 
 1878 
 
 165,305 
 
 112 
 
 67.8 
 
 1893 
 
 164,636 
 
 131 
 
 79.6 
 
 1879 
 
 165,359 
 
 89 
 
 53.8 
 
 1894 
 
 165,186 
 
 128 
 
 77.5 
 
 1880 
 
 165,412 
 
 109 
 
 65.9 
 62.3 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 165.737 
 
 130 
 
 78.4 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 826,526 
 
 515 
 
 823,282 
 
 636 
 
 77.3 
 
 1881 
 
 165,186 
 
 97 
 
 58.7 
 
 1896 
 
 166,287 
 
 126 
 
 75.8 
 
 1882 
 
 164,960 
 
 117 
 
 70.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 164,734 
 
 125 
 
 75.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Report to 
 
 the Legislature of 
 
 1884 
 
 164,507 
 
 113 
 
 68.7 
 
 Vermont relating to the Registry 
 
 and Re- 
 
 1885 
 
 164,248 
 
 104 
 
 63.3 
 
 turns of Births. Marriages. Deaths and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Divorces in 
 
 L the State. 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 823,635 
 
 556 
 
 67.5 
 
 
 
 471 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 21 
 Mortality from Cancer in the New England States 
 New York and New Jersey 
 1886-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1886 
 
 10,651,080 
 
 4,536 
 
 42.6 
 
 1887 
 
 10,853,980 
 
 5,009 
 
 46.1 
 
 1888 
 
 11,061,737 
 
 5,316 
 
 48.1 
 
 1889 
 
 11,271,207 
 
 5,466 
 
 48.5 
 
 1890 
 
 11,482,445 
 
 5,888 
 
 51.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 55,320,449 
 
 26,215 
 
 47.4 
 
 1891 
 
 11,867,145 
 
 6,062 
 
 51.1 
 
 1892 
 
 12,915,401 
 
 6,606 
 
 51.1 
 
 1893 
 
 13,139,735 
 
 7,007 
 
 53.3 
 
 1894 
 
 13,365,234 
 
 7,132 
 
 53.4 
 
 1895 
 
 13,591,924 
 
 7,729 
 
 56.9 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 64,879,439 
 
 34,536 
 
 53.2 
 
 1896 
 
 13,819,675 
 
 8,088 
 
 58.5 
 
 1897 
 
 14,048,783 
 
 8,447 
 
 60.1 
 
 1898 
 
 14,279,282 
 
 9,022 
 
 63.2 
 
 1899 
 
 14,511,204 
 
 9,278 
 
 63.9 
 
 1900 
 
 14,746,725 
 
 9,810 
 
 66.5 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 71,405,669 
 
 44,645 
 
 62.5 
 
 1901 
 
 15,037,650 
 
 10,285 
 
 68.4 
 
 1902 
 
 15,328,314 
 
 10,345 
 
 67.5 
 
 1903 
 
 16,618,979 
 
 11,127 
 
 71.2 
 
 1904 
 
 15,909,644 
 
 11,479 
 
 72.2 
 
 1905 
 
 16,238,175 
 
 12,265 
 
 75.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 78,132,762 
 
 55,501 
 
 71.0 
 
 1906 
 
 16,648,318 
 
 12,605 
 
 75.7 
 
 1907 
 
 17,058,464 
 
 13,350 
 
 78.3 
 
 1908 
 
 17,468,610 
 
 13,514 
 
 77.4 
 
 1909 
 
 17,878,759 
 
 14,376 
 
 80.4 
 
 1910 
 
 18,288,909 
 
 15,295 
 
 83.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 87,343,060 
 
 69,140 
 
 79.2 
 
 1911 
 
 18,699,051 
 
 15,980 
 
 85.5 
 
 1912 
 
 18,976,968 
 
 16,640 
 
 87.7 
 
 1913 
 
 19,327,238 
 
 17,385 
 
 90.0 
 
 Note: Maine 
 
 ! not included 
 
 1886-1891. 
 
 
 472 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 22 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Twenty Large American Cities 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 5,673,905 
 
 2,812 
 
 49.6 
 
 1906 11,472,516 
 
 8,713 
 
 75.9 
 
 1882 
 
 5,869,498 
 
 2,820 
 
 48.0 
 
 1907 11,747,948 
 
 9,274 
 
 78.9 
 
 1883 
 
 6,065,384 
 
 2,847 
 
 46.9 
 
 1908 12,023,381 
 
 9,355 
 
 77.8 
 
 1884 
 
 6,261,552 
 
 3,137 
 
 50.1 
 
 1909 12,298,814 
 
 9,934 
 
 80.8 
 
 1885 
 
 6,458,008 
 30,328,347 
 
 3,119 
 
 48.3 
 48.6 
 
 1910 12,574,254 
 
 10,425 
 
 82.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 14,735 
 
 1906-1910 60,116,913 
 
 47,701 
 
 79.3 
 
 1886 
 
 6,658,686 
 
 3,209 
 
 48.2 
 
 1911 12,849,687 
 
 10,713 
 
 83.4 
 
 1887 
 
 6,859,665 
 
 3,495 
 
 51.0 
 
 1912 13,125,121 
 
 11,203 
 
 85.4 
 
 1888 
 
 7,059,924 
 
 3,512 
 
 49.7 
 
 1913 13,400,553 
 
 11,971 
 
 89.3 
 
 1889 
 
 7,261,499 
 
 3,567 
 
 49.1 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 7,463,170 
 
 4,101 
 
 54.9 
 
 Note: Includes Baltimore, 
 
 Md., Bos- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ton, Mass., Brooklyn, 
 
 IN . 1 ., v^narieston. 
 
 1886-1890 35,302,944 
 
 17,884 
 
 60.7 
 
 S. C., Chicago, 111., Cincinnati, < 
 
 3hio, Day- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ton, Ohio, Hartford, C 
 
 onn.. He 
 
 boken. N. 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 
 7,702,582 
 7,942,266 
 8,182,229 
 
 4,213 
 4,371 
 4,431 
 
 54.7 
 55.0 
 54.2 
 
 J., Jersey City, N. J., NashWUe, Tenn., 
 Newark, N. J., New Haven, Conn., New 
 Orleans, La., New York, N. Y.. Philadel- 
 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 8,422,476 
 8,662,957 
 
 4,547 
 4,951 
 
 54.0 
 57.2 
 
 55.0 
 
 phia, Pa., Pro\-idence, R. I., Sava 
 St. Louis, Mo., Washington, D 
 
 nnah, Ga., 
 C. 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 40,912,510 
 
 22,513 
 
 
 1896 
 
 8,909,328 
 
 5,178 
 
 58.1 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 9,155,967 
 
 5,325 
 
 58.2 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 9,402,921 
 
 5,649 
 
 60.1 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 9,650,196 
 
 6,047 
 
 62.7 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 9,897,855 
 
 6,334 
 
 64.0 
 60.7 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 47.016,267 
 
 28,533 
 
 
 1901 
 
 10,157,693 
 
 6,771 
 
 66.7 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 10,417,536 
 
 6,964 
 
 66.8 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 10,677,385 
 
 7,399 
 
 69.3 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 10,937,234 
 
 7,778 
 
 71.1 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 11,197,087 
 
 8,215 
 
 73.4 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 53,386,935 37,127 
 
 69.C 
 
 473 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 23 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Southern Cities, White 
 
 1891-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 891,023 
 
 480 
 
 53.9 
 
 1906 
 
 
 1.165,457 
 
 887 
 
 76.1 
 
 1892 
 
 907,130 
 
 438 
 
 48.3 
 
 1907 
 
 
 1,187,034 
 
 956 
 
 80.5 
 
 1893 
 
 923,238 
 
 512 
 
 55.5 
 
 1908 
 
 
 1,208,611 
 
 976 
 
 80.8 
 
 1894 
 
 939,347 
 
 464 
 
 49.4 
 
 1909 
 
 
 1,230,188 
 
 979 
 
 79.6 
 
 1895 
 
 955,456 
 
 541 
 
 56.6 
 52.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,251,766 
 
 1,107 
 
 88.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 4,616,194 
 
 2,435 
 
 6.043,056 
 
 4,905 
 
 81.2 
 
 1896 
 
 971,566 
 
 576 
 
 59.3 
 
 1911 
 
 
 1,273,338 
 
 1,071 
 
 84.1 
 
 1897 
 
 987,678 
 
 563 
 
 57.0 
 
 1912 
 
 
 1,294,911 
 
 1,159 
 
 89.5 
 
 1898 
 
 1,003,791 
 
 570 
 
 56.8 
 
 1913 
 
 
 1,316,492 
 
 1,272 
 
 96.6 
 
 1899 
 
 1,019,904 
 
 613 
 
 60.1 
 
 1914 
 
 
 1,338,076 
 
 1,248 
 
 93.3 
 
 1900 
 
 1,036,017 
 
 615 
 
 59.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 ington. 
 
 Tr"1"'l'^=' T«„U;^/^,-a TiHr 
 
 Wash- 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 5,018,956 
 
 2,937 
 
 58.5 
 
 D. 
 
 C, New Orleans, La., 
 
 Charles- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ton, S. 
 
 C 
 
 , Memphis 
 
 Tenn., Nashville, 
 
 1901 
 
 1,057,588 
 
 664 
 
 62.8 
 
 Tenn., Richmond, Va., 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Ga. 
 
 1902 
 
 1,079,160 
 
 713 
 
 66.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,100,732 
 
 753 
 
 68.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1,122,305 
 
 824 
 
 73.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1,143,880 
 
 846 
 
 74.0 
 69.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 5,503,665 
 
 3,800 
 
 
 Table 24 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Southern Cities, Colored 
 
 1891-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 358,638 
 
 144 
 
 40.2 
 
 1906 
 
 448,736 
 
 247 
 
 55.0 
 
 1892 
 
 365,127 
 
 129 
 
 35.3 
 
 1907 
 
 454,016 
 
 280 
 
 61.7 
 
 1893 
 
 371,576 
 
 143 
 
 38.5 
 
 1908 
 
 459.296 
 
 265 
 
 67.7 
 
 1894 
 
 378,105 
 
 143 
 
 37.8 
 
 1909 
 
 464,576 
 
 261 
 
 66.2 
 
 1895 
 
 384,595 
 
 167 
 
 43.4 
 39.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 469,857 
 
 257 
 
 64.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1.858,041 
 
 726 
 
 2.296,481 
 
 1,310 
 
 57.0 
 
 1896 
 
 391,087 
 
 141 
 
 36.1 
 
 1911 
 
 475,138 
 
 296 
 
 62.3 
 
 1897 
 
 397,577 
 
 152 
 
 38.2 
 
 1912 
 
 480,419 
 
 340 
 
 70.8 
 
 1898 
 
 404,066 
 
 165 
 
 40.8 
 
 1913 
 
 485,699 
 
 357 
 
 73.5 
 
 1899 
 
 410,.557 
 
 195 
 
 47.5 
 
 1914 
 
 490,978 
 
 368 
 
 75.0 
 
 1900 
 
 417,048 
 
 197 
 
 47.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 ington, D. 
 
 [ncludes Ba 
 C, New Oi 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,020,335 
 
 850 
 
 42.1 
 
 leans. La.. 
 
 Charles- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ton. S. C 
 
 ., Memphis 
 
 Tenn., Nashville, 
 
 1901 
 
 422,319 
 
 217 
 
 51.4 
 
 Tenn., Richmond, Va., 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Ga. 
 
 1902 
 
 427,610 
 
 193 
 
 45.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 432,893 
 
 206 
 
 47.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 438,175 
 
 232 
 
 52.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 443,456 
 
 239 
 
 53.9 
 50.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,164,453 
 
 1,087 
 
 
 474 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 25 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Augusta, Ga. 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Nov. 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 33,914 
 
 8 
 
 23.6 
 
 1906 
 
 40,400 
 
 19 
 
 47.0 
 
 1892 
 
 34,528 
 
 11 
 
 31.9 
 
 1907 
 
 40,560 
 
 13 
 
 32.1 
 
 1893 
 
 35,142 
 
 11 
 
 31.3 
 
 1908 
 
 40,720 
 
 24 
 
 58.9 
 
 1894 
 
 35,756 
 
 14 
 
 39.2 
 
 1909 
 
 40,880 
 
 20 
 
 48.9 
 
 1895 
 
 36,370 
 
 19 
 
 52.2 
 35.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 41,040 
 
 • 24 
 
 58.5 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 175,710 
 
 63 
 
 203,600 
 
 100 
 
 49.1 
 
 1896 
 
 36,984 
 
 11 
 
 29.7 
 
 1911 
 
 41,200 
 
 33 
 
 80.1 
 
 1897 
 
 37,598 
 
 17 
 
 45.2 
 
 1912 
 
 41,360 
 
 23 
 
 55.6 
 
 1898 
 
 38,212 
 
 19 
 
 49.7 
 
 1913 
 
 41,520 
 
 32 
 
 77.1 
 
 1899 
 
 38,826 
 
 17 
 
 43.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 39,441 
 
 16 
 
 40.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Health ot Augusta, 
 
 bra. 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 191,061 
 
 80 
 
 41.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 39,600 
 
 17 
 
 42.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 39,760 
 
 14 
 
 35.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 39,920 
 
 19 
 
 47.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 40,080 
 
 16 
 
 39.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 40,240 
 
 24 
 
 59.6 
 45.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 199,600 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tab 
 
 le26 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in Augusta 
 
 , Ga., Males 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891- 
 
 ■1912 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (En.iinfj 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Nov. 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 15,606 
 
 3 
 
 19.2 
 
 1906 
 
 18,831 
 
 6 
 
 31.9 
 
 1892 
 
 15,897 
 
 4 
 
 25.2 
 
 1907 
 
 18,932 
 
 1 
 
 5.3 
 
 1893 
 
 16,188 
 
 4 
 
 24.7 
 
 1908 
 
 19,033 
 
 6 
 
 31.5 
 
 1894 
 
 16,479 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 19,135 
 
 3 
 
 15.7 
 
 1895 
 
 16,770 
 
 2 
 
 11.9 
 16.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 19,237 
 
 7 
 
 36.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 80,940 
 
 13 
 
 95,168 
 
 23 
 
 24.2 
 
 1896 
 
 17,061 
 
 1 
 
 5.9 
 
 1911 
 
 19,339 
 
 6 
 
 31.0 
 
 1897 
 
 17,352 
 
 3 
 
 17.3 
 
 1912 
 
 19,441 
 
 6 
 
 30.9 
 
 1898 
 
 17,643 
 
 8 
 
 45.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 17,934 
 
 3 
 
 16.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 1900 
 
 18,225 
 88,215 
 
 2 
 
 11.0 
 19.3 
 
 of Health of Augusta, 
 
 Ga. 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 17 
 
 
 1901 
 
 18,326 
 
 4 
 
 21.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 18,427 
 
 2 
 
 10.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 18,528 
 
 3 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 4904 
 
 18,629 
 
 7 
 
 37.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 18,730 
 
 9 
 
 48.1 
 27.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 92,640 
 
 25 
 
 
 475 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 27 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Augusta, Ga., Females 
 
 1891-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Nov. 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 18,308 
 
 5 
 
 27.3 
 
 1892 
 
 18,631 
 
 7 
 
 37.6 
 
 1893 
 
 18,954 
 
 7 
 
 36.9 
 
 1894 
 
 19,277 
 
 14 
 
 72.6 
 
 1895 
 
 19,600 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 86.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 94,770 
 
 52.8 
 
 1896 
 
 19,923 
 
 10 
 
 50.2 
 
 1897 
 
 20,246 
 
 14 
 
 69.1 
 
 1898 
 
 20,569 
 
 11 
 
 53.5 
 
 1899 
 
 20,892 
 
 14 
 
 67.0 
 
 1900 
 
 21,216 
 
 14 
 63 
 
 66.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 102,846 
 
 61.3 
 
 1901 
 
 21,274 
 
 13 
 
 61.1 
 
 1902 
 
 21,333 
 
 12 
 
 56.3 
 
 1903 
 
 21,392 
 
 16 
 
 74.8 
 
 1904 
 
 21,451 
 
 9 
 
 42.0 
 
 1905 
 
 21,510 
 
 15 
 
 69.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 106,960 
 
 65 
 
 60.8 
 
 1906 
 
 21,569 
 
 13 
 
 60.3 
 
 1907 
 
 21,628 
 
 12 
 
 55.5 
 
 1908 
 
 21,687 
 
 18 
 
 83.0 
 
 1909 
 
 21,745 
 
 17 
 
 78.2 
 
 1910 
 
 21,803 
 
 17 
 
 77 
 
 78.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 108,432 
 
 71.0 
 
 1911 
 
 21,861 
 
 27 
 
 123.5 
 
 1912 
 
 21,919 
 
 17 
 
 77.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board of Health of 
 Augusta, Ga. 
 
 476 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 28 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Baltimore, Md. 
 
 1871-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 273,849 
 
 53 
 
 19.4 
 
 1896 
 
 479,149 
 
 344 
 
 71.8 
 
 1872 
 
 280,345 
 
 48 
 
 17.1 
 
 1897 
 
 486,601 
 
 316 
 
 64.9 
 
 1873 
 
 286,841 
 
 78 
 
 27.2 
 
 1898 
 
 494,053 
 
 331 
 
 67.0 
 
 1874 
 
 293,337 
 
 92 
 
 31.4 
 
 1899 
 
 501,505 
 
 329 
 
 65.6 
 
 1875 
 
 299,833 
 
 127 
 
 42.4 
 
 27.8 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 508,957 
 
 318 
 
 62.5 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,434,205 
 
 398 
 
 2,470,265 
 
 1,638 
 
 66.3 
 
 1876 
 
 306,329 
 
 126 
 
 41.1 
 
 1901 
 
 513,909 
 
 358 
 
 69.7 
 
 1877 
 
 312,825 
 
 149 
 
 47.6 
 
 1902 
 
 518.861 
 
 384 
 
 74.0 
 
 1878 
 
 319,321 
 
 149 
 
 46.7 
 
 1903 
 
 523,814 
 
 370 
 
 70.6 
 
 1879 
 
 325,817 
 
 152 
 
 46.7 
 
 1904 
 
 528,767 
 
 450 
 
 85.1 
 
 1880 
 
 332,313 
 
 168 
 
 50.6 
 46.6 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 533,720 
 
 437 
 
 81.9 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 1,596,605 
 
 744 
 
 2,619,071 
 
 1,999 
 
 76.3 
 
 1881 
 
 342,525 
 
 175 
 
 51.1 
 
 1906 
 
 538,673 
 
 450 
 
 83.5 
 
 1882 
 
 352,737 
 
 164 
 
 46.5 
 
 1907 
 
 543,626 
 
 473 
 
 87.0 
 
 1883 
 
 362,949 
 
 164 
 
 45.2 
 
 1908 
 
 548,579 
 
 449 
 
 81.8 
 
 1884 
 
 373,161 
 
 183 
 
 49.0 
 
 1909 
 
 553,532 
 
 450 
 
 81.3 
 
 1885 
 
 383,374 
 
 185 
 
 48.3 
 48.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 558,485 
 
 529 
 
 94.7 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,814,746 
 
 871 
 
 2.742,895 
 
 2,351 
 
 85.8 
 
 1886 
 
 393,587 
 
 207 
 
 52.6 
 
 1911 
 
 563.438 
 
 526 
 
 93.4 
 
 1887 
 
 403,800 
 
 230 
 
 57.0 
 
 1912 
 
 568,391 
 
 546 
 
 96.1 
 
 1888 
 
 414,013 
 
 225 
 
 54.3' 
 
 1913 
 
 573,343 
 
 602 
 
 105.0 
 
 1889 
 
 424,226 
 
 226 
 
 53.3 
 
 1914 
 
 578,299 
 
 518 
 
 89.6 
 
 1890 
 
 434,439 
 
 276 
 
 63.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 Y\n n »■ 
 
 
 
 
 e j-zeparL- 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,070,065 
 
 1.164 
 
 56.2 
 
 ment of Public Safety of the City of Balti- 
 
 
 
 
 
 more, Md. 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 441,890 
 
 267 
 
 60.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 449,341 
 
 233 
 
 51.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 456,793 
 
 251 
 
 54.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 464,245 
 
 266 
 
 57.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 471,697 
 
 302 
 
 64.0 
 57.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,283,966 
 
 1,319 
 
 
 477 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 29 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Baltimore, Md., White 
 
 1891-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 373,350 
 
 200 
 
 53.6 
 
 1906 
 
 455,719 
 
 341 
 
 74.8 
 
 1892 
 
 379,557 
 
 160 
 
 42.2 
 
 1907 
 
 460,136 
 
 347 
 
 75.4 
 
 1893 
 
 385.764 
 
 190 
 
 49.3 
 
 1908 
 
 464,553 
 
 355 
 
 76.4 
 
 1894 
 
 391,971 
 
 174 
 
 44.4 
 
 1909 
 
 468,970 
 
 351 
 
 74.8 
 
 1895 
 
 398,178 
 
 215 
 
 54.0 
 
 48.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 473,387 
 
 420 
 
 88.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,928,820 
 
 939 
 
 2,322,765 
 
 1,814 
 
 78.1 
 
 1896 
 
 404,386 
 
 250 
 
 61.8 
 
 1911 
 
 477,803 
 
 410 
 
 85.8 
 
 1897 
 
 410,594 
 
 229 
 
 55.8 
 
 1912 
 
 482.220 
 
 425 
 
 88.1 
 
 1898 
 
 416,802 
 
 222 
 
 53.3 
 
 1913 
 
 486,637 
 
 514 
 
 105.6 
 
 1899 
 
 423,010 
 
 245 
 
 57.9 
 
 1914 
 
 491,057 
 
 438 
 
 89.2 
 
 1900 
 
 429,218 
 
 221 
 
 51.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Uepart- 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,084,010 
 
 1,167 
 
 56.0 
 
 ment of Public Safety of the City of Balti- 
 
 1901 
 
 433,634 
 
 270 
 
 62.3 
 
 more, Md. 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 438,051 
 
 275 
 
 62.8 
 
 Note: This table excludes non- 
 
 residents. 
 
 1903 
 
 442,468 
 
 285 
 
 64.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 446,885 
 
 331 
 
 74.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 451,302 
 
 323 
 
 71.6 
 67.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,212,340 
 
 1.484 
 
 
 Table 36 
 Mortality from Cancer in Baltimore, Md. 
 1891-1914 
 
 Colored 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 68,540 
 
 24 
 
 35.0 
 
 1906 
 
 82,954 
 
 51 
 
 61.6 
 
 1892 
 
 69,784 
 
 23 
 
 33.0 
 
 1907 
 
 83,490 
 
 53 
 
 63.6 
 
 1893 
 
 71.029 
 
 17 
 
 23.9 
 
 1908 
 
 84,026 
 
 59 
 
 70.2 
 
 1894 
 
 72,274 
 
 22 
 
 30.4 
 
 1909 
 
 84,562 
 
 52 
 
 61.6 
 
 1895 
 
 73.519 
 
 31 
 
 42.2 
 32.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 85,098 
 
 62 
 
 61.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 355,146 
 
 117 
 
 420,130 
 
 267 
 
 63.6 
 
 1896 
 
 74,763 
 
 26 
 
 34.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 1897 
 
 76,007 
 
 30 
 
 39.5 
 
 1911 
 
 85,634 
 
 55 
 
 64.2 
 
 1898 
 
 77,251 
 
 34 
 
 44.0 
 
 1912 
 
 86,169 
 
 69 
 
 68.5 
 
 1899 
 
 78,495 
 
 35 
 
 44.6 
 
 1913 
 
 86,706 
 
 88 
 
 101.5 
 
 1900 
 
 79,739 
 
 32 
 
 40.1 
 40.6 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 87,242 80 
 Annual Reports of tl 
 
 91.7 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 386,255 
 
 157 
 
 le Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of P 
 
 Liblic Safety 
 
 of the City of Bal- 
 
 4901 
 
 80,275 
 
 29 
 
 36.1 
 
 timore, Md. 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 80,810 
 
 36 
 
 44.5 
 
 Note: This table excludes non 
 
 -residents. 
 
 1903 
 
 81,346 
 
 26 
 
 32.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 81,882 
 
 44 
 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 82,418 
 
 57 
 
 69.2 
 
 47.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 406,731 
 
 192 
 
 
 478 
 
APPENDIX F {PART It) 
 
 Table 31 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Baltimore, Md., by Organs and Parts 
 
 1893-1902 Compared with 1903-1912 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Organ or Part Cancer 
 
 Buccal cavity 142 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,230 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum. . 199 
 
 Female generative organs 710 
 
 Breast 381 
 
 Skin 78 
 
 Other or not specified organs 459 
 
 Allorgans 3,199 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 2.9 
 25.1 
 
 4.1 
 14.5 
 
 7.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 9.3 
 
 65.3 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 190 
 1,890 
 463 
 806 
 460 
 137 
 734 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 3.5 
 34.6 
 
 8.5 
 14.8 
 
 8.4 
 
 2.5 
 13.4 
 
 4,680 85.7 
 
 Percentage 
 of Increase 
 
 20.7 
 
 37.8 
 
 107.3 
 
 2.1 
 
 7.7 
 
 56.3 
 
 44.1 
 
 31.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health Department of the City of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Table 32 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass. 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 368,349 
 
 241 
 
 65.4 
 
 1901 
 
 567,789 
 
 455 
 
 80.1 
 
 1882 
 
 373,860 
 
 253 
 
 67.7 
 
 1902 
 
 574,686 
 
 482 
 
 83.9 
 
 1883 
 
 379,371 
 
 293 
 
 77.2 
 
 1903 
 
 581,583 
 
 511 
 
 87.9 
 
 1884 
 
 384,882 
 
 282 
 
 73.3 
 
 1904 
 
 588,481 
 
 565 
 
 96.0 
 
 1885 
 
 390,393 
 
 274 
 
 70.2 
 70.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 595,380 
 
 628 
 
 105.5 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,896,855 
 
 1,343 
 
 2,907,919 
 
 2,641 
 
 90.8 
 
 1886 
 
 402,009 
 
 299 
 
 74.4 
 
 1906 
 
 610,420 
 
 580 
 
 95.0 
 
 1887 
 
 413,626 
 
 324 
 
 78.3 
 
 1907 
 
 625,461 
 
 611 
 
 97.7 
 
 1888 
 
 425,243 
 
 279 
 
 65.6 
 
 1908 
 
 640,502 
 
 628 
 
 98.0 
 
 1889 
 
 436,860 
 
 306 
 
 70.0 
 
 1909 
 
 655,543 
 
 670 
 
 102.2 
 
 1890 
 
 448,477 
 
 326 
 
 72.7 
 72.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 670,585 
 
 693 
 
 103.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,126,215 
 
 1,534 
 
 3,202,511 
 
 3.182 
 
 99.4 
 
 1891 
 
 458,165 
 
 317 
 
 69.2 
 
 1911 
 
 685,627 
 
 769 
 
 112.2 
 
 1892 
 
 467,853 
 
 328 
 
 70.1 
 
 1912 
 
 700,669 
 
 785 
 
 112.0 
 
 1893 
 
 477,542 
 
 307 
 
 64.3 
 
 1913 
 
 715,711 
 
 841 
 
 117.5 
 
 1894 
 
 487,231 
 
 354 
 
 72.7 
 
 1914 
 
 730,753 
 
 876 
 
 119.9 
 
 1895 
 
 496,920 
 
 391 
 
 78.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,387.711 
 
 1,697 
 
 71.1 
 
 of Health 
 
 of the City 
 
 of Boston 
 
 , Mass., 
 
 
 
 
 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 Registry 
 
 Depart- 
 
 1896 
 
 609,714 
 
 389 
 
 76.3 
 
 ment of the City of Boston, Mass. 
 
 
 1897 
 
 522,508 
 
 400 
 
 76.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 535,302 
 
 412 
 
 77.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 548,097 
 
 402 
 
 73.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 560,892 
 
 452 
 
 80.6 
 76.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,676,513 
 
 2,055 
 
 
 32 
 
 479 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 33 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass., Males 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 175,371 
 
 89 
 
 50.7 
 
 1906 298,187 
 
 217 
 
 72.8 
 
 1882 
 
 177,995 
 
 72 
 
 40.5 
 
 1907 306,066 
 
 219 
 
 71.6 
 
 1883 
 
 180.616 
 
 98 
 
 54.3 
 
 1908 313,945 
 
 236 
 
 75.2 
 
 1884 
 
 183,399 
 
 94 
 
 51.3 
 
 1909 321,824 
 
 259 
 
 80.5 
 
 1885 
 
 186,182 
 
 75 
 428 
 
 40.3 
 
 47.4 
 
 1910 329,703 
 
 257 
 
 77.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 903,563 
 
 1906-1910 1,569,725 
 
 1,188 
 
 75.7 
 
 1886 
 
 192,496 
 
 82 
 
 42.6 
 
 1911 337,582 
 
 271 
 
 80.3 
 
 1887 
 
 198,810 
 
 87 
 
 43.8 
 
 1912 345,461 
 
 270 
 
 78.2 
 
 1888 
 
 205,124 
 
 85 
 
 41.4 
 
 1913 353,340 
 
 345 
 
 97.6 
 
 1889 
 
 211,439 
 
 90 
 
 42.6 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 217,754 
 
 105 
 
 48.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,025,623 
 
 449 
 
 43.8 
 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 Registry Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of the City of Boston, Mass. 
 
 1891 
 
 222,136 
 
 93 
 
 41.9 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 226,518 
 
 99 
 
 43.7 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 230,900 
 
 97 
 
 42.0 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 235,283 
 
 116 
 
 49.3 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 239,666 
 
 120 
 525 
 
 50.1 
 45.5 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,154,503 
 
 
 1896 
 
 246,717 
 
 137 
 
 55.5 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 253,768 
 
 135 
 
 53.2 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 260,819 
 
 122 
 
 46.8 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 267,870 
 
 125 
 
 46.7 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 274,922 
 
 168 
 687 
 
 61.1 
 
 52.7 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,304,096 
 
 
 1901 
 
 277,999 
 
 147 
 
 62.9 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 281,076 
 
 146 
 
 51.9 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 284,153 
 
 188 
 
 66.2 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 287,231 
 
 199 
 
 69.3 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 290,309 
 
 226 
 906 
 
 77.8 
 63.8 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,420,768 
 
 
 480 
 
AFFEXDIX F (FART II) 
 
 Table 34 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass., Females 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 192,978 
 
 152 
 
 78.8 
 
 1906 312,233 
 
 363 
 
 116.3 
 
 1882 
 
 195,865 
 
 181 
 
 92.4 
 
 1907 319,395 
 
 392 
 
 122.7 
 
 1883 
 
 198,755 
 
 195 
 
 98.1 
 
 1908 326,557 
 
 392 
 
 120.0 
 
 1884 
 
 201,483 
 
 188 
 
 93.3 
 
 1909 333,719 
 
 411 
 
 123.2 
 
 1885 
 
 204,211 
 
 199 
 
 97.4 
 92.1 
 
 1910 340,882 
 
 436 
 
 127.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 993,292 
 
 915 
 
 1906-1910 1,632,786 
 
 1.994 
 
 122.1 
 
 1886 
 
 209,513 
 
 217 
 
 103.6 
 
 1911 348,045 
 
 498 
 
 143.1 
 
 1887 
 
 214,816 
 
 237 
 
 110.3 
 
 1912 355,208 
 
 515 
 
 145.0 
 
 1888 
 
 220,119 
 
 194 
 
 88.1 
 
 1913 362,371 
 
 496 
 
 136.9 
 
 1889 
 
 225,421 
 
 216 
 
 95.8 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 230,723 
 
 221 
 
 95.8 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Health of the City of Boston 
 Annual Reports of the Registry 
 
 , Mass., 
 Depart- 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,100,592 
 
 1.085 
 
 98.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of the City of Bos 
 
 ton, Mass. 
 
 
 1891 
 
 236,029 
 
 224 
 
 94.9 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 241,335 
 
 229 
 
 94.9 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 246,642 
 
 210 
 
 85.1 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 251,948 
 
 238 
 
 94.5 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 257,254 
 
 271 
 
 105.3 
 95.0 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,233.208 
 
 1,172 
 
 
 1896 
 
 262,997 
 
 252 
 
 95.8 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 268,740 
 
 265 
 
 98.6 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 274,483 
 
 290 
 
 105.7 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 280,227 
 
 277 
 
 98.8 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 285,970 
 
 284 
 
 99.3 
 99.7 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,372,417 
 
 1,368 
 
 
 1901 
 
 289,790 
 
 308 
 
 106.3 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 293,610 
 
 336 
 
 114.4 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 297,430 
 
 323 
 
 108.6 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 301,250 
 
 366 
 
 121.5 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1905 
 
 305,071 
 
 402 
 
 131.8 
 116.7 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,487,151 
 
 1,735 
 
 
 481 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 35 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass., by Age and Sex 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 20. 
 20-29. . . . 
 30-39.... 
 40-49. . . . 
 50-59.... 
 
 60 and over 1,121 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 50 
 
 4.6 
 
 51 
 
 8.2 
 
 137 
 
 23.9 
 
 362 
 
 88.1 
 
 621 
 
 262.7 
 
 1,121 
 
 628.6 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 54 
 
 4.9 
 
 62 
 
 9.3 
 
 356 
 
 61.6 
 
 801 
 
 198.1 
 
 1,068 
 
 428.1 
 
 1,757 
 
 745.5 
 
 All ages 2,342 75.2 4,098 126.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registry Department of the City of Boston, Mass. 
 
 Table 36 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1903-1912 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Buccal cavity 308 
 
 Stomach and liver 2,027 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 1,127 
 
 Female generative organs 921 
 
 Breast 657 
 
 Skin 82 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 1,318 
 
 TOTAL 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 4.9 
 
 31.9 
 17.7 
 14.5 
 10.3 
 1.3 
 20.7 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 248 8.0 
 
 918 29.5 
 
 446 14.3 
 
 7 
 
 44 
 
 679 
 
 0.2 
 1.4 
 
 21.8 
 
 FEMALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 60 
 
 1,109 
 
 681 
 
 921 
 
 650 
 
 38 
 
 1.9 
 34.2 
 21.0 
 28.4 
 20.1 
 
 1.2 
 19.7 
 
 All organs 6,440 101.3 2,342 75.2 4,098 126.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registry Department of the City of Boston, Mass. 
 
 482 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 37 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, Males, 1903-1912 
 
 Number of Deaths 
 
 60 
 
 Organ or Part Under 20 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 and over 
 
 Buccal cavity 1 1 3 39 75 129 
 
 Stomach and liver 3 7 60 144 264 450 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 11 13 33 70 113 206 
 
 Breast .. 1 2 4 
 
 Skin 5 6 6 27 
 
 Other or not specified organs 35 30 46 102 161 305 
 
 Morgans 50 51 137 362 621 1,121 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Buccalcavity 0.1 0.2 0.5 9.5 31.7 72.3 
 
 Stomach and liver 0.3 1.1 8.7 35.1 111.7 252.3 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum ... . 1.0 2.1 5.8 17.0 47.8 115.5 
 
 Breast. .. 0.2 0.8 2.2 
 
 Skin 0.9 1.5 2.5 15.1 
 
 Other or not specified organs 3.2 4.8 8.0 24.8 68.2 171.2 
 
 All Organs 4.6 8.2 23.9 88.1 262.7 628.6 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Registry Department of the City of Boston, Mass. 
 
 Table 38 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Boston, Mass., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, Females, 1903-1912 
 
 NoMBER OF Deaths 
 
 60 
 
 Organ or Part Under 20 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 and over 
 
 Buccal cavity 4 1 4 10 13 28 
 
 Stomach and liver 4 6 Q5 170 291 573 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum ... . 13 15 38 115 157 343 
 
 Generative organs 1 19 124 235 293 249 
 
 Breast 3 62 146 170 269 
 
 Skin 1 .. 2 3 4 28 
 
 Other or not specified organs 31 18 61 122 140 267 
 
 All organs 54 62 356 801 1,068 1,757 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Buccalcavity 0.4 0.2 0.7 2.5 5.2 11.9 
 
 Stomach and liver 0.4 0.9 11.3 42.0 116.7 243.1 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum ... . 1.2 2.3 Q.Q 28.4 62.9 145.5 
 
 Generative organs 0.1 2.9 21.5 58.1 117.5 105.7 
 
 Breast 0.5 10.7 36.1 68.1 114.1 
 
 Skin 0.1 .. 0.3 0.7 1.6 11.9 
 
 Other or not specified organs 2.7 2.5 10.5 30.3 56.1 113.3 
 
 Allorgans 4.9 9.3 61.6 198.1 428.1 745.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registry Department of the City of Boston, Mass. 
 
 483 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 39 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 413,155 
 
 155 
 
 37.5 
 
 1901 
 
 1,213,358 
 
 760 
 
 62.6 
 
 1872 
 
 430,211 
 
 147 
 
 34.2 
 
 1902 
 
 1,260,135 
 
 791 
 
 62.8 
 
 1873 
 
 447,267 
 
 170 
 
 38.0 
 
 1903 
 
 1,306,912 
 
 778 
 
 59.5 
 
 1874 
 
 464,323 
 
 197 
 
 42.4 
 
 1904 
 
 1,353,688 
 
 817 
 
 60.4 
 
 1875' 
 
 481,379 
 
 201 
 
 41.8 
 38.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,400,465 
 
 899 
 
 64.2 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 2.236,335 
 
 870 
 
 6,534,558 
 
 4,045 
 
 61.9 
 
 1876 
 
 498,435 
 
 195 
 
 39.1 
 
 1906 
 
 1,447,242 
 
 975 
 
 67.4 
 
 1877 
 
 515,492 
 
 200 
 
 38.8 
 
 1907 
 
 1,494,019 
 
 993 
 
 66.5 
 
 1878 
 
 532,549 
 
 233 
 
 43.8 
 
 1908 
 
 1,540,796 
 
 1,016 
 
 65.9 
 
 1879 
 
 549,606 
 
 231 
 
 42.0 
 
 1909 
 
 1,587,573 
 
 1,110 
 
 69.9 
 
 1880 
 
 566,663 
 
 221 
 
 39.0 
 
 40.6 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,634,351 
 
 1,212 
 
 74.2 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 2,662,745 
 
 1,080 
 
 7,703,981 
 
 5,306 
 
 68.9 
 
 1881 
 
 590,631 
 
 254 
 
 43.0 
 
 1911 
 
 1,681,129 
 
 1,221 
 
 72.6 
 
 1882 
 
 614,599 
 
 285 
 
 46.4 
 
 1912 
 
 1,727,907 
 
 1,252 
 
 72.5 
 
 1883 
 
 638,567 
 
 262 
 
 41.0 > 
 
 1913 
 
 1,774,685 
 
 1,346 
 
 75.9 
 
 1884 
 
 662,535 
 
 823 
 
 48.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 686,503 
 
 301 
 
 43.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 1871-1897, 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 
 
 
 
 the Board of Health of the City oi 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 3,192,835 
 
 1,425 
 
 44.6 
 
 N. Y., 1898-1912, Annual Reports of the 
 Board of Health of the City of New York, 
 
 1886 
 
 710,471 
 
 293 
 
 41.2 
 
 N. Y., 1913, Report 
 
 of New York State 
 
 1887 
 
 734,439 
 
 349 
 
 47.5 
 
 Department of Health 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 758,407 
 
 345 
 
 45.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 782,375 
 
 320 
 
 40.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 806,343 
 
 414 
 
 61.3 
 
 45.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3.792,035 
 
 1,721 
 
 
 1891 
 
 842,366 
 
 416 
 
 49.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 878,390 
 
 538 
 
 61.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 914,414 
 
 441 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 950,438 
 
 457 
 
 48.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 986,462 
 
 572 
 
 58.0 
 63.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 4,572,070 
 
 2,424 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1,022,486 
 
 534 
 
 62.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 1,058,510 
 
 561 
 
 53.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1.094,534 
 
 632 
 
 67.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1,130,558 
 
 701 
 
 62.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,166,582 
 
 695 
 
 69.6 
 67.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 5,472,670 
 
 3,123 
 
 
 484 
 
APPENDIX F {PART J I) 
 
 Table 40 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Brooklyn, N. Y., Males 
 
 1872-1878 and 1903-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1872 
 
 206,682 
 
 31 
 
 15.0 
 
 1906 
 
 715,367 
 
 343 
 
 47.9 
 
 1873 
 
 215,009 
 
 50 
 
 23.3 
 
 1907 
 
 738,973 
 
 403 
 
 54.5 
 
 1874 
 
 223,336 
 
 64 
 
 28.7 
 
 1908 
 
 762,579 
 
 335 
 
 43.9 
 
 1875 
 
 231,663 
 
 63 
 
 27.2 
 
 1909 
 
 786,185 
 
 414 
 
 52.7 
 
 1876 
 
 239,990 
 
 60 
 
 25.0 
 
 1910 
 
 809,791 
 
 438 
 
 54.1 
 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 248,318 
 256,646 
 
 57 
 
 72 
 
 23.0 
 28.1 
 
 24.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 3,812,895 
 833,397 
 
 1,933 
 479 
 
 50.7 
 
 1872-1878 
 
 1,621,644 
 
 397 
 
 57.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 857,003 
 
 492 
 
 57.4 
 
 1903 
 
 644,549 
 
 293 
 
 45.5 
 
 1913 
 
 880,609 
 
 534 
 
 60.6 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 668,155 
 691,761 
 
 297 
 313 
 
 44.5 
 45.2 
 
 Source: 1872-1878, Annual Reports of 
 the Board of Health of the City of Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., 1903-1913, Annual Reports of the 
 Board of Health of the City of New York. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 41 
 Mortality from Cancer in Brooklyn, N, Y. 
 1872-1878 and 1903-1913 
 
 Females 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1872 
 
 223,529 
 
 116 
 
 51.9 
 
 1906 
 
 731,875 
 
 632 
 
 86.4 
 
 1873 
 
 232,258 
 
 120 
 
 51.7 
 
 1907 
 
 755,046 
 
 590 
 
 78.1 
 
 1874 
 
 240,987 
 
 133 
 
 55.2 
 
 1908 
 
 778,217 
 
 681 
 
 87.5 
 
 1875 
 
 249,716 
 
 138 
 
 55.3 
 
 1909 
 
 801,388 
 
 696 
 
 86.8 
 
 1876 
 
 258,445 
 
 135 
 
 52.2 
 
 1910 
 
 824,560 
 
 774 
 
 93.9 
 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 267,174 
 275,903 
 
 143 
 161 
 
 53.5 
 58.4 
 
 54.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 3,891,086 
 
 847,732 
 
 3,373 
 
 742 
 
 86.7 
 
 1872-1878 
 
 1,748,012 
 
 946 
 
 87.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 870,904 
 
 760 
 
 87.3 
 
 1903 
 
 662,363 
 
 485 
 
 73.2 
 
 1913 
 
 894,076 
 
 812 
 
 90.8 
 
 1904 
 
 685,533 
 
 520 
 
 75.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 708,704 
 
 586 
 
 82.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 1872-1878, 
 
 Annual 
 
 Reports of 
 
 
 
 
 
 the Board of Health of the City of Brooklyn, 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y., 1903-1913, Annual Reports of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Board of Health of the City of New York, 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 485 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 42 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 1886-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1886 
 
 209,329 
 
 78 
 
 37.3 
 
 1901 
 
 357,227 
 
 264 
 
 73.9 
 
 1887 
 
 220,041 
 
 102 
 
 46.4 
 
 1902 
 
 362,067 
 
 230 
 
 63.5 
 
 1888 
 
 231,307 
 
 110 
 
 47.6 
 
 1903 
 
 366,907 
 
 271 
 
 73.9 
 
 1889 
 
 232,491 
 
 104 
 
 44.7 
 
 1904 
 
 371,747 
 
 271 
 
 72.9 
 
 1890 
 
 255,664 
 
 132 
 
 51.6 
 
 45.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 376,587 
 
 329 
 
 87.4 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,148,832 
 
 526 
 
 1,834,535 
 
 1,365 
 
 74.4 
 
 1891 
 
 263,981 
 
 119 
 
 45.1 
 
 1906 
 
 386,012 
 
 328 
 
 85.0 
 
 1892 
 
 278,727 
 
 114 
 
 40.9 
 
 1907 
 
 395,437 
 
 323 
 
 81.7 
 
 1893 
 
 281,435 
 
 138 
 
 49.0 
 
 1908 
 
 404,863 
 
 326 
 
 80.5 
 
 1894 
 
 290,590 
 
 156 
 
 53.7 
 
 1909 
 
 414,289 
 
 327 
 
 78.9 
 
 1895 
 
 300,043 
 
 133 
 
 44.3 
 46.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 423,715 
 
 396 
 
 93.5 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,414.776 
 
 660 
 
 2,024,316 
 
 1,700 
 
 84.0 
 
 1896 
 
 309,803 
 
 166 
 
 53.6 . 
 
 1911 
 
 433,141 
 
 420 
 
 97.0 
 
 1897 
 
 319,881 
 
 188 
 
 58.8 
 
 1912 
 
 442,567 
 
 410 
 
 92.6 
 
 1898 
 
 330,287 
 
 214 
 
 64.8 
 
 1913 
 
 451,993 
 
 451 
 
 99.8 
 
 1899 
 
 341,031 
 
 207 
 
 60.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 352,387 
 
 234 
 
 66.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of I 
 N.Y. 
 
 [paUVi of the 
 
 City of 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,653,389 
 
 1,009 
 
 61.0 
 
 
 
 Table 43 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Buffalo, N. Y., by Sex 
 
 1904-1905 and 1908-1913 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 185,289 
 187,879 
 
 107 
 141 
 
 57.7 
 75.0 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 186,458 
 188,708 
 
 164 
 
 188 
 
 88.0 
 99.6 
 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 202,652 
 207,577 
 212,502 
 
 146 
 121 
 155 
 
 72.0 
 58.3 
 
 72.9 
 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 202,211 
 206,712 
 211,213 
 
 180 
 206 
 241 
 
 89.0 
 
 99.7 
 
 114.1 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 217,427 
 222,352 
 
 227,277 
 
 170 
 170 
 189 
 
 78.2 
 76.5 
 83.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 215,714 
 220,215 
 224,716 
 
 250 
 240 
 262 
 
 115.9 
 109.0 
 116.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source 
 ment of 
 
 Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 HeaUh of the City of Buffalo, 
 
 
 
 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 
 
 
 486 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 44 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Charleston, S. C. 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 50,481 
 
 18 
 
 35.7 
 
 1906 
 
 57,621 
 
 24 
 
 41.7 
 
 1882 
 
 50,978 
 
 22 
 
 43.2 
 
 1907 
 
 57,924 
 
 40 
 
 69.1 
 
 1883 
 
 51,475 
 
 22 
 
 42.7 
 
 1908 
 
 58,227 
 
 24 
 
 41.2 
 
 1884 
 
 51,972 
 
 27 
 
 52.0 
 
 1909 
 
 58,530 
 
 32 
 
 54.7 
 
 1885 
 
 52,469 
 
 28 
 
 53.4 
 45.5 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 58,833 
 
 36 
 
 61.2 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 257,375 
 
 117 
 
 291,135 
 
 156 
 
 53.6 
 
 1886 
 
 52,966 
 
 33 
 
 62.3 
 
 1911 
 
 59,135 
 
 46 
 
 77.8 
 
 1887 
 
 53,463 
 
 15 
 
 28.1 
 
 1912 
 
 59,437 
 
 35 
 
 58.9 
 
 1888 
 
 53,960 
 
 23 
 
 42.6 
 
 1913 
 
 59,739 
 
 41 
 
 68.6 
 
 1889 
 
 54,457 
 
 26 
 
 47.7 
 
 1914 
 
 60,041 
 
 34 
 
 56.6 
 
 1890 
 
 54,955 
 
 26 
 
 47.3 
 
 Source: 
 Charleston 
 
 Year Books 
 S. C. 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 269,801 
 
 123 
 
 45.6 
 
 1891 
 
 55,040 
 
 30 
 
 54.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 55,125 
 
 26 
 
 47.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 55,210 
 
 30 
 
 54.3 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1894 
 
 55,295 
 
 26 
 
 47.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 55,380 
 
 34 
 
 61.4 
 52.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 276,050 
 
 146 
 
 
 1896 
 
 55,465 
 
 34 
 
 61.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 55,550 
 
 26 
 
 46.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 55,635 
 
 19 
 
 34.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 55,721 
 
 54 
 
 96.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 55,807 
 
 35 
 
 62.7 
 60.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 278,178 
 
 168 
 
 
 1901 
 
 56,109 
 
 33 
 
 58.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 56,411 
 
 30 
 
 53.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 56,713 
 
 29 
 
 51.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 57,015 
 
 27 
 
 47.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 57,318 
 
 30 
 
 52.3 
 52.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 283,566 
 
 149 
 
 
 487 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 45 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Charleston, S. C, White 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 22,821 
 
 11 
 
 48.2 
 
 1906 
 
 26,352 
 
 20 
 
 75.9 
 
 1882 
 
 22,943 
 
 12 
 
 52.3 
 
 1907 
 
 26,705 
 
 18 
 
 67.4 
 
 1883 
 
 23,065 
 
 9 
 
 39.0 
 
 1908 
 
 27,058 
 
 20 
 
 73.9 
 
 1884 
 
 23,187 
 
 11 
 
 47.4 
 
 1909 
 
 27,411 
 
 18 
 
 65.7 
 
 1885 
 
 23,309 
 
 13 
 
 55.8 
 48.6 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 27,764 
 
 23 
 
 82.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 115,325 
 
 56 
 
 135,290 
 
 99 
 
 73.2 
 
 1886 
 
 23,431 
 
 18 
 
 76.8 
 
 1911 
 
 28,116 
 
 24 
 
 85.4 
 
 1887 
 
 23,553 
 
 6 
 
 25.5 
 
 1912 
 
 28,468 
 
 24 
 
 84.3 
 
 1888 
 
 23,675 
 
 15 
 
 63.4 
 
 1913 
 
 28,820 
 
 25 
 
 86.7 
 
 1889 
 
 23,797 
 
 18 
 
 75.6 
 
 1914 
 
 29,172 
 
 22 
 
 75.4 
 
 1890 
 
 23,919 
 
 14 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 Charleston 
 
 Year Books 
 S. C. 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 118,375 
 
 71 
 
 60.0 
 
 1891 
 
 23,950 
 
 16 
 
 66.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 23,982 
 
 13 
 
 54.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 24,014 
 
 16 
 
 66.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 24,046 
 
 13 
 
 54.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 24,078 
 
 15 
 
 62.3 
 60.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 120,070 
 
 73 
 
 
 1896 
 
 24,110 
 
 21 
 
 87.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 24,142 
 
 15 
 
 62.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 24,174 
 
 10 
 
 41.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 24,206 
 
 34 
 
 140.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 24,238 
 
 20 
 
 82.5 
 82.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 120,870 
 
 100 
 
 
 1901 
 
 24,590 
 
 18 
 
 73.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 24,942 
 
 13 
 
 52.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 25,294 
 
 17 
 
 67.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 25,646 
 
 13 
 
 50.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 25,999 
 
 18 
 
 69.2 
 62.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 126,471 
 
 79 
 
 
 488 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 46 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Charleston, S. C, Colored 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 27,660 
 
 7 
 
 25.3 
 
 1906 
 
 31,269 
 
 4 
 
 12.8 
 
 1882 
 
 28,035 
 
 10 
 
 35.7 
 
 1907 
 
 31,219 
 
 22 
 
 70.5 
 
 1883 
 
 28,410 
 
 13 
 
 45.8 
 
 1908 
 
 31,169 
 
 4 
 
 12.8 
 
 1884 
 
 28,785 
 
 16 
 
 55.6 
 
 1909 
 
 31,119 
 
 14 
 
 45.0 
 
 1885 
 
 29,160 
 
 15 
 
 51.4 
 42.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 31,069 
 
 13 
 
 41.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 142,050 
 
 61 
 
 155,845 
 
 57 
 
 36.6 
 
 1886 
 
 29,535 
 
 15 
 
 50.8 
 
 1911 
 
 31,019 
 
 22 
 
 70.9 
 
 1887 
 
 29,910 
 
 9 
 
 30.1 
 
 1912 
 
 30,969 
 
 11 
 
 35.5 
 
 1888 
 
 30,285 
 
 8 
 
 26.4 
 
 1913 
 
 30,919 
 
 16 
 
 51.7 
 
 1889 
 
 30,660 
 
 8 
 
 26.1 
 
 1914 
 
 30,869 
 
 12 
 
 38.9 
 
 1890 
 
 31,036 
 
 12 
 
 38.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Year Books 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 151,426 
 
 52 
 
 34.3 
 
 Charleston, 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 31,090 
 
 14 
 
 45.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 31,143 
 
 13 
 
 41.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 31,196 
 
 14 
 
 44.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 31,249 
 
 13 
 
 41.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 31,302 
 
 19 
 
 60.7 
 46.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 155,980 
 
 73 
 
 
 1896 
 
 31,355 
 
 13 
 
 41.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 31,408 
 
 11 
 
 35.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 31,461 
 
 9 
 
 28.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 31,515 
 
 20 
 
 63.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 31,569 
 
 15 
 
 47.5 
 
 43.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 157,308 
 
 68 
 
 
 1'901 
 
 31,519 
 
 15 
 
 47.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 31,469 
 
 17 
 
 54.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 31,419 
 
 12 
 
 38.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 31,369 
 
 14 
 
 44.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 31,319 
 
 12 
 
 38.3 
 44.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 157,095 
 
 70 
 
 
 489 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 47 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Chicago, 111. 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 319,397 
 
 68 
 
 21.3 
 
 1901 
 
 1,747,245 
 
 1,097 
 
 62.8 
 
 1872 
 
 339,817 
 
 75 
 
 22.1 
 
 1902 
 
 1,795,915 
 
 1,169 
 
 65.1 
 
 1873 
 
 360,238 
 
 107 
 
 29.7 
 
 1903 
 
 1,844,586 
 
 1,172 
 
 63.5 
 
 1874 
 
 380,659 
 
 110 
 
 28.9 
 
 1904 
 
 1,893,257 
 
 1,203 
 
 63.5 
 
 1875 
 
 401,080 
 
 123 
 
 30.7 
 26.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,941,928 
 
 1,280 
 
 65.9 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,801,191 
 
 483 
 
 9,222,931 
 
 5,921 
 
 64.2 
 
 1876 
 
 421,501 
 
 122 
 
 28.9 
 
 1906 
 
 1,990,599 
 
 1,430 
 
 71.8 
 
 1877 
 
 441,922 
 
 130 
 
 29.4 
 
 1907 
 
 2,039,270 
 
 1,538 
 
 75.4 
 
 1878 
 
 462,343 
 
 177 
 
 38.3 
 
 1908 
 
 2,087,941 
 
 1,571 
 
 75.2 
 
 1879 
 
 482,764 
 
 177 
 
 36.7 
 
 1909 
 
 2,136,612 
 
 1,646 
 
 77.0 
 
 1880 
 
 503,185 
 
 163 
 
 32.4 
 33.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,185,283 
 
 1,804 
 
 82.6 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 2,311,715 
 
 769 
 
 10,439,705 
 
 7,989 
 
 76.5 
 
 1881 
 
 562,851 
 
 217 
 
 38.6 
 
 1911 
 
 2,233,953 
 
 1,799 
 
 80.5 
 
 1882 
 
 622,517 
 
 220 
 
 35.3 
 
 1912 
 
 2,282,623 
 
 1,798 
 
 78.8 
 
 1883 
 
 682,183 
 
 232 
 
 34.0 
 
 1913 
 
 2,331,293 
 
 2,004 
 
 86.0 
 
 1884 
 
 741,849 
 
 265 
 
 35.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 801,515 
 
 249 
 
 31.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 3 Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of Health of Chicago, 111. 1910-1913, 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 3,410,915 
 
 1,183 
 
 34.7 
 
 United States Mortality 
 
 Statistics. 
 
 1886 
 
 861,182 
 
 230 
 
 26.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 920,849 
 
 301 
 
 32.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 980,516 
 
 361 
 
 36.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 1,040,183 
 
 379 
 
 36.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1,099,850 
 
 461 
 
 41.9 
 35.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 4,902,580 
 
 1,732 
 
 
 1891 
 
 1,159,722 
 
 546 
 
 47.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1,219,594 
 
 546 
 
 44.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1,279,466 
 
 617 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 1,339,338 
 
 640 
 
 47.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1,399,210 
 
 682 
 
 48.7 
 47.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 6,397,330 
 
 3,031 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1,459,083 
 
 734 
 
 50.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 1,518,956 
 
 773 
 
 50.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1,578,829 
 
 893 
 
 56.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1^638,702 
 
 985 
 
 60.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,698,575 
 
 986 
 
 58.0 
 55.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 7,894,145 
 
 4,371 
 
 
 490 
 
APPENDIX F (PART IP) 
 
 Table 48 
 Mortality from Cancer in Chicago, III. 
 1895-1913 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1895 
 
 715,903 
 
 288 
 
 40.2 
 
 1906 
 
 1,020,820 
 
 660 
 
 64.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 1,047,056 
 
 663 
 
 63.3 
 
 1896 
 
 745,404 
 
 335 
 
 44.9 
 
 1908 
 
 1,073,292 
 
 685 
 
 63.8 
 
 1897 
 
 774,905 
 
 323 
 
 41.7 
 
 1909 
 
 1,099,528 
 
 726 
 
 66.0 
 
 1898 
 
 804,406 
 
 369 
 
 45.9 
 
 1910 
 
 1,125,764 
 
 768 
 
 68.2 
 
 1899 
 
 833,907 
 
 428 
 
 51.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 863,408 
 
 423 
 
 49.0 
 46.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 5,366,460 
 1,152,000 
 
 3,502 
 
 757 
 
 65.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 4,022,030 
 
 1.878 
 
 65.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1,178,236 
 
 777 
 
 65.9 
 
 WOl 
 
 889,643 
 
 463 
 
 52.0 
 
 1913 
 
 1,204,472 
 
 851 
 
 70.7 
 
 1902 
 
 915,878 
 
 482 
 
 52.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 942,113 
 
 542 
 
 57.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 
 1904 
 
 968,348 
 
 504 
 
 52.0 
 
 ment of Health of Chicago, 111. 
 
 1910-1913, 
 
 1905 
 
 994,584 
 
 576 
 
 57.9 
 54.5 
 
 United States Mortality 
 
 Statist 
 
 ics. 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 4,710,566 
 
 2,567 
 
 
 Table 49 
 Mortality from Cancer in Chicago, 111. 
 1895-1913 
 
 Females 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1895 
 
 683,307 
 
 394 
 
 57.7 
 
 1906 
 
 969,779 
 
 770 
 
 79.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 992,214 
 
 875 
 
 88.2 
 
 1896 
 
 713,679 
 
 399 
 
 55.9 
 
 1908 
 
 1,014,649 
 
 886 
 
 87.3 
 
 1897 
 
 744,051 
 
 450 
 
 60.5 
 
 1909 
 
 1,037,084 
 
 920 
 
 88.7 
 
 1898 
 
 774,423 
 
 524 
 
 67.7 
 
 1910 
 
 1,059,519 
 
 1,036 
 
 97.8 
 
 1899 
 
 804,795 
 
 557 
 
 69.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 835,167 
 
 663 
 
 67.4 
 64.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 5,073,245 
 1,081,953 
 
 4,487 
 1,042 
 
 88.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,872,115 
 
 2,493 
 
 96.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1,104,387 
 
 1,021 
 
 92.4 
 
 1901 
 
 857,602 
 
 634 
 
 73.9 
 
 1913 
 
 1,126,821 
 
 1,153 
 
 102.3 
 
 1902 
 
 880,037 
 
 687 
 
 78.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 902,473 
 
 630 
 
 69.8 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 
 1904 
 
 924,909 
 
 699 
 
 75.6 
 
 ment of Health of Chicag 
 
 3. 111. 
 
 1910-1913, 
 
 1905 
 
 947,344 
 
 704 
 
 74.3 
 74.3 
 
 United States Mortality 
 
 Statist 
 
 ,1CS. 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 4,512,365 
 
 3,354 
 
 
 491 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 50 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Chicago, 111., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1903-1912 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . . 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 388 
 6,542 
 1,611 
 2,440 
 1,128 
 
 212 
 2,920 
 
 TOTAL 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1.9 
 31.7 
 
 7.8 
 11.8 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.0 
 14.2 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 334 3.2 
 
 3,617 34.1 
 
 725 6.8 
 
 5 
 
 122 
 1,855 
 
 0.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 17.5 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 54 
 
 2,925 
 
 886 
 
 2,440 
 
 1,123 
 
 90 
 1,065 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 0.5 
 
 24.3 
 
 11.2 
 
 0.9 
 
 10.6 
 
 AUorgans 15,241 73.9 6,658 62.8 8,583 85.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Health of the City of Chicago, 111. 
 
 Table 51 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 220,129 
 
 49 
 
 22.3 
 
 1896 
 
 314,302 
 
 209 
 
 66.5 
 
 1872 
 
 224,019 
 
 66 
 
 29.5 
 
 1897 
 
 317,202 
 
 189 
 
 59.6 
 
 1873 
 
 227,909 
 
 61 
 
 26.8 
 
 1898 
 
 320,102 
 
 195 
 
 60.9 
 
 1874 
 
 231,799 
 
 66 
 
 28.5 
 
 1899 
 
 323,002 
 
 205 
 
 63.5 
 
 1875 
 
 235,689 
 
 79 
 
 33.5 
 
 28.2 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 325,902 
 
 198 
 
 60.8 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,139,545 
 
 321 
 
 1,600,510 
 
 996 
 
 62.2 
 
 1876 
 
 239,579 
 
 76 
 
 31.7 
 
 1901 
 
 329,670 
 
 223 
 
 67.6 
 
 1877 
 
 243,469 
 
 80 
 
 32.9 
 
 1902 
 
 333,439 
 
 227 
 
 68.1 
 
 1878 
 
 247,359 
 
 66 
 
 26.7 
 
 1903 
 
 337,208 
 
 267 
 
 79.2 
 
 1879 
 
 251,249 
 
 88 
 
 35.0 
 
 1904 
 
 340,977 
 
 250 
 
 73.3 
 
 1880 
 
 255,139 
 
 105 
 
 41.2 
 33.6 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 344,746 
 
 228 
 
 66.1 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 1,236,795 
 
 415 
 
 1,686,040 
 
 1.195 
 
 70.9 
 
 1881 
 
 259,315 
 
 103 
 
 39.7 
 
 1906 
 
 348,515 
 
 376 
 
 107.9 
 
 1882 
 
 263,492 
 
 111 
 
 42.1 
 
 1907 
 
 352,284 
 
 305 
 
 86.6 
 
 1883 
 
 267,669 
 
 115 
 
 43.0 
 
 1908 
 
 356,053 
 
 328 
 
 92.1 
 
 1884 
 
 271,846 
 
 98 
 
 36.1 
 
 1909 
 
 359,822 
 
 344 
 
 95.6 
 
 1885 
 
 276,023 
 
 93 
 
 33.7 
 38.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 363,591 
 
 302 
 
 83.1 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,338,345 
 
 520 
 
 1,780,265 
 
 1,655 
 
 93,0 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 
 280,200 
 284,377 
 288,554 
 292,731 
 
 124 
 137 
 154 
 124 
 
 44.3 
 48.2 
 53.4 
 42.4 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 367,360 
 371,129 
 
 374,898 
 
 354 
 352 
 394 
 
 96.4 
 
 94.8 
 
 105.1 
 
 1890 
 
 296,908 
 
 129 
 
 43.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,442,770 
 
 608 
 
 46.3 
 
 of Health ot the Uity ot l^mcinnati, Uliio. 
 
 1891 
 
 299,807 
 
 159 
 
 53.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 302,706 
 
 148 
 
 48.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 305,605 
 
 160 
 
 52.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 308,504 
 
 184 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 311,403 
 
 152 
 
 48.8 
 52.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,528,025 
 
 803 
 
 
 492 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 52 
 
 
 
 Table 53 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cincinnati 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cincinnati 
 
 
 Ohio, Males 
 
 
 
 Ohio, Females 
 
 
 
 1891-191 
 
 13 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 146,223 
 
 53 
 
 36.2 
 
 1891 
 
 153,584 
 
 106 
 
 69.0 
 
 1892 
 
 147,436 
 
 61 
 
 41.4 
 
 1892 
 
 155,270 
 
 87 
 
 56.0 
 
 1893 
 
 148;649 
 
 60 
 
 40.4 
 
 1893 
 
 156,956 
 
 100 
 
 63.7 
 
 1894 
 
 149,862 
 
 77 
 
 51.4 
 
 1894 
 
 158,642 
 
 107 
 
 67.4 
 
 1895 
 
 151,075 
 
 49 
 
 32.4 
 40.4 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 160,328 
 
 103 
 
 64.2 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 743,245 
 
 300 
 
 784,780 
 
 503 
 
 64.1 
 
 1896 
 
 152,288 
 
 75 
 
 49.2 
 
 1896 
 
 162,014 
 
 134 
 
 82.7 
 
 1897 
 
 153,501 
 
 74 
 
 48.2 
 
 1897 
 
 163,701 
 
 115 
 
 70.3 
 
 1898 
 
 154,714 
 
 88 
 
 56.9 
 
 1898 
 
 165,388 
 
 107 
 
 64.7 
 
 1899 
 
 155,927 
 
 84 
 
 53.9 
 
 1899 
 
 167,075 
 
 121 
 
 72.4 
 
 1900 
 
 157.140 
 
 83 
 
 52.8 
 52.2 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 168,762 
 
 115 
 
 68.1 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 773,570 
 
 404 
 
 826,940 
 
 592 
 
 71.6 
 
 1901 
 
 159,177 
 
 77 
 
 48.4 
 
 1901 
 
 170,493 
 
 146 
 
 85.6 
 
 1902 
 
 161,214 
 
 77 
 
 47.8 
 
 1902 
 
 172,225 
 
 150 
 
 87.1 
 
 1903 
 
 163,251 
 
 97 
 
 59.4 
 
 1903 
 
 173,957 
 
 170 
 
 97.7 
 
 1904 
 
 165,288 
 
 88 
 
 53.2 
 
 1904 
 
 175,689 
 
 162 
 
 92.2 
 
 1905 
 
 167,325 
 
 83 
 
 49.6 
 51.7 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 177,421 
 
 145 
 
 81.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 816,255 
 
 422 
 
 869,785 
 
 773 
 
 88.9 
 
 1906 
 
 169,362 
 
 108 
 
 63.8 
 
 1906 
 
 179,153 
 
 268 
 
 149.6 
 
 1907 
 
 171,399 
 
 101 
 
 58.9 
 
 1907 
 
 180,885 
 
 204 
 
 112.8 
 
 1908 
 
 173,436 
 
 129 
 
 74.4 
 
 1908 
 
 182,617 
 
 199 
 
 109.0 
 
 1909 
 
 175,473 
 
 125 
 
 71.2 
 
 1909 
 
 184,349 
 
 219 
 
 118.8 
 
 1910 
 
 177,511 
 
 126 
 
 71.0 
 67.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 186,080 
 
 176 
 
 94.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 867,181 
 
 589 
 
 913.084 
 
 1.066 
 
 116.7 
 
 1911 
 
 179,549 
 
 130 
 
 72.4 
 
 1911 
 
 187,811 
 
 224 
 
 119.3 
 
 1912 
 
 181,587 
 
 134 
 
 73.8 
 
 1912 
 
 189,542 
 
 218 
 
 115.0 
 
 1913 
 
 183,625 
 
 141 
 
 76.8 
 
 1913 
 
 191,273 
 
 253 
 
 132.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 of Health of the City of 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 of Health of the City 
 
 of Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 54 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 1884-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1884 
 
 200,627 
 
 78 
 
 38.9 
 
 1885 
 
 210,748 
 
 73 
 
 34.6 
 
 1886 
 
 220,869 
 
 76 
 
 34.4 
 
 1887 
 
 230,990 
 
 100 
 
 43.3 
 
 1888 
 
 241,111 
 
 100 
 
 41.5 
 
 1889 
 
 251,232 
 
 102 
 
 40.6 
 
 1890 
 
 261,353 
 
 111 
 
 42.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,205,555 
 
 489 
 
 40.6 
 
 1891 
 
 273,394 
 
 111 
 
 40.6 
 
 1892 
 
 285,435 
 
 102 
 
 35.7 
 
 1893 
 
 297,476 
 
 150 
 
 50.4 
 
 1894 
 
 309,517 
 
 138 
 
 44.6 
 
 1895 
 
 321,558 
 
 192 
 
 59.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,487,380 
 
 693 
 
 46.6 
 
 1896 
 
 333,600 
 
 165 
 
 49.5 
 
 1897 
 
 345,642 
 
 183 
 
 52.9 
 
 1898 
 
 357,684 
 
 171 
 
 47.8 
 
 1899 
 
 369,726 
 
 184 
 
 49.8 
 
 1900 
 
 381,768 
 
 187 
 
 49.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,788,420 
 
 890 
 
 49.8 
 
 1901 
 
 399,657 
 
 211 
 
 52.8 
 
 1902 
 
 417,546 
 
 196 
 
 46.9 
 
 1903 
 
 435,435 
 
 228 
 
 52.4 
 
 1904 
 
 453,324 
 
 233 
 
 51.4 
 
 1905 
 
 471,213 
 
 269 
 
 57.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,177,175 
 
 1,137 
 
 52.2 
 
 1906 
 
 489,103 
 
 290 
 
 59.3 
 
 1907 
 
 506,993 
 
 295 
 
 58.2 
 
 1908 
 
 524,883 
 
 328 
 
 62.5 
 
 1909 
 
 542,773 
 
 333 
 
 61.4 
 
 1910 
 
 560,663 
 
 405 
 
 72.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,624,415 
 
 1,651 
 
 62.9 
 
 1911 
 
 578,553 
 
 422 
 
 72.9 
 
 1912 
 
 596,443 
 
 472 
 
 79.1 
 
 1913 
 
 614,333 
 
 489 
 
 79.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Public Health Depart- 
 ment of the City of Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 494 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 55 
 
 
 
 Table 56 
 
 
 Mortalit 
 
 y from Cancer in 
 Ohio, Males 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 Ohio, Females 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 
 1885- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1885- 
 
 1913 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1885 
 
 107,121 
 
 30 
 
 28.0 
 
 1885 
 
 103,627 
 
 43 
 
 41.5 
 
 1886 
 
 112,210 
 
 39 
 
 34.8 
 
 1886 
 
 108,659 
 
 37 
 
 34.1 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 122,373 
 127,447 
 132,517 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 44 
 
 1886-1890 494,547 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 138,527 
 144,537 
 150,546 
 156,556 
 162,566 
 
 161 
 
 40 
 40 
 56 
 5Q 
 
 29.4 
 33.0 
 33.2 
 
 32.6 
 
 28.9 
 27.7 
 37.2 
 35.8 
 50.4 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 118,738 
 123,785 
 128,836 
 
 1886-1890 480,018 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 134,867 
 140,898 
 146,930 
 152,961 
 158,992 
 
 64 
 60 
 67 
 
 71 
 62 
 
 110 
 
 53.9 
 48.5 
 52.0 
 
 47.5 
 
 52.6 
 44.0 
 64.0 
 53.6 
 69.2 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 752,732 
 
 274 
 
 36.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 734,648 
 
 419 
 
 57.0 
 
 1896 
 
 168,576 
 
 80 
 
 47.5 
 
 1896 
 
 165,024 
 
 85 
 
 51.5 
 
 1897 
 
 174,586 
 
 67 
 
 38.4 
 
 1897 
 
 171,056 
 
 116 
 
 67.8 
 
 1898 
 
 180,596 
 
 76 
 
 42.1 
 
 1898 
 
 177,088 
 
 95 
 
 53.6 
 
 1899 
 
 186,606 
 
 85 
 
 45.6 
 
 1899 
 
 183,120 
 
 99 
 
 54.1 
 
 1900 
 
 192,616 
 
 81 
 
 42.1 
 43.1 
 
 1900 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 189,152 
 
 106 
 
 56.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 902.980 
 
 389 
 
 885,440 
 
 501 
 
 56.6 
 
 1901 
 
 202,280 
 
 76 
 
 37.6 
 
 1901 
 
 197,377 
 
 135 
 
 68.4 
 
 1902 
 
 211,944 
 
 86 
 
 40.6 
 
 1902 
 
 205,602 
 
 110 
 
 53.5 
 
 1903 
 
 221,608 
 
 91 
 
 41.1 
 
 1903 
 
 213,827 
 
 137 
 
 64.1 
 
 1904 
 
 231,272 
 
 106 
 
 45.8 
 
 1904 
 
 222,052 
 
 127 
 
 57.2 
 
 1905 
 
 240,937 
 
 120 
 
 49.8 
 43.2 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 230,276 
 
 149 
 
 64.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,108,041 
 
 479 
 
 1,069,134 
 
 658 
 
 61.5 
 
 1906 
 
 250,602 
 
 111 
 
 44.3 
 
 1906 
 
 238,501 
 
 179 
 
 75.1 
 
 1907 
 
 260,267 
 
 114 
 
 43.8 
 
 1907 
 
 246,726 
 
 181 
 
 73.4 
 
 1908 
 
 269,932 
 
 141 
 
 52.2 
 
 1908 
 
 254,951 
 
 187 
 
 73.3 
 
 1909 
 
 279,597 
 
 135 
 
 48.3 
 
 1909 
 
 263,176 
 
 198 
 
 75.2 
 
 1910 
 
 289,262 
 
 160 
 
 55.3 
 49.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 271,401 
 
 245 
 
 90.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,349,660 
 
 661 
 
 1,274,755 
 
 990 
 
 77.7 
 
 1911 
 
 298,927 
 
 173 
 
 57.9 
 
 1911 
 
 279,626 
 
 249 
 
 89.0 
 
 1912 
 
 308,592 
 
 204 
 
 66.1 
 
 1912 
 
 287,851 
 
 268 
 
 93.1 
 
 1913 
 
 318,257 
 
 227 
 
 71.3 
 
 1913 
 
 296,076 
 
 262 
 
 88.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Report 
 
 s of the 
 
 Public 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Public 
 
 Health Department of the 
 
 City of 
 
 Cleve- 
 
 Health Department of 
 
 the City of Cleve- 
 
 land, Ohio. 
 
 
 
 
 land, Ohio. 
 
 
 
 
 495 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 57 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cleveland, Ohio, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1903-1912 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 47 
 
 0.9 
 
 36 
 
 1.4 
 
 11 
 
 0.4 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 1,299 
 
 278 
 
 25.2 
 5.4 
 
 664 
 105 
 
 25.0 
 4.0 
 
 635 
 173 
 
 25.3 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 6.9 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 408 
 
 7.9 
 
 6 
 
 0.2 
 
 402 
 
 16.0 
 
 Breast 
 
 173 
 
 3.4 
 
 5 
 
 0.2 
 
 168 
 
 6.7 
 
 Skin 
 
 63 
 
 1.2 
 
 38 
 
 1.4 
 
 25 
 
 1.0 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . . 
 
 1,007 
 3,275 
 
 19.5 
 63.5 
 
 501 
 
 18.9 
 51.1 
 
 506 
 
 20.2 
 
 All organs 
 
 1.355 
 
 1,920 
 
 76.5 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Public Health Department of the City of Cleveland, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Table 58 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Columbus, Ohio 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 125,560 
 
 85 
 
 67.7 
 
 1906 
 
 159,130 
 
 101 
 
 63.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 164,725 
 
 102 
 
 61.9 
 
 1901 
 
 131,155 
 
 66 
 
 50.3 
 
 1908 
 
 170,320 
 
 135 
 
 79.3 
 
 1902 
 
 136,750 
 
 86 
 
 62.9 
 
 1909 
 
 175,915 
 
 173 
 
 98.3 
 
 1903 
 
 142,345 
 
 91 
 
 63.9 
 
 1910 
 
 181,511 
 
 166 
 
 91.5 
 
 1904 
 
 147,940 
 
 101 
 
 68.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 153,535 
 
 104 
 
 67.7 
 62.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 851,601 
 187,106 
 
 677 
 163 
 
 79.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 711,725 
 
 448 
 
 87.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 192,701 
 
 186 
 
 96.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 198,296 
 
 181 
 
 91.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 United States Mortality Sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tistics. 
 
 
 
 
 496 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 59 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Dayton, Ohio 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1871 
 
 31,293 
 
 11 
 
 35.2 
 
 1896 
 
 75,686 
 
 46 
 
 60.8 
 
 1872 
 
 32.113 
 
 11 
 
 34.3 
 
 1897 
 
 78,097 
 
 54 
 
 69.1 
 
 1873 
 
 32,933 
 
 12 
 
 36.4 
 
 1898 
 
 80,509 
 
 43 
 
 53.4 
 
 1874 
 
 33,753 
 
 9 
 
 26.7 
 
 1899 
 
 82,921 
 
 . 55 
 
 66.3 
 
 1875 
 
 34,573 
 
 9 
 
 26.0 
 31.6 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 85,333 
 
 56 
 
 65.6 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 164,665 
 
 52 
 
 402,546 
 
 254 
 
 63.1 
 
 1876 
 
 35,394 
 
 17 
 
 48.0 
 
 1901 
 
 88,457 
 
 66 
 
 74.6 
 
 1877 
 
 36,215 
 
 8 
 
 22.1 
 
 1902 
 
 91,581 
 
 54 
 
 59.0 
 
 1878 
 
 37,036 
 
 11 
 
 29.7 
 
 1903 
 
 94,705 
 
 66 
 
 69.7 
 
 1879 
 
 37,857 
 
 17 
 
 44.9 
 
 1904 
 
 97,829 
 
 66 
 
 67.5 
 
 1880 
 
 38,678 
 
 19 
 
 49.1 
 38.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 100,953 
 
 70 
 
 69.3 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 185,180 
 
 72 
 
 473,525 
 
 322 
 
 68.0 
 
 1881 
 
 40,932 
 
 18 
 
 44.0 
 
 1906 
 
 104,077 
 
 95 
 
 91.3 
 
 1882 
 
 43,186 
 
 19 
 
 44.0 
 
 1907 
 
 107,202 
 
 91 
 
 84.9 
 
 1883 
 
 45,440 
 
 9 
 
 19.8 
 
 1908 
 
 110,327 
 
 77 
 
 69.8 
 
 1884 
 
 47,694 
 
 15 
 
 31.5 
 
 1909 
 
 113,452 
 
 119 
 
 104.9 
 
 1885 
 
 49,948 
 
 18 
 
 36.0 
 34.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 116,577 
 
 106 
 
 90.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 227,200 
 
 79 
 
 551,635 
 
 488 
 
 88.5 
 
 1886 
 
 52,202 
 
 22 
 
 42.1 
 
 1911 
 
 119,701 
 
 111 
 
 92.7 
 
 1887 
 
 54,456 
 
 25 
 
 45.9 
 
 1912 
 
 122,825 
 
 112 
 
 91.2 
 
 1888 
 
 56,710 
 
 28 
 
 49.4 
 
 1913 
 
 125,949 
 
 109 
 
 86.5 
 
 1889 
 
 58,965 
 
 26 
 
 44.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 61,220 
 
 28 
 
 45.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 3 Board 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Health 
 
 of the City 
 
 of Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 283,553 
 
 129 
 
 45.5 
 
 United States Mortality Statistics, 1909- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913. 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 63,631 
 
 52 
 
 81.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 66,042 
 
 SI 
 
 46.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 68,453 
 
 33 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 70,864 
 
 53 
 
 74.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 73,275 
 
 41 
 
 56.0 
 61.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 342,265 
 
 210 
 
 
 497 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 60 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Dayton, Ohio, Males 
 
 1876-1908 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 : 00,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1876 
 
 17,521 
 
 8 
 
 45.7 
 
 1901 
 
 43,812 
 
 30 
 
 68.5 
 
 1877 
 
 17,935 
 
 2 
 
 11.2 
 
 1902 
 
 45,482 
 
 24 
 
 52.8 
 
 1878 
 
 18,349 
 
 8 
 
 43.6 
 
 1903 
 
 47,152 
 
 27 
 
 57.3 
 
 1879 
 
 18,763 
 
 7 
 
 37.3 
 
 1904 
 
 48,822 
 
 23 
 
 47.1 
 
 1880 
 
 19,177 
 
 8 
 33 
 
 41.7 
 36.0 
 
 1905 
 . 1901-1905 
 
 50,493 
 
 23 
 
 45.6 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 91,745 
 
 235,761 
 
 127 
 
 53.9 
 
 1881 
 
 20,308 
 
 8 
 
 39.4 
 
 1906 
 
 52,164 
 
 42 
 
 80.5 
 
 1882 
 
 21,439 
 
 5 
 
 23.3 
 
 1907 
 
 53,835 
 
 41 
 
 76.2 
 
 1883 
 
 22,570 
 
 1 
 
 4.4 
 
 1908 
 
 55,5QQ 
 
 27 
 
 48.6 
 
 1884 
 
 23,701 
 
 1 
 
 4.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 24,832 
 
 7 
 
 28.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 the Board 
 
 
 
 
 
 nf Health 
 
 of the City 
 
 of Dayt 
 
 )n Ohio 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 112,850 
 
 22 
 
 19.5 
 
 Ul ±±CtlILli 
 
 
 1886 
 
 25,963 
 
 12 
 
 46.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 27,094 
 
 10 
 
 36.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 28,225 
 
 8 
 
 28.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 29,357 
 
 11 
 
 37.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 30,489 
 
 8 
 
 26.2 
 34.7 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 141,128 
 
 49 
 
 
 1891 
 
 31,654 
 
 18 
 
 56.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 32,819 
 
 14 
 
 42.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 33,984 
 
 13 
 
 38.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 35,149 
 
 19 
 
 54.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 36,314 
 
 14 
 
 38.6 
 45.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 169,920 
 
 78 
 
 
 1896 
 
 37,479 
 
 20 
 
 53.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 38,644 
 
 22 
 
 56.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 39,810 
 
 20 
 
 50.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 40,976 
 
 18 
 
 43.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 42,142 
 
 15 
 
 35.6 
 
 47.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 199,051 
 
 95 
 
 
 498 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 61 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Dayton, Ohio, Females 
 
 1876-1908 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1876 
 
 17,873 
 
 9 
 
 50.4 
 
 1901 44,645 
 
 36 
 
 80.6 
 
 1877 
 
 18,280 
 
 6 
 
 32.8 
 
 1902 46,099 
 
 30 
 
 65.1 
 
 1878 
 
 18,687 
 
 3 
 
 16.1 
 
 1903 47,553 
 
 39 
 
 82.0 
 
 1879 
 
 19,094 
 
 10 
 
 52.4 
 
 1904 49,007 
 
 43 
 
 87.7 
 
 1880 
 
 19,501 
 
 11 
 
 56.4 
 41.7 
 
 1905 50,460 
 
 47 
 
 93.1 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 93,435 
 
 39 
 
 1901-1905 237,764 
 
 195 
 
 82.0 
 
 1881 
 
 20,624 
 
 10 
 
 48.5 
 
 1906 51,913 
 
 53 
 
 102.1 
 
 1882 
 
 21,747 
 
 14 
 
 64.4 
 
 1907 53,367 
 
 50 
 
 93.7 
 
 1883 
 
 22,870 
 
 8 
 
 35.0 
 
 1908 54,821 
 
 50 
 
 91.2 
 
 1884 
 
 23,993 
 
 14 
 
 58.4 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 25,116 
 
 11 
 
 43.8 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Health of the City 
 
 of Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 114,350 
 
 57 
 
 49.8 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 26,239 
 
 10 
 
 38.1 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 27,362 
 
 15 
 
 54.8 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 28,485 
 
 20 
 
 70.2 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 29,608 
 
 15 
 
 50.7 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 30,731 
 
 20 
 
 65.1 
 56.2 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 142,425 
 
 80 
 
 
 1891 
 
 31,977 
 
 34 
 
 106.3 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 33,223 
 
 17 
 
 51.2 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 34,469 
 
 20 
 
 58.0 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 35,715 
 
 34 
 
 95.2 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 36,961 
 
 27 
 
 73.0 
 76.6 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 172,345 
 
 132 
 
 
 1896 
 
 38,207 
 
 26 
 
 68.1 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 1897 
 
 39,453 
 
 32 
 
 81.1 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 40,699 
 
 23 
 
 56.5 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 41,945 
 
 37 
 
 88.2 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 43,191 
 
 41 
 
 94.9 
 
 78.1 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 203,495 
 
 159 
 
 
 499 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 62 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Denver, Colo. 
 
 1892-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 112,141 
 
 25 
 
 22.3 
 
 1906 
 
 181,570 
 
 133 
 
 73.2 
 
 1893 
 
 114,855 
 
 48 
 
 41.8 
 
 1907 
 
 189,522 
 
 115 
 
 60.7 
 
 1894 
 
 117,569 
 
 43 
 
 36.6 
 
 1908 
 
 197,475 
 
 159 
 
 80.5 
 
 1895 
 
 120,284 
 
 52 
 
 43.2 
 
 1909 
 
 205,428 
 
 171 
 
 83.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 213,381 
 
 191 
 
 89.5 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 464,849 
 
 168 
 
 36.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 987,376 
 
 769 
 
 77.9 
 
 1896 
 
 122,999 
 
 62 
 
 50.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 125,714 
 
 77 
 
 61.3 
 
 1911 
 
 221,334 
 
 166 
 
 75.0 
 
 1898 
 
 128,429 
 
 71 
 
 55.3 
 
 1912 
 
 229,287 
 
 200 
 
 87.2 
 
 1899 
 
 131,144 
 
 86 
 
 65.6 
 
 1913 
 
 237,240 
 
 181 
 
 76.3 
 
 1900 
 
 133,859 
 
 68 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 of Health 
 
 Annual "Rpn""*" <->* t^'^ ■R.-.qt.,4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 642,145 
 
 364 
 
 56.7 
 
 of the City 
 
 of Denver, Colo., 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899-1903, 
 
 Monthly Reports of the Board 
 
 1901 
 
 141,811 
 
 101 
 
 71.2 
 
 of Health of the City of Denver, 
 
 Colo. 
 
 1902 
 
 149,763 
 
 85 
 
 56.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 157,715 
 
 88 
 
 . 55.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 173,618 
 
 119 
 
 68.5 
 63.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 622,907 
 
 393 
 
 
 Table 63 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Denver, Colo., by Sex 
 
 1905-1913 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1905 
 
 86,992 
 
 39 
 
 44.8 
 
 1905 
 
 86,626 
 
 80 
 
 92.4 
 
 1906 
 
 91,072 
 
 50 
 
 54.9 
 
 1906 
 
 90,498 
 
 83 
 
 91.7 
 
 1907 
 
 95,152 
 
 53 
 
 55.7 
 
 1907 
 
 94,370 
 
 62 
 
 65.7 
 
 1908 
 
 99,233 
 
 68 
 
 68.5 
 
 1908 
 
 98,242 
 
 91 
 
 92.6 
 
 1909 
 
 103.314 
 
 68 
 
 65.8 
 
 1909 
 
 102,114 
 
 103 
 
 100.9 
 
 1910 
 
 107,395 
 
 74 
 
 68.9 
 
 1910 
 
 105,986 
 
 117 
 
 110.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 496,166 
 
 313 
 
 63.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 491,210 
 
 456 92.8 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 111,476 
 115,557 
 119,638 
 
 73 
 84 
 68 
 
 65.5 
 
 72.7 
 56.8 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 109,858 
 113,730 
 117,602 
 
 93 84.7 
 116 102.0 
 113 96.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board 
 of Health of the City of Denver, Colo. 
 
 500 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 64 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Denver, Colo., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1905-1912 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 38 
 
 2.4 
 
 33 
 
 4.1 
 
 5 
 
 0.6 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 458 
 
 28.4 
 
 253 
 
 31.2 
 
 205 
 
 25.6 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 157 
 
 9.7 
 
 80 
 
 9.9 
 
 77 
 
 9.6 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 229 
 
 14.2 
 
 
 
 229 
 
 28.6 
 
 Breast 
 
 98 
 
 6.1 
 
 i 
 
 o.i 
 
 97 
 
 12.1 
 
 Skin 
 
 25 
 
 1.6 
 
 14 
 
 1.7 
 
 11 
 
 1.4 
 
 Other ornot specified organs. . 
 
 249 
 
 15.4 
 
 77.8 
 
 128 
 509 
 
 15.8 
 62.8 
 
 121 
 745 
 
 15.1 
 
 All organs 
 
 1,254 
 
 93.0 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health Department of the City of Denver, Colo. 
 
 Table 65 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Detroit, Mich. 
 
 1883-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1883 
 
 128,596 
 
 50 
 
 38.9 
 
 1901 
 
 293,675 
 
 180 
 
 61.3 
 
 1884 
 
 132,956 
 
 52 
 
 39.1 
 
 1902 
 
 301,647 
 
 194 
 
 64.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 309,619 
 
 224 
 
 72.3 
 
 1886 
 
 153,818 
 
 83 
 
 54.0 
 
 1904 
 
 317,591 
 
 237 
 
 74.6 
 
 1887 
 
 165,447 
 
 89 
 
 53.8 
 
 1905 
 
 342,286 
 
 200 
 
 58.4 
 
 1888 
 
 177,955 
 
 90 
 
 50.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,564,818 
 
 1,035 
 
 66.1 
 
 1890 
 
 205,876 
 
 88 
 
 42.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 366,982 
 
 272 
 
 74.1 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 703,096 
 
 350 
 
 49.8 
 
 1907 
 
 391,678 
 
 240 
 
 61.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 416,374 
 
 251 
 
 60.3 
 
 1891 
 
 213,432 
 
 109 
 
 51.1 
 
 1909 
 
 441,070 
 
 266 
 
 60.3 
 
 1892 
 
 221,265 
 
 94 
 
 42.5 
 
 1910 
 
 465,766 
 
 314 
 
 67.4 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 237,798 
 
 103 
 
 43.3 
 45.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 2,081,870 
 490,461 
 
 1,343 
 313 
 
 64.5 
 
 1891-1894 
 
 672,495 
 
 306 
 
 63.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 515,156 
 
 332 
 
 64.4 
 
 1896 
 
 252,796 
 
 162 
 
 64.1 
 
 1913 
 
 539,851 
 
 327 
 
 60.6 
 
 1897 
 
 260,645 
 
 163 
 
 62.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 268,738 
 
 158 
 
 58.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 1899 
 
 277,082 
 
 158 
 
 57.0 
 
 Health of the City of Detroit, Mich., United 
 
 1900 
 
 285,704 
 
 179 
 
 62.7 
 
 States MortaUty Statistics, 1908. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 years. 
 
 1894 and 
 
 1908 are 
 
 calendar 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,344,965 
 
 820 
 
 61.0 
 
 501 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 66 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hartford, Conn. 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 Year 
 (Fiscal) 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 (Fiscal) 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 43,136 
 
 28 
 
 64.9 
 
 1906 
 
 91,287 
 
 70 
 
 76.7 
 
 1882 
 
 44,257 
 
 20 
 
 45.2 
 
 1907 
 
 93,194 
 
 98 
 
 105.2 
 
 1883 
 
 45.378 
 
 24 
 
 52.9 
 
 1908 
 
 95,101 
 
 77 
 
 81.0 
 
 1884 
 
 46,499 
 
 31 
 
 66.7 
 
 1909 
 
 97,008 
 
 98 
 
 101.0 
 
 1885 
 
 47,620 
 
 26 
 
 54.6 
 56.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 98,915 
 
 94 
 437 
 
 95.0 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 226,890 
 
 129 
 
 475,505 
 
 91.9 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 
 48,742 
 49,864 
 50,986 
 52,108 
 
 20 
 30 
 29 
 21 
 
 41.0 
 60.2 
 56.9 
 40.3 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 100,821 
 102,727 
 104,633 
 
 95 
 118 
 133 
 
 94.2 
 114.9 
 127.1 
 
 1890 
 
 53,230 
 
 39 
 
 73.3 
 54.5 
 
 Source: Annual reports of the 
 
 Health of the City of Hartford, C 
 
 Note: Data for 1881-1910 art 
 
 Board of 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 254,930 
 
 139 
 
 onn. 
 
 ; for fiscal 
 
 1891 
 
 55,892 
 
 29 
 
 51.9 
 
 years ending February 
 
 28th of following 
 
 1892 
 
 58,554 
 
 31 
 
 52.9 
 
 year. 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 61,216 
 
 28 
 
 45.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 63,878 
 
 24 
 
 37.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 66,540 
 
 40 
 
 60.1 
 49.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 306,080 
 
 152 
 
 
 1896 
 
 69,202 
 
 39 
 
 56.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 71,864 
 
 42 
 
 58.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 74,526 
 
 41 
 
 55.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 77,188 
 
 43 
 
 55.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 79,850 
 
 50 
 
 62.6 
 
 57.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 372,630 
 
 215 
 
 
 1901 
 
 81,756 
 
 67 
 
 82.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 83,662 
 
 38 
 
 45.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 85,568 
 
 70 
 
 81.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 87,474 
 
 73 
 
 83.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 89,380 
 
 82 
 
 91.7 
 77.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 427,840 
 
 330 
 
 
 502 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 67 
 
 
 
 
 Table 68 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hartford, 
 Conn., Males 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hartford, 
 Conn., Females 
 
 
 1886-19 
 
 13 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 (Fiscal) 
 
 1886-19 
 
 13 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 
 Year 
 
 (Fiscal) 
 
 Population 
 
 Population 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1886 
 
 23,835 
 
 
 7 
 
 29.4 
 
 1886 
 
 24,907 
 
 13 
 
 52.2 
 
 1887 
 
 24,381 
 
 
 10 
 
 41.0 
 
 1887 
 
 25,483 
 
 20 
 
 78.5 
 
 1888 
 
 24,927 
 
 
 6 
 
 24.1 
 
 1888 
 
 26,059 
 
 23 
 
 88.3 
 
 1889 
 
 25,473 
 
 
 9 
 
 35.3 
 
 1889 
 
 26,635 
 
 12 
 
 45.1 
 
 1890 
 
 26,019 
 
 
 6 
 
 23.1 
 30.5 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 27,211 
 
 33 
 
 121.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 124,635 
 
 
 38 
 
 130,295 
 
 101 
 
 77.5 
 
 1891 
 
 27,486 
 
 
 7 
 
 25.5 
 
 1891 
 
 28,406 
 
 22 
 
 77.4 
 
 1892 
 
 28,953 
 
 
 11 
 
 38.0 
 
 1892 
 
 29,601 
 
 20 
 
 67.6 
 
 1893 
 
 30,420 
 
 
 8 
 
 26.3 
 
 1893 
 
 30,796 
 
 20 
 
 64.9 
 
 1894 
 
 31,887 
 
 
 7 
 
 22.0 
 
 1894 
 
 31,991 
 
 17 
 
 53.1 
 
 1895 
 
 33,355 
 
 
 14 
 
 42.0 
 30.9 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 33,185 
 
 26 
 
 78.3 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 152,101 
 
 
 47 
 
 153,979 
 
 105 
 
 68.2 
 
 1896 
 
 34,823 
 
 
 15 
 
 43.1 
 
 1896 
 
 34,379 
 
 24 
 
 69.8 
 
 1897 
 
 36,291 
 
 
 16 
 
 44.1 
 
 1897 
 
 35,573 
 
 26 
 
 73.1 
 
 1898 
 
 37,759 
 
 
 11 
 
 29.1 
 
 1898 
 
 36,767 
 
 30 
 
 81.6 
 
 1899 
 
 39,227 
 
 
 14 
 
 35.7 
 
 1899 
 
 37,961 
 
 29 
 
 76.4 
 
 1900 
 
 40,695 
 
 
 14 
 
 34.4 
 37.1 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 39,155 
 
 36 
 
 91.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 188,795 
 
 
 70 
 
 183,835 
 
 145 
 
 78.9 
 
 1901 
 
 41,546 
 
 
 25 
 
 60.2 
 
 1901 
 
 40,210 
 
 42 
 
 104.5 
 
 1902 
 
 42,397 
 
 
 15 
 
 35.4 
 
 1902 
 
 41,265 
 
 23 
 
 55.7 
 
 1903 
 
 43,248 
 
 
 28 
 
 64.7 
 
 1903 
 
 42,320 
 
 42 
 
 99.2 
 
 1904 
 
 44,099 
 
 
 30 
 
 68.0 
 
 1904 
 
 43,375 
 
 43 
 
 99.1 
 
 1905 
 
 44,951 
 
 
 28 
 
 62.3 
 
 58.3 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 44,429 
 
 54 
 
 121.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 216,241 
 
 
 126 
 
 211,599 
 
 204 
 
 96.4 
 
 1906 
 
 45,803 
 
 
 37 
 
 80.8 
 
 1906 
 
 45,484 
 
 33 
 
 72.6 
 
 1907 
 
 46,655 
 
 
 34 
 
 72.9 
 
 1907 
 
 46,539 
 
 64 
 
 137.5 
 
 1908 
 
 47,507 
 
 
 35 
 
 73.7 
 
 1908 
 
 47,594 
 
 42 
 
 88.2 
 
 1909 
 
 48,359 
 
 
 38 
 
 78.6 
 
 1909 
 
 48,649 
 
 60 
 
 123.3 
 
 1910 
 
 49,211 
 
 
 26 
 
 52.8 
 71.6 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 49,704 
 
 68 
 
 136.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 237,535 
 
 
 170 
 
 237,970 
 
 267 
 
 112.2 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 50,063 
 
 
 35 
 
 69.9 
 
 1911 
 
 50,758 
 
 60 
 
 118.2 
 
 1912 
 
 50,915 
 
 
 51 
 
 100.2 
 
 1912 
 
 51,812 
 
 67 
 
 129.3 
 
 1913 
 
 51,767 
 
 
 59 
 
 114.0 
 
 1913 
 
 52,866 
 
 74 
 
 140.0 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Board of 
 Health of the City of Hartford, Conn. 
 Note: Data for 1886-1910 are for. fiscal 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Board of 
 Health of the City of Hartford, Conn. 
 Note: Data for 1886-1910 are for fiscal 
 
 years ending February 
 
 28th of 
 
 following 
 
 years ending February 
 
 28th of 
 
 following 
 
 year. 
 
 
 
 
 
 year. 
 
 
 
 
 503 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 69 
 
 
 
 Table 70 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in 
 
 Hoboken, N, J. 
 
 1880-1913 
 
 Hoboken, N. J., 
 
 by Sex 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 1902-1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 30} 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 30,999 
 
 12 
 
 38.7 
 
 
 D 
 
 eaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population f 
 
 rom 
 
 100,000 
 
 1881 
 
 32,343 
 
 14 
 
 43.3 
 
 
 C 
 
 ancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1882 
 
 33,687 
 
 10 
 
 29.7 
 
 1902 
 
 31,300 
 
 22 
 
 70.3 
 
 1883 
 
 35,031 
 
 17 
 
 48.5 
 
 1903 
 
 31,946 
 
 8 
 
 25.0 
 
 1884 
 
 36,376 
 
 10 
 
 27.5 
 
 1904 
 
 32,592 
 
 18 
 
 55.2 
 
 1885 
 
 37,721 
 
 19 
 
 50.4 
 
 40.0 
 
 1905 
 1902-1905 
 
 33,238 
 
 21 
 
 63.2 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 175,158 
 
 70 
 
 129,076 
 
 69 
 
 53.5 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 38,906 
 40,091 
 41,276 
 42,462 
 43,648 
 
 17 
 • 22 
 20 
 28 
 19 
 
 43.7 
 54.9 
 48.5 
 65.9 
 43.5 
 
 51.4 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 33,925 
 34,612 
 35,300 
 35,988 
 36,675 
 
 27 
 30 
 16 
 27 
 19 
 
 79.6 
 86.7 
 45.3 
 75.0 
 51.8 
 
 
 206,383 
 
 106 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 176,500 
 
 119 
 
 67.4 
 
 1891 
 
 45,735 
 
 20 
 
 43.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 47,822 
 
 22 
 
 46.0 
 
 1911 
 
 37,363 
 
 20 
 
 53.5 
 
 1893 
 
 49,909 
 
 29 
 
 58.1 
 
 1912 
 
 38,051 
 
 21 
 
 55.2 
 
 1894 
 
 51,996 
 
 22 
 
 42.3 
 
 1913 
 
 38,739 
 
 21 
 
 54.2 
 
 1895 
 
 54,083 
 
 23 
 
 42.5 
 46.5 
 
 1902 
 
 FEMALES 
 30,505 
 
 17 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 249,545 
 
 116 
 
 55.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 31,080 
 
 24 
 
 77.2 
 
 1896 
 
 55,139 
 
 25 
 
 45.3 
 
 1904 
 
 31,655 
 
 37 
 
 116.9 
 
 1897 
 
 56,195 
 
 45 
 
 80.1 
 
 1905 
 
 32,230 
 
 33 
 
 102.4 
 
 1898 
 
 57,251 
 
 28 
 
 48.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 58,307 
 
 27 
 
 46.3 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 125,470 
 
 111 
 
 88.5 
 
 1900 
 
 59,364 
 
 30 
 
 50.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 
 32,514 
 32,798 
 
 43 
 
 22 
 
 132.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 286,256 
 
 155 
 
 67.1 
 
 (Calendar^ 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 33,081 
 
 28 
 
 84.6 
 
 1901 
 
 60,584 
 
 32 
 
 52.8 
 
 1909 
 
 33,364 
 
 27 
 
 80.9 
 
 1902 
 
 61,805 
 
 39 
 
 63.1 
 
 1910 
 
 33,649 
 
 37 
 
 110.0 
 
 1903 
 
 63,026 
 
 32 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 64,247 
 
 55 
 
 85.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 165,406 
 
 157 
 
 94.9 
 
 1905 
 
 65,468 
 
 54 
 
 82.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 33,933 
 
 34,217 
 
 38 
 37 
 
 112.0 
 108.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 315,130 
 
 212 
 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 34,501 
 
 27 
 
 78.3 
 
 1906 
 
 66,439 
 
 70 
 
 105.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 67,410 
 
 52 
 
 77.1 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 1908 
 
 68,381 
 
 44 
 
 64.3 
 
 Health of the State of New Jersey. 
 
 1909 
 
 69,352 
 
 54 
 
 77.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 70,324 
 
 56 
 
 79.6 
 80.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 341,906 
 
 276 
 
 
 1911 
 
 71,296 
 
 58 
 
 81.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 72,268 
 
 58 
 
 80.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 73,240 
 
 48 
 
 65.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of 
 
 the State of 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 
 
 
 
 504 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 71 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population from 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1900 
 
 169,164 
 
 108 
 
 63.8 
 
 1911 240,098 193 80.4 
 
 1912 246,546 216 87.6 
 
 1901 
 
 175,612 
 
 85 
 
 48.4 
 
 1913 252,994 222 87.7 
 
 1902 
 
 182,060 
 
 97 
 
 53.3 
 
 
 1903 
 
 188,508 
 
 106 
 
 56.2 
 
 Source: 1913 Annual Report of Depart- 
 
 1904 
 
 194,956 
 
 122 
 
 62.6 
 
 ment of Public Health and Charities of 
 
 1905 
 
 201,405 
 
 102 
 
 50.6 
 54.3 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 942,541 
 
 512 
 
 
 1906 
 
 207,854 
 
 110 
 
 52.9 
 
 
 1907 
 
 214,303 
 
 132 
 
 61.6 
 
 
 1908 
 
 220,752 
 
 156 
 
 70.7 
 
 
 1909 
 
 227,201 
 
 198 
 
 87.1 
 
 
 1910 
 
 233,650 
 
 181 
 
 77.5 
 70.4 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,103,760 
 
 777 
 
 
 Table 72 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Indianapolis, Ind., by Sex 
 
 1906-1913 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1906 
 
 103,049 
 
 33 
 
 32.0 
 
 1906 
 
 104,805 
 
 77 
 
 73.5 
 
 1907 
 
 106,304 
 
 41 
 
 38.6 
 
 1907 
 
 107,999 
 
 91 
 
 84.3 
 
 1908 
 
 109,559 
 
 49 
 
 44.7 
 
 1908 
 
 111,193 
 
 107 
 
 96.2 
 
 1909 
 
 112,814 
 
 62 
 
 55.0 
 
 1909 
 
 114,387 
 
 136 
 
 118.9 
 
 1910 
 
 116,069 
 
 50 
 
 43.1 
 42.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 117,581 
 
 131 
 
 111.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 547,795 
 
 235 
 
 555,965 
 
 542 
 
 97.5 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 119,323 
 122,577 
 125,831 
 
 76 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 63.7 
 54.7 
 
 57.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 120,775 
 123,969 
 127,163 
 
 117 
 149 
 150 
 
 96.9 
 120.2 
 118.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of Department 
 of Public Health and Charities of Indian- 
 
 
 
 
 
 apolis, Inc 
 
 
 
 
 505 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 73 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 1879-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population from 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1879 
 
 118,423 
 
 39 
 
 32.9 
 
 1906 239,715 138 57.6 
 
 1880 
 
 120,722 
 
 35 
 
 29.0 
 
 1907 246,731 159 64.4 
 
 1908 253,747 141 55.6 
 
 1881 
 
 127,280 
 
 56 
 
 44.0 
 
 1909 260,763 153 58.7 
 
 1882 
 
 133,838 
 
 37 
 
 27.6 
 
 1910 267,779 176 65.7 
 
 1883 
 
 140,396 
 
 48 
 
 34.2 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 146,954 
 
 61 
 
 41.5 
 
 1906-1910 1,268,735 767 60.5 
 
 1885 
 
 153,513 
 
 52 
 
 33.9 
 
 1911 274,795 181 65.9 
 
 
 
 
 1«81-1885 
 
 701,981 
 
 254 
 
 36.2 
 
 1912 281,811 187 66.4 
 
 1913 288,827 195 67.5 
 
 1886 
 
 155,411 
 
 67 
 
 43.1 
 
 
 1887 
 
 157,309 
 
 59 
 
 37.5 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 1888 
 
 159,207 
 
 69 
 
 43.3 
 
 Health of the State of New Jersey. 1912- 
 
 1889 
 
 161,105 
 
 60 
 
 37.2 
 
 1913 Reports of Vital Statistics— Board of 
 
 1890 
 
 163,003 
 
 80 
 
 49.1 
 42.1 
 
 Health — Hudson County; N. J. 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 796,035 
 
 335 
 
 
 1891 
 
 166,945 
 
 82 
 
 49.1 
 
 
 1892 
 
 170,887 
 
 92 
 
 53.8 
 
 
 1893 
 
 174,829 
 
 68 
 
 38.9 
 
 
 1894 
 
 178,771 
 
 77 
 
 43.1 
 
 
 1895 
 
 182,713 
 
 67 
 
 36.7 
 44.2 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 874,145 
 
 386 
 
 
 1896 
 
 187,457 
 
 94 
 
 50.1 
 
 
 . 1897 
 
 192,201 
 
 77 
 
 40.1 
 
 
 1898 
 
 196,945 
 
 89 
 
 45.2 
 
 
 1899 
 
 201,689 
 
 89 
 
 44.1 
 
 
 1900 
 
 206,433 
 
 85 
 
 41.2 
 44.1 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 984,725 
 
 434 
 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 1901 
 
 211,686 
 
 105 
 
 49.6 
 
 
 1902 
 
 216,939 
 
 104 
 
 47.9 
 
 
 1903 
 
 222,192 
 
 126 
 
 56.7 
 
 
 1904 
 
 227.445 
 
 114 
 
 50.1 
 
 
 1905 
 
 232,699 
 
 142 
 
 61.0 
 53.2 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,110,961 
 
 591 
 
 
 506 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 74 
 Mortality from Cancer in Jersey City, N. J. 
 1902-1913 
 
 by Sex 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 
 109,004 
 
 41 
 
 37.6 
 
 1902 
 
 107,935 
 
 63 
 
 58.4 
 
 1903 
 
 111,493 
 
 43 
 
 38.6 
 
 1903 
 
 110,699 
 
 83 
 
 75.0 
 
 1904 
 
 113,982 
 
 44 
 
 38.6 
 
 1904 
 
 113,463 
 
 70 
 
 61.7 
 
 1905 
 
 116,471 
 
 44 
 
 37.8 
 38.1 
 
 1905 
 1902-1905 
 
 116,228 
 
 98 
 
 84.3 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 450,950 
 
 172 
 
 448,325 
 
 314 
 
 70.0 
 
 1906 
 
 120,668 
 
 49 
 
 40.6 
 
 1906 
 
 119,047 
 
 89 
 
 74.8 
 
 1907 
 
 124,865 
 
 63 
 
 50.5 
 
 1907 
 
 121,866 
 
 96 
 
 78.8 
 
 1908 
 
 129,062 
 
 60 
 
 46.5 
 
 1908 
 
 124,685 
 
 81 
 
 65.0 
 
 1909 
 
 133,259 
 
 56 
 
 42.0 
 
 1909 
 
 127,504 
 
 97 
 
 76.1 
 
 1910 
 
 137,457 
 
 55 
 
 40.0 
 43.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 130,322 
 
 121 
 
 92.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 645,311 
 
 283 
 
 623,424 
 
 484 
 
 77.6 
 
 1911 
 
 141,655 
 
 78 
 
 55.1 
 
 1911 
 
 133,140 
 
 103 
 
 77.4 
 
 1912 
 
 145,853 
 
 66 
 
 45.3 
 
 1912 
 
 135,958 
 
 121 
 
 89.0 
 
 1913 
 
 150,051 
 
 71 
 
 47.3 
 
 1913 
 
 138,768 
 
 124 
 
 89.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of the State of New Jersey. 
 
 Table 75 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 163,752 
 
 65 
 
 39.7 
 
 1906 
 
 214,529 
 
 148 
 
 69.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 222,992 
 
 153 
 
 68.6 
 
 1901 
 
 172,214 
 
 78 
 
 45.3 
 
 1908 
 
 231,455 
 
 141 
 
 60.9 
 
 1902 
 
 180,677 
 
 101 
 
 55.9 
 
 ^ 1909 
 
 239,918 
 
 179 
 
 74.6 
 
 1903 
 
 189,140 
 
 96 
 
 50.8 
 
 1910 
 
 248,381 
 
 202 
 
 81.3 
 
 1904 
 
 197,603 
 206,066 
 
 128 
 110 
 
 64.8 
 53.4 
 
 54.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 1,157,275 
 256,843 
 
 823 
 236 
 
 71.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 945,700 
 
 513 
 
 91.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 265,306 
 
 223 
 
 84.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 27^,768 
 
 237 
 
 86.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 United Stat 
 
 38 Mortality Sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tistics. 
 
 
 
 
 507 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 76 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Caacer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 102,479 
 
 92 
 
 89.8 
 
 1906 
 
 232,510 
 
 217 
 
 93.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 254,182 
 
 223 
 
 87.7 
 
 1901 
 
 124,150 
 
 111 
 
 89.4 
 
 1908 
 
 275,854 
 
 245 
 
 88.8 
 
 1902 
 
 145,822 
 
 119 
 
 81.6 
 
 1909 
 
 297,526 
 
 286 
 
 96.1 
 
 1903 
 
 167,494 
 
 146 
 
 87.2 
 
 1910 
 
 319,198 
 
 338 
 
 105.9 
 
 1904 
 
 189,166 
 
 117 
 
 61.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 210,838 
 
 175 
 
 83.0 
 79.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 1,379,270 
 340,869 
 
 1,309 
 
 328 
 
 94.9 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 837,470 
 
 668 
 
 96.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 362,541 
 
 413 
 
 113.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 384,212 
 
 425 
 
 110.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 United States Mortality Sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tistics. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 77 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Louisville, Ky. 
 
 1890-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Endintf 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 August 'jl) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 August 31) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1890 
 
 161,129 
 
 82 
 
 50.9 
 
 1906 
 
 216,248 
 
 129 
 
 59.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 218,168 
 
 110 
 
 50.4 
 
 1891 
 
 165,489 
 
 84 
 
 50.8 
 
 1908 
 
 220,088 
 
 155 
 
 70.4 
 
 .1892 
 
 169,849 
 
 85 
 
 50.0 
 
 1909 
 
 222,008 
 
 126 
 
 56.8 
 
 1893 
 
 174,209 
 
 93 
 
 53.4 
 
 1910 
 
 223,928 
 
 153 
 
 68.3 
 
 1894 
 
 178,569 
 
 99 
 
 55.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 182,929 
 
 95 
 
 51.9 
 
 52.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 1,100,440 
 
 225,847 
 
 673 
 163 
 
 61.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 871,045 
 
 456 
 
 72.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 227,766 
 
 152 
 
 66.7 
 
 1896 
 
 187,289 
 
 92 
 
 49.1 
 
 1913 
 
 229,685 
 
 165 
 
 71.8 
 
 1897 
 
 191,649 
 
 84 
 
 43.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 196.009 
 
 124 
 
 63.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 1899 
 
 200,370 
 
 105 
 
 52.4 
 
 OfBcer of the City of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 1900 
 
 204,731 
 
 121 
 
 59.1 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 980,048 
 
 526 
 
 
 1901 
 
 206,650 
 
 109 
 
 52.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 208,569 
 
 127 
 
 60.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 210,488 
 
 114 
 
 54.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 212,408 
 
 125 
 
 58.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 214,328 
 
 127 
 
 59.3 
 
 57.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,052,443 
 
 602 
 
 
 508 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 78 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 1891-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 68,277 
 
 16 
 
 23.4 
 
 1901 
 
 105,198 
 
 36 
 
 34.2 
 
 1892 
 
 72,059 
 
 21 
 
 29.1 
 
 1902 
 
 108,076 
 
 38 
 
 35.2 
 
 1893 
 
 75,841 
 
 12 
 
 15.8 
 
 1903 
 
 110,954 
 
 51 
 
 46.0 
 
 1894 
 
 79,623 
 
 15 
 
 18.8 
 
 1904 
 
 113,832 
 
 35 
 
 30.7 
 
 1895 
 
 83,405 
 
 19 
 
 22.8 
 21.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 116,710 
 
 43 
 
 36.8 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 379,205 
 
 83 
 
 554,770 
 
 203 
 
 36.6 
 
 1896 
 
 87,188 
 
 16 
 
 18.4 
 
 1906 
 
 119,589 
 
 55 
 
 46.0 
 
 1897 
 
 90,971 
 
 21 
 
 23.1 
 
 1907 
 
 122,468 
 
 57 
 
 46.5 
 
 1898 
 
 94,754 
 
 29 
 
 30.6 
 
 1908 
 
 125,347 
 
 67 
 
 53.5 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 128,226 
 
 53 
 
 41.3 
 
 1900 
 
 102,320 
 
 47 
 
 45.9 
 30.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 131,105 
 
 73 
 
 55.7 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 375,233 
 
 113 
 
 626,735 
 
 305 
 
 48.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 133,983 
 
 64 
 
 47.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 136,861 
 
 76 
 
 65.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 139,739 
 
 61 
 
 43.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 142,617 
 
 110 
 
 77.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board 
 of Health of the City of Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 Table 79 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Memphis, Tenn., White 
 
 1891-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 37,427 
 
 7 
 
 18.7 
 
 1901 
 
 55,001 
 
 16 
 
 29.1 
 
 1892 
 
 39,088 
 
 14 
 
 35.8 
 
 1902 
 
 57,622 
 
 22 
 
 38.2 
 
 1893 
 
 40,749 
 
 9 
 
 22.1 
 
 1903 
 
 60,243 
 
 41 
 
 68.1 
 
 1894 
 
 42,410 
 
 10 
 
 23.6 
 
 1904 
 
 62,864 
 
 29 
 
 46.1 
 
 1895 
 
 44,071 
 
 13 
 
 29.5 
 26.0 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 65,485 
 
 30 
 
 45.8 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 203,745 
 
 53 
 
 301,215 
 
 138 
 
 45.8 
 
 1896 
 
 45,732 
 
 9 
 
 19.7 
 
 1906 
 
 68,106 
 
 43 
 
 63.1 
 
 1897 
 
 47,394 
 
 17 
 
 35.9 
 
 1907 
 
 70,727 • 
 
 38 
 
 53.7 
 
 1898 
 
 49,056 
 
 23 
 
 46.9 
 
 1908 
 
 73,348 
 
 47 
 
 64.1 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 75,969 
 
 38 
 
 50.0 
 
 1900 
 
 52,380 
 
 32 
 
 61.1 
 41.6 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 78,590 
 
 51 
 
 64.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 194,562 
 
 81 
 
 366,740 
 
 217 
 
 59.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 81,211 
 
 40 
 
 49.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 8.3,832 
 
 45 
 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 86,453 
 
 35 
 
 40.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 89,074 
 
 85 
 
 95.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 the Board 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Health of the City of Memphi.s, Tenn. 
 
 509 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 80 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Memphis, Tenn., Colored 
 
 1891-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 30,850 
 
 9 
 
 29.2 
 
 1901 
 
 50,197 
 
 20 
 
 39.8 
 
 1892 
 
 32,971 
 
 7 
 
 21.2 
 
 1902 
 
 50,454 
 
 16 
 
 31.7 
 
 1893 
 
 35,092 
 
 3 
 
 8.5 
 
 1903 
 
 50,711 
 
 10 
 
 19.7 
 
 1804 
 
 37,213 
 
 5 
 
 13.4 
 
 1904 
 
 50,968 
 
 6 
 
 11.8 
 
 1895 
 
 39,334 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 15.3 
 17.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 51,225 
 
 13 
 65 
 
 25.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 175,460 
 
 253,555 
 
 25.6 
 
 1896 
 
 41,456 
 
 7 
 
 16.9 
 
 1906 
 
 51,483 
 
 12 
 
 23.3 
 
 1897 
 
 43,577 
 
 4 
 
 9.2 
 
 1907 
 
 51,741 
 
 19 
 
 36.7 
 
 1898 
 
 45,698 
 
 6 
 
 13.1 
 
 1908 
 
 51,999 
 
 20 
 
 38.5 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 52,257 
 
 15 
 
 28.7 
 
 1900 
 
 49,940 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 30.6 
 17.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 52,515 
 
 22 
 88 
 
 41.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 180,671 
 
 259,995 
 
 33.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 52,772 
 
 24 
 
 45.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 53,029 
 
 31 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 53,286 
 
 26 
 
 48.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 53,543 
 
 25 
 
 46.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Health of the City of Memphis 
 
 , Tenn. 
 
 Table 81 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 1894-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1894 
 
 240,325 
 
 107 
 
 44.5 
 
 1906 
 
 325,129 
 
 234 
 
 72.0 
 
 1895 
 
 249,290 
 
 149 
 
 59.8 
 
 1907 
 
 337,311 
 
 230 
 
 68.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 349,493 
 
 218 
 
 62.4 
 
 1896 
 
 256,495 
 
 160 
 
 62.4 
 
 1909 
 
 361,675 
 
 259 
 
 71.6 
 
 1897 
 
 263,700 
 
 164 
 
 62.2 
 
 1910 
 
 373,857 
 
 254 
 
 67.9 
 
 1898 
 
 270,905 
 
 166 
 
 61.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 278,110 
 
 194 
 
 69.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,747,465 
 
 1,195 
 
 68.4 
 
 1900 
 
 285,315 
 
 196 
 
 68.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 386,038 
 
 278 
 
 72.0 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,354,525 
 
 880 
 
 65.0 
 
 1912 
 
 398,219 
 
 283 
 
 71.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 410,400 
 
 287 
 
 G9.9 
 
 1901 
 
 290,841 
 
 206 
 
 70.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 296,367 
 
 208 
 
 70.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 the Com- 
 
 1903 
 
 301,894 
 
 212 
 
 70.2 
 
 missioner 
 
 of Health of the City of Milwau- 
 
 1904 
 
 307,421 
 
 224 
 
 72.9 
 
 kee. Wis. 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 312,948 
 
 206 
 
 65.8 
 70.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,509,471 
 
 1,056 
 
 
 510 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 82 
 Mortality from Cancer in Milwaukee, Wis., Males 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 -1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 lear 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 133,460 
 
 74 
 
 55.4 
 
 1906 
 
 162,939 
 
 106 
 
 65.1 
 
 1899 
 
 136,998 
 
 95 
 
 69.3 
 
 1907 
 
 169,576 
 
 93 
 
 54.8 
 
 1900 
 
 140,536 
 
 72 
 
 51.2 
 
 1908 
 
 176,213 
 
 99 
 
 56.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 182,850 
 
 107 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 1898-1900 
 
 410,994 
 143,689 
 
 241 
 92 
 
 58.6 
 64.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 189,488 
 
 120 
 525 
 
 63.3 
 
 1901 
 
 881,066 
 
 59.6 
 
 1902 
 
 146,842 
 
 87 
 
 59.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 149,995 
 
 91 
 
 60.7 
 
 1911 
 
 196,125 
 
 124 
 
 63.2 
 
 1904 
 
 153,148 
 
 103 
 
 67.3 
 
 1912 
 
 202,762 
 
 118 
 
 58.2 
 
 1905 
 
 156,302 
 
 95 
 
 468 
 
 60.8 
 62.4 
 
 1913 
 Source: 
 
 209,399 120 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 57.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 749,976 
 
 the Com- 
 
 
 
 
 
 missioner of Health of the City of Milwau- 
 
 
 
 
 
 kee, Wis. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 83 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Milwaukee, Wis., Females 
 
 1898-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 137,445 
 
 92 
 
 66.9 
 
 1906 
 
 162,190 
 
 128 
 
 78.9 
 
 1899 
 
 141,112 
 
 99 
 
 70.2 
 
 1907 
 
 167,735 
 
 137 
 
 81.7 
 
 1900 
 
 144,779 
 
 124 
 
 85.6 
 
 1908 
 
 173,280 
 
 119 
 
 68.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 178,825 
 
 152 
 
 85.0 
 
 
 
 1898-1900 
 
 423,336 
 147,152 
 
 315 
 114 
 
 74.4 
 77.5 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 184,369 
 
 134 
 670 
 
 72.7 
 
 1901 
 
 866,399 
 
 77.3 
 
 1902 
 
 149,525 
 
 121 
 
 80.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 151,899 
 
 121 
 
 79.7 
 
 1911 
 
 189,913 
 
 154 
 
 81.1 
 
 1904 
 
 154,273 
 
 121 
 
 78.4 
 
 1912 
 
 195,457 
 
 165 
 
 84.4 
 
 1905 
 
 156,646 
 
 111 
 588 
 
 70.9 
 
 77.4 
 
 1913 
 Source: 
 
 201,001 167 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 83.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 759,495 
 
 the Com- 
 
 
 
 
 
 missioner 
 
 Df Health of th 
 
 e City 
 
 Df Milwau- 
 
 
 
 
 
 kee. Wis. 
 
 
 
 
 511 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 84 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 1889-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1889 
 
 152,952 
 
 76 
 
 49.7 
 
 1901 
 
 212,587 
 
 133 
 
 62.6 
 
 1890 
 
 164,738 
 
 68 
 
 41.3 
 
 1902 
 
 222,456 
 
 117 
 
 52.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 232,325 
 
 154 
 
 66.3 
 
 1891 
 
 168,536 
 
 61 
 
 36.2 
 
 1904 
 
 242,194 
 
 140 
 
 57.8 
 
 1892 
 
 172,334 
 
 79 
 
 45.8 
 
 1905 
 
 252,063 
 
 162 
 
 64.3 
 
 1893 
 
 176.132 
 
 84 
 
 47.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 179,930 
 
 91 
 
 50.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,161,625 
 
 706 
 
 60.8 
 
 1895 
 
 183,728 
 
 82 
 
 44.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 261,932 
 
 171 
 
 65.3 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 880,660 
 
 397 
 
 45.1 
 
 1907 
 
 271,801 
 
 189 
 
 69.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 281,670 
 
 179 
 
 63.5 
 
 1896 
 
 187,526 
 
 103 
 
 54.9 
 
 1909 
 
 291,539 
 
 186 
 
 63.8 
 
 1897 
 
 191,324 
 
 91 
 
 47.6 
 
 1910 
 
 301,408 
 
 195 
 
 64.7 
 
 1898 
 
 195,122 
 
 106 
 
 54.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 198,920 
 
 95 
 
 47.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,408,350 
 
 920 
 
 65.3 
 
 1900 
 
 202,718 
 
 120 
 
 59.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 311,277 
 
 234 
 
 75.2 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 975,610 
 
 515 
 
 52.8 
 
 1912 
 
 321,146 
 
 258 
 
 80.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 J913 
 
 331,015 
 
 276 
 
 83.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 ment of Health of the City of Minneapolis, 
 Minn. 
 
 Table 85 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Minneapolis, Minn., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1908-1912 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 40 
 
 2.7 
 
 34 
 
 4.3 
 
 6 
 
 0.8 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 421 
 
 27.9 
 
 244 
 
 31.0 
 
 177 
 
 24.6 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 121 
 
 8.0 
 
 58 
 
 7.4 
 
 63 
 
 8.7 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 144 
 
 9.6 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 20.0 
 
 Breast 
 
 102 
 
 6.8 
 
 i 
 
 o.i 
 
 101 
 
 14.0 
 
 Skin 
 
 32 
 
 2.1 
 
 20 
 
 2.5 
 
 12 
 
 1.7 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 
 
 192 
 
 12.7 
 69.8 
 
 116 
 473 
 
 14.8 
 60.1 
 
 76 
 579 
 
 10.6 
 
 All organs 
 
 1,052 
 
 80.4 
 
 Source: 
 Minn. 
 
 Annual Reports of the Department of Health of the City of Minneapolis, 
 
 512 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 86 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Minneapolis, Minn., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, 1908-1912 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 
 
 All organs 
 
 UNDER 40 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 0.2 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 2 
 27 
 17 
 16 
 10 
 
 5 
 36 
 
 113 
 
 2.4 
 1.5 
 1.4 
 0.9 
 0.5 
 3.2 
 
 10.1 
 
 40-59 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 16 
 189 
 40 
 88 
 56 
 5 
 78 
 
 472 
 
 5.4 
 64.2 
 13.6 
 29.9 
 19.0 
 
 1.7 
 26.5 
 
 160.3 
 
 60 AND OVER 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 205 
 
 40 
 36 
 
 78 
 
 467 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 25.3 
 235.4 
 73.5 
 45.9 
 41.3 
 25.3 
 89.4 
 
 536.1 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Health of the City of Minneapolis, 
 
 Minn. 
 
