Far Eastern Commission Headquarters, the former Japanese Embassy in Washington Photo courtesy of the Washington Post THE Far Eastern Commission SECOND REPORT BY THE SECRETARY GENERAL July 10, 1947 - December 23, 1948 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 20 cents DEPARTMENT OF STATE Publication 3420 Far Eastern Series 29 Released March 1949 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FAR EASTERN COMMISSION 2516 MASSACHUSETTS AVE., N. W. WASHINGTON 8, D. C. December 29, 1948 My dear Mr. Secretary; I have the honor to transmit herewith for yoin information a copy of the second public report by the Secretary General of the Far Eastern Commission covering the activities of the Commission from July 10, 1947, through December 23, 1948. This report is being released to the press on January 4, 1949. You will recall that the first public report of the Secretary General covering the activities of the Commission from its inception on Febru- ary 26, 1946, thi’ough July 10, 1947, was reprinted by the Department of State for issuance to the general public. In view of the important part which the Far Eastern Commission continues to play in the for- mulation of Allied policy for Japan, and the interest and concern of the American people in that policy, I would recommend to you that the Department of State undertake to reprint the text of the Secretary General’s second report as an item in its public information program. Sincerely yours, Frank K. McCoy Chairman Enclosure The Honorable Robert A. Lovett Acting Secretary of State Department of State Washington, D. C. V Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Columbia University Libraries https://archive.org/details/secondreportbyseOOfare CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal . . ' v Review 1 Disarmament of Ja^Dan 2 Attendance at Inter-Governmental Conferences 4 Principles for Japanese Farmers’ Organizations 4 Reduction of Japanese Industrial War Potential ...... 5 Issues Awaiting Decision 6 Interim Import-Export Policies for Japan 7 Conduct of Trade With Japan 9 Travel Outside Japan of Japanese Commercial Representa- tives 10 Revision of Restitution Policy 10 Retention of Electric Steel Furnaces 11 Food Supply for Japan 13 Other Economic Issues 14 Disposition of Occupation Court Fines 14 Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information ... 14 Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information by Non-Fnc Countries 15 Appendixes Appendix 1. Prohibition of Military Activity in Japan and Disposition of Japanese Military Equipment 19 2. Attendance at Inter-Governmental Conferences 22 3. Principles for Japanese Farmers’ Organizations 23 4. Reduction of Japanese Industrial War Potential 25 5. Interim Import-Export Policies for Japan 31 6. Conduct of Trade With Japan 34 7. Travel Outside Japan of Japanese Commercial Representatives ... 36 S. Restitution of Looted Property 37 9. Extension of Far Eastern Commission Policy on Temporary Re- tention of Electric Steel Furnaces 41 10. Supply of Food for Civilian Consumption in Japan 41 11. Disposition of Funds Covering Fines Collected by Allied Military Occupation Courts 42 12. Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information in Japan . . 43 13. Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information by Noh-Fec Countries at War With Japan 43 vii Also mentioned in a very general way in the earlier report were several subjects still under consideration; specifically, these included disarmament, reduction of industrial war potential, a revised policy on the restitution of looted property, percentage reparations shares, and peacetime levels for certain specified Japanese industries. Disarmament of Japan Of the 13 policies adopted by the Far Eastern Commission since July 1947, several represent agreement on subjects previously reported as under consideration. This is true in the case of disarmament, the first of the three major headings under which Commission action can still be most easily considered. A policy decision on disarmament, entitled “Prohibition of Alilitary Activity in Japan and Disposition of Japanese Military Equipment,’’ was adopted on February 12, 1948 (appendix 1). Under the terms of this decision, possession by Japanese of arms, ammunition, and implements of war is prohibited, except that the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (Scap) may authorize the use of small arms by Japanese civil police agencies. In addition, the development, manufacture, or exportation of arms, ammunition, and implements of war is prohibited, and the importa- tion of such items is restricted to the number and kind required by Japanese civil police. Manufacture of aircraft and naval vessels and reconversion of commercial vessels for military purposes are prohibited. Japan is forbidden any military or “para-military” organizations, including, of course, a ministry of war. Provisions against the subsequent revival of Japanese military activity are also included: any revival of the “Japanese Army, Navy, gendarmerie, secret police and their administrative organs” is banned, and military records are to he “confiscated and transferred to the Supreme Com- mander for the Allied Powers for subsequent destruction. No further records of this nature should be compiled or maintained by the Japanese.” All organizations of a military or ultra-nationalistic nature are forbidden and their “revival or establishment in any form, including a disguised form,” prohibited. This provision is intended to apply as well to “any other associations composed wholly or sub- stantially of ex-officers of the Japanese Army and Navy and gendarm- erie, ostensibly created for legitimate purposes, but which are, in reality, disguised forms of military or para-military organizations, or which have some other disguised subversive purpose.” Military drills or similar training in schools are prohibited, and career officers are barred not only from public office but also from teaching, except in so far as Scap may otherwise specifically authorize. 2 WORKING COMMIHEES ORGANIZATION OF FAR EASTERN COMMISSION FAR EASTERN COMMISSION ^ NEW ZEALAND PHILIPPINES U. S. S. R. UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES as SECRETARIAT )Mb ^ — ii^ -JPTL. t'-' INTER-ALLIED TRADE BOARD FOR JAPAN COMMITTEE 1 Reparations I Ad hoc subcommitfecs I I appointed as occasion L— > ^ wmJ may lequire CS/G 2533 In connection with disarmament, mention might also be made of a policy adopted on August 14, 1947, on “Reduction of Japanese Industrial War Potential,” another subject previously reported as under discussion. This policy, which will be handled in detail below, lays the framework for the destruction or reduction of those portions of Japan’s industries which contributed to her war-making strength. Attendance at Inter-Governmental Conferences A policy decision adopted on June 9, 1948, entitled “Attendance at Inter-Governmental Conferences” (appendix 2) has a direct bearing on the occupation objective of democratization. This de- cision, incidentally, is on a subject not mentioned in the previous report. It permits members of Soap’s staff, upon appropriate in- vitation, to serve as observers at inter-governmental conferences, provided their attendance is considered to be in the interest of the occupation, and also makes it possible for technical personnel of Japanese nationality to accompany these observers if their presence is necessary and if the country acting as host to the conference in question has no objection. Principles for Japanese Farmers’ Organizations A second policy decision, adopted on December 9, 1948, also bears on the objective of strengthening democratic tendencies. Entitled “Principles for Japanese Farmers’ Organizations” (appendix 3), it specifies that Japanese farmers are to be “encouraged to form them- selves into farmers’ organizations, including unions and cooperatives of all kinds, for their miitual economic and social benefit, and for the purpose of preserving and improving conditions of agricultural work and otherwise assisting the legitimate interests of farmers.” This policy further provides that Japanese farmers’ organizations “should be assured of and encouraged to observe in the conduct of their operations the fundamental freedoms guaranteed” by the Constitu- tion and that any existing laws which are contrary to the provisions of this policy “should be abrogated, and any organizations established thereunder abolished.” Under this policy the organizing of farmers’ cooperatives is to be protected by law. Wlien cooperatives are established they are to be free from any discriminatory taxation or restrictions on their economic activities, from any administrative control by organs of the Japanese Government, and from any special responsibility for the enforcement 4 of Government measures. The Government, on the other hand, should make available to cooperatives, where practicable, credit on reasonable terms, technical advisory services, and information on cooperative activities abroad. Farmers’ cooperatives should be democratically organized and operated, and Japanese should be free to choose the forms of organiza- tion of their cooperatives and should be encouraged to provide educa- tion for their members in the understanding of democratic processes. No person subject to “purge” directives or engaged in activities competitive with those of the cooperatives should be allowed to hold office in a cooperative. Steps should be taken “to prevent coopera- tives becoming controlled by any banking, trade, industrial, or other non-farmer companies and interests.” The policy further provides that the principles already adopted by the Commission for Japanese Trade Unions ^ should, with necessary modifications, be applicable to farmers’ unions. Reduction of Japanese Industrial War Potential With regard to the third main policy objective, determination of a peaceful and viable economy for Japan, several important decisions, some on matters previously reported under discussion, have been adopted during the year. Mention has already been made of the policy “Reduction of Japanese Industrial War Potential” (appendix 4). Generally speak- ing the principal economic task of the occupation is to fix the produc- tive capacity of Japan’s major industries at a level which will prevent her from again becoming a threat to world peace but which is high enough to provide her with a viable peaceful economy. The decision on “Reduction of Japanese Industrial War Potential” was an impor- tant step forward in accomplishing this task. The policy prescribes measures necessary to insure that Japan shall not retain industrial capacity for manufacture of armaments or capacity to provide a foundation on which armament industries could be quickly rebuilt. A distinction is made between industrial facilities which were directly engaged in the production of combat weapons (defined as “primary and secondary war facilities”) — for example, arsenals and aircraft plants — and industries, such as iron and steel, light metals, automobiles, and synthetic rubber, which are capable of important military as well as peaceful uses (defined as “war- supporting industries”). Primary and secondary war facilities which are “functionally limited to use in connection with combat equip- 2 Ibid., appendix 37. 5 ment end-products” are to be destroyed. The “war-supporting” industries which are listed in the policy are to be reduced to levels no greater than necessary to “meet the peaceful needs of the Japanese people.” The policy further provides that primary and secondary war facilities and excess capacity in the war-supporting industries should, when it is not provided that they should be destroyed, be made available for removal as reparations. After the reductions and removals provided for have been accom- plished, any reestablishment of primary war industries is prohibited throughout the period of the occupation. This prohibition extends to the “manufacture or assembly of civil aircraft; and [to] the par- ticipation by the Japanese Government or Japanese nationals in the ownership or airborne operation of civil aircraft”; and also to “the building of merchant vessels above a size to be determined by the Far Eastern Commission.” As far as war-supporting industries are con- cerned, however, there is a stipulation that in the case of seven speci- fied industries ^ such peacetime levels as may separately be estab- lished will hold valid “until the end of the present phase of the occu- pation of Japan or until 1 October 1949, whichever is the earlier, pending a decision as to the long-term disarmament controls.” One other item in this important policy decision deserves mention. The Supreme Commander is given a general authorization “to except temporarily from the provisions of this paper particular primary war facilities, secondary war facilities and facilities in war-supporting in- dustries, in so far as such facilities are required to meet the needs of the occupation.” Issues Awaiting Decismi As has been said above, the policy on reduction of industrial war potential was an important step forward, but it left several impor- tant decisions to be made. The most important is the determination of specific levels in the war-supporting industries. In a previous policy decision the Commission had selected the 1930-34 standard of living as the most appropriate by which to measure Japan’s peaceful needs in 1950, by which year it was hoped economic conditions in Japan might approach the normal. It was proposed in this same policy decision to make an estimate of the nature and size of the in- dustrial structure required to satisfy those needs, account being taken of such factors as technological developments, the balance of pay- ments, and employment. With the adoption of the paper on “Re- ® Iron and steel, light metals, metal-working machinery, shipbuilding, oil refining and storage, synthetic oil, and synthetic rubber. 6 duction of Japanese Industrial War Potential,” the Commission defined the particular war-supporting industries in which capacity in excess of that necessary to meet the peaceful needs of the Japanese people, as defined by the Far Eastern Commission, should be made available for removal as reparations. The task of determining actual capacity levels in these industries still remains to be completed. As stated above, the policy also prohibits “building of merchant vessels above a size to be determined by the Far Eastern Commission.” So far the Commission has not reached a decision on this matter. Finally, though the policy provides that excess industrial facilities in Japan should be made available for removal as reparations, the completion of such removals awaits a decision on the shares which claimant countries are to receive. Interim Import-Export Policies for Japan A second important economic decision adopted during the past year was “Interim Import-Export Policies for Japan,” dated July 24, 1947 (appendix 5), which sets standards for the conduct of Japanese trade during what was envisaged as the “fairly short period” of trade on a government-to-government basis, before “participation by pri- vate individuals and corporations” becomes generally feasible. The policy supplements earlier decisions on imports and exports.