Medical Mission Series HOSPITALS IN CHINA Maternity Ward, Gregg Hospitai,, Canton. (Mary A. Perkins Memorial.) The Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church SOI Witherspoon Buildintf. Philadelphia These pages depict the activities of our medical work as carried on in normal times. The unprecedented calam- ities of the last year in China — plague, floods, famine, culminating in revolution and war— have compelled many changes at the stations. Wherever possible, the phy- sicians have remained, and done their best to aid the unfortunate people. For information and assistance in preparing this leaflet our thanks are due to Dr. E. D. Vanderburg, Dr. Mary Fitch Tooker, Dr. Frederick Fouts, Dr. Eliza E. Leonard, and Dr. Maud A. Mackey. April, 1912. STATISTICS, 1911. Medical men 29 jMedical women 12 Hospitals 28 Dispensaries 29 Patients 171.817 Price. .? certs; jo certs a dozen. Medical Work in China S WE should expect, we find in China a tradi- tional system of medical practice of great an- tiquity. No years of preparation are required for a Chinese practitioner; he hangs out his gay sign-board and announces to his friends and neighbors: “I am a physician.” All he needs is a “doctor-book" — a manual of prescriptions bought or inherited; the latter is greatly to be preferred. He looks at the patient's tongue, feels his pulse, and, without fur- ther examination, he is ready to turn over a few leaves of his book and announce the ailment and its remedies. They always feel the pulse in both wrists. That of the left arm is the indication for diseases of the heart, liver and kidneys; the right one belongs to the lungs, spleen and other organs. The liver consists of seven lobes and is the seat of the soul. If a dishonest man falls ill, they diagnose a displaced heart, because a just and upright man’s heart is always in the middle of his body. A list of drugs in ordinary use would include cock- roaches, rhinoceros skin, silk worms, crude calomel, as- bestos, rhubarb, full-grown roses, moths, maggots, centi- pedes, shell fish, caterpillars, toads, lizards, etc. Some of these have a symbolic and suggestive use, as powder of tiger bones for debility. “Dr. Lyon’s tooth powder” is advertised all over China as “Lion tooth pow- der,” and is believed to be made from the teeth of that animal. Snakes are highly esteemed for rheumatism, and cicada shells as a nervous sedative. The doses are of enormous size; they literally “eat the medicine,” as their idiom has it. Fanciful names appeal to the imagination of the patient; the Great Blessing Pill, a general tonic, contains ten drugs, and is an inch across. Others are the Double Mystery Pill, the Transparent Peace Pill, and the Pill of Ten Thousand Efficiencies. These are smaller, but the dose may be one hundred and fifty pills. Mr. Edgar Geil, in his recent book, gives a diagnosis furnished him by the chief physician in Foo-chow: “The fire of the body is in the liver; the wood fire is too great within you; the gas in the central part of the body is confined. Such 3 is the diagnosis; the cause of the trouble is that you have eaten too much dry food. Now for treatment”: A prescription follows, to which must be added ‘‘Three slips of yellow charm paper, whereon are fiery characters in vegetable red, to be cooked with the medicine.” Much medical work is done in connection with worship in the temples: lots are cast for the drug, and the pre- scription indicated by the idol is written down by the doctor, and thus comes with a double authority. In external medicine, plasters and poultices, both seda- tive and irritating, are much used. The chief surgical in- strument is the acupuncture needle, used to produce counter irritation. There are one hundred spots known to surgeons in which it can be stuck without causing immediate death. Often they do not hesitate to insert it in the eyes, lungs or abdomen. The results of such practice with unsterilized needles, in the filth and un- cleanliness of the average Chinese home, may be easily imagined. The worst cases that come to our hospitals are the outcome of this treatment. Of surgery, in our sense, they have none, because they cannot control the flow of blood. Dr. Vanderburg tells of one man who was goaded by the taunts of his friends into attempting to emulate the foreign doctor by re- moving an aggravated tumor from the knee of a