 Table 87 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 1879-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Sept. 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 (C:llendar) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1879 
 
 41,601 
 
 6 
 
 14.4 
 
 1896 
 
 78',985 
 
 42 
 
 53.2 
 
 1880 
 
 43,350 
 
 9 
 
 20.8 
 
 1897 
 
 79,455 
 
 29 
 
 36.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 79,925 
 
 40 
 
 50.0 
 
 1881 
 
 46,631 
 
 9 
 
 19.3 
 
 1899 
 
 80,395 
 
 53 
 
 65.9 
 
 1882 
 
 49,912 
 
 15 
 
 30.1 
 
 1900 
 
 80,865 
 
 27 
 
 33.4 
 
 1883 
 
 53,194 
 
 8 
 
 15.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 56,476 
 
 16 
 
 28.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 399,625 
 
 191 
 
 47.8 
 
 1885 
 
 59,758 
 
 12 
 
 20.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 83,814 
 
 49 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 265,971 
 
 60 
 
 22.6 
 
 1902 
 
 86,764 
 
 36 
 
 41.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 89,714 
 
 44 
 
 49.0 
 
 1886 
 
 63,040 
 
 11 
 
 17.4 
 
 1904 
 
 92,664 
 
 51 
 
 55.0 
 
 1887 
 
 66,322 
 
 9 
 
 13.6 
 
 1905 
 
 95,614 
 
 55 
 
 57.5 
 
 1888 
 
 69,604 
 
 14 
 
 20.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 72,886 
 
 14 
 
 19.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 448,570 
 
 235 
 
 52.4 
 
 1890 
 
 76,168 
 
 19 
 
 24.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 98,564 
 
 61 
 
 61.9 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 348,020 
 
 67 
 
 19.3 
 
 1907 
 
 101,514 
 
 74 
 
 72.9 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 104,464 
 
 78 
 
 74.7 
 
 1891 
 
 76,637 
 
 23 
 
 30.0 
 
 1909 
 
 107,414 
 
 69 
 
 64.2 
 
 1892 
 
 77,106 
 
 23 
 
 29.8 
 
 1910 
 
 110,364 
 
 73 
 
 66.1 
 
 1893 
 
 77,575 
 
 28 
 
 36.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 78,045 
 
 27 
 
 34.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 522,320 
 
 355 
 
 68.0 
 
 1895 
 
 78,515 
 
 38 
 
 48.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 113,314 
 
 81 
 
 71.5 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 387,878 
 
 139 
 
 35.8 
 
 1912 
 
 116,264 
 
 76 
 
 65.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 119,214 
 
 86 
 
 72.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 122,165 
 
 94 
 
 76.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 Officer of the City of Nashville, 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 513 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 
 Table 88 
 
 
 
 Table 89 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Nashville, 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Nashville, 
 
 Tenn., Males, 
 
 1885-1< 
 
 >13 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Teni 
 
 Year 
 
 ti., Females 
 
 , 1885-1 
 
 Deaths 
 
 913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Sept. 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Sept. 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1885 
 
 29,171 
 
 3 
 
 10.3 
 
 1885 
 
 30,587 
 
 9 
 
 29.4 
 
 1886 
 
 30,716 
 
 3 
 
 9.8 
 
 1886 
 
 32,324 
 
 8 
 
 24.7 
 
 1887 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 33,786 
 
 2 
 
 5'.9 
 
 1888 
 
 35,8i8 
 
 ik 
 
 33.5 
 
 1889 
 
 35,312 
 
 2 
 
 5.7 
 
 1889 
 
 37,574 
 
 12 
 
 31.9 
 
 1890 
 
 36,832 
 
 7 
 
 19.0 
 10.2 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 39,336 
 
 12 
 
 30.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 136,646 
 
 14 
 
 145,052 
 
 44 
 
 30.3 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 36,984 
 
 6 
 
 16.2 
 
 1891 
 
 39,653 
 
 17 
 
 42.9 
 
 1892 
 
 37,136 
 
 5 
 
 13.5 
 
 1892 
 
 39,970 
 
 18 
 
 45.0 
 
 1893 
 
 37,288 
 
 8 
 
 21.5 
 
 1893 
 
 40,287 
 
 20 
 
 49.6 
 
 1894 
 
 37,440 
 
 6 
 
 16.0 
 
 1894 
 
 40,605 
 
 21 
 
 51.7 
 
 1895 
 
 37,592 
 
 8 
 33 
 
 21.3 
 
 17.7 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 40,923 
 
 30 
 
 73.3 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 186,440 
 
 201,438 
 
 106 
 
 52.6 
 
 1896 
 
 37,744 
 
 8 
 
 21.2 
 
 1896 
 
 41,241 
 
 34 
 
 82.4 
 
 1897 
 
 37,897 
 
 7 
 
 18.5 
 
 1897 
 
 41,558 
 
 22 
 
 52.9 
 
 1898 
 
 38,050 
 
 8 
 
 21.0 
 
 1898 
 
 41,875 
 
 32 
 
 76.4 
 
 1899 
 
 38,203 
 
 . 11 
 
 28.8 
 
 1899 
 
 42,192 
 
 42 
 
 99.5 
 
 1900 
 
 38,356 
 
 9 
 
 23.5 
 22.6 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 42,509 
 
 18 
 
 42.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 190,250 
 
 43 
 
 209,375 
 
 148 
 
 70.7 
 
 1901 
 
 39,735 
 
 15 
 
 37.8 
 
 1901 
 
 44,079 
 
 34 
 
 77.1 
 
 1902 
 
 41,115 
 
 11 
 
 26.8 
 
 1902 
 
 45,649 
 
 25 
 
 54.8 
 
 1903 
 
 42,495 
 
 12 
 
 28.2 
 
 1903 
 
 47,219 
 
 32 
 
 67.8 
 
 1904 
 
 43,875 
 
 19 
 
 43.3 
 
 1904 
 
 48,789 
 
 32 
 
 65.6 
 
 1905 
 
 45,255 
 
 18 
 
 39.8 
 35.3 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 50,359 
 
 37 
 
 73.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 212,475 
 
 75 
 
 236,095 
 
 160 
 
 67.8 
 
 1906 
 
 46,635 
 
 14 
 
 30.0 
 
 1906 
 
 51,929 
 
 47 
 
 90.5 
 
 1907 
 
 48,015 
 
 27 
 
 56.2 
 
 1907 
 
 53,499 
 
 47 
 
 87.9 
 
 1908 
 
 49,395 
 
 20 
 
 40.5 
 
 1908 
 
 55,069 
 
 58 
 
 105.3 
 
 1909 
 
 50,775 
 
 13 
 
 25.6 
 
 1909 
 
 56,639 
 
 5Q 
 
 98.9 
 
 1910 
 
 52,155 
 
 20 
 
 38.3 
 38.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 58,209 
 
 53 
 
 91.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 246,975 
 
 94 
 
 275,345 
 
 261 
 
 94.8 
 
 1911 
 
 53,535 
 
 25 
 
 46.7 
 
 1911 
 
 59,779 
 
 56 
 
 93.7 
 
 1912 
 
 54,915 
 
 14 
 
 25.5 
 
 1912 
 
 61,349 
 
 62 
 
 101.1 
 
 1913 
 
 56,295 
 
 30 
 
 63.3 
 
 1913 
 
 62,919 
 
 56 
 
 89.0 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health 
 OfBcer of the City of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health 
 Officer of the City of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 514 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 90 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Nashville, Tenn., White 
 
 1885-1914 
 
 Year 
 (Ending 
 SeiH. 30) 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1885 
 
 36,888 
 
 6 
 
 16.3 
 
 1886 
 
 38,865 
 
 8 
 
 20.6 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 42,819 
 
 io 
 
 23.4 
 
 1889 
 
 44,796 
 
 9 
 
 20.1 
 
 1890 
 
 46,773 
 
 13 
 
 27.8 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 173,253 
 
 40 
 
 23.1 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 47,175 
 
 20 
 
 42.4 
 
 1892 
 
 47,577 
 
 20 
 
 42.0 
 
 1893 
 
 47,979 
 
 19 
 
 39.6 
 
 1894 
 
 48,381 
 
 14 
 
 28.9 
 
 1895 
 
 48,783 
 
 25 
 
 51.2 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 239,895 
 
 98 
 
 40.9 
 
 1896 
 
 49.185 
 
 29 
 
 59.0 
 
 1897 
 
 49,587 
 
 17 
 
 34.3 
 
 1898 
 
 49,990 
 
 26 
 
 52.0 
 
 1899 
 
 50,393 
 
 28 
 
 55.6 
 
 1900 
 
 50,796 
 
 17 
 
 33.5 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 249,951 
 
 117 
 
 46.8 
 
 1901 
 
 53,099 
 
 33 
 
 62.1 
 
 1902 
 
 55,402 
 
 21 
 
 37.9 
 
 1903 
 
 57,705 
 
 27 
 
 46.8 
 
 1904 
 
 60,008 
 
 39 
 
 65.0 
 
 1905 
 
 62,311 
 
 46 
 
 73.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 £88,525 
 
 166 
 
 57.5 
 
 1906 
 
 64,615 
 
 38 
 
 58.8 
 
 1907 
 
 66.919 
 
 57 
 
 85.2 
 
 1908 
 
 69,223 
 
 5Q 
 
 80.9 
 
 1909 
 
 71,527 
 
 49 
 
 68.5 
 
 1910 
 
 73,831 
 
 58 
 
 78.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 346,115 
 
 258 
 
 74.5 
 
 1911 
 
 76,135 
 
 65 
 
 85.4 
 
 1912 
 
 78,438 
 
 56 
 
 71.4 
 
 1913 
 
 80,742 
 
 73 
 
 90.4 
 
 1914 
 
 83,047 
 
 66 
 
 79.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health Officer of the City 
 of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 515 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 91 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Nashville, Tenn., Colored 
 
 1885-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Sept. 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1885 
 
 22,870 
 
 6 
 
 26.2 
 
 1901 
 
 30,715 
 
 16 
 
 52.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 31,362 
 
 15 
 
 47.8 
 
 1886 
 
 24,175 
 
 3 
 
 12.4 
 
 1903 
 
 32,009 
 
 17 
 
 53.1 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 32,656 
 
 12 
 
 36.7 
 
 1888 
 
 26,785 
 
 '4 
 
 14.9 
 
 1905 
 
 33,303 
 
 9 
 
 27.0 
 
 1889 
 
 28,090 
 
 5 
 
 17.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 29,395 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 20.4 
 16.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 160,045 
 33,949 
 
 69 
 23 
 
 43.1 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 108,445 
 
 67.7 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 34,595 
 
 17 
 
 49.1 
 
 1891 
 
 29,462 
 
 3 
 
 10.2 
 
 1908 
 
 35,241 
 
 22 
 
 62.4 
 
 1892 
 
 29,529 
 
 3 
 
 10.2 
 
 1909 
 
 35,887 
 
 20 
 
 55.7 
 
 1893 
 
 29,596 
 
 9 
 
 30.4 
 
 1910 
 
 36,533 
 
 15 
 
 41.1 
 
 1894 
 
 29,664 
 
 13 
 
 43.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 29,782 
 
 13 
 41 
 
 43.7 
 
 27.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 176,205 
 37,179 
 
 97 
 16 
 
 55.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 147,983 
 
 43.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 37,826 
 
 20 
 
 52.9 
 
 1896 
 
 29,800 
 
 13 
 
 43.6 
 
 1913 
 
 38,472 
 
 13 
 
 33.8 
 
 1897 
 
 29,868 
 
 12 
 
 40.2 
 
 1914 
 
 39,118 
 
 28 
 
 71.6 
 
 1898 
 
 29,935 
 
 14 
 
 46.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 30,002 
 
 25 
 
 83.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 1900 
 
 30,069 
 
 10 
 
 74 
 
 33.3 
 49.4 
 
 Officer of the City of Nashville, 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 149,674 
 
 
 Table 92 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Nashville, Tenn., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1903-1912 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity -. 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 29 
 180 
 
 71 
 184 
 
 74 
 
 19 
 105 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 2.8 
 17.5 
 
 6.9 
 17.9 
 
 7.2 
 
 1.8 
 10.2 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Popiilation 
 
 20 4.1 
 
 67 13.8 
 
 24 4.9 
 
 10 
 61 
 
 2.1 
 12.5 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 9 
 113 
 
 47 
 
 184 
 
 74 
 
 9 
 
 44 
 
 1.7 
 20.8 
 
 8.7 
 33.9 
 13.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 8.0 
 
 All organs 662 64.3 182 37.4 480 88.4 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health Officer of the City of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 516 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 93 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Newark, N. J. 
 
 1859-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1859 
 
 67,895 
 
 17 
 
 25.0 
 
 1891 
 
 188,625 
 
 98 
 
 52.0 
 
 1860 
 
 71,941 
 
 9 
 
 12.5 
 
 1892 
 
 195,420 
 
 117 
 
 59.9 
 
 1861 
 
 75,035 
 
 11 
 
 14.7 
 
 1893 
 
 202,215 
 
 101 
 
 49.9 
 
 1862 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 209,010 
 
 134 
 
 64.1 
 
 1863 
 
 81,223 
 
 12 
 
 14.8 
 
 1895 
 
 215,806 
 
 126 
 
 58.4 
 
 1864 
 1865 
 
 84,318 
 
 11 
 
 13.0 
 15.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 1896 
 
 1,011,076 
 
 221,858 
 
 576 
 140 
 
 57.0 
 
 1859-1865 
 
 380,412 
 
 60 
 
 63.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 227,911 
 
 122 
 
 53.5 
 
 1866 
 
 90,942 
 
 15 
 
 16.5 
 
 1898 
 
 233,964 
 
 130 
 
 55.6 
 
 1867 
 
 94,471 
 
 21 
 
 22.2 
 
 1899 
 
 240,017 
 
 135 
 
 56.2 
 
 1868 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 246,070 
 
 159 
 
 64.6 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 101,529 
 105,059 
 
 22 
 20 
 
 21.7 
 19.0 
 
 19.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 1901 
 
 1,169,820 
 253,513 
 
 686 
 171 
 
 58.6 
 
 1866-1870 
 
 392,001 
 
 78 
 
 67.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 260,957 
 
 150 
 
 57.5 
 
 1871 
 
 108,709 
 
 23 
 
 21.2 
 
 1903 
 
 268,401 
 
 178 
 
 66.3 
 
 1872 
 
 112,359 
 
 31 
 
 27.6 
 
 1904 
 
 275,845 
 
 174 
 
 63.1 
 
 1873 
 
 116,009 
 
 42 
 
 36.2 
 
 1905 
 
 283,289 
 
 189 
 
 66.7 
 
 1874. 
 
 119,659 
 123,310 
 
 46 
 25 
 
 38.4 
 20.3 
 
 28.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 XO 1 T! 
 
 1875 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 1,342,005 
 296,125 
 
 862 
 209 
 
 64.2 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 580,046 
 
 167 
 
 70.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 308,961 
 
 249 
 
 80.6 
 
 1876 
 
 125,949 
 
 48 
 
 38.1 
 
 1908 
 
 321,797 
 
 229 
 
 71.2 
 
 1877 
 
 128,588 
 
 50 
 
 38.9 
 
 1909 
 
 334,633 
 
 264 
 
 78.9 
 
 1878 
 
 131,228 
 
 70 
 
 53.3 
 
 1910 
 
 347,469 
 
 286 
 
 82.3 
 
 (Ending 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 133,868 
 
 57 
 
 42.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,608,985 
 
 1,237 
 
 76.9 
 
 1880 
 
 136,508 
 
 62 
 
 45.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 360,305 
 373,141 
 
 275 
 
 76.3 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 656,141 
 
 287 
 
 43.7 
 
 1912 
 
 299 
 
 80.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 385,977 
 
 303 
 
 78.5 
 
 1881 
 
 139,804 
 
 61 
 
 43.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 143,100 
 
 58 
 
 40.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 Board of 
 
 1883 
 
 146,396 
 
 60 
 
 41.0 
 
 Health of the State of 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 1884 
 
 149,692 
 
 82 
 
 54.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 152,988 
 
 80 
 
 62.3 
 46.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 731,980 
 
 341 
 
 
 1886 
 
 158,756 
 
 91 
 
 57.3 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 1887 
 
 164,524 
 
 91 
 
 55.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 170,292 
 
 94 
 
 55.2 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 176,061 
 
 91 
 
 51.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 181,830 
 
 85 
 
 46.7 
 53.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 851,463 
 
 452 
 
 
 517 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 94 
 
 
 
 
 Table 95 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in 
 
 Newark, N, J., 
 
 by Sex 
 
 
 
 Vew Haven, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 
 1902-1913 
 
 
 
 
 1884)- 19 
 
 13 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1880 
 
 62,882 
 
 37 
 
 58.8 
 
 1902 
 
 128,647 
 
 43 
 
 33.4 
 
 • 1881 
 
 64,723 
 
 43 
 
 66.4 
 
 1903 
 
 132,458 
 
 67 
 
 50.6 
 
 1882 
 
 66,564 
 
 31 
 
 46.6 
 
 1904 
 
 136,269 
 
 63 
 
 46.2 
 
 1883 
 
 68,405 
 
 40 
 
 58.5 
 
 1905 
 
 140,080 
 
 68 
 
 48.5 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 70,246 
 72,088 
 
 40 
 30 
 
 56.9 
 
 
 
 
 41.6 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 537.454 
 
 241 
 
 44.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 
 
 
 
 342,026 
 
 184 
 
 53.8 
 
 1906 
 
 146,741 
 
 64 
 
 43.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 153,403 
 
 92 
 
 60.0 
 
 1886 
 
 73,930 
 
 48 
 
 64.9 
 
 1908 
 
 160,065 
 
 83 
 
 51.9 
 
 1887 
 
 75,772 
 
 48 
 
 63.3 
 
 1909 
 
 166,727 
 
 100 
 
 60.0 
 
 1888 
 
 77,614 
 
 40 
 
 51.5 
 
 1910 
 
 173,389 
 
 98 
 
 56.5 
 
 1889 
 
 79,456 
 
 39 
 
 49.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 81,298 
 
 39 
 
 48.0 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 800,325 
 
 437 
 
 54.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 388,070 
 
 214 
 
 55.1 
 
 1911 
 
 180,051 
 
 98 
 
 54.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 186,713 
 
 114 
 
 61.1 
 
 1891 
 
 83,970 
 
 35 
 
 41.7 
 
 1913 
 
 193,375 
 
 129 
 
 66.7 
 
 1892 
 
 86,643 
 
 53 
 
 61.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 89,316 
 
 47 
 
 52.6 
 
 
 FE1L\LES 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 91,989 
 
 54 
 
 58.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 94,662 
 
 60 
 
 63.4 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 
 132,310 
 135,943 
 
 107 
 
 80.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 81.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 446,580 
 
 249 
 
 55.8 
 
 1904 
 
 139,576 
 
 111 
 
 79.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 143,209 
 
 121 
 
 84.5 
 
 1896 
 
 97,335 
 
 60 
 
 61.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 100,008 
 
 64 
 
 64.0 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 551,038 
 
 450 
 
 81.7 
 
 1898 
 
 102,681 
 
 71 
 
 69.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 105,354 
 
 74 
 
 70.2 
 
 1906 
 
 149,384 
 
 145 
 
 97.1 
 
 1900 
 
 108,027 
 
 71 
 
 65.7 
 
 1907 
 
 155,558 
 
 157 
 
 100.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 161,732 
 
 146 
 
 90.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 513,405 
 
 340 
 
 66.2 
 
 1909 
 
 167,906 
 
 164 
 
 97.7 
 
 1901 
 
 110,584 
 
 98 
 
 88.6 
 
 1910 
 
 174,080 
 
 188 
 
 108.0 
 
 ■ 1902 
 
 113,141 
 
 87 
 
 76.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 115,699 
 
 90 
 
 77.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 808,060 
 
 800 
 
 98.9 
 
 1904 
 
 118,257 
 
 81 
 
 68.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 120,815 
 
 110 
 
 91.0 
 
 1911 
 
 180,254 
 
 177 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 186,428 
 
 185 
 
 99.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 578,496 
 
 466 
 
 80.6 
 
 1913 
 
 192,602 
 
 174 
 
 90.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 123,373 
 
 98 
 
 79.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Renort 
 
 5 of the Board of 
 
 1907 
 
 125,931 
 
 109 
 
 86.6 
 
 Health of the State of New Jersey. 
 
 1908 
 
 128,489 
 
 129 
 
 100.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 131,047 
 
 119 
 
 90.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 133,605 
 
 122 
 
 91.3 
 
 
 642,445 
 
 577 
 
 89.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 136,163 
 
 112 
 
 82.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 138,721 
 
 134 
 
 96.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 141,279 
 
 127 
 
 89.9 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Board of 
 Health of the City of New Haven, Conn. 
 
 518 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 96 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Haven, Conn., Males 
 
 1880-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1880 
 
 31,213 
 
 8 
 
 25.6 
 
 1906 61,552 
 
 1907 62,837 
 
 35 
 44 
 
 56.9 
 70.0 
 
 1881 
 
 32,135 
 
 14 
 
 43.6 
 
 1908 64,123 
 
 61 
 
 95.1 
 
 1882 
 
 33,057 
 
 10 
 
 30.3 
 
 1909 65,409 
 
 49 
 
 74.9 
 
 1883 
 
 33,979 
 
 10 
 
 29.4 
 
 1910 66,695 
 
 49 
 
 73.5 
 
 1884 
 
 34,901 
 
 11 
 
 31.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 35,823 
 
 14 
 
 39.1 
 34.7 
 
 1906-1910 320,616 
 1911 67,981 
 
 238 
 37 
 
 74.2 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 169,895 
 
 59 
 
 54.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 69,267 
 
 62 
 
 89.5 
 
 1886 
 
 36,745 
 
 16 
 
 43.5 
 
 1913 70,553 
 
 47 
 
 66.6 
 
 1887 
 
 37,668 
 
 15 
 
 39.8 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 38,591 
 
 13 
 
 33.7 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 1889 
 
 39,514 
 
 11 
 
 27.8 
 
 Health of the City of New Haven 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1890 
 
 40,437 
 
 11 
 
 27.2 
 34.2 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 192,955 
 
 66 
 
 
 1891 
 
 41,777 
 
 11 
 
 26.3 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 43,117 
 
 17 
 
 39.4 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 44,457 
 
 18 
 
 40.5 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 45,797 
 
 22 
 
 48.0 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 47,137 
 
 16 
 
 33.9 
 
 37.8 
 
 
 
 ,;t 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 222,285 
 
 84 
 
 
 1896 
 
 48,478 
 
 23 
 
 47.4 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 49,819 
 
 22 
 
 44.2 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 51,160 
 
 23 
 
 45.0 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 52,501 
 
 23 
 
 43.8 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 53,842 
 
 32 
 
 59.4 
 48.1 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 255,800 
 
 123 
 
 
 1901 
 
 55,127 
 
 37 
 
 67.1 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 56,412 
 
 27 
 
 47.9 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 57,697 
 
 29 
 
 50.3 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 58,982 
 
 24 
 
 40.7 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 60,267 
 
 46 
 
 76.3 
 56.5 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 288,485 
 
 163 
 
 
 519 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 97 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Haven, Conn. 
 1880-1913 
 
 Females 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1880 
 
 31.669 
 
 29 
 
 91.6 
 
 1906 
 
 61,821 
 
 63 
 
 101.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 63,094 
 
 65 
 
 103.0 
 
 1881 
 
 32,588 
 
 29 
 
 89.0 
 
 1908 
 
 64,366 
 
 68 
 
 105.6 
 
 1882 
 
 33,507 
 
 21 
 
 62.7 
 
 1909 
 
 65,638 
 
 70 
 
 106.6 
 
 1883 
 
 34,426 
 
 30 
 
 87.1 
 
 1910 
 
 66,910 
 
 73 
 
 109.1 
 
 1884 
 
 35,345 
 
 29 
 
 82.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 36,265 
 
 16 
 
 44.1 
 
 72.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 321,829 
 68,182 
 
 339 
 
 75 
 
 105.3 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 172,131 
 
 125 
 
 110.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 69,454 
 
 72 
 
 103.7 
 
 1886 
 
 37,185 
 
 32 
 
 86.1 
 
 1913 
 
 70,726 
 
 80 
 
 113.1 
 
 1887 
 
 38,104 
 
 33 
 
 86.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 39,023 
 
 27 
 
 69.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 1889 
 
 39,942 
 
 28 
 
 70.1 
 
 Health of the City of New Haven, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1890 
 
 40,861 
 
 28 
 
 68.5 
 75.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 195,115 
 
 148 
 
 
 1891 
 
 42,193 
 
 24 
 
 56.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 43,526 
 
 36 
 
 82.7 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 44,859 
 
 29 
 
 64.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 46,192 
 
 32 
 
 69.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 18^5 
 
 47,525 
 
 44 
 
 92.6 
 73.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 224,295 
 
 165 
 
 
 1896 
 
 48,857 
 
 37 
 
 75.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 50,189 
 
 42 
 
 83.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 51,521 
 
 48 
 
 93.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 52,853 
 
 51 
 
 96.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 54,185 
 
 39 
 
 72.0 
 
 84.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 257,605 
 
 217 
 
 
 1901 
 
 55,457 
 
 61 
 
 110.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 56,729 
 
 60 
 
 105.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 58,002 
 
 61 
 
 105.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 59,275 
 
 57 
 
 96.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 60,548 
 
 64 
 
 105.6 
 104.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 290,011 
 
 303 
 
 
 520 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 98 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Orleans, La. 
 
 1871-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 193,753 
 
 90 
 
 46.5 
 
 1901 
 
 292,301 
 
 206 
 
 70.5 
 
 1872 
 
 196,117 
 
 90 
 
 45.9 
 
 1902 
 
 297,498 
 
 214 
 
 71.9 
 
 1873 
 
 198,509 
 
 94 
 
 47.4 
 
 1903 
 
 302,695 
 
 235 
 
 77.6 
 
 1874 
 
 200,931 
 
 87 
 
 43.3 
 
 1904 
 
 307,892 
 
 252 
 
 81.8 
 
 1875 
 
 203,382 
 
 89 
 
 43.8 
 45.3 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 313,089 
 
 261 
 
 83.4 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 992,692 
 
 450 
 
 1,513,475 
 
 1,168 
 
 77.2 
 
 1876 
 
 205,863 
 
 91 
 
 44.2 
 
 1906 
 
 318,286 
 
 247 
 
 77.6 
 
 1877 
 
 208,375 
 
 114 
 
 54.7 
 
 1907 
 
 323,483 
 
 269 
 
 83.2 
 
 1878 
 
 210,917 
 
 115 
 
 54.5 
 
 1908 
 
 328,680 
 
 270 
 
 82.1 
 
 1879 
 
 214,490 
 
 105 
 
 49.0 
 
 1909 
 
 333,877 
 
 280 
 
 83.9 
 
 1880 
 
 216,090 
 
 129 
 
 59.7 
 52.5 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 339,075 
 
 285 
 
 84.1 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 1,055,735 
 
 554 
 
 1,643,401 
 
 1,351 
 
 82.2 
 
 1881 
 
 218,571 
 
 127 
 
 58.1 
 
 1911 
 
 344,273 
 
 277 
 
 80.5 
 
 1882 
 
 221,045 
 
 143 
 
 64.7 
 
 1912 
 
 349,471 
 
 328 
 
 93.9 
 
 1883 
 
 223,565 
 
 122 
 
 54.6 
 
 1913 
 
 354,669 
 
 330 
 
 93.0 
 
 1884 
 
 226,114 
 
 151 
 
 66.8 
 
 1914 
 
 359,867 
 
 349 
 
 97.0 
 
 1885 
 
 228,692 
 
 138 
 
 60.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 1871-1899, 
 
 Vital Statistics of 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,117,987 
 
 681 
 
 60.9 
 
 New Orleans, La., Annual Reports of the 
 Board of Health of New Orleans, La. 
 
 1886 
 
 231,299 
 
 158 
 
 68.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 233,936 
 
 147 
 
 62.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 236,603 
 
 143 
 
 60.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 239,300 
 
 132 
 
 55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 242,039 
 
 190 
 
 78.5 
 65.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,183,177 
 
 770 
 
 
 1891 
 
 246,545 
 
 158 
 
 64.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 251,051 
 
 168 
 
 66.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 255,557 
 
 172 
 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 260,063 
 
 174 
 
 66.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 264,569 
 
 188 
 
 71.1 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,277,785 
 
 860 
 
 
 1896 
 
 269,076 
 
 139 
 
 51.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 273,583 
 
 183 
 
 66.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 278,090 
 
 185 
 
 66.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 282,597 
 
 171 
 
 60.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 287,104 
 
 185 
 
 64.4 
 62.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,390,450 
 
 863 
 
 
 521 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 99 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Orleans, La., White 
 
 1877-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1877 
 
 153,132 
 
 87 
 
 56.8 
 
 1901 
 
 212,991 
 
 146 
 
 68.5 
 
 1878 
 
 154,877 
 
 89 
 
 57.5 
 
 1902 
 
 217,036 
 
 166 
 
 76.5 
 
 1879 
 
 156,622 
 
 75 
 
 47.9 
 
 1903 
 
 221,081 
 
 174 
 
 78.7 
 
 1880 
 
 158,367 
 
 102 
 
 64.4 
 
 1904 
 
 225,127 
 
 186 
 
 82.6 
 
 
 
 
 56.7 
 
 1905 
 
 229,173 
 
 196 
 
 85.5 
 
 1877-1880 
 
 622,998 
 
 353 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,105,408 
 
 868 
 
 78.5 
 
 1881 
 
 160,267 
 
 88 
 
 54.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 162,168 
 
 113 
 
 69.7 
 
 1906 
 
 233,219 
 
 183 
 
 78.5 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 237,265 
 
 201 
 
 84.7 
 
 1884 
 
 165,970 
 
 113 
 
 68.1 
 
 1908 
 
 241,311 
 
 210 
 
 87.0 
 
 1885 
 
 167,871 
 
 102 
 
 60.8 
 
 1909 
 
 245,357 
 
 223 
 
 90.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 249,403 
 
 216 
 
 86.6 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 656,276 
 
 416 
 
 63.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,206,555 
 
 1,033 
 
 85.6 
 
 1886 
 
 169,772 
 
 110 
 
 64.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 171,673 
 
 104 
 
 60.6 
 
 1911 
 
 253,449 
 
 208 
 
 82.1 
 
 1888 
 
 173,574 
 
 109 
 
 62.8 
 
 1912 
 
 257,495 
 
 242 
 
 94.0 
 
 1889 
 
 175,475 
 
 111 
 
 63.3 
 
 1913 
 
 261,541 
 
 242 
 
 92.5 
 
 1890 
 
 177,376 
 
 142 
 
 80.1 
 66.4 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 265,587 
 1877-1899, 
 
 257 
 Vital Sta 
 
 96.8 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 867,870 
 
 576 
 
 tistics of 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Orleans, La., Annual Reports of the 
 
 1891 
 
 180,533 
 
 118 
 
 65.4 
 
 Board of Health of New Orleans 
 
 La. 
 
 1892 
 
 183,690 
 
 123 
 
 67.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 186,847 
 
 128 
 
 68.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 190,004 
 
 132 
 
 69.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 193,161 
 
 134 
 
 69.4 
 68.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 934,235 
 
 635 
 
 
 1896 
 
 196,318 
 
 110 
 
 56.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 199,475 
 
 145 
 
 72.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 202,632 
 
 140 
 
 69.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 205,789 
 
 131 
 
 63.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 208,946 
 
 139 
 
 66.5 
 65.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,013,100 
 
 665 
 
 
 522 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 100 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Orleans, La., Colored 
 
 1877-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1877 
 
 55,243 
 
 27 
 
 48.9 
 
 1901 
 
 79,310 
 
 60 
 
 75.7 
 
 1878 
 
 56,040 
 
 26 
 
 46.4 
 
 1902 
 
 80,462 
 
 48 
 
 59.7 
 
 1879 
 
 57,868 
 
 30 
 
 51.8 
 
 1903 
 
 81,614 
 
 61 
 
 74.7 
 
 1880 
 
 57,723 
 
 27 
 
 46.8 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 82,765 
 83,916 
 
 66 
 65 
 
 79.7 
 
 77.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877-1880 
 
 226,874 
 
 110 
 
 48.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 408,067 
 
 300 
 
 73.5 
 
 1881 
 
 58,304 
 
 39 
 
 66.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 58,877 
 
 30 
 
 51.0 
 
 1906 
 
 85,067 
 
 64 
 
 75.2 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 86,218 
 
 68 
 
 78.9 
 
 1884 
 
 60,144 
 
 38 
 
 63.2 
 
 1908 
 
 87,369 
 
 60 
 
 68.7 
 
 1885 
 
 60,821 
 
 36 
 
 59.2 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 88,520 
 89,672 
 
 57 
 69 
 
 64.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 76.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 238,146 
 
 143 
 
 fiO 
 
 
 
 
 
 \J\J.\J 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 436,846 
 
 318 
 
 72.8 
 
 1886 
 
 61,527 
 
 48 
 
 78.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 62,263 
 
 43 
 
 69.1 
 
 1911 
 
 90,824 
 
 69 
 
 76.0 
 
 1888 
 
 63,029 
 
 34 
 
 53.9 
 
 1912 
 
 91,976 
 
 86 
 
 93.5 
 
 1889 
 
 63,825 
 
 21 
 
 32.9 
 
 1913 
 
 93,128 
 
 88 
 
 94.5 
 
 1890 
 
 64,663 
 
 48 
 
 74.2 
 61.5 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 94,280 
 1877-1899, 
 
 92 
 Vital Sta 
 
 97.6 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 315,307 
 
 194 
 
 tistics of 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Orleans, La., Annual Reports of the 
 
 1891 
 
 66,012 
 
 40 
 
 60.6 
 
 Board of Health of New Orleans 
 
 La. 
 
 1892 
 
 67,361 
 
 45 
 
 66.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 68,710 
 
 44 
 
 64.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 70,059 
 
 42 
 
 59.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 71,408 
 
 54 
 
 225 
 
 75.6 
 65.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 343,550 
 
 
 1896 
 
 72,758 
 
 29 
 
 39.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 74,108 
 
 38 
 
 51.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 75,458 
 
 45 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 76,808 
 
 40 
 
 52.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 78,158 
 
 46 
 
 58.9 
 52.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 377,290 
 
 198 
 
 
 523 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 101 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Orleans, La., by Sex 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 138,785 
 141,502 
 144,219 
 146,936 
 149,653 
 
 89 
 72 
 79 
 90 
 93 
 
 64.1 
 50.9 
 54.8 
 61.3 
 62.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 721,095 
 
 423 
 
 58.7 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 152,370 
 155,087 
 157,804 
 160,521 
 163,239 
 
 105 
 100 
 97 
 114 
 110 
 
 68.9 
 64.5 
 61.5 
 71.0 
 67.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 789,021 
 
 526 
 
 66.7 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 165,957 
 168,675 
 171,393 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 101 
 158 
 139 
 
 60.9 
 93.7 
 81.1 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 153,516 
 155,996 
 158,476 
 160,956 
 163,436 
 
 117 
 142 
 156 
 162 
 168 
 
 76.2 
 
 91.0 
 
 98.4 
 
 100.6 
 
 102.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 792,380 
 
 745 
 
 94.0 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 165,916 
 168,396 
 170,876 
 173,356 
 175,836 
 
 142 
 169 
 173 
 166 
 175 
 
 85.6 
 
 100.4 
 
 101.2 
 
 95.8 
 
 99.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 854,380 
 
 825 
 
 96.6 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 178,316 
 180,796 
 183,276 
 
 176 
 170 
 191 
 
 98.7 
 
 94.0 
 
 104.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board of Health of New 
 Orleans, La. 
 
 524 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 102 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Orleans, La., by Organs and Parts 
 according to Race, 1904-1913 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 144 4.3 
 
 Stomach and liver 802 24.2 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 214 6.5 
 
 Female generative organs 690 20.8 
 
 Breast 207 6.2 
 
 Skin 30 0.9 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 712 21.6 
 
 Allorgans 2,799 84.5 
 
 2,107 
 
 86.6 
 
 WHITE 
 
 COLORED 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 120 
 
 4.9 
 
 24 
 
 2.7 
 
 616 
 
 25.3 
 
 186 
 
 21.1 
 
 161 
 
 6.6 
 
 53 
 
 6.0 
 
 444 
 
 18.2 
 
 246 
 
 28.0 
 
 149 
 
 6.1 
 
 58 
 
 6.6 
 
 26 
 
 1.1 
 
 4 
 
 0.5 
 
 591 
 
 24.4 
 
 121 
 
 13.8 
 
 692 
 
 78.7 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board of Health of the City of New Orleans, La. 
 
 Table 103 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Orleans, La., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex and Race, 1904-1913 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 
 
 All organs 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 
 
 MALES 
 TOTAL 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 111 
 
 427 
 
 100 
 
 21 
 
 448 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 7.0 
 
 26.8 
 
 6.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 28.2 
 
 1,107 69.6 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 33 
 375 
 114 
 690 
 207 
 9 
 264 
 
 All organs 1,692 
 
 1.9 
 21.8 
 
 6.6 
 40.1 
 12.0 
 
 0.5 
 15.4 
 
 98.3 
 
 WHITE 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 7.8 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 93 
 
 327 
 76 
 18 
 
 380 
 
 894 
 
 27.5 
 6.4 
 1.5 
 
 32.1 
 
 75.3 
 
 COLORED 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 4.4 
 
 24.7 
 
 6.9 
 
 0.7 
 
 16.9 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 18 
 
 100 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 68 
 
 213 
 
 52.6 
 
 1,213 
 
 97.3 
 
 27 
 
 2.2 
 
 6 
 
 1.3 
 
 289 
 
 23.2 
 
 86 
 
 18.1 
 
 85 
 
 6.8 
 
 29 
 
 6.1 
 
 444 
 
 35.6 
 
 246 
 
 61.8 
 
 149 
 
 12.0 
 
 58 
 
 12.2 
 
 8 
 
 0.6 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 211 
 
 16.9 
 
 53 
 
 11.2 
 
 479 
 
 100.9 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board of Health of the City of New Orleans, La. 
 
 525 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 a) 2 
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 ya ,_i^<5<,— II— (I— It— I 
 
 J3 t>'*l-«J'05'35t-^ 
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 r-, ^ C O 
 
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 531 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 106 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York 
 
 1891-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 1,568,830 
 
 902 
 
 57.5 
 
 1906 
 
 4,235,007 
 
 3,005 
 
 71.0 
 
 1892 
 
 1,622,359 
 
 996 
 
 61.4 
 
 1907 
 
 4,367,976 
 
 3,227 
 
 73.9 
 
 1893 
 
 1,675,888 
 
 993 
 
 59.3 
 
 1908 
 
 4,500,945 
 
 3,243 
 
 72.1 
 
 1894 
 
 1,729,417 
 
 1,022 
 
 59.1 
 
 1909 
 
 4,633,914 
 
 3,488 
 
 75.3 
 
 1895 
 
 1,782,947 
 
 1,030 
 
 57.8 
 59.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 3,710 
 
 77.8 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 8,379,441 
 
 4,943 
 
 22,504,725 
 
 16,673 
 
 74.1 
 
 1896 
 
 1,836,477 
 
 1,141 
 
 62.1 
 
 1911 
 
 4,899,852 
 
 3,873 
 
 79.0 
 
 1897 
 
 1,890,007 
 
 1,217 
 
 64.4 
 
 1912 
 
 5,032,821 
 
 4,071 
 
 80.9 
 
 1898 
 
 3,171,268 
 
 2,006 
 
 63.3 
 
 1913 
 
 5,165,790 
 
 4,223 
 
 81.7 
 
 1899 
 
 3,304,235 
 
 2,136 
 
 64.6 
 
 1914 
 
 5,298,759 
 
 4,467 
 
 84.3 
 
 1900 
 
 3,437,202 
 
 2,291 
 
 66.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 13,639,189 
 
 8,791 
 
 64.5 
 
 Health of the City of N 
 
 ew York, N. Y. 
 
 1901 
 
 3,570,169 
 
 2,463 
 
 69.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 3,703,136 
 
 2,450 
 
 66.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 3,836,103 
 
 2,608 
 
 68.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 3,969,071 
 
 2,709 
 
 68.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 4,102,039 
 
 2,875 
 
 70.1 
 68.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 19,180,518 
 
 13,105 
 
 
 Table 107 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, Males 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 774,822 
 
 318 
 
 41.0 
 
 1906 
 
 2,111,770 
 
 1,174 
 
 55.6 
 
 1892 
 
 802,065 
 
 356 
 
 44.4 
 
 1907 
 
 2,179,448 
 
 1,322 
 
 60.7 
 
 1893 
 
 829,308 
 
 383 
 
 46.2 
 
 1908 
 
 2,247,126 
 
 1,241 
 
 55.2 
 
 1894 
 
 856,551 
 
 362 
 
 42.3 
 
 1909 
 
 2,314,804 
 
 1,442 
 
 62.3 
 
 1895 
 
 883,795 
 
 391 
 
 44.2 
 
 43.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,382,482 
 
 1,524 
 
 64.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 4,146,541 
 
 1,810 
 
 11,235,630 
 
 6,703 
 
 59.7 
 
 1896 
 
 911,039 
 
 449 
 
 49.2 • 
 
 1911 
 
 2,450,160 
 
 1,602 
 
 65.4 
 
 1897 
 
 938,283 
 
 474 
 
 50.5 
 
 1912 
 
 2,517,838 
 
 1,068 
 
 66.2 
 
 1898 
 
 1,570,351 
 
 773 
 
 49.2 
 
 1913 
 
 2,585,516 
 
 1,740 
 
 67.3 
 
 1899 
 
 1,638,028 
 
 785 
 
 47.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,705,705 
 
 826 
 
 48.4 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of the City of New York 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 6,763,406 
 
 3,307 
 
 48.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 1,773,382 
 
 935 
 
 52.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1,841,059 
 
 922 
 
 50.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,908,736 
 
 1,014 
 
 53.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1,976,414 
 
 1,071 
 
 54.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,044,092 
 
 1,134 
 
 55.5 
 53.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 9,543,683 
 
 5,076 
 
 
 532 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 108 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, Females 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 794,008 
 
 584 
 
 73.6 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 1,831 
 
 86.2 
 
 1892 
 
 820,294 
 
 640 
 
 78.0 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 1,905 
 
 87.0 
 
 1893 
 
 846,580 
 
 610 
 
 72.1 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 2,002 
 
 88.8 
 
 1894 
 
 872,866 
 
 660 
 
 75.6 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 2,046 
 
 88.2 
 
 1895 
 
 899,152 
 
 639 
 
 71.1 
 74.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 2,186 
 
 91.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 4,232,900 
 
 3,133 
 
 11,269,095 
 
 9,970 
 
 88.5 
 
 1896 
 
 925,438 
 
 692 
 
 74.8 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 2,271 
 
 92.7 
 
 1897 
 
 951,724 
 
 743 
 
 78.1 
 
 1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 2,403 
 
 95.5 
 
 1898 
 
 1,600,917 
 
 1,233 
 
 77.0 
 
 1913 
 
 2,580,274 
 
 2,483 
 
 96.2 
 
 1899 
 
 1,666,207 
 
 1,351 
 
 81.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,731,497 
 
 1,465 
 
 84.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of tne <^ity or iNew lorK, 
 
 iM. I. 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 6,875,783 
 
 5,484 
 
 79.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 1,796,787 
 
 1,528 
 
 85.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1,862,077 
 
 1,528 
 
 82.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,927,367 
 
 1,594 
 
 82.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 1,638 
 
 82.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 1,741 
 
 84.6 
 83.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 9,636,835 
 
 8,029 
 
 
 Table 109 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, by Age 
 1893-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 All Ages 
 
 Population 
 
 * 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Ages 35-54 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 8,914,736 
 17,186,010 
 20,510,196 
 23,834,415 
 
 5,403 
 11,346 
 14,424 
 18,.S85 
 
 60.6 
 66.0 
 70.3 
 77.1 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 2,006,992 
 3,911,885 
 4,752,536 
 5,593,211 
 
 2,334 
 4,757 
 5,833 
 7,252 
 
 116.3 
 121.6 
 
 122.7 
 129.7 
 
 
 Ages Under 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 Ages 55 and Over 
 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 6,260,890 
 11,961,215 
 14,177,740 
 16,394,286 
 
 455 
 
 845 
 
 1,054 
 
 1,247 
 
 7.3 
 7.1 
 7.4 
 7.6 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 625,440 
 1,285,750 
 1,549,306 
 1,812,910 
 
 2,614 
 5,744 
 7,537 
 9,886 
 
 417.9 
 446.7 
 486.5 
 545.3 
 
 *Including 
 
 unknown ages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 533 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 110 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, by Age, Males 
 
 1893-1912 
 
 
 All Ages 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 Ages 35-54 
 
 
 Years 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 4,418,976 
 
 8,528,525 
 
 10,220,460 
 
 11,912,410 
 
 2,059 
 4,241 
 5,715 
 
 7,477 
 
 46.6 
 49.7 
 55.9 
 62.8 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 1,047,346 
 2,037,950 
 2,465,050 
 2,892,156 
 
 811 
 1,589 
 2,056 
 2,569 
 
 77.4 
 78.0 
 83.4 
 88.8 
 
 
 Ages Under 35 
 
 
 
 Ages 55 and Over 
 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 3,062,165 
 5,865,080 
 6,997,730 
 8,130,386 
 
 174 
 
 328 
 444 
 501 
 
 5.7 
 5.6 
 6.3 
 6.2 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 296,285 
 607,030 
 735,455 
 863,890 
 
 1,074 
 2,324 
 3,215 
 
 4,407 
 
 362.5 
 382.8 
 437.1 
 510.1 
 
 *Including unknown ages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 111 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, by Age, Females 
 
 1893-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 All Ages 
 Population 
 
 * 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Ages 35-54 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 4,495,760 
 
 8,657,485 
 
 10,289,736 
 
 11,922,005 
 
 3,344 
 
 7,105 
 
 8,709 
 
 10,908 
 
 74.4 
 82.1 
 84.6 
 91.5 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 959,646 
 1,873,935 
 2,287,486 
 2,701,055 
 
 1,523 
 3,168 
 
 3,777 
 4,683 
 
 158.7 
 169.1 
 165.1 
 173.4 
 
 
 Ages Under 35 
 
 
 
 Ages 55 and Over 
 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 3,198,725 
 6,096,135 
 7,180,010 
 8,263,900 
 
 281 
 517 
 610 
 
 746 
 
 8.8 
 8.5 
 8.5 
 9.0 
 
 1893-1897 
 1898-1902 
 1903-1907 
 1908-1912 
 
 329,155 
 678,720 
 813,851 
 949,020 
 
 1,540 
 3,420 
 4,322 
 5,479 
 
 467.9 
 503.9 
 531.1 
 577.3 
 
 *Including 
 
 unknown ages 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 112 
 
 
 
 Table 113 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of th 
 
 e Buccal 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Stomach 
 
 Cavity, according to Sex 
 
 and 
 
 Liver, according to 
 
 Sex 
 
 
 Greater New York 
 
 
 
 Greater New York 
 
 
 
 1903-191 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1903-19 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 3,836,103 
 
 127 
 
 3.3 
 
 1903 
 
 3,836,103 
 
 1,043 
 
 27.2 
 
 1904 
 
 3,969,071 
 
 88 
 
 2.2 
 
 1904 
 
 3,969,071 
 
 1,141 
 
 28.7 
 
 1905 
 
 4,102,039 
 
 108 
 
 2.6 
 
 1905 
 
 4,102,039 
 
 1,135 
 
 27.7 
 
 1906 
 
 4,235,007 
 
 113 
 
 2.7 
 
 1906 
 
 4,235,007 
 
 1,235 
 
 29.2 
 
 1907 
 
 4,367,976 
 
 128 
 
 2.9 
 
 1907 
 
 4,367,976 
 
 1,281 
 
 29.3 
 
 1908 
 
 4,500,945 
 
 111 
 
 2.5 
 
 1908 
 
 4,500,945 
 
 1,316 
 
 29.2 
 
 1909 
 
 4,633,914 
 
 131 
 
 2.8 
 
 1909 
 
 4,633,914 
 
 1,421 
 
 30.7 
 
 1910 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 140 
 
 2.9 
 
 1910 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 1,433 
 
 30.1 
 
 1911 
 
 4,899,852 
 
 131 
 
 2.7 
 
 1911 
 
 4,899,852 
 
 1,543 
 
 31.5 
 
 1912 
 
 5,032,821 
 
 153 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.8 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 5,032,821 
 
 1,608 
 
 32.0 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 44,344,611 
 
 1,230 
 
 44,344,611 
 
 13,156 
 
 29.7 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,908,736 
 
 101 
 
 5.3 
 
 1903 
 
 1,908,736 
 
 538 
 
 28.2 
 
 1904 
 
 1,976,414 
 
 67 
 
 3.4 
 
 1904 
 
 1,976,414 
 
 562 
 
 28.4 
 
 1905 
 
 2,044,092 
 
 88 
 
 4.3 
 
 1905 
 
 2,044,092 
 
 568 
 
 27.8 
 
 1906 
 
 2,111,770 
 
 93 
 
 4.4 
 
 1906 
 
 2,111,770 
 
 591 
 
 28.0 
 
 1907 
 
 2,179,448 
 
 103 
 
 4.7 
 
 1907 
 
 2,179,448 
 
 667 
 
 30.6 
 
 1908 
 
 2,247,126 
 
 95 
 
 4.2 
 
 1908 
 
 2,247,126 
 
 626 
 
 27.9 
 
 1909 
 
 2,314,804 
 
 116 
 
 5.0 
 
 1909 
 
 2,314,804 
 
 753 
 
 32.5 
 
 1910 
 
 2,382,482 
 
 119 
 
 5.0 
 
 1910 
 
 2,382,482 
 
 713 
 
 29.9 
 
 1911 
 
 2,450,160 
 
 109 
 
 4.4 
 
 1911 
 
 2,450,160 
 
 791 
 
 32.3 
 
 1912 
 
 2,517,838 
 
 123 
 
 4.9 
 
 4.6 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,517,838 
 
 801 
 
 31.8 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 22,132,870 
 
 1,014 
 
 22,132,870 
 
 6,610 
 
 29.9 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1.927,367 
 
 26 
 
 1.3 
 
 1903 
 
 1,927,367 
 
 505 
 
 26.2 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 21 
 
 1.1 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 579 
 
 29.1 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 567 
 
 27.6 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 20 
 
 0.9 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 644 
 
 30.3 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 25 
 
 1.1 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 614 
 
 28.1 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 16 
 
 0.7 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 690 
 
 30.6 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 15 
 
 0.6 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 668 
 
 28.8 
 
 1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 21 
 
 0.9 
 
 1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 720 
 
 30.2 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 22 
 
 0.9 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 752 
 
 30.7 
 
 1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 30 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.0 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 807 
 
 32.1 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 22,211,741 
 
 216 
 
 22,211,741 
 
 6,546 
 
 29.5 
 
 535 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 114 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Peritoneum, Intestines, Rectum 
 
 according to Sex, Greater New York 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 3,836,103 
 
 342 
 
 8.9 
 
 1903 
 
 1,908,736 
 
 146 
 
 7.6 
 
 1904 
 
 3,969,071 
 
 355 
 
 8.9 
 
 1904 
 
 1,976,414 
 
 164 
 
 8.3 
 
 1905 
 
 4,102,039 
 
 399 
 
 9.7 
 
 1905 
 
 2,044,092 
 
 179 
 
 8.8 
 
 1906 
 
 4,235,007 
 
 427 
 
 10.1 
 
 1906 
 
 2,111,770 
 
 183 
 
 8.7 
 
 1907 
 
 4,367,976 
 
 467 
 
 10.7 
 
 1907 
 
 2,179,448 
 
 211 
 
 9.7 
 
 1908 
 
 4,500,945 
 
 461 
 
 10.2 
 
 1908 
 
 2,247,126 
 
 183 
 
 8.1 
 
 1909 
 
 4,633,914 
 
 459 
 
 9.9 
 
 1909 
 
 2,314,804 
 
 223 
 
 9.6 
 
 1910 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 602 
 
 12.6 
 
 1910 
 
 2,382,482 
 
 285 
 
 12.0 
 
 1911 
 
 4,899,852 
 
 544 
 
 11.1 
 
 1911 
 
 2,450,160 
 
 257 
 
 10.5 
 
 1912 
 
 5,032,821 
 
 608 
 
 12.1 
 10.5 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,517,838 
 
 279 
 
 11.1 
 
 1903-1912 44,344,611 
 
 4,664 
 
 22,132,870 
 
 2,110 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 1903 
 
 1,927,367 
 
 196 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 191 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 220 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 244 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 256 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 278 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 236 
 
 1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 317 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 287 
 
 1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 329 
 
 1903-1912 22,211,741 2,554 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 10.2 
 9.6 
 10.7 
 11.5 
 11.7 
 12.3 
 10.2 
 13.3 
 11.7 
 13.1 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 Table 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 Table 116 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Female 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Female 
 
 
 Generative 
 
 Organs 
 
 
 
 Breast 
 
 
 Greater New York, 1903- 
 
 1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Grej 
 
 iter New Yor 
 
 k, 1903 
 
 Deaths 
 
 -1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Female 
 
 irom 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Female 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 1,927,367 
 
 424 
 
 22.0 
 
 1903 
 
 1,927,307 
 
 253 
 
 13.1 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 419 
 
 21.0 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 239 
 
 12.0 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 478 
 
 23.2 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 265 
 
 12.9 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 447 
 
 21.1 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 268 
 
 12.6 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 494 
 
 22.6 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 283 
 
 12.9 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 543 
 
 24.1 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 267 
 
 11.8 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 557 
 
 24.0 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 314 
 
 13.5 
 
 1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 553 
 
 23.2 
 
 1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 348 
 
 14.6 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 551 
 
 22.5 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 361 
 
 14.7 
 
 1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 580 
 
 23.1 
 
 22.7 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 346 
 
 13.8 
 
 1903-1912 22,211,741 
 
 5,046 
 
 22,211,741 
 
 2,944 
 
 13.3 
 
 536 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 117 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 Greater New York, 1903-1912 
 
 Table 118 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or 
 
 Not Specified Organs, according 
 to Sex, Greater New York, 1903-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 3,836,103 
 
 78 
 
 2.0 
 
 1903 
 
 3,836,103 
 
 341 
 
 8.9 
 
 1904 
 
 3,969,071 
 
 74 
 
 1.9 
 
 1904 
 
 3,969,071 
 
 393 
 
 9.9 
 
 1905 
 
 4,102,039 
 
 83 
 
 2.0 
 
 1905 
 
 4,102,039 
 
 407 
 
 9.9 
 
 1906 
 
 4,235,007 
 
 73 
 
 1.7 
 
 1906 
 
 4,235,007 
 
 442 
 
 10.4 
 
 1907 
 
 4,367,976 
 
 72 
 
 1.6 
 
 1907 
 
 4,367,976 
 
 502 
 
 11.5 
 
 1908 
 
 4,500,945 
 
 63 
 
 1.4 
 
 1908 
 
 4,500,945 
 
 482 
 
 10.7 
 
 1909 
 
 4,633,914 
 
 74 
 
 1.6 
 
 1909 
 
 4,633,914 
 
 532 
 
 11.5 
 
 1910 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 74 
 
 1.6 
 
 1910 
 
 4,766,883 
 
 560 
 
 11.7 
 
 1911 
 
 4,899,852 
 
 64 
 
 1.3 
 
 1911 
 
 4,899,852 
 
 679 
 
 13.9 
 
 1912 
 
 5,032,821 
 
 70 
 
 1.4 
 1.6 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 5,032,821 
 
 706 
 
 14.0 
 
 1903-1912 44,344,611 
 
 725 
 
 44,344,611 
 
 5,044 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,908,736 
 
 51 
 
 2.7 
 
 1903 
 
 1,908,736 
 
 178 
 
 9.3 
 
 1904 
 
 1,976,414 
 
 45 
 
 2.3 
 
 1904 
 
 1,976,414 
 
 233 
 
 11.8 
 
 1905 
 
 2,044,092 
 
 65 
 
 3.2 
 
 1905 
 
 2,044,092 
 
 234 
 
 11.4 
 
 1906 
 
 2,111,770 
 
 52 
 
 2.5 
 
 1906 
 
 2,111,770 
 
 255 
 
 12.1 
 
 1907 
 
 2,179,448 
 
 38 
 
 1.7 
 
 1907 
 
 2,179,448 
 
 303 
 
 13.9 
 
 1908 
 
 2,247,126 
 
 34 
 
 1.5 
 
 1908 
 
 2,247,126 
 
 303 
 
 13.5 
 
 1909 
 
 2,314,804 
 
 43 
 
 1.9 
 
 1909 
 
 2,314,804 
 
 307 
 
 13.3 
 
 1910 
 
 2,382,482 
 
 49 
 
 2.1 
 
 1910 
 
 2,382,482 
 
 358 
 
 15.0 
 
 1911 
 
 2,450,160 
 
 42 
 
 1.7 
 
 1911 
 
 2,450,160 
 
 403 
 
 16.4 
 
 1912 
 
 2,517,838 
 
 43 
 
 462 
 
 1.7 
 2.1 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,517,838 
 
 422 
 2,996 
 
 16.8 
 
 1903-1912 22,132,870 
 
 22,132,870 
 
 13.5 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,927,367 
 
 27 
 
 1.4 
 
 1903 
 
 1,927,367 
 
 163 
 
 8.5 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 29 
 
 1.5 
 
 1904 
 
 1,992,657 
 
 160 
 
 8.0 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 18 
 
 • 0.9 
 
 1905 
 
 2,057,947 
 
 173 
 
 8.4 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 21 
 
 1.0 
 
 1906 
 
 2,123,237 
 
 187 
 
 8.8 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 34 
 
 1.6 
 
 1907 
 
 2,188,528 
 
 199 
 
 9.1 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 29 
 
 1.3 
 
 1908 
 
 2,253,819 
 
 179 
 
 7.9 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 31 
 
 1.3 
 
 1909 
 
 2,319,110 
 
 225 
 
 9.7 
 
 1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1910 
 
 2,384,401 
 
 202 
 
 8.5 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 22 
 
 0.9 
 
 1911 
 
 2,449,692 
 
 276 
 
 11.3 
 
 1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 27 
 
 1.1 
 1.2 
 
 1912 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,514,983 
 
 284 
 
 11.3 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 22,211,741 
 
 263 
 
 22,211,741 
 
 2,048 
 
 9.2 
 
 537 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 119 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 1903-1907 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Organ or Part Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 564 2.7 
 
 Stomach and liver 5,835 28.4 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum.. . 1,990 9.7 
 
 Female generative organs 2,262 11.0 
 
 Femalebreast 1,308 6.4 
 
 Skin 380 1.9 
 
 Other or not specified organs 2,085 10.2 
 
 Allorgans 14,424 70.3 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 of Increase 
 
 666 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 7,321 
 
 30.7 
 
 8.1 
 
 2,674 
 
 11.2 
 
 15.4 
 
 2,784 
 
 11.7 
 
 6.4 
 
 1,636 
 
 6.9 
 
 7.8 
 
 345 
 
 1.4 
 
 -26.3 
 
 2,959 
 
 12.4 
 
 21.6 
 
 18,385 77.1 
 
 9.7 
 
 Table 120 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1903-1907 Compared with 1908-1912 
 
 MALES 
 1903-1907 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 Organ or Part Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 452 4.4 
 
 Stomach and hver 2,926 28.6 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum . . 883 8.6 
 
 Skin 251 2.5 
 
 Other or not specified organs 1,203 11.8 
 
 Allorgans 5,715 55.9 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Buccal cavity 112 1.1 
 
 Stomach and liver 2,909 28.2 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum . . 1,107 10.8 
 
 Female generative organs 2,262 22.0 
 
 Breast 1,308 12.7 
 
 Skin 129 1.3 
 
 Other or not specified organs 882 8.3 
 
 Allorgans 8,709 84.4 
 
 1908-1912 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 562 
 3,684 
 1,227 
 
 211 
 1,793 
 
 4.7 
 30.9 
 10.3 
 
 1.8 
 15.1 
 
 10,908 
 
 91.5 
 
 Percentage 
 of Increase 
 
 8.0 
 
 19.8 
 
 -28.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 7,477 
 
 62.8 
 
 12.3 
 
 104 
 
 0.9 
 
 -18.2 
 
 3,637 
 
 30.5 
 
 8.2 
 
 1,447 
 
 12.1 
 
 12.0 
 
 2,784 
 
 23.4 
 
 6.4 
 
 1,636 
 
 13.7 
 
 7.9 
 
 134 
 
 1.1 
 
 -15.4 
 
 1,166 
 
 9.8 
 
 18.1 
 
 8.4 
 
 538 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 121 
 Mortality from Cancer in Greater New York, by Boroughs, according to Sex 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Boroughs Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Manhattan 22,111,795 17,854 80.7 
 
 Bronx 3,733,606 2,546 68.2 
 
 Brooklyn 15,174,082 10,273 67.7 
 
 Queens 2,512,791 1,429 56.9 
 
 Richmond 812,311 707 87.0 
 
 Greater New York 44,344,585 32,809 74.0 
 
 MALES 
 
 Manhattan 11,045,590 7,555 68.4 
 
 Bronx 1,882,781 970 51.5 
 
 Brooklyn 7,507,760 3,807 50.7 
 
 Queens 1,275,400 516 40.5 
 
 Richmond 421,320 344 81.6 
 
 Greater New York 22,132,851 13,192 59.6 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Manhattan 11,066,205 10,299 93.1 
 
 Bronx 1,850,825 1,576 85.2 
 
 Brooklyn 7,666,322 6,466 84.3 
 
 Queens 1,237,391 913 73.8 
 
 Richmond 390,991 363 92.8 
 
 Greater New York 22,211,734 19,617 88.3 
 
 Source: For Tables 109 to 121, Annual Reports of the Board of Health of the City 
 of New York, N. Y. 
 
 539 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 122 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of New York (Manhattan and Bronx) 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 968,692 
 
 335 
 
 34.6 
 
 1896 
 
 1,836,477 
 
 1,141 
 
 62.1 
 
 1872 
 
 995,092 
 
 392 
 
 39.4 
 
 1897 
 
 1,890,007 
 
 1,217 
 
 64.4 
 
 1873 
 
 1,021,492 
 
 425 
 
 41.6 
 
 1898 
 
 1,943,538 
 
 1,260 
 
 64.8 
 
 1874 
 
 1,047,893 
 
 416 
 
 39.7 
 
 1899 
 
 1,997,069 
 
 1,321 
 
 66.1 
 
 1875 
 
 1,074,294 
 
 424 
 
 39.5 
 39.0 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,050,600 
 
 1,473 
 
 71.8 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 5,107,463 
 
 1,992 
 
 9,717,691 
 
 6,412 
 
 66.0 
 
 1876 
 
 1,100,695 
 
 459 
 
 41.7 
 
 1901 
 
 2,121,791 
 
 1,575 
 
 74.2 
 
 1877 
 
 1,127,096 
 
 495 
 
 43.9 
 
 1902 
 
 2,192,982 
 
 1,536 
 
 70.0 
 
 1878 
 
 1,153,497 
 
 570 
 
 49.4 
 
 1903 
 
 2,264,174 
 
 1,684 
 
 74.4 
 
 1879 
 
 1 179,898 
 
 572 
 
 48.5 
 
 1904 
 
 2,335,366 
 
 1,740 
 
 74.5 
 
 1880 
 
 1,206,299 
 
 659 
 
 54.6 
 
 47.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,406,558 
 
 1,834 
 8,369 
 
 76.2 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 5,767,485 
 
 2,755 
 
 11,320,871 
 
 73.9 
 
 1881 
 
 1,237,198 
 
 706 
 
 57.1 
 
 1906 
 
 2,477,750 
 
 1,856 
 
 74.9 
 
 1882 
 
 1,268,097 
 
 732 
 
 57.7 
 
 1907 
 
 2,548,943 
 
 2,032 
 
 79.7 
 
 1883 
 
 1,298,996 
 
 678 
 
 52.2 
 
 1908 
 
 2,620,136 
 
 2,020 
 
 77.1 
 
 1884 
 
 1,329,896 
 
 731 
 
 55.0 
 
 1909 
 
 2,691,329 
 
 2,123 
 
 78.9 
 
 1885 
 
 1,360,796 
 
 754 
 
 55.4 
 55.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,762,522 
 
 2,238 
 
 81.0 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 6,494,983 
 
 3,601 
 
 13,100,680 
 
 10,269 
 
 78.4 
 
 1886 
 
 1,391,697 
 
 779 
 
 56.0 
 
 1911 
 
 2,833,714 
 
 2,376 
 
 83.8 
 
 1887 
 
 1,422,598 
 
 832 
 
 58.5 
 
 1912 
 
 2,904,907 
 
 2,497 
 
 86.0 
 
 1888 
 
 1,453,499 
 
 870 
 
 59.9 
 
 1913 
 
 2,976,099 
 
 2,532 
 
 85.1 
 
 1889 
 
 1,484,400 
 
 848 
 
 57.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1,515,301 
 
 954 
 
 63.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of tVi<» Ti+v nf 
 
 S^ew York 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 7,267,495 
 
 4,283 
 
 58.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 1,568,830 
 
 902 
 
 57.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1,622,359 
 
 996 
 
 61.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1,675,888 
 
 993 
 
 59.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 1,729,417 
 
 1,022 
 
 59.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1,782,947 
 
 1,030 
 
 57.8 
 59.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 8,379,441 
 
 4,943 
 
 
 540 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 123 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of New York (Manhattan and Bronx) 
 
 Males, 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 470,456 
 
 93 
 
 19.8 
 
 1896 
 
 911,039 
 
 449 
 
 49.3 
 
 1872 
 
 483,795 
 
 114 
 
 23.6 
 
 1897 
 
 938,283 
 
 474 
 
 50.5 
 
 1873 
 
 497,134 
 
 138 
 
 27.8 
 
 1898 
 
 965,527 
 
 497 
 
 51.5 
 
 1874 
 
 510,474 
 
 124 
 
 24.3 
 
 1899 
 
 992,771 
 
 509 
 
 51.3 
 
 1875 
 
 523,814 
 
 147 
 
 28.1 
 24.8 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,020,015 
 
 558 
 
 54.7 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 2,485,673 
 
 616 
 
 4,827,635 
 
 2,487 
 
 51.5 
 
 1876 
 
 537,154 
 
 152 
 
 28.3 
 
 1901 
 
 1,056,391 
 
 629 
 
 59.5 
 
 1877 
 
 550,494 
 
 153 
 
 27.8 
 
 1902 
 
 1,092,767 
 
 590 
 
 54.0 
 
 1878 
 
 563,834 
 
 182 
 
 32.3 
 
 1903 
 
 1,129,143 
 
 655 
 
 58.0 
 
 1879 
 
 577,174 
 
 193 
 
 33.4 
 
 1904 
 
 1,165,519 
 
 710 
 
 60.9 
 
 1880 
 
 590,514 
 
 219 
 
 37.1 
 31.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,201,895 
 
 768 
 
 63.9 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 2,819,170 
 
 899 
 
 5,645,715 
 
 3,352 
 
 59.4 
 
 1881 
 
 606,220 
 
 244 
 
 40.2 
 
 1906 
 
 1,238,271 
 
 766 
 
 61.9 
 
 1882 
 
 621,926 
 
 265 
 
 42.6 
 
 1907 
 
 1,274,648 
 
 839 
 
 65.8 
 
 1883 
 
 637,632 
 
 221 
 
 34.7 
 
 1908 
 
 1,311,025 
 
 827 
 
 63.1 
 
 1884 
 
 653,338 
 
 263 
 
 40.3 
 
 1909 
 
 1,347,402 
 
 920 
 
 68.3 
 
 1885 
 
 669,044 
 
 228 
 
 34.1 
 38.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,383,779 
 
 982 
 
 71.0 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 3,188,160 
 
 1,221 
 
 6,555,125 
 
 4,334 
 
 66.1 
 
 1886 
 
 684,751 
 
 257 
 
 37.5 
 
 1911 
 
 1,420,155 
 
 1,008 
 
 71.0 
 
 1887 
 
 700,458 
 
 278 
 
 39.7 
 
 1912 
 
 1,456,532 
 
 1,050 
 
 72.1 
 
 1888 
 
 716,165 
 
 284 
 
 39.7 
 
 1913 
 
 1,492,908 
 
 1,072 
 
 71.8 
 
 1889 
 
 731,872 
 
 276 
 
 37.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 747,579 
 
 356 
 
 47.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of the City of N 
 
 ew York 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,580,825 
 
 1,451 
 
 40.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 774,822 
 
 318 
 
 41.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 802,065 
 
 356 
 
 44.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 829,308 
 
 383 
 
 46.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 856,551 
 
 362 
 
 42.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 883,795 
 
 391 
 
 44.2 
 43.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 4,146,541 
 
 1,810 
 
 
 541 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 124 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of New York (Manhattan and Bronx) 
 
 Females, 1871-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1871 
 
 498,236 
 
 242 
 
 48.6 
 
 1896 
 
 925,438 
 
 692 
 
 74.8 
 
 1872 
 
 511,297 
 
 278 
 
 54.4 
 
 1897 
 
 951,724 
 
 743 
 
 78.1 
 
 1873 
 
 524,358 
 
 287 
 
 54.7 
 
 1898 
 
 978,011 
 
 763 
 
 78.0 
 
 1874 
 
 537,419 
 
 292 
 
 54.3 
 
 1899 
 
 1,004,298 
 
 812 
 
 80.9 
 
 1875 
 
 550,480 
 2,621,790 
 
 277 
 
 50.3 
 52.5 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,030,585 
 
 915 
 
 88.8 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,376 
 
 4,890,056 
 
 3,925 
 
 80.3 
 
 1876 
 
 563,541 
 
 307 
 
 54.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 576,602 
 
 342 
 
 59.3 
 
 1901 
 
 1,065,400 
 
 946 
 
 88.8 
 
 1878 
 
 589,663 
 
 388 
 
 65.8 
 
 1902 
 
 1,100,215 
 
 946 
 
 86.0 
 
 1879 
 
 602,724 
 
 379 
 
 62.9 
 
 1903 
 
 1,135,031 
 
 1,029 
 
 90.7 
 
 1880 
 
 615,785 
 
 2,948,315 
 
 630,978 
 
 646,171 
 
 440 
 
 71.5 
 63.0 
 
 73.2 
 72.3 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,169,847 
 1,204,663 
 
 1,030 
 1,066 
 
 88.0 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 1,856 
 462 
 467 
 
 88.5 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 
 5,675,156 
 
 5,017 
 
 88.4 
 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 661,364 
 676,558 
 691,752 
 
 457 
 468 
 526 
 
 69.1 
 69.2 
 76.0 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 
 1,239,479 
 1,274,295 
 1,309,111 
 
 1,090 
 1,193 
 1,193 
 
 87.9 
 93.6 
 91.1 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 3,306,823 
 
 2,380 
 
 72.0 
 
 1909 
 
 1,343,927 
 
 1,203 
 
 89.5 
 
 1886 
 
 706,946 
 
 522 
 
 73.8 
 
 1910 
 
 1,378,743 
 
 1,256 
 
 91.1 
 
 1887 
 
 722,140 
 
 554 
 
 76.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 737,334 
 
 586 
 
 79.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 6,545,555 
 
 5,935 
 
 90.7 
 
 1889 
 
 752,528 
 
 572 
 
 76.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 767,722 
 
 598 
 
 77.9 
 
 1911 
 
 1,413,559 
 
 1,368 
 
 96.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1,448,375 • 
 
 1,447 
 
 99.9 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,686,670 
 
 2,832 
 
 76.8 
 
 1913 
 
 1,483,191 
 
 1,460 
 
 98.4 
 
 1891 
 
 794,008 
 
 584 
 
 73.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 820,294 
 
 640 
 
 78.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 Board of 
 
 1893 
 
 846,580 
 
 610 
 
 72.1 
 
 Health of the City of New York 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1894 
 
 872,866 
 
 660 
 
 75.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 899,152 
 
 639 
 
 71.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 4,232,900 
 
 3,133 
 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 125 
 Mortality from Cancer in Omaha, Neb., 1900-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 
 102,555 
 
 104,709 
 106,863 
 109,017 
 111,171 
 113,325 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 51 
 
 54 
 73 
 87 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 43.9 
 
 57.3 
 
 47.7 
 49.5 
 65.7 
 76.8 
 
 59.6 
 
 Year 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 Source: 
 tistics. 
 
 Population 
 
 115,479 
 117,633 
 119,787 
 121,941 
 124,096 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 93 
 108 
 
 97 
 101 
 114 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 80.5 
 91.8 
 81.0 
 82.8 
 91.9 
 
 598,936 513 
 
 126,250 112 
 
 128,404 114 
 
 130,558 129 
 
 United States Mort 
 
 85.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 545,085 
 
 325 
 
 88.7 
 88.8 
 98.8 
 ality Sta- 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 126 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 1861-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1861 
 
 576,378 
 
 189 
 
 32.8 
 
 1891 
 
 1,071,637 
 
 572 
 
 53.4 
 
 1862 
 
 587,227 
 
 181 
 
 30.8 
 
 1892 
 
 1,096,310 
 
 571 
 
 52.1 
 
 1863 
 
 598,076 
 
 190 
 
 31.8 
 
 1893 
 
 1,120,983 
 
 614 
 
 '54.8 
 
 1864 
 
 608,925 
 
 180 
 
 29.6 
 
 1894 
 
 1,145,656 
 
 589 
 
 51.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1,170,329 
 
 682 
 
 58.3 
 
 
 
 
 1861-1864 
 
 2,370,606 
 
 740 
 
 31.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 5,604,915 
 
 3,028 
 
 54.0 
 
 1866 
 
 630,623 
 
 203 
 
 32.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 641,472 
 
 200 
 
 31.2 
 
 1896 
 
 1,195,002 
 
 676 
 
 56.6 
 
 1868 
 
 652,322 
 
 236 
 
 36.2 
 
 1897 
 
 1,219,675 
 
 698 
 
 57.2 
 
 1869 
 
 663,172 
 
 232 
 
 35.0 
 
 1898 
 
 1,244,349 
 
 671 
 
 53.9 
 
 1870 
 
 674,022 
 
 261 
 
 38.7 
 
 1899 
 
 1,269,023 
 
 777 
 
 61.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,293,697 
 
 810 
 
 62.6 
 
 
 
 
 1866-1870 
 
 3,261,611 
 
 1,132 
 
 34.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 6,221,746 
 
 3,632 
 
 58.4 
 
 1871 
 
 691,336 
 
 280 
 
 40.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 708,650 
 
 316 
 
 44.6 
 
 1901 
 
 1,319,227 
 
 775 
 
 58.8 
 
 1873 
 
 725,964 
 
 268 
 
 36.9 
 
 1902 
 
 1,344,757 
 
 860 
 
 64.0 
 
 1874 
 
 743,278 
 
 308 
 
 41.4 
 
 1903 
 
 1,370,288 
 
 965 
 
 70.4 
 
 1875 
 
 760,593 
 
 318 
 
 41.8 
 
 1904 
 
 1,395,819 
 
 1,037 
 
 74.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1,421,350 
 
 1,037 
 
 73.0 
 
 
 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 3,629,821 
 
 1,490 
 
 41.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 6,851,441 
 
 4,674 
 
 68.2 
 
 1876 
 
 777,908 
 
 305 
 
 39.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 795,223 
 
 327 
 
 41.1 
 
 1906 
 
 1,446,881 
 
 1,125 
 
 77.8 
 
 1878 
 
 812,538 
 
 380 
 
 46.8 
 
 1907 
 
 1,472,412 
 
 1,164 
 
 79.1 
 
 1879 
 
 829,854 
 
 362 
 
 43.6 
 
 1908 
 
 1,497,944 
 
 1,235 
 
 82.4 
 
 1880 
 
 847,170 
 
 368 
 
 43.4 
 
 1909 
 
 1,523,476 
 
 1,306 
 
 85.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 1,549,008 
 
 1,304 
 
 84.2 
 
 
 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 4,062,693 
 
 1,742 
 
 42.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 7,489,721 
 
 6,134 
 
 81.9 
 
 1881 
 
 867,148 
 
 417 
 
 48.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 887,126 
 
 429 
 
 48.4 
 
 1911 
 
 1,574,540 
 
 1,354 
 
 86.0 
 
 1883 
 
 907,104 
 
 405 
 
 44.6 
 
 1912 
 
 1,600,072 
 
 1,411 
 
 88.2 
 
 1884 
 
 927,084 
 
 476 
 
 51.3 
 
 1913 
 
 1,625,604 
 
 1,551 
 
 95.4 
 
 1885 
 
 947,064 
 
 487 
 
 51.4 
 
 48.8 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 1,651,136 1,534 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 92.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 4,535,526 
 
 2,214 
 
 bureau of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 1886 
 
 967,044 
 
 457 
 
 47.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 987,024 
 
 500 
 
 50.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 1,007,004 
 
 448 
 
 44.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 1,026,984 
 
 532 
 
 51.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1,046,964 
 
 538 
 2,475 
 
 51.4 
 49.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 5,035,020 
 
 
 543 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 127 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Philadelphia, Pa., Males 
 
 1861-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1861 
 
 274,437 
 
 64 
 
 23.3 
 
 1891 
 
 523,458 
 
 186 
 
 35.5 
 
 1862 
 
 279,541 
 
 59 
 
 21.1 
 
 1892 
 
 535,794 
 
 183 
 
 34.2 
 
 1863 
 
 284,645 
 
 52 
 
 18.3 
 
 1893 
 
 548,130 
 
 183 
 
 33.4 
 
 1864 
 
 289,749 
 
 49 
 
 16.9 
 
 1894 
 
 560,466 
 
 188 
 
 33.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 572,802 
 
 211 
 
 36.8 
 
 1861-1864 
 
 1,128,372 
 
 224 
 
 19.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,740,650 
 
 951 
 
 34.7 
 
 1866 
 
 299,959 
 
 55 
 
 18.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 305,064 
 
 50 
 
 16.4 
 
 1896 
 
 585,138 
 
 242 
 
 41.4 
 
 1868 
 
 310,169 
 
 75 
 
 24.2 
 
 1897 
 
 597,474 
 
 244 
 
 40.8 
 
 1869 
 
 315,274 
 
 65 
 
 20.6 
 
 1898 
 
 609,811 
 
 205 
 
 33.6 
 
 1870 
 
 320,379 
 
 77 
 
 24.0 
 
 1899 
 
 622,148 
 
 252 
 
 40.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 634,485 
 
 298 
 
 47.0 
 
 1866-1870 
 
 1,550,845 
 
 322 
 
 20.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,049,056 
 
 1,241 
 
 40.7 
 
 1871 
 
 328,938 
 
 84 
 
 25.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 337,497 
 
 108 
 
 32.0 
 
 1901 
 
 647,082 
 
 288 
 
 44.5 
 
 1873 
 
 346,056 
 
 77 
 
 22.3 
 
 1902 
 
 659,679 
 
 295 
 
 44.7 
 
 1874 
 
 354,615 
 
 93 
 
 26.2 
 
 1903 
 
 672,277 
 
 341 
 
 50.7 
 
 1875 
 
 363,175 
 
 100 
 
 27.5 
 
 1904 
 
 684,875 
 
 364 
 
 53.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 697,473 
 
 369 
 
 52.9 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,730,281 
 
 462 
 
 26.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,361,386 
 
 1,657 
 
 49.3 
 
 1876 
 
 371,735 
 
 102 
 
 27.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 380,295 
 
 108 
 
 28.4 
 
 1906 
 
 710,071 
 
 392 
 
 55.2 
 
 1878 
 
 388,855 
 
 120 
 
 30.9 
 
 1907 
 
 722,669 
 
 432 
 
 59.8 
 
 1879 
 
 397,415 
 
 105 
 
 26.4 
 
 1908 
 
 735,267 
 
 470 
 
 63.9 
 
 1880 
 
 405,975 
 
 100 
 
 24.6 
 
 1909 
 
 747,865 
 
 519 
 
 69.4 
 
 
 
 
 27.5 
 
 1910 
 
 760,463 
 
 487 
 
 64.0 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 1,944,275 
 
 535 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,676,335 
 
 2,300 
 
 62.6 
 
 1881 
 
 416,489 
 
 127 
 
 30.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 427,003 
 
 145 
 
 34.0 
 
 1911 
 
 773,061 
 
 520 
 
 67.3 
 
 1883 
 
 437,517 
 
 132 
 
 30.2 
 
 1912 
 
 785,659 
 
 544 
 
 69.2 
 
 1884 
 
 448,032 
 
 134 
 
 29.9 
 
 1913 
 
 798,257 
 
 612 
 
 76.7 
 
 1885 
 
 458,547 
 
 143 
 
 31.2 
 31.1 
 
 1914 
 
 Source : 
 
 810,855 588 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 72.5 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,187,588 
 
 681 
 
 Bureau of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of the City, of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 1886 
 
 469,062 
 
 118 
 
 25.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 479,577 
 
 140 
 
 29.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 490,092 
 
 126 
 
 25.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 500,607 
 
 175 
 
 35.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 511,122 
 
 171 
 
 33.5 
 29.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,450,460 
 
 730 
 
 
 544 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 128 
 Mortality from Cancer in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 1861-1914 
 
 Females 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1861 
 
 301,941 
 
 125 
 
 41.4 
 
 1891 
 
 548,179 
 
 386 
 
 70.4 
 
 1862 
 
 307,686 
 
 122 
 
 39.7 
 
 1892 
 
 560,516 
 
 388 
 
 69.2 
 
 1863 
 
 313,431 
 
 138 
 
 44.0 
 
 1893 
 
 572,853 
 
 431 
 
 75.2 
 
 1864 
 
 319,176 
 
 131 
 
 41.0 
 
 1894 
 
 585,190 
 
 401 
 
 68.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 597,527 
 
 471 
 
 78.8 
 
 1861-1864 
 
 1,242,234 
 
 516 
 
 41.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,864,265 
 
 2,077 
 
 72.5 
 
 1866 
 
 330,664 
 
 148 
 
 44.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 336,408 
 
 150 
 
 44.6 
 
 1896 
 
 609,864 
 
 434 
 
 71.2 
 
 1868 
 
 342,153 
 
 161 
 
 47.1 
 
 1897 
 
 622,201 
 
 454 
 
 73.0 
 
 1869 
 
 347,898 
 
 167 
 
 48.0 
 
 1898 
 
 634,538 
 
 466 
 
 73.4 
 
 1870 
 
 353,643 
 
 184 
 
 52.0 
 
 1899 
 
 646,875 
 
 525 
 
 81.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 659,212 
 
 512 
 
 77.7 
 
 
 
 
 1866-1870 
 
 1,710,766 
 
 810 
 
 47.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,172,690 
 
 2,391 
 
 75.4 
 
 1871 
 
 362,398 
 
 196 
 
 54.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 371,153 
 
 208 
 
 56.0 
 
 1901 
 
 672,145 
 
 487 
 
 72.5 
 
 1873 
 
 379,908 
 
 191 
 
 50.3 
 
 1902 
 
 685,078 
 
 565 
 
 82.5 
 
 1874 
 
 388,663 
 
 215 
 
 55.3 
 
 1903 
 
 698,011 
 
 624 
 
 89.4 
 
 1875 
 
 397,418 
 
 218 
 
 54.9 
 
 1904 
 
 710,944 
 
 673 
 
 94.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 723,877 
 
 668 
 
 92.3 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1,899,540 
 
 1,028 
 
 54.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,490,055 
 
 3,017 
 
 86.4 
 
 1876 
 
 406,173 
 
 203 
 
 50.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 414,928 
 
 219 
 
 52.8 
 
 1906 
 
 736,810 
 
 733 
 
 99.5 
 
 1878 
 
 423,683 
 
 260 
 
 61.4 
 
 1907 
 
 749,743 
 
 732 
 
 97.6 
 
 1879 
 
 432,439 
 
 257 
 
 59.4 
 
 1908 
 
 762,677 
 
 765 
 
 100.3 
 
 1880 
 
 441,195 
 
 268 
 
 60.7 
 
 1909 
 
 775,611 
 
 787 
 
 101.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 788,545 
 
 817 
 
 103.6 
 
 
 
 1876-1880 
 
 2,118,418 
 
 1,207 
 
 57.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,813,386 
 
 3,834 
 
 100.5 
 
 1881 
 
 450,659 
 
 290 
 
 64.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 460,123 
 
 284 
 
 61.7 
 
 1911 
 
 801,479 
 
 834 
 
 104.1 
 
 1883 
 
 469,587 
 
 273 
 
 58.1 
 
 1912 
 
 814,413 
 
 867 
 
 106.5 
 
 1884 
 
 479,052 
 
 342 
 
 71.4 
 
 1913 
 
 827,347 
 
 939 
 
 113.5 
 
 1885 
 
 488,517 
 
 344 
 
 70.4 
 65.3 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 840,281 846 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 112.6 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,347,938 
 
 1,533 
 
 Bureau of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of the City of Philadelph 
 
 ia. Pa. 
 
 1886 
 
 497,982 
 
 339 
 
 68.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 507,447 
 
 360 
 
 70.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 516,912 
 
 322 
 
 62.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 526,377 
 
 357 
 
 67.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 535,842 
 
 367 
 
 68.5 
 67.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,584,560 
 
 1,745 
 
 
 545 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 129 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Philadelphia, Pa., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1878-1903 (Excluding 1897-1898) 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 TOTAL 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Buccal cavity 398 
 
 (Esophagus 87 
 
 Stomach 3,901 
 
 Liver 1,535 
 
 Rectum 438 
 
 Other intestines 408 
 
 Pancreas 137 
 
 Urinary organs 231 
 
 Female generative organs 3,070 
 
 Breast 1,719 
 
 Skin 441 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 1,325 
 
 All organs 13,690 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.3 
 15.3 
 
 6.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.9 
 12.1 
 
 6.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 5.3 
 
 53.8 
 
 MALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 317 
 
 67 
 
 1,875 
 
 605 
 
 196 
 
 154 
 
 71 
 
 138 
 
 35 
 256 
 
 4,403 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 2.6 
 0.5 
 15.1 
 4.9 
 1.6 
 1.2 
 0.6 
 1.1 
 
 0.3 
 2.1 
 5.5 
 
 35.5 
 
 FEMALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 2,026 
 
 930 
 
 242 
 
 254 
 
 66 
 
 93 
 
 3,070 
 
 1,684 
 
 185 
 
 636 
 
 9,287 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 15.5 
 
 7.1 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 23.5 
 
 12.9 
 
 1.4 
 
 4.9 
 
 71.1 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Table 130 
 
 Increase in the Mortality from Cancer in Philadelphia, Pa., by Organs and 
 
 Parts, 1891-1902 Compared with 1903-1912 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population Percentage 
 
 Organ or Part 1891-1902* 1903-1912 of Increase 
 
 Buccal cavity 1.6 3.1 93.8 
 
 Stomach and liver 24.7 29.4 19.0 
 
 Peritoneum Intestines and rectum 3.5 8.6 145.7 
 
 Female generative organs 12.1 13.9 14.9 
 
 Breast 7.0 8.7 24.3 
 
 Skin 1.9 3.5 84.2 
 
 Other or not specified organs 6.9 13.3 92.8 
 
 All organs 57.7 80.5 39.5 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Bureau of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 546 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 131 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Buccal Cavity in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year.^ 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 1 00,000 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Ages Undeu 20 
 
 
 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 3,929,590 
 
 3 
 
 0.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,008,630 19 
 
 1.9 
 
 1891-1902* 
 
 4,450,560 
 
 1 
 
 0.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,412,790 32 
 
 2.3 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 5,394,240 
 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 9 
 
 0.2 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,844,770 66 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 3.6 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,929,053 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 672,701 27 
 
 4.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 2,508,823 
 
 1 
 
 0.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 888,693 51 
 
 5.7 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,976,065 
 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 5 
 
 0.2 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,150,485 145 
 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 12.6 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,394,740 
 
 5 
 
 0.4 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 624,080 86 
 
 13.8 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,939,360 
 
 10 
 
 0.5 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 796,733 97 
 
 12.2 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,481,095 
 
 16 
 
 0.6 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 977,620 226 
 
 23.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 
 Table 132 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Stomach and Liver in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages Under 20 
 
 Rate xjer 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 3,929,590 13 
 
 0.3 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,008,630 321 
 
 31.8 
 
 1891-1902* 
 
 4,450,560 15 
 
 0.3 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,412,790 515 
 
 36.5 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 5,394,240 13 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 0.2 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,844,770 739 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 40.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,929,053 27 
 
 1.4 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 672,701 492 
 
 73.1 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 2,508,823 49 
 
 2.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 888,693 794 
 
 89.3 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,976,065 42 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 1.4 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,150,485 1,227 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 106.7 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,394,740 134 
 
 9.6 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 624,080 854 
 
 136.8 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,939,360 225 
 
 11.6 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 796,733 1,362 
 
 170.9 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,481,095 228 
 
 9.2 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 977,620 2,103 
 
 215.1 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 
 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 
 547 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 133 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Peritoneum, Intestines and Rectum in 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa., according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Ages Under 20 
 
 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1891-1902* 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 3,929,59C 
 4,450,560 
 5,394,240 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,008,630 50 
 1,412,790 77 
 1,844,770 213 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.5 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 
 
 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,929,053 
 2,508,823 
 2,976,065 
 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 39 
 
 0.5 
 0.3 
 1.3 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 672,701 71 
 
 888,693 118 
 
 1,150,485 314 
 
 10.6 
 13.3 
 27.3 
 
 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 
 
 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,394,740 
 1,939,360 
 2,481,095 
 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 117 
 
 2.2 
 1.6 
 4.7 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 624,080 117 
 796,733 178 
 977,620 571 
 
 18.7 
 22.3 
 58.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 
 Table 134 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Generative Organs in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Ages Undeb 20 
 
 1881-1890 3,929,590 6 0.2 
 1891-1902* 4,450,560 
 
 1903-1912 5,394,240 8 0.2 
 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 1881-1890 1,929,053 33 1.7 
 
 1891-1902 2,508,823 32 1.3 
 
 1903-1912 2,976,065 38 1.3 
 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 1881-1890 1,394,740 177 12.7 
 
 1891-1902 1,939,360 193 10.0 
 
 1903-1912 2,481,095 227 9.1 
 
 Years 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 1,008,630 341 33.8 
 
 1,412,790 395 28.0 
 
 1,844,770 563 30.5 
 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 672,701 327 48.6 
 
 888,693 441 49.6 
 
 1,150,485 617 53.6 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 624,080 281 45.0 
 
 796,733 390 48.9 
 
 977,620 602 61.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 548 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 135 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Breast in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages Under 20 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 3,929,590 3 
 
 0.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,008,630 142 
 
 14.1 
 
 1891-1902* 
 
 4,450,560 2 
 
 0.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,412,790 185 
 
 13.1 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 5,394,240 1 
 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 0.0 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,844,770 276 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 15.0 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,929,053 
 
 0.0 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 672,701 154 
 
 22.9 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 2,508,823 6 
 
 0.2 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 888,693 255 
 
 28.7 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,976,065 9 
 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 0.3 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,150,485 335 
 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 29.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,394,740 57 
 
 4.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 624,080 262 
 
 42.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,939,360 78 
 
 4.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 796,733 313 
 
 39.3 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,481.095 108 
 
 4.4 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 977,620 563 
 
 67.6 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 
 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 
 Table 136 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Skin in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages Under 20 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1891-1902* 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 3,929,590 4 
 4,450,560 4 
 5,394,240 8 
 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,008,630 10 
 
 1,412,790 27 
 
 1,844,770 61 
 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 1.0 
 1.9 
 3.3 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,929,053 2 
 2,508,823 
 2,976,065 7 
 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 672,701 19 
 
 888,693 48 
 1,150,485 105 
 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 2.8 
 5.5 
 9.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,394,740 4 
 1,939,360 10 
 2,481,095 18 
 
 0.3 
 0.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 624,080 88 
 796,733 144 
 977,620 320 
 
 14.1 
 
 18.1 
 32.7 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 549 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 137 
 
 Mortality from Cancer of Other or Not Specified Organs in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 D 
 
 Population f 
 C 
 
 =aths 
 
 rom 
 
 ancer 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population * 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Ages Undeb 20 
 
 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 3.929.590 
 
 20 
 
 0.5 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,008,630 83 
 
 8.3 
 
 1891-1902* 4.450,560 
 
 32 
 
 0.7 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,412,790 157 
 
 11.1 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 5,394,240 
 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 104 
 
 1.9 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,344,770 348 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 18.9 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,929,053 
 
 17 
 
 0.9 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 672,701 120 
 
 17.8 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 2,508,823 
 
 13 
 
 0.5 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 888,693 194 
 
 21.8 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,976,065 
 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 71 
 
 2.4 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,150,485 446 
 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 38.8 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1,394,740 
 
 47 
 
 3.4 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 624,080 231 
 
 37.0 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 1,939,360 
 
 91 
 
 4.7 
 
 1891-1902 
 
 796,733 348 
 
 43.7 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 2,481,095 
 
 154 
 
 6.2 
 
 1903-1912 
 Source: 
 
 977,620 854 
 Annual Reports of tt 
 
 87.4 
 le Bureau 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 
 Table 138 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 according to Age, 1881-1912 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages Undek 20 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ages 40-49 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 1891-1902* 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 3,929,590 51 
 4,450,560 58 
 5,394,240 165 
 
 Ages 20-29 
 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 3.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,008,630 966 
 1,412,790 1,388 
 1,844,770 2,266 
 
 Ages 50-59 
 
 95.8 
 
 98.2 
 
 122.8 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,929,053 89 
 
 2,508,823 109 
 
 2,976,065 211 
 
 Ages 30-39 
 
 4.6 
 4.3 
 7.1 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 672,701 1,210 
 
 888,693 1,901 
 
 1,150,485 3,189 
 
 Ages 60 and Over 
 
 179.9 
 213.9 
 
 277.2 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 1,394,740 454 
 1,939,360 638 
 2,481,095 868 
 
 32.6 
 32.9 
 35.0 
 
 1881-1890 
 1891-1902 
 1903-1912 
 
 624,080 1,919 
 796,733 2,832 
 977,620 5,239 
 
 307.5 
 355.5 
 535.9 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau 
 of Health of the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 *1897 and 1898 not available. 
 
 550 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 139 
 Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 1888-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1888 
 
 222,019 
 
 79 
 
 35.6 
 
 1901 
 
 327,468 
 
 147 
 
 44.9 
 
 1889 
 
 230,318 
 
 79 
 
 34.3 
 
 1902 
 
 333,320 
 
 185 
 
 55.5 
 
 1890 
 
 238,617 
 
 93 
 
 39.0 
 
 1903 
 
 339,172 
 
 197 
 
 58.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 345,024 
 
 179 
 
 51.9 
 
 1891 
 
 246,916 
 
 82 
 
 33.2 
 
 1905 
 
 350,876 
 
 200 
 
 57.0 
 
 1892 
 
 255,216 
 
 87 
 
 34.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 263,516 
 
 116 
 
 44.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,695,860 
 
 908 
 
 53.5 
 
 1894 
 
 271,816 
 
 137 
 
 50.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 280,116 
 
 112 
 
 40.0 
 
 1906 
 
 356,728 
 
 244 
 
 68.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 362,581 
 
 239 
 
 65.9 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,317,580 
 
 534 
 
 40.5 
 
 1908 
 
 517,425 
 
 323 
 
 62.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 525.665 
 
 367 
 
 69.8 
 
 1896 
 
 288,416 
 
 129 
 
 44.7 
 
 1910 
 
 533,905 
 
 351 
 
 65.7 
 
 1897 
 
 296,716 
 
 138 
 
 46.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 305,016 
 
 113 
 
 37.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,296,304 
 
 1,524 
 
 66.4 
 
 1899 
 
 313.316 
 
 132 
 
 42.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 321,616 
 
 167 
 
 51.9 
 
 1911 
 
 542,145 
 
 371 
 
 68.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 550,385 
 
 368 
 
 66.9 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,525,080 
 
 679 
 
 44.5 
 
 1913 
 
 558,625 
 
 348 
 
 62.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 1888-1899 
 
 and 1910-1913, An- 
 
 
 
 
 
 nual Reports of the Department of Public 
 Health of the City of Pittsburgh, Pa., 1900- 
 1909, United States Mortality Statistics. 
 
 Table 140 
 Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 1888-1899 and 1910-1913 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1888 
 
 116,187 
 
 26 
 
 22.4 
 
 1896 
 
 149,158 
 
 40 
 
 26.8 
 
 1889 
 
 120,308 
 
 23 
 
 19.1 
 
 1897 
 
 153,280 
 
 56 
 
 36.5 
 
 1890 
 
 124,429 
 
 28 
 
 22.5 
 
 1898 
 
 157,402 
 
 42 
 
 26.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 161,524 
 
 45 
 
 27.9 
 
 1891 
 
 128,550 
 
 33 
 
 25.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 132,671 
 
 39 
 
 29.4 
 
 1896-1899 
 
 621,364 
 
 183 
 
 29.5 
 
 1893 
 
 136,792 
 
 47 
 
 34.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 140,914 
 
 53 
 
 37.6 
 
 1910 
 
 273,589 
 
 140 
 
 51.2 
 
 1895 
 
 145,036 
 
 39 
 
 26.9 
 
 1911 
 
 277,717 
 
 143 
 
 51.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 281,845 
 
 161 
 
 57.1 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 683,963 
 
 211 
 
 30.8 
 
 1913 
 1910-1913 
 
 285,973 
 
 143 
 
 50.0 
 
 
 1,119,124 
 
 587 
 
 52.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of PubHc Health 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pittsburgh, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 
 551 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 141 
 Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 1888-1899 and 1910-1913 
 
 Females 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1888 
 
 105,832 
 
 53 
 
 50.1 
 
 1896 
 
 139,258 
 
 89 
 
 63.9 
 
 1889 
 
 110,010 
 
 56 
 
 50.9 
 
 1897 
 
 143,436 
 
 82 
 
 57.2 
 
 1890 
 
 114,188 
 
 65 
 
 56.9 
 
 1898 
 
 147,614 
 
 71 
 
 48.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 151,792 
 
 87 
 
 57.3 
 
 1891 
 
 118,366 
 
 49 
 
 41.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 122,545 
 
 48 
 
 39.2 
 
 1896-1899 
 
 582,100 
 
 329 
 
 66.5 
 
 1893 
 
 126,724 
 
 69 
 
 54.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 130,902 
 
 84 
 
 64.2 
 
 1910 
 
 260,316 
 
 211 
 
 81.1 
 
 1895 
 
 135,080 
 
 73 
 
 54.0 
 
 1911 
 
 264,428 
 
 228 
 
 86.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 268,540 
 
 207 
 
 77.1 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 633,617 
 
 323 
 
 51.0 
 
 1913 
 1910-1913 
 
 272,652 
 
 205 
 
 75.2 
 
 
 1,065,936 
 
 851 
 
 79.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of Public Health 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 
 Table 142 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa., according to Age 
 
 1893-1902 Compared with 1903-1912 
 
 
 
 1893-1902 
 
 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Percent- 
 
 Ages 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 age of 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Increase 
 
 Under 20.... 
 
 . 1,241,832 
 
 21 
 
 1.7 
 
 1,715,100 
 
 38 
 
 2.2 
 
 29.4 
 
 20-29 
 
 . 653,622 
 
 56 
 
 8.6 
 
 922,635 
 
 76 
 
 8.2 
 
 -4.7 
 
 30-39 
 
 . 470,309 
 
 153 
 
 32.5 
 
 748,980 
 
 260 
 
 34.7 
 
 6.8 
 
 40-49 
 
 . 319,236 
 
 313 
 
 98.0 
 
 511,565 
 
 673 
 
 112.0 
 
 14.3 
 
 50-59 
 
 . 179,958 
 
 371 
 
 206.2 
 
 295,010 
 
 756 
 
 256.3 
 
 24.3 
 
 60 and over.. 
 
 . 132.615 
 
 462 
 
 348.4 
 45.9 
 
 221,383 
 
 1,136 
 
 613.1 
 64.3 
 
 47.3 
 
 All Ages 
 
 . 2,997,572 
 
 1,376 
 
 4,414,673 
 
 2,839 
 
 40.1 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public Health of the City of 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 552 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 143 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, 1888-1899 
 
 Deaths from Canceb 
 
 (Esophagus _ Female All 
 
 Stomach Intestines Generative Other 
 
 Ages All Organs Liver Rectum Organs Breast Organs 
 
 Under 30 79 15 10 8 4 42 
 
 30-39 152 46 17 43 11 35 
 
 40-49 300 102 24 89 25 60 
 
 60-59 320 138 28 55 29 70 
 
 60 and over 446 219 31 65 27 104 
 
 Allages 1,297 520 110 260 96 311 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Under 30 3.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 2.0 
 
 30-39 31.2 9.4 3.5 8.8 2.3 7.2 
 
 40-49 91.0 30.9 7.3 27.0 7.6 18.2 
 
 50-59 170.6 73.5 14.9 29.3 15.5 37.3 
 
 60 and over 320.5 157.4 22.2 46.7 19.4 74.7 
 
 Allages 40.4 16.2 3.5 8.1 3.0 9.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public Health of the City of 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Table 144 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1888-1899 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 27 
 
 0.8 
 
 22 
 
 1.3 
 
 5 
 
 0.3 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 18 
 
 0.6 
 
 12 
 
 0.7 
 
 6 
 
 0.4 
 
 Stomach 
 
 354 
 
 11.0 
 
 178 
 
 10.7 
 
 176 
 
 11.4 
 
 Liver 
 
 148 
 
 4.6 
 
 66 
 
 4.0 
 
 82 
 
 5.3 
 
 Rectum 
 
 50 
 
 1.6 
 
 18 
 
 1.1 
 
 32 
 
 2.1 
 
 Other intestines 
 
 60 
 30 
 
 1.9 
 0.9 
 
 18 
 17 
 
 1.1 
 1.0 
 
 42 
 13 
 
 2.7 
 
 Urinary organs 
 
 0.8 
 
 Female generative organs . . . 
 
 260 
 
 8.1 
 
 
 
 260 
 
 16.8 
 
 Breast 
 
 96 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 6.2 
 
 Skin 
 
 33 
 17 
 
 1.0 
 0.5 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 1.2 
 0.5 
 
 13 
 9 
 
 0.8 
 
 Bones 
 
 0.6 
 
 Other'organs 
 
 74 
 
 2.3 
 
 52 
 
 3.1 
 
 22 
 
 1.4 
 
 Not specified 
 
 130 
 
 4.1 
 40.4 
 
 60 
 
 3.6 
 28.3 
 
 70 
 
 4.6 
 
 All organs 
 
 . . 1,297 
 
 471 
 
 826 
 
 53.4 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public Health of the City of 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 553 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 145 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1910-1913 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 35 
 
 1.6 
 
 32 
 
 2.9 
 
 3 
 
 0.3 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 541 
 
 24.8 
 
 258 
 
 23.1 
 
 283 
 
 26.5 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 151 
 
 6.9 
 
 64 
 
 5.7 
 
 87 
 
 8.2 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 244 
 86 
 
 11.2 
 3.9 
 
 
 
 244 
 86 
 
 22.9 
 8.1 
 
 Skin 
 
 35 
 
 1.6 
 
 17 
 
 1.4 
 
 18 
 
 1.7 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 201 
 
 9.2 
 
 59.2 
 
 140 
 
 12.6 
 
 45.7 
 
 61 
 
 5.7 
 
 All organs 
 
 1,293 
 
 511 
 
 782 
 
 73.4 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public Health, City of Pittsburgh, 
 Pa., 1910, 1911; Annual Reports, Bureau of Infectious Diseases, City of Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 1912, 1913. Deaths of non-residents are excluded. 
 
 Table 146 
 
 Increase in the Mortality from Cancer in Pittsburgh, Pa., by Organs and 
 
 Parts, according to Sex, 1888-1899 Compared with 1910-1913 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population Percentage 
 
 Organ or Part 1888-1899 1910-1913 of Increase 
 
 Buccal cavity 0.8 1.6 100.0 
 
 Stomach and liver 16.2 24.8 53.1 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 3.5 6.9 97.1 
 
 Generative organs 8.1 11.2 38.3 
 
 Breast 3.0 3.9 30.0 
 
 Skin 1.0 1.6 60.0 
 
 Other ornot specified organs 7.8 9.2 17.9 
 
 All organs 40.4 59.2 46.5 
 
 MALES 
 
 Buccal cavity 1.3 2.9 123.1 
 
 Stomach and liver 15.4 23.1 50.0 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 2.2 5.7 159.1 
 
 Skin 1.2 1.4 16.7 
 
 Other or not specified organs 8.2 12.6 53.7 
 
 All organs 28.3 45.7 ' 61.6 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Buccal cavity 0.3 0.3 0.0 
 
 Stomach and liver 17.1 26.5 65.0 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 4.8 8.2 70.8 
 
 Generative organs 16.8 22.9 36;3 
 
 Breast 6.2 8.1 30.6 
 
 Skin 0.8 1.7 112.5 
 
 Other or not specified organs 7.4 5.7 — 23.0 
 
 All organs 53.4 73.4 37.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public Health of the City of 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 554 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 147 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Providence, R. I. 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 107,499 
 
 65 
 
 60.5 
 
 1901 
 
 180,204 
 
 143 
 
 79.4 
 
 . 1882 
 
 110,141 
 
 52 
 
 47.2 
 
 1902 
 
 184,811 
 
 156 
 
 84.4 
 
 1883 
 
 112,784 
 
 84 
 
 74.5 
 
 1903 
 
 189,419 
 
 151 
 
 79.7 
 
 1884 
 
 115,427 
 
 70 
 
 60.6 
 
 1904 
 
 194,027 
 
 185 
 
 95.3 
 
 1885 
 
 118,070 
 
 88 
 
 74.5 
 63.7 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 198,635 
 
 189 
 
 95.1 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 563,921 
 
 359 
 
 947,096 
 
 824 
 
 87.0 
 
 1886 
 
 120,885 
 
 87 
 
 72.0 
 
 1906 
 
 203,773 
 
 186 
 
 91.3 
 
 1887 
 
 123,700 
 
 76 
 
 61.4 
 
 1907 
 
 208,911 
 
 222 
 
 106.3 
 
 1888 
 
 126,515 
 
 87 
 
 68.8 
 
 1908 
 
 214,049 
 
 187 
 
 87.4 
 
 1889 
 
 129,330 
 
 77 
 
 59.5 
 
 1909 
 
 219,187 
 
 217 
 
 99.0 
 
 1890 
 
 132,146 
 
 72 
 
 54.5 
 63.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 224,326 
 
 225 
 1,037 
 
 100.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 632,576 
 
 399 
 
 1,070,246 
 
 96.9 
 
 1891 
 
 134,811 
 
 81 
 
 60.1 
 
 1911 
 
 229,464 
 
 221 
 
 96.3 
 
 1892 
 
 137,476 
 
 77 
 
 56.0 
 
 1912 
 
 234,602 
 
 248 
 
 105.7 
 
 1893 
 
 140,141 
 
 95 
 
 67.8 
 
 1913 
 
 239,740 
 
 253 
 
 105.5 
 
 1894 
 
 142,806 
 
 78 
 
 54.6 
 
 1914 
 
 244,878 
 
 225 
 
 91.9 
 
 1895 
 
 145,472 
 
 96 
 
 66.0 
 60.9 
 
 Source: 
 riages and 
 dence, R. '. 
 
 Annual Reports on Births, Mar- 
 Deaths of the City of Provi- 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 700,706 
 
 427 
 
 1896 
 
 151,497 
 
 89 
 
 58.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 157,522 
 
 101 
 
 64.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 163,547 
 
 120 
 
 73.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 169,572 
 
 132 
 
 77.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 175,597 
 
 133 
 
 75.7 
 70.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 817,735 
 
 575 
 
 
 555 
 
APPEXDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 148 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Providence, R. I., Males 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 51,116 
 
 18 
 
 35.2 
 
 1901 
 
 87,435 
 
 42 
 
 48.0 
 
 1882 
 
 52,449 
 
 14 
 
 26.7 
 
 1902 
 
 89,800 
 
 51 
 
 56.8. 
 
 1883 
 
 53,787 
 
 26 
 
 48.3 
 
 1903 
 
 92,171 
 
 46 
 
 49.9 
 
 1884 
 
 55,116 
 
 19 
 
 34.5 
 
 1904 
 
 94,549 
 
 56 
 
 59.2 
 
 1885 
 
 56,449 
 
 15 
 
 26.6 
 34.2 
 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 96,934 
 
 68 
 
 70.2 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 268,917 
 
 92 
 
 460,889 
 
 263 
 
 57.1 
 
 1886 
 
 57,868 
 
 28 
 
 48.4 
 
 1906 
 
 99,584 
 
 52 
 
 52.2 
 
 1887 
 
 59,289 
 
 19 
 
 32.0 
 
 1907 
 
 102,241 
 
 67 
 
 65.5 
 
 1888 
 
 60,715 
 
 28 
 
 46.1 
 
 1908 
 
 104,905 
 
 67 
 
 63.9 
 
 1889 
 
 62,143 
 
 20 
 
 32.2 
 
 1909 
 
 107,577 
 
 75 
 
 69.7 
 
 1890 
 
 63,575 
 
 15 
 
 23.6 
 36.2 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 110,279 
 
 73 
 
 66.2 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 303,590 
 
 110 
 
 524,586 
 
 334 
 
 63.7 
 
 1891 
 
 64,898 
 
 . 21 
 
 32.4 
 
 1911 
 
 112,988 
 
 78 
 
 69.0 
 
 1892 
 
 66,222 
 
 21 
 
 31.7 
 
 1912 
 
 115,706 
 
 89 
 
 76.9 
 
 1893 
 
 67,548 
 
 16 
 
 23.7 
 
 1913 
 
 118,426 
 
 83 
 
 70.1 
 
 1894 
 
 68,875 
 
 31 
 
 45.0 
 
 1914 
 
 121,156 
 
 82 
 
 67.7 
 
 1895 
 
 70,205 
 
 28 
 
 39.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports on Births, Mar- 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 337,748 
 
 117 
 
 34.6 
 
 riages and 
 dence, R. ] 
 
 Deaths of 
 
 the City 
 
 of Provi- 
 
 1896 
 
 73,158 
 
 25 
 
 34.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 76,130 
 
 31 
 
 40.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 79,108 
 
 31 
 
 39.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 82,090 
 
 43 
 
 52.4 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1900 
 
 85,077 
 
 46 
 
 54.1 
 
 44.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 395,563 
 
 176 
 
 
 556 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 149 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Providence, R. I., Females 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 56,383 
 
 47 
 
 83.4 
 
 1901 
 
 92,769 
 
 101 
 
 108.9 
 
 1882 
 
 57,692 
 
 38 
 
 65.9 
 
 1902 
 
 95,011 
 
 105 
 
 110.5 
 
 1883 
 
 58,997 
 
 58 
 
 98.3 
 
 1903 
 
 97,248 
 
 105 
 
 108.0 
 
 1884 
 
 60,311 
 
 51 
 
 84.6 
 
 1904 
 
 99,478 
 
 129 
 
 129.7 
 
 1885 
 
 61,621 
 
 73 
 
 118.5 
 90.5 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 101,701 
 
 121 
 
 119.0 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 295,004 
 
 267 
 
 486,207 
 
 561 
 
 115.4 
 
 1886 
 
 63,017 
 
 59 
 
 93.6 
 
 1906 
 
 104,189 
 
 134 
 
 128.6 
 
 1887 
 
 64,411 
 
 57 
 
 88.5 
 
 1907 
 
 106,670 
 
 155 
 
 145.3 
 
 1888 
 
 65,800 
 
 59 
 
 89.7 
 
 1908 
 
 109,144 
 
 120 
 
 109.9 
 
 1889 
 
 67,187 
 
 57 
 
 84.8 
 
 1909 
 
 111,610 
 
 142 
 
 127.2 
 
 1890 
 
 68,571 
 
 57 
 
 83.1 
 
 87.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 114,047 
 
 152 
 
 133.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 328,986 
 
 289 
 
 545,660 
 
 703 
 
 128.8 
 
 1891 
 
 69,913 
 
 60 
 
 85.8 
 
 1911 
 
 116,476 
 
 143 
 
 122.8 
 
 1892 
 
 71,254 
 
 56 
 
 78.6 
 
 1912 
 
 118,896 
 
 159 
 
 133.7 
 
 1893 
 
 72,593 
 
 79 
 
 108.8 
 
 1913 
 
 121,314 
 
 170 
 
 140.1 
 
 1894 
 
 73,931 
 
 47 
 
 63.6 
 
 1914 
 
 123,722 
 
 143 
 
 115.6 
 
 1895 
 
 75,267 
 
 68 
 
 90.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports on Births, Mar- 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 362,958 
 
 310 
 
 85.4 
 
 riages and 
 
 Deaths of the City 
 
 of Provi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 dence, R. I 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 78,339 
 
 64 
 
 81.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 81,392 
 
 70 
 
 86.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 84,439 
 
 89 
 
 105.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 87,482 
 
 89 
 
 101.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 90,520 
 
 87 
 
 96.1 
 94.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 422,172 
 
 399 
 
 
 Table 150 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Providence, R. I., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1903-1912 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 3.3 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 70 
 640 
 328 
 393 
 257 
 
 54 
 289 
 
 All organs 2,031 
 
 30.2 
 15.5 
 18.5 
 12.1 
 2.5 
 13.6 
 
 95.7 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 57 5.5 
 
 297 28.6 
 
 131 12.6 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 151 
 
 671 
 
 0.5 
 
 2.9 
 
 14.4 
 
 64.5 
 
 FEMALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1.2 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 13 
 343 
 197 
 393 
 
 252 
 
 24 
 
 138 
 
 31.7 
 18.2 
 36.3 
 23.3 
 2.2 
 12.8 
 
 1,360 125.7 
 
 Source: Annual Reports on Births, Marriages and Deaths of the City of Providence, 
 R. I. 
 
 557 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 151 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Richmond, Va. 
 
 1879-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1879 
 
 62,343 
 
 19 
 
 30.5 
 
 1901 
 
 89,307 
 
 47 
 
 52.6 
 
 1880 
 
 63,600 
 
 19 
 
 29.9 
 
 1902 
 
 93,564 
 
 26 
 
 27.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 97,822 
 
 50 
 
 51.1 
 
 1882 
 
 67,156 
 
 21 
 
 31.3 
 
 1904 
 
 102,080 
 
 52 
 
 50.9 
 
 1883 
 
 68,935 
 
 29 
 
 42.1 
 
 1905 
 
 106,338 
 
 45 
 
 42.3 
 
 1884 
 
 70,714 
 
 22 
 
 31.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 489,111 
 
 220 
 
 45.0 
 
 
 
 
 1882-1884 
 
 206,805 
 
 72 
 
 34.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 110,596 
 
 75 
 
 67.8 
 
 1886 
 
 74,272 
 
 26 
 
 35.0 
 
 1907 
 
 114,854 
 
 80 
 
 69.7 
 
 1887 
 
 76,051 
 
 21 
 
 27.6 
 
 1908 
 
 119,112 
 
 84 
 
 70.5 
 
 1888 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 123,370 
 
 92 
 
 74.6 
 
 1889 
 
 79,609 
 
 37 
 
 46.5 
 
 1910 
 
 127,628 
 
 109 
 
 85.4 
 
 1890 
 
 81,388 
 
 36 
 
 44.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 595,560 
 
 440 
 
 73.9 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 311,320 
 
 120 
 
 38.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 131,886 
 
 113 
 
 85.7 
 
 1891 
 
 81,754 
 
 26 
 
 31.8 
 
 1912 
 
 136,144 
 
 120 
 
 88.1 
 
 1892 
 
 82,120 
 
 23 
 
 28.0 
 
 1913 
 
 140,402 
 
 115 
 
 81.9 
 
 1893 
 
 82,486 
 
 32 
 
 38.8 
 
 1914 
 
 144,658 
 
 125 
 
 86.4 
 
 1894 
 
 82,852 
 
 29 
 
 35.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 83,218 
 
 24 
 
 28.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 Department of the City 
 
 of Richmond, Va. 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 412,430 
 
 134 
 
 32.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 83,584 
 
 35 
 
 41.9 
 
 
 
 •■ 
 
 
 1897 
 
 83,950 
 
 36 
 
 42.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 84,316 
 
 21 
 
 24.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 84,683 
 
 30 
 
 35.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 85,050 
 
 39 
 
 45.9 
 
 38.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 421,583 
 
 161 
 
 
 558 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 152 
 
 
 
 
 Table 153 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Richmond, | 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Richmond, 
 
 Va 
 
 ., Males, 
 
 1882 
 
 -1913 
 
 aths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Va. 
 
 , Females, 
 
 1882-1913 
 
 
 
 De 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1882 
 
 31,598 
 
 
 4 
 
 12.7 
 
 1882 
 
 35,558 
 
 17 
 
 47.8 
 
 1883 
 
 32,431 
 
 
 6 
 
 18.5 
 
 1883 
 
 36,504 
 
 23 
 
 63.0 
 
 1884 
 
 33,265 
 
 
 6 
 16 
 
 18.0 
 16.4 
 
 1884 
 1882-1884 
 
 37,449 
 
 16 
 
 42.7 
 
 1882-1884 
 
 97,294 
 
 109,511 
 
 56 
 
 51.1 
 
 1886 
 
 34,931 
 
 
 5 
 
 14.3 
 
 1886 
 
 39,341 
 
 21 
 
 53.4 
 
 1887 
 
 35,764 
 
 
 8 
 
 22.4 
 
 1887 
 
 40,287 
 
 13 
 
 32.3 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 37,429 
 
 
 9 
 
 24.0 
 
 1889 
 
 42,180 
 
 28 
 
 66.4 
 
 1890 
 
 38,261 
 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 36.6 
 24.6 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 43,127 
 
 22 
 
 51.0 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 146,385 
 
 164,935 
 
 84 
 
 50.9 
 
 1891 
 
 38,428 
 
 
 12 
 
 31.2 
 
 1891 
 
 43,326 
 
 14 
 
 32.3 
 
 1892 
 
 38,595 
 
 
 9 
 
 23.3 
 
 1892 
 
 43,525 
 
 14 
 
 32.2 
 
 1893 
 
 38,762 
 
 
 6 
 
 15.5 
 
 1893 
 
 43,724 
 
 26 
 
 59.5 
 
 1894 
 
 38,929 
 
 
 5 
 
 12.8 
 
 1894 
 
 43,923 
 
 24 
 
 54.6 
 
 1895 
 
 39,096 
 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 12.8 
 19.1 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 44,122 
 
 19 
 
 43.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 193,810 
 
 218,620 
 
 97 
 
 44.4 
 
 1896 
 
 39,264 
 
 
 14 
 
 35.7 
 
 1896 
 
 44,320 
 
 21 
 
 47.4 
 
 1897 
 
 39,432 
 
 
 16 
 
 40.6 
 
 1897 
 
 44,518 
 
 20 
 
 44.9 
 
 1898 
 
 39,600 
 
 
 8 
 
 20.2 
 
 1898 
 
 44,716 
 
 13 
 
 29.1 
 
 1899 
 
 39,768 
 
 
 9 
 
 22.6 
 
 1899 
 
 44,915 
 
 21 
 
 46.8 
 
 1900 
 
 39,936 
 
 
 15 
 
 62 
 
 37.6 
 31.3 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 45,114 
 
 24 
 
 53.2 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 198,000 
 
 223,583 
 
 99 
 
 44.3 
 
 1901 
 
 42,032 
 
 
 13 
 
 30.9 
 
 1901 
 
 47,275 
 
 34 
 
 71.9 
 
 1902 
 
 44,129 
 
 
 4 
 
 9.1 
 
 1902 
 
 49,435 
 
 22 
 
 44.5 
 
 1903 
 
 46,226 
 
 
 8 
 
 17.3 
 
 1903 
 
 51,596 
 
 42 
 
 81.4 
 
 1904 
 
 48,323 
 
 
 13 
 
 26.9 
 
 1904 
 
 53,757 
 
 39 
 
 72.5 
 
 1905 
 
 50,420 
 
 
 18 
 
 35.7 
 
 1905 
 
 55,918 
 
 27 
 
 48.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 231,130 
 
 56 
 
 24.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 257,981 
 
 164 
 
 63.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 52,517 
 54,614 
 56,711 
 58,808 
 60,905 
 
 24 
 30 
 28 
 31 
 39 
 
 45.7 
 54.9 
 49.4 
 52.7 
 64.0 
 
 53.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 58,079 
 60,240 
 62,401 
 64,562 
 66,723 
 
 51 
 50 
 56 
 61 
 70 
 
 87.8 
 83.0 
 89.7 
 94.5 
 104.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 283,555 
 
 152 
 
 312,005 
 
 288 
 
 92.3 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 63,002 
 65,099 
 67,196 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 42 
 
 50.8 
 64.5 
 62.5 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 68,884 
 71,045 
 73,206 
 
 81 
 78 
 73 
 
 117.6 
 
 109.8 
 
 99.7 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health 
 Department of the City of Richmond, Va. 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health 
 Department of the City of Richmond, Va. 
 
 559 
 
 37 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 154 
 
 
 
 Table 155 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Richmond, 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Richmond, 
 
 Va., White, 
 
 1879-1914 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Va 
 
 ., Colored, 
 
 1879-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1879 
 
 34,981 
 
 12 
 
 34.3 
 
 1879 
 
 27,362 
 
 7 
 
 25.6 
 
 1880 
 
 35,765 
 
 14 
 
 39.1 
 
 1880 
 
 27,835 
 
 5 
 
 18.0 
 
 1882 
 
 38,418 
 
 13 
 
 33.8 
 
 1882 
 
 28,738 
 
 8 
 
 27.8 
 
 1883 
 
 39,745 
 
 16 
 
 40.3 
 
 1883 
 
 29,190 
 
 13 
 
 44.5 
 
 1884 
 
 41,072 
 
 13 
 
 31.7 
 35.2 
 
 1884 
 1882-1884 
 
 29,642 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 30.4 
 
 1882-1884 
 
 119,235 
 
 42 
 
 87,570 
 
 34.3 
 
 1886 
 
 43,726 
 
 16 
 
 36.6 
 
 1886 
 
 30,546 
 
 10 
 
 32.7 
 
 1887 
 
 45,053 
 
 18 
 
 40.0 
 
 1887 
 
 30,998 
 
 3 
 
 9.7 
 
 1888 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 47,707 
 
 23 
 
 48.2 
 
 1889 
 
 31,902 
 
 14 
 
 43.9 
 
 1890 
 
 49,034 
 
 23 
 
 46.9 
 43.1 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 32,354 
 
 13 
 40 
 
 40.2 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 185,520 
 
 80 
 
 125,800 
 
 31.8 
 
 1891 
 
 49,410 
 
 19 
 
 38.5 
 
 1891 
 
 32,344 
 
 7 
 
 21.6 
 
 1892 
 
 49,786 
 
 15 
 
 30.1 
 
 1892 
 
 32,334 
 
 8 
 
 24.7 
 
 1893 
 
 50,162 
 
 26 
 
 51.8 
 
 1893 
 
 32,324 
 
 6 
 
 18.6 
 
 1894 
 
 50,538 
 
 18 
 
 35.6 
 
 1894 
 
 32,314 
 
 11 
 
 34.0 
 
 1895 
 
 50,914 
 
 19 
 
 37.3 
 38.7 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 32,304 
 
 5 
 37 
 
 15.5 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 250,810 
 
 97 
 
 161,620 
 
 22.9 
 
 1896 
 
 51,290 
 
 28 
 
 54.6 
 
 1896 
 
 32,294 
 
 7 
 
 21.7 
 
 1897 
 
 51,667 
 
 28 
 
 54.2 
 
 1897 
 
 32,283 
 
 8 
 
 24.8 
 
 1898 
 
 52,044 
 
 10 
 
 19.2 
 
 1898 
 
 32,272 
 
 11 
 
 34.1 
 
 1899 
 
 62,421 
 
 24 
 
 45.8 
 
 1899 
 
 32,262 
 
 6 
 
 18.6 
 
 1900 
 
 52,798 
 
 26 
 
 49.2 
 44.6 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 32,252 
 
 13 
 45 
 
 40.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 260,220 
 
 116 
 
 161,363 
 
 27.9 
 
 1901 
 
 55,QQQ 
 
 28 
 
 50.4 
 
 1901 
 
 33,701 
 
 19 
 
 56.4 
 
 1902 
 
 58,414 
 
 19 
 
 32.5 
 
 1902 
 
 35,150 
 
 7 
 
 19.9 
 
 1903 
 
 61,222 
 
 32 
 
 52.3 
 
 1903 
 
 36,600 
 
 18 
 
 49.2 
 
 1904 
 
 64,030 
 
 31 
 
 48.4 
 
 1904 
 
 38,050 
 
 21 
 
 55.2 
 
 1905 
 
 66,838 
 
 30 
 
 44.9 
 45.7 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 39,500 
 
 15 
 80 
 
 38.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 306,110 
 
 140 
 
 183,001 
 
 43.7 
 
 1906 
 
 69,646 
 
 53 
 
 76.1 
 
 1906 
 
 40,950 
 
 22 
 
 53.7 
 
 1907 
 
 72,454 
 
 51 
 
 70.4 
 
 1907 
 
 42,400 
 
 29 
 
 68.4 
 
 1908 
 
 75,262 
 
 62 
 
 82.4 
 
 1908 
 
 43,850 
 
 22 
 
 50.2 
 
 1909 
 
 78,070 
 
 66 
 
 84.5 
 
 1909 
 
 45,300 
 
 26 
 
 57.4 
 
 1910 
 
 80,879 
 
 83 
 315 
 
 102.6 
 83.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 46,749 
 
 26 
 
 65.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 376,311 
 
 219,249 
 
 125 
 
 57.0 
 
 1911 
 
 83,687 
 
 80 
 
 95.6 
 
 1911 
 
 48,199 
 
 33 
 
 68.5 
 
 1912 
 
 86,495 
 
 88 
 
 101,7 
 
 1912 
 
 49,649 
 
 32 
 
 64.5 
 
 1913 
 
 89,306 
 
 81 
 
 90.7 
 
 1913 
 
 51,096 
 
 34 
 
 66.5 
 
 1914 
 
 92,117 
 
 89 
 
 96.6 
 
 1914 
 
 52,541 
 
 36 
 
 68.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 3 Health 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 e Health 
 
 Department of the City of Richmond, Vn. 
 
 Department of the City of Richmond, Va. 
 
 500 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 156 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Richmond, Va., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1903-1912 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 3.4 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 40 
 218 
 
 81 
 211 
 
 85 
 
 14 
 171 
 
 18.6 
 6.9 
 
 18.0 
 7.3 
 1.2 
 
 14.7 
 
 MALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 5.4 
 
 15.8 
 
 6.1 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 102 
 
 2.0 
 18.3 
 
 FEMALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1.6 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 10 
 130 
 
 47 
 211 
 
 85 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 21.2 
 7.7 
 
 34.4 
 
 13.9 
 0.5 
 
 11.2 
 
 All organs ; 820 70.1 265 47.6 555 90.5 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Health Department of the City of Richmond, Va. 
 
 Table 157 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 139,365 
 
 89 
 
 63.9 
 
 1906 
 
 188,962 
 
 170 
 
 90.0 
 
 1892 
 
 144,834 
 
 75 
 
 51.8 
 
 1907 
 
 196,258 
 
 165 
 
 84.1 
 
 1893 
 
 147,055 
 
 77 
 
 52.4 
 
 1908 
 
 203,555 
 
 175 
 
 86.0 
 
 1894 
 
 149,276 
 
 102 
 
 68.3 
 
 1909 
 
 210,852 
 
 179 
 
 84.9 
 
 1895 
 
 151,498 
 
 99 
 
 65.3 
 60.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 218,149 
 
 209 
 
 95.8 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 732,028 
 
 442 
 
 1,017,776 
 
 898 
 
 88.2 
 
 1896 
 
 153,720 
 
 103 
 
 67.0 
 
 1911 
 
 225,445 
 
 207 
 
 91.8 
 
 1897 
 
 155,942 
 
 124 
 
 79.5 
 
 1912 
 
 232,741 
 
 226 
 
 97.1 
 
 1898 
 
 158,164 
 
 110 
 
 69.5 
 
 1913 
 
 240,037 
 
 227 
 
 94.6 
 
 1899 
 
 160,386 
 
 115 
 
 71.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 162,608 
 
 102 
 
 62.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 1891-1894, 
 
 Monthly 
 
 Reports 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the State Board of H 
 
 ealth of N 
 
 ew York; 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 790,820 
 
 554 
 
 70.1 
 
 1895-1913, 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bureau of the City of Rochester, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1901 
 
 166,419 
 
 154 
 
 92.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 170,280 
 
 157 
 
 92.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 174,042 
 
 138 
 
 79.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 177,854 
 
 156 
 
 87.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 181,666 
 
 164 
 
 90.3 
 88.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 870,211 
 
 769 
 
 
 561 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 
 Table 158 
 
 
 
 Table 159 
 
 
 Mortality from-Cancer in Rochester, 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in San 
 
 N. 
 
 Y., by Sex, 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 S 
 
 Fra 
 
 Year 
 
 ncisco, Cal. 
 
 , 1884-1 
 
 Deaths 
 
 913 
 
 
 MALE 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1884 
 
 259,973 
 
 166 
 
 63.9 
 
 1900 
 
 77,520 
 
 34 
 
 43.9 
 
 1885 
 
 266,477 
 
 136 
 
 51.0 
 
 1901 
 
 79,699 
 
 45 
 
 56.5 
 
 1886 
 
 272,981 
 
 180 
 
 65.9 
 
 1902 
 
 81,878 
 
 56 
 
 68.4 
 
 1887 
 
 279,485 
 
 184 
 
 65.8 
 
 1903 
 
 84,057 
 
 55 
 
 65.4 
 
 1888 
 
 285,989 
 
 190 
 
 66.4 
 
 190<i 
 
 86,237 
 
 61 
 
 70.7 
 
 1889 
 
 292,493 
 
 198 
 
 67.7 
 
 1905 
 
 88,417 
 
 56 
 
 63.3 
 65.0 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 298,997 
 
 216 
 
 72.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 420,288 
 
 273 
 
 1,429,945 
 
 968 
 
 67.7 
 
 1906 
 
 92,404 
 
 63 
 
 68.2 
 
 1891 
 
 303,375 
 
 227 
 
 74.8 
 
 1907 
 
 96,391 
 
 56 
 
 58.1 
 
 1892 
 
 307,753 
 
 243 
 
 79.0 
 
 1908 
 
 100,378 
 
 60 
 
 59.8 
 
 1893 
 
 312,131 
 
 210 
 
 67.3 
 
 1909 
 
 104,365 
 
 62 
 
 59.4 
 
 1894 
 
 316,509 
 
 239 
 
 75.5 
 
 1910 
 
 108,352 
 
 91 
 332 
 
 84.0 
 66.1 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 320,887 
 
 291 
 
 90.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 501,890 
 
 1,560,655 
 
 1,210 
 
 77.5 
 
 1911 
 
 112,339 
 
 75 
 
 66.8 
 
 1896 
 
 325,266 
 
 322 
 
 99.0 
 
 1912 
 
 116,326 
 
 68 
 
 58.5 
 
 1897 
 
 329,645 
 
 344 
 
 104.4 
 
 1913 
 
 120,313 
 
 86 
 
 71.5 
 
 1898 
 
 334,024 
 
 373 
 
 111.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 338,403 
 
 353 
 
 104.3 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 85,088 68 
 
 79.9 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 342,782 
 
 400 
 
 116.7 
 
 1900 
 
 1,670,120 
 
 1,792 
 
 107.3 
 
 1901 
 
 86,720 
 
 109 
 
 125.7 
 
 1901 
 
 350,195 
 
 398 
 
 113.7 
 
 1902 
 
 88,352 
 
 101 
 
 114.3 
 
 1902 
 
 357,608 
 
 387 
 
 108.2 
 
 1903 
 
 89,985 
 
 83 
 
 92.2 
 
 1903 
 
 365,021 
 
 415 
 
 113.7 
 
 1904 
 
 91,617 
 
 95 
 
 103.7 
 
 1904* 
 
 372,434 
 
 484 
 
 130.0 
 
 1905 
 
 93,249 
 
 108 
 
 115.8 
 110.2 
 
 1905* 
 1901-1905 
 
 379,847 
 
 456 
 
 120.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 449,923 
 
 496 
 
 1,825,105 
 
 2,140 
 
 117.3 
 
 1906 
 
 96,558 
 
 107 
 
 110.8 
 
 1906* 
 
 387,260 
 
 367 
 
 94.8 
 
 1907 
 
 99,867 
 
 109 
 
 109.1 
 
 1907 
 
 394,673 
 
 357 
 
 90.5 
 
 1908 
 
 103,177 
 
 115 
 
 111.5 
 
 1908 
 
 402,086 
 
 445 
 
 110.7 
 
 1909 
 
 106,487 
 
 117 
 
 109.9 
 
 1909 
 
 409,499 
 
 418 
 
 102.1 
 
 1910 
 
 109,797 
 
 118 
 
 107.5 
 109.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 416,912 
 
 473 
 
 113.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 515,886 
 
 566 
 
 2,010,430 
 
 2,060 
 
 102.5 
 
 1911 
 
 113,106 
 
 132 
 
 116.7 
 
 1911 
 
 424,325 
 
 466 
 
 109.8 
 
 1912 
 
 116,415 
 
 158 
 
 135.7 
 
 1912 
 
 431,738 
 
 486 
 
 112.6 
 
 1913 
 
 119,724 
 
 141 
 
 117.8 
 
 1913 
 
 439,151 
 
 555 
 
 126.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 1891-1894, 
 
 Monthly 
 
 Reports 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Depart- 
 
 of the State Board of Health of New York; 
 
 ment of Public Health of the City of San 
 
 1895-1913, 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 e Health 
 
 Francisco, 
 
 Cal. 
 
 
 
 Bureau of the City of Rochester, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 *Calendar Years, Data from United States Mor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tality Statistics. 
 