* ScAP was given administrative control over Japan’s trade under this policy. Purchases would be made on a government-to-govern- ment basis, with Allied countries represented by specifically designated trade representatives.® Scap was also responsible for Japanese goods available for export and could recommend to the United States Government which goods were needed for import. The United States Government after consultation with the Inter-Allied Trade Board for Japan would notify the Supreme Commander of those export items for the disposal of which he would be directly responsible, and the trade program when put into effect would contain only items the inclusion of which was not contrary to any decision of the Far Eastern Commission. Disposition of exports from Japan, the policy stated, “will be for currencies which are acceptable in accordance with policies established in accordance with the terms of reference of the Far Eastern Commission or in exchange for imports necessary for Japan.” Only those imports needed to prevent “widespread disease and unrest” or needed to “accomplish the objectives of the occupa- tion” were authorized under the policy; imports merely requested by the Japanese Government “are not authorized until it is possible to * Ibid., appendixes 32 and 33. ® Ibid., appendix 34. 7 RELATIONS BETWEEN EEC AND SCAP NORMAL PROCEDURE FOR POLICY DECISIONS FAR EASTERN COMMISSION 1 1 Nations establish and transmit Policy Decision U. S. Govt, prepares and transmits Direc- tives based on FEC Poiicy Decision to SCAP SCAP implements Di- rectives U. S. Govt, files certified copy of Directive with FEC ACJ advises and con- sults with SCAP on implementation of Di- rectives based on FEC Policy Decisions CS/G 2533 appraise more accurately than can be done at present such factors as the comparative need of the Japanese economy for such imports, the foreign trade position of Japan, the amount of proceeds of exports required to pay for imports . . . and other costs of the occupation to be paid for by export surpluses.” “Exports of textiles and other goods which are in world short supply,” the policy stated, “should be stimulated to the maximum practical extent,” and proceeds from all such exports must be used primarily to pay for necessary imports. In this latter connection the policy included an important section which permits the Supreme Commander to use stocks of “gold, silver, other precious metals, precious stones and jewels of clearly established Japanese ownership ... as a means of acquiring foreign exchange to aid in financing production programs designed to contribute to the revival of productivity in a Japanese peace economy.” Although these assets “ultimately should be disposed of as reparations,” they may, in the meantime, serve as the basis for a self-liquidating or “revolving” fund designed to aid in financing Japan’s export-import trade. Conduct of Trade With Japan On November 18, 1948, the Commission adopted a policy entitled “Conduct of Trade With Japan” (appendix 6), which set forth further regulations governing trade with Japan and which, in virtually returning trade to private hands, largely supersedes the earlier interim import-export policy just discussed. This policy provides that Japanese foreign trade should be so conducted as to foster its develop- ment and balanced growth to a level consistent with Japan’s peaceful needs as defined by the Far Eastern Commission and to encourage an increase in Japanese exports in order that these exports may pay for necessary imports and in order that Japan may participate in providing goods for international trade. The policy also provides that Japan’s trade should be so conducted as to insure competitive conditions and prevent the growth of monopo- listic controls and excessive concentrations of economic power in Japan whether with the participation of Japanese or foreign capital. In addition, the policy provides for entrance into Japan and residence there of certain categories of persons engaged in trading activities which were heretofore excluded. These persons are to be given “opportunity for direct access to individual Japanese firms of their own choosing, and should have the opportunity to move freely in Japan.” Additional provisions are included which guard against the establishment of discriminatory regulations or practices in the conduct of trade. The policy further provides that the Supreme Commander should not impose port charges on foreign vessels enter- 822374 — 49 3 9 ing- Japanese ports in so far as they are carrying occupation-force cargo or are engaged in the removal of reparations or restitution goods. Travel Outside Japan of Japanese Commercial Representatives A further policy relating to the conduct of Japanese trade, entitled “Travel Outside Japan of Japanese Commercial Representatives,” was approved on Octol)er 21, 1948 (appendix 7). This policy provides for a limited resumption, under certain specified conditions, of Japanese private trade contacts by the travel of Japanese commercial repre- sentatives abroad. Specific travel authorized under the policy and the extent thereof would be “only that essential to raise Japan’s foreign trade to a level consistent with her peaceful needs as defined by the Far Eastern Commission.” Among other conditions governing such travel is the requirement that it he subject to the approval of the country of destination. Revision of Restitution Policy “Restitution of Looted Property”, approved July 29, 1948, is another major Commission decision of the past year bearing on Japan’s economy (appendix 8). As mentioned above, a revision of the earlier policy on restitution of looted property which “would liberalize the standards of identification and expand the categories of looted objects” had been reported to be under consideration.® The decision of July 29, 1948, constitutes that revision and hence supersedes the earlier policy. Restitution is now extendetl to include objects pro- duced during the j^eriod in which Japan was occupying Allied coun- tries. Certain principles to guide Scap in “applying standards of identification with respect to claims for looted property” are also spelled out by the new poliey, in particular one specifying that “In cases of doubt, the presumption should be in favor of the elaimant country whenever permitted by the broadest application of law, equity and common sense.” A time limit of eight months is fixed in which claims may be filed with Scap for specific items of looted prop- erty, although the Supreme Commander is granted a certain leeway ® Ibid., p. 21 and appendixes 27 and 28. 10 in extending this cut-off date under certain circumstances. Also included is a section authorizing the establishment of a restitution advisory agency, consisting of “one representative from each of the restitution and reparations teams in Japan of the eleven member countries of the Far Eastern Commission”, whose function will be to advise Scap on restitution matters; particularly in doubtful cases of identifying ownership. This committee is now actively functioning in Tokyo. The one feature of the revised policy which bears most directly on Japan’s economy, however, is the authority it gives Scap to “liqui- date” objects “known to have been looted but not identified pursuant to the terms of this paper” and to use the proceeds of such liquidations to establish a “secured fund” which may be used by him “as a basis for credit for the purposes of the occupation”, subject to the condition that the initial value of the fund must be preserved. This fund is similar in purpose to the one provided for in “Interim Import-Export Policies for Japan”, both being directed toward stimulating Japan’s overseas trade. In liquidating unidentified property, incidentally, those countries which actually were looted by the Japanese — Australia, China, France, India, the Netherlands, the Philippines, and the Far Eastern territories of the United Kingdom — are given priority in purchasing items offered for sale. Not later than October 1, 1949, the secured fund thus established must be distributed among these coun- tries in accordance with “their recognized national reparations per- centage shares (adjusted to total 100%, applicable to this pool) of industrial assets available from within Japan.” So far no determina- tion has been reached as to what “national reparations percentage shares” will be. Retention of Electric Steel Furnaces Two other policy decisions of an economic character were approved by the Commission during the period. One, “Extension of Far Eastern Commission Policy on Temporary Ketention of Electric Steel Furnaces,” adopted on July 24, 1947 (appendix 9), extended for one year a previous authorization to the Supreme Commander to keep certain electric steel furnaces ultimately destined for removal as reparations under the “interim” program in operation temporarily for the purpose of the occupation. Earlier policies ^ had made such retention possible until July 31, 1947; the present policy extended this period of grace to June 30, 1948, “In view of the continued shortage of coal in Japan,” but with the stipulation that the extension “should ’’ Ibid., appendixes 21 and 22. 11 not postpone the designation of these facilities under the reparations removal program.” Food Supply for Japan “Supply of Food for Civilian Consumption in Japan”, approved De- cember 11, 1947 (appendix 10), is the other economic policy not yet mentioned. A previous decision on the subject of food had been taken by the Commission in April 1946;® it stated that during the current world food shortage no imports of foods to Japan should be per- mitted “which will have the effect of giving to the Japanese a priority or preferential treatment over the requirements of the peoples of any Allied Power or liberated area”. The subsequent decision reaffirmed this principle for “the present crop year (November 1, 1947-October 31, 1948)” and directed the Supreme Commander to take necessary measures both to obtain “maximum production of indigenous food” and to “ensure equitable distribution of indigenous food supplies by maintaining and improving the system of collection, rationing, and price control.” ® Ibid., appendix 35. THE FAR EASTERN COMMISSION is shown on the opposite page in executive session at its one hundred and twenty-ninth meeting on November 24, 1948. The conference room is the grand salon of the former Japanese Embassy in Washington. The picture shows the representatives of the eleven member governments and certain members of the secretariat at the table. Other delegation and secretariat members are seated behind their respective representatives and at the rear of the room. Reading left to right around table: Mr. Emilio Abello (Minister, Philippine Republic); H. E. Sir Carl Berendsen (Ambassador, New Zealand); Mr. O. Reuchlin (Minister, Netherlands); Mr. Rudolph Holtz (secretariat); Mr. S. N. Banerji (India); Mr. Jean Daridan (France); H. E. Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo (Ambassador, China); Mr. Carl H. Pfuntner (secretariat); Mr. R. E. Collins (Canada); H. E. Hon. N. J. O. Makin (Am- bassador, Australia); Hon. Nelson T. Johnson (Secretary General); H. E. Maj. Gen. Frank R. McCoy (Chairman, United States); Mr. H. A. Graves (United Kingdom); H. E. Mr. Alexander S. Panyushkin (Ambassador, U.S.S.R.); Rear Admiral S. S. Ramishvili (U.S.S.R.); Mr. B. K. Sokolov (back to camera, U.S.S.R.); Mrs. M. Lazaeiova (back to camera, U.S.S.R.). 13 Other Economic Issues Two other important economic issues previously reported as under consideration — a schedule of reparations percentage shares and a determination of appropriate peacetime levels for specific Japanese industries — are, as we have already seen, both undetermined in the Far Eastern Commission. Disposition of Occupation Court Fines The three remaining policies approved since the appearance of the previous report fall into a miscellaneous category. The first of these, adopted on August 7, 1947, is entitled “Disposition of Funds Covering Fines Collected by Allied Military Occupation Courts” (appendix 11). It authorized military occupation courts to make use of such fines or other sums as they may collect to defray the costs of the Allied occupation. Money collected as fines “should be assigned to meet the occupation costs of the forces whose courts ordered payment to be made.” Fines collected by military occupation courts set up in the area supervised by the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces (Bcof), for example, can thus be used to meet occupation expenses within the Bcof area itself. Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information The second miscellaneous policy is “Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information in Japan,” adopted June 24, 1948 (appen- dix 12), giving technical representatives of governments who are members of the Far Eastern Commission “access to and the right to take copies of the details of any technical or scientific processes of industrial or commercial value which are of Japanese origin and ownership and which were developed prior to December 31, 1945.” Access is limited, however, to the period from July 1, 1948, through March 31, 1949, and any information thus obtained must be “promptly and fully disclosed to Scap for dissemination to other interested members of the Far Eastern Commission upon specific request.” 14 Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information by Non-FEC Countries The Far Eastern Commission on December 23, 1948, approved a policy extending the right of access to Japanese technical and scien- tific information to countries which were at war with Japan subse- quent to December 1941 but which are not members of the Far Eastern Commission. This policy decision, “Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information by Nou-Fec Countries at War With Japan” (appendix 13), provides for investigation of Japanese technical processes by iioii-Fec countries in so far as this is adminis- tratively practical and without prejudice to arrangements for Fec member nations in accordance with the policy adopted by the Commis- sion on June 24, T948, and referred to immediately above. The policy further provides that any technical or scientific information disclosed to Scap under the terms of the policy decision of June 24 shall, upon request, be made available to non-Fnc countries. Washijsgton, D. C. January J, 1949 Nelson T. Johnson Secretary General Appendixes Li/: APPENDIX 1 Prohibition of Military Activity in Japan and Disposition of Japanese Military Equipment [FEC Policy Decision, February 12, 1948] Preamble In accordance with paragraph 1, Part III of the Basic Post-Sur- render Policy for Japan, which was adopted unanimously by the Far Eastern Commission on 19 June 1947, and which states, “Disarmament and demilitarization are the initial tasks of the military occupation and shall be carried out promptly and with determination,” the Far Eastern Commission approves the following policy decision on the Prohibition of Military Activity in Japan and Disposition of the Japanese Military Equipment. 