young man. Frightened by the resulting hemorrhage, they car- ried the half-dead patient in hot haste to the mission hospital, where his life was saved only by weeks of care- ful nursing. In the meantime, the authorities seized the doctor’s property and put him in prison for malpractice, saying that such a reckless person should not be allowed at large. Only the repeated intercessions of Dr. Van- derburg finally obtained his release. Crude and empirical as such methods appear to us, we must not forget that through experience and natural ability some Chinese doctors attain success and fame, and sometimes patients given up by the foreign doctor will recover under native methods. A doctor’s position in Chinese society is humble — about on a level with a barber’s. For this reason the brightest young men, except when under foreign influence, are un- willing to adopt the profession. Dr. McCandliss, of Hainan, considers that Chinese men are exceptionally adapted to the medical calling by their phenomenal mem- ories, their keen powers of observation, and their steady nerves. Many are already at work who have been trained in foreign methods under Christian auspices, and each year sees an increasing number of those who are qualified to teach the principles of sanitation and right living, while aiding the unfortunate victims of disease. The growth of the medical work of our Board up to the present time may be seen in the following details: SOUTH CHINA MISSION.— Canton.— The first med- ical missionary in China was Dr. Peter Parker, who was sent to Canton by the American Board in 1834. The next year he opened a hospital chiefly for diseases of the eye. This developed into the Canton General Hospital, sup- ported by the Canton Medical Missionary Society, a local association comprising both foreigners and Chinese. Our Board furnished the medical staff and had charge of the evangelistic work. From 1853 to 1899 this hospital was superintended by Dr. John G. Kerr, whose reputation as a surgeon was world-wide. Dr. Kerr trained many Chinese physicians and assistants, and translated more than twenty medical books. During the Boxer riots, strict orders were given by the leaders to spare Dr. Kerr, in gratitude for his beneficent work. In 1909, the Canton Society as- sumed the entire control and support of the hospital, so that our mission is no longer connected with it. In connection with this hospital. Dr. Kerr founded the Refuge for the Insane, now superintended by Mrs. Kerr, and cared for by Dr. C. C. Selden and Dr. John A. Hoff- man. The building is filled to its limit with 250 patients. Much evangelical work centres at the Refuge, and reaches the relatives and friends of the patients. The group of institutions in charge of Dr. Mary Fulton comprises the largest medical work for women in China under a single head. These are the David Gregg Hos- pital for Women (1903): the Hackett Medical College for Women; the Turner School for Nurses, with the Per- kins Memorial Building, containing maternity and chil- dren’s wards. Dr. Fulton speaks of the difficulty in maintaining work e.xclusively for women: It is not easy for a Chinese mother to leave her home duties. Then she controls no money, and the husband gives only grudgingly. The women are afraid to stay as long as their needs require. One said she must hurry home, or her husband would bring back another wife during her absence. The men go where and when they please, and carry all the money with them. They stay in a hospital as long as they wish. 5 The Hackett Medical College enrolls 48 young women. Thirty-four graduates are practicing or teaching medi- cine. The aim is to supply each large town with two Christian physicians. Ten nurses are under training, and the demand is far beyond the supply. One nurse, who speaks English, is so successful that she commands $100 a month. Dr. Ful- ton is assisted in teaching by Dr. Boyd, and the other physicians of the station. Dr. Boyd also conducts a large Chinese Nurses. David Gregg Hospital, Canton. new dispensary and chapel, with wards for in-patients. Mrs. Boggs has a dispensary in another quarter. Work for lepers, including a small school for untainted children, is under Dr. Boyd’s care, though supported by the Edinburgh Mission to Lepers. Plans are in hand for the gradual segregation of the large leper population of Canton. A School for the Blind, under Dr. Mary Niles and Miss Durham, is rejoicing in a new building for its girls. 