 
 
 562 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 160 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in San Francisco, Cal., Males 
 
 1884-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1884 
 
 148,355 
 
 69 
 
 46.5 
 
 1885 
 
 151,929 
 
 71 
 
 46.7 
 
 1886 
 
 155,503 
 
 79 
 
 50.8 
 
 1887 
 
 159,077 
 
 75 
 
 47.1 
 
 1888 
 
 162,651 
 
 101 
 
 62.1 
 
 1889 
 
 166,225 
 
 89 
 
 53.5 
 
 1890 
 
 169,800 
 
 109 
 
 64.2 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 813,256 
 
 453 
 
 55.7 
 
 1891 
 
 171,306 
 
 93 
 
 54.3 
 
 1892 
 
 172,812 
 
 114 
 
 66.0 
 
 1893 
 
 174,318 
 
 102 
 
 58.5 
 
 1894 
 
 175,824 
 
 117 
 
 66.5 
 
 1895 
 
 177,331 
 
 148 
 
 83.5 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 871,591 
 
 574 
 
 65.9 
 
 1896 
 
 178,838 
 
 170 
 
 95.1 
 
 1897 
 
 180,345 
 
 187 
 
 103.7 
 
 1898 
 
 181,852 
 
 182 
 
 100.1 
 
 1899 
 
 183,359 
 
 186 
 
 101.4 
 
 1900 
 
 184,866 
 
 210 
 
 113.6 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 909,260 
 
 935 
 
 102.8 
 
 1901 
 
 190,069 
 
 192 
 
 101.0 
 
 1902 
 
 195,272 
 
 172 
 
 88.1 
 
 1903 
 
 200,475 
 
 205 
 
 102.3 
 
 1901-1903 
 
 585,816 
 
 569 
 
 97.1 
 
 1907 
 
 221,289 
 
 183 
 
 82.7 
 
 1908 
 
 226,493 
 
 234 
 
 103.3 
 
 1909 
 
 231,697 
 
 212 
 
 91.5 
 
 1910 
 
 236,901 
 
 236 
 
 99.6 
 
 1907-1910 
 
 916,380 
 
 865 
 
 94.4 
 
 1911 
 
 242,105 
 
 247 
 
 102.0 
 
 1912 
 
 247,309 
 
 254 
 
 102.7 
 
 1913 
 
 252,513 
 
 286 
 
 113.3 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public 
 Health of the City of San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 563 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 161 
 Mortality from Cancer in San Francisco, Cal. 
 1884-1913 
 
 Females 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June aO) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1884 
 
 111,618 
 
 97 
 
 86.9 
 
 19.01 
 
 160,126 
 
 206 
 
 128.6 
 
 1885 
 
 114,548 
 
 65 
 
 56.7 
 
 1902 
 
 162,336 
 
 215 
 
 132.4 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 86.0 
 
 1903 
 
 164,546 
 
 210 
 
 127.6 
 
 1886 
 
 117,478 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 120,408 
 
 109 
 
 90.5 
 
 1901-1903 
 
 487,008 
 
 631 
 
 129.6 
 
 1888 
 
 123,338 
 
 89 
 
 72.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 126,268 
 
 109 
 
 86.3 
 
 1907 
 
 173,384 
 
 174 
 
 100.4 
 
 1890 
 
 129,197 
 
 107 
 
 82.8 
 
 1908 
 
 175,593 
 
 211 
 
 120.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 IQOQ 
 
 177,802 
 180,011 
 
 206 
 
 115 9 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 616,689 
 132,069 
 
 515 
 134 
 
 83.5 
 101.5 
 
 1910 
 1907-1910 
 
 237 
 
 131.7 
 
 1891 
 
 7*06,790 
 
 828 
 
 117.1 
 
 1892 
 
 134,941 
 
 129 
 
 95.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 137,813 
 
 108 
 
 78.4 
 
 1911 
 
 182,220 
 
 219 
 
 120.2 
 
 1894 
 
 140,685 
 
 122 
 
 86.7 
 
 1912 
 
 184,429 
 
 232 
 
 125.8 
 
 1895 
 
 143,556 
 
 143 
 
 99.6 
 92.3 
 
 1913 
 
 Source : 
 
 186,638 269 
 Annual Reports of tl: 
 
 144.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 689,064 
 
 636 
 
 le Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of Public Health of the City of San 
 
 1896 
 
 146,428 
 
 152 
 
 103.8 
 
 Francisco, 
 
 Cal. 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 149,300 
 
 157 
 
 105.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 152,172 
 
 191 
 
 125.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 155,044 
 
 167 
 
 107.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 157,916 
 
 190 
 
 857 
 
 120.3 
 112.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 760,860 
 
 
 Table 162 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in San Francisco, Cal., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1913 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 MALES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 186 
 
 6.5 
 
 172 
 
 10.6 
 
 14 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 1,377 
 442 
 
 48.0 
 15.4 
 
 878 
 223 
 
 54.1 
 13.7 
 
 499 
 219 
 
 40.1 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 17.6 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 406 
 
 14.2 
 
 
 
 406 
 
 32.6 
 
 Breast 
 
 253 
 
 8.8 
 
 i 
 
 o.i 
 
 252 
 
 20.2 
 
 Skin 
 
 67 
 
 2.3 
 
 41 
 
 2.5 
 
 26 
 
 2.1 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 468 
 .3,199 
 
 16.4 
 111.6 
 
 336 
 
 20.8 
 101.8 
 
 132 
 
 10.6 
 
 All organs 
 
 1,651 
 
 1,548 
 
 124.3 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public Health of the City of San 
 Francisco, Cal. 
 
 564 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 163 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in San Francisco, Cal., by Age 
 
 according to Sex, July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1911 
 
 Ages 
 
 Population 
 
 Undergo 281,185 
 
 20-29 268,150 
 
 30-39 247,825 
 
 40-49 168,026 
 
 50-59 98,620 
 
 60 and over 77,285 
 
 Unknown 17,394 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 69 
 
 207 
 
 300 
 
 503 
 
 3 
 
 All ages 1,158,485 
 
 1,112 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1.8 
 
 9.3 
 
 27.8 
 
 123.2 
 
 304.2 
 
 650.8 
 
 96.0 
 
 Population 
 
 273,025 
 
 199,150 
 
 166,770 
 
 112,899 
 
 69,675 
 
 64,985 
 
 2,506 
 
 FEMALES 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 119 
 
 233 
 
 276 
 
 400 
 
 1 
 
 889,010 1,047 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 0.7 
 
 8.0 
 
 71.4 
 
 206.4 
 
 396.1 
 
 615.5 
 
 117.8 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Public Health of the City of San 
 Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Table 164 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Savannah, Ga. 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 31,957 
 
 15 
 
 46.9 
 
 1901 
 
 55,326 
 
 17 
 
 30.7 
 
 1882 
 
 33,205 
 
 13 
 
 39.2 
 
 1902 
 
 56,408 
 
 33 
 
 58.5 
 
 1883 
 
 34,453 
 
 7 
 
 20.3 
 
 1903 
 
 57,490 
 
 19 
 
 33.0 
 
 1884 
 
 35,701 
 
 15 
 
 42.0 
 
 1904 
 
 58,572 
 
 36 
 
 61.5 
 
 1885 
 
 36,949 
 
 14 
 
 37.9 
 37.2 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 59,654 
 
 40 
 
 67.1 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 172,265 
 
 64 
 
 287,450 
 
 145 
 
 50.4 
 
 1886 
 
 38,197 
 
 14 
 
 36.7 
 
 1906 
 
 60,736 
 
 27 
 
 44.5 
 
 1887 
 
 39,445 
 
 22 
 
 55.8 
 
 1907 
 
 61,818 
 
 36 
 
 58.2 
 
 1888 
 
 40,693 
 
 10 
 
 24.6 
 
 1908 
 
 62,900 
 
 29 
 
 46.1 
 
 1889 
 
 41,941 
 
 10 
 
 23.8 
 
 1909 
 
 63,983 
 
 33 
 
 51.6 
 
 1890 
 
 43,189 
 
 19 
 
 44.0 
 36.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 65,064 
 
 23 
 
 35.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 203,465 
 
 75 
 
 314,500 
 
 148 
 
 47.1 
 
 1891 
 
 44,294 
 
 16 
 
 36.1 
 
 1911 
 
 66,146 
 
 45 
 
 68.0 
 
 1892 
 
 45,399 
 
 12 
 
 26.4 
 
 1912 
 
 67,228 
 
 52 
 
 77.3 
 
 1893 
 
 46,504 
 
 22 
 
 47.3 
 
 1913 
 
 68,310 
 
 43 
 
 62.9 
 
 1894 
 
 47,609 
 
 10 
 
 21.0 
 
 1914 
 
 69,392 
 
 42 
 
 60.5 
 
 1895 
 
 48,714 
 
 19 
 
 39.0 
 34.0 
 
 Source: Annual Municipal Reports of 
 the City of Savannah, Ga. 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 232,520 
 
 79 
 
 1896 
 
 49,820 
 
 20 
 
 40.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 50,926 
 
 17 
 
 33.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 52,032 
 
 25 
 
 48.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 53,138 
 
 20 
 
 37.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 54,244 
 
 22 
 
 40.6 
 40.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 260,160 
 
 104 
 
 
 565 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 165 
 Mortality from Cancer in Savannah, Ga, 
 1881-1914 
 
 White 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 15,558 
 
 9 
 
 57.8 
 
 1882 
 
 16,075 
 
 10 
 
 62.2 
 
 1883 
 
 16,592 
 
 4 
 
 24.1 
 
 1884 
 
 17,109 
 
 9 
 
 52.6 
 
 1885 
 
 17,626 
 
 9 
 
 51.1 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 82,960 
 
 41 
 
 49.4 
 
 1886 
 
 18,143 
 
 11 
 
 60.6 
 
 1887 
 
 18,660 
 
 13 
 
 69.7 
 
 1888 
 
 19,177 
 
 8 
 
 41.7 
 
 1889 
 
 19,694 
 
 8 
 
 40.6 
 
 1890 
 
 20,211 
 
 9 
 
 44.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 95.885 
 
 49 
 
 51.1 
 
 1891 
 
 20,800 
 
 10 
 
 48.1 
 
 1892 
 
 21,389 
 
 6 
 
 28.1 
 
 1893 
 
 21,979 
 
 8 
 
 36.4 
 
 1894 
 
 22,569 
 
 5 
 
 22.2 
 
 1895 
 
 23,159 
 
 9 
 
 38.9 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 109,896 
 
 38 
 
 34.6 
 
 1896 
 
 23.749 
 
 14 
 
 58.9 
 
 1897 
 
 24,339 
 
 14 
 
 5715 
 
 1898 
 
 24,929 
 
 21 
 
 84.2 
 
 1899 
 
 25,519 
 
 16 
 
 62.7 
 
 1900 
 
 26,109 
 
 15 
 
 57.5 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 124.645 
 
 80 
 
 64.2 
 
 1901 
 
 26,676 
 
 16 
 
 60.0 
 
 1902 
 
 27,243 
 
 24 
 
 88.1 
 
 1903 
 
 27,810 
 
 15 
 
 53.9 
 
 1904 
 
 28,377 
 
 22 
 
 77.5 
 
 1905 
 
 28,944 
 
 24 
 
 82.9 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 139,050 
 
 101 
 
 72.6 
 
 1906 
 
 29,512 
 
 21 
 
 71.2 
 
 1907 
 
 30,080 
 
 25 
 
 83.1 
 
 1908 
 
 30,648 
 
 20 
 
 65.3 
 
 1909 
 
 31.216 
 
 25 
 
 80.1 
 
 1910 
 
 31.784 
 
 17 
 
 53.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 153,240 
 
 108 
 
 70.5 
 
 1911 
 
 32,351 
 
 29 
 
 89.6 
 
 1912 
 
 32,918 
 
 28 
 
 85.1 
 
 1913 
 
 33.485 
 
 24 
 
 71.7 
 
 1914 
 
 34.052 
 
 32 
 
 94.0 
 
 Source: Annual Municipal Reports of the City of 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 566 
 
APPENDIX F {PART 11) 
 
 Table 166 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Savannah, Ga., Colored 
 
 1881-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 16,399 
 
 6 
 
 36.6 
 
 1901 
 
 28,650 
 
 1 
 
 3.5 
 
 1882 
 
 17,130 
 
 3 
 
 17.5 
 
 1902 
 
 29,165 
 
 9 
 
 30.9 
 
 1883 
 
 17,861 
 
 3 
 
 16.8 
 
 1903 
 
 29,680 
 
 4 
 
 13.5 
 
 1884 
 
 18,592 
 
 6 
 
 32.3 
 
 1904 
 
 30,195 
 
 14 
 
 46.4 
 
 1885 
 
 19,323 
 89,305 
 
 5 
 
 25.9 
 25.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 30,710 
 
 16 
 
 52.1 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 23 
 
 148,400 
 
 44 
 
 29.6 
 
 1886 
 
 20,054 
 
 3 
 
 15.0 
 
 1906 
 
 31,224 
 
 6 
 
 19.2 
 
 1887 
 
 20,785 
 
 9 
 
 43.3 
 
 1907 
 
 31,738 
 
 11 
 
 34.7 
 
 1888 
 
 21,516 
 
 2 
 
 9.3 
 
 1908 
 
 32,252 
 
 9 
 
 27.9 
 
 1889 
 
 22,247 
 
 2 
 
 9.0 
 
 1909 
 
 32,766 
 
 8 
 
 24.4 
 
 1890 
 
 22,978 
 107,580 
 
 10 
 
 43.5 
 24.2 
 
 1910 
 
 33,280 
 
 6 
 
 18.0 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 161,260 
 
 40 
 
 24.8 
 
 1891 
 
 23,494 
 
 6 
 
 25.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 24,010 
 
 6 
 
 25.0 
 
 1911 
 
 33.795 
 
 16 
 
 47.3 
 
 1893 
 
 24,525 
 
 14 
 
 57.1 
 
 1912 
 
 34,310 
 
 24 
 
 70.0 
 
 1894 
 
 25,040 
 
 5 
 
 20.0 
 
 1913 
 
 34,825 
 
 19 
 
 54.6 
 
 1895 
 
 25,555 
 122,624 
 
 10 
 
 39.1 
 33.4 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 35,340 
 Annual M 
 
 10 
 iinicipal I 
 
 28.3 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 41 
 
 eports of 
 
 
 
 
 
 the City of Savannah, 
 
 Ga. 
 
 
 1896 
 
 26,071 
 
 6 
 
 23.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 26,587 
 
 3 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 27,103 
 
 4 
 
 14.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 27,619 
 
 4 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 28,135 
 135,515 
 
 7 
 
 24.9 
 17.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 24 
 
 
 Table 167 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Seattle, Wash. 
 
 1899-1914 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1899 
 
 76,887 
 
 26 
 
 33.8 
 
 1906 
 
 174,583 
 
 61 
 
 34.9 
 
 1900 
 
 80,671 
 
 31 
 
 38.4 
 
 1907 
 
 190,235 
 
 92 
 
 48.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 205,888 
 
 93 
 
 45.2 
 
 1901 
 
 96,323 
 
 39 
 
 40.5 
 
 1909 
 
 221,541 
 
 130 
 
 58.7 
 
 1902 
 
 111,975 
 
 44 
 
 .39.3 
 
 1910 
 
 237,194 
 
 141 
 
 59.4 
 
 1903 
 1904 
 
 127,627 
 143,279 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 40.7 
 35.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,029,441 
 
 517 
 
 50.2 
 
 1905 
 
 158,931 
 
 55 
 
 34.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 252,847 
 268,500 
 
 144 
 
 57 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 638,135 
 
 241 
 
 37.8 
 
 1912 
 
 154 
 
 57.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 284,153 
 
 193 
 
 67.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 299,806 
 
 210 
 
 70.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 e Depart- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment of Health and Sanitation o 
 
 F the City 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Seattle, Wash. 
 
 
 
 567 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 168 
 Mortality from Cancer in Seattle, Wash., by Organs and Parts 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal ca\aty 45 2.1 
 
 Stomach and liver 421 19.2 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 133 6.1 
 
 Female generative organs 192 8.8 
 
 Breast 74 8.4 
 
 Skin 24 1.1 
 
 Other or not specified organs 167 7.5 
 
 All organs 1,056 48.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Health and Sanitation of the City of 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 
 Table 169 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Springfield, Mass. 
 
 1890-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1890 
 
 44,179 
 
 24 
 
 54.3 
 
 1901 
 
 64,745 
 
 40 
 
 61.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 67,431 
 
 57 
 
 84.5 
 
 1891 
 
 45,967 
 
 26 
 
 56.6 
 
 1903 
 
 70,117 
 
 60 
 
 85.6 
 
 1892 
 
 47,755 
 
 25 
 
 52.4 
 
 1904 
 
 72,804 
 
 69 
 
 94.8 
 
 1893 
 
 49,543 
 
 24 
 
 48.4 
 
 1905 
 
 75,491 
 
 74 
 
 98.0 
 
 1894 
 
 51,331 
 
 27 
 
 52.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 53,119 
 
 32 
 
 60.2 
 54.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 350,588 
 
 78,178 
 
 300 
 66 
 
 85.6 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 247,715 
 
 134 
 
 84.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 80,865 
 
 64 
 
 79.1 
 
 1896 
 
 54,907 
 
 36 
 
 65.6 
 
 1908 
 
 83,552 
 
 84 
 
 100.5 
 
 1897 
 
 56,695 
 
 45 
 
 79.4 
 
 1909 
 
 86,239 
 
 65 
 
 75.4 
 
 1898 
 
 58,483 
 
 45 
 
 76.9 
 
 1910 
 
 88,926 
 
 84 
 
 94.5 
 
 1899 
 
 60,271 
 
 42 
 
 69.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 62,059 
 
 48 
 
 77.3 
 73.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 417,760 
 91,613 
 
 363 
 
 82 
 
 86.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 292,415 
 
 216 
 
 89.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 94,300 
 
 92 
 
 97.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 96,987 
 
 109 
 
 112.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Municipal Register of the City 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Springfield, Mass. 
 
 
 
 568 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 170 
 Mortality from Cancer in Springfield, Mass. 
 1891-1913 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 22,123 
 
 8 
 
 36.2 
 
 1901 
 
 30,976 
 
 9 
 
 29.1 
 
 1892 
 
 22,955 
 
 9 
 
 39.2 
 
 1902 
 
 32,336 
 
 14 
 
 43.3 
 
 1893 
 
 23,787 
 
 4 
 
 16.8 
 
 1903 
 
 33,696 
 
 16 
 
 47.5 
 
 1894 
 
 24,619 
 
 8 
 
 32.5 
 
 1904 
 
 35,056 
 
 12 
 
 34.2 
 
 1895 
 
 25,451 
 
 7 
 
 27.5 
 30.3 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 36,416 
 
 26 
 
 71.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 118,935 
 
 36 
 
 168,480 
 
 77 
 
 45.7 
 
 1896 
 
 26,284 
 
 9 
 
 34.2 
 
 1906 
 
 37,777 
 
 21 
 
 55.6 
 
 1897 
 
 27,117 
 
 13 
 
 47.9 
 
 1907 
 
 39,138 
 
 22 
 
 56.2 
 
 1898 
 
 27,950 
 
 10 
 
 35.8 
 
 1908 
 
 40,499 
 
 33 
 
 81.5 
 
 1899 
 
 28,783 
 
 12 
 
 41.7 
 
 1909 
 
 41,860 
 
 24 
 
 57.3 
 
 1900 
 
 29,616 
 
 9 
 
 30.4 
 37.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 43,221 
 
 29 
 
 67.1 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 139,750 
 
 63 
 
 202,495 
 
 129 
 
 63.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 44,582 
 
 26 
 
 58.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 , 45,943 
 
 28 
 
 60.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 47,304 
 
 40 
 
 84.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Municipal Register of the City- 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Springfield, Mass. 
 
 
 
 Table 171 
 Mortality from Cancer in Springfield, Mass. 
 1891-1913 
 
 Females 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 23,844 
 
 18 
 
 75.5 
 
 1901 
 
 33,769 
 
 31 
 
 91.8 
 
 1892 
 
 24,800 
 
 16 
 
 64.5 
 
 1902 
 
 35,095 
 
 43 
 
 122.5 
 
 1893 
 
 25,756 
 
 20 
 
 77.7 
 
 1903 
 
 36,421 
 
 44 
 
 120.8 
 
 1894 
 
 26,712 
 
 19 
 
 71.1 
 
 1904 
 
 37,748 
 
 57 
 
 151.0 
 
 1895 
 
 27,668 
 
 25 
 
 90.4 
 76.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 39,075 
 
 48 
 
 122.8 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 128,780 
 
 98 
 
 182,108 
 
 223 
 
 122.5 
 
 1896 
 
 28,623 
 
 27 
 
 94.3 
 
 1906 
 
 40,401 
 
 45 
 
 111.4 
 
 1897 
 
 29,578 
 
 32 
 
 108.2 
 
 1907 
 
 41,727 
 
 42 
 
 100.7 
 
 1898 
 
 30,533 
 
 35 
 
 114.6 
 
 1908 
 
 43,053 
 
 51 
 
 118.5 
 
 1899 
 
 31,488 
 
 30 
 
 95.3 
 
 1909 
 
 44,379 
 
 41 
 
 92.4 
 
 1900 
 
 32,443 
 
 39 
 
 120.2 
 106.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 45,705 
 
 55 
 
 120.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 152,665 
 
 163 
 
 215,265 
 
 234 
 
 108.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 47,031 
 
 56 
 
 119.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 48,357 
 
 64 
 
 132.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 49,683 
 
 69 
 
 138.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Municipal Register of the City 
 of Springfield, Mass. 
 
 569 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 172 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Springfield, Mass., by Organs and Parts 
 according to Sex, 1908-1912 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 14 
 132 
 71 
 64 
 46 
 13 
 67 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 3.1 
 29.7 
 16.0 
 14.4 
 10.3 
 
 2.9 
 15.1 
 
 MALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 12 
 55 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 5.6 
 25.5 
 15.3 
 
 3.7 
 14.7 
 
 All organs 407 91.5 140 64.8 
 
 Source: Municipal Register of the City of Springfield, Mass. 
 
 FEMALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 0.9 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 2 
 77 
 38 
 64 
 46 
 
 5 
 35 
 
 267 
 
 33.7 
 16.6 
 28.0 
 20.1 
 2.2 
 15.3 
 
 116.8 
 
 Table 173 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 359,631 
 
 158 
 
 43.9 
 
 1901 
 
 586,417 
 
 345 
 
 58.8 
 
 1882 
 
 368,981 
 
 126 
 
 34.1 
 
 1902 
 
 597,596 
 
 356 
 
 59.6 
 
 1883 
 
 378,575 
 
 178 
 
 47.0 
 
 1903 
 
 608,775 
 
 392 
 
 64.4 
 
 1884 
 
 388,418 
 
 171 
 
 44.0 
 
 1904 
 
 619,954 
 
 374 
 
 60.3 
 
 1885 
 
 398,517 
 
 152 
 
 38.1 
 41.4 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 631,133 
 
 419 
 
 66.4 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,894,122 
 
 785 
 
 3,043,875 
 
 1,886 
 
 62.0 
 
 1886 
 
 408,878 
 
 149 
 
 36.4 
 
 1906 
 
 642,312 
 
 443 
 
 69.0 
 
 1887 
 
 419,509 
 
 164 
 
 39.1 
 
 1907 
 
 653,491 
 
 479 
 
 73.3 
 
 1888 
 
 429,390 
 
 170 
 
 39.6 
 
 1908 
 
 664,670 
 
 548 
 
 82.4 
 
 1889 
 
 440,554 
 
 189 
 
 42.9 
 
 1909 
 
 675,849 
 
 569 
 
 84.2 
 
 1890 
 
 451,770 
 
 263 
 
 58.2 
 43.5 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 687,029 
 
 568 
 
 82.7 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,150,101 
 
 935 
 
 3,323,351 
 
 2,607 
 
 78.4 
 
 1891 
 
 462,816 
 
 275 
 
 59.4 
 
 1911 
 
 698,208 
 
 526 
 
 75.3 
 
 1892 
 
 474,132 
 
 248 
 
 52.3 
 
 1912 
 
 709,387 
 
 604 
 
 85.1 
 
 1893 
 
 485,725 
 
 243 
 
 50.0 
 
 1913 
 
 720,566 
 
 682 
 
 94.6 
 
 1894 
 
 497,601 
 
 224 
 
 45.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 509,707 
 
 268 
 
 52.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual and Monthly Reports 
 
 
 
 
 
 of tViP TTealtli nf.r>nrtmpnt nf .^t T.niiis Mn 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,429,981 
 
 1,258 
 
 51.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 522,209 
 
 268 
 
 51.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 534,977 
 
 266 
 
 49.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 548,057 
 
 304 
 
 55.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 561,4.56 
 
 297 
 
 52.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 575,238 
 
 345 
 
 60.0 
 54.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,741,937 
 
 1,480 
 
 
 570 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 174 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in St. Louis, Mo., Males 
 
 1887-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1887 
 
 212,691 
 
 71 
 
 33.4 
 
 1901 
 
 293,912 
 
 151 
 
 51.4 
 
 1888 
 
 217,400 
 
 74 
 
 34.0 
 
 1902 
 
 299,635 
 
 150 
 
 50.1 
 
 1889 
 
 222,744 
 
 77 
 
 34.6 
 
 1903 
 
 305,362 
 
 182 
 
 59.6 
 
 1890 
 
 228,099 
 
 127 
 
 55.7 
 
 1904 
 
 311,155 
 
 161 
 
 51.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 316,955 
 
 162 
 
 51.1 
 
 
 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 880,934 
 
 349 
 
 39.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,527,019 
 
 806 
 
 52.8 
 
 1891 
 
 233,491 
 
 115 
 
 49.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 239,010 
 
 106 
 
 44.3 
 
 1906 
 
 322,762 
 
 218 
 
 66.0 
 
 1893 
 
 244,660 
 
 86 
 
 35.2 
 
 1907 
 
 328,575 
 
 202 
 
 61.5 
 
 1894 
 
 250,443 
 
 100 
 
 39.9 
 
 1908 
 
 334,395 
 
 229 
 
 68.5 
 
 1895 
 
 256,332 
 
 111 
 
 43.3 
 
 1909 
 
 340,222 
 
 246 
 
 72.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 346,057 
 
 248 
 
 71.7 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,223,936 
 
 518 
 
 42.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,672,011 
 
 1,138 
 
 68.1 
 
 1896 
 
 262,410 
 
 116 
 
 44.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 268,612 
 
 108 
 
 40.2 
 
 1911 
 
 351,897 
 
 213 
 
 60.5 
 
 1898 
 
 274,960 
 
 137 
 
 49.8 
 
 1912 
 
 357,744 
 
 260 
 
 72.7 
 
 1899 
 
 281,458 
 
 127 
 
 45.1 
 
 1913 
 
 363,588 
 
 325 
 
 89.4 
 
 1900 
 
 288,194 
 
 117 
 
 40.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual and 
 
 Monthly Reports 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,375,634 
 
 605 
 
 44.0 
 
 of the Health Department of St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Table 175 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in St, Louis Mo., Females 
 
 1887-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1887 
 
 206,818 
 
 93 
 
 45.0 
 
 1901 
 
 292,505 
 
 194 
 
 66.3 
 
 1888 
 
 211,990 
 
 96 
 
 45.3 
 
 1902 
 
 297,961 
 
 206 
 
 69.1 
 
 1889 
 
 217,810 
 
 112 
 
 51.4 
 
 1903 
 
 303,413 
 
 210 
 
 69.2 
 
 1890 
 
 223,671 
 
 136 
 
 60.8 
 
 1904 
 
 308,799 
 
 213 
 
 69.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 314,178 
 
 257 
 
 81.8 
 
 
 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 860,289 
 
 437 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,516,856 
 
 1,080 
 
 71.2 
 
 1891 
 
 229,325 
 
 160 
 
 69.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 235,122 
 
 142 
 
 60.4 
 
 1906 
 
 319,550 
 
 230 
 
 72.0 
 
 1893 
 
 241,065 
 
 157 
 
 65.1 
 
 1907 
 
 324,916 
 
 277 
 
 85.3 
 
 1894 
 
 247,158 
 
 124 
 
 50.2 
 
 1908 
 
 330,275 
 
 319 
 
 96.6 
 
 1895 
 
 253,375 
 
 157 
 
 62.0 
 
 1909 
 
 335,627 
 
 323 
 
 96.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 340,972 
 
 320 
 
 93.8 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,206,045 
 
 740 
 
 61.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,651,340 
 
 1,469 
 
 89.0 
 
 1896 
 
 259,799 
 
 152 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 266,365 
 
 158 
 
 59.3 
 
 1911 
 
 346,311 
 
 313 
 
 90.4 
 
 1898 
 
 273,097 
 
 167 
 
 61.2 
 
 1912 
 
 351,643 
 
 344 
 
 97.8 
 
 1899 
 
 279,998 
 
 170 
 
 60.7 
 
 1913 
 
 356,978 
 
 357 
 
 100.0 
 
 1900 
 
 287,044 
 
 228 
 
 79.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual and 
 
 Monthly Reports 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,366,303 
 
 875 
 
 64.0 
 
 of the Health Department of St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 571 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 176 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 1885-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 October 31) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1885 
 
 74,305 
 
 36 
 
 48.4 
 
 1886 
 
 83,497 
 
 29 
 
 34.7 
 
 (Calendar) 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 93,826 
 
 23 
 
 24.5 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 118,474 
 
 39 
 
 32.9 
 
 1890 
 
 133,156 
 
 45 
 
 33.8 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 428,953 
 
 136 
 
 31.7 
 
 1891 
 
 134,583 
 
 62 
 
 46.1 
 
 1892 
 
 136,010 
 
 62 
 
 45.6 
 
 1893 
 
 137,437 
 
 58 
 
 42.2 
 
 1894 
 
 138,864 
 
 51 
 
 36.7 
 
 1895 
 
 140,292 
 
 67 
 
 47.8 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 687,186 
 
 300- 
 
 43.7 
 
 1896 
 
 144,846 
 
 67 
 
 46.3 
 
 1897 
 
 149,400 
 
 52 
 
 34.8 
 
 1898 
 
 153,955 
 
 74 
 
 48.1 
 
 1899 
 
 158,510 
 
 66 
 
 41.6 
 
 1900 
 
 163,065 
 
 92 
 
 56.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 769,776 
 
 351 
 
 45.^ 
 
 1901 
 
 169,856 
 
 60 
 
 35.3 
 
 1902 
 
 176,647 
 
 83 
 
 47.0 
 
 1903 
 
 183,439 
 
 107 
 
 58.3 
 
 1904 
 
 190,231 
 
 115 
 
 60.5 
 
 1905 
 
 197,023 
 
 115 
 
 58.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 917,196 
 
 480 
 
 52.3 
 
 1906 
 
 200,567 
 
 121 
 
 60.3 
 
 1907 
 
 204,111 
 
 135 
 
 66.1 
 
 1908 
 
 207,655 
 
 159 
 
 76.6 
 
 1909 
 
 211,199 
 
 143 
 
 67.7 
 
 1910 
 
 214,744 
 
 180 
 
 83.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,038,276 
 
 738 
 
 71.1 
 
 1911 
 
 218,288 
 
 160 
 
 73.3 
 
 1912 
 
 221,832 
 
 160 
 
 72.1 
 
 1913 
 
 225,376 
 
 187 
 
 83.0 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Board of Health of the 
 City of St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 672 
 
APPENDIX F (PART II) 
 
 Table 177 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in District of Columbia 
 
 1879-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 PopulatioQ 
 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1879 
 
 171,919 
 
 94 
 
 54.7 
 
 1901 
 
 283,953 
 
 194 
 
 68.3 
 
 1880 
 
 177,624 
 
 78 
 
 43.9 
 
 1902 
 
 289,188 
 
 218 
 
 75.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 294,423 
 
 220 
 
 74.7 
 
 1881 
 
 182,900 
 
 87 
 
 47.6 
 
 1904 
 
 299,658 
 
 228 
 
 76.1 
 
 1882 
 
 188,176 
 
 80 
 
 42.5 
 
 1905 
 
 304,893 
 
 231 
 
 75.8 
 
 1883 
 
 193,453 
 
 77 
 
 39.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 198,730 
 
 88 
 
 44.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,472,115 
 
 1,091 
 
 74.1 
 
 1885 
 
 204,007 
 
 119 
 
 58.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 310,128 
 
 253 
 
 81.6 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 967,266 
 
 451 
 
 46.6 
 
 1907 
 
 315,363 
 
 280 
 
 88.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 320,598 
 
 275 
 
 85.8 
 
 1886 
 
 209,284 
 
 101 
 
 48.3 
 
 1909 
 
 325,833 
 
 278 
 
 85.3 
 
 1887 
 
 214,561 
 
 112 
 
 52.2 
 
 1910 
 
 331,069 
 
 293 
 
 88.5 
 
 1888 
 
 219,838 
 
 103 
 
 46.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 225,115 
 
 118 
 
 52.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,602,991 
 
 1,379 
 
 86.0 
 
 1890 
 
 230,392 
 
 121 
 
 52.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 336,305 
 
 286 
 
 85.0 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,099,190 
 
 555 
 
 50.5 
 
 1912 
 
 341,541 
 
 323 
 
 94.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 346,777 
 
 351 
 
 101.2 
 
 1891 
 
 235,224 
 
 131 
 
 55.7 
 
 1914 
 
 352,015 
 
 344 
 
 97.7 
 
 1892 
 
 240,056 
 
 111 
 
 46.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 244,888 
 
 152 
 
 62.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 1894 
 
 249,720 
 
 130 
 
 52.1 
 
 Officer of the District of Columbia 
 
 
 1895 
 
 254,553 
 
 140 
 
 55.0 
 54.2 
 
 Note: 
 
 1902-1914, Calendar Ye 
 
 ars. 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,224,441 
 
 664 
 
 
 1896 
 
 259,386 
 
 155 
 
 59.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 264,219 
 
 144 
 
 54.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 269,052 
 
 160 
 
 59.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 273,885 
 
 177 
 
 64.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 278,718 
 
 204 
 
 73.2 
 62.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,345,260 
 
 840 
 
 
 573 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 178 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in District of Columbia, Males 
 
 1879-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (En.Iin? 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June3U) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1879 
 
 80,842 
 
 18 
 
 22.3 
 
 1901 
 
 134,608 
 
 65 
 
 48.3 
 
 1880 
 
 83,578 
 
 28 
 
 33.5 
 
 1902 
 
 137,212 
 
 77 
 
 56.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 139,816 
 
 70 
 
 50.1 
 
 1882 
 
 88,778 
 
 29 
 
 32.7 
 
 1904 
 
 142,420 
 
 79 
 
 55.5 
 
 1883 
 
 91,378 
 
 24 
 
 26.3 
 
 1905 
 
 145,025 
 
 82 
 
 56.5 
 
 1884 
 
 93,978 
 
 26 
 
 27.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 96,579 
 
 35 
 
 36.2 
 30.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 699,081 
 147,630 
 
 373 
 105 
 
 53.4 
 
 1882-1885 
 
 370,713 
 
 114 
 
 71.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 150,235 
 
 94 
 
 62.6 
 
 1886 
 
 99,180 
 
 30 
 
 30.2 
 
 1908 
 
 152,840 
 
 100 
 
 65.4 
 
 1887 
 
 101,781 
 
 33 
 
 32.4 
 
 1909 
 
 155,445 
 
 111 
 
 71.4 
 
 1888 
 
 104,382 
 
 32 
 
 30.7 
 
 1910 
 
 158,050 
 
 116 
 
 73.4 
 
 1889 
 
 106,983 
 
 28 
 
 26.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 109,584 
 
 32 
 155 
 
 29.2 
 29.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 764,200 
 160,655 
 
 526 
 
 108 
 
 68.8 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 521,910 
 
 67.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 163,260 
 
 127 
 
 77.8 
 
 1891 
 
 111,826 
 
 41 
 
 36.7 
 
 1913 
 
 165,865 
 
 137 
 
 82.6 
 
 1892 
 
 114,068 
 
 41 
 
 35.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 116,310 
 
 50 
 
 43.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 1894 
 
 118,552 
 
 59 
 
 49.8 
 
 Officer of the District of Columbia. 
 
 1895 
 
 120,794 
 
 45 
 
 37.3 
 40.6 
 
 Note: 
 
 1902-1913, Calendar Y 
 
 ears. 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 581,550 
 
 236 
 
 
 1896 
 
 123,036 
 
 41 
 
 33.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 125,278 
 
 51 
 
 40.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 127,520 
 
 51 
 
 40.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 129,762 
 
 58 
 
 44.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 132,004 
 
 70 
 
 53.0 
 42.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 637,600 
 
 271 
 
 
 574 
 
APPENDIX F (PART 11) 
 
 Table 179 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in District of Columbia, Females 
 
 1879-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1879 
 
 91,077 
 
 76 
 
 83.4 
 
 1901 
 
 149,345 
 
 129 
 
 86.4 
 
 1880 
 
 94,046 
 
 50 
 
 53.2 
 
 1902 
 
 151,976 
 
 141 
 
 92.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 154,607 
 
 150 
 
 97.0 
 
 1882 
 
 99,398 
 
 51 
 
 51.3 
 
 1904 
 
 157,238 
 
 149 
 
 94.8 
 
 1883 
 
 102,075 
 
 53 
 
 51.9 
 
 1905 
 
 159,868 
 
 149 
 
 93.2 
 
 1884 
 
 104,752 
 
 62 
 
 59.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 107,428 
 
 84 
 
 78.2 
 60.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 773,034 
 162,498 
 
 718 
 148 
 
 92.9 
 
 1882-1885 
 
 413,653 
 
 250 
 
 91.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 165,128 
 
 186 
 
 112.6 
 
 1886 
 
 110,104 
 
 71 
 
 64.5 
 
 1908 
 
 167,758 
 
 175 
 
 104.3 
 
 1887 
 
 112,780 
 
 79 
 
 70.0 
 
 1909 
 
 170,388 
 
 167 
 
 98.0 
 
 1888 
 
 115,456 
 
 71 
 
 61.5 
 
 1910 
 
 173,019 
 
 177 
 
 102.3 
 
 1889 
 
 118,132 
 
 90 
 
 76.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 120,808 
 
 89 
 
 73.7 
 69.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 838,791 
 175,650 
 
 853 
 178 
 
 101.7 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 577,280 
 
 400 
 
 101.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 178,281 
 
 196 
 
 109.9 
 
 1891 
 
 123,398 
 
 90 
 
 72.9 
 
 1913 
 
 180,912 
 
 214 
 
 118.3 
 
 1892 
 
 125,988 
 
 70 
 
 55.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 128,578 
 
 102 
 
 79.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of tl 
 
 e Health 
 
 1894 
 
 131,168 
 
 71 
 
 54.1 
 
 Oflacer of the District of Columbia. 
 
 1895 
 
 133,759 
 
 95 
 
 71.0 
 66.6 
 
 Note: 
 
 1902-1913, Calendar Y 
 
 ears. 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 642,891 
 
 428 
 
 
 1896 
 
 136,350 
 
 114 
 
 83.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 138,941 
 
 93 
 
 66.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 141,532 
 
 109 
 
 77.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 144,123 
 
 119 
 
 82.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 146,714 
 
 134 
 
 91.3 
 80.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 707,660 
 
 569 
 
 
 38 
 
 575 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 180 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in District of Columbia, White 
 
 1882-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1882 
 
 125,343 
 
 55 
 
 43.9 
 
 1901 
 
 195,991 
 
 137 
 
 69.9 
 
 1883 
 
 129,012 
 
 51 
 
 39.5 
 
 1902 
 
 200,450 
 
 173 
 
 86.3 
 
 1884 
 
 132,681 
 
 64 
 
 48.2 
 
 1903 
 
 204,909 
 
 162 
 
 79.1 
 
 1885 
 
 136,350 
 
 86 
 
 63.1 
 
 1904 
 
 209,368 
 
 173 
 
 82.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 213,828 
 
 179 
 
 83.7 
 
 
 
 
 1882-1885 
 
 523,386 
 
 256 
 
 48.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,024,546 
 
 824 
 
 80.4 
 
 1886 
 
 140,019 
 
 78 
 
 55.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 143,688 
 
 78 
 
 54.3 
 
 1906 
 
 218,288 
 
 188 
 
 86.1 
 
 1888 
 
 147,357 
 
 77 
 
 52.3 
 
 1907 
 
 222,748 
 
 219 
 
 98.3 
 
 1889 
 
 151,026 
 
 98 
 
 64.9 
 
 1908 
 
 227,208 
 
 206 
 
 90.7 
 
 1890 
 
 154,695 
 
 92 
 
 59.5 
 
 1909 
 
 231,668 
 
 209 
 
 90.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 236,128 
 
 239 
 
 iOl.2 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 736,785 
 
 423 
 
 57.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,136,040 
 
 1,061 
 
 93.4 
 
 1891 
 
 158,378 
 
 90 
 
 56.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 162,061 
 
 87 
 
 53.7 
 
 1911 
 
 240,587 
 
 215 
 
 89.4 
 
 1893 
 
 165,744 
 
 116 
 
 70.0 
 
 1912 
 
 245,046 
 
 245 
 
 100.0 
 
 1894 
 
 169,428 
 
 98 
 
 57.8 
 
 1913 
 
 249,508 
 
 278 
 
 111.4 
 
 1895 
 
 173,112 
 
 111 
 
 64.1 
 60.6 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 253,970 259 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 102.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 828,723 
 
 502 
 
 e Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 Officer of the District of Columbia 
 
 
 1896 
 
 176,796 
 
 115 
 
 65.0 
 
 Note: 
 
 1902-1914, Calendar Years. 
 
 1897 
 
 180,480 
 
 98 
 
 54.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 184,164 
 
 118 
 
 64.1 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1899 
 
 187,848 
 
 126 
 
 67.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 191,532 
 
 145 
 
 75.7 
 65.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 920,820 
 
 602 
 
 
 576 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 181 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in District of Columbia, Colored 
 
 1882-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1882 
 
 62,833 
 
 25 
 
 39.8 
 
 1901 
 
 87,962 
 
 57 
 
 64.8 
 
 1883 
 
 64,441 
 
 26 
 
 40.3 
 
 1902 
 
 88,738 
 
 45 
 
 50.7 
 
 1884 
 
 66,049 
 
 24 
 
 36.3 
 
 1903 
 
 89,514 
 
 58 
 
 64.8 
 
 1885 
 
 67,657 
 
 33 
 
 48.8 
 
 1904 
 
 90,290 
 
 55 
 
 60.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 91,065 
 
 52 
 
 67.1 
 
 
 
 
 1882-1885 
 
 260,980 
 
 108 
 
 41.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 447,569 
 
 267 
 
 59.7 
 
 1886 
 
 69,265 
 
 23 
 
 33.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 70,873 
 
 34 
 
 48.0 
 
 1906 
 
 91,840 
 
 65 
 
 70.8 
 
 1888 
 
 72,481 
 
 26 
 
 35.9 
 
 1907 
 
 92,615 
 
 61 
 
 65.9 
 
 1889 
 
 74,089 
 
 20 
 
 27.0 
 
 1908 
 
 93,390 
 
 69 
 
 73.9 
 
 1890 
 
 75,697 
 
 29 
 
 38.3 
 
 1909 
 
 94,165 
 
 69 
 
 73.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 94,941 
 
 54 
 
 56.9 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 362,405 
 
 132 
 
 36.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 466,951 
 
 318 
 
 68.1 
 
 1891 
 
 76,846 
 
 41 
 
 53.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 77,995 
 
 24 
 
 30.8 
 
 1911 
 
 95,718 
 
 71 
 
 74.2 
 
 1893 
 
 79,144 
 
 36 
 
 45.5 
 
 1912 
 
 96,494 
 
 78 
 
 80.8 
 
 1894 
 
 80,292 
 
 32 
 
 39.9 
 
 1913 
 
 97,269 
 
 73 
 
 75.0 
 
 1895 
 
 81,441 
 
 29 
 
 35.6 
 40.9 
 
 1914 
 Source: 
 
 98,045 85 
 Annual Reports of the 
 
 86.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 395,718 
 
 162 
 
 Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 Officer of the District of Columbia 
 
 
 1896 
 
 82,590 
 
 40 
 
 48.4 
 
 Note: 
 
 1902-1914, Calendar Years. 
 
 1897 
 
 83,739 
 
 46 
 
 54.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 84,888 
 
 42 
 
 49.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 86,037 
 
 61 
 
 59.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 87,186 
 
 59 
 
 67.7 
 56.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 424,440 
 
 238 
 
 
 577 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 182 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, in the District of Columbia 
 
 according to Age, White Males, 1901-1910 
 
 
 Bdccal 
 
 Cavity 
 
 Stomach 
 
 AND Liver 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 JnderlO 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 10-19 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 20-29 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1.4 
 
 30-39 
 
 2 
 
 1.1 
 
 18 
 
 9.7 
 
 40-49 
 
 4 
 
 3.0 
 
 38 
 
 28.3 
 
 50-59 
 
 17 
 
 19.0 
 
 80 
 
 89.5 
 
 60-69 
 
 13 
 
 23.0 
 
 125 
 
 221.0 
 
 70 and over 
 
 12 
 
 37.0 
 
 87 
 
 268.3 
 
 
 
 
 All ages 
 
 49 
 
 4.6 
 
 352 
 
 33.4 
 
 40 and over 
 
 46 
 
 14.7 
 
 330 
 
 105.5 
 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 Intestines and Rectum 
 
 
 Skin 
 
 Under 10 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 
 10-19 
 
 3 
 
 
 20-29 
 
 3 
 
 1.4 
 6.5 
 
 1 
 
 0.5 
 
 30-39 
 
 12 
 
 
 40-49 
 
 15 
 
 11.2 
 
 3 
 
 2.2 
 
 50-59 
 
 21 
 
 23.5 
 
 11 
 
 12.3 
 
 60-69 
 
 32 
 
 56.6 
 
 15 
 
 26.5 
 
 70 and over 
 
 21 
 
 64.8 
 
 18 
 
 55.5 
 
 All ages 
 
 108 
 
 10.2 
 
 48 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 89 
 
 28.5 
 r Specified 
 
 NS 
 
 47 
 All Orga 
 
 15.0 
 
 
 Other or No 
 Orga 
 
 vs AND Parts 
 
 Under 10 
 
 2 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1.7 
 
 10-19 :. 
 
 2 
 
 4.2 
 
 20-29 
 
 5 
 
 2.4 
 
 12 
 
 5.8 
 
 30-39 
 
 11 
 
 5.9 
 17.9 
 
 43 
 
 84 
 
 23.2 
 
 40-49 
 
 24 
 
 62.5 
 
 50-59 
 
 34 
 
 38.1 
 
 163 
 
 182.4 
 
 60-69 
 
 49 
 
 86.6 
 
 234 
 
 413.7 
 
 70 and over 
 
 60 
 
 185.0 
 17.7 
 
 198 
 
 744 
 
 610.6 
 
 All ages 
 
 187 
 
 70.6 
 
 40 and over 
 
 167 
 
 53.4 
 
 679 
 
 217.1 
 
 
 
 
 578 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 183 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, in the District of Columbia 
 
 according to Age, White Females, 1901-1910 
 
 Under 10. 
 10-19.... 
 20-29.... 
 30-39.... 
 40-49.... 
 50-59.... 
 60-69.... 
 
 70 and over. 
 
 All ages. . . . 
 40 and over. 
 
 Under 10. 
 10-19.... 
 20-29.... 
 30-39. . . . 
 40-49.... 
 50-59. . . . 
 60-69. . . . 
 
 70 and over. 
 
 Aliases 331 
 
 40 and over 
 
 Buccal Cavity 
 
 Stomach and Liveb 
 
 Peritoneum 
 Intestines and Rectum 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 i 
 
 0.4 
 
 2 
 
 0.9 
 
 i 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 8.7 
 
 11 
 
 5.6 
 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 44 
 
 31.3 
 
 24 
 
 17.1 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 87.6 
 
 45 
 
 47.5 
 
 6 
 
 9.5 
 
 96 
 
 151.6 
 
 33 
 
 52.1 
 
 3 
 
 8.6 
 
 59 
 
 168.5 
 
 23 
 
 65.7 
 
 12 
 
 1.1 
 
 301 
 
 27.1 
 
 137 
 
 12.4 
 
 11 
 
 3.3 
 
 282 
 
 84.5 
 
 125 
 
 37.5 
 
 Fem.ale 
 Genebative Organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 & 
 
 KLN 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 0.6 
 
 49 
 
 24.9 
 
 16 
 
 8.i 
 
 1 
 
 0.5 
 
 88 
 
 62.6 
 
 48 
 
 34.1 
 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 101 
 
 106.6 
 
 63 
 
 66.5 
 
 3 
 
 3.2 
 
 59 
 
 93.2 
 
 55 
 
 86.9 
 
 6 
 
 9.5 
 
 33 
 
 94.2 
 
 43 
 
 122.8 
 
 12 
 
 34.3 
 
 331 
 
 29.9 
 
 225 
 
 20.3 
 
 25 
 
 2.3 
 
 281 
 
 84.2 
 
 209 
 
 62.6 
 
 23 
 
 6.9 
 
 Other or Not 
 Specified Organs 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Under 10 1 0.6 
 
 10-19 1 0.6 
 
 20-29 3 1.3 
 
 30-39 16 8.1 
 
 40-49 20 14.2 
 
 50-59 34 35.9 
 
 60-69 34 53.7 
 
 70 and over 22 62.8 
 
 Allages 131 11.8 
 
 40 and over 110 33.0 
 
 All Organs and Parts 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 110 
 
 228 
 329 
 289 
 195 
 
 1,162 
 1,041 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 3.1 
 56.0 
 162.2 
 347.3 
 456.4 
 556.9 
 
 104.8 
 312.0 
 
 579 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 184 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, in the District of Columbia 
 
 according to Age, Colored Males, 1901-1910 
 
 Under 10.... 
 
 10-19 
 
 20-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70 and over . 
 
 All ages . . . . . 
 40 and over. . 
 
 Under 10 
 
 10-19 
 
 20-29 
 
 30-39 
 
 40-49 
 
 50-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70 and over . 
 
 All ages 
 
 40 and over. . 
 
 3.2 
 
 0.2 
 1.0 
 
 Buccal Cavity 
 
 Stomach 
 
 AND Liver 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3.2 
 
 1 
 
 1.4 
 
 11 
 
 15.2 
 
 2 
 
 4.1 
 
 15 
 
 30.5 
 
 2 
 
 6.5 
 
 26 
 
 • 84.4 
 
 3 
 
 22.7 
 
 22 
 
 166.4 
 
 5 
 
 76.2 
 
 10 
 
 152.3 
 
 13 
 
 3.2 
 
 87 
 
 21.3 
 
 12 
 
 12.0 
 
 73 
 
 73.1 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 2.2 
 2.8 
 2.0 
 6.5 
 15.1 
 
 5.0 
 
 
 All Organs 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Under 10 
 
 
 
 10-19 
 
 
 
 20-29 
 
 .... 9 
 
 9.7 
 
 30-39 
 
 .... 19 
 
 26.3 
 
 40-49 
 
 .... 24 
 
 48.7 
 
 50-59 
 
 . . . . 43 
 
 139.6 
 
 60-69 
 
 . . . . 41 
 
 310.1 
 
 70 and over .... 
 
 . . . . 22 
 
 335.1 
 
 All ages 
 
 158 
 
 38.6 
 
 40 and over 
 
 .... 130 
 
 130.2 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 Intestines and Rectum 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 5 
 
 16.2 
 
 5 
 
 37.8 
 
 3 
 
 45.7 
 
 16 
 
 3.9 
 
 14 
 
 14.0 
 
 Other Organs 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 25 
 
 2.2 
 
 6.9 
 
 10.2 
 
 22.7 
 68.1 
 60.9 
 
 7.8 
 25.0 
 
 580 
 
APPENDIX F {PART II) 
 
 Table 185 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, in the District of Columbia 
 
 according to Age, Colored Females, 1901-1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Pehitoneum 
 
 
 
 BuccAii Cavity 
 
 Stomach and Liver | 
 
 Intestines and Rectom 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Under 10 
 
 
 i 
 
 0.8 
 
 4 
 
 3.i 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 
 10-19 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 20-29 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 30-39 
 
 
 2 
 
 2.3 
 
 10 
 
 11.3 
 
 5 
 
 5.6 
 
 40-49 
 
 
 2 
 
 3.4 
 
 16 
 
 27.4 
 
 7 
 
 12.0 
 
 50-59 
 
 
 2 
 
 5.9 
 
 31 
 
 91.0 
 
 12 
 
 35.2 
 
 60-69 
 
 
 3 
 
 17.6 
 
 14 
 
 82.0 
 
 3 
 
 17.6 
 
 70 and over. 
 
 
 3 
 
 30.1 
 
 16 
 
 160.6 
 
 4 
 
 40.2 
 
 All ages 
 
 
 13 
 
 2.6 
 
 91 
 
 18.1 
 
 34 
 
 6.8 
 
 40 and over . . 
 
 
 10 8.4 
 
 Female 
 
 77 
 
 64.5 
 
 26 
 
 21.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Generative Ohgans 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rata per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Under 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-19 
 
 
 
 20-29 
 
 
 6 
 
 4.6 
 
 3 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 30-39 
 
 
 34 
 
 38.4 
 
 9 
 
 10.2 
 
 i 
 
 i.i 
 
 40-49 
 
 
 65 
 
 111.4 
 
 21 
 
 36.0 
 
 
 
 50-59 
 
 
 42 
 
 123.3 
 
 15 
 
 44.1 
 
 
 
 60-69 
 
 
 25 
 
 146.5 
 
 15 
 
 87.9 
 
 
 
 70 and over 
 
 
 15 
 
 150.6 
 
 10 
 
 100.4 
 
 
 
 All ages 
 
 
 188 
 
 37.4 
 
 73 
 
 14.5 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 40 and over. 
 
 
 147 
 
 123.1 
 
 Othe 
 
 61 
 
 B Organs 
 
 51.1 
 
 Ai 
 
 ji Organs 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Death 
 
 3 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cance 
 
 r Population 
 
 
 
 Under 1 
 10-19.. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.3 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2.7 
 1.1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20-29.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.8 
 
 17 
 
 13.1 
 
 
 
 30-39.. 
 
 
 3 
 
 3.4 
 
 64 
 
 72.3 
 
 
 
 40-49. . 
 
 
 10 
 
 17.1 
 
 121 
 
 207.3 
 
 
 
 50-59.. 
 
 
 10 
 
 29.4 
 
 112 
 
 328.9 
 
 
 
 60-69.. 
 
 
 6 
 
 35.1 
 
 66 
 
 386.6 
 
 
 
 70 and 
 
 over. . . 
 
 4 
 
 40.2 
 
 52 
 
 522.1 
 
 
 
 All ages 
 
 
 35 
 
 7.0 
 
 435 
 
 86.5 
 
 
 
 40 and over. . . . 
 
 30 
 
 25.1 
 
 351 
 
 293.9 
 
 
 Note: Tables 182-185 are from the same source as Tables 177-181, but data are for 
 Calendar Years. 
 
 581 
 
APPE>"DIX 
 
 G 
 
 Cancer Mortality Statistics of Foreign Countries 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 
 1 CmLizED World 1908-1912 Persons 593 
 
 2 Peixctpal Countries 1901-1905—1906-1910 Persons 593 
 
 3 Selected Coxtn-tries 1908-1912 Crude and Standard- 
 
 ized Rates 593 
 
 i Europe By Countries 594 
 
 5 Countries of Europe 1896-1910 Comparative State- 
 
 ment 595 
 
 6 England and Wales 1881-1913 Persons 596 
 
 7 " " 1881-1913 Males 596 
 
 8 " " 1881-1913 Females 597 
 
 9 " " 1901-1910 By Age and Sex 597 
 
 10 " " 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts. 
 
 according to Sex 598 
 
 11 " " 1897-1900— 1901-1910 Bv Organs and Parts, 
 
 Males 599 
 
 12 " " 1897-1900—1901-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 Females 600 
 
 13 " " 1901-1910 Relative Mortality, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, ac- 
 cording to Sex 601 
 
 14 " " 1903-1912 FemaleBreast 601 
 
 15 " " 1911-1912 Urban and Rural, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, ac- 
 cording to Sex 602 
 
 15a " " 1911-1913 Cancer of the Ovarj', 
 
 by Age and Conjugal 
 Condition 603 
 
 15b " " 1911-1913 Cancer of the Uterus, 
 
 by Age and Conjugal 
 Condition 603 
 
 15c " " 1911-1913 Cancer of the Breast, 
 
 by Age and Conjugal 
 Condition 60-1 
 
 15d London 1649-1758 Cancer, Fistula and 
 
 Gangrene 604 
 
 16 " 1881-1913 Persons 605 
 
 17 " 1881-1913 Males 605 
 
 18 " 1881-1913 Females 606 
 
 19 SheflBeld 1887-1913 Persons 607 
 
 582 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 England and Wales {coiilinued) 
 
 20 Sheffield 1887-1913 Males 607 
 
 21 " 1887-1913 Females 608 
 
 22 Liverpool 1889-1913 Persons 608 
 
 23 " 1889-1913 Males 609 
 
 24 " 1889-1913 Females 609 
 
 25 Birmingham 1891-1912 Persons 610 
 
 26 " 1904-1912 By Sex 610 
 
 27 Leeds 1893-1913 Persons 611 
 
 28 Bristol 1894-1913 Persons 611 
 
 29 Manchester 1891-1912 Persons 612 
 
 30 " 1891-1912 Males 612 
 
 31 " 1891-1912 Females 613 
 
 32 Scotland 1881-1912 Persons 613 
 
 33 " 1906-1912 By Sex 614 
 
 34 " 1906-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex. ..... 614 
 
 35 " 1906-1910 Relative Mortality, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, ac- 
 cording to Sex 615 
 
 36 Aberdeen 1899-1913 Persons 615 
 
 37 Edinburgh 1898-1913 Persons 616 
 
 38 " 1898-1913 Males 616 
 
 39 " 1898-1913 Females 617 
 
 40 Glasgow 1881-1913 Persons 617 
 
 41 Ireland 1881-1912 Persons 618 
 
 42 " 1893-1912 Males 619 
 
 43 " 1893-1912 Females 619 
 
 44 " 1901-1910 By Provinces and 
 
 Counties 620 
 
 45 " 1901-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 621 
 
 46 " 1901-1910 By Age and Sex 622 
 
 47 " , 1901 By Organs and Parts 
 
 and Duration of Ill- 
 ness, Males 623 
 
 48 " 1901 By Organs and Parts 
 
 and Duration of Ill- 
 ness, Females 624 
 
 49 Dubhn 1901-1912 Persons 625 
 
 50 Belfast 1901-1912 Persons 625 
 
 51 Isle of Man 1902-1913 Persons 626 
 
 52 " 1902-1913 Males 626 
 
 53 " 1902-1913 Females 627 
 
 54 Guernsey, Channel Islands 1900-1913 Persons 627 
 
 55 Gibraltar 1900-1913 Persons 628 
 
 56 Malta and Gozo 1896-1912 Persons 628 
 
 57 " " 1911-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 629 
 
 58 Norway 1881-1912 Persons 629 
 
 59 " 1896-1912 Males 630 
 
 583 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 
 60 Norway 1896-1912 Females 630 
 
 61 " 1896-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 631 
 
 62 " 1896-1910 Relative Mortality, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, ac- 
 cording to Sex 631 
 
 63 " 1896-1910 By Age and Sex 631 
 
 64 " 1896-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 Males 632 
 
 65 " 1896-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, Fe- 
 males 632 
 
 66 " 1896-1901 Urban and Rural, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, ac- 
 cording to Sex 633 
 
 67 " 1896-1907 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 and Geographical Di- 
 visions 633 
 
 68 Kristiania 1896-1912 Persons 633 
 
 69 Bergen 1896-1912. .......... Persons 634 
 
 70 Hammerfest 1896-1911 Persons 634 
 
 71 Sweden 1901-1912 By Cities 634 
 
 72 " 1911 Urban and Rural, by 
 
 Sex 634 
 
 73 " 1905 By Provinces and Sex 635 
 
 74 " 1905 Urban and Rural, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, 
 Males 636 
 
 75 " 1905 Urban and Rural, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, 
 
 Females 636 
 
 76 Stockholm 1908-1913 Persons 637 
 
 77 Goteborg 1908-1913 Persons 637 
 
 78 Denmark 1881-1912 By Cities 637 
 
 79 " 1894-1912 By Cities, Males ... . 638 
 
 80 " 1894-1912 By Cities, Females. . . 638 
 
 81 " 1908-1912 Cities, by Organs and 
 
 Parts, according to Sex 638 
 
 82 Copenhagen 1894-1912 Persons 639 
 
 83 " 1894-1912 By Sex 639 
 
 84 Iceland 1908 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 640 
 
 85 Finland 1909 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 640 
 
 86 " 1890-1907 By Organs and Parts 641 
 
 87 " and Sweden 1890-1907 By Organs and Parts 641 
 
 87a " 1910 By Cities 641 
 
 88 German Empire 1891-1912 Persons 642 
 
 89 " " 1905-1912 BySex 642 
 
 90 Bavaria 1886-1912 Persons 643 
 
 91 " 1886-1912 Males 643 
 
 92 " 1886-1912 Females 644 
 
 584 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 German Empire {contiiiucJ) 
 
 93 Bavaria 1905-1907 By Geographical Di- 
 
 visions, Males 644 
 
 94 " 1905-1907 By Geographical Di- 
 
 visions, Females 645 
 
 95 " 1905-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 645 
 
 95a " 1901-1912 By Age 646 
 
 96 Prussia 1881-1912 Persons 646 
 
 97 " 1898-1912 Males 647 
 
 98 " 1898-1912 Females 647 
 
 98a " 1903-1913 By Age and Sex 647 
 
 99 Wiirttemberg 1904-1912 By Sex 648 
 
 100 Baden 1881-1912 Persons 648 
 
 101 " 1905-1912 By Sex 649 
 
 102 Saxony 1904-1912 By Sex 649 
 
 103 Alsace-Lorraine 1905-1912 Persons 650 
 
 103a Grand-Duchy of Hesse. . . .1901-1912 By Religion, accord- 
 ing to Age and Sex . . 650 
 
 104 Hehgoland 1840-1903 Persons 650 
 
 105 " 1840-1903 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 651 
 
 106 Hamburg 1900-1912 By Sex 651 
 
 107 Bremen 1896-1913 Persons 652 
 
 108 " 1896-1911 BySex 652 
 
 109 Berlin 1881-1912 Persons 653 
 
 110 " 1881-1912 Males 653 
 
 111 " 1881-1912 Females 654 
 
 112 Frankfurt a/M 1891-1913 Persons 654 
 
 113 " 1892-1913 Males 655 
 
 114 " 1892-1913 Females 655 
 
 115 " 1906-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 656 
 
 116 Cologne 1891-1912 Persons 656 
 
 117 Essen a/R 1906-1912 By Sex 657 
 
 118 Munich 1896-1912 Persons 657 
 
 119 " 1896-1911 By Sex 658 
 
 120 " 1907-1909 By Religious Confes- 
 
 sion, according to 
 Organs and Parts, 
 
 Females 658 
 
 121 Dresden 1886-1912 Persons 659 
 
 122 Leipzig 1881-1912 Persons 659 
 
 123 Konigsberg 1881-1912 Persons 660 
 
 124 Nuremberg 1881-1912 Persons 660 
 
 125 Holland 1881-1913 Persons 661 
 
 126 " 1901-1913 BySex 661 
 
 127 " 1906-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 662 
 
 128 Amsterdam 1881-1913 Persons 662 
 
 129 " 1901-1912 BySex 663 
 
 585 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 Holland (continued) 
 
 130 Amsterdam 1862-1902 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 Males 663 
 
 131 " 1862-1902 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 Females 664 
 
 132 " 1897-1902 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, 
 
 Males 664 
 
 133 " 1897-1902 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Age, Fe- 
 males 665 
 
 134 The Hague 1901-1913 Persons 665 
 
 135 " 1901-1912 By Sex 666 
 
 136 Rotterdam 1901-1913 Persons 666 
 
 137 " 1901-1912 By Sex 667 
 
 138 Belgium 1903-1912 Persons 667 
 
 139 " 1903-1912 Males 667 
 
 140 " 1903-1912 Females 668 
 
 141 Liege 1903-1912 Persons 668 
 
 142 " 1905-1912 BySex 668 
 
 143 Antwerp 1896-1912 Persons 669 
 
 144 Brussels 1901-1912 Persons 669 
 
 145 France 1892-1911 Persons 670 
 
 146 " 1906-1910 By Cities, according 
 
 to Size 670 
 
 147 Paris 1881-1913 Persons 671 
 
 148 " 1893-1913 Males 671 
 
 149 " 1893-1913 Females 672 
 
 150 Lyons 1910-1912 Persons 672 
 
 151 Bordeaux 1909-1912 Persons 672 
 
 152 Nice 1909-1912 Persons 672 
 
 153 Lille 1891-1912 Persons 673 
 
 154 Nancy 1901-1912 Persons 673 
 
 155 Le Havre 1901-1912 Persons 673 
 
 156 Switzerland 1881-1912 Persons 674 
 
 157 " 1881-1885— 1901-1912 Males 674 
 
 158 " 1881-1885— 1901-1912 Females 675 
 
 159 " 1901-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex .... 675 
 
 160 " 1901-1910 Relative Mortality, 
 
 by Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 676 
 
 161 " ,1906-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 676 
 
 162 " 1906-1910 By Cantons and 
 
 Race 677 
 
 163 " 1901-1910 ByAgeandSex 677 
 
 164 Bern 1901-1912 Persons 678 
 
 165 Basel 1901-1912 Persons 678 
 
 166 Geneva 1901-1912 Persons 678 
 
 167 Zurich 1901-1912 Persons 678 
 
 586 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 
 168 Austria 1895-1912 Persons 679 
 
 169 " 1901-1912 BySex 679 
 
 170 " 1907-1911 By Provinces and 
 
 Race 680 
 
 171 " 1909-1910 By Principal Cities... 681 
 
 172 Vienna 1900-1912 Persons 681 
 
 173 " 1900-1912 By Sex 682 
 
 174 " 1898-1912 Jewish Population .. . 682 
 
 175 " 1898-1912 Jewish Population, by 
 
 Sex 683 
 
 176 Hungary 1897-1912 Persons 683 
 
 177 " 1897-1908 By Sex 684 
 
 178 " 1901-1904 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 685 
 
 179 " 1904 Percentage of Distri- 
 
 bution, by Organs and 
 
 Parts, according to Sex 685 
 
 180 " 1901-1904 By Race 686 
 
 181 Budapest 1881-1912 Persons 686 
 
 182 " 1881-1912 Males 687 
 
 183 " 1881-1912 Females 687 
 
 184 " 1902-1906 By Religious Confes- 
 
 sion 688 
 
 185 Italy 1887-1912 Persons 688 
 
 186 " 1896-1912 Males 689 
 
 187 " 1896-1912 Females 689 
 
 '88 " 1906-1910 By Provinces 690 
 
 189 " 1891-1910 By Organs and Parts. 690 
 
 190 Rome 1898-1912 Persons 691 
 
 191 Naples 1898-1912 Persons 691 
 
 192 Genoa 1898-1912 Persons 691 
 
 193 Turin 1898-1912 Persons 692 
 
 194 Milan 1898-1912 Persons 692 
 
 195 Florence 1898-1912 Persons 692 
 
 196 Palermo 1898-1912 Persons 693 
 
 197 Spain 1900-1912 Persons 693 
 
 198 " 1900 Urban and Rural, by 
 
 Organs and Parts .... 693 
 
 198a " 1901-1905 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex .... 694 
 
 199 Madrid 1901-1910 Persons 694 
 
 200 Portugal 1902-1910 Persons 694 
 
 201 " 1902-1910 By Sex 695 
 
 202 " 1906-1910 By Provinces 695 
 
 203 " 1904 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex (Can- 
 cer Census) 696 
 
 204 Porto 1893-1910 Persons 696 
 
 205 Lisbon 1902-1910 Persons 697 
 
 587 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 
 Russia 
 
 206 Moscow 1892-1910 By Sex 697 
 
 207 " 1910-1912 Persons 697 
 
 208 Petrograd 1911-1912 Persons 697 
 
 208a Warsaw 1881-1912 Persons 698 
 
 209 Serbia 1892-1912 Persons 698 
 
 210 " 1907-1912 Cities 699 
 
 211 Greece 1900-1908 , . . . Twelve Cities 699 
 
 212. " 1905-1908 Twelve Cities, by Or- 
 gans and Parts, ac- 
 cording to Sex 699 
 
 213 Athens 1900-1908 By Sex 700 
 
 214 Roumania 1901-1912 By Cities 701 
 
 Turkey 
 
 215 Constantinople 1908-1912 Persons 701 
 
 216 " 1908-1912 By Religion 701 
 
 217 Africa By Countries 702 
 
 218 Algeria 1904-1912 European Population 702 
 
 219 Mauritius 1898-1912 Persons 703 
 
 220 " 1898-1908 Public Hospital Cases 703 
 
 221 Union of South Africa 1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex, 
 White 703 
 
 222 " " " 1912 By Provinces, White 704 
 
 223 Cape Colony 1900-1908 Tw«nty-five Cities and 
 
 Towns 704 
 
 224 Johannesburg 1909-1911 By Race 704 
 
 225 Natal 1902-1912 European Population. 705 
 
 226 " 1903-1912 East Indians 705 
 
 227 Sierra Leone 1870-1909 Cases in the Colonial 
 
 Hospital 705 
 
 228 " " 1900-1909 Cases in the Colonial 
 
 Hospital, by Organs 
 
 and Parts 706 
 
 229 Freetown 1910-1911 Persons 706 
 
 Portuguese Colonies 
 
 230 Cape Verde Islands 1892-1904 Cases of Tumor, Hos- 
 
 pital da Praia, by Race 706 
 
 231 " " " 1892-1904 Cases of Cancer, Hos- 
 
 pital da Praia, by Or- 
 gans and Parts, accord- 
 ing to Race and Sex. . . 707 
 
 232 Asia By Countries 708 
 
 India 
 
 233 Calcutta 1881-1913 Persons 708 
 
 234 Province of Bengal 1911-1912 Morbidity and Mor- 
 
 tality in Hospitals . . . 709 
 
 235 Ceylon 1881-1913 Persons 709 
 
 236 " 1911-1913 By Organs and Parts 710 
 
 237 " 1911-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Race. . . 710 
 
 238 " 1911-1913 By Administrative Di- 
 
 visions 711 
 
 588 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 
 239 Straits Settlements 1904-1912 Cases of Cancer in the 
 
 Hospitals 711 
 
 240 Singapore 1904-1913 Persons 712 
 
 241 Province of Penang 1909-1913 Persons 712 
 
 242 Singapore 1907-1912 Cases in Tan Toch 
 
 Seng's Hospital, by 
 
 Organs and Parts. . . . 712 
 
 243 Seychelles. 1900-1902—1907-1911 Victoria Hospital Ex- 
 
 perience 713 
 
 244 " 1907-1911 Victoria Hospital Ex- 
 
 perience, by Organs 
 
 and Parts 713 
 
 245 Dutch East Indies 1911-1912 Europeans 713 
 
 China 
 
 246 Hongkong 1901-1912 By Race 714 
 
 247 " 1895-1904 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 Chinese Population . . 714 
 
 248 Shanghai 1898-1914 Resident Foreign Pop- 
 
 ulation 715 
 
 248a Fukien 1911-1914 Yunghun Hospital Ex- 
 
 perience, by Organs 
 
 and Parts 715 
 
 249 Japan 1899-1911 Persons 715 
 
 250 " 1899-1910 By Sex 716 
 
 251 " 1909-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 716 
 
 252 " 1908-1910 By Age and Sex 717 
 
 253 Tokyo 1904-1910 Persons 717 
 
 254 " 1904-1910 By Sex 718 
 
 255 Osaka 1906-1910 By Sex 718 
 
 256 Kyoto 1906-1910 By Sex 719 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 257 Manila 1903-1913 Persons 719 
 
 258 " 1908-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Race . . . 719 
 
 259 Australasia By Countries 720 
 
 260 Commonwealth of AustraHa 1881-1913 Persons 720 
 
 261 " " .... 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 721 
 
 262 " " ....1908-1912.. By Age and Sex 722 
 
 263 New South Wales 1881-1913 Persons 723 
 
 264 " " " 1881-1913 Males 724 
 
 265 " " " 1881-1913 Females 724 
 
 266 " " " 1881-1911 By Age and Sex 725 
 
 267 Sydney 1891-1913 Persons 726 
 
 268 " 1891-1913 Males 726 
 
 269 " 1891-1913 Females 727 
 
 270 Victoria 1881-1913 Persons 727 
 
 271 " 1881-1913 Males 728 
 
 272 " 1881-1913 Females 728 
 
 273 " 1880-82, 1890-92, 1900-02, 1909-11 By Age and Sex 729 
 
 589 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 Commonwealth of Australia {continued) 
 
 274 South Austraha 1881-1913 Persons 730 
 
 275 " " 1882-1913 Males 730 
 
 276 " " 1882-1913 Females 731 
 
 277 Queensland 1881-1913 Persons 731 
 
 278 " 1893-1913 Males 732 
 
 279 " 1893-1913 Females 732 
 
 280 Tasmania 1884-1913 Persons 733 
 
 281 " 1892-1913 Males 733 
 
 282 " 1892-1913 Females 734 
 
 283 Western Australia 1881-1913 Persons 734 
 
 284 " " 1897-1913 Males 735 
 
 285 " " 1897-1913 Females 735 
 
 286 Northern Territory 1911-1913 Persons 735 
 
 287 New Zealand 1881-1913 Persons 736 
 
 288 " " 1889-1913 Males 736 
 
 289 " " 1889-1913 Females 737 
 
 290 Fiji 1898-1911 Colonial Hospital Ex- 
 
 perience 737 
 
 291 " 1905-1911 Colonial Hospital Ex- 
 
 perience, by Organs 
 
 and Parts 738 
 
 292 " 1906-1911 Colonial Hospital Ex- 
 
 perience, by Race. . . 738 
 
 293 Hawaii 1902-1913 Persons 739 
 
 294 " 1911-1913 By Race 739 
 
 295 " 1911-1913 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Race. . . 739 
 
 296 America By Countries 740 
 
 Canada 
 
 297 Pro\nnce of Ontario 1881-1913 Persons 741 
 
 298 Toronto 1881-1913 Persons 741 
 
 299 " 1881-1913 Males 742 
 
 300 " 1881-1913 Females 742 
 
 301 Montreal 1881-1913 Persons 743 
 
 302 City of Quebec 1894-1912 Persons 744 
 
 303 Winnipeg 1910-1913 By Sex 744 
 
 304 British Columbia 1901-1913 Persons 745 
 
 305 Nova Scotia 1910-1913 By Sex 745 
 
 306 Prince Edward Island 1913-1914 Persons 745 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 307 St. John 1891-1913 Persons 746 
 
 308 Newfoundland and Labrador. . . 1906-1913 Persons 746 
 
 309 Bermuda Islands 1891-1913 Persons 747 
 
 310 " " 1891-1913 Males 747 
 
 311 " " 1891-1913 Females 748 
 
 312 Jamaica 1881-1913 Persons 748 
 
 313 " 1881-1913 Males 749 
 
 314 " 1881-1913 Females 749 
 
 315 Windward and Leeward Islands . 1901-1912 Persons 750 
 
 590 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country Period Title Page 
 
 316 Trinidad 1890-1913 Persons 750 
 
 317 Barbados 1899-1903 Hospital Experience. . 751 
 
 Danish West Indies 
 
 318 St. Thomas 1901-1914 Persons 751 
 
 319 British Honduras ." . . . 1894-1913 Persons 751 
 
 320 British Guiana 1896-1913 Persons 752 
 
 321 " " 1896-1913 Males 752 
 
 322 " " 1896-1913 Females 753 
 
 Dutch Guiana 
 
 323 Paramaribo 1903-1912 Persons 753 
 
 324 " 1903-1912 By Sex 754 
 
 325 Cuba 1901-1913 Persons 754 
 
 326 " 1902-1913 By Sex 755 
 
 327 " 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 755 
 
 328 " 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Race . . . 756 
 
 329 Havana 1899-1912 Persons 756 
 
 330 Porto Rico 1910-1913 Persons 757 
 
 331 " " 1910-1913 By Organs and Parts 757 
 
 Mexico 
 
 332 City of Mexico 1905-1913 By Sex 758 
 
 333 " " 1908-1912 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 759 
 
 334 Costa Rica 1901-1912 Persons 759 
 
 335 Nicaragua 1908-1911 Persons 759 
 
 Salvador 
 
 336 San Salvador 1912 By Organs and Parts 760 
 
 337 Venezuela 1905-1912 Persons 760 
 
 Colombia 
 
 338 Bogota 1912-1913 Persons 760 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 339 Guayaquil 1910-1912 Persons 760 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 340 La Paz 1900-1909 Persons 760 
 
 Peru 
 
 341 Lima 1904 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 761 
 
 342 Trujillo 1903-1913 Persons 761 
 
 Brazil 
 
 343 City of Rio de Janeiro 1891-1913 Persons 762 
 
 344 Fed. Dist. of Rio de Janeiro 1903-1913 Persons 762 
 
 345 " " " 1906-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 Males 763 
 
 346 " " " 1906-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 Females 763 
 
 347 City of Bahia 1897-1912 Persons 764 
 
 348 " " 1900-1911 Males 764 
 
 349 " " 1900-1911 Females 765 
 
 350 " " 1904-1908 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 765 
 
 591 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table Country ' Period Title Page 
 
 Brazil {continued) 
 
 351 City of Sao Paulo 1896-1913 Persons 766 
 
 352 " " " 1901-1913 Males 766 
 
 353 " " " 1901-1913 Females 766 
 
 354 State of Parana 1906-1910 • Persons 767 
 
 355 Pelotas 1906-1913 Persons 767 
 
 356 Bello Horizonte 1910-1912 Persons 767 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 357 Province of Buenos Aires. . . 1895-1912 Persons 767 
 
 358 " " " ...1895-1912 Males 768 
 
 359 " " " . . .1895-1912 Females 768 
 
 360 City of Buenos Aires 1882-1913 Persons 769 
 
 361 " " " 1896-1913 Males 769 
 
 362 " " " 1896-1913 Females 770 
 
 363 " " " 1907-1911 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex 770 
 
 364 Rosario de Santa Fe 1904-1913 Persons 771 
 
 365 " " 1904-1911 Males 771 
 
 366 " " 1904-1911 Females 771 
 
 367 Province of Tucuman 1901-1912 Persons 771 
 
 368 Santiago del Estero 1891-1913 Persons 772 
 
 369 Chile 1892-1912 Persons 772 
 
 370 Prov. of Santiago de Chile . . 1904-1912 Persons 773 
 
 371 City of Santiago de Chile . . 1898-1909 Persons 773 
 
 372 " " " . . 1898-1902 By Organs and Parts 773 
 
 373 Uruguay 1891-1913 Persons 774 
 
 374 " 1905-1912 Males 774 
 
 375 " 1905-1912 Females 774 
 
 376 " 1906-1910 By Organs and Parts, 
 
 according to Sex .... 775 
 
 377 Montevideo 1903-1913 Persons 775 
 
 378 " 1907-1911 By Organs and Parts 775 
 
 592 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 3,018 
 
 33.4 
 
 148,447 
 
 54.4 
 
 251,438 
 
 65.7 
 
 20,345 
 
 73.0 
 
 1,096,716 
 
 76.6 
 
 1,519,964 
 
 71.6 
 
 Table 1 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Civilized World, 1908-1912 
 
 Population 
 
 Africa 9,041,866 
 
 Asia 272,814,962 
 
 America 382,549,311 
 
 Australasia 27,886,740 
 
 Europe 1,431,996,861 
 
 Total 2,124,289,740 
 
 Population, 1911: 439,699,139. 
 
 Table 2 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Countries, 1901-1905 Compared with 1906-1910 
 
 Rate per 100, 
 1901-1905 
 
 Cuba 33.7 
 
 Uruguay 53.9 
 
 Scotland 84.8 
 
 Ontario 51.3 
 
 Brazil* 33.4 
 
 Italy 55.2 
 
 Ireland 68.5 
 
 Japan 54.0 
 
 Australian Commonwealth 62.5 
 
 Spain 44.4 
 
 Hungary 39.1 
 
 France* 92.1 
 
 British Columbia 30.3 
 
 German Empire 77.7 
 
 England and Wales 86.7 
 
 Jamaica 16.8 
 
 New Zealand 67.4 
 
 United States 67.9 
 
 Denmark* 129.1 
 
 Holland 97.8 
 
 Austria 74.7 
 
 Sweden* 102.2 
 
 Norway 94.9 
 
 Argentine Republicf 70.1 
 
 Switzeriand 128.3 
 
 Total 67.7 
 
 *Cities only. fProvince and city of Buenos Aires only. 
 
 Table 3 
 Crude and Standardized Cancer Mortality Rates per 100,000 of Population 
 Selected Countries, 1908-1912 
 
 000 Population 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 Increase 
 
 43.3 
 
 28.5 
 
 66.5 
 
 23.4 
 
 99.7 
 
 17.6 
 
 60.1 
 
 17.2 
 
 39.0 
 
 16.8 
 
 63.6 
 
 15.2 
 
 78.8 
 
 15.0 
 
 62.0 
 
 14.8 
 
 70.3 
 
 12.5 
 
 49.8 
 
 12.2 
 
 43.6 
 
 11.5 
 
 102.7 
 
 11.5 
 
 33.4 
 
 10.2 
 
 84.2 
 
 8.5 
 
 94.0 
 
 8.4 
 
 18.1 
 
 7.7 
 
 72.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 72.6 
 
 6.9 
 
 137.3 
 
 6.4 
 
 103.5 
 
 5.8 
 
 78.3 
 
 4.8 
 
 104.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 96.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 71.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 125.9 
 
 -1.1 
 
 74.3 
 
 9.7 
 
 Crude Standardized 
 
 Rate Rate* 
 
 Switzeriand 127.1 107.8 
 
 Bavaria 113.8 104.9 
 
 Holland 106.4 92.6 
 
 England and Wales. 97.6 89.5 
 
 Norway 97.4 75.5 
 
 Ireland 81.2 61.9 
 
 Crude Standardized 
 
 Rate Rate* 
 
 U. S. Reg. Area 74.7 73.9 
 
 Australia 74.3 76.2 
 
 Uruguay Q5.5 98.8 
 
 Italy 65.2 63.5 
 
 Japan 64.3 58.5 
 
 Cuba 44.4 60.3 
 
 *Standardized on the basis of the standard million of England and Wales, 1901. 
 
 593 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 4 
 Mortality from Cancer in Countries of Europe 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Austria 141,462,903 113,221 80.0 
 
 Belgium 36,936,410 24,712 66.9 
 
 Channel Islands 208,900 227 108.7 
 
 Denmark 5,453,322 7,747 142.1 
 
 England and Wales 178,980,717 174,602 97.6 
 
 France 196,878,000 148,662 75.5 
 
 German Empire 318,876,524 277,710 87.1 
 
 Gibraltar 97,823 81 82.8 
 
 Greece 2,117,670 1,100 51.9 
 
 Holland 29,479,395 31,375 106.4 
 
 Hungary 104,006,496 47,347 45.5 
 
 Ireland 21,925,004 17,796 81.2 
 
 Isleof Man 261,530 339 129.6 
 
 Italy 171,995,665 112,087 65.2 
 
 Malta 1,056,196 512 48.5 
 
 Norway 11,774,100 11,461 97.4 
 
 Portugal 29,060,580 6,504 22.4 
 
 Roumania 6,410,450 3,940 61.5 
 
 Russia 8,624,796 7,812 90.6 
 
 Scotland 23,686,521 24,399 103.0 
 
 Serbia 13,876,836 1,669 12.0 
 
 Spain 97,705,000 51,135 52.3 
 
 Sweden 6,685,581 7,022 105.0 
 
 Switzerland 18,686,442 23,228 124.3 
 
 Turkey. , 5,750,000 2,001 34.8 
 
 Total 1,431,996,861 1,096,716 76.6 
 
 Population, 1911: 291,384,190. 
 
 NOTES TO TABLE 4 
 
 Austria 1908-1912 
 
 Belgium 1908-1912 
 
 Channel Islands Guernsey, 1909-1913 
 
 Denmark All cities, 1908-1912 
 
 England and Wales 1908-1912 
 
 France 1906-1910 
 
 German Empire 1908-1912 
 
 Gibraltar 1908-1912 
 
 Greece 12 cities, 1904-1908 
 
 Holland 1908-1912 
 
 Hungary 1908-1912 
 
 Ireland 1908-1912 
 
 Isleof Man 1908-1912 
 
 Italy 1908-1912 
 
 Malta 1908-1912 
 
 Norway 1908-1912 
 
 Portugal 1906-1910 
 
 Roumania All cities, 1907-1911 
 
 Russia Moscow, 1910-1912, Petrograd, with suburbs, 1911-1912 
 
 Scotland 1908-1912 
 
 Serbia 1905-1909 
 
 Spain 1908-1912 
 
 Sweden. All cities, 1907-1911 
 
 Swdtzerland 1908-1912 
 
 Turkey Constantinople, 1908-1912 
 
 594 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 5 
 Mortality from Cancer in Countries of Europe 
 1896-1910 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 England and Wales 157,609,380 126,206 80.1 
 
 Scotland 21,725,362 16,753 77.1 
 
 Ireland 22,561,358 13,100 58.1 
 
 Norway 10,769,800 9,234 85.7 
 
 Denmark* ' 4,477,360 5,325 118.9 
 
 German Empire. .. 254,148,664 179,863 70.8 
 
 Holland 25,166,349 23,134 91.9 
 
 Switzerland 16,127,599 20,544 127.4 
 
 Austria 127,026,960 87,570 68.9 
 
 Hungary 75,364,810t 23,134t 30.7 
 
 Italy 159,631,670 81,332 50.9 
 
 France* 65,951,116 64,185 97.3 
 
 Total 940,560,428 650,380 69.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 166,489,397 
 
 144,351 
 
 22,676,880 
 
 19,223 
 
 22,106,804 
 
 15,148 
 
 11,314,400 
 
 10,732 
 
 4,923,381 
 
 6,357 
 
 280,410,950 
 
 217,866 
 
 26,840,255 
 
 26,239 
 
 17,142,770 
 
 21,995 
 
 133,280,624 
 
 99,542 
 
 98,225,662 
 
 38,366 
 
 164,281,879 
 
 90,757 
 
 70,461,200 
 
 64,865 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 86.7 
 84.8 
 68.5 
 94.9 
 
 129.1 
 77.7 
 97.8 
 
 128.3 
 74.7 
 39.1 
 55.2 
 92.1 
 
 1,018,154,202 755,441 74.2 
 
 1900-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 England and Wales. 175,333,013 164,790 94.0 
 
 Scotland 23,394,061 23,316 99.7 
 
 Ireland 21,942,708 17,299 78.8 
 
 Norway 11,606,600 11,213 96.6 
 
 Denmark* 5,288,066 7,259 137.3 
 
 German Empire .. . 310,481,457 261,311 84.2 
 
 Holland 28,725,355 29,727 103.5 
 
 Switzerland 18,237,395 22,963 125.9 
 
 Austria 139,193,082 108,947 78.3 
 
 Hungary 102,167,372 44,550 43.6 
 
 Italy 169,120,165 107,575 63.6 
 
 France* 71,714,000 73,643 102.7 
 
 Total 1,077,203,274 872,593 81.0 
 
 Note: From 1896-1900 to 1901-1905 the cancer mortality increased 5.05 per 100,000 
 of population, or 7.3 per cent. From 1901-1905 to 1906-1910 it increased 6.81 per 100,000 
 of population, or 9.2 per cent. 
 
 ♦Cities only. fFour years only (1897-1900). 
 
 595 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 6 
 
 
 
 Table 7 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England 
 
 
 and Wales 
 
 
 
 and Wales, 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 1881-19 
 
 13 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1881-19 
 
 13 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1881 
 
 26.046,142 
 
 13,542 
 
 52.0 
 
 1881 
 
 12,673,435 
 
 4,611 
 
 36.4 
 
 1882 
 
 26,334,942 
 
 14,057 
 
 53.4 
 
 1882 
 
 12,808,460 
 
 4,685 
 
 36.6 
 
 1883 
 
 26,626,949 
 
 14,614 
 
 54.9 
 
 1883 
 
 12,944,923 
 
 4,967 
 
 38.4 
 
 1884 
 
 26,922,192 
 
 15,198 
 
 56.5 
 
 1884 
 
 13,082,837 
 
 5,346 
 
 40.9 
 
 1885 
 
 27,220,706 
 
 15,560 
 
 57.2 
 54.8 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 13,222,216 
 
 5,495 
 
 41.6 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 133,150,931 
 
 72,971 
 
 64,731,871 
 
 25,104 
 
 38.8 
 
 1886 
 
 27,522,532 
 
 16,243 
 
 59.0 
 
 1886 
 
 13,363,079 
 
 5,754 
 
 43.1 
 
 1887 
 
 27,827,706 
 
 17,113 
 
 61.5 
 
 1887 
 
 13,505,441 
 
 6,262 
 
 46.4 
 
 1888 
 
 28,136,258 
 
 17,506 
 
 62.2 
 
 1888 
 
 13,649,314 
 
 6,284 
 
 46.0 
 
 1889 
 
 28,448,239 
 
 18,654 
 
 65.6 
 
 1889 
 
 13,794,721 
 
 6.891 
 
 50.0 
 
 1890 
 
 28,763,673 
 
 19,433 
 
 67.6 
 63.2 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 13,941,671 
 
 7,137 
 
 51.2 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 140,698,408 
 
 88,949 
 
 68,254,226 
 
 32,328 
 
 47.4 
 
 1891 
 
 29,085,819 
 
 20,117 
 
 69.2 
 
 1891 
 
 14,092,535 
 
 7,294 
 
 51.8 
 
 1892 
 
 29,421,392 
 
 20,353 
 
 69.2 
 
 1892 
 
 14,252,190 
 
 7,547 
 
 53.0 
 
 1893 
 
 29,760,842 
 
 21,135 
 
 71.0 
 
 1893 
 
 14,413,657 
 
 7,908 
 
 54.9 
 
 1894 
 
 30,104,201 
 
 21,422 
 
 71.2 
 
 1894 
 
 14,576,948 
 
 8,077 
 
 55.4 
 
 1895 
 
 30,451,528 
 
 22,945 
 
 75.3 
 71.2 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 14,742,091 
 
 8,628 
 
 58.5 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 148,823,782 
 
 105,972 
 
 72,077,421 
 
 39,454 
 
 54.7 
 
 1896 
 
 30,802,858 
 
 23,521 
 
 76.4 
 
 1896 
 
 14,909,104 
 
 9,216 
 
 61.8 
 
 1897 
 
 31,158,245 
 
 24,443 
 
 78.4 
 
 1897 
 
 15,078,010 
 
 9,573 
 
 63.5 
 
 1898 
 
 31,517,725 
 
 25,196 
 
 79.9 
 
 1898 
 
 15,248,823 
 
 9,932 
 
 65.1 
 
 1899 
 
 31,881,365 
 
 26,325 
 
 82.6 
 
 1899 
 
 15,421,578 
 
 10,337 
 
 67.0 
 
 1900 
 
 32,249,187 
 
 26,721 
 
 82.9 
 80.1 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 15,596,283 
 
 10,475 
 
 67.2 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 157,609,380 
 
 126,206 
 
 76,253,798 
 
 49,533 
 
 65.0 
 
 1901 
 
 32,612,134 
 
 27,487 
 
 84.3 
 
 1901 
 
 15,769,478 
 
 10,891 
 
 69.1 
 
 1902 
 
 32,951,455 
 
 27,872 
 
 84.6 
 
 1902 
 
 15,933,989 
 
 11,098 
 
 69.6 
 
 1903 
 
 33,294,308 
 
 29,089 
 
 87.4 
 
 1903 
 
 16,100,211 
 
 11,799 
 
 73.3 
 
 1904 
 
 33,640,736 
 
 29,682 
 
 88.2 
 
 1904 
 
 16,268,166 
 
 12,086 
 
 74.3 
 
 1905 
 
 33,990,764 
 
 30,221 
 144,351 
 
 88.9 
 86.7 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 16,437,866 
 
 12,470 
 
 75.9 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 166,489,397 
 
 80,509,710 
 
 58,344 
 
 72.5 
 
 1906 
 
 34,344,429 
 
 31,668 
 
 92.2 
 
 1906 
 
 16,609,330 
 
 13,257 
 
 79.8 
 
 1907 
 
 34,701,776 
 
 31,745 
 
 91.5 
 
 1907 
 
 16,782,579 
 
 13,199 
 
 78.6 
 
 1908 
 
 35,062,847 
 
 32,717 
 
 93.3 
 
 1908 
 
 16,957,634 
 
 13,901 
 
 82.0 
 
 1909 
 
 35,427,072 
 
 34,053 
 
 96.1 
 
 1909 
 
 17,134,508 
 
 14,263 
 
 83.2 
 
 1910 
 
 35,796,289 
 
 34,607 
 
 96.7 
 94.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 17,313,221 
 
 14,843 
 
 85.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 175,333,013 
 
 164,790 
 
 84,797,272 
 
 69,463 
 
 81.9 
 
 1911 
 
 36,162,046 
 
 35,902 
 
 99.3 
 
 1911 
 
 17,490,286 
 
 15,589 
 
 89.1 
 
 1912 
 
 36,531,203 
 
 37,323 
 
 102.2 
 
 1912 
 
 17,668,999 
 
 16,188 
 
 91.6 
 
 1913 
 
 36,919,339 
 
 38,939 
 
 105.5 
 
 1913 
 
 17,857,014 
 
 16,918 
 
 94.7 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 e Regis- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 
 e Regis- 
 
 trar-General of Births, 
 
 Deaths and Mar- 
 
 trar-General of Births, 
 
 Deaths and ]\lar- 
 
 riages in England and Wales. 
 
 
 riages in England and Wales. 
 
 
 596 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table f 
 
 Mortality from Cane 
 
 and Wales, F 
 
 1881-191 
 
 5 
 
 :er in Er 
 
 emales 
 
 3 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Cancer '. 
 
 8,931 
 9,372 
 9,647 
 9,852 
 10,065 
 
 Igland 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 ■Population 
 
 66.8 
 69.3 
 70.5 
 71.2 
 71.9 
 
 70.0 
 
 74.1 
 75.8 
 77.5 
 80.3 
 83.0 
 
 78.2 
 
 85.5 
 84.4 
 86.2 
 85.9 
 91.1 
 
 86.7 
 
 90.0 
 92.5 
 93.8 
 97.1 
 97.6 
 
 94.2 
 
 98.5 
 
 98.6 
 
 100.6 
 
 101.3 
 
 101.1 
 
 .100.0 
 
 103.8 
 103.5 
 103.9 
 108.2 
 106.9 
 
 105.3 
 
 108.8 
 112.0 
 115.5 
 
 e Regis- 
 id Mar- 
 
 Mortali 
 an 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 35 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-54 
 
 55-64 
 
 65-74 
 
 75-84 
 
 85 and ov€ 
 
 All ages 
 
 Under 35 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-54 
 
 55-64 
 
 65-74 
 
 75-84 
 
 85 and ove 
 
 All ages 
 
 Under 35 
 
 35-44 
 
 45-54 
 
 55-64 
 
 65-74 
 
 75-84 
 
 85 and ovc 
 
 All ages 
 
 Source: 
 trar-Genei 
 riages in I 
 
 Table 
 ty from Can( 
 d Wales, ace 
 Age and 
 1901-191 
 
 9 
 
 ;er in Er 
 
 ording t 
 
 Sex 
 
 10 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 12,595 
 27,992 
 62,287 
 87,997 
 80,605 
 33,557 
 4,108 
 
 Igland 
 o 
 
 
 Population 
 
 13,372,707 
 13,526,482 
 13,682,026 
 13,839,355 
 13,998,490 
 
 
 Year 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Population 
 
 227,920,310 
 43,957,297 
 31,966,672 
 21,101,120 
 12,099,817 
 4,217,306 
 >r 559,888 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 'opulation 
 
 5.5 
 
 63.7 
 
 194.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 
 68,419,060 
 
 14,159,453 
 14,322,265 
 14,486,944 
 14,653,518 
 14,822,002 
 
 47,867 
 
 10,489 
 10,851 
 11,222 
 11,763 
 12,296 
 
 417.0 
 666.2 
 795.7 
 733.7 
 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 341,822,410 
 
 MALES 
 
 111,499,560 
 
 21,222,110 
 
 15,363,631 
 
 9,911,807 
 
 5,367,518 
 
 1,739,029 
 
 r 203,327 
 
 309,141 
 
 5,465 
 
 8,773 
 23,779 
 38,675 
 35,831 
 13,810 
 
 1,474 
 
 90.4 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 72,444,182 
 
 14,993,284 
 15,169,202 
 15,347,185 
 15,527,253 
 15,709,437 
 
 56,621 
 
 12,823 
 12,806 
 13,227 
 13,345 
 14,317 
 
 4.9 
 41.3 
 154.8 
 390.2 
 667.6 
 794.1 
 724.9 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 76,746,361 
 
 15,893,754 
 16,080,235 
 16,268,902 
 16,459,787 
 16,652,904 
 
 66,518 
 
 14,305 
 14,870 
 15,264 
 15,988 
 16,246 
 
 165,306,982 127,807 
 FEMALES 
 
 116,420,750 7,130 
 
 22,735,187 19,219 
 
 16,603,041 38,508 
 
 11,189,313 49,322 
 
 6,732,299 44,774 
 
 2,478,277 19,747 
 
 ;r 356,561 2,634 
 
 77.3 
 
 6.1 
 
 84.5 
 
 231.9 
 
 440.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 1901 
 
 81,355,582 
 
 16,842,656 
 17,017,466 
 17,194,097 
 17,372,570 
 17,552,898 
 
 76,673 
 
 16,596 
 16,774 
 17,290 
 17,596 
 17,751 
 
 665.1 
 796.8 
 
 738.7 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 176,515,428 181,334 
 
 Annual Reports of th 
 al of Births, Deaths a 
 England and Wales. 
 
 102.7 
 
 e Regis- 
 ad Mar- 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 85,979,687 
 
 17,735,099 
 17,919,197 
 18,105,213 
 18,293,164 
 18,483,068 
 
 86,007 
 
 18,411 
 18,546 
 18,816 
 19,790 
 19,764 
 
 
 1906-1910 90,535,741 95,327 
 
 1911 18,672,360 20,313 
 
 1912 18,862,264 21,135 
 
 1913 19,062,325 22,021 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of th 
 trar-General of Births, Deaths ai 
 riages in England and Wales. 
 
 
 597 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 10 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1908-1912 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Lips 1,134 
 
 Tongue 4,278 
 
 Mouth 1,493 
 
 Jaw 2,149 
 
 Pharynx 1,438 
 
 CEsophagus 5,298 
 
 Stomach 15,780 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 8,406 
 
 Peritoneum and mesentery 676 
 
 Intestines 6,985 
 
 Rectum 7,452 
 
 Pancreas 1,486 
 
 Ovaries and fallopian tube 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Breast 118 
 
 Skin 2,076 
 
 Larynx 1,662 
 
 Lungs and pleura 1,193 
 
 Kidneys and suprarenal glands . . . 774 
 
 Bladder 2,245 
 
 Prostate 1,665 
 
 Brain 546 
 
 Other organs 6,696 
 
 Not specified 1,234 
 
 All organs 74,784 
 
 MALES 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1.3 
 4.9 
 1.7 
 2.5 
 1.7 
 6.1 
 18.2 
 9.7 
 0.8 
 8.1 
 8.6 
 1.7 
 
 0.1 
 
 2.4 
 1.9 
 1.4 
 0.9 
 2.6 
 1.9 
 0.6 
 7.7 
 1.4 
 
 86.4 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 105 
 
 0.1 
 
 400 
 
 0.4 
 
 221 
 
 0.2 
 
 726 
 
 0.8 
 
 406 
 
 0.4 
 
 1,707 
 
 1.8 
 
 14,437 
 
 15.6 
 
 12,571 
 
 13.6 
 
 1,452 
 
 1.6 
 
 9,581 
 
 10.4 
 
 6,018 
 
 6.5 
 
 1,462 
 
 1.6 
 
 2,221 
 
 2.4 
 
 19,673 
 
 21.3 
 
 17,189 
 
 18.6 
 
 1,332 
 
 1.4 
 
 486 
 
 0.5 
 
 855 
 
 0.9 
 
 766 
 
 0.8 
 
 978 
 
 1.1 
 
 420 
 
 0.5 
 
 6,770 
 
 6.2 
 
 1,042 
 
 1.1 
 
 99,818 
 
 108.0 
 
 Males, 45 years and over, 20.57 per cent, of population. Females, 45 years and over, 
 22.10 per cent, of population. 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages, 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 598 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 11 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales, by Organs and Parts, Males 
 
 1897-1900 Compared with 1901-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 1897 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 997 
 647 
 
 508 
 
 Skin 
 
 Lips 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Tongue 2,124 
 
 Jaw 1,071 
 
 Lymphatic glands of neck 1,084 
 
 Pharynx and throat 891 
 
 Larynx 740 
 
 Lungs 536 
 
 (Esophagus 2,358 
 
 Stomach 8,369 
 
 Pancreas 550 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 5,532 
 
 Rectum 3,672 
 
 Other intestines. .' 2,734 
 
 Peritoneum 395 
 
 Kidney 405 
 
 Bladder and urethra 1,189 
 
 Breast 79 
 
 Male generative organs 1,015 
 
 Other organs 3,566 
 
 Not specified 1,855 
 
 All organs 
 
 ■1900 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Popuhilioii 
 
 1.63 
 1.05 
 0.83 
 3.46 
 1.75 
 1.77 
 1.45 
 1.21 
 0.87 
 3.84 
 13.64 
 0.90 
 9.02 
 5.99 
 4.46 
 0.64 
 0.66 
 1.94 
 0.13 
 1.65 
 5.81 
 3.02 
 
 40,317 65.72 
 
 1901- 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 2,945 
 
 2,001 
 
 2,241 
 
 7,092 
 
 3,697 
 
 3,585 
 
 2,967 
 
 2,518 
 
 1,688 
 
 8,406 
 
 27,324 
 
 2,391 
 
 15,823 
 
 12,963 
 
 10,583 
 
 1,076 
 
 1,381 
 
 3,960 
 
 236 
 
 3,815 
 
 9,930 
 
 1,185 
 
 1910 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1.78 
 1.21 
 1.36 
 4.29 
 2.24 
 2.17 
 1.79 
 1.52 
 1.02 
 5.09 
 16.53 
 1.45 
 9.57 
 7.84 
 6.40 
 0.65 
 0.84 
 2.40 
 0.14 
 2.31 
 5.99 
 0.72 
 
 127,807 77.31 
 
 Percentage 
 
 of 
 
 Increase 
 
 9.2 
 15.2 
 63.9 
 24.0 
 28.0 
 22.6 
 23.4 
 25.6 
 17.2 
 32.6 
 21.2 
 61.1 
 
 6.1 
 30.9 
 43.5 
 
 1.6 
 27.3 
 23.7 
 
 7.7 
 40.0 
 
 3.1 
 —76.2 
 
 17.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 599 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 12 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales, by Organs and Parts, Females 
 
 1897-1900 Compared with 1901-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 1897- 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 608 
 74 
 115 
 271 
 397 
 405 
 334 
 
 Skin 
 
 Lips 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Jaw 
 
 Lymphatic glands of neck 
 
 Pharynx and throat 
 
 Larynx 282 
 
 Lungs 363 
 
 Oesophagus 852 
 
 Stomach 8,355 
 
 Pancreas 529 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 8,654 
 
 Rectum.... 3,240 
 
 Other intestines 3,597 
 
 Peritoneum 1,050 
 
 Kidney 446 
 
 Bladder and urethra 539 
 
 Breast 9,790 
 
 Uterus 14,309 
 
 Ovary 1,053 
 
 Other organs 4,248 
 
 Not specified 2,857 
 
 All organs 62,368 
 
 1900 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 0.93 
 0.11 
 0.18 
 0.41 
 0.61 
 0.62 
 0.51 
 0.43 
 0.55 
 1.30 
 
 12.76 
 0.81 
 
 13.22 
 4.95 
 5.50 
 1.60 
 0.68 
 0.82 
 
 14.96 
 
 21.86 
 1.61 
 6.49 
 4.36 
 
 95.27 
 
 1901-1910 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 2,053 
 
 169 
 
 370 
 
 854 
 
 1,335 
 
 1,102 
 
 831 
 
 834 
 
 1,317 
 
 2,804 
 
 25,814 
 
 2,268 
 
 24,021 
 
 10,819 
 
 14,342 
 
 2,634 
 
 1,411 
 
 1,688 
 
 30,493 
 
 39,562 
 
 3,617 
 
 11,378 
 
 1,628 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1.16 
 0.10 
 0.21 
 0.48 
 0.76 
 0.62 
 0.47 
 0.47 
 0.75 
 1.59 
 
 14.62 
 1.28 
 
 13.61 
 6.13 
 8.13 
 1.49 
 0.80 
 0.96 
 
 17.27 
 
 22.41 
 2.05 
 6.45 
 0.92 
 
 181,334 102.73 
 
 Percentage 
 
 of 
 
 Increase 
 
 24.7 
 
 -9.1 
 
 16.7 
 
 17.1 
 
 24.6 
 
 0.0 
 
 -7.8 ■ 
 
 9.3 
 
 36.4 
 
 22.3 
 
 14.6 
 
 58.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 23.8 
 
 47.8 
 
 -6.9 
 
 17.6 
 
 17.1 
 
 15.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 27.3 
 
 -0.6 
 
 -78.9 
 
 7.8 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 600 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 13 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales 
 
 Relative Cancer Mortality of Females, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1901-1910 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Organ or Part Males Females 
 
 Breast.. 0.14 17.27 
 
 Generative organs 2.31 24.46 
 
 Peritoneum 0.65 1.49 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 9.57 13.61 
 
 Other intestines 6.40 8.13 
 
 Kidney 0.84 0.80 
 
 Stomach 16.53 14.62 
 
 Pancreas 1.45 1.28 
 
 Rectmn 7.84 6.13 
 
 Lungs 1.02 0.75 
 
 Skin 1.78 1.16 
 
 Bladder and urethra 2.40 0.96 
 
 Jaw 2.24 0.76 
 
 (Esophagus 5.09 1.59 
 
 Larynx 1.52 0.47 
 
 Lymphatic glands of neck 2.17 0.62 
 
 Pharynx and throat 1.79 0.47 
 
 Mouth 1.36 0.21 
 
 Tongue 4.29 0.48 
 
 Lips 1.21 0.10 
 
 All organs 77.31 102.73 
 
 Relative Mortality 
 of Females 
 
 12,336 
 
 1,059 
 
 229 
 
 142 
 
 127 
 
 95 
 
 78 
 74 
 65 
 40 
 34 
 31 
 31 
 29 
 26 
 15 
 11 
 
 133 
 
 Note: In this table the mortality of males from cancer of any organ or part is taken 
 as 100 and the corresponding mortality of females is given accordingly. 
 
 Table 14 
 Mortality from Cancer of the Female Breast in England and Wales 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Deaths from Rate per 
 
 Female Cancer of 100,000 
 
 Year Population the Breast Population 
 
 1903 17,194,097 2,948 17.1 
 
 1904 17,372,570 2,997 17.3 
 
 1905 17,552,898 2,944 16.8 
 
 1906 17,735,099 2,997 16.9 
 
 1907 17,919,197 3,162 17.6 
 
 1903-1907 87,773,861 15,048 17.1 
 
 1908 18,105,213 3,221 17.8 
 
 1909 18,293,164 3,377 18.5 
 
 1910 18,483,068 3,428 18.5 
 
 1911 18,672,360 3,427 18.4 
 
 1912 18,862,264 3,736 19.8 
 
 1908-1912 92,416,069 17,189 18.6 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages, 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 601 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 15 
 
 Comparative Mortality from Cancer in England and Wales, Urban and 
 
 Rural, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex, 1911-1912 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Urban 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Buccal cavity 3,677 
 
 Stomach and liver 18,831 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. . . 10,733 
 
 Female generative organs 7,527 
 
 Breast 5,647 
 
 Skin 1,345 
 
 Other or not specified 8,983 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 6.5 
 33.2 
 18.9 
 13.3 
 9.9 
 2.4 
 15.8 
 
 All organs 56,743 
 
 Buccal ca\'ity 3,186 
 
 Stomach and liver 9,784 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . . . 4,934 
 
 Breast 32 
 
 Skin 850 
 
 Other or not specified 5,594 
 
 100.0 
 
 MALES 
 
 All organs 24,380 
 
 11.7 
 36.0 
 18.1 
 0.1 
 3.1 
 20.6 
 
 89.6 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Buccal cavity 491 
 
 Stomach and liver 9,047 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum.. . 5,799 
 
 Generative organs 7,527 
 
 Breast 5,615 
 
 Skin 495 
 
 Other or not specified 3,389 
 
 All organs 32,363 
 
 1.7 
 30.6 
 19.6 
 25.5 
 19.0 
 
 1.7 
 11.4 
 
 109.5 
 
 POPULATION, 1911-1912 
 Urban 
 
 Males 27,195,707 
 
 Females 29,562,270 
 
 Total 56,757,977 
 
 Rural 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 971 
 
 6.1 
 
 5,981 
 
 37.5 
 
 3,401 
 
 21.3 
 
 1,667 
 
 10.5 
 
 1,558 
 
 9.8 
 
 507 
 
 3.2 
 
 2,397 
 
 15.0 
 
 16,482 
 
 3,070 
 
 1,692 
 
 10 
 
 313 
 
 1,486 
 
 7,397 
 
 145 
 2,911 
 1,709 
 1,667 
 1,548 
 194 
 911 
 
 9.085 
 
 Rural 
 7,963,578 
 7,972,354 
 
 15,935,932 
 
 103.4 
 
 10.4 
 38.6 
 21.2 
 0.1 
 3.9 
 18.7 
 
 92.9 
 
 1.8 
 36.5 
 
 21.4 
 20.9 
 19.4 
 2.4 
 11.4 
 
 113.9 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 Note: If standardized, the urban cancer death rates are somewhat higher than the 
 rural rates. 
 
 602 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 15a 
 
 Cancer of the Ovary, according to Age and Conjugal Condition 
 
 England and Wales, 1911-1913 
 
 Ages Unmarried 
 
 25-29 0.9 
 
 30-34 1.4 
 
 35-39 3.7 
 
 40-44 7.6 
 
 45-49 14.2 
 
 50-54 15.0 
 
 55-59 21.8 
 
 60-64 13.7 
 
 65-69 17.4 
 
 70-74 17.8 
 
 75-79 21.1 
 
 80-84 3.1 
 
 85 and over. . 6.3 
 
 15 and over . 
 
 6.0* 
 
 ER 100,000 
 
 
 Relative Rates 
 
 TION 
 
 
 
 Ages 25-29 Taken as 100 
 
 Married or 
 
 
 Married or 
 
 
 Married or 
 
 Widowed 
 
 Unmarried 
 
 Widowed 
 
 Unmarried 
 
 Widowed 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 156 
 
 143 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 411 
 
 300 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 844 
 
 500 
 
 5.9 
 
 8.3 
 
 
 1,578 
 
 843 
 
 8.3 
 
 6.7 
 
 
 1,667 
 
 1,186 
 
 8.6 
 
 13.2 
 
 
 2,422 
 
 1,229 
 
 9.7 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 1,522 
 
 1,386 
 
 10.5 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 1,933 
 
 1,500 
 
 9.4 
 
 8.4 
 
 
 1,978 
 
 1,343 
 
 9.0 
 
 12.1 
 
 
 2,344 
 
 1,286 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 344 
 
 857 
 
 4.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 700 
 
 657 
 
 3.1* 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 667 
 
 443 
 
 Source: Seventy-sixth Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and 
 Marriages in England and Wales. 
 
 *Standardized to a million of persons aged 15 years and upwards, 1901. 
 
 Table 15b 
 
 Cancer of the Uterus, according to Age and Conjugal Condition 
 
 England and Wales, 1911-1913 
 
 Death Rate per 100,000 
 OF Population 
 
 Married or 
 Ages Unmarried Widowed 
 
 25-29 0.7 2.0 
 
 30-34 3.1 6.8 
 
 35-39 5.0 18.7 
 
 40-44 17.2 37.4 
 
 45-49 25.0 58.1 
 
 50-54 39.7 77.3 
 
 55-59 61.3 87.3 
 
 60-64 61.1 96.7 
 
 65-69 64.6 97.0 
 
 70-74 62.7 91.7 
 
 75-79 84.4 92.8 
 
 80-84 102.0 73.0 
 
 85 and over.. 50.4 58.4 
 
 15 and over.. 16.9* 29.3* 
 
 Excess in Rates 
 
 Unmarried 
 
 29.0 
 
 Married or 
 Widowed 
 
 1.3 
 
 3.7 
 13.7 
 20.2 
 33.1 
 37.6 
 26.0 
 35.6 
 32.4 
 29.0 
 
 8.4 
 
 8.6 
 12.4 
 
 Relative Rates 
 Ages 25-29 Taken as 100 
 
 Married or 
 Widowed 
 
 Unmarried 
 
 100 
 
 443 
 
 714 
 
 2,457 
 
 3,571 
 
 5,671 
 
 8,757 
 
 8,729 
 
 9,229 
 
 8,957 
 
 12,057 
 
 14,571 
 
 7,200 
 
 2,414 
 
 100 
 340 
 935 
 1,870 
 2,905 
 3,865 
 4,365 
 4,835 
 4,850 
 4,585 
 4,640 
 3,650 
 2,920 
 
 1,465 
 
 Source: Seventy-sixth Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and 
 Marriages in England and Wales. 
 
 *Standardized to a million of persons aged 15 years and upwards, 1901. 
 
 603 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 15c 
 
 Cancer of the Breast, according to Age and Conjugal Condition 
 
 England and Wales, 1911-1913 
 
 
 Death Rate 
 
 PER 100,000 
 
 Excess 
 
 IN Rates 
 
 Relative Rates 
 
 
 OF Population 
 
 Ages 25-29 Taken as 100 
 
 
 
 Married or 
 
 
 Married or 
 
 Married or 
 
 Ages 
 
 Unmarried 
 
 Widowed 
 
 Unmarried 
 
 Widowed 
 
 Unmarried Widowed 
 
 25-29 
 
 . 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 100 100 
 
 30-34 
 
 3.2 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 800 586 
 
 35-39 
 
 . 12.9 
 
 12.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 3,225 1,800 
 
 40-44 
 
 . 29.9 
 
 26.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 7,475 3,829 
 
 45-49 
 
 . 55.0 
 
 41.8 
 
 13.2 
 
 
 13,750 5,971 
 
 50-54 
 
 . 75.5 
 
 51.7 
 
 23.8 
 
 
 18,875 7,386 
 
 55-59 
 
 . 102.3 
 
 65.7 
 
 36.6 
 
 
 25,575 9,386 
 
 60-64 
 
 . 118.9 
 
 73.7 
 
 45.2 
 
 
 29,725 10,529 
 
 65-69 
 
 . 142.3 
 
 81.2 
 
 61.1. 
 
 
 35,575 11,600 
 
 70-74 
 
 . 180.6 
 
 111.7 
 
 68.9 
 
 
 45,150 15,957 
 
 75-79 
 
 . 200.5 
 
 134.6 
 
 65.9 
 
 
 50,125 19,229 
 
 80-84 
 
 . 225.6 
 
 156.2 
 
 69.4 
 
 
 56,400 22,314 
 
 85 and over . 
 
 . 308.8 
 
 191.6 
 
 117.2 
 
 
 77,200 27,371 
 
 15 and over . 
 
 . 34.6* 
 
 23.8* 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 8,650 3,400 
 
 Source: Seventy-sixth Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and 
 Marriages in England and Wales. 
 
 *Staiidardized to a million of persons aged 15 years and upwards, 1901. 
 
 Table 15d 
 Mortality from Cancer, Fistula and Gangrene in the City of London 
 
 1649-1758 
 
 Deaths from 
 Deaths from Cancer, Fistula Per Cent, of 
 
 All Causes and Gangrene All Causes 
 
 1649-1658 117,344 370 0.32 
 
 1659-1668* 132,972 466 0.35 
 
 1669-1678 188,015 478 0.25 
 
 1679-1688 221,446 597 0.27 
 
 1701-1708 168,191 549 0.33 
 
 1709-1718 231,714 702 0.30 
 
 1719-1728 272,240 710 0.26 
 
 1729-1738 265,165 564 0.21 
 
 1739-1748 260,517 498 0.19 
 
 1749-1758 214,406 460 0.21 
 
 Source : A Collection of the Yearly Bills of Mortality from 1657 to 1758, 
 London, 1759. 
 
 Note: No data available for 1689-1700. 
 *Data for 1665 and 1666 excluded. Plague years. 
 
 604 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 16 
 
 
 
 Table 17 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in London 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in London 
 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 'opulation 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 j'opulation 
 
 1881 
 
 3,840,239 
 
 2,332 
 
 60.7 
 
 1881 
 
 1,808,753 
 
 755 
 
 41.7 
 
 1882 
 
 3,880,005 
 
 2,461 
 
 63.4 
 
 1882 
 
 1,828,258 
 
 779 
 
 42.6 
 
 1883 
 
 3,919,771 
 
 2,561 
 
 65.3 
 
 1883 
 
 1,847,388 
 
 804 
 
 43.5 
 
 1884 
 
 3,959,537 
 
 2,604 
 
 65.8 
 
 1884 
 
 1,866,922 
 
 915 
 
 49.0 
 
 1885 
 
 3,999,303 
 19,598,855 
 
 2,622 
 
 65.6 
 64.2 
 
 1885 
 
 1,886,072 
 
 909 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 12,580 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 9,237,393 
 
 4,162 
 
 45.1 
 
 1886 
 
 4,039,069 
 
 2,688 
 
 66.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 4,078,835 
 
 2,909 
 
 71.3 
 
 1886 
 
 1,905,633 
 
 967 
 
 50.7 
 
 1888 
 
 4,118,601 
 
 2,932 
 
 71.2 
 
 1887 
 
 1,925,618 
 
 1,089 
 
 56.6 
 
 1889 
 
 4,158,367 
 
 3,029 
 
 72.8 
 
 1888 
 
 1,945,215 
 
 1,058 
 
 54.4 
 
 1890 
 
 4,198,133 
 
 3,286 
 
 78.3 
 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 1,964,828 
 1,984,038 
 
 1.078 
 1,194 
 
 54.9 
 60.2 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 20,593,005 
 
 14,844 
 
 72.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 9,725,332 
 
 5,386 
 
 55.4 
 
 1891 
 
 4,237,896 
 
 3.342 
 
 78.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 4,268,727 
 
 3,246 
 
 76.0 
 
 1891 
 
 2,003,253 
 
 1,233 
 
 61.5 
 
 1893 
 
 4,299,558 
 
 3,462 
 
 80.5 
 
 1892 
 
 2,017,400 
 
 1,242 
 
 61.6 
 
 1894 
 
 4,330,389 
 
 3,523 
 
 81.4 
 
 1893 
 
 2,031,541 
 
 1,280 
 
 63.0 
 
 1895 
 
 4,361,220 
 
 3,705 
 
 85.0 
 
 1894 
 
 2,046,109 
 
 1,354 
 
 66.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 2,060,240 
 
 1,423 
 
 69.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 21,497,790 
 
 17,278 
 
 80.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 10,158,543 
 
 6,532 
 
 64.3 
 
 1896 
 
 4,392,051 
 
 3,856 
 
 87.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 4,422,882 
 
 3,963 
 
 89.6 
 
 1896 
 
 2,074,366 
 
 1,523 
 
 73.4 
 
 1898 
 
 4,453,713 
 
 4,133 
 
 92.8 
 
 1897 
 
 2,088,485 
 
 1,617 
 
 77.4 
 
 1899 
 
 4,484,544 
 
 4,293 
 
 95.7 
 
 1898 
 
 2,102,598 
 
 1,658 
 
 78.9 
 
 1900 
 
 4,515,375 
 
 4,348 
 
 96.3 
 
 1899 
 
 2,116,705 
 
 1,741 
 
 82.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 2,130,805 
 
 1,790 
 
 84.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 22,268,565 
 
 20,593 
 
 92.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 10,512,959 
 
 8,329 
 
 79.2 
 
 1901 
 
 4,546,209 
 
 4,260 
 
 93.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 4,544,878 
 
 4,591 
 
 101.0 
 
 1901 
 
 2,145,356 
 
 1,704 
 
 79.4 
 
 1903 
 
 4,543,547 
 
 4,716 
 
 103.8 
 
 1902 
 
 2,144,274 
 
 1,932 
 
 90.1 
 
 1904 
 
 4,542,216 
 
 4,677 
 
 103.0 
 
 1903 
 
 2,142,737 
 
 2,000 
 
 93.3 
 
 1905 
 
 4,540,885 
 
 4,691 
 
 103.3 
 
 1904 
 
 2,141,201 
 
 1,988 
 
 92.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,139,665 
 
 1,986 
 
 92.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 22,717,735 
 
 22,935 
 
 101.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 10,713,233 
 
 9,610 
 
 89,7 
 
 1906 
 
 4,539,554 
 
 5,001 
 
 110.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 4,538,223 
 
 4,899 
 
 107.9 
 
 1906 
 
 2,138,130 
 
 2,196 
 
 102.7 
 
 1908 
 
 4,536,892 
 
 5,045 
 
 111.2 
 
 1907 
 
 2,137,049 
 
 2,184 
 
 102.2 
 
 1909 
 
 4,535,561 
 
 5,128 
 
 113.1 
 
 1908 
 
 2,135,515 
 
 2,253 
 
 105.5 
 
 1910 
 
 4,534,230 
 
 5,115 
 
 112.8 
 
 1909 
 
 2,134,435 
 
 2,261 
 
 105.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 2,132,902 
 
 2,340 
 
 109.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 22,684,460 
 
 25,188 
 
 111.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 10,678,031 
 
 11,234 
 
 105.2 
 
 1911 
 
 4,532,899 
 
 4,858 
 
 107.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 4,531,572 
 
 5,176 
 
 114.2 
 
 1911 
 
 2,131,822 
 
 2,265 
 
 106.2 
 
 1913 
 
 4,530,245 
 
 5,260 
 
 114.9 
 
 1912 
 
 2,130,745 
 
 2,272 
 
 106.6 
 
 c^„^„^. 
 
 ^^^,,c^T> ^^ 
 
 „„4?4^T,„-D 
 
 «™C^4-««« 
 
 1913 
 
 2,129,668 
 
 2,318 
 
 108.8 
 
 General of Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 in England and Wales. Annual Report of 
 the London County Counsel, 1913. 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 General of Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 605 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 18 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in London, Females 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 2,031,486 
 
 1,577 
 
 77.6 
 
 1906 
 
 2,401,424 
 
 2,805 
 
 116.8 
 
 1882 
 
 2,051,747 
 
 1,682 
 
 82.0 
 
 1907 
 
 2,401,174 
 
 2,715 
 
 113.1 
 
 1883 
 
 2,072,383 
 
 1,757 
 
 84.8 
 
 1908 
 
 2,401,377 
 
 2,792 
 
 116.3 
 
 1884 
 
 2,092,615 
 
 1,689 
 
 80.7 
 
 1909 
 
 2,401,126 
 
 2,867 
 
 119.4 
 
 1885 
 
 2,113,231 
 
 1,713 
 
 81.1 
 
 81.2 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,401,328 
 
 2,775 
 
 115.6 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 10,361,462 
 
 8,418 
 
 12,006,429 
 
 13,954 
 
 116.2 
 
 1886 
 
 2,133,436 
 
 1,721 
 
 80.7 
 
 1911 
 
 2,401,077 
 
 2,593 
 
 108.0 
 
 1887 
 
 2,153,217 
 
 1,820 
 
 84.5 
 
 1912 
 
 2,400,827 
 
 2,904 
 
 121.0 
 
 1888 
 
 2,173,386 
 
 1,874 
 
 86.2 
 
 1913 
 
 2,400,577 
 
 2,942 
 
 122.6 
 
 1889 
 
 2,193,539 
 
 1,951 
 
 88.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 2,214,095 
 
 2,092 
 
 94.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 General of Births, Deaths and IV 
 
 
 
 
 
 larriages 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 10,867,673 
 
 9,458 
 
 87.0 
 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 2,234,643 
 
 2,109 
 
 94.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 2,251,327 
 
 2,004 
 
 89.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 2,268,017 
 
 2,182 
 
 96.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 2,284,280 
 
 2,169 
 
 95.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 2,300,980 
 
 2,282 
 
 99.2 
 94.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 11,339,247 
 
 10,746 
 
 
 1896 
 
 2,317,685 
 
 2,333 
 
 100.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 2,334,397 
 
 2,346 
 
 100.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 2,351,115 
 
 2,475 
 
 105.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 2,367,839 
 
 2,552 
 
 107.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 2,384,570 
 
 2,558 
 
 107.3 
 104.3 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 11,755,606 
 
 12,264 
 
 
 1901 
 
 2,400,853 
 
 2,556 
 
 106.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 2,400,604 
 
 2,659 
 
 110.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 2,400,810 
 
 2,716 
 
 113.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 2,401,015 
 
 2,689 
 
 112.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,401,220 
 
 2,705 
 
 112.7 
 111.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 12,004,502 
 
 13,325 
 
 
 606 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 19 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Sheffield 
 
 1887-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1887 
 
 308,730 
 
 146 
 
 47.3 
 
 1901 
 
 410,151 
 
 255 
 
 62.2 
 
 1888 
 
 312,793 
 
 135 
 
 43.2 
 
 1902 
 
 414,506 
 
 300 
 
 72.4 
 
 1889 
 
 316,901 
 
 163 
 
 51.4 
 
 1903 
 
 418,906 
 
 303 
 
 72.3 
 
 1890 
 
 321,079 
 
 156 
 
 48.6 
 
 1904 
 
 423,355 
 
 317 
 
 74.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 427,850 
 
 290 
 
 67.8 
 
 
 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 1,259,503 
 
 600 
 
 47.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,094,768 
 
 1,465 
 
 69.9 
 
 1891 
 
 325,547 
 
 150 
 
 46.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 330,816 
 
 154 
 
 46.6 
 
 1906 
 
 432,395 
 
 346 
 
 80.0 
 
 1893 
 
 336,171 
 
 184 
 
 54.7 
 
 1907 
 
 436,986 
 
 363 
 
 83.1 
 
 1894 
 
 341,612 
 
 207 
 
 60.6 
 
 1908 
 
 441,630 
 
 347 
 
 78.6 
 
 1895 
 
 347,141 
 
 208 
 
 59.9 
 
 1909 
 
 446,321 
 
 403 
 
 90.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 451,065 
 
 394 
 
 87.3 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,681,287 
 
 903 
 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,208,397 
 
 1,853 
 
 83.9 
 
 1896 
 
 352,760 
 
 225 
 
 63.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 358,470 
 
 233 
 
 65.0 
 
 1911 
 
 455,817 
 
 379 
 
 83.1 
 
 1898 
 
 364,272 
 
 244 
 
 67.0 
 
 1912 
 
 466,408 
 
 371 
 
 79.5 
 
 1899 
 
 370,168 
 
 228 
 
 61.6 
 
 1913 
 
 471,662 
 
 419 
 
 88.8 
 
 1900 
 
 376,160 
 
 284 
 
 75.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,821,830 
 
 1,214 
 
 66.6 
 
 of the City of Sheffield. 
 
 
 
 Table 20 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Sheffield, Males 
 
 1887-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1887 
 
 153,871 
 
 43 
 
 27.9 
 
 1901 
 
 204,419 
 
 121 
 
 59.2 
 
 1888 
 
 155,896 
 
 42 
 
 26.9 
 
 1902 
 
 206,590 
 
 115 
 
 55.7 
 
 1889 
 
 157,943 
 
 56 
 
 35.5 
 
 1903 
 
 208,573 
 
 127 
 
 60.9 
 
 1890 
 
 160,026 
 
 52 
 
 32.5 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 210,577 
 212,599 
 
 137 
 108 
 
 65.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 50.8 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 627,736 
 
 193 
 
 30.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,042,758 
 
 608 
 
 58.3 
 
 1891 
 
 162,253 
 
 58 
 
 35.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 164,879 
 
 64 
 
 38.8 
 
 1906 
 
 214,641 
 
 155 
 
 72.2 
 
 1893 
 
 167,548 
 
 57 
 
 34.0 
 
 1907 
 
 216,701 
 
 151 
 
 69.7 
 
 1894 
 
 170,259 
 
 79 
 
 46.4 
 
 1908 
 
 218,784 
 
 162 
 
 74.0 
 
 1895 
 
 173,015 
 
 76 
 
 43.9 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 220,884 
 223,007 
 
 167 
 
 172 
 
 75.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 leqi.iQQs 
 
 837,954 
 
 334 
 
 39.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,094,017 
 
 807 
 
 73.8 
 
 1896 
 
 175,816 
 
 84 
 
 47.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 178,661 
 
 96 
 
 53.7 
 
 1911 
 
 225,037 
 
 179 
 
 79.5 
 
 1898 
 
 181,553 
 
 81 
 
 44.6 
 
 1912 
 
 230,266 
 
 177 
 
 76.9 
 
 1899 
 
 184,492 
 
 96 
 
 52.0 
 
 1913 
 
 232,860 
 
 172 
 
 73.9 
 
 1900 
 
 187,478 
 
 114 
 
 60.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 908,000 
 
 471 
 
 51.9 
 
 of the City of Sheffield. 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 607 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 21 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Sheffield, Females 
 
 1887-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1887 
 
 154,859 
 
 103 
 
 66.5 
 
 1901 
 
 205,732 
 
 134 
 
 65.1 
 
 1888 
 
 156,897 
 
 93 
 
 59.3 
 
 1902 
 
 207,916 
 
 185 
 
 89.0 
 
 1889 
 
 158,958 
 
 107 
 
 67.3 
 
 1903 
 
 210,333 
 
 176 
 
 83.7 
 
 1890 
 
 161,053 
 
 104 
 
 64.6 
 
 1904 
 
 212,778 
 
 180 
 
 84.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 215,251 
 
 182 
 
 84.6 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 631,767 
 
 407 
 
 64.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,052,010 
 
 857 
 
 81.5 
 
 1891 
 
 163,294 
 
 92 
 
 56.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 165,937 
 
 90 
 
 54.2 
 
 1906 
 
 217,754 
 
 191 
 
 87.7 
 
 1893 
 
 168,623 
 
 127 
 
 75.3 
 
 1907 
 
 220,285 
 
 212 
 
 96.2 
 
 1894 
 
 171,353 
 
 128 
 
 74.7 
 
 1908 
 
 222,846 
 
 185 
 
 83.0 
 
 1895 
 
 174,126 
 
 132 
 
 75.8 
 
 1909 
 
 225,437 
 
 236 
 
 104.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 228,058 
 
 222 
 
 97.3 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 843,333 
 
 569 
 
 67.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,114,380 
 
 1,046 
 
 93.9 
 
 1896 
 
 176,944 
 
 141 
 
 79.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 179,809 
 
 137 
 
 76.2 
 
 1911 
 
 230,780 
 
 200 
 
 86.7 
 
 1898 
 
 182,719 
 
 163 
 
 89.2 
 
 1912 
 
 236,142 
 
 194 
 
 82.2 
 
 1899 
 
 185,676 
 
 132 
 
 71.1 
 
 1913 
 
 238,802 
 
 247 
 
 103.4 
 
 1900 
 
 188,682 
 
 170 
 
 90.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Health 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 913,830 
 
 743 
 
 81.3 
 
 of the City 
 
 of Sheffield. 
 