1. a. For the purposes of this document, the term “military” is defined to mean “military, naval, and air,” except where the context otherwise requires. h. For the purpose of this document “Japanese Armed Forces” are defined to be all Japanese land, sea and air forces; Japanese mili- tary and para-military organizations, formations and units; gendar- merie and secret military police and their organized Japanese auxil- iaries; together with the administrative organs of the armed forces mentioned above. c. “Japanese military equipment” is defined as: (1) All arms, ammunition, explosives, military equipment, stores and supplies and other implements of war of all kinds and any equipment, or other property whatsoever belonging to, used by, or intended for use by Japanese armed forces and Japanese-con- trolled armed forces or any members thereof. (2) Naval combatant and auxiliary vessels and craft of all kinds, both surface and submarine, including those under repair, altera- tion, remodeling, reconstruction or construction, as well as those which were reconstructed for military purposes. (3) All aircraft of all kinds, both military and civilian, aviation and anti-aircraft equipment and devices. (4) All military naval and air installations and establishments. 19 Appendix 1 — Continued including- airfields, landing grounds and strips, seaplane bases, naval bases, military ecpiipment of harbors, establishments engaged in military researeli, military storage depots, including underground depots, all equipment and facilities primarily used for military communication and transport, permanent and temporary land and coast fortification fortresses and other fortified areas, together with plans and drawings of all such fortifications, installations and estal)lishments. (5) Proving grounds and laboratories, all technical data, patents, ])lans, inventions and laboratory samples of weapons and means of war, including those which may be or have been under study, in the process of manufacture, finished or patented. 2. Possession of arms, ammunition and implements of war by any Japanese should be prohibited save that the Supreme Commander may authorize the use: a. by Japanese civil police agencies for the purpose of maintaining law and order of rides and pistols and the necessary ammunition for them and other small arms exclusively used by civil police. h. by licensed hunters of duly registered hunting weapons. 3. The development, mannfacture, importation and exportation of arms, ammunition and implements of war, and materials intended for military use should be prohibited for Japan, except for the importa- tion of no more than the quantities of arms and ammunition necessary for the purposes mentioned in paragraph 2. 4. The manufacture of aircraft of all kinds should be prohibited in Japan. 5. The construction of any naval combatant and auxiliary vessel or craft, the conversion of any commercial vessel or craft to military ])nrposes, and the reconstruction or remodeling of commercial vessels or craft so as to render tliem moi'e suitable for militaiy purposes should be prohibited. 6. Military equipment sc'ized from the former Japanese Armed Forces or from members of the Japanese civil populace should after examination be destroyed or scrapped except for; f a. Military equipment required for operational needs of the occupation forces or for the lawful activities of the Japanese civil police; b. Items convertible to peacetime civilian uses; such equipment may be drawn upon for: (1) The maintenance and subsistence of the occupation forces, prisoners of war, and nationals of Members of the United Nations; (2) The relief of the local civil population to the extent necessary to prevent or alleviate epidemic or serious disease and serious unrest 20 Appendix 1 — Continued which would endanger the occupying forces and the objectives of the occupation; (3) Reparations, including such military equipment as: (a) Plant and machinery for shipbuilding and nautical instiai- ments other than those l^limited to purposes of an exclusively military nature, (b) Diving gear, (c) Optical glass, (d) Chain and Chain cables, (e) Machine tools convertible to peacetime uses, (f) Military research facilities. 7. All former United Nations naval craft, equipment and facilities found in Japanese possession should be safeguarded and as soon as practicable should be delivered to the nations to which they belong at such points as may be designated by the Supreme Commander for the AJlied Powers. 8. Japanese disarmed naval craft may be used for the purpose of repatriation or such other purposes connected with carrying out the terms of surrender as the Supreme Commander may direct. 9. All records of military registration of demobilized personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Forces, gendarmerie and secret police should be confiscated and transferred to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers for subsequent destruction. No further records of this nature should be compiled or maintained by the Japanese. 10. Reestablishment of the following shoidd he prohibited: the War and Navy Ministries, the Japanese Imperial High Command, the Supreme Military Council, the Council of Alarshals and Admirals, the Inspectorate of Military Training, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, the Naval General Headquarters, the Headquarters of Armies and Fleets, and also any military or para-military organiza- tions, military academies and schools, military scientific and research institutions and military laboratories, as well as the Officers Corps in any form. Such demobilization agency as is retained for the puiq^ose of demobilizing returning Japanese Armed Forces should be of a civil- ian character and should be abolished immediately after completion of the demobilization. The former Japanese demobilization system involving special privileges of demobilized members of the Japanese armed forces should also be abolished. 11. All military and para-military organizations in Japan, including ex-officers’ organizations, together with their affiliates and the clubs which were used for making propaganda for militarism and ultra- nationalism should be dissolved and their revival or establishment in any form, including a disguised form, should be prohibited. The application of this paragraph should extend also to various associa- 21 Appendix 1 — Continued tions created under the guise of production associations, such as co- operative societies for joint cultivation of land, for fishing, and others, which are composed wholly or substantially of ex-officers of the Army and Navy and gendarmerie and headed by their former military commanders. This paragraph should apply also to any other asso- ciations composed whoUy or substantially of ex-officers of the Japanese Army and Navy and gendarmerie, ostensibly created for legitimate purposes, but which are, in reality, disguised forms of military or para-military organizations, or which have some other disguised sub- versive purpose. 12. Military training of the civilian population and military instruc- tion in schools should be prohibited. 13. For the purpose of prevention of the revival of Japanese mili- tarism persons who have at one time fallen within any of the following categories should not be nominated or employed in the government service, public office, or educational institutions except as they may be necessary in performing duties essential to the demobilization of repatriated military and naval personnel. a. Generals, Admirals, and all other senior officers, and all career officers of the Army, Navy, and gendarmerie; b. Other officers of the Army, Navy and gendarmerie, including members of the reserve, if their employment would harm the cause of peace and security; and c. Officials of ex-officers’ and other military and para-military associations and of bodies closely associated with the armed forces. The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers may authorize the nomination or employment of a person coming within categories a and c if his record shows that he has been an opponent of Japanese expansionism and totalitarianism. 14. All measures necessary should be undertaken to prevent any revival of the Japanese Army, Navy, gendarmerie, secret police and their administrative organs. APPENDIX 2 Attendance at Inter -Governmental Conferences [FEC Policy Decision, June 9, 1948] The Far Eastern Commission decides as a matter of policy that: 1. Upon receipt of an appropriate invitation Scap may appoint members of his staff as observers at inter-governmental conferences. 22 Appendix 2 — Continued attendance at which he deems to be in the interest of the occupation. 2. ^Members of Soap’s staff attending an inter-governmental con- ference on invitation as provided in paragraph 1, may be accompanied by Japanese technical personnel when deemed necessary by Soap, and when the attendance of Japanese personnel is acceptable to the country acting as host to the conference. APPENDIX 3 Principles for Japanese Farmers’ Organizations [FEC Policy Decision, December 9, 1948] GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1. Japanese farmers should be encouraged to form themselves into farmers’ organizations, including unions and cooperatives of all kinds, for their mutual economic and social benefit, and for the purpose of preserving and improving conditions of agricultural work and other- wise assisting the legitimate interests of farmers. 2. Farmers’ organizations and their members should be assured of and encouraged to observe in the conduct of their operations the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by Chapter III (“Rights and Duties of the People”) of the Constitution of Japan. 3. Any existing laws or parts thereof which are contrary to the provisions stated in this policy should be abrogated, and any organiza- tions established thereunder abolished. 4. This policy should be put into effect gradually, due regard being paid to the immediate economic needs of the country and the need to prevent avoidable dislocation of food control measures. FARMERS’ COOPERATIVES 5. Farmers’ cooperatives should be a means whereby those who are actively concerned in obtaining their living by working on the land or in pursuits closely connected therewith can combine for their mutual advantage. 6. The right of farmers to organize themselves into cooperatives should be assured and protected by law and the freedom of farmers to join or abstain from joining cooperatives should be provided by law. Any farmers’ cooperative should have the power to make rules admitting to membership any person who is not a genuine farmer. 23 Appendix 3 — Continued which rules may or may not exclude non-farmers from voting. Meas- ures should be taken, however, to prevent cooperatives becoming controlled by any banking, trade, industrial, or other non-farmer companies and interests. 7. Farmers’ cooperatives should not be snl)ject to any adversely discriminatory taxation, nor to any discriminatory restrictions upon their engaging in any economic activity related to their own agri- cidtnral pursuits and for the benefit of members. 8. Farmers’ cooperatives should be subject to the laws relating to juridical persons, Init should not, in their internal management and operation, be subject to any control, interference, or supervision by any administrative organ of the Japanese Government, nor should they be sid)ject to dissolution by administrative order. Wliere it is alleged that cooperatives have violated the law, or their articles of incorporation or by-laws, remedial action should be sought and taken through the courts of law and not through government decree or administrative decision. 9. Farmers’ cooperatives should be free from any obligation to take part in, or from any responsibility for, the enforcement of gov- ernment measTires, except that they shoidd comply with government measures to the same extent as any other Japanese national or organi- zation under Japanese Government jurisdiction. 10. Farmers’ cooperatives should be encouraged and assisted by the Japanese Government in providing education for their members, both generally in an understanding of democratic processes and partic- ularly in coo])erative practices and agricultural techniques. The Japanese Government should, as far as possilJe, assist cooperative ollicials in obtaining information on cooperative activities in other countries. These objectives should l)e given due weight when alloca- tions of pai)er supplies and import of foreign publications are made. 11. Japanese should l)e free to choose the forms of organization of their coo]K'ratives. Goo])eratives should be allowed to associate themselves in regional or national bodies, with reiiresentation in such bodies in proportion to the membership of the individual cooperatives. Emphasis, however, should be placed on the importance of a solid local basis for the future of cooperative activity in Japan. 12. The dii'cctor and ollicials, other than administrative officers, of farmers’ cooi)eratives should be elected at regular stated intervals by the farmers concerned by secret ballot and democratic methods. Each mend)er should have one vote. It shoidd be the responsibility of the coojieratives to ensure that all their activities are democratically conducted. 13. No member should hold office in a cooperative if (1) he is engaged in activities which are likely substantially to compete with 24 Appendix 3 — Continued the activities of the cooperative, or (2) he is subject to the purge clu’ec- tive of January 4, 1946, or subject to subsequent purge directives by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. 14. The Japanese Government, in so far as practicable, should make available to farmers’ cooperatives technical advisory and other services and should ensure that credit is available to them on reason- able terms. 15. Farmers’ cooperatives should be encouraged to participate in voluntary measures to promote the objectives of the occupation. FARMERS’ UNIONS 16. The Principles for Japanese Trade Unions should, with the necessary modifications, be applicable to farmers’ unions. APPENDIX 4 Reduction of Japanese Industrial War Potential [FEC Policy Decision, August 14, 1947] 1. SUMMARY Subject to the provisions stated in paragraph 10, the following actions, as detailed in paragraphs 2-9, should be taken during the period of the occupation, in order to reduce Japanese industrial war potential: a. All special purpose industrial machinery and equipment func- tionally limited to use in connection with combat equipment end- products, should be destroyed. h. All other industrial machinery and equipment m primary war industries, and such other industrial facilities in secondary war indus- tries and war-supporting Industries as may be in excess of the peaceful needs of the Japanese economy should be made available for claim as reparations. c. During the period of the occupation, a prohibition should be maintained against the re-establishment of primary war Industries; and specified war-supporting industries should be limited to the pro- ductive capacity levels remaining after completion of the reduction program outlined above, except as modifications in these levels may be authorized by the Far Eastern Commission. 