6 The translations of medical works made by Dr. Kerr and his successors are invaluable to all physicians in China. Before her death, Dr. Eleanor Chestnut had begun the translation of a Treatise on Nursing, which has been com- pleted and published as a memorial to her. The first hospital at Lien Chou, opened by Dr. Machle in 1903, was destroyed in 1905 by an infuriated mob, and among the five missionary victims of their rage was the physician. Dr. Eleanor Chestnut. The station has since been rebuilt, and new hospitals for men and women were opened in 1910. The Forman Hospital at Yeung Kong is the only one within a radius of 100 miles, with a population of 2,000,000. Each year the work has increased, until it is beyond the ability of one physician. Mrs. Patton, M. D., finds un- limited opportunities for medical touring in the surround- ing region. HAINAN. — This isolated island is a difficult field on account of the wet, unwholesome chimate, the variety of tribes and dialects, and the difficulty of traveling. At each of the three stations, Kiung Chow, Nodoa and Ka- chek is a well-equipped hospital with dispensary work and training for assistants. Patients come from long dis- tances. and often return to bring friends. Dr. Bryan, of Nodoa, writes: When I entered the hospital this morning there was the blind evan- gelist teaching the Ten Commandments to some Limko patients; going into another ward I found a Bible woman telling of the life of Christ to an audience of eight Hakka people, all sitting on the floor; in a third ward was a Christian patient teaching the catechism to another patient — “every man in his own tongue.” HUNAN. — This 3"oungest and most remote of our mis- sions has already four hospitals and seven physicians in its four stations. It is the province of rebellion and in- dependence, and ten years ago it was dangerous for a missionary to travel within its borders. Now the people are keen for western learning and science, and hundreds have been trying to crowd into the church simply for the sake of foreign influence. At Siang Tan is a large hospital for men and women, built by the late Mr. Nathaniel Tooker. The work here has grown steadily and is large and important. People are beginning to lay aside their superstitious notions and 7 look for the truth. Dr. Vanderburg has instructed two young men in medicine for some years, and is now raising funds to send them to the Medical College at Peking to complete their course. Chinaman Whose Sight had been Restored, Leading l•'IVE Blind Men to our Mission Hospital at Chang-teh. At Chang-teh, opened in 1899 under the Cumberland Church, the physician in charge is assisted by two capable young Chinese doctors. A dispensary is maintained at Tao Yuen, 25 miles distant. Land has been secured for a Woman’s Hospital, when the present disturbances shall have subsided. The hospital at Chenchow, given by the Church of War- ren, Pa., was opened in 1910. One mother walked 50 li, bringing her boy, 14 years old, on her back for treatment. CENTRAL CHINA. — The coast cities are cared for by other missions, so that in the central region our only hospital is at Soo-chow — the Tooker Memorial for Women and Children, The record of this hospital, opened 1899, is one of incessant love and service, by Dr. Frances Cattell and her successors, and many touching stories might be told of those who have found rest and healing within its walls. Three country dispensaries are regu- larly visited, and in this way many are reached who could not come to the hospital. KIANG-AN. — Nanking. — The Methodist, Christian and Presbyterian Missions have united to support the Uni- versity of Nanking, opened 1911. With this will be af- filiated a Union Medical College for the work of the three missions. A Union Training School for Nurses was opened in 1910. .A.t Hwai Yuen, Hope Hospital, given by Mr. W. C. Lobenstine, was opened in December, 1909, with a three daj's’ feast, to which all the notables of the town were invited. The new railway from Nanking to Tientsin passes near Hwai Yuen. Dr. Cochran says: There are many accidents to the railway builders, and all are brought to us. At one time or another nearly all the foreign engineers have been here for treatment. The hospital is greatly appreciated by the