 
 
 Table 22 
 Mortality from Cancer in Liverpool 
 1889-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Catocer 
 
 Population 
 
 1889 
 
 523,838 
 
 291 
 
 55.6 
 
 1901 
 
 686,332 
 
 593 
 
 86.4 
 
 1890 
 
 520,466 
 
 334 
 
 64.2 
 
 1902 
 
 707,027 
 
 613 
 
 86.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 710,874 
 
 661 
 
 93.0 
 
 1891 
 
 518,302 
 
 346 
 
 66.8 
 
 1904 
 
 714,743 
 
 546 
 
 76.4 
 
 1892 
 1893 
 
 519,590 
 
 520,882 
 
 303 
 341 
 
 58.3 
 65.5 
 
 1905 
 
 721,864 
 
 620 
 
 85.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 522,178 
 
 345 
 
 66.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,540,840 
 
 3,033 
 
 •85.7 
 
 1895 
 
 652,523 
 
 502 
 
 76.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 
 726,100 
 730,361 
 
 678 
 
 93 4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,733,475 
 
 1,837 
 
 67.2 
 
 684 
 
 93.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 734,648 
 
 658 
 
 89.6 
 
 1896 
 
 658,050 
 
 495 
 
 75.2 
 
 1909 
 
 738,960 
 
 694 
 
 93.9 
 
 1897 
 
 663,633 
 
 514 
 
 77.5 
 
 1910 
 
 743,295 
 
 745 
 
 100.2 
 
 1898 
 
 669,243 
 
 495 
 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 674,912 
 
 530 
 
 78.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,673,364 
 
 3,459 
 
 94.2 
 
 1900 
 
 680,628 
 
 526 
 
 77.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 747,627 
 752,021 
 
 726 
 769 
 
 97 1 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,340,466 
 
 2,500 
 
 76.5 
 
 102.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 756,553 
 
 717 
 
 94.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports on the Health of 
 
 
 
 
 
 the City of Liverpool. 
 
 
 
 608 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 23 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Liverpool, Males 
 
 1889-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1889 
 
 254,166 
 
 121 
 
 47.6 
 
 1901 
 
 331,361 
 
 246 
 
 74.2 
 
 1890 
 
 252,478 
 
 122 
 
 48.3 
 
 1902 
 
 341,070 
 
 258 
 
 75.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 342,712 
 
 269 
 
 78.5 
 
 1891 
 
 251,376 
 
 135 
 
 53.7 
 
 1904 
 
 344,363 
 
 235 
 
 68.2 
 
 1892 
 
 251,897 
 
 122 
 
 48.4 
 
 1905 
 
 347,578 
 
 278 
 
 80.0 
 
 1893 
 
 252,419 
 
 124 
 
 49.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 252,943 
 
 136 
 
 53.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,707,084 
 
 1,286 
 
 75.3 
 
 1895 
 
 315,886 
 
 215 
 
 68.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 349,399 
 
 282 
 
 80.7 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,324,521 
 
 732 
 
 55.3 
 
 1907 
 
 351,231 
 
 280 
 
 79.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 353,072 
 
 298 
 
 84.4 
 
 1896 
 
 318,430 
 
 203 
 
 63.8 
 
 1909 
 
 354,922 
 
 287 
 
 80.9 
 
 1897 
 
 320,999 
 
 190 
 
 59.2 
 
 1910 
 
 356,782 
 
 342 
 
 95.9 
 
 1898 
 1899 
 
 323,579 
 326,185 
 
 210 
 
 222 
 
 64.9 
 68.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,765,406 
 
 1,489 
 
 84.3 
 
 1900 
 
 328,811 
 
 187 
 
 56.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 358,637 
 
 329 
 
 91.7 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,618.004 
 
 1,012 
 
 62.5 
 
 1912 
 
 360,519 
 
 371 
 
 102.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 362,470 
 
 347 
 
 95.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: , 
 
 Annual Reports on the Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the City 
 
 of Liverpool. 
 
 
 
 Table 24 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Liverpool, Females 
 
 1889-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Caincer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1889 
 
 269,672 
 
 170 
 
 63.0 
 
 1901 
 
 354,971 
 
 347 
 
 97.8 
 
 1890 
 
 267,988 
 
 212 
 
 79.1 
 
 1902 
 
 365,957 
 
 355 
 
 97.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 368,162 
 
 392 
 
 106.5 
 
 1891 
 
 266,926 
 
 211 
 
 79.0 
 
 1904 
 
 370,380 
 
 311 
 
 84.0 
 
 1892 
 
 267,693 
 
 181 
 
 67.6 
 
 1905 
 
 374,286 
 
 342 
 
 91.4 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 268,463 
 269,235 
 
 217 
 209 
 
 80.8 
 77.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,833,756 
 
 1,747 
 
 95.3 
 
 1895 
 
 336,637 
 
 287 
 
 85.3 
 
 1906 
 
 376,701 
 
 396 
 
 105.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,408,954 
 
 1,105 
 
 78.4 
 
 1907 
 
 379,130 
 
 404 
 
 106.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 381,576 
 
 360 
 
 94.3 
 
 1896 
 
 339,620 
 
 292 
 
 86.0 
 
 1909 
 
 384,038 
 
 407 
 
 106.0 
 
 1897 
 
 342,634 
 
 324 
 
 94.6 
 
 1910 
 
 386,513 
 
 403 
 
 104.3 
 
 1898 
 1899 
 
 345,664 
 
 348,727 
 
 285 
 308 
 
 82.5 
 88.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,907,958 
 
 1,970 
 
 103.3 
 
 1900 
 
 351,817 
 
 339 
 
 96.4 
 
 1911 
 
 388,990 
 
 397 
 
 102.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,728,462 
 
 1,548 
 
 89.6 
 
 1912 
 
 391,502 
 
 398 
 
 101.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 394,083 
 
 370 
 
 93.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 A.nnual Reports on the Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the City 
 
 of Liverpool. 
 
 
 
 609 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 25 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Birmingham 
 
 1891-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Eate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 479,193 
 
 324 
 
 67.6 
 
 1906 
 
 523,586 
 
 460 
 
 87.9 
 
 1892 
 
 483,526 
 
 293 
 
 60.6 
 
 1907 
 
 523,850 
 
 419 
 
 80.0 
 
 1893 
 
 487,897 
 
 313 
 
 64.2 
 
 1908 
 
 524,114 
 
 441 
 
 84.1 
 
 1894 
 
 492,301 
 
 303 
 
 61.5 
 
 1909 
 
 524,378 
 
 424 
 
 80.9 
 
 1895 
 
 496,751 
 
 332 
 
 66.8 
 64.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 525,762 
 
 469 
 
 89.2 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,439,668 
 
 1,565 
 
 2,621,690 
 
 2,213 
 
 84.4 
 
 1896 
 
 501,241 
 
 346 
 
 69.0 
 
 1911 
 
 526,030 
 
 467 
 
 88.8 
 
 1897 
 
 505,772 
 
 376 
 
 74.3 
 
 1912 
 
 850,947 
 
 792 
 
 93.1 
 
 1898 
 
 510,343 
 
 342 
 
 67.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 514,956 
 
 386 
 
 75.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Medical 
 
 1900 
 
 519,610 
 
 368 
 
 70.8 
 71.2 
 
 Officer of Health for Birmingha 
 
 01. 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,551,922 
 
 1,818 
 
 
 1901 
 
 522,270 
 
 395 
 
 75.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 522,533 
 
 383 
 
 73.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 522,796 
 
 413 
 
 79.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 523,059 
 
 400 
 
 76.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 523,323 
 
 437 
 
 83.5 
 
 77.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,613,981 
 
 2,028 
 
 
 Table 26 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Birmingham, by Sex 
 
 1904-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 
 252,481 
 
 172 
 
 68.1 
 
 1904 
 
 270,578 
 
 228 
 
 84.3 
 
 1905 
 
 252,608 
 
 186 
 
 73.6 
 
 1905 
 
 270,715 
 
 251 
 
 92.7 
 
 1906 
 
 252,735 
 
 210 
 
 83.1 
 
 1906 
 
 270,851 
 
 250 
 
 92.3 
 
 1907 
 
 252,862 
 
 168 
 
 66.4 
 
 1907 
 
 270,988 
 
 251 
 
 92.6 
 
 1908 
 
 252,990 
 
 193 
 
 76.3 
 
 1908 
 
 271,124 
 
 248 
 
 91.5 
 
 1909 
 
 253,117 
 
 170 
 
 67.2 
 
 1909 
 
 271,261 
 
 254 
 
 93.6 
 
 1910 
 
 253,785 
 
 236 
 
 93.0 
 
 77.2 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 271,977 
 
 233 
 
 85.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,265,489 
 
 977 
 
 1,356,201 
 
 1,236 
 
 91.1 
 
 1911 
 
 253,915 
 
 184 
 
 72.5 
 
 1911 
 
 272,115 
 
 283 
 
 104.0 
 
 1912 
 
 405,646 
 
 349 
 
 86.0 
 
 1912 
 
 445,301 
 
 443 
 
 99.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Medical 
 
 
 
 
 
 Officer of Health for Birmingham 
 
 
 610 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 27 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Leeds 
 
 1893-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1893 
 
 381,157 
 
 229 
 
 60.1 
 
 1906 
 
 437,683 
 
 432 
 
 98.7 
 
 1894 
 
 387,259 
 
 265 
 
 68.4 
 
 1907 
 
 439,343 
 
 415 
 
 94.5 
 
 1895 
 
 393,387 
 
 299 
 
 76.0 
 
 1908 
 
 441,003 
 
 463 
 
 105.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 442,663 
 
 449 
 
 101.4 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 399,535 
 405,716 
 
 308 
 308 
 
 77.1 
 75.9 
 
 1910 
 
 444,323 
 
 447 
 
 100.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 411,895 
 
 292 
 
 70.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,205,015 
 
 2,206 
 
 100.0 
 
 1899 
 
 418,101 
 
 317 
 
 75.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 424,322 
 
 369 
 
 87.0 
 
 1911 
 
 445,983 
 
 476 
 
 106.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 447,746 
 
 457,295 
 
 473 
 
 105 6 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,059,569 
 
 1,594 
 
 77.4 
 
 509 
 
 111.3 
 
 1901 
 
 429,383 
 
 348 
 
 81.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports made to the 
 
 1902 
 
 431,043 
 
 353 
 
 81.9 
 
 Urban Sanitary Authority of the City of 
 
 1903 
 
 432,703 
 
 406 
 
 93.8 
 
 Leeds. 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 434,363 
 
 379 
 
 87.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 436,023 
 
 444 
 
 101.8 
 89.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,163,515 
 
 1,930 
 
 
 Table 28 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Bristol 
 
 1894-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1894 
 
 228,027 
 
 183 
 
 80.3 
 
 1906 
 
 354,329 
 
 307 
 
 86.6 
 
 1895 
 
 231,026 
 
 208 
 
 90.0 
 
 1907 
 
 354,965 
 
 317 
 
 89.3 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 
 234,025 
 237,024 
 323,824 
 
 201 
 212 
 243 
 
 85.9 
 89.4 
 75.0 
 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 355,601 
 356,237 
 356,873 
 
 306 
 357 
 340 
 
 86.1 
 
 100.2 
 
 95.3 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 327,825 
 332,076 
 
 289 
 266 
 
 88.2 
 80.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,778,005 
 
 1,627 
 
 91.5 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,454,774 
 
 1,211 
 
 83.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 357,509 
 359,400 
 
 387 
 402 
 
 108.2 
 111.9 
 
 1901 
 
 339,042 
 
 259 
 
 76.4 
 
 1913 
 
 361,362 
 
 396 
 
 109.6 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 
 339,344 
 339,646 
 339,948 
 
 291 
 281 
 285 
 
 85.8 
 82.7 
 83.8 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Medical 
 Officer of Health of Bristol. 
 
 1905 
 
 353,693 
 
 313 
 
 88.5 
 83.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,711,673 
 
 1,429 
 
 
 611 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 29 
 
 
 
 Table 30 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Man- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Man- 
 
 
 Chester, 1891-1912 
 
 
 
 Chester, 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 1891 
 
 508,673 
 
 321 
 
 63.1 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 513,196 
 
 312 
 
 60.8 
 
 1891 
 
 245,486 
 
 119 
 
 48.5 
 
 1893 
 
 517,760 
 
 303 
 
 58.5 
 
 1892 
 
 247,514 
 
 105 
 
 42.4 
 
 1894 
 
 522,365 
 
 344 
 
 65.9 
 
 1893 
 
 249,612 
 
 121 
 
 48.5 
 
 1895 
 
 527,010 
 
 334 
 
 63.4 
 
 1894 
 
 251,728 
 
 124 
 
 49.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 253,861 
 
 116 
 
 45.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,589,004 
 
 1,614 
 
 62.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,248,201 
 
 585 
 
 46.9 
 
 1896 
 
 531,697 
 
 358 
 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 536,426 
 
 396 
 
 73.8 
 
 1896 
 
 256,012 
 
 125 
 
 48.8 
 
 1898 
 
 541,296 
 
 394 
 
 72.8 
 
 1897 
 
 258,081 
 
 152 
 
 58.9 
 
 1899 
 
 546,010 
 
 408 
 
 74.7 
 
 1898 
 
 260,418 
 
 164 
 
 63.0 
 
 1900 
 
 542,566 
 
 412 
 
 75.9 
 
 1899 
 
 262,576 
 
 144 
 
 54.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 260,811 
 
 156 
 
 59.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,697,995 
 
 1,968 
 
 72.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,297,898 
 
 741 
 
 57.1 
 
 1901 
 
 546,408 
 
 425 
 
 77.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 550,355 
 
 435 
 
 79.0 
 
 1901 
 
 262,549 
 
 180 
 
 68.6 
 
 1903 
 
 554,331 
 
 424 
 
 76.5 
 
 1902 
 
 264,336 
 
 185 
 
 70.0 
 
 1904 
 
 558,335 
 
 452 
 
 81.0 
 
 1903 
 
 268,352 
 
 185 
 
 68.9 
 
 1905 
 
 631,933 
 
 546 
 
 86.4 
 
 1904 
 
 270,275 
 
 192 
 
 71.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 303,067 
 
 238 
 
 78.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,841,362 
 
 2,282 
 
 80.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,368,579 
 
 980 
 
 71.6 
 
 1906 
 
 646,066 
 
 562 
 
 87.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 660,199 
 
 498 
 
 75.4 
 
 1906 
 
 309,853 
 
 242 
 
 78.1 
 
 1908 
 
 674,332 
 
 584 
 
 86.6 
 
 1907 
 
 316,631 
 
 206 
 
 65.1 
 
 1909 
 
 688,466 
 
 606 
 
 88.0 
 
 1908 
 
 323,410 
 
 267 
 
 82.6 
 
 1910 
 
 702,600 
 
 660 
 
 93.9 
 
 1909 
 
 330,188 
 
 266 
 
 80.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 336,967 
 
 307 
 
 91,1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,371,663 
 
 2,910 
 
 86.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,617.049 
 
 1,288 
 
 79.7 
 
 1911 
 
 716,734 
 
 750 
 
 104.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 730,868 
 
 721 
 
 98.6 
 
 1911 
 
 344,490 
 
 332 
 
 96.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 350,524 
 
 309 
 
 88.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports on the Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the City of Manchester. 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports on the Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the City of Manchester. 
 
 
 612 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 31 
 Mortality from Cancer in Man- 
 chester, Females 
 1891-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 Population 
 
 263,187 
 265,682 
 268,148 
 270,637 
 273.149 
 
 1891-1895 1,340,803 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 275,685 
 278,345 
 280,878 
 283,434 
 281,755 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 202 
 207 
 182 
 220 
 218 
 
 1,029 
 
 233 
 244 
 230 
 264 
 256 
 
 1896-1900 1,400,097 1,227 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 283,859 
 286,019 
 285,979 
 288,060 
 328,866 
 
 245 
 250 
 239 
 260 
 308 
 
 1901-1905 1,472,783 
 
 1906 336,213 
 
 1907 343,568 
 
 1908 350,922 
 
 1909 358,278 
 
 1910 365,633 
 
 1,302 
 
 320 
 292 
 317 
 340 
 353 
 
 1906-1910 1,754,614 1,622 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 372,244 
 380,344 
 
 418 
 412 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 76.8 
 77.9 
 67.9 
 81.3 
 79.8 
 
 76.7 
 
 84.5 
 87.7 
 81.9 
 93.1 
 90.9 
 
 87.6 
 
 86.3 
 87.4 
 83.6 
 90.3 
 93.7 
 
 95.2 
 85.0 
 90.3 
 94.9 
 96.5 
 
 92.4 
 
 112.3 
 108.3 
 
 Source: Annual Reports on the Health 
 of the City of Manchester. 
 
 Table 32 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Scotland 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1881 
 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 Population 
 
 3,742,564 
 3,770,657 
 3,798,961 
 3,827,478 
 3,856,207 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 3,885,155 
 3,914,318 
 3,943,701 
 3,973,305 
 4,003,132 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 4,036,245 
 4,078,910 
 4,122,029 
 4,165,606 
 4,209,645 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 4,254,153 
 4,299,132 
 4,344,589 
 4,390,530 
 4,436,958 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 4,479,065 
 4,507,048 
 4,535,201 
 4,563,530 
 4,592,036 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 4,620,720 
 4,649,586 
 4,678,629 
 4,707,858 
 4,737,268 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 4,766,678 
 4,796,088 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 1,914 
 2,056 
 2,037 
 2,110 
 2,173 
 
 1881-1885 18,995,867 10,290 
 
 2,313 
 2,373 
 2,450 
 2,643 
 
 2,428 
 
 1886-1890 19,719,611 12,207 
 
 2,703 
 2,715 
 2,816 
 2,928 
 2,993 
 
 1891-1895 20,612,435 14,155 
 
 3,013 
 3,212 
 3,453 
 3,572 
 3,503 
 
 1896-1900 21,725,362 16,753 
 
 3,662 
 3,711 
 3,798 
 3,920 
 4,132 
 
 1901-1905 22,676,880 19,223 
 
 4,509 
 4,551 
 4,611 
 
 4,782 
 4,863 
 
 1906-1910 23,394,061 23,316 
 
 4,948 
 5,195 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 51.1 
 54.5 
 53.6 
 55.1 
 56.4 
 
 54.2 
 
 59.5 
 60.6 
 62.1 
 66.5 
 60.7 
 
 61.9 
 
 67.0 
 66.6 
 68.3 
 70.3 
 • 71.1 
 
 68.7 
 
 70.8 
 74.7 
 79.5 
 81.4 
 79.0 
 
 77.1 
 
 81.8 
 82.3 
 83.7 
 85.9 
 90.0 
 
 84.8 
 
 97.6 
 
 97.9 
 
 98.6 
 
 101.6 
 
 102.7 
 
 99.7 
 
 103.8 
 108.3 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 General on the Births, Deaths and Mar- 
 riages registered in Scotland. 
 
 613 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 33 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Scotland, by Sex 
 
 1906-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 2,241,049 
 2,255,049 
 2,269,135 
 2,283,311 
 
 2,297,575 
 
 1,785 
 1,786 
 1,816 
 1,887 
 1,953 
 
 79.7 
 79.2 
 80.0 
 82.6 
 85.0 
 
 81.3 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,379,671 
 2,394,537 
 2,409,494 
 2,424,547 
 2,439,693 
 
 2,724 
 2,765 
 2,795 
 2,895 
 2,910 
 
 114.5 
 115.5 
 116.0 
 119.4 
 119.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 11,346,119 
 
 9,227 
 
 12,047,942 
 
 14,089 
 
 116.9 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,311,839 
 2,326,103 
 
 2.046 
 2,075 
 
 88.5 
 89.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,454,839 
 2,469,985 
 
 2,902 
 3,120 
 
 118.2 
 126.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 General on the Births, Deaths and Mar- 
 riages registered in Scotland. 
 
 Table 34 
 Mortality from Cancer in Scotland, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 • 1906-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Lips 125 
 
 Mouth 97 
 
 Tongue 457 
 
 Jaw 278 
 
 Pharynx and throat 200 
 
 Larynx 154 
 
 Lungs 151 
 
 (Esophagus 354 
 
 Stomach 2,471 
 
 Pancreas 131 
 
 Liver 985 
 
 Rectiun 651 
 
 Other intestines 1,102 
 
 Peritoneum 82 
 
 Kidney 86 
 
 Bladder and urethra 227 
 
 Breast 18 
 
 Male generative organs 234 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Ovary 
 
 Other organs 1,138 
 
 Not specified 286 
 
 MALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1.10 
 0.85 
 4.03 
 2.45 
 1.76 
 1.36 
 1.33 
 3.12 
 21.78 
 1.15 
 8.68 
 5.74 
 9.71 
 0.72 
 0.76 
 2.00 
 0.16 
 2.06 
 
 10.03 
 2..52 
 
 81.32 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 16 
 
 0.13 
 
 26 
 
 0.22 
 
 63 
 
 0.52 
 
 88 
 
 0.73 
 
 73 
 
 0.61 
 
 58 
 
 0.48 
 
 121 
 
 1.00 
 
 183 
 
 1.52 
 
 2,769 
 
 22.98 
 
 165 
 
 1.37 
 
 1,655 
 
 13.74 
 
 630 
 
 5.23 
 
 ],708 
 
 14.18 
 
 176 
 
 1.46 
 
 88 
 
 0.73 
 
 124 
 
 1.03 
 
 1,856 
 
 15.41 
 
 2,262 
 
 18.77 
 
 217 
 
 1.80 
 
 1,388 
 
 11.52 
 
 423 
 
 3.51 
 
 14,089 
 
 116.94 
 
 All organs 9,227 
 
 Source: Detailed Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Mar- 
 riages in Scotland. 
 
 614 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 35 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Scotland 
 
 Relative Mortality of Females, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Organ or Part Males Females 
 
 Breast 0.16 15.41 
 
 Generative organs 2.06 20.57 
 
 Peritoneum 0.72 1.46 
 
 Liver 8.68 13.74 
 
 Other intestines 9.71 14.18 
 
 Pancreas 1.15 1.37 
 
 Stomach 21.78 22.98 
 
 Kidney 0.76 0.73 
 
 Rectum 5.74 5.23 
 
 Lungs 1.33 1.00 
 
 Bladder and urethra 2.00 1.03 
 
 (Esophagus 3.12 1.52 
 
 Pharynx and throat 1.76 0.61 
 
 Larynx 1.36 0.48 
 
 Jaw 2.45 0.73 
 
 Mouth 0.85 0.22 
 
 Tongue 4.03 0.52 
 
 Lips 1.10 0.13 
 
 All organs 81.32 116.94 
 
 Relative Mortality 
 of Females 
 
 9,631 
 999 
 
 158 
 
 146 
 
 119 
 
 106 
 
 96 
 
 91 
 
 75 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 144 
 
 Note: In this table the mortality of males from cancer of any organ or part is taken 
 as 100 and the corresponding mortality of females is given accordingly. 
 
 Table 36 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Aberdeen 
 
 1899-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1899 
 
 151,425 
 
 145 
 
 95.8 
 
 1906 
 
 158,698 
 
 141 
 
 88.8 
 
 1900 
 
 152,464 
 
 132 
 
 86.6 
 
 1907 
 
 159,737 
 
 181 
 
 113.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 160,776 
 
 178 
 
 110.7 
 
 1901 
 
 153,503 
 
 146 
 
 95.1 
 
 1909 
 
 161,815 
 
 182 
 
 112.5 
 
 1902 
 
 154,542 
 
 138 
 
 89.3 
 
 1910 
 
 162,854 
 
 161 
 
 98.9 
 
 IQO^ 
 
 155,581 
 156,620 
 
 133 
 163 
 
 85.5 
 104.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 803,880 
 
 843 
 
 104.9 
 
 1905 
 
 157,659 
 
 145 
 
 92.0 
 
 1911 
 
 163,891 
 
 201 
 
 122.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 777,905 
 
 725 
 
 93.2 
 
 1912 
 
 164,932 
 
 219 
 
 132.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 165,073 
 
 237 
 
 143.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports by the Medical 
 
 
 
 
 
 OflBcer of Health for Aberdeen. 
 
 
 615 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 37 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Edinburgh 
 
 1898-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 "iear 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 301,305 
 
 267 
 
 88.6 
 
 1906 
 
 319,120 
 
 330 
 
 103.4 
 
 1899 
 
 305,468 
 
 276 
 
 90.4 
 
 1907 
 
 319,464 
 
 344 
 
 107.7 
 
 1900 
 
 309,688 
 
 297 
 
 95.9 
 
 1908 
 
 319,809 
 
 353 
 
 110.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 320,282 
 
 373 
 
 116.5 
 
 1901 
 
 316,921 
 
 293 
 
 92.5 
 
 1910 
 
 320,504 
 
 387 
 
 120.7 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 
 317,880 
 318,219 
 
 312 
 316 
 
 98.2 
 99.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,599,179 
 
 1,787 
 
 111.7 
 
 1904 
 
 318,560 
 
 331 
 
 103.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 318,777 
 
 344 
 
 107.9 
 
 1911 
 
 320,829 
 
 405 
 
 126.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 321,119 
 
 400 
 
 124.6 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,590,357 
 
 1,596 
 
 100.4 
 
 1913 
 
 321,645 
 
 401 
 
 124.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Public 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health Department of the City of Edin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 burgh. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 38 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Edinburgh, Males 
 
 1898-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 137,696 
 
 104 
 
 75.5 
 
 1906 
 
 144,210 
 
 132 
 
 91.5 
 
 1899 
 
 139,477 
 
 112 
 
 80.3 
 
 1907 
 
 144,110 
 
 120 
 
 83.3 
 
 1900 
 
 141,280 
 
 116 
 
 82.1 
 
 1908 
 
 144,010 
 
 123 
 
 85.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 143,967 
 
 130 
 
 90.3 
 
 1901 
 
 144,421 
 
 110 
 
 76.2 
 
 1910 
 
 143,810 
 
 167 
 
 116.1 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 
 144,635 
 144,567 
 
 127 
 130 
 
 87.8 
 89.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 720,107 
 
 672 
 
 93.3 
 
 1904 
 
 144,499 
 
 125 
 
 86.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 144,374 
 
 124 
 
 85.9 
 
 1911 
 
 143,667 
 
 154 
 
 107.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 144,118 
 
 139 
 
 96.4 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 722,496 
 
 616 
 
 85.3 
 
 1913 
 
 144,354 
 
 146 
 
 101.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Public 
 Health Department of the City of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 616 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 39 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Edinburgh, Females 
 
 1898-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 163,609 
 
 163 
 
 99.6 
 
 1906 
 
 174,910 
 
 198 
 
 113.2 
 
 1899 
 
 165,991 
 
 164 
 
 98.8 
 
 1907 
 
 175,354 
 
 224 
 
 127.7 
 
 1900 
 
 168,408 
 
 181 
 
 107.5 
 
 1908 
 
 175,799 
 
 230 
 
 130.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 176,315 
 
 243 
 
 137.8 
 
 1901 
 
 172,500 
 
 183 
 
 106.1 
 
 1910 
 
 176,694 
 
 220 
 
 124.5 
 
 1902 
 
 173,245 
 
 185 
 
 106.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 173,652 
 
 186 
 
 107.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 879,072 
 
 1,115 
 
 126.8 
 
 1904 
 
 174,061 
 
 206 
 
 118.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 174,403 
 
 220 
 
 126.1 
 
 1911 
 
 177,162 
 
 251 
 
 141.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 177,001 
 
 261 
 
 147.5 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 867,861 
 
 980 
 
 112.9 
 
 1913 
 
 177,291 
 
 255 
 
 143.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Public 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health Department of the City of Edin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 burgh. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 40 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Glasgow 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 511,914 
 
 239 
 
 46.7 
 
 1901 
 
 775,594 
 
 571 
 
 73.6 
 
 1882 
 
 513,915 
 
 252 
 
 49.0 
 
 1902 
 
 776,484 
 
 649 
 
 83.6 
 
 1883 
 
 515,924 
 
 236 
 
 45.7 
 
 1903 
 
 777,374 
 
 624 
 
 80.3 
 
 1884 
 
 517,941 
 
 274 
 
 52.9 
 
 1904 
 
 778,264 
 
 650 
 
 83.5 
 
 1885 
 
 519,965 
 
 266 
 
 51.2 
 49.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 779,154 
 
 693 
 
 86.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,579,659 
 
 1,267 
 
 3,886,870 
 
 3,187 
 
 82.0 
 
 1886 
 
 521,999 
 
 270 
 
 51.7 
 
 1906 
 
 780,044 
 
 803* 
 
 102.9 
 
 1887 
 
 524,039 
 
 275 
 
 52.5 
 
 1907 
 
 780,934 
 
 818* 
 
 104.7 
 
 1888 
 
 526,088 
 
 287 
 
 54.6 
 
 1908 
 
 781,824 
 
 801* 
 
 102.5 
 
 1889 
 
 555,811 
 
 337 
 
 60.6 
 
 1909 
 
 782,714 
 
 840* 
 
 107.3 
 
 1890 
 
 561,561 
 
 314 
 
 55.9 
 55.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 783,605 
 
 896* 
 
 114.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,689,498 
 
 1,483 
 
 3,909,121 
 
 4,158* 
 
 106.4 
 
 1891 
 
 567,272 
 
 339 
 
 59.8 
 
 1911 
 
 784,496 
 
 809 
 
 103.1 
 
 1892 
 
 669,059 
 
 410 
 
 61.3 
 
 1912 
 
 785,600 
 
 844 
 
 107.4 
 
 1893 
 
 677,883 
 
 437 
 
 64.5 
 
 1913 
 
 1,029,478 
 
 971 
 
 94.3 
 
 1894 
 
 686,820 
 
 472 
 
 68.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 695,876 
 
 462 
 
 66.4 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 General on 
 
 
 rifntVio anrl Mar- 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,296,910 
 
 2,120 
 
 64.3 
 
 riages registered in Scotland. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1908, Communications Statistiques 
 
 1896 
 
 705,052 
 
 470 
 
 66.7 
 
 pubUees par le Bureau Municipal de Statis- 
 
 1897 
 
 714,919 
 
 521 
 
 72.9 
 
 tique d'Amsterdam, No 
 
 33. 
 
 
 1898 
 
 724,349 
 
 525 
 
 72.5 
 
 *Deaths of 
 
 non-residjnts included, 1906-1910. 
 
 1899 
 
 742,194 
 
 612 
 
 82.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 753,494 
 
 565 
 
 75.0 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,640,008 
 
 2,693 
 
 
 617 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 41 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 5,145,770 
 
 1,909 
 
 37.1 
 
 1906 4,397,571 
 
 3,481 
 
 79.2 
 
 1882 
 
 5,101,018 
 
 1,882 
 
 36.9 
 
 1907 4,388,451 
 
 3,338 
 
 76.1 
 
 1883 
 
 5,023,811 
 
 1,995 
 
 39.7 
 
 1908 4,384,664 
 
 3,314 
 
 75.6 
 
 1884 
 
 4,974,561 
 
 1,947 
 
 39.1 
 
 1909 4,386,601 
 
 3,502 
 
 79.8 
 
 1885 
 
 4,938,588 
 
 1,925 
 
 39.0 
 38.4 
 
 1910 4,385,421 
 
 3,664 
 
 83.5 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 25,183,748 
 
 9,658 
 
 1906-1910 21,942,708 
 
 17,299 
 
 78.8 
 
 1886 
 
 4,905,895 
 
 2,029 
 
 41.4 
 
 1911 4,383,608 
 
 3,582 
 
 81.7 
 
 1887 
 
 4,857,119 
 
 2,067 
 
 42.6 
 
 1912 4,384,710 
 
 3,734 
 
 85.2 
 
 1888 
 
 4,801,312 
 
 2,003 
 
 41.7 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 4,757,385 
 
 2,134 
 
 44.9 
 
 Source : Detailed Annual Reports of the 
 
 1890 
 
 4,717,959 
 
 2,145 
 
 45.5 
 
 Registrar-General for 
 
 Ireland 
 
 on Mar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 riages. Births and Deaths. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 24,039,670 
 
 10,378 
 
 43.2 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 4,680,376 
 
 2,163 
 
 46.2 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 4,633,808 
 
 2,221 
 
 47.9 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 4,607,462 
 
 2,280 
 
 49.5 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 4,589,260 
 
 2,375 
 
 51.8 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 4,559,936 
 
 2,296 
 
 50.4 
 49.1 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 23,070,842 
 
 11,335 
 
 
 1896 
 
 4,542,061 
 
 2,437 
 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 4,529,917 
 
 2,635 
 
 58.2 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 4,518,478 
 
 2,657 
 
 58.8 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 4,502,401 
 
 2,654 
 
 58.9 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 4,468,501 
 
 2,717 
 13,100 
 
 60.8 
 58.1 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 22,561,358 
 
 
 1901 
 
 4,447,085 
 
 2,893 
 
 65.1 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 4,434,551 
 
 2,861 
 
 64.5 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 4,417,757 
 
 3,048 
 
 69.0 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 4,408,103 
 
 3,055 
 
 69.3 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 4,399,308 
 
 3,291 
 
 74.8 
 68.5 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 22,106,804 
 
 15,148 
 
 
 618 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 42 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, Males 
 
 1893-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1893 
 
 2,268,440 
 
 1,052 
 
 46.4 
 
 1906 
 
 2,186,778 
 
 1,566 
 
 71.6 
 
 1894 
 
 2,259,919 
 
 1,066 
 
 47.2 
 
 1907 
 
 2,183,051 
 
 1,530 
 
 70.1 
 
 1895 
 
 2,247,303 
 
 995 
 
 44.3 
 
 1908 
 
 2,184,127 
 
 1,527 
 
 69.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 2,187,792 
 
 1,631 
 
 74.6 
 
 1896 
 
 2,239,138 
 
 1,100 
 
 49.1 
 
 1910 
 
 2,188,271 
 
 1,712 
 
 78.2 
 
 1897 
 
 2,234,205 
 2,229,701 
 
 1,214 
 1,238 
 
 54.3 
 55.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 10,930,019 
 
 7,966 
 
 72.9 
 
 1899 
 
 2,221,965 
 
 1,193 
 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 2,204,921 
 
 1,212 
 
 55.0 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 2,188,155 
 2,189,429 
 
 1,778 
 1,768 
 
 81.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 11,129,930 
 
 5,957 
 
 53.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Detailed Annual Reports of the 
 
 1901 
 
 2,196,182 
 
 1,296 
 
 59.0 
 
 Registrar-General for 
 
 Ireland 
 
 on Mar- 
 
 1902 
 
 2,193,561 
 
 1,286 
 
 58.6 
 
 riages. Births and Deaths. 
 
 
 1903 
 
 2,189,440 
 
 1,350 
 
 61.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 2,188,276 
 
 1,376 
 
 62.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,186,577 
 
 1,443 
 
 66.0 
 61.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 10,954,036 
 
 6,751 
 
 
 Table 43 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, Females 
 
 1893-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1893 
 
 2,339,022 
 
 1,228 
 
 52.5 
 
 1906 
 
 2,210,793 
 
 1,915 
 
 86.6 
 
 1894 
 
 2,329,341 
 
 1,309 
 
 56.2 
 
 1907 
 
 2,205,400 
 
 1,808 
 
 82.0 
 
 1895 
 
 2,312,633 
 
 1,301 
 
 56.3 
 
 1908 
 
 2,200,537 
 
 1,787 
 
 81.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 2,198,809 
 
 1,871 
 
 85.1 
 
 1896 
 
 2,302,923 
 
 1,337 
 
 58.1 
 
 1910 
 
 2,197,150 
 
 1,952 
 
 88.8 
 
 1897 
 . 1898 
 
 2,295,712 
 
 2,288,777 
 
 1,421 
 1,419 
 
 61.9 
 62.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 11,012,689 
 
 9,333 
 
 84.7 
 
 1899 
 
 2,280,436 
 
 1,461 
 
 64.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 2,263,580 
 
 1,505 
 
 66.5 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,195,453 
 2,195,281 
 
 1,804 
 1,966 
 
 82.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 89.6 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 11,431,428 
 
 7,143 
 
 62.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Detailed Annual Reports of the 
 
 1901 
 
 2,250,903 
 
 1,597 
 
 70.9 
 
 Registrar- 
 
 General for 
 
 Ireland 
 
 on Mar- 
 
 1902 
 
 2,240,990 
 
 1,575 
 
 70.3 
 
 riages. Births and Deaths. 
 
 
 1903 
 
 2,228,317 
 
 1,698 
 
 76.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 2,219,827 
 
 1,679 
 
 75.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,212,731 
 
 1,848 
 
 83.5 
 75.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 11,152,768 
 
 8,397 
 
 
 619 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 44 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, by Provinces and Counties 
 
 1901-1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 County Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Antrim 1,949,770 1,753 89.9 
 
 Belfast Coimty Borough 3,680,630 2,713 73.7 
 
 Down 2,050,960 1,912 93.2 
 
 Armagh 1,228,420 1,332 108.4 
 
 Londonderry 1,425,150 1,382 97.0 
 
 Tyrone 1,466,160 1,326 90.4 
 
 Monaghan 730,330 603 82.6 
 
 Donegal 1,711,290 1,205 70.4 
 
 Fermanagh 636,330 456 71.7 
 
 Cavan 943,570 584 61.9 
 
 Total for Ulster 15,822,610 13,266 83.8 
 
 Louth 647,420 598 92.4 
 
 Meath 662,940 573 86.4 
 
 Dublin 1,649,810 1,576 95.5 
 
 Dublin County Borough 2,977,200 3,002 100.8 
 
 Kildare 650,970 501 77.0 
 
 Wicklow 607,680 497 81.8 
 
 Carlow 370,000 296 80.0 
 
 Wexford 1,031,880 720 69.8 
 
 Kilkenny 770,610 432 56.1 
 
 Queens 560,230 375 66.9 
 
 Kings 585,090 413 70.6 
 
 Westmeath 608,070 446 73.3 
 
 Longford 452,470 231 51.1 
 
 Total for Leinster 11,574,370 9,660 83.5 
 
 Leitrim 664,620 388 58.4 
 
 Sligo 815,640 426 52.2 
 
 Roscommon 978,730 475 48.5 
 
 Mayo 1,956,720 828 42.3 
 
 Galway 1,873,870 953 50.9 
 
 Total for Connaught 6,289,580 3,070 48.8. 
 
 Waterford 855,760 645 75.4 
 
 Cork 3,983,580 2,743 68.9 
 
 Tipperary, S. R 909,850 680 74.7 
 
 Tipperary, N. R 653,480 369 56.5 
 
 Limerick 1,445,830 861 59.6 
 
 Clare 1,082,830 557 51.4 
 
 Kerry 1,627,080 596 36.6 
 
 Total for Munster 10,558,410 6,451 61.1 
 
 Total for Ireland 44,244,970 32.447 73.3 ■ 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Forty-seventh Report of the Registrar-General of Mar- 
 riages, Births and Deaths in Ireland for the years 1901-1910. 
 
 620 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 45 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1901-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Larynx 
 
 Lungs 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Tongue. . . . 
 Pharynx. . . . 
 (Esophagus. 
 Stomach. . . 
 Intestines. . 
 Rectum. . . . 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 1,682 
 
 Pancreas 
 
 Glands of neck 
 
 Kidney and bladder 
 
 Prostate 
 
 Male generative organs 
 
 Ovary 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Breast 
 
 Arm, leg 
 
 Jaw 
 
 Face 
 
 Lips 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Ill-defined 
 
 Not specified 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 158 
 
 0.7 
 
 70 
 
 0.3 
 
 156 
 
 0.7 
 
 733 
 
 3.3 
 
 494 
 
 2.3 
 
 456 
 
 2.1 
 
 4,271 
 
 19.5 
 
 878 
 
 4.0 
 
 986 
 
 4.5 
 
 1,682 
 
 7.7 
 
 119 
 
 0.5 
 
 606 
 
 2.8 
 
 255 
 
 1.2 
 
 117 
 
 0.5 
 
 178 
 
 0.8 
 
 65 
 
 0.3 
 
 403 
 
 1.8 
 
 573 
 
 2.6 
 
 588 
 
 2.7 
 
 672 
 
 3.1 
 
 750 
 
 3.4 
 
 372 
 
 1.8 
 
 135 
 
 0.6 
 
 All organs 14,717 
 
 67.2 
 
 FEIVIALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 86 
 
 0.4 
 
 76 
 
 0.3 
 
 44 
 
 0.2 
 
 127 
 
 0.6 
 
 144 
 
 0.6 
 
 235 
 
 1.1 
 
 3,771 
 
 17.0 
 
 1,026 
 
 4.6 
 
 744 
 
 3.4 
 
 2,336 
 
 10.5 
 
 137 
 
 0.6 
 
 289 
 
 1.3 
 
 145 
 
 0.7 
 
 260 
 
 1.2 
 
 2,319 
 
 10.5 
 
 2,957 
 
 13.3 
 
 545 
 
 2.5 
 
 204 
 
 0.9 
 
 482 
 
 2.2 
 
 122 
 
 0.6 
 
 833 
 
 3.8 
 
 708 
 
 3.1 
 
 140 
 
 0.6 
 
 17,730 
 
 80.0 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Forty-seventh Report of the Registrar-General of Mar- 
 riages, Births and Deaths in Ireland, containing Decennial Summaries for the years 1901- 
 1910. 
 
 621 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 46 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, by Age and Sex 
 
 1901-1910 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Ages Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Under 25 10,992,361 237 2.2 
 
 25-34 3,153,492 328 10.4 
 
 35-44 2,525,420 1,014 40.2 
 
 45-54 1,956,435 2,519 128.8 
 
 55-64 1,529,695 4,269 279.1 
 
 65-74 1,197,058 4,357 364.0 
 
 75 and over 529,594 1,993 376.3 
 
 All ages 21,884,055 14,717 67.2 
 
 FE3*L\LES 
 
 Under 25 10,761,329 205 1.9 
 
 25-34 3,280,488 566 17.3 
 
 35-44 : 2,549,028 1,939 76.1 
 
 45-54 2,063,604 3,868 187.4 
 
 55-64 1,624,728 5,177 318.6 
 
 65-74 1,316,628 4,137 314.2 
 
 75 and over 569,652 1,838 322.7 
 
 All ages 22,165,457 17,730 80.0 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Forty-seventh Report of the Registrar-General of Mar- 
 riages, Births and Deaths in Ireland, containing Decennial Summaries for the years 
 1901-1910. 
 
 622 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 47 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 and Duration of Illness, Males 
 
 1901 
 
 Number of Deaths by Duration op Illness 
 
 6 Mos. 6 Mos. 1 Year 2 Years Over Total Cases Duration 
 
 and to to to 3 of Known Not Grand 
 
 Organ or Part Under 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years Years Duration Given Total 
 
 Face and nose 10 12 19 5 12 58 9 67 
 
 Jaw 9 24 7 2 1 43 5 48 
 
 Lips 3 17 20 9 9 58 5 63 
 
 Tongue 11 24 8 2 . . 45 3 48 
 
 Pharynx and throat . . 13 15 8 . . 2 38 6 44 
 
 (Esophagus 9 18 1 .. .. 28 1 29 
 
 Stomach 136 120 64 4 3 327 63 390 
 
 Rectum 14 28 28 4 2 76 13 89 
 
 Other intestines 19 14 11 1 2 47 21 68 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 72 37 16 4 1 130 25 155 
 
 Glands of the neck.... 15 29 3 2 . . 49 12 61 
 Other or not specified 
 
 organs 58 63 44 12 8 185 49 234 
 
 All organs 369 401 229 45 40 1,084 212 1,296 
 
 Percentage op Distribution of Cases with Known Duration 
 
 Face and nose 17.2 20.7 32.8 8.6 20.7 100.0 
 
 Jaw 20.9 55.8 16.3 4.7 2.3 100.0 
 
 Lips 5.2 29.3 34.5 15.5 15.5 100.0 
 
 Tongue 24.5 53.3 17.8 4.4 . . 100.0 
 
 Pharynx and throat .. 34.2 39.5 21.0 .. 5.3 100.0 
 
 (Esophagus 32.1 64.3 3.6 .. .. 100.0 
 
 Stomach 41.6 36.7 19.6 1.2 0.9 100.0 
 
 Rectum 18.4 36.8 36.8 5.3 2.7 100.0 
 
 Other intestines 40.4 29.8 23.4 2.1 4.3 100.0 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 55.4 28.4 12.3 3.1 0.8 100.0 
 
 Glands of the neck.... 30.6 59.2 6.1 4.1 .. 100.0 
 Other or not specified 
 
 organs 31.3 34.1 23.8 6.5 4.3 100.0 
 
 All organs 34.0 37.0 21.1 4.2 3.7 100.0 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Thirty-eighth Detailed Annual R<eport of the Registrar- 
 General of Marriages, Births and Deaths in Ireland. 
 
 623 
 41 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 48 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ireland, by Organs and Parts 
 and Duration of Illness, Females 
 1901 
 
 Ndmbeb of Deaths bt Duration op Illness 
 
 6 Mos. 6 Mos. 1 Year 2 Years Over Total Cases Duration 
 
 and to to to 3 of Known Not Grand 
 
 Organ or Part Under 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years Years Duration Given Total 
 
 Face and nose 4 10 8 8 9 39 11 50 
 
 Jaw 7 4 2 11 15 3 18 
 
 Lips 2 2 4 11 10 1 11 
 
 Tongue 3 4 2 .. .. 9 2 11 
 
 Phari-nx and throat.. 3 6 9 3 12 
 
 (Esophagus 6 5 2 . . 13 2 15 
 
 Stomach 123 109 67 11 5 315 48 363 
 
 Eectum 7 18 19 2 1 47 4 51 
 
 Other intestines 16 25 7 3 .. 51 17 68 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 90 52 19 . . 1 162 29 191 
 
 Glands of the neck... 10 2 4 1 . . 17 3 20 
 
 Breast 26 75 87 25 18 231 34 265 
 
 Uterus 38 87 49 7 6 187 50 237 
 
 Other or not specified 
 
 organs 7i 73 50 14 14 223 62 285 
 
 All organs 407 472 320 73 56 1,328 269 1,597 
 
 Pehcentage of Disteibution of Cases with Known Duration 
 
 Face and nose 10.3 25.6 20.5 20.5 23.1 100.0 
 
 Jaw 46.6 26.7 13.3 6.7 6.7 100.0 
 
 Lips 20.0 20.0 40.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 
 
 Tongue 33.3 44.5 22.2 . . . . 100.0 
 
 Pharj-nx and throat. . 33.3 66.7 100.0 
 
 (Esophagus 46.1 38.5 15.4 .. .. 100.0 
 
 Stomach 39.0 34.6 21.3 3.5 1.6 100.0 
 
 Rectum 14.9 38.3 40.4 4.3 2.1 100.0 
 
 Other intestines 31.4 49.0 13.7 5.9 .. 100.0 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 55.6 32.1 11.7 .. 0.6 100.0 
 
 Glands of the neck.... 58.8 11.8 23.5 5.9 .. 100.0 
 
 Breast 11.2 32.5 37.7 10.8 7.8 100.0 
 
 Uterus 20.3 46.5 26.2 3.8 3.2 100.0 
 
 Other or not specified 
 
 organs '32.3 32.7 22.4 6.3 6.3 100.0 
 
 All organs 30.7 35.5 24.1 5.5 4.2 100.0 
 
 Source: Supplement to the Thirty-eighth Detailed Annual Report of the Registrar- 
 General of Marriages, Births and Deaths in Ireland. 
 
 624 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 49 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Dublin 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 290,638 
 
 237 
 
 81.5 
 
 1906 
 
 297,718 
 
 306 
 
 102.8 
 
 1902 
 
 292,054 
 
 251 
 
 85.9 
 
 1907 
 
 299,134 
 
 297 
 
 99.3 
 
 1903 
 
 293,470 
 
 295 
 
 100.5 
 
 1908 
 
 300,550 
 
 314 
 
 104.5 
 
 1904 
 
 294,886 
 
 280 
 
 95.0 
 
 1909 
 
 301,966 
 
 314 
 
 104.0 
 
 1905 
 
 296,302 
 
 273 
 
 92.1 
 91.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 303,382 
 
 369 
 
 121.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1.467,350 
 
 1,336 
 
 1,502,750 
 
 1,600 
 
 106.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 304,802 
 
 348 
 
 114.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 306,218 
 
 356 
 
 116.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Detailed Annual Reports of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Registrar- 
 
 General for 
 
 Ireland 
 
 on Mar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 riages. Births and Deaths. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906, Report on th 
 
 e State 
 
 of Public 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health in 
 
 the City of DubHn. 
 
 
 Table 50 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Belfast 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 349,180 
 352,956 
 356,732 
 360,509 
 364,285 
 
 224 
 218 
 239 
 245 
 282 
 
 64.2 
 61.8 
 67.0 
 68.0 
 
 77.4 
 
 67.7 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 368,062 
 371,838 
 375,615 
 379,391 
 383,168 
 
 261 
 278 
 304 
 332 
 330 
 
 70.9 
 74.8 
 80.9 
 87.5 
 86.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,783,662 
 
 1,208 
 
 1,878,074 
 
 1,505 
 
 80.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 386,947 
 390,724 
 
 315 
 331 
 
 81.4 
 84.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : Detailed Annual Reports of the 
 Registrar- General for Ireland on Mar- 
 riages, Births and Deaths. 
 
 625 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 51 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Isle of Man 
 
 1902-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 54,481 
 54,210 
 53,938 
 53,666 
 
 60 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 72 
 
 110.1 
 114.4 
 107.5 
 134.2 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 53,394 
 53,122 
 
 52,850 
 52,578 
 52,306 
 
 65 
 59 
 
 68 
 68 
 70 
 
 121.7 
 111.1 
 
 128.7 
 129.3 
 133.8 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 216,295 
 
 252 
 
 116.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 264,250 
 
 330 
 
 124.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 52,034 
 51,762 
 51,490 
 
 80 
 53 
 
 87 
 
 153.7 
 102.4 
 169.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 General on Births, Deaths, Marriages and 
 Vaccinations in the Isle of Man. 
 
 Table 52 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Isle of Man, Males 
 
 1902-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 25,345 
 25,191 
 25,038 
 24,885 
 
 24 
 33 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 94.7 
 131.0 
 107.8 
 112.5 
 
 111.5 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 24,732 
 24,580 
 
 24,422 
 24,265 
 24,108 
 
 33 
 25 
 31 
 31 
 39 
 
 133.4 
 101.7 
 126.8 
 127.8 
 161.8 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 100,459 
 
 112 
 
 122,107 
 
 159 
 
 130.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 23,951 
 23,811 
 23,671 
 
 32 
 21 
 36 
 
 133.6 
 
 88.2 
 152.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 General on Births, Deaths, Marriages and 
 Vaccinations in the Isle of Man. 
 
 626 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 53 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Isle of Man, Females 
 
 1902-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 
 29,136 
 
 36 
 
 123.6 
 
 1906 
 
 28,662 
 
 32 
 
 111.6 
 
 1903 
 
 29,019 
 
 29 
 
 99.9 
 
 1907 
 
 28,542 
 
 34 
 
 119.1 
 
 1904 
 
 28,900 
 
 31 
 
 107.3 
 
 1908 
 
 28,428 
 
 37 
 
 130.2 
 
 1905 
 
 28,781 
 
 44 
 
 152.9 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 28,313 
 28,198 
 
 37 
 31 
 
 130.7 
 109.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 115,836 
 
 140 
 
 120.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 142.143 
 
 171 
 
 120.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 28,083 
 
 48 
 
 170.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 27,951 
 
 32 
 
 114.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 27,819 
 
 51 
 
 183.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Registrar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 General on Births, Deaths, Marriages and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vaccinations in the Isle of Man. 
 
 
 Table 54 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Guernsey, Channel Islands 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 40,200 
 
 34 
 
 84.6 
 
 1906 
 
 40,990 
 
 48 
 
 117.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 41,174 
 
 58 
 
 140.9 
 
 1901 
 
 40,300 
 
 34 
 
 84.4 
 
 1908 
 
 41,350 
 
 46 
 
 111.2 
 
 1902 
 
 40,475 
 
 40 
 
 98.8 
 
 1909 
 
 41,524 
 
 35 
 
 84.3 
 
 1903 
 
 40,650 
 
 40 
 
 98.4 
 
 1910 
 
 41,670 
 
 47 
 
 112.8 
 
 1904 
 
 40,795 
 
 39 
 
 95.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 40,884 
 
 47 
 
 115.0 
 98.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 206,708 
 41,854 
 
 234 
 53 
 
 113.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 203,104 
 
 200 
 
 126.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 41,900 
 
 44 
 
 105.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 42,000 
 
 48 
 
 114.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Guernsey, 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Annual 
 
 
 
 
 
 Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 
 
 
 
 
 
 the year 1913. 
 
 
 
 627 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 55 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Gibraltar* 
 
 1900-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 20,230 
 
 21 
 
 103.8 
 
 1906 
 
 19,971 
 
 13 
 
 65.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 19,894 
 
 7 
 
 35.2 
 
 1901 
 
 20,355 
 
 18 
 
 88.4 
 
 1908 
 
 19,817 
 
 13 
 
 65.6 
 
 1902 
 
 20,279 
 
 16 
 
 78.9 
 
 1909 
 
 19,740 
 
 13 
 
 65.9 
 
 1903 
 
 20,202 
 
 5 
 
 24.8 
 
 1910 
 
 19,663 
 
 21 
 
 106.8 
 
 1904 
 
 20,125 
 
 12 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 20,048 
 
 14 
 
 69.8 
 64.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 99,085 
 19,586 
 
 67 
 16 
 
 67.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 101,009 
 
 65 
 
 81.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 19,017 
 
 18 
 
 94.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 18,448 
 
 19 
 
 103.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Public 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health of Gibraltar. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * The civil 
 
 population only. 
 
 
 
 Table 56 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Malta and Gozo 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 175,486 
 
 76 
 
 43.3 
 
 1906 
 
 199,784 
 
 94 
 
 47.1 
 
 1897 
 
 176,976 
 
 87 
 
 49.2 
 
 1907 
 
 202,649 
 
 110 
 
 54.3 
 
 1898 
 
 178,466 
 
 78 
 
 43.7 
 
 1908 
 
 205,514 
 
 96 
 
 46.7 
 
 1899 
 
 179,956 
 
 86 
 
 47.8 
 
 1909 
 
 208,379 
 
 102 
 
 48.9 
 
 1900 
 
 182,594 
 
 88 
 
 48.2 
 46.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 211,244 
 
 98 
 
 46.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 893,478 
 
 415 
 
 1,027,570 
 
 500 
 
 48.7 
 
 1901 
 
 185,459 
 
 98 
 
 52.8 
 
 1911 
 
 214,112 
 
 107 
 
 50.0 
 
 1902 
 
 188,324 
 
 87 
 
 46.2 
 
 1912 
 
 216,947 
 
 109 
 
 50.2 
 
 1903 
 
 191,189 
 
 89 
 
 46.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 194,054 
 
 107 
 
 55.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Malta, Annual Reports on the 
 
 1905 
 
 196,919 
 
 76 
 
 38.6 
 
 47.8 
 
 Public Health Department. 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 955,945 
 
 457 
 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 57 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Malta and Gozo, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1911-1913 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity , 
 
 Stomach and iiver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum , 
 
 Breast , 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs 
 
 MA 
 
 LES 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 8 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 33 
 
 15.3 
 
 24 
 
 11.1 
 
 6 
 
 2.8 
 
 10 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 13.9 
 
 io 
 
 4.7 
 
 3 
 
 1.4 
 
 41 
 
 19.1 
 
 23 
 
 10.7 
 
 All organs . 
 
 98 
 
 45.6 
 
 113 
 
 52.3 
 
 Source: Malta, Reports on the Public Health Department, 1911-1912 and 1912-1913. 
 Note: Two fiscal years, ending March 31, 1913. 
 
 Table 58 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 9,566,500 
 
 4,725 
 
 49.4 
 
 1901 
 
 2,235,000 
 
 2,126 
 
 95.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 2,254,600 
 
 2,064 
 
 91.5 
 
 1886 
 
 1,943,900 
 
 984 
 
 50.6 
 
 1903 
 
 2,265,900 
 
 2,112 
 
 93.2 
 
 1887 
 
 1,955,200 
 
 1,094 
 
 56.0 
 
 1904 
 
 2,274,500 
 
 2,182 
 
 95.9 
 
 1888 
 
 1,961,800 
 
 1,091 
 
 55.6 
 
 1905 
 
 2,284,400 
 
 2,248 
 
 98.4 
 
 1889 
 
 1,969,200 
 l,981,60a 
 
 1,116 
 1,131 
 
 56.7 
 57.1 
 
 55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 11,314,400 
 2,293,800 
 
 10,732 
 2,239 
 
 94.9 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 9,811,700 
 
 5,416 
 
 97.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 2,302,700 
 
 2,310 
 
 100.3 
 
 1891 
 
 1,996,900 
 
 1,224 
 
 61.3 
 
 1908 
 
 2,318,400 
 
 2,252 
 
 97.1 
 
 1892 
 
 2,010,000 
 
 1,278 
 
 63.6 
 
 1909 
 
 2,338,400 
 
 2,226 
 
 95.2 
 
 1893 
 
 2,021,400 
 
 1,405 
 
 69.5 
 
 1910 
 
 2,353,300 
 
 2,186 
 
 92.9 
 
 1894 
 
 2,039,800 
 2,065,900 
 
 1,449 
 1,464 
 
 71.0 
 70.9 
 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 11,606,600 
 2,370,700 
 
 11,213 
 
 2,292 
 
 96.6 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 10,134,000 
 
 6,820 
 
 96.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 2,393,300 
 
 2,505 
 
 104.8 
 
 1896 
 
 2,094,100 
 
 1,691* 
 
 80.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 2,123,700 
 
 1,802 
 
 84.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Norges 
 
 ofBcielle 
 
 Statistik: 
 
 1898 
 
 2,155,400 
 
 l,802t 
 
 83.6 ■ 
 
 Sundhedstilstanden og Medicinalforholdene. 
 
 1899 
 
 2,185,300 
 
 1,931 
 
 88.4 
 
 Statistisk 
 
 Aarsbok for Xongeriket Norge. 
 
 1900 
 
 2,211,300 
 
 2,008 
 
 90.8 
 
 *Two cases sex unknown, t One 
 
 case sex un- 
 
 
 
 
 
 known 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 10,769,800 
 
 9,234 
 
 85.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 629 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 59 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway, Males 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 1,014,374 
 
 835 
 
 82.3 
 
 1906 
 
 1,110,458 
 
 1,106 
 
 99.6 
 
 1897 
 
 1,029,302 
 
 901 
 
 87.5 
 
 1907 
 
 1,114,233 
 
 1,088 
 
 97.6 
 
 1898 
 
 1,045,266 
 
 931 
 
 89.1 
 
 1908 
 
 1,121,292 
 
 1,095 
 
 97.7 
 
 1899 
 
 1,060,373 
 
 954 
 
 90.0 
 
 1909 
 
 1,130,422 
 
 1,039 
 
 91.9 
 
 1900 
 
 1,073,604 
 
 989 
 
 92.1 
 88.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,1.37,079 
 
 1,069 
 
 94.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 5,222,919 
 
 4,610 
 
 5,613,484 
 
 5,397 
 
 96.1 
 
 1901 
 
 1,084,590 
 
 1,062 
 
 97.9 
 
 1911 
 
 1,144,937 
 
 1,164 
 
 101.7 
 
 1902 
 
 1,093,576 
 
 1,026 
 
 93.8 
 
 1912 
 
 1,155,057 
 
 1,265 
 
 109.7 
 
 1903 
 
 1,098,529 
 
 1,048 
 
 95.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1,102,170 
 
 1,091 
 
 99.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Norges 
 
 officielle 
 
 Statistik: 
 
 1905 
 
 1,106,438 
 
 1,087 
 
 98.2 
 
 Sundhedstilstanden og Medicinalf orholdene . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Statistisk Aarsbok for Kongerik 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 5,485,303 
 
 5,314 
 
 96.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 60 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway, Females 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 1,079,726 
 
 854 
 
 79.1 
 
 1906 
 
 1,183,342 
 
 1,133 
 
 95.7 
 
 1897 
 
 1,094,398 
 
 901 
 
 82.3 
 
 1907 
 
 1,188,467 
 
 1,222 
 
 102.8 
 
 1898 
 
 1,110,134 
 
 870 
 
 78.4 
 
 1908 
 
 1,197,108 
 
 1,157 
 
 96.6 
 
 1899 
 
 1,124,927 
 
 977 
 
 86.9 
 
 1909 
 
 1,207,978 
 
 1,187 
 
 98.3 
 
 1900 
 
 1,137,696 
 
 1,019 
 
 89.6 
 83.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,216,221 
 
 1,117 
 
 91.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 5,546,881 
 
 4,621 
 
 5,993,116 
 
 5,816 
 
 97.0 
 
 1901 
 
 1,150,410 
 
 1,064 
 
 92.5 
 
 1911 
 
 1,225,763 
 
 1,128 
 
 92.0 
 
 1902 
 
 1,161,024 
 
 1,038 
 
 89.4 
 
 1912 
 
 1,238,243 
 
 1,240 
 
 100.3 
 
 1903 
 
 1,167,371 
 
 1,064 
 
 91.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1,172,330 
 
 1,091 
 
 93.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Norges 
 
 officielle 
 
 Statistik: 
 
 1905 
 
 1,177,962 
 
 1,161 
 
 98.6 
 
 Sundhedstilstanden og Medicinalf orholdene. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Statistisk 
 
 Aarsbok for 
 
 Kongeriket Norge. 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 5,829,097 
 
 5,418 
 
 92.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 630 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 61 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1896-1910 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 Organ or Part from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Stomach 9,847 
 
 Liver 999 
 
 Breast 9 
 
 Generative organs 181 
 
 Other organs 2,925 
 
 Not specified 473 
 
 Sarcoma 887 
 
 All organs 15,321 
 
 93.9 
 
 s 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 60.3 
 
 8,033 
 
 46.2 
 
 6.1 
 
 922 
 
 5.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 1,156 
 
 6.7 
 
 1.1 
 
 1,833 
 
 10.5 
 
 17.9 
 
 2,651 
 
 15.3 
 
 2.9 
 
 480 
 
 2.8 
 
 5.5 
 
 780 
 
 4.5 
 
 15,855 
 
 91.3 
 
 Table 62 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway 
 
 Relative Mortality of Females, by Organs and Parts, 1896-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Popuiatiox 
 Males Females 
 
 Relative Mortality 
 of Females 
 
 Breast 
 
 Generative organs 
 
 Not specified . 
 
 0.06 
 
 1.11 
 
 2.90 
 
 6.66 
 10.55 
 
 2.76 
 
 5.31 
 15.26 
 
 4.49 
 46.25 
 
 11,100 
 
 950 
 
 95 
 
 Liver 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Stomach 
 
 6.12 
 
 17.92 
 
 5.43 
 
 60.33 
 
 87 
 85 
 83 
 
 77 
 
 All organs 
 
 93.87 
 
 91.28 
 
 97 
 
 Note: In this table the mortality of males from cancer of any organ or part is taken as 
 100 and the corresponding mortality of females is given accordingly. 
 
 Table 63 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway, by Age and Sex 
 
 1896-1910 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Age Groups 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Age Groups 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Under 10 
 
 4,195,228 
 
 102 
 
 2.4 
 
 Under 10 
 
 4,029,369 
 
 55 
 
 1.4 
 
 10-19 
 
 3,507,441 
 
 71 
 
 2.0 
 
 10-19 
 
 3,406,113 
 
 67 
 
 2.0 
 
 20-29 
 
 2,399,349 
 
 136 
 
 5.7 
 
 20-29 
 
 2,672,077 
 
 154 
 
 5.8 
 
 30-39 
 
 1,784,657 
 
 365 
 
 20.5 
 
 30-39 
 
 2,134,539 
 
 630 
 
 29.5 
 
 40-49 
 
 1,536,051 
 
 1,296 
 
 84.4 
 
 40-49 
 
 1,773,387 
 
 1,938 
 
 109.3 
 
 50-59 
 
 1,191,531 
 
 3,147 
 
 264.1 
 
 50-59 
 
 1,355,950 
 
 3,379 
 
 249.2 
 
 60-69 
 
 929,889 
 
 4,783 
 
 514.4 
 
 60-69 
 
 1,058,502 
 
 4,337 
 
 409.7 
 
 70-79 
 
 604,601 
 
 4,287 
 
 709.1 
 
 70-79 
 
 710,312 
 
 3,956 
 
 556.9 
 
 80-89 
 
 161,850 
 
 1,064 
 
 657.4 
 
 80-89 
 
 209,724 
 
 1,251 
 
 596.5 
 
 90 and over 11,109 
 
 53 
 
 477.1 
 
 90 and over 19,121 
 
 71 
 
 371.3 
 
 Age imknown 
 
 17 
 
 93.9 
 
 Age unknc 
 All ages 
 
 3wn 
 
 17 
 
 
 All ages 
 
 16,321,706 
 
 15,321 
 
 17,369,094 
 
 15,855 
 
 91.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Norges officielle Statistik : Sund- 
 
 
 
 
 
 hedstilstanden og Medicinalforholdene. 
 
 631 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 64 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, Males 
 
 1896-1910 
 
 AGE GROUPS 
 
 ' 80 and 
 
 Organ or Part Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Over 
 
 Deaths fkom Canceh 
 
 Stomach 40 206 872 2,184 3,229 2,747 562 
 
 Liver 3 15 83 191 342 286 79 
 
 Breast .. .. 2 3 3 1 
 
 Generative organs 1 6 10 24 45 65 30 
 
 Otherorgans 40 55 201 524 823 920 352 
 
 Notspecified 8 11 32 98 158 130 36 
 
 Sarcoma 217 72 98 124 183 136 57 
 
 Rate peb 100,000 Population 
 
 Stomach 0.40 11.54 56.77 183.29 347.25 454.35 324.93 
 
 Liver 0.03 0.84 5.40 16.03 36.78 47.30 45.68 
 
 Breast .. .. 0.17 0.32 0.50 0.58 
 
 Generative organs 0.01 0.34 0.65 2.01 4.84 10.75 17.35 
 
 Otherorgans 0.40 3.08 13.09 43.98 88.51 152.17 203.52 
 
 Notspecified 0.08 0.62 2.08 8.22 16.99 21.50 20.81 
 
 Sarcoma 2.15 4.03 6.38 10.41 19.68 22.49 32.96 
 
 Source: Norges officielle Statistik: Sundhedstilstanden og MedicinaKorholdene. 
 
 Table 65 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Norway, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, Females 
 
 1896-1910 
 
 AGE GROUPS 
 
 80 and 
 
 Organ or Part Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Over 
 
 Deaths from Cancer 
 
 Stomach 37 220 780 1,677 2,429 2,257 627 
 
 Liver 6 23 96 202 254 245 94 
 
 Breast 8 77 247 292 268 180 83 
 
 Generative organs 28 144 409 490 405 263 91 
 
 Otherorgans 25 86 253 494 708 745 335 
 
 Notspecified 7 20 55 97 137 124 40 
 
 Sarcoma 165 60 98 127 136 142 52 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Stomach 0.37 10.31 43.98 123.68 229.48 317.75 273.98 
 
 Liver 0.06 1.08 5.41 14.90 24.00 34.49 41.08 
 
 Breast 0.08 3.61 13.93 21.53 25.32 25.34 36.27 
 
 Generative organs 0.28 6.75 23.06 36.14 38.26 37.03 39.76 
 
 Otherorgans 0.25 4.03 14.27 36.43 66.89 104.88 146.39 
 
 Notspecified 0.07 0.94 3.10 7.15 12.94 17.46 17.48 
 
 Sarcoma 1.63 2.81 5.53 9.37 12.85 19.99 22.72 
 
 Source: Norges ofBcielle Statistik: Sundhedstilstanden og MedicinaKorholdene. 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 66 
 
 Proportionate Mortality from Cancer in Norway, for Whole Country 
 
 and for Cities, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1896-1901 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Breast 
 
 Generative organs . 
 Other organs 
 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 
 Whole Country 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Total 
 
 66.9 
 
 52.9 
 
 60.0 
 
 7.6 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.8 
 
 0.1 
 
 7.4 
 
 3.8 
 
 1.0 
 
 11.6 
 
 6.3 
 
 24.4 
 
 22.1 
 
 23.1 
 
 All organs 100.0 
 
 Source: Dr. Munch Soegaard: 
 fiir Krebsforschung, 1913. 
 
 
 Cities 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Total 
 
 64.0 
 
 45.6 
 
 54.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 7.6 
 
 4.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 16.2 
 
 9.5 
 
 25.8 
 
 23.6 
 
 24.3 
 
 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
 
 Die Krebs Formationen Norwegens. In: Zeitschrift 
 
 Table 67 
 
 Proportionate Mortality from Cancer in Norway, by Organs afid Parts 
 
 and Geographical Divisions of Kingdom 
 
 1896-1907 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 
 Male Gen. Female 
 Stomach Liver Breast Organs Gen. Organs 
 
 Southern Norway... 60.8 7.2 3.8 0.6 5.3 
 
 Interior Norway 62.4 7.0 3.7 0.7 5.0 
 
 Western Norway 62.3 5.5 3.8 0.6 5.9 
 
 Northern Norway... 68.6 5.2 3.2 0.6 4.8 
 
 Total 62.7 6.4 3.7 0.6 5.3 
 
 Cities alone 52.5 8.0 4.7 10.5 
 
 Rural alone 67.6 5.6 3.2 3.7 
 
 Source: Dr. Munch Soegaard: Die Krebs Formationen Norwegens. 
 fiir Krebsforschung, 1913. 
 
 Other 
 Organs 
 
 17.5 
 16.6 
 
 18.4 
 14.8 
 
 17.2 
 
 Not 
 Specified 
 
 4.8 
 4.6 
 3.5 
 
 2.8 
 
 4.1 
 
 24.3 
 19.9 
 
 In: Zeitschrift 
 
 Table 68 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Kristiania 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 192,174 
 
 182 
 
 94.7 
 
 1906 
 
 235,441 
 
 233 
 
 99.0 
 
 1897 
 
 199,616 
 
 186 
 
 93.2 
 
 1907 
 
 236,862 
 
 282 
 
 119.1 
 
 1898 
 
 207,058 
 
 151 
 
 72.9 
 
 1908 
 
 238,283 
 
 240 
 
 100.7 
 
 1899 
 
 215,481 
 
 155 
 
 71.9 
 
 1909 
 
 239,704 
 
 239 
 
 99.7 
 
 1900 
 
 223,577 
 
 185 
 
 82.7 
 82.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 241,125 
 
 226 
 
 93.7 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,037,906 
 
 859 
 
 1,191,415 
 
 1,220 
 
 102.4 
 
 1901 
 
 228,336 
 
 222 
 
 97.2 
 
 1911 
 
 242,546 
 
 249 
 
 102.7 
 
 1902 
 
 229,757 
 
 204 
 
 88.8 
 
 1912 
 
 243,967 
 
 275 
 
 112.7 
 
 1903 
 
 231,178 
 
 189 
 
 81.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 232,599 
 
 247 
 
 106.2 
 
 Source. 
 
 Norges oflBcielle Statistik: 1896- 
 
 1905 
 
 234,020 
 
 240 
 
 102.6 
 
 1912. Sundhedstilstanden og 
 
 Medicinal- 
 
 
 
 
 
 forholdene. 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,155,890 
 
 1,102 
 
 95.3 
 
 
 
 
 633 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 69 
 
 
 
 Table 71 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Bergen 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Cities 
 
 
 1896- 
 
 1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 o 
 
 f Sweden, 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 63,895 
 
 64 
 
 100.2 
 
 1901 
 
 1,112,883 
 
 1,122 
 
 100.8 
 
 1897 
 
 65,752 
 
 60 
 
 91.3 
 
 1902 
 
 1,129,913 
 
 1,141 
 
 101.0 
 
 1898 
 
 67,609 
 
 69 
 
 102.1 
 
 1903 
 
 1,151,616 
 
 1,216 
 
 105.6 
 
 1899 
 
 69,466 
 
 67 
 
 96.5 
 
 1904 
 
 1,175,625 
 
 1,169 
 
 99.4 
 
 1900 
 
 71,323 
 
 64 
 
 89.7 
 95.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,202,638 
 
 1,250 
 
 103.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 338,045 
 
 324 
 
 5,772,675 
 
 5,898 
 
 102.2 
 
 1901 
 
 72,482 
 
 70 
 
 96.6 
 
 1906 
 
 1,243,496 
 
 1,221 
 
 98.2 
 
 1902 
 
 72,944 
 
 76 
 
 104.2 
 
 1907 
 
 1,285,837 
 
 1,378 
 
 107.2 
 
 1903 
 
 73,406 
 
 75 
 
 102.2 
 
 1908 
 
 1,313,513 
 
 1,370 
 
 104.3 
 
 1904 
 
 73,868 
 
 81 
 
 109.7 
 
 1909 
 
 1,328,798 
 
 1,426 
 
 107.3 
 
 1905 
 
 74,330 
 
 72 
 
 96.9 
 101.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,354,850 
 
 1,422 
 
 105.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 367,030 
 
 374 
 
 6,526,494 
 
 6,817 
 
 104.5 
 
 1906 
 
 74,792 
 
 84 
 
 112.3 
 
 1911 
 
 1,402,583 
 
 1,446 
 
 103.1 
 
 1907 
 
 75,254 
 
 91 
 
 120.9 
 
 1912 
 
 1,422,903 
 
 1,436 
 
 100.9 
 
 1908 
 
 75,716 
 
 68 
 
 89.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 76,178 
 
 84 
 
 110.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisk Arsbok for Sverige, 
 
 1910 
 
 76,640 
 
 65 
 
 84.8 
 103.5 
 
 1914. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 72 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 378,580 
 
 392 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Sweden 
 
 1911 
 
 77,102 
 
 75 
 
 97.2 
 
 Cities and Rural, 
 
 according to Sex 
 
 1912 
 
 77,464 84 108.4 
 Norges officielle Statistik: 1896- 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 
 
 
 1912. Sundhedstilstanden og 
 
 Medicinal- 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 forholdene 
 
 
 
 
 Cities 
 Males 
 
 647,624 
 
 Cancer 
 589 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 
 90.9 
 
 
 Table 70 
 
 
 Females . . 
 
 754,959 
 
 857 
 
 113.5 
 
 Mortality irom uancer m tne ijity ot 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hammerfest 
 
 
 Total... 
 
 1,402,583 
 
 1,446 
 
 103.1 
 
 
 1896- 
 
 1911 
 
 Rate per 
 
 RUKAL 
 
 Males 
 
 2,069,457 
 
 2,030 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 98.1 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 94.8 
 
 Females. . . 
 
 2,089,759 
 
 1,994 
 
 95.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 11,605 
 
 11 
 
 Total. . . 
 
 4,159,216 
 
 4,024 
 
 96.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 12,535 
 
 17 
 
 135.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1.3,638 
 
 18 
 
 132.0 
 
 Whole Country 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 2,862 
 
 4 
 
 139.8 
 
 Males 
 
 2,717,081 
 
 2,619 
 
 96.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Females. . . 
 
 2,844,718 
 
 2,851 
 
 100.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Norees officielle Statistik: 1896- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911. Sundh^tilstanden og 
 forholdene. 
 
 Medicinal- 
 
 Total. . . 
 
 5,561,799 
 
 5,470 
 
 98.3 
 
 Note: Hammerfest 
 
 is the nothemmost 
 
 Source: 
 
 Sveriges 
 
 officiella 
 
 Statistik: 
 
 city of the 
 
 world, 70° 
 
 40' North Latitude. 
 
 Dbdsfallsstatistik, 1911. 
 
 
 634 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 73 
 
 Cancer Census of Sweden, by Provinces and Sex 
 
 1905 
 
 Province 
 
 Malmohus 
 
 Kristianstad 
 
 Blekinge 
 
 Halland 
 
 Kronoberg 
 
 Jbnkoping 
 
 Elfsborg 
 
 Gbteborg and Bohus . 
 
 Kalmar 
 
 Gottland 
 
 Southern Sweden . . . . 
 
 Ostergotland 
 
 Skaraborg 
 
 Sbdermanland 
 
 Orebro 
 
 Stockholm (city) 
 
 Stockholm (rural) . . , 
 
 Upsala 
 
 Vestmanland 
 
 Vermland 
 
 South Central , 
 
 Gefleborg 
 
 Kopparberg , 
 
 Jemtland 
 
 Vester-Norrland , 
 
 North Central 
 
 Vesterbotten 
 
 Norrbotten 
 
 Northen Sweden.. . . 
 
 Total for Sweden . . . 
 
 Cities alone 
 
 Rural districts 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, 7. Band. 
 
 Cases of Canceb 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Femal 
 
 126 
 
 51 
 
 75 
 
 55 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 52 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 48 
 
 17 
 
 31 
 
 69 
 
 25 
 
 '44 
 
 180 
 
 77 
 
 103 
 
 44 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 670 
 
 274 
 
 396 
 
 91 
 
 32 
 
 59 
 
 42 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 57 
 
 23 
 
 34 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 239 
 
 68 
 
 171 
 
 77 
 
 28 
 
 49 
 
 42 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 52 
 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 90 
 
 36 
 
 54 
 
 750 
 
 271 
 
 479 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 80 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 
 35 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 84 
 
 35 
 
 49 
 
 265 
 
 107 
 
 158 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 69 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 1,754 
 
 691 
 
 1,063 
 
 689 
 
 217 
 
 472 
 
 1,065 
 
 474 
 
 591 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 29.2 
 
 24.3 
 
 33.9 
 
 25.0 
 
 22.4 
 
 27.5 
 
 35.0 
 
 31.1 
 
 38.8 
 
 23.0 
 
 15.9 
 
 29.7 
 
 25.4 
 
 25.8 
 
 25.0 
 
 23.3 
 
 16.9 
 
 29.3 
 
 24.6 
 
 18.5 
 
 30.3 
 
 50.4 
 
 44.9 
 
 55.5 
 
 19.4 
 
 16.2 
 
 22.4 
 
 43.1 
 
 31.9 
 
 53.8 
 
 29.9 
 
 25.1 
 
 34.3 
 
 31.7 
 
 23.0 
 
 39.8 
 
 17.6 
 
 19.8 
 
 15.4 
 
 33.6 
 
 27.4 
 
 39.7 
 
 30.0 
 
 22.3 
 
 37.4 
 
 73.7 
 
 46.2 
 
 96.5 
 
 40.0 
 
 29.4 
 
 50.5 
 
 33.4 
 
 29.6 
 
 37.0 
 
 34.9 
 
 28.5 
 
 41.1 
 
 35.3 
 
 29.0 
 
 41.2 
 
 38.3 
 
 28.6 
 
 47.3 
 
 26.8 
 
 19.7 
 
 33.8 
 
 35.7 
 
 31.4 
 
 40.0 
 
 30.9 
 
 22.5 
 
 39.7 
 
 34.9 
 
 29.2 
 
 40.5 
 
 32.0 
 
 25.9 
 
 38.1 
 
 20.3 
 
 20.8 
 
 19.8 
 
 25.3 
 
 31.2 
 
 20.4 
 
 23.0 
 
 25.6 
 
 20.3 
 
 33.1 
 
 26.7 
 
 39.2 
 
 56.7 
 
 38.7 
 
 72.0 
 
 26.1 
 
 23.4 
 
 28.8 
 
 635 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 74 
 
 Cancer Census of Sweden, by Organs and Parts 
 
 Urban and Rural, 1905, Males 
 
 
 Cases 
 
 OF Cancer 
 
 Percentage op All Cases 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Cities 
 
 Rural Districts 
 
 Cities 
 
 Rural Districts 
 
 Lips 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Mouth 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 0.9 
 3.7 
 0.5 
 
 10.1 
 1.3 
 0.8 
 
 Jaw 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.1 
 
 Pharynx 
 
 Larynx 
 
 Thyroid gland 
 
 Lungs 
 
 Breast 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ....... 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 0.5 
 0.5 
 
 1.4 
 0.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2 
 0.6 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 Stomach 
 
 20 
 
 108 
 
 12 
 
 294 
 
 9.2 
 49.8 
 
 2.5 
 62.0 
 
 Intestines 
 
 29 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 13.4 
 1.8 
 3.2 
 
 7.8 
 
 Liver 
 
 4 
 
 1.5 
 
 Pancreas 
 
 7 
 
 0.6 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 1.8 
 0.9 
 
 1.7 
 
 Prostate 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 
 Penis 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 Cancer cutis 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 474 
 
 8.3 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 217 
 
 
 All organs 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung, 7. Band. 
 
 Table 75 
 
 Cancer Census of Sweden, by Organs and Parts 
 
 Urban and Rural, 1905, Females 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Lips 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Jaw 
 
 Pharynx 
 
 Larynx 
 
 Thyroid gland 
 
 Limgs 
 
 Breast 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Intestines 
 
 Liver 
 
 Pancreas 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 Kidney and bladder . 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Ovaries 
 
 Vagina 
 
 Cancer cutis 
 
 Cases of Cancer Percentage op All Cases 
 
 Cities 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 8 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 11 
 
 129 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 85 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 Rural Districts 
 
 11 
 
 0.4 
 
 9 
 
 0.2 
 
 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 6 
 
 1.7 
 
 2 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 i 
 
 0.4 
 
 131 
 
 26.1 
 
 11 
 
 2.3 
 
 216 
 
 27.3 
 
 50 
 
 8.3 
 
 5 
 
 0.8 
 
 2 
 
 0.4 
 
 2 
 
 1.1 
 
 4 
 
 1.1 
 
 78 
 
 18.0 
 
 28 
 
 4.7 
 
 8 
 
 1.5 
 
 24 
 
 4.7 
 
 All organs 472 591 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, 7. Band. 
 
 Cities Rural Districts 
 1.9 
 1.5 
 0.5 
 1.0 
 0.3 
 0.0 
 . 0.0 
 0.2 
 
 22.2 
 1.9 
 
 36.5 
 8.5 
 0.8 
 0.3 
 0.3 
 0.7 
 
 13.2 
 4.7 
 1.4 
 4.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 636 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 76 
 
 
 
 Table 77 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 
 
 Goteborg 
 
 
 
 1908- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1908-19 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 1908 
 
 338,521 
 
 433 
 
 127.9 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 • 1909 
 
 340,689 
 
 426 
 
 125.0 
 
 1908 
 
 161,502 
 
 142 
 
 87.9 
 
 1910 
 
 342,074 
 
 423 
 
 123.7 
 
 1909 
 
 163,218 
 
 161 
 
 98.6 
 
 1911 
 
 344,461 
 
 349 
 
 101.3 
 
 1910 
 
 165,883 
 
 145 
 
 87.4 
 
 1912 
 
 346,848 
 
 416 
 
 119.9 
 
 1911 
 
 169,208 
 
 156 
 
 92.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 172,006 
 
 152 
 
 88.4 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 1,712,593 
 
 2,047 
 
 119.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 831,817 
 
 756 
 
 90.9 
 
 1913 
 
 379,128 
 
 477 
 
 125.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 175,967 
 
 154 
 
 87.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Sveriges 
 
 officiella 
 
 Statistik. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Allman Halso- och 
 
 Sjukvarden for Ar 
 
 Source: 
 
 Gbteborgs Hiilsovards Namds 
 
 1908-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Arsberattelse for 1912-1913. 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 [ncludes only carcinoma. 
 
 Note: 
 
 Includes only 
 
 carcinoma. 
 
 Table 78 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities of Denmark 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881- 
 
 570,781 
 
 593 
 
 103.9 
 
 1901 
 
 958,905 
 
 1,201 
 
 125.2 
 
 1882 
 
 588,067 
 
 606 
 
 103.0 
 
 1902 
 
 971,790 
 
 1,276 
 
 131.3 
 
 1883 
 
 605,353 
 
 641 
 
 105.9 
 
 1903 
 
 984,676 
 
 1,229 
 
 124.8 
 
 1884 
 
 622,639 
 
 686 
 
 110.2 
 
 1904 
 
 997,562 
 
 1,313 
 
 131.6 
 
 1885 
 
 639,925 
 
 726 
 
 113.5 
 107.4 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,010,448 
 
 1,338 
 
 132.4 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 3,026,765 
 
 3,252 
 
 4,923,381 
 
 6,357 
 
 129.1 
 
 1886 
 
 657,211 
 
 722 
 
 109.9 
 
 1906 
 
 1,023,334 
 
 1,344 
 
 131.3 
 
 1887 
 
 674,497 
 
 775 
 
 114.9 
 
 1907 
 
 1,040,473 
 
 1,438 
 
 138.2 
 
 1888 
 
 691,783 
 
 782 
 
 113.0 
 
 1908 
 
 1,057,613 
 
 1,415 
 
 133.8 
 
 1889 
 
 709,069 
 
 866 
 
 122.1 
 
 1909 
 
 1,074,753 
 
 1,515 
 
 141.0 
 
 1890 
 
 726,355 
 
 832 
 
 114.5 
 115.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,091,893 
 
 1,547 
 
 141.7 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,458,915 
 
 3,977 
 
 5,288,060 
 
 7,259 
 
 137.3 
 
 1891 
 
 747,495 
 
 927 
 
 124.0 
 
 1911 
 
 1,109,033 
 
 1,575 
 
 142.0 
 
 1892 
 
 768,636 
 
 837 
 
 108.9 
 
 1912 
 
 1,120,030 
 
 1,695 
 
 151.3 
 
 1893 • 
 
 789,777 
 
 936 
 
 118.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 810,918 
 
 875 
 
 107.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Dodsaarsagerne i Kongeriget 
 
 1895 
 
 832,059 
 
 933 
 
 112.1 
 
 Danmarks 
 
 Byer. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: ] 
 
 deaths of rural patients in hos- 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,948,885 
 
 4,508 
 
 114.2 
 
 pitals are excluded. 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 853,190 
 
 1,022 
 
 119.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 874,331 
 
 1,054 
 
 120.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 895,472 
 
 1,063 
 
 118.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 916,613 
 
 1,063 
 
 116.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 937,754 
 
 1,123 
 
 119.8 
 118.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 4,477,360 
 
 5.325 
 
 
 637 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 79 
 
 
 
 Table 80 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 Denmark, Males 
 
 Cities of 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities of 
 Denmark, Females 
 
 
 1894-1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1894- 
 
 1912 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 ■ 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1894 
 
 373,022 
 
 353 
 
 94.6 
 
 1894 
 
 437,896 
 
 522 
 
 119.2 ' 
 
 1895 
 
 382,747 
 
 362 
 
 94.6 
 
 1895 
 
 449,312 
 
 571 
 
 127.1 
 
 1896 
 
 392,467 
 
 413 
 
 105.2 
 
 1896 
 
 460,723 
 
 609 
 
 132.2 
 
 1897 
 
 402,192 
 
 437 
 
 108.7 
 
 1897 
 
 472,139 
 
 617 
 
 130.7 
 
 1898 
 
 411,917 
 
 470 
 
 114.1 
 
 1898 
 
 483,555 
 
 593 
 
 122.6 
 
 1899 
 
 421,642 
 
 431 
 
 102.2 
 
 1899 
 
 494,971 
 
 632 
 
 127.7 
 
 1900 
 
 431,367 
 
 476 
 
 110.3 
 108.1 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 506,387 
 
 647 
 
 127.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,059,585 
 
 2,227 
 
 2,417,775 
 
 3,098 
 
 128.1 
 
 1901 
 
 441,096 
 
 505 
 
 114.5 
 
 1901 
 
 517,809 
 
 696 
 
 134.4 
 
 1902 
 
 447,023 
 
 510 
 
 114.1 
 
 1902 
 
 524,767 
 
 766 
 
 146.0 
 
 1903 
 
 452,951 
 
 518 
 
 114.4 
 
 1903 
 
 531,725 
 
 711 
 
 133.7 
 
 1904 
 
 458,879 
 
 556 
 
 121.2 
 
 1904 
 
 538,683 
 
 757 
 
 140.5 
 
 1905 
 
 464,806 
 
 557 
 
 119.8 
 116.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 545,642 
 
 781 
 
 143.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,264,755 
 
 2,646 
 
 2,658,626 
 
 3,711 
 
 139.6 
 
 1906 
 
 470,734 
 
 576 
 
 122.4 
 
 1906 
 
 552,600 
 
 768 
 
 139.0 
 
 1907 
 
 478,618 
 
 596 
 
 124.5 
 
 1907 
 
 561,855 
 
 842 
 
 149.9 
 
 1908 
 
 486,502 
 
 605 
 
 124.4 
 
 1908 
 
 571,111 
 
 810 
 
 141.8 
 
 1909 
 
 494,386 
 
 663 
 
 134.1 
 
 1909 
 
 580,367 
 
 852 
 
 146.8 
 
 1910 
 
 502,270 
 
 682 
 
 135.8 
 128.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 589,623 
 
 865 
 
 146.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,432,510 
 
 3,122 
 
 2,855,556 
 
 4,137 
 
 144.9 
 
 1911 
 
 509,285 
 
 654 
 
 128.4 
 
 1911 
 
 599,748 
 
 921 
 
 153.6 
 
 1912 
 
 514,318 
 
 750 
 
 145.8 
 
 1912 
 
 605,712 
 
 945 
 
 156.0 
 
 Source: Dodsaarsageme i Kongeriget 
 Danmarks Byer. 
 
 Note: Deaths of rural patients in hos- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Danmarks 
 
 Note: 
 
 Dodsaarsageme i Kongeriget 
 Byer. 
 Deaths of rural patients in hos- 
 
 pitals are 
 
 excluded. 
 
 
 
 pitals are excluded. 
 
 
 
 Table 81 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Cities of Denmark, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1908-1912 
 
 MALES 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Organ or Part Cancer Population 
 
 Stomach 1,362 54.3 
 
 Breast 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Other organs 1,992 79.5 
 
 All organs 3,354 133.8 
 
 Source: Dodsaarsageme i Kongeriget Danmarks Byer. 
 Note: Deaths of rural patients in hospitals are excluded. 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1,327 
 
 45.0 
 
 750 
 
 25.5 
 
 439 
 
 14.9 
 
 1,877 
 
 63.7 
 
 4,393 
 
 149.1 
 
 638 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 82 
 Mortality from Cancer in Copenhagen, 1894-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1894 
 
 394,231 
 
 487 
 
 123.5 
 
 1906 
 
 506,931 
 
 782 
 
 154.3 
 
 1895 
 
 402,836 
 
 513 
 
 127.3 
 
 1907 
 
 517,424 
 
 853 
 
 164.9 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 
 411,441 
 420,046 
 428,651 
 437,256 
 445,861 
 
 564 
 562 
 626 
 598 
 609 
 
 137.1 
 133.8 
 146.0 
 136.8 
 136.6 
 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 527,917 
 538,410 
 548,903 
 
 802 
 839 
 928 
 
 151.9 
 155.8 
 169.1 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 2,639,585 
 
 4,204 
 
 159.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 559,398 
 570,000 
 
 883 
 975 
 
 157.8 
 171.1 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,143,255 
 
 2,959 
 
 138.1 
 
 1901 
 
 454,466 
 
 668 
 
 147.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Dodsaarsagerne i 
 
 iongeriget 
 
 1902 
 
 464,959 
 
 707 
 
 152.1 
 
 Danmarks Byer. 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 475,452 
 
 700 
 
 147.2 
 
 Note : 
 
 Deaths of rural patients in hos- 
 
 1904 
 
 485,945 
 
 713 
 
 146.7 
 
 pitals are 
 
 ex eluded. 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 496,438 
 
 770 
 
 155.1 
 149.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,377,260 
 
 3,558 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tabl 
 
 e83 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cc 
 
 >penhagen 
 
 , by Sex, 1894-1912 
 
 
 ' 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1894 
 
 181,110 
 
 185 
 
 102.1 
 
 1894 
 
 213,121 
 
 302 
 
 141.7 
 
 1895 
 
 184,821 
 
 204 
 
 110.4 
 
 1895 
 
 218,015 
 
 309 
 
 141.7 
 
 1896 
 
 188,522 
 
 206 
 
 109.3 
 
 1896 
 
 222,919 
 
 358 
 
 160.6 
 
 1897 
 
 192,213 
 
 226 
 
 117.6 
 
 1897 
 
 227,833 
 
 336 
 
 147.5 
 
 1898 
 
 195,894 
 
 273 
 
 139.4 
 
 1898 
 
 232,757 
 
 353 
 
 151.7 
 
 1899 
 
 199,564 
 
 253 
 
 126.8 
 
 1899 
 
 237,692 
 
 345 
 
 145.1 
 
 1900 
 
 203,223 
 
 262 
 
 128.9 
 124.6 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 242,638 
 
 347 
 
 143.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 979,416 
 
 1,220 
 
 1,163,839 
 
 1,739 
 
 149.4 
 
 1901 
 
 206,873 
 
 279 
 
 134.9 
 
 1901 
 
 247,593 
 
 389 
 
 157.1 
 
 1902 
 
 211,370 
 
 285 
 
 134.8 
 
 1902 
 
 253,589 
 
 422 
 
 166.4 
 
 1903 
 
 215,855 
 
 279 
 
 129.3 
 
 1903 
 
 259,597 
 
 421 
 
 162.2 
 
 1904 
 
 220,327 
 
 294 
 
 133.4 
 
 1904 
 
 265,618 
 
 419 
 
 157.7 
 
 1905 
 
 224,737 
 
 321 
 
 142.8 
 135.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 271,701 
 
 449 
 
 165.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,079,162 
 
 1,458 
 
 1,298,098 
 
 2,100 
 
 161.8 
 
 1906 
 
 229,133 
 
 347 
 
 151.4 
 
 1906 
 
 277,798 
 
 435 
 
 156.6 
 
 1907 
 
 233,513 
 
 356 
 
 152.5 
 
 1907 
 
 283,911 
 
 497 
 
 175.1 
 
 1908 
 
 237,879 
 
 358 
 
 150.5 
 
 1908 
 
 290,038 
 
 444 
 
 153.1 
 
 1909 
 
 242,231 
 
 360 
 
 148.6 
 
 1909 
 
 296,179 
 
 479 
 
 161.7 
 
 1910 
 
 246,567 
 
 410 
 
 166.3 
 154.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 302,336 
 1,450,262 
 
 518 
 
 171.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,189,323 
 
 1,831 
 
 2,373 
 
 163.6 
 
 1911 
 
 250,870 
 
 369 
 
 147.1 
 
 1911 
 
 308,528 
 
 514 
 
 166.6 
 
 1912 
 
 255,645 
 
 428 
 
 167.4 
 
 1912 
 
 314,355 
 
 547 
 
 174.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Dodsaarsag 
 
 erne i 
 
 Kongeriget 
 
 
 
 
 
 Danmarks Byer. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 Deaths of rural patients in hos- 
 
 
 
 
 
 pitals are 
 
 excluded. 
 
 
 
 639 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 84 
 
 Cancer Census of Iceland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1908 
 
 Organ or Part 
 Lips, jaw and tongue. 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Intestines 
 
 Breast 
 
 Generative organs. . . . 
 Sarcoma 
 
 MALES 
 
 Cases of 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 2 
 
 5.0 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 15.0 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Cases of 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 2 
 
 4.7 
 
 4 
 
 9.3 
 
 1 
 
 2.3 
 
 5 
 
 11.7 
 
 5 
 
 11.7 
 
 17 
 
 39.7 
 
 All organs 6 
 
 Source: Zahlung der Krebskranken auf Island. In: Zeitschrif t fiir Krebsforschung, 
 13. Band. 
 
 Table 85 
 
 Cancer Census of Finland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1909 
 
 MALES 
 
 Cases of Per 
 
 Organ or Part Cancer Cent. 
 
 Lips 60 24.6 
 
 Tongue and mouth 15 6.1 
 
 Oesophagus 10 4.1 
 
 Stomach 101 41.4 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 6 2.5 
 
 Intestines 10 4.1 
 
 Rectum 4 1.6 
 
 Kidney...... 3 1.2 
 
 Vesica urinaria 4 1.6 
 
 Prostata and penis 6 2.5 
 
 Breast 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Ovaries and generative organs 
 
 Cancer cutis 16 6.6 
 
 Other or not specified organs 9 3.7 
 
 All organs 244 100.0 
 
 Source: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, 12. Band. 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Cases of 
 
 Per 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Cent. 
 
 10 
 
 3.2 
 
 5 
 
 1.6 
 
 5 
 
 1.6 
 
 116 
 
 37.2 
 
 4 
 
 1.3 
 
 6 
 
 1.9 
 
 8 
 
 2.6 
 
 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 60 
 
 19.2 
 
 56 
 
 18.0 
 
 10 
 
 3.2 
 
 15 
 
 4.8 
 
 14 
 
 4.5 
 
 312 
 
 100.0 
 
 640 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 86 
 
 Cases of Cancer in Finland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1890-1907 
 
 All Malignant 
 
 Carcinoma Tumors 
 
 Organ or Part Per Cent. Per Cent. 
 
 Lips 18.9 15.8 
 
 Jaw 2.8 3.9 
 
 Mouth 3.5 3.3 
 
 Bre£^st 10.4 9.0 
 
 (Esophagus 2.2 1.8 
 
 Stomach 24.2 20.3 
 
 Intestines 1.9 1.6 
 
 Rectum 3.9 3.3 
 
 Liver and pancreas 2.2 1.9 
 
 Female generative organs 11.1 10.0 
 
 Other or not specified organs 18.9 29.1 
 
 All organs 100.0 100.0 
 
 All malignant tumors 9,119 cases 
 
 Carcinoma 7,613 cases 
 
 Table 87 
 
 Comparative Distribution of Carcinoma, by Organs and Parts 
 
 Sweden and Finland, 1890-1907 
 
 Organ or Part Sweden Finland 
 
 Lips 4.2 18.9 
 
 Tongue 1.5 1.6 
 
 Breast 12.3 10.4 
 
 CEsophagus 3.4 2.2 
 
 Stomach 45.3 24.2 
 
 Intestines and rectum 8.6 5.8 
 
 Liver and pancreas 2.6 2.2 
 
 Female generative organs 10.7 11.1 
 
 Otheror not specified organs 11.4 23.6 
 
 Source: tjber maligne Tumoren in Finland, 1890-1907. G. Renwall, In: Zeitschrift 
 f lir Krebsforschung, 9 Band. 1910. 
 
 Table 87a 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities of Finland 
 
 1910 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Helsingfors 144,483 95 65.8 
 
 Abo 50,215 46 91.6 
 
 Tammerfors 45,078 18 39.9 
 
 Viborg 27,101 16 59.0 
 
 Nikolaistad 20,167 17 .84.3 
 
 Uleaborg 19,501 10 51.3 
 
 Bjorneborg 16,707 19 113.7 
 
 Thirty-one other cities 125,926 88 69.9 
 
 All cities 449,178 309 68.8 
 
 Source: Lisita Snomen Viralliseen Tilastoon: XI. Laakintolaitos, 1910. Helsinski, 
 1912. 
 
 641 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 88 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the German Empire 
 
 1891-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1891 
 
 37,483,234 
 
 20,043 
 
 53.5 
 
 1906 60,407,847 
 
 49,127 
 
 81.3 
 
 1892 
 
 47,125,446 
 
 28,745 
 
 61.0 
 
 1907 61,259,086 
 
 50,930 
 
 83.1 
 
 1893 
 
 47,625,932 
 
 30,013 
 
 63.0 
 
 1908 62,110.325 
 
 51,948 
 
 63.6 
 
 1894 
 
 48,259,077 
 
 31,137 
 
 64.5 
 
 1909 62,953,056 
 
 53,214 
 
 84.5 
 
 1895 
 
 48,818,672 
 
 32,071 
 
 65.7 
 61.9 
 
 1910 63,751,143 
 
 56,092 
 
 88.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 229,312,361 
 
 142,009 
 
 1906-1910 310,481,457 
 
 261,311 
 
 84.2 
 
 1896 
 
 49,356,136 
 
 33,620 
 
 68.1 
 
 1911 64,612,000 
 
 57,519 
 
 89.0 
 
 1897 
 
 49,893,600 
 
 34,584 
 
 69.3 
 
 1912 65,450,000 
 
 58,937 
 
 90.0 
 
 1898 
 
 50.431,064 
 
 35,504 
 
 70.4 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 51,843,158 
 
 38,209 
 
 73.7 
 
 Source: Statistisches 
 
 Jahrbuch fiir das 
 
 1900 
 
 52,624,706 
 
 37,946 
 
 72.1 
 
 Deutsche Reich, 1913 
 
 Medizinal-sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tistische Mitteilungen 
 lichen Gesundheitsamte. 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 254,148,664 
 
 179,863 
 
 70.8 
 
 Annual 
 
 Report 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the Registrar-General of Births 
 
 Deaths 
 
 1901 
 
 53,406,252 
 
 39,917 
 
 74.7 
 
 and Marriages in England and Wales, 1910. 
 
 1902 
 
 54,187,799 
 
 40,613 
 
 74.9 
 
 Note: Includes all 
 
 kinds of 
 
 tumors. 
 
 1903 
 
 54,969,346 
 
 42,535 
 
 77.4 
 
 1891, only for Prussia, B 
 
 avaria and Baden. 
 
 1904 
 
 58,433,571 
 
 46,723 
 
 80.0 
 
 1892-1903, only for ten of the states. 1904- 
 
 1905 
 
 59,413,982 
 
 48,078 
 
 80.9 
 
 1912, for all the Empire 
 
 , except Mecklen- 
 
 
 
 
 
 burg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 280,410,950 
 
 217,866 
 
 77.7 
 
 
 
 
 Table 89 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the German Empire, by Sex 
 
 1905-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1905 
 
 29,279,210 
 
 21,556 
 
 73.6 
 
 1905 
 
 30,134,772 
 
 26,522 
 
 88.0 
 
 1906 
 
 29,781,068 
 
 21,936 
 
 73.7 
 
 1906 
 
 30,626,779 
 
 27,191 
 
 88.8 
 
 1907 
 
 30,212,981 
 
 22,806 
 
 75.5 
 
 1907 
 
 31,046,105 
 
 28,124 
 
 90.6 
 
 1908 
 
 30,651,445 
 
 23,225 
 
 75.8 
 
 1908 
 
 31,458,880 
 
 28,723 
 
 91.3 
 
 1909 
 
 31,061,038 
 
 23,885 
 
 76.9 
 
 1909 
 
 31,892,018 
 
 29,329 
 
 92.0 
 
 1910 
 
 31,461,189 
 
 25,001 
 
 79.5 
 76.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 32,289,954 
 
 31,091 
 
 96.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 153,167,721 
 
 116,853 
 
 157,313,736 
 
 144,458 
 
 91.8 
 
 1911 
 
 31,886,022 
 
 25,769 
 
 80.8 
 
 1911 
 
 32,725,978 
 
 31,750 
 
 97.0 
 
 1912 
 
 32,312,665 
 
 26,442 
 
 81.8 
 
 1912 
 
 33,137,335 
 
 32,495 
 
 98.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Medizinal-statistische 
 
 Mitteil- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ungen aus 
 
 > dem kaiserlichen Gesundheit- 
 
 
 
 
 
 samte. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 [ncludes all 
 
 kinds of 
 
 tumors. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Does not 
 
 include Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
 
 
 
 
 
 and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
 
 
 642 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 90 
 
 
 
 Table 91 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other 
 Tumors in Bavaria 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other 
 Tumors in Bavaria, Males 
 
 
 1886-1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1886-1912 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 5,455,155 
 5,490,111 
 5,525,068 
 5,560,025 
 5,594,982 
 
 3,534 
 3,516 
 4,375 
 4,527 
 4,520 
 
 64.8 
 64.0 
 79.2 
 81.4 
 80.8 
 
 74.1 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,656,115 
 2,674,782 
 2,693,471 
 2,712,736 
 2,731,120 
 
 1,492 
 1,490 
 1,802 
 1,877 
 1,867 
 
 56.2 
 55.7 
 66.9 
 69.2 
 68.4 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 27,625,341 
 
 20,472 
 
 13,468,224 
 
 8,528 
 
 63.3 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 5,639,694 
 5,684,406 
 5,729,118 
 5,773,831 
 5,818,544 
 
 4,984 
 4,806 
 5,126 
 5,318 
 5,499 
 
 88.4 
 84.5 
 89.5 
 92.1 
 94.5 
 
 89.8 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,754,427 
 2,777,401 
 2,800,393 
 2,823,403 
 2,846,687 
 
 2,049 
 2,074 
 2,208 
 2,340 
 2,331 
 
 74.4 
 74.7 
 78.8 
 82.9 
 81.9 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 28,645,593 
 
 25,733 
 
 14,002,311 
 
 11,002 
 
 78.6 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 5,890,046 
 5,961,548 
 6,033,051 
 6,104,554 
 6,176,057 
 
 5,588 
 5,750 
 5,845 
 6,192 
 6,104 
 
 94.9 
 96.5 
 96.9 
 101.4 
 98.8 
 
 97.7 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,883,178 
 2,919,370 
 2,955,592 
 2,991,842 
 3,028,100 
 
 2,426 
 2,528 
 2,552 
 2,625 
 2,668 
 
 84.1 
 86.6 
 86.3 
 
 87.7 
 88.1 
 
 1896-1900 30,165,256 
 
 29,479 
 
 14,778,082 
 
 12,799 
 
 86.6 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 6,245,720 
 6,315,383 
 6,385,046 
 6,454,709 
 6,524,372 
 
 6,407 
 6,524 
 6,859 
 
 7,122 
 7,074 
 
 102.6 
 103.3 
 107.4 
 110.3 
 108.4 
 
 106.5 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,062,277 
 3,095,801 
 3,129,311 
 3,162,807 
 3,196,647 
 
 2,692 
 2,777 
 2,917 
 3,068 
 3,114 
 
 87.9 
 89.7 
 93.2 
 97.0 
 97.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 31,925,230 
 
 33,986 
 
 15,646,843 
 
 14,568 
 
 93.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 6,596,955 
 6,669,539 
 6,742,123 
 6,814,707 
 6,887,291 
 
 7,258 
 7,104 
 
 7,274 
 7,472 
 7,820 
 
 110.0 
 106.5 
 107.9 
 109.6 
 113.5 
 
 109.5 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,233,168 
 3,269,408 
 3,305,663 
 3,342,614 
 3,379,580 
 
 3,137 
 3,075 
 3,149 
 3,253 
 3,432 
 
 16,046 
 
 97.0 
 94.1 
 95.3 
 97.3 
 101.6 
 
 1906-1910 33,710,615 
 
 36,928 
 
 16,530,433 
 
 97.1 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 6,959,875 
 7,032,459 
 
 7,828 
 8,095 
 
 112.5 
 115.1 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 3,415,907 
 3,452,234 
 
 3,426 
 3,538 
 
 100.3 
 102.5 
 
 Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das 
 Konigreich Bayern. 
 
 Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das 
 Konigreich Bayern. 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 92 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other Tumors in Bavaria, Females 
 
 1886-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1886 
 
 2,799,040 
 
 2,042 
 
 73.0 
 
 1901 
 
 3,183,443 
 
 3,715 
 
 116.7 
 
 1887 
 
 2,815,329 
 
 2,026 
 
 72.0 
 
 1902 
 
 3,219,582 
 
 3,747 
 
 116.4 
 
 1888 
 
 2,831,597 
 
 2,573 
 
 90.9 
 
 1903 
 
 3,255,735 
 
 3,942 
 
 121.1 
 
 1889 
 
 2,847,289 
 
 2,650 
 
 93.1 
 
 1904 
 
 3,291,902 
 
 4,054 
 
 123.2 
 
 1890 
 
 .2,863,862 
 
 2,653 
 
 92.6 
 
 84.4 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,327,725 
 
 3,960 
 
 119.0 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 14,157,117 
 
 11,944 
 
 16,278,387 
 
 19,418 
 
 119.3 
 
 1891 
 
 2,885,267 
 
 2,935 
 
 101.7 
 
 1906 
 
 3,363,787 
 
 4,121 
 
 122.5 
 
 1892 
 
 2,907,005 
 
 2,732 
 
 94.0 
 
 1907 
 
 3,400,131 
 
 4,029 
 
 118.5 
 
 1893 
 
 2,928,725 
 
 2,918 
 
 99.6 
 
 1908 
 
 3,436,460 
 
 4,125 
 
 120.0 
 
 189-t 
 
 2,950,428 
 
 2,978 
 
 100.9 
 
 1909 
 
 3,472,093 
 
 4,219 
 
 121.5 
 
 1895 
 
 2,971,857 
 
 3,168 
 
 106.6 
 100.6 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,507,711 
 
 4,388 
 
 125.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 14,643,282 
 
 14,731 
 
 17,180,182 
 
 20,882 
 
 121.5 
 
 1896 
 
 3,006,868 
 
 3,162 
 
 105.2 
 
 1911 
 
 3,543,968 
 
 4,402 
 
 124.2 
 
 1897 
 
 3,042,178 
 
 3,222 
 
 105.9 
 
 1912 
 
 3,580,225 
 
 4,557 
 
 127.3 
 
 1898 
 
 3,077,459 
 
 3,293 
 
 107.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 3,112,712 
 
 3,567 
 
 114.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das 
 
 1900 
 
 3,147,957 
 
 3,436 
 
 109.2 
 108.4 
 
 Konigreich Bayern. 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 15,387,174 
 
 16,680 
 
 
 Table 93 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Bavaria, by Geographical Divisions 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population, Males 
 
 1905-1907 
 
 Stomach 
 Liver and 
 Pancreas 
 
 Oberbayern 63.6 
 
 Niederbayern 55.0 
 
 Schwaben 90.0 
 
 Oberpfalz 68.2 
 
 Mittelf ranken 56.2 
 
 Pfalz 47.2 
 
 Oberf ranken 59.7 
 
 Unterf ranken 56.7 
 
 All Bavaria 61.8 
 
 ntestines 
 and 
 
 All Organ 
 
 Rectum 
 
 
 15.4 
 
 104.4 
 
 7.6 
 
 82.9 
 
 15.1 
 
 135.1 
 
 9.8 
 
 96.0 
 
 12.2 
 
 94.4 
 
 6.0 
 
 76.6 
 
 7.4 
 
 82.6 
 
 9.3 
 
 93.5 
 
 10.9 
 
 96.6 
 
 Source: K. Kolb: Die Lokalisation des Krebses in den Organen in Bayern. In: 
 Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, 8. Band. 
 
 644 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 94 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Bavaria, by Geographical Divisions 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population, Females 
 
 1905-1907 
 
 Stomach 
 Liver and 
 Pancreas 
 
 Oberbayern 59.2 
 
 Niederbayern 48.2 
 
 Schwaben 76.0 
 
 Oberpfalz 50.0 
 
 Mittelfranken 53.1 
 
 Pfalz 56.3 
 
 Oberfranken 48.6 
 
 Unterfranken 58.1 
 
 AllBavaria 56.7 
 
 Intestines 
 
 and 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Breast 
 
 All Organ 
 
 11.3 
 
 34.4 
 
 11.9 
 
 138.5 
 
 6.8 
 
 26.3 
 
 9.9 
 
 112.5 
 
 12.7 
 
 28.5 
 
 13.0 
 
 155.2 
 
 8.5 
 
 15.7 
 
 9.0 
 
 101.6 
 
 9.3 
 
 24.8 
 
 9.0 
 
 119.4 
 
 6.5 
 
 12.2 
 
 4.9 
 
 101.8 
 
 8.1 
 
 13.6 
 
 7.3 . 
 
 91.9 
 
 7.9 
 
 15.1 
 
 8.7 
 
 110.8 
 
 9.1 
 
 22.7 
 
 9.4 
 
 119.3 
 
 Source: K. Kolb: Die Lokalisation des Krebses in den Organen in Bayern. In: 
 Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, 8. Band. 
 
 Table 95 , 
 Mortality from Cancer in Bavaria, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1905-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Lips and mouth 
 
 CEsophagus, stomach and liver 12,373 
 
 Intestines 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Gall-bladder 
 
 Pancreas - 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 Larynx 
 
 Lungs and pleura 
 
 Kidneys 
 
 Bladder 
 
 Prostata 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Ovaries 
 
 Vagina 
 
 Breast 
 
 Brain 
 
 Skin 
 
 Head and extremities 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Not specified 
 
 M. 
 
 i.LES 
 
 FEIHALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 335 
 
 1.7 
 
 140 
 
 0.7 
 
 12,373 
 
 62.9 
 
 11,291 
 
 55.0 
 
 1,090 
 
 5.5 
 
 1,222 
 
 6.0 
 
 1,068 
 
 5.4 
 
 709 
 
 3.5 
 
 66 
 
 0.3 
 
 181 
 
 0.9 
 
 108 
 
 0.5 
 
 98 
 
 0.5 
 
 371 
 
 1.9 
 
 1,079 
 
 5.3 
 
 183 
 
 0.9 
 
 45 
 
 0.2 
 
 163 
 
 0.8 
 
 140 
 
 0.7 
 
 162 
 
 0.8 
 
 109 
 
 0.5 
 
 605 
 
 3.1 
 
 187 
 
 0.9 
 
 204 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 
 o • 
 
 
 3,933 
 
 19.2 
 
 
 
 396 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 0.5 
 
 13 
 
 0.1 
 
 1,871 
 
 9.1 
 
 158 
 
 0.8 
 
 168 
 
 0.8 
 
 124 
 
 0.6 
 
 187 
 
 0.9 
 
 659 
 
 3.3 
 
 716 
 
 3.5 
 
 223 
 
 1.1 
 
 319 
 
 1.6 
 
 347 
 
 1.8 
 
 502 
 
 2.4 
 
 All organs 18,252 92.5 23,398 114.1 
 
 Source: Bericht tiber das Bayerlsche Gesundheitswesen. Miinchen, 1912. 
 
 64c 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 95a 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Bavaria, by Age 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 Rate peb 100,000 of Population 
 
 Age 1901-1910 1910 1911 1912 
 
 Under 1 6.0 3.9 3.9 2.2 
 
 1-4 3.3 4.1 3.3 3.0 
 
 5-14 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.4 
 
 15-19 3.6 2.5 2.6 2.8 
 
 20-29 8.1 6.9 7.4 8.7 
 
 a}-39 39.9 39.9 37.0 42.3 
 
 40-49 139.5 136.7 142.0 153.1 
 
 50-59 334.1 360.5 349.4 351.4 
 
 60-69 647.4 681.6 670.5 683.5 
 
 70-79 808.5 917.8 948.8 936.2 
 
 80 and over 663.9 745.2 724.3 777.6 
 
 All ages 108.0 113.5 112.5 115.1 
 
 Source: Bericht iiber das Bayerische Gesundheitswesen, 39. Band, die Jahre, 1911 
 und 1912, umfassend. 
 
 Table 96 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Prussia 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 27,400,370 
 
 8,525 
 
 31.1 
 
 1901 
 
 34,801,604 
 
 21,488 
 
 61.7 
 
 1882 
 
 27,608,242 
 
 8,778 
 
 31.8 
 
 1902 
 
 35,365,767 
 
 21,876 
 
 61.9 
 
 1883 
 
 27,816,114 
 
 9,383 
 
 33.7 
 
 1903 
 
 35,929,930 
 
 23,420 
 
 65.2 
 
 1884 
 
 28,023,986 
 
 9,865 
 
 35.2 
 
 1904 
 
 36,494,093 
 
 25,050 
 
 68.6 
 
 1885 
 
 28,231,858 
 
 10,108 
 
 35.8 
 33.5 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 37,058,256 
 
 25,704 
 
 694 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 139,080,570 
 
 46,659 
 
 179,649,650 
 
 117,538 
 
 654 
 
 1886 
 
 28,509,431 
 
 10,919 
 
 38.3 
 
 1906 
 
 37,628,378 
 
 26,498 
 
 70.4 
 
 1887 
 
 28,836,793 
 
 10,981 
 
 38.1 
 
 1907 
 
 38,202,757 
 
 28,034 
 
 73.4 
 
 1888 
 
 29,164,155 
 
 11,906 
 
 40.8 
 
 1908 
 
 38,777,136 
 
 28,531 
 
 73.6 
 
 1889 
 
 29,491,517 
 
 12,819 
 
 43.5 
 
 1909 
 
 39,351,515 
 
 29,429 
 
 74.8 
 
 1890 
 
 29,818,879 
 
 12,904 
 
 43.3 
 40.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 39,925,894 
 
 31,340 
 
 78.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 145,820,775 
 
 59,529 
 
 193,885,680 
 
 143,832 
 
 74.2 
 
 1891 
 
 30,176,929 
 
 13,487 
 
 44.7 
 
 1911 
 
 40,500,273 
 
 32,660 
 
 80.6 
 
 1892 
 
 30,556,897 
 
 15,122 
 
 49.5 
 
 1912 
 
 41,074,652 
 
 33,463 
 
 81.5 
 
 1893 
 
 30,936,865 
 
 15,740 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 31,316,833 
 
 16,480 
 
 52.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Tables 96-98 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 1895 
 
 31,696,801 
 
 16,850 
 
 53.2 
 
 the Regist 
 
 rar-General of Births, Deaths and 
 
 
 
 
 50.2 
 
 Marriages in England and W ales 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir den 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 154,084,325 
 
 77,679 
 
 Preussi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 schen Staat. 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 32,160,485 
 
 17,643 
 
 54.9 
 
 Das Gesundheitswesen des Preussischen 
 
 1897 
 
 32,GS3,!}G2 
 
 18,315 
 
 56.0 
 
 Staat. 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 33,207,439 
 
 18,695 
 
 56.3 
 
 Note: 
 
 Includes all tumors. 
 
 
 1899 
 
 33,730,916 
 
 20,011 
 
 59.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 34,254,393 
 
 20,430 
 
 59.6 
 57.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 166,037,195 
 
 95,094 
 
 
 646 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 97 
 
 
 
 Table 98 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Prussia 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Prussia 
 
 
 Males, 1898 
 
 -1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Females, 1898-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 16,334,739 
 
 8,595 
 
 52.6 
 
 1898 
 
 16,872,700 
 
 10,100 
 
 59.9 
 
 1899 
 
 16,598,984 
 
 9,055 
 
 54.6 
 
 1899 
 
 17,131,932 
 
 10,956 
 
 64.0 
 
 1900 
 
 16,863,438 
 
 9,418 
 
 55.8 
 
 1900 
 
 17,390,955 
 
 11,012 
 
 63.3 
 
 1901 
 
 17,143,270 
 
 9,776 
 
 57.0 
 
 1901 
 
 17,658,334 
 
 11,712 
 
 66.3 
 
 1902 
 
 17,428,250 
 
 10,011 
 
 57.4 
 
 1902 
 
 17,937,517 
 
 11,865 
 
 66.1 
 
 1903 
 
 17,713,455 
 
 10,627 
 
 60.0 
 
 1903 
 
 18,216,475 
 
 12,793 
 
 70.2 
 
 1904 
 
 17,998,887 
 
 11,454 
 
 63.6 
 
 1904 
 
 18,495,206 
 
 13,596 
 
 73.5 
 
 1905 
 
 18,284,544 
 
 11,609 
 
 63.5 
 60.4 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 18,773,712 
 
 14,095 
 
 75.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 88,568,406 
 
 53,477 
 
 91,081,244 
 
 64,061 
 
 70.3 
 
 1906 
 
 18,573,367 
 
 11,972 
 
 64.5 
 
 1906 
 
 19,055,011 
 
 14,526 
 
 76.2 
 
 1907 
 
 18,864,521 
 
 12,726 
 
 67.5 
 
 1907 
 
 19,338,236 
 
 15,308 
 
 79.2 
 
 1908 
 
 19,155,905 
 
 12,874 
 
 67.2 
 
 1908 
 
 19,621,231 
 
 15,657 
 
 79.8 
 
 1909 
 
 19,443,584 
 
 13,386 
 
 68.8 
 
 1909 
 
 19,907,931 
 
 16,043 
 
 80.6 
 
 1910 
 
 19,731,377 
 
 14,155 
 
 71.7 
 68.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-191C 
 
 20,194,517 
 
 17,185 
 
 85.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 95,768,754 
 
 65,113 
 
 98,116,926 
 
 78,719 
 
 80.2 
 
 1911 
 
 20,023,335 
 
 14,754 
 
 73.7 
 
 1911 
 
 20,476,938 
 
 17,906 
 
 87.4 
 
 1912 
 
 20,315,293 
 
 15,142 
 
 74.5 
 
 1912 
 
 20,759,359 
 
 18,321 
 
 88.3 
 
 Table 98a 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Prussia, by Age and Sex 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 1903-1913 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 
 
 30 
 
 Ages 
 30-59 
 
 Ages 
 
 60 
 
 and Over 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 
 
 30 
 
 Ages 
 30-59 
 
 Ages 
 
 60 
 
 and Over 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 
 
 30 
 
 Ages 
 30-59 
 
 Ages 
 
 60 
 
 and Over 
 
 1903... 
 
 . 1.4 
 
 92.0 
 
 404.7 
 
 1.1 
 
 81.7 
 
 431.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 101.8 
 
 328.6 
 
 1904... 
 
 . 1.6 
 
 95.4 
 
 427.2 
 
 1.3 
 
 86.1 
 
 458.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 104.2 
 
 401.7 
 
 1905 . . . 
 
 . 1.5 
 
 93.6 
 
 439.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 82.8 
 
 464.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 103.9 
 
 419.6 
 
 1906... 
 
 . 1.6 
 
 94.5 
 
 446.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 82.9 
 
 474.1 
 
 1.9 
 
 105.7 
 
 424.5 
 
 1907... 
 
 . 1.5 
 
 97.4 
 
 464.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 85.6 
 
 493.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 108.7 
 
 441.3 
 
 1908... 
 
 . 1.4 
 
 98.5 
 
 464.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 87.0 
 
 491.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 109.6 
 
 444.0 
 
 1909... 
 
 . 1.6 
 
 99.1 
 
 476.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 87.8 
 
 507.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 109.8 
 
 452.3 
 
 1910... 
 
 . 1.5 
 
 103.7 
 
 502.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 90.7 
 
 534.1 
 
 1.8 
 
 116.2 
 
 477.8 
 
 1911... 
 
 . 1.5 
 
 101.6 
 
 524.9 
 
 1.4 
 
 89.5 
 
 552.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 113.2 
 
 503.0 
 
 1912... 
 
 . 1.5 
 
 100.0 
 
 535.9 
 
 1.3 
 
 86.6 
 
 574.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 112.8 
 
 505.7 
 
 1913... 
 
 . 1.6 
 
 101.3 
 
 541.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 86.6 
 
 576.9 
 
 1.7 
 
 115.5 
 
 513.8 
 
 Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir den Preussischen Staat, 1914. 
 Note: Includes only carcinoma. 
 
 647 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 99 
 
 
 
 Table 100 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Wiirttem- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Baden 
 
 
 berg, by Sex 
 1904-1912 
 
 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1,573,873 
 1,580,073 
 
 1,189 
 1,263 
 
 75.5 
 79.9 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1883 
 
 1,586,273 
 
 1,238 
 
 78.0 
 
 1904 
 
 2,275,100 
 
 1,967 
 
 86.5 
 
 1884 
 
 1,592,473 
 
 1,240 
 
 77.9 
 
 1905 
 
 2,302,179 
 2,329,258 
 
 2,124 
 2,053 
 
 92.3 
 88.1 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,598,673 
 
 1,322 
 
 82.7 
 
 1906 
 
 7,931,365 
 
 6,252 
 
 78.8 
 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 2,356,337 
 2,383,416 
 2,410,495 
 2,437,574 
 
 2,162 
 2,215 
 2,307 
 2,344 
 
 91.8 
 92.9 
 95.7 
 96.2 
 
 93.0 
 
 92.9 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,607,863 
 1,619,108 
 1,630,421 
 1,641,825 
 1,653,307 
 
 1,454 
 1,363 
 1,412 
 1,480 
 1,532 
 
 90.4 
 84.2 
 86.6 
 90.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 11,917,080 
 2,464,700 
 
 11,081 
 
 2,289 
 
 92.7 
 
 1911 
 
 8,152,524 
 
 7,241 
 
 88.8 
 
 1912 
 
 2,491,826 
 
 2,511 
 
 100.8 
 
 1891 
 
 1,666,611 
 
 1,572 
 
 94.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1,680,022 
 
 1,504 
 
 89.5 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1,693,540 
 
 1,643 
 
 97.0 
 
 1904 
 
 1,109,339 
 
 853 
 
 76.9 
 
 1894 
 
 1,707,158 
 
 1,636 
 
 95.8 
 
 1905 
 
 1,122,914 
 1,136,911 
 
 958 
 924 
 
 85.3 
 81.3 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,720,904 
 
 1,719 
 
 99.9 
 
 1906 
 
 8,468,235 
 
 8,074 
 
 95.3 
 
 1907 
 1908 
 
 1,150,835 
 1,164,775 
 
 961 
 963 
 
 83.5 
 82.7 
 
 1896 
 
 1,748,500 
 
 1,824 
 
 104.3 
 
 1909 
 
 1,178,732 
 
 1,005 
 
 85.3 
 
 1897 
 
 1,776,539 
 
 1,750 
 
 98.5 
 
 1910 
 
 1,192,392 
 
 1,013 
 
 85.0 
 
 1898 
 
 1,805,026 
 
 1,841 
 
 102.0 
 
 
 
 
 83.6 
 86.1 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,833,988 
 1,863,384 
 
 1,858 
 1,882 
 
 101.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 5,823,645 
 1,205,731 
 
 4,866 
 1,038 
 
 101.0 
 
 1911 
 
 9,027,437 
 
 9,155 
 
 101.4 
 
 1912 
 
 1,219,070 
 
 1,105 
 
 90.6 
 
 1901 
 
 1,890,934 
 
 2,055 
 
 108.7 
 
 
 T?T?A T A T "L 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1,918,890 
 
 2,097 
 
 109.3 
 
 
 1 tMALbo 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,947,258 
 
 2,088 
 
 107.2 
 
 1904 
 
 1,165,761 
 
 1,114 
 
 95.6 
 
 1904 
 
 1,976,044 
 
 2,235 
 
 113.1 
 
 1905 
 
 1,179,265 
 1,192,347 
 
 1,166 
 1,129 
 
 98.9 
 94.7 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,006,168 
 
 2,205 
 
 109.9 
 
 1906 
 
 9,739,294 
 
 10,680 
 
 109.7 
 
 1907 
 
 1,205,502 
 
 1,201 
 
 99.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 1,218,641 
 
 1,252 
 
 102.7 
 
 1906 
 
 2,031,921 
 
 2,125 
 
 104.6 
 
 1909 
 
 1,231,763 
 
 1,302 
 
 105.7 
 
 1907 
 
 2,058,004 
 
 2,101 
 
 102.1 
 
 1910 
 
 1,245,182 
 
 1,331 
 
 106.9 
 
 1908 
 
 2,084,421 
 
 2,225 
 
 106.7 
 
 
 
 
 102.0 
 99.4 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,111,176 
 2,138,273 
 
 2,343 
 
 2,428 
 
 111.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 6,093,435 
 1,258,969 
 
 6,215 
 1,251 
 
 113.5 
 
 1911 
 
 10,423,795 
 
 11,222 
 
 107.7 
 
 1912 
 
 1,272,756 
 
 1,406 
 
 110.5 
 
 1911 
 
 2,164,694 
 
 2,419 
 
 111.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 2,191,115 
 
 2,452 
 
 111.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisch 
 
 es Handbuch fur 
 
 
 
 
 
 das Konigreich Wurttemberg. 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Die Statistik des Bewegung der 
 
 Note: ] 
 
 ncludes only 
 
 carcinoma. 
 
 Bevolkerung sowie die medizinische und ge- 
 
 
 
 
 
 burtshiifliche Statistik. 
 
 Statistische Mit- 
 
 
 
 
 
 teilungen liber das Groszherzogtum Baden. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 The data for 1905 and later years 
 
 
 
 
 
 include only carcinoma 
 
 
 
 648 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 101 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Baden, by Sex 
 
 1905-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 
 993,454 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 979 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 98.5 
 
 Year 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 1,012,714 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 1,226 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 121.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1,006,004 
 1,018,506 
 1,031,372 
 1,044,399 
 1,057,376 
 
 947 
 
 989 
 
 986 
 
 1,049 
 
 1,121 
 
 94.1 
 
 97.1 
 
 95.6 
 
 100.4 
 
 106.0 
 
 98.7 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,025,917 
 1,039,498 
 1,053,049 
 1,066,777 
 1,080,897 
 
 1,178 
 1,112 
 1,239 
 1,294 
 1,307 
 
 114.8 
 107.0 
 117.7 
 121.3 
 120.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 5,157,657 
 
 5,092 
 
 5,266,138 
 
 6,130 
 
 116.4 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 1,070,225 
 1,083,074 
 
 1,167 
 1,083 
 
 109.0 
 100.0 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 1,094,469 
 1,108,041 
 
 1,252 
 1,369 
 
 114.4 
 123.6 
 
 Source: Die Statistik des Bewegung der Bevolkerung sowie die medizinische und 
 gebiirtshilfliche Statistik. Statistische Mitteilungen iiber das Groszherzogtum Baden. 
 Note: Includes only carcinoma. 
 
 Table 102 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Kingdom of Saxony, by Sex 
 
 1904-1912 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 
 4,416,686 
 4,478,963 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 3,533 
 3,701 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 80.0 
 
 82.6 
 
 Year 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 
 2,279,893 
 2,314,280 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 1,961 
 2,013 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 86.0 
 87.0 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 4,551,500 
 4,622,400 
 4,690,700 
 4,749,900 
 4,778,000 
 
 3,843 
 4,012 
 3,916 
 3,948 
 3,994 
 
 84.4 
 86.8 
 83.5 
 83.1 
 83.6 
 
 84.3 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,351,760 
 2,387,932 
 2,423,216 
 2,453,323 
 
 2,467,837 
 
 2,125 
 2,261 
 2,171 
 2,167 
 
 2,227 
 
 90.4 
 94.7 
 89.6 
 88.3 
 90.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 23,392,500 
 
 19,713 
 
 12,084,068 
 
 10,951 
 
 90.6 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 4,810,000 
 4,840,000 
 
 4,172 
 4,200 
 
 86.7 
 86.8 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,484,365 
 2,499,860 
 
 2,303 
 
 2,280 
 
 92.7 
 91.2 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 MALES 
 2,136,793 
 2,164,683 
 
 1,572 
 1,688 
 
 73.6 
 78.0 
 
 Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das 
 Konigreich Sachsen. 
 