8223T4— 49 5 25 Appendix 4 — Continued 2. PRIMARY WAR FACILITIES a. Definitions: (1) Primary War Facilities are defined as plants and establish- ments primarily engaged in the development, manufacture, assembly, testing, repair, maintenance, or storage of combat equipment end- products and civil aircraft, and plants and establishments building merchant vessels above a size to be determined by the Far Eastern Commission. (2) Combat Equipment End-Products are defined as weapons, ammunition, missiles and explosives used for military purposes; chemical or bacterial warfare agents; ultra-shortwave radio equip- ment (radar); naval combatant vessels; armored vehicles; or aircraft (including air frames and aircraft engines). h. Dispositions: (1) All firms and organizations, whether publicly or privately o\vned and operated, whose activities have related primarily to the operation of primary war facilities and whose continued existence is deemed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to be unde- sirable from a security standpoint, should be dissolved by the Supreme Commander, who should at the same time seize their records and register all their key executive, managerial, research and engineering personnel. (2) All plants and establishments identified by the Supreme Commander as primary war facilities should be impounded, and their machinery and equipment made available for reparations, subject to the following limitation; All buildings, machinery, and equipment in primary war facilities which, by virtue of initial design, construc- tion, or major structural change, are, as individual items, special purpose in nature and functionally limited to use in connection with combat equipment end-products should be destroyed. 3. SECONDARY WAR FACILITIES a. Definition: Secondary War Facilities are defined as plants and establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing, repairing or maintaining major fabricated component parts, sub-assemblies, accessories, or equip- ment especially designed for use in the products of primary war facilities. h. Disposition: (1) In plants and establishments identified by the Supreme Commander as being originally organized or completely reequipped 26 Appendix 4 — Continued to operate as secondary war facilities, as defined in sub-paragraph a above, all machinery and equipment, except as noted under (3) below, should be made available for reparations. (2) In plants and establishments other than those covered in (1) above, all machinery and equipment, except as noted under (3) below, should be disposed of under the recommendations in para- graph 5 covering the industry with which, in the opinion of the Su- preme Commander, they were associated prior to their conversion or diversion to war production. (3) All buildings, machinery, and equipment in secondary war facilities which by virtue of initial design, construction, or major structural change are as individual items special purpose in nature and functionally limited to use in connection with combat equipment end-products should be destroyed. 4. DISPERSED MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FROM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WAR FACILITIES All special purpose machinery and equipment, as defined under 2 h (2) and 3 h (3) above, should be sought out in locations to which they may have been removed from primary and secondary war facilities, and should be destroyed wherever found. Other machinery and equipment which was formerly used in primary and secondary war facilities but subsequently dispersed, need not be sought out and identified under the provisions of this paragraph but should be treated under paragraph 5, as a part of the industry with which it is associated. 5. WAR-SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES a. Over-All Policy As a supplementary measure designed further to reduce' Japan’s industrial war potential, that portion of existing capacity in selected war supporting industries which is in excess of that necessary to meet the peaceful needs of the Japanese people, as defined by the Far Eastern Commission, should be made available for removal as reparations. b. Application (1) The following specific industries are considered as being “war-supporting,” for purposes of the industrial removals provided for in paragraph 5 a: (a) The iron and steel industry, producing pig iron, steel ingots and basic shapes (b) The coal carbonization industry 27 Appendix 4 — Continued (c) The non-ferrous metals industry, producing pig, ingot and basic shapes (d) The light metals industry, producing alumina, primary alu- minum and magnesium, rolled, drawn or extruded shapes (e) The metal-working machinery industry, producing machine tools, cutting tools and secondary metal working machinery (f) The ball and roller bearing industry (g) That part of the chemical industry producing industrial ex- plosives, sulfuric acid, soda ash, caustic soda, chlorine, chemical nitrogen and calcium carbide (In the case of industrial explosives “capacity which is in excess of that necessary to meet the peaceful needs of the Japanese people” is defined as capacity which is in excess of that necessary to meet Japanese domestic requirements) (h) The railway equipment industry (i) The automotive industry (j) The electric power industry (k) The cement and abrasives industries (l) The steel merchant shipbuilding and repair industry (residual after removals affected under paragraph 2) (m) The merchant marine, fishing, whaling and cannery fleets, including publicly and privately owned steel vessels of 100 tons or over (this shall not be interpreted to prevent vessels of less than 100 tons being considered for reparations) (n) The oil refining and synthetic fuel industry and storage (o) The synthetic rubber industry (p) The heavy electrical equipment industry (2) In addition to reduction in capacity in the specific industries listed above, a further reduction in the total inventory of metal- worldng machinery in Japan should be effected in so far as this may be required to eliminate metal-working capacity in excess of the peace- ful needs of the Japanese people as defined by the Far Eastern Commission. 6. RESIDUAL CAPACITY After the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers has completed the selection for delivery to claimant countries of industrial plants or facilities within the categories of industry approved for removal as reparations by the Far Eastern Commission, and, after the destruc- tion of special pm-pose machinery, as defined in paragraphs 2 and 3, residual productive capacity in the industries designated in this paper which is in excess of Japan’s peaceful needs, as defined by the Far Eastern Commission, should be appraised from the standpoint of the individual and collective war potential represented by this capacity. 28 Appendix 4 — Continued and a decision made by the Far Eastei'n Commission as to its disposition. 7. PROPERTY OF NATIONALS OF MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS The property of nationals of members of the United Nations should be dealt with in accordance with Far Eastern Commission policy de- cision, “Destruction or Removal of United Nations Property in Japan” (approved 24 April 1947 and transmitted to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers as Directive Serial No. 76 on 2 May 1947), 8. REPARATIONS Removal or destruction of industrial capacity for security purposes under the terms of this policy should not be limited in order to com- pensate for the effects of industrial removals for reparations. 9. POST-REMOVAL RESTRICTIONS ON JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY Throughout the period of the occupation the following limitations of Japanese industrial capacity should be maintained. a. Primary War Facilities: Within the framework of the definitions given in paragraphs 2 and 3: (1) The following should be prohibited in Japan: The establish- ment, possession or operation of any facilities for the development, manufactme or assembly of combat equipment end-products; the development, manufacture, assembly, importation or possession of any special purpose machinery and equipment as defined under para- graphs 2 h (2) and 3 6 (3) ; the development, manufacture or assembly of any combat equipment end-products, or their possession except as authorized by the Supreme Commander, after consultation with the Allied Council for Japan in accordance with the Terms of Reference of the Allied Council for Japan, for the purposes of the occupation; the building of merchant vessels above a size to be determined by the Far Eastern Commission; the development, manufactiue or assembly of civil aircraft;' and the participation by the Japanese Government or Japanese nationals in the ownership or airborne operation of civil aircraft. (2) Japan should be directed to prohibit any of its nationals from taking part in the ownership or operation of primary war facili- ties outside of Japan. 29 Appendix 4 — Continued 6. War-Supporting Industries The capacity levels remaining in the iron and steel, light metals, metal-working machinery, shipbuilding, oil refining and storage, synthetic oil and synthetic rubber industries, after the completion of the industrial removals proposed in this paper and after the disposition of remaining “excess” facilities as provided for under paragraph 6, should constitute the permissible maxima in these industries until the end of the present phase of the occupation of Japan or until 1 October 1949, whichever is the earlier, pending a decision as to the long-term disarmament controls. These maxima should be subject to review by the Far Eastern Commission, and, if the Commission expects still to be charged on 1 October 1949 with responsibility for post-surrender policies respecting Japan, the Commission should assess the situation before that date with a view to the adoption of an appropriate policy to be put into effect on 1 October 1949, on which date the provisions herein specified regarding productive capacity maxima in these indus- tries will lapse. If, at any time during the occupation, the Supreme Commander considers an adjustment in these levels necessary, he should, after consultation with the Allied Council for Japan in accord- ance with the Terms of Keference of the Allied Council for Japan, recommend such an adjustment and submit to the Far Eastern Com- mission appropriate supporting data. Changes in the established levels can be made after adoption by the Far Eastern Commission of a policy decision authorizing such a change. 10. OCCUPATION NEEDS The Supreme Commander should be authorized to except tempo- rarily from the provisions of this paper particular primary war facili- ties, secondary war facilities and facilities in war-supporting industries, in so far as such facilities are required to meet the needs of the occu- pation. In such cases the Supreme Commander will after consulta- tion with the Allied Council for Japan in accordance with the Terms of Reference of the Allied Council for Japan provide an explanation of reasons for retention and an estimated date of removal or destruction. 11. RECORDS OF PROPERTY REMOVALS AND DESTRUCTION The Supreme Commander should keep records of all property re- moved from Japan or destroyed in the execution of the policies in this paper. 12. The provisions of this policy decision will apply until an ap- propriate decision on this question by the Peace Conference. 30 APPENDIX 5 Interim Import-Export Policies for Japan [FEC Policy Decision, July 24, 1947] I. LONG-RANGE POLICY OBJECTIVES 1 . As soon as possible participation by private individuals and cor- porations in Japanese foreign trade will be authorized. The policies set, forth in this statement, therefore, should be regarded as applying to a fairly short period. II. INTERIM CONTROLS 2. All imports to and exports from Japan will take place exclusively under the direct control of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers acting in accordance with the policies formulated hy the Far Eastern Commission or policies established in accordance with its terms of reference. For the present no government or individual will have contact with the Japanese Government or Japanese individuals except as authorized by the Supreme Commander. 3. The Japanese Government subject to the supervision of the Supreme Commander will he responsible for: a. Internal operations necessary to inspection, purchase, collec- tion, and storage of goods for export, and the delivery of these goods to designated ports; h. Custody, sale and distribution of imported goods within Japan ; c. Provision of all funds and conduct of internal financing ar- rangements necessary to these operations. 4. External purchases and sales will be on a government-to-govern- ment basis. The Japanese Government or its agent will make all sales and purchases and will guarantee title. Transactions should be carried out on behalf of the other governments by their trade repre- sentatives in Japan with the Japanese Government or its agents and should conform to general conditions determined by the Supreme Com- mander for the Allied Powers or alternatively, in respect of particular transactions to special conditions agreed with him. The purchaser from or seller to Japan will be a government agency or, if a nongovern- ment firm, the transaction must be arranged for by an official trade representative who will take responsibility for the transaction. 0 . The provisions of this section should not be taken to prevent the resumption of private trade. 31 Appendix 5 — Continued III. DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPORT-EXPORT PROGRAM 6. The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers will he responsi- ble for ascertaining the types and amounts of goods available for ex- port, and for recommending the types and amounts of goods to be imported. The trade program developed and recommended by the Supreme Commander will be reviewed by the U. S. Government, and forwarded to the Far Eastern Commission and the Inter- Allied Trade Board for consideration in accordance with their respective terms of reference. The trade program when put into effect will contain only such items the inclusion of which are not contrary to any decision of the Far Eastern Commission. 7. The Supreme Commander will be notified by the United States Government, after consultation with the Inter-Allied Trade Board, of those export items for the disposal of which he will be directly responsible. In dealing with these he will be guided by the policies formulated by the Far Eastern Commission, or policies established in accordance with its terms of reference, relating to the destinations of exports and the terms of their sale. In the remaining cases the United States Government, after consultation with the Inter-Allied Trade Board, will reserve to itself the determination of allocations which will be notified to the Supreme Commander in due course. The disposition of exports will be for currencies which are acceptable in accordance with policies established in accordance with the terms of reference of the Far Eastern Commission or in exchange for im- ports necessary for Japan. 8. The Supreme Commander should make available to the Far Eastern Commission monthly returns showing completed imports and exports, and cpiarterly returns showing planned imports and exports and the state of Japan’s balance of payments classified accord- ing to currencies. IV. IMPORTS 9. For the purpose of this paper imports are divided into the follow- ing three categories: a. Imports required to prevent such widespread disease and unrest as would endanger the occupying forces; h. Imports required to accomplish the objectives of the occupa- tion; c. Other imports requested by the Japanese Government. 