poor of Hwai Yuen and by people from a distance, but few of the well-to-do townspeople come to us. The ravages of plague and famine, in 1911, were very severe in this neighborhood. Through his exertions in the relief work Dr. Samuel Cochran contracted famine fever, and lay long at the point of death. Fifty Hwai- Yuen men went to their temple to pray for the life of this man who had come to help them and their people. One by one, each of them vowed to give up one year of his life, and unitedly they called upon their god to add these fifty years taken from their lives to the life of Dr. Cochran! NORTH CHINA. — At Peking the Lockhart IMedical College for Men was founded after the Boxer outbreak by the Educational Union of North China, representing the London Missionary Society, the American Board and the Presbyterian Board. The Methodist Board also unites in the support of this college. The buildings, given by the L. M. S.. will accommodate several hundred students. The Empress Dowager contributed 10,000 taels. Dr. Hall is our chief representative in the faculty. Sixteen men were graduated in 1911, receiving government diplomas. Eour of these are Presbyterians — one of them a well-to-do 9 man, who was reclaimed from opium-smoking at our An- ting Hospital. Dr. Leonard says: Before the diplomas were presented the plague broke out in North China and the Government asked the students to volunteer, promising large salaries. What should we do about our men, who were pledged to mission service for a term of years? If they went into Government employ, would they be ready to come back to us at a tenth of the salary? It was a critical question, but we thought the men ought to be free to serve their country in a crisis. They are back today in the Mission hospitals, though it was not an easy triumph — it took three months for one man to win out. The Union Medical School for Women is on the Metho- dist Compound, 3^ miles from the Presbyterian hospitals. Dr. Eliza E. Leonard is dean of this school, and teaches anatomy and surgery. Dr. Hall, Miss McKillican and Dr. Elizabeth Lewis assist in the teaching. The first class will be graduated the coming year. A new class is en- tered only every second year, owing to the limited num- ber of teachers. The Union Training School for Nurses has sent out two classes. A number of others have spent a year or two in study, and gone out into homes of their own, with a knowledge which makes them better wives, mothers and neighbors. Dr. Leonard writes: *‘\Ve teach our students midwifery and dispensing, so that they are able to take charge of our normal confinement cases, and save the doctors much time. They read and fill prescriptions, make up ointments, keep drug shelves and store rooms in order. Nurses’ work used to be looked upon as menial service by educated young women, but that day is fast going by. Girls from Government schools have appealed to us recently for instruction in Red Cross work. There is a wide field for the Chris- tian trained nurse in China.*’ The two hospitals of our Peking IMission are in the Presbyterian Compound in the northern part of the city. The An-ting Hospital for Men is now in charge of Dr F. E. Dilley, and treats thousands of patients annually. Its dispensary is connected with the Street Chapel. The Douw Hospital for Women is under Dr. Leonard. The receipts pay all the current expenses, but it greatly needs a waiting-room for high-class patients, and an isolation ward. Nearly 10,000 patients visited the dispensary last year. The phj^sician is called to many official families. At Paoting-fu the medical work, begun in 1893, was just fairly established in 1900, when the Boxer army destroyed the mission buildings and murdered Dr. Taylor, Dr. and 10 Mrs. Hodge, Mr. and Mrs. Simcox and their children. Af- ter two years of desolation the station was rebuilt on a new site presented by the officials. The Taylor Memorial Hospital for men was given by Dr. Taylor’s classmates at Princeton. The women's hospital is named the Hodge Memorial. Roth are crowded to their full capacity, and the doctors are more than busy. Daily service at the city dispensary, and numerous country trips, have reached many outside patients. Patients of Men’s Hospital, Peking. Shuntefu, opened in 1903, has a well-equipped hospital, which has won many friends for the mission work. By the gifts of grateful