 Note: Includes only carcinoma. 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 2,199,740 
 2,234,468 
 2,267,484 
 2,296,577 
 2,310,163 
 
 1,718 
 1,751 
 1,745 
 1,781 
 1,767 
 
 78.1 
 78.4 
 77.0 
 77.6 
 76.5 
 
 77.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 11,308,432 
 
 8,762 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,325,635 
 2,340,140 
 
 1,869 
 1,920 
 
 80.4 
 82.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 649 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 103 
 
 
 
 Table 104 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Alsace- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Heligoland 
 
 
 Lorraine, 19 
 
 05-1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1840-1903 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Years 
 
 Population from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1905 
 
 1,807,200 
 
 1,498 
 
 82.9 
 
 1840-1850 
 
 18,000 
 
 6 
 
 33.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1851-1860 
 
 17,400 
 
 2 
 
 11.5 
 
 1906 
 
 1,822,000 
 
 1,414 
 
 77.6 
 
 1861-1870 
 
 18,500 
 
 1 
 
 5.4 
 
 1907 
 
 1,834,100 
 
 1,477 
 
 80.5 
 
 1871-1880 
 
 19,700 
 
 14 
 
 71.1 
 
 1908 
 
 1,845,500 
 
 1,543 
 
 83.6 
 
 1881-1890 
 
 21,000 
 
 U 
 
 71.4 
 
 1909 
 
 1,856,600 
 
 1,496 
 
 80.6 
 
 1891-1900 
 
 22,300 
 
 13 
 
 58.3 
 
 1910 
 
 1,868,900 
 
 1,516 
 
 81.1 
 80.7 
 
 1901-1903 
 1840-1903 
 
 7,100 
 
 10 
 61 
 
 140.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 9,227,100 
 
 7,446 
 
 124,000 
 
 49.2 
 
 1911 
 
 1,875,900 
 
 1,546 
 
 82.4 
 
 Source : 
 
 I/indemann: 
 
 tJber Krebs- 
 
 1912 
 
 1,883,000 
 
 1,551 
 
 82.4 
 
 statistik auf Helgoland. In 
 
 : Zeitschrift f iir 
 
 
 
 
 
 Krebsforschune. 1. Band. 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisches Jakrbuch ftir 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elsass-Lothringen . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 Includes only 
 
 carcinoma. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 103a 
 
 Mortality from Cancer and Other Tumors, by Age and Sex, according to 
 
 Religious Confession, in the Grand-Duchy of Hesse, 1901-1912 
 
 NuMBEB OP Deaths from Cancer 
 
 Christians (1906-1910) 
 
 Ages 
 
 Under 1 
 
 1-14 
 
 15-29 
 
 30-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70 and over . 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 All ages 2,689 
 
 Ages 
 Under 1 .... , 
 
 1-14 
 
 15-29 
 
 30-59 
 
 60-69 
 
 70 and over . 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 47 
 
 60 
 
 962 
 
 1,471 
 
 975 
 
 1,189 
 
 668 
 
 796 
 
 2,689 
 
 3,553 
 
 
 Rate per 10 
 
 Christians 
 
 (1906-1910) 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 101 
 
 149 
 
 651 
 
 686 
 
 877 
 
 893 
 
 Jews (1901-1912) 
 
 Males 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 43 
 63 
 60 
 
 168 
 
 Females 
 
 6 
 
 102 
 74 
 
 85 
 
 267 
 
 All ages. 
 
 116 
 
 Jews (1901-1912) 
 
 Males 
 
 611 
 1,044 
 
 119 
 
 Females 
 
 16 
 
 177 
 
 634 
 
 1,342 
 
 177 
 
 Source: Die gegenwartige Sterblichkeit der jiidischen und christlichen Bevol- 
 kerung des Groszherzogtums Hessen nach Geschlecht, Alter und Todesursachen. Von 
 Regierungsrat Knopfel, Darmstadt. 
 
 050 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 105 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Heligoland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1840-1903 
 
 
 Absolute Figdres 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 OF Total 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Lips 
 
 3 
 
 
 15.7 
 
 
 Tongue 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 Throat 
 
 1 
 
 
 5.3 
 
 
 Stomach 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 68.4 
 
 42.8 
 
 Liver 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5.3 
 
 4.8 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 Intestines 
 
 1 
 
 
 5.3 
 
 
 Breast 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 19.6 
 
 Uterus 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 Not specified 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 All organs 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Source: Lindemann: tJber Krebsstatistik auf Helgoland. In: Zeitschrift fiir 
 Krebsforschung, 1. Band. 
 
 Table 106 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hamburg, by Sex 
 
 1900-1912 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 761,130 
 
 769 
 
 101.0 
 
 1907 
 
 456,745 
 
 442 
 
 96.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 469,165 
 
 488 
 
 104.0 
 
 1901 
 
 780,190 
 
 773 
 
 99.1 
 
 1909 
 
 481,421 
 
 462 
 
 96.0 
 
 1902 
 
 797,850 
 
 805 
 
 100.9 
 
 1910 
 
 497,799 
 
 475 
 
 95.4 
 
 1903 
 
 814,290 
 
 878 
 
 107.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 834,996 
 
 908 
 
 108.7 
 
 1911 
 
 512,942 
 
 443 
 
 86.4 
 
 1905 
 
 862,443 
 
 945 
 
 109.6 
 105.4 
 
 1912 
 
 529,899 470 
 FEMALES 
 
 88.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 4,089.769 
 
 4,309 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 463,369 
 
 528 
 
 113.9 
 
 1906 
 
 889,951 
 
 898 
 
 100.9 
 
 1908 
 
 475,209 
 
 550 
 
 115.7 
 
 1907 
 
 920,114 
 
 970 
 
 105.4 
 
 1909 
 
 486,844 
 
 546 
 
 112.2 
 
 1908 
 
 944,374 
 
 1,038 
 
 109.9 
 
 1910 
 
 502,601 
 
 607 
 
 120.8 
 
 1909 
 
 968,265 
 
 1,008 
 
 104.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 1,000,400 
 
 1,082 
 
 108.2 
 
 1911 
 
 517,062 
 
 604 
 
 116.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 533,302 
 
 631 
 
 118.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,723,104 
 
 4,996 
 
 105.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bericht iiber die Medizinische 
 
 1911 
 
 1,030,004 
 
 1,047 
 
 101.7 
 
 Statistik des Hamburgischen Staates. 
 
 1912 
 
 1,063,201 
 
 1,101 
 
 103.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 651 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 107 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Bremen 
 
 1896-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 195,042 
 
 196 
 
 100.5 
 
 1906 
 
 263,323 
 
 249 
 
 94.6 
 
 1897 
 
 200,609 
 
 190 
 
 94.7 
 
 1907 
 
 271,374 
 
 300 
 
 110.5 
 
 1898 
 
 206,176 
 
 176 
 
 85.4 
 
 1908 
 
 279,425 
 
 302 
 
 108.1 
 
 1899 
 
 211,723 
 
 197 
 
 93.0 
 
 1909 
 
 287,476 
 
 300 
 
 104.4 
 
 1900 
 
 217,315 
 
 199 
 
 91.6 
 92.9 
 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 295,527 
 
 311 
 
 105.2 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,030,865 
 
 958 
 
 1,397,125 
 
 1,462 
 
 104.6 
 
 1901 
 
 225,240 
 
 191 
 
 84.8 
 
 1911 
 
 305,724 
 
 298 
 
 97.5 
 
 1902 
 
 231,427 
 
 214 
 
 92.5 
 
 1912 
 
 316,000 
 
 335 
 
 106.0 
 
 1903 
 
 238,896 
 
 268 
 
 112.2 
 
 1913 
 
 326,000 
 
 320 
 
 98.2 
 
 1904 
 
 244,733 
 
 227 
 
 92.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 255,272 
 
 258 
 
 101.1 
 
 Source : 
 
 Jahrbuch 
 
 fur Bremische Sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tistik. 
 Note: 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,195,568 
 
 1,158 
 
 96.9 
 
 Includes all kinds of t 
 
 umors 
 
 Table 108 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Bremen, by Sex 
 
 1896-1911 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEiLAXES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year . 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 97,404 
 
 81 
 
 83.2 
 
 1896 
 
 97,638 
 
 115 
 
 117.8 
 
 1897 
 
 100,184 
 
 81 
 
 80.9 
 
 1897 
 
 100,425 
 
 109 
 
 108.5 
 
 1898 
 
 102,964 
 
 64 
 
 62.2 
 
 1898 
 
 103,212 
 
 112 
 
 108.5 
 
 1899 
 
 105,734 
 
 87 
 
 82.3 
 
 1899 
 
 105,989 
 
 110 
 
 103.8 
 
 1900 
 
 108,527 
 
 83 
 
 76.5 
 76.9 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 108,788 
 
 116 
 
 106.6 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 514,813 
 
 396 
 
 516,052 
 
 562 
 
 108.9 
 
 1901 
 
 112,485 
 
 81 
 
 72.0 
 
 1901 
 
 112,755 
 
 110 
 
 97.6 
 
 1902 
 
 115,575 
 
 103 
 
 89.1 
 
 1902 
 
 115,852 
 
 111 
 
 95.8 
 
 1903 
 
 119,305 
 
 107 
 
 89.7 
 
 1903 
 
 119,591 
 
 161 
 
 134.6 
 
 1904 
 
 122,220 
 
 111 
 
 90.8 
 
 1904 
 
 122,513 
 
 116 
 
 94.7 
 
 1905 
 
 127,483 
 
 118 
 
 92.6 
 
 87.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 127,789 
 
 140 
 
 109.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 597,068 
 
 520 
 
 598,500 
 
 638 
 
 106.0 
 
 1906 
 
 131,504 
 
 103 
 
 78.3 
 
 1906 
 
 131,819 
 
 146 
 
 110.8 
 
 1907 
 
 135,307 
 
 125 
 
 92.4 
 
 1907 
 
 136,067 
 
 175 
 
 128.6 
 
 1908 
 
 139,070 
 
 125 
 
 89.9 
 
 1908 
 
 140,355 
 
 177 
 
 126.1 
 
 1909 
 
 142,818 
 
 135 
 
 94.5 
 
 1909 
 
 144,658 
 
 165 
 
 114.1 
 
 1910 
 
 146,552 
 
 129 
 
 88.0 
 
 88.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 148,975 
 
 182 
 
 122.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 695,251 
 
 617 
 
 701,874 
 
 845 
 
 120.4 
 
 1911 
 
 150,756 
 
 121 
 
 80.3 
 
 1911 
 
 154,968 
 
 177 
 
 114.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Jahrbuch 
 
 flir Bremische Sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tistik. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 Includes all kinds of tumors. 
 
 652 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 109 
 
 
 
 Table 110 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Berlin 
 
 
 1881-19 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Males, 1881 
 
 Population 
 
 -1912 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 1,158,559 
 1,196,205 
 1,232,716 
 1,271,677 
 1,315,665 
 
 749 
 811 
 845 
 965 
 915 
 
 64.6 
 67.8 
 68.5 
 75.9 
 69.5 
 
 69.4 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 557,810 
 574,735 
 591,792 
 609,774 
 630,859 
 
 304 
 274 
 290 
 375 
 338 
 
 54.5 
 47.7 
 49.0 
 61 5 
 53.6 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 6,174,822 
 
 4,285 
 
 2,964,970 
 
 1,.581 
 
 53.3 
 
 188G 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 1,363,220 
 1,414,969 
 1,471,972 
 1,528,681 
 1,578,516 
 
 1,034 
 1,059 
 1,160 
 1,279 
 1,222 
 
 75.8 
 74.8 
 
 78.8 
 83.7 
 
 77.4 
 
 78.2 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 6.54,598 
 680,269 
 707,164 
 734,925 
 757,963 
 
 367 
 367 
 443 
 485 
 467 
 
 56.1 
 53.9 
 62.6 
 66.0 
 61.6 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 7,357,358 
 
 5,754 
 
 3,534,919 
 
 2,129 
 
 60.2 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1,606,617 
 1,622,477 
 1,640,994 
 1,656,074 
 1,678,924 
 
 1,303 
 1,335 
 1,411 
 1,526 
 1,622 
 
 81.1 
 82.3 
 86.0 
 92.1 
 96.6 
 
 87.7 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 768,643 
 772,777 
 781,069 
 786,093 
 797,868 
 
 521 
 534 
 548 
 599 
 671 
 
 67.8 
 69.1 
 70.2 
 76.2 
 84.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 8,205,086 
 
 7,197 
 
 3,906,450 
 
 2,873 
 
 73.5 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1,721,855 
 1,756,398 
 1,803,211 
 1,846,217 
 1,888,313 
 
 1,765 
 1,704 
 1,822 
 1,971 
 2,119 
 
 102.5 
 97.0 
 101.0 
 106.8 
 112.2 
 
 104.0 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 817,980 
 831,768 
 855,572 
 878,389 
 901,847 
 
 716 
 690 
 761 
 806 
 891 
 
 87.5 
 83.0 
 88.9 
 91.8 
 98.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 9,015,994 
 
 9,381 
 
 4,285,556 
 
 3,864 
 
 90.2 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1,893,941 
 1,911,628 
 1,946,076 
 1,988,742 
 2,042,402 
 
 2,180 
 2,170 
 2,271 
 2,4Y9 
 2,557 
 
 115.1 
 113.5 
 116.7 
 124.7 
 125.2 
 
 119.2 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 899,710 
 907,477 
 927,687 
 953,119 
 985,093 
 
 943 
 
 887 
 
 935 
 
 1,001 
 
 1,066 
 
 104.8 
 97.7 
 100.8 
 105.0 
 108.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 9,782,789 
 
 11,657 
 
 4,673,086 
 
 4,832 
 
 103.4 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 2,073,521 
 2,076,437 
 2,057,274 
 2,057,610 
 2,071,907 
 
 2,648 
 2,693 
 2,639 
 2,782 
 2,751 
 
 127.7 
 129.7 
 128.3 
 135.2 
 132.8 
 
 130.7 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,002,518 
 999,919 
 985,355 
 985,615 
 994,297 
 
 1,081 
 1,110 
 1,085 
 1,174 
 1,154 
 
 107.8 
 111.0 
 110.1 
 119.1 
 116.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 10,336,749 
 
 13,513 
 
 4,967,704 
 
 5,604 
 
 112.8 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,084,045 
 2,100,000 
 
 2,870 
 2,789 
 
 137.7 
 132.8 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 1,001,229 
 1,005,000 
 
 1,165 
 1,148 
 
 116.4 
 114.2 
 
 Source: Statistisch 
 Stadt Berlin. Tabellen 
 
 2S Jahrbuch der 
 uber die Bevol- 
 
 Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch der 
 Stadt Berlin. Tabellen iiber die Bevol- 
 
 kerungsvorgange Berlins. 
 
 Note: Includes all kinds of tumors. 
 
 kerungsvorgange Berlins. 
 
 Note: Includes all kinds of tumors. 
 
 653 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 111 
 
 
 
 Table 112 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in 
 
 
 Females, 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 Frankfurt 
 
 a/M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-19i.^ 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 
 600,749 
 621,470 
 
 445 
 537 
 
 74.1 
 86.4 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1883 
 
 640,924 
 
 555 
 
 86.6 
 
 1891 
 
 185,000 
 
 193 
 
 104.3 
 
 1884 
 
 661,903 
 
 590 
 
 89.1 
 
 1892 
 
 189,000 
 
 180 
 
 95.2 
 
 1885 
 
 684,806 
 
 577 
 
 84.3 
 
 1893 
 
 193,300 
 
 190 
 
 98.3 
 
 
 
 
 84.2 
 94.1 
 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 199,600 
 226,400 
 
 182 
 193 
 
 91.2 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 3,209,852 
 708,622 
 
 2,704 
 667 
 
 85.2 
 
 1886 
 
 993,300 
 
 938 
 
 94.4 
 
 1887 
 
 734,700 
 
 692 
 
 94.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 764,808 
 
 717 
 
 93.7 
 
 1896 
 
 233,500 
 
 211 
 
 90.4 
 
 1889 
 
 793,756 
 
 794 
 
 100.0 
 
 1897 
 
 240,500 
 
 209 
 
 86.9 
 
 1890 
 
 820,553 
 
 755 
 
 92.0 
 
 1898 
 
 247,400 
 
 249 
 
 100.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 257,400 
 
 256 
 
 99.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,822,439 
 837,974 
 
 3,625 
 
 782 
 
 94.8 
 93.3 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 285,000 
 
 228 
 
 80.0 
 
 1891 - 
 
 1,263,800 
 
 1,153 
 
 91.2 
 
 1892 
 
 849,700 
 
 801 
 
 94.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 859,925 
 
 863 
 
 100.4 
 
 1901 
 
 294,000 
 
 254 
 
 86.4 
 
 1894 
 
 869,981 
 
 927 
 
 106.6 
 
 1902 
 
 302,000 
 
 270 
 
 89.4 
 
 1895 
 
 881,056 
 
 951 
 
 107.9 
 
 1903 
 
 310,000 
 
 334 
 
 107.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 320,000 
 330,000 
 
 307 
 
 95.9 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 4,298,636 
 903,875 
 
 4,324 
 1,049 
 
 100.6 
 116.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 316 
 
 95!8 
 
 1896 
 
 1,556,000 
 
 1,481 
 
 95.2 
 
 1897 
 
 924,630 
 
 1,014 
 
 109.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 947,639 
 
 1,061 
 
 112.0 
 
 1906 
 
 340,000 
 
 322 
 
 94.7 
 
 1899 
 
 967,828 
 
 1,165 
 
 120.4 
 
 1907 
 
 349,000 
 
 337 
 
 96.6 
 
 1900 
 
 986,466 
 
 1,228 
 
 124.5 
 
 1908 
 
 358,000 
 
 357 
 
 99.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 367,000 
 
 350 
 
 95.4 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 4,730,438 
 994,231 
 
 5,517 
 1,237 
 
 116.6 
 124.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 410,000 
 
 388 
 
 94.6 
 
 1901 
 
 1,824,000 
 
 1,754 
 
 96.2 
 
 1902 
 
 1,004,151 
 
 1,283 
 
 127.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,018,389 
 
 1,336 
 
 131.2 
 
 1911 
 
 419,000 
 
 403 
 
 96.2 
 
 1904 
 
 1,035,623 
 
 1,478 
 
 142.7 
 
 1912 
 
 428,500 
 
 352 
 
 82.1 
 
 1905 
 
 1,057,309 
 
 1,491 
 
 141.0 
 133.6 
 
 1913 
 
 Source: 
 
 438,000 
 Tabellarische 
 
 403 
 tJbersic 
 
 92.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 5,109,703 
 
 6,825 
 
 hten be- 
 
 
 
 
 
 treffend den Zivilstand der Stadt Frank- 
 
 1906 
 
 1,071,003 
 
 1,567 
 
 146.3 
 
 furt am "M 
 
 ain. 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 1,076,518 
 
 1,583 
 
 147.0 
 
 Note: 
 
 ncludes only 
 
 carcinoma. 
 
 1908 
 
 1,071,919 
 
 1,554 
 
 145.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 1,071,995 
 
 1,608 
 
 150.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 1,077,610 
 
 1,597 
 
 148.2 
 147.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 5,369,045 
 
 7,909 
 
 
 1911 
 
 1,082,816 
 
 1,705 
 
 157.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1.095,000 
 
 1,641 
 
 149.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stadt Berl 
 
 in. Tabellen 
 
 liber die Bevbl- 
 
 
 
 
 
 kerungsvorgange Berlins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: Includes all kinds of tumors. 
 
 
 
 
 
 654 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 113 
 Mortality from Cancer in Frankfurt a/M. 
 1892-1913 
 
 Males 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 89,643 
 
 50 
 
 55.8 
 
 1906 
 
 165,138 
 
 131 
 
 79.3 
 
 1893 
 
 91,663 
 
 68 
 
 74.2 
 
 1907 
 
 169,474 
 
 133 
 
 78.5 
 
 1894 
 
 94,630 
 
 75 
 
 79.3 
 
 1908 
 
 173,809 
 
 159 
 
 91.5 
 
 1895 
 
 107,314 
 
 84 
 
 78.3 
 
 1909 
 
 178,142 
 
 134 
 
 75.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 198,932 
 
 158 
 
 79.4 
 
 
 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 383,250 
 
 277 
 
 72.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 885,495 
 
 715 
 
 80.7 
 
 1896 
 
 111,123 
 
 78 
 
 70.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 114,911 
 
 84 
 
 73.1 
 
 1911 
 
 203,257 
 
 161 
 
 79.2 
 
 1898 
 
 118,678 
 
 100 
 
 84.3 
 
 1912 
 
 207,823 
 
 153 
 
 73.6 
 
 1899 
 
 123,938 
 
 99 
 
 79.9 
 
 1913 
 
 212,000 
 
 161 
 
 75.9 
 
 1900 
 
 137,741 
 
 98 
 
 71.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Tabellarische 
 treffend den Zivilstand 
 
 TT1 " 1,^4. r 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 606,391 
 
 459 
 
 75.7 
 
 der Sta 
 
 dt Frank- 
 
 
 
 
 
 flirt am Main. 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 142,237 
 
 93 
 
 65.4 
 
 Note: 
 
 Includes only 
 
 carcinoma. 
 
 1902 
 
 146,259 
 
 126 
 
 86.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 150,288 
 
 145 
 
 96.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 155,296 
 
 122 
 
 78.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 160,314 
 
 117 
 
 73.0 
 79.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 754,394 
 
 603 
 
 
 Table 114 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Frankfurt a/M., Females 
 
 1892-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 99,357 
 
 130 
 
 130.8 
 
 1906 
 
 174,862 
 
 191 
 
 109.2 
 
 1893 
 
 101,637 
 
 122 
 
 120.0 
 
 1907 
 
 179,526 
 
 204 
 
 113.6 
 
 1894 
 
 104,970 
 
 107 
 
 101.9 
 
 1908 
 
 184,191 
 
 198 
 
 107.5 
 
 1895 
 
 119,086 
 
 109 
 
 91.5 
 
 1909 
 
 188,858 
 
 216 
 
 114.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 211,068 
 
 230 
 
 109.0 
 
 
 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 425,050 
 
 468 
 
 110.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 938,505 
 
 1,039 
 
 110.7 
 
 1896 
 
 122,377 
 
 133 
 
 108.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 125,589 
 
 125 
 
 99.5 
 
 1911 
 
 215,743 
 
 242 
 
 112.2 
 
 1898 
 
 128,-722 
 
 149 
 
 115.8 
 
 1912 
 
 220,677 
 
 199 
 
 90.2 
 
 1899 
 
 133,462 
 
 157 
 
 117.6 
 
 1913 
 
 226,000 
 
 242 
 
 107.1 
 
 1900 
 
 147,259 
 
 130 
 
 88.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Tabellarische 
 treffend den Zivilstand 
 
 TTl • "1 4. 1 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 657,409 
 
 694 
 
 105.6 
 
 der Sta 
 
 dt Frank- 
 
 
 
 
 
 furt am Main. 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 151,763 
 
 161 
 
 106.1 
 
 Note: 
 
 Includes only 
 
 carcinoma. 
 
 1902 
 
 155,741 
 
 144 
 
 92.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 159,712 
 
 189 
 
 118.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 164,704 
 
 185 
 
 112.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 169,686 
 
 199 
 
 117.3 
 
 109.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 801,606 
 
 878 
 
 
 655 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 115 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Frankfurt a/M., by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1906-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Skin 
 
 Digestive organs . . . 
 Respiratory organs. 
 Urinary organs . . . . 
 Generative organs. . 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 7 
 
 0.5 
 
 869 
 
 67.0 
 
 50 
 
 3.9 
 
 41 
 
 3.2 
 
 14 
 
 1.1 
 
 48 
 
 3.7 
 
 52 
 
 4.0 
 
 55 
 
 4.2 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 18 
 
 1.3 
 
 817 
 
 59.4 
 
 38 
 
 2.8 
 
 18 
 
 1.3 
 
 456 
 
 33.2 
 
 133 
 
 9.7 
 
 51 
 
 3.7 
 
 61 
 
 4.4 
 
 Allorgans 1,136 87.6 1.592 
 
 Source: Jahresbericht des Aerztlichen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main. 
 
 115.8 
 
 Table 116 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Colonge 
 
 1891-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 286,336 
 
 237 
 
 82.8 
 
 1906 
 
 438,963 
 
 410 
 
 93.4 
 
 1892 
 
 294,313 
 
 256 
 
 87.0 
 
 1907 
 
 456,524 
 
 426 
 
 93.3 
 
 1893 
 
 302,290 
 
 255 
 
 84.4 
 
 1908 
 
 474,085 
 
 411 
 
 86.7 
 
 1894 
 
 310,267 
 
 261 
 
 84.1 
 
 1909 
 
 491,646 
 
 441 
 
 89.7 
 
 1895 
 
 318,244 
 
 301 
 
 94.6 
 86.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 509,207 
 
 474 
 
 93.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,511,450 
 
 1,310 
 
 2,370,425 
 
 2,162 
 
 91.2 
 
 1896 
 
 327,507 
 
 310 
 
 94.7 
 
 1911 
 
 526,768 
 
 525 
 
 99.7 
 
 1897 
 
 337,700 
 
 298 
 
 88.2 
 
 1912 
 
 544,329 
 
 553 
 
 101.6 
 
 1898 
 
 347,893 
 
 282 
 
 81.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 358,086 
 
 340 
 
 94.9 
 
 Source : 
 
 Naturwissenschaft und Gesund- 
 
 1900 
 
 368,279 
 
 312 
 
 84.7 
 
 heitswesen 
 
 in Coin. 
 
 'Festschrift) 
 
 1908. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909-1912, original data furnished by 
 the Statistical Office of Coin. 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,739,465 
 
 1,542 
 
 88.6 
 
 1901 
 
 379,081 
 
 356 
 
 93.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 390,320 
 
 344 
 
 88.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 401,559 
 
 370 
 
 92.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 412,798 
 
 379 
 
 91.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 424,037 
 
 394 
 
 92.9 
 91.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,007,795 
 
 1,843 
 
 
 656 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 117 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Essen a/R., by Sex 
 
 1906-1912 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 238,590 
 242,137 
 255,423 
 266,617 
 289,309 
 
 141 
 158 
 162 
 168 
 161 
 
 60.4 
 65.3 
 63.4 
 63.0 
 55.6 
 
 06-1910 
 
 1,287,076 
 
 790 
 
 61.4 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 298,079 
 305,024 
 
 185 
 180 
 
 62.1 
 59.0 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1908 
 
 131,926 
 
 59 
 
 44.7 
 
 1908 
 
 123,497 
 
 103 
 
 83.4 
 
 1909 
 
 137,654 
 
 63 
 
 45.8 
 
 1909 
 
 128,963 
 
 105 
 
 81.4 
 
 1910 
 
 149,341 
 
 68 
 
 45.5 
 
 1910 
 
 139,968 
 
 93 
 
 66.4 
 
 1911 
 
 153,839 
 
 81 
 
 52.7 
 
 1911 
 
 144,240 
 
 104 
 
 72.1 
 
 1912 
 
 157,392 
 
 84 
 
 53.4 
 48.6 
 
 1912 
 1908-1912 
 
 147,632 
 
 96 
 501 
 
 65.0 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 730,152 
 
 355 
 
 684,300 
 
 73.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt 
 
 
 
 
 
 Essen. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 118 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Munich 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 415,500 
 
 542 
 
 130.4 
 
 1906 
 
 544,000 
 
 888 
 
 163.2 
 
 1897 
 
 430,000 
 
 632 
 
 147.0 
 
 1907 
 
 554,000 
 
 905 
 
 163.4 
 
 1898 
 
 446,000 
 
 604 
 
 135.4 
 
 1908 
 
 565,000 
 
 977 
 
 172.9 
 
 1899 
 
 466,000 
 
 669 
 
 143.6 
 
 1909 
 
 577,000 
 
 890 
 
 154.2 
 
 1900 
 
 490,000 
 
 598 
 
 122.0 
 135.5 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 590,000 
 
 1,009 
 
 171.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,247,500 
 
 3,045 
 
 2,830,000 
 
 4,669 
 
 165.0 
 
 1901 
 
 503,000 
 
 707 
 
 140.6 
 
 1911 
 
 604,000 
 
 979 
 
 162.1 
 
 1902 
 
 509,000 
 
 715 
 
 140.5 
 
 1912 
 
 615,000 
 
 1,081 
 
 175.8 
 
 1903 
 
 515,000 
 
 749 
 
 145.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 524,000 
 
 798 
 
 152.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Munchener Jahresiibersichten. 
 
 1905 
 
 534,000 
 
 812 
 
 152.1 
 146.3 
 
 Note. 
 
 Includes all kinds of tu 
 
 mors. 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,585,000 
 
 3,781 
 
 
 657 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 119 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Munich, by Sex 
 
 1896-1911 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 201,767 
 209,023 
 217,024 
 
 226,989 
 238,924 
 
 184 
 252 
 221 
 255 
 238 
 
 91.2 
 120.6 
 101.8 
 112.3 
 
 99.6 
 
 105.1 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 213,733 
 220,977 
 228,976 
 239,011 
 251,076 
 
 358 
 380 
 383 
 414 
 360 
 
 1,895 
 
 167.5 
 172.0 
 167.3 
 173.2 
 143.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,093,727 
 
 1,150 
 
 1,153,773 
 
 164.2 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 243,653 
 244,880 
 246,067 
 248,638 
 251,621 
 
 249 
 261 
 264 
 293 
 303 
 
 102.2 
 106.6 
 107.3 
 117.8 
 120.4 
 
 110.9 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 259,347 
 264,120 
 268,933 
 275,362 
 
 282,379 
 
 458 
 454 
 485 
 505 
 509 
 
 176.6 
 171.9 
 180.3 
 183.4 
 180.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,234,859 
 
 1,370 
 
 1,350,141 
 
 2,411 
 
 178.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 256,877 
 262,153 
 267,923 
 274,190 
 280,899 
 
 356 
 340 
 382 
 353 
 395 
 
 138.6 
 129.7 
 142.6 
 
 128.7 
 140.6 
 
 136.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 287,123 
 291,847 
 297,077 
 302,810 
 309,101 
 
 532 
 565 
 595 
 537 
 614 
 
 185.3 
 193.6 
 200.3 
 177.3 
 198.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,342,042 
 
 1,826 
 
 1,487,958 
 
 2,843 
 
 191.1 
 
 1911 
 
 288,108 
 
 376 
 
 130.5 
 
 1911 
 
 315,892 
 
 603 
 
 190.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 Note: 
 
 MUnchener Jahresiibersichten. 
 [ncludes all kinds of tumors. 
 
 Table 120 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Munich, by Religious Confession 
 
 according to Organs and Parts, Females 
 
 1907-1909 
 
 
 All Cases of 
 Carcinoma 
 
 Carcinoma Mammae 
 Number Per Cent. 
 
 Carcinoma Uteri 
 Number Per Cent. 
 
 Christians 
 
 Jews 
 
 1,326 
 
 102 
 
 120 9.0 
 17 16.7 
 
 381 28.7 
 7 6.8 
 
 Population, 1905: 10,056 Jews, 528,927 others. 
 
 Source: A. Theilhaber and S. Greischer. Zur Aethiologie des Carcinoms. 
 schrift fiir Krebsforschung, 9. Band. 
 
 In: Zeit- 
 
 658 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 121 
 
 
 
 Table 122 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in ] 
 
 Dresden 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 
 1886-19 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1886 
 
 249,150 
 
 247 
 
 99.1 
 
 1881 
 
 151,562 
 
 157 
 
 103.6 
 
 1887 
 
 254,950 
 
 257 
 
 100.8 
 
 1882 
 
 155,812 
 
 159 
 
 102.0 
 
 1888 
 
 261,300 
 
 288 
 
 110.2 
 
 1883 
 
 160,064 
 
 159 
 
 99.3 
 
 1889 
 
 267,750 
 
 281 
 
 104.9 
 
 1884 
 
 164,315 
 
 164 
 
 99.8 
 
 1890 
 
 273,900 
 
 329 
 
 120.1 
 107.3 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 168,567 
 
 141 
 
 83.6 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,307,050 
 
 1,402 
 
 800,320 
 
 780 
 
 97.5 
 
 1891 
 
 280,550 
 
 344 
 
 122.6 
 
 1886 
 
 172,819 
 
 159 
 
 92.0 
 
 1892 
 
 304,050 
 
 352 
 
 115.8 
 
 1887 
 
 177,071 
 
 177 
 
 100.0 
 
 1893 
 
 312,900 
 
 380 
 
 121.4 
 
 1888 
 
 181,323 
 
 184 
 
 101.5 
 
 1894 
 
 322,050 
 
 377 
 
 117.1 
 
 1889 
 
 211,598 
 
 204 
 
 96.4 
 
 1895 
 
 332,100 
 
 386 
 
 116.2 
 118.5 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 291,374 
 
 268 
 
 92.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,551,650 
 
 1,839 
 
 1,034,185 
 
 992 
 
 95.9 
 
 1896 
 
 341,400 
 
 382 
 
 111.9 
 
 1891 
 
 362,118 
 
 291 
 
 80.4 
 
 1897 
 
 369,800 
 
 476 
 
 128.7 
 
 1892 
 
 370,683 
 
 335 
 
 90.4 
 
 1898 
 
 380,500 
 
 402 
 
 105.7 
 
 1893 
 
 379,247 
 
 341 
 
 89.9 
 
 1899 
 
 388,400 
 
 468 
 
 120.5 
 
 1894 
 
 387,812 
 
 327 
 
 84.3 
 
 1900 
 
 393,550 
 
 492 
 
 125.0 
 118.5 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 396,377 
 
 362 
 
 91.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,873,650 
 
 2,220 
 
 1,896,237 
 
 1,656 
 
 87.3 
 
 1901 
 
 400,900 
 
 506 
 
 126.2 
 
 1896 
 
 405,580 
 
 348 
 
 85.8 
 
 1902 
 
 405,600 
 
 537 
 
 132.4 
 
 1897 
 
 416,812 
 
 414 
 
 99.3 
 
 1903 
 
 491,500 
 
 588 
 
 119.6 
 
 1898 
 
 428,044 
 
 388 
 
 90.6 
 
 1904 
 
 501,800 
 
 617 
 
 123.0 
 
 1899 
 
 439,276 
 
 434 
 
 98.8 
 
 1905 
 
 511,050 
 
 606 
 
 118.6 
 123.5 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 450,508 
 
 409 
 
 90.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,310,850 
 
 2,854 
 
 2,140,220 
 
 1,993 
 
 93.1 
 
 1906 
 
 519,700 
 
 626 
 
 120.5 
 
 1901 
 
 460,880 
 
 437 
 
 94.8 
 
 1907 
 
 527,600 
 
 672 
 
 127.4 
 
 1902 
 
 470,390 
 
 462 
 
 98.2 
 
 ■ 1908 
 
 535,550 
 
 693 
 
 129.4 
 
 1903 
 
 479,900 
 
 510 
 
 106.3 
 
 1909 
 
 539,850 
 
 692 
 
 128.2 
 
 1904 
 
 489,410 
 
 507 
 
 103.6 
 
 1910 
 
 543,800 
 
 700 
 
 128.7 
 126.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 498,920 
 
 499 
 
 100.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,666,500 
 
 3,383 
 
 2,399,500 
 
 2,415 
 
 100.6 
 
 1911 
 
 551,150 
 
 763 
 
 139.2 
 
 1906 
 
 509,180 
 
 593 
 
 116.5 
 
 191?- 
 
 558,500 
 
 746 
 
 134.9 
 
 1907 
 
 518,682 
 
 591 
 
 113.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 528,184 
 
 559 
 
 105.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisches 
 
 Jahrbuch flir die 
 
 1909 
 
 537,686 
 
 502 
 
 93.4 
 
 Stadt Dres 
 
 >den. 
 
 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 580,743 
 
 552 
 
 95.1 
 
 
 2,674,475 
 
 2,797 
 
 104.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 595,710 
 
 582 
 
 97.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 605,755 
 
 622 
 
 102.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistische Monatsberichte der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stadt Leipzig. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Communications statistiques 
 
 publiees 
 
 
 
 
 
 par le Bu 
 
 reau Municipal de Statistique 
 
 
 
 
 
 d' Amsterdam, No. 33. 
 
 
 
 659 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 123 
 
 
 
 Table 124 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Koenigs- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in ] 
 
 Vurem- 
 
 
 berg, 1881 
 
 -1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 berg, 1881 
 
 -1912 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 142,067 
 
 77 
 
 54.2 
 
 1881 
 
 101,500 
 
 77 
 
 75.9 
 
 1882 
 
 144,075 
 
 100 
 
 69.4 
 
 1882 
 
 104,510 
 
 95 
 
 90.9 
 
 1883 
 
 146,111 
 
 84 
 
 57.5 
 
 1883 
 
 106,310 
 
 101 
 
 95.0 
 
 1884 
 
 148,176 
 
 102 
 
 68.8 
 
 1884 
 
 108,810 
 
 102 
 
 93.7 
 
 1885 
 
 150,270 
 
 104 
 
 69.2 
 63.9 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 112,760 
 
 120 
 
 106.4 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 730,699 
 
 467 
 
 533,890 
 
 495 
 
 92.7 
 
 1886 
 
 152,342 
 
 125 
 
 82.1 
 
 1886 
 
 116,550 
 
 160 
 
 137.3 
 
 1887 
 
 154,405 
 
 108 
 
 69.9 
 
 1887 
 
 120,360 
 
 122 
 
 101.4 
 
 1888 
 
 157,317 
 
 115 
 
 73.1 
 
 1888 
 
 125,990 
 
 141 
 
 111.9 
 
 1889 
 
 159,832 
 
 104 
 
 65.1 
 
 1889 
 
 133,010 
 
 128 
 
 96.2 
 
 1890 
 
 161,130 
 
 144 
 
 89.4 
 75.9 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 139,640 
 
 144 
 
 103.1 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 785,026 
 
 596 
 
 635,550 
 
 695 
 
 109.4 
 
 1891 
 
 161,473 
 
 129 
 
 79.9 
 
 1891 
 
 145,550 
 
 146 
 
 100.3 
 
 1892 
 
 161,750 
 
 156 
 
 96.4 
 
 1892 
 
 148,370 
 
 141 
 
 95.0 
 
 1893 
 
 163,120 
 
 180 
 
 110.3 
 
 1893 
 
 149,850 
 
 133 
 
 88.8 
 
 1894 
 
 166,326 
 
 199 
 
 119.6 
 
 1894 
 
 153,960 
 
 138 
 
 89.6 
 
 1895 
 
 171,053 
 
 187 
 
 109.3 
 103.3 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 159,530 
 
 193 
 
 121.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 823,722 
 
 851 
 
 757,260 
 
 751 
 
 99.2 
 
 1896 
 
 173,510 
 
 194 
 
 111.8 
 
 1896 
 
 166,310 
 
 189 
 
 113.6 
 
 1897 
 
 177,189 
 
 171 
 
 96.5 
 
 1897 
 
 175,580 
 
 176 
 
 100.2 
 
 1898 
 
 181,249 
 
 194 
 
 107.0 
 
 1898 
 
 192,120 
 
 193 
 
 100.5 
 
 1899 
 
 185,014 
 
 208 
 
 112.4 
 
 1899 
 
 240,640 
 
 256 
 
 106.4 
 
 1900 
 
 187,743 
 
 175 
 
 93.2 
 104.1 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 254,180 
 
 232 
 
 91.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 904,705 
 
 942 
 
 1,028,830 
 
 1,046 
 
 101.7 
 
 1901 
 
 189,818 
 
 208 
 
 109.6 
 
 1901 
 
 265,180 
 
 245 
 
 92.4 
 
 1902 
 
 191,642 
 
 198 
 
 103.3 
 
 1902 
 
 267,730 
 
 261 
 
 97.5 
 
 1903 
 
 193,511 
 
 213 
 
 110.1 
 
 1903 
 
 272,170 
 
 270 
 
 99.2 
 
 1904 
 
 195,834 
 
 271 
 
 138.4 
 
 1904 
 
 280,000 
 
 290 
 
 103.6 
 
 1905 
 
 198,874 
 
 270 
 
 135.8 
 119.6 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 291,200 
 
 299 
 
 102.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 969,679 
 
 1,160 
 
 1,370,280 
 
 1,365 
 
 99.2 
 
 1906 
 
 226,265 
 
 311 
 
 137.4 
 
 1906 
 
 298,946 
 
 300 
 
 100.4 
 
 1907 
 
 231,787 
 
 322 
 
 138.9 
 
 1907 
 
 306,691 
 
 308 
 
 100.4 
 
 1908 
 
 236,292 
 
 288 
 
 121.9 
 
 1908 
 
 314,436 
 
 315 
 
 100.2 
 
 1909 
 
 241,120 
 
 284 
 
 117.8 
 
 1909 
 
 322,181 
 
 322 
 
 99.9 
 
 1910 
 
 243,982 
 
 313 
 
 128.3 
 128.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 329,926 
 
 346 
 
 104.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,179,446 
 
 1,518 
 
 1,572,180 
 
 1,591 
 
 101.2 
 
 1911 
 
 249,067 
 
 300 
 
 120.4 
 
 1911 
 
 337,671 
 
 356 
 
 105.4 
 
 1912 
 
 255,684 
 
 302 
 
 118.1 
 
 1912 
 
 345,416 
 
 382 
 
 110.6 
 
 Source: Communications statistiques 
 publiees par le Bureau Municipal de Statis- 
 tique d' Amsterdam, No. 33. 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir Kiinigsberg, 
 1908-1912. 
 
 Source: Communications statistiques 
 publiees par le Bureau Municipal de Statis- 
 tique d' Amsterdam, No. 33. 
 
 Bericht uber die Gesundtheitsverhalt- 
 nisse und Gesundheitsanstalten in Niirn- 
 berg. 
 
 660 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 125 
 
 
 
 Table 126 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Holland 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Holland 
 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 by Sex, 1901-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 1881 
 
 4,087,334 
 
 2,353 
 
 57.6 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1882 
 
 4,143,524 
 
 2,421 
 
 58.4 
 
 1901 
 
 2,577,318 
 
 2,367 
 
 91.8 
 
 1883 
 
 4,199,018 
 
 2,436 
 
 58.0 
 
 1902 
 
 2,614,568 
 
 2,573 
 
 98.4 
 
 1884 
 
 4,251,669 
 
 2,621 
 
 61.6 
 
 1903 
 
 2,651,817 
 
 2,668 
 
 100.6 
 
 1885 
 
 4,307,142 
 
 2,841 
 
 66.0 
 
 1904 
 
 2,689,067 
 
 2,642 
 
 98.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 2,726,316 
 
 2,816 
 
 103.3 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 20,988,687 
 
 12,672 
 
 60.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 4,363,434 
 
 2,925 
 
 67.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 13,259,086 
 
 13,066 
 
 98.6 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 4,420,864 
 4,478,401 
 4,527,264 
 4,537,990 
 
 2,887 
 3,111 
 3,411 
 3,332 
 
 65.3 
 69.5 
 75.3 
 73.4 
 
 70.2 
 79.4 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,769,160 
 2,806,485 
 2,843,810 
 2,881,135 
 2,918,460 
 
 2,880 
 2,830 
 2,940 
 2,997 
 3,117 
 
 104.0 
 100.8 
 103.4 
 104.0 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 22,327,953 
 4,593,155 
 
 15,666 
 3,648 
 
 106.8 
 
 1891 
 
 14,219,050 
 
 14,764 
 
 103.8 
 
 1892 
 
 4,645,660 
 
 3,712 
 
 79.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 4,701,243 
 
 3,798 
 
 80.8 
 
 1911 
 
 2,955,785 
 
 3,276 
 
 110.8 
 
 1894 
 
 4,764,279 
 
 3,859 
 
 81.0 
 
 1912 
 
 2,993,110 
 
 3,230 
 
 107.9 
 
 1895 
 
 4,827,549 
 
 4,122 
 
 85.4 
 
 1913 
 
 3,050,933 3,324 
 FEMALES 
 
 109.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 23,531,886 
 
 19,139 
 
 81.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 2,639,925 
 
 2,527 
 
 95.7 
 
 1896 
 
 4,894,055 
 
 4,329 
 
 88.5 
 
 1902 
 
 2,678,079 
 
 2,467 
 
 92.1 
 
 1897 
 
 4,966,431 
 
 4,487 
 
 90.3 
 
 1903 
 
 2,716,234 
 
 2,663 
 
 98.0 
 
 1898 
 
 5,039,418 
 
 4,685 
 
 93.0 
 
 1904 
 
 2,754,388 
 
 2,714 
 
 98.5 
 
 1899 
 
 5,107,098 
 
 4,900 
 
 95.9 
 
 1905 
 
 2,792,543 
 
 2,802 
 
 100.3 
 
 1900 
 
 5,159,347 
 
 4,733 
 
 91.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 13,581,169 
 
 13,173 
 
 97.0 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 25,166,349 
 
 23,134 
 
 91.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 5,217,243 
 5,292,647 
 5,368,051 
 5,443,455 
 5,518,859 
 
 4,894 
 5,040 
 5,331 
 5,356 
 5,618 
 
 93.8 
 95.2 
 99.3 
 98.4 
 101.8 
 
 97.8 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,825,103 
 2,863,182 
 2,901,261 
 2,939,340 
 
 2,977,419 
 
 2,793 
 2,986 
 3,007 
 3,015 
 3,162 
 
 98.9 
 104.3 
 103.6 
 102.6 
 106.2 
 
 
 14,506,305 
 
 14,963 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 26,840,255 
 
 26,239 
 
 103.1 
 
 1906 
 
 5,594,263 
 
 5,673 
 
 101.4 
 
 1911 
 
 3,015,498 
 
 3,225 
 
 106.9 
 
 1907 
 
 5,669,667 
 
 5,816 
 
 102.6 
 
 1912 
 
 3,053,577 
 
 3,406 
 
 111.5 
 
 1908 
 
 5,745,071 
 
 5,947 
 
 103.5 
 
 1913 
 
 3,112,567 
 
 3,423 
 
 110.0 
 
 1909 
 
 5,820,475 
 
 6,012 
 
 103.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 5,895,879 
 
 6,279 
 
 106.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Jaarcijfers voor het Koninkrijk 
 
 
 
 
 
 der Nederlanden, 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 28,725,355 
 
 29,727 
 
 103.5 
 
 Bijdragen tot de Statistiek van Neder- 
 
 
 
 
 
 land: Statistiek van 
 
 de Sterfte 
 
 naar den 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 5,971,283 
 6,046,687 
 
 6,501 
 6,636 
 
 108.9 
 109.7 
 
 Leeftijd e 
 Dood. 
 
 n naar de 
 
 Oorzaken 
 
 van den 
 
 1913 
 
 6,163,500 
 
 6,747 
 
 109.5 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Jaarcijfers 
 
 voor het Koninkrijk 
 
 
 
 
 
 der Nederlanden. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bijdrag 
 
 en tot de Statistiek van Neder- 
 
 
 
 
 
 land: Statistiek van 
 
 de Sterfte 
 
 naar den 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leeftijd en naar de Oorzaken 
 
 van den 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dood. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 661 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 127 
 Mortality from Cancer in Holland, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1906-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 761 5.26 
 
 Stomach and liver : 10,424 71.99 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 1,680 11.60 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 11 0.08 
 
 Skin 250 1.73 
 
 Other or not specified organs 2,317 16.00 
 
 All organs 15,443 
 
 Source: Bijdragen tot de Statistiek vanNederland 
 den Leeftijd en naar de Oorzaken van den Dood. 
 Note: Includes only carcinoma. 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 206 
 
 1.39 
 
 8,067 
 
 54.61 
 
 2,035 
 
 13.78 
 
 1,929 
 
 13.06 
 
 1,470 
 
 9.95 
 
 186 
 
 1.26 
 
 1,700 
 
 11.51 
 
 106.65 15,593 105.55 
 
 Statistiek van de Sterf te naar 
 
 Table 128 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Amsterdam 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 338,047 
 
 244 
 
 72.2 
 
 1901 
 
 530,718 
 
 512 
 
 96.5 
 
 1882 
 
 350,201 
 
 254 
 
 72.5 
 
 1902 
 
 538,815 
 
 543 
 
 100.8 
 
 1883 
 
 361,326 
 
 246 
 
 68.1 
 
 1903 
 
 546,534 
 
 578 
 
 105.8 
 
 1884 
 
 366,660 
 
 276 
 
 75.3 
 
 1904 
 
 551,415 
 
 599 
 
 108.6 
 
 1885 
 
 372,325 
 
 284 
 
 76.3 
 72.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 557,614 
 
 623 
 
 111.7 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,788,559 
 
 1,304 
 
 2,725,096 
 
 2,855 
 
 104.8 
 
 1886 
 
 378,686 
 
 290 
 
 76.6 
 
 1906 
 
 564,186 
 
 626 
 
 111.0 
 
 1887 
 
 390,016 
 
 282 
 
 72.3 
 
 1907 
 
 565,654 
 
 596 
 
 105.4 
 
 1888 
 
 399,424 
 
 300 
 
 75.1 
 
 1908 
 
 565,589 
 
 662 
 
 117.0 
 
 1889 
 
 408,061 
 
 385 
 
 94.3 
 
 1909 
 
 566,131 
 
 637 
 
 112.5 
 
 1890 
 
 417,539 
 
 343 
 
 82.1 
 80.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 573,983 
 
 690 
 
 120.2 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,993,726 
 
 1,600 
 
 2,835,543 
 
 3,211 
 
 113.2 
 
 1891 
 
 426,914 
 
 372 
 
 87.1 
 
 1911 
 
 580,960 
 
 664 
 
 114.3 
 
 1892 
 
 437,892 
 
 399 
 
 91.1 
 
 1912 
 
 588,000 
 
 702 
 
 119.4 
 
 1893 
 
 446,657 
 
 390 
 
 87.3 
 
 1913 
 
 595,000 
 
 683 
 
 114.8 
 
 1894 
 
 450,189 
 
 394 
 
 87.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 456,324 
 
 389 
 
 85.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisch 
 
 Jaarboek der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gemeente Amsterdam. 
 Jaarcijfers voor het 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,217,976 
 
 1,944 
 
 87.6 
 
 Koninkrijk der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nederlanden. 1913. 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 494,189 
 
 425 
 
 86.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 503,285 
 
 472 
 
 93.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 512,953 
 
 510 
 
 99.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 510,853 
 
 540 
 
 105.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 520,602 
 
 507 
 
 97.4 
 96.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,541,882 
 
 2,454 
 
 
 662 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 129 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Amsterdam, by Sex 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 251,820 
 
 219 
 
 87.0 
 
 1901 
 
 278,898 
 
 293 
 
 105.1 
 
 1902 
 
 256,160 
 
 284 
 
 110.9 
 
 1902 
 
 282,655 
 
 259 
 
 91.6 
 
 1903 
 
 260,590 
 
 263 
 
 100.9 
 
 1903 
 
 285,944 
 
 315 
 
 110.2 
 
 1904 
 
 263,151 
 
 285 
 
 108.3 
 
 1904 
 
 288,264 
 
 314 
 
 108.9 
 
 1905 
 
 266,381 
 
 312 
 
 117.1 
 105.0 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 291,233 
 
 311 
 
 106.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,298,102 
 
 1,363 
 
 1,426,994 
 
 1,492 
 
 104.6 
 
 1906 
 
 269,850 
 
 310 
 
 114.9 
 
 1906 
 
 294,336 
 
 316 
 
 107.4 
 
 1907 
 
 270,344 
 
 284 
 
 105.1 
 
 1907 
 
 295,310 
 
 312 
 
 105.7 
 
 1908 
 
 270,230 
 
 317 
 
 117.3 
 
 1908 
 
 295,359 
 
 345 
 
 116.8 
 
 1909 
 
 269,723 
 
 301 
 
 111.6 
 
 1909 
 
 296,408 
 
 336 
 
 113.4 
 
 1910 
 
 273,976 
 
 316 
 
 115.3 
 112.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 300,007 
 
 374 
 
 124.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,354,123 
 
 1,528 
 
 1,481,420 
 
 1,683 
 
 113.6 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 277,863 
 281,240 
 
 311 
 350 
 
 111.9 
 124.4 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 303,097 
 306,760 
 
 353 
 352 
 
 116.5 
 114.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistisch 
 
 Jaarboek der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gemeente Amsterdam. 
 
 
 
 Table 130 
 Mortality from Cancer in Amsterdam, by Organs and Parts, Males 
 
 1862-1902 
 
 
 Number or 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 All Deaths 
 
 
 
 FROM CaHCINOMA 
 
 
 FROM Carcinoma 
 
 
 
 186^2- 
 
 1872- 
 
 1886- 
 
 1897- 
 
 1862- 
 
 1872- 
 
 1886- 
 
 1897- 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 1867 
 
 1877 
 
 1891 
 
 1902 
 
 1867 
 
 1877 
 
 1891 
 
 1902 
 
 Tongue 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 2.9 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.8 
 
 Pharynx 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 Larynx 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 35 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.7 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 16 
 
 24 
 
 92 
 
 159 
 
 4.6 
 
 5.3 
 
 11.2 
 
 12.2 
 
 Stomach 
 
 212 
 
 246 
 
 416 
 
 613 
 
 61.3 
 
 53.8 
 
 50.7 
 
 46.9 
 
 Intestines 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 
 71 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.4 
 
 3.2 
 
 5.4 
 
 Rectum 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 66 
 
 1.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 Liver 
 
 39 
 
 69 
 
 91 
 
 133 
 
 11.3 
 
 15.1 
 
 11.1 
 
 10.2 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 Vesica urinaria 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.1 
 
 Breast 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 Bones 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 1.2 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 Skin 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 Other organs 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 59 
 
 68 
 
 2.6 
 
 4.2 
 
 7.2 
 
 5.2 
 
 Not specified 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 8.2 
 
 5.6 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.7 
 
 All carcinoma 
 
 346 
 
 457 
 
 820 
 
 1,308 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Source: Communications Statistiques publiees par le Bureau Municipal de Statis- 
 tique d' Amsterdam, No. 26. Amsterdam, 1911. 
 
 663 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 131 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Amsterdam, by Organs and Parts, Females 
 
 1862-1902 
 
 Number of Deaths Pebcentage of All Deaths 
 
 FBOII CaBCLN'OMA ' FBOM CaBCISOMA 
 
 1862- 1872- 1886- 1897- 186-2- 1872- 1886- 1897- 
 
 OrganorPart 1867 1877 1891 1902 1867 1877 1891 1902 
 
 Tongue 3 3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 
 
 Pharj-nx 1 .. 1 2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 
 
 LarjTix 3 1 1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 
 
 (Esophagus 2 3 12 31 0.4 0.5 1.1 2.0 
 
 Stomach 133 197 305 464 25.7 30.4 33.8 29.2 
 
 Intestines 9 15 19 93 1.7 2.3 1.8 5.9 
 
 Rectum 6 6 23 54 1.2 0.9 2.1 3.4 
 
 Liver 65 98 156 242 12.6 15.1 14.5 15.2 
 
 Peritoneum 4 4 11 28 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.8 
 
 Vesica urinaria 2 16 24 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.5 
 
 Breast 77 83 123 158 14.9 12.8 11.4 9.9 
 
 Ovaries 1 3 10 28 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.8 
 
 Uterus 156 174 240 317 30.2 26.8 22.2 20.0 
 
 Vagina 7 3 5 7 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 
 
 Vulvae 1 2 9 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 
 
 Bones 2 5 4 11 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.7 
 
 Skin 7 7 6 10 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.6 
 
 Other organs 9 14 33 44 1.7 2.1 3.1 2.8 
 
 Not specified 38 31 49 62 ' 7.2 4.6 4.4 3.8 
 
 All carcmoma 517 649 1,079 1,588 ; 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
 
 Source: Comnnmications Statistiques publiees par le Bureau Municipal de Statis- 
 tique d'Amsterdam, No. 26. Amsterdam, 1911. 
 
 Table 132 
 Mortality from Cancer in Amsterdam, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Age, Males 
 1897-1902 
 
 Number of Deaths fbou Carcinoma 
 
 34 and 75 and 
 
 Organ or Part Under 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 Over Total 
 
 Buccal ca\nty and pharnj-x .... 1 13 21 15 10 60 
 
 (Esophagus 1 9 34 46 54 15 159 
 
 Stomach 5 27 98 224 187 72 613 
 
 Intestines and rectum 5 10 20 43 45 14 137 
 
 Liver 3 3 26 48 35 18 133 
 
 Otherorgans 6 15 43 60 56 26 206 
 
 -\11 carcinoma 20 65 234 442 392 155 1,308 
 
 Pehcentage of Aix Ages 
 
 Buccal ca^•ity and pharjmx . . 0.0 1.7 21.7 35.0 25.0 16.6 100.0 
 
 (Esophagus 0.6 5.7 21.4 28.9 34.0 9.4 100.0 
 
 Stomach 0.8 4.4 16.0 36.5 30.5 11.8 100.0 
 
 Intestines and rectum 3.6 7.3 14. G 31.5 32.8 10.2 100.0 
 
 Liver 2.3 2.3 19.5 36.1 26.3 13.5 100.0 
 
 Otherorgans 2.9 7.3 20.9 29.1 27.2 12.6 100.0 
 
 All carcinoma 1.5 5.0 17.9 33.8 30.0 11.8 100.0 
 
 Source: Communicatirns Statistiques publiees par le Bureau Municipal de Statis- 
 tique d'Amsterdam, No. 26. Amsterdam, 1911. 
 
 6G4 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 133 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Amsterdam, by Organs and Parts 
 according to Age, Females 
 
 1897-1902 
 
 Number of Deaths from Carcinoma 
 
 34 and 75 and 
 
 Organ or Part Under 35-44 45-54 55-04 e5-74 Over Total 
 
 Buccal cavity and pharynx . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 
 
 (Esophagus 2 .. 8 12 9 31 
 
 Stomach 3 24 57 128 152 100 464 
 
 Intestines and rectum 4 7 26 48 43 20 148 
 
 Liver 2 13 21 71 83 52 242 
 
 Breast 4 17 42 41 38 16 158 
 
 Uterus 21 45 95 90 51 15 317 
 
 Other organs 4 20 45 63 49 40 221 
 
 All carcinoma 39 130 287 450 429 253 1,588 
 
 Percentage of All Ages 
 
 Buccal cavity and pharynx. . 14.3 28.5 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 100.0 
 
 (Esophagus 0.0 6.5 0.0 25.8 38.7 29.0 100.0 
 
 Stomach 0.6 5.2 12.3 27.6 32.8 21.5 100.0 
 
 Intestines and rectum 2.7 4.7 17.6 32.4 29.1 13.5 100.0 
 
 Liver 0.8 5.4 8.7 29.3 34.3 21.5 100.0 
 
 Breast 2.5 10.8 26.6 25.9 24.1 10.1 100.0 
 
 Uterus 6.6 14.2 30.0 28.4 16.1 4.7 100.0 
 
 Otherorgans 1.8 9.0 20.4 28.5 22.2 18.1 100.0 
 
 All carcinoma 2.5 8.2 18.1 28.3 27.0 15.9 100.0 
 
 Source: Communications Statistiques publiees par le Bureau Municipal de Statis- 
 tique d'Amsterdam, No. 26. Amsterdam, 1911. 
 
 
 Table 134 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in The Hague 
 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 215,120 
 
 209 
 
 97.2 
 
 1902 
 
 220,253 
 
 229 
 
 104.0 
 
 1903 
 
 226,140 
 
 255 
 
 112.8 
 
 1904 
 
 232,132 
 
 244 
 
 105.1 
 
 1905 
 
 238,257 
 
 239 
 
 100.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,131,902 
 
 1,176 
 
 103.9 
 
 1906 
 
 245,525 
 
 263 
 
 107.1 
 
 1907 
 
 251,749 
 
 278 
 
 110.4 
 
 1908 
 
 256,758 
 
 272 
 
 105.9 
 
 1909 
 
 264,561 
 
 271 
 
 102.4 
 
 1910 
 
 275,312 
 
 318 
 
 115.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,293,905 
 
 1,402 
 
 108.4 
 
 1911 
 
 284,547 
 
 305 
 
 107.2 
 
 1912 
 
 294,540 
 
 324 
 
 110.0 
 
 1913 
 
 298,272 
 
 373 
 
 125.1 
 
 Source: Statistiek van de Sterfte naar 
 den Leeftijd en naar de Oorzaken van den 
 Dood (Statistiek van Nederland). 
 
 665 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 135 
 Mortality from Cancer in The Hague, by Sex, 1901-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 97,243 
 
 81 
 
 83.3 
 
 1901 
 
 117,877 
 
 128 
 
 108.6 
 
 1902 
 
 99,596 
 
 95 
 
 95.4 
 
 1902 
 
 120,657 
 
 134 
 
 111.1 
 
 1903 
 
 102,384 
 
 118 
 
 115.3 
 
 1903 
 
 123,756 
 
 137 
 
 110.7 
 
 1904 
 
 105,257 
 
 115 
 
 109.3 
 
 1904 
 
 126,875 
 
 129 
 
 101.7 
 
 1905 
 
 108,381 
 
 104 
 
 96.0 
 100.0 
 
 19,05 
 1901-1905 
 
 129,876 
 
 135 
 
 103.9 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 512,861 
 
 613 
 
 619,041 
 
 663 
 
 107.1 
 
 1906 
 
 112,065 
 
 118 
 
 105.3 
 
 1906 
 
 133,460 
 
 145 
 
 108.6 
 
 1907 
 
 114,912 
 
 126 
 
 109.6 
 
 1907 
 
 136,837 
 
 152 
 
 111.1 
 
 1908 
 
 117,095 
 
 116 
 
 99.1 
 
 1908 
 
 139,663 
 
 156 
 
 111.7 
 
 1909 
 
 120,619 
 
 115 
 
 95.3 
 
 1909 
 
 143,942 
 
 156 
 
 108.4 
 
 1910 
 
 125,398 
 
 133 
 
 106.1 
 103.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 149,914 
 
 185 
 
 123.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 590,089 
 
 608 
 
 703,816 
 
 794 
 
 112.8 
 
 1911 
 
 129,505 
 
 152 
 
 117.4 
 
 1911 
 
 155,042 
 
 153 
 
 98.7 
 
 1912 
 
 133,948 
 
 139 
 
 103.8 
 
 1912 
 
 160,592 
 
 185 
 
 115.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistiek 
 
 van de Sterfte naar 
 
 
 
 
 
 den Leeftijd en naar de Oorzaken 
 Dood (Statistiek van Nederland). 
 
 van den 
 
 
 Table 136 
 
 
 Mortality 
 
 from Cancer in Rotterdam 
 
 
 1901- 
 
 1913 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 341,051 
 348,474 
 357,474 
 370,390 
 379,017 
 
 272 
 275 
 336 
 304 
 323 
 
 79.8 
 78.9 
 94.0 
 82.1 
 85.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,796,406 
 
 1,510 
 
 84.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 390,364 
 403,355 
 411,635 
 
 417,780 
 426,888 
 
 370 
 382 
 348 
 344 
 394 
 
 94.8 
 94.7 
 
 84.5 
 82.3 
 92.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,050,022 
 
 1,838 
 
 89.7 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 436,018 
 445,137 
 453,128 
 
 462 
 432 
 433 
 
 106.0 
 97.0 
 95.6 
 
 Source: Statistiek van de Sterfte naar 
 den Leeftijd en naar de Oorzaken van den 
 Dood (Statistiek van Nederland). 
 
 666 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 137 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Rotterdam, by Sex 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 163,650 
 
 115 
 
 70.3 
 
 1901 
 
 177,401 
 
 157 
 
 88.5 
 
 1902 
 
 167,542 
 
 129 
 
 77.0 
 
 1902 
 
 180,932 
 
 146 
 
 80.7 
 
 1903 
 
 172,244 
 
 . 151 
 
 87.7 
 
 1903 
 
 185,230 
 
 185 
 
 99.9 
 
 1904 
 
 178,680 
 
 131 
 
 73.3 
 
 1904 
 
 191,710 
 
 173 
 
 90.2 
 
 1905 
 
 183,045 
 
 152 
 
 83.0 
 
 78.4 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 195,972 
 
 171 
 
 87.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 865,161 
 
 678 
 
 931,245 
 
 832 
 
 89.3 
 
 1906 
 
 189,036 
 
 181 
 
 95.7 
 
 1906 
 
 201,328 
 
 189 
 
 93.9 
 
 1907 
 
 195,678 
 
 173 
 
 88.4 
 
 1907 
 
 207,677 
 
 209 
 
 100.6 
 
 1908 
 
 199,754 
 
 172 
 
 86.1 
 
 1908 
 
 211,881 
 
 176 
 
 83.1 
 
 1909 
 
 202,627 
 
 152 
 
 75.0 
 
 1909 
 
 215,153 
 
 192 
 
 89.2 
 
 1910 
 
 207,716 
 
 185 
 
 89.1 
 86.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 219,172 
 
 209 
 
 95.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 994,811 
 
 863 
 
 1,055,211 
 
 975 
 
 92.4 
 
 1911 
 
 212,561 
 
 203 
 
 95.5 
 
 1911 
 
 223,457 
 
 259 
 
 115.9 
 
 1912 
 
 217,528 
 
 195 
 
 89.6 
 
 1912 
 
 227,609 
 
 237 
 
 104.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Statistiek 
 
 van de Sterfte naar 
 
 
 
 
 
 den Leeftijd en naar de Oorzaken 
 Dood (Statistiek van Nederland). 
 
 van den 
 
 
 Table 138 
 
 
 
 Table 139 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 1903- 
 
 1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Mai 
 1903- 
 
 es 
 1912 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 1903 
 
 6,876,303 
 
 4,084 
 
 59.4 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 
 6,949,300' 
 
 3,969 
 
 57.1 
 
 1903 
 
 3,417,523 
 
 1,849 
 
 54.1 
 
 1905 
 
 7,022,297 
 
 4,203 
 
 59.9 
 
 1904 
 
 3,453,802 
 
 1,771 
 
 51.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 3,490,082 
 
 1,825 
 
 52.3 
 
 1906 
 
 7,095,294 
 
 4,232 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 7,168,291 
 
 4,396 
 
 61.3 
 
 1906 
 
 3,519,266 
 
 1,892 
 
 53.8 
 
 1908 
 
 7,241,288 
 
 4,713 
 
 65.1 
 
 1907 
 
 3,555,472 
 
 1,970 
 
 55.4 
 
 1909 
 
 7,314,285 
 
 4,786 
 
 65.4 
 
 1908 
 
 3,591,679 
 
 2,068 
 
 57.6 
 
 1910 
 
 7,387,282 
 
 4,699 
 
 63.6 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 3,627,885 
 3,664,092 
 
 2,189 
 2,083 
 
 60.3 
 56.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 36,206,440 
 
 22,826 
 
 63.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 17,958,394 
 
 10,202 
 
 56.8 
 
 1911 
 
 7,460,279 
 
 5,140 
 
 68.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 7,533,276 
 
 5,374 
 
 71.3 
 
 1911 
 
 3,700,298 
 
 2,309 
 
 62.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 3,736,505 
 
 2,476 
 
 66.3 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annuaire Statistique de la Bel- 
 
 
 
 
 
 gique. 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuaire Statistique de la Bel- 
 
 
 
 
 
 gique. 
 
 
 
 
 667 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 140 
 
 
 
 Table 141 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Liege 
 
 
 Females 
 
 
 
 1903- 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 1903- 
 
 912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ti^iatVic 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 iv3.tc per 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 166,280 
 
 131 
 
 78.8 
 
 1903 
 
 3,458,780 
 
 2,235 
 
 64.6 
 
 1904 
 
 166,455 
 
 143 
 
 85.9 
 
 1904 
 
 3,495,498 
 
 2,198 
 
 62.9 
 
 1905 
 
 166,630 
 
 163 
 
 97.8 
 
 1905 
 
 3,532,215 
 
 2,378 
 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 166,805 
 
 120 
 
 71.9 
 
 1906 
 
 3,576,028 
 
 2,340 
 
 65.4 
 
 1907 
 
 166,980 
 
 160 
 
 95.8 
 
 1907 
 
 3,612,819 
 
 2,426 
 
 67.1 
 
 1908 
 
 167,155 
 
 187 
 
 111.9 
 
 1908 
 
 3,649,609 
 
 2,645 
 
 72.5 
 
 1909 
 
 167,330 
 
 153 
 
 91.4 
 
 1909 
 
 3,686,400 
 
 2,597 
 
 70.4 
 
 1910 
 
 167,505 
 
 174 
 
 103.9 
 
 1910 
 
 3,723,190 
 
 2,616 
 
 70.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 835,775 
 
 794 
 
 95.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 18,248,046 
 
 12,624 
 
 69.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 167,676 
 
 187 
 
 111.5 
 
 1911 
 
 3,759,981 
 
 2,831 
 
 75.3 
 
 1912 
 
 167,851 
 
 177 
 
 105.5 
 
 1912 
 
 3,796,771 
 
 2,898 
 
 76.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Rapport Annuel des 
 
 Servnces 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuaire Statistique 
 
 de la Bel- 
 
 de L'Etat Civil et de la Population. 
 
 gique. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 142 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Liege, by Sex 
 
 1905-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEjNIALES 
 
 
 Year 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 79,566 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 67 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 84.2 
 
 Year 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 87,064 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 96 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 110.3 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 79,499 
 
 79,432 
 79,365 
 79,298 
 79,230 
 
 54 
 69 
 
 72 
 72 
 79 
 
 67.9 
 86.9 
 90.7 
 90.8 
 99.7 
 
 87.2 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 87,306 
 87,548 
 87,790 
 88,032 
 88,275 
 
 66 
 91 
 115 
 81 
 95 
 
 75.6 
 103.9 
 131.0 
 
 92.0 
 107.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 396,824 
 
 346 
 
 438,951 
 
 448 
 
 102.1 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 79,177 
 79,108 
 
 81 
 
 77 
 
 102.3 
 97.3 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 88,499 
 88,743 
 
 106 
 100 
 
 119.8 
 112.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Rapport Annuel des Services 
 de L'Etat Civil et de la Population. 
 
 668 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 143 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Antwerp 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 260,568 
 
 124 
 
 47.6 
 
 1906 
 
 295,941 
 
 205 
 
 69.3 
 
 1897 
 
 264,198 
 
 149 
 
 56.4 
 
 1907 
 
 299,416 
 
 218 
 
 72.8 
 
 1898 
 
 267,829 
 
 150 
 
 56.0 
 
 1908 
 
 302,891 
 
 262 
 
 86.5 
 
 1899 
 
 271.460 
 
 155 
 
 57.1 
 
 1909 
 
 306,366 
 
 300 
 
 97.9 
 
 1900 
 
 275,091 
 
 156 
 
 56.7 
 54.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 309,841 
 
 261 
 
 84.2 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,339,146 
 
 734 
 
 1,514,455 
 
 1,246 
 
 82.3 
 
 1901 
 
 278,566 
 
 173 
 
 62.1 
 
 1911 
 
 313,316 
 
 260 
 
 83.0 
 
 1902 
 
 282,041 
 
 180 
 
 63.8 
 
 1912 
 
 322,275 
 
 293 
 
 90.9 
 
 1903 
 
 285,516 
 
 202 
 
 70.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 288,991 
 
 203 
 
 70.2 
 
 Source : 
 
 Stad Antwerpen. 
 
 Gezond- 
 
 1905 
 
 292,466 
 
 213 
 
 72.8 
 68.0 
 
 heidsbureel 
 
 : Volksbeschrijvende 
 
 Statistiek. 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,427,580 
 
 971 
 
 
 Table 144 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Brussels 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 187,145 
 
 165 
 
 88.2 
 
 1906 
 
 182,110 
 
 168 
 
 92.3 
 
 1902 
 
 186,138 
 
 151 
 
 81.1 
 
 1907 
 
 181,103 
 
 205 
 
 113.2 
 
 1903 
 
 185,131 
 
 160 
 
 86.4 
 
 1908 
 
 180,096 
 
 187 
 
 103.8 
 
 1904 
 
 184,124 
 
 183 
 
 99.4 
 
 1909 
 
 179,090 
 
 185 
 
 103.3 
 
 1905 
 
 183,117 
 
 172 
 
 93.9 
 89.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 178,084 
 
 181 
 
 101.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 925,655 
 
 831 
 
 900,483 
 
 926 
 
 102.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 177,078 
 
 198 
 
 111.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 176,947 
 
 188 
 
 106.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 Annual. 
 Note: 
 
 Villa de Bruxelles. Rapport 
 Demographie Statistique. 
 Without suburbs. 
 
 669 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 145 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in France 
 
 1892-1911 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 12,223,548 
 
 10,761 
 
 88.0 
 
 1906 39,282,000 
 
 27,306 
 
 69.5 
 
 1893 
 
 12,223,548 
 
 11,442 
 
 93.6 
 
 1907 39,279,000 
 
 29,284 
 
 74.6 
 
 1894 
 
 12,223,548 
 
 11,607 
 
 95.0 
 
 1908 39,368,000 
 
 30,124 
 
 76.5 
 
 1895 
 
 12,223,548 
 
 11,955 
 
 97.8 
 
 1909 39,421,000 
 
 1910 39,528,000 
 
 30,645 
 31,303 
 
 77.7 
 79.2 
 
 
 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 48,894,192 
 
 45,765 
 
 93.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 196,878,000 
 
 148,662 
 
 75.5 
 
 1896 
 
 12,869,412 
 
 12,212 
 
 94.9 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 12,869,412 
 
 12,631 
 
 98.1 
 
 1911 39,602,000 
 
 31,768 
 
 80.2 
 
 1898 
 
 12,869,412 
 
 12,789 
 
 99.4 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 12,869,412 
 
 13,161 
 
 102.3 
 
 Source : Annual Report of the Registrar- 
 
 1900 
 
 12,869,412 
 
 13,392 
 
 104.1 
 
 General of Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 
 
 
 
 
 in England and Wales, 
 
 1911. 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 64,347,060 
 
 64,185 
 
 99.7 
 
 Note: Previous to 1906 the data are for 
 
 1901 
 
 13,771,440 
 
 12,385 
 
 89.9 
 
 cities with more than 
 only. 
 
 5,000 inhabitants 
 
 1902 
 
 13,771,440 
 
 12,463 
 
 90.5 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 13,771,440 
 
 12,912 
 
 93.8 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 13,771,440 
 
 13,312 
 
 96.7 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 13,771,440 
 
 13,793 
 
 100.2 
 94.2 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 68,857,200 
 
 64,865 
 
 
 Table 146 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cities of France, according to Size 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 Size of Cities Population 
 
 Paris 13,862,165 
 
 100,000-518,000 population 13,713,307 
 
 30,000-100,000 population 14,265,701 
 
 20,000-30,000 population 7,090,747 
 
 10,000-20,000 population 10,666,695 
 
 5,000-10,000 population 12,376,876 
 
 Under 5,000 population 124,902,507 
 
 Total, all France 196,877,998 
 
 Source: Annuaire Statistique de la France. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 15,385 
 
 111.0 
 
 16,313 
 
 119.0 
 
 16,319 
 
 114.4 
 
 7,066 
 
 99.7 
 
 9,591 
 
 89.9 
 
 8,969 
 
 72.5 
 
 75,019 
 
 60.1 
 
 148,662 
 
 75.5 
 
 670 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 147 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 1881-1913 
 
 Paris 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 97.2 
 97.7 
 94.0 
 94.9 
 98.2 
 
 96.4 
 
 100.4 
 97.7 
 98.9 
 98.8 
 97.1 
 
 98.6 
 
 99.5 
 
 94.9 
 
 99.2 
 
 102.4 
 
 102.6 
 
 99.8 
 
 105.2 
 107.0 
 107.1 
 105.2 
 104.2 
 
 105.7 
 
 108.9 
 105.9 
 109.3 
 107.1 
 114.1 
 
 109.1 
 
 114.9 
 111.1 
 111.1 
 109.0 
 108.9 
 
 111.0 
 
 112.6 
 112.4 
 110.9 
 
 le de la 
 
 Mortal 
 
 Year 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Source: 
 Yille de Pa 
 
 Table 1 
 
 ity from d 
 
 Males, 189 
 
 48 
 
 mcer in 
 3-1913 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 851 
 892 
 963 
 
 982 
 1,044 
 1,059 
 1,066 
 1,066 
 
 Paris 
 
 Year 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 Population 
 
 2,239,928 
 2,244,131 
 2,248,334 
 2,252,537 
 2,256,741 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 2,178 
 2,193 
 2,114 
 2,137 
 2,215 
 
 Population 
 
 1,184,483 
 1,189,883 
 1,195,491 
 
 1,200,810 
 1,212,255 
 
 1,223,377 
 1,234,689 
 1,245,671 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 71.8 
 75.0 
 80.6 
 
 81.8 
 86 1 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 11,241,671 
 
 2,260,945 
 2,293,697 
 2,326,449 
 2,359,201 
 2,391,953 
 
 10,837 
 
 2,269 
 2,240 
 2,301 
 2,332 
 2,323 
 
 86.6 
 86.3 
 85.6 
 
 6,116,802 
 
 1,256,848 
 1,260,316 
 1,263,762 
 1,267,185 
 1,270,857 
 
 5,217 
 
 1,081 
 1,054 
 1,132 
 1,093 
 1,184 
 
 85.3 
 
 86.0 
 83 6 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 11,632,245 
 
 2,424,705 
 2,442,089 
 2,459,474 
 2,476,859 
 2,494,244 
 
 11,465 
 
 2,413 
 2,318 
 2,440 
 2,537 
 2,560 
 
 89.6 
 86.3 
 93.2 
 
 6,318,968 
 
 1,274,510 
 1,286,967 
 1,299,439 
 1,311,926 
 1,324,428 
 
 5,544 
 
 1,189 
 1,110 
 1,177 
 1,199 
 1,189 
 
 87.7 
 
 93.3 
 
 86 2 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 12,297,371 
 
 2,511,629 
 2,541,415 
 2,571,201 
 2,600,987 
 2,630,773 
 
 12,268 
 
 2,642 
 2,719 
 2,753 
 2,735 
 2,740 
 
 90.6 
 91.4 
 89.8 
 
 6,497,270 
 
 1,337,121 
 1,348,879 
 1,360,666 
 
 Annuaire 
 ris. 
 
 5,864 
 
 1,297 
 1,270 
 1,327 
 
 Statistic 
 
 90.3 
 
 97.0 
 
 94 2 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 12,856,005 
 
 2,660,559 
 2,672,993 
 2,685,427 
 2,697,861 
 2,710,295 
 
 13,589 
 
 2,898 
 2,832 
 2,936 
 2,890 
 3,093 
 
 97.5 
 jue de la 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 13,427,135 
 
 2,722,731 
 
 2,747,582 
 2,772,433 
 2,797,284 
 2,822,135 
 
 14,649 
 
 3,129 
 3,053 
 3,080 
 3,050 
 3,073 
 
 
 1906-1910 13,862,165 
 
 1911 2,847,229 
 
 1912 2,872,400 
 
 1913 2,897,500 
 
 Source : Annuaire 
 Ville de Paris. 
 
 15,385 
 
 3,205 
 3,230 
 3,212 
 
 Statistiqi. 
 
 
 44 
 
 671 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 149 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Paris, Females 
 
 1893-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1893 
 
 1,274,991 
 
 1,589 
 
 124.6 
 
 1906 
 
 1,448,221 
 
 1,940 
 
 134.0 
 
 ■ 1894 
 
 1,286,976 
 
 1,645 
 
 127.8 
 
 1907 
 
 1,460,615 
 
 1,943 
 
 133.0 
 
 1895 
 
 1,298,753 
 
 1,597 
 
 123.0 
 
 1908 
 
 1,472,994 
 
 1,903 
 
 129.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 1,485,358 
 
 1,851 
 
 124.6 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 1,310,819 
 1,329,160 
 
 1,660 
 1,675 
 
 126.6 
 126.0 
 
 1910 
 
 1,497,707 
 
 l,88t 
 
 125.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1,347,824 
 
 1,694 
 
 125.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 7,364,895 
 
 9,521 
 
 129.3 
 
 1899 
 
 1,366,298 
 
 1,669 
 
 122.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,385,102 
 
 1,674 
 
 120.9 
 
 1911 
 
 1,510,108 
 
 1,908 
 
 126.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 1,523,521 
 1,536,834 
 
 1,960 
 1,885 
 
 1 28 fi 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 6,739,203 
 
 8,372 
 
 124.2 
 
 122.7 
 
 1901 
 
 1,403,711 
 
 1,817 
 
 129.4 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annuaire 
 
 Statistique de la 
 
 1902 
 
 1,412,677 
 
 1,778 
 
 125.9 
 
 Ville de Paris. 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,421,665 
 
 1,804 
 
 126.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1,430,676 
 
 1,797 
 
 125.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1,439,438 
 
 1,909 
 
 1.S2.6 
 
 128.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 7,108,167 
 
 9,105 
 
 
 Table 150 
 Mortality from Cancer in Lyons, 1910-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Year Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1910 513,460 783 152.5 
 
 1911 523,798 805 153.7 
 
 1912 534,132 757 141.7 
 
 1910-1912 1,571,388 2,345 149.2 
 
 Source: Yille de Lyon, Bureau Municipal d'Hygiene 
 et de statistique. 
 
 
 Table 151 
 
 
 
 Table 152 
 
 
 Mortality 
 
 from Cancer in Bordeaux 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Nice 
 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1909-19] 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 257,786 
 259,732 
 261,678 
 263,624 
 
 262 
 291 
 309 
 322 
 
 101.6 
 112.0 
 118.1 
 122.1 
 
 113.5 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 139,456 
 141,198 
 142,940 
 144,682 
 
 134 
 141 
 155 
 
 137 
 
 96.1 
 
 99.9 
 
 108.4 
 
 94.7 
 
 1909-1912 
 
 1,042,820 
 
 1,184 
 
 568,276 
 
 567 
 
 99.8 
 
 Source: Original data furnished by the 
 Mayor of the City of Bordeaux. 
 
 Source: Original data furnished by the 
 Bureau d'Hygiene, Nice. 
 
 672 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 153 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Lille 
 
 1891-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 201,211 
 
 241 
 
 119.8 
 
 1906 
 
 205,625 
 
 261 
 
 126.9 
 
 1892 
 
 204,224 
 
 234 
 
 114.6 
 
 1907 
 
 208,061 
 
 248 
 
 119.2 
 
 1893 
 
 207,237 
 
 254 
 
 122.6 
 
 1908 
 
 210,497 
 
 246 
 
 116.9 
 
 1894 
 
 210,250 
 
 239 
 
 113.7 
 
 1909 
 
 212,933 
 
 305 
 
 143.2 
 
 1895 
 
 213,263 
 1,036,185 
 
 252 
 
 118.2 
 ■ 117.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 215,369 
 
 311 
 
 144.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,220 
 
 1,052,485 
 
 1,371 
 
 130.3 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 
 216,276 
 216,107 
 215,938 
 
 235 
 216 
 254 
 
 108.7 
 100.0 
 117.6 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 217,807 
 220.243 
 
 316 
 291 
 
 145.1 
 132.1 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 215,769 
 215,600 
 
 235 
 267 
 
 108.9 
 123.8 
 
 111.8 
 
 Source: 
 pal d'Hygi 
 
 Ville de Lille. Burea 
 ene. Travaux statisi 
 
 u Munici- 
 iques. 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,079,690 
 
 1,207 
 
 
 1901 
 
 215,431 
 
 248 
 
 115.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 213,470 
 
 243 
 
 113.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 211,509 
 
 246 
 
 116.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 209,548 
 
 239 
 
 114.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 207,587 
 
 265 
 1,241 
 
 127.7 
 117.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,057,545 
 
 
 
 Table 154 
 
 
 
 
 Table 155 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Nancy 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Le H^vre 
 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 eaths 
 
 rom 
 
 ancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 Year 
 
 D 
 
 Population i 
 C 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 102,559 
 104,298 
 106,037 
 107,776 
 109,515 
 
 116 
 118 
 132 
 119 
 141 
 
 113.1 
 113.1 
 124.5 
 110.4 
 
 128.7 
 
 118.1 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 130,196 
 130,642 
 131.089 
 131,536 
 131,983 
 
 154 
 142 
 138 
 167 
 153 
 
 118.3 
 108.7 
 105.3 
 127.0 
 115.9 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 530,185 
 
 626 
 
 655,446 
 
 754 
 
 115.0 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 111,254 
 112,993 
 114,732 
 116,471 
 118,210 
 
 145 
 144 
 172 
 129 
 136 
 
 130.3 
 127.4 
 149.9 
 110.8 
 115.0 
 
 126.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 132,430 
 133,175 
 133,921 
 134,667 
 135,413 
 
 177 
 144 
 195 
 204 
 160 
 
 133.7 
 108.1 
 145.6 
 151.5 
 118.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 573,660 
 
 726 
 
 669,606 
 
 880 
 
 131.4 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 119,949 
 121.688 
 
 128 
 140 
 
 106.7 
 115.0 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 136,159 
 136,905 
 
 166 
 192 
 
 121.9 
 140.2 
 
 Source: Yille de Nancy, 
 tistique et Demographique 
 
 Annuaire Sta- 
 
 Source: Rapport de la commission con- 
 sultative du Bureau Municipal d'Hygiene. 
 Ville du Havre. 
 
 673 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 156 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzer- 
 
 land, 1881-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 Population 
 
 1,115,193 
 1,673,700 
 1,851,993 
 1,865,861 
 2,896,079 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 1,398 
 1,817 
 1,928 
 2,086 
 3,089 
 
 1881-1885 9,402,826 10,318 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 125.4 
 108.6 
 
 104.1 
 lll.S 
 106.7 
 
 109.7 
 
 1886-1890 14,643,955 16,718 
 
 1891-1895 15,197,361 18,612 
 
 1896-1900 16,127,599 20,544 
 
 1901-1905 17,142,770 21,995 
 
 1906-1910 18,237,395 22,903 
 
 1886 2,906.983 3,294 113.3 
 
 1887 2,917,887 3,276 112.3 
 
 1888 2,928,791 3,389 115.7 
 
 1889 2,939,695 3,354 114.1 
 
 1890 2,950,599 3,405 115.4 
 
 114.2 
 
 1891 2,965,053 3,528 119.0 
 
 1892 3,002,263 3,706 123.4 
 
 1893 3,039,472 3,653 120.2 
 
 1894 3,076,682 3,802 123.6 
 
 1895 3,113,891 3,923 126.0 
 
 12-2.5 
 
 1896 3,151,101 3,916 124.3 
 1S97 3,188,310 4,088 128.2 
 
 1898 3,225,520 4,125 127.9 
 
 1899 3,262,729 4,1.30 126.6 
 
 1900 3,299,939 4,285 129.9 
 
 127.4 
 
 1901 3,340,984 4,271 127.8 
 
 1902 3,384,769 4,258 125.8 
 
 1903 3,428,554 4,447 129.7 
 
 1904 3,472,339 4,464 128.6 
 
 1905 3,516,124 4,555 129.5 
 
 128.3 
 
 1906 3,559,909 4,593 129.0 
 
 1907 3,603,694 4,413 122.5 
 
 1908 3,647,479 4,669 128.0 
 
 1909 3,691,264 4.676 126.7 
 
 1910 3,735,049 4,612 123.5 
 
 125.9 
 
 1911 3,781,430 4,673 123.6 
 
 1912 3,831,220 4,-598 120.0 
 
 Source: Die Bewegung der Bevolker- 
 ung in der Schweiz im Jahre 1881-1885. 
 Ehe, Geburt und Tod in der Schweizeri- 
 sciien Bevolkerung wahrend der zwanzig 
 Jahre 1871-1890. 
 
 Statistiches Jahrbuch der Schweiz 1912. 
 
 Note: Does not include all the can- 
 tons, 1881-1884. 
 
 Table 157 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzer- 
 land, Males 
 1881-1885, 1901-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 Population 
 
 546.445 
 820,113 
 907,477 
 914,272 
 1,419,079 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 662 
 874 
 875 
 950 
 1,456 
 
 1881-1885 4,607,386 4,817 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1,637,082 
 1,658,537 
 1,679,991 
 1,701,446 
 1,722,901 
 
 2,128 
 2,102 
 2,202 
 2,250 
 2,252 
 
 1901-1905 8,399,957 10,934 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1,744.355 
 1,765,810 
 1,787,265 
 1,808,719 
 1,830,174 
 
 2.342 
 2,190 
 2,318 
 2,271 
 2,310 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 121.1 
 106.6 
 96.4 
 103.9 
 102.6 
 
 104.5 
 
 130.0 
 126.7 
 131.1 
 132.2 
 130.7 
 
 130.2 
 
 134.3 
 124.0 
 129.7 
 125.6 
 126.2 
 
 1906-1910 8,936,323 11,431 127.9 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 1,852,901 
 1,877,298 
 
 2,342 
 2,349 
 
 126.4 
 125.1 
 
 Source: Die Bewegtmg der Bevolker- 
 ung in der Schweiz im Jahre 1881-1885. 
 Ehe, Geburt und Tod in der Schweizeri- 
 schen Bevolkerung wahrend der zwanzig 
 Jahre 1871-1890. 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz 1912. 
 
 Note: Does not include aU the can- 
 tons, 1881-1884. 
 
 674 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 158 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzerland, Females, 1881-1885, 1901-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 568,748 
 
 736 
 
 129.4 
 
 1906 
 
 1,815,554 
 
 2,251 
 
 124.0 
 
 1882 
 
 853,587 
 
 943 
 
 110.5 
 
 1907 
 
 1,837,884 
 
 2,223 
 
 121.0 
 
 1883 
 
 944,516 
 
 1,053 
 
 111.5 
 
 1908 
 
 1,860,214 
 
 2,351 
 
 126.4 
 
 1884 
 
 951,589 
 
 1,136 
 
 119.4 
 
 1909 
 
 1,882,545 
 
 2,405 
 
 127.8 
 
 1885 
 
 1,477,000 
 
 1,633 
 
 5,501 
 
 110.6 
 114.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,904,875 
 
 2,302 
 
 120.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 4,795,440 
 
 9,301,072 
 
 11,532 
 
 124.0 
 
 1901 
 
 1,703,902 
 
 2,143 
 
 125.8 
 
 1911 
 
 1,928,529 
 
 2,331 
 
 120.9 
 
 1902 
 
 1,726,232 
 
 2,156 
 
 124.9 
 
 1912 
 
 1,953,922 
 
 2,249 
 
 115.1 
 
 1903 
 
 1,748,563 
 
 2,245 
 
 128.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 Die Bewegune der 
 
 Bevblker- 
 
 1904 
 
 1,770,893 
 
 2,214 
 
 125.0 
 
 ling in der Schwciz im Jahre 
 
 1881-1885. 
 
 1905 
 
 1,793,223 
 
 2,303 
 
 128.4 
 
 Ehe, Geburt und Tod 
 
 in der Schweizeri- 
 
 
 
 
 
 schen Bevolkerung wahrend der zwanzig 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 8,742,813 
 
 11,061 
 
 126.5 
 
 Jahre 1871-1890. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz 1912. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 Does not include all 
 
 the can- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tons, 1881-1884. 
 
 
 
 Table 159 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzerland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1901-1910 
 
 Deaths from Cancek 
 
 Organ or Part Total Males Females 
 
 Tongue 516 478 38 
 
 (Esophagus 4,067 3,447 620 
 
 Larynx 1,093 946 147 
 
 Stomach 18,235 10,256 7,979 
 
 Intestines 2,220 937 1,283 
 
 Rectum 1,683 981 702 
 
 Bladder 604 434 170 
 
 Prostate 311 311 
 
 Breast 2,394 14 2,380 
 
 Uterus 3,299 . . 3,299 
 
 Vagina, testicle, etc 304 97 207 
 
 Ovaries 508 . . 508 
 
 Lips 153 129 24 
 
 Skin, face and nose 666 269 397 
 
 Thyroid gland 680 339 341 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder. 3,277 1,270 2,007 
 
 Spleen 17 8 9 
 
 Pancreas '. 545 294 251 
 
 Peritoneum 368 111 257 
 
 Lungs and pleura 236 138 98 
 
 Kidneys 254 144 110 
 
 Bones and jaw 427 246 181 
 
 Other organs 784 376 408 
 
 Sarcoma 2,317 1,140 1,177 
 
 All organs 44,958 22,365 22,593 
 
 Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz, 1912. 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 Population 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 1.46 
 
 2.76 
 
 0.21 
 
 11.50 
 
 19.88 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.09 
 
 5.46 
 
 0.81 
 
 51.54 
 
 59.16 
 
 44.22 
 
 6.27 
 
 5.40 
 
 7.11 
 
 4.76 
 
 5.66 
 
 3.89 
 
 1.71 
 
 2.50 
 
 0.94 
 
 0.86' 
 
 1.79 
 
 
 6.77 
 
 0.08 
 
 13.19 
 
 9.32 
 
 
 18.28 
 
 0.86 
 
 0.56 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.44 
 
 
 2.82 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.13 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.55 
 
 2.20 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.96 
 
 1.89 
 
 9.26 
 
 7.33 
 
 11.12 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.05 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.04 
 
 0.64 
 
 1.42 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.72 
 
 0.83 
 
 0.61 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.26 
 
 6.55 
 
 6.58 
 
 6.52 
 
 127.07 
 
 129.01 
 
 125.21 
 
 675 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 160 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzerland, 1901-1910 
 
 Relative Mortality of Females, by Organs and Parts 
 
 Rate per 100,000 Population 
 
 Organ or Part Males Females 
 
 Breast 0.08 13.19 
 
 Generative organs 0.56 22.25 
 
 Peritoneum 0.64 1.42 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 7.33 11.12 
 
 Skin, face and nose 1.55 2.20 
 
 Other or not specified organs 2.17 2.26 
 
 Sarcoma 6.58 6.52 
 
 Intestines, rectum and pancreas 12.81 12.44 
 
 Thyroidgland 1.96 1.89 
 
 Stomach 59.16 44.22 
 
 Bonesandjaw 1.42 1.00 
 
 Lungs and pleura 0.80 0.54 
 
 Kidneys and bladder 3.33 1.55 
 
 Lips 0.74 0.13 
 
 (Esophagus 19.88 3.44 
 
 Larynx 5.46 0.81 
 
 Tongue 2.76 0.21 
 
 Relative Mortality 
 of Females 
 
 16,488 
 3,973 
 222 
 152 
 142 
 104 
 
 99 
 
 97 
 
 96 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 47 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 97 
 
 All organs 129.01 125.21 
 
 Note: In this table the mortality of males from cancer of any organ or part is taken 
 as 100 and the corresponding mortality of females is given accordingly. 
 
 Table 161 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzerland, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1906-1910 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Lips 74 0.8 
 
 Tongue 265 3.0 
 
 (Esophagus *.'. 1,763 19.7 
 
 Stomach 5,045 56.5 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 707 7.9 
 
 Peritoneum and mesentery 54 0.6 
 
 Intestines 515 5.8 
 
 Rectum 544 6.1 
 
 Pancreas 168 1.9 
 
 Ovaries 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Breast 10 0.1 
 
 Skin 123 1.4 
 
 Larynx 520 5.8 
 
 Lungs and pleura 72 0.8 
 
 Kidneys . 67 0.7 
 
 Bladder 204 2.3 
 
 Prostate 194 2.2 
 
 Other or not specified 478 5.3 
 
 Sarcoma 628 7.0 
 
 All organs 11,431 127.9 
 
 Males, 45 years and over, 21.51 percent, of population. 
 23.66 per cent, of population. (Census of 1900.) 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 9 
 
 0.1 
 
 20 
 
 0.2 
 
 304 
 
 3.3 
 
 3,987 
 
 42.9 
 
 1,032 
 
 11.1 
 
 124 
 
 1.3 
 
 695 
 
 7.5 
 
 370 
 
 4.0 
 
 138 
 
 1.5 
 
 276 
 
 3.0 
 
 1,609 
 
 17.3 
 
 1,264 
 
 13.6 
 
 221 
 
 2.4 
 
 78 
 
 0.8 
 
 60 
 
 0.6 
 
 60 
 
 0.6 
 
 84 
 
 0.9 
 
 56 i 
 
 6.6 
 
 640 
 
 6.9 
 
 11,532 124.0 
 
 Females, 45 years and over. 
 
 676 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 162 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzerland, by Cantons and Race 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 Canton Population 
 
 Zurich 2,370,861 
 
 Bern 3,242,609 
 
 Luzern 806,093 
 
 Uri 107,601 
 
 Schwyz 304,565 
 
 Obwalden 83,892 
 
 Niedwalden 71,126 
 
 Glarus 178,726 
 
 Zug 138,604 
 
 Soluthorn 554,417 
 
 Basel-Stadt 616,424 
 
 Basel-Land 377,514 
 
 Schaffhausen. . .- 227,967 
 
 Appenzell A.-Rh 304,565 
 
 Appenzell I.-Rh 74,773 
 
 St. GaUen 1,376,923 
 
 Aargau 1,136,190 
 
 Thurgau 621,895 
 
 Total German 12,594,745 
 
 Fribourg 703,963 
 
 Vaud 1,548,355 
 
 Valais 629,190 
 
 Neuchatel 694,845 
 
 Geneve 729,496 
 
 Total French, 4,305,849 
 
 Ticino 762,323 
 
 Grisons 574,478 
 
 Italian and Romanish 1,336,801 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 3,255 
 
 137.3 
 
 3,224 
 
 99.4 
 
 1,342 
 
 166.5 
 
 123 
 
 114.3 
 
 453 
 
 148.7 
 
 131 
 
 156.2 
 
 119 
 
 167.3 
 
 308 
 
 172.3 
 
 208 
 
 150.1 
 
 672 
 
 121.2 
 
 704 
 
 114.2 
 
 401 
 
 106.2 
 
 258 
 
 113.2 
 
 412 
 
 135.3 
 
 136 
 
 181.9 
 
 2,040 
 
 148.2 
 
 1,497 
 
 131.8 
 
 876 
 
 140.9 
 
 16,159 
 
 128.3 
 
 825 
 
 117.2 
 
 1,538 
 
 99.3 
 
 280 
 
 44.5 
 
 686 
 
 98.7 
 
 931 
 
 127.6 
 
 4,260 
 
 98.9 
 
 684 
 
 89.7 
 
 578 
 
 100.6 
 
 l,s 
 
 94.4 
 
 Table 163 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Switzerland, by Age and Sex 
 
 1901-1910 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Summary 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Summary 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Ages 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Ages 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Under 20 
 
 7,182,421 
 
 196 
 
 2.7 
 
 Under 20 
 
 7,159,813 
 
 166 
 
 2.3 
 
 20-29 
 
 3,035,583 
 
 205 
 
 6.8 
 
 20-29 
 
 3,096,331 
 
 207 
 
 6.7 
 
 30-39 
 
 2,404,542 
 
 543 
 
 22.6 
 
 30-39 
 
 2,468,403 
 
 900 
 
 36.5 
 
 40-49 
 
 1,790,838 
 
 2,253 
 
 125:8 
 
 40-49 
 
 1,918,065 
 
 2,829 
 
 147.5 
 
 50-59 
 
 1,423,308 
 
 5,377 
 
 377.8 
 
 50-59 
 
 1,620,341 
 
 5,101 
 
 314.8 
 
 60-69 
 
 970,832 
 
 8,000 
 
 824.0 
 
 60-69 
 
 1,151,200 
 
 7,319 
 
 635.8 
 
 70-79 
 
 447,276 
 
 4,971 
 
 1,111.4 
 
 70-79 
 
 528,686 
 
 4,972 
 
 940.4 
 
 80 and over 81,480 
 
 820 
 
 1,006.4 
 129.0 
 
 80 and ov 
 
 All Ages 
 
 er 101,046 
 
 1,099 
 
 1,087.6 
 
 All Ages 
 
 17,336,280 
 
 22,365 
 
 18,043,885 
 
 22,593 
 
 125.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Schweiz 
 
 1912. 
 
 
 
 677 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 164 
 
 
 
 Table 165 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in^Bern 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Basel 
 
 
 1901- 
 
 1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1901- 
 
 1912 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 65,295 
 
 76 
 
 116.4 
 
 1901 
 
 110,310 
 
 90 
 
 81.6 
 
 1902 
 
 67,071 
 
 73 
 
 108.8 
 
 1902 
 
 112,672 
 
 103 
 
 91.4 
 
 1903 
 
 69,035 
 
 72 
 
 104.3 
 
 1903 
 
 115,351 
 
 101 
 
 87.6 
 
 1901. 
 
 71,037 
 
 66 
 
 92.9 
 
 1904 
 
 118,060 
 
 114 
 
 96.6 
 
 1905 
 
 72,671 
 
 80 
 
 110.1 
 106.3 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 120,738 
 
 135 
 
 111.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 345,109 
 
 367 
 
 577,131 
 
 543 
 
 94.1 
 
 1906 
 
 74,499 
 
 89 
 
 119.5 
 
 1906 
 
 123,637 
 
 134 
 
 108.4 
 
 1907 
 
 76,174 
 
 77 
 
 101.1 
 
 1907 
 
 126,575 
 
 114 
 
 90.1 
 
 1908 
 
 77,604 
 
 87 
 
 112.1 
 
 1908 
 
 128,726 
 
 124 
 
 96.3 
 
 1909 
 
 82,284 
 
 83 
 
 100.9 
 
 1909 
 
 128,691 
 
 155 
 
 120.4 
 
 1910 
 
 84,755 
 
 96 
 
 113.3 
 109.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 131,308 
 
 157 
 
 119.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 395,316 
 
 432 
 
 638,937 
 
 684 
 
 107.1 
 
 1911 
 
 85,780 
 
 75 
 
 87.4 
 
 1911 
 
 133,470 
 
 158 
 
 118.4 
 
 1912 
 
 86,900 
 
 105 
 
 120.8 
 
 1912 
 
 135,632 
 
 158 
 
 116.5 
 
 Source: Die Bewegung der 
 ung in der Schweiz. 
 
 Bevblker- 
 
 Source: Die Bewegung der 
 ung in der Schweiz. 
 
 Bevolker- 
 
 
 Table 166 
 
 
 
 Table 167 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Zurich 
 
 
 1901- 
 
 1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1901- 
 
 1912 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 105,517 
 
 132 
 
 125.1 
 
 1901 
 
 150,377 
 
 160 
 
 106.4 
 
 1902 
 
 108,336 
 
 128 
 
 118.2 
 
 1902 
 
 151,797 
 
 168 
 
 110.7 
 
 1903 
 
 111,244 
 
 145 
 
 130.3 
 
 1903 
 
 155,964 
 
 175 
 
 112.2 
 
 1904 
 
 115,587 
 
 116 
 
 100.4 
 
 1904 
 
 161,100 
 
 179 
 
 111.1 
 
 1905 
 
 113,144 
 
 144 
 
 127.3 
 120.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 166,126 
 
 190 
 
 114.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 553,828 
 
 665 
 
 785,364 
 
 872 
 
 111.0 
 
 1906 
 
 116,445 
 
 143 
 
 122.8 
 
 1906 
 
 170,683 
 
 188 
 
 110.1 
 
 1907 
 
 118,594 
 
 142 
 
 119.7 
 
 1907 
 
 175,149 
 
 196 
 
 111.9 
 
 1908 
 
 121,192 
 
 133 
 
 109.7 
 
 1908 
 
 178,831 
 
 186 
 
 104.0 
 
 1909 
 
 120,063 
 
 149 
 
 124.1 
 
 1909 
 
 183,650 
 
 221 
 
 120.3 
 
 1910 
 
 122,391 
 
 150 
 
 122.6 
 
 119.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 189,065 
 
 197 
 
 104.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 598,685 
 
 717 
 
 897,378 
 
 988 
 
 110.1 
 
 1911 
 
 128,000 
 
 149 
 
 116.4 
 
 1911 
 
 194,480 
 
 203 
 
 104.4 
 
 1912 
 
 130,000 
 
 185 
 
 142.3 
 
 1912 
 
 199,000 
 
 246 
 
 123.6 
 
 Source: Die Bewegung der Bevcilkerung 
 in der Schweiz. 
 
 Source : Die Bewegung der Bevolkerung 
 in der Schweiz. 
 
 678 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 168 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Austria 
 
 1895-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1895 
 
 24,650,770 
 
 15,757 
 
 63.9 
 
 1906 
 
 27,355,419 
 
 21,391 
 
 78.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 27,598,480 
 
 21,431 
 
 77.7 
 
 1896 
 
 24,898,222 
 
 16,410 
 
 65.9 
 
 1908 
 
 27,843,525 
 
 21,788 
 
 78.3 
 
 1897 
 
 25,153,390 
 
 17,109 
 
 68.0 
 
 1909 
 
 28,070,718 
 
 22,180 
 
 79.0 
 
 1898 
 
 25,397,725 
 
 17,667 
 
 69.6 
 
 1910 
 
 28,324,940 
 
 22,157 
 
 78.2 
 
 1899 
 
 25,655,952 
 
 17,961 
 
 70.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 25,921,671 
 
 18,423 
 
 71.1 
 
 68.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 139,193,082 
 28,516,220 
 
 108,947 
 23,585 
 
 78.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 127,026,960 
 
 87,570 
 
 82.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 28,707,500 
 
 23,511 
 
 81.9 
 
 1901 
 
 26,178,756 
 
 19,154 
 
 73.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 26,434,201 
 
 19,685 
 
 74.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bewegung der Bevolkerung der 
 
 1903 
 
 26,668,312 
 
 19,728 
 
 74.0 
 
 im Reichsrate vertretenea Konicreiche 
 
 1904 
 
 26,916,299 
 
 20,231 
 
 75.2 
 
 und Laader. 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 27,083,056 
 
 20,744 
 
 76.6 
 
 74.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 133,280,624 
 
 99,542 
 
 
 Table 169 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Austria, by Sex 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 12,749,054 
 
 8,722 
 
 68.4 
 
 1901 
 
 13,429,702 
 
 10,432 
 
 77.7 
 
 1902 
 
 12,873,456 
 
 8,974 
 
 69.7 
 
 1902 
 
 13,560,745 
 
 10,711 
 
 79.0 
 
 1903 
 
 12,984,801 
 
 8,932 
 
 68.8 
 
 1903 
 
 13,683,511 
 
 10,796 
 
 78.9 
 
 1904 
 
 13,105,546 
 
 9,099 
 
 69.4 
 
 1904 
 
 13,810,753 
 
 11,132 
 
 80.6 
 
 1905 
 
 13,186,740 
 
 9,446 
 
 71.6 
 69.6 
 
 1905 
 1901-190. 
 
 13,896,316 
 
 11,298 
 
 81.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 64,899,597 
 
 45,173 
 
 5 68,381,027 
 
 54,369 
 
 79.5 
 
 1906 
 
 13,316,618 
 
 9,834 
 
 73.8 
 
 1906 
 
 14,038,801 
 
 11,557 
 
 82.3 
 
 1907 
 
 13,434,940 
 
 9,846 
 
 73.3 
 
 1907 
 
 14,163,540 
 
 11,585 
 
 81.8 
 
 1908 
 
 13,554,228 
 
 10,139 
 
 74.8 
 
 1908 
 
 14,289,297 
 
 11,649 
 
 81.5 
 
 1909 
 
 13,662,018 
 
 10,340 
 
 75.7 
 
 1909 
 
 14,408,700 
 
 11,840 
 
 82.2 
 
 1910 
 
 13,787,028 
 
 10,242 
 50.401 
 
 74.3 
 74.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-191( 
 
 14,537,912 
 
 11,915 
 
 82.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 67,754,832 
 
 ) 71,438,250 
 
 58,546 
 
 82.0 
 
 1911 
 
 13,878,844 
 
 11,090 
 
 79.9 
 
 1911 
 
 14,637,376 
 
 12,495 
 
 85.4 
 
 1912 
 
 13,970,660 
 
 11,131 
 
 79.7 
 
 1912 
 
 14,736,840 
 
 12,380 
 
 84.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source 
 
 Bewegung der Bevolkerung der 
 
 
 
 
 
 im Reichsrate vertretenen K 
 
 onigreiche 
 
 
 
 
 
 und Lander. 
 
 
 
 679 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 170 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Austria, by Provinces and Race 
 
 1907-1911 
 
 Province Population 
 
 Lower Austria 17,272,023 
 
 Upper Austria 4,201,966 
 
 Salzburg 1,052,264 
 
 Styria 7,210,591 
 
 Carinthia 1,947,234 
 
 Tyrol 4,640,064 
 
 V'orarlberg 711,880 
 
 Silesia 3,709,688 
 
 Total German 40,745,710 
 
 Trieste Italian 1,110,874 
 
 Carniola 2,594,840 
 
 Goritz and Gradiska 1,276,793 
 
 Total Slovenic 3,871,633 
 
 Istria 1,968,684 
 
 Dalmatia 3,170,366 
 
 Total Serbo-Croatic 5,139,050 
 
 Bohemia 33,293,281 
 
 Moravia 12,891,685 
 
 Total Bohemian 46,184,966 
 
 Galicia 39,375,765 
 
 Bukowina 3,925,885 
 
 Total Polish-Ruthenian. . 43,301,650 
 
 Total for Austria 140,353,883 
 
 Source: Osterreichische Statistik: 
 tenen Konigreiche und Lander. 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 20,632 119.5 
 
 Race Constitution, 1910 
 
 5,708 
 1,474 
 6,918 
 1,622 
 5,081 
 890 
 2,482 
 
 1,267 
 
 587 
 
 34,642 
 
 12,484 
 
 111,141 
 
 135.8 
 
 140.1 
 
 95.9 
 
 83.3 
 
 109.5 
 
 125.0 
 
 66.9 
 
 95.9% German 
 99.7% German 
 99.7% German 
 
 44,807 110.0 
 
 99.7% German 
 
 70.5% German, 29.4% Slovenic 
 
 78.6% German, 21.2% Slovenic 
 
 57.3% German, 42.1% Italian 
 
 95.4% German 
 
 43.9% German, 31.7% Polish, 
 
 24.3% Bohemian 
 
 1,103 99.3 62.3% Italian, 29.8% Slovenic 
 
 48.8 94.4% Slovenic 
 
 46.0 61.9% Slovenic, 36.1% Italian 
 
 47.9 
 
 42.6 43.5% Serbo-Croatic, 38.1% Ital- 
 ian, 14.3% Slovenic 
 24.4 96.2% Serbo-Croatic 
 
 31.S 
 
 104.1 
 
 63.2% Bohemian, 36.8% German 
 71.8% Bohemian, 27.6% German 
 
 47,126 103.0 
 
 12,844 32.6 58.6% Polish, 40.2% Ruthenian 
 1,796 45.7 38.4% Ruthenian, 34.4% Ruma- 
 
 14,640 33.8 
 
 79.2 
 
 35.58% German, 60.65% Slavic, 
 3.73% Latin, 0.4% Magyar. 
 Bewegung der Bevolkerung der im Reichsrate vertre- 
 
 680 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 171 
 
 Mortality from Malignant Tumors in Austrian Cities 
 
 1909-1910 
 
 City Population 1909 
 
 Vienna 3,993,125 2,220 
 
 Prague 443,051 202 
 
 Lemberg 402,978 188 
 
 Trieste 439,947 199 
 
 Krakau 291,760 128 
 
 Graz 300,822 248 
 
 Briinn 248,195 153 
 
 Source: Osterreichisches Stadtebuch. 14. 
 Note: Non-residents are excluded. 
 
 Deaths from Cancer 
 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 1910 
 
 1909-1910 
 
 Population 
 
 2,319 
 
 4,539 
 
 113.7 
 
 281 
 
 483 
 
 109.0 
 
 194 
 
 382 
 
 94.8 
 
 184 
 
 383 
 
 87.1 
 
 129 
 
 257 
 
 88.1 
 
 215 
 
 463 
 
 153.9 
 
 109 
 
 262 
 
 105.6 
 
 Band. 
 
 
 Table 172 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Vienna 
 
 
 1900-1912 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 1,662,124 
 
 1,915 
 
 115.2 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1,687,790 
 1,714,007 
 1,740,638 
 1,767,690 
 1,856,408 
 
 1,951 
 1,884 
 2,137 
 2,099 
 2,135 
 
 10,206 
 
 115.6 
 109.9 
 122.8 
 118.7 
 115.0 
 
 901-1905 
 
 8,766,533 
 
 116.4 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1,886,652 
 1,917,396 
 1,948,648 
 1,980,416 
 2,012,709 
 
 2,080 
 2,406 
 2,505 
 2,469 
 2,558 
 
 110.2 
 125.5 
 128.6 
 124.7 
 127.1 
 
 906-1910 
 
 9,745,821 
 
 12,018 
 
 123.3 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,045,002 
 
 2,077,295 
 
 2,680 
 2,759 
 
 131.1 
 132.8 
 
 Source : Bericht des Wiener Stadtphysi- 
 kates. 
 
 Bewegung der Bevolkerung der im 
 Reichsrate vertretenen Konigreiche und 
 Lander. 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien. 
 
 681 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 173 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Vienna, by Sex 
 
 1900-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 1900 
 
 Population 
 796,562 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 782 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 98.2 
 
 Year 
 1900 
 
 Population 
 
 865,562 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 1,133 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 130.9 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 808,924 
 821,489 
 834,253 
 847,218 
 889,739 
 
 773 
 837 
 956 
 886 
 934 
 
 95.6 
 101.9 
 114.6 
 104.6 
 105.0 
 
 104.4 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 878,866 
 892,518 
 906,385 
 920,472 
 966,669 
 
 1,178 
 1,047 
 1,181 
 1,213 
 1,201 
 
 134.0 
 117.3 
 130.3 
 131.8 
 124.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 4,201,623 
 
 4,386 
 
 4,564,910 
 
 5,820 
 
 127.5 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 904,235 
 918,970 
 933,948 
 949,174 
 964,651 
 
 881 
 1,079 
 1,094 
 1,102 
 1,159 
 
 97.4 
 117.4 
 117.1 
 116.1 
 120.1 
 
 113.8 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 982,417 
 
 998,426 
 
 1,014,700 
 
 1,031,242 
 
 1,048,058 
 
 1,199 
 1,327 
 1,411 
 1,367 
 1,399 
 
 122.0 
 132.9 
 139.1 
 132.6 
 133.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,670,978 
 
 5,315 
 
 5,074,843 
 
 6,703 
 
 132.1 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 980,128 
 995,605 
 
 1,194 
 1,301 
 
 121.8 
 130.7 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 1,064,874 
 1,081,690 
 
 1,486 
 1,458 
 
 139.5 
 134.8 
 
 Source: Bericht des Wiener Stadtphysi- 
 kates. 
 
 Statistisches Jahrbucli der Stadt Wien. 
 
 Table 174 
 Mortality from Cancer among the Jewish Population of Vienna 
 
 1898-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 140,718 
 
 125 
 
 88.8 
 
 1906 
 
 163,962 
 
 196 
 
 119.5 
 
 1899 
 
 142,825 
 
 113 
 
 79.1 
 
 1907 
 
 166,801 
 
 341 
 
 204.4 
 
 1900 
 
 146,926 
 
 122 
 
 83.0 
 
 1908 
 
 169,640 
 
 311 
 
 183.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 172,479 
 
 364 
 
 211.0 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 149,766 
 152,606 
 
 134 
 139 
 
 89.5 
 91.1 
 
 1910 
 
 175,318 
 
 250 
 
 142.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 155,445 
 
 95 
 
 61.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 848,200 
 
 1,462 
 
 172.4 
 
 1904 
 
 158,284 
 
 156 
 
 98.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 161,123 
 
 180 
 
 111.7 
 
 1911 
 
 178,157 
 
 240 
 
 134.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 180,996 
 
 226 
 
 124 9 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 777,224 
 
 704 
 
 90.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bericht des Vorstandes der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde 
 
 in Wien 
 
 
 
 
 
 iiber seine 
 
 Tatigkeit. 
 
 (Biennial 
 
 reports.) 
 
 682 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 175 
 
 Proportionate Mortality from Cancer among the Jewish Population of 
 
 Vienna, by Sex, 1898-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer in 
 
 Per Cent, of 
 
 All Causes 
 
 , Year 
 
 Deaths 
 from All 
 Causes 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Cancer in 
 Per Cent of 
 All Causes 
 
 1898 
 
 996 
 
 69 
 
 6.9 
 
 1898 
 
 768 
 
 56 
 
 
 7.3 
 
 1899 
 
 1,058 
 
 66 
 
 6.2 
 
 1899 
 
 858 
 
 47 
 
 
 5.5 
 
 1900 
 
 1,027 
 
 63 
 
 6.1 
 
 1900 
 
 853 
 
 59 
 
 
 6.9 
 
 1901 
 
 1,053 
 
 63 
 
 6.0 
 
 1901 
 
 893 
 
 71 
 
 
 8.0 
 
 1902 
 
 1,111 
 
 72 
 
 6.5 
 
 1902 
 
 897 
 
 67 
 
 
 7.5 
 
 1903 
 
 1,011 
 
 42 
 
 4.2 
 
 1903 
 
 846 
 
 53 
 
 
 6.3 
 
 1904 
 
 1,065 
 
 83 
 
 7.8 
 
 1904 
 
 917 
 
 73 
 
 
 8.0 
 
 1905 
 
 1,131 
 
 92 
 352 
 
 8.1 
 6.6 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 971 
 
 88 
 352 
 
 
 9.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 5,371 
 
 4,524 
 
 7.8 
 
 1906 
 
 1,136 
 
 101 
 
 8.9 
 
 1906 
 
 841 
 
 95 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 1907 
 
 1,089 
 
 174 
 
 16.0 
 
 1907 
 
 911 
 
 167 
 
 
 18.3 
 
 1908 
 
 1,148 
 
 150 
 
 13.1 
 
 1908 
 
 986 
 
 161 
 
 
 16.3 
 
 1909 
 
 1,248 
 
 197 
 
 15.8 
 
 1909 
 
 1,000 
 
 167 
 
 
 16.7 
 
 1910 
 
 1,195 
 
 119 
 
 741 
 
 10.0 
 
 12.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 991 
 
 131 
 
 721 
 
 
 13.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 5,816 
 
 4,729 
 
 15.2 
 
 1911 
 
 1,249 
 
 112 
 
 9.0 
 
 1911 
 
 1,059 
 
 128 
 
 
 12.1 
 
 1912 
 
 1,264 
 
 124 
 
 9.8 
 
 1912 
 
 987 
 
 102 
 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bericht des 
 
 Vorstandes der 
 
 
 
 
 
 Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde in Wien 
 iiber seine Tatigkeit. (Biennial reports.) 
 
 Table 176 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hungary 
 
 1897-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1897 
 
 18,554,494 
 
 5,388 
 
 29.0 
 
 1906 
 
 20,099,028 
 
 8,229 
 
 40.9 
 
 1898 
 
 18,738,579 
 
 5,458 
 
 29.1 
 
 1907 
 
 20,210,113 
 
 8,635 
 
 42.7 
 
 1899 
 
 18,927,595 
 
 5,267 
 
 27.8 
 
 1908 
 
 20,458,762 
 
 9,022 
 
 44.1 
 
 1900 
 
 19,144,142 
 
 7,021 
 
 36.7 
 
 1909 
 
 20,606,760 
 
 9,175 
 
 .44.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 20,792,709 
 
 9,489 
 
 45.6 
 
 
 
 
 1897-1900 
 
 75,364,810 
 
 23,134 
 
 30.7 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 102,167,372 
 
 44,550 
 
 43.6 
 
 1901 
 
 19,342,190 
 
 6,941 
 
 35.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 19,513,336 
 
 7,461 
 
 38.2 
 
 1911 
 
 20,980,265 
 
 9,718 
 
 46.3 
 
 1903 
 
 19,669,177 
 
 7,742 
 
 39.4 
 
 1912 
 
 21,168,000 
 
 9,970 
 
 47.1 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 19,831,663 
 19,869,296 
 
 8,112 
 8,110 
 
 40.9 
 40 8 
 
 Source: 
 
 Ungarisches statistisches Jahr- 
 
 
 39.1 
 
 buch, 1897-1899. A Magyar szei 
 orszagainak, 1900-1908 evi., Nepn 
 Budapest. 
 
 Ungarisches statistisches Jahrbi 
 
 it korona 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 98,225,662 
 
 38,366 
 
 lozgalma. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ich, 1909. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Annuaire statistique 
 
 Hongrois., 1910- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912. 
 
 
 
 
 683 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 177 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hungary, by Sex 
 
 1897-1908 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1897 
 
 9,232,716 
 
 2,276 
 
 24.7 
 
 1898 
 
 9,324,317 
 
 2,301 
 
 24.7 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 9,526,125 
 
 3,080 
 
 32.3 
 
 1901 
 
 9,620,805 
 
 3,135 
 
 32.6 
 
 1902 
 
 9,702,031 
 
 3,396 
 
 35.0 
 
 1903 
 
 9,775,581 
 
 3,428 
 
 35.1 
 
 1904 
 
 9,852,370 
 
 3,627 
 
 36.8 
 
 1905 
 
 9,867,092 
 
 3,521 
 
 35.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 48,817,879 
 
 17,107 
 
 35.0 
 
 1906 
 
 9,977,157 
 
 3,593 
 
 36.0 
 
 1907 
 
 10,028,258 
 
 3,803 
 
 37.9 
 
 1908 
 
 10,145,500 
 
 4,011 
 
 39.5 
 
 1906-1908 
 
 30,150,915 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 11,407 
 
 37.8 
 
 1897 
 
 9,321,778 
 
 3,112 
 
 33.4 
 
 1898 
 
 9,414,262 
 
 3,157 
 
 33.5 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 9,618,017 
 
 3,941 
 
 41.6 
 
 1901 
 
 9,721,385 
 
 3,806 
 
 39.2 
 
 1902 
 
 9,811,305 
 
 4,065 
 
 41.4 
 
 1903 
 
 9,893,596 
 
 4,314 
 
 43.6 
 
 1904 
 
 9,979,293 
 
 4,485 
 
 44.9 
 
 1905 
 
 10,002,204 
 
 4,589 
 
 45.9 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 49,407,783 
 
 21,259 
 
 43.0 
 
 1906 
 
 10,121,871 
 
 4,636 
 
 45.8 
 
 1907 
 
 10,181,855 
 
 4,832 
 
 47.5 
 
 1908 
 
 10,313,262 
 
 5,011 
 
 48.6 
 
 1906-1908 
 
 30,616,988 
 
 14,479 
 
 47.3 
 
 Source: Ungarisches statistisches Jahrbuch, 1897-1899. 
 A Magj'ar szent korona orszagainak, 1900-1908 evi, Nepmoz- 
 galma, Budapest. 
 
 684 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 178 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hungary, by Organs and Parts, aceording to Sex 
 
 1901-1904 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Pait 
 
 Lips 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Mouth 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 Stomach 6,098 
 
 Liver 
 
 Pancreas 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Other intestines 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 Larynx 
 
 Kidney 
 
 Bladder 
 
 Thyroid gland 
 
 Male generative organs 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Other female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Bones 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Not specified 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 179 
 
 0.5 
 
 359 
 
 0.9 
 
 218 
 
 0.6 
 
 329 
 
 0.8 
 
 6,098 
 
 15.7 
 
 1,245 
 
 3.2 
 
 28 
 
 0.1 
 
 243 
 
 0.6 
 
 755 
 
 1.9 
 
 11 
 
 0.0 
 
 390 
 
 1.0 
 
 61 
 
 0.2 
 
 435 
 
 1.1 
 
 78 
 
 0.2 
 
 66 
 
 0.2 
 
 8 
 
 0.0 
 
 115 
 
 0.3 
 
 524 
 
 1.3 
 
 114 
 
 0.3 
 
 720 
 
 1.8 
 
 All organs 11,976 
 
 30.7 
 
 Source: Ungarische statistische Mitteilungen. Neue Serie, 19. Band 
 Krebskranken in den Landern der Ungarischen heiligen Krone. 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 28 
 
 0.1 
 
 37 
 
 0.1 
 
 46 
 
 0.1 
 
 57 
 
 0.1 
 
 5,116 
 
 13.0 
 
 1,318 
 
 3.3 
 
 13 
 
 0.0 
 
 209 
 
 0.5 
 
 912 
 
 2.3 
 
 49 
 
 0.1 
 
 75 
 
 0.2 
 
 68 
 
 0.2 
 
 108 
 
 0.3 
 
 16 
 
 0.0 
 
 4,596 
 
 11.7 
 
 96 
 
 0.2 
 
 934 
 
 2.4 
 
 42 
 
 0.1 
 
 343 
 
 0.9 
 
 128 
 
 0.3 
 
 745 
 
 2.0 
 
 14,936 
 
 37.9 
 
 and. Statistik der 
 
 Table 179 
 
 Percentage Distribution of Cancer Cases in Hungary 
 
 by Organs and Parts, according to Sex, 1904 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Lips 
 
 Digestive system 
 
 Urinary system 
 
 Breast 
 
 Generative system. . . 
 Respiratory system. . . 
 
 Nervous system 
 
 Other glands 
 
 Bones 
 
 Skin of head and face. 
 Skin of other parts . . . 
 
 Cases 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 415 
 
 30.12 
 
 542 
 
 39.33 
 
 14 
 
 1.02 
 
 6 
 
 0.44 
 
 35 
 
 2.54 
 
 27 
 
 1.96 
 
 1 
 
 0.07 
 
 13 
 
 0.94 
 
 44 
 
 3.19 
 
 243 
 
 17.63 
 
 38 
 
 2.76 
 
 All organs 1,378 
 
 100.00 
 
 Source: Ungarische statistische Mitteilungen. Neue Serie, 19. Band 
 Krebskranken in den Landern der Ungarischen heiligen Krone. 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Case" 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 39 
 
 1.79 
 
 333 
 
 15.28 
 
 11 
 
 0.50 
 
 496 
 
 22.76 
 
 972 
 
 44.61 
 
 6 
 
 0.28 
 
 
 0.00 
 
 10 
 
 0.46 
 
 21 
 
 0.96 
 
 245 
 
 11.24 
 
 46 
 
 2.11 
 
 2,179 
 
 100.00 
 
 nd. Statistik der 
 
 685 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 180 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hungary, by Race 
 
 1901-1904 
 
 Race Population 
 
 Magyar 36,141,954 
 
 German 8,411,451 
 
 Rumanian 11,305,074 
 
 Slovak 7,996,899 
 
 Croatian 6,843,219 
 
 Serbian ; 4,247,087 
 
 Ruthenian 1,754,347 
 
 Others 1,656,335 
 
 Total 78,356,366 
 
 Source: Ungarische statistische Mitteilungen. Neue Serie, 19 
 Krebskranken in den Landern der Ungarischen heiligen Krone. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 15,950 
 
 44.1 
 
 4,741 
 
 56.4 
 
 1,280 
 
 11.3 
 
 2,278 
 
 28.5 
 
 1,226 
 
 17.9 
 
 819 
 
 19.3 
 
 80 
 
 4.6 
 
 538 
 
 32.5 
 
 26,912 
 
 34.3 
 
 . Band. 
 
 Statistik der 
 
 Table 181 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Budapest 
 
 1881-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 377,393 
 
 221 
 
 58.6 
 
 1901 
 
 738,602 
 
 598 
 
 81.0 
 
 1882 
 
 390,646 
 
 253 
 
 64.8 
 
 1902 
 
 749,092 
 
 720 
 
 96.1 
 
 1883 
 
 403,899 
 
 294 
 
 72.8 
 
 1903 
 
 759,579 
 
 737 
 
 97.0 
 
 1884 
 
 417,152 
 
 277 
 
 66.4 
 
 1904 
 
 770,067 
 
 779 
 
 101.2 
 
 1885 
 
 430,405 
 
 248 
 
 57.6 
 64.0 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 780,560 
 
 716 
 
 91.7 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,019,495 
 
 1,293 
 
 3,797,900 
 
 3,550 
 
 93.5 
 
 1886 
 
 443,658 
 
 303 
 
 68.3 
 
 1906 
 
 791,748 
 
 732 
 
 92.5 
 
 1887 
 
 456,911 
 
 332 
 
 72.7 
 
 1907 
 
 810,664 
 
 834 
 
 102.9 
 
 1888 
 
 470,164 
 
 314 
 
 66.8 
 
 1908 
 
 829,580 
 
 819 
 
 98.7 
 
 1889 
 
 483,417 
 
 313 
 
 64.7 
 
 1909 
 
 848,496 
 
 858 
 
 101.1 
 
 1890 
 
 496,670 
 
 327 
 
 65.8 
 67.6 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 867,412 
 
 936 
 
 107.9 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,350,820 
 
 1,589 
 
 4,147,900 
 
 4,179 
 
 100.7 
 
 1891 
 
 517,616 
 
 449 
 
 86.7 
 
 1911 
 
 886,328 
 
 843 
 
 95.1 
 
 1892 
 
 540,079 
 
 477 
 
 88.3 
 
 1912 
 
 905,244 
 
 994 
 
 109.8 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 562,543 
 585,008 
 
 391 • 
 434 
 
 69.5 
 
 74.2 
 
 Source : 
 
 Die Sterblichkeit der Stadt Bu- 
 
 1895 
 
 607,471 
 
 493 
 
 81.2 
 
 dapest. 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,812,717 
 
 2,244 
 
 79.8 
 
 Stadt Budapest. 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 629,934 
 
 415 
 
 65.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 652,397 
 
 483 
 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 674,862 
 
 506 
 
 75.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 697,325 
 
 533 
 
 76.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 719,788 
 
 554 
 
 77.0 
 73.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,374,306 
 
 2,491 
 
 
 686 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 182 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Budapest 
 
 Males, 1881-1912 
 
 Table 183 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Budapest 
 
 Females, 1881-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 189,866 
 
 62 
 
 32.7 
 
 1881 
 
 187,527 
 
 159 
 
 84.8 
 
 1882 
 
 196,456 
 
 75 
 
 38.2 
 
 1882 
 
 194,190 
 
 178 
 
 91.7 
 
 1883 
 
 203,040 
 
 94 
 
 46.3 
 
 1883 
 
 200,859 
 
 200 
 
 99.6 
 
 1884 
 
 209,619 
 
 88 
 
 42.0 
 
 1884 
 
 207,533 
 
 189 
 
 91.1 
 
 1885 
 
 216,192 
 
 96 
 
 44.4 
 40.9 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 214,213 
 
 152 
 
 71.0 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,015,173 
 
 415 
 
 1,004,322 
 
 878 
 
 87.4 
 
 1886 
 
 222,761 
 
 111 
 
 49.8 
 
 1886 
 
 220,897 
 
 192 
 
 86.9 
 
 1887 
 
 229,324 
 
 121 
 
 52.8 
 
 1887 
 
 227,587 
 
 211 
 
 92.7 
 
 1888 
 
 235,881 
 
 121 
 
 51.3 
 
 1888 
 
 234,283 
 
 193 
 
 82.4 
 
 1889 
 
 242,434 
 
 101 
 
 41.7 
 
 1889 
 
 240,983 
 
 212 
 
 88.0 
 
 1890 
 
 248,931 
 
 113 
 
 45.4 
 48.1 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 247,739 
 
 214 
 
 86.4 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,179,331 
 
 567 
 
 1,171,489 
 
 1,022 
 
 87.2 
 
 1891 
 
 259,119 
 
 164' 
 
 63.3 
 
 1891 
 
 258,497 
 
 285 
 
 110.3 
 
 1892 
 
 269,985 
 
 181 
 
 67.0 
 
 1892 
 
 270,094 
 
 296 
 
 109.6 
 
 1893 
 
 280,878 
 
 127 
 
 45.2 
 
 1893 
 
 281,665 
 
 264 
 
 93.7 
 
 1894 
 
 291,685 
 
 139 
 
 47.7 
 
 1894 
 
 293,323 
 
 295 
 
 100.6 
 
 1895 
 
 302,460 
 
 190 
 
 62.8 
 57.0 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 305,011 
 
 303 
 
 99.3 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,404,127 
 
 801 
 
 1,408,590 
 
 1,443 
 
 102.4 
 
 1896 
 
 313,266 
 
 150 
 
 47.9 
 
 1896 
 
 316,668 
 
 265 
 
 83.7 
 
 1897 
 
 323,980 
 
 172 
 
 53.1 
 
 1897 
 
 328,417 
 
 311 
 
 94.7 
 
 1898 
 
 334,664 
 
 199 
 
 59.5 
 
 1898 
 
 340,198 
 
 307 
 
 90.2 
 
 1899 
 
 345,385 
 
 194 
 
 56.2 
 
 1899 
 
 351,940 
 
 339 
 
 96.3 
 
 1900 
 
 356,079 
 
 201 
 
 56.4 
 54.7 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 363,709 
 
 353 
 
 97.1 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,673,374 
 
 916 
 
 1,700,932 
 
 1,575 
 
 92.6 
 
 1901 
 
 365,165 
 
 256 
 
 70.1 
 
 1901 
 
 373,437 
 
 342 
 
 91.6 
 
 1902 
 
 370,126 
 
 275 
 
 74.3 
 
 1902 
 
 378,966 
 
 445 
 
 117.4 
 
 1903 
 
 375,156 
 
 308 
 
 82.1 
 
 1903 
 
 384,423 
 
 429 
 
 111.6 
 
 1904 
 
 380,182 
 
 327 
 
 86.0 
 
 1904 
 
 389,885 
 
 452 
 
 115.9 
 
 1905 
 
 385,206 
 
 302 
 
 78.4 
 78.3 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 395,354 
 
 414 
 
 104.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,875,835 
 
 1,468 
 
 1,922,065 
 
 2,082 
 
 108.3 
 
 1906 
 
 390,569 
 
 301 
 
 77.1 
 
 1906 
 
 401,179 
 
 431 
 
 107.4 
 
 1907 
 
 399,738 
 
 319 
 
 79.8 
 
 1907 
 
 410,926 
 
 515 
 
 125.3 
 
 1908 
 
 408,900 
 
 338 
 
 82.7 
 
 1908 
 
 420,680 
 
 481 
 
 114.3 
 
 1909 
 
 418,054 
 
 337 
 
 80.6 
 
 1909 
 
 430,442 
 
 521 
 
 121.0 
 
 1910 
 
 427,200 
 
 442 
 
 103.5 
 85.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 440,212 
 
 494 
 
 112.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,044,461 
 
 1,737 
 
 2,103,439 
 
 2,442 
 
 116.1 
 
 1911 
 
 436,346 
 
 .344 
 
 78.8 
 
 1911 
 
 449,982 
 
 499 
 
 110.9 
 
 1912 
 
 445,492 
 
 428 
 
 96.1 
 
 1912 
 
 459,752 
 
 566 
 
 123.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Die Sterblichkeit der 
 
 Stadt Bu- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Die SterbUchkeit der Stadt Bu- 
 
 dapest. 
 