10. For the time being import programs under categories 9 a and h are authorized subject to availability of items and funds and such other limitations as may be operative. Category 9 c imports are not authorized until it is possible to appraise more accurately than can 32 Appendix 5 — Continued be done at present such factors as the comparative need of the Japa- nese economy for such imports, the foreign trade position of Japan, the amount of proceeds of exports required to pay for imports under a and h above, and other costs of the occupation to be paid for by export surpluses. 1 1 . The commodity requirements for prevention of disease and un- rest and to accomplish the objectives of the occupation will be met to the maximum extent hy indigenous resources and to the minimum extent by imports. V. EXPORTS 12. For the present no fixed capital goods or equipment, except that which results from current production, should be exported to pay for imports. 13. Export industries should not he developed when the character of such industries would contribute significantly to the maintenance or development of Japan’s war-making potential or if they would promote dependence of other countries on Japan for strategic products. Exports of textiles and other goods which are in world short supply, especially in Asiatic countries, should be stimulated to the maximum practicable extent. 14. The proceeds of exports resulting from current production inclusive of current production of gold or other precious metals will be used in the first instance to pay for both past and current imports under categories 9 a and h. 15. The proceeds of exports of stocks of materials not subject to restitution in accordance with the Far Eastern Commission policy shall also be used in the first instance to pay for imports. 16. Stocks of gold, silver, cultural objects and other precious metals, precious stones and jewels should be disposed of as follows: a. Cultural objects, produced prior to September 1, 1945, should not be exported. h. Stocks of gold, silver, precious metals looted from occupied areas should be treated in accordance with Far Eastern Commission policy and pending establishment of a new restitution policy, items known to have been looted or probably looted, should not be exported from Japan. c. Stocks of gold, silver, other precious metals, precious stones and jewels of clearly established Japanese ownership ultimately should be disposed of as reparations. In the meantime, values of such Japanese assets should be preserved, but such assets themselves may be used as a means of acquiring foreign exchange to aid m financ- ing production programs designed to contribute to the revival of productivity in a Japanese peace economy. In case of export of the 33 Appendix 5 — Continued above-mentioned assets equal opportunity to acquire these assets in return for acceptable currency should be granted to all member countries of the Far Eastern Commission. APPENDIX 6 Conduct of Trade With Japan [FEO Policy Decision, November 18, 1948] 1. In so far as is compatible with the Basic Post Surrender Policy for Japan [approved 19 June 1947, and forwarded to the Supreme Commander on 26 June 1947], and other policy decisions of the Far Eastern Commission, mcluding this policy decision, Japan’s foreign trade should be so conducted as to: a. foster the development and balanced growth of Japanese for- eign trade to a level consistent with Japan’s peaceful needs as defined by the Far Eastern Commission; h. encourage an increase in Japanese exports: (1) in order that these exports may, as soon as possible, pay for the imports requhed for the prevention of disease and unrest within Japan, and for the reestablishment of a self-sustaining economy ; and (2) in order that Japan may participate m providing goods for international trade; c. insure competitive conditions in trade free of contracts or ar- rangements which limit access to markets or foster monopolistic con- trols, and prevent excessive concentration of economic power in Japan and monopolies in Japanese foreign trade, whether with the participa- tion of Japanese or foreign capital. 2. In addition to Allied trade representatives whose entry into Japan has been or may be approved consequent upon policy decisions of the Far Eastern Commission, persons in the following categories should be permitted to enter and reside in Japan in accordance with regulations established by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers : a. Merchants and other traders (including representatives of commercial organizations. Governmental or otherwise) who are pre- pared to purchase or to make arrangements for future purchases of potential exports, or to provide raw materials or other commodities which Japan must import; 34 Appendix 6 — Continued b. Representatives of banks, insurance companies, airlines, ship- ping and other companies who are prepared to render necessary serv- ices in connection with Japan’s foreign trade either to private non- Japanese businessmen, to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, or to Japanese persons or agencies approved by him; c. Representatives of companies or individuals who had prewar property interests in Japan, the renewed operation of which would contribute to the accomplishment of the objectives in paragraph 1; d. Representatives of companies or individuals who had substan- tial prewar property interests in Japan, for the purpose of inspection of those interests. 3. Nothing in this policy decision is to be understood as requiring the reopening or operation of factories in Japan. 4. There should be no discrimination against any foreign trade representatives or businessmen in Japan and all should he accorded equality of opportunity to transact busmess. Accommodations should be allocated to such persons entering Japan under the provi- sions of this policy decision on an impartial basis. 5. Yen acquired by foreign nationals through activities envisaged in this policy should be usable for local expenditures in accordance with laws and regulations enforced in Japan. 6. The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers may impose port and service charges upon foreign vessels entering Japanese ports for commercial purposes with the exceptions enumerated below: a. No port charges should be imposed on vessels entering Japanese ports in so far as they are carrying occupation force cargo or are engaged in the removal of reparations or restitution goods. Wliere vessels are also engaged at the same time in normal commercial operations, port charges shoidd be imposed in proportion to the bulk of commercial cargo carried. h. All port charges on commercial vessels as well as the services rendered to commercial vessels in Japanese ports should be subject to appropriate and nondiscriminatory payment in any foreign exchange useful for the purchase of imports for Japan or in local currency, in accordance with laws and regulations enforced in Japan. 7. The persons referred to in paragraph 2 shoidd be afforded oppor- tunity for direct access to individual Japanese firms of their own choosing, and should have the opportunity to move freely in Japan subject only to availability of transport and accommodations. Any regulations pertaining to the participation of firms or government agencies, whether Japanese or foreign, in foreign trade should be non- discriminatory in character and confined to measures essential to achieving the principles and objectives set forth in this policy and 35 Appendix 6 — Continued should be based upon criteria established by and under the supervision of Scab. 8. Foreign trade may be conducted by the Japanese Government or agency thereof to the extent deemed by the Supreme Commander for the sillied Powers to be necessary for the purpose of maximizing export proceeds or for other purposes, consistent with the principles and objectives stated in this policyr 9. An exchange rate for the yen should be established as soon as practicable. APPENDIX 7 Travel Outside Japan of Japanese Commercial Representatives [FEC Policy Decision, October 21, 1948] 1. During the period of the occupation it is recognized that the operation of the private trade of Japan with other countries must be conducted largely through foreign nationals traveling or residing in Japan. However, in order to widen the scope of trade and to further the policy of preventing Japanese monopolies in foreign trade, a limited resumption of private trade contacts by the travel of Japanese commercial representatives abroad may, subject to the approval of the country of destination, be permitted under the following conditions: a. Such travel should give Japanese no advantage over foreign nationals doing business with or in Japan. To this end foreign nationals in Japan should be given maximum freedom to develop trade, subject only to the economic controls rec^uired by reason of the occupation. Such controls should apply equally to Japanese and foreign nationals. b. Japanese commercial representatives abroad should not be the sole sales or purchasing medium for Boeki Cho or for Japanese trade associations nor should they be allowed to be official representa- tives of SCAP. c. The specific travel authorized herein and the extent thereof should be only that essential to raise Japan’s foreign trade to a level consistent with her peaceful needs as defined by the Far Eastern Commission. d. The activities of Japanese commercial representatives abroad should be confined to trade. They should not be a cover for other activities such as for instance those of a political or propaganda nature. e. Japanese commercial representatives should be carefully 36 Appendix 7 — Continued screened by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers before they are allowed to leave Japan. 2. Such Japanese travel abroad shall be under such conditions and controls as may be specified by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and the country of destination. Subject to over-all supervision by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, the Japanese Government, or any authorized agency thereof, will be responsible for the conduct of any Japanese commercial representa- tives permitted to travel abroad under this policy. APPENDIX 8 Restitution of Looted Property [FEC Policy Decision, July 29, 1948] 1. This policy supersedes the Far Eastern Commission policy decision on Restitution of Looted Property approved 18 July 1946, as amended by the policy decision on Restitution of Looted Property approved 10 October 1946, and also supersedes the U. S. directive on Disposition of Captured Japanese AJerchant Vessels filed with the Far Eastern Commission on 24 May 1946. 2. Immediate steps should be taken to restore to Allied countries property which is found in Japan and which is identified in accord- ance with this paper as having been located in an Allied country at or during the time of occupation of that country, and which was removed by fraud, force or duress by the Japanese or theit [agents. The fact that payment was made should be disregarded unless there is con- clusive evidence that fraud, force or duress did not take place. Res- titution of industrial and transportation machinery and equipment should be deferred, however, so long as its retention is required for the safety of the occupation forces. In such cases the Supreme Com- mander for the Allied Powers should provide an explanation of reasons for retention and an estimated date of restoration. Special policies with respect to ships are stated below. 3. Steps should be taken to restore to Allied countries ships of all types and sizes found in Japanese waters which are identified as having been registered in an Allied country at the time of seizure or sinking by the Japanese or their agents, or at the time of acquisition by the Japanese or their agents by fraud, force or duress. The fact that payment was made should be disregarded unless there is con- 37 Appendix 8 — Continued elusive evidence that fraud, force or duress did not take place. Within the limits of feasibility ships found in Japanese waters whether seaworthy, sunk or damaged, should, on the request of the claimant country, be refitted, or salvaged, repaired and refitted, as a matter of priority in Japanese yards, to permit their return in a condition substantially similar to that at the time they came into Japanese hands. The foregoing costs should be borne by the Japanese Government. 4. The processing of claims for industrial and transportation ma- chinery and equipment found in Japan should not be permitted in general to delay reniovals of machinery and equipment on reparations account, but no item for which restitution claim has been received by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers should be allo- cated on reparations account until the claim has been acted upon. On the other hand, no restitution claim should be recognized for articles already delivered to particular countries on reparations account. 5. The claimant government should take delivery at a point in Japan designated by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers except that at the discretion of the Supreme Commander and by agreement with the recipient country, (A) in the case of Allied vessels subject to restitution the Supreme Commander may make delivery at Western Pacific points outside Japan whenever delivery will thereby be facilitated, in which case any costs of supporting and re- patriating ships’ crews used for such delivery should not be borne by the recipient country unless it specifically agrees to do so; and (B) in the case of delivery of other items of looted property, unutilized outgoing shipping space of Japanese vessels being employed in the importation of goods or repatriation of Japanese from a restitution recipient country to Japan may be made available at the expense of the Japanese Government but at the risk of the recipient country to deliver such items at points outside Japan. Expenses incurred after delivery to the claimant government should be borne by that govern- ment, except that in the case of delivery within Japan, relevant trans- portation expenses within Japan and any dismantling, packing and repair necessary for proper transportation, including the necessary manpower, materials and organization, should be borne by Japan and be included in restitution. The recipient governments should indemnify the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers against all claims made in respect of the property received. 6. Restitution claims for property other than ships should be made by the government of the Allied country from whose territory the property claimed was removed; and restitution made to that govern- ment. In the case of ships, restitution claims should be filed by, and restitution made to, the government of the country whose flag 38 - Appendix 8 — Continued the vessels were wearing or on whose register of shipping the vessels were borne at the time of sinking, seizure or acquisition as specified in paragraph 3. 7. No property, including cultural objects, should be included in Japanese exports which the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers considers as probably subject to restitution. If items later found to be subject to restitution should be exported or liquidated equitable compensation should be made to that country to which the items exported or liquidated should have been restored. 