patients, all expenses were met last year. A hospital for women is greatly needed. Surgery forms the larger part of our practice. There is also a large contingent of opium patients. One man came to ask for the magic medicine that would make a new arm grow in place of the one he had lost. Suicide is fearfully prevalent, and many attempted cases are brought to us. Methods vary according to the rank of the individual; it is quite aristocratic to swallow powdered gold! One unique case was that of a young woman who pounded up her gold ornaments, and took the whole in one dose in a draught of liquor. SHANTUNG. — At Teng-chou, a hospital and two dis- pensaries have been maintained for some years, through various changes in the medical staff. Land for a new hospital outside the city has been bought, and the build- ings are now under way. A dispensary was opened at Chefoo in 1908, and large gifts have been made toward building an adequate hos- Doctors in China Keady for Plague Relief Work. pital as soon as it seems advisable. The medical work- in Weihsien dates from 1882, but the present buildings were erected when the station was reopened after its complete destruction in 1900, A dispensary in the city, two miles distant, was opened in 1906. The ravages of plague and famine in recent years have added greatly to the burdens of the workers. Dr. Roys was intrusted with the government quarantine work during the plague 12 epidemic in 1911. When the hospital was reopened in the spring, the rush of patients was almost more than could be handled. At Tsinanfu, the capital of the province, the Mcllvaine Memorial Hospital (men) was opened in 1892 by Dr. J. B. Neal, who has trained several classes of students in con- nection with it. The Boyd Hospital for Women (1899) was carried on in connection with it during the illness and absence of Dr. Caroline Merwin. The patients of both number nearly 9,000 yearly. The Medical College of the Shantung University is located here, and its build- ings in the south suburb are now approaching completion. Dr. Neal is the dean of this college. Three classes, about 30 men in all, are now under instruction, the upper class having already studied three years under various phy- sicians. Dr. Touts says: The standards are rather high. A full high school course is required, plus one year’s work in the Arts College at Weihsien. Then five years of professional study at Tsinan. This means much to young men as poor as are most of the Chinese. But a goodly number are keen to undertake it, and many more would if they could. The college was formally opened in April, 1911. The governor of the province attended the ceremonies, presented a gift of 1,000 taels ($700 gold) and gave a sumptuous banquet in his yamen to those identified with the work. The medical work at Ichowfu has always been con- siderable. A dispensary was opened by Dr. C. F. John- son in 1891, and a building erected later with detached wards for men. Dr. Anna Larsen began the work for women, and after her death, in 1907, it was assumed by Dr. Emma Fleming. A women’s hospital was opened in 1907, given by the Presbyterian Society of St. Louis. Both hospitals were carried on for some time by Dr. Frederick W. Touts. Owing to his enforced absence, and the outbreak of the revolutionary troubles, making it un- safe for foreigners to remain at this isolated station, the work is now in the care of competent Chinese physicians and helpers. More than one new centre for Christian work has been opened in remote corners through the visits of patients to the “Jesus hospitals.’’ The two hospitals at Tsiningchou have been so long at work, that they are widely known and regarded with much favor by the people of the country round. In-patients often come from distant provinces. A new building for the men’s hospital was given in 1907 by the Women’s Board of Missions, New York. At Yi-hsien, a new station, 145 miles from Tsinan, Dr. W. R. Cunningham finds great encouragement in the growing friendliness of the people, as shown by the in- creased number of patients visiting the dispensary. When we read this list of medical activities, the most extensive under the care of our Board, and think of what is being done by other organizations, it seems that we are accomplishing a great deal. But when we look at the 400 medical missionaries of all denominations for China’s 400,000,000 of people, and see American Medical Schools turning out yearly about 5,000 graduates, we have a truer sense of proportion. One large American city can boast of more qualified physicians than all the land of China. What, then, are these agencies, small and scattered as they are, doing for China? 