 
 
 
 dapest. 
 
 
 
 
 Statistisch-Administratives Jahrbuch der 
 
 Statistisch-Administratives Jahrbuch der 
 
 Stadt Budapest. 
 
 
 
 Stadt Budapest. 
 
 
 
 687 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 184 
 Mortality from Cancer in Budapest, by Religious Confession 
 
 1902-1906 
 
 NON-JEWISH MORTALITY 
 
 Carcinoma Carcinoma Uteri 
 
 Deaths Per Cent. Per Cent. 
 
 Year from All Deaths of All Deaths of All 
 
 Causes Causes Carcinoma 
 
 1902 12,332 702 5.69 162 23.1 
 
 1903 12,591 708 5.62 132 18.6 
 
 1904 12,821 817 6.37 157 19.2 
 
 1905 13,471 714 5.30 127 17.8 
 
 1906 13,880 602 4.34 137 22.8 
 
 1902-1906 65,095 3,543 5.44 715 20.2 
 
 JEWISH MORTALITY 
 
 1902 2,400 167 6.96 10 6.0 
 
 1903 2,468 188 7.62 18 9.6 
 
 1904 2,614 192 7.35 13 6.8 
 
 1905 2,623 153 5.83 15 9.8 
 
 1906 2,500 183 7.32 12 6.6 
 
 1902-1906 12,605 883 7.01 68 7.7 
 
 Source: F. Theilhaber: Sociale Stellung und Rasse bei Uteruscarcinom. In: Zeit- 
 schrift fiir Krebsforschung, 8. Band. 
 
 Table 185 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Italy 
 
 1887-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1887 
 
 29,614,430 
 
 12,631 
 
 42.7 
 
 1901 
 
 32,533,337 
 
 17,141 
 
 52.7 
 
 1888 
 
 29,825,022 
 
 12,625 
 
 42.3 
 
 1902 
 
 32,699,510 
 
 17,634 
 
 53.9 
 
 1889 
 
 30,035,038 
 
 12,923 
 
 43.0 
 
 1903 
 
 32,839,509 
 
 17,774 
 
 54.1 
 
 1890 
 
 30,245,054 
 
 12,917 
 
 42.7 
 
 1904 
 
 33,016,234 
 
 18,860 
 
 57.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 33,193,289 
 
 19,348 
 
 58.3 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 119,719,544 
 
 51,096 
 
 42.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 164,281,879 
 
 90,757 
 
 55.2 
 
 1891 
 
 30,455,070 
 
 13,094 
 
 43.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 30,665,662 
 
 13,069 
 
 42.6 
 
 1906 
 
 33,325,098 
 
 20,653 
 
 62.0 
 
 1893 
 
 30,875,678 
 
 13,234 
 
 42.9 
 
 1907 
 
 33,514,702 
 
 20,668 
 
 61.7 
 
 1894 
 
 31,085,694 
 
 13,841 
 
 44.5 
 
 1908 
 
 33,826,688 
 
 21,828 
 
 64.5 
 
 1895 
 
 31,295,710 
 
 15,089 
 
 48.2 
 
 1909 
 
 34,077,068 
 34,376,609 
 
 21,871 
 22,555 
 
 64.2 
 65.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 18Q1-189'i 
 
 154,377,814 
 31,506,302 
 
 68,327 
 15,482 
 
 44 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 49.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 169,120,165 
 
 107,575 
 
 63.6 
 
 1897 
 
 31,716,318 
 
 15,967 
 
 50.3 
 
 1911 
 
 34,688,814 
 
 23,172 
 
 66.8 
 
 1898 
 
 31,926,334 
 
 16,330 
 
 51.1 
 
 1912 
 
 35,026,486 
 
 22,661 
 
 64.7 
 
 1899 
 
 32,136,350 
 
 16,680 
 
 51.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 32,340,366 
 
 16,873 
 
 52.2 
 50.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica dalle Cause 
 
 di Morte. 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 159,631,670 
 
 81,332 
 
 
 688 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 186 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Italy, Males 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 15,674,385 
 
 6,598 
 
 42.1 
 
 1906 
 
 16,462,598 
 
 8,929 
 
 54.2 
 
 1897 
 
 15,778,868 
 
 6,634 
 
 42.0 
 
 1907 
 
 16,522,748 
 
 9,085 
 
 55.0 
 
 1898 
 
 15,883,351 
 
 6,843 
 
 43.1 
 
 1908 
 
 16,606,874 
 
 9,747 
 
 58.7 
 
 1899 
 
 15,987,834 
 
 6,980 
 
 43.7 
 
 1909 
 
 16,731,840 
 
 9,603 
 
 57.4 
 
 1900 
 
 16,092,317 
 
 7,190 
 
 44.7 
 43.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 16,844,538 
 
 9,818 
 
 58.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 79,416,755 
 
 34,245 
 
 83,168,598 
 
 47,182 
 
 56.7 
 
 1901 
 
 16,185,335 
 
 7,399 
 
 45.7 
 
 1911 
 
 17,030,126 
 
 10,137 
 
 59.5 
 
 1902 
 
 16,251,656 
 
 7,571 
 
 46.6 
 
 1912 
 
 17,195,903 
 
 10,070 
 
 58.6 
 
 1903 
 
 16,304,816 
 
 7,673 
 
 47.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 16,376,052 
 
 8,271 
 
 50.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica delle Cause di Morte. 
 
 1905 
 
 16,430,678 
 
 8.417 
 
 51.2 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 81,548,537 
 
 39,331 
 
 
 Table 187 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Italy, Females 
 
 1896-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 15,831,917 
 
 8,884 
 
 56.1 
 
 1906 
 
 16,862,500 
 
 11,724 
 
 69.5 
 
 1897 
 
 15,937,450 
 
 9,333 
 
 58.6 
 
 1907 
 
 16,991,954 
 
 11,583 
 
 68.2 
 
 1898 
 
 16,042,983 
 
 9,487 
 
 59.1 
 
 1908 
 
 17,219,814 
 
 12,081 
 
 70.2 
 
 1899 
 
 16,148,516 
 
 9,700 
 
 60.1 
 
 1909 
 
 17,345,228 
 
 12,268 
 
 70.7 
 
 1900 
 
 16,254,049 
 
 9,683 
 
 59.6 
 
 58.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 17,532,071 
 
 12,737 
 
 72.6 
 
 1896-1900 80,214,915 
 
 47,087 
 
 85,951,567 
 
 60,393 
 
 70.3 
 
 1901 
 
 16,348,002 
 
 9,742 
 
 59.6 
 
 1911 
 
 17,658,688 
 
 13,035 
 
 73.8 
 
 1902 
 
 16,447,854 
 
 10,063 
 
 61.2 
 
 1912 
 
 17,830,583 
 
 12,591 
 
 70.6 
 
 1903 
 
 16,534,693 
 
 10,101 
 
 61.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 16,640,182 
 
 10,589 
 
 63.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica delle Cause 
 
 di Morte. 
 
 1905 
 
 16,762,611 
 
 10,931 
 
 65.2 
 62.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 82,733,342 
 
 51,426 
 
 
 689 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 188 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Italy, by Provinces 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 Province Population 
 
 Piemonte 16,700,015 
 
 Liguria 5,838,536 
 
 Lombardia 23,400,341 
 
 Veneto 17,201,497 
 
 Northern Italy 63,140,389 
 
 Emilia 13,075,413 
 
 Toscana 13,141,273 
 
 Marche 5,331,467 
 
 Umbria 3,348,323 
 
 Roma 6,351,526 
 
 Central Italy 41,248,002 
 
 Abruzzi 6,977,124 
 
 Campania 16,151,582 
 
 Puglie 10,388,107 
 
 Bassilicata 2,311,658 
 
 Calabrie 6,837,870 
 
 Sicilia 17,908,500 
 
 Sardegna 4,156,933 
 
 Southern Italy 64,731,774 
 
 All Italy 169,120,165 
 
 Source: Statistica delle Cause di Morte neU'amio 1906-1910. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 11,775 
 
 70.5 
 
 4,396 
 
 75.3 
 
 18,987 
 
 81.1 
 
 11,116 
 
 64.6 
 
 46,274 
 
 73.3 
 
 12,118 
 
 92.7 
 
 12,557 
 
 95.6 
 
 3,729 
 
 69.9 
 
 1,973 
 
 58.9 
 
 4,100 
 
 64.6 
 
 34,477 
 
 83.6 
 
 3,244 
 
 46.5 
 
 7,363 
 
 45.6 
 
 4,031 
 
 38.8 
 
 946 
 
 40.9 
 
 2,541 
 
 37.2 
 
 7,354 
 
 41.1 
 
 1,345 
 
 32.4 
 
 26,824 
 
 41.4 
 
 107,575 
 
 63.6 
 
 Table 189 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Italy, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1891-1910 
 
 Deaths fbom Cancer 
 
 1891- 1896- 1901- 1906- 
 
 Organ or Part 1895 1900 1905 1910 
 
 Bones and joints 306 982 1,998 1,375 
 
 Mouth, lips, tongue, palate, 
 
 thyroid, larynx, trachea. 2,491 4,777 5,587 4,820 
 
 Stomach and oesophagus. . 19,577 22,756 26,237 33,089 
 
 Liver, spleen, pancreas, in- 
 testines and peritoneum 11,569 15,545 18,256 21,700 
 
 Ner^-ous system 309 587 448 2,071 
 
 Bladder, urethra, prostate, 
 
 penis and testicle 1,320 1,502 1,800 2,239 
 
 Breast 4,372 4,590 4,592 5,103 
 
 Uterus, vagina and ovary.. 11,654 12,548 12,700 13,741 
 
 Not specified 16,729 18,045 19,139 23,437 
 
 All organs 68.327 81,332 90,757 107,575 
 
 Source: Statistica delle Cause di Morte, 1891-1910. 
 
 Rate peb 100,000 Popui^atiojj 
 
 1891- 1896- 1901- 1906- 
 
 1895 1900 1905 1910 
 
 0.20 0.62 1.22 0.81 
 
 1.61 2.99 3.40 2.85 
 
 12.68 14.26 15.97 19.57 
 
 7.49 9.74 11.11 12.83 
 
 0.20 0.37 0.27 1.22 
 
 0.86 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.32 
 
 2.83 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.79 
 
 3.02 
 
 7.55 
 
 7.86 
 
 7.73 
 
 8.13 
 
 10.84 11.30 11.65 13.86 
 44.26 50.95 55.24 63.62 
 
 690 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 190 
 Mortality from Cancer in Rome, 1898-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 438,417 
 
 347 
 
 79.1 
 
 1906 
 
 502,453 
 
 429 
 
 85.4 
 
 1899 
 
 446,539 
 
 350 
 
 78.4 
 
 1907 
 
 510,387 
 
 494 
 
 96.8 
 
 1900 
 
 454,661 
 
 380 
 
 83.6 
 
 1908 
 
 518,321 
 
 493 
 
 95.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 526,255 
 
 534 
 
 101.5 
 
 1901 
 
 462,783 
 
 355 
 
 76.7 
 
 1910 
 
 534,189 
 
 530 
 
 99.2 
 
 1902 
 
 470,717 
 
 425 
 
 90.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 478,651 
 
 429 
 
 89.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,591,605 
 
 2,480 
 
 95.7 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 486,585 
 494,519 
 
 456 
 455 
 
 93.7 
 92.0 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 542,123 
 550,057 
 
 574 
 .548 
 
 105.9 
 99.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,393,255 
 
 2,120 
 
 88.6 
 
 Source : 
 
 Statistica delle Cause 
 
 di Morte, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roma. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 191 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Naples 
 
 1898-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 554,154 
 
 342 
 
 61.7 
 
 1906 
 
 620,786 
 
 464 
 
 74.7 
 
 1899 
 
 557,616 
 
 318 
 
 57.0 
 
 1907 
 
 632,235 
 
 417 
 
 66.0 
 
 1900 
 
 560,078 
 
 364 
 
 65.0 
 
 1908 
 
 643,684 
 
 453 
 
 70.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 655,133 
 
 418 
 
 63.8 
 
 1901 
 
 563,540 
 
 351 
 
 62.3 
 
 1910 
 
 666,582 
 
 411 
 
 61.7 
 
 1902 
 
 574,990 
 
 375 
 
 65.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 586,439 
 
 369 
 
 62.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,218,420 
 
 2,163 
 
 67.2 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 597,888 
 609,337 
 
 401 
 336 
 
 67.1 
 55.1 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 678,031 
 689,480 
 
 463 
 423 
 
 68.3 
 61.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,932,194 
 
 1,832 
 
 62.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica delle Cause 
 
 di Morte, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roma. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 192 
 
 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Genoa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898- 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 226,430 
 
 229 
 
 101.1 
 
 1906 
 
 253,466 
 
 293 
 
 115.6 
 
 1899 
 
 229,190 
 
 200 
 
 87.3 
 
 1907 
 
 257,217 
 
 281 
 
 109.2 
 
 1900 
 
 231,950 
 
 218 
 
 94.0 
 
 1908 
 
 260,968 
 
 273 
 
 104.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 264,719 
 
 286 
 
 108.0 
 
 1901 
 
 234,710 
 
 227 
 
 96.7 
 
 1910 
 
 268,470 
 
 271 
 
 100.9 
 
 1902 
 
 238,462 
 
 216 
 
 90.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 242,213 
 
 255 
 
 105.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,304,840 
 
 1.404 
 
 107.6 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 245,964 
 249.715 
 
 240 
 220 
 
 97.6 
 88.1 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 272,221 
 275,972 
 
 285 
 278 
 
 104.7 
 100.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,211,064 
 
 1,158 
 
 95.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica delle Cause 
 
 di Morte, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roma. 
 
 
 
 
 691 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 193 
 Mortality from Cancer in Turin, 1898-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 323,356 
 
 334 
 
 103.3 
 
 1906 
 
 381,381 
 
 398 
 
 104.4 
 
 1899 
 
 327,456 
 
 312 
 
 95.3 
 
 1907 
 
 390,526 
 
 425 
 
 108.8 
 
 1900 
 
 331,556 
 
 343 
 
 103.5 
 
 1908 
 
 399,671 
 
 489 
 
 122.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 408,816 
 
 471 
 
 115.2 
 
 1901 
 
 335,656 
 
 364 
 
 108.4 
 
 1910 
 
 417,961 
 
 432 
 
 103.4 
 
 1902 
 
 344,801 
 
 365 
 
 105.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 353,946 
 
 347 
 
 98.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,998,355 
 
 2,215 
 
 110.8 
 
 1904 
 
 363,091 
 
 397 
 
 109.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 372,236 
 
 378 
 
 101.5 
 
 1911 
 
 427,106 
 
 462 
 
 108.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 436,251 
 
 487 
 
 111.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,769,730 
 
 1,851 
 
 104.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica delle Cause di Morte, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roma. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 194 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Milan 
 
 1898-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 466,027 
 
 459 
 
 98.5 
 
 1906 
 
 545,330 
 
 658 
 
 120.7 
 
 1899 
 
 474,508 
 
 486 
 
 102.4 
 
 1907 
 
 556,104 
 
 635 
 
 114.2 
 
 1900 
 
 482,989 
 
 483 
 
 100.0 
 
 1908 
 
 566,878 
 
 640 
 
 112.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 577,652 
 
 688 
 
 119.1 
 
 1901 
 
 491,460 
 
 466 
 
 94.8 
 
 1910 
 
 588,426 
 
 686 
 
 116.6 
 
 1902 
 
 502,234 
 
 520 
 
 103.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 513,008 
 
 513 
 
 100.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,834,390 
 
 3,307 
 
 116.7 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 523,782 
 534,556 
 
 588 
 606 
 
 112.3 
 113.4 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 599,200 
 609,974 
 
 812 
 736 
 
 135.5 
 120.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,565,040 
 
 2,693 
 
 105.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica delle Cause di Morte, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roma. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 195 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Florence 
 
 1898-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 
 201,677 
 202,981 
 204,285 
 
 205,589 
 208,317 
 211,044 
 213,771 
 216,498 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 301 
 278 
 313 
 
 287 
 327 
 292 
 293 
 340 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 149.2 
 137.0 
 153.2 
 
 139.6 
 157.0 
 138.4 
 137.1 
 157.0 
 
 145.8 
 
 Year 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 Source: 
 Roma. 
 
 Population 
 
 219,225 
 221,952 
 224,679 
 227,406 
 230,133 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 345 
 343 
 393 
 393 
 351 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 157.4 
 154.5 
 174.9 
 172.8 
 152.5 
 
 1,123,395 1,825 
 
 232,860 335 
 235,587 389 
 
 Statistica delle Cause 
 
 162.5 
 
 143.9 
 165.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,055,219 
 
 1,539 
 
 di Morte, 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 196 
 Mortality from Cancer in Palermo, 1898-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 299,989 
 
 128 
 
 42.7 
 
 1906 
 
 325,393 
 
 159 
 
 48.9 
 
 1899 
 
 303,224 
 
 125 
 
 41.2 
 
 1907 
 
 328,532 
 
 149 
 
 45.4 
 
 1900 
 
 306,459 
 
 140 
 
 45.7 
 
 1908 
 
 331,671 
 
 166 
 
 50.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 334,810 
 
 196 
 
 58.5 
 
 1901 
 
 309,694 
 
 129 
 
 41.7 
 
 1910 
 
 337,949 
 
 177 
 
 52.4 
 
 1902 
 
 312,837 
 
 133 
 
 42.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 315,976 
 
 138 
 
 43.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,658,355 
 
 847 
 
 51.1 
 
 1904 
 
 319,115 
 
 125 
 
 39.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 322,254 
 
 150 
 
 46.5 
 
 1911 
 
 341,088 
 
 192 
 
 56.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 344,227 
 
 161 
 
 46.8 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,579,876 
 
 675 
 
 42.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistica dell 
 
 e Cause 
 
 di Morte, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roma. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 197 
 Mortality from Cancer in Spain, 1900-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Death 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 18,566,200 
 
 18,657,000 
 18,755,000 
 18,853,000 
 18,951,000 
 19,049,000 
 
 7,294 
 
 7,912 
 8,117 
 8,315 
 8,825 
 8,719 
 
 39.3 
 
 42.4 
 43.3 
 44.1 
 46.6 
 45.8 
 
 44.4 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 19,147,000 
 19,245,000 
 19,343,000 
 19,442,000 
 19,540,000 
 
 9,113 
 9,141 
 
 9,947 
 
 9,914 
 
 10,093 
 
 47.6 
 47.5 
 51.4 
 51.0 
 51.7 
 
 96,717,000 
 
 19,640,000 
 19,740,000 
 
 48,208 
 
 10,282 
 10,899 
 
 49.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 94,265,000 
 
 41,888 
 
 52.4 
 55.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : Annual Report of the Registrar- 
 General of Births, Deaths and Marriages 
 in England and Wales, 1912. 
 
 Table 198 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Spain, by Organs and Parts 
 
 Urban and Rural Districts, 1900 
 
 ClTIE3 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum. 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Other or not specified organs 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 158 
 413 
 111 
 436 
 49 
 738 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 5.2 
 13.6 
 
 3.7 
 14.3 
 
 1.6 
 24.3 
 
 Rural Distbicts 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 548 
 
 3.5 
 
 1,797 
 
 11.5 
 
 359 
 
 2.3 
 
 654 
 
 4.2 
 
 183 
 
 1.2 
 
 1,848 
 
 11.9 
 
 5,389 
 
 34.0 
 
 All organs 1,905 62.7 
 
 Population: Cities, 3,039,055, Rural Districts, 15,568,619. 
 
 Source: Dr. Hans Leyden. Bericht iiber die am 1. September 1902 in Spanien 
 veranstaltete Krebssammelforschung. In: Zeitschrif t f iir Krebsforschung, 1. Band, 1904. 
 
 693 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 198a 
 Mortality from Cancer in Spain, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 AH organs. 
 
 18,480 
 
 40. 
 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1,189 
 
 2.6 
 
 286 
 
 0.6 
 
 7,719 
 
 16.9 
 
 5,809 
 
 12.0 
 
 974 
 
 2.1 
 
 1,221 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 6,100 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 
 1,548 
 
 3.2 
 
 1,053 
 
 2.3 
 
 817 
 
 1.7 
 
 7,545 
 
 16.5 
 
 7,633 
 
 15.7 
 
 23,414 
 
 48.2 
 
 Source: La Geografia Medica de la Peninsula Iberica por el Dr. Ph. Hauser. Madrid, 
 1913. 
 
 
 Table 199 
 
 
 
 Table 200 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Portugal 
 
 of Madrid, 19 
 
 01-1910 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1902-1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 543,005 
 
 425 
 
 78.3 
 
 1902 
 
 5,520,378 
 
 1,252 
 
 22.7 
 
 1902 
 
 546,175 
 
 474 
 
 86.8 
 
 1903 
 
 5,569,001 
 
 1,306 
 
 23.5 
 
 1903 
 
 549,345 
 
 500 
 
 91.0 
 
 1904 
 
 5,617,624 
 
 1,320 
 
 23.5 
 
 1904 
 
 552,515 
 
 491 
 
 88.9 
 
 1905 
 
 5,666,247 
 
 1,261 
 
 22.3 
 
 1905 
 
 555,685 
 
 505 
 
 90.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 22,373,250 
 
 5,139 
 
 23.0 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,746,725 
 
 2,395 
 
 87.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 5,714,870 
 
 1,284 
 
 22.5 
 
 1906 
 
 558,855 
 
 500 
 
 89.5 
 
 1907 
 
 5,763,493 
 
 1,246 
 
 21.6 
 
 1907 
 
 562,026 
 
 524 
 
 93.2 
 
 1908 
 
 5,812,116 
 
 1,304 
 
 22.4 
 
 1908 
 
 565,197 
 
 555 
 
 98.2 
 
 1909 
 
 5,860,739 
 
 1,324 
 
 22.6 
 
 1909 
 
 568,368 
 
 559 
 
 98.4 
 
 1910 
 
 5,909,362 
 
 1,346 
 
 22.8 
 
 1910 
 
 571,539 
 
 535 
 
 93.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,504 
 
 22.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,825,985 
 
 2,673 
 
 94.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario Estatistico de Portu- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Ayuntamiento de 
 
 Madrid. 
 
 gal, 1902-1905. 
 
 
 
 Estadistica Demografica 
 
 1901-1910. 
 
 Letter from Institute Central de Higiene, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lisboa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: 
 
 Includes Madeira and the Azores. 
 
 694 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 201 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Portugal, by Sex 
 
 1902-1910 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 
 2,619,971 
 
 547 
 
 20.9 
 
 1902 
 
 2,900,407 
 
 705 
 
 24.3 
 
 1903 
 
 2,643,048 
 
 527 
 
 19.9 
 
 1903 
 
 2,925,953 
 
 779 
 
 26.6 
 
 1904 
 
 2,666,124 
 
 553 
 
 20.7 
 
 1904 
 
 2,951,500 
 
 767 
 
 26.0 
 
 1905 
 
 2,689,201 
 
 525 
 
 19.5 
 20.3 
 
 1905 
 1902-1905 
 
 2,977,046 
 
 736 
 
 24.7 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 10,618,344 
 
 2,152 
 
 11,754,906 
 
 2,987 
 
 25.4 
 
 1906 
 
 2,711,706 
 
 493 
 
 18.2 
 
 1906 
 
 3,003,164 
 
 791 
 
 26.3 
 
 1907 
 
 2,734,777 
 
 526 
 
 19.2 
 
 1907 
 
 3,028,716 
 
 720 
 
 23.8 
 
 1908 
 
 2,757,849 
 
 573 
 
 20.8 
 
 1908 
 
 3,054,267 
 
 731 
 
 23.9 
 
 1909 
 
 2,780,921 
 
 548 
 
 19.7 
 
 1909 
 
 3,079,818 
 
 776 
 
 25.2 
 
 1910 
 
 2,803,992 
 
 575 
 
 20.5 
 19.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,105,370 
 
 771 
 
 24.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 13,789,245 
 
 2,715 
 
 15,271,335 
 
 3,789 
 
 24.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario Estatistico de Portu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 gal, 1902-1905. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Letter from Institute Central de Higiene, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lisboa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note : Includes Madeira and the Azores. 
 
 Table 202 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Portugal 
 
 by Provinces, 1906-1910 
 
 Province Population 
 
 Entre Minho-e-Douro 6,286,343 
 
 Tras-os-Montes 2,174,830 
 
 Beira 7,981,530 
 
 Estremadura 6,910,930 
 
 Alemtejo 2,307,725 
 
 Algarve 1,344,795 
 
 Azores 1,231,717 
 
 Madeira '. 822,710 
 
 Total 29,060,580 
 
 Source: Letter from Instituto Central de Higiene, Lisboa. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1,222 
 
 19.4 
 
 164 
 
 7.5 
 
 890 
 
 11.2 
 
 2,666 
 
 38.6 
 
 489 
 
 21.2 
 
 236 
 
 17.5 
 
 427 
 
 34.7 
 
 410 
 
 49.8 
 
 6,504 
 
 22.4 
 
 695 
 
APPENDIX Q 
 
 Table 203 
 
 Cancer Census of Portugal, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1904 
 
 
 Number op 
 
 Cases 
 
 
 Percentage 
 
 
 Organ or Fart 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Skin 
 
 224 
 
 100 
 
 124 
 
 18.9 
 
 22.4 
 
 16.7 
 
 Lips 
 
 149 
 
 129 
 
 20 
 
 12.5 
 
 28.9 
 
 2.7 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Stomach 
 
 29 
 104 
 
 23 
 70 
 
 6 
 34 
 
 2.4 
 
 8.8 
 
 5.1 
 15.7 
 
 0.8 
 4.6 
 
 Other digestive organs 
 Male generative organs 
 Breast 
 
 68 
 
 43 
 
 305 
 
 42 
 43 
 
 26 
 305 
 
 5.7 
 
 3.6 
 
 25.7 
 
 9.4 
 9.6 
 
 3.5 
 41.2 
 
 Uterus 
 
 159 
 
 
 159 
 
 13.4 
 
 
 21.5 
 
 Other female generative 
 
 organs 
 
 Other organs 
 
 Not specified 
 
 26 
 
 74 
 7 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 447 
 
 26 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 741 
 
 2.2 
 6.2 
 0.6 
 
 8.5 
 0.4 
 
 100.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.8 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 
 1,188 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Source: Dr. Azevedo Neves: Bericht iiber die Zahlung der im Mai und Juni 1904 
 in Portugal in arztlicher Behandlung gewesenen Krebskranken. In: Zeitschrift fiir 
 Krebsforschung, 7. Band. 
 
 Note: Of 1,739 physicians, 1,307 made reply to the circular of inquiry. 
 
 Table 204 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Porto 
 
 1893-1910 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1893 
 
 147,590 
 
 88 
 
 59.6 
 
 1906 
 
 180,938 
 
 104 
 
 57.4 
 
 1894 
 
 150,500 
 
 88 
 
 58.5 
 
 1907 
 
 183,352 
 
 119 
 
 64.9 
 
 1895 
 
 153,410 
 
 119 
 
 77.6 
 
 1908 
 
 185,766 
 
 101 
 
 54.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 188,180 
 
 118 
 
 62.7 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 156,319 
 159,228 
 
 96 
 
 77 
 
 61.4 
 
 48.4 
 
 1910 
 
 190,594 
 
 141 
 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 162,137 
 
 119 
 
 73.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 928,830 
 
 583 
 
 62.8 
 
 1899 
 
 164,040 
 
 97 
 
 59.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 166,454 
 
 96 
 
 57.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario Estatistico de Portu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 gal, -1902-1905. 
 
 Zeitschrift fiir Krebs 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 808,178 
 
 485 
 
 60.0 
 
 forschung 
 
 7. Band. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Letter from Institute Central de Higiene, 
 
 1901 
 
 168,868 
 
 100 
 
 59.2 
 
 Lisboa. 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 171,282 
 
 97 
 
 56.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 173,696 
 
 106 
 
 61.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 176,110 
 
 109 
 
 61.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 178,524 
 
 126 
 ' 538 
 
 70.6 
 61.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 868,480 
 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 205 
 
 
 
 Table 206 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Moscow 
 
 
 1902-19 
 
 10 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 by Sex, 1892-1910 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 
 Average No. 
 Averai?e of Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 1902 
 
 367,430 
 
 294 
 
 80.0 
 
 Years 
 
 Population from Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 374,644 
 
 277 
 
 73.9 
 
 1892-1896 
 
 960,000 
 
 763 
 
 79.5 
 
 1904 
 
 381,858 
 
 312 
 
 81.7 
 
 1897-1901 
 
 1,098,000 
 
 861 
 
 78.4 
 
 1905 
 
 389,072 
 
 268 
 
 68.9 
 
 1902-1905 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,251,000 
 1,410,000 
 
 994 
 1,161 
 
 79.5 
 
 
 
 
 82.3 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 1,513,004 
 
 1,151 
 
 76.1 
 
 
 RLVLES 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 396,286 
 
 308 
 
 77.7 
 
 1892-1896 
 
 550,000 
 
 3ie 
 
 57.5 
 
 1907 
 
 403,500 
 
 309 
 
 76.6 
 
 1897-1901 
 
 624,000 
 
 361 
 
 57.9 
 
 1908 
 
 410,714 
 
 350 
 
 85.2 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 702,000 
 
 453 
 
 64.5 
 
 1909 
 
 417,928 
 
 365 
 
 87.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 785,000 
 
 530 
 
 67.5 
 
 1910 
 
 425,142 
 
 350 
 
 82.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.9 
 
 1892-1896 
 
 FEMALES 
 410,000 447 
 
 
 1900-1910 
 
 2,053,570 
 
 1,682 
 
 109.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897-1901 
 
 474,000 
 
 500 
 
 105.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario Estatistico de Por- 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 549,000 
 
 541 
 
 98.5 
 
 tugal. 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 625,000 
 
 631 
 
 101.0 
 
 Letter from Institute Central de Higiene, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lisboa. 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Annuaire Statistique de la ville 
 
 
 
 
 
 de Moscou 
 
 Deuxieme 
 
 Annee, 1907-1908. 
 
 
 Table 207 
 
 
 
 Table 208 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Moscow 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Petrograd 
 
 
 1910-19 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1911-19] 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1910 
 
 1,514,595 
 
 1,415 
 
 93.4 
 
 1911 
 
 1,935,430 
 
 1,607 
 
 83.0 
 
 1911 
 
 1,566,164 
 
 1,478 
 
 94.4 
 
 1912 
 
 1,990,874 
 
 1,753 
 
 88.1 
 
 1912 
 
 1,617,733 
 
 1,559 
 
 96.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911-1912 
 
 3,926,304 
 
 3,360 
 
 85.6 
 
 
 
 
 1910-1912 
 
 4,698,492 
 
 4,452 
 
 94.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Releve succint des 
 
 donnees 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bulletin recapitulatif de la \'ille 
 
 statistiques 
 
 sur la ville de Petrograd pour 
 
 de Moscou public par 
 
 le Bureau de la 
 
 les annees 
 
 1911 et 1912. 
 
 
 
 Statistique Municipale. 
 
 Annee, 
 
 1912. 
 
 Note: With suburbs 
 
 ; includes only 
 
 
 
 
 
 carcinoma. 
 
 
 
 
 697 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 208a 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City 
 
 of Warsaw, 1881-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 Population 
 
 379,763 
 382,964 
 391,491 
 404,889 
 406,965 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 431,864 
 439,174 
 444,814 
 445,770 
 455,852 
 
 1886-1890 2,217,474 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 465,272 
 490,417 
 501,021 
 515,654 
 535,968 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 553,643 
 638,209 
 654,942 
 671,675 
 688,408 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 705,141 
 
 721,874 
 736,607 
 755,340 
 
 772,074 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 783,808 
 805,542 
 822,276 
 839,010 
 855,744 
 
 1911 872,478 
 
 1912 889,222 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 153 
 
 232 
 221 
 276 
 268 
 
 1881-1885 1,966,072 1,150 
 
 260 
 308 
 247 
 292 
 281 
 
 1,388 
 
 313 
 370 
 318 
 332 
 366 
 
 1891-1895 2,508,332 1,699 
 
 407 
 424 
 443 
 
 417 
 466 
 
 1896-1900 3,206,877 2,157 
 
 464 
 523 
 560 
 483 
 532 
 
 1901-1905 3,691,036 2,562 
 
 500 
 548 
 571 
 575 
 
 547 
 
 1906-1910 4,106,380 2,741 
 
 649 
 643 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 40.3 
 60.6 
 56.5 
 68.2 
 65.9 
 
 58.5 
 
 60.2 
 70.1 
 55.5 
 65.5 
 61.6 
 
 62.6 
 
 67.3 
 75.4 
 63.5 
 64.4 
 68.3 
 
 67.7 
 
 73.5 
 66.4 
 67.6 
 62.1 
 
 67.7 
 
 67.3 
 
 65.8 
 72.5 
 76.0 
 63.9 
 68.9 
 
 69.4 
 
 63.8 
 68.0 
 69.4 
 68.5 
 63.9 
 
 66.7 
 
 74.4 
 72.3 
 
 Source: Statistique Demographique des 
 Grandes Villes du Monde pendant les 
 annees 1880-1909. Amsterdam, 1911. 1910- 
 1912, Reports of the Highest Medical In- 
 spector for Russia. 
 
 Table 209 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Serbia 
 
 1892-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 Population 
 
 2,211,606 
 2,240,270 
 2,272,992 
 2,312,484 
 
 1892-1895 9,037,352 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 2,345,837 
 2,384,205 
 2,413,694 
 2,450,392 
 
 2,492,882 
 
 1896-1900 12,087,010 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 2,535,956 
 2,576,517 
 2,621,576 
 2,671,505 
 2,688,747 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 121 
 140 
 156 
 128 
 
 545 
 
 154 
 167 
 178 
 233 
 235 
 
 967 
 
 230 
 248 
 238 
 275 
 279 
 
 1901-1905 13,094,301 1,270 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 2,735,147 
 2,784,036 
 2,821,015 
 2,847,891 
 2,911,701 
 
 371 
 355 
 374 
 373 
 
 1906-1910 14,099,790 1,763 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 2,960,000 
 3,002,000 
 
 394 
 
 375 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 5.5 
 6.2 
 6.9 
 5.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.6 
 7.0 
 7.4 
 9.5 
 9.4 
 
 8.0 
 
 9.1 
 
 9.6 
 
 9.1 
 
 10.3 
 
 10.4 
 
 9.7 
 
 10.6 
 13.3 
 12.6 
 13.1 
 
 12.8 
 
 12.5 
 
 13.3 
 12.5 
 
 Source: Annuaire statistique du roy- 
 aume de Serbie, 1896-1906. 
 
 Original data furnished by the Statistical 
 OflSce of Serbia. 
 
 698 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 210 
 
 
 
 
 Table 211 
 
 
 Mortalit 
 
 y from Cancer 
 
 in the Cities 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Twelve 
 
 
 of Serbia, 1907 
 
 -1912 
 
 eaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Citii 
 
 2S of Greece, 
 
 1900- 
 
 Deaths 
 
 1908 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population f 
 
 rom 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 c 
 
 ancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1907 
 
 426,300 
 
 159 
 
 37.3 
 
 1900 
 
 391,158 
 
 143 
 
 36.6 
 
 1908 
 
 437,000 
 
 149 
 
 34.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 447,700 
 
 173 
 
 38.6 
 
 1901 
 
 396,554 
 
 179 
 
 45.1 
 
 1910 
 
 458,400 
 
 172 
 
 37.5 
 
 1902 
 
 401,950 
 
 176 
 
 43.8 
 
 1911 
 
 469,100 
 
 168 
 
 35.8 
 
 1903 
 
 407,346 
 
 210 
 
 51.6 
 
 1912 
 
 479,800 
 
 156 
 
 32.5 
 
 1904 
 
 412,742 
 
 185 
 
 44.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 418,138 
 
 207 
 
 49.5 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 2,718,300 
 
 977 
 
 35.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,036,730 
 
 957 
 
 47.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Letter from 
 
 the 
 
 Statistical 
 
 
 
 
 
 Office of Serbia. 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 423,534 
 
 228 
 
 53.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 428,930 
 
 228 
 
 53.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 434,326 
 
 252 
 
 58.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bulletin annuel des deces de 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 villesde Grece, 1900-1908 
 
 
 
 Table 212 
 
 Cases of Cancer in Twelve Cities of Greece, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1905-1908 
 
 
 NtTMBER OP Cases 
 
 
 Percentage 
 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Total 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Skin 
 
 65 
 
 49 
 
 16 
 
 9.8 
 
 14.3 
 
 5.0 
 
 Lips 
 
 53 
 
 39 
 
 14 
 
 8.0 
 
 11.4 
 
 4.4 
 
 Tongue 
 
 41 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 6.2 
 
 9.1 
 
 3.2 
 
 Thyroid gland 
 
 Brain 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 0.2 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 0.3 
 
 
 Larynx 
 
 Branchiae 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 1.4 
 0.2 
 
 2.6 
 0.3 
 
 
 Lungs 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 Stomach 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 159 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 117 
 
 42 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 24.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 2.3 
 
 34.2 
 
 13.2 
 
 Intestines 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 5.0 
 
 8.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 Pancreas 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 3.3 
 
 5.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 Liver 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 2.1 
 
 3.8 
 
 0.3 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 Kidney 
 
 Bladder 
 
 7 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 1.1 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.7 
 5.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 Breast 
 
 79 
 
 
 79 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 24.8 
 
 Penis 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 Uterus 
 
 112 
 
 
 112 
 
 17.0 
 
 
 35.2 
 
 Ovaries 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 2.8 
 
 Vagina 
 
 25 
 
 
 25 
 
 3.8 
 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 
 660 
 
 342 
 
 318 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 All specified organs. . . . 
 
 Source: Dr. S. A. Gavales: Die Verbreitung der Krebskrankheit in Griechenland. 
 In: Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung, 7. Band. 
 
 699 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 213 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Athens, by Sex 
 
 1900-1908 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 JIALES 
 
 
 
 Year 
 1900 
 
 Population 
 138,570 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 68 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 49.1 
 
 Year 
 1900 
 
 Population 
 74,232 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 32 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 43.1 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 142,700 
 146,830 
 150,960 
 155,090 
 159,220 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 88 
 
 103 
 
 108 
 
 450 
 
 53.3 
 51.1 
 
 58.3 
 66.4 
 67.8 
 
 59.6 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 76,444 
 78,657 
 80,869 
 83,082 
 85,294 
 
 35 
 46 
 48 
 53 
 57 
 
 239 
 
 45.8 
 58.5 
 59.4 
 63.8 
 66.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 754,800 
 
 404,346 
 
 59.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 
 163,350 
 167,480 
 171,610 
 
 109 
 107 
 116 
 
 66.7 
 63.9 
 67.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 
 87,507 
 89,719 
 91,931 
 
 58 
 48 
 55 
 
 66.3 
 53.5 
 69.8 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 1900 
 
 Population 
 
 64,338 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 36 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 56.0 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 66,256 
 
 68,173 
 70,091 
 72,008 
 73,926 
 
 41 
 29 
 40 
 50 
 51 
 
 211 
 
 61.9 
 42.5 
 57.1 
 69.4 
 69.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 350,454 
 
 60.2 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 
 75,843 
 77,761 
 79,679 
 
 51 
 59 
 61 
 
 67.2 
 75.9 
 76.6 
 
 Source: Bulletin annuel des deces de 12 
 villes de Grece. 
 
 700 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 214 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Cities of Roumania 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 
 1,156,636 
 1,172,318 
 1,188,000 
 
 749 
 
 748 
 833 
 
 64.8 
 63.8 
 70.1 
 
 66.3 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,235,046 
 1,250,728 
 1,266,409 
 1,282,090 
 1,297,771 
 
 788 
 709 
 818 
 765 
 835 
 
 63.8 
 56.7 
 64.6 
 59.7 
 64.3 
 
 1901-1903 
 
 3,516,954 
 
 2,330 
 
 
 6,332,044 
 
 3,915 
 
 61.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 1,313,452 
 1,329,133 
 
 813 
 938 
 
 61.9 
 70.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Anuarul Statistic al Romaniei, 
 1912. 
 
 Annual Report of the Registrar-Gen- 
 eral of Births, Marriages and Deaths in 
 England and Wales, 1912. 
 
 Table 215 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Constantinople 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Year Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1908 1,100,000 370 33.6 
 
 1909 1,125,000 391 34.8 
 
 1910 1,150,000 437 38.0 
 
 1911 1,175,000 429. 36.5 
 
 1912 1,200,000 374 31.2 
 
 1908-1912 5,750,000 2,001 34.8 
 
 Source: Statistique Sanitaire de la ville de Constantinople. Annees 1324 a 1328. 
 
 Table 216 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Constantinople, by Religion 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Total from 100,000 
 
 Population Cancer Population 
 
 Mohammedans 3,460,000 782 22.6 
 
 Greeks 1,174,000 659 56.1 
 
 Armenians 532,000 294 65.3 
 
 Jews 278,000 123 44.2 
 
 Others 306,000 143 46.7 
 
 Total 5,750,000 2.001 S4.8 
 
 Source: Statistique Sanitaire de la ville de Constantinople. Annees 1324 a 1328. 
 
 701 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 217 
 Mortality from Cancer in Countries of Africa 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Algeria 3,688,433 1,257 34.1 
 
 Cape Colony 1,898,895 1,067 56.2 
 
 Mauritius 1,843,819 171 9.3 
 
 Natal 1,111,756 366 32.9 
 
 Sierra Leone 68,218 9 13.2 
 
 Transvaal 430,745 148 34.4 
 
 Total 9,041,866 3,018 33.4 
 
 Population, 1911: 1,959,645. 
 
 Note: The data are given for Algeria, 1908-1912, Europeans only; for Cape Colony, 
 1904-1908, twenty-five cities and towns; for Mauritius, 1906-1910; for Natal, 1908-1912, 
 Europeans and East Indians; for Sierra Leone, 1910-1911, City of Freetown only; for 
 Transvaal, 1909-1911, Johannesburg only. 
 
 Table 218 
 Mortality from Cancer in Algeria 
 European Population, 1904-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 664,674 
 672,467 
 
 196 
 
 247 
 
 29.5 
 36.7 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 680,259 
 694,616 
 708,973 
 723,330 
 737,687 
 
 227 
 170 
 196 
 188 
 239 
 
 33.4 
 24.5 
 27.6 
 26.0 
 32.4 
 
 06-1910 
 
 3,544,865 
 
 1,020 
 
 28.8 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 752,043 
 766,400 
 
 279 
 355 
 
 37.1 
 46.3 
 
 Source: Statistique generale de I'Algerie. 
 
 702 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 219 
 Mortality from Cancer in Mauritius, 1898-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1898 
 
 368,665 
 
 29 
 
 7.9 
 
 1906 
 
 368,745 
 
 35 
 
 9.5 
 
 1899 
 
 368,675 
 
 50 
 
 13.6 
 
 1907 
 
 368,755 
 
 29 
 
 7.9 
 
 1900 
 
 368,685 
 
 44 
 
 11.9 
 
 1908 
 
 368,764 
 
 36 
 
 9.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 368,773 
 
 44 
 
 11.9 
 
 1901 
 
 368,695 
 
 62 
 
 16.8 
 
 1910 
 
 368,782 
 
 27 
 
 7.3 
 
 1902 
 
 368,705 
 
 59 
 
 16.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 368,715 
 
 50 
 
 13.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,843,819 
 
 171 
 
 9.3 
 
 1904 
 
 368,725 
 
 42 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 368,735 
 
 52 
 
 14.1 
 
 1911 
 
 368,791 
 
 50 
 
 13.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 368,800 
 Colony of 
 
 36 
 
 9 8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,843,575 
 
 265 
 
 14.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 , Annual 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reports of the Registrar-General < 
 
 an Births, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths and Marriages. 
 
 
 
 Table 220 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Mauritius 
 
 Cases Treated in Public Hospitals 
 
 1898-1908 
 
 
 
 
 Fatality 
 
 Fatality 
 
 Year 
 
 Cases 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Year Cases Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 1898 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 22.7 
 
 1906 68 9 13.2 
 
 1899 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 17.4 
 
 1907 57 10 17.5 
 
 1900 
 
 41 
 
 11 
 
 26.8 
 
 1908 57 11 19.3 
 
 1901 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 30.0 
 
 
 1902 
 
 47 
 
 5 
 
 10.6 
 
 Source: Colony of Mauritius, Annual 
 
 1903 
 
 64 
 
 20 
 
 31.3 
 
 Reports on the Medical and Health Depart- 
 
 1904 
 
 50 
 
 11 
 
 22.0 
 
 ment. 
 
 1905 
 
 83 
 
 11 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 Table 221 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Union of South Africa, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, White 
 
 1912 
 
 Males 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. , 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . . 
 
 All organs 188 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 19 
 90 
 18 
 
 4.8 
 
 22.7 
 
 4.6 
 
 2 
 59 
 
 0.5 
 14.9 
 
 47.5 
 
 Females 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 32 
 
 9.8 
 
 14 
 
 4..S 
 
 28 
 
 8.6 
 
 19 
 
 5.8 
 
 4 
 
 1.2 
 
 26 
 
 8.0 
 
 124 
 
 38.0 
 
 Source: Statistical Year-Book of the Union of South Africa, 1913. 
 Note: The data include Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State only. 
 
 703 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 222 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Union of South Africa 
 
 by Provinces, White 
 
 1912 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 White from 100,000 
 
 Population Cancer Population 
 
 NataJ 98,294 61 62.1 
 
 Transvaal 442,577 175 39.5 
 
 Orange Free State 180,994 76 42.0 
 
 Total 721,865 312 43.2 
 
 Source: Statistical Year-Book of the Union of South Africa, 1913. 
 
 Table 223 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cape Colony, South Africa 
 
 Twenty-five Cities and Towns 
 
 1900-1908 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 100,000 
 Cancer Population 
 
 1900 
 
 334,441 
 
 200 
 
 59.8 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 
 379,779 
 376,532 
 
 236 62.1 
 186 49.4 
 
 1901 
 
 347,399 
 
 190 
 
 54.7 
 
 1908 
 
 373,285 
 
 228 61.1 
 
 1902 
 
 360,357 
 
 218 
 
 60.5 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 373,315 
 
 185 
 
 49.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics of South Africa, 
 
 1904 
 
 386,273 
 
 193 
 
 50.0 
 
 1900-1905. 
 
 Health Reports of South Africa, 
 
 1905 
 
 383,026 
 
 224 
 
 58.5 
 54.6 
 
 1906-1908. 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,850,370 
 
 1,010 
 
 
 Table 224 
 Mortality from Cancer in Johannesburg, South Africa, by Race 
 
 1909-1911 
 
 Race Population 
 
 European 219,530 
 
 Asiatic 10,754 
 
 Native Black 200,461 
 
 Total 430,745 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 114 
 5 
 
 148 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 51.9 
 46.5 
 14.5 
 
 34.4 
 
 Source: Report of the Medical Officer of Health on the Public Health and Sanitary 
 Circumstances of Johannesburg during the two years 1st July, 1909, to 30th June, 1911. 
 
 Note: According to the returns of the Transvaal Chamber of Mines, out of 3,082 
 deaths from all causes among the native laborers on the Rand, only five deaths, or 0. 2 
 per cent., were attributed to malignant disease. Practically all of the deaths were 
 medically certified. 
 
 704 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 225 
 
 Mortality from. Cancer in Natal, South Africa 
 
 European Population, 1902-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 
 74,600 
 
 40 
 
 53.6 
 
 1906 
 
 101,314 
 
 45 
 
 44.4 
 
 1903 
 
 92,000 
 
 30 
 
 32.6 
 
 1907 
 
 99,150 
 
 57 
 
 57.5 
 
 190i 
 
 101,183 
 
 49 
 
 48.4 
 
 1908 
 
 99,745 
 
 53 
 
 53.1 
 
 1905 
 
 101,170 
 
 34 
 
 33.6 
 
 1909 
 
 98,934 
 
 64 
 
 64.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 98,758 
 
 58 
 
 58.7 
 
 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 368,953 
 
 153 
 
 41.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 497,901 
 
 277 
 
 55.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 98,582 
 
 63 
 
 63.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 98,406 
 
 61 
 
 62.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Colony of 
 the Health Officer. 
 
 Natal, Reports of 
 
 Table 226 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Natal, South Africa 
 
 East Indians, 1903-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 86,000 
 
 10 
 
 11.6 
 
 1906 
 
 98,049 
 
 5 
 
 5.1 
 
 1904 
 
 84,500 
 
 8 
 
 9.5 
 
 1907 
 
 101,078 
 
 14 
 
 13.9 
 
 1905 
 
 91,239 
 
 5 
 
 5.5 
 
 1908 
 
 104,120 
 
 13 
 
 12.5 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 1909 
 
 103,906 
 
 15 
 
 14.4 
 
 
 
 1903-1905 
 
 261,739 
 
 23 
 
 8.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 122,737 
 
 13 
 60 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 529,890 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 141,568 
 
 11 
 
 7.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 145,000 
 
 15 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Colony of Natal, 
 the Health Officer. 
 
 [leports of 
 
 Table 227 
 Cases of Cancer in the Colonial 
 Hospital, Sierra Leone, 1870-1909 
 
 Years 
 
 Total 
 Admissions 
 
 Cases of 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 1,000 
 
 Admissions 
 
 1870-1879 
 
 6,509 
 
 4 
 
 0.6 
 
 1880-1889 
 
 5,334 
 
 6 
 
 1.1 
 
 1890-1899 
 
 10,610 
 
 10 
 
 0.9 
 
 1900-1909 
 
 10,163 
 
 26 
 
 2.6 
 
 Source: Sierra Leone, Annual Reports 
 on the Medical Department. 
 
 705 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 228 
 Cases of Cancer in the Colonial Hospital, Sierra Leone, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1900-1909 
 
 Organ or Part No. of Cases 
 
 Carcinoma of oesophagus 1 
 
 Carcinoma of rectum 3 
 
 Carcinoma of uterus 3 
 
 Carcinoma of breast 10 
 
 Adenosarcoma of breast 1 
 
 Adenosarcoma of groin 1 
 
 Mellanotic sarcoma of foot 1 
 
 Sarcoma of shovdder joint 1 
 
 Sarcoma of arm 1 
 
 Sarcoma of eye 1 
 
 Chondrosarcoma of upper jaw 1 
 
 Epithelioma of tongue 1 
 
 Papilloma of bladder 1 
 
 All organs 26 
 
 Source: Sierra Leone, Annual Reports on the Medical Department. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 3.8 
 11.5 
 11.5 
 
 38.5 
 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 
 100.0 
 
 Table 229 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of 
 
 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1910-1911 
 
 Year 
 
 1910 
 1911 
 
 Population 
 
 34,128 
 34,090 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 8.8 
 17.6 
 
 1910-1911 
 
 68,218 
 
 13.2 
 
 Soiu'ce: Sierra Leone, Annual Reports 
 on the Medical Department. 
 
 Table 230 
 
 Cases of Tumor Treated in Hospital Da Praia 
 
 Cape Verde Islands, by Race 
 
 1892-1904 
 
 
 White 
 
 Black 
 
 Mulatto 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 Other tumors . . . 
 
 ... 2 i 
 
 7 5 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 17 11 
 3 4 
 3 11 
 
 24 16 
 5 9 
 3 15 
 
 All tmnors 
 
 ... 2 1 
 
 7 13 
 
 23 26 
 
 32 40 
 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 49 
 
 72 
 
 In 1904, seven persons were under treatment for cancer in the hospital of St. Vincente, 
 Cape Verde Islands, two males and five females: 
 
 Males Females 
 
 1 Cancer of pleura 2 Cancer of lips 
 
 1 Cancer of intestines 2 Cancer of breast 
 
 1 Cancer of uterus 
 
 706 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 231 
 
 Cases of Cancer Treated in Hospital da Praia, Cape Verde Islands, by 
 
 Organs and Parts, according to Race and Sex, 1892-1904 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Males 
 
 Black 
 Fem 
 
 lies 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Mulatto 
 Males Fer 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 17 
 
 nales 
 1 
 
 Eye 
 
 1 
 
 
 Extremities 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Lips 
 
 
 
 Tongue 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 9. 
 
 Rectum 
 
 
 
 Anus ... 
 
 
 1 
 
 Breast 
 
 
 3 
 
 Ovaries 
 
 
 1 
 
 Uterus 
 
 
 9, 
 
 Vagina 
 
 
 
 Penis 
 
 4 
 
 
 All organs 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 Note: In the colony of the Cape Verde Islands and Guinea cancer is believed to be 
 quite common among the colored population. 
 
 In the colony of St. Thomas and Principe there has been found only one case of cancer 
 among the colored population (cancer uteri, black woman, 40 years of age). 
 
 In Angola cancer is very rare, only one case is known (cancer mammae, black woman, 
 28 years of age). 
 
 In Mosambique cancer has never been found among the colored population. 
 
 In Portuguese India cancer seems to be quite common, especially in Goa, but the sta- 
 tistical data are very incomplete. 
 
 Macao (Portuguese China). Cancer is rare. No cases in 1904. One man died from 
 cancer of pharynx in 1900; one woman died, 1895, from cancer uteri spreading to rectum 
 and vesica urinaria; one woman died (year unknown) from cancer uteri spreading to vesica 
 urinaria. 
 
 707 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 232 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Countries of Asia 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Ceylon 20,076,320 1,133 5.6 
 
 Hongkong 1,737,310 140 8.1 
 
 India 4,456,200 522 11.7 
 
 Japan 242,460,425 145,965 60.2 
 
 Penang 1,391,089 143 10.3 
 
 Philippine Islands 1,190,154 325 27.3 
 
 Shanghai 68,684 38 55.3 
 
 Singapore 1,434,780 181 12.6 
 
 Total 272,814,962 148,447 54.4 
 
 Population, 1911: 57,820,460. 
 
 Note: The data are given for Ceylon, 1907-1911; for Hongkong, 1907-1911; for 
 India, City of Calcutta, 1908-1912; ior Japan, 1905-1909; for Penang, 1909-1913; for 
 Philippine Islands, City of Manila, 1909-1913; for Shanghai, 1909-1913, Europeans only; 
 for Singapore, 1906-1910. 
 
 Table 233 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Calcutta, India 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 433,219 
 
 54 
 
 12.5 
 
 1901 
 
 847,796 
 
 82 
 
 9.7 
 
 1882 
 
 458,053 
 
 44 
 
 9.6 
 
 1902 
 
 852,624 
 
 91 
 
 10.7 
 
 1883 
 
 482,887 
 
 43 
 
 8.9 
 
 1903 
 
 857,451 
 
 90 
 
 10.5 
 
 1884 
 
 507,721 
 
 31 
 
 6.1 
 
 1904 
 
 862,278 
 
 99 
 
 11.5 
 
 1885 
 
 532,555 
 
 55 
 
 10.3 
 9.4 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 867,105 
 
 78 
 440 
 
 9.0 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,414,435 
 
 4,287,254 
 
 10.3 
 
 1886 
 
 557,389 
 
 54 
 
 9.7 
 
 1906 
 
 871,932 
 
 94 
 
 10.8 
 
 1887 
 
 582,223 
 
 45 
 
 7.7 
 
 1907 
 
 876,759 
 
 96 
 
 10.9 
 
 1888 
 
 607,057 
 
 63 
 
 10.4 
 
 1908 
 
 881,586 
 
 114 
 
 12.9 
 
 1889 
 
 631,891 
 
 60 
 
 9.5 
 
 1909 
 
 886,413 
 
 80 
 
 9.0 
 
 1890 
 
 656,725 
 
 64 
 
 286 
 
 9.7 
 9.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 891,240 
 
 105 
 
 489 
 
 11.8 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,035,285 
 
 4,407,930 
 
 11.1 
 
 1891 
 
 681,560 
 
 65 
 
 9.5 
 
 1911 
 
 896,067 
 
 98 
 
 10.9 
 
 1892 
 
 698,184 
 
 68 
 
 9.7 
 
 1912 
 
 900,894 
 
 125 
 
 13.9 
 
 1893 
 
 714,808 
 
 73 
 
 10.2 
 
 1913 
 
 905,721 
 
 110 
 
 12.1 
 
 1894 
 
 731,432 
 
 71 
 
 9.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 748,056 
 
 69 
 
 9.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Report of the Health Officer of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calcutta. 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,574,040 
 
 346 
 
 9.7 
 
 Note: Without suburbs. 
 
 
 1896 
 
 764,680 
 
 57 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 781,304 
 
 51 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 797,927 
 
 64 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 814,550 
 
 79 
 
 9.7 
 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 831,173 
 
 72 
 323 
 
 8.7 
 8.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,989,634 
 
 
 708 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 234 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Hospitals in the Province of Bengal, India 
 
 1911-1912 
 
 HOSPITALS IN CALCUTTA 
 
 Cancer in Cancer 
 _^,,. ^ Malignant Tumors Percentage ,Case 
 Total Number of All Mortality- 
 Year of Cases Cases Deaths Causes per 100 
 
 1911 25,905 268 34 1.03 12.7 
 
 1912 28,246 310 49 1.10 15.8 
 
 1911-1912 54,151 578 83 1.07 14.4 
 
 HOSPITALS IN BENGAL, EXCLUSIVE OF CALCUTTA 
 
 1911 46,012 381 21 0.83 5.5 
 
 1912 35,130 215 16 0.61 7.4 
 
 1911-1912 81,142 596 37 0.73 6.2 
 
 ALL HOSPITALS IN BENGAL 
 
 1911 71,917 649 55 0.90 8.5 
 
 1912 63,376 525 65 0.83 12.4 
 
 1911-1912 135,293 1,174 120 0.87 10.2 
 
 Source: Annual Returns of the Hospitals and Dispensaries in Bengal, 1911-1912. 
 
 Table 235 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ceylon, 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 .Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 2,755,558 
 
 69 
 
 2.5 
 
 1901 
 
 3,582,697 
 
 213 
 
 5.9 
 
 1882 
 
 2,773,389 
 
 84 
 
 3.0 
 
 1902 
 
 3,636,736 
 
 219 
 
 6.0 
 
 1883 
 
 2,781,711 
 
 97 
 
 3.5 
 
 1903 
 
 3,690,775 
 
 212 
 
 5.7 
 
 1884 
 
 2,793,689 
 
 99 
 
 3.5 
 
 1904 
 
 3,744,814 
 
 190 
 
 5.1 
 
 1885 
 
 2,815,166 
 
 83 
 
 2.9 
 3.1 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,798,853 
 
 207 
 
 5.4 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 13,919,513 
 
 432 
 
 18,453,875 
 
 1,041 
 
 5.6 
 
 1886 
 
 2,830,359 
 
 85 
 
 3.0 
 
 1906 
 
 3,852,892 
 
 182 
 
 4.7 
 
 1887 
 
 2,855,216 
 
 92 
 
 3.2 
 
 1907 
 
 3,906,931 
 
 148 
 
 3.8 
 
 1888 
 
 2,901,262 
 
 117 
 
 4.0 
 
 1908 
 
 3,960,970 
 
 169 
 
 4.3 
 
 1889 
 
 2,938,977 
 
 141 
 
 4.8 
 
 1909 
 
 4,015,009 
 
 158 
 
 3.9 
 
 1890 
 
 2,980,245 
 
 171 
 
 5.7 
 4.2 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,069,048 
 
 264 
 
 6.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 14,506,059 
 
 606 
 
 19,804,850 
 
 921 
 
 4.7 
 
 1891 
 
 3,021,579 
 
 139 
 
 4.6 
 
 1911 
 
 4,124,362 
 
 394 
 
 9.6 
 
 1892 
 
 3,088,405 
 
 187 
 
 6.1 
 
 1912 
 
 4,179,676 
 
 406 
 
 9.7 
 
 1893 
 
 3,121,093 
 
 235 
 
 7.5 
 
 1913 
 
 4,234,990 
 
 523 
 
 12.3 
 
 1894 
 
 3,144,561 
 
 196 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 3,193,821 
 
 207 
 
 6.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Ceylon, Administration Re- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ports. Vita 
 
 il Statistics. 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 15,569,459 
 
 964 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 3,240,501 
 
 128 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 3,315,768 
 
 177 
 
 5.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 3,395,519 
 
 175 
 
 5.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 3,429,745 
 
 191 
 
 5.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 3,520,574 
 
 233 
 
 6.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 16,902,107 
 
 904 
 
 5.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 709 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 236 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ceylon, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1911-1913 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 422 3.42 
 
 Stomach and liver 334 2.71 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 13 0.11 
 
 Female generative organs 50 0.41 
 
 Female breast 52 0.42 
 
 Skin 29 0.23 
 
 Other or not specified organs 423 3.43 
 
 All organs 1,323 10.72 
 
 Source: Ceylon: Administrative Reports, Vital Statistics. 
 
 Table 237 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ceylon, by Organs and Parts, according to Race 
 
 1911-1913 
 
 Europeans . 
 Burghers. . 
 Sinhalese. . 
 
 Tamils 
 
 Moors .... 
 Malays. . . 
 Others. . . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Europeans 
 
 Burghers 5 
 
 Sinhalese 32 
 
 Tamils 11 
 
 Moors 2 
 
 Malays 
 
 Others 
 
 Population 
 
 22,832 
 
 79,604 
 
 8,033,188 
 
 3,328,546 
 
 787,398 
 
 38,259 
 
 51,835 
 
 12,341,662 
 
 Female Genebative 
 
 Organs 
 Deaths Rate per 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 Total. 
 
 50 
 
 0.40 
 0.33 
 0.25 
 
 0.41 
 
 Buccal Cavity 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 5 
 
 6.28 
 
 !32 
 
 4.13 
 
 52 
 
 1.56 
 
 30 
 
 3.81 
 
 1 
 
 2.61 
 
 2 
 
 3.86 
 
 422 
 
 3.42 
 
 Breast 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 4.38 
 
 0.42 
 0.33 
 0.64 
 2.61 
 
 0.42 
 
 Stomach and Liver 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 298 
 16 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 334 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 13.14 
 6.28 
 3.71 
 0.48 
 1.40 
 
 1.93 
 
 2.71 
 
 Skin 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 20 
 6 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 0.25 
 0.18 
 0.38 
 
 0.23 
 
 Source: Ceylon: Administrative Reports, Vital Statistics. 
 
 710 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 238 
 Mortality from Cancer in Ceylon, by Administrative Divisions 
 
 1911-1913 
 
 District Population 
 
 Colombo 1,982,286 
 
 Negombo 509,029 
 
 Kalutara 850,752 
 
 Kandy 1,232,085 
 
 Matale 321,912 
 
 Nuwara Eliya 472,698 
 
 Galle 886,442 
 
 Matara 688,166 
 
 Hambantota 323,133 
 
 Jaffna 987,486 
 
 Mannar 75,519 
 
 Mullaittivu 50,861 
 
 Batticaloa 468,686 
 
 Trimcomalee 89,243 
 
 Kurunegala 911,771 
 
 Puttalam 117,924 
 
 Chilaw 263,532 
 
 Anuradhapura 256,459 
 
 Badulla 651,463 
 
 Ratnapura 492,131 
 
 Kegalla 710,484 
 
 All Ceylon 12,342,662 
 
 Source: Ceylon: Administrative Reports, Vital Statistics. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 CanctT 
 
 Population 
 
 343 
 
 17.3 
 
 52 
 
 10.2 
 
 111 
 
 13.0 
 
 134 
 
 10.9 
 
 44 
 
 13.7 
 
 44 
 
 9.3 
 
 104 
 
 11.7 
 
 78 
 
 11.3 
 
 40 
 
 12.4 
 
 68 
 
 6.9 
 
 18 
 
 23.8 
 
 5 
 
 9.8 
 
 8 
 
 1.7 
 
 13 
 
 14.6 
 
 31 
 
 3.4 
 
 13 
 
 11.0 
 
 26 
 
 9.9 
 
 4 
 
 1.6 
 
 89 
 
 13.7 
 
 58 
 
 11.8 
 
 40 
 
 5.6 
 
 1,323 
 
 10.7 
 
 Table 239 
 
 Cases of Cancer in the Hospitals of Straits Settlements 
 
 1904-1912 
 
 Admissions 
 
 Year All Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 1904 23,717 47 0.20 
 
 1905 23,990 61 0.25 
 
 1906 24,966 
 
 1907 26,393 
 
 1908 27,913 
 
 1909 27,763 
 
 1910 32,875 
 
 1906-1910 139,910 
 
 1911 43,970 
 
 1912 38,060 
 
 Source: Straits Settlements, Annual Reports on the Medical Department. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 All Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 3,833 25 0.65 
 
 3,685 30 0.81 
 
 55 
 
 0.22 
 
 3,832 
 
 27 
 
 0.70 
 
 84 
 
 0.32 
 
 3,686 
 
 36 
 
 0.98 
 
 71 
 
 0.25 
 
 4,031 
 
 38 
 
 0.94 
 
 76 
 
 0.27 
 
 3,635 
 
 35 
 
 0.96 
 
 93 
 
 0.28 
 0.27 
 
 4,500 
 
 41 
 177 
 
 0.91 
 
 79 
 
 19,684 
 
 0.90 
 
 67 
 
 0.15 
 
 6,101 
 
 26 
 
 0.43 
 
 85 
 
 0.22 
 
 4,581 
 
 50 
 
 1.09 
 
 711 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 240 
 
 
 
 
 Table 241 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in Singapore 
 
 Mortality 
 
 from Cancer in the Prov- 
 
 
 1904-1913 
 
 
 
 ince of Penang, Straits Settlements 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909- 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 1904 
 
 253,584 
 
 
 30 
 
 11.8 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1905 
 
 261,927 
 
 
 56 
 
 21.4 
 
 1909 
 
 272,043 
 
 19 
 
 7.0 
 
 1906 
 
 270,270 
 
 
 48 
 
 17.8 
 
 1910 
 
 275,023 
 
 25 
 
 9.1 
 
 1907 
 
 278,613 
 
 
 21 
 
 7.5 
 
 1911 
 
 278,003 
 
 29 
 
 10.4 
 
 1908 
 
 286,956 
 
 
 26 
 
 9.1 
 
 1912 
 
 282,176 
 
 29 
 
 10.3 
 
 1909 
 
 295,299 
 
 
 57 
 
 19.3 
 
 1913 
 
 284,565 
 
 38 
 
 13.4 
 
 1910 
 
 303,642 
 
 
 29 
 
 9.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909-1913 
 
 1,391,810 
 
 140 
 
 10.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,434,780 
 
 
 181 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Straits Settlements, 
 
 Annual 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 320,328 
 328,671 
 
 
 26 
 39 
 
 8.1 
 11.9 
 
 Reports on 
 Deaths 
 
 the Registration of Births and 
 
 1913 
 
 337,014 
 
 
 11 
 
 3.3 
 
 Note : Includes the Provinces of Welles- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 Annual 
 
 ley and Dindings. 
 
 
 
 Reports on 
 
 the Registration of Births and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 242 
 Cases of Cancer in Tan Tock Seng's Hospital, Singapore, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1907-1912 
 
 Carcinoma of 
 Glands of neck . . . 
 
 Lungs 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Intestines 
 
 Pancreas 
 
 Kidney 
 
 Suprarenal glands 
 
 All carcinoma 
 Sarcoma of 
 Mediastinum . 
 Heart 
 
 No. of Cases 
 
 Kidney. 
 Bones . . 
 
 All sarcoma . . . 
 Epithelioma of 
 Jaw 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Pharynx 
 
 Scalp 
 
 Penis 
 
 Arising from scars . 
 
 All epithelioma . 
 Glioma of brain . 
 
 7 
 3 
 21 
 31 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 95 
 
 5 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 All organs 121 
 
 Source: Straits Settlements, Annual Reports on the Medical Department. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 23.1 
 5.8 
 2.5 
 17.4 
 25.6 
 0.8 
 0.8 
 0.8 
 1.7 
 
 78.5 
 
 4.1 
 0.8 
 0.8 
 2.5 
 
 0.8 
 1.7 
 1.7 
 0.8 
 3.3 
 3.3 
 
 11.6 
 1.7 
 
 100.0 
 
 712 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 243 
 
 Admissions and Mortality from Cancer, Victoria Hospital, Seychelles 
 
 1900-1902 and 1907-1911 
 
 
 
 Admissions 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Year 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Cancer of AH 
 Causes 
 
 All Causes 
 
 Cancer 
 
 of All 
 Causes 
 
 1900 
 
 219 
 
 2 0.9 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 20.0 
 
 1901 
 
 249 
 
 2 0.8 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 26G 
 
 6 2.3 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 7.1 
 
 1900-1902 
 
 734 
 
 10 1.4 
 2 0.8 
 
 41 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 7 3 
 
 1907 
 
 266 
 
 
 1908 
 
 369 
 
 2 0.5 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 369 
 
 4 1.1 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 3.8 
 
 1910 
 
 460 
 
 13 2.8 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 6.7 
 
 1911 
 
 579 
 
 7 1.2 
 28 1.4 
 
 26 
 110 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 7.7 
 
 1907-1911 
 
 2,043 
 
 4.5 
 
 Source: Selections from Colonial Medical Reports for 1900-1902. 
 Colony of Seychelles, Blue Book. 
 
 Table 244 
 
 Admissions and Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts 
 
 Victoria Hospital, Seychelles, 1907-1911 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Pylorus 
 
 Rectum 
 
 Bladder 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Ovary 
 
 Other or not specified 
 
 Adenocarcinoma 
 
 Epithelioma 
 
 Sarcoma 
 
 
 Admissions 
 
 Number Per Cent 
 
 4 
 
 14.3 
 
 1 
 
 3.6 
 
 1 
 
 3.6 
 
 1 
 
 3.6 
 
 9 
 
 32.1 
 
 2 
 
 7.1 
 
 2 
 
 7.1 
 
 1 
 
 3.6 
 
 5 
 
 17.9 
 
 2 
 
 7.1 
 
 All organs 28 
 
 Source: Colony of Seychelles, Blue Book. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Number Per Cent. 
 
 1 20.0 
 
 1 20.0 
 
 40.0 
 20.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 Table 245 
 
 Mortality from Cancer among Europeans 
 
 in Dutch East Indies 
 
 1911-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 Population 
 
 63,000 
 63,000 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 85.7 
 
 81.0 
 
 1911-1912 
 
 126,000 
 
 105 
 
 83.3 
 
 Source: Handelingen der Staaten-Gen- 
 eraal. Bijlagen 1912-1913, 1913-1914. Ned- 
 erlandsch-Indie . 
 
 713 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 246 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hongkong, China, by Race 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 Civil Eukopeans 
 
 
 Chinese 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 
 9,560 
 
 6 
 
 62.8 
 
 280,564 
 
 21 
 
 7.5 
 
 1902 
 
 10,082 
 
 7 
 
 69.4 
 
 285,677 
 
 11 
 
 3.9 
 
 1903 
 
 10,605 
 
 2 
 
 18.9 
 
 290,790 
 
 13 
 
 4.5 
 
 1904 
 
 11.128 
 
 3 
 
 27.0 
 
 295,903 
 
 14 
 
 4.7 
 
 1905 
 
 11,651 
 
 8 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 68.7 
 49.0 
 57.5 
 
 301,016 
 
 20 
 79 
 15 
 
 6.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 53,026 
 
 1,453,950 
 306,130 
 
 5.4 
 
 1906 
 
 12,174 
 
 4.9 
 
 1907 
 
 12,162 
 
 7 
 
 57.6 
 
 315,862 
 
 19 
 
 6.0 
 
 1908 
 
 12,149 
 
 7 
 
 57.6 
 
 325,594 
 
 10 
 
 3.1 
 
 1909 
 
 12,136 
 
 6 
 
 49.4 
 
 335,326 
 
 24 
 
 7.2 
 
 1910 
 
 12,123 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 41.2 
 52.7 
 41.3 
 
 345,058 
 
 21 
 89 
 36 
 
 6.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 60,744 
 
 1,627,970 
 354,790 
 
 5.5 
 
 1911 
 
 12,110 
 
 10.1 
 
 1912 
 
 12,400 
 
 6 
 
 48.4 
 
 356,020 
 
 37 
 
 10.4 
 
 Source: Reports on the Health and Sanitary Condition of the Colony of Hongkong. 
 
 Table 247 
 
 Mortality from Cancer, by Organs and Parts, among the 
 
 Chinese Population of Hongkong 
 
 1895-1904 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Carcinoma of Cancer Population 
 
 Mouth and jaw 7 0.26 
 
 CEsophagus 3 0.11 
 
 Stomach 19 0.72 
 
 Rectum 4 0.15 
 
 Peritoneum 3 0.11 
 
 Liver 14 0.53 
 
 Skin 3 0.11 
 
 Neck 1 0.04 
 
 Breast 6 0.23 
 
 Uterus 14 0.53 
 
 Vagina 1 0.04 
 
 Bladder 1 0.04 
 
 Penis 3 0.11 
 
 Other or not specified 24 0.90 
 
 Sarcoma 16 0.60 
 
 All organs 119 4.48 
 
 Source: Correspondence relating to the Cancer Research Scheme, London, 1906. 
 
 714 
 
APPENDIX a 
 
 
 Table 248 
 
 
 
 Table 249 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Shanghai 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Japan 
 
 China, 
 
 among Resident Foreign 
 
 
 1899-1911 
 
 
 Pomi1ci<-<r>n 
 
 1898-1Q14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D th 
 
 T> 
 
 
 Resident 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Foreign 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1899 
 
 44,003,530 
 
 19,382 
 
 44.0 
 
 1898 
 
 5,938 
 
 1 
 
 16.8 
 
 1900 
 
 44,577,790 
 
 20,334 
 
 45.6 
 
 1899 
 
 6,356 
 
 4 
 
 62.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 6,774 
 
 5 
 
 73.8 
 
 1901 
 
 45,152,050 
 
 22,149 
 
 49.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 45,726,310 
 
 24,598 
 
 53.8 
 
 1901 
 
 7,718 
 
 4 
 
 51.8 
 
 1903 
 
 46,300,570 
 
 25,550 
 
 55.2 
 
 1902 
 
 8,662 
 
 2 
 
 23.1 
 
 1904 
 
 46,846,690 
 
 25,993 
 
 55.5 
 
 1903 
 
 9,607 
 
 3 
 
 31.2 
 
 1905 
 
 47,392,810 
 
 26,668 
 
 56.3 
 
 1904 
 
 10,552 
 
 3 
 
 28.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 11,497 
 
 5 
 
 43.5 
 35.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 1906 
 
 231,418,430 
 47,938,930 
 
 124,958 
 27,863 
 
 54.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 48,036 
 
 17 
 
 58.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 48,492,085 
 
 28,451 
 
 58.7 
 
 1906 
 
 11,904 
 
 6 
 
 50.4 
 
 1908 
 
 49,045,240 
 
 30,440 
 
 62.1 
 
 1907 
 
 12,312 
 
 6 
 
 48.7 
 
 1909 
 
 49,591,360 
 
 32,543 
 
 65.6 
 
 1908 
 
 12,720 
 
 8 
 
 62.9 
 
 1910 
 
 50,137,480 
 
 32,741 
 
 65.3 
 
 1909 
 
 13,128 
 
 8 
 
 60.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 13,536 
 
 5 
 
 36.9 
 51.9 
 
 1906-1910 245,205,095 
 1911 50,683,600 
 
 152,038 
 33,888 
 
 62.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 63,600 
 
 33 
 
 66.9 
 
 1911 
 
 13,770 
 
 8 
 
 58.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Mouvement de la Population 
 
 1912 
 
 14,000 
 
 8 
 
 57.1 
 
 de L'Emp 
 
 re du Japon. 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 14,250 
 
 9 
 
 63.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 14,300 
 
 .14 
 
 97.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Shanghai 
 
 Municipal 
 
 Council, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Health Department, Annual Reports. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 248a 
 
 Surgical Cases of Malignant Tumor in the Yunghun Hospital 
 
 Fukien, China, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1911-1914* 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Carcinoma of breast 
 
 Carcinoma of glands in neck, recurrent from breast. 
 
 Carcinoma of ovaries 
 
 Sarcoma of abdominal wall 
 
 Sarcoma of neck glands 
 
 Sarcoma of testicle 
 
 Sarcoma of finger 
 
 Myeloid sarcoma of tibia 
 
 Epithelioma of cheek 
 
 Cases 
 4 
 
 Per Cent. 
 30.8 
 
 7.7 
 
 7.7 
 
 15.4 
 
 7.7 
 7.7 
 7.7 
 7.7 
 7.7 
 
 100.0 
 
 All organs 13 
 
 General surgical and gynecological operations performed, exclu- 
 sive of operations on eyes and teeth 1,079 
 
 Operations for malignant tumors in per cent, of total 1.2 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Yunghun Hospital, Fukien (English Presbyterian 
 Mission). 
 
 *Three fiscal years. 
 
 715 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 250 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Japan, by Sex 
 
 1899-1910 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 Population 
 
 22,199,781 
 22,493,953 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 9,780 
 10,250 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 44.1 
 45.6 
 
 Year 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 Population 
 
 21,803,749 
 22,083,837 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 9,602 
 
 10,084 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 44.0 
 
 45.7 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 22,788,240 
 23,082,641 
 23,381,788 
 23,666,948 
 23.923,890 
 
 11,050 
 12,304 
 12,972 
 13,177 
 13,564 
 
 48.5 
 53.3 
 55.5 
 55.7 
 56.7 
 
 54.0 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 22,363,810 
 22,643,669 
 22,918,782 
 23.179,742 
 23,468,920 
 
 11,099 
 12,294 
 12,578 
 12,816 
 13,104 
 
 49.6 
 54.3 
 54.9 
 55.3 
 
 55.8 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 116,843,507 
 
 63,067 
 
 114,574,923 
 
 61,891 
 
 54.0 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 24,180,396 
 24,440,011 
 24,708,992 
 24,974,209 
 25.249,235 
 
 14,261 
 14,411 
 15,352 
 16,602 
 16,604 
 
 59.0 
 59.0 
 62.1 
 66.5 
 65.8 
 
 62.5 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 23,758,534 
 24,052,074 
 24,336,248 
 24,617,151 
 
 24,888,245 
 
 13,602 
 14,040 
 15,088 
 15,941 
 16,137 
 
 57.3 
 58.4 
 62.0 
 64.8 
 64.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 123,552,843 
 
 77,230 
 
 121,652,252 
 
 74,808 
 
 61.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Mouvement 
 de L'Empire du Japon. 
 
 de la Population 
 
 Table 251 
 Mortality from Cancer in Japan, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1909-1910 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Carcinoma of Cancer 
 
 Buccal cavity 1,098 
 
 Stomach and liver 24,331 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines rectum. . . 1,777 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 444 
 
 Other organs 4,328 
 
 Not specified 329 
 
 Other malignant tumors 899 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 2.2 
 
 48.4 
 
 3.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 8.6 
 0.7 
 1.8 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 429 
 
 0.9 
 
 15,530 
 
 31.4 
 
 1,684 
 
 3.4 
 
 10,322 
 
 20.8 
 
 878 
 
 1.8 
 
 290 
 
 0.6 
 
 1,888 
 
 3.8 
 
 307 
 
 0.6 
 
 750 
 
 1.5 
 
 All organs 33,206 66.1 32,078 
 
 Source : Statistlque des causes de deces de L'Empire du Japon. 
 
 64.8 
 
 716 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 252 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Japan, by Age and Sex 
 
 1908-1910 
 
 MALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Ages Population from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Under 25 38,732,576 378 
 
 25-34 11,607,034 670 
 
 35-44 8,729,629 3,202 
 
 45-54 6,856,318 10,333 
 
 55-64 5,417,615 18,737 
 
 65-74 2,577,676 12,107 
 
 75 and over 1,011,588 . 3,131 
 
 All ages 74,932,436 48,558 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Under 25 37,873,379 450 
 
 25-34 11,423,302 2,154 
 
 35-44 8,336,722 6,288 
 
 45-54 6,564,522 10,797 
 
 55-64 5,419,977 14,698 
 
 65-74 2,894,592 9,436 
 
 75 and over 1,329,150 3,343 
 
 All ages 73,841,644 47,166 
 
 Source: Statistique des causes de deces de L'Empire du Japon. 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1.0 
 
 5.8 
 36.7 
 150.7 
 345.9 
 469.7 
 309.5 
 
 64.8 
 
 1.2 
 18.9 
 75.4 
 164.5 
 271.2 
 326.0 
 251.5 
 
 63.9 
 
 Table 253 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Tokyo 
 
 1904-1910 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1,400,000 
 1,459,000 
 
 1,074 
 1,071 
 
 76.7 
 
 73.4 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1,523,000 
 1,580,000 
 1,601,000 
 1,623,079 
 1,805,800 
 
 1,107 
 1,111 
 1,191 
 1,225 
 
 1,284 
 
 72.7 
 70.3 
 74.4 
 75.5 
 71.1 
 
 1906-1910 8,132,879 5,918 
 
 72.8 
 
 Source: Tenth Annual Statistics of the 
 City of Tokyo, 1913. 
 
 717 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 254 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Tokyo, by Sex 
 
 1904-1910 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 778,000 
 811,000 
 
 555 
 549 
 
 71.3 
 67.7 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 622,000 
 648,000 
 
 519 
 
 522 
 
 83.4 
 
 80.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 846,000 
 878,000 
 890,000 
 902,433 
 1,004,025 
 
 576 
 602 
 604 
 627 
 646 
 
 68.1 
 68.6 
 67.9 
 69.5 
 64.3 
 
 67.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 677,000 
 702,000 
 711,000 
 720,646 
 801,775 
 
 531 
 509 
 
 • 587 
 598 
 638 
 
 78.4 
 72.5 
 82.6 
 83.0 
 79.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,520,458 
 
 3,055 
 
 3,612,421 
 
 2,863 
 
 79.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Tenth Annual Statistics of the 
 City of Tokyo, 1913. 
 
 Table 255 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Osaka, by Sex 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1,134,332 
 1,180,461 
 1,226,590 
 1,232,982 
 1,250,000 
 
 625 
 587 
 655 
 698 
 739 
 
 55.1 
 49.7 
 53.4 
 56.6 
 59.1 
 
 54.8 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 621,047 
 646,302 
 671,558 
 675,058 
 685,000 
 
 309 
 292 
 312 
 361 
 379 
 
 49.8 
 45.2 
 46.5 
 53.5 
 55.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 6,024,365 
 
 3,304 
 
 3,298,965 
 
 1.653 
 
 50.1 
 
 Year 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Population 
 
 513,285 
 534,159 
 555,032 
 557,924 
 565,000 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 316 
 295 
 343 
 337 
 360 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 61.6 
 55.2 
 61.8 
 60.4 
 63.7 
 
 1906-1910 2,725,400 1,651 
 
 60.6 
 
 Source: Mouvement de la Population 
 de L'Empire du Japon, 1906-1910. 
 
 718 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 256 
 
 
 
 Table 257 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Kyoto 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Manila 
 
 
 by Sex 
 
 
 
 
 Philippine 
 
 Islands 
 
 
 
 1906-191 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 1903-1^ 
 
 H3 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 (Ending 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 June 30) 
 
 
 Cancer, 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 219,941 
 
 29 
 
 13.2 
 
 1906 
 
 417,704 
 
 381 
 
 91.2 
 
 1904 
 
 220,841 
 
 28 
 
 12.7 
 
 1907 
 
 430,083 
 
 412 
 
 95.8 
 
 1905 
 
 221,741 
 
 35 
 
 15.8 
 
 1908 
 
 442,462 
 
 381 
 
 86.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 456,247 
 
 436 
 
 95.6 
 
 1906 
 
 222,641 
 
 38 
 
 17.1 
 
 1910 
 
 470,000 
 
 376 
 
 80.8 
 
 1907 
 
 223,542 
 
 62 
 
 23.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 227,164 
 
 63 
 
 27.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,216,496 
 
 1,986 
 
 89.6 
 
 ■ 1909 
 
 230,786 
 
 64 
 
 27.7 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 234,409 
 
 72 
 
 30.7 
 
 1906 
 
 215,285 
 
 218 
 
 101.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 221,665 
 
 224 
 
 101.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,138,542 
 
 289 
 
 25.4 
 
 1908 
 
 228,045 
 
 203 
 
 89.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 235,150 
 
 226 
 
 96.1 
 
 1911 
 
 238,031 
 
 68 
 
 28.6 
 
 1910 
 
 242,050 
 
 201 
 
 83.0 
 
 1912 
 
 241,653 
 
 63 
 
 26.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 245,275 
 
 58 
 
 23.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,142,195 
 
 1,072 
 
 93.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Bureau of 
 
 
 FEMALEb 
 
 
 Health for the Philippin 
 
 e Islands 
 
 
 1906 
 
 202,419 
 
 163 
 
 80.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 208,418 
 
 188 
 
 90.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 214,417 
 
 178 
 
 83.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 221,097 
 
 210 
 
 95.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 227,950 
 
 175 
 
 76.8 
 85.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,074,301 
 
 914 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Mouvement 
 
 de la Population 
 
 
 
 
 
 de L'Empire du Japon, 1906-1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 258 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Manila, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Race 
 
 1908-1913 
 
 White Race 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified 
 
 AU organs 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 5.1 
 
 10.1 
 
 20 
 
 12.6 
 
 50.6 
 
 Filipinos 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 43 
 59 
 
 25 
 9 
 
 82 
 
 293 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 4.0 
 5.4 
 2.0 
 4.9 
 2.3 
 0.8 
 7.6 
 
 27.0 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 3 4.7 
 
 5 7.8 
 
 12 
 
 6.3 
 
 18.8 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands. 
 
 719 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 259 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Countries of Australasia 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Hawaii 962,860 392 40.7 
 
 New South Wales 8,142,200 5,948 73.1 
 
 New Zealand 4,963,912 3,731 75.2 
 
 Northern Territory 6,678 3 44.9 
 
 Queensland 2,961,089 1,870 63.2 
 
 South Austraha 1,996,995 1,525 76.4 
 
 Tasmania 950,717 621 65.3 
 
 Victoria 6,521,936 5,441 83.4 
 
 Western Austraha 1,380,353 814 59.0 
 
 Total , 27,886,740 20,345 73.0 
 
 Population, 1911: 5,703,425. 
 
 Note: The data are given for Hawaii, 1908-1912, for New South Wales, 1908-1912, 
 for New Zealand, 1908-1912, for Northern Territory, 1911-1912, for Queensland, 1908- 
 1912, for South Australia, 1908-1912, for Tasmania, 1908-1912, for Victoria, 1908-1912, 
 for Western Australia, 1908-1912. 
 
 Table 260 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Commonwealth of Australia 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 2,269,135 
 
 784 
 
 34.6 
 
 1901 
 
 3,790,710 
 
 2,401 
 
 63.3 
 
 1882 
 
 2,347,410 
 
 800 
 
 34.1 
 
 1902 
 
 3,847,998 
 
 2,467 
 
 64.1 
 
 1883 
 
 2,446,910 
 
 896 
 
 36.6 
 
 1903 
 
 3,893,329 
 
 2,396 
 
 61.5 
 
 1884 
 
 2,555,731 
 
 956 
 
 37.4 
 
 1904 
 
 3,942,730 
 
 2,371 
 
 60.1 
 
 • 1885 
 
 2,650,123 
 
 942 
 
 35.5 
 35.7 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 4,001,117 
 
 2,539 
 
 63.5 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 12,269,309 
 
 4,378 
 
 19,475,884 
 
 12,174 
 
 62.5 
 
 1886 
 
 2,741,286 
 
 1,097 
 
 40.0 
 
 1906 
 
 4,060,324 
 
 2,608 
 
 64.2 
 
 1887 
 
 2,834,708 
 
 1,156 
 
 40.8 
 
 1907 
 
 4,123,729 
 
 2,940 
 
 71.3 
 
 1888 
 
 2,931,521 
 
 1,215 
 
 41.4 
 
 1908 
 
 4,194,410 
 
 2,921 
 
 69.6 
 
 1889 
 
 3,022,077 
 
 1,375 
 
 45.5 
 
 1909 
 
 4,274,617 
 
 3,112 
 
 72.8 
 
 1890 
 
 3,106,917 
 
 1,358 
 
 43.7 
 42.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,370,185 
 
 3,205 
 
 73.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 14,636,509 
 
 6,201 
 
 21,023,265 
 
 14,786 
 
 70.3 
 
 1891 
 
 3,196,172 
 
 1,593 
 
 49.8 
 
 1911 
 
 4,490,366 
 
 3,321 
 
 74.0 
 
 1892 
 
 3,273,371 
 
 1,557 
 
 47.6 
 
 1912 
 
 4,644,852 
 
 3,537 
 
 76.1 
 
 1893 
 
 3,333,825 
 
 1,613 
 
 48.4 
 
 1913 
 
 4,803,661 
 
 3,603 
 
 75.0 
 
 1894 
 
 3,394,328 
 
 1,681 
 
 49.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 3,459,192 
 
 1,771 
 
 51.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Regis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 trar-General of Rirths 
 
 DpatVis anr\ Mnr- 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 16,656,888 
 
 8,215 
 
 49.3 
 
 riages in 
 
 England and Wales 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Official 
 
 Statistics, 
 
 Commonwealth of 
 
 1896 
 
 3,522,362 
 
 1,904 
 
 54.1 
 
 Australia. 
 
 Annual Bulletins of Common- 
 
 1897 
 
 3,585,442 
 
 1,971 
 
 55.0 
 
 wealth Demography. 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 3,641,251 
 
 2,145 
 
 58.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 3,690,353 
 
 2,200 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 3,740,665 
 
 2,341 
 
 62.6 
 58.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 18,180,073 
 
 10,561 
 
 
 720 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 261 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Commonwealth of Australia 
 
 by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Lips 153 
 
 Tongue 452 
 
 Mouth 117 
 
 Jaw 380 
 
 Pharynx 248 
 
 Esophagus 242 
 
 Stomach 2,254 
 
 Liver and gall-bladder 1,045 
 
 Peritoneum and mesentery 36 
 
 Intestines 605 
 
 Rectum 292 
 
 Pancreas 172 
 
 Ovary and fallopian tube 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Breast 11 
 
 Skin 335 
 
 Larynx 121 
 
 Lungs and pleura 99 
 
 Kidneys and suprarenal glands ... 98 
 
 Bladder 172 
 
 Prostate 170 
 
 Brain 17 
 
 Other organs 889 
 
 Not specified 517 
 
 All organs 8,425 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1.3 
 4.0 
 1.0 
 3.3 
 2.2 
 2.1 
 19.7 
 9.2 
 0.3 
 5.3 
 2.5 
 1.5 
 
 0.1 
 2.9 
 1.1 
 0.9 
 0.9 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 0.1 
 7.9 
 4.5 
 
 73.8 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 11 
 
 0.1 
 
 21 
 
 0.2 
 
 10 
 
 0.1 
 
 61 
 
 0.6 
 
 25 
 
 0.2 
 
 51 
 
 0.5 
 
 1,246 
 
 11.8 
 
 1,024 
 
 9.7 
 
 45 
 
 0.4 
 
 640 
 
 6.1 
 
 268 
 
 2.5 
 
 101 
 
 0.9 
 
 118 
 
 1.0 
 
 1,456 
 
 13.8 
 
 1,117 
 
 10.6 
 
 157 
 
 1.5 
 
 15 
 
 0.1 
 
 58 
 
 0.5 
 
 54 
 
 0.5 
 
 60 
 
 0.6 
 
 20 
 
 0.2 
 
 600 
 
 5.7 
 
 513 
 
 4.8 
 
 rt R'71 
 
 na et 
 
 7,671 
 
 Males, 45 years and over, 20.11 per cent, of population. Females, 45 years and over, 
 17.95 per cent, of population. 
 
 Source: Ofl5cial Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia. Annual Bulletins of Com- 
 monwealth Demography. 
 
 721 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 262 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Commonwealth of Australia, by Age and Sex 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 Population 
 
 Under 25 5,791,262 
 
 25-34 1,840,288 
 
 35-44 1,471,775 
 
 45-54 1,195,675 
 
 55-64 612,669 
 
 65-74 343,414 
 
 75 and over 154,023 
 
 Not stated 
 
 All ages 11,409,106 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Under 25 5,622,866 
 
 25-34 1,726,374 
 
 35-44 1,310,100 
 
 45-54 958,275 
 
 55-64 500,796 
 
 65-74 309,564 
 
 75 and over 137,349 
 
 Not stated 
 
 All ages 10,565,324 
 
 Source: Official Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia, 
 mon wealth Demography. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 191 
 
 3.3 
 
 157 
 
 8.5 
 
 571 
 
 38.8 
 
 1,643 
 
 137.4 
 
 2,095 
 
 341.9 
 
 2,401 
 
 699.2 
 
 1,356 
 
 880.4 
 
 11 
 
 
 8,425 
 
 73.8 
 
 149 
 
 2.6 
 
 249 
 
 14.4 
 
 948 
 
 72.4 
 
 1,688 
 
 176.1 
 
 1,746 
 
 348.6 
 
 1,763 
 
 569.5 
 
 1,126 
 
 819.8 
 
 2 
 
 
 7,671 72.6 
 
 Annual Bulletins of Com- 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 263 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New South Wales 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 765,015 
 
 216 
 
 28.2 
 
 1906 
 
 1,484,600 
 
 1,027 
 
 69.2 
 
 1882 
 
 798,540 
 
 215 
 
 26.9 
 
 1907 
 
 1,517,900 
 
 1,085 
 
 71.5 
 
 1883 
 
 838,155 
 
 215 
 
 25.7 
 
 1908 
 
 1,545,700 
 
 1,058 
 
 68.4 
 
 1884 
 
 883,145 
 
 233 
 
 26.4 
 
 1909 
 
 1,577,200 
 
 1,166 
 
 73.9 
 
 1885 
 
 927,275 
 
 267 
 
 28.8 
 27.2 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,616,200 
 
 1,179 
 
 72.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 4,212,130 
 
 1,146 
 
 7,741,600 
 
 5,515 
 
 71.2 
 
 1886 
 
 969,455 
 
 333 
 
 34.3 
 
 1911 
 
 1,664,500 
 
 1,233 
 
 74.1 
 
 1887 
 
 1,004,835 
 
 354 
 
 35.2 
 
 1912 
 
 1,738,600 
 
 1,312 
 
 75.5 
 
 1888 
 
 1,035,705 
 
 404 
 
 39.0 
 
 1913 
 
 1,809,400 
 
 1,332 
 
 73.6 
 
 1889 
 
 1,066,450 
 
 393 
 
 36.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1,101,840 
 
 392 
 
 35.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics of Pn 
 
 'ew South 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wales, 1881-1 01 f? 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 5,178,285 
 
 1,876 
 
 36.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 1,142,025 
 
 516 
 
 45.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1,176,990 
 
 510 
 
 43.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1,203,170 
 
 489 
 
 40.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 1,226,900 
 
 516 
 
 42.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1,250,760 
 
 556 
 
 44.5 
 43.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 5,999,845 
 
 2,587 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1,270,620 
 
 627 
 
 49.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 1,290,375 
 
 693 
 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1,312,455 
 
 714 
 
 54.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1,333,605 
 
 761 
 
 57.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1,354,335 
 
 765 
 
 56.5 
 54.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 6,561,390 
 
 3,560 
 
 
 1901 
 
 1,366,900 
 
 847 
 
 62.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1,388,400 
 
 869 
 
 62.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,407,400 
 
 930 
 
 66.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 1,428,700 
 
 954 
 
 66.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1,454,800 
 
 965 
 
 . 66.3 
 64.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 7,046,200 
 
 4,565 
 
 
 723 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 264 
 
 
 
 Table 265 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New South 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New South 
 
 Wales, Males, 
 
 1881-19 
 
 13 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Wal 
 
 es, Females 
 
 1881-] 
 
 Deaths 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 lOO.Ouo 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 419,025 
 
 120 
 
 28.6 
 
 1881 
 
 345,990 
 
 96 
 
 27.7 
 
 1882 
 
 438,060 
 
 118 
 
 26.9 
 
 1882 
 
 360,480 
 
 97 
 
 26.9 
 
 1883 
 
 460,540 
 
 124 
 
 26.9 
 
 1883 
 
 377,615 
 
 91 
 
 24.1 
 
 1884 
 
 486,145 
 
 123 
 
 25.3 
 
 1884 
 
 397,000 
 
 110 
 
 27.7 
 
 1885 
 
 510,670 
 
 148 
 
 29.0 
 
 27.4 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 416,605 
 
 119 
 
 28.6 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,314,440 
 
 633 
 
 1,897,690 
 
 513 
 
 27.0 
 
 1886 
 
 533,145 
 
 171 
 
 32.1 
 
 1886 
 
 436,310 
 
 162 
 
 37.1 
 
 1887 
 
 550,805 
 
 209 
 
 37.9 
 
 1887 
 
 454,030 
 
 145 
 
 31.9 
 
 1888 
 
 565,770 
 
 208 
 
 36.8 
 
 1888 
 
 469,935 
 
 196 
 
 41.7 
 
 1889 
 
 581,100 
 
 217 
 
 37.3 
 
 1889 
 
 485,350 
 
 176 
 
 36.3 
 
 1890 
 
 599,330 
 
 229 
 
 38.2 
 36.5 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 502,510 
 
 163 
 
 32.4 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,830,150 
 
 1,034 
 
 2,348,135 
 
 842 
 
 35.9 
 
 1891 
 
 618,847 
 
 297 
 
 48.0 
 
 1891 
 
 523,178 
 
 219 
 
 41.9 
 
 1892 
 
 634,790 
 
 269 
 
 42.4 
 
 1892 
 
 542,200 
 
 241 
 
 44.4 
 
 1893 
 
 646,650 
 
 250 
 
 38.7 
 
 1893 
 
 556,520 
 
 239 
 
 42.9 
 
 1894 
 
 657,420 
 
 308 
 
 46.8 
 
 1894 
 
 569,480 
 
 208 
 
 36.5 
 
 1895 
 
 667,800 
 
 311 
 
 46.6 
 44.5 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 582,960 
 
 245 
 
 42.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,225,507 
 
 1,435 
 
 2,774,338 
 
 1,152 
 
 41,5 
 
 1896 
 
 676,350 
 
 333 
 
 49.2 
 
 1896 
 
 594,270 
 
 294 
 
 49.5 
 
 1897 
 
 686,137 
 
 369 
 
 53.8 
 
 1897 
 
 604,238 
 
 324 
 
 53.6 
 
 1898 
 
 696,952 
 
 398 
 
 57.1 
 
 1898 
 
 615,503 
 
 316 
 
 51.3 
 
 1899 
 
 706,167 
 
 410 
 
 58.1 
 
 1899 
 
 627,438 
 
 351 
 
 55.9 
 
 1900 
 
 714,757 
 
 409 
 
 57.2 
 55.1 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 639,578 
 
 356 
 
 55.7 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,480,363 
 
 1,919 
 
 3,081,027 
 
 1,641 
 
 53.3 
 
 1901 
 
 716,300 
 
 484 
 
 67.6 
 
 1901 
 
 650,600 
 
 363 
 
 55.8 
 
 1902 
 
 725,700 
 
 500 
 
 68.9 
 
 1902 
 
 662,700 
 
 369 
 
 55.7 
 
 1903 
 
 733,800 
 
 492 
 
 67.0 
 
 1903 
 
 673,600 
 
 438 
 
 65.0 
 
 1904 
 
 744,300 
 
 457 
 
 61.4 
 
 1904 
 
 684,400 
 
 497 
 
 72.6 
 
 1905 
 
 757,900 
 
 525 
 
 69.3 
 66.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 696,900 
 
 440 
 
 63.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,678,000 
 
 2.458 
 
 3,368,200 
 
 2.107 
 
 62.6 
 
 1906 
 
 772,800 
 
 520 
 
 67.3 
 
 1906 
 
 711,800 
 
 507 
 
 71.2 
 
 1907 
 
 789,400 
 
 632 
 
 80.1 
 
 1907 
 
 728,500 
 
 453 
 
 62.2 
 
 1908 
 
 801,900 
 
 537 
 
 67.0 
 
 1908 
 
 743,800 
 
 521 
 
 70.0 
 
 1909 
 
 818,200 
 
 608 
 
 74.3 
 
 1909 
 
 759,000 
 
 558 
 
 73.5 
 
 1910 
 
 840,100 
 
 623 
 
 74.2 
 72.6 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 776,100 
 
 556 
 
 71.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,022,400 
 
 2,920 
 
 3,719,200 
 
 2,595 
 
 69.8 
 
 1911 
 
 868,300 
 
 666 
 
 76.7 
 
 1911 
 
 796,200 
 
 567 
 
 71.2 
 
 1912 
 
 913,100 
 
 726 
 
 79.5 
 
 1912 
 
 825,500 
 
 586 
 
 71.0 
 
 1913 
 
 951,200 
 
 739 
 
 77.7 
 
 1913 
 
 858,200 
 
 593 
 
 69.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics for 
 
 1913 and 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics for 
 
 1913 and 
 
 previous years, New South Wales. 
 
 previous years. New South -Wales. 
 
 724 
 
901-1910 
 
 1911 
 
 11.2 
 
 13.0 
 
 53.9 
 
 54.6 
 
 154.1 
 
 167.5 
 
 356.5 
 
 345.9 
 
 677.1 
 
 672.7 
 
 834.9 
 
 945.2 
 
 APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 266 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New South Wales, by Age and Sex 
 
 1881-1911 
 
 TOTAL 
 Rate per 100,000 Popdlation 
 
 Ages 1881-1890 1891-1900 
 
 25-34 10.1 10.7 
 
 35-44 38.2 49.6 
 
 45-54 113.7 145.2 
 
 55-64 210.9 315.2 
 
 65-74 336.3 471.8 
 
 75 and over 392.4 634.3 
 
 All ages 32.2 48.8 67.7 74.2 
 
 MALES 
 
 25-34 7.5 9.4 
 
 35-44 28.8 36.3 
 
 45-54 93.6 121.3 
 
 55-64 119.5 303.6 
 
 65-74 347.8 513.2 
 
 75 and over 412.4 637.8 
 
 All ages 32.4 49.9 69.0 76.8 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 25-34 13.6 12.4 
 
 35-44 52.5 67.9 
 
 45-54 146.3 179.3 
 
 55-64 228.8 332.0 
 
 65-74 318.5 430.0 
 
 75 and over 359.7 629.5 
 
 All ages 31.9 47.7 66.2 71.3 
 
 Source: The Official Year Book of New South Wales, 1913. 
 
 8.9 
 
 11.9 
 
 39.3 
 
 45.5 
 
 125.3 
 
 141.9 
 
 349.6 
 
 355.6 
 
 720.0 
 
 741.4 
 
 863.6 
 
 888.9 
 
 13.7 
 
 14.2 
 
 71.6 
 
 65.0 
 
 192.1 
 
 20U.3 
 
 365.4 
 
 333.5 
 
 620.6 
 
 589.8 
 
 799.8 
 
 1,015.1 
 
 725 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 267 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Sydney 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 Population 
 
 389,655 
 406,540 
 418,865 
 429,410 
 440,020 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 448,850 
 457,630 
 467,445 
 476,850 
 486,070 
 
 1896-1900 2,336,845 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 493,810 
 506,765 
 518,960 
 524,695 
 530,655 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 545,065 
 567,005 
 584,640 
 599,000 
 613,500 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 639,515 
 675,800 
 710,100 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 210 
 
 189 
 199 
 185 
 
 1891-1895 2,084,490 1,027 
 
 1901-1905 2,574,885 1,944 
 
 481 
 493 
 493 
 571 
 548 
 
 1906-1910 2,909,210 2,586 
 
 572 
 621 
 677 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 53.9 
 60.0 
 45.1 
 46.3 
 42.0 
 
 49.3 
 
 269 
 
 59.9 
 
 303 
 
 66.2 
 
 326 
 
 69.7 
 
 353 
 
 74.0 
 
 326 
 
 67.1 
 
 1,577 
 
 67.5 
 
 358 
 
 72.5 
 
 392 
 
 77.4 
 
 377 
 
 72.6 
 
 382 
 
 72.8 
 
 435 
 
 82.0 
 
 75.5 
 
 86.9 
 84.3 
 95.3 
 89.3 
 
 88.9 
 
 89.4 
 91.9 
 95.3 
 
 Source: New South Wales, Vital Sta- 
 tistics, Annual Reports, 1891-1913. 
 
 Government Statistician's Reports on 
 the Vital Statistics of Sydney and Suburbs, 
 1911-1912. 
 
 Table 268 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Sydney 
 
 Males, 1891-1913 
 
 Year Population 
 
 1891 196,932 
 
 1892 205,059 
 
 1893 210,857 
 
 1894 215,736 
 
 1895 220,626 
 
 1891-1895 1,049,210 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 224,605 
 228,540 
 232,975 
 237,185 
 
 241,285 
 
 1896-1900 1,164,590 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 244,633 
 250,798 
 256,574 
 259,147 
 261,825 
 
 1901-1905 1,272,977 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 268,663 
 279,193 
 287,584 
 294,349 
 301,167 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 113 
 
 110 
 
 86 
 
 100 
 
 497 
 
 125 
 157 
 149 
 177 
 148 
 
 756 
 
 172 
 193 
 170 
 155 
 
 902 
 
 215 
 280 
 231 
 280 
 271 
 
 1906-1910 1,430,956 1,277 
 
 1911 310,593 265 
 
 1912 328,216 301 
 
 1913 344,874 328 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 57.4 
 53.6 
 40.8 
 46.4 
 39.9 
 
 47.4 
 
 55.7 
 68.7 
 64.0 
 74.6 
 61.3 
 
 64.9 
 
 70.3 
 77.0 
 66.3 
 59.8 
 81.0 
 
 70.9 
 
 80.0 
 100.3 
 80.3 
 95.1 
 90.0 
 
 89.2 
 
 85.3 
 91.7 
 95.1 
 
 Source: New South Wales, Vital Sta- 
 tistics, Annual Reports, 1891-1913. 
 
 Government Statistician's Reports on 
 the Vital Statistics of Sydney and Suburbs, 
 1911-1912. 
 
 726 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 269 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Sydney 
 
 Females, 1891-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 Population 
 
 192,723 
 201,481 
 208,008 
 213,674 
 219,394 
 
 1891-1895 1,035,^ 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 224,245 
 229,090 
 234,470 
 239,665 
 244,785 
 
 1896-1900 1,172,255 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 249,177 
 255,967 
 262,386 
 265,548 
 268,830 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 97 
 
 134 
 
 103 
 
 99 
 
 97 
 
 530 
 
 144 
 146 
 177 
 176 
 
 178 
 
 821 
 
 186 
 199 
 207 
 227 
 223 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 50.3 
 66.5 
 49.5 
 46.3 
 
 44.2 
 
 1901-1905 1,301,908 1,042 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 276,402 
 287,812 
 297,056 
 304,651 
 312,333 
 
 213 
 
 262 
 291 
 
 277 
 
 1906-1910 1,478,254 1,309 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 328,922 
 347,584 
 365,226 
 
 307 
 320 
 349 
 
 64.2 
 63.7 
 75.5 
 73.4 
 
 72.7 
 
 70.0 
 
 74.6 
 
 77.7 
 78.9 
 85.5 
 83.0 
 
 80.0 
 
 96.2 
 74.0 
 
 88.2 
 95.5 
 
 88.7 
 
 88.6 
 
 93.3 
 92.1 
 95.6 
 
 Source: New South Wales, Vital Sta- 
 tistics, Annual Reports, 1891-1913. 
 
 Government Statistician's Reports on 
 the Vital Statistics of Sydney and Suburbs, 
 1911-1912. 
 
 Table 270 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Victoria 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 Population 
 
 866,285 
 883,365- 
 902,609 
 924,115 
 947,808 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 976,778 
 1,009,597 
 1,052,277 
 1,092,008 
 1,119,333 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1,146,050 
 1,163,560 
 1,172,459 
 1,179,163 
 1,183,916 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 1,182,763 
 1,180,978 
 1,182,194 
 1,185,411 
 1,192,377 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1,204,909 
 1,214,226 
 1,215,521 
 1,216,905 
 1,223,796 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1,236,729 
 1,252,471, 
 1,265,782 
 1,281,058 
 1,299,565 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 1,321,212 
 1,354,319 
 1,393,180 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 351 
 373 
 450 
 446 
 445 
 
 51.2 i 1881-1885 4,524,182 2,065 
 
 496 
 
 527 
 521 
 629 
 626 
 
 1886-1890 5,249,993 2,799 
 
 699 
 684 
 734 
 744 
 760 
 
 1891-1895 5,845,148 3,621 
 
 789 
 774 
 864 
 842 
 817 
 
 1896-1900 5,923,723 4,086 
 
 852 
 920 
 893 
 953 
 
 1901-1905 6,075,357 4,500 
 
 926 
 
 992 
 
 1,005 
 
 1,030 
 
 1,081 
 
 1906-1910 6,335,605 5,034 
 
 1,100 
 1,225 
 1,164 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 40.5 
 42.2 
 49.9 
 48.3 
 47.0 
 
 45.6 
 
 50.8 
 52.2 
 49.5 
 57.6 
 55.9 
 
 53.3 
 
 61.0 
 58.8 
 62.6 
 63.1 
 64.2 
 
 61.9 
 
 66.7 
 65.5 
 73.1 
 71.0 
 68.5 
 
 69.0 
 
 73.2 
 70.2 
 
 75.7 
 73.4 
 77.9 
 
 74.1 
 
 74.9 
 79.2 
 79.4 
 80.4 
 83.2 
 
 79.5 
 
 83.3 
 90.3 
 83.5 
 
 Vic- 
 
 Source: Statistical Register of 
 toria for 1912. 
 
 OflBcial Statistics, Commonwealth of Aus 
 tralia. Commonwealth Demography, 1913. 
 
 727 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 271 
 
 
 
 Table 272 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Mortality 
 
 from Cancer in 
 
 Victoria 
 
 
 Males, 1881 
 
 -1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 F 
 
 emales, 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Populatioi 
 
 1881 
 
 454,170 
 
 172 
 
 37.9 
 
 1881 
 
 412,115 
 
 179 
 
 43.4 
 
 1882 
 
 462,285 
 
 208 
 
 45.0 
 
 1882 
 
 421,080 
 
 165 
 
 39.2 
 
 1883 
 
 472,230 
 
 234 
 
 49.6 
 
 1883 
 
 430,379 
 
 216 
 
 50.2 
 
 1884 
 
 483,968 
 
 221 
 
 45.7 
 
 1884 
 
 440,147 
 
 225 
 
 51.1 
 
 1885 
 
 497,182 
 
 234 
 
 47.1 
 45.1 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 450,626 
 
 211 
 
 46.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,369,835 
 
 1,069 
 
 2,154,347 
 
 996 
 
 46.2 
 
 1886 
 
 513,981 
 
 247 
 
 48.1 
 
 1886 
 
 462,797 
 
 249 
 
 53.8 
 
 1887 
 
 532,540 
 
 275 
 
 51.6 
 
 1887 
 
 477,057 
 
 252 
 
 52.8 
 
 1888 
 
 556,321 
 
 276 
 
 49.6 
 
 1888 
 
 495,956 
 
 245 
 
 49.4 
 
 1889 
 
 577,049 
 
 324 
 
 56.1 
 
 1889 
 
 514,959 
 
 305 
 
 59.2 
 
 1890 
 
 589,096 
 
 338 
 
 57.4 
 
 52.7 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 530,237 
 
 288 
 
 54.3 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 2,768,987 
 
 1,460 
 
 2,481,006 
 
 1,339 
 
 54.0 
 
 1891 
 
 600,957 
 
 407 
 
 67.7 
 
 1891 
 
 545,093 
 
 292 
 
 53.6 
 
 1892 
 
 607,531 
 
 359 
 
 59.1 
 
 1892 
 
 556,029 
 
 325 
 
 58.5 
 
 1893 
 
 609,083 
 
 406 
 
 66.7 
 
 1893 
 
 563,376 
 
 328 
 
 58.2 
 
 1894 
 
 609,440 
 
 375 
 
 61.5 
 
 1894 
 
 569,723 
 
 369 
 
 64.8 
 
 1895 
 
 608,656 
 
 418 
 
 68.7 
 
 1895 
 
 575,260 
 
 342 
 
 59.5 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,035,667 
 
 1,965 
 
 64.7 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,809,481 
 
 1,656 
 
 58.9 
 
 1896 
 
 603,715 
 
 422 
 
 69.9 
 
 1896 
 
 579,048 
 
 367 
 
 63.4 
 
 1897 
 
 599,559 
 
 396 
 
 66.0 
 
 1897 
 
 581,419 
 
 378 
 
 65.0 
 
 1898 
 
 598,977 
 
 445 
 
 74.3 
 
 1898 
 
 583,217 
 
 419 
 
 71.8 
 
 1899 
 
 599,048 
 
 444 
 
 74.1 
 
 1899 
 
 586,363 
 
 398 
 
 67.9 
 
 1900 
 
 600,769 
 
 435 
 
 72.4 
 71.4 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 591,608 
 
 382 
 
 64.6 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,002,068 
 
 2,142 
 
 2,921,655 
 
 1,944 
 
 66.5 
 
 1901 
 
 606,129 
 
 483 
 
 79.7 
 
 1901 
 
 598,780 
 
 399 
 
 66.6 
 
 1902 
 
 608,437 
 
 444 
 
 73.0 
 
 1902 
 
 605,789 
 
 408 
 
 67.4 
 
 1903 
 
 607,250 
 
 487 
 
 80.2 
 
 1903 
 
 608,271 
 
 433 
 
 71.2 
 
 1904 
 
 606,432 
 
 453 
 
 74.7 
 
 1904 
 
 610,473 
 
 440 
 
 72.1 
 
 1905 
 
 609,903 
 
 498 
 
 81.7 
 
 77.8 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 613,893 
 
 455 
 
 74.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,038,151 
 
 2,365 
 
 3,037,206 
 
 2,135 
 
 70.3 
 
 1906 
 
 616,262 
 
 466 
 
 75.6 
 
 1906 
 
 620,467 
 
 460 
 
 74.1 
 
 1907 
 
 623,643 
 
 499 
 
 80.0 
 
 1907 
 
 628,828 
 
 493 
 
 78.4 
 
 1908 
 
 630,461 
 
 497 
 
 78.8 
 
 1908 
 
 635,321 
 
 508 
 
 80.0 
 
 1909 
 
 638,671 
 
 530 
 
 83.0 
 
 1909 
 
 642,387 
 
 500 
 
 77.8 
 
 1910 
 
 648,028 
 
 564 
 
 87.0 
 81.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 651,537 
 
 517 
 
 79.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,157,065 
 
 2,556 
 
 3,178,540 
 
 2,478 
 
 78.0 
 
 1911 
 
 660,038 
 
 535 
 
 81.1 
 
 1911 
 
 661,174 
 
 565 
 
 85.5 
 
 1912 
 
 675,534 
 
 572 
 
 84.7 
 
 1912 
 
 678,785 
 
 653 
 
 96.2 
 
 1913 
 
 695,638 
 
 574 
 
 82.5 
 
 1913 
 
 697,542 
 
 590 
 
 84.6 
 
 Source: Statistical Register of Vic- 
 toria for 1912. 
 
 Official Statistics, Commonwealth of Aus- 
 tralia, Commonwealth Demography, 1913. 
 
 Source: Statistical Register of Vic- 
 toria for 1912. 
 
 Official Statistics, Commonwealth of Aus- 
 tralia, Commonwealth Demography, 1913. 
 
 728 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 273 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Victoria, by Age and Sex 
 
 1880-1882, 1890-1892, 1900-1902, 1909-1911 
 
 Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 MALES 
 
 Ages 1880-1882 1890-1892 
 
 Under 5 2.9 1.8 
 
 5-9 2.4 1.0 
 
 lO-U 1.8 1.1 
 
 15-19 0.7 1.7 
 
 20-24 2.5 3.2 
 
 25-34 8.0 8.1 
 
 35-44 41.2 42.9 
 
 45-54 101.6 148.3 
 
 55-64 220.1 319.2 
 
 65-74 345.5 527.5 
 
 75 and over 451.2 585.5 
 
 All ages 42.9 61.6 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Under 5 1.2 0.9 
 
 5-9 1.2 1.0 
 
 10-14 0.6 0.6 
 
 15-19 2.6 1.2 
 
 20-24 3.9 2.2 
 
 25-34 26.5 16.8 
 
 35-44 73.2 74.3 
 
 45-54 150.7 180.0 
 
 55-64 293.5 317.9 
 
 65-74 326.8 539.6 
 
 75 and over 275.6 495.5 
 
 All ages 42.7 55.7 
 
 Source: Victorian Year-book, 1911-1912. 
 
 900-1902 
 
 1909-1911 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.4 
 
 4.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.4 
 
 3.3 
 
 4.3 
 
 12.6 
 
 8.6 
 
 36.9 
 
 35.8 
 
 141.4 
 
 158.5 
 
 360.0 
 
 355.6 
 
 590.4 
 
 733.6 
 
 740.4 
 
 852.5 
 
 75.2- 
 
 66.4 
 
 83.6 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.3 
 
 3.5 
 
 16.1 
 
 13.7 
 
 60.5 
 
 72.9 
 
 181.3 
 
 162.3 
 
 330.5 
 
 330.1 
 
 500.8 
 
 574.1 
 
 627.0 
 
 774.9 
 
 80.7 
 
 729 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 274 
 
 
 
 Table 275 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 South 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 South 
 
 Australia, 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Aust 
 
 ralia, Males 
 
 , 1882- 
 
 Deaths 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 277,695 
 
 91 
 
 32.8 
 
 1882 
 
 150,325 
 
 52 
 
 34.6 
 
 1882 
 
 285,400 
 
 89 
 
 31.2 
 
 1883 
 
 153,767 
 
 47 
 
 30.6 
 
 1883 
 
 293,223 
 
 86 
 
 29.3 
 
 1884 
 
 157,812 
 
 58 
 
 36.8 
 
 1884 
 
 301,505 
 
 109 
 
 36.2 
 
 1885 
 
 159,106 
 
 52 
 
 32.7 
 
 1885 
 
 305,063 
 
 100 
 
 32.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882-1885 
 
 621,010 
 
 209 
 
 33.7 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,462,886 
 
 475 
 
 32.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 157,758 
 
 46 
 
 29.2 
 
 1886 
 
 303,800 
 
 104 
 
 34.2 
 
 1887 
 
 157,606 
 
 59 
 
 37.4 
 
 1887 
 
 304,017 
 
 110 
 
 36.2 
 
 1888 
 
 157,303 
 
 49 
 
 31.2 
 
 1888 
 
 305,244 
 
 116 
 
 38.0 
 
 1889 
 
 158,025 
 
 67 
 
 42.4 
 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 307,374 
 311,976 
 
 133 
 129 
 
 43.3 
 41.3 
 
 1890 
 
 160,695 
 
 68 
 
 42.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 791,387 
 
 289 
 
 36.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,532,411 
 
 592 
 
 38.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 162,950 
 
 86 
 
 52.8 
 
 1891 
 
 316,897 
 
 156 
 
 49.2 
 
 1892 
 
 167,385 
 
 87 
 
 52.0 
 
 1892 
 
 325,128 
 
 148 
 
 45.5 
 
 1893 
 
 172,925 
 
 88 
 
 50.9 
 
 1893 
 
 335,233 
 
 171 
 
 51.0 
 
 1894 
 
 175,642 
 
 83 
 
 47.3 
 
 1894 
 • 1895 
 
 341,932 
 345,466 
 
 162 
 166 
 
 47.4 
 48.1 
 
 1895 
 
 175,901 
 
 86 
 
 48.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 854,803 
 
 430 
 
 50.3 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,664,656 
 
 803 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 173,578 
 
 98 
 
 56.5 
 
 1896 
 
 344,810 
 
 186 
 
 53.9 
 
 1897 
 
 172,545 
 
 107 
 
 62.0 
 
 1897 
 
 344,313 
 
 185 
 
 53.7 
 
 1898 
 
 173,897 
 
 95 
 
 54.6 
 
 1898 
 
 346,854 
 
 184 
 
 53.0 
 
 1899 
 
 177,145 
 
 104 
 
 58.7 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 351,658 
 354,268 
 
 203 
 210 
 
 57.7 
 59.3 
 
 1900 
 
 178,729 
 
 103 
 
 57.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 875,894 
 
 507 
 
 57.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,741,903 
 
 968 
 
 55.Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 180,003 
 
 105 
 
 58.3 
 
 1901 
 
 357,556 
 
 216 
 
 60.4 
 
 1902 
 
 177,529 
 
 126 
 
 71.0 
 
 1902 
 
 355,934 
 
 267 
 
 75.0 
 
 1903 
 
 176,254 
 
 133 
 
 75.5 
 
 1903 
 
 355,437 
 
 261 
 
 73.4 
 
 1904 
 
 176,586 
 
 112 
 
 63.4 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 356,968 
 359,940 
 
 226 
 249 
 
 63.3 
 69.2 
 
 1905 
 
 179,182 
 
 118 
 
 65.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 889,554 
 
 594 
 
 66.8 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,785,835 
 
 1,219 
 
 68.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 182,334 
 
 139 
 
 76.2 
 
 1906 
 
 363,110 
 
 279 
 
 76.8 
 
 1907 
 
 184,864 
 
 134 
 
 72.5 
 
 1907 
 
 367,710 
 
 270 
 
 73.4 
 
 1908 
 
 190,524 
 
 139 
 
 73.0 
 
 1908 
 
 377,994 
 
 270 
 
 71.4 
 
 1909 
 
 196,553 
 
 154 
 
 78.4 
 
 1909 
 
 388,439 
 
 310 
 
 79.8 
 
 1910 
 
 201,344 
 
 158 
 
 78.5 
 
 1910 
 
 397,700 
 
 317 
 
 79.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 955,619 
 
 724 
 
 75.8 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,894,953 
 
 1,446 
 
 76.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 208,923 
 
 148 
 
 70.8 
 
 1911 
 
 411,218 
 
 303 
 
 73.7 
 
 1912 
 
 214,416 
 
 173 
 
 80.7 
 
 1912 
 
 421,644 
 
 325 
 
 77.1 
 
 1913 
 
 219,605 
 
 181 
 
 82.4 
 
 1913 
 
 433,588 
 
 362 
 
 83.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics of South Aus- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics of South Aus- 
 
 tralia. 
 
 
 
 
 tralia. 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 730 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 276 
 
 
 
 Table 277 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 South 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Qu 
 
 eensland 
 
 Australia, Females, 1882 
 
 -1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1881-] 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1882 
 
 135,075 
 
 37 
 
 27.4 
 
 1881 
 
 216,445 
 
 65 
 
 30.0 
 
 1883 
 
 139,456 
 
 39 
 
 28.0 
 
 1882 
 
 232,089 
 
 54 
 
 23.3 
 
 1884 
 
 143,693 
 
 51 
 
 35.5 
 
 1883 
 
 261,472 
 
 70 
 
 26.8 
 
 1885 
 
 145,957 
 
 48 
 
 32.9 
 
 1884 
 
 291,101 
 
 94 
 
 32.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 309,134 
 
 53 
 
 17.1 
 
 1882-1885 
 
 564,181 
 
 175 
 
 31.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,310,241 
 
 336 
 
 25.6 
 
 1886 
 
 146,042 
 
 58 
 
 39.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 146,411 
 
 51 
 
 34.8 
 
 1886 
 
 324,496 
 
 92 
 
 28.4 
 
 1888 
 
 147,941 
 
 67 
 
 45.3 
 
 1887 
 
 342,096 
 
 81 
 
 23.7 
 
 1889 
 
 149,349 
 
 66 
 
 44.2 
 
 1888 
 
 359,523 
 
 88 
 
 24.5 
 
 1890 
 
 151,281 
 
 61 
 
 40.3 
 
 1889 
 
 374,327 
 
 130 
 
 34.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 386,803 
 
 117 
 
 30.2 
 
 1 88fi-l 8Q0 
 
 741,024 
 
 303 
 
 40.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 ±OOw XOi/v* 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 1,787,245 
 
 508 
 
 28.4 
 
 1891 
 
 153,947 
 
 70 
 
 45.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 157,743 
 
 61 
 
 38.7 
 
 1891 
 
 396,256 
 
 134 
 
 33.8 
 
 1893 
 
 162,308 
 
 83 
 
 51.1 
 
 1892 
 
 405,036 
 
 130 
 
 32.1 
 
 1894 
 
 166,290 
 
 79 
 
 47.5 
 
 1893 
 
 414,335 
 
 121 
 
 29.2 
 
 1895 
 
 169,565 
 
 80 
 
 47.2 
 
 • 1894 
 
 424,492 
 436,528 
 
 157 
 189 
 
 37.0 
 43.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 18Q1-18Q5 
 
 809,853 
 
 373 
 
 46.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 x(Ji7 X X(Ji7*J 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,076,647 
 
 731 
 
 35.2 
 
 1896 
 
 171,232 
 
 88 
 
 51.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 171,768 
 
 78 
 
 45.4 
 
 1896 
 
 447,885 
 
 183 
 
 40.9 
 
 1898 
 
 172,957 
 
 89 
 
 51.5 
 
 1897 
 
 458,000 
 
 187 
 
 40.8 
 
 1899 
 
 174,513 
 
 99 
 
 56.7 
 
 1898 
 
 469,078 
 
 229 
 
 48.8 
 
 1900 
 
 175,539 
 
 107 
 
 61.0 
 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 480,588 
 490,081 
 
 243 
 229 
 
 50.6 
 
 46.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 18Qfi-1QnO 
 
 866,009 
 
 461 
 
 53.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 XiJij\J l.iy\J\J 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,345,632 
 
 1,071 
 
 45.7 
 
 1901 
 
 177,553 
 
 111 
 
 62.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 178,405 
 
 141 
 
 79.0 
 
 1901 
 
 501,432 
 
 278 
 
 55.4 
 
 1903 
 
 179,183 
 
 128 
 
 71.4 
 
 1902 
 
 510,450 
 
 285 
 
 55.8 
 
 1904 
 
 180,382 
 
 114 
 
 63.2 
 
 1903 
 
 514,483 
 
 252 
 
 49.0 
 
 1905 
 
 180,758 
 
 131 
 
 72.5 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 521,815 
 
 528,928 
 
 297 
 351 
 
 56.9 
 66.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 896,281 
 
 625 
 
 69.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,577,108 
 
 1,463 
 
 56.8 
 
 1906 
 
 180,776 
 
 140 
 
 77.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 182,846 
 
 136 
 
 74.4 
 
 1906 
 
 536,200 
 
 292 
 
 54.5 
 
 1908 
 
 187,470 
 
 131 
 
 69.9 
 
 1907 
 
 542,730 
 
 353 
 
 65.0 
 
 1909 
 
 191,886 
 
 156 
 
 81.3 
 
 1908 
 
 553,619 
 
 337 
 
 60.9 
 
 1910 
 
 196,356 
 
 159 
 
 81.0 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 569,950 
 591,591 
 
 341 
 395 
 
 59.8 
 66.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 939,334 
 
 722 
 
 76.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,794,090 
 
 1,718 
 
 61.5 
 
 1911 
 
 202,295 
 
 155 
 
 76.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 207,228 
 
 152 
 
 73.3 
 
 1911 
 
 614,352 
 
 398 
 
 64.8 
 
 1913 
 
 213,983 
 
 181 
 
 84.6 
 
 1912 
 
 631,577 
 
 399 
 
 63.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 652,555 
 
 426 
 
 65.3 
 
 Source : 
 
 Vital Statistics of South Aus- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tralia. 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Vital Statistics of Queensland. 
 