8. After full opportunities have been given for inspection of objects known to have been looted the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers should be authorized to liquidate property including stocks of gold, silver, other precious metals, precious stones and jewels but not cultural objects, known to have been looted but not identified pursuant to the terms of this paper. The proceeds of such liqui- dation shall form a secured fund to be entrusted to the care of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, which may be used, in the discretion of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, as a basis for credit for the purposes of the occupation. The initial value of the secured fund is to be preserved by the Supreme Com- mander for the Allied Powers or his successor authority. The Govern- ments of Australia, China”, France, India, the Netherlands, the Philippines, and the United Kingdom should have a priority right to purchase items offered for liquidation by foreign exchange acceptable to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers up to but not exceeding their recognized national reparations percentage shares (adjusted to total 100%, applicable to this pool) of industrial assets available from within Japan. The secured fund should finally be distributed among the countries herein specified in accordance with the percentage mentioned above, payable in United States dollars, or, at the discretion of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, in foreign exchange acceptable to the recipient countries concerned. The secured fund shall be distributed to the recipient countries not later than 1 October 1949. 9. Without prejudice to other arrangements which may be made between the interested parties, the foregoing restitution policies, especially those in paragraph 6 are not intended to give the Allied government concerned the right to withhold from a person who is a national of another Allied Power any property as to which he may establish a legitimate title. 10. The Far Eastern Commission should recommend to the Govern- ment of those countries within whose territories may be found objects looted or acquired by fraud, force or duress by the Japanese such as: a. Industrial and transportation machinery and equipment; 39 Appendix 8 — Continued h. Gold, other precious metals, precious gems, foreign securities, foreign currencies, and other foreign exchange assets; c. Cidtural objects; d. Agricultural products and industrial raw materials; e. Ships; that bilateral arrangements be drawn up providing for restitution according to these principles. 11. The Far Eastern Commission should request the United States Government to forward this statement of policy through the usual channels to States which are not represented on the Far Eastern Commission and within whose territories looted objects may be found. 12. The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers shall create an agency comprising one representative from each of the restitution and reparations teams in Japan of the 'eleven member countries of the Far Eastern Commission to advise on restitution matters. In addition, the Supreme Commander or his deputy should act as the non-voting chairman of the agency. It may meet at the call of the Supreme Commander or at the request of any member. The Supreme Commander should notify the United States Government of the views of the agency when his views conflict with those of the majority of the member countries. 13. In applying standards of identification with respect to claims for looted property, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers should observe the following principles; a. In cases of doubt, tbe presumption should be in favor of the claimant country whenever permitted by the broadest application of law, equity and common sense. b. In cases of doubt as to the adequacy of the evidence of owner- ship submitted to support a claim for an object known to have been looted, the Supreme Commander shall inform the other members of the advisory agency of the existence of the claim. The advisory agency, after examining the evidence, shall give its advice to the Supreme Commander as to whether the claim should be approved or the provisions of paragraph 8 above applied. 14. No claims for the restitution of looted property should be lodged with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers after eight months from the issuance of a directive to the Supreme Com- mander for the Allied Powers giving effect to this policy decision; provided that after such terminal date, claims may, with the con- currence of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, be lodged for property known to have been looted but not yet identified pur- suant to the provisions of this paper; and provided also that adequate 40 Appendix 8 — Continued opportunity be given to representatives of looted countries both before and after such terminal date to inspect property known to have been looted but not yet identified. APPENDIX 9 Extension of Far Eastern Commission Policy on Temporary Retention of Electric Steel Furnaces [FEC Policy Decision, July 24, 1947 1. In view of the continued shortage of coal in Japan, the author- ization granted in Interim Reparations Removals; Temporary Reten- tion of Electric Steel Furnaces, (approved by the Far Eastern Com- mission on 6 December 1946, and forwarded to Soap on 13 December 1946) to retain in Japan up to 30 June 1947, electric steel furnaces in excess of the 100,000 metric tons annual capacity referred to in Interim Reparations Removals: Iron and Steel Industry, etc., (approved 12 June 1946, and forwarded to Scap on 15 June 1946) together with the rolling mill capacity integrated with such electric furnaces, to a maximum of an additional 300,000 metric tons annual capacity, is hereby extended until 30 June 1948. 2. The above policy should not postpone the designation of these facilities under the reparations removal program. APPENDIX 10 Supply of Food for Civilian Consumption in Japan [FEC Policy Decision, December 11, 1947] 1. The Far Eastern Commission, having considered the question of the supply of food for civilian consumption in Japan in the light of a. the measures already taken by the Supreme Commander since the beginning of the occupation ,_to improve Japan’s production and distribution of indigenous food ; and h. the acute shortage of food which is not confined to Japan, but is causing serious hardship in countries which suffered as a result of Japanese aggression 41 Appendix 10- -Continued liereby adopts the following policies with respect to this matter. 2. The Supreme Commander should ensure, by all practicable means, that the Japanese Government take the necessary measures a. to attain the maximum production of indigenous food; and h. to ensure equitable distribution of indigenous food supplies by maintaining and improving the system of collection, rationing, and price control. 3. In view of the acute world shortage, imports of food for Japan during the present crop year (November 1, 1947-October 31, 1948) should be the minimum required to prevent such starvation and widespread disease and civil unrest as would endanger the safety of the occupation forces, and no imports exceeding this minimum should be permitted which would have the effect of giving preferential treat- ment to the Japanese over the peoples of any Allied Power or liberated area. 4. The Far Eastern Commission recommends to its member govern- ments that they take all steps within their power to assist the imple- mentation of this policy. APPENDIX 11 Disposition of Funds Covering Fines Collected by Allied Military Occupation Courts [FEC Policy Decision, August 7, 1947] The Far Eastern Commission decides as a matter of policy the following: Since the military occupation courts which have been appointed by order of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan partake of an international character, any fines imposed or other sums collected pursuant to orders made by such courts should be used in defraying the costs of the Allied occupation. All such moneys should be entered in a separate account and should be assigned to meet the occupation costs of the forces whose courts ordered payment to be made. 42 APPENDIX 12 Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information in Japan [FEC Policy Decision, June 24, I94S] During the period from 1 July 1948 through 31 March 1949, technical representatives of the Governments of members of the Far Eastern Commission should be permitted access to and the right to take copies of the details of any technical or scientific processes of industrial or commercial value which are of Japanese origin and owner- ship and which were developed prior to 31 December 1945. Technical or scientific information obtained by any representative of the government of a member of the Far Eastern Commission pur- suant to this policy statement should be promptly and fully disclosed to ScAP for dissemination to other interested members of the Far Eastern Commission upon specific request. APPENDIX 13 Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information by Non- FEC Countries at War With Japan [FEC Policy Decision, December 23, 1948] 1. ScAP may, insofar as it proves administratively practical, and without prejudice to arrangements for Fec member nations in accordance with the principles established in “Access to Japanese Technical and Scientific Information in Japan”, approved by tbe Far Eastern Commission on 24 June 1948 and forwarded to the Supreme Commander on 1 July 1948, permit investigation of Japanese technical processes by non-Fnc countries at war with Japan subse- quent to 7 December 1941. Any technical or scientific information thus obtained should be promptly and fully disclosed to Scap. Such information should be disseminated by Scap in response to specific requests. 2. Technical or scientific information disclosed to Scap in accord- ance with paragraph 2 of “Access to Japanese Technical and Scien- tific Information in Japan” ^ should, upon specific request, be made available to non-FEC countries at war with Japan subsequent to 7 December 1941. ’ Appendix 12. 43 APPENDIX 14 Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender [POTSDAM DECLARATION] [July 26, 1945] (1) We — the President of the United States, the President of the National Government of the Republic of China, and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, representing the hundreds of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war. (2) The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist. (3) The result of the futile and senseless German resistance to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands forth in awful clarity as an example to the people of Japan. The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste to the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people. The full ajjplication of our military power, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland. (4) The time has come for Japan to decide whether she will con- tinue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether she will follow the path of reason. (5) Following are our terms. We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay. (6) There must be eliminated for all times the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest, for we insist that a new order of peace, security and justice will be impossible until irresponsible militarism is driven from the world. (7) Until such a new order is established and until there is convinc- ing proof that Japan’s war-making power is destroyed, points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies shall be occupied to secure the achievement of the basic objectives we are here setting forth. 44 Appendix 14 — Continued (8) The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine. (9) The Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives. (10) We do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners. The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established. (11) Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to re-arm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from control of, raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted. (12) The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible govermnent. (13) We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction. APPENDIX 15 Origin of the Far Eastern Commission and Its Terms of Reference FAR EASTERN ADVISORY COMMISSION Growing out of negotiations originally begun on August 21, 1945, a Far Eastern Advisory Commission was convened in Washington on October 30, 1945, for the purpose of making “recommendations” on the “formulation of policies, principles and standards by which the fulfillment by Japan of its obligations under the instrument of 45 Appendix 15 — Continued surrender may be determined.” The Commission met regularly over the next two months. It was composed of representatives of Aiis- tralia, Canada, China, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Soviet Union declined the proposal to take part in the Far Eastern Advisory Commission because of its purely advisory character. In December 1945 the Advisory Commission undertook a trip to Japan and returned to Washington in February 1946. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FAR EASTERN COMMISSION At the Moscow Meeting of Foreign Secretaries in December 1945 further negotiations between the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom were conducted on the subject of greater Allied participation in the control of Japan during the occupation, and with the concurrence of China the three Foreign Ministers on December 27, 1945, issued a communique establishing Terms of Reference for a Far Eastern Commission to replace the Far Eastern Advisory Com- mission. The Moscow agreement was made known one day after the Advisory Commission bad left Washington on its trip to Japan. Accordingly, upon this body’s return to Washington the Far Eastern Commission came into being, consisting of representatives of those powers which had been members of the Advisory Commission and a Soviet representative. Headquarters were established in the former Japanese Embassy in Washington, and the first meeting of the Far Eastern Commission was held there on February 26, 1946. The Terms of Reference of the Far Eastern Commission are given below. TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE FAR EASTERN COMMISSION [December 27, 1945] Agreement was reached, with the concurrence of China, for the establishment of a Far Eastern Commission to take the place of the Far Eastern Advisory Commission. The Terms of Reference for the Far Eastern Commission are as follows; I. Establishment of the Co7nmission A Far Eastern Commission is hereby established composed of the representatives of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, United States, China, France, the Netherlands, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and the Philippine Commonwealth. II. Functions A. The functions of the Far Eastern Commission shall be: 1. To formulate the policies, principles, and standards in con- 46 Appendix 15 — Continued formity with which the fulfillment by Japan of its obligations under the Terms of Surrender may be accomplished. 