1st. They are giving the services of a band of qualified men and women, who are devoting their lives to healing service, asking no other reward. 2d. They are establishing a chain of hospitals and dis- pensaries throughout the land to serve as centres of san- itary science and benevolent help. 3d. They are maintaining a small group of asylums for special classes, the insane, the blind, the deaf, the lepers, to serve as models for future advance. 4th. They are furnishing a small army of native phy- sicians and nurses, trained in the old days by the pioneers with self-denying patience, now instructed in good schools sustained by joint efforts. 5th. They are translating the best medical books, with- out which the schools would be hopelessly hampered, and carrying on research work in special lines. 6th. They are helping to rid the country of the awful opium curse. All our hospitals treat hundreds of opium cases yearly. 7th. The direct results of the medical work in bringing souls to Christ are not small. The medical missionaries are always in the forefront of the battle against plague and cholera, and conspicuous in every movement for better living. All this is done at very small expense. A single hospital in one of our large American cities costs yearly far more than all our work in China put together. HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES. igi2. SOUTH CHINA MISSION. C.ANTON. — David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children ; Hackett Medical College for Women; Turner Training School for Nurses; John G. Kerr Refuge for Insane; Dispensaries ; General Medical work. E. C. Machle, M. D.; H. W. Boyd, M. D. ; Mary H. Ful- ton, M. D.; Mrs. J. J. Boggs, M. D. Lien Chou. — Van Norden Hospital for Men ; Brooks Me- morial Hospital for Women. Robert M. Ross, M. D.; Miss N. M. Latimer, M. D. Yeung Kong. — Forman Memorial Hospital ; Medical work at out-stations. Wm. H. Dobson, M. D.; Mrs. C. E. Patton, M. D. HAINAN MISSION. Kiung Chow. — Hospital and Dispensary ; Medical work. H. M. McCandliss, M. D. XoDO.\. — Mary Henry Hospital and Dispensary. Herman Bryan, M. D. K.^chek. — Kilborne Hospital ; General Medical work. Sidney L. Lasell, M. D.; Rev. J. Franklin Kelly, M. D. HUNAN MISSION. Si.ANG Tan. — Tooker Hospital ; Dispensary ; General Medical work. E. D. Vanderburg, M. D.; F. J. Tooker, M. D.; Mrs, Tooker, M. D. Heng Chow. — Hospital. W. Edgar Robertson, M. D. Chen Chow. — Hospital ; Dispensary. Stephen C. Lewis, M. D.; Wm. L. Berst, M. D. Changteh. — Hospital. O. T. Logan, M. D. CENTRAL CHINA MISSION. Soochow. — Tooker Memorial Hospital for Women. Elizabeth E. Anderson. M. D.; Agnes M. Carothers, M. D. KIANG AN MISSION. Hwai Yuen. — Hope Hospital; General Medical work. Samuel Cochran, M. D. ; Agnes Murdoch, M. D. NORTH CHINA MISSION, Peking. — Anting Hospital (men); Union Medical College; Donw Hospital (women) ; Nurses’ Training School. Frederick E. Dilley, M. D. ; Francis J. Hall, M. D.; Eliza E. Leonard, M. D. ; Elizabeth F. Lewis, M. D. Paotingfu. — Taylor Memorial Hospital for Men; Hodge ?iIemorial Hospital for Women; General Medical work. Charles Lewis, M. D.; Maud A. Mackey, M. D. Shuntefu. — Hugh O’Neill Memorial Hospital for Men. Guy W. Hamilton, M. D. SHANTUNG MISSION. Teng Chow. — General Medical Work; Hospital; Dispensary. \V. F. Seymour, M. D.; Robert W. Dunlap, M. D. Chefoo. — General Medical Work. Oscar F. Hills, M. D.; .^lma D. Dodds, Nurse. Tsingtau. — Medical Work for Women. Effie B. Cooper, M. D. Tsinanfu. — Union Medical College (Shantung Christian University) ; Mcllvaine Hospital for Men ; Louisa Boyd Hospital for Women. James B. Neal, M. D.; Wm. Schultz, M. D.; C. F. John- ston, M. D. ; Caroline S. Merwin, M. D. Wei Hsien. — Hospital for Women ; General Medical work. Charles K. Roys, M. D.; Margaret Bynon, M. D. ; Mrs. R. M. Mateer, M. D. IcHowFU. — Hospital for Men ; Hospital for Women ; Medical work. Emma E. Fleming, M. D. Tsining Chow — Bachman Hospital (men) ; Hunter Hospital (women). Charles H. Lyon, M. D. Yi Hsien. — Medical work. Wm. R. Cunningham, M. D.