 731 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 278 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Queensland, Males 
 
 1893-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 \esiT 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1893 
 
 233,571 
 
 85 
 
 36.4 
 
 1906 
 
 293,645 
 
 167 
 
 56.9 
 
 1894 
 
 238.940 
 
 88 
 
 36.8 
 
 1907 
 
 295,349 
 
 204 
 
 69.1 
 
 1895 
 
 245,385 
 
 114 
 
 46.5 
 
 1908 
 
 301,323 
 
 189 
 
 62.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 310,400 
 
 193 
 
 62.2 
 
 1896 
 
 250,989 
 
 107 
 
 42.6 
 
 1910 
 
 322,268 
 
 233 
 
 72.3 
 
 1897 
 
 255,887 
 
 102 
 
 39.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 262,153 
 
 138 
 
 52.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,522,985 
 
 986 
 
 64.7 
 
 1899 
 
 268,767 
 
 151 
 
 56.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 273,288 
 
 130 
 
 47.6 
 
 1911 
 
 334,542 
 
 242 
 
 72.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 342,663 
 
 224 
 
 65.4 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,311,084 
 
 628 
 
 47.9 
 
 1913 
 
 353,625 
 
 252 
 
 71.3 
 
 1901 
 
 279,075 
 
 163 
 
 58.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics of Queensland. 
 
 1902 
 
 283,934 
 
 170 
 
 59.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 285,176 
 
 156 
 
 54.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 288,715 
 
 169 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 291,149 
 
 196 
 
 67.3 
 59.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,428,049 
 
 854 
 
 
 Table 279 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Queensland, Females 
 
 1893-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 \ear 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1893 
 
 180,764 
 
 36 
 
 19.9 
 
 1906 
 
 242,555 
 
 125 
 
 51.5 
 
 1894 
 
 185,552 
 
 69 
 
 37.2 
 
 1907 
 
 247,381 
 
 149 
 
 60.2 
 
 1895 
 
 191,143 
 
 75 
 
 39.2 
 
 1908 
 
 252,296 
 
 148 
 
 58.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 259,550 
 
 148 
 
 57.0 
 
 1896 
 
 196,896 
 
 76 
 
 38.6 
 
 1910 
 
 269,323 
 
 162 
 
 60.2 
 
 1897 
 
 202,113 
 
 85 
 
 42.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 206,925 
 
 91 
 
 44.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,271,105 
 
 732 
 
 57.6 
 
 1899 
 
 211,821 
 
 92 
 
 43.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 216,793 
 
 99 
 
 45.7 
 
 1911 
 
 279,810 
 
 156 
 
 55.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 288,914 
 
 175 
 
 60.6 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,034,548 
 
 443 
 
 42.8 
 
 1913 
 
 298,930 
 
 174 
 
 58.2 
 
 1901 
 
 222,357 
 
 115 
 
 51.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Vital Statistics of Queensland. 
 
 1902 
 
 226,516 
 
 115 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 229,307 
 
 96 
 
 41.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 233,100 
 
 128 
 
 54.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 237,779 
 
 155 
 
 65.2 
 53.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,149,059 
 
 609 
 
 
 732 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 280 
 Mortality from Cancer in Tasmania, 1884-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1884 
 
 124,971 
 
 65 
 
 52.0 
 
 1901 
 
 172,525 
 
 95 
 
 55.1 
 
 1885 
 
 127,763 
 
 60 
 
 47.0 
 
 1902 
 
 175,173 
 
 109 
 
 62.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 180,375 
 
 100 
 
 55.4 
 
 1886 
 
 130,025 
 
 57 
 
 43.8 
 
 1904 
 
 183,007 
 
 93 
 
 50.8 
 
 1887 
 
 133,366 
 
 67 
 
 50.2 
 
 1905 
 
 184,478 
 
 97 
 
 52.6 
 
 1888 
 
 136,709 
 
 68 
 
 49.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 139,769 
 
 70 
 
 50.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 895,558 
 
 494 
 
 55.2 
 
 1890 
 
 143,224 
 
 79 
 
 55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 184,272 
 
 94 
 
 51.0 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 683,093 
 
 341 
 
 49.9 
 
 1907 
 
 184,791 
 
 112 
 
 60.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 187,485 
 
 123 
 
 65.6 
 
 1891 
 
 147,969 
 
 68 
 
 46.0 
 
 1909 
 
 190,227 
 
 124 
 
 65.2 
 
 1892 
 
 150,681 
 
 69 
 
 45.8 
 
 1910 
 
 191,005 
 
 123 
 
 64.4 
 
 1893 
 
 150,304 
 151,451 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 52.6 
 52.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 937,780 
 
 576 
 
 61.4 
 
 1895 
 
 153,701 
 
 75 
 
 48.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 190,316 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 
 62.5 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 754,106 
 
 371 
 
 49.2 
 
 1912 
 
 191,684 
 
 132 
 
 68.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 195,986 
 
 144 
 
 73.5 
 
 1896 
 
 157,096 
 
 95 
 
 60.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 161,629 
 
 81 
 
 50.1 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistics of Tasmania. 
 
 1898 
 
 166,200 
 
 99 
 
 59.6 
 
 Official 
 
 Statistics, 
 
 Commonwealth of 
 
 1899 
 
 170,400 
 
 91 
 
 53.4 
 
 Australia, 
 
 Commoawealth Demography, 
 
 1900 
 
 172,631 
 
 93 
 459 
 
 53.9 
 55.4 
 
 1913. 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 827,956 
 
 
 Table 281 
 Mortality from Cancer in Tasmania, Males, 1892-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 79,846 
 
 34 
 
 42.6 
 
 1906 
 
 94,697 
 
 48 
 
 50.7 
 
 1893 
 
 79,267 
 
 40 
 
 50.5 
 
 1907 
 
 94,719 
 
 52 
 
 54.9 
 
 1894 
 
 79,032 
 
 46 
 
 58.2 
 
 1908 
 
 95,852 
 
 60 
 
 62.6 
 
 1895 
 
 79,885 
 
 3*2 
 
 40.1 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 97,362 
 97,552 
 
 55 
 61 
 
 56.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 62.5 
 
 18Q2-1895 
 
 318,030 
 
 152 
 
 47.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 XKl%fM~l.lJi3%J 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 480,182 
 
 276 
 
 57.5 
 
 1896 
 
 81,585 
 
 49 
 
 60.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 83,919 
 
 38 
 
 45.3 
 
 1911 
 
 97,088 
 
 67 
 
 69.0 
 
 1898 
 
 86,669 
 
 52 
 
 60.0 
 
 1912 
 
 98,288 
 
 62 
 
 63.1 
 
 1899 
 
 89,262 
 
 41 
 
 45.9 
 
 1913 
 
 101,469 
 
 69 
 
 68.0 
 
 1900 
 
 90,050 
 
 51 
 
 56.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistics of Tasmania 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 431,485 
 
 231 
 
 53.5 
 
 Official 
 
 Statistics, 
 
 Commonwealth of 
 
 1901 
 
 89,719 
 
 ^8 
 
 53.5 
 
 Australia, 
 1913. 
 
 Commonwealth Demography, 
 
 1902 
 
 91,145 
 
 58 
 
 63.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 94,135 
 
 55 
 
 58.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 95,303 
 
 41 
 
 43.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 95,438 
 
 45 
 
 247 
 
 47.2 
 53.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 465,740 
 
 
 733 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 282 
 
 
 
 Table 283 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Tasmania 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Western 
 
 
 Females, 1892-1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 } 
 
 Australia, 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 70,835 
 
 35 
 
 49.4 
 
 1881 
 
 29,859 
 
 6 
 
 20.1 
 
 1893 
 
 71,037 
 
 39 
 
 54.9 
 
 1882 
 
 30,586 
 
 9 
 
 29.4 
 
 1894 
 
 72,419 
 
 34 
 
 46.9 
 
 1883 
 
 31,551 
 
 10 
 
 31.7 
 
 1895 
 
 73,816 
 
 43 
 
 58.3 
 
 1884 
 
 32,816 
 
 10 
 
 30.5 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 52.4 
 
 1885 
 
 34,753 
 
 17 
 
 48.9 
 
 
 288,107 
 
 
 1892-1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-1885. 
 
 159,565 
 
 52 
 
 32.6 
 
 1896 
 
 75,511 
 
 46 
 
 60.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 77,710 
 
 43 
 
 55.3 
 
 1886 
 
 38,282 
 
 15 
 
 39.2 
 
 1898 
 
 79,531 
 
 47 
 
 59.1 
 
 1887 
 
 42,212 
 
 17 
 
 40.3 
 
 1899 
 
 81,138 
 
 50 
 
 61.6 
 
 1888 
 
 43,817 
 
 18 
 
 41.1 
 
 1900 
 
 82,581 
 
 42 
 
 50.9 
 
 1889 
 
 44,737 
 
 20 
 
 44.7 
 
 
 
 228 
 
 57.5 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 47,081 
 
 15 
 
 85 
 
 31.9 
 
 
 396,471 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 216,129 
 
 39.3 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 82,806 
 84,028 
 86,240 
 87,704 
 89,040 
 
 47 
 51 
 45 
 52 
 52 
 
 247 
 
 56.8 
 60.7 
 52.2 
 59.3 
 58.4 
 
 57.5 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 50,840 
 55,873 
 61,746 
 73,251 
 91,047 
 
 20 
 16 
 19 
 
 22 
 25 
 
 102 
 
 39.3 
 
 28.6 
 30.8 
 30.0 
 
 27.5 
 
 
 429,818 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 332,757 
 
 30.7 
 
 1906 
 
 89,575 
 
 46 
 
 51.4 
 
 1896 
 
 118,666 
 
 30 
 
 25.3 
 
 1907 
 
 90,072 
 
 60 
 
 66.6 
 
 1897 
 
 148,656 
 
 51 
 
 34.3 
 
 1908 
 
 91,633 
 
 63 
 
 68.8 
 
 1898 
 
 163,687 
 
 55 
 
 33.6 
 
 1909 
 
 92,865 
 
 69 
 
 74.3 
 
 1899 
 
 168,568 
 
 60 
 
 35.6 
 
 1910 
 
 93,453 
 
 62 
 300 
 
 66.3 
 65.6 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 175,113 
 
 52 
 
 248 
 
 29.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 457,598 
 
 774,690 
 
 32.0 
 
 1911 
 
 93,228 
 
 52 
 
 55.8 
 
 1901 
 
 188,135 
 
 83 
 
 44.1 
 
 1912 
 
 93,396 
 
 70 
 
 74.9 
 
 1902 
 
 204,705 
 
 85 
 
 41.5 
 
 1913 
 
 94,517 
 
 75 
 
 79.4 
 
 1903 
 
 219,643 
 
 92 
 
 41.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 233,963 
 
 105 
 
 44.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistics of Tasmania 
 
 
 1905 
 
 246,681 
 
 127 
 
 51.5 
 
 Official 
 
 Statistics 
 
 r"r,mmrvnwealt>i r.f 
 
 
 
 
 
 Australia, 
 
 Commonwealth Demography, 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,093,127 
 
 492 
 
 45.0 
 
 1913. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 254,362 
 
 154 
 
 60.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 255,510 
 
 131 
 
 51.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1808 
 
 257,822 
 
 140 
 
 54.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 263,279 
 
 182 
 
 69.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 271,019 
 
 135 
 
 742 
 
 49.8 
 
 
 1,301,992 
 
 57.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 286,807 
 
 177 
 
 61.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 301,426 
 
 180 
 
 59.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 314,178 
 
 178 
 
 56.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistical Register of Western 
 
 
 
 
 
 Australia. 
 
 
 
 
 734 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 284 
 Mortality from Cancer in Western Australia, Males, 1897-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1897 
 
 102,327 
 
 37 
 
 36.2 
 
 1906 
 
 148,501 
 
 91 
 
 61.3 
 
 1898 
 
 107,62-i 
 
 39 
 
 36.2 
 
 1907 
 
 147,641 
 
 79 
 
 53.5 
 
 1899 
 
 107,204 
 
 41 
 
 38.2 
 
 1908 
 
 147,918 
 
 77 
 
 52.1 
 
 1900 
 
 108,452 
 
 33 
 
 30.4 
 
 1909 
 
 150,400 
 
 97 
 
 64.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 154,467 
 
 74 
 
 47.9 
 
 
 
 1897-1900 
 
 425,607 
 
 150 
 
 35.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 748,927 
 
 418 
 
 55.8 
 
 1901 
 
 115,080 
 
 53 
 
 46.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 124,839 
 
 46 
 
 36.8 
 
 1911 
 
 164,136 
 
 109 
 
 66.4 
 
 1903 
 
 132,272 
 
 44 
 
 33.3 
 
 1912 
 
 172,098 
 
 106 
 
 61.6 
 
 1904 
 
 139,338 
 
 61 
 
 43.8 
 
 1913 
 
 178,265 
 
 92 
 
 51.6 
 
 1905 
 
 145,471 
 
 74 
 
 50.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistical 
 
 Register of 
 
 Westera 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 657,000 
 
 278 
 
 42.3 
 
 Australia. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 285 
 Mortality from Cancer in Western Australia, Females, 1897-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1897 
 
 46,329 
 
 14 
 
 30.2 
 
 1906 
 
 105,861 
 
 63 
 
 59.5 
 
 1898 
 
 56,063 
 
 16 
 
 28.5 
 
 1907 
 
 107,869 
 
 52 
 
 48.2 
 
 1899 
 
 61,364 
 
 19 
 
 31.0 
 
 1908 
 
 109,904 
 
 63 
 
 57.3 
 
 1900 
 
 66,661 
 
 19 
 
 28.5 
 
 1909 
 
 112,879 
 
 85 
 
 75.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 116,552 
 
 61 
 
 52.3 
 
 
 
 1897-1900 
 
 230,417 
 
 68 
 
 29.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 553,065 
 
 324 
 
 58.6 
 
 1901 
 
 73,055 
 
 30 
 
 41.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 79,866 
 
 39 
 
 48.8 
 
 1911 
 
 122,671 
 
 68 
 
 55.4 
 
 1903 
 
 87,371 
 
 48 
 
 54.9 
 
 1912 
 
 129,328 
 
 74 
 
 57.2 
 
 1904 
 
 f 94,625 
 
 44 
 
 46.5 
 
 1913 
 
 135,913 
 
 86 
 
 63.3 
 
 1905 
 
 101,210 
 
 53 
 
 52.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistical 
 
 Register of 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 436,127 
 
 214 
 
 49.1 
 
 Australia. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 286 
 Mortality from Cancer, Northern Territory, Commonwealth of Australia 
 
 1911-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1911 
 
 3,319 
 
 1 
 
 30.1 
 
 1912 
 
 3,359 
 
 2 
 
 59.5 
 
 1913 
 
 3,360 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 54.6 
 
 11-1913 
 
 10,038 
 
 49.8 
 
 Source: Official Statistics, Common- 
 wealth of Australia, Commonwealth De- 
 mography, 1911-1913. 
 
 735 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 287 
 
 
 
 Table 288 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Zea- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Zea- 
 
 
 land, 1881 
 
 -1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 la 
 
 Qd, Males, 
 
 1889-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 493,482 
 
 134 
 
 27.2 
 
 1889 
 
 325,249 
 
 144 
 
 44.3 
 
 1882 
 
 509,309 
 
 147 
 
 28.9 
 
 1890 
 
 330,069 
 
 156 
 
 47.3 
 
 1883 
 
 529,292 
 
 158 
 
 29.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 552,590 
 
 191 
 
 34.6 
 
 1891 
 
 334,366 
 
 154 
 
 46.1 
 
 1885 
 
 573,362 
 
 177 
 
 30.9 
 
 1892 
 
 340,660 
 
 173 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 351,391 
 360,699 
 
 188 
 240 
 
 53.5 
 66.5 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 2,658,035 
 
 807 
 
 30.4 
 
 1886 
 
 582,117 
 
 214 
 
 36.8 
 
 1895 
 
 366,744 
 
 208 
 
 56.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 596,374 
 
 238 
 
 39.9 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,753,860 
 
 963 
 
 54.9 
 
 1888 
 
 605,371 
 
 263 
 
 43.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 611,716 
 
 260 
 
 42.5 
 
 1896 
 
 373,238 
 
 205 
 
 54.9 
 
 1890 
 
 620,780 
 
 295 
 
 47.5 
 
 1897 
 
 380,845 
 
 210 
 
 55.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 1899 
 
 388,414 
 395,402 
 
 263 
 271 
 
 67.7 
 68.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,016,358 
 
 1,270 
 
 42.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 402,118 
 
 246 
 
 61.2 
 
 1891 
 
 629,783 
 642,245 
 
 295 
 
 46.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 307 
 
 47.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,940,017 
 
 1,195 
 
 61.6 
 
 1893 
 
 661,349 
 
 332 
 
 50.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 679,196 
 
 408 
 
 60.1 
 
 1901 
 
 408,926 
 
 265 
 
 64.8 
 
 1895 
 
 692,417 
 
 383 
 
 55.3 
 
 1902 
 
 420,065 
 
 296 
 
 70.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 432,791 
 
 325 
 
 75.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,304,990 
 
 1,725 
 
 52.2 
 
 1904 
 
 446,833 
 
 323 
 
 72.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 460,679 
 
 313 
 
 67.9 
 
 1896 
 
 706,846 
 721,609 
 
 389 
 
 55.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 395 
 
 54.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,169,294 
 
 1,522 
 
 70.2 
 
 1898 
 
 736,260 
 
 471 
 
 64.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 749,984 
 
 468 
 
 62.4 
 
 1906 
 
 474,509 
 
 337 
 
 71.0 
 
 1900 
 
 763,594 
 
 430 
 
 56.3 
 
 1907 
 
 487,150 
 
 361 
 
 74.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 501,489 
 
 363 
 
 72.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,678,293 
 
 2,153 
 
 58.5 
 
 1909 
 
 515,368 
 
 389 
 
 74.3 
 
 1901 
 
 777,968 
 797,793 
 820,217 
 
 515 
 536 
 
 582 
 
 66.2 
 67.2 
 71.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 525,167 
 
 399 
 
 76.0 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 
 2,503,683 
 
 1,843 
 
 73.6 
 
 1904 
 
 845,022 
 
 571 
 
 67.6 
 
 1911 
 
 534,863 
 
 448 
 
 83.8 
 
 1905 
 
 870,000 
 
 566 
 
 65.1 
 
 67.4 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 546,873 
 561,160 
 
 418 
 446 
 
 76.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 4,111,000 
 
 2,770 
 
 79.5 
 
 1906 
 
 895,594 
 
 623 
 
 69.6 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistics of the Colony of New 
 
 1907 
 
 919,105 
 
 674 
 
 73.3 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 945,063 
 
 657 
 
 69.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 971,784 
 
 711 
 
 73.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 992,802 
 
 742 
 
 74.7 
 72.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 4,724,348 
 
 3,407 
 
 
 1911 
 
 1,014,896 
 
 809 
 
 79.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1,039,017 
 
 812 
 
 78.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 1,068,644 
 
 854 
 
 79.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Statistics of the Colony of New 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 736 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 289 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in New Zealand, Females 
 
 1889-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1889 
 
 286,467 
 
 116 
 
 40.5 
 
 1906 
 
 421,085 
 
 286 
 
 67.9 
 
 1890 
 
 290,711 
 
 139 
 
 47.8 
 
 1907 
 
 431,955 
 
 313 
 
 72.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 443,574 
 
 294 
 
 66.3 
 
 1891 
 
 295,417 
 
 141 
 
 47.7 
 
 1909 
 
 456,416 
 
 328 
 
 71.9 
 
 1892 
 
 301,585 
 
 134 
 
 44.4 
 
 1910 
 
 467,635 
 
 343 
 
 73.3 
 
 1893 
 
 309,958 
 
 144 
 
 46.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 318,497 
 
 168 
 
 52.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,220,665 
 
 1,564 
 
 70.4 
 
 1895 
 
 325,673 
 
 175 
 
 53.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 480,033 
 
 361 
 
 75.2 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,551,130 
 
 762 
 
 49.1 
 
 1912 
 
 492,144 
 
 394 
 
 80.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 507,484 
 
 408 
 
 80.4 
 
 1896 
 
 333,608 
 
 184 
 
 55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 340,764 
 
 185 
 
 54.3 
 
 Source : 
 
 Statistics 
 
 of the 
 
 Colony of 
 
 1898 
 
 347,846 
 
 208 
 
 59.8 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 354,582 
 
 197 
 
 55.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 361,476 
 
 184 
 
 50.9 
 55.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,738,276 
 
 958 
 
 
 1901 
 
 369,042 
 
 250 
 
 67.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 377,728 
 
 240 
 
 63.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 387,426 
 
 257 
 
 66.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 398,189 
 
 248 
 
 62.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 409,321 
 
 253 
 
 61.8 
 64.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,941,706 
 
 1,248 
 
 
 Table 290 
 
 Cases of Cancer in the Colonial Hospital, Fiji 
 
 1898-1911 
 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Cases of 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Cases of 1,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Admissions 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Admissions 
 
 Year 
 
 Admissions 
 
 Cancer Admissions 
 
 1898 
 
 1,147 
 
 2 
 
 1.7 
 
 1906 
 
 1,356 
 
 8 5.9 
 
 1899 
 
 1,407 
 
 5 
 
 3.6 
 
 1907 
 
 1,731 
 
 4 2.3 
 
 1900 
 
 1,427 
 
 8 
 
 5.6 
 
 1908 
 
 1,627 
 
 9 5.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 1,810 
 
 8 4.4 
 
 
 
 1898-1900 
 
 3,981 
 1,222 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3.8 
 1.6 
 
 1911 
 1906-1911* 
 
 2,120 
 
 7 3.3 
 
 1901 
 
 8,644 
 
 36 4.2 
 
 1902 
 
 1,272 
 
 4 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 1,773 
 
 13 
 
 7.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Fiji, Annual Medical Reports. 
 
 1904 
 
 1,485 
 
 19 
 
 12.8 
 
 *Data for 1910 unobtainable 
 
 
 1905 
 
 1,398 
 
 8 
 46 
 
 5.7 
 6.4 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 7,150 
 
 
 737 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 291 
 Cases of Cancer in the Colonial Hospital, Fiji, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1905-1911* 
 
 Carcinoma of Cases 
 
 ffisophagus 1 
 
 Stomach 3 
 
 Pylorus 5 
 
 Pancreas 1 
 
 Liver 8 
 
 Gall-bladder 2 
 
 Intestines 1 
 
 Rectum 2 
 
 Prostate 1 
 
 Breast 1 
 
 Uterus 8 
 
 Other or not specified 2 
 
 Epithelioma 4 
 
 Sarcoma 5 
 
 AH organs 44 
 
 Source: Fiji, Annual Medical Reports. 
 
 *Data for 1910 unobtainable. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 2.3 
 
 6.8 
 
 11.4 
 2.3 
 
 18.2 
 4.5 
 2.3 
 4.5 
 2.3 
 2.3 
 
 18.2 
 4.5 
 9.0 
 
 11.4 
 
 100.0 
 
 Table 292 
 
 Cases of Cancer in thie Colonial Hospital, Fiji, by Race 
 
 1906-1911* 
 
 Rate per 
 Total Cases of 1,900 
 
 Admissions Cancer Admissions 
 
 Europeans 845 8 9.5 
 
 Fijians 2,991 4 1.3 
 
 Polynesians 825 1 1.2 
 
 East Indians 3,838 20 5.2 
 
 Miscellaneous 313 3 9.6 
 
 Total 8,812 36 4.1 
 
 Source: Fiji, Annual Medical Reports. 
 
 Note: The number of admissions given above includes 168 admissions from previous 
 years. 
 
 *Data for 1910 unobtainable. 
 
 738 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 293 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Hawaii 
 
 1902-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 
 161,581 
 
 22 
 
 13.6 
 
 1906 
 
 176,745 
 
 44 
 
 24.9 
 
 1903 
 
 165,372 
 
 38 
 
 23.0 
 
 1907 
 
 180,536 
 
 47 
 
 26.0 
 
 1904 
 
 169,163 
 
 41 
 
 24.2 
 
 1908 
 
 184,327 
 
 58 
 
 31.5 
 
 1905 
 
 172,954 
 
 44 
 
 25.4 
 
 1909 
 
 188,118 
 
 69 
 
 36.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 193,014 
 
 95 
 
 49 2 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 669,070 
 
 145 
 
 21.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 922,740 
 
 313 
 
 33.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 196,805 
 
 99 
 
 50.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 200,596 
 
 71 
 
 35.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 217,744 
 
 100 
 
 45.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Report of the President of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Board of Health of the Territory of Hawaii. 
 
 Table 294 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Territory of Hawaii, by Race 
 
 July 1, 1911, to June 30, 1913 
 
 Race Population 
 
 Hawaiian 54,386 
 
 Part Hawaiian 26,131 
 
 Portuguese 46,571 
 
 Chinese 45,268 
 
 Japanese 166,404 
 
 All others 62,020 
 
 Total 400,780 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Hawaii. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 51 
 
 7 
 27 
 12 
 33 
 23 
 
 153 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 93.8 
 26.8 
 58.0 
 26.5 
 19.8 
 37.1 
 
 38.2 
 
 Table 295 
 
 Proportionate Mortality from Cancer in the Territory of Hawaii 
 
 according to Race, by Organs and Parts 
 
 July 1, 1911, to June 30, 1913 
 
 
 Haw 
 
 AIIANS 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Japanese 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 Breast 
 
 7 
 
 13.7 
 
 1 3.7 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 Face 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 1 
 
 8.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 Intestines 
 
 ... 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 4 12.1 
 
 Liver 
 
 5 
 
 9.8 
 
 4 14.8 
 
 1 
 
 8.3 
 
 1 3.0 
 
 Stomach 
 
 ... 14 
 
 27.5 
 
 11 40.8 
 
 6 
 
 50.0 
 
 19 57.6 
 
 Uterus 
 
 ... 15 
 
 29.4 
 
 2 7.4 
 
 2 
 
 16.7 
 
 6 18.2 
 
 Other organs .... 
 
 9 
 ... 51 
 
 17.6 
 
 9 33.3 
 
 2 
 12 
 
 16.7 
 
 3 9.1 
 
 All organs 
 
 100.0 
 
 27 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 33 100.0 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Hawaii. 
 
 739 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 296 
 Mortality from Cancer in Countries of America 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Population from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Argentina 17,807,056 11,392 64.0 
 
 Bermuda 92,780 52 56.0 
 
 Bolivia 316,090 69 21.8 
 
 Brazil 9,384,279 3,145 33.5 
 
 British Guiana 1,487,922 271 18.2 
 
 British Honduras 197,820 29 14.7 
 
 British West Indies 6,897,104 1,439 20.9 
 
 Canada 19,689,825 12,208 62.0 
 
 Chile 17,047,786 6,077 35.6 
 
 Colombia 242,986 218 89.7 
 
 Costa Rica 1,849,534 751 40.6 
 
 Cuba 10,892,077 4,855 44.6 
 
 Danish West Indies 53,393 63 118.0 
 
 Dutch Guiana 174,775 167 95.6 
 
 Ecuador 200,000 122 61.0 
 
 Mexico 2,355,330 1,165 49.5 
 
 Newfoundland 1,192,843 616 51.6 
 
 Nicaragua 2,180,000 231 10.6 
 
 Peru 170,000 202 118.8 
 
 Salvador 357,240 208 58.2 
 
 United States 271,207,437 202,621 74.7 
 
 Uruguay 5,421,854 3,577 66.0 
 
 Venezuela 13,331,180 1,960 14.7 
 
 Total 382,549,311 251,438 65.7 
 
 Population, 1911: 82,835,662. 
 Note: Argentina Province of Buenos Aires, 1908-1912, City of Buenos Aires, 1907, 
 
 1911, City of Rosario de Santa Fe, 1907-1911, Province of Tucu- 
 man, 1906-1910, City of Santiago del Estero, 1904-1908 
 
 Bermuda 1906-1910 
 
 Bohvia City of La Paz, 1901-1905 
 
 Brazil Federal District of Rio de Janeiro, 1906-1910, State of Parana, 
 
 1906 1910, City of Bahia, 1907-1911, City of Sao Paulo, 1908- 
 
 1912, City of Pelotas, 1906-1907, 1909-1911, City of Belle 
 Horizonte, 1910-1912 
 
 British Guiana 1908-1912 
 
 British Honduras 1906-1910 
 
 British West Indies .. Jamaica, 1908-1912, Trinidad, 1907-1911, British Windward and 
 
 Leeward Islands, 1907-1911 
 Canada Province of Ontario, 1908-1912, Province of Nova Scotia, 1910- 
 
 1913, Province of Prince Edward Island, 1913, Province of 
 British Columbia, 1909-1913, City of Montreal, 1908-1912, City 
 of Quebec, 1908-1912, City of Wimiipeg, 1910-1912, City of St. 
 John, N. B., 1908-1912 
 
 Chile 1908-1912 
 
 Colombia City of Bogota, 1912-1913 
 
 Costa Rica 1908-1912 
 
 Cuba 1908-1912 
 
 Danish West Indies. .Island of St. Thomas, 1909-1913 
 
 Dutch Guiana City of Paramaribo, 1908-1912 
 
 Ecuador City of Guayaquil, 1910-1912 
 
 Mexico City of Mexico, 1908-1912 
 
 Newfoundland 1907-1911 
 
 Nicaragua 1908-1911 
 
 Salvador City of San Salvador, 1908-1913 
 
 Peru City of Lima, 1904, City of Trujillo, 1909-1913 
 
 United States Registration Area, 1908-1912 
 
 Uruguay 1907-1911 
 
 Venezuela 1906-1910 
 
 740 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 
 
 297 
 
 
 
 Table 298 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Prov- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Toronto 
 
 ince of Ontario, Canada 
 
 Province of Ontario 
 
 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 1,923,228 
 
 313 
 
 16.3 
 
 1881 
 
 86,415 
 
 23 
 
 26.6 
 
 1882 
 
 1,942,337 
 
 397 
 
 20.4 
 
 1882 
 
 92,175 
 
 25 
 
 27.1 
 
 1883 
 
 1,961,446 
 
 403 
 
 20.5 
 
 1883 
 
 97,935 
 
 24 
 
 24.5 
 
 1884 
 
 1,980,555 
 
 422 
 
 21.3 
 
 1884 
 
 103,696 
 
 37 
 
 35.7 
 
 1885 
 
 1,999,664 
 
 463 
 
 23.2 
 20.4 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 109,457 
 
 49 
 
 44.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 9,807,230 
 
 1,998 
 
 489,678 
 
 158 
 
 32.3 
 
 1886 
 
 2,018,773 
 
 440 
 
 21.8 
 
 1886 
 
 115,218 
 
 55 
 
 47.7 
 
 1887 
 
 2,037,882 
 
 614 
 
 30.1 
 
 1887 
 
 120,979 
 
 59 
 
 48.8 
 
 1888 
 
 2,056,991 
 
 635 
 
 30.9 
 
 1888 
 
 126,740 
 
 76 
 
 60.0 
 
 1889 
 
 2,076,100 
 
 714 
 
 34.4 
 
 1889 
 
 132,501 
 
 93 
 
 70.2 
 
 1890 
 
 2,095,209 
 
 685 
 
 32.7 
 30.0 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 138,262 
 
 78 
 
 56.4 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 10,284,955 
 
 3,088 
 
 633,700 
 
 361 
 
 57.0 
 
 1891 
 
 2,114,321 
 
 579 
 
 27.4 
 
 1891 
 
 144,023 
 
 74 
 
 51.4 
 
 1892 
 
 2,121,183 
 
 676 
 
 31.9 
 
 1892 
 
 150,424 
 
 87 
 
 57.8 
 
 1893 
 
 2,128,045 
 
 678 
 
 31.9 
 
 1893 
 
 156,825 
 
 106 
 
 67.6 
 
 1894 
 
 2,134,907 
 
 621 
 
 29.1 
 
 1894 
 
 163,226 
 
 85 
 
 52.1 
 
 1895 
 
 2,141,769 
 
 620 
 
 28.9 
 29.8 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 169,628 
 
 112 
 
 66.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 10,640,225 
 
 3,174 
 
 784,126 
 
 464 
 
 59.2 
 
 1896 
 
 2,148,632 
 
 731 
 
 34.0 
 
 1896 
 
 176,030 
 
 116 
 
 65.9 
 
 1897 
 
 2,155,495 
 
 927 
 
 43.0 
 
 1897 
 
 182,432 
 
 114 
 
 62.5 
 
 1898 
 
 2,162,358 
 
 975 
 
 45.1 
 
 1898 
 
 188,834 
 
 129 
 
 68.3 
 
 1899 
 
 2,169,221 
 
 1,041 
 
 48.0 
 
 1899 
 
 195,236 
 
 134 
 
 68.6 
 
 1900 
 
 2,176,084 
 
 1,055 
 
 48.5 
 43.7 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 201,638 
 
 171 
 
 84.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 10,811,790 
 
 4,729 
 
 944,170 
 
 664 
 
 70.3 
 
 1901 
 
 2,182,947 
 
 1,094 
 
 50.1 
 
 1901 
 
 208,040 
 
 163 
 
 78.4 
 
 1902 
 
 2,216,979 
 
 1,048 
 
 47.3 
 
 1902 
 
 224,889 
 
 133 
 
 59.1 
 
 1903 
 
 2,251,011 
 
 1,156 
 
 51.4 
 
 1903 
 
 241,738 
 
 157 
 
 64.9 
 
 1904 
 
 2,285,043 
 
 1,253 
 
 54.8 
 
 1904 
 
 258,588 
 
 187 
 
 72.3 
 
 1905 
 
 2,319,076 
 
 1,224 
 
 52.8 
 51.3 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 275,438 
 
 191 
 
 69.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 11,255,056 
 
 5,775 
 
 1,208,693 
 
 831 
 
 68.8 
 
 1906 
 
 2,353,109 
 
 1,411 
 
 60.0 
 
 1906 
 
 292,288 
 
 187 
 
 64.0 
 
 1907 
 
 2,387,142 
 
 1,329 
 
 55.7 
 
 1907 
 
 309,138 
 
 204 
 
 66.0 
 
 1908 
 
 2,421,175 
 
 1,348 
 
 55.7 
 
 1908 
 
 325,988 
 
 203 
 
 62.3 
 
 1909 
 
 2,455,208 
 
 1,597 
 
 65.0 
 
 1909 
 
 342,838 
 
 259 
 
 75.5 
 
 1910 
 
 2,489,241 
 
 1,587 
 
 63.8 
 60.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 359,688 
 
 270 
 
 75.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 12,105,875 
 
 7,272 
 
 1,629,940 
 
 1,123 
 
 68.9 
 
 1911 
 
 2,523,274 
 
 1,602 
 
 63.5 
 
 1911 
 
 376,538 
 
 255 
 
 67.7 
 
 1912 
 
 2,560,000 
 
 1,778 
 
 69.5 
 
 1912 
 
 393,388 
 
 326 
 
 82.9 
 
 1913 
 
 2,600,960 
 
 1,806 
 
 69.4 
 
 1913 
 
 410,238 
 
 336 
 
 81.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Reports Relating to the Regis- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Reports Relating to 
 
 the Regis- 
 
 tration of 
 
 Births, Marriages and Deaths 
 
 tration of 
 
 Births, Marriages and Deaths 
 
 in the Province of Ontario, 1881-1913. 
 
 in the Province of Ontario, 1881-1913. 
 
 741 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 299 
 
 
 
 Table 300 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Toronto 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Toronto 
 
 ] 
 
 Males, 1881- 
 
 -1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 I 
 
 "emales, 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 41,917 
 
 8 
 
 19.1 
 
 1881 
 
 44,498 
 
 15 
 
 33.7 
 
 1882 
 
 44,696 
 
 14 
 
 31.3 
 
 1882 
 
 47,479 
 
 11 
 
 23.2 
 
 1883 
 
 47,469 
 
 15 
 
 31.6 
 
 1883 
 
 50,466 
 
 9 
 
 17.8 
 
 1884 
 
 50,241 
 
 14 
 
 27.9 
 
 1884 
 
 53,455 
 
 23 
 
 43.0 
 
 1885 
 
 53,010 
 
 22 
 73 
 
 41.5 
 30.8 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 56,447 
 
 27 
 85 
 
 47.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 237,333 
 
 252,345 
 
 33.7 
 
 1886 
 
 55,777 
 
 22 
 
 39.4 
 
 1886 
 
 59,441 
 
 33 
 
 55.5 
 
 1887 
 
 58,542 
 
 25 
 
 42.7 
 
 1887 
 
 62,437 
 
 34 
 
 54.5 
 
 1888 
 
 61,291 
 
 35 
 
 57.1 
 
 1888 
 
 65,449 
 
 41 
 
 62.6 
 
 1889 
 
 64,038 
 
 34 
 
 53.1 
 
 1889 
 
 68,463 
 
 59 
 
 86.2 
 
 1890 
 
 66,781 
 
 29 
 145 
 
 43.4 
 47.3 
 
 1890 
 1886-1890 
 
 71,481 
 
 49 
 
 216 
 
 68.5 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 306,429 
 
 327,271 
 
 66.0 
 
 1891 
 
 69,520 
 
 33 
 
 47.5 
 
 1891 
 
 74,503 
 
 41 
 
 55.0 
 
 1892 
 
 72,384 
 
 28 
 
 38.7 
 
 1892 
 
 78,040 
 
 59 
 
 75.6 
 
 1893 
 
 75,213 
 
 45 
 
 59.8 
 
 1893 
 
 81,612 
 
 61 
 
 74.7 
 
 1894 
 
 78,022 
 
 26 
 
 33.3 
 
 1894 
 
 85,204 
 
 59 
 
 69.2 
 
 1895 
 
 80,811 
 
 49 
 181 
 
 60.6 
 
 48.1 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 88,817 
 
 63 
 
 283 
 
 70.9 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 375,950 
 
 408,176 
 
 69.3 
 
 1896 
 
 83,579 
 
 55 
 
 65.8 
 
 1896 
 
 92,451 
 
 61 
 
 66.0 
 
 1897 
 
 86,327 
 
 44 
 
 51.0 
 
 1897 
 
 96,105 
 
 70 
 
 72.8 
 
 1898 
 
 89,054 
 
 62 
 
 69.6 
 
 1898 
 
 99,780 
 
 67 
 
 67.1 
 
 1899 
 
 91,761 
 
 53 
 
 57.8 
 
 1899 
 
 103,475 
 
 81 
 
 78.3 
 
 1900 
 
 94,447 
 
 65 
 279 
 
 68.8 
 62.7 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 107,191 
 
 106 
 385 
 
 98.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 445,168 
 
 499,002 
 
 77.2 
 
 1901 
 
 97,113 
 
 60 
 
 61.8 
 
 1901 
 
 110,927 
 
 103 
 
 92.9 
 
 1902 
 
 105,585 
 
 52 
 
 49.2 
 
 1902 
 
 119,304 
 
 81 
 
 67.9 
 
 1903 
 
 114,149 
 
 68 
 
 59.6 
 
 1903 
 
 127,589 
 
 89 
 
 69.8 
 
 1904 
 
 122,803 
 
 71 
 
 57.8 
 
 1904 
 
 135,785 
 
 116 
 
 85.4 
 
 1905 
 
 131,549 
 
 84 
 335 
 
 63.9 
 58.6 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 143,889 
 
 107 
 496 
 
 74.4 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 571,199 
 
 637,494 
 
 77.8 
 
 1906 
 
 140,386 
 
 76 
 
 54.1 
 
 1906 
 
 151,902 
 
 111 
 
 73.1 
 
 1907 
 
 149,314 
 
 80 
 
 53.6 
 
 1907 
 
 159,824 
 
 124 
 
 77.6 
 
 1908 
 
 158,332 
 
 78 
 
 49.3 
 
 1908 
 
 167,656 
 
 125 
 
 74.6 
 
 1909 
 
 167,442 
 
 123 
 
 73.5 
 
 1909 
 
 175,396 
 
 136 
 
 77.5 
 
 1910 
 
 176,643 
 
 119 
 476 
 
 67.4 
 60.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 183,045 
 
 151 
 647 
 
 82.5 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 792,117 
 
 837,823 
 
 77.2 
 
 1911 
 
 185,934 
 
 99 
 
 53.2 
 
 1911 
 
 190,604 
 
 156 
 
 81.8 
 
 1912 
 
 194,257 
 
 130 
 
 66.9 
 
 1912 
 
 199,131 
 
 196 
 
 98.4 
 
 1913 
 
 202,575 
 
 129 
 
 63.7 
 
 1913 
 
 207,663 
 
 207 
 
 99.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Reports Relating to the Regis- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Reports Relating to the Regis- 
 
 tration of 
 
 Births, Marriages and Deaths 
 
 tration of Births, Marriages and Deaths 
 
 in the Province of Ontario, 1881 
 
 -1913. 
 
 in the Province of Ontario, 1881- 
 
 1913. 
 
 742 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 301 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Montreal 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 115,238 
 
 46 
 
 • 39.9 
 
 1906 
 
 369,105 
 
 213 
 
 57.7 
 
 1882 
 
 125,675 
 
 65 
 
 51.7 
 
 1907 
 
 389,380 
 
 234 
 
 60.1 
 
 1883 
 
 136,112 
 
 63 
 
 46.3 
 
 1908 
 
 409,655 
 
 230 
 
 56.1 
 
 1884 
 
 146,550 
 
 59 
 
 40.3 
 
 1909 
 
 429,930 
 
 267 
 
 62.1 
 
 1885 
 
 156,988 
 
 79 
 
 50.3 
 45.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 450,205 
 
 292 
 
 64.9 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 680,563 
 
 312 
 
 2,048,275 
 
 1.236 
 
 60.3 
 
 1886 
 
 167,426 
 
 85 
 
 50.8 
 
 1911 
 
 470,480 
 
 309 
 
 65.7 
 
 1887 
 
 177,864 
 
 75 
 
 42.2 
 
 1912 
 
 488,400 
 
 331 
 
 67.8 
 
 1888 
 
 188,302 
 
 87 
 
 46.2 
 
 1913 
 
 515,700 
 
 283 
 
 54.9 
 
 1889 
 
 198,740 
 
 97 
 
 48.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 209,178 
 
 74 
 
 35.4 
 
 Source: 
 
 1881-1890, 
 
 Statistique Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 graphique 
 
 des Grandes Villes d 
 
 i\/f" J 
 
 
 
 
 \i Monde, 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 941,510 
 
 418 
 
 44.4 
 
 No. 40. 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 
 1912. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reports 
 
 on the Sanitary State of the 
 
 1891 
 
 219,616 
 
 99 
 
 45.1 
 
 City of Montreal, 1891-1913. 
 
 
 1892 
 
 224,427 
 
 109 
 
 48.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 229,238 
 
 100 
 
 43.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 234,049 
 
 114 
 
 48.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 238,860 
 
 117 
 
 49.0 
 
 47.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,146,190 
 
 539 
 
 
 1896 
 
 243,672 
 
 133 
 
 54.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 253,296 
 
 182 
 
 71.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 258,108 
 
 190 
 
 73.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 262,920 
 
 146 
 
 55.5 
 63.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,017,996 
 
 651 
 
 
 1901 
 
 267,730 
 
 196 
 
 73.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 288,005 
 
 158 
 
 54.9 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1903 
 
 308,280 
 
 206 
 
 66.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 328,555 
 
 180 
 
 54.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 348,830 
 
 167 
 
 47.9 
 
 58.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,541,400 
 
 907 
 
 
 743 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 302 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Quebec 
 
 1894-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1894 
 
 64,815 
 
 28 
 
 43.2 
 
 1906 
 
 72,034 
 
 25 
 
 34.7 
 
 1895 
 
 65,390 
 
 16 
 
 24.5 
 
 1907 
 
 74,390 
 
 39 
 
 52.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 73,333 
 
 33 
 
 45.0 
 
 1896 
 
 65,965 
 
 20 
 
 30.3 
 
 1909 
 
 76,000 
 
 42 
 
 55.3 
 
 1897 
 
 66,540 
 
 23 
 
 34.6 
 
 1910 
 
 77,100 
 
 44 
 
 57.1 
 
 1898 
 
 67,115 
 
 32 
 
 47.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 67,690 
 
 27 
 
 39.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 372,857 
 
 183 
 
 49.1 
 
 1900 
 
 68,265 
 
 34 
 
 49.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IQIl 
 
 78,190 
 
 79,280 
 
 'l^ 
 
 65.2 
 56.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 335,575 
 
 136 
 
 40 5 
 
 li7 JL L 
 
 1912 
 
 \j ± 
 45 
 
 1901 
 
 68,840 
 
 38 
 
 55.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Board of 
 
 1902 
 
 69,595 
 
 44 
 
 63.2 
 
 Health of the Province of Quebec. 
 
 
 1903 
 
 70,204 
 
 38 
 
 54.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 70,819 
 
 31 
 
 43.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 71,439 
 
 30 
 181 
 
 42.0 
 51.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 350,897 
 
 
 Table 303 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Winnipeg, by Sex 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 ]MALES 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1910 
 
 127,555 
 
 64 
 
 50.2 
 
 1910 
 
 69,773 
 
 36 
 
 51.6 
 
 1911 
 
 142.339 
 
 71 
 
 49.9 
 
 1911 
 
 77,859 
 
 31 
 
 39.8 
 
 1912 
 
 159,256 
 
 82 
 
 51.5 
 
 1912 
 
 87,113 
 
 39 
 
 44.8 
 
 1913 
 
 177,433 
 
 95 
 312 
 
 53.5 
 51.4 
 
 1913 
 1910-1913 
 
 97,056 
 
 46 
 152 
 
 47.4 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 606,583 
 
 331,801 
 
 45.8 
 
 
 
 
 FEMi 
 
 ^ES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Ratetper 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 57,782 
 
 28 
 
 48.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 64,480 
 
 40 
 
 62.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 72,143 
 
 43 
 
 59.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 1910-1913 
 
 80,377 
 
 49 
 160 
 
 61.0 
 
 58.2 
 
 
 
 
 274,782 
 
 
 Source: City of Winnipeg, Report of 
 the Department of Pubhc Health, 1910- 
 1913. 
 
 744 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 304 
 Mortality from Cancer in British Columbia, 1901-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 175,657 
 197,340 
 219,023 
 240,706 
 262,388 
 
 49 
 81 
 73 
 66 
 63 
 
 332 
 
 27.9 
 41.0 
 33.3 
 27.4 
 24.0 
 
 30.3 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 284,070 
 305,752 
 327,434 
 349,116 
 370,798 
 
 71 
 101 
 
 99 
 123 
 152 
 
 546 
 
 25.0 
 33.0 
 30.2 
 35.2 
 41.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,095,114 
 
 1,637,170 
 
 33.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 392,480 
 414,162 
 435,844 
 
 148 
 180 
 159 
 
 37.7 
 43.5 
 36.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Regis- 
 trar of Births, Deaths and Marriages for 
 the Province of British Columbia. 
 
 Table 305 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Prov- 
 ince of Nova Scotia, by Sex 
 1910-1913 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1910 
 
 486,870 
 
 349 
 
 71.7 
 
 1911 
 
 492,338 
 
 371 
 
 75.4 
 
 1912 
 
 496,423 
 
 378 
 
 76.1 
 
 1913 
 
 501,751 
 
 348 
 
 69.4 
 
 10-1913 
 
 1,977,382 
 
 MALES 
 
 1,446 
 
 73.1 
 
 1910 
 
 248,304 
 
 170 
 
 68.5 
 
 1911 
 
 251,019 
 
 179 
 
 71.3 
 
 1912 
 
 253,176 
 
 171 
 
 67.5 
 
 1913 
 
 255,893 
 
 159 
 
 62.1 
 
 1910-1913 1,008,392 679 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 238,566 
 241,319 
 243,247 
 245,858 
 
 179 
 192 
 
 207 
 189 
 
 1910-1913 968,990 
 
 767 
 
 67.3 
 
 75.0 
 79.6 
 85.1 
 76.9 
 
 79.2 
 
 Source: Reports of the Deputy Regis- 
 trar-General Relating to the Registration 
 of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Nova 
 Scotia, 1910-1913. 
 
 Table 306 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the 
 
 Province of Prince Edward Island 
 
 1913-1914 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1913 
 
 92,000 
 
 54 
 
 58.7 
 
 1914 
 
 90,631 
 
 46 
 100 
 
 50.8 
 
 1913-1914 
 
 182,631 
 
 54.7 
 
 Source: Report of the Registrar- 
 General of Births, Marriages and Deaths 
 of the Province of Prince Edward Island. 
 
 745 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 307 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of St. John, Province of New Brunswick 
 
 
 
 
 1891- 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 39,179 
 
 9 
 
 23.0 
 
 1906 
 
 41,611 
 
 37 
 
 88.9 
 
 1892 
 
 39,332 
 
 18 
 
 45.8 
 
 1907 
 
 41,791 
 
 34 
 
 81.4 
 
 1893 
 
 39,485 
 
 15 
 
 38.0 
 
 1908 
 
 41,971 
 
 29 
 
 69.1 
 
 1894 
 
 39,638 
 
 26 
 
 65.6 
 
 1909 
 
 42,151 
 
 32 
 
 75.9 
 
 1895 
 
 39,791 
 
 32 
 100 
 
 80.4 
 50.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 4.2,331 
 
 36 
 168 
 
 85.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 197,425 
 
 209,855 
 
 80.1 
 
 1896 
 
 39,944 
 
 32 
 
 80.1 
 
 1911 
 
 42,511 
 
 36 
 
 84.7 
 
 1897 
 
 40,097 
 
 29 
 
 72.3 
 
 1912 
 
 42,691 
 
 40 
 
 93.7 
 
 1898 
 
 40,250 
 
 35 
 
 87.0 
 
 1913 
 
 42,871 
 
 38 
 
 88.6 
 
 1899 
 
 40,403 
 
 24 
 
 59.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 40,556 
 
 38 
 
 93.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of the Provincial 
 
 
 
 
 
 Board of Health of New Brunswick. 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 201,250 
 
 158 
 
 78.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 40,711 
 
 44 
 
 108.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 40,891 
 
 37 
 
 90.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 41,071 
 
 37 
 
 90.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 41,251 
 
 39 
 
 94.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 41,431 
 
 43 
 200 
 
 103.8 
 97.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 205,355 
 
 
 Table 308 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the 
 
 Colony of Newfoundland 
 
 and Labrador 
 
 1906-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 Population 
 
 231,974 
 234,172 
 236,370 
 238,568 
 240,767 
 
 1906-1910 1,181,851 
 
 595 
 
 1911 242,966 137 
 
 1912 243,928 118 
 
 1913 246,397 111 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 50.0 
 47.0 
 55.8 
 51.6 
 47.3 
 
 50.3 
 
 56.4 
 48.4 
 45.0 
 
 Source: Annual Reports of the Regis- 
 trar-General of Births, Marriages and 
 Deaths of Newfoundland for 1906-1913. 
 
 746 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 309 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Bermuda Islands, 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 15,013 
 
 6 
 
 40.0 
 
 1906 
 
 18,264 
 
 11 
 
 60.2 
 
 1892 
 
 15,265 
 
 14 
 
 91.7 
 
 1907 
 
 18,410 
 
 8 
 
 43.5 
 
 1893 
 
 15,517 
 
 8 
 
 51.6 
 
 1908 
 
 18,556 
 
 10 
 
 53.9 
 
 1894 
 
 15,769 
 
 10 
 
 63.4 
 
 1909 
 
 18,702 
 
 16 
 
 85.6 
 
 1895 
 
 16,021 
 
 5 
 43 
 
 31.2 
 55.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 18,848 
 
 7 
 52 
 
 37.1 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 77.585 
 
 92,780 
 
 56.0 
 
 1896 
 
 16,273 
 
 9 
 
 55.3 
 
 1911 
 
 18,994 
 
 6 
 
 31.6 
 
 1897 
 
 16,525 
 
 4 
 
 24.2 
 
 1912 
 
 19,392 
 
 12 
 
 61.9 
 
 1898 
 
 16,777 
 
 13 
 
 77.5 
 
 1913 
 
 19,790 
 
 13 
 
 65.7 
 
 1899 
 
 17,029 
 
 12 
 
 70.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 17,281 
 
 13 
 
 75.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bermuda, Reports of the Regis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 froT- noncTol 1C01 lOia 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 83,885 
 
 51 
 
 60.8 
 
 Lrar-vieiier 
 
 a.1, njn i.-i~a i.%j. 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 17,535 
 
 9 
 
 51.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 17,680 
 
 9 
 
 50.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 17,826 
 
 11 
 
 61.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 17,972 
 
 15 
 
 83.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 18,118 
 
 12 
 56 
 
 66.2 
 
 62.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 89,131 
 
 
 Table 310 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Bermuda Islands, Males, 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 7,036 
 
 2 
 
 28.4 
 
 1906 
 
 8,840 
 
 4 
 
 45.2 
 
 1892 
 
 7,193 
 
 3 
 
 41.7 
 
 1907 
 
 8,886 
 
 4 
 
 45.0 
 
 1893 
 
 7,350 
 
 3 
 
 40.8 
 
 1908 
 
 8,932 
 
 3 
 
 33.6 
 
 1894 
 
 7,507 
 
 3 
 
 40.0 
 
 1909 
 
 8,978 
 
 7 
 
 78.0 
 
 1895 
 
 7,664 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 13.0 
 32.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 9,024 
 
 3 
 21 
 
 33.2 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 36,750 
 
 44,660 
 
 47.0 
 
 1896 
 
 7,821 
 
 3 
 
 38.4 
 
 1911 
 
 9,070 
 
 4 
 
 44.1 
 
 1897 
 
 7,978 
 
 1 
 
 12.5 
 
 1912 
 
 9,283 
 
 6 
 
 64.6 
 
 1898 
 
 8,135 
 
 4 
 
 49.2 
 
 1913 
 
 9,497 
 
 6 
 
 63.2 
 
 1899 
 
 8,292 
 
 4 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 8,449 
 
 3 
 
 35.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Bermuda, Reports of the Regis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 trar-General, 1891-1913. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 40,675 
 
 15 
 
 36.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 8,606 
 
 3 
 
 34.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 8,656 
 
 4 
 
 46.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 8,702 
 
 3 
 
 34.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 8,748 
 
 7 
 
 80.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 8,794 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 56.9 
 50.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 43,506 
 
 
 747 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 311 
 
 
 
 
 Table 312 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in 
 
 the Ber- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Jamaica 
 
 muda Islands, 
 
 Females 
 
 
 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 l»Vl-lVliJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X^eatns 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 580,804 
 
 57 
 
 9.8 
 
 1891 
 
 7,977 
 
 
 4 
 
 50.1 
 
 1882 
 
 688,718 
 
 43 
 
 7.3 
 
 1892 
 
 8,072 
 
 
 11 
 
 136.3 
 
 1883 
 
 594,023 
 
 65 
 
 10.9 
 
 1893 
 
 8,167 
 
 
 5 
 
 61.2 
 
 1884 
 
 591,819 
 
 66 
 
 11.2 
 
 1894 
 
 8,262 
 8,357 
 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 84.7 
 47.9 
 
 1885 
 
 596,383 
 
 64 
 
 10.7 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-188') 
 
 2,951,747 
 
 295 
 
 10.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 40,835 
 
 
 31 
 
 75.9 
 
 XOOAXOOi^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 603,354 
 
 65 
 
 10.8 
 
 1896 
 
 8,452 
 
 
 6 
 
 71.0 
 
 1887 
 
 603,500 
 
 61 
 
 10.1 
 
 1897 
 
 8,547 
 
 
 3 
 
 35.1 
 
 1888 
 
 613,376 
 
 73 
 
 11.9 
 
 1898 
 
 8,642 
 
 
 9 
 
 104.1 
 
 1889 
 
 624,105 
 
 70 
 
 11.2 
 
 1899 
 
 8,737 
 8,832 
 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 91.6 
 113.2 
 
 1890 
 
 634,930 
 
 80 
 
 12.6 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 3,079,265 
 
 349 
 
 11.3 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 43,210 
 
 
 36 
 
 83.3 
 
 iOOUAtJCV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 636,559 
 
 91 
 
 14.3 
 
 1901 
 
 8,929 
 
 
 6 
 
 67.2 
 
 1892 
 
 643,407 
 
 88 
 
 13.7 
 
 1902 
 
 9,024 
 
 
 5 
 
 55.4 
 
 1893 
 
 651,615 
 
 96 
 
 14.7 
 
 1903 
 
 9,124 
 
 
 8 
 
 87.7 
 
 1894 
 
 661,046 
 
 102 
 
 15.4 
 
 1904 
 
 9,224 
 9,324 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 86.7 
 75.1 
 
 1895 
 
 670,383 
 
 115 
 
 17.2 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18Q1-18Q5 
 
 3,263,010 
 
 492 
 
 15.1 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 45,625 
 
 
 34 
 
 74.5 
 
 j.O(7x xijiytj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 679,198 
 
 113 
 
 16.6 
 
 1906 
 
 9,424 
 
 
 7 
 
 74.3 
 
 1897 
 
 688,534 
 
 97 
 
 14.1 
 
 1907 
 
 9,524 
 
 
 4 
 
 42.0 
 
 1898 
 
 698,133 
 
 109 
 
 15.6 
 
 1908 
 
 9,624 
 
 
 7 
 
 72.7 
 
 1899 
 
 708,106 
 
 129 
 
 18.2 
 
 1909 
 
 9,724 
 9,824 
 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 92.6 
 40.7 
 
 1900 
 
 718,783 
 
 124 
 
 17.3 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18Q6-1900 
 
 3,492,754 
 
 572 
 
 16.4 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 48,120 
 
 
 31 
 
 64.4 
 
 ±Oi7\M ±i7\J\I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 729,093 
 
 118 
 
 16.2 
 
 1911 
 
 9,924 
 
 
 2 
 
 20.2 
 
 1902 
 
 739,970 
 
 109 
 
 14.7 
 
 1912 
 
 10,109 
 
 
 6 
 
 59.4 
 
 1903 
 
 752,630 
 
 125 
 
 16.6 
 
 1913 
 
 10,293 
 
 
 7 
 
 68.0 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 764,081 
 773,517 
 
 128 
 153 
 
 16.8 
 19.8 
 
 Source: Bermuda, Reports of the Regis- 
 trar-General, 1891-1913. 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,759,291 
 
 633 
 
 16.8 
 
 1906 
 
 781,779 
 
 141 
 
 18.0 
 
 1907 
 
 791,373 
 
 126 
 
 15.9 
 
 1908 
 
 796,862 
 
 136 
 
 17.1 
 
 1909 
 
 803,867 
 
 149 
 
 18.5 
 
 1910 
 
 • 814,987 
 
 169 
 721 
 
 20.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,988,868 
 
 18.1 
 
 1911 
 
 826,078 
 
 142 
 
 17.2 
 
 1912 
 
 888,575 
 
 153 
 
 18.2 
 
 1913 
 
 851,072 
 
 157 
 
 18.4 
 
 Source: Jamaica, Annual Reports of 
 the Registrar-General. 
 
 748 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 313 
 
 
 
 Table 314 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Jamaica 
 
 
 Males, 1881 
 
 -1913 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 Females, 1881-1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1881 
 
 277,857 
 
 21 
 
 7.6 
 
 1881 
 
 302,947 
 
 36 
 
 11.9 
 
 1882 
 
 281,643 
 
 17 
 
 6.0 
 
 1882 
 
 307,075 
 
 26 
 
 8.5 
 
 1883 
 
 284,181 
 
 21 
 
 7.4 
 
 1883 
 
 309,842 
 
 44 
 
 14.2 
 
 1884 
 
 283,126 
 
 28 
 
 9.9 
 
 1884 
 
 308,693 
 
 38 
 
 12.3 
 
 1885 
 
 285,310 
 
 21 
 108 
 
 7.4 
 7.6 
 
 1885 
 1881-1885 
 
 311,073 
 
 43 
 
 187 
 
 13.8 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1,412,117 
 
 1,539.630 
 
 12.1 
 
 1886 
 
 288,645 
 
 24 
 
 8.3 
 
 1886 
 
 314,709 
 
 41 
 
 13.0 
 
 1887 
 
 288,714 
 
 17 
 
 5.9 
 
 1887 
 
 314,786 
 
 44 
 
 14.0 
 
 1888 
 
 293,439 
 
 26 
 
 8.9 
 
 1888 
 
 319,937 
 
 47 
 
 14.7 
 
 1889 
 
 298,572 
 
 22 
 
 7.4 
 
 1889 
 
 325,533 
 
 48 
 
 14.7 
 
 1890 
 
 
 89 
 
 7.6 
 
 1890 
 1886-1889 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 1886-1889 
 
 1,169,370 
 
 1,274,965 
 
 14.1 
 
 1891 
 
 304,530 
 
 26 
 
 8.5 
 
 1891 
 
 332,029 
 
 65 
 
 19.6 
 
 1892 
 
 307,806 
 
 27 
 
 8.8 
 
 1892 
 
 335,601 
 
 61 
 
 18.2 
 
 1893 
 
 311,733 
 
 33 
 
 10.6 
 
 1893 
 
 339,882 
 
 63 
 
 18.5 
 
 1894 
 
 316,244 
 
 32 
 
 10.1 
 
 1894 
 
 344,802 
 
 70 
 
 20.3 
 
 1895 
 
 320,711 
 
 40 
 158 
 
 12.5 
 10.1 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 349,672 
 
 75 
 334 
 
 21.4 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 1,561,024 
 
 1,701,986 
 
 19.6 
 
 1896 
 
 324,928 
 
 42 
 
 12.9 
 
 1896 
 
 354,270 
 
 71 
 
 20.0 
 
 1897 
 
 329,395 
 
 37 
 
 11.2 
 
 1897 
 
 359,139 
 
 60 
 
 16.7 
 
 1898 
 
 333,987 
 
 45 
 
 13.5 
 
 1898 
 
 364,146 
 
 64 
 
 17.6 
 
 1899 
 
 338,758 
 
 33 
 
 9.7 
 
 1899 
 
 369,348 
 
 96 
 
 26.0 
 
 1900 
 
 343,866 
 
 50 
 207 
 
 14.5 
 12.4 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 374,917 
 
 74 
 365 
 
 19.7 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,670,934 
 
 1,821,820 
 
 20.0 
 
 1901 
 
 348,798 
 
 31 
 
 8.9 
 
 1901 
 
 380,295 
 
 87 
 
 22.9 
 
 1902 
 
 354,002 
 
 35 
 
 9.9 
 
 1902 
 
 385,968 
 
 74 
 
 19.2 
 
 1903 
 
 359,983 
 
 37 
 
 10.3 
 
 1903 
 
 392,647 
 
 88 
 
 22.4 
 
 1904 
 
 365,460 
 
 46 
 
 12.6 
 
 1904 
 
 398,621 
 
 82 
 
 20.6 
 
 1905 
 
 369,896 
 
 47 
 196 
 
 12.7 
 10.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 403,621 
 
 106 
 437 
 
 26.3 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,798,139 
 
 1,961,152 
 
 22.3 
 
 1906 
 
 373,847 
 
 48 
 
 12.8 
 
 1906 
 
 407,932 
 
 93 
 
 22.8 
 
 1907 
 
 378,435 
 
 40 
 
 10.6 
 
 1907 
 
 412,938 
 
 86 
 
 20.8 
 
 1908 
 
 380,980 
 
 39 
 
 10.2 
 
 1908 
 
 415,882 
 
 97 
 
 23.3 
 
 1909 
 
 384,329 
 
 45 
 
 11.7 
 
 1909 
 
 419,538 
 
 104 
 
 24.8 
 
 1910 
 
 389,645 
 
 55 
 
 227 
 
 14.1 
 11.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 425,342 
 
 114 
 494 
 
 26.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,907,236 
 
 2,081,632 
 
 23.7 
 
 1911 
 
 394,865 
 
 5Q 
 
 14.2 
 
 1911 
 
 431,213 
 
 86 
 
 19.9 
 
 1912 
 
 400,839 
 
 55 
 
 13.7 
 
 1912 
 
 437,736 
 
 98 
 
 22.4 
 
 1913 
 
 406,813 
 
 58 
 
 14.3 
 
 1913 
 
 444,259 
 
 99 
 
 22.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 Jamaica, Ann 
 
 ual Reports of the 
 
 Source: 
 
 Jamaica, Annual Reports of the 
 
 Registrar-General. 
 
 
 
 Registrar-General. 
 
 
 
 749 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 
 
 315 
 
 
 
 Table 316 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 Windward and Leeward Islands 
 
 
 1890-1913 
 
 
 
 British West Indies 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 1890 
 
 196,510 
 
 25 
 
 12.7 
 
 1901 
 
 110,214 
 
 .26 
 
 23.6 
 
 1891 
 
 201,200 
 
 7 
 
 3.5 
 
 1902 
 
 110,350 
 
 25 
 
 22.7 
 
 1892 
 
 206,220 
 
 25 
 
 12.1 
 
 1903 
 
 110,448 
 
 23 
 
 20.8 
 
 1893 
 
 211,301 
 
 30 
 
 14.2 
 
 1901, 
 
 200,420 
 
 49 
 
 24.4 
 
 1894 
 
 216,508 
 
 38 
 
 17.6 
 
 1905 
 
 237,254 
 
 83 
 
 206 
 
 35.0 
 26.8 
 
 1895 
 1891-1895 
 
 221,842 
 
 20 
 120 
 
 9.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 768,686 
 
 1,057,071 
 
 11.4 
 
 1906 
 
 237,896 
 
 70 
 
 29.4 
 
 1896 
 
 227,309 
 
 23 
 
 10.1 
 
 1907 
 
 238,344 
 
 57 
 
 23.9 
 
 1897 
 
 232,909 
 
 23 
 
 9.9 
 
 1908 
 
 238,865 
 
 64 
 
 26.8 
 
 1898 
 
 238,648 
 
 18 
 
 7.5 
 
 1909 
 
 239,239 
 
 61 
 
 25.0 
 
 1899 
 
 264,630* 
 
 33 
 
 12.5 
 
 1910 
 
 239,930 
 
 54 
 306 
 
 22.5 
 25.6 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 269,893 
 
 42 
 139 
 
 15.6 
 
 1906-191C 
 
 1,194,274 
 
 1,233,389 
 
 11.3 
 
 1911 
 
 240,586 
 
 64 
 
 26.6 
 
 1901 
 
 275,261 
 
 32 
 
 11.6 
 
 1912 
 
 237,041 
 
 80 
 
 33.7 
 
 1902 
 
 282,125 
 
 47 
 
 16.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 287,737 
 
 47 
 
 16.3 
 
 Source : 
 
 The Registrar-General's Re- 
 
 1904 
 
 293,460 
 
 38 
 
 12.9 
 
 ports of 
 
 the several above-mentioned 
 Includes St. Kitts-Ne^^s, 1901- 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 299,296 
 
 79 
 243 
 
 26.4 
 
 islcincls. 
 Note: 
 
 1,437,879 
 
 16.9 
 
 1912, Grenada, 1901-1912, St. Lucia, 1904- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912, St. 
 
 Vincent, 1904-1912, Antigua and 
 
 1906 
 
 305,249 
 
 68 
 
 22.3 
 
 Barbuda, 
 
 1905-1912. 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 311,321 
 
 81 
 
 26.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 317,513 
 
 50 
 
 15.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 323,828 
 
 61 
 
 18.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 330,270 
 
 71 
 331 
 
 21.5 
 
 
 1,588,181 
 
 20.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 336,839 
 
 88 
 
 26.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 343,408 
 
 101 
 
 29.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 348,958 
 
 120 
 
 34.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annual Reports of 
 
 the Regis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 trar-General on the 
 
 Vital 
 
 Statistics, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trinidad. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tobago is 
 
 not included previously to 1899. 
 
 750 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 317 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Hospitals of Barbados 
 
 1899-1903 
 
 Deaths Deaths 
 
 from All from Cancer 
 
 Year Causes Cancer Per Cent. 
 
 1899 860 24 2.8 
 
 1900 782 27 3.5 
 
 1901 985 29 2.9 
 
 1902 857 19 2.2 
 
 1903 712 21 2.9 
 
 1899-1903 4,196 120 2.9 
 
 Source: Correspondence relating to the Cancer Research Scheme, London, 1906. 
 
 
 Table 318 
 
 
 
 Table 319 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in St.Thomas 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 British 
 
 Danish West Indies 
 
 
 Honduras, 
 
 1894- 
 
 ■1913 
 
 
 
 1901- 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1894 
 
 33,272 
 
 
 3 
 
 9.0 
 
 1901 
 
 11,012 
 
 6 
 
 54.5 
 
 1895 
 
 33,873 
 
 
 3 
 
 8.9 
 
 1902 
 
 10,978 
 
 6 
 
 54.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 10,944 
 
 6 
 
 54.8 
 
 1896 
 
 34,474 
 
 
 6 
 
 17.4 
 
 1904 
 
 10,910 
 
 18 
 
 165.0 
 
 1897 
 
 35,075 
 
 
 1 
 
 2.9 
 
 1905 
 
 10,876 
 
 7 
 
 64.4 
 
 1898 
 1899 
 
 35,676 
 36,277 
 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 16.8 
 11.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 54,720 
 10,843 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 78.6 
 9.2 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 36,878 
 
 
 7 
 24 
 
 19.0 
 
 1906 
 
 178,380 
 
 13.5 
 
 1907 
 
 10,810 
 
 12 
 
 111.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 10,777 
 
 4 
 
 37.1 
 
 1901 
 
 37,479 
 
 
 10 
 
 26.7 
 
 1909 
 
 10,744 
 
 13 
 
 121.0 
 
 1902 
 
 37,776 
 
 
 8 
 
 21.2 
 
 1910 
 
 10,711 
 
 9 
 
 84.0 
 
 1903 
 1904 
 
 38,074 
 38,372 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 7.9 
 20.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 53,885 
 10,678 
 
 39 
 15 
 
 72.4 
 140.5 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 38,670 
 
 
 7 
 36 
 
 18.1 
 
 1911 
 
 190,371 
 
 18.9 
 
 1912 
 
 10,646 
 
 9 
 
 84.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 10,614 
 
 17 
 
 160.2 
 
 1906 
 
 38,968 
 
 
 6 
 
 15.4 
 
 1914 
 
 10,572 
 
 5 
 
 47.3 
 
 1907 
 1908 
 
 39,266 
 39,564 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 17.8 
 20.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Sanitary 
 
 Reports 
 
 for St. 
 
 1909 
 
 39,862 
 
 
 4 
 
 10.0 
 
 Thomas, D 
 
 W.I. 
 
 
 
 1910 
 1906-19.10 
 
 40,160 
 
 
 4 
 29 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 197,820 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 40,458 
 
 
 8 
 
 19.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 40,814 
 
 
 11 
 
 27.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 41,170 
 
 
 5 
 
 12.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Letter from the 
 
 Acting Regis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 trar-General of British Honduras 
 
 
 49 
 
 751 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 320 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in British Guiana 
 
 1896-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 287,528 
 
 60 
 
 20.9 
 
 1906 
 
 299,573 
 
 72 
 
 24.0 
 
 1897 
 
 289,368 
 
 57 
 
 19.7 
 
 1907 
 
 299,791 
 
 55 
 
 18.3 
 
 1898 
 
 291,208 
 
 48 
 
 16.5 
 
 1908 
 
 297,997 
 
 75 
 
 25.2 
 
 1899 
 
 293,048 
 
 49 
 
 16.7 
 
 1909 
 
 297,905 
 
 49 
 
 16.4 
 
 1900 
 
 294,888 
 
 70 
 
 284 
 
 23.7 
 19.5 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 297,097 
 
 38 
 289 
 
 12.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,456,040 
 
 1,492,363 
 
 19.4 
 
 1901 
 
 296,728 
 
 78 
 
 26.3 
 
 1911 
 
 295,879 
 
 49 
 
 16.6 
 
 1902 
 
 297,306 
 
 54 
 
 18.2 
 
 1912 
 
 299,044 
 
 60 
 
 20.1 
 
 1903 
 
 297,884 
 
 75 
 
 25.2 
 
 1913 
 
 301,596 
 
 88 
 
 29.2 
 
 1904 
 
 297,398 
 
 59 
 
 19.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 297,416 
 
 59 
 
 19.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 British Guiana, Report of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Registrar-General . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,486,732 
 
 325 
 
 21.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 321 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in British Guiana, Males 
 
 1896-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 153,080 
 
 21 
 
 13.7 
 
 1906 
 
 157,554 
 
 31 
 
 19.7 
 
 1897 
 
 154,060 
 
 30 
 
 19.5 
 
 1907 
 
 157,158 
 
 14 
 
 8.9 
 
 1898 
 
 155,039 
 
 20 
 
 12.9 
 
 1908 
 
 155,746 
 
 33 
 
 21.2 
 
 1899 
 
 156,019 
 
 18 
 
 11.5 
 
 1909 
 
 155,380 
 
 19 
 
 12.2 
 
 1900 
 
 156,998 
 
 20 
 109 
 
 12.7 
 14.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 154,616 
 
 21 
 118 
 
 13.6 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 775,196 
 
 780,454 
 
 15.1 
 
 1901 
 
 157,978 
 
 26 
 
 16.5 
 
 1911 
 
 153,602 
 
 21 
 
 13.7 
 
 1902 
 
 158,273 
 
 21 
 
 13.3 
 
 1912 
 
 155,154 
 
 32 
 
 20.6 
 
 1903 
 
 158,041 
 
 38 
 
 24.0 
 
 1913 
 
 156,563 
 
 31 
 
 19.8 
 
 1904 
 
 157,288 
 
 18 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 156,846 
 
 13 
 
 8.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 British Guiana, Report of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Registrar- 
 
 General. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 788,426 
 
 116 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 752 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 322 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in British Guiana, Females 
 
 1896-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 134,448 
 
 39 
 
 29.0 
 
 1906 
 
 142,019 
 
 41 
 
 28.9 
 
 1897 
 
 135,308 
 
 27 
 
 20.0 
 
 1907 
 
 142,633 
 
 41 
 
 28.7 
 
 1898 
 
 136,169 
 
 28 
 
 20.6 
 
 1908 
 
 142,251 
 
 42 
 
 29.5 
 
 1899 
 
 137,029 
 
 31 
 
 22.6 
 
 1909 
 
 142,525 
 
 30 
 
 21.0 
 
 1900 
 
 137,890 
 
 50 
 
 175 
 
 36.3 
 25.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 142,481 
 
 17 
 
 171 
 
 11.9 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 680,844 
 
 711,909 
 
 24.0 
 
 1901 
 
 138,750 
 
 52 
 
 37.5 
 
 1911 
 
 142,277 
 
 28 
 
 19.7 
 
 1902 
 
 139,033 
 
 33 
 
 23.7 
 
 1912 
 
 143,890 
 
 28 
 
 19.5 
 
 1903 
 
 139,843 
 
 37 
 
 26.5 
 
 1913 
 
 145,033 
 
 57 
 
 39.3 
 
 1904 
 
 140,110 
 
 41 
 
 29.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 140,570 
 
 46 
 
 32.7 
 
 Source : 
 
 British Guiana, Report of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Registrar-General. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 698,306 
 
 209 
 
 29.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 323 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 33,100 
 
 28 
 
 84.6 
 
 1904 
 
 33,535 
 
 31 
 
 92.4 
 
 1905 
 
 34,085 
 
 30 
 
 88.0 
 
 1906 
 
 34,870 
 
 27 
 
 77.4 
 
 1907 
 
 34,962 
 
 36 
 
 103.0 
 
 1908 
 
 34,795 
 
 54 
 
 155.2 
 
 1909 
 
 35,082 
 
 34 
 
 96.9 
 
 1910 
 
 35,000 
 
 32 
 183 
 
 91.4 
 
 06-1910 
 
 174,709 
 
 104.7 
 
 1911 
 
 34,898 
 
 28 
 
 80.2 
 
 1912 
 
 35,000 
 
 19 
 
 54.3 
 
 Source: Original data furnished by the 
 Secretary to the Governor of Suriname. 
 
 753 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 324 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, by Sex 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 15,100 
 
 9 
 
 59.6 
 
 1903 
 
 18,000 
 
 19 
 
 105.6 
 
 1904 
 
 15,392 
 
 7 
 
 45.5 
 
 1904 
 
 18,143 
 
 24 
 
 132.3 
 
 1905 
 
 15,726 
 
 8 
 
 50.9 
 
 1905 
 
 18,359 
 
 22 
 
 119.8 
 
 1906 
 
 15,973 
 
 10 
 
 62.6 
 
 1906 
 
 18,897 
 
 17 
 
 90.0 
 
 1907 
 
 16,168 
 
 17 
 
 105.1 
 
 1907 
 
 18,794 
 
 19 
 
 101.1 
 
 1908 
 
 16,162 
 
 24 
 
 148.5 
 
 1908 
 
 18,633 
 
 30 
 
 161.0 
 
 1909 
 
 16,176 
 
 11 
 
 68.0 
 
 1909 
 
 18,906 
 
 23 
 
 121.7 
 
 1910 
 
 16,200 
 
 10 
 
 72 
 
 61.7 
 
 89.2 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 18,800 
 
 22 
 111 
 
 117.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 80,679 
 
 94,030 
 
 118.0 
 
 1911 
 
 16,259 
 
 12 
 
 73.8 
 
 1911 
 
 18,639 
 
 16 
 
 85.8 
 
 1912 
 
 16,300 
 
 7 
 
 42.9 
 
 1912 
 
 18,700 
 
 12 
 
 64.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Original data furnished by the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Secretary to the Governor of Sirriname. 
 
 Table 325 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cuba 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Populatioi 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 1,691,843 
 1,751,366 
 1,810,889 
 1,870,412 
 1,929,935 
 
 503 
 539 
 601 
 661 
 746 
 
 29.7 
 30.8 
 33.2 
 35.3 
 38.7 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 9,054,445 
 
 3,050 
 
 33.7 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1,989,458 
 2,048,980 
 2,082,691 
 2,116,402 
 2,150,112 
 
 808 
 813 
 901 
 981 
 991 
 
 40.6 
 39.7 
 43.3 
 
 46.4 
 46.1 
 
 1906-1910 10,387,643 
 
 4,494 
 
 43.3 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 2,229,257 
 2,313,615 
 2,391,134 
 
 977 
 1,005 
 1,145 
 
 43.8 
 43.4 
 47.9 
 
 Source: Informe bi-anual Sanitario y 
 Demografico de la Republica de Cuba, 
 1902-1905. 
 
 Sanidad y Beneficencia. Boletin oficial 
 de la Secretaria, 1906-1912. 
 
 754 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 326 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cuba, by Sex 
 
 1902-1913 
 
 
 MALES 
 
 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rale per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1902 
 
 912,585 
 
 245 
 
 26.8 
 
 1902 
 
 838,781 
 
 294 
 
 35.1 
 
 1903 
 
 945,045 
 
 293 
 
 31.0 
 
 1903 
 
 865,844 
 
 308 
 
 35.6 
 
 1904 
 
 977,505 
 
 310 
 
 31.7 
 
 1904 
 
 892,907 
 
 351 
 
 39.3 
 
 1905 
 
 1,009,965 
 
 358 
 
 35.4 
 31.4 
 
 1905 
 1902-1905 
 
 919,970 
 
 388 
 
 42.2 
 
 1902-1905 
 
 3,845,100 
 
 1,206 
 
 3,517,502 
 
 1,341 
 
 38.1 
 
 1906 
 
 1,042,425 
 
 360 
 
 34.5 
 
 1906 
 
 947,033 
 
 448 
 
 47.3 
 
 1907 
 
 1,074,882 
 
 393 
 
 36.6 
 
 1907 
 
 974,098 
 
 420 
 
 43.1 
 
 1908 
 
 1,093,880 
 
 453 
 
 41.4 
 
 1908 
 
 988,811 
 
 448 
 
 45.3 
 
 1909 
 
 1,112,878 
 
 501 
 
 45.0 
 
 1909 
 
 1,003,524 
 
 480 
 
 47.8 
 
 1910 
 
 1,131,876 
 
 516 
 
 45.6 
 40.7 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,018,236 
 
 475 
 
 46.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 5,455,941 
 
 2,223 
 
 4,931,702 
 
 2,271 
 
 46.0 
 
 1911 
 
 1,175,041 
 
 500 
 
 42.6 
 
 1911 
 
 1,054,216 
 
 477 
 
 45.2 
 
 1912 
 
 1,221,126 
 
 516 
 
 42.3 
 
 1912 
 
 1,092,489 
 
 489 
 
 44.8 
 
 1913 
 
 1,262,041 
 
 605 
 
 47.9 
 
 1913 
 
 1,129,093 
 
 540 
 
 47.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Informe bi-anual Sanitario v 
 
 
 
 
 
 Demografico de la Republica 
 
 de Cuba, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902-1905. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sanidad 
 
 y Beneficencia. Boletin oficial 
 
 
 
 
 
 de la Secretaria, 1906-1913. 
 
 
 Table 327 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cuba, by Organs and Parts, according to Sex 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 455 
 
 870 
 143 
 
 7 
 140 
 
 871 
 
 All organs 2,486 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 7.9 
 15.2 
 
 2.5 
 
 o.i 
 
 2.4 
 15.2 
 
 43.3 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 138 
 
 2.7 
 
 513 
 
 9.9 
 
 160 
 
 3.1 
 
 973 
 
 18.9 
 
 232 
 
 4.5 
 
 75 
 
 1.5 
 
 278 
 
 5.4 
 
 2,369 
 
 45.9 
 
 Source: Sanidad y Beneficencia. Boletin oficial de la Secretaria. Habana. 
 
 755 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 328 
 Mortality from Cancer in Cuba, by Organs and Parts, according to Race 
 
 1908-1912 
 
 WHITE 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Buccal cavity 485 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,014 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . 
 
 Breast 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 232 
 
 148 
 626 
 171 
 956 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 6.4 
 13.5 
 
 3.1 
 
 2.0 
 
 8.3 
 
 23 
 12.7 
 
 COLORED 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100.000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 108 
 
 3.4 
 
 369 
 
 11.5 
 
 71 
 
 2.2 
 
 91 
 
 2.8 
 
 347 
 
 10.8 
 
 44 
 
 1.4 
 
 193 
 
 6.0 
 
 All organs 3,632 48.2 1,223 38.0 
 
 Source: Sanidad y Beneficencia. Boletin oficial de la Secretaria. Habana. 
 
 Table 329 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Havana, Cuba 
 
 1899-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1899 
 
 242,055 
 
 142 
 
 58.7 
 
 1900 
 
 249,613 
 
 140 
 
 56.1 
 
 1901 
 
 257,172 
 
 171 
 
 66.5 
 
 1902 
 
 264,731 
 
 176 
 
 66.5 
 
 1903 
 
 272,290 
 
 213 
 
 78.2 
 
 1904 
 
 279,849 
 
 210 
 
 75.0 
 
 1905 
 
 287,408 
 
 232 
 
 80.7 
 
 01-1905 
 
 1,361,450 
 
 1,002 
 
 73.6 
 
 1906 
 
 294,967 
 
 268 
 
 90.9 
 
 1907 
 
 302,526 
 
 269 
 
 88.9 
 
 1908 
 
 310,616 
 
 318 
 
 102.4 
 
 1909 
 
 318,706 
 
 344 
 
 107.9 
 
 1910 
 
 326,796 
 
 338 
 
 103.4 
 
 06-1910 
 
 1,553,611 
 
 1,537 
 
 98.9 
 
 1911 
 
 334,886 
 
 340 
 
 101.5 
 
 1912 
 
 353,509 
 
 329 
 
 93.1 
 
 Source: Informe bi-anual Sanitario y 
 Demografico de la RepubHca de Cuba, 
 1902-1905. 
 
 Sanidad y Beneficencia. Boletin oficial 
 de la Secretaria, 1906-1912. 
 
 756 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 330 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Porto Rico 
 
 1910-1913 
 
 ■y Deaths Rate per 
 
 (Endfilg Population from 100,000 
 
 June 30) Cancer Population 
 
 1910 1,113,406 207 18.6 
 
 1911 1,129,198 195 17.3 
 
 1912 1,144,990 223 19.5 
 
 1913 1,160,782 285 24.6 
 
 1910-1913 4,548,376 910 20.0 
 
 Source: Informe Anual del Director de Sanidad al Hon. Gobernador de Puerto Rico. 
 
 Table 331 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Porto Rico, by Organs and Parts 
 
 July 1, 1910, to June 30, 1913 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 37 1.1 
 
 Stomach and liver 174 5.1 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 56 1.6 
 
 Generative organs 229 6.7 
 
 Breast 20 0.6 
 
 Skin : 25 0.7 
 
 Other or not specified organs 162 4.7 
 
 All organs 703 20.5 
 
 Source: Informe Anual del Director de Sanidad al Hon. Gobernador de Puerto Rico. 
 
 757 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 332 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Mexico, by Sex 
 
 1905-1913 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 3MALES 
 
 
 
 Year 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 419,981 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 249 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 59.3 
 
 Year 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 196,209 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 61 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 31.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 430,198 
 440,415 
 450,632 
 460,849 
 471,066 
 
 251 
 243 
 252 
 221 
 229 
 
 58.3 
 55.2 
 55.9 
 
 48.0 
 48.6 
 
 53.1 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 200,722 
 205,235 
 209,748 
 214,261 
 
 218,774 
 
 61 
 
 77 
 77 
 61 
 51 
 
 30.4 
 37.5 
 36.7 
 
 28.5 
 23.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,253,160 
 
 1,196 
 
 1,048,740 
 
 327 
 
 31.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 481,283 
 491,500 
 501,717 
 
 208 
 255 
 242 
 
 43.2 
 51.9 
 
 48.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 223,287 
 227,800 
 232,313 
 
 49 
 61 
 55 
 
 21.9 
 26.8 
 23.7 
 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 
 Year 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 
 223,772 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 188 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 84.0 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 229,476 
 235,180 
 240,884 
 246,588 
 252,292 
 
 190 
 
 166 
 175 
 160 
 
 178 
 
 82.8 
 70.6 
 72.6 
 64.9 
 70.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1.204,420 
 
 869 
 
 72.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 257,996 
 263,700 
 269,404 
 
 159 
 194 
 
 187 
 
 61.6 
 73.6 
 69.4 
 
 Source: Boletin del Consejo Superior 
 de Salubridad. Publicacion Mensual. 
 Mexico, 1905-1913. 
 
 758 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 333 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Mexico, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1908-1912 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs . . 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 30 
 80 
 26 
 
 20 
 143 
 
 299 
 
 MALES 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 2.7 
 7.3 
 2.4 
 
 1.8 
 13.1 
 
 27.3 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 17 
 
 1.3 
 
 119 
 
 9.4 
 
 50 
 
 4.0 
 
 458 
 
 36.3 
 
 44 
 
 3.5 
 
 10 
 
 0.8 
 
 1G8 
 
 13.3 
 
 866 
 
 68.6 
 
 All organs 
 
 Source: Boletin del Consejo Superior de Salubridad. Publicacion Mensual. Mex- 
 ico, 1908-1912. 
 
 
 Table 334 
 
 
 
 
 Table 335 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in 
 
 the Re- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Nicaragua 
 
 public of Costa Rica 
 
 
 1908-1911 
 
 
 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M.7\Jt. i.7 i.*i 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 Population from 
 
 Rate per 
 100,000 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Year 
 
 Population from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1908 
 
 530,000 80 
 
 15.1 
 
 1901 
 
 307,499 
 
 68 
 
 22.1 
 
 1909 
 
 540,000 62 
 
 11.5 
 
 1902 
 
 312,819 
 
 84 
 
 26.9 
 
 1910 
 
 550,000 42 
 
 7.6 
 
 1903 
 
 316,738 
 
 102 
 
 32.2 
 
 1911 
 
 560,000 47 
 
 8.4 
 
 1904 
 
 322,618 
 
 111 
 
 34.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 331,340 
 
 119 
 
 35.9 
 30.4 
 
 1908-1911 
 Source: 
 
 2,180,000 231 
 Boletin de Estadis 
 
 10.6 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,591,014 
 
 484 
 
 tica de la 
 
 
 
 
 
 RepubHca 
 
 de Nicaragua. 
 
 
 1906 
 
 334,297 
 
 122 
 
 36.5 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 341,590 
 
 133 
 
 38.9 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 351,176 
 
 154 
 
 43.9 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 361,779 
 
 142 
 
 39.3 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 368,780 
 
 140 
 
 38.0 
 39.3 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,757,622 
 
 691 
 
 
 1911 
 
 379,533 
 
 144 
 
 37.9 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 388,266 
 
 171 
 
 44.0 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Resumenes Estadisticos. Anos 
 
 
 
 
 1883-1910, San Jose, 1912. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Republica de Costa Rica 
 
 Anuario Esta- 
 
 
 
 
 distico, 1911-1912. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 759 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 336 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of San Salvador, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1912 
 
 Deaths 
 Organ or Part from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Tongue 1 
 
 Throat 3 
 
 Stomach 11 
 
 Uterus 1 
 
 Not specified 17 
 
 Sarcoma 1 
 
 All organs 34 
 
 Source: Memoria de la Municipalidad de San Salvador, 1912. 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1.7 
 
 5.0 
 18.5 
 
 1.7 
 28.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 57.1 
 
 Table 337 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Re- 
 public of Venezuela, 1905-1912 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 1905 2,608,033 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 407 15.6 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 2,627,434 
 2,646,835 
 2,666,236 
 2,685,637 
 2,705,038 
 
 429 
 396 
 386 
 346 
 403 
 
 1906-1910 13,331,180 1.960 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 Source: 
 zuela. 
 
 2,724,439 
 2,743,841 
 
 437 
 430 
 
 16.3 
 15.0 
 14.5 
 12.9 
 14.9 
 
 14.7 
 
 16.0 
 15.7 
 
 Anuario Estadistico de Vene- 
 
 Table 338 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of 
 
 Bogota, Colombia, 1912-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Population 
 
 121,257 
 121,729 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 112 92.4 
 
 106 87.1 
 
 1912-1913 242,986 218 89.7 
 
 Source: Registro Municipal de Higiene, 
 
 Table 339 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in Guayaquil 
 
 Ecuador, 1910-1912 
 
 Year Population 
 
 1910* 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 40,000 
 80,000 
 80,000 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 23 57.5 
 
 57 71.3 
 
 42 52.5 
 
 1910-1912 200,000 
 
 122 
 
 61.0 
 
 Source: Original data furnished by Mr. 
 Charles S. Hartman, envoy extraordinary 
 and minister plenipotentiary, Quito, Ecua- 
 dor. 
 
 *January to June. 
 
 Table 340 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of 
 
 La Paz, Bolivia, 1900-1909 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 59,633 
 
 i 
 
 3.4 
 
 1901 
 
 59,832 
 
 13 
 
 21.7 
 
 1902 
 
 60,031 
 
 18 
 
 30.0 
 
 1903 
 
 62,720 
 
 12 
 
 19.1 
 
 1904 
 
 65,409 
 
 10 
 
 15.3 
 
 1905 
 
 68,098 
 
 16 
 69 
 
 23.5 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 316,090 
 
 21.8 
 
 1906 
 
 70,787 
 
 18 
 
 25.4 
 
 1907 
 
 73,476 
 
 2 
 
 2.7 
 
 1908 
 
 76,166 
 
 6 
 
 7.9 
 
 1909 
 
 78.856 
 
 4 
 
 5.1 
 
 Source: Censo Municipal de la Ciudad 
 de La Paz 15 de Junio de 1909. 
 
 760 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 341 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Lima, Peru, by Organs and Parts 
 according to Sex, 1904 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 4 
 
 3.1 
 
 53 
 
 40.8 
 
 9 
 
 6.9 
 
 35 
 
 26.9 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 
 1 
 
 . 0.8 
 
 31 
 
 23.8 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach and liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum. 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs. . 
 
 All organs 135 103.8 50 85 
 
 Source: Datos Demograficos de la Ciudad de Lima en el Ano de 1904. 
 
 Deaths fbo&i 
 
 Canceb 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 Table 342 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Trujillo 
 
 1903-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 
 8,000 
 
 6 
 
 75.0 
 
 1904 
 
 8,000 
 
 8 
 
 100.0 
 
 1905 
 
 8,000 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 112.5 
 
 1903-1905 
 
 24,000 
 
 95.8 
 
 1906 
 
 8,000 
 
 7 
 
 87.5 
 
 1907 
 
 8,000 
 
 13 
 
 62.5 
 
 1908 
 
 8,000 
 
 16 
 
 200.0 
 
 1909 
 
 8,000 
 
 9 
 
 112.5 
 
 1910 
 
 8,000 
 
 12 
 67 
 
 150.0 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 40,000 
 
 142.5 
 
 1911 
 
 8,000 
 
 18 
 
 225.0 
 
 1912 
 
 8,000 
 
 14 
 
 175.0 
 
 1913 
 
 8,000 
 
 14 
 
 175.0 
 
 Source: Original data furnished by the 
 Director of Registro Civil y Estadistica, 
 Trujillo, Peru. 
 
 761 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 343 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 440,118 
 
 151 
 
 34.3 
 
 1906 
 
 625,756 
 
 291 
 
 46.5 
 
 1892 
 
 450,636 
 
 153 
 
 34.0 
 
 1907 
 
 636,018 
 
 271 
 
 42.6 
 
 1893 
 
 461,411 
 
 149 
 
 32.3 
 
 1908 
 
 637,089 
 
 290 
 
 45.5 
 
 1894 
 
 472,454 
 
 152 
 
 32.2 
 
 1909 
 
 649,362 
 
 285 
 
 43.9 
 
 1895 
 
 483,773 
 
 164 
 
 33.9 
 33.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 669,781 
 
 295 
 
 44.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 2,308,392 
 
 769 
 
 3,218,006 
 
 1,432 
 
 44.5 
 
 1896 
 
 405,380 
 
 167 
 
 33.7 
 
 1911 
 
 690,200 
 
 282 
 
 40.9 
 
 1897 
 
 507,286 
 
 168 
 
 33.1 
 
 1912 
 
 710,600 
 
 275 
 
 38.7 
 
 1898 
 
 519,503 
 
 189 
 
 36.4 
 
 1913 
 
 731,000 
 
 304 
 
 41.6 
 
 1899 
 
 532,042 
 
 179 
 
 33.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 544,917 
 
 199 
 
 36.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario 
 
 Estatistico Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 rr^ 1 Cr.Tii4-n-»,^n "O i ^ A^ T n n ^i 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,599,128 
 
 902 
 
 34.7 
 
 ffr£ipiio-o3.r "'^ 
 
 IXUaXlCky A.\jl\J VJ 
 
 ns uaL±s:^XL\j 
 
 
 1901 
 
 558,140 
 
 189 
 
 33.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 571,728 
 
 197 
 
 34.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 585,695 
 
 235 
 
 40.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 600,057 
 
 240 
 
 40.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 614,831 
 
 237 
 
 38.5 
 37.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,930,451 
 
 1,098 
 
 
 Table 344 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro 
 
 1903-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 749,180 
 
 771,276 
 794,266 
 
 254 
 260 
 257 
 
 33.9 
 33.7 
 32.4 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 811,443 
 824,040 
 825,812 
 842,822 
 870,475 
 
 318 
 293 
 313 
 306 
 334 
 
 39.2 
 35.6 
 37.9 
 36.3 
 38.4 
 
 06-1910 
 
 4,174,592 
 
 1,564 
 
 37.5 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 912,169 
 965,766 
 980,094 
 
 328 
 312 
 356 
 
 36.0 
 32.3 
 36.3 
 
 Source: Annuario Estatistico Demo- 
 grapho-Sanitaria, Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 762 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 345 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro 
 
 by Organs and Parts, Males, 1906-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1908-10 
 
 Buccal cavity 29 13 17 20 14 93 
 
 Stomach 34 36 42 37 36 185 
 
 Liver 6 6 17 13 11 63 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . . 6 5 11 9 10 41 
 
 Skin 9 16 9 9 5 48 
 
 Other or not specified organs ... 50 69 66 65 75 325 
 
 All organs 134 145 162 153 15 745 
 
 Source: Annuario Estatistico Demographo-Sanitaria, Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of All 
 Organs 
 
 12.5 
 
 24.8 
 
 7.1 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.5 
 
 43.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 Table 346 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro 
 
 by Organs and Parts, Females, 1906-1910 
 
 Organ or Part 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 
 
 Buccal cavity 6 4 2 2 7 
 
 Stomach 12 9 11 9 12 
 
 Liver 6 1 4 4 4 
 
 Peritoneuna, intestines, rectum . . 5 8 5 5 9 
 
 Breast 13 11 9 15 16 
 
 Generative organs 66 50 58 52 50 
 
 Skin 4 2 7 3 1 
 
 Other organs 72 63 55 63 84 
 
 All organs 184 148 151 153 183 
 
 Source: Annuario Estatistico Demographo-Sanitaria, Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 906-10 
 
 of All 
 
 
 Organs 
 
 21 
 
 2.6 
 
 53 
 
 6.5 
 
 19 
 
 2.3 
 
 32 
 
 3.9 
 
 64 
 
 7.8 
 
 276 
 
 33.7 
 
 17 
 
 2.1 
 
 337 
 
 41.1 
 
 819 
 
 100.0 
 
 763 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 347 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Bahia 
 
 1897-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1897 
 
 196,394 
 
 32 
 
 16.3 
 
 1906 
 
 251,500 
 
 59 
 
 23.5 
 
 1898 
 
 199,534 
 
 24 
 
 12.0 
 
 1907 
 
 259,200 
 
 54 
 
 20.8 
 
 1899 
 
 202,673 
 
 38 
 
 18.7 
 
 1908 
 
 266,900 
 
 72 
 
 27.0 
 
 1900 
 
 205,813 
 
 32 
 
 15.5 
 
 1909 
 
 274,600 
 
 71 
 
 25.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 282,300 
 
 68 
 
 20.5 
 
 
 
 1897-1900 
 
 804,414 
 
 126 
 
 15.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,334,500 
 
 314 
 
 23.5 
 
 1901 
 
 213,400 
 
 47 
 
 22.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 221,000 
 
 58 
 
 26.2 
 
 1911 
 
 290,000 
 
 68 
 
 23.4 
 
 1903 
 
 228,600 
 
 72 
 
 31.5 
 
 1912 
 
 300,000 
 
 59 
 
 19.7 
 
 1904 
 
 236,200 
 
 69 
 
 29.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 243,800 
 
 53 
 
 21.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario de Estatistica Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grapho-Sanitaria da Cidade do 
 
 Salvador 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,143.000 
 
 299 
 
 26.2 
 
 (Bahia), 1900-1908. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boletin 
 
 Mensal de 
 
 Estatistica Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grapho-Sanitaria da Cidade do 
 
 Salvador, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909-1912. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 348 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Bahia, Males 
 
 1900-1911 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 97,642 
 
 6 
 
 6.1 
 
 1906 
 
 119,300 
 
 13 
 
 10.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 123,000 
 
 15 
 
 12.2 
 
 1901 
 
 101,200 
 
 12 
 
 11.9 
 
 1908 
 
 126,700 
 
 19 
 
 15.0 
 
 1902 
 
 104,800 
 
 13- 
 
 12.4 
 
 1909 
 
 130,400 
 
 22 
 
 16.9 
 
 1903 
 
 108,400 
 
 18 
 
 16.6 
 
 1910 
 
 134,100 
 
 21 
 
 15.7 
 
 1904 
 
 112,000 
 
 21 
 
 18.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 115,600 
 
 17 
 81 
 
 14.7 
 14.9 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 633,500 
 137,800 
 
 90 
 21 
 
 14.2 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 542,000 
 
 15.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario de Estatistica Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grapho-Sanitaria da Cidade do 
 
 Salvador 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Bahia), 1900-1908. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boletin 
 
 Mensal de 
 
 Estatistica Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grapho-Sanitaria da Cidade do Salvador, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909-1911. 
 
 
 
 
 764 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 349 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Bahia, Females 
 
 1900-1911 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1900 
 
 108.171 
 
 26 
 
 24.0 
 
 1906 
 
 132,200 
 
 46 
 
 34.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 136,200 
 
 39 
 
 28.6 
 
 1901 
 
 112.200 
 
 35 
 
 31.2 
 
 1908 
 
 140,200 
 
 53 
 
 37.8 
 
 1902 
 
 116,200 
 
 45 
 
 38.7 
 
 1909 
 
 144,200 
 
 49 
 
 34.0 
 
 1903 
 
 120,200 
 
 54 
 
 44.9 
 
 1910 
 
 148,200 
 
 37 
 
 25.0 
 
 1904 
 
 124,200 
 
 48 
 
 38.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 128,200 
 
 36 
 218 
 
 28.1 
 36.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 701,000 
 152,200 
 
 224 
 
 47 
 
 32.0 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 601,000 
 
 30.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario de Estatistica Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grapho-Sanitaria da Cidade do 
 
 Salvador 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Bahia), 1900-1908. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boletin 
 
 Mensal de 
 
 Estatistica Demo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grapho-Sanitaria da Cidade do 
 
 Salvador, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909-1911. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 350 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Bahia, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1904-1908 
 
 MALES 
 
 Organ or Part 
 
 Buccal cavity 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Liver 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . 
 
 Femal© generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 
 
 Other or not specified organs 
 
 All organs 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2.5 
 2.2 
 1.0 
 1.5 
 
 8 
 34 
 
 1.3 
 
 5.7 
 
 85 
 
 14.2 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 3 
 
 0.5 
 
 9 
 
 1.4 
 
 9 
 
 1.4 
 
 10 
 
 1.5 
 
 94 
 
 14.2 
 
 20 
 
 3.0 
 
 6 
 
 0.9 
 
 71 
 
 10.7 
 
 33.6 
 
 Source: Annuario de Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria da Cidade do Salvador 
 (Bahia) . 
 
 765 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 351 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Sao Paulo 
 
 1896-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 169,864 
 
 61 
 
 35.9 
 
 1906 
 
 288,000 
 
 80 
 
 27.8 
 
 1897 
 
 187,353 
 
 51 
 
 27.2 
 
 1907 
 
 296,000 
 
 128 
 
 43.2 
 
 1898 
 
 204,842 
 
 57 
 
 27.8 
 
 1908 
 
 304,000 
 
 143 
 
 47.0 
 
 1899 
 
 222,331 
 
 48 
 
 21.6 
 
 1909 
 
 312,000 
 
 117 
 
 37.5 
 
 1900 
 
 239,820 
 
 52 
 
 269 
 
 21.7 
 26.3 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 320,000 
 
 153 
 621 
 
 47.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,024,210 
 
 1,520,000 
 
 40.9 
 
 1901 
 
 248,000 
 
 66 
 
 26.6 
 
 1911 
 
 358,000 
 
 156 
 
 43.6 
 
 1902 
 
 256,000 
 
 68 
 
 26.6 
 
 1912 
 
 400,000 
 
 200 
 
 50.0 
 
 1903 
 
 264,000 
 
 84 
 
 31.8 
 
 1913 
 
 450,000 
 
 201 
 
 44.7 
 
 1904 
 
 272,000 
 
 100 
 
 36.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 280,000 
 
 89 
 
 31.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 Estado de Sao Paulo. Direc- 
 
 
 
 
 
 toria do Servigo S 
 Demographico, 1901-1 
 
 
 Annuario 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,320.000 
 
 407 
 
 30.8 
 
 912. 
 
 Table 352 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the 
 
 City of Sao Paulo, Males 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Year Population 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 129,000 
 133,000 
 137,000 
 141,000 
 146,000 
 
 1901-1905 686,000 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 150,000 
 155,000 
 160,000 
 164,000 
 168,000 
 
 1906-1910 797,000 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 188,000 
 210,000 
 235,000 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 26 
 32 
 42 
 55 
 42 
 
 197 
 
 36 
 
 72 
 72 
 59 
 77 
 
 316 
 
 84 
 102 
 107 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 20.2 
 24.1 
 30.7 
 39.0 
 
 28.8 
 
 28.7 
 
 24.0 
 46.5 
 45.0 
 36.0 
 
 45.8 
 
 39.6 
 
 44.7 
 48.6 
 45.5 
 
 Source: Estado de Sao Paulo. Direc- 
 toria do Servigo Sanitario. Annuario 
 Demographico, 1901-1912. 
 
 Table 353 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the 
 
 City of Sao Paulo, Females 
 
 1901-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 Population 
 
 119,000 
 123,000 
 127,000 
 131,000 
 134,000 
 
 1901-1905 634,000 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 138,000 
 141,000 
 144,000 
 148,000 
 152,000 
 
 1906-1910 723,000 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 170,000 
 190,000 
 215,000 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 40 
 36 
 42 
 45 
 47 
 
 210 
 
 44 
 
 56 
 71 
 58 
 76 
 
 305 
 
 72 
 98 
 94 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 33.6 
 29.3 
 33.1 
 34.4 
 35.1 
 
 33.1 
 
 31.9 
 39.7 
 49.3 
 39.2 
 50.0 
 
 42.2 
 
 42.4 
 51.6 
 43.7 
 
 Soiu"ce: Estado de Sao Paulo. Direc- 
 toria do Ser\dQO Sanitario. Annuario 
 Demographico, 1901-1912. 
 
 766 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 354 
 
 
 
 Table 357 
 
 
 Mortality from 
 
 Cancer i 
 
 n the 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in th 
 
 e Prov- 
 
 
 State of Parana 
 
 
 ince of Buenos Aires, Argentina 
 
 
 1906- 
 
 1910 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1895-19 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1906 
 
 351,341 
 
 37 
 
 10.5 
 
 1895 
 
 910,664 
 
 370 
 
 40.6 
 
 1907 
 
 355,761. 
 
 32 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 368,985 
 
 45 
 
 12.2 
 
 1896 
 
 955,258 
 
 438 
 
 45.9 
 
 1909 
 
 380,000 
 
 38 
 
 10.0 
 
 1897 
 
 1,025,012 
 
 496 
 
 48.4 
 
 1910 
 
 400,000 
 
 40 
 
 10.0 
 
 1898 
 
 1,074,119 
 
 511 
 
 47.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1,122,549 
 1,177,381 
 
 525 
 
 46.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,856,087 
 Relatorie 
 
 192 10.3 
 pelo el Director de 
 
 1900 
 1896-1900 
 
 627 
 
 53.3 
 
 Source: 
 
 5,354,319 
 
 2,597 
 
 48.5 
 
 Service Sanitario do 
 
 Parana; 
 
 accempan- 
 
 
 
 
 
 hado da Estatistica Demographo 
 
 -Sanitaria. 
 
 1901 
 
 1,231,453 
 
 021 
 
 50.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1,269,452 
 
 056 
 
 51.7 
 
 
 Table 355 
 
 
 1903 
 1904 
 
 1,295,810 
 1,331,959 
 
 715 
 
 759 
 
 55.2 
 57.0 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in the 
 
 1905 
 
 1,379,191 
 
 882 
 
 64.0 
 
 
 City of ] 
 1906- 
 
 *elotas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 
 6,507,865 
 
 1,462,287 
 
 1,527,897 
 
 3,633 
 
 896 
 921 
 
 55.8 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 61.3 
 60.3 
 
 1906 
 
 32,308 
 
 27 
 
 83.6 
 
 1908 
 
 1,600,465 
 
 994 
 
 62.1 
 
 1907 
 
 33,290 
 
 38 
 
 114.1 
 
 1909 
 
 1,684,642 
 
 1,053 
 
 62.5 
 
 1908 
 
 34,272 
 35,254 
 
 29 
 37 
 
 84.6 
 105.0 
 
 1910 
 
 1,865,192 
 
 1,084 
 
 58.1 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 36,243 
 
 26 
 157 
 
 71.7 
 91.6 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 8,140,483 
 1,950,785 
 
 4,948 
 1,015 
 
 60.8 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 171,367 
 
 52.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 2,069,610 
 
 1,100 
 
 53.2 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 37,225 
 38,207 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 75.2 
 
 70.7 
 
 Source: 
 
 Direccion General de 
 
 Estadis- 
 
 1913 
 
 39,189 
 
 25 
 
 63.8 
 
 tica de la Provincia 
 
 de Buenos Aires: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Memoria Demographics 
 
 , 1895. 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Municipio 
 
 de Pelotas. Re- 
 
 Anuario 
 
 Estadistico, 
 
 1896-1897. 
 
 latorio apresentado ao 
 
 Censelhe Municipal, 
 
 Demographia, 1898-1905. 
 
 
 1906-1913. 
 
 
 
 
 Boletin 
 
 Mensual de 
 
 la Direccion de 
 
 
 
 
 
 Estadistica 
 
 , 1906-1912. 
 
 
 
 
 Table 356 
 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer 
 
 in the 
 
 
 
 
 
 City of Belle 
 
 Horizonte 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910- 
 
 1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 100,000 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 35,000 
 
 8 
 
 22.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 37,435 
 
 17 
 
 45.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 39,845 
 
 16 
 
 41 
 
 40.2 
 36.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910-1912 
 
 112,280 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Annuario de Estatis 
 
 tica Deme- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grapho-Sanitaria de Belle Horizente. 
 
 
 
 
 
 767 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 . Table 358 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Province of Buenos Aires, Males 
 
 1895-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1895 
 
 512,431 
 
 209 
 
 40.8 
 
 1906 
 
 823,268 
 
 543 
 
 66.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 860,206 
 
 554 
 
 64.4 
 
 1896 
 
 537,524 
 
 247 
 
 46.0 
 
 1908 
 
 901,061 
 
 588 
 
 65.3 
 
 1897 
 
 576,774 
 
 279 
 
 48.4 
 
 1999 
 
 950,138 
 
 653 
 
 68.7 
 
 1898 
 1899 
 
 604,407 
 631,658 
 
 305 
 
 286 
 
 50.5 
 
 45.3 
 
 1910 
 
 1,051,968 
 
 634 
 
 60.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 662,865 
 
 397 
 
 59.9 
 50.2 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 4,586,641 
 1,100,243 
 
 2,972 
 589 
 
 64.8 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,013,228 
 
 1,514 
 
 53.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1,167,260 
 
 647 
 
 55.4 
 
 1901 
 
 693,308 
 
 342 
 
 49.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 714,701 
 
 379 
 
 53.0 
 
 Source: 
 
 Direccion General de 
 
 Estadis- 
 
 1903 
 
 729,541 
 
 426 
 
 58.4 
 
 tica de la 
 
 Provincia 
 
 de Buencs Aires : 
 
 1904 
 
 749,893 
 
 462 
 
 61.6 
 
 Memoria Demographica, 1895. 
 
 
 1905 
 
 776,484 
 
 533 
 
 68.6 
 
 Anuario Estadistico, 
 
 1896-1897. 
 
 
 
 
 
 DpmnoTai->V.;Q ISOS-IOOt 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 3,663,927 
 
 2,142 
 
 58.5 
 
 Boletin 
 
 Mensual de 
 
 la Direccion de 
 
 
 
 
 
 Estadistica 
 
 , 1906-1912. 
 
 
 
 Table 359 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Province of Buenos Aires, Females 
 
 1895-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1895 
 
 398,233 
 
 161 
 
 40.4 
 
 1906 
 
 639,019 
 
 353 
 
 55.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 667,691 
 
 367 
 
 55.0 
 
 1896 
 
 417,734 
 
 191 
 
 45.7 
 
 1908 
 
 699,404 
 
 406 
 
 58.0 
 
 1897 
 
 448,238 
 
 217 
 
 48.4 
 
 1909 
 
 734,504 
 
 400 
 
 54.5 
 
 1898 
 
 469,712 
 
 206 
 
 43.9 
 
 1910 
 
 813,224 
 
 450 
 
 55.3 
 
 1899 
 
 490,891 
 
 239 
 
 48.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 514,516 
 
 230 
 
 44.7 
 46.3 
 
 1906-1910 
 1911 
 
 3,553,842 
 850,542 
 
 1,976 
 
 426 
 
 55.6 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,341,091 
 
 1,083 
 
 50.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 902,350 
 
 453 
 
 50.2 
 
 1901 
 
 538,145 
 
 279 
 
 51.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 554,751 
 
 277 
 
 49.9 
 
 Source: 
 
 Direccion 
 
 General de 
 
 Estadis- 
 
 1903 
 
 566,269 
 
 289 
 
 51.0 
 
 tica de la 
 
 Provincia 
 
 de Buenos Aires : 
 
 1904 
 
 582,066 
 
 297 
 
 51.0 
 
 Memoria Demographica, 1895. 
 
 
 1905 
 
 602,707 
 
 349 
 
 57.9 
 
 Anuario 
 
 Estadistico, 
 
 1896-1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Demographia, 1898-1905. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,843,938 
 
 1,491 
 
 52.4 
 
 Boletin 
 
 Mensual de la Direccion de 
 
 
 
 
 
 Estadistica 
 
 , 1906-1912. 
 
 
 
 768 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 360 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Buenos Aires 
 
 1882-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1882 
 
 362,373 
 
 192 
 
 53.0 
 
 1901 
 
 854,988 
 
 723 
 
 84.6 
 
 1883 
 
 376,573 
 
 177 
 
 47.0 
 
 1902 
 
 886,986 
 
 763 
 
 86.0 
 
 1884 
 
 390,773 
 
 170 
 
 43.5 
 
 1903 
 
 918,984 
 
 864 
 
 94.0 
 
 1885 
 
 404,973 
 
 218 
 
 53.8 
 
 1904 
 
 950,981 
 
 890 
 
 93.6 
 
 1886 
 
 419,173 
 
 213 
 
 50.8 
 49.6 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,007,124 
 
 950 
 
 94.3 
 
 1882-188G 
 
 1,953,865 
 
 970 
 
 4,619,063 
 
 4,190 
 
 90.7 
 
 1889 
 
 490,779 
 
 352 
 
 71.7 
 
 1906 
 
 1,063,267 
 
 982 
 
 92.4 
 
 1890 
 
 519,482 
 
 308 
 
 59.3 
 
 1907 
 
 1,119,410 
 
 983 
 
 87.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 1,175,553 
 
 1,030 
 
 87.6 
 
 1891 
 
 548,185 
 
 324 
 
 59.1 
 
 1909 
 
 1,231,698 
 
 1,026 
 
 83.3 
 
 1892 
 
 576,888 
 
 370 
 
 64.1 
 
 1910 
 
 1,282,353 
 
 1,034 
 
 80.6 
 
 1893 
 
 605,591 
 
 427 
 
 70.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 634,293 
 
 442 
 
 69.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 5,872,281 
 
 5,055 
 
 86.1 
 
 1895 
 
 663,000 
 
 461 
 
 69.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 1,333,008 
 
 1,175 
 
 88.1 
 
 
 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,027,957 
 
 2,024 
 
 66.8 
 
 1912 
 
 1,383,663 
 
 1,210 
 
 87.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 1,434,318 
 
 1,266 
 
 88.3 
 
 1896 
 
 694,998 
 
 514 
 
 74.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 726,996 
 
 629 
 
 86.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 Year-Book 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 1898 
 
 758,994 
 
 554 
 
 73.0 
 
 Buenos Aires. 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 790,992 
 
 614 
 
 77.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 822,990 
 
 748 
 
 90.9 
 80.6 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 3,794,970 
 
 3,059 
 
 
 Table 361 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Buenos Aires, Males 
 
 1896-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 372,102 
 
 301 
 
 80.9 
 
 1906 
 
 558,640 
 
 607 
 
 108.7 
 
 1897 
 
 388,070 
 
 359 
 
 92.5 
 
 1907 
 
 589,593 
 
 584 
 
 99.1 
 
 1898 
 
 403,937 
 
 314 
 
 77.7 
 
 1908 
 
 620,692 
 
 632 
 
 101.8 
 
 1899 
 
 419,700 
 
 351 
 
 83.6 
 
 1909 
 
 651,938 
 
 617 
 
 94.6 
 
 1900 
 
 435,362 
 
 439 
 
 100.8 
 87.4 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 680,416 
 
 622 
 
 91.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 2,019,171 
 
 1,764 
 
 3,101,279 
 
 3,062 
 
 98.7 
 
 1901 
 
 451,006 
 
 441 
 
 97.8 
 
 1911 
 
 708,361 
 
 733 
 
 103.5 
 
 1902 
 
 466,555 
 
 485 
 
 104.0 
 
 1912 
 
 736,109 
 
 720 
 
 97.8 
 
 1903 
 
 482,007 
 
 503 
 
 104.4 
 
 1913 
 
 763,660 
 
 742 
 
 97.2 
 
 1904 
 
 497,363 
 
 548 
 
 110.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 527,934 
 
 562 
 
 106.5 
 
 Source : 
 
 Year-Book 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tiny-i»-»/-.C7 Ai-M/^o 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,424,865 
 
 2,539 
 
 104.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 769 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 362 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Buenos Aires, Females 
 
 1896-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1896 
 
 322,896 
 
 213 
 
 66.0 
 
 1906 
 
 504,627 
 
 375 
 
 74.3 
 
 1897 
 
 338,926 
 
 270 
 
 79.7 
 
 1907 
 
 529,817 
 
 399 
 
 75.3 
 
 1898 
 
 355,057 
 
 240 
 
 67.6 
 
 1908 
 
 554,861 
 
 398 
 
 71.7 
 
 1899 
 
 371,292 
 
 263 
 
 70.8 
 
 1909 
 
 579,760 
 
 409 
 
 70.5 
 
 1900 
 
 387,628 
 
 309 
 
 79.7 
 72.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 601,937 
 
 412 
 
 68.4 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 1,775,799 
 
 1,295 
 
 2,771,002 
 
 1,993 
 
 71.9 
 
 1901 
 
 403,982 
 
 282 
 
 69.8 
 
 1911 
 
 624,647 
 
 442 
 
 70.8 
 
 1902 
 
 420,431 
 
 278 
 
 66.1 
 
 1912 
 
 647,554 
 
 490 
 
 75.7 
 
 1903 
 
 436,977 
 
 361 
 
 82.6 
 
 1913 
 
 670,658 
 
 524 
 
 78.1 
 
 1904 
 
 453,618 
 
 342 
 
 75.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 479,190 
 
 388 
 
 81.0 
 
 Source : 
 
 Year-Book 
 
 of the 
 
 City of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 2,194,198 
 
 1,651 
 
 75.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 363 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Buenos Aires, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex, 1907-1911 
 
 MALES 
 
 • Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 210 6.46 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,740 53.52 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines, rectum . . 147 4.52 
 
 Female generative organs 
 
 Breast 
 
 Skin 66 2.03 
 
 Other or not specified organs 1,025 31.53 
 
 All organs 3,188 98.06 
 
 Source : Year-Book of the City of Buenos Aires. 
 
 FEMALES 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 33 
 
 1.14 
 
 677 
 
 23.42 
 
 131 
 
 4.53 
 
 532 
 
 18.40 
 
 137 
 
 4.74 
 
 24 
 
 0.83 
 
 526 
 
 18.19 
 
 2,060 
 
 71.25 
 
 770 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 364 
 
 
 
 Table 366 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the 
 
 City of 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in th 
 
 e City of 
 
 Rosario de 
 
 Santa Fe 
 
 
 Rosario de Santa Fe, Females 
 
 
 1904- 
 
 1913 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1904-1911 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Caacer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 
 128,078 
 
 83 
 
 64.8 
 
 1904 
 
 59,479 
 
 38 
 
 63.9 
 
 1905 
 
 130,565 
 
 91 
 
 69.7 
 
 1905 
 
 60,595 
 
 41 
 
 67.7 
 
 1906 
 
 141,127 
 
 123 
 
 87.2 
 
 1906 
 
 65,455 
 
 47 
 
 71.8 
 
 1907 
 
 151,887 
 
 91 
 
 59.9 
 
 1907 
 
 70,400 
 
 39 
 
 55.4 
 
 1908 
 
 160,225 
 
 112 
 
 69.9 
 
 1908 
 
 74,216 
 
 50 
 
 67.4 
 
 1909 
 
 171,796 
 
 121 
 
 70.4 
 
 1909 
 
 79,507 
 
 51 
 
 64.1 
 
 1910 
 
 187,428 
 
 156 
 603 
 
 83.2 
 
 74.2 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 86,667 
 
 72 
 259 
 
 83.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 812,463 
 
 376,245 
 
 68.8 
 
 1911 
 
 203,886 
 
 145 
 
 71.1 
 
 1911 
 
 94,195 
 
 57 
 
 60.5 
 
 1912 
 
 214,269 
 
 150 
 
 70.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 225,600 
 
 138 
 
 61.2 
 
 Source: 
 
 Anuario 
 
 Estadistico de la 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ciudad del Rosario de Santa Fe. 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Anuario Estadisticc 
 Rosario de Santa Fe. 
 
 ) de la 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ciudad del 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boletin Mensual de Estadistica 
 
 Munici- 
 
 
 Table 367 
 
 
 pal de la Ciudad del Rosario de Santa Fe. 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Prov- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ince of Tucuman 
 1901-1912 
 
 
 
 Table 365 
 from Cancer in the 
 
 Cityof 
 
 
 Mortality 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Rosario de Santa Fe, Males 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 1904-] 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 Rate per 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 252,098 
 
 254,762 
 
 46 
 44 
 
 18.2 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 17.3 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 1903 
 
 257,427 
 
 47 
 
 18.3 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 'opulation 
 
 1904 
 
 263,079 
 
 40 
 
 15.2 
 
 1904 
 
 68,599 
 
 45 
 
 65.6 
 
 1905 
 
 269,617 
 
 39 
 
 14.4 
 
 1905 
 
 69,970 
 
 50 
 
 71.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 1,296,983 
 
 216 
 
 16.7 
 
 1906 
 
 75,672 
 
 76 
 
 100.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 81,487 
 
 52 
 
 63.8 
 
 1906 
 
 291,230 
 
 39 
 
 13.4 
 
 1908 
 
 86,009 
 
 62 
 
 72.1 
 
 1907 
 
 299,241 
 
 36 
 
 12.0 
 
 1909 
 
 92,289 
 
 70 
 
 75.8 
 
 1908 
 
 311,600 
 
 48 
 
 15.4 
 
 1910 
 
 100,761 
 
 84 
 
 83.4 
 
 1909 
 
 312,519 
 
 55 
 
 17.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 320,933 
 
 57 
 
 17.8 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 436,218 
 
 344 
 
 79.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,535,523 
 
 235 
 
 15.3 
 
 1911 
 
 109,691 
 
 88 
 
 80.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 325,209 
 
 62 
 
 19.1 
 
 Source : 
 
 Anuario 
 
 Estadisticc 
 
 de la 
 
 1912 
 
 329,485 
 
 75 
 
 22.8 
 
 Ciudad del Rosario de Santa Fe. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source : 
 
 Anuario de 
 
 Estadistica de la 
 
 
 
 
 
 Provincia 
 
 de Tucuman 
 
 correspondiente al 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ano de 1910. 
 
 
 
 771 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 368 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Santiago del Estero 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 11,805 
 
 2 
 
 16.9 
 
 1906 
 
 16,578 
 
 4 
 
 24.1 
 
 1892 
 
 12,036 
 
 3 
 
 24.9 
 
 1907 
 
 17,170 
 
 16 
 
 93.2 
 
 1893 
 
 12,272 
 
 5 
 
 40.7 
 
 1908 
 
 17,852 
 
 11 
 
 61.6 
 
 1894 
 
 12,512 
 
 6 
 
 48.0 
 
 1909 
 
 18,534 
 
 3 
 
 16.2 
 
 1895 
 
 12,892 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 46.5 
 35.8 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 19,216 
 
 8 
 42 
 
 41.6 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 61.517 
 
 89,350 
 
 47.0 
 
 1896 
 
 13,324 
 
 12 
 
 90.1 
 
 1911 
 
 19,898 
 
 3 
 
 15.1 
 
 1897 
 
 13,657 
 
 9 
 
 65.9 
 
 1912 
 
 20,580 
 
 11 
 
 53.4 
 
 1898 
 
 13,989 
 
 6 
 
 42.9 
 
 1913 
 
 21,262 
 
 8 
 
 37.6 
 
 1899 
 
 14,290 
 
 2 
 
 14.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 14,698 
 
 1 
 
 6.8 
 
 Source: 
 
 Direccion 
 
 General de Estadis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 69,958 
 
 30 
 
 42.9 
 
 Santiago del Estero. 
 
 Mortalidad General, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890-1908. 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 15,066 
 
 7 
 
 46.5 
 
 1909-1913 by correspondence 
 
 with Di- 
 
 1902 
 
 15,339 
 
 6 
 
 39.1 
 
 reccion General de Estadistica j 
 
 ' Registro 
 
 1903 
 
 15,556 
 
 
 
 Civil, Santiago del Estero. 
 
 
 1904 
 
 15,827 
 
 6 
 
 31.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905. 
 
 16,168 
 
 7 
 25 
 
 43.3 
 32.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-1905 
 
 77,956 
 
 
 Table 369 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Republic of Chile 
 
 1892-1912 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1892 
 
 2,645,408 
 
 457 
 
 17.3 
 
 1906 
 
 3,202,510 
 
 1,209 
 
 37.8 
 
 1893 
 
 2,664,190 
 
 455 
 
 17.1 
 
 1907 
 
 3,249,279 
 
 1,251 
 
 38.5 
 
 1894 
 
 2,683,105 
 
 546 
 
 20.3 
 
 1908 
 
 3,297,585 
 
 1,434 
 
 43.5 
 
 1895 
 
 2,712,145 
 
 426 
 
 15.7 
 
 1909 
 
 3,347,124 
 
 1,369 
 
 40.9 
 
 1896 
 
 2,753,369 
 
 554 
 
 20.1 
 18.1 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 3,415,060 
 
 1,089 
 
 31.9 
 
 1892-1896 
 
 13,458,217 
 
 2,438 
 
 16.511,558 
 
 6,352 
 
 38.5 
 
 1903 
 
 3,060,807 
 
 894 
 
 29.2 
 
 1911 
 
 3,483,000 
 
 1,031 
 
 29.6 
 
 1904 
 
 3,107,331 
 
 1,194 
 
 38.4 
 
 1912 
 
 3,505,017 
 
 1,154 
 
 32.9 
 
 1905 
 
 3,154,561 
 
 954 
 
 30.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 publica d 
 
 PnV.lar>TnTl On\mt\nAn Aa lo TJo- 
 
 1903-1905 
 
 9,322,699 
 
 3,042 
 
 32.6 
 
 5 Chile en 
 
 1910 i Resena del 
 
 
 
 
 
 Movimiento de Poblacion del mismo ano. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Santiago del Chile, 1912. 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 Report of the Regist 
 
 rar-General for Eng- 
 
 
 
 
 
 land and Wales, 1912. 
 
 
 
 772 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 
 Table 370 
 
 
 
 Table 371 
 
 
 Mortality 
 
 from Cancer in the Prov- 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in th 
 
 le City 
 
 ince 
 
 of Santiago de Chile 
 
 of Santiago 
 
 de Chile 
 
 
 
 1904-19 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 
 1898-1909 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 from 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 1904 
 
 487,021 
 
 266 
 
 54.6 
 
 1898 
 
 270,704 
 
 250 
 
 92.4 
 
 1905 
 
 496,904 
 
 321 
 
 64.6 
 
 1899 
 
 275,638 
 
 272 
 
 98.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 281,886 
 
 296 
 
 105.0 
 
 1906 
 
 506,887 
 
 406 
 
 80.1 
 
 1901 
 
 288,645 
 
 222 
 
 76.9 
 
 1907 
 
 616,870 
 
 301 
 
 58.2 
 
 1902 
 
 295,059 
 
 230 
 
 78.0 
 
 1908 
 
 526,853 
 536,836 
 
 301 
 399 
 
 57.1 
 74.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 1898-1902 
 
 1,411,932 
 
 1,270 
 
 89.9 
 
 1910 
 
 546,819 
 
 373 
 
 68.2 
 
 1903 
 
 302,538 
 
 251 
 
 83.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,634,265 
 
 1,780 
 
 67.6 
 
 1904 
 
 309,510 
 
 223 
 
 72.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 317,420 
 
 233 
 
 73.4 
 
 1911 
 
 556,803 
 
 270 
 
 48.5 
 
 1906 
 
 324,057 
 
 204 
 
 63.0 
 
 1912 
 
 566,787 328 57.9 
 Correspondence from Direc- 
 
 1907 
 1903-1907 
 
 332,724 
 
 218 
 
 65.5 
 
 Source: 
 
 1,586,249 
 
 1,129 
 
 71.2 
 
 cioQ General de Estadistica de Chile. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 340,210 
 
 234 
 
 68.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 347,864 
 
 293 
 
 84.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Correspond 
 
 ence from 
 
 Direc- 
 
 
 
 
 
 cion General de Estadistica de Chile. 
 
 Table 372 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Santiago de Chile, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1898-1902 
 
 Organ or Part No. of Deaths Per Cent. 
 
 Head 2 0.26 
 
 Face 10 1.31 
 
 Lips 1 0.13 
 
 Mouth and tongue 17 2.22 
 
 Jaw 2 0.26 
 
 Larynx and throat 12 1.57 
 
 Spine 2 0.26 
 
 Lungs 6 0.78 
 
 CEsophagus 7 0.91 
 
 Stomach 367 47.91 
 
 Rectum 20 2.61 
 
 Other intestines 40 5.22 
 
 Liver 117 15.29 
 
 Kidney, spleen and pancreas 8 1.04 
 
 Bladder 14 1.83 
 
 Uterus and ovaries 89 11.62 
 
 Breast 9 1.17 
 
 Not specified 43 5.61 
 
 All organs 766 100.00 
 
 Source: Zeltschrift f iir Krebsforschung. 3. Band. 
 Note: Includes carcinoma only. 
 
 773 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 373 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Republic of Uruguay 
 
 1891-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1891 
 
 708,168 
 
 277 
 
 39.1 
 
 1901 
 
 931,527 
 
 495 
 
 53.1 
 
 1892 
 
 728,447 
 
 335 
 
 46.0 
 
 1902 
 
 947,407 
 
 481 
 
 50.8 
 
 1893 
 
 748,130 
 
 346 
 
 46.2 
 
 1903 
 
 963,287 
 
 501 
 
 52.0 
 
 1894 
 
 776,314 
 
 340 
 
 43.8 
 
 1904 
 
 979,166 
 
 531 
 
 54.2 
 
 1895 
 
 792,800 
 
 350 
 
 44.1 
 43.9 
 
 1905 
 1901-1905 
 
 995,046 
 
 587 
 
 59.0 
 
 1891-1895 
 
 3,753,859 
 
 1,648 
 
 4,816,433 
 
 2,595 
 
 53.9 
 
 1896 
 
 818,843 
 
 411 
 
 50.2 
 
 1906 
 
 1,010,926 
 
 667 
 
 66.0 
 
 1897 
 
 827,485 
 
 401 
 
 48.5 
 
 1907 
 
 1,026,806 
 
 695 
 
 67.7 
 
 1898 
 
 840,725 
 
 481 
 
 57.2 
 
 1908 
 
 1,042,686 
 
 662 
 
 63.5 
 
 1899 
 
 878,186 
 
 468 
 
 53.3 
 
 1909 
 
 1,080,070 
 
 704 
 
 65.2 
 
 1900 
 
 915,647 
 
 423 
 
 46.2 
 51.0 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,117,454 
 
 757 
 
 67.7 
 
 1896-1900 
 
 4,280,886 
 
 2,184 
 
 5,277,942 
 
 3,485 
 
 66.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 1,154,838 
 
 732 
 
 63.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1,192,222 
 
 838 
 
 70.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 1,229,606 
 
 903 
 
 73.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Source: 
 
 Anuario Estadistico de la Re- 
 
 
 
 
 
 publica Oriental del Uruguay. 
 