2. To review, on the request of any member, any directive issued to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers or aiiy action taken by the Supreme Commander involving policy decisions within the jurisdiction of the Commission. 3. To consider such other matters as may be assigned to it by agreement among the participating Governments reached in accord- ance with the voting procedure provided for in Article V-2 hereunder. B. The Commission shall not make recommendations with regard to the conduct of military operations nor with regard to territorial adjustments. C. The Commission in its activities will proceed from the fact that there has been formed an Allied Council for Japan and will respect existing control machinery in Japan, including the chain of command from the United States Government to the Supreme Commander and the Supreme Commander’s command of occupation forces. III. Functions of the United States Government 1. The United States Government shall prepare directives in ac- cordance with policy decisions of the Commission and shall transmit them to the Supreme Commander through the appropriate United States Government agency. The Supreme Commander shall be charged with the implementation of the directives which express the policy decisions of the Commission. 2. If the Commission decides that any directive or action reviewed in accordance with Article II-A-2 should be modified, its decision shall be regarded as a policy decision. 3. The United States Government may issue interim directives to the Supreme Commander pending action by the Commission when- ever urgent matters arise not covered by policies already formulated by the Commission; provided that any directives dealing with funda- mental changes in the Japanese constitutional structure or in the regime of control, or dealing with a change in the Japanese Govern- ment as a whole will be issued only following consultation and follow- ing the attainment of agreement in the Far Eastern Commission. 4. All directives issued shall be filed with the Commission. IV. Other Methods of Consultation The establishment of the Commission shall not preclude the use of other methods of consultation on Far Eastern issues by the partici- pating Governments. 47 Appendix 15 — Continued V. Composition 1. The Par Eastern Commission shall consist of one representative of each of the States party to this agreement. The membership of the Commission may be increased by agreement among the partici- pating Powers as conditions warrant by the addition of representatives of other United Nations in the Far East or having territories therein. The Commission shall provide for full and adequate consnltations, as occasion may require, with representatives of the United Nations not members of the Commission in regard to matters before the Com- mission which are of particular concern to such nations. 2. The Commission may take action by less than unanimous vote provided that action shall have the concurrence of at least a majority of all the representatives including the representatives of the four following Powers: Plnited States, United Kingdom, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and China. VI. Location and Organization 1. The Far Eastern Commission shall have its headquarters in Washington. It may meet at other places as occasion requires, including Tokyo, if and when it deems it desirable to do so. It may make such arrangements through the Chairman as may be practicable for consultation with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. 2. Each representative on the Commission may he accompanied by an appropriate staff comprising both civilian and military repre- sentation. 3. The Commission shall organize its secretariat, appoint such committees as may be deemed advisable, and otherwise perfect its organization and procedure. VII. Tenni nation The Far Eastern Commission shall cease to function when a deci- sion to that effect is taken by the concurrence of at least a majority of all the representatives including the representatives of the four following Powers: United States, United Kingdom, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and China. Prior to the termination of its functions the Commission shall transfer to any interim or permanent security organization of which the participating Governments are members those functions which may appropriately be transferred. 48 APPENDIX 16 Organization of the Commission COMMISSION The Far Eastern Commission is composed of representatives of the eleven nations referred to in the Terms of Reference (appendix 15). Maj. Gen. Frank R. McCoy, United States Army (Retired), the United States representative, who serves with the iDcrsonal rank of Ambassador, was unanimously elected Chairman of the Commission at its first meeting. In most cases the representatives of the other countries are the chiefs of mission of those countries in Washington. A list of representatives and their alternates follows in alphabetical order, and a complete roster of the personnel of each national delega- tion on the Commission will be found in appendix 17. Au.stralia Canada China France India Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Kingdom United States Ambassador Norman .1. 0. Makin Alternate: Mr. H. W. Bullock Amba.s.sador Hu.me Wronc. Alternate: Mr. Ralph E. Collins Ambassador V. K. Wellington Koo Alternate: Dr. Shao-hw.v Tan Ambassador Paul E. Naggiar, Special Ambassador of the Republic of France to the Far Eastern Com- mission Alternate: Mr. Jean Daridan Ambassador Sir B. Rama Rau Alternate: Mr. R. K. Nehru Ambassador E. N. van Kleffens • Alternate: Mr. O. Reuchlin Ambassador Sir Carl Berendsen Alternate: Mr. G. R. Powles Ambassador Carlos P. Romulo, Permanent Repre- sentative of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations and on the Far Eastern Commission Alternate: Mr. Emilio Abello Ambassador Alexander S. Panyushkin Alternate: Mr. S. K. Tsarapkin Ambassador Sir Oliver Franks Alternate: Mr. H. A. Graves Maj. Gen. Frank R. McCoy, U.S.A. (Ret.) A list of both present and former representatives on the Far Eastern Commission with their dates of service will be found in appendix 18. 49 Appendix 16 — Continued STEERING COMMITTEE A Steering Committee of the Commission has been established and is responsible for organizing Commission business and coordinating the functions of the various working committees described below. Recommendations from working committees regarding resolutions and policy proposals are normally considered by the Steering Committee before being forwarded to the Commission. Areas of disagreement between members are canvassed and wherever possible are resolved before proposals are forwarded to the Commission itself for considera- tion. The Chairman of the Steering Committee is Sir Carl Berendsen (New Zealand), and the Deputy Chairman is Mr. O. Reuchlin (Netherlands). A list of members of the Steering Committee follows (see also appendix 17): Australia Canada China France India Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Kingdom United States Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. Ralph E. Collins Dr. Shao-hwa Tan Mr. Jean Daridan Mr. R. K. Nehru Mr. O. Reuchlin Sir Carl Berendsen Mr. J. U. JOVELLANOS Rear Adin. S. S. Ramishvili Mr. H. A. Graves Dr. .George H. Blakeslee COMMITTEES The Commission has also established seven working committees to consider and make appropriate recommendations on various aspects of Commission business. Each of the working committees is com- posed of delegates from all of the eleven nations constituting the Commission. Officers and the principal fields of business of the working com- mittees are listed as follows: Committee No. 1: Reparations Chairman: Mr. H. W. Bullock (Australia) Deputy Chairman: Mr. G. J. Jobsis (Netherlands) Subjects for consideration: Japanese reparations; restitution of looted property. Committee No. 2: Economic and Financial Affairs Chairman: Air. J. F. Ford (United Kingdom) Deputy Chairman: Mr. Roswell H. Whitm.an (United States) Subjects for consideration: Extent and character of Japanese in- 50 Appendix 16 — Continued dustry, commerce, and agriculture necessary for a viable economy in Japan; measures necessary to establish such an economy, such as regulation of Japanese foreign commerce, control of agriculture, control of hsliing and aquatic industries, control of transportation and communication, and control of industries; democratic agrarian re- form; liquidation of monopolistic hnancial and industrial concerns (zaibatsu) ; complete elimination of Japanese war industry; reduction, control, and reconversion to peacetime production of industry, com- merce, shipping, shipbuilding, and other industries which were used for war purposes during wartime; control of scientific and industrial research; stocks of strategic raw materials; relief problems, such as prevention of mass unemployment, public health, food, housing, and related financial problems. Committee No. 3: Constitutional and Legal Reform Chairman: Mr. R. K. Nehru (India) Deputy Chairman: Air. R.\lph E. Collins (Canada) Subjects jor consideration : The Emperor institution. Diet, Cabinet, local government, political parties; a bill of rights; Japanese Constitu- tion; judiciary; electoral system; reform of the police system. Committee No. 4; Strengthening of Democratic Tendencies Chairman: Rear Adm. S. S. R.imishvili (U.S.S.R.) Deputy Chairman: Dr. T. T. AI.\r (China) Subjects for consideration : Positive policy for democratization of the Japanese; removal from the Government and governmental institu- tions, as well as from organs of local administration and self-govern- ment, of all militarist and totalitarian elements who actively sup- ported the aggressive policy of Japan; dissolution of former military, semi-military, fascist, nationalistic, and secret organizations; trade unions and peasants’ organizations; supervision of elections in order to insure free expression of the people’s will; activities of the Japanese Diet; educational system; public information, including press and radio and public entertainment, e.g. theaters and movies; political and social status of women; state Shinto. Committee No. 5; War Criminals Chairman: Air. Yun-chu Yang (China) Deputy Chairman: Air. J. U. Jovellanos (Philippines) Subjects for consideration: Identification, apprehension, and trial of persons suspected of war crimes; punishment of convicted war criminals. 51 Appendix 16 — Continued Committee No. 6: Aliens in Japan Chairman: Air. Paul Guerin (France) Deputy Chairman: Mr. M. B. Thresher (United Kingxlom) Subjects for consideration: Status and property of persons other than Japanese nationals. Committee No. 7; Disarmament of Japan Chairman: Mr. O. Reuchlin (Netherlands) Deputy Chairman: Rear Adm. 8. S. Ramishvili (U.S.S.R.) Subjects for consideration: Disarmament and dissolution of Japanese armed forces; disposition of Japanese armaments and military equip- ment ; long-i'ange control of armaments necessary for internal police security in Japan. Each of these committees appoints ad hoc subcommittees as the occasion may require, and several committees have one or two stand- ing subcommittees. SECRETARIAT In its capacity as host to the Commission, the United States Gov- ernment has furnished the headquarters for the Commission, has underwritten the Commission's budget, and has in the main provided the staff for the Commission’s Secretariat. Air. Nelson T. Johnson, former United States Ambassador to China and Alinister to Australia, is Secretary General of the Commission, and Air. David K. Eichler is his Deputy. The Commission has agreed that any nation is free to nominate and pay the salary and expenses of members of the Secretary General’s staff, and upon this basis Air. Donald G. Badger of Australia was appointed by the Sec- retary General to the jiosition of Economic Secretary and served in that capacity from June 4, 1946, to June 5, 1948. At the present time the Secretariat is composed entirely of United States citizens. J'he Secretariat is charged with the performance of all of the tech- nical and administrative duties which Commission and committee meetings involve, including preparation of committee agenda and minutes, procurement, analysis, and dissemination of informational material about Japan; receiving and distributing official communi- cations from governments; handling official Commission policy de- cisions and consultations; advising Commission members on questions of procedure; and performing such other functions as may be specifi- cally assigned. 52 APPENDIX 17 Roster of Present Far Eastern Commission Personnel November 1, 1948 1. DELEGATIONS Australia H. E. the Hon. N. J. 0. Makin (Am- Maj. Gen. J. A. Chapman bassador) Capt. S. H. K. Spurgeon, R.A.N. Mr. H. W. Bullock Canada H. E. Mr. H. H. Wrong (Ambassador) Mr. R. E. Collins China H. E. Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo (Am- bassador) Dr. Shao-hwa Tan Mr. Yun-chu Yang Dr. Shou-chin Wang Dr. T. T. Mar Dr. U. Y. Yen Mr. T. L. Tsui France H. E. Mr. Paul E. Naggiar (Ambas- sador) Mr. Jean Daridan Mr. Paul Guerin India H. E. Sir B. Rama Rau (Ambassador) Mr. R. K. Nehru Mr. I. S. Chopra Mr. Ashfaque Husain Netherlands H. E. Dr. E. N. van Kleffens (Am- bassador) Mr. O. Reuchlin New Zealand, H. E. Sir Carl Berendsen (Ambassa- dor) Mr. G. R. PowLES Mr. J. S. Reid Commander E. J. D. Pemberton, R.C.N.(R) Mr. R. L. Rogers Mr. S. S. Chen Mr. E. H. Chow Mr. John Young Dr. Anthony Koo Mr. C. Y. Hsieh Mr. S. Y. Huang Miss Dorothy Wei Mr. Robert Douteau Mr. Pierre Sauvageot Mr. Jacques de Ferluc Brig. D. Chaudhuri Dr. A. M. D’Rozario Mr. S. N. Banerji Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. M. DE Blank Capt. F. Stam, R.N.N. Air Commodore J. L. Findlay Mr. C. K. Webster Mrs. I. P. Bloomfield Miss B. M. Hartree 53 Appendix 17 — Continued Philippines H. E. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo bassador) Mr. Emilio Abello Mr. F. C. Rodriguez Mr. J. U. Jovellanos (Am- Mr. Salvador P. Lopez J udge Jose Ingles M r. Renato Constantino M aj. Antonio P. Chanco M r. Pelayo Llamas Union of Soviet Socialist Republics H. E. Mr. Alexander S. Panyushkin Mr. A. P. Korobochkin (Ambassador) Mr. S. M. Sergeev Mr. S. K. Tsarapkin Mr. B. K. Sokolov Rear Adm. S. S. Ramishvili U n ited Ki n gdom H. E. Sir Oliver Franks (Ambassador) Mrs. J. Locke Mr. H. A. Graves Brig. J. D. P. Chapman Mr. B. Cockram Maj. C. Ring Mr. J. F. Ford Mr. A. C. Christelow Mr. M. B. Thresher United States H. E. Maj. Gen. PbiANK R. McCoy, Mrs. S. G. Kallis U. S. A. (Ret.) — Chairman Dr. George H. Blakeslee Mr. Robert W. Barnett Mr. Dean O. Bowman Mr. Edward Castleman Mr. Philander P. Claxton Miss Edna V. Ciilbreth Mr. Roger C. Dixon Mrs. Alice Dunning Mr. Michael J. Dux Miss Katherine B. Fite Miss A. R. Hall Col. E. W. Hendrick Cajit. H. R. Hummer Lt. Col. Walker W. Milner Mr. H. D. Owen Mr. George Pollard Miss Sara D. Porter Mr. J. P’ranklin Ray, Jr. Col. T. S. Riggs Mr. Frank A. Schuler, Jr. Lt. Col. Henry O. Silsbee Mr. R. B. Smith Mr. C. E. Snow Mr. Raymond Vernon Mr. Roger L. Williams Mr. Roswell H. Whitman II. COMMITTEES Steering Committee Chairman: Deputy Chairman: Secretary: Australia Canada China PTance India Sir Carl Berendsen (New Zealand) Mr. O. Reuchlin (Netherlands) Mr. David K. Eichler Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. R. E. Collins D r. Shao-hwa Tan Mr. Yun-chu Yang D r. T. T. Mar Mr. Jean Daridan Mr. R. K. Nehru M r. S. N. Banerji 54 Appendix 17 — Continued Steering Committee — Continued Netherlands Mr. O. Reuchlin New Zealand Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. M. DE Blank Sir Carl Berendsen Mr. G. R. PowLES Philippines United Kingdom Mr. J. U. JOVELLANOS Mr. H. A. Graves Mr. J. F. Ford United States U.S.S.R. Dp. George H. Blakeslee Rear Adm. S. S. Ramishvili Committee No. 1: Reparations Chairtnan: Deputy Chairman: Secretary: Australia Canada Mr. H. W. Bullock (Australia) Mr. G. J. JoBsis (Netherlands) Mr. James F. Davidson Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. R. E. Collins Mr. R. L. Rogers China Mr. Yun-chu Yang Dr. Anthony Koo France Mr. Robert Douteau Mr. Jacques de Ferluc India Netherlands Mr. S. N. Banerji Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. M. de Blank New Zealand Mr. G. R. PowLES Mrs. I. P. Bloomfield Philippines United Kingdom Mr. J. U. JoVELLANOS Mr. H. A. Graves Mr. M. B. Thresher United States Mr. Robert W. Barnett Mr. R. B. Smith U.S.S.R. Mr. S. M. Sergeev Committee No. 2: Economic and Financial Affairs Chairman: Deputy Chairman: Secretary: Australia Canada Mr. J. F. Ford (United Kingdom) Mr. Roswell H. Whitman (United States) Mr. Andrew E. Rice Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. R. E. Collins Mr. R. L. Rogers China Dr. Anthony Koo Mr. John Young France Mr. Robert Douteau India Netherlands Mr. Jacques de Ferluc Mr. S. N. Banerji Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. M. DE Blank New Zealand Mr. G. R. PowLEs Mr. C. K. Webster 55 Appendix 17 — Continued Cominittee No. 2: Economic and Financial Adairs — Continued Philippines United Kingdom United States U.S.S.R Mr. J. U. JOVELLANOS Mr. J. F. Ford Mr. M. B. Thresher Mr. Roswell H. Whitman Mr. Robert W. Barnett Mr. Dean 0. Bowman Mr. S. M. Sergeev Committee No. 3: Constitutional and Legal Refonn Chairman: Deputy Chairman: Secretary: Australia Canada China France India Netherlands New Zealand Philippines United Kingdom United States U.S.S.R. Mr. R. K. Nehru (India) Mr. R. E. Collins (Canada) Mr. Carl H. Pfuntner Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. R. E. Collins Dr. T. T. Mar Mr. S. S. Chen Mr. Paul Guerin Mr. R. K. Nehru Mr. I. S. Chopra Mr. G. J. JoBSis Mr. M. DE Blank Mr. G. R. PowLES Mrs. I. P. Bloomheld Mr. J. U. Jovellanos Mr. H. A. Graves Mr. C. E. Snow Mr. S. M. Sergeev Comm ittee No. 4-' Strengthening oj Democratic Tendencies Chairman: Deputy Chairman: Secretary: Australia Canada China France India Netherlands New Zealand Philiiipines United Kingdom United States U.S.S.R. Rear Adni. S. S. Ramishvili (U.S.S.R.) Dr. T. T. Mar (China) Mr. Carl H. Pfuntner Mr. II. W. Bullock Mr. R. E. Collins Dr. T. T. Mar Mr. John Young Mr. Paul Guerin Mr. Ashfaque Husain Dr. A. M. D’Rozario Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. M. DE Blank Mr. G. R. Powles Mrs. I. P. Bloomfield Mr. J. U. Jovellanos Mr. M. B. Thresher Mr. Frank Schuler Rear Adm. S. S. Ramishvili Committee No. 6: War Criminals Chairman: Mr. Yun-chu Yang (China) Deputy Chairman: Mr. J. U. Jovellanos (Philippines) Secretary: Mr. Carl H. Pfuntner 56 Committee No. 5: Australia Canada China France India Netherlands New Zealand Philippines United Kingdom United States U.S.S.R. Committee No. 6. Chairman: Deputy Chairman: Secretary: Australia C&nada China France India Netherlands New Zealand Philippines United Kingdom United States U.S.S.R. Committee No. 7 Chairman: Deputy Chairman: Secretary: Australia Canada China France India Netherlands New Zealand Appendix 17 — Continued War Criminals — Continued Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. R. E. Collins Mr. Yun-chu Yang Mr. C. Y. Hsieh Mr. Paul Guerin Mr. I. S. Chopra Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. M. DE Blank Air Commodore .1. L. Findl.\y Mr. G. R. PowLES Mr. J. U. JOVELLANOS Mr. M. B. Thresher Miss Katherine B. Fite Rear Adm. S. S. Ramishvili : Aliens in Japan Mr. Paul Guerin (France) Mr. M. B. Thresher (United Kingdom) Mr. Carl H. Piuntner Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. R.- E. Collins Mr. Yun-chu Yang Mr. C. Y. Hsieh Mr. S. Y. Huang Mr. Paul Guerin Mr. S. N. Banerji Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. M. DE Blank Air Commodore J. L. Findlay Mr. G. R. PowLES Maj. Antonio P. Chanco Mr. J. U. JOVELLANOS Mr. M. B. Thresher Mr. C. E. Snow Mr. S. M. Sergeev .* Disarmament of Japan Mr. 0 . Reuchlin (Netherlands) Rear Adm. S. S. Ramishvili (U.S.S.R.) Mr. Carl H. Pfuntner Maj. Gen. J. A. Chapman Capt. S. H. K. Spurgeon, R.A.N. Commander F. J. D. Pemberton, R.C.N. (R) Dr. T. T. Mar Mr. Robert Douteau Brig. D. Chaudhuri Mr. 0. Reuchlin Capt. F. Stam, R.N.N. Mr. G. R. PowLES Air Commodore J. L. Findlay 57 Appendix 17 — Continued Committee No. 7: Disarmament of Japan — Continued Philippines United Kingdom United States U.S.S.R. Maj. Anionio P. Chanco Mr. J. U. JOVELLANOS Brig. J. D. P. Chapman Maj. C. Ring Capt. H. R. Hummeb Rear Adm. S. S. Ramishvili III. SECRETARIAT Secretary General Deputy Secretary General Special Assistant to the Secretary General Recording Secretary Documents Officer Information Officer Reparations Secretary Economic Secretary Administrative Officer Assistant Documents Officer Mr. Nelson T. Johnson Mr. David K. Eichler Mr. Harold W. Moseley Mr. Carl H. Pfuntner Mr. Gene W. Abbott Mr. Kenneth C. Lamott Mr. James F. Davidson Mr. Andrew E. Rice Miss Kathleen M. Welsh Mr. Doyle A. Walker Staff Miss Theresa M. Catella Miss Mary Rita Cosgrove Mr. Randolph Coyle Miss Gloria Engle Mr. George Forbus Mr. Rudolph Holtz Miss Elizabeth A. Huff Mr. William Holly Miss Christine M. Koerner Miss Katharine Lea Marshall Mr. Daniel C. Meekins Mr. Robert Mosley Miss Miriam Nieland Miss Nesbit B. Riley Miss Doraine Russell Mr. Harold M. Stern Mrs. Theresa Swope 58 APPENDIX 18 Roster of Former Commission Personnel Including List of Past and Present Commission Representatives ■ With Their Terms of Service November 1, 1948 AUSTRALIA Chiej Representatives H. E. Sir Frederic Eccleston Lt. Gen. Sir John Lavar,\ck The Rt. Hon. Dr. H. V. Evatt Maj. J. Plimsoll H. E. The Hon. Norman J. 0. Makin Former Delegation Members Mr. Alfred Stirling Maj. J. Plimsoll Mr. John Oldham Dr. John Andrews Feb. 26, ’46-Mar. 17, ’46 Mar. 17, ’46-May 29, ’46 May 29, ’46-July 19, ’46 July 19, ’46-Oct. 8, ’46 Oct. 8, ’46-Present CANADA Chiej Representatives H. E. Mr. Lester B. Pearson H. E. Mr. H. H. Wrong Former Delegation Members Mr. E. Herbert Norman Dr. George S. Patterson Maj. Gen. H. F. Letson Brig. N. E. Rodger Mr. Paul Tremblay Mr. A. E. Ritchie Mr. B. J. Bachand Mr. Charles Hebert Feb. 26, ’46-Oct. 9, ’46 Oct. 9, ’46-Present CHINA Chiej Representatives H. E. Dr. Wei Tao-ming H. E. Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo Feb. 26, ’46-July 8, ’46 July 9, ’46-Present 59 Appendix 18 — Continued Former Delegation Members Dr. Liu Shih-shun Dr. C. L. Hsia Mr. Hsuan-tsui Liu Mr. Chen Yun Dr. Lin Mou-sheng Col. Lin Shen-mu Dr. P. Y. Hu Mr. K. K. Tsien Dr. Howard K. C. Wang Mr. K. T. Hu Lt. T. L. Chow Dr. S. Y. Liang FRANCE Chief Representative H. E. Mr. Paul E. Naggiar Feb. 26, ’46-Present Former Delegation Members Mr. Francis Lacoste Col. Albert J. P. Lebel Mr. Louis Bacquier Mr. Marcel Clement Capt. Maurice Holley Williams Mr. Block-Laine INDIA Feb. 26, ’46-Jan. 31, ’47 Mar. 5, ’47-Apr. 14, ’48 Apr. 15, ’48-Aug. 1, ’48 Aug. 2, ’48-Present Former Delegation Members Mr. B. R. Sen Mr. J. Vesugar Mr. R. R. Saksena Mr. E. Radbone Mr. P. A. Menon Mr. S. K. Kirpalani Col. M. S. Rajendrasinhji Mr. S. Sundaram Dr. B. K. Byram Col. Nowabzada Sher Ali Khan Col. B. M. Kaul Mr. M. O. A. Baig Mr. M. Ahmad Mr. W. Ahmad Chief Representatives The Hon. Sir Girja Shankar Ba.tpai H. E. Mr. M. Asaf Ali Mr. R. K. Nehru The Hon. Sir B. Rama Rau Appendix 18 — Continued NETHERLANDS Chief Representatives H. E. Dr. A. Loudon Mr. O. Reuchlin H. E. Dr. E. N. van Kleffens Feb. 26, ’46-July 1, ’47 July 1, ’47-July 23, ’47 July 23, ’47-Present Former Delegation Members Dr. A. D. A. DE Kat Angelino Dr. G. A. Ph. Weyer Rear Adm. J. E. Meyer Ranneft Dr. J. G. DE Beus Dr. R. H. VAN Gulik NEW ZEALAND Chief Representative H. E. Sir Carl Berendsen . Feb. 26, ’46-Present Former Delegation Member Mr. R. B. Taylor PHILIPPINES Chief Representative H. E. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo Feb. 26, ’46-Prcsent Former Delegation Members Air. Manuel A. Adeva Air. Solomon V. Arnaldo Air. T. Baja Col. A. Bautista Air. Tomas de Castro Senator Tomas Confesor Air. Ciriaco Coronel Air. AIanuel V. Gallego Dr. AIelquiades J. Gamboa Air. Delfin Garcia Dr. Jose F. Imperial Mr. Leonides S. Virata UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Chief Representatives H. E. Air. Andrei Gromyko Feb. 26, ’46-June 19, ’46 H. E. Air. N. V. Novikov June 19, ’46-Jan. 9, ’48 H. E. Mr. Alexander S. Panyushkin Jan. 9, ’48-Present 61 Appendix 18 — Continued Former Delegation Members iMaj. Gen. A. V. Vasiliev Mr. Fedor Orekhov Mr. L. I. Pavlov Mr. Amatoli A. Ermolaev Mr. G. G. Dolbin Mr. N. I. Novikov Mr. P. K. Koulakov UNITED KINGDOM Chief Eepresentatives H. E. the Rt. Hon. Lord Halifax Feb. 26, ’46-May 13, ’46 Sir George San.som May 13, ’46-Oct. 14, ’47 H. E. the lit. Hon. Lord Inverchapel Oct. 14, ’47-July 8, ’48 H. E. Sir Oliver Franks Jnly 8, ’48-Present Former Delegation Members Grou]i Capt. J. R. Wilson Mr. F. C. Everson Maj. L. A. SUMMERSELL UNITED STATES Chief Representative H. E. Maj. Gen. Frank R. iMcCov Fel). 26, ’46-Present Former Delegation Members The Hon. Ben.iamin V. Cohen Maj. Gen. .John H. Hilldring Col. C. Stanton Babcock Mr. William W. Bishop, .Jr Mr. Hugh Borton Col. Henry A. Byroade Lt. Col. James R. Case Col. Raymond M. Chesei.dine Lt. Col. George W. Childs Mr. Erle III Dickover Lt. Col. Trevor N. Dopuy Mr. John K. Emmerson Mr. Daniel Fahey Ca])t. Frank Fenno, Jr., U. S. N. Mr. A. V. Freeman Mr. John K. Galbraith Mr. Albert H. Garretson Mr. Ernest A. Gross Mr. John Hazard Mr. Charles L . Hodge Mrs. Marion A. Johnston Lt. Col. Jean K. Lambert Mr. William W. Lockwood 62 Appendix 18 — Continued Former Delegation ^Members — Continued Mr. Edwin M. Martin Brig. Gen. James McCormack, Jr. Mr. Leonard Meeker Maj. J. G. K. Miller Col. H. O. Paxson Lt. Col. Allen G. Pixton Mr. Hamilton Robinson Mr. W. A. Rudlin Lt. Col. R. F. Seedlock Mr. William T. Stone Col. C. B. Westover FORMER MEMBERS OF THE SECRETARIAT Mr. Hugh D. Farley (Deputy Secretary General) Mr. S.amuel S. Stratton (Deputy Secretary General) Mr. John P. Gardiner (Special Assistant to Secretary General) Mr. Richard B. Finn (Executive Secretary) Mr. Charles H. Pendleton (Administrative Officer) Mrs. Jane M. Alden (Legal Secretary) Mrs. B. Reubens (Economic Secretary) Mr. Donald G. Badger (Economic Secretary) Mr. Frank L. Turner (Research and Analysis Secretary) Mr Henry L. Trepagnier, Jr. (Documents Officer) Mrs. Kathryn Bartimo (Assistant Research and Analysis Secretary) Mr. Ralph A. Jones (Assistant Research and Analysis Secretary) Mr. Wilbert B. Dubin (Assistant Economic Secretary) Mrs. Louise Mitchell (Administrative Assistant) Mr. William D. Misfeldt (Assistant Documents Officer) Mrs. Dorothy E. Barstow Miss Lucille L. Bailey Miss Juliana Clark Miss Lucille C. De Pretis (Mr. Franklin Falkenhainer Mr. Russell Jenkins Mr. James V. Kennedy Mr. Frank D. Lewis Miss Wilma L. AIcElroy Miss Mary Ann McGuigan Miss Demetria Panagos Mrs. Margaret Robertson Miss Mary Ann Rollman Miss Barbara Quandt Miss Ann Shelton Mrs. Margaret C. Simpson Mr. Joseph Whelan Mrs. Mary Williams G3 APPENDIX 19 Inter-Allied Trade Board for Japan On October 10, 1946, the Far Eastern Commission approved as a policy decision the Terms of Reference for an Inter- Allied Trade Board for Japan to be composed of representatives of all the nations which are members of the Far Eastern Commission d The function of the Board is to make recommendations to the United States Govern- ment on the disposition of commodities available for export from Japan, the sources from which commodities should he imported into Japan, and the best arrangements for facilitating Japanese exports and imports generally. Representatives of the eleven member nations of the Far Eastern Commission serve on the Board, and all recommenda- tions involving matters of policy are subject to the approval of the Far Eastern Commission. Since its inception the Board has concerned itself with such subjects as the allocation of Japanese textile products; the marketing of raw silk; the reopening of Japan to private trade, including the problem of the number of traders to be admitted, the method of contact within Japan, and the manner of public announcement of the decision to admit private traders; and the problem of setting an exchange rate for the yen. With the resumption of private trade with Japan on October 15, 1947, and the elimination on February 3, 1948, of all country cpiotas for private traders entering Japan, the role of the United States Government in making allocations of export and import goods was diminished accordingly. The adoption by the Far Eastern Commission on November 18, 1948, of a comprehensive policy allow- ing virtually unlimited private trade with Japan further reduced the participation of the United States Government and the Supreme Commander in this aspect of Japanese economic life. While ihe work of the Board has consequently decreased somewhat in the past six months, meetings are still held whenever any subjects within the pur- view of the Board are considered to require attention. Following its establishment the Board accepted the offer of the Secretary General of the Far Eastern Commission to have the Com- mission Secretariat provide necessary services. Mr. Donald G. Badger, of Australia, Economic Secretary of the Commission from May 1946 through June 1948, was designated by the Secretary General to serve as Secretary of the Trade Board. Mr. Badger served as Secretary of ' Activities of the Far Eastern Commission: Report by the Secretary General, February 26, 1946-July 10, 1947 (Department of State publication 2888), appendix 31. 64 Appendix 19 — Continued the Board from October 24, 1946, until July 1, 1948. At the present time Mr. David K. Eichler, Deputy Secretary General of the Commis- sion, serves as Secretary of the Board. ROSTER OF PRESENT INTER-ALLIED TRADE BOARD PERSONNEL United States Australia Canada China France. India Netherlands New Zealand Philippines United Kingdom U. S. S. R Mr. Merrill C. Gay (Chairman) Mr. H. W. Bullock Mr. J. H. English Mr. D. W. Jackson (Alternate) Mr. C. Y. Hsieh Mr. J. C. WiNCKLER Mr. M. A. Fequant (Alternate) Mr. S. N. Banerji Mr. G. J. JoBsis Mr. R. W. Marshall Mr. J. Scott (Alternate) Dr. U. A. Zafra Mr. J. Teodoro, Jr. (Alternate) Mr. A. E. Percival Mr. V. P. Rebrov U. S. GCVERSMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949 65 .■> ■ ’ c 'p- -A ''T' •t : ■-.r-.' '.'■ ' ’■'£> s'-.-i v: ■; ? A ... ■•-•■■■ • - 'L ' ' V ’ • '•' .-V' ■ . y ^ '.Tn V'V ^;.V 4 ' ' - • -- ci X^u'^4.- ... V J^?i':'y -.- ‘■'■I' '■ „;v.4 ' \ '1 •• .■ f'K .* *ij* • *-> • -'• t M * % y y' ... *. ' ■■ :.^-: 5 > *: • r ;>/* \ ■ j, .^0 ■ -i? ■■ ' ; ' ,-x*- 4 ^ . /v' ) '■} »?<■ I