 
 
 Table 374 
 
 
 
 Table 375 
 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Repub- 
 lic of Uruguay, Males 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Repub- 
 lic of Uruguay, Females 
 
 
 1905-1912 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 Year 
 
 1905-19 
 
 12 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Population 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1905 
 
 506,279 
 
 340 
 
 67.2 
 
 1905 
 
 488,767 
 
 247 
 
 50.5 
 
 1906 
 
 514,359 
 
 375 
 
 72.9 
 
 1906 
 
 496,567 
 
 292 
 
 58.8 
 
 1907 
 
 522,439 
 
 395 
 
 75.6 
 
 1907 
 
 504,367 
 
 300 
 
 59.5 
 
 1908 
 
 530,519 
 
 389 
 
 73.3 
 
 1908 
 
 512,167 
 
 273 
 
 53.3 
 
 1909 
 
 549,540 
 
 396 
 
 72.1 
 
 1909 
 
 530,530 
 
 308 
 
 58.1 
 
 1910 
 
 568,561 
 
 429 
 
 75.5 
 73.9 
 
 1910 
 1906-1910 
 
 548,893 
 
 355 
 
 64.7 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 2,685,418 
 
 1,984 
 
 2,592,524 
 
 1,528 
 
 58.9 
 
 1911 
 
 587,582 
 
 431 
 
 73.4 
 
 1911 
 
 567,256 
 
 301 
 
 53.1 
 
 1912 
 
 606,603 
 
 477 
 
 78.6 
 
 1912 
 
 585,619 
 
 361 
 
 61.6 
 
 Source : 
 
 Anuario Estadistico de la Re- 
 
 Source: 
 
 Anuario Estadistico 
 
 de la Re- 
 
 publica Oriental del Uruguay. 
 
 
 publica Oriental del Uruguay. 
 
 
 W4 
 
APPENDIX G 
 
 Table 376 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the Republic of Uruguay, by Organs and Parts 
 
 according to Sex. Rate per 100,000 of Population 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 Organ or Part Persons Males Females 
 
 Buccal cavity 2.0 3.6 0.4 
 
 Stomach and liver 35.6 44.4 26.5 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 4.6 4.2 4.9 
 
 Female generative organs , 6.0 . . 12.2 
 
 Breast 1.8 . . 3.7 
 
 Skin 1.1 1.6 0.5 
 
 Other or not specified organs 14.9 19.4 10.4 
 
 All organs 66.0 73.2 58.6 
 
 Source: Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. 
 
 Table 377 
 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Montevideo 
 
 1903-1913 
 
 Year 
 
 Population 
 
 Deaths 
 from 
 Cancer 
 
 Rate per 
 
 100,000 
 
 Population 
 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 
 282,689 
 289,018 
 298,533 
 
 295 
 260 
 320 
 
 104.4 
 
 90.0 
 
 107.2 
 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 
 307,482 
 309,904 
 313,016 
 321,224 
 329,888 
 
 347 
 385 
 364 
 403 
 406 
 
 112.9 
 124.2 
 116.3 
 125.5 
 123.1 
 
 1906-1910 
 
 1,581,514 
 
 1,905 
 
 120.5 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 338,353 
 355,017 
 370,000 
 
 364 
 400 
 450 
 
 107.6 
 126.7 
 121.6 
 
 Source: Resumen Anual de Estadistica 
 Municipal, Montevideo. 
 
 Table 378 
 Mortality from Cancer in the City of Montevideo, by Organs and Parts 
 
 1907-1911 
 
 Deaths Rate per 
 
 Organ or Part from 100,000 
 
 Cancer Population 
 
 Buccal cavity 57 3.5 
 
 Stomach and liver 1,030 63.9 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectum 128 7.9 
 
 Female generative organs 172 10.7 
 
 Breast 53 3.3 
 
 Skin 20 1.2 
 
 Other or not specified organs 462 28.7 
 
 All organs 1,922 119.2 
 
 Source: Resimien Anual de Estadistica Municipal, Montevideo. 
 
 775 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 H 
 
 Recommendations and Instructions 
 ON THE Control of Cancer 
 
 Table Page 
 
 1 Recommendations to The American Gynecological Society for the National 
 
 Control of Cancer, by Frederick L. Hoffman 777 
 
 2 Purpose and Methods of Work of The American Society for the Control of 
 
 Cancer 779 
 
 3 Instructions on Prevention of Cancer Issued by the Borough of Portsmouth, 
 
 England 781 
 
 i Report on the Prevention of Cancer of the Medical. Officer of Health of the 
 
 Borough of Shelf, England 783 
 
 776 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 1 
 
 Recommendations to The American Gynecological Society, May 7, 1913, for 
 
 the National Control of Cancer, by Frederick L. Hoffman 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 1. The organization of an American society* for the study and pre- 
 vention of cancer, primarily for the purpose of educating the pubUc 
 at large in the absolute necessity of operative treatment at the earliest 
 indications of cancerous growths. 
 
 2. A thorough investigation into the geographical distribution of 
 cancer throughout the western hemisphere, but with special reference 
 to localities and sections which persistently show a very high or a 
 very low rate of cancer mortality. 
 
 3. A thoroughly qualified medical and statistical investigation into 
 the cancer experience data of general and cancer hospitals for a period 
 of sufficient length to determine the precise results of medical and surgi- 
 cal treatment, with a due regard to the after-lifetime, possible recur- 
 rence, or subsequent death of patients discharged as cured or materially 
 improved. 
 
 4. A nation-wide agitation for a material improvement and required 
 completeness of the official returns of deaths from cancer, with a due 
 regard to the organs or parts affected, for the purpose of reducing the 
 number and proportion of unclassified or ill-defined cancers to the lowest 
 possible minimum. 
 
 5. The Division of Vital Statistics of the Census, as well as all state 
 and municipal boards of health in charge of the registration, tabulation, 
 and analysis of vital statistics should be urged to redistribute the deaths 
 occurring in institutions, according to the permanent or regular resi- 
 dence of the deceased. Only by means of such a correction can the 
 true local incidence of cancer be established, as has been shown with 
 admirable clearness by the investigations of Green, of Edinburgh. 
 
 6. A thoroughly scientific investigation, through the cooperation 
 of the Census Office, the Bureau of Labor, the Bureau of Mines, life 
 insurance companies, etc., should be made into the occupational inci- 
 dence of cancer, with regard to which there are strong reasons for 
 believing that a wealth of useful information can be brought to light 
 which is at present unavailable. 
 
 7. Since an erroneous diet is a probable causative factor in cancer 
 occurrence, the nutrition of cancerous patients should be investigated 
 in conformity to the strictly scientific and conclusive methods of Pro- 
 fessors Atwater and Chittenden. 
 
 *"The American Society for the Control of Cancer" was formed in the city of New York on May 22, 1913. 
 
 777 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 1 (concluded) 
 
 Recommendations to The American Gynecological Society, May 7, 1913, for 
 
 the National Control of Cancer, by Frederick L. Hoffman 
 
 8. As an aid in the scientific study of cancer, and as a possible means 
 of bringing about a more intelligent public understanding of the accepted 
 facts of cancer occurrence, its nature and probable cure, the disease 
 should be made reportable to the local Board of Health in the same 
 manner as other diseases which are a recognized menace to public 
 health and welfare. 
 
 9. As a further aid, the Department of Agriculture should be re- 
 quested to make a thorough study of the occurrence of cancer among 
 domestic animals and plants known, or suspected, to be subject thereto, 
 and such an investigation should, as far as practicable, be coordinated 
 to the work of the Bureau of Soils. 
 
 10. The immediate preparation and widest possible distribution of 
 a concise outline of accepted cancer facts, showing the disease in all 
 eases to be of local origin, that the chief danger to the patient Kes in the 
 tendency toward a rapid extension of cancerous growths, that the only 
 certain remedy known to science i's the complete surgical removal 
 of the affected parts at the earliest possible indication of the disease, 
 and that when this is done the outlook for a cure in the accepted sense 
 of the term is decidedly hopeful, but that to the contrary delay and 
 neglect, or refusal to submit to operative treatment, are practically 
 certain to result fatally within a comparatively short period of time. 
 
 778 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 2 
 
 Purpose and Methods of Work of The AmericarL Society 
 
 for the Control of Cancer 
 
 The American Society for the Control of Cancer 
 
 PURPOSE 
 
 "To disseminate knowledge concerning the symptoms, diagnosis, 
 treatment and prevention of cancer, to investigate the conditions under 
 which cancer is found and to compile statistics in regard thereto." 
 
 ITS PROBLEM 
 
 Cancer is one of the chief causes of death. It claims about 75,000 
 lives every year in the United States. At ages over forty the disease 
 causes one death in eight among women, and one death in fourteen 
 among men. It is preeminently a disease of adult life, and at ages over 
 forty is a greater menace than tuberculosis or pneumonia. Its insidious 
 onset often occurs at the most useful period of life, when the father and 
 mother are of the greatest service to society. 
 
 ITS OPPORTUNITY 
 
 Much is known about cancer, but the present knowledge is not suf- 
 ficiently utilized. Cancer is not a constitutional or blood disease, but 
 is at first a local growth, which can at that time be easily removed by 
 prompt surgical operation. This is the only known cure, and the chief 
 hope of controlling the disease lies in a careful campaign of public 
 education in regard to the many well-known conditions under which 
 cancer develops, the first signs, and the vital importance of its early 
 recognition and prompt removal. 
 
 ITS ORGANIZATION AND AIMS 
 
 The American Society for the Control of Cancer was established by a 
 group of prominent men and women who were deeply impressed by 
 these facts and saw the need of a national agency to conduct statistical 
 investigations, organize local campaigns and promote educational work 
 in this field similar to that of the National Association for the Study 
 and Prevention of Tuberculosis. 
 
 Biological research, the treatment of individual cases and the main- 
 tenance of hospitals or clinics are not comprehended in the design of the 
 Society. Educational publicity is the first and the chief object. 
 
 ' ITS ENDORSEMENTS 
 
 The Society has received the official approval of the American Medical 
 Association, the American Surgical Association, the American Gynecolog- 
 ical Society, the Clinical Congress of Surgeons, the Western and South- 
 ern Surgical Associations and the various special medical societies of 
 national scope which together constitute the American Congress of 
 Physicians and Surgeons. Numerous state and local medical societies 
 have also given their endorsement and their active assistance in the work. 
 
 779 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 2 (concluded) 
 
 Purpose and Methods of Work of The American Society 
 
 for the Control of Cancer* 
 
 Methods of Work 
 
 PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION 
 
 A press bureau, carefully supervised by distinguished medical experts, 
 causes the regular publication of instructive articles in a large number 
 of newspapers all over the country. 
 
 Special articles are prepared for medical journals, health department 
 bulletins and popular magazines. Leaflets and circulars are printed 
 and distributed by mail, at meetings and through local agencies. The 
 cooperation of boards of health, insurance companies, womens' clubs, 
 industrial and welfare organizations and similar agencies is obtained 
 and much additional educational work is thus stimulated. 
 
 MEETINGS AND LECTURES 
 
 Large public meetings have been organized in Chicago, St. Louis, 
 Pittsburgh, Boston, Portland, New York and other cities. 
 
 A lecture bureau has been established, and well-qualified speakers 
 are supplied without expense for these and smaller meetings under the 
 auspices of appropriate organizations. 
 
 Special effort is made to instruct nurses and social workers as to the 
 elementary facts about cancer, in order that they may spread this 
 necessary and life-saving knowledge among the people, especially 
 women, with whom they come in contact in the course of their duties. 
 
 LOCAL WORK 
 
 Branch committees of the National Society are set up in every city 
 where the interest warrants such action. In organizing local campaigns 
 the cooperation of state and city boards of health is particularly sought 
 and health officials are furnished with facts, statistics and articles for 
 educational work of their own in this field. 
 
 STATISTICAL RESEARCH 
 
 A series of special record forms has been prepared for use In various 
 hospitals. A careful study of facts about the disease and the results 
 of treatment is thus being made, and all new knowledge developed 
 thereby will be given to the public. 
 
 The cooperation of the United States Census Bureau, state boards 
 of health and individual physicians has been obtained in improving the 
 reporting and publication of cancer statistics. 
 
 ♦Executive office, 105 East 22d St., New York, N. Y. 
 
 780 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 3 
 
 Instructions on Prevention of Cancer, Issued by the Borough of 
 
 Portsmouth, England 
 
 NOTICE IN REGARD TO CANCER 
 Borough of Portsmouth 
 
 It has been brought to the notice of the health committee that of the 
 number of persons who die each year from cancer many could have been 
 cured if they had applied earlier for medical advice. On questioning 
 patients as to why they did not apply to a doctor earlier, the reason 
 almost invariably given is that as the early symptoms were unaccom- 
 panied by pain, it was not thought that anything serious was the matter. 
 
 In order, therefore, to call the attention of the public to the signifi- 
 cance of certain symptoms and conditions, and to the vital importance 
 of acting promptly on the occurrence of these, it has been decided to 
 make the following facts public : 
 
 The only cure for cancer, at present known, is its early and com- 
 plete removal. Cancer, if removed early, has been proved conclusively 
 to be a curable disease. If neglected, and not removed in its earliest 
 stage, it is practically invariably fatal. The paramount importance 
 of its early recognition and early removal is, therefore, evident. For 
 this purpose the assistance both of the public and the medical profession 
 is requisite, and a grave responsibility rests on both. It is only by 
 their mutual co-operation that the ravages of this terrible disease can be 
 lessened. The following information should be of vital assistance to 
 the public. It is no exaggeration to say that, if acted upon, the result 
 would be the saving annually of many hundreds of lives, which at 
 present are inevitably lost. 
 
 1. Cancer, in its early and curable stage, gives rise to no pain or 
 symptom of ill-health whatever. 
 
 2. Nevertheless, in its commonest situations, the signs of it in its 
 early stage are conspicuously manifest. To witness: 
 
 3. In case of any swelling occurring in the breast of a woman after 
 40 years of age, a medical man should at once be consulted. A large 
 proportion of such swellings are cancer. 
 
 4. Any bleeding, however trivial, occurring after the change of life 
 means almost invariably cancer, and cancer which is then curable. If 
 neglected till pain occurs, it means cancer which is almost always 
 incurable. 
 
 5. Any irregular bleeding occurring at the change of life should inva- 
 riably be submitted to a doctor's investigation. It is not the natural 
 method of the onset of the change of life, and in a large number of 
 cases means commencing cancer. 
 
 781 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 3 (concluded) 
 
 Instructions on Prevention of Cancer, Issued by the Borough of 
 
 Portsmouth, England 
 
 6. Any wart or sore occurring spontaneously on the lower lip in a 
 man over 45 years of age is almost certainly cancer. If removed at 
 once the cure is certain, if neglected the result is inevitably fatal. 
 
 7. Any sore or swelling occurring on the tongue or inside of the mouth 
 in a man after 45 years of age should be submitted to investigation 
 without a moment's delay, and the decision at once arrived at by an 
 expert microscopical examination whether it is cancer or not. A very 
 large proportion of such sores or swellings occurring at this time of life 
 are cancer, and if neglected for only a few weeks the result is almost 
 inevitably fatal. If removed at once the prospect of cure is good. 
 
 8. Any bleeding occurring from the bowel after 45 years of age, 
 commonly supposed by the public to be "piles," should be submitted 
 to investigation at once. A large proportion of such cases are cancer, 
 which at this stage is perfectly curable. 
 
 9. "^^Tien warts, moles, or other growths on the skin are exposed to 
 constant irritation they should be immediately removed. A large 
 number of them, if neglected, terminate in cancer. 
 
 10. Avoid irritation of the tongue and cheeks by broken jagged teeth, 
 and of the lower lip by clay pipes. Many of these irritations, if neglected, 
 terminate in cancer. 
 
 11. Although there is no evidence that cancer is communicable under 
 ordinary circumstances, it is desirable that rooms occupied by a person 
 suffering from cancer should be cleaned and disinfected from time to 
 time. 
 
 A. Mearns Feaser, M.D., 
 Medical Officer of Health. 
 
 Health Department, 
 
 Town Hall, Portsmouth. 
 January, 1914. 
 
 782 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 4 
 
 Report on the Prevention of Cancer of the Medical Officer of Health 
 
 of the Borough of Shelf, England 
 
 URBAN DISTRICT COUNCIL OF SHELF 
 Report of the Medical Officer of Health on the Prevention of Cancer 
 
 Very successful efforts are now being made to reduce the general 
 death rate of this country by informing the public as to the methods of 
 prevention of the most fatal forms of disease, and thereby obtaining 
 their assistance. Until quite recently the lay public were kept in 
 ignorance— except through occasional and not too accurate articles in 
 the public press — of the vital subject of tuberculosis, but it is now 
 realized that little harm and very much good has been done by teaching 
 people how to prevent consumption. So, too, the prevention of cancer 
 must not be delayed because of a few nervous persons, for it is perfectly 
 possible to state some very important facts regarding cancer without 
 provoking morbid self-examination or fear. 
 
 The object of this report, therefore, is to give such facts in regard 
 to this disease, which, if generally known and acted upon, would save 
 very many lives annually. 
 
 No cancer "parasite" has been found, and there seems much evi- 
 dence to support the view that it is a natural response to injury. 
 
 An overwhelming testimony of facts proves that the chief causative 
 influence in its production is chronic irritation, i.e., it begins in a sore 
 place, perhaps a mere crack, which does not quite heal up because, from 
 its position, it cannot be kept clean or obtain perfect rest. 
 
 Prevent this chronic irritation and you will prevent cancer ! 
 
 Keeping in mind this all-important fact, the causation and prevention 
 of the more common forms of cancer are here considered : 
 
 The three more common situations are the breast, the stomach and 
 the uterus. 
 
 1. Breast. — The evidence is very strongly in favour of the cause be- 
 ing chronic irritation, the result of repeated "nursing" (lactation) and 
 attacks of chronic inflammation due to "cracked nipples" which do 
 not heal. 
 
 Prevention. — Corsets which press the nipples inwards should be 
 avoided, "cracked nipples" completely cured, and a doctor consulted 
 early about any "lump" in the breast, whether this be painful or not. 
 It may not be by any means necessarily a "growth," but it should receive 
 treatment.' 
 
 2. Stomach. — About half the cases of cancer of the stomach de- 
 velop at the seat of a neglected unhealed ulcer. 
 
 Prevention. — Very persistent chronic indigestion should not be neg- 
 lected too long. Continued "chronic irritation" anywhere is unde- 
 sirable and should be avoided. Ulcers of the stomach, which are 
 
 783 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 4 (continued) 
 
 Report on the Prevention of Cancer of the Medical OflBcer of Health 
 
 of the Borough of Shelf, England 
 
 often due to bad teeth and anaemia, must be permanently cured and 
 not neglected, as is often the case, for years. 
 
 3. Uterus. — Cancer of this organ is almost exclusively confined to 
 mothers and due to injuries at childbirth, which very simple remedies 
 would heal. 
 
 Prevention. — Irregular hemorrhage at the "change of life," and 
 especially — though slight and unassociated with pain — occurring after 
 the "change," renders it wise to consult a doctor. Such symptoms 
 by no means necessarily imply cancer, but this disease can often be 
 prevented if a medical man be consulted early under these circumstances. 
 
 4. Lip. — Its victims are nearly all smokers, its position on the lower 
 lip and practically never on the upper one. It was very common when 
 sticky clay pipes, which readily became hot, were used, and its cause 
 is chronic irritation. 
 
 Prevention. — It is a simple matter to see that little cracks about 
 the lip, nose and ears are healed up. 
 
 5. Chimney-Sweep's Cancer. — This, which may occur in various parts 
 of the body, is due to constant irritation of soot and dust. Em- 
 ployees who work at gas and tar works, and who get their clothes 
 saturated with irritating substances, are also liable to this disease. 
 
 Prevention. — This form of cancer is not nearly so common now that 
 sweeps are cleaner in their habits and work. It is wise to have warts, 
 moles and papillary growths occurring on any part of the body removed. 
 
 6. Tongue and Mouth. — Warty and papillary growths and simple 
 ulcers about the mouth are frequently due to chronic irritation from 
 smoking, bad teeth, etc. 
 
 Prevention. — When these are present, sources of irritation, e.g., 
 hot liquids, alcohol, smoking, should be avoided. All broken or jagged 
 teeth should be extracted, and any troublesome sore investigated. 
 
 7. Larynx. — The decrease in cancer of the "voice box" is due to 
 the fact that those conditions which contribute to their development 
 are now recognised early and reheved by treatment. 
 
 Prevention. — The conditions here mentioned are the improper use 
 of the voice, the abuse of alcohol and tobacco, and the presence of 
 "innocent" warts. 
 
 8. Gullet. — Cancer of the "food pipe" usually follows upon chroiiic 
 irritation of simple ulcers caused by indigestion or swallowing corrosive 
 suh)stances or hot liquids. 
 
 Prevention. — Simple ulcers should be healed and hot liquids should 
 not be swallowed. 
 
 784 
 
APPENDIX H 
 
 Table 4 (concluded) 
 
 Report on the Prevention of Cancer of the Medical Officer of Health 
 
 of the Borough of Shelf, England 
 
 9. Intestine. — Most of these cancers are of the lower bowel, and no 
 doubt due to the chronic irritation of constipation. 
 
 Prevention. — It is wise to consult a doctor as to any bleeding from 
 the bowel occurring in persons over 45 years of age. Of course this 
 may be due to haemorrhoids ("piles"). Chronic constipation, as well 
 as chronic diarrhoea, should be cured. 
 
 10. Gall- Bladder. — The chief danger of the long-continued presence 
 of gallstones is the occurrence of cancer as an expression of continued 
 irritation. 
 
 Prevention. — Persons who have had gallstone colic should have the 
 gallstones removed. This is not at all a serious operation. 
 
 Cancer, if removed early, has been proved to be a curable disease, 
 and the reason almost invariably given for not having seen a doctor 
 earlier was that the early symptoms were unaccompanied by pain. 
 
 Although cancer is probably not communicable under ordinary cir- 
 cumstances, it is desirable that rooms occupied by a person suffering 
 from cancer should be cleaned and disinfected from time to time. 
 
 J. AspiNALL Marsden, M.O.H., 
 
 Diploma in Pvblic Health. 
 
 Urban District Council Offices, Shelf. 
 July 1, 1914. 
 
 785 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 A complete list of the literature available in connection with the subjects specified 
 in the table of contents has not been attempted. The present bibliography is limited 
 to the more important works and articles consulted and made use of, most of which are 
 in the library of The Prudential. The references relating particularly to life insurance 
 and cancer have been separately listed, all being arranged alphabetically by authors or 
 titles. Treatises published in book form are indicated by an asterisk placed before the 
 author's name. 
 
 Abbe, R. T., Cancer of the breast; Med. 
 
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 Radium and surgery; Med. Rec, Aug. 15, 
 
 1914. 
 Radium and surgery; Scientific American 
 
 (supplement), Oct. 31, 1914. 
 
 Abramowski, H., Tiber die Biologie des 
 
 Krebses (On the biology of cancer); 
 
 Ztschr.f. Krebsf., 1913, xiii, 345. 
 Endemic incidence; Ztschr. f. Krebsf., 
 
 1907-08, vi, 394. 
 Irritation and predisposition; Ztschr. f. 
 
 Krebsf., 1910-11, x, 235. 
 
 Adami, J. G., Cancer Research Institute; 
 Jour. Am. Med. Assn., June 14, 1913. 
 
 *Althaus, Julius, Electrolytic treatment of 
 tumors and other surgical diseases; 
 London, 1867. 
 
 *Andrew, J. G., Age incidence, sex and com- 
 parative frequency in disease; London, 
 1909. 
 
 Andrews, Edmund, Supposed increase of 
 cancer; Jour. Am. Med. Ass7i., June 
 24, 1899. 
 
 Animal parasites in tumor formation; 
 editorial. Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Apr. 
 5, 1913. 
 
 *Arlidge, J. T., The hygiene, diseases and 
 mortality of occupations; London, 1892. 
 
 Arnold, H. S., Hemolysis in the diagnosis 
 of malignant neoplasms; New Haven, 
 1913. 
 
 Arnstein, Alfred, Ueber den sogenannten 
 "Schneeberger Lungenkrebs" ; Wiener 
 klin. Wochschr., Wien, May 8, 1913. 
 
 Aronsohn, E., Tuberculosis and cancer; 
 Deutsche Med. Wochschr., 1902, No. 47. 
 
 Astro, P. v.. Cancer statistics of Utrecht; 
 Ztschr.f. Krebsf., 1903-04, i, 268-270. 
 
 Atlee, E., A suggested method for the early 
 diagnosis of uterine cancer; Phila- 
 delphia, 1912. 
 
 Additional observations on the early 
 diagnosis of uterine cancer; Phila- 
 delphia, 1912. 
 
 Austin, Annette, Public stupidity and can- 
 cer increase; reprinted from De- 
 lineator, Oct., 1912, by Kentucky 
 State Board of Health. 
 
 *Bainbridge, Wm. Seaman, The cancer 
 problem; New York, 1914. 
 
 Fulguration and thermo-radio therapy; 
 New York, 1912. 
 
 Possible errors in the diagnosis of ab- 
 dominal cancer; address. Annual meet- 
 ing, Med. Soc. of the State of New 
 York, Rochester, Apr. 29, 1913. 
 
 Transmissibility and curability; address, 
 Rochester Academy of Medicine, 
 Rochester, May 15, 1907. 
 
 Trypsin treatment in cancer; N. V. Med. 
 Jour., Mar. 2, 1907. 
 
 Ball, C. F., Aberhalden's test in the diag- 
 nosis of cancer; Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 
 Oct. 3, 1914. 
 
 Barabas, Jozsef, Contributions to the 
 statistics of cancer localities; Ztschr.f. 
 Krebsf., 1905, iii, 158. 
 
 *Barnesby, Norman, Medical chaos and 
 crime; London and New York, 1910. 
 
 Bashford, E. F., The Bradshaw lecture on 
 
 cancer; Brit. Med. Jour., Jan. 14, 1911. 
 Cancer in animals and man; Berliner klin. 
 
 Wochschr., 1909, Nos. 36, 37; also 
 
 Med. Rec, Sept. 4. 1909. 
 The cancer problem; Deutsche Med. 
 
 Wochschr., 1913, Nos. 1, 2. 
 *Comparative study of cancer; Trans, of 
 
 San. Inst., 190i,v, 25. 
 *Fifth scientific report of Imp. Can. Res. 
 
 Fund; London, 1912. 
 *Heredity and disease; Proc of Roy. Soc. 
 
 of Med., London, November, 1908. 
 Letter on fresh alarms on increase of 
 
 cancer; Lancet, Feb. 7, 1914. 
 
 787 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Local irritants and cancer; 3d scientific 
 report of Imp. Can. Res. Fund, Lon- 
 don, 1908; also Brit. Med. Jour., Sept. 
 3, 1910. 
 
 *Real and apparent differences in inci- 
 dence of cancer; Trans, of Epidemio- 
 logical Soc, London, 1906-07, v, 25. 
 
 Report as delegate to Second Interna- 
 tional Conference on Cancer Research; 
 Paris, 1910. 
 
 Report of interview, with observations on 
 American vital statistics; N. Y. Sun, 
 Oct. 3, 1912. 
 
 *Bashford and Cramer, Growth of cancer 
 under natural and experimental con- 
 ditions; 2d scientific report of Imp. 
 Can. Res. Fund, London, 1905, part 2. 
 
 and Murray, Zoological distribu- 
 
 tion of cancer, etc.; 1st scientific report 
 of Imp. Can. Res. Fund, London, 1904. 
 *Statistical investigation of cancer; 2d 
 scientific report of Imp. Can. Res. 
 Fund, London, 1905, part 1. 
 
 *Beale, O. C, Racial decay; London, 1911. 
 
 Beatson, Sir George T., Cancer in Scotland; 
 Brit. Med. Jour., June 15, 1912. 
 
 *Beebe, S. P., Chemistry of cancer; Report 
 of Collis P. Huntington Fund for 
 Can. Res., New York, 1912, v, 3. 
 
 Beitler, Frederic V., A discussion of cancer 
 mortality; Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Oct. 
 16, 1915. 
 
 *Bell, Benjamin, Treatise on the theory and 
 management of ulcers : with a disserta- 
 tion on white swellings of the joints; 
 Edinburgh, 1789. 
 
 *Bell, Robert, Cancer — its cause and treat- 
 ment without operation; London, 1913, 
 2d edit., rev. 
 Approaching conquest of cancer; Med. 
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 Benedict, A. L., Cancer statistics; Med. 
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 v. Bergmann, Ernst., Diseases which pre- 
 cede cancer; Berliner klin. Wochschr., 
 1905, No. 30. 
 
 Berkeley, W. N., Results of three years' 
 clinical work with a new anti-serum for 
 cancer; Med. Rec, Apr. 25, 1914. 
 
 Bird, F. D., Conditions simulating cancer 
 of the stomach; Brit. Med. Jour., Oct. 
 1, 1910. 
 
 *Blaiklock, George, Alcohol factor in social 
 conditions; London, 1914, p. 37. 
 
 Bland-Sutton, Sir John, On cancer of the 
 duodenum and small intestine; Brit. 
 Med. Jour., Oct. 17, 1914. 
 
 *Gall-stones and diseases of the bile- 
 ducts; New York, 1908. 
 
 Bloodgood, Joseph C, Control of cancer; 
 Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Dec. 27, 1913. 
 
 Observations on cancer of the tongue; 
 Southern Med. Jour., July, 1914. 
 
 Surgery, gynecology, obstetrics and gen- 
 ito-urinary diseases; Southern Med. 
 Jour., July, 1915. 
 
 Surgical treatment of cutaneous malig- 
 nant growths; Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 
 Nov. 5, 1910. 
 
 What every one should know about can- 
 cer. No. 1; The cancer problem. No. 6; 
 Control of cancer. No. 7; Prevention 
 of cancer series. Council on Health 
 and Public Instruction, Am. Med. 
 Assn., Chicago, 1914-15. 
 
 Boggs, R. H., Modern trend in the treat- 
 ment of malignancy; A^. Y. Med. Jour., 
 June 13, 1914. 
 
 Boldt, H. J., Observations on the possible 
 reduction of the mortality from cancer 
 of the uterus, with special reference to 
 treatment and publicity through the 
 lay press; Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Mar. 
 29, 1913. 
 
 Borrmann, Robert, Statistics concerning 
 histologically investigated skin can- 
 cers; Deutsche Ztschr. f. Chir., v, 76, 
 parts 4-6. 
 
 *Boudin, J. C. M., Treatise on geography, 
 medical statistics and endemic dis- 
 eases; Paris, 1857, 2 vols. 
 
 Bovee, J. W., Status of the fight against 
 cancer of the uterus; Jour. Am. Med. 
 Assn., Sept. 21, 1907. 
 
 Bowen, John T., Precancerous dermatosis; 
 Jour. Cutaneous Diseases, Dec. 1915. 
 
 Brand, A. T., Problem of causation; 
 Practitioner, 1903, v, 72, No. 4, p. 579. 
 
 Branthwaite, R. W., Report of inspector 
 under inebriates act, for year 1909; 
 London, 1911. 
 
 Bristol, L. D., Problem of cancer etiology; 
 Med. Rec, May 3, 1913. 
 
 Bristow, A. I., Hypothesis of Cohnheim 
 concerning carcinoma; Brooklyn Med. 
 Jour., October, 1903, xvii, 444. 
 
 788 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Buday, K., Statistics of cancer and malig- 
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 *Cancer — its cause and treatment; New 
 
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 Medical aspects of cancer; Med. Rec, 
 
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 *Bullock, F. D., Notes on the growth of 
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 Burn, Joseph, Vital statistics explained; 
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 Burrus, J. T., On operable and inoperable 
 cancer of the uterus; Charlotte (N. C.) 
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 *Butler, G. R., Diagnostics of internal medi- 
 cine; New York and London, 1905. 
 
 Butlin, H. T., Results of operations for 
 carcinoma of the tongue; Brit. Med. 
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 Two lectures on unicellula cancri: the 
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 *Cabot, R. C, Differential diagnosis; Phila- 
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 *Physical diagnosis; New York, 1910, 
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 Cameron, Sir Hector C, Some clinical 
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 *Campbell, Harry, The causation of dis- 
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 cure fraud; reprinted with modifi- 
 cations and additions from Jour. Am. 
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 , early treatment of, and cure; 
 
 Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., New 
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 Medical Sciences, ii, 595, et seq. 
 
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 view, Mar., 1904, vol. vii. 
 
 statistics of Amsterdam; published 
 
 by Municipal Bureau of Statistics, 
 Amsterdam, 1911. 
 
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 1911. 
 
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 deaths, for year 1901, pp. 72-89. 
 
 symposium; Michigan State Board 
 
 of Health, Nov., 1915. 
 
 and what you should know about 
 
 the disease of middle life and old 
 age; North Carolina State Board of 
 Health, Special Bull. No. 37, Raleigh, 
 N. C, February, 1915. 
 
 *Catalogue of cancer exhibit; Interna- 
 tional Hygiene Exposition, Dresden, 
 1911. 
 
 *Cathcart, C. W., Essential similarity of 
 innocent and malignant tumors; New 
 York, 1913. 
 
 Chalmers, A. J., and Christopherson, J. B., 
 Article on peculiar form of spreading 
 cutaneous wart (murkekiasmosis am- 
 philaphes); Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 
 May 1914, vol.xvii. No. 9. 
 
 Cheyne, Sir W. Watson, Diagnosis and 
 treatment of malignant disease of the 
 breast; Med. Rec, Aug. 22, 1908. 
 
 *Childe, Charles P., The control of a 
 scourge, or how cancer is curable; 
 London, 1906. 
 
 789 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Cancer, public authorities and the 
 public; Brit. Med. Jour., Mar. 21, 
 1914, p. 643. 
 
 *Chittenden, Russell H., Physiological 
 economy in nutrition; New York, 1904. 
 
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 bladder; Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Dec. 
 26, 1914. 
 
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 cutaneous epitheliomas; Jour. Am. 
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 Clark, J. G., Treatment of cancer of the 
 uterus by Roentgen rays; Med. Bull., 
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 1903. 
 
 *Clark, J. J., Rhizopod Protozoa: the 
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 New York, 1915. 
 
 Clark, W. L., Desiccation treatment of 
 congenital and new growths of the 
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 *Clemow, F. G., The geography of disease; 
 London, 1903, pp. 59-72. 
 
 Clevenger, J. F., Effect of soot in smoke on 
 vegetation; Bull. No. 7, Smoke in- 
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 Coe, Henry C, Cancer of the uterus; Med. 
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 * Cohen and Ruston, Smoke — a study of 
 town air; London, 1912. 
 
 Cohnheim, Paul, Constitution of the body 
 in cancer of the digestive organs; 
 Ztsehr.f. Krebsf., 1910-11, x, 317. 
 
 Cole, L. G., Positive and negative diagnosis 
 of gastric cancer; A'^. Y. Med. Jour., 
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 Coley, Wm. B., Observations on the in- 
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 Injury as a causative factor in cancer; 
 Report of CoUis P. Huntington Fund 
 for Can. Res. New York, 1912. 
 
 *Collie, Sir John, Malingering and feigned 
 sickness; London, 1913, pp. 127, 217, 
 241, 271, et seq. 
 
 Couch, L. B., Traumatism as a cause of 
 cancerous growths; A''. Y. Med. Times, 
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 Coughlin, W. T., Sarcoma of the tongue; 
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 *Councilman, W. T., Disease and its 
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 Couzis, Observations on cancer by the 
 
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 1903; also Ztsehr.f. Krebsf., 1903-04, i, 
 
 264. 
 Cresswell, Lionel, Oxygen and cancer, a 
 
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 Crow, D. A., Chimney-sweeps' cancer; 
 
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 Cunningham, J. H., Operative treatment of 
 
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 Davis, G. G., Etiology of Buyo cheek 
 
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 * and Prudden, Text-book of 
 
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 also Ztsehr.f. Krebsf, 1908-09, vii, 276. 
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 790 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Douglas, Archibald, National Radium In- 
 stitute; Mining and Scientific Press, 
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 *Drysdale, C. V., Observations on preven- 
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 Dupuich, M., Cancer of the tongue in 
 young people; Rev. de Chir., Mar., 
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 Edwards, Roy F., General death rate from 
 malignant growths in principal Ameri- 
 can cities; N. Y. Med. Jour., Dec. 18, 
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 *Emerson, C. P., Clinical diagnosis; Phila- 
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 *Encyclopedia Britannica, Article on can- 
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 *Evans, Willmott, Medical science of to- 
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 Falk, Edmund, Statistics of cancer of the 
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 *Falta, Wilhelm, Ductless glandular dis- 
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 *Farr, William, Vital statistics; London, 
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 Fischer-Defoy, Dr., Early clinical diagnosis 
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 *Fishberg, Maurice, Observations on cancer 
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 Fishes, occurrence of cancer among; House 
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 Fordyce, J. A., Pathology of malignant 
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 Frazier, C. H., Sarcoma of the stomach; 
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 *French, Herbert, Carcinoma of left 
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 main symptoms (by various writers, 
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 *French, James M., A text-book of the 
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 Charles Spencer Williamson); New 
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 Frequency of cancer in Brazil; Ztschr. f. 
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 Freund, Wilh. Alex., Natural history of 
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 Galli, G., On the increase in weight in 
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 *Gardner, Faxton E., Iconograms, or a 
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 interesting surgical cases, with ex- 
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 *Gaucher, Ernest, Diseases of the skin; 
 London, 1910, pp. 186, 267, 440. 
 
 Gavalas, S. A., Spread of cancer in Greece; 
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 Gaylord, Harvey R., Etiology of cancer; 
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 791 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 *Gaylord and Marsh, Carcinoma of the 
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 1914. 
 
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 Goodbody, F. W., Electrical forces of 
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 Gordon, William, The factor of common- 
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 Griinbaum, Albert S., Germ-cell theory of 
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 Giissow, H. T., Potato canker transmitted 
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 Guthrie, Donald, Rodman operation for 
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 *Haaland, M., Spontaneous tumors in mice; 
 4th scientific report of Imp. Can. Res. 
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 Haberfeld, Walther, Statistics and etiology 
 of cancer of stomach, gall-ducts and 
 bronchi; Ztschr.f. Krebsf., 1908-09, vii, 
 190. 
 
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 the body; Report of George Crocker 
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 805 
 
INDEX OF AUTHORS 
 
 Abrahams, Adolphe, 4 
 Adami, J. G., 202, 205 
 Allen, J. A., 78 
 Andrews, E., 41 
 Arlidge, J. T., 58, 62 
 Arnstein, Alfred, 68, 69 
 Atlee, Miss E., 154 
 Atwater, W. O., 777 
 Auerbach, E., 149 
 
 Bainbridgb, William Seaman, 41, 128, 
 
 150, 184, 210 
 Baker, B. E., 67 
 Banks, Mitchell, 22 
 Bashford, E. F., 3, 14, 17, 18, 25, 27, 34, 35, 
 
 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 131, 153, 172, 199, 
 
 200, 283 
 Bazin, E., 190 
 Beatson, Sir George T., 204 
 Begbie, James, 79, 80, 82 
 Behla, R., 197, 203 
 Bell, Benjamin, 6, 22 
 Beneke, F. W., 190 
 Berchelmann, Johann Philip, 174 
 Bertillon, Jacques, 73, 276-282 
 Blancard, Stephen, 22 
 Bland-Sutton, J., 156 
 Bloodgood, Joseph C, 155, 171, 213, 215 
 Boas, Franz, 183, 193 
 Boldt, H. J., 214 
 Borrel, A., 205 
 Borst, Max, 4 
 Braithwaite, J., 148 
 Branthwaite, R. W., 189 
 Brinton, W., 78 
 Brockbank,E.M., 79 
 Bryan, W. A., 215 
 Buday, K., 160 
 Bulkley, L. D., 174, 178 
 Butlin, Sir H. T., 51 
 
 Cabot, Richard C, 4 
 
 Cahen, M., 188 
 
 Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, 5 
 
 de Chauliac, Guy, 187 
 
 Childe, Chas. F., 57, 164, 185, 190, 196, 215 
 
 Chittenden, Russell H., 175, 178, 179, 777 
 
 Clemow, F. G., 105 
 
 Clouston, T. S., 208 
 
 Cohnheim, Julius, 6, 60, 202, 205 
 
 Coley, Wm. B., 22, 139 
 
 Corbin, E. E. L., 4 
 
 Corson-White, Ellen P., 176 
 
 Couch, Louis Bradford, 186 
 
 Crile, G. W., 207 
 
 Cripps, W. Harrison, 172 
 Cropper, J. W., 69 
 CuUen, Thomas S., 157-158 
 Curie, Mme., 211 
 V. Czemey, V., 213 
 
 Davidson, Andrew, 105 
 
 Degrais, Paul (see Wickham and Degrais) 
 
 Delafield, Francis, 8, 9, 10 (see Delafield and 
 
 Prudden) 
 Delafield and Prudden, 9, 10, 25, 167, 198 
 Dennis, Frederick S., 128 
 Dollinger, JuHus, 151, 315 
 Dore, S. E., 211 
 Dublin, Louis, 4 
 Duhrssen, Alfred, 213, 214 
 Dunn, H. P., 24, 174 
 
 Emerson, C. P., 170 
 
 V. Esmarch, F., 190 
 
 d'Etiolies, Leroy, 189 
 
 Ewing, James, 43, 158, 297, 299, 301, 303 
 
 Fabre, Pierre, 189 
 
 Farr, William, 29, 104 
 
 Fenwick, P. C. (see Hislop and Fenwick) 
 
 Fishberg, Maurice, 148, 149 
 
 Forrest, E. D., 208 
 
 Fox, H., 34 
 
 Fraser, A. Meams, 216, 782 
 
 French, Herbert, 5, 22, 170, 183 
 
 Frerichs, F. T., 193 
 
 Frief, F., 206 
 
 Gairdner, W. T., 81 
 
 Galen, Claudius, 5, 6 
 
 Gastpar, 76 
 
 Gavales, S. A., 699 
 
 Gaylord, H. R., 121, 180, 181, 203 (see Gay- 
 
 1 ord and Marsh) 
 Gaylord and Marsh, 181 
 Gilford, Hastings, 4, 14, 153, 168, 184, 193 
 Gould, Sir Alfred Pearce, 184 
 Gould, G. M. (see Gould and Pyle) 
 Gould and Pyle, 11, 34, 180, 192, 273 
 Goupil, 188 
 
 Green, C. E., 63, 64, 65, 66, 152, 197, 198, 777 
 Greene, Charles Lyman, 78 
 Greenough, Robert B., 215 
 Greer, W. J., 59 
 Greischer, S., 658 
 
 Grotjahn, Alfred (see Grotjahn and Kaup) 
 Grotjahn and Kaup, 16 
 Gryzanovski, E. G. F., 3 
 Gunsburg, B. F., 174 
 
 807 
 
INDEX OF AUTHORS 
 
 Haaland, M., 153 
 
 Hall, Haviland, 79 
 
 V. Hansemann, D., 205 
 
 Harben, Henry, 90 
 
 Harris, Philander A., 213 
 
 Harris, W. H., 188 
 
 Harting,F.H.,68 
 
 Hartwell, John A., 165 
 
 Hatch, J. Leffingwell, 9, 271 
 
 Hauser P. 694 
 
 Haviland, Alfred, 104, 105, 191, 199 
 
 Hazen, H. H.. 215 
 
 Heim, Gustav, 73 
 
 Heron, David, 57, 184, 189, 190 
 
 Hesse, W., 68 
 
 Hill, Bertram, 15 
 
 Hippocrates, 5, 207 
 
 Hirsch, August, 104, 105 
 
 Hirschberg, 58 
 
 Hislop P. W. (see Hislop and Fenwick) 
 
 Hislop and Fenwick, 190, 204-205 
 
 Hoeber, W. R., 202 
 
 Hoffman, Frederick L., 3, 15, 25, 46, 47, 86. 
 
 103, 125, 131, 151, 162, 163, 166, 185, 
 
 187, 777 
 Hollander, Bernard, 208 
 Horand, M., 189 
 Horsley, Sir Victor, 184 
 Hrdlicka, Ales, 152 
 Hunter, Arthur, 360 
 Hunter, John, 187 
 Hutchinson, Sir Jonathan, 4, 14 
 
 Jacobson, J. H., 213 
 Jaquith, W. A., 86 
 Jevons, Stanley, 73 
 Judd, E. S., 164 
 
 Kappeler, O., 193 
 
 Kaup, J. (see Grotjahn and Kaup) 
 
 Keen,W.W., 155 
 
 Kelly, Howard A., 194 
 
 King, George, 34 (see King and Newsholme) 
 
 King and Newsholme, 18, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 
 
 46, 83, 84, 90, 105, 283 
 Kirschner,H., 148 
 Knopf el, L., 149 
 Kolb, Karl, 76, 644-645 
 
 Lakeman, Curtis E., 215 
 
 Lambe, Howard, 174 
 
 Landis, H. R. M.. 188 
 
 Laurence, J. Z., 153 
 
 Lawes, E. T. H., 50 
 
 Lazarus-Bariow, W. S.,67, 185-186, 202, 205 
 
 Le Conte, John. 7, 22, 23 
 
 Lenhart, C. H., 181 
 
 Leonard, C. L., 67 
 
 Leonidis, 5 
 
 Leuenberger, S. G., 68 
 
 Levin, Isaac, 151, 210 
 
 Lex, 160 
 
 Leyden, Hans, 693 
 
 Lichty, J, A.,194 
 Lindemann, E., 650-651 
 Lockwood. C. B., 7, 169 
 Lombroso, Cesare, 148 
 Longstaff, G. B., 2, 3, 24, 206 
 Lyon, Glover, 34 
 Lyon, LP., 105, 201 
 
 MacCartht, 195 
 
 Madden, F. W., 136 
 
 Magruder, W. E., 60 
 
 Mallory, F. B.. 166 
 
 Marine. David, 181 
 
 Marsden, J. A., 785 
 
 Marsh, M. C. (see Gay lord and Marsh) 
 
 Martin, 213 
 
 Martin, Franklin H.. 215 
 
 Matas. Rudolph, 128, 132, 531 
 
 Maudsley, Henry. 208 
 
 Maydl (see Maydl and Nothnagel) 
 
 Maydl and Nothnagel. 194 
 
 Maynard. G. D., 192 
 
 Mayo, C. H., 195 
 
 Mayo, W. J., 187, 210 
 
 McCarrison, Robert, 180-181 
 
 McGraw, T. A., 213 
 
 Meech, 357 
 
 Meitzen, August, 3 
 
 Menard, 66 
 
 Mendel, Lafayette B., 176 
 
 Mercier, Charles, 208 
 
 Meyer, Willy, 207, 214 
 
 Michel, 174 
 
 Mill, John Stuart, 73 
 
 Miller, James, 155, 156 
 
 Mitchell, 58 
 
 Moinet, F. W., 78 
 
 Montgomery, E. E., 169 
 
 Moore, C. H., 154 
 
 Morison, Rutherford, 189-190 
 
 Morris, Sir Malcolm, 211 
 
 Moullin, C. M., 155, 167 
 
 Muirhead, Claud, 84 
 
 Murray, J. A., 34, 173 
 
 Murray, R. W., 36 
 
 Neve, Ernest F., 30 
 
 Neves, A., 696 
 
 Newsholme, Arthur, 34, 173 (see King 
 
 and Newsholme) 
 v. Noorden, Cari, 176, 191 
 Nothnagel (see Maydl and Nothnagel) 
 
 Oertel, H., 4 
 
 Ogle, Wilham, 86, 87, 172 
 
 Ogston, 58 
 
 Oliver, Sir Thomas, 49, 59, 64, 66, 198, 201 
 
 Orth, J., 160 
 
 Osborne, Thomas B., 176 
 
 Otto, C, 165 
 
 Paget, Sir James, 4, 14, 78, 91 
 Park, Roswell, 41 
 Parker, Willard, 92 
 
 808 
 
INDEX OF AUTHORS 
 
 Parsons, C. L., 212 
 
 Payne, J. ¥., 34, 84, 
 
 Pearson, John, C, 21, 73 
 
 Pearson, Karl, 172 
 
 Penibrey (see Pembrey and Ritchie) 
 
 Perabrey and Ritchie, 4, 8, 2C9 
 
 Phelps, E. B., 4 
 
 Pinch, A. E. H., 210 
 
 Pitchford, W. W., 68 
 
 Poirier, Paul, 18S) 
 
 Poppelmann, VV'alther, 204 
 
 Porter, C. A., 66 
 
 Powers, D'Arcy, 200 
 
 Prinzing, Fr., 104 
 
 Prudden, T. M. (see Delafield and Prudden) 
 
 Pyle, W. L. (see Gould and Pyle) 
 
 quetelet, n. a., 3 
 
 Rabagliati, a., 183 
 
 Ramazzini, Bern., 48 
 
 Rambousek, J., 58 
 
 Ramsey, M. E., 79 
 
 Recamier, J. A. C, 190 
 
 Rehn, Ludwig, 59 
 
 Reick, H., 160 
 
 Reick, J., 160 
 
 Renner, W., 36, 137 
 
 Repin, 180 
 
 Reyburn, Robert, 41. 183, 184 
 
 Ribbert, H., 205 
 
 Richardson, J. H., 34 
 
 Ritchie, James, 168 (see Pembrey and 
 
 Ritchie) 
 Robertson, W. F. 203 
 Rodman, W. L., 155, 207, 213 
 Rogers, Leonard, 4, 138, 177 
 Rogers, S. L., 304 
 Rokitansky, 188 
 Romer, P., 47, 208, 209 
 Roncali, D. B., 207 
 Ross, F. W. F., 179 
 Ross, H. C, 69 
 Rous, Peyton, 176 
 Rumsey, H. W., 3 
 Russell, Rollo, 57, 58, 215 
 
 Sampson, J. A., 215 
 
 Sargant, W. L., 23, 24 
 
 Sato, K., 139 
 
 Savill, T. D., 169, 170, 171, 192 
 
 Saxon, G. J., 176 
 
 Schamberg, J. F., 54 
 
 Schmidt, Rudolph, 4, 154, 165, 171, 188, 
 
 190, 194 
 Schwarz, I., 29 
 Seyberth, Ludwig, 59 
 Sharp, Samuel, 6 
 Shaw, H. B., 4 
 Sibley, 78, 92 
 Sieveking,E.H., 78 
 
 Simmonds, M., 44 
 Slye, Miss Maud. 173 
 Smith, A. W., 206 
 Snow, Herbert, 184 
 Soegaard, Munch, 203 
 Steinhaus J. 160 
 Steinhelm, 149 
 Sweet, J. E., 176 
 Symonds, Brandreth, 359 
 Syms, Parker, 155, 156, 157, 214 
 
 Tanchou, M., 23 
 Tatham, J. F., 34, 49, 86, 87 
 Taussig, F. J., 214 
 Teece, Richard, 34 
 Thackrah, C. T., 48 
 Theilhaber, A., 658 
 Theilhaber, Felix. 149, 688 
 Thompson, W. G., 61 
 Tyzzer, E. E., 173 
 
 Van der Velden, 176 
 Van Konijnenburg, J. J., 150 
 Vaughan, J. W., 207 
 Velpeau, Alfred, 78 
 Verworn, Max, 73, 74 
 Vigouroux, Romain, 190 
 Virchow, Rudolf, 6, 73, 202, 205 
 
 Wade, H., 203 
 
 Wainwright, J. M., 165 
 
 Walshe, W. H., 6, 7, 29, 266 
 
 Ward, 78 
 
 Warren. J. M.. 6, 7 
 
 Watkins-Pitchford, Wilfred. 204 
 
 Webb, Law., 199 
 
 Weinberg, W., 76, 205 
 
 Werner, R., 73, 203-204 
 
 Wertheim, Ernst, 210 
 
 Weyl, Theodor, 62 
 
 White. C. P., 7, 10. 11, 70, 155, 196, 272 
 
 White, G. D., 205 
 
 White, R. P., 55 
 
 Wickham, Louis (see Wickham and 
 
 Degrais) 
 Wickliam and Degrais, 211 
 Willcox, W. F., 31. 46. 47. 105 
 Williams, W. Roger. 11. 14, 15. 41, 55, 56, 
 
 57, 60. 90, 105, 136, 150, 154, 165, 174, 
 
 175, 177, 185, 188, 190, 192, 193, 206 
 Williamson, C. S., 170 
 Winkler, 195 
 
 Winter, Georg, 212. 213. 214 
 Winternitz, M. C, 86 
 Woglom, W. H., 5 
 Wolfif, Jacob, 6. 16. 26. 54. 62. 97. 128. 140. 
 
 148. 174, 179, 187, 188. 189, 190, 195, 
 
 198, 213 
 Wright, E. F., 179 
 
 Young, H. H., 215 
 
 809 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Abdomen, cancer of, 147 
 Abdominal viscera, tumors of, 5 
 Aberdeen, Scotland, C15 
 Abscesses, mortality from, 37 
 Accessible cancers, mortality from, 30, 31, 
 33, 37, 84 
 classification of, 283 
 Accidents and cancer, 48, 49, 440-441 (see 
 
 traumatism and irritation) 
 Accuracy of statistics (see statistics) 
 Actinic stimulation and cancer, 68, 204 
 Actuarial statistics, 35, 83-84 
 Adami, theory of growth of, 202 
 Adenoma, 10, 273 
 
 Advertisements of alleged cancer cures, 212 
 Africa, 106, 136-137, 219, 702 
 Africans, cancer among, 36, 137, 704 (see 
 
 Creoles and negroes) 
 Age, in relation to cancer, 11-14, 24, 34, 85, 
 88, 89, 93, 94, 102, 109, 111-114, 
 116-120, 131, 152, 169, 199, 200, 
 201, 305-401, 418-785 
 average, at death, 77, 85, 88, 89, 201 
 and cancer increase, 111,112 
 in carcinoma and sarcoma, 14, 131 
 and conjugal condition, 100 
 distribution, changes in, 39 
 incidence, by organs and parts and 
 
 sex, 113-114, 228-231, 316-785 
 of inmates of cancer-houses, 198-199 
 international statistics according to, 
 
 238-261 
 old, extreme, 14, 38, 77, 109, 114, 134, 
 
 135, 153, 154, 183, 204 
 
 and sex, effect of, 12, 111-112, 114-115 
 specific death rates according to, 436- 
 
 439 
 standardization of rates for, 12, 114 
 Agricultural workers, 57, 58, 62, 72, 74, 75, 
 
 204, 306-313, 315 
 Albuminoid diet and cancer, 174, 175 
 Alcohol and cancer, 57, 116-121, 174, 183, 
 
 184, 220 
 Alcohol and cancer of oesophagus, 183 
 Algeria, cancer mortality of Europeans in, 
 
 136, 702 
 Alsace-Lorraine, 650 
 
 America, geographical distribution of can- 
 cer in, 106, 740 (see Western 
 Hemisphere) 
 cancer in cities of, 145, 225, 473 
 mortality statistics of, improvement of, 
 
 4, 44 
 vital statistics of, 4, 34, 42, 44 
 American Gynecological Society, 777 
 
 American Medical Association, 215 
 American Oncologic Hospital, 159 
 American Society for the Control of Cancer, 
 
 777, 779 
 Amsterdam, Holland, 40, 106, 662-665 
 Anaemia, clinical significance of, 170, 176-177 
 Anaplasia, theory of cancer, 205 
 Angioma, 10, 273 
 Angola, 706 
 
 Aniline-dye workers, 59, 70, 73 
 Animals, cancer in, 63, 152, 173-174, 181- 
 
 182, 207 
 Antagonism, theory of cancer, 188 
 Anthracene and cancer, 49-51, 61 
 Anthropometry of cancer patients, 97-98, 
 
 356 (see height and weight) 
 Antiquity of cancer, 5 
 Antwerp, Belgium, 669 
 Apoplexy, mortality from, 440-441 
 Appendicitis and cancer, 36, 117-121, 194- 
 
 195, 220 
 operations for, 195 
 Arabs, cancer among, 136 
 Arctic regions, 142 (see latitude) 
 Argentina, 40, 140-141 
 Arid regions, cancer in, 192 
 Armenians, cancer among, 701 
 Arsenic workers, 56, 70 
 Arthritism and cancer, 190 
 Asia, 106, 137, 138, 219, 708 
 Asiatics, cancer among, 704 
 Asylums, cancer among inmates of, 58 
 Athens, Greece, 700 
 Atra bilis, theory of cancer, 179 
 Augsburg, Germany, 202 
 Augusta, Georgia, 128, 475-476 
 Australasia, 106, 107, 138, 720 
 Australian Commonwealth, 12, 38, 39, 
 
 107, 123, 124, 125, 139, 193, 
 
 254-255, 412, 720-722 
 mortality from diabetes in, 193 
 Austria, 38, 40, 107, 134, 135, 679, 680 
 Autopsy investigation, Johns Hopkins 
 
 Hospital, 86 
 Autopsy records, 4, 18, 23, 81, 84, 86, 138, 
 
 156, 160, 164, 170, 177, 194, 288- 
 
 289 
 Average age (see age) 
 Ayr. Scotland, 200 
 
 Bacteria and cancer, 198 
 Baden, 648-649 
 
 cancer census of, 36, 185, 203, 204, 206 
 Bahia, Brazil, 141, 764-765 
 Bakers, 48, 306-313 
 
 811 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland. 128, 477-479 
 Barbados, hospital statistics of, 751 
 Barbers, 314 
 Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital, 
 
 159 
 Bartenders, 314 
 Basel, Switzerland, 678 
 Bashford, cancer classification of, 31 
 Bavaria, 33, 123, 124, 125, 136, 219, 246-247. 
 
 412, 643-646 
 Belfast, Ireland, 625 
 Belgium, 134, 667-668 
 Bell, on ulcers, 6 
 Bellevue Hospital, 20 
 Bello Horizonte, Brazil, 767 
 Bengal, India, 709 
 Benign tumors (see tumors) 
 Berbers, cancer among, 136 
 Bergen, Norway, 634 
 Berlin, Germany, 653-654 
 Bermuda, 139-141, 747 
 Bern, Switzerland, 678 
 Bertillon classification of deaths from can- 
 cer and other tumors, 73, 276-282 
 Betel-nut chewing and cancer, 15, 30, 122, 
 
 138, 147 
 Bile and cancer, 179 
 Biliary calculi, 38, 110, 281, 430 
 Biochemical aspects of cancer, 179, 197 
 Biological aspects of cancer 4, 6, 9, 198, 
 
 203 
 Birmingham, England, 610 
 Blacksmiths. 57, 313, 316 
 Bladder, cancer of, 59, 70, 116, 120 
 Blast-furnace workers, 61 
 Blastomycetes in plants, 198, 207 
 Bloo.d, changes of, 176 
 Blood disease, cancer not a, 171 
 Boatmen, 314 
 Bogota, Colombia. 760 
 Bohemians, cancer among, 680 
 Bolivia, 140-141 
 Bookbinders, 313 
 Bordeaux, France, 672 
 Boston, Massachusetts, 39, 128. 129, 130, 
 479-483 
 early cancer records of, 7 
 Boxmakers, 313 
 Bradshaw Lectures, 184 
 Brazil, 39. 139-141 
 
 Breast, cancer of, 5, 7, 37, 58, 68, 77, 100. 
 110, 114, 115, 116, 120, 122-125, 
 130, 139, 168, 179, 191, 210, 229, 
 231, 300-301, 316-775 
 average age at death, 169 
 in Ceylon, 138 
 
 and conjugal condition, 98, 99, 100 
 diagnosis of, 5, 6, 111, 158 
 duration of, 165-166 
 hospital experience of, 159, 163 
 among Japanese women, 125, 220 
 among Jewesses, 148, 149 
 recurrence in, 165 
 
 Bremen, Germany, 652 
 
 Brewers, 57. 64, 72, 73, 306-313 (see malt- 
 sters) 
 
 Briquette manufacture, 61 
 
 Bristol, England, 611 
 
 British Columbia, 39, 745 
 
 British Guiana, 140-141, 752-753 ) 
 
 British Honduras, 140-141, 751 
 
 British possessions, 42 
 
 British ^'est Indies, 140-141 _ 
 
 Brompton Free Cancer Hospital, 159 
 
 Brookfield Township, New York, 105, 201- 
 202 
 
 Brooklyn, New York, 128, 484-485 
 
 Brussels, Belgium, 160, 669 
 
 Buccal cavity, cancer of, 77, 110, 111, 113, 
 114, 115, 130, 132, 139, 158, 163, 
 298-299, 316-775 
 model inquiry blank for, 298-299 
 and smolang. 185-186 
 
 Budapest, Hungary, 148-150, 686-688 
 
 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 141, 767-770 
 
 Buffalo, New York, 128, 484 
 
 Build and cancer, 97-98 (see anthropome- 
 try, height and weight) 
 
 Builders and contractors, 313 
 
 Burghers in Ceylon, cancer among, 710 
 
 Butchers, 57, 71, 75, 306-315 
 
 Cachexia, clinical significance of, 45, 170 
 Calculi of urinary tract, 38, 281, 430 
 Calcutta. India, 137-138, 708 
 
 autopsy records of, 177 
 California, 108, 422 
 
 Campaign against cancer (see American 
 Society for Control of Cancer and 
 education) 
 Canada, 140 
 
 Cancer a deux, 195, 205-206 
 Cancer, age in relation to (see age) 
 
 antiquity of, 5 
 
 areas. 199, 201, 202, 204, 220 
 
 blanks, model, 284-304 
 
 cages, 200 
 
 carriers, 205 
 
 census, 35, 36 
 
 classification (see classification) 
 
 comparative mortality from other 
 causes and, 440-441 
 
 conjugal condition as a factor in, 97- 
 101, 205, 219, 603, 604 (see mar- 
 ital infection) 
 
 cures, alleged, 212 
 
 deaths, transfer of, 113 
 
 definition of, 4, 7, 18, 30, 155 
 
 and diabetes, 192 
 
 diagnosis, difficulties of, 5 
 
 duration of (see duration) 
 
 education, 777-783 
 
 families, 202-204 
 
 fear, 208 
 
 hospital statistics, 158-161 
 
 houses. 196, 198-201, 220 
 
 812 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Cancer (continwd) 
 
 importance to insurance companies of, 
 
 77-lOa 
 increase of, details hy organs and 
 parts, age, and s("x, 38 (see in- 
 crease and mortality) 
 Kangri, of Kashmir (see Kanori) 
 latitude as a factor in (see liititudc) 
 mortality, earliest statistics of, 23 
 occupational incidence of (see occupa- 
 tion) 
 patients, physical condition of, 153- 
 155 (see anthropometry, height 
 and weight records, model forms 
 for) 
 race as a factor in (see race) 
 records, inquiry blanks and forms, 
 
 284-304 
 rooms, 198 
 
 sex as a factor in (see sex) 
 streets, 197-202 
 terminology, difficulties of, 4 
 and tuberculosis (see tuberculosis) 
 varieties of, 167 (see definition and 
 
 classification) 
 villages, 197, 199-204, 220 
 Canvassers and collectors, 314 
 Cape Colony, 136, 704 
 Cape Verde Islands, 706 
 Carcinoma, definition of, 5, 9, 10, 14, 34, 
 273 (see classification) 
 and sarcoma, mortality from, 167 
 Carcinomata, duration of, 167 
 
 subclassification of, 11 
 Carpenters and joiners, 306-313, 315 
 Causation, 30, 72, 73, 74, 116-121, 141, 
 168-169, 220 (see irritation and 
 parasitic theory) 
 Causes of death, contributory in cancer 
 
 patients, 44-45, 164 
 Cellular pathology, 4, 6, 184 (see Cohn- 
 
 heim's theory) 
 Celsus, knowledge of cancer of, 5 
 Census, cancer, 35 
 
 observations on, 74, 75, 76, 185, 186 
 Baden, 36, 203, 204, 206 
 Germany, 40, 74-75 
 Holland, 40 
 Hungary, 71, 206, 315 
 Sweden, 76 
 Census, letter from director of, 304 
 Centenarians, 14 (see old age) 
 Certificate of death, standardized, 285 
 Cervical erosion and cancer, 157 
 Cervix, cancer of, 99 
 Cestodes, 205 
 Ceylon, 15, 137, 138, 147, 709-711 
 
 cancer of breast in, 138 
 Chance occurrence of cancer, 206 
 Channel Islands, 134, 135, 627 
 Charity Hospital, New Orleans, 132, 158, 
 159,526-531 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, 16, 128, 129, 
 
 487-489 
 Charts, cancer mortality, 224-265 
 
 Age and organs and parts. United 
 
 States Registration Area, 230 
 Australia, 254 
 Bavaria, 246 
 Cities, comparative, American and 
 
 foreign, 226 
 England and Wales, 240 
 Fatality rate, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 
 
 264 
 Holland, 244 
 
 International statistics, 224, 228 
 Ireland, 242 
 Italy, 250 
 Japan, 252 
 London, 260 
 New York City, 258 
 Organs and parts, international statis- 
 tics, 228 
 Prudential Industrial experience, 262 
 Race, eight Southern cities, U. S., 234 
 Race, Maryland, 236 
 Sex and age. United States Registra- 
 tion States, 232 
 Switzerland, 248 
 United States, Registration Area, 230, 
 
 232, 238 
 Uruguay, 256 
 Chauffeurs, 314 
 Cheek, cancer of, 15, 30, 122, 147 (see buccal 
 
 cavity, Kangri cancer) 
 Chemical industries, 58, 62, 65, 66 
 Chicago, Illinois, 128, 490-492 
 Childbirth and cancer, 116-121, 135 
 Childhood, cancer in, 183 
 Chile, 140-141, 772 
 
 Chimney-sweeps' cancer, 49-51, 56, 57, 
 
 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 
 
 70, 72, 73, 122, 147, 175, 176, 
 
 306-312 
 
 China, 178, 714-715 
 
 Chinese, cancer among, 36, 138, 139, 178, 
 
 714-715,719 
 Chloroma, 273 
 Cholesteatoma, 273 
 Chondroma, definition of, 9, 10, 273 
 Christiania, Norway, 633 
 Christians and Jews, cancer among, 650, 
 
 658 (see Jews) 
 Chronic irritation and cancer, 183-187 (see 
 irritation, alcoholism, smoking, 
 etc.) 
 Chronometry of life, 14 
 Cider-drinking and cancer, 58, 174 
 Cigarmakers, 57 (see tobacconists) 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, 128, 492-493 
 Cirrhosis, hepatic, 183 
 
 Cities, cancer in, 126-129, 144-145, 227, 
 402-775 
 cancer mortality in, by size, 144 
 increase in cancer mortality of, 127-128 
 
 813 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Civilization and cancer, 23, 122, 146, 147, 
 
 178 
 Ci^^lized• world, mortality in, 38, 39-41, 221 
 Classification, Bertillon, international, of 
 tumors and diseases allied to 
 tumors, 276-282 
 International, of causes of death, 31 
 of plant parasites, 198 
 of tumors, 8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 167, 268-283 
 Classification of cancer, 7-11; 18-20, 22-23, 
 25, 31, 105, 155, 161, 167, 268- 
 283 
 changes in, 37 
 
 clinical and anatomical, 155, 166, 167 
 Delafield, 8 
 
 Delafield and Prudden, 9, 10 
 Gould and Pyle, 273-275 
 Hatch, 9, 271 
 
 Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 283 
 Pembrey and Ritchie, 8-9, 269-270 
 Walshe, 7, 268 
 "\Miite, 10-11, 272 
 Clay-pipe smoking and cancer, 59, 185 
 Clergj-men, 71, 72, 306-312, 314 
 Clerks, bookkeepers, etc., 314 
 Cleveland, Ohio, 128, 494-496 
 CHmate, 143, 152, 204 
 Clinical diagnosis, 169-170 
 
 records of, value of, 171 (see classifica- 
 tion, clinical) 
 Coachmen, 57 
 
 and chauffeurs, 314 
 Coal-dealers, 72, 306-312, 314 
 Coal-heavers, 57 
 Coal-miners, 57, 306-313 
 Coal-soot (see soot and chimney-sweeps' 
 
 cancer) 
 Coal-tar industry (see tar and paraffin in- 
 
 dustrj') 
 Cobalt-mine workers, 70 
 Coexisting diseases (see coincident dis- 
 eases) 
 CoflFee-drinking and cancer, 178 
 Cohnheim, cancer theory of, 6, 60, 202 
 Coincidence, significance of, 171, 191, 199, 
 
 201, 204-206 
 Coincident diseases, 187-188, 220 (see dia- 
 betes, sj'philis, tuberculosis, etc.) 
 Collective phenomena (see law of large 
 
 nimabers) 
 Colloid cancer, definition of, 8 
 classification of, 268, 273 
 Cologne, Germany, 656 
 Colombia, United States of, 140 
 Colorado, 108, 422 
 Columbus, Ohio, 128, 496 
 Commerce (employers and employees), 315 
 Commercial travelers, 57 
 Common laborers, 315 
 Commonwealth of Australia (see Australian 
 
 Commonwealth) 
 Communicability of malignant disease, 206 
 (see infection) 
 
 Comparative mortality, American and 
 
 foreign cities, 145, 226 
 international, 413-417 
 by race, 234 
 
 Western Hemisphere, 139-141 
 Complications in cancer, 44-46 
 Conclusions, restatement of, 218-221 
 Conditioning circumstances (see causation) 
 Conjugal cancer, 203, 207 
 Conjual condition and cancer, 97-101, 205, 
 
 220, 603-604 (see marital infec- 
 tion, cancer of ovaries, cancer 
 
 of breast and cancer of uterus) 
 Connecticut, 108, 113, 422, 455-457 
 Connective-tissue congestion and cancer, 
 
 183 
 Connective- tissue tumors, 10 (see sarcoma) 
 Consanguinity and cancer, 201-204 
 Constantinople, Turkey, 701 
 Contact infection, 202-207 
 Contagion (see infection and parasitic 
 
 theory) 
 Continental United States (see United 
 
 States) 
 Contributory causes, 44, 45, 46, 168-169 
 
 (see causation) 
 Control, cancer, problem of, 103, 171, 215- 
 
 217, 777-786 
 Controversies, useless statistical, 43-44 
 Copenhagen, Denmark, 639 
 Cooks, 314 
 Coopers, 313 
 
 Copts, cancer among, 136 
 Corea, 178 
 
 Corner houses and cancer, 197 
 Corrected death rates (see standardized 
 
 death rates) 
 Costa Rica, 140-141, 759 
 Creoles in Sierra Leone, cancer among, 36, 
 
 137 (see negroes) 
 Croatians, cancer among, 686 
 Crocker, George, Special Research Fund, 
 
 151, 178, 182 
 model cancer blank of, 294 
 Crude death rates (see standardized death 
 
 rates) 
 Cuba, 39, 123, 124, 125, 140-141, 413, 754, 
 
 756 
 Cysts and other tumors of the ovary, 282 
 Cytomata, definition of, 10 
 classification of, 272 
 
 Dampness and cancer, 190-191, 197, 198, 
 199, 203 
 
 Danish cities (see Denmark) 
 
 Danish West Indies, 140-141 
 
 Dayton, Ohio, 128, 497-499 
 
 Death certification, 2-5, 23, 27, 32, 82-84 
 
 Death rates, variations in, 1, 7, 12, 13, 18, 
 25, 30, 39, 40, 46, 47, 77-78, 128 
 cancer, maximum, 46 
 crude (see crude death rates) 
 European countries, 46, 47 
 
 814 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Death rates, (coniinued) 
 
 general, decline in, 17 (see mortality) 
 
 standardized (see standardized death 
 rates) 
 Debility, clinical significance of, 169-170 
 Decrease in cancer, 40, 94, 216 
 Decrease in chimney-sweeps' cancer, 49 
 Definition, cancer, difficulty of, 4 
 
 adenoma, 10 
 
 angioma, 10 
 
 carcinoma, 10, 34, 167 
 
 chondroma, 10 
 
 endothelioma, 10 
 
 fibroma, 10 
 
 glioma, 10 
 
 leiomyoma, 10 
 
 lipoma, 10 
 
 lymph-angioma, 10 
 
 myxoma, 10 
 
 osteoma, 10 
 
 rhabdomyoma, 10 
 
 sarcoma, 10, 34, 167 (see classification) 
 Delafield and Prudden, tumor classifica- 
 tion of, 9-10 
 Denmark, cities of, 40, 134, 637-638 
 Denver, Colorado, 128, 500-501 
 Dermatitis, Roentgen-ray (see X-ray 
 
 dermatitis) 
 Dermoid cyst, 275 
 Detroit, Michigan, 128, 501 
 Development and growth (see growth and 
 
 development) 
 Diabetes and cancer, 45, 119, 187, 192- 
 
 194, 220 
 Diagnosis, cancer, 4, 6, 78, 81, 169-170 
 
 differential, 22 
 
 difficulties of, 4, 5, 11, 103, 157-158 
 
 early, importance of, 42, 154, 171 
 
 erroneous, 21, 37-38, 123-125 
 
 and increase of cancer, 18, 23, 24, 25, 
 28, 37, 38 
 
 microscopical, 288-289 
 
 terminal, 6, 22, 34 
 Diet and cancer, 138, 174-179, 182, 220 
 Diet and retarded growth, 176 
 Digestion and cancer, 176 
 Digestive diseases, mortality from, 440-441 
 Digestive organs, cancer of, 32, 33 
 Discharges, clinical significance of, 169-170 
 Disease classification, 20 (see classification) 
 District of Columbia, U. S. A., 108, 128, 
 573-581 
 
 cancer in, by conjugal condition, 98 
 
 cancer in, by race, 15, 16, 131 
 Domestic servants, 56, 75, 306-312, 315 
 Drainage and cancer, 203 (see dampness) 
 Drapers, 57 
 
 Draymen, teamsters and drivers, 314 
 Dresden, Germany, cancer exhibit of, 106, 
 
 659 
 Drinking habits and cancer (see alcoholism) 
 Drinking water and cancer, 172 
 Dublin, Ireland, 624 
 
 Duodenum, cancer of, 176 
 Duration, of cancer, 59, 60, 115, 116, 165, 
 166, 168, 220, 623 
 of insurance and cancer, 83, 91, 96, 97, 
 
 166 
 oflife, effect of, 23 
 Dutch East Indies, 713 
 Dutch Guiana, 140-141 
 
 Early observations on cancer, 78 
 
 Early symptoms, importance of, 209 (see 
 
 diagnosis) 
 Eastern Hemisphere, cancer mortality of, 
 
 143-144 
 East Indians, cancer among, 136, 138, 140, 
 
 705, 738 
 East Prussia, cancer campaign in, 213 (see 
 
 Winter, Georg) 
 Economic condition and cancer, 152 (see 
 
 poverty and wealth and well-to-do) 
 Ecuador, 140-141 
 Eczematous ulcerations and cancer, 52-54 
 
 (see tar and pitch industry) 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, 122, 616-617 
 Editors and journalists, 314 
 Education and publicity and cancer, 171, 
 
 208-209, 212-217, 777-785 
 Educational campaign against cancer, 209- 
 
 217 
 Educational pamphlets, 215 
 Egypt, 136, 178 
 
 Egyptians, cancer among, 15, 136 
 Electrical workers, 313 
 Elevator-tenders, 314 
 
 Emaciation, clinical significance of, 169-170 
 Embryonic rests, theory of cancer, 202, 205 
 Encephaloid, classification of, 268, 273, 276 
 Endothelioma, 10, 273 
 Engineers, 72, 313 
 England and Wales, 13, 23-24, 30, 38-40, 
 
 42-43, 70-72, 107, 123-125, 134, 
 
 135, 167, 179, 191-193, 240-241, 
 
 306-312, 414, 596-604 
 accessible and inaccessible cancers in, 
 
 33-37 
 cancer and gout in, 191 
 cities of, 226-227 
 
 increase of cancer in, 33, 84-90, 193 
 mortality from appendicitis in, 194 
 mortality from diabetes in, 193, 
 mortality from sarcoma in, 167 
 occupational mortality in, 306-312 
 standardized death rates of, 310-312 
 Environment and cancer 122, 197, 203- 
 
 204 
 Epiblast tumors, 269, 271 
 Epithelial-tissue type, 10 
 Epithelioma, definition of, 8-9, 10, 274 
 Erfurt, Germany, 63 
 Errors in diagnosis and statistics, 1, 21, 129, 
 
 200 (see autopsy records) 
 Errors of development, tumors arising 
 
 from, 270 
 
 53 
 
 815 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Esquimos, cancer among, 147 
 
 Essen a/R., Germany, 657 
 
 Ethnological distribution, 36, 128 (see 
 
 race) 
 Europe, countries of, 46, 106, 133-136, 219, 
 594-595 
 cities of, 145 
 Europeans, cancer of, in Africa, 704-705 
 in Ceylon, 15, 710 
 in Dutch East Indies, 713 
 in Fiji, 738 
 in Hongkong, 714 
 in Indi^ 177 
 in Manila, 719 
 Exophthalmic goitre (see goitre) 
 Experiments, cancer, on animals, 173, 176 
 External cancers, increase in, 31, 86, 87, 89, 
 177, 203 
 origin of, 203 
 External and internal cancers (see internal 
 cancers, also accessible and in- 
 accessible) 
 Extrinsic origin of cancer, 197, 206 (see 
 environment and irritation) 
 
 Fallacies, statistical, 2, 3, 22, 23, 41, 43, 
 
 162, 203, 209 
 Family history of cancer, 91-92, 95, 97, 116, 
 
 152, 171-173, 200, 204, 220 (see 
 
 heredity) 
 records of, value of, 172 
 Farmers, 57 (see agricultural workers) 
 • Farmhouses, cancer in, 188-189, 198, 203 
 Fatality rate, 158, 159, 163, 264-265 
 Female generative organs, cancer of (see 
 
 generative organs) 
 Females, cancer mortality of, 12, 13,42, 110, 
 
 112 
 in insurance experience, 96-98 (see 
 
 males and sex) 
 Fertilizers and cancer, 64 
 Floods and cancer, 105, 190-191 
 Florence, Italy, 692 
 Fibro-adenoma, varieties of, 5 
 Fibroma, definition of, 9, 10, 274 
 Fiji, hospital statistics of, 737-738 
 Fijians, cancer among, 737-738 
 Filipinos, cancer among, 719 
 Finland, 640-641 
 
 and Sweden, 641 
 Firemen, 313 
 
 First-bom, cancer among, 154 
 Fish diet and cancer, 174 
 Fish, endemic goitre in, 180-182 
 
 thyroid carcinoma of, 180-182 
 Fishermen, 57, 71, 306-313 
 Fishmongers, 57 
 
 Food and cancer (see diet and nutrition) 
 Food disease, cancer a, 183 
 Foreign countries, 133-145, 403-417, 582- 
 
 775 
 Foremen, 313 
 Forfar, Scotland, 197 
 
 Forms of cancer, international classifica- 
 tion of, 276-280 
 Fra'nce, 39, 40, 106, 134-136, 670 
 
 League against cancer, 213 
 Frankfurt a/M., Germany, 30, 31, 32, 33, 
 105, 654-656 
 
 cancer classification of, 31 
 Free Career Hospital, Brompton, 159 
 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 136, 137, 706 
 French cities, 226 (see France) 
 Fuel briquettes, manufacture of, 51-54, 69 
 Fukien, China, hospital statistics of, 715 
 Furriers, 65 
 
 Galen, cancer theory of, 5, 6 
 Gall-bladder, cancer of, 117, 120, 156, 176, 
 
 187 
 Gall-stones and cancer, 156, 185, 186-187, 
 
 219 
 Galton Laboratory, 57 
 Gardeners, 49, 62, 72 
 Gas industry (see tar and paraflBn workers, 
 
 also patent-fuel industry) 
 Gastric cancer, 176 (see stomach and liver) 
 
 blank, 302-303 
 
 and ulcer, 110, 117, 156, 187 
 Gastric disturbances, significance of, 176 
 Gas-workers, 57, 71, 72, 306-312 
 General Memorial Hospital, 159, 296-303 
 Generative organs, female, cancer of, 16, 
 32, 33* 77, 99, 100, 110-111, 113- 
 115, 116-121, 122-125, 130, 135, 
 139,158,160,163,316-775 
 
 by conjugal condition, 98 
 
 estimated mortality in the United 
 States from, 77 
 
 international comparison, 228 
 Generative organs, male, cancer of, 177 
 Geneva, Switzerland, 678 
 Genito-urinary organs, cancer of, 215 
 Genoa, Italy, 691 
 Geographical pathology, 11, 26, 104, 105, 
 
 122-125, 219, 220 
 Geologic conditions and cancer, 203, 204 
 Germans, cancer among, 680, 686 
 Germany, 33, 40, 58, 76, 134, 135, 642 
 
 cancer census of, 74-76 
 
 cities of, 226 
 
 insurance experience of, 33 
 
 society for cancer research of, 6, 41, 62 
 Gibraltar, 135, 628 
 Gilgit, India, goitre in, 180-181 
 Glasgow, Scotland, 617 
 Glass-workers, 306-313 
 Glioma, 10, 274 
 Goitre, definition and etiology of, 181 
 
 Commission, Swiss, 180 
 
 in fish (see thyroid carcinoma) 
 Goteborg, Sweden, 637 
 Gould and Pyle, tumor classification of, 11, 
 
 180, 273-275 
 Gout and cancer, 187, 191-192, 219 
 
 mortality from, 191 
 
 816 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Grease manufacture, 52 
 Greater New York (see New York) 
 Greece, 135, 699 
 Greeks, cancer among, 701 
 Grocers, 48, 57, 306-312, 314 
 Growth and development, disorders of, 4, 
 153, 155, 166-170, 202, 220, 270 
 Guano-workers, 65 
 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 760 
 Gypsies, cancer among, 152 , 
 
 Hague, The, Holland, 665-666 
 
 Hamburg, Germany, 651 
 
 Hammerfest, Norway, 142, 634 
 
 Harness-makers, 313 
 
 Hartford, Connecticut, 128, 502-503 
 
 Hatch, cancer classification of, 271 
 
 Hatters, 306-313 
 
 Havana, Cuba, 756 
 
 Havre, France, 673 
 
 Hawaii. 138, 139, 739 
 
 cancer of breast in Japanese women 
 in, 125 
 
 Hawaiians, cancer among, 739 
 
 Health of cancer patients 152 (see physical 
 condition) 
 
 Health Education League, 215-216 
 
 Heart diseases, mortality from, 440-441 
 
 Heidelberg, Germany, 160 
 
 Height and cancer, 97, 98, 203 
 
 Heligoland, 650-651 
 
 Heredity of cancer, 78, 79, 89, 90, 91-92, 95, 
 97, 116, 152, 171-173, 200-201, 220 
 (see family history) 
 
 Hernia and cancer, 117 
 
 Hesse, Germany, 149, 650 
 
 Hindoos, cancer among, 399 
 
 Hippocrates, knowledge of cancer of, 5 
 
 Histiomata, classification of, 272 
 
 Histogenetic principle of classification, 9 
 
 History of cancer, 5, 6, 11 
 
 Hoboken, New Jersey, 128, 504 
 
 Holland, 40, 134, 135, 219, 244-245, 661-662 
 cancer census of, 40 
 cancer among Jews in, 150 
 cancer in, by organs and parts, 123-125 
 
 Hongkong, China, 137, 138, 714 
 
 Hospital experience data (see American 
 Oncologic, Barnard Free Skin and 
 Cancer, Charity, Collis P. Hunt- 
 ington, Free Cancer, General 
 Memorial, Johns Hopkins,London, 
 Massachusetts General, Middle- 
 sex, etc.) 
 
 Hospital records, 158-161, 220 
 
 Hospital statistics, importance of, 160-161, 
 221 
 
 Hostlers and stablemen, 314 
 
 Housing conditions and cancer, 122, 204 
 (see cancer-houses) 
 
 Humidity and cancer, 191, 192 (see climate) 
 
 Hungary, 39, 47, 107, 134, 135, 136, 638-686 
 cancer census of, 36, 71, 206, 314 
 
 Huntington, Collis P., Memorial Hospital, 
 161 
 
 Husband and wife, cancer among, 202, 205, 
 206, 207 (see conjugal condition 
 and marital infection) 
 
 Hydatid tumors of liver, 281, 428-429 
 
 Hydrochloric acid, significance of, 176 
 
 Hypemutrition and cancer, 154 (see over- 
 nutrition, diet and weight) 
 
 Hyphomycetes in plants, 198 
 
 Hypoblast tumors, 269, 271 
 
 Iceland, cancer census of, 640 
 
 Ignorance, menace of, 47 
 
 Ill-defined cancers (other organs and parts) , 
 
 77,110-111,115,130,139 
 Immunity, surgical, to infection, 207 
 Imperial Cancer Research Fund, cancer 
 classification of, 283 
 on cancer-houses, 198-199 
 on cancer increase, 17-18, 31, 34, 135, 
 
 138, 161 
 on collection of statistics, 138 
 Inaccessible cancers, 30-31, 84, 86 (see inter- 
 nal and accessible, also external) 
 Increase in cancer, 7, 1 1, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17,18, 
 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28-47, 78, 82, 85, 
 86, 87, 89, 90, 105, 133, 134, 141, 
 145, 160, 203, 218, 220, 305-775 
 by age and sex, 111,112, 305-775 
 in American cities, 127, 128, 450-581 
 in Australia, 193 
 ofbreast, 113-114, 447 
 of buccal cavity, 113-114, 444 
 by conjugal condition, 98-101 
 in European countries, 46, 47, 191-192, 
 
 193, 594 
 of generative organs, female, 113-114, 
 
 of ill-defined or not specified organs, 
 
 113-114,449 
 insurance experience of, 81, 82, 84, 85, 
 
 86, 93, 94 
 of internal and external organs, 87, 111, 
 
 113,114,219 
 international statistics of, 224-265, 305- 
 
 775 
 in New England States, New York, 
 
 New Jersey, 127 
 by organs and parts, according to age 
 
 and sex. United States, 113-114, 
 
 443-449 
 by organs and parts, England and 
 
 Wales, 598-600 
 of other or not specified organs, 113- 
 
 114, 449 
 of peritoneum, intestines and rectimi, 
 
 113-114, 446 
 by race, 128, 137 
 of skin, 113-114, 448 
 of stomach and liver, 113-114, 445 
 in United States, 28-47, 77-78. 111,112, 
 
 113-114, 127-128, 146 
 
 817 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 India, 137, 138, 177 
 
 cancer of cheek among natives of, 122 
 (see betel-nut chewing and Kangri 
 cancer) 
 cancer among natives of, 138 
 Indiana, 108, 423 
 Indianapolis, Indiana, 128, 505 
 Indians, North American, cancer among, 
 
 15,147,151-152,178,219 
 Indigestion and cancer, 170 
 Industrial disease, cancer as an, 48-76 
 Industrial insurance experience, Prudential, 
 of America, 45, 101-102, 313-314 
 (see insurance companies and 
 Prudential) 
 Inebriate asylums, cancer in, 184 
 Inebriety and cancer, 57, 184, 189 (see 
 
 alcoholism) 
 Infection in goitre, 181 
 Infectious, cancer not, 192, 206 (see 
 
 parasitic theory) 
 Infectiousness of cancer, 192, 199, 203, 205, 
 
 207, 220 
 Inheritance of cancer (see heredity and 
 
 family history) 
 Injuries and cancer (see accidents and 
 
 traumatism) 
 Innkeepers, 306-315 
 Innocency and malignancy, 8 (see tumors, 
 
 benign) 
 Innocent tumors, classification of, 270 
 Inoperable cancer, 165, 209 
 Inquiry blanks, cancer, 27 
 Insanity and cancer, 55, 58, 208-209, 220 
 
 (see worry) 
 Institutional treatment, 209 
 Institutions, cancer deaths in, 127, 129 
 Insurance agents, 314 
 
 Insurance companies, cancer mortality 
 experience of, American and 
 foreign, 316-401 
 Mina, 358 
 Alte Leipziger, 94 
 American, 95-98, 356, 357 
 Anker (Vienna), 392 
 Assicurazioni Generali, 94, 392-393 
 Australian Mutual Provident, 398 
 Austrian, 390-392 
 Austro-Hungarian, 94-95 
 Basle Life, 396 
 
 British Empire Mutual, 83, 363-364 
 British and German companies, 376 
 Clergy Mutual, 92, 364-365 
 Deutsche (Lubeck), 382 
 Deutsche (Potsdam), 377 
 Deutscher Kriegerbund, 377 
 Donau (Vienna), 393 
 Dutch East Indian, 399 
 Equitable Society (London), 365 
 First General Association Austro-Hxm- 
 
 garian officials, 393 
 Fonciere (Budapest), 94, 396 
 Foreign, 361-363 
 
 Freia, Bremen-Hannoversche Lebens- 
 versicherungs-Bank, 377 
 
 Friedrich Wilhehn, 378-381 
 
 German (combined), 376 
 
 Germania, Germany, 94, 382 
 
 Gotha, 33, 83. 383-385 
 
 Gresham Life, 92, 366 
 
 Janus, Mutual Life, 393 
 
 Japanese, 401 
 
 Karisruhe, 385-387 
 
 La Suisse (Lausanne), 396 
 
 Leipzig, 387-388 
 
 Magdeburg, 388 
 
 ]Margra\'iate Mora"\aa (Briinn), 394 
 
 Meiji Life (Japan), 137, 399-400 
 
 Metropolitan (London), 82, 366 
 
 Mutual Life (Krakau), 394 
 
 Mutual Life (New York), 90, 91, 92, 
 93, 192, 359-360 
 
 New York Life, 360 
 
 Northwestern Mutual Life, 93, 94, 361 
 
 Oriental Government Security Life, 
 177, 399 
 
 PhoenLx (Austrian), 94, 394 
 
 Praha, Mutual Life, 395 
 
 Prudential (America), 45, 70, 72, 101- 
 103, 131, 153, 166, 262-263, 312- 
 314 321-355 
 
 Prudential (London), 90, 367-369 
 
 Riunione Adriatica Sicurta, 94, 395 
 
 Saxon Militarj' Life, 389 
 
 Scottish Amicable Life, 80, 370-371 
 
 Scottish Union and National, 372 
 
 Scottish Widows' Fund, 78, 80, 82, 83, 
 84, 85-89, 372-376 
 
 Standard Life (Edinburgh), 80-82 
 
 Stuttgart Life, 389 
 
 Teutonia, 389 
 
 Thule, 397 
 
 Universale, Industrial, 396 
 
 Victoria Life, 390 
 
 Washington Life, 91, 361 
 Insurance medicine and cancer, 77-103, 
 
 214, 218, 316-401 
 Intermediate type of cancer, 283 
 Internal cancers, 5, 28, 29, 31, 86, 87, 89, 
 177 (see accessible, inaccessible 
 and external) 
 International cancer question form, 291-292 
 International Conference, 213 
 International statistics, 16, 106-108, 141- 
 
 145, 219, 224-265, 305-775 
 Intestinal cancer, diagnosis of, 158 (see peri- 
 toneum, intestines and rectum) 
 Intestines, cancer of, 117, 121 
 Invalidity, cancer as cause of, 48 
 Involvement, cancer and, 120, 121 
 Ireland, 12, 39, 107, 134-135, 136, 167, 242- 
 
 243,414,618-624 
 Ironmongers, 306-312 
 Iron-moulders, 313 
 Iron and steel workers, 313 
 Irritability, theory of cancer, 73, 74 
 
 818 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Irritation and cancer, 48-76, 156, 183-187, 
 202, 782-783 (see accidents and 
 traumatism) 
 
 Isle of Guernsey, 134, 135 
 
 IsleofMan, 135, 626-627 
 
 Italians, cancer among, 680 
 
 Italy, 39, 134, 135, 136, 250-251, 416, 688- 
 690 
 cities of, 226-228 
 
 Jamaica, 40, 748-749 
 
 Janitors, 314 
 
 Japan, 39, 137, 138, 139, 178, 179, 252-253, 
 
 415, 715-717 
 cancer in, by organs and parts, 123-125 
 Japanese hospital experience, 139 
 Japanese insurance experience, 137 
 Japanese women, scarcity of cancer of 
 
 breast among, 125, 219 
 Jaw, cancer of, 117 
 
 Jersey City, New Jersey, 128, 205, 506-507 
 Jewelers, 313 
 Jews, cancer among, 29, 31, 40, 147-151, 193, 
 
 650, 658, 682-683, 688, 701 
 diabetes among, 192-193 
 Jews and non-Jews, cancer among, 40, 148, 
 
 650, 658, 688 
 Johannesburg, South Africa, 136, 704 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital, statistics of, 158, 
 
 159, 161-163, 264-265 
 autopsy records of, 86 
 Journalists, 72 
 
 Kangri cancer of Kashmir, 30, 122, 147, 
 
 174, 175 
 Kansas City, Missouri, 128, 507 
 Kentucky, 108, 423 
 Kidneys, cancer of, 117 (see urinary 
 
 organs) 
 Kirkintilloch, Scotland, 197 
 Kolozsvar, Hungary, 160 
 Konigsberg, Germany, 660 
 Kristiania, Norway, 633 
 Kyoto, Japan, 719 
 
 Laborers, 57, 74, 75, 313 (see common 
 laborers) 
 
 Labrador and Newfoundland (see New- 
 foundland and Esquimos) 
 
 Lahore, India, Mayo Hospital, 177 
 
 Laity, cooperation of in cancer control, 214 
 
 Lampblack-workers, 59 (see soot-workers) 
 
 La Paz, Bolivia, 760 
 
 Latitude and cancer, 142-144, 219, 403-409 
 (see climate) 
 
 Laundry-workers, 72, 75, 313 
 
 Law of large numbers, statistical, 3, 41, 142, 
 145, 218 
 
 Lawyers, 306-312 
 
 Lead-poisoning, 117 
 
 Lead-workers, 65 
 
 Leather-workers, 62 
 
 Leeds, England, 611 
 
 Le Havre, France, 673 
 
 Leipzig, Germany, 659 
 
 Leipzig Communal Sick Fund, 73, 75 
 
 Leonidis, cancer theory of, 5 
 
 Leprosy and cancer, 187, 199, 219 
 
 Liege, Belgium, 668 
 
 Life insurance and cancer (see insurance) 
 
 Light exposure and cancer, 68 (see actinic 
 
 stimulation) 
 Lille, France, 673 
 Lima, Peru, 141, 761 
 Limestone formation and goitre, 180 
 Lip, cancer of, 56, 117, 135, 158, 184, 185- 
 
 186, 210 (see buccal cavity) 
 Lipoma, definition of, 9, 10, 274 
 Liquor-dealers, 314 
 Lisbon, Portugal, 697 
 Literature of cancer statistics, 2 
 Liver, cancer of, 117, 120, 121 (see stomach 
 
 and liver) 
 Liver diseases, 37 
 Liver, stomach and oesophagus, cancer of, 
 
 122-125 (see stomach and liver) 
 Liverpool, England, 608-609 
 Local cancer studies, 204 
 Local incidence and variations, cancer, 11, 
 
 30, 104-105, 108-109, 204-205 
 London, England, 23, 29, 260-261, 604-606 
 London Hospital, 150 
 London Radium Institute, 210, 211, 212, 
 
 221 
 London Society, early, for investigating 
 
 cancer, 213 
 Longitude and cancer, 143 (see latitude and 
 
 climate) 
 Longshoremen and stevedores, 314 
 Los Angeles, California, 128, 508 
 Louisville, Kentucky, 128, 508 
 Low-lying districts and cancer, 191 (see 
 
 swamps) 
 Luckau, Germany, 197 
 Luetic antecedents and cancer, 190 (see 
 
 syphilis) 
 Lunatic asylums, cancer in, 161-162 
 Lunatics, cancer among (see insane) 
 Lung tumors, 173 
 Lungs, cancer of, 61, 68, 118, 121 
 Lymph-angioma, 10, 274 
 Lympho-sarcoma, 274 
 Lyons, France, 672 
 
 Macao, China, 707 
 Machinists, 62, 313 
 Madison County, New York, cancer area, 
 
 201-202 
 Madrid, Spain, 694 
 Magyars, cancer among, 680, 686 
 Mail-carriers, 314 
 Maine, 108, 422, 458-459 
 Malaria and cancer, 187, 204, 205 
 Malays, cancer among, 15, 710 
 Males, cancer among, 12, 13, 42, 97, 316- 
 
 775 
 
 819 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Males and females, cancer amcng, 316-775 
 Malignancy, degree of, 48, 166-167, 169, 220 
 
 indications of, 167 
 Malignant disease (see cancer) 
 Malnutrition and cancer, 174, 176, 191-192 
 
 (see diet, gout, overnutrition and 
 
 weight) 
 Malta and Gozo, 628-629 
 Maltsters, 57, 72, 73, 306-314 (see brewers) 
 Ma mm ary cancer blank, 300-301 
 Man and animals, cancer in, 173-174 (see 
 
 animals) 
 Manchester, England, 612-613 
 Manhattan-Bronx, N. Y., 128 (see New 
 
 York City) 
 Manila, Philippine Islands, 137, 138, 719 
 Marble and stone workers, 313 
 Marital infection in cancer, 98, 205-206, 
 
 219 (see conjugal condition and 
 
 cancer a deux) 
 Marital infection in tuberculosis, 206 
 Maryland, 108, 423 
 
 cancer in, by race, 236-237 
 Masons, 313, 315 
 
 Massachusetts, 39,41, 108,113,423,460-462 
 Massachusetts General Hospital, 20, 129, 
 
 164 
 Mauritius, 136, 703 
 Maximum cancer death rate, 134, 141 
 Mayo Clinic, statistics of, 110, 156, 164 
 Mayo Hospital, Lahore, 177 
 Meat-eating and cancer, 175, 178 (see diet 
 
 and vegetarianism) 
 Mechanical irritation, theory of cancer, 
 
 205 (see traumatism) 
 Medical aspects of cancer problem, 1, 24, 
 
 89,90 
 Medical selection, value of, 77, 95-97, 101, 
 
 103, 219 
 Medicine, progress of, 6 
 Medico- Actuarial Investigation, 95-98, 219, 
 
 220, 356 
 Medico-legal aspects, 49 
 Mellon Institute, smoke investigations of, 64 
 Memphis, Tennessee, 128, 509-510 
 Menace of cancer, 42, 47, 131, 141-142, 146, 
 
 162-163, 218 
 Mental condition and cancer, 152, 207-208 
 Meso blast tumors, 269, 271 
 Metabolic disorders and cancer, 132, 156, 
 
 174-178, 180, 182, 220 (see diet, 
 
 overnutrition and weight) 
 Metal-workers, 62, 74, 75, 306-312 
 Mexico, 105, 140-141 
 Mexico, City of, Mexico, 758-759 
 Mice, cancer heredity in, 173-174 
 JVIichigan, 108, 424 
 
 cancer census of, 35 
 Micro-organisms and cancer, 187-188 
 Micro-organisms and goitre, 180-182 
 Microscopical examinations, 8, 18, 34, 84, 
 
 288-289 (see autopsy) 
 Middlesex Hospital, 92, 206 
 
 Milan, Italy, 692 
 
 Mill operatives, 313 
 
 Millers, 71, 306-314 
 
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 128, 510-511 
 
 Miners, 56, 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 75, 315 
 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota, 128,512-513 
 
 Minnesota, 108, 424 
 
 Missoiu-i, 108, 424 
 
 Mobile, Alabama, 16 
 
 Mohammedans, cancer among, 177, 701 
 
 Moles, malignant, 155, 157, 187 
 
 Molokai Leper Settlement, 187 
 
 Montana, 108, 424 
 
 Montevideo, Uruguay, 141, 775 
 
 Monthly cancer death rate in New York, 
 Massachusetts, New Hampshire 
 and Connecticut, 113,441 
 
 Montreal, Canada, 743 
 
 Moors, cancer among, 15 
 
 in Ceylon, cancer among, 710 
 
 Mortality from cancer and all forms of 
 malignant and non-malignant 
 neoplasms, 224-265, 305-775 
 (see autopsy records, statistics, 
 and indexed entries for all civil- 
 ized countries and their minor 
 civil divisions, by age, conjugal 
 condition, latitude, occupation, 
 organs and parts, race, religion, 
 sex, etc.) 
 
 Mortality from cancer, estimate of, 47, 77, 
 146, 427, 435 
 
 Mortality charts, 224-265 
 
 Mosambique, Africa, 707 
 
 Moscow, Russia, 697 
 
 Mountain districts, cancer in, 105 
 
 Mouth, cancer of, 118, 120, 121 (see buccal 
 cavity) 
 
 Mulattoes, cancer among, 706-707 (see 
 negroes and Creoles) 
 
 Multiple cancer cases, 200, 202 
 
 Munich, Germany, 136, 160, 657 
 cancer of Jews in, 148-149 
 
 Muscle- tissue type of cancer, 10 
 
 Musicians, 314 
 
 Myoma, definition of, 9, 274 
 
 Myxoma, definition of, 9, 10, 275 
 
 Nancy, France, 673 
 
 Naphtha industry, 58 
 
 Naples, Italy, 691 
 
 Nashville, Tennessee, 128 
 
 Natal, South Africa, 136, 705 
 
 Native races, cancer among (see race and 
 primitive races) 
 
 Natural history of cancer (see history) 
 
 Neck, cancer of, 118 
 
 Negroes, cancer among, 15, 128, 129, 131, 
 132, 140, 147, 159, 185, 431, 706- 
 707 (see Africans and Creoles) 
 Africans, cancer among, 704 
 
 Neoplasms, 187 (see cancer) 
 
 Nephritis, mortality from, 440-441 
 
 820 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Nerve-tissue type of cancer, 10 
 
 Netherlands, 107 
 
 Neuroma, 275 
 
 Newark, New Jersey, 128, 517-518 
 
 New England States, New York and New 
 
 Jersey, 472 
 Newfoundland and Labrador, 140-141, 746 
 New Hampshire. 108, 109, 423, 463-464 
 cancer mortality in, by season, 113 
 New Haven, Connecticut, 128, 518-520 
 New Jersey, 108, 425, 465 
 New Jersey, New York and New England 
 
 States, 472 
 New Orleans, Louisiana, IG, 128, 521-531 
 New Orleans Charity Hospital, 132, 158, 
 
 159 526-531 
 New South Wales, 138, 723-725 
 New York City, 128, 258-259, 532-542 
 New York, New Jersey and New England 
 
 States, 472 
 New York Pathological Institute (see New 
 
 York State Institute for Study of 
 
 Malignant Disease) 
 New York State, 108, 425, 466 
 
 cancer mortality in, by season, 113 
 New York State Department of Health 
 
 cancer blank, 290-291 
 New York State Institute for Study of 
 
 Malignant Disease, 114-121 
 model blank, 121 
 New Zealand, 40, 107, 138, 204-205, 736- 
 
 737 
 Nicaragua, 140-141, 759 
 Nice, France, 672 
 Nickel-mine workers, 70 
 Non-malignant neoplasms, classification of, 
 
 279-280 
 Non-surgical treatment, 209 
 North American Indians, cancer among (see 
 
 Indians) 
 North Carolina, 425 
 Northern Territory, Australia, 138, 735 
 Norway, 40, 134, 135, 136, 167, 193, 415, 
 
 629-633 
 cancer in, by organs and parts, 123-125 
 mortality from diabetes in, 193-194 
 mortality from sarcoma in, 167 
 Notification, cancer, value of, 204 
 Nova Scotia, 745 
 Nuremberg, Germany, 660 
 Nursing and cancer, 199, 207 
 Nursing, educational value of, 215 
 Nutrition and cancer, 132, 153, 174-179, 
 
 182, 183, 192-193 (see diet and 
 
 metabolism) 
 
 Obesity and cancer, 174, 183 (see weight 
 
 and anthropometry) 
 Occupation and cancer, 48-76, 152, 219, 
 305-315 
 mortality statistics of, 73 
 by organs and parts, 74-75 
 Occupation and tumor, 48 
 
 ffisophagus, cancer of, 118, 183 
 
 (Esophagus, stomach and liver, cancer of, 
 122-125 
 
 Ohio, 108 
 
 Old age, cancer in extreme, 14, 38, 42, 109, 
 114, 153-154, 183, 204 (see age) 
 
 Old persons, proportion of, 204 
 
 Omaha, Nebraska, 128, 542 
 
 Oncologic Hospital, 159 
 
 Oncology, definition and terminology of, 
 1, 4, 6, 20 
 
 Ontario, Canada, 39, 741 
 
 Operable and inoperable cancers, propor- 
 tion of, 165 
 
 Operations, early record of, 5 
 
 and cancer death rate, 40 (see surgical) 
 
 Operative treatment, results of, 113, 215 
 
 Organs and parts, cancer mortality by, 17, 
 19, 27, 32, 74-75, 77, 87, 88, 100, 
 110-111, 113-114, 115, 116-125, 
 129-130, 139, 141, 158, 159, 163, 
 177, 219, 228-231, 316-775. 
 international statistics of, 239-261, 316- 
 775 
 
 Orifices of body and cancer, 156 
 
 Osaka, Japan, 718 
 
 Osteoma, definition of, 9, 10, 275 
 
 Ovarian tumors, 110, 428-429 
 and cancer, 120 
 
 Ovary, cancer of, 100, 110, 118, 121 (see 
 conjugal condition and generative 
 organs) 
 
 Overeating and cancer, 178 (see diet and 
 nutrition) 
 
 Overfeeding and thyroid carcinoma in fish, 
 181-182 
 
 Overnutrition and cancer, 174, 178, 220 
 (see diet and nutrition) 
 
 Overweight and cancer, 153, 220 (see 
 anthropometry and weight) 
 
 Pain, clinical significance of, 155, 169, 170 
 
 Painters, 313 
 
 Palermo, Italy, 693 
 
 Pallor, clinical significance of, 169-170 
 
 Pancreas, cancer of, 118, 121, 192, 193 
 
 Paperhangers, 313 
 
 Papermakers, 313 
 
 Papilloma, definition of, 8, 275 
 
 Paraffin industry, 49, 54, 55, 56, 58, 61, 64, 70 
 
 Parana, Brazil, 766 
 
 Parasite, cancer, 196-197, 202-205, 783 
 
 Parasites, plant, classification of, 198 
 
 Parasitic theory of cancer, 195-196, 197, 
 198, 202-205, 220 (see infection) 
 
 Parasitical origin of cancer, 181, 202-205, 
 207, 220 
 
 Parimaribo, Dutch Guiana, 753-754 
 
 Paris, France, 671-672 
 
 Patent-fuel industry, 51-54, 61 (see tar and 
 paraffin workers) 
 
 Pathology of cancer, historical and geo- 
 graphical, 104 
 
 821 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Paupers (see poverty) 
 
 Peddlers, 314 
 
 Pelotas, Brazil, 767 
 
 Pembrey and Ritchie, on tumors, 4 
 cancer classification of, 269-270 
 
 Penang, Straits Settlements, 137-138, 712 
 
 Pennsylvania, 108, 425 
 
 Pennsylvania Cancer Commission, 165 
 
 Peritoneum, cancer of, 118 
 
 Peritoneum, intestines and rectvun, cancer 
 of, 77, 110-111, 114, 115, 130, 132, 
 139, 158, 159, 163, 228-265, 316-776 
 
 Personal history of cancer patients, 116-121 
 
 Peru, 140-141 
 
 Petfograd, Russia, 697 
 
 Petroleum industrj-, 58 (see patent-fuel 
 industry and tar and paraffin 
 ■workers) 
 
 PharjTix, cancer of, 118, 119 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 128, 543-550 
 
 Philippine Islands, 137, 138, 178 
 
 Phipps, Henrj^ Institute, 188 
 
 Phthisis and cancer, 34, 187-188 
 
 marital infection in, 206 (see tuber- 
 culosis) 
 
 Physical condition and cancer, 153-155 (see 
 personal history and weight) 
 
 Physicians, 57, 306-312, 314 
 
 Physique and cancer, 152 (see anthropome- 
 try and build) 
 
 Pitch industry, 49-55, 61, 69 
 
 Pitch ulceration and cancer, 69 (see tar and 
 paraffin workers, also patent-fuel 
 industry) 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 128, 551-554 
 
 Plant parasites, 198 
 
 Plants, cancer in, 63, 68, 152, 179 
 
 Plasterers, 72, 313 
 
 Plumbers, 57, 314 
 
 Pneimionia and cancer, 45, 118, 440-441 
 
 Poles, cancer among, 680 
 
 Policemen, 314 
 
 PoljTiesians, cancer among, 738 
 
 Poor Law institutions, cancer mortality in, 
 161-162 
 
 Population statistics, by age and sex, 435 
 
 Porters, 57, 314 
 
 Porto, Portugal, 696 
 
 Porto Rico, 757 
 
 Portsmouth, England, cancer education in, 
 216, 781-782 
 
 Portugal, 135, 694-696 
 
 Portuguese Guinea, 137 
 
 Portuguese in Hawaii, cancer among, 739 
 
 Portuguese India, 137 
 
 Post-mortem records (see autopsy) 
 
 Post-natal growth and cancer (see growth 
 and development) 
 
 Potassium balance, 179 
 
 Potters, 57, 306-313 
 
 Poverty and wealth and cancer, 90, 
 101, 122, 150-151, 177, 203 (see 
 well-to-do) 
 
 Precancerous conditions, 155, 156, 157, 158, 
 220 
 
 Predisposition, 171 
 
 Prevention of cancer, 215, 777-785 (see 
 education) 
 
 Previous illness, 154 
 
 Primary seat of growth, 116-121 
 
 Primitive races, cancer among, 15, 36, 122, 
 146, 147 (see civihzation) 
 
 Prince Edward Island, 745 
 
 Printers, 56, 306-313 
 
 Prisoners, cancer among, 55, 58 
 
 Problem, cancer, nature of, 2, 47, 105, 217- 
 221 
 
 Proctoscope, use of, 158 
 
 Professional classes, 56 
 
 Prognosis, 157, 169, 170-171 
 
 Proportionate cancer mortaUty, 13, 29, 77, 
 _ 93, 112-113 
 in insurance experience, 72, 73, 89, 91, 
 
 93,94 
 among rich and poor, 101-102 
 by sex, 440 
 
 Prostate gland, cancer of, 119 
 
 Prostitution and cancer, 189 (see syphilis) 
 
 Protective regulations, 52-53, 66, 69 
 
 Protein excess and cancer, 174 (see nutri- 
 tion) 
 
 Pro^•idence, Rhode Island, 128, 555-557 
 
 Prudential (America) mortahty experience 
 of, 13, 101-103, 262 
 
 Prudential (London) mortality experience 
 of, 90, 367-369 
 
 Prussia, 107, 213, 646-647 
 
 Psammoma, 275 
 
 Psychological aspects of cancer, 47, 208 (see 
 insanity and worry) 
 
 Public agitation, objections to, 208 
 
 Public institutions, cancer deaths in, 161- 
 162 
 
 Publications on cancer, 215-217 (see liter- 
 ature) 
 
 Pubhc-service employees, 315 
 
 QrARRTMEX, 56, 305-312 
 Quebec, city of, Canada, 744 
 Queensland, Australia, 138, 731-732 
 Question form for cancer statistics, 27, 285, 
 290-304 
 
 Race, 14-16, 36, 42, 131, 132, 152, 172, 
 234-237,399,431-775 (see Chinese, 
 Egj'ptians, Japanese, negroes, 
 primitive races, etc.) 
 
 Radio-acti^^ty, 54, 67, 185-186, 202, 205, 
 211 
 
 Radiological examinations, 5 
 
 Radium Institute of London, 210, 211, 221 
 
 Radium and radiotherapy, 209-212, 220 
 
 Railway employees, 71, 307-315 
 
 Rainfall, mean annual, 143 
 
 and cancer, 191, 192 (see climate, 
 dampness and humidity) 
 
 822 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Rapidity of growth, 168 (see growth and 
 
 development) 
 Rare types of cancer, 122 
 Recommendations on cancer control, 777- 
 
 778 
 Records and blanks, cancer, appendix of, 
 
 284-304 
 Rectories, old, cancer in, 198 
 Rectum, cancer of, 119, 121, 158 (see peri- 
 toneum and intestines) 
 Recurrence, cancer, problem of, 164-165, 
 
 169, 220 
 Registrar-General of England and Wales, 
 
 reports of, 13, 46, 98, 131, 162 
 Registration Area, United States (see 
 
 United States) 
 Rejection rate in life insurance, cancer, 95 
 Relative cancer mortality, by sex, specified 
 
 organs and parts, 601, 615, 631, 
 
 676 
 Religion and cancer, 151 (see Jews) 
 Renal calculi and cancer, 187 
 Reproductive life and cancer, 204 
 Research, cancer, problems of, 2, 166, 217, 
 
 221 (see Imperial Cancer Research 
 
 Fund and hospital statistics) 
 Resistance, natural, to cancer, 182 
 Respiratory organs, cancer of, 32, 33 (see 
 
 lungs, miners and tuberculosis) 
 Restaurant-keepers, 75 (see innkeepers) 
 Retired, 313 
 Rheumatism and cancer, 154, 183, 187, 190- 
 
 192, 205, 220 
 Rhode Island, 108, 425, 467-469 
 Rich and poor and cancer (see poverty and 
 
 wealth) 
 Richmond, Virginia, 128, 558-561 
 Rio de Janeiro, city of, Brazil, 762 
 Rio de Janeiro, federal district of, Brazil, 
 
 762-763 
 River floods and cancer, 203 (see dampness 
 
 and Thames Valley) 
 Rochester, New York, 128, 561-562 
 Rodent ulcer, 159, 195, 203 
 Roentgen-rays, 66-67, 122, 147, 210-211 (see 
 
 X-ray dermatitis) 
 Rome, Italy, 691 
 Roofers, 313 
 
 Rosario de Sante Fe, Argentina, 771 
 Rotterdam, Holland, 666-667 
 Roumania, 135-136, 701 
 Roumanians, cancer among, 680, 686 
 Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 81 
 Rubber-workers, 65, 313 
 Rural cancer death rate, 13 
 Russia, 135 
 Russian Jews, cancer among, 148 (see 
 
 Jews) 
 Ruthenians, cancer among, 680, 686 
 
 Sailors (see seamen) 
 
 St. John, New Brunswick, 746 
 
 St. Louis, Missouri, 128, 570-571 
 
 St. Paul, Minnesota, 128, 572 
 St. Thomas, Danish West Indies, 751 
 St. Thomas and Principe, 707 
 Salesmen, 314 
 
 Saloon-keepers, 57, 71, 83, 314 (see alco- 
 holism, bartenders and liquor- 
 dealers) 
 Salvador, 140-141 
 San Francisco, California, 128, 129, 130, 
 
 562-565 
 Sanitary precautions and cancer, 53, 54 
 San Salvador, Salvador, 760 
 Santiago de Chile, city of, Chile, 141, 773 
 Santiago de Chile, province of, Chile, 773 
 Sao Paulo, Brazil, 766 
 Sarcoma, definition of, 9, 10, 14, 34, 102, 
 
 167, 275 
 incidence of, 32, 99-100, 161, 167 
 mortality from, 14, 159 
 Sarcomata and carcinomata, 131, 153, 167, 
 
 196 
 Savannah, Georgia, 128, 129, 565-567 
 Sawyers, 72, 313 
 Saxony, 649 
 
 Schizomycetes in plants, 198 
 Schneeberg mining district, cancer in, 61, 
 
 68,69 
 School-teachers, 306-312, 314 
 Scirrhus, classification of, 268, 273 
 Scotland, 39, 134, 135, 167, 416, 613-615 
 
 cancer in, by organs and parts, 122-125 
 deaths from sarcoma in, 167 
 Scrofula and cancer, 81, 187 
 Scrotum, cancer of, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 
 
 59, 60, 61,62 (see chimney-sweeps) 
 Seamen, 57, 62, 65, 72, 204, 306-314 
 Season, cancer mortality by, 113, 441 
 Seattle, Washington, 128, 567-568 
 Secondary causes in cancer, 44-46 
 Senility and cancer, 13, 14, 153 (see growth 
 
 and development and old age) 
 Serbia, 135, 698-699 
 Serbians, cancer among, 686 
 Sex and cancer, 11, 12, 110-114, 131, 152, 
 
 232-233 
 international statistics of, 224-265, 305- 
 
 775 (see males and females and 
 
 generative organs) 
 Seychelles, hospital statistics of, 713 
 Shale-oil workers, 54 
 Shanghai, China, 137, 138, 715 
 Sheffield, England, 607-608 
 Shelf, England, cancer education in, 783- 
 
 785 
 Ship and boat builders, 313 
 Shoemakers, 48, 57, 71, 306-313, 315 
 Siam, 178 
 Sierra Leone, 36, 136-137, 705-706 (see 
 
 Africans and Creoles) 
 Singapore, China, 137, 138, 712 
 
 hospital statistics of, 712 
 Single years of life, cancer mortality by, 131 
 Sinhalese, cancer among, 15, 710 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Skin, cancer of, 32, 33, 51, 52, 62, 66, 77, 
 
 110. Ill, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122- 
 
 125, 130, 139, 158, 159, 211, 215, 
 
 236-265, 316-775 
 Skotographic action, 67 
 Slaves, cancer among, 15 (see negroes and 
 
 Creoles) 
 Slavs, cancer among, 680 
 Slovaks, cancer among, 686 
 Slovenes, cancer among, 680 
 Smelters, 315 
 
 Smoke and cancer, 64 (see soot) 
 Smoking and cancer, 117, 121, 138, 185- 
 
 186, 220 
 Social conditions and cancer, 76 (see 
 
 poverty and wealth) 
 Society for Control of Cancer, American 
 
 (see American Society for Control 
 
 Soil and cancer, 152, 191, 202, 203, 205 
 
 Soil and goitre, 180 
 
 Soldiers' homes, cancer in, 162 
 
 Soot and cancer, 49, 58, 61, 63, 70 (see 
 
 chimney-sweeps) 
 South Africa, Union of, 703-704 
 South AustraHa, 138, 730-731 
 South Dakota, 426 
 Southern cities, 128, 234-235, 474 
 Southern statistics, 42 
 Spain, 39, 107, 135, 693-694 
 Spinsters, cancer among, 98 (see conjugal 
 
 condition) 
 Spontaneous cancers, 207 
 Springfield, Massachusetts, 128, 568-570 
 Standard death certificate, 27 
 Standard population, 35 
 Standardized death rates, 12, 13, 71, 107- 
 
 108, 126-127, 129, 220 
 Statistical analysis, principles of, 3 
 
 criticisms of, 7, 22, 23, 25, 37, 41 
 
 difficulties of, 17 
 
 elements of, 11 
 
 errors of, 12, 18, 21, 25 
 
 fallacies of, 2, 3, 22, 23, 41, 43, 162 
 
 limitations of, 2, 21, 26, 41, 126, 141 
 
 methodsof, 1,9. 11,27,145 
 
 requirements of, 76, 130-131 
 Statistical investigations, 34 
 Statistical research, principles of, 22,^217 
 Statistical studies, value of, 11 
 Statistical study of cancer increase, 34 
 Statistics of cancer, 3, 25, 26, 58, 81, 97-98, 
 163, 171. 217, 224-264, 305-775 
 
 by duration, 166 
 
 early London, 23 
 
 educational value of, 77, 103 
 
 fundamental law of, 3 
 
 hospital, 78, 158-163, 221 
 
 inaccuracies of, 16 
 
 inadequacy of, 130-131 
 
 international, 106-108, 224-265, 305-775 
 
 limitations of , 126 
 
 need of scientific study of, 25-26 ■ 
 
 occupational,. 48-76, 305-315 
 by organs and parts, 228-231, 316-775 
 post-mortems, 160 
 practical utility of, 218 
 sources of, 21 
 standardization of, 220 
 supplementary census inquiry of, 304 
 Statistics of precancerous conditions, 156 
 Stockholm, Sweden, 637 
 Stomach, cancer of, 58, 119, 121, 158, 166. 
 170, 176, 177, 179, 187, 210, 228- 
 231, 236-265, 302-303 
 estimated mortahty from, 77 
 mortahty from, 110-111, 114, 115, 158, 
 159, 163 
 Stomach, diseases of, increase in, 37 
 
 ulcer of, 110 (see ulcer and gastric ulcer) 
 
 Stomach and liver, cancer of, 15, 110-111, 
 
 123. 130, 139 
 
 international statistics of, 228-231, 236- 
 
 265 
 
 Stomach, Uver and oesophagus, cancer of, 
 
 122-125 
 Stone cancer, 168 
 Straits Settlements, hospital statistics of, 
 
 711 
 Street-cleaners, 314 
 Sudanese, cancer among, 136 
 Suicide and cancer, 146 
 Suicide, mortahty from, 440-441 
 Sulphate of ammonia and cancer, 64 
 Sulphmic acid and cancer, 63-65 (see smoke 
 
 and soot) 
 Sulphiiric substances and cancer, 174 
 Surgery, observations on, 128 
 Surgical aspects of cancer, 162, 163, 164, 220 
 Surgical infection, 206-207 
 Surgical operations in cancer, 5, 6, 146, 157, 
 162, 206, 288-289 
 effect on cancer death rate of, 40 
 results of, 210 
 Swamps and cancer, 197 (see dampness 
 
 and rainfall) 
 Sweden, 40, 135, 634-636 
 
 cancer census of, 76, 635-636 
 Sweden and Finland, 641 
 Swellings, clinical significance of, 169-170 
 definition of, 5 
 differential diagnosis of, 5 
 Swiss Goitre Commission, 180 
 Switzerland, 40, 46, 134, 135, 136, 167, 219, 
 248-249, 415, 674-677 
 cancer in, by organs and parts, 123-125 
 deaths from sarcoma in, 167 
 excessive cancer mortality of, 134 
 Sydney, New South Wales, 726-727 
 SjTnptoms, early, importance of, 169-170, 
 212-215 
 clinical, 171 (see diagnosis) 
 Synthetic-dye industry, 68 (see aniline-dye 
 
 workers) 
 SyphUis and cancer, 116-121, 187, 188-190, 
 220 
 
 824 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Tabulation and analysis, uniformity in, 2, 
 
 26,27 
 Tailors, 71, 72, 306-312, 315 
 Tamils, cancer among, 15, 710 
 Tanchou, cancer theory of, 23 
 Tanners, 73, 306-313 
 Tar and paraffin workers, 49, 50, 54, 56, 59, 
 
 61, 70 (see patent-fuel industry) 
 Tasmania, 138, 733-734 
 Teachers, 71, 72, 306-312, 314 
 Teeth, defective, and cancer, 119-120 
 
 and cancer of tongue, 186 
 Temperature, mean annual, 143 (see 
 
 climate) 
 Temperature of food and cancer, 215 
 Terminal diagnosis, accuracy of, 22, 170 
 
 (see diagnosis) 
 Terminology, cancer, diflBculties of, 4 (see 
 
 classification) 
 Textile-workers, 71, 72, 74, 75, 306-313 
 Thames Valley, cancer in, 203 
 Throat, cancer of, 119, 120 
 Thyroid carcinoma, 181-183 (see goitre) 
 Thyroid gland, hypertrophic enlargement 
 
 of, 180 
 Tin-plate workers, 65, 69, 70 
 Tinsmiths, 313 
 
 Tissue tension, theory of cancer, 205 
 Tobacco, effect of, 135, 185-186 (see smok- 
 ing) 
 Tobacconists, 306-313 
 Tokyo, Japan, 717-718 
 Tongue, cancer of, 120, 121, 135, 157, 184, 
 
 185, 186 (see buccal ca\dty) 
 Topography and cancer, 152, 191, 192, 
 
 196-198, 203-204 (see geology and 
 
 soil) 
 Toronto, Canada, 741-742 
 Toxins, specific cancer, 177 
 Transplanted cancer among animals, 207 
 Transportation employees, 62, 74, 315 
 Transvaal, 136 
 Traumatism and cancer, 48, 49, 59, 60, 
 
 116-121 (see accidents, irritation 
 
 and occupation) 
 Treatment of cancer, 169, 171 (see surgery, 
 
 radium and cancer cures) 
 Trinidad, 750 
 Tropics (see latitude) 
 Trujillo, Peru, 141, 761 
 Tuberculosis and cancer, 45, 116-121, 187- 
 
 188, 203, 206, 220 
 Tuberculosis, decline in mortality from, 46, 
 
 188 
 in husband and wife, 206 
 mortality from, 188, 440-441 (see 
 
 phthisis) 
 Tucuman, province of, Argentina, 771 
 Tumor, mortaUty from, 1, 109, 110, 111, 
 benign, 4, 109, 155, 428-429 
 of bladder, 59 
 characteristics of, 4 
 classification of, 8-11, 22, 167, 267-283 
 
 definition of, 4 
 
 in early life, 14 
 
 early mortality from, 7 
 
 encysted, 6 
 
 formation and trauma, 60 
 
 Frankfurt a/M., mortality from in, 
 32.33 
 
 literature on, 4 
 
 non-malignant, classification of, 20 
 
 non-malignant, definition of, 4 
 
 non-malignant, mortality from, 37, 
 428-429 
 
 and occupation, 48 
 
 old age, in extreme, 14 
 
 pathology of, 6 
 
 problem, involved nature of, 167 
 Turin, Italy, 692 
 Turkey, 185 
 Turpentine- workers, 51 
 Typhoid fever, mortality from, 440-441 
 
 Ulcer, gastric, 156 
 
 of intestines, increase in, 37 
 mortality from, 429 
 precancerous nature of, 156 
 of stomach, 38, 281 
 Ulcers and cancerous complaints, 6 
 decrease in mortality from, 37 
 management of, 22 
 Underfeeding and cancer, 176 (see diet 
 
 and malnutrition) 
 Undertakers, 314 
 
 Underweight and cancer, 220 (see anthro- 
 pometry, nutrition, obesity and 
 weight) 
 Uniformity in statistics, 26, 27, 218 
 Union of South Africa, 703-704 
 United Kingdom (see England and Wales) 
 United States, 12, 40, 77, 107, 108, 114, 123- 
 125, 126-132, 139-141, 230-233, 
 238-239, 418-581 
 estimated mortaUty from cancer in, 77, 
 
 146 
 states and cities of, 450-581 
 United States Bureau of Mines, 212 
 United States Fish Commission, goitre re- 
 search of, 180-181 
 United States Registration Area, cancer 
 mortality of, by organs and parts, 
 123-125 (see United States) 
 cancer statistics of, in detail, 418-449 
 Upholsterers, 72, 313 
 Urban cancer death rate (see cities) 
 Urban cancer mortaHty of England and 
 
 Wales, 602 
 Urban and rural cancer death rates, 13, 
 
 431, 602, 633 
 Urban standardized cancer death rates, 13 
 Urinary organs, 32, 33 
 
 Uruguay, 39, 123-125, 140-141, 256-257, 416, 
 774-775 
 cancer in, by organs and parts, 123-125 
 Utah, 426 
 
 823 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 
 
 Uterine cancer, 149, 154, 158 (see generative 
 
 organs) 
 and syphilis, 189 
 Uterine cancer blank, 296-297 
 Uterine tumors, benign, 110, 280, 429 
 Uterus, cancer of, 99, 100, 101, 110, 111, 
 
 115, 120, 121, 154, 157-158, 166, 
 
 169, 171, 174, 212, 214, 215, 216 
 among Jewesses, 148, 149, 150, 151, 
 
 688 (see conjugal condition) 
 
 Vagina, cancer of, 120-121 
 Variations in cancer frequency, 125, 147 
 Vascular- tissue type of cancer, 10 
 Vegetarianism and cancer, 136, 138, 175, 
 
 176, 178, 179 (see diet) 
 Venereal disease and cancer, 116-121 
 Venezuela, 140-141, 760 
 Vermont, 108, 425, 470-471 
 Victoria, Australia, 138, 727-729 
 Vienna, Austria, 136, 681-683 
 
 cancer mortality of Jews in, 149-150 
 Vienna General Hospital, 194 
 Virchow, cancer theory of, 6, 202 
 Vital statistics, 3-4, 19, 22, 34, 42, 44, 73, 
 
 86, 122, 125, 131, 218, 305-775 
 
 (see statistics, mortaUty and 
 
 autopsy records) 
 Vulva, cancer of, 56 
 
 Wagon-makees and wheelwrights, 313 
 
 Waiters, 314-315 
 
 Walshe, cancer treatise of, 6, 7 
 cancer classification of, 268 
 
 Warsaw, Russia, 698 
 
 Warts and cancer, 187, 782 
 
 Washington, 108, 426 
 
 Washington, D. C. (see District of Colum- 
 bia) 
 
 Watchmen, 314 
 
 Water and cancer, 152, 172, 199 
 
 Water and goitre, 180 
 
 Water courses and cancer, 204 (see Thames 
 Valley) 
 
 Wealthy, cancer among, 122, 150-151 (see 
 poverty and wealth, social con- 
 dition and well-to-do) 
 
 Weight and cancer, 97, 169 
 
 Weight and uterine cancer, 154 (see an- 
 thropometry, obesity, overweight, 
 physical condition, underweight, 
 etc.) 
 
 Well-to-do, cancer among, 55, 56, 90, 91, 
 101 (see poverty and wealth, 
 also wealthy) 
 
 Western Australia, 138, 734-735 
 
 Western Hemisphere, 139-141 
 
 cancer mortahty, by latitude, 142-144 
 
 West Indies, 80, 140 
 
 Whiskey-drinking and cancer, 183 
 
 White, cancer classification of, 7, 10-11, 272 
 
 White and colored, cancer among (see race) 
 
 Widowed and divorced, cancer among, 98 
 (see conjugal condition) 
 
 Windward and Leeward Islands, 750 
 
 Wine-drinking and cancer, 183 
 
 Winnipeg, Canada, 744 
 
 Wisconsin, 108, 426 
 
 cancer census of, 35 
 
 Womb, cancer of, 215 (see uterus) 
 
 Wood-workers, 62, 74 
 
 Workmen's compensation and cancer, 48, 50, 
 51, 59 (see occupational disease) 
 
 World, cancer mortality of civilized, 106- 
 107, 146, 224-264, 305-775 
 population of, estimate of, 21 
 
 Worry and cancer, 207-208, 220 (see in- 
 sanity) 
 
 WUrttemberg, Germany, 104, 648 
 
 X-EAT dermatitis, 59, 66, 122, 174, 175, 
 184, 211 
 
 X-ray treatment, 211 
 
 X-ray workers, 66-67, 122 (see Roentgen- 
 rays and protective regulations) 
 
 ZuEicH, Switzerland, 